VfU / A CONSPECTUS or THE PHARMACOPOEIAS or THE LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND DUBUN COLLEGES OP PHYSICIANS, *ji» or ®f]e Hmteb States flJIjarmaroparia^ BEINO A PRACTICAL COMPENDIUM or MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY BY ANTHON* TODD THOMSON, M D. F.L.S. fcilcto of the Royal College Physicians, Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in Univ. Coll. London, Src. r ever lurtjor.cn. INTRODUCTION b» t>>e l^ish Pharmacopoeias, the articlesot the Materia Medic* which s.re sun pies, or ate not ptepaied by the apothecary, are i.i.\n&rd it. alphabetical order, but the chemical and pharma- ceutical preparations are arranged in different classes, so that all the substances compounded in a similar mode, or possessing simi- lar chemical properties, are brought together under the same title. We propose to give a general view of the peculiarities of each of these classes, by way o*" introduction to the particular notices of the individual articles contained in the Pharmacopoeias; and as we have adopted the work of the London College as our text- book, we shall follow its Method of arrangement. ACIDS. All the acids employed in pharmacy, with the exception of the hydrochloric aiu. .he hydrocyanic acids, are supposed to be com- pounds of oxygen with one or more combustible substances: the hydrochloric acid is a compound of chlorine and hydrogen,: the hydrocyanic, of hydrogen and cyanogen. Acids are ch;vrartrr'7f(i by the following t roperties: They 'ire 6our to the taste; change to red the blue and purple vegetable colors; form neutral coin- pounds with alkalies and earths, in which the properties of both the components are lost; and unite with 'he metallic oxides, constituting a peculiar class of salts. They ui.te ulso with water in any proportion. The names of acids formed from the same base, generally vary in their terminations, according to the quantity of ».\yg.-o they are presumed to contain. Thus, when sulphur is united with its full portion of oxygen, the acid is named sulphuric; when w'th a smaller portion, sulphurous; the terminations ic and ous mark ing the degree of acidification. As chlorine is now acknowledged to be a simple substance, the London Pharmacopoeia names it/ compounds chlorides. The term chlorate implies that thechionc acid is in comoination with oxygen, and an oxide. Thus the chlorate of potassa is a compound of chloric acid and potassa. The stronger acids should be kept in well-stopped glass bottles, and the name of the acid each bottle contains engraved on the glass. They should also be dispensed in glass-stopped phials , for cork blackens the sulphuric acid, and it is dissolved by the nitric and the hydrochloric acids. Sulphuric acid is sometimes adulterated with sulphate of po- tassa ; which may be detected by saturating the acid with am- monia, and exposing it in a crucible to a red heat, so as to expel the sulphate of ammonia;—the sulphate of potassa when present, •vill remain in the crucible. Nitric acid, also, is sometimes adulterated with sulphuric and XII hydrochloric acids. Th ;se adulterations are discovered by drop. ping into the nitric acid diluted a solution of nitrate of baryta, which is precipitated while, if sulphuric acid be present; and with a solution of nitrate of silver, the precipitation of a chloride of silver shows the presence of hydrochloiic acid. In the same manner sulphuric acid is detected in acetic acid, by dropping into it a solution of acetate of baryta; ccppcr by the acid becoming luish when supersaturated with ammonia; or the ferrocyanate of potassa throwing down a copper-colored precipitate , and lead, by a black precipitate being thrown down when sulphuretted hydrogen gas is added to it. ALKALIES AND THEIR SALTs Two of the mineral alkalies employed in pharmacy are com pounds of oxygen with metallic bases ; ammonia is a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen. They possess properties ihe reverse of the acids. Their laste is urinous and acrid • they change to green or blue, the « B'etuble red colors: they are caustic, or in- flame and corrode the skin, and dissolve animal matter: they have a strong affinity for water, and by their greater solubility in it are distinguished from the earths ; they unite with oils and fat, forming soap; and form neutral salts with the acids. There are three alkalies: one is volatile, ana ean.iot be obtained perfectly pure in a solid form ; the other two are fixed. They should be kept in well-stopped glass bottles, and dispensed in glass slopped phials. Ammonia, the volatile alkali, is often over-diluted with water, which may be known by the specific gravity of the fluid ; or, a phial capable of containing 224 grains of distilled water should hold 216 grains of liquor ammonia?. Liquor potassa often con- tains lime, which is known by the solulion, diluted with distill ■* water, becoming milky when the breath is blown through it, or on a solution of carbonate of poiassa being added to it; the lime being thus formed into a carbonate. The purity of potassa, in the solid form, is of little consequence, as it is used for external application only: pure soda is not used in medicine. The Alkaloids, or alkalies found in the barks, and the leaves, and the seeds of some plants, are compounds of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. They possess many of the chemical properties of the mineral alkalies. Alka.line Salts should, when neutral, have neither alkaline nor acid properties; but some salts combine with two proportions of acid. When the acid is in excess, hi or bin is added to the appellation of the salt, as bicarbonate of potassa. They require for their solution various proportions of water, from one-half to 2000 times the weight of the salt. When they attract moisture they are said to be deliquescent; when they lose their water of crystallization, become opaque, dry, and easily fall to powder, efflorescent; if, when exposed to heat, they gradually dry to a mass, they are said to undergo the watery fusion ; and to de- crepitate, if they split, fly, and crackle, when exposed to a high temperature. The salts most commonly adulterated are carbonas potassa and carbonas soda. To try the first, make a solution of one part of the salt in eight of distilled water. If this become turbid after being neutralized with pure nitric acid, it indicates the presence otsilex; if a white precipitate be thrown down in the neutralized xia solution by chloride of barium or acetate of lead, sulphuric xaltt are indicated; and hydrochloric salts by a while precipitate being formed with nitrate of silver. If a white precipitate be produced by a solution of oxalate of potassa. lime, or its car- bonates, are present. The same tests show the presence of simi- lar substances in carbonate of soda, if added to a saturated solu- tion of it in nitric acid. The addition of tartaric acid dissolves potassa, by forming a precipitate of bitartrate of pota9sa. The deliquescent and efflorescent salts should be kept and dis- pensed in stopped bottles; whilst those that are persistent will not suffer from being put up in paper. EARTHS, AND THEIR SALT3. The earths, like the alkalies, are mostly compounds of oxygen with metallic bases. They are of very difficult fusibility; very sparingly soluble; and unite with the acids, forming neutral salts. Those which are soluble in water possess properties very similar to those of the alkalies: they are caustic; change to green vege- table blues and reds; and combined with oils, form soap. Two earths only in their pure state are used in medicine, namely, lime and magnesia. The former, which is chiefly em- ployed in pharmaceutical operations, should be used as soon after it is burnt as possible; and earth should be preserved in very closely-stopped bottles, as both attract, powerfully, the carbonic acid contained in atmospheric air. The solution of lime or lime- water should be kept in small bottles perfectly full and well corked; for, by ..n contact of air, the lime attracts carbonic acid, loses its solubili y. and forms a pellicle of carbonate of lime on the surface of th • <• ater. till the whole of the lime is abstracted. The Neutral Eaktht Salts do not require any particular care or management, except that they ought not to enter into extemporaneous prescriptions with substances which are likely to decompose them; or with those acids with which they form insoluble comoouDds; as, for example, chalk with sulphuric acid. METALS, AND THEIR SALTS. Metals, which are supposed to be simple substances, have, with a fow exceptions, a greater specific gravity than any other class of bodies; they are dense, opaque, susceptible of a fine polish, tenacious: and are the best conductors of heat. They are more or less fusible, and may be volatilized by heat. In their metallic state they have affinities for each other, and also for oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, chlorine, iodine, and bromine; and when united with oxygen, form acids, alka- lies, and the earths. None of the metals, except tin, are employed in the metallic form as remedies in tiie practice of medicine; but for pharma- ceutical purposes it is of importance to obtain them in as pure a state as possible. Metals, united with simple substances, form compounds, which are named from the base; for example, chlo- rides, xul/)hurets,phosphurets, iodides, bromides, oxides. Metallic Salts are either simple combinations of the metals with oxygen, or combinations of their oxides with acids. Metals combine with various portions of oxygen, which are denoted and expressed by the color of the oxides, as grey oxide of mercury, red oxhide of mercury, d>c. Oxides have not the lustre, opacity, tenacity, nor gravity of the metals; they areuu- 2 XIV Inflammable, generally insipid, nearly insoluble in water, aid have an earthy appearance. They require to be kept in stopped Bottles, as some of them are reduced by hydrogen, which is more or less constantly floating in the atmosphere. The metallic salts, which, properly speaking, are oxides com- bined with the acids, are of a saline nature, generally soluble In water, and crystallizable. They are named from the acid, and the metal with the oxide of which it is combined, as sulphate of iron, nitrate of silver, &c, meaning sulphate of the oxide of iron, tkc. The active properties of metallic salts vary much, ac- cording to the degree of previous oxidizement of the metals they contain; thus, the same acid, united with an imperfect oxide, will form an insipid, insoluble compound, while, with a more perfect oxide, the compound will be acrid, and soluble in water. Many of the metallic salts effloresce, and attract oxygen from the atmosphere; others are altered in their properties by moist- ure, and some of them are decomposed by the action of light; hence, perhaps, it ought to be a general rule to keep all of them in well stopped bottles made of green glass, or otherwise render- ed opaque. In forming those which are soluble into lotions, dis- tilled water should be used ; and in mixtures, attention should be paid not to unite them with incompatible substances. PREPARATIONS OF SULPHUR. The combinations of sulphur with the alkalies and the earths are named sulphurets, and require to be carefully preserved from the atmosphere, as they attract moisture from it, deliquesce, and are decomposed. When they are prepared with water, the oxy- gen of the water acidifies part of the sulphur, and forms sul- phates ; while one part of the hydrogen, uniting with a portion of the sulphur, volatilizes it in the form of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and another assists in producing hydroguretted sulphurets. of the alkaline base. One test of the goodness of concrete sul- phurets is their want of odor; for whenever the fetid gas is evi- dent, decomposition has already commenced. PREPARATIONS OF IODINE, BROMINE, AND CHLORINE. All these substances combine with metals, forming iodidesy bromides, and chlorides. When tie compound consists of one equivalent of each of the components, the addition of prot or proto is used, as protiodide, protochloride, &c. ; when it con- tains two equivalents of the base, the syllable bin or bi is added; thus, biniodide, bichloride. VEGETABLES. As the collection of vegetable substances cannot be attended to by the medical practitioner, the directions, usually given relative to the mode and time of gathering plants, are of 'less importance than a knowledge of their botanical characters, and their proper appearance when well and recently dried; for many inert plants aro often introduced by the collectors among those which possess the most active and useful properties. They are generally tied in bundles, and hung up in the air, without anv regard to the action of light, which often very materially affects both the color and the efficacy of the vegetable; but it would be better to pick the flowers and leaves from the stems, when these are useless, XV and cut roots into small pieces after they are well dried; and preserve them in closely-covered tin canisters or oil iars, lined with paper. Some things, as, for instance, the squill bulb, and the colchicum cormus, should always be dried by the apothecary. Both should be cut transversely, the lamina of the bulb separated and dried by a heat under 212° Fahr., after which the pieces ought to be friable, and have as bitter and as acrid a taste as the moist bulb. The cormus should be dried in transverse slices. VEGETABLE ALKALIES. The vegetable alkaline bodies, which have as yet been disco- vered, are about fifty in number; and nearly all plants remarkable for medicinal or poisonous properties, when subjected to a chemi- cal examination, have been found to contain an alkaline principle. Nearly all the vegetable alkalies are precipitated by tannin, or infusion of nutgalls, but not by gallic acid: and these precipitates, which are usually white powders, are bitannates of the alkali, insoluble in cold water, and easily decomposed by an alkaline or earthy base. The following process of Mr. Henry, is one of the best for obtaining these alkalies in a separate state:—" Digest the plant to be examined, in warm water, acidulated with sulphuric acid Draw off the clear liquid, neutralize it by potash, and add a concentrated infusion of nutgalls as long as a precipitate falls. Beparate the precipitate, wash it in cold water, and mix it inti- mately with a slight excess of slackened lime. Dry the mixture over the vapor bath, till it is reduced to powder. " Digest this powder in alcohol or aether. Filter, distil off the alcohol or aether. Bet the residue aside for some days. The alkali will be deposited in crystals."—Jour. d« Pharmacie, 21, 213. About thirty of the vegetable alkalies have been analyzed, and are found to be compounds of carbon, hydrogen, azote, and oxygen. Substances ending in in, as meconin, are not alkalies, but neutral bodies. GUM RESINS. These are natural combinations of gum and resin: the former predominating in some, the latter in others. They have generally a strong odor, owing to volatile oil, and a pungent, bitter taste; they are solid, brittle, opaque, almost all entirely soluble in di- luted alcohol, and form emulsions when trituraied with water: but by standing, the resin is deposited, and, therefore, fluid pre- parations of gum resins should always be extemporaneous. They soften by a gentle heat; but in a high temperature are decomposed. The gum resins, particularly opium, should be well freed from extraneous matters; and when it is wished to retain them in a soft state for making pills, they must be kept in the mass, wrap- ped in a bladder, in a well-covered opaque jar; but when they are to be powdered, they should be cut in small pieces, and laid in an open drawer, or exposed to the air. EXPRESSED OILS. These oils are compounds of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. They are prepared by nature in the seeds and fruit of some vegeta- bles, from which they are expressed, and hence their appellation; put the title fixed oils is preferable, as it implies their character, and as some of the volatile oils also axe obtained by expression. XVI Those which are expressed without heat are to be preferred, as by heat they are apt to acquire acrimony and an empyreurnatic odor. The greater number of them, when pure, are liquid in a moderate temperature, unctuous, perfectly transparent, colorless, or having a pale-yellow or greenish tinge; inodorous; lighter than water, and not miscible with it: they unite with alkalies »nd form soap; and with oxide of lead and form plasters. Al- mond and olive oil should be insipid; linseed and castor oils have some taste, but they should not feel hot nor acrid in the throat Palm oil is a soft solid, or butter. The rancidity of oils probably depends on the absorption of oxygen, on which account they should be kept in bulk as much as possible, and in narrow-necked bottles; so that a very small surface only will be exposed to the air. DISTILLED OILS. For similar reasons to those stated above, regarding expressed oils, we prefer the title of volatile oils for these preparations. They are mostly compounds of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, and in some instances also of nitrogen ; and are produced by na- ture in various parts of the vegetable system; either in the flow- ers, the fruit, the leaves, the bark, the wood, and sometimes in all of these parts. The majority of them are obtained by distilla- tion, but some of them by expression. They possess the unctu- osity, inflammability, and viscidity of the fixed oils; but they are in general colored, odoriferous, pungent, and acrid. The majority are lighter than water, but some of them are heavier, and some congeal at a moderate temperature. They are dissolved in small quantity, in distilled water, by simple agitation. Almost all ol them are soluble in alcohol, and miscible with fixed oils, and with each other; hence they are often adulterated with alcohol, or with oil of cloves or of almonds, or with oil of turpentine, which is the cheapest of the volatile oils. The first is discovered by an increase of temperature and a milky appearance, when the oil is mixed with water; the second, by a greasy stain being left on Eaper on which the oil is dropped and exposed to a considerable eat, and by not being soluble in alcohol; and the third, by its odor, when the suspected oil is dropped on paper and heated, or sometimes even when rubbed between the fingers. The odor and taste are the usual tests of their goodness; and to preserve them, they should be kept in a cool place, in small bottles, quite full, and well corked. DISTILLED WATERS. In the distillation of volatile oils, the water, which comes over during the process, contains dissolved in it a portion of the oil, and forms this class of preparations. They should, therefore, have the odor and taste, in a slight degree, of the oil; be free from empyreuma; and if again rectified, which enables them to be kept for two or three years, they 6hould appear nearly as transparent as pure water. They are seldom prepared by the apothecary, but generally in the large way, and often very care- lessly. When they appear ropy and thick, or have a fetid odor they are unfit for medicinal use. To prevent their spoiling, a small portion of spirit is often added; but the second rectifica- tion is a preferable method of preserving them. Common distilled water is seldom used by the apothecary xva owing to the «rouble of r. reparing it. But this may be remedied by procuring the simple apparatus invented by Dr. Lamb, or by getting a pewter tube fitted to the spout of a common tea-kettle, which may be kept cool, when in use, by being wrapped round with wet rags. Neither boiled nor filtered water will answer the purpose for which distilled water should be used. INFUSIONS. Water at 212° extracts the gum, sugar, extractive, tannic acid, saline matters, and a portion of the volatile oil and of the resinous matter of vegetables; thence infusion, perhaps, is equivalent in the majority of cases to decoction. Cold water also extracts many of the active principles of plants. The infusion made with boiling water, although, perhaps, less grateful, yet contains more active matter. In either case, infusions should be extemporaneous Ereparations, and therefore the London College properly directs alf a pint only to be made at once. The substances infused should be coarsely powdered only, for when the powder is fine, the infusion never can be rendered perfectly clear. MUCILAGES. These, which are simple solutions of gum in water, are of a thick consistence and adhesive. They should be strained through a coarse cloth, in order to separate the extraneous matters which have adhered to the gum. When thick, they may be kept for a considerable time without undergoing any change. In a chemi- cal point of view, the solutions of starch and of tragacanth are improperly styled mucilages. DECOCTIONS. These are aqueous solutions of the active principles of vegeta- bles obtained by boiling. The directions of the Pharmacopoeias, particularly as to the time of boiling, should be strictly attended to; for, although the solvent power of the water is increased by boiling, yet the notion that long coction renders the preparation more active is erroneous. Vegetables containing volatile princi- ples and extractive matter cannot, with strict propriety, be sub- jected to decoction, as the first are dissipated by the boiling, and the second attract oxygen with so much avidity at a temperature of '212°, that it is converted into an insipid inert matter, which is no longer soluble, and is precipitated in the decoction. This is the case with cinchona, senna, and some other vegetable matters, which are still, nevertheless, ordered to be prepared by decoction. When they are so prepared, the vessels should be very closely closed. Vegetables also, which contain tannic acid and starch, should not be made into decoctions, because a tannate of fecula is formed which is insoluble in cold water, and is inert. Decoctions should not be kept longer than twenty-four hours, in warm weather, as they very soon ferment, become ropy, and spoil. EXTRACTS. These are prepared by evaporating vegetable solutions till a tenacious mass is obtained. An extract prepared from an infusion or decoction is termed a watery extract; from a tincture, a spirit- uous extract. Both kinds of extracts should contain all the prin- ciples of the vegetable soluble in the menstrua with which they are prepared; but the volatile matters are dissipated, and some of the axed parts are decomposed, the proper extractive is oxy- xvai genized, and the virtues of the vegetable substance consequently are often altered or destroyed. This class "f preparations, as usually formed, might be altogether rejected ; but when they are tnade from the expressed juice of the recent vegetable, inspissated at a very low heal, they form a most valuable class of remedies. Extracts are ordered to be kept in a hard and in a soft stale • the consistence of ihe soft being such as to retain the round form of a pill without the addition of any powder. Both varieties should be preserved in a dry place, to prevent them from becoming mouldy ; and the soft should be wrapped in oil bladders and kept in closely covered pots.* The softer extracts should be sprinkled with a small quantity of alcohol. MIXTURES. These are chiefly simple suspensions of insoluble substances in fluids, by means of inu.ilages. They should always be extempo- raneous preparations; and the only attention required in ordering them is not to bring together incompatible substances. These are ■Minted out in ili««- places u the bodv of this work SPIRITS. This title comprehends spirituous solutions, prepared by simple mixture, by maceration, and by distillation. They are uniform, transparent, unchanging solutions. In those which are distilled, proof or diluted spirit is employed, as puie alcohol is more volatile than the essential oils, which are the parts of the plants held dissolved in these spirits. They should be perfectly free from impurities and empyreuma, and h.'.ve the odor and taste of the volatile oils of the substances from which they are distilled. TINCTURES. Tinctures are spirituous solutions of vegetable, animal, and some saline substances. They are made either with pure alcohol or with proof spirit. The first kind are precipitated by the addition of water, and therefore are more seldom employed ; but the latter are very common additions to infusions and decoctions. They ought not to be united with any vehicle that can decompose the tincture, "or separate anything from it in a palpable form." Tinctures should always hi: prepared by the apothecary, as the adulterations of them, which are daily practised by the druggist, are not easily detected. The ingredients should be reduced to a coarse powder, and the maceration made in close vessels, exposed to a heat of 8U°, and frequently shaken. When completely made, they should not be put away upon ihe ingredients, but filtered through bibulous paper, and kept for use in close bottles; foi although they are not liable to spoil, yet, by th* evnporalion ot the menstruum, their strength is uttered, which, if they contain opium, or other active mailers, may be productive of had effects. Paruientierf proposes that one-half of the spirituous menstruum *For a great improvement in making Extracts, see London Medical Repository, vol. iv., p. 184. A patent, also, has been taken out by Mr. Barry, for preparing them by evaporation in vacuo.—See Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. vili., p. 3WJ. See also several papers in the Pharmaceutical Trans., 1841, by Mr. Squires, Mr. Morson, and others. |'Annates de Chimie, vol. Ix.ii., p. 40. XIX se added to the vegetable ingredients at first, and after digesting six days, this part be poured off, and the remainder added In six days more the whole is to be strongly expiessed, nnd the two tinctures mixed together. By this method he imagines more of Ihe active principles of the vegetables are extracted, and the tinctures obtained ot a more uniform strength. The best method, however, of making tinctures, is to mix the yccetable substance in powder win clean siliceous sand, and, having pin the mixture in an eblong funnel or percolator, to pour ihe spirit over it. By U.u method a strong tincture is procured in as many hours as day* are required by the present method of prep^atioii. The Edinburgh College has adopted the percolator. DISPLACEMENT Is a species of filtration, lately introduced into pharmacy, and employed in the preparation of some of the vinegars, extracts, infusions, and tinctures. It affords many advantages, both in an economical point of view and in ihe character of the resulting preparations. This process is recommended by the New U. 8. Pharmacopoeia, and is usually conducted as follows:—A hollow rylindrical instrument is to be used, somewhat conical towards the inferior extremity, having a funnel-shaped termination, so as to admit of its being inserted into the mouth of a bottle, and pro- vided internally, near the lower end, wilh a transverse partition, er diaphragm, pierced with numerous minute holes; or, in the absence of such a partition, obstructed wilh some insoluble and inert substance, in such a manner that a liquid poured into the cylinder may percolate slowly. The substance to be acted upon, having been reduced to a coarse powder, and mixed with enough of the menstruum to moisten it thoroughly, is, a tier a maceration of some hours, to be introduced into the instrument, and slightly compressed upon the diaphragm. Any portion of the macerating liquid which may not have been absorbed by the powder, is afterwards to be poured upon the mass in the instrument, and allowed to percolate. Sufficient of the menstruum is then to be gradually added to drive before it, or displace the liquid contained in the mass: the portion introduced is in like manner to be dis- placed by another portion; and soon till the required quantity of filtered liquor is obtained. If the liquor which first passes should be turbid, it is to be again introduced into the instrument. Care must be taken that the powder be not, on the one hand, too coarse, or loosely pressed, lest it should allow the liquid 10 pass too quickly ; nor, on the other, too tine or compact, lest it should offer an unnecessary resistance. Should the liquor Mow too rapidly, it is to be returned to the instrument, which is then to be closed beneath for a time, in order that the finer parts of the powder may subside, and thus cause a slower petcolaiion.— U. 8 Phar., ed. 1842. TROCHES OR LOZENGES. These are small, dry, solid masses, generally of a flattened oval shape, consisting of powders incorporated wilh sugar and muci lage. They are designed for holding in the mouth while being dissolved, and, of course, should not contain those medicines which require to be given in large quantity, or which are dis irreeablc to the taste. Gum tragaraiith being preferable to an* 4 lie other gums a mucilage is first to be prepared with this with cold water, and then strained. With this, the powders, including sugar, are thoroughly mixed, by nibbing upon a marble slab, and are thus formed mlo a paste, which is spread out by means of a roller, upon the suif.ice of the marble, previously powdered over by a mixture of sugar and starch. The thickness of the extended mass is rendered uniform by a frame upon which the ends of the roller are placed. The upper surface is now covered with a thin layer of sugar and starch, and Ihe mass is divided into small cakes of a particular shape, by means of a punch. These cakes are placed upon paper, and having been exposed to the air for twelve hours, are carried into a drying room moderately heated. When perfectly dry, they are thrown upon a sieve to separate the sugar and starch, and are then en closed in bottles. The following formula may serve as a guide. (It Citric Acid in powder 3 j.. Refined Sugar 5 viij.. Oil of Lemons fllxij., Muc fi Tragacanth q. s. Form into lozenges of twelve grains each.) -ETHERS. ./Ethers are compounds produced from a new arrangement ol the elements of alcohol, by the agency of the acids, at a heat ol lbO°. They are extremely light and volatile; have a peculiar strong odor and tasie ; and, when pure, boil at a temperature un der 100°. They require to be kept in very c'osely-stopped bottles, and in a cool place. In composition, atliers should not be added to mixtures until they tire put inlo ihu phials, and ready to be corked ; and directions should be given that any a-thereal mixture be taken i» which means, he contends, the preparations are less aauseous, and always of the same determinate strength. They «hould be kept in well corked bottles, in a cool place VINEGARS. Vinegar, or diluted acetic acid, is found to be the best solvent for squill, colchicum, and some aromatic vegetable bodies; but its use cannot be extended, for it alters the powers of some vege- table principles, and does not accord with others in virtue. Vinegars should be preserved in closely-stopped glass bottles, and made in small quantities only at a time, as they are apt to spoil, notwithstanding an addition of spirit which is ordered. PREPARATIONS OF HONEY. Honey was formerly considered as a medicine of some efficacy, particularly in pectoral affections; but more correct views of these diseases have deservedly thrown it into neglect. It acts on the bowels, but in other respects possesses no advantages over syrup; therefore its preparations have been rejected from the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, although they are still continued in those of the London and Dublin Colleges, and the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. * Annates de Chimie, vol. lii., p. 46. XXI They are not apt to spoil, an.l thence require 'ess attention to preserve them thin syrups. SYRUPS. These are saturated solutions of sugar in water, either simp.e or united with some vegetable principle, with the view to color, flavor, or medic il virtue; but for the list mention this is perhaps the worst of all forms for olit lining the m-die.inal powers of sub- stances; and syrups are used chiefly to render the more active preparations palatibi-. Upon the whole, however, they do not even answer this inteniion well, few persons ihin-cing that sweet- ness renders a nauseous drug more palatable; and they might therefore, be easily dispensed with. As they quickly ferment, and spoil, if kept in a temperature above G 1°, a small quantity only should be retained in the'hop 'or immediate u-e; and the stork k -pt in a good cellar, in a tem- perature not exceeding 5i°. They sho ild never be used after 'hey h ive begun to ferment; they should have a sp.-;. grav. 1.261 ■vhen boiling, and 1.319 at ordinary temperatures. CONFECTIONS. Under this title the London College comprehends the cunserres uid electuaries of the Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmacopoeias »hev consist of vegetable m liters, beaten, when recent, into a •uiif-'irm pulpy in-is.*, with sugar; and of vegetable and light earthy powders mixed with syrup and honey. They form a class of preparations of no great activi y. when compared with the other forms in which the same r in 'dies m ly be given ; but some vegetable matters can be thus preserved better thin by drying; and they are useful as vehicles, and for giving form to more ae live medicines. They should be kept in closely-covered jais, to preserve their proper consistence and moisture. POWDERS. This class is the simplest, and perhaps may be thought the least objectionable form of exhibiting medicines; but, neverthe- less, this mode of preparation is hurtful to many remedies. Some substances cannot be reduced to powder, unless very much dried, and the heat necessary to effect this alters their properties; even the impalpable form given to powders is hurtful to some resinous substances; and if we reflect that many of these, when kept in the mass, have their surface altered by the action of the atmo- sphere, we shall not wonder that a great alteration should be effected in a short time, by so great an extension of surface as takes place in the formation of a fine powder: this is particularly the case with cinchona, rhubarb, and guaiacum. It would, per- haps, be a good general rule to keep all powders in opaque or green-glass bottles; for, besides those which are generally known to be hurt by the action of the light, almostevery powder- is in some degree affected by it: thence the labelled sides of clear bottles, containing powders, which are always turned to the light, become, as it were, incrustcd with the powder changed 1:1 Its color, while the other side remains clean. PILL8. These arc masses of a proper consistence for forming into pills, and are preserved in this slate, by being kept in covered pots, wrapped in bladders, and occasionally moistened. A pill should not exceed gr. v. in weight XX11 PREPARATION OF ANIMAL MATTERS. The substances of this class are seldom prepared by the apo Ihecary, and require little of his attention for their preservation, PLASTERS. A chemical union takes place between the semi-vitreous oxida of le.-fd and oil: and a solid, hard compound is formed, tenacious in a moderate degree of heat. This forms the base of the ma- jority of the plasters, but some of thrm owe their consistence to wax and resin.* They should not adhere to the hand when cold, should be easily spread when heated, and remain tenacious and pliant after they are spread. Those that contain metallic oxides ought to be melted by the heat of boiling water, for in a greater degree of heat the fatty matter is apt to reduce the oxide. All plasters become too consistent by age; when this is the case, they may be re-melted by a gentle heat, and some oil added to them. They are spread either on linen, silk, or leuther. CERATES, OINTMENTS, LINIMENTS. These are preparations nearly resembling each other, but of a different degree of consistence. The first owe their greater firm ness to wax, from which they are named, and exceed in consist ence the ointments, which should have that of butter, while the liniments are scarcely thicker than common oil. The most im- portant circumstance in these preparations is, the freshness of the fat and oils employed, and their preservation iu this state. The morcurial ointment, however, forms an exception to this rule, as a slight degree of rancidity of the lard facilitates the oxidiz.emVnl of the mercury, and the formation of the ointment; and old mer curial ointment is alwnys more to be depended upou than thai which has been recently prepared. CATAPLASMS. These are extemporaneous preparations, and have a place 4 O N Strychnia C4 H23 Ot N« Delphinia C27 H'9 02 N Brucia C« H25 O? N2 Veratria CM H4* 02 N3 The mode of extracting the various alkaloids depends in great measure upon their properties. Those that are volatile. are obtained by digesting the plant with a solution of potash xxvu and heating; by which means the alkaloid is liberated from the acid wilh which it was combined, and distils over. When not volatile, the alkaloid is to be extracted by digesting either with water, a diluted acid, or alcohol, according as the salt of the alkaloid contained in the plant, is more soluble in one or the other of these media. From these solutions, the alkaloid, if in- soluble in water, can be precipitated nearly pure, by ammonia, or mixed with an insoluble salt, by adding lime, magnesia, oxide of lead, &.c, and can be taken up again with alcohol ; or the alkaloid may be obtained in combination with any given acid, by adding a salt of lime, magnesia, or lead, which contains the acid, when an insoluble precipitate is again formed, and the sail of the alkaloid left in solution. (See page 271.) VEGETABLE NEUTRAL PRINCIPLES. Some of these contain nitrogen in their composition ; in others this element is absent. Those which contain nitrogen approach in their properties very closely to the alkaloids ; and it is some- times difficult to separate them from that class of bodies. They unite wilh some bodies, and form crystallizable compounds : they also form insoluble double salts, with chloride of platinum, and most of them are precipitated by solutions of tannic acid. Their solutions, however, do not exhibit alkaline reactions, and the salts which they form are acid. The most important of those containing nitrogen are the following: Narcotino C40 1120 N Om Narceine C» H24 N Ola Chelidonine C<0 H20 N3 06 Piperine C34 HI9 N 0« Theine C» H5 N« 0» Theobromine C9 HS N3 02 Caffeine C8 H5 N» O* Asparagine C« H7 N* 05+2HO Amygdaline C40 H29 N O The cUss of neutral vegetable principles embraces also, among many others, the following: Sulaciue C42 H«» 0« Oil of lemon* CK> H8 Populine Oil of bergamot6C5 H4-f-2HO Columbine Oil of lavender 3C* H4+2HO ttuassine Oil of peppermint 5C5 H4-J- Smilacine 2HO Elaterine Oil of rosemary 9C5 H4 +2HO Oil of mint 7C H4+O Oilofcajeput 2C* H4+-2H0 Oil of origanum IOCS H4+0 Camphor 4C* H4 +20 Oil of turpentine CM HIS Those essential oils which contam nitrogen and sulphur can- not be referred to this type; as the oils of mustard, C* Hs N,S2, horseradish, garlic, onions, assafoetida, &c. The volatile oils are usually limpid at ordinary temperatures, and have a strong odor, more or less agreeable. They are gener- ally lighter than water, and consist of two portions—a solid called stearoptine, or a liquid called elaoptene They are distinguished from the fixed oils by the stain they leave on paper, disxiioear- *Tbe oils of juniper, laviue, cuueus, peeper, copaiba, oe^ have a similar composition, their atoms being; some mnltitde of l> H«. xxvai tag entirely on the application of heat. They are very slightly soluble in water, but are soluble in alcohol and ether. By ex- posure, the volatile oils absorb oxygen, and are converted into reEins, and hence plants containing volatile oil generally yield resin also. They are obtained by distillation or expression.— (Bee page xvi.) VEGETABLE ACIDS. Among the principles peculiar to certain orders or genera ol plants, are the vegetable acids. These possess the usual propel ties of acids, having a sour taste, reddening vegetable blues, and forming salts with bases; but we meet among them, very cop? monly, acids possessing the power of uniting with more than one atom of base, and hence called polybasic, a property very rare in the inorganic kingdom. In this respect, they closely re- semble phosphoric acid, which seems a connecting link between the inorganic and organic acids. By heat they are frequently decomposed into more simple acids. Some of them are met with in many plants, as the tannic, citric, and malic acids; others are confined to particular plants, as the meconic, kinic, and aconitic The mode of their preparation, as in the case of alkaloids and neutral principles, depends partly on their properties, vThus, if volatile, they are obtained merely by the application of heat; as in the case of benzoic acid from, gum benzoin, cinnamic acid, from balsam of Tolu and Peru, &.c, and valerianic acid, from the Valeriana officinalis. If these acids form insoluble salts wilh any base, they are procured by causing a precipitate, by the ad- dition of such base, washing it, and setting the acids free by the addition of a stronger one. The bases most frequently em- ployed in this process are lime, lead, and baryta, and insoluble precipitates with the vegetable acids are often formed in the preparation of the alkaloids and other principles. This mode of preparation is employed for citric, meconic, kinic acids. &c. The vegetable acids for the most part contain no nitrogen in ♦heir composition, and produce little or no effect on the ner- vous system. Hydrocyanic acid is a product of the decompo- sition of an azotized principle, and does not exist as such in the vegetable kingdom. Table of Organic Vegetable Acids, showing the composi- tion of such as are medicinal; arranged according to their power of combining with one, two, or three atoms of base. Tri-basic Acids. Citric Acid (lemons, currants, » H5 O" Meconic Acid (Papaveracese) 3HO, C* HO'' + 6HO Tannic Acid. 3HO, C'« Hs 0s Si-basic Tartaric Acid (Grapes, &c.) Gallic Acid (Nut galls, &c.) Kinic Acid (Cinchonacese) Malic Acid (Pomaces, 2H0, C H^Os + HO 2H0, Ci H« Oi 2H0, C" H* Oa XXIX Mono-basic Acids Acetic. Acid HO. C4 H3 O' Aconitic Acid (Aconitis) HO, C4 Ha cj3 Benzoic Acid (Gum Benzoin) HO. C<4 H5 03 Cinuiunic Acid (Bals. Tolu.Peru, stc.) HO, C'8 H7 ^3 Copaivic Acid (Copaiba) Fuui trie Acid (Iceland Moss) Oxalic Acid (Polygonacete) Pectic Acid (many vegetable juices) Pinic Acid ) /n„.(„„\ SylvicAcid< Valerianic Acid (Valerianaces) Viratric Acid (Cevadilla Seeds) C40 H30 04 HO, C4 H03 HO, 02—U3+2HO HO, C'2 H17 O'l C40 H3» 04 HO, CIO H9 ()3 HO, C18 H9 0^ Table of the Natural Orders containing Non-Medicinal in the Northern and Middle States. No. or Species. I 1. Menispermaces, 2. Nelumbiaceat, 3. Saraceniaceae, 4. Capparidaces, 5. Cistaces, 6. Dro^eraceoe, 7. Elatynaceie, 8. llleci braces, 9 Portulaccaceas, 10. Tiliaceie, 11. Limnanthacess, 12. Aceraceaj, 13. Meiastomaces, It. Caclaces, 15. Grossulaceas, 16. CucurbitaceiB, 17. Crassulacee, 18. Dipsaces, 19. Gampnnulaceie, 20. Primulaceaj, 21. Lentibulacesi, 22. Acanthaceaj, 23. Pedaliaces, 24. Hydrophyllacesj, 25. Polemoniaceae, 26. Diapensiaces, 27. Convolvulaces, No. of Speciei 28 Amaranthaceas, 4 29. Santalaces, 9 30. Eleagnaces, 1 31. La uru races, i 32. Cerotophyllaces, 1 33. Callitrichaces, 1 34. Pod os to m aces, i 35. Empe traces, o 36. Balsatniflus, 2 37. riatanacese, 1 38. Linaces. 2 39. Typh aces, 4 40. Naiadaces, 13 41. Hydrochardaceic, n 42. Orchidaces, y* 43. Hypoxidacee, \ 44. Dioscoreaces, 1 45. Pontederiaceae, .1 46. Juncaces, ■8 47. Corumelynaces, 2 48. Xyridaceae, 1 49. Eriocaulonaceas, 1 50. Cyperaces, ■59 51. Grainines, 124 Total, Natural Orders containing Medicinal Plants in the Northern and Middle States. I. Ranunculacea, 2. Masnoliaceie, 8. Anonacias, 4. Berberidacts, 5. Nympheacess, 6. Papaveracew, 7. Fumariacess, 8. Cruciferae, 9. Violacem, 10. Hypericacess, 2 7 81 16 10 il. CaryophyllacesB, i2. Malvacese, (8. Linacea?, i4. Geraniaceae, i5. Oxalidaceoe, 16. Balsaminaceae, 17. Anacardiaceae, 18. XanthoxylacesB, 19. Hippocastinaceae, JO. Celastraceae, 21. Rhamnacee, 22. Vitaceae, 23. Polygalaceae, 24. LeguminosK, i5. Rosaceae 26. Lythraceae, 27. Onagraceae. 18. Saxifragaceae, 29. Haiiiametidaeeae, 30. Umbelliferae, 31. Araliaceae, 32. Cabombaeeae, 33. Caprifoliaeeae, 34. Composite, 35. Rubiaceae, 36. Valerianacese, 37. Loneliaceae, 38. Ericaceae, 39. Aquifoliaceae, 40. Ebenaceae, 41. Plantaginaceae, •L2. Plumbaginaceae, 43. Orobanchaceae, 14. Bignoniaceas, No. of Species. 25 5 8 1 6 2 1 4 4 5 7 59 51 5 24 8 1 30 5 1 24 160 13 2 7 42 6 1 6 1 3 1 No. Of Species. 45. 8crophulariace», 88 46. VerbenacesB, 0 47. Labiatae, 45 48. Boraginacese, 14 49. Solanaceae, 8 50. Gentianaceae, 16 51. Apocynaceae, 2 52. Asclepiadacess, 10 53. Oleaceae, 4 54. Aristolochiaceaa, 2 55. Chenopodiacete, 17 56. Polygonaceae, m 57. Phytolaccacese, i 58. Lauraceae, 2 59. Thymelacese, 1 60. ITI maces. 4 61. Euphorbiaceae, e 62. Juglandiaceae, 6 63. Cupulilerae, 82 64. Myricacese, 3 65. Betulaceae, 9 66. Salicacese, 25 67. Urticaceae, 10 68. Coniferae, 14 69. Araceae, 7 70. Aiismacese, 7 71. Iridaceae, t 72. Smilaceae, 14 73. Liliaceae, 12 74. Melanthaceas, 10 75. Filices, 41 Total, Principal Qene-a of Mtiicinal Plants in the Northern ana Middle States. ichillea, Aconitum, Acorus, Actaea, Adiatum, /Escalns, Agri omnia, Aletris, Allium, Alismit, Alnus, Altberea, Ambrina, Amphicarooa., Andromeda, Anemone, Anethtnn, Anthemis, Apios, Apocynum, Aquilegia, Arabis, Aralia, Archangelicn, Arctostaphyios, Arnica, Aristolochia Arisaema, Artemisia, Asarum, Asclepias, Aspidium, Aster, Baptisia, Barbarea, Benzoin, Betula, Berberis, Brasenia, Cacalia. Calla, Caltha, Canila, Cannabis, Cardamine, XXXI Cardans, Carum, Castanea, Cassia, Catalpa, Ceanothus, Celastrus, Celtis, Centaurea, Cephalanthus, Cercis, Ce rasas, Chelidoni.itt, Chelone, Chunaphilla, Cicuta, CUchorium, (Timiciluga, Clematis, Clethra, Cnicus, Collinsia, Complonia, Convolvulus, Conium, Coptis, Cornus, Coriandrum, Corylus, Crataegus, Cuminuin, Cypressus, Cypripedium, Cynoglossum, Datura, Daucus, Delphinum, Dentaria, Diospyros, Dirca, Epiphegus, Epigaea, Erechtites, Erigeron, Erythraea, Erythronium, Euonymus, Eupatorium,, Euphorbia, Fagus, Flammula, '■'oeniculum, Fragaria, Franera, Kumaria, GUiv'ni | Cautiera, Gaylussaeia, I Gentiana, Genista, Geranium, Geum, Gillenia, Gnaphaliam, Gratiola, Gymnocladus, Hamamelis, Hedeoma, Helonius, Helianthus, Helenium, Helleborus, Hepalica, Heracleuin, Heuchera, Hibiscus, Hieracium, Humulus, Hydrastis, Hyoscyamus, Hypericum, Ilex, Impatiens, Inula, Iris, Jeffersonia, Juglnns, Juniperus, Kalmia, Lappa, Ledum, Leonurus, Leontice, Liatris, Ligustrum, Liiium, Linum, Li nana. Liriodendron, Lithospermum, Lobelia, Lycopus, Ly thrum, Magnolia, Malva, Maruta, Marrubium, Melilotus, Melissa, Menispermum, Mentha, Menyanthes, Mitchells, Monarda, Morus, Myrica, Nabalus, I Nasturtium, Nelumbium, I Nepeta, I Nicotians, Nuphar, Nymphea, CEnothers Opunla, Orobanchk Origanum, Osmorhiza Oxalis, Paederota, Panax Papaver, Pastinaca, Phaseolus, Phytolacca, Pinus, Plantago, Pluchea, Podophyllum Polygonum, Polygonatum, Poly pod i lira, Polygala, Populus, Polentilla, Prinos, Prunus, Ptelea, Pulmonaria, Pycnanthemuam, Pyrus, Quercus, Raphanus, Ranunculus, Rhamnus, Rhododendroa, Rhus, Ribes, Robinia, Rosa, Kubus, Rudbeckia, Ruinex, Sabbatia, Sagittaria, Salix, Sambucus, Sanicula, XXX11 Banguinaria, Sanguisorba, Saponaris, Sassafras, Scrophularia Scutellaria, Senecio, Silene. Sinapis, Smilacina, Smilax, Solanum, Solidago, Spiraea, StatUe, Stellaria, Symplocarpus, Symphytum, Sysiinbrium, Tanacetum, Taraxacum, Taxus, Thalictrum, Thuya, Trillium, Trifolium, Trios te um, Trollius, Turritus, Tussilago, Uliuus, Urtica, Uvaria, Vaccinium, Valeriana, Veratrum, Verbena, Verbascum, Veronica, Viburnum, Vicia, Viola, Vitis, Xanthoxylum, Zanthoriza, Zephrosia, LINNilAN, OR ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 1. Monandria; one stamen to each flower. 2. Uiandria; two stamens. 3. Triandria; three stamens. 4. Tetrandria; four stamens. 5. Pcntandria ; five stamens. • 6. Hexandria; six stamens. 7. Heptandria; seven stamena 8. Octandria ; eight stamens. 9. Enneandna; nine stamens. 10. Decandria; ten stamens. 11. Dodecandria; twelve to nineteen stamens. 12. lcosandria; more than ten stamens inserted on the calyx (usually twenty). 13. Polyandria; more than ten stamens ; usually more than twenty; variable. :14. Didynamia ; four stamens, two longest; flow ers labiate. Number >f Stamens. Number and Position. Number and t.elatllfe \ 15. Tetradynamia; six stamens, four long ana lengtn. ^ two snort. fl„wers cruciform. :16. Monodelphia; filaments united into a single set. tube, or column. Connection 17. Diadelphia; filaments united in two sets, >f Siamens J flowers papilionaceous. by Filaments' 18. Polyadelphia; filaments united in more than Aalhers. three sets. 19. Si/nirr.ncsia; anthers united into a ring or '■■•—• flowers compound. '90. Gynandria; stamens on the pistil or style. 21. Monacia; stamens and pistils in separate Position flowers, but on the same plant o. Stamens 22. Dictcia ; stamens and pistils in separate flow- as respects \ ers, but on the same plant. the Pistils. 28. Potygamia ; stamens and pistils in the same or separate flowers, on the same or on dif- ferent plants. 24. Cryptogamia; stamens invisible, or wanting. Number of Styles or Stigmas. The 11th, I8th, and ~3r.| classes have generally been omitted since ihn time of Linnavis, and their genera distributed among the other classes. The ordbrs in the first 13 of these classes, are founded on Ihe number of styles, or where these are wanting, of the stigmas and are as follows: I. Monogyma; one styie to each flower 2. Digyiua ; two styles. 3. Trigyma , three styles. 4. Tetragynia; four styles. 5. Pentagynia; five styles. 6 Hezagynia ; six styles. 7. Heptagynia ; seven styles. 8 Octogynia; eight styles. 9. F.nneagynia ; nine styles. 10. Decagynia; ten styles. 11. Dodecagynia; eleven or twelve styles. k 12. Polygynia; more than twelve styles. Seeds naked I 14. Gymnospermia, having naked seeds. or covered. \ Angiospermia; having the seeds covered. Form of y 15. Siliculosa; fruit a silicic or short pod. Fruit. ( Siliquosa; fruit a silique, or long pod. The orders of the 16th to the 18th, and 20th to 2?r.i ciasjes, are founded on the number of stamens, and bear the names of the first 13 classes, as Monandria, 6tc. f 19. Polygamia aqualis ; flowers in heads, and all perfect. . Polygamia Superfiua; rays or marginal flow- ers, pistillate only. Polygamia frustrania; marginal flowers neu trai, the others perfect. 19 Polyramia necessaria; marginal flowers pis tillate and fertile; disk flower3 staminate and sterile. Polygamia Segregata: each flower with its proper involucre. Monogamia; flowers solitary, but with united anthers. The orders of the 23rd class are founded on the characters of the two preceding classes. Mimeecia; unisexual and perfect flowers on the same plant. Dtacia; the different flowers on different in- dividuals. Triacia; perfect flowers on one plant, sta minate on a second, spistillate on a third plant. The orders of the 24th class are natural, and therefore no! lo be defined bv an artificial character. Thcv are— liiices, or ferns. Musci, or mosses. Character of I Flowers. 1 Character of Flowers. XXX'V Alga, or lichens, sea-weeds, Ate Fungi, mushrooms, &c. To discover the name of a plant by the above (Linnssan) system. First examine to see to what class it belongs; next, discover the order , if the order is subdivided into sections, compare the plant with the characters of these subdivisions, to find to which it corresponds; then examine it in reference to the characters of the genera composing this subdivision, to find the genus ; finally, by comparing it with a descriotion of the species of thai genus it will be identified. The Natural Sijstem of Classification. II is the aim of the natural system to group together those otants which have the greatest general resemblance to each other, not only in aspect and structure, but also in properties. An acquaintance wilh the characters of the families of the natural system enables us to determine to which of them any new plant belongs, what are its affinities with others, and, to a very great extent, what are its poisonous or useful properties. We are thus enabled, not only to ascertain the name of any particular plant, but also to obtain a tolerably correct idea of the structure, habits, and often the sensible properties of the group to which it belongs : hence its value to medical men. The Vegetable Kingdom is embraced under two great natural divisions, viz.: 1. Fh«nooamix, or Flowerinq Plants. 2. Cryptogamia, or Flowkrless Plants. The Phanogamia are called vasculare*;, because they abound with ligneous and vascular tissue. The Cryptogamia ate called ckllulares, because they abound with cellular tissue. The Phsnogamia are also called cotyledonous, because they are distinguished for producing seeds composed of determinate parts, as cotyledons, and embryo; the cryptogamia are called acotyledonotjs, because they produce certain minute bodies, called spores, having no such distinction of parts. We also find in the Phsnogamia, a system of compoind organs, such as root, stem, leaf, and flower, successively developed on a deter- minate plan ; while in the Cryptogamia, a gradual departure from this plan commences, and they become simple expansions of cellular tissue, without symmetry or proportion. The Phsno- f i h in are very naturally resolved into two subdivisions, Exooinr •• ' !•'•.■ .j.-.prms) in three divisions, founded on the presence, union, or absence, of the petals, as follows : Polvpei al t ; calyx and corolla both present, both having aistinci petals. MoNopETALiE ; petals united. ApsTALiE : petals wanting. Orders or families are the most important of all the natural associations. They are formed by associating together those genera which are the most ne irly allied to each other, or to some one genus, previously assumed as the type. Therefore, as the kpec.es form genera, so genera form orders. In systematic Cryptogamia, Vegetable I Phjenooamia, Kingdom, 1 Cryptogamia I Exooens, ' Endooens, * The 3rd and 4th classes in Wood's Botany, are formed from the subdivision Endogens. and founded on the presence or ab- sence of glumes or husks, viz.: C. III. Aolumace* : endogenous, with flowers, perianth verticil late, of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or want- ing. Ex.. lily, orchis. C. IV. Glumaceje ; endogenous, flowers inserted in an im- bricated perianth of glumes, instead of a calyx, as, the grasses, grains, fee. works the orders are also associated into alliances, groups, &«onH 220 ni Appendix No. II., Annlysln of Urine, 272 IV. Appendix No. III., Art of Prescribing Medicines, 275 V. Examples of Extemporaneous Prescriptions, . 276 VI. Select Formulae for Infants, .... 294 VII. 301 nil. Appendix No. IV., Comparative View of the Che mical Affinity between the principal Acids and six of the Alkaline and Earthy Rases, . . . 307 IX. Tables of the Alcoholic Strength of Wines, 308—lfl X. Table showing the difference between Minima, Drops, and Grains of Different Preparations, . 311 XI. Appendix No. V., Weights and Measures, . . 313 XII. Table showing the Composition of different Mineial Waters, tta EXPLANATION OF THE REFERENCE*. L. London E. Edinburgh D. Dublin U. S. United States N. O. Natural Orders. }. Signifies that the plant is a shrub, or tree. IX. That it is a. perennial. S. That it is annual. t. That it is biennial. Comp. Implies components, showing the chemical constituents of the substance under consideration. Prop. Its chemical and natural properties. Oper. Its operation or medicinal effects. Use. Its medical uses. Incomp. The incompatibles, or those substances with which it cannot be combined in prescription, without altering either its chemical or ils medicinal properties. Off. Prep. Officinal preparations into vvhich the substance under consideration enters as a pan. The parentheses after the title of any article generally enclose the name of the substance fron. which it is obtained ; if a plant its class and order in the Linnsean system, the natural orde* the place of its growih, and the kind of plant. If a compouno, they enclose the formula of the London College and the United States Pharmacopoeia. The old name of many articles is placed in italics, after thes» botanical arrangement ' Pharmacopoeias. CONSPECTUS, «k c A BrfiTIS RESfNA. L. Resina, U. S. Resin of the Sprues "**■ Fir. {Pmas Abies. The Spruce Fir. Monacia Monadelphia N. O. Conifers. Europe, America. > .)—Thus. Comp. Resin and volatile oil. Prop. Solid, dry, brittle; externally brownish yellow; internally whitish. Oper. Rubefacient, diuretic. Use. Externally, as plasters, in catarrh, pertussis, and dyspnoea. Off- Prep. Emplast. Aromat., D. Emp. Galbani, L. D. Emp. (Jpii. L. Emp. Picis, L. Emp. Thuris,D. Emp. Hydrarg., U. S. Emp. Resina, U. S. ABSINTHIUM. U. S.—L. E. Artemisia; Absinthii folia, sum- mitates. D. Wormwood. (Artemisia Absinthiurn. Common Wormwood, Syngen. Supcrfl. N. O. Asteracea, Indigenous. 11.) Absinthium vulgare. Comp. An essential oil, a bitter principle, absinthin and absinthic acid. Prop. Odor strong and unpleasant; taste bitter, nauseous: ex- tracted by water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, discutient, antiseptic. Use. In intermittents, dyspepsia, gout, hypochondriasis, dropsy, ' and epilepsy not depending on organic changes. Clysters of the decoction are useful in ascarides. Dose. In substance, 3j. to 3j. Infusion (3 vj. to water Oj.), f 3 iv. lo f 3 xij., three or four times a day. mcomp. Sulphates of iron and of zinc ; acetate and dlacmate o. lead, nitrate of silver. AOACf.-V. U. S.—L. Gummi Acacia, E. Acacia; Arabics: Ouiiimi, D. Acacia Gum Arabic. (Acacia vera, Polygam. Moncecia. N O. Leguminosa. Africa. }.) Arabicum Gummi. Comp. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and lime. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; in irregular pieces, colorless, or of a pale yellow color, hard, brittle, fracture shining, transparent, soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol: spec. grav. 1.355. Oper. Demulcent, nutritious. I'se. In catarrh, pertussis, ardor urine;, fee. Mucilage of Gum Arabic is often employed as a vehicle for other substances. To render them miscible, oils require three-fourths of their own weight, balsams and spermaceti equal parts, resins two parts, and musk five times its weight. In cases of poisoning by acrid substances, mucilages are very useful to sheathe the mucous membrane, and should be given freely. Dose. In»substiince, 3ss to 3 ij. In decoctions, ad libitum. Ineomp. Goulard's extract, alcohol, sulphuric rathe,, tincture o» muriate of iron. m)ff. Prep. Mucilago Acacia, U. S.—E. D. JEron/sw Acacim Arabic*, E. Emulsio Arabica, D. Mistura Actcia, L. Mistura 1 9 ACE Amygdala, U. S. Mistura Crcta. V. S.—L. D. Mistura Moslht, L. Mistura Guaiaci, L. Confeetio Amygdala, L. D Puint «>rf.oda; or 100 grs. of the acid, 13 of the sub f Jj. is saturated by 35 grs. crystallized bicarb, of potassa. Off. Prep. Liq. Ammonia acet., L E.D. Potassa acetas, L.E.D. Acrtas Ferri, D Liquor Plumbi diacetatis, L. E. D. Plumb. acetas, L. E. D. Oxymel, L D. Emplastrum Ammoniaci, U. S.—L. Acetum Colehici, L.— U. S Acetum Scilla, U. S.—L Oxymel Scilla, L. Extract urn Colehici Aceticum, L. Oxymel Colehici. D. Acetum Opii, U. S.—E. ACETUM CANTHARIDIS, (epispasticum) L. E. Vinegar of Caniharidis, (Epispastic). (Cantharidis in pulv. J ij. Acidi acetic i Oj.) Comp. Acetate of canthnridin, some animal matter. Prop. Rubefacient, epispasiic, diuretic. Use. As a counter-irritant in dropsy; to form immediate blisters I ACII Dose. IUvj. to fltxvj. as a diuretic. ACETUM COLCHlCI. L. E. D. Vinegar of Meadow SaflroB. (Colehici cormi recent, concisi Jj. Aceti dist.flxvj. Spir. ten. f 5j.) Comp. The acrid principle of the bulb (Colchicia) dissolved in diluted acetic arid, (f 3j. of proof spirit ordered is to make the acetum keep.) Crop. Diuretic, but very uncertain; purgative. Use. In ascites, hydrothorax, and gout. Ineomp. Alkalies, earths, alkaline and earthy carbonates, sul- phuric acid. Vose. f 3 ss. to f 3 j. in any bland fluid. »CETUM OP1I. U. S -E. Vinegar of Opium. R; Opium in coarse powder J viij . Vutmeg 3jss., Saffron 3ss., Sugar I xij., Dist. Vinegar q. s. Digest the opium, nutmeg, and saffron, on a sand bath, with Ojss. Dist. Vinegar for 48 hours, and strain. Digest the residue wilh an equal quantity of dist. vinegar in same way, 24 hours. Put the whole into an apparatus for displacement and return the filtered liquor, as it passes, until it comes away quite clear. When the filtration has ceased, pout distilled vinegar gradually upon the remaining materials till the whole quantity of filtered liquor equals Oiij. Then add the sugar, and by means of a water-bath evaporate to Oiij. and f 5 iv — U. S. Ph. Comp. An acetate of morphia, containing the resin and coloring matter of the opium in vinegar. Prop. Narcotic. Use. A substitute for tincture of opium; it is less likely to affect the brain than the tincture. Dose. fl\xx. to f 3ss. ACETUM SCILLiE. U. S—L. E. D. Vinegar of Squill. (Scilla recentis exsiccata 3 xv., Aceti distil. Ovj., Spiritus ten. Oss. Macerate the squill in the vinegar wilh a gentle heat in a covered vessel for twenty-four hours; then express the liquor, and set it aside that the feculencies may subside; lastly, add the spirit to the liquor. T le U. S. Pharmacopeia directs that the squill should be mact ated 7 days; or that it may be pre- pared by macerating 3 iy- bruised squill in a pint of distilled vinegar 2 days, then putting the mixture into an apparatus fot displacement, gradually pouring in distilled vinegar till the quantity of filtered liquor equals Oij.; lastly, adding the alcohol. Diluted acetic acid may be substituted for the vinegar. Comp. The acrid principle of the bulb (Scillitina) dissolved in diluted acetic acid,-with a small portion of spirit. Prop. Taste bitter, acidulous. Oper. Diuretic, expectorant, emetic, in large doses purgative Use. In dropsies, asthma, and chronic catarrh. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. in cinnamon water or mint water. Off. Prep. Oxymel Scilla, L. Syrupus Scilla, U. S — E. ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, Russian P. Millfoil. (N O Asteracea.) Comp. Volatile oil, bitter extractive. Prop. Taste subastringont, bitterish. Oper. Astringent, antispasmodic, antiperiodic. Ise. In hysteria, haemorrhages, and periodical affections. AC 5 Date. /3jss. of infusit \ made with 3U- of flowers, in Oss. 01 water. AClDUM ACETICUM. U.S.—L.E.D. Acetic Acid. (Soda Act talis Ibij , Acidi Sulph. 3 ix., Aqua distillata t\\\. The U. S. Pharmacopoeia directs to pour Ibss. Sulphuric Acid into a glass retort, and gradually add Ibj. Acetate of Soda, then distil on a sand bath, with moderate heat, into a glass receiver, till the residuum becomes dry. Mix the resulting liquid with 3j. Red Oxide of Lead, and ugain distil to dryness. Density 1068.5. Comp. Carbon 4 eq.=J4.48-|-, hydrogen 3 eq.=3-f, oxygen 3 eq. =24, forming acetic a:id, eq. 52.48, and water. Prop. Odor very pungent and grateful; taste acid and acrid, Bpec grav. 1.048, very volatile, 87 grs. of crystallized carbonate of soda should saturate 100 graii.s of this acid ; contains 30.8 percent of real anhydrous :tcid. It should not be colored by hydrosulphuric acid, nor precipitated by nitrate of baryta or nitrate of silver. Oper. Stimulant, rubefacient, escharotic. Use. Applied to the nostrils in syncope asphyxia, and headache; destroys corns and warts. Ineomp. Alkalies, earths, alkaline anc «arthy carbonates. Off- Prep. Acidum Aceticum Cimpt. return, E. I). Acetum Cantharidis. L Potassa Acetas, U S.—L. Plumbi Acetas, U. S.—L. Oxymel, L. Acidum Aceticum dilutum, U. & ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM. U. S. Diluted Acetic Acid. (& Acetic Acid Oss., Distilled Water Ov. Mix.) Prop, f 5 j- is saturated by 36 grains of crystallized Bicarb, of Potassa. AClDUM ACETICUM AROMATICUM. E. Aromatic Vine- gar. (Rorismarini sic. folior. Origani, sing. | i. Lavandula sic. 3 iv. Caryophyllorum cont. 3 ss. Acidi Acetiei Ojss. Macerate seven days, and filter the expressed liqucr through paper.) Acetum Aromaticum. Comp. Vinegar holding in solution the essential oils of rosemary, sage, lavender, and cloves. Prop. Odor pungent and aromatic. Use. As a grateful perfume in sick rooms. AClDUM ACETICUM CAMPHORATUM. E. D. Camphor- ated Acetic Acid. (Acidi Acetiei l'3yjss. Camphora 3 ss. Rub the camphor to powder by means of a little alcohol; then di>.-olve it in the acid.) P'op. Odor extremely pungent; volatile. Oper. S limit I ant. Vic. The vapor is snuffed up the nostrils in svneope. AClDUM ARSENIOSUM. U. S— L. Arsenious Acid. Comp. Arsenic 2 eq.=75.4+, oxygen 3 eq.=24, eq. 99.4. Prop. While, opaque, or semi-transparent; spec. grav. 3.7 volatile; emits an odor like garlic, when thrown on burning charcoal ; tasteless; 100 parts of water, at 6(P, dissolve 9.6 of the transparent, 12.5 of the opaque; 1,000 of boiling, 97 of the transparent, and retain 18; 115 of opaque, and retain 29 on coolinif. Use. To prepare the arsenical solution. AClDUM BENZOICUM. U. S — L.E.D. Benzoic Acid. (Take of Benwin Ibj.; put the benzoin, previously mixed with an equal weight of fine sand, into a suitable vessel Sublime on 6 A.C1 a sand bath till vapors cease to rise Deprive the sublimes) matter of oil by pressure in bibulous paper, and again sublime.) —U. S. Ph., Flores Benzoes. Camp. Carbon 14 eq.=85.68+, hydrogen 5=5+, oxygen 3=24, eq. 114.68. Frup. Odor aromatic and fragrant; taste hot, slightly acidulous, and agreeable; soluble in boiling water and alcohol; crystals while, b-illiant, ductile, slender needles; should sublime en- tirely by heat. Oper. St;mulant; as an expectorant, doubtful; errhine. Use In chronic catarrh, but of very little efficacy. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 s«. Off. Prep. Tinct\..Ji Camphora composita, U. S.—L. D. Tinet. OpiiAmmoniata,E. Tinct.Opiicamphorata,U,8.—E. Tinct Bemvini composita, U. S. AClDUM CITRlCUM. U.S.—L.E.D. Citric Acid. Crystallt Comp. Carbon 4 cq.=24.48+, hydrogen 2=2+, oxygen 4=32 eq. 58.48. (Obtained from lemon juice.) Prop. Sharp acidity of lemon juice; crystals, right rhomboidat prisms, persistent, white, semi transparent; soluble in less than twice their weight of cold water, and in half their weight of boiling water. Incinerated with red oxide of mercury, no ash, or a mere trace is left. --er. Refrigerant, antiseptic. rse. In febrile and inflammatory complaints, and scorbutus; and dissolved in water, instead of recent lemon juice, for the effervescing draught. (Proportion 3 xjss. to water Oj.) Dost Gr. x. to 3 ss., dissolved in water or any bland fluid. Ineomp. Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, acetates of lead, nitrate and acetate of mercury, alkalies, alkaline sulphurets. Tests. Acetate of lead for detecting sulphuric acid; potassa for tartaric acid; when incinerated with red oxide of mercury, no ash is left. AClDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. L. Acidum Muriaticum, U S. Acidum Muriaticum purum, E. D. Hydrochloric Acid. Aqueous solution of chloro-hydric acid gas.—U. S. Comp. Chlorine 1 eq.=35.42+l hydrpgen=l, eq. 36.42; real ac,id 1 atom ; water 8 atoms. (From common salt.) Prop. Odor suffocating, taste intensely acid and caustic; nearly colorless when pure, but commonly of a pale yellow color; volatile; the fumes visible; spec. grav. 1.160 to 1.100; spec 6rav. of acid of commerce 1.180; 100 grains should saturate 133 grains of carbonate of soda. Oper. Tonic, antiseptic, diuretic. Use. In typhus ; cutaneous eruptions; in gargles in inflamma tory and putrid sore throats; in injections in gonorrhoea. Dose. fi\x. to fllxx. properly dilu'ed ; in gargles, f3ss. tof3ij in f 3 vi. of fluid ; injection, HI viij. to water? 3 iv. Ineomp. Alkalies, earths, and their carbonates; metallic oxides, sulphuretof potassium, tartrate of potassa, tartar emetic, and most metallic salts. Tests. Chloride of barium in the diluted acid for sulph. acid ; L. ammonia for salts of iron. Off. Prep. Acidum Hydroehloricum dilutum, L. Acidum Muri- aticum dilutum, U. S.—E. D. Tinctura Ferri Sesquichlitridi, ACI 7 L. E. D. Hydrochloras Baryta, E. Antimonii Potassio tartras, U. S.—L. E. D. Ferri Ammoniochloridum, L. ♦.ClDUM HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM. L. Acidum Muriaticum dilutum. U. S.—E. D. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. I Acidi Hydrochlorici f'3iv.. Aqua distillata f3xij.) f3j should saturate gr. 32 of crystallized carbonate of soda. 5 gr 1.046. AClDI'M HYDROCYANICUM. IT. S. DILUTUM. L PRUSSICI'M. D. Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. Cyano Hydric Acid, Prussic Acid. U.S. (Potassii Ferrocyanidi j ij- Acidi Sulph. 3 j*s i JlR. Dist. Oiss.) [prussic Acid may be prepared for immediate use in the following manner. Take of Cyanuret of Silver urs. Lss., Muriatic Acid grs. 41. Distilled Water 3j Mix Ihe muriatic acid wi.h the distilled water, add the cyanuret of silver, and shake the whole in a well stopped vial. When the insoluble matter has subsided, pour off the clear liquor and keep it for u>e.)— U. S. Phar. 10(1 grains of the acid, treated with solution of nitrite of silver, should form gr x. of cyanide of silver. £omp. I eq. cyanogen=26.39+ h drogen 1 eq. 27.39. Anhy drous hydrocyanic acid diluted wil i about thirty parts of water. Prop. Colorless, transparent, with a peculiurodor; taste sweetish and bland at first, afterwards pungent and acrimonious; very volatile; decomposed by a high 'emperature and light, 100 grains contain two grains of pure hydrocyanic acid. Oper. Sedative, antispasmodic. Use. In spasmodic coughs; asthma, hooping-cough, nervous affections, hiccough, palpitation of the heart, and in allaying the irritability of the stomach in dyspepsia. Prussic acid may be employed with great benefit in cases of chronic neuralgic affections of the stomach. In these, it is highly useful in pre paring this organ to bear other remedies, such as the vegetable and mineral tonics. It should be given in increased doses, till some physiologicn! effects are produced; then continued in ruther a diminished quantity. Asa local application, properly diluted, it is useful in abating the itching in Impetigo and pru riginous affections. Dose. ]\[iv. gradually increased to fllviij., in a glassful of water, almond emulsion, or infusion of cinchona. When an overdose has been taken, the effects are best c« unteracted by ammonia, chlorine, brandy, and the cold affusion. Ineomp Metallic oxides, chlorine. Tests. 100 grains treated with nitrate of silver should precipitate gr. -. of cyanide of silver; if iodo-rynnide of potassium and mercury redden the acid, it contains some other acid. Nitrate of baryta causes no precipitate in the pure acid. AClDUM NITRfCUM. U. S—L. D. E. Acidum Nitricum pitrum, E. Nitric Acid. Comp. Nitrogen I eq.= 14.15+, oxygen 5=40, eq.=54.15. (From Nitre. Nitras Potassa.) Prop. Odor suffocating, taste very acid and caustic, corrosive, liquid, coloiless transparent; absorb" water from the air; tinges the skin yellow. Spec. grav. 1.504; spec. grav. of acid of commerce 1.380- 100 grains should saturate 217of carbonate of soda. It should not precipitate solution of nitrate of silver »or of nitrate of baryta, when ii'uted with distilled water. 8 AC 1 Oper. Tonic, antiseptic, antisyphilitic escharotlc. Use. The strong acid is seldom used for any other than phar maceutical purposes; in the form of vapor, it is extracted from nitre 3 iv. and sulphuric acid 3 iv. in a saucer, placed on s pipkin of hot sand, foi the purposes of fumigation. Ineomp. Spirit of lavender und the strong tinctures, in any large quantity; and the essential oils ; metallic oxides. Off. Prep. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum, U. S.—L. E. Argenti Nitras, U. S.- L. Ung. Hydrarg. Nit. L.—U. 8. Hydrar- gyri Nitrico-oxidum, L. Spiritus JEtheris Nitrici, L. E — u.s. ACfDUM NITRICUM DILUTUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Diluted Nitric Acid. Comp. Nitric acid f 3 j.; water f 3 ix. L. ac f 3 iv+aq. f? vj. E. aq. f3iij.+aq. f |iv. D. (f 3 j. contains HI vj. of the strong acid, L.) Prop. Spec. grav. 1.080. L. The same as nitric acid in a weaker degree. 100 grs. should saturate 31 grs. of crystallized carb. of soda. Oper. The same as that of nitric acid. Use. As a drink, diluted largely, in fevers of the typhoid kind; in chronic affections of the liver, attended wilh a redundant and hasty formation of bile; and in dyspepsia. As a remedy in venereal complaints; yet in this climate it is not to be de- pended on, but it is a very useful adjunct to mercury, and allays the violent irritation induced by it. It is also very useful in the cure of old ulcerated legs. Dose. n\\. to fl\.xi. in f 3 iij- of water, twice or thrice a day. AClDUM NITRO MURIATICUM. U. S—D. Nitro muriatic Acid. (Acidi Nitrici, mensura, partem i.; Acidi Muriatici, mensura, partes ij. Mix them in a vessel kept cool, and pre- serve the mixture in a well-stopped bottle, in a cool, obscuru place.) Prop. Odor suffocating, color pale yellow Oper. Stimulant, antiseptic. Use. Largely diluted, it has been strongly recommended in malignant scarlatina, in chronic affections of the liver, and in syphilis; and still more diluted, as a bath, in chronic derange- ment of the hepatic secretion, which it improves, and acts gently on the bowels. Dose. ITlviij. to fH.xx. in f 3 iij. of water, twice or thrice a day When used as a bath, the mixed acid should be added to the water until it tastes as sour as weak vinegar. Ineomp. Oxides, earths, alkalies, the sulphurets, and the acetates of potassa and of lead. AClDUM PIJOSPHORICUM DILUTUM. L, Diluted Phos- phoric Acid. (Phosphori 3 j-, Acidi Nitr.ci f 5 iv., Aqua Dis tillata f3x.) Comp. Phosphorus 2 eq.=31.4; oxygen 5 eq.=40; equiv. 71.4. Spec. era v. 1.064. Prop. Colorless, inodorous, strongly acid, fluid Oper. Tonic. Use. In disposition to urinary deposition of the phosphate of lime; in general debility. Dose, fllxx. to f 3j. Tests. 100 grains saturate 42 of carbonate of soda; a preeip AC1 9 by chloride 01 barium insoluble in nitric acid indicates sulph acid. AClDUM PYROLIGNUM. E. Pyrolignous Vcid, (from de- structive distillations of wosd.) Comp. and Prop. The same as those of acetic acid; spec. grav. 1 li'Sl. 100 minims should neutralize 53 grains of carbonate of soda. Use. The same as diluted acetic acid. AClDUM SUCClNICUM. D. E. Succinic Acid. Sal Succini Comp. Carbon 4 eq.=.!4.48+; h> drogen 2 eq.=2+; oxygen J eq.=24, eq. 50.48; (obtained from amber.) Prop. Taste sour; crystals four-sided rbomboidal plates, white, transparent; soluble in hot water, an/*, hot alcohol; volatile. Ineomp. Mucilage, oils. This acid is never, or very rarely, used in medicine. AClDUM SULr>Hl RlCUM. U.S.—L. Acidum Sulphuricuir purum, E. Acidum Sulphuricum venale, D. Sulphuric Acid. Acidum vitriolicum, Comp. Of sulphur 1 eq.=16.1+; oxygen 3 eq.=24, eq. 40 1; and water; or acid 81.6; water 18.4. Prop. Inodorous; strong acid taste; corrosive' fluidity dense, apparently oily; transparent, colorless. Spec. grav. 1.845. (1.850 ad 1000, d.) It has a powerful attraction for water Congeals at —15. Oper. Escharotic, stimulant, rubefacient, tonic, astringent, refrigerant. Use. In local pains, in the form of an ointment made of lard f 5j.i sulphuric acid 3j.; and in scabies, with 3ss. of the acid to lard 3j- Tests. Distilled water should cause nomuddiness; solution of sulphate of iron no redness at the point of contact. Off. Prep. Used in preparing Acidum Citricum, Hydrochloricum, Nitricum, Turtaricum, Acidum Sulphuricum Purum,D. Acid. Sulphur. Dilut., U. S.—L. E. D. Acid. Sulphur. Aromaticum, U. 8.—E. Ferri Sulphas, U. S.—L. E. D. Hydrarg. Bichlt- •idum, U. S.—L. E. D. Zinci Sulphas, U. S.—L. Sulpha* Potassa, L. Potassa Bisulphas, L. E. Subsulphas Hydrar gyri Ftavus, E. D. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM PURUM. D. Pure Sulphuric Acid. (Acidi Sulphurici venalis libram. Pour it into a colorless glass retort, and having luted to it a receiver of the same kind, apply heat to the retort until the twelfth part of the fluid has distilled over, which is to be rejected as watery. The receiver being again joined, distil to dryness. Put some thin slips of platina ir the retort with the acid to pievent it from boiling over.) The sp. gr. is 1.845. The aci' should be preserved in a stopped bottie. Pron. and Med. Use. The same as the common acid. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Di- luted Sulphuric Acid. (Acidi Sulphurici t"l jss. Aqua distil- lata i 3 xivss. Mix gradually. The Edin. Coll. order ac. f J j. + «j l'3xiij. : the Dub. ac. l}.+aq. 5 vij. pondere.) The present acid is stronger than the diluted acid of the formei London Pharmacopoeia nearly in the proportion of 9 to 0. Prop. Inodorous, strong acid taste, transparent, colorless. iper. Tonic, astringent, refrigerant. 1* 10 AC I Xfie. In dyspepsia, diabetes, menonhagm, haemoptysis, cutanw ous eruptions, hectic; in gargles, in cynanche, and to check salivation. Sulphuric acid is an excellent tonic, and also pos- sesses refrgerant and astringent properties, rendering it a valuable remedy in cases where we wish to avoid diarrhoea In cases of low and hectic fever, attended with copious perspi- ration, it is very beneficial, as well as in hematemesis. It is so useful conjoined with saline aperients, when the urine has 4 tendency to phosphatic depositions, attended with loss of ap petite, impaired digestion, foul tongue, tec. It is usually given with some bitter infusion, as cascarilla, col umbo, cinchona, quassia, &c. Dose. fllx. to m,xi. largely diluted; in gargles f3j. to f3iij. it. f 3 viij. of fluid. Off. Prep. Acidum Benzoicum, E. Infusum RoSii, L. E. D. AClDUM SULPHLRfCUM AROMATlCUM. U.S.-E. Aro- matic Sulphuric Acid. (Spiritus red. Ojss. Acidi Sulphurici (commercial) 3i'js3- Cinnamomi cort. cont. 3jss. Zingiberis rad. cont. 3j. Add the acid gradually to the spirit, and digest the mixture with a very gentle heat in a closed vessel for three days; moisten the mixed powder with a little of the acid; lei the mass rest for 12 hours, then put it into a percolator, and transmit the rest of the acid spiril.) Acidum vitrioticum aro- maticum. Comp. An imperfect ather, with sulphuric acid predominating and holding dissolved the essential o.l of cinnamon and c ginger. t-rop. Odor aromatic, taste acid and slightly ethereal, color brownish. Use. In dyspepsia; the debility following intermittents, and other fevers, combined with vegetable bitters; and in chronic asthma. Dose. nix. to lllxxx. in fluids, twice or thrice a day. AClDUM TANNlCUM. U. S. Tannic Acid. (Tannin.) R, Galla. pulo. JEther Sulphuric, a. a. q. s. put into a glass adapter, loosely closed at its lower end with carded cotton, sufficient powdered galls to fill half of if. fit the adapter accu- rately to the moulh of a receiving vessel, till it with the sulplf. Kther, and close the upper orifice lightly. The liquid which passes separates into two unequal portions, of which the lower is much smaller in quantity, and much denser, than the upper. When the uuher ceases to pass, pour fresh portions upon the galls, till the lower stratum of liquid in ihe receiver no longer increases. Then separate this from the upper, put it into a capsule, and evaporate with a moderate heat to dryness Lastly, rub what remains inlo powder. The upper portion will yield a quantity of aether by distillation, which, when washed, may be employed in a subsequent operation.— U. S. Pkar. Comp. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen. Prop. Yellowish-white color, taste stronglv astringent; without bitterness, inodorous; very soluble in water, less so in alcohol and mther; insoluble in the fixed and volatile oils. Its solution reddens litmus, produces with a solution of gelatine a whits flocculent precipitate, with the salts of the sesqui-oxide of iron a bluish black precipitate, and with solutions of the vegetable ACQ 13 alkalies, white precipitates; very soluble in acetic acid.-— C. S Phar. Use. Tannic acid may be advantageously employed in all the passive hemorrhages, especially mennrrhagia; also in diarrhea where we wish simply an astringent effect. It possesses a great advantage over most other astringents, from the suiulmess of dose in which it may be given, and from its being less liable to irritate the stomach and bowels. Dose. From 2 to 4 grs. every three hours. AClDUM TARTAKIUTM. U. S.—L. E. D. Tartaric Acid. Ifc Potassa bitartratis tbiv., Aqua distitlata ferventis Cong. iisa., Creta praparata 3 xxv.- 3 Vi., Acidi Sulphurici dituti Ovij. i j xvij., Acidi hydrochlorici f3xxyjss. vet q. s. s. Boil the bitartrate of potassa with two gallons of the water, and add gradually half the prepared chalk; then add the rest of the chalk dissolved in hydrochloric acid, diluted with Oiv. of dis- tilled water; let the tartrate of lime subside, then pour off the fluid and wash the tartrate of lime with distilled water until it is tasteless. Then pour upon it the diluted sulphuric acid ; boil for a quarter of an hour. Filter the supernatant fluid, and evaporate with a gentle heat until it crystallize. Dissolve the crystals again, and a third time in water, strain as often, and boil down, and leave at rest. Comp. Carbon 4 eq.=24.48+ hydrogen 2=2— oxygen 5=40— equiv.=66.48. Prop. Crystals white, imperfectly transparent, in irregular groups. Spec. grav. 1.5962. They do not effloresce nor deli- quesce when exposed to the air; they melt into a transparent mass when heated aDove 212°; and after this process they deliquesce. They dissolve readily in water, combine with earths, alkalies, and metallic oxides, and consist of 1 part ol real acid, and 1 of water. Oper. Refrigerant, antiseptic. Use. In inflammatory affections, fevers and scorbutus. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. dissolved in water. Ineomp. Alkalies and their carbonates, all the salts of potassa. Tests. The precipitate by acetate of lead not dissolving in dilute nitric acid indicates a sulphate. When incinerated with red oxide of mercury, it should leave no residue. ACONITIN.V. L. Aconitum, U.S. Aconite, Aconitina. (Aco- niti rad. ersiccati et contusi tbij., Spir. red. cong. iij. Acidi sulph. diluti, Ammonia liq., Carbonis animalis purif, sing q.s.s.) Comp. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. Prop. Whitish powder, inodorous, taste bitter, acrid, soluble in 150 times ils weight of water at 60°, and 50 at 2123; alcohol and icther dissolve it readily; permanent in the nlr; w'M ac'ds forms dry, gummy, bitter masses, which the alkalies u«- Compote. Vte. Euerna'ly counter-irritant: too poisonous to be used internally. If the ointment, or alcoholic solution of aconitina, be rubbed into the skin, it causes intense heat, tingling, and numbness, which continue for 12 or 18 hours. Dr. Turnbull directs the ointment to be made by rubbing up 10 grs. aconitina, With 3 s?. olive oil. and 3j- of lard, to he rubbed in wilh the Qnger for several minutes. The solution for embrocation is B JET'K made by dissolving grs. viii. of aconitina in 3 ij. of rectified spirits, to be applied with a sponge, but not where the skin is abraded. 4CONITI FOLIA ET RADIX. L. Aconitum paniculntum; Folia, D. Aconitum, E. Aconite, or Monk's-hood Leaves. (Aconitum paniculatum. Monk's-hood; Polyand. Trigyn N. O. Ranunculacea, Mountains of Germany and Siberia, U States. 11.) Prop. Dried leaves inodorous, taste subacrid; bitterish; fresh very acrid. Ope: Narcotic, sudorific, deobstruent. Use. In chronic rheumatism, scrofula, scirrhus, palsy, amauro sis, and venereal nodes. Aconite is u very powerful topical remedy, in the form of tincture, in cases of rheumatism and neuralgia. It produces a sense of numbness and tingling, and is ranked among the cercbro-spinants. When swallowed in sufficient doses, it produces numbness and tingling of the mouth, fauces, and extremities, vomiting, contracted pupil, and failure of the circulation. It seems to possess a decidedly sedative action upon the heart, and is regarded by many us a specific in subduing inflammatory action, especially that of gout and rheumatism. It is useful also in nervous headache, spinal irritation, and all kinds of neuralgia. • Dose. Gr. j. gradually increased to gr. v. twice or thrice a day of the extract, from gr. ss. to gr. j., of the tincture from 10 to 40 drops, gradually increased. Off. Prep. Aconitina, L. Extractum Aconiti, L. ACOUUS. L. See Calami Radix. \DEPS. U. S.—L. Axungia, E. Adeps Suillus, D. Hog's Lard. (Sus scrota, the Hog. CI. Mammalia, Old. Packyderma, Uuv.) /imp. Elaine 62. Stearine 38. 'rop. Inodorous, insipid, soft, unctuous, white. ~)pcr. Emollient. Use. In the formation of ointments, cerates, plasters, and lini ments. Off. Prep. Emplast. Cantharidis, L. Ceratum Sabine, L. Un guenta Varia. Ceratum Simplex, U. S. &c. dSRUGO. L. E. Subacetas Cupri, U. S.—D. Verdigris, impure diacetate of copper. Comp. Acetate of copper 43, black oxide of copper 27, water 30 pis. in 100. Prop. Mass difficult to break, dry, not deliquescent, foliaceous, of a fine bluish-green color ; taste salt; completely soluble in sulphuric acid, and in hydrochloric acid ; partially in water. Oper. Tonic, emetic, escharotic, detergent. Use. Scarcely ever used internally; applied to the callous edges of sores, and to consume fungus, but now seldom used. It il sometimes used as a lotion (gr. j. in rose or elder-flower watei fjj.) in scorbutic ulcerations of the mouth, but it cannot b« much recommended. Dose. As a tonic under gr. %; asau emetic from gr. f.to'gr. IJ. Off. Prep. JErugo Prceparata, D. Unguentum Subaceta- tit Cupri, E.—U. S. jETIIER NITR03US. D. Nitrous JEther. Comp. Nitrogen 16.41,carbon 39.27,oxygen 3 .73, hydrogen 9.59, ALC 13 In 100 p«s., or 1 eq. or wther, 37.48+1, nitrogen =14.15+3 oxygen =24 equiv.=75.63, (from alcohol and nitrous acid.) Prop. Nearly the same as those of sulphuric aether, but more volatile, and its odor is less fragrant; spec. grav. 900; little soluble in water; soluble in alcohol. Oper. and Use. The same ns those of sulphuric aether. 4STIIER SULPHURICUS. U.S.—L E.D. SulphuricASther Spir. Vini. Red. Ibiij. Sulph. Acidi lbij. Carb. Potassa, sice 3j. Add the acid to lbij. of the spirit in a retort; place on a sand bath and raise the heat quickly, so that the fluid may quickly boil, and the a;ther may pass into a cooled receiver Distil until a heavier portion begins to pass over. After the heat has subsided, add the rest of the spirit to the liquor in the retort, and redistil. To the distilled fluids add the carbonate of potassa; agitate for an hour; lastly, redistil. (The U. States Pharmacopoeia directs to take of Alcohol Oiv., Sulphuric Acid 0j., Potassa 3 vj., Distilled Water f 3 iij.) JEther vitriolicus. Comp. Oxygen 1 eq.=8+, carbon 4 eq.=24.48+ hydrogen 5=5; —equiv. 37.48. Spec. grav. .750. (735, E.) Prop. A limpid, colorless, very inflammable, volatile liquor; odor penetrating and fragrant; taste hot and pungent; inflam- mable; readily mixes with alcohol; soluble in ten patts of water ; produces cold during its evaporation. Its volume Is not lessened when ngitated with half its weight of concentrated solution of chloride of calcium. Oper. Diftusibly stimulant, narcotic, antispasmodic; externally refrigerant. Use. Hysteria, asthma, tetanus, epilepsy, and other spasmodic complaints; externally in head-ache, and dropped into the meatus in ear-ache ; it has also been used in burns. Dose, tllxx. to f 3 ij. in f 3 xij water, or other fluid. Test. If it redden litmus strongly it has been improperly pre- pared. Off. Prep. Spiritus JEthcri Sulphurici comp., I.. BPIRITUS .rETHERIS SULPHURICI. E. Spirit of Sulphuric Aether. (Sulphuric ASther, a pint; Rectified Spirit, two pints.) Comp. Alcohol holding in solution sulphuric aitlier. Prep. Odor flagrant, taste warm. Oper. Stimulant, stomachic. Use. In weakness of the stomach, flatulencies, and languor. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. in bitter infusions. SPIRITUS /ETHERIS SULPHURICI COMP. U. S.—L. Compound Spirit of Sulphuric /Ether. (Sulph. AT.ther f 5 viij., Rect. Spir. f 3 xvj., iEthere.il Oil f 3 iij.) °rop. Stimulant, antispasmodic, anodyne. Disc. From f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. in f 3 jss. of water. ALCOHOL. U.S.—L.E.D. Alcohol. (Rectified Spirit dii tilled from Chloride of Calcium, or Carb. Potassa.) Comp. Oxygen 34.79, carbon 52.17, hydrogen 13.04=100, or 3 eq hydrogen=3+2, carbon=.l-2.-.'4+l, oxygen=8, equiv.=23 24. Prop: Odor fragrant, penetrating; taste pungent, burning ; color less; transparent; boils at 174°; it dissolves all the vegetable secretions, either wholly or partially, except-gum , dissolves also ammonia, potassa, iodine, soda. Spec, grav 0-E15. Oper. Stimulant (powerful and diffusible) sedative. Us Scarcely ever used internally in its pure slate, but some- u ALU times advantageously in a highly diluted form ; in cases erf debility and low fevers ; externally as a fomentation in muscu- lar pains ; 10 burns; and to restrain hemorrhages. The use of alcohol as a medicine has been much diminished within the last ten years. It is found iinsuited to a great majority of cases of disease, and when employed, too often inducing an artificial appetite, not easily overcome. From its strong attraction for water, it causes thickening or scirrlius of the stomach, and an indurated state of the liver; and from its powerful effects upon the nervous system, it induces epilepsy, tremors, coma, mania, and death. For these reasons, and that we have useful sub- stitutes, it should seldom be prescribed. Off. Prep. Omnes Spiritus, U. S. Spir. Ammonia Fatidus, D JEther Sulph., L. E. D. JEthcr Nitrosus, D. Spiritus Am- monia, L. E. ALCOHOL DILUTUM. US. (Alcohol, Distilled Water, a a Oj. Mix. Spec. grav. 0.935.) ALLIUM. U. S.—L. E. Allii sativi Bulbus, D. Garlic Bulbs. (Allium Sativum, Garlic, Hexand. Monogyn. N. O. Liliacea. Sicily, Britain, U. States. 4.) Comp. Sugar, gum, albumen, extractive; a heavy, yellow, fetid, acrid, volatile oil, which is the active principle, and contains sulphur. Prop. Odor strong, offensive, and penetrating; taste sweetish, biting, and caustic ; these are dissipated by coction. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, emmenagogue, diapho- retic, and anthelmintic ; extremely rubefacient, maiurnnt, and repellent Us*. Iu cold leucophlegmatic habits, dropsy, rheumatalgia, humoral asthma, and hysteria. Intermillents have been cured by it. Tne juice dropped inio the ear, in atonic deafness, is a very effectual remedy; and it is also beneficial in herpetic eruptions, foi.ned with oil into an ointment. A poultice of it over the pubis has been found useful in atony of the bladder. Dose. One to six cloves, f wallowed without chewing, twice or thrice a day. Of the juice f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. mixed with sugar or syrup. In pills with soap or calomel, gr. xx. to 3ij. The virtues of the gcrus Allium depend on an acrid principle, soluble in water, alcohol, adds, and alkalies. ALLII CEPiE BULBUS. D. The liulb of the Onion. (Alli- um Cepa The Onion. Hexand. Monogyn. N. O. Liliacea. Europe. 40 Prop. Odor strong, offensive, and penetrating; taste sweetish, pungent. These are dissipated by coction. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant. Use. On account of the free phosphoric acid it contains, it is supposed to be useful in calculous cases; but it is chiefly used as a cataplasm in slowly suppurating tumors, and for ear-ache. ALOES. L. Aloe. U.S.—E. Aloes Socotrina Barbadensis— Indica—Socotrina. D. (Aloe Spicata. The Socotrine Aloe Hexand Monogyn. N. O. Liliacea. Cape of Good Hope. 4.) Aloe. ^ Comp. Peculiar bitter principle (Aloesin) 73 per cent, coloring principle 2t per cent. Prop Odor i.ot unpleasant, rather fragrant; taste very bittei ALU 15 not unlike that of animal bile, and slightly aromatic; coloi reddish brown with a shade of purple; mass hard, friable, fracture conchoidal and glossy ; soluble in diluted alcohol powder of a bright cinnamon yellow color. Oper. Cathartic, warm and stimulating, emmenagogue, anthel miotic, stomachic; hurtful in hemorrhoids. Aloes acts chiellr on the large intestines, and produces catharsis by increasing peristaltic or muscular action, and not by increasing the secre- tions. It usually sits well on the stomach, promotes appetite and digestion, and is one of the most valuable articles of the Materia Medica. Dose. To act as a cathartic, gr. ij. to gr. x.; as an vmmenngogue. gr. j. to gr. ij. twice or thrice a day. Tiie form of a pill is the most convenient mode of exhibition, though the compound decoction is our favorite preparation. Off. Prep. Deeortum Aloes Compositum, L. D. F.itrartum Aloes purifi, L. D. Ext. Cotocynthidis Comp., U. S.—L. D. Tinct Aloes, L. E. D.—U. S. Tinct. Aloes Comp.. L. E. D. 7'inri. Aloes JEtherea, E. Tinct. Benzoini Comp., U. S — L. E. D. Tinct. Rh,i tt Aloes, U. S.—E. Vinum Aloes, L. E. D. Pul- vis Aloes Comp., L. Pil. Aloes Comp., L. D. Pulv. Aloes cum Ceinella, D. Pil. Aloetica, E. Pil. Aloes cum Myrrha, U. S.— L E. D. Pil. Cambogia Comp., L. Pil. Aloes et Assafatultt, E.—cum Colocynthide, E. Pil. Rhei Comp., L. E. Pil. Scam- monii Comp. cum Aloe, D. Pil. Sngapeni Comp., L. ALOE HEPATICA, EXTRACTUM. D. Barbadoes Aloes (Aloes pcrfoliata. Class and order us above. Barbadoet Greece. 40 Aloe Barbadensis. Comp. As above, but with a larger portion of bitter principle. Prop. Odor very disagreeable, intensely bitter, and nauseous powder of a dull olive yellow. Oper. As above, but not so frequently employed. hl.THJP.JE FOLT.V ET RADIX. U. S.-L. V.. D. Mars Mallow Leaves and Root. (Altha'a Officinalis, Marsh Mallov Monadelpk. Polyand. N. O. Malvacea. Indigenous 4-) Prop. Inodorous; taste sweetish, mucilaginous when chewed yields its mucus to water by coction. Oper. Emollient, lubricating, demulcent. I'se. In pulmonary and intestinal affections; ardor urina;; ca\ cuius; externally in fomentations, clysters, and gargles. Off. Prep. Decoct um Althaa Officinalis^ E. Syrupus Althaa X. E. \LUMEN U. P.—L. E. D. Alum, (from Schistose Clays.) Comp. Sulphate of alumina, wilh excess of acid, 36.85; sulphaK of potassa 18.15; water 45 00 parts (Berzelius), or 1 eq. of alu niina=51.4+l. of potassa 47.15-1-4, of sulphuric ocid=160.1-f 24, of water=2!6 : cquiv.=474.95 in the crystallized state. Prop. Crystals regu'ar octahedrons; but generally in large white *omi transparent masses , taste sweetish, styptic; effloresces in the air; 16 pts. water at 60° dissolve 1 part of alum. Oper. Tonic, astringent; and in large doses laxative. Use. In hemorrhages, leucorrhcea, diabetes, coiica pictonum , externally in relaxation of the uvula, ophthalmia, gleet, an 1 fluor a I bus. Dose. Grs. x. to 3i. united with an aromatic, or in whey made with 3 ij of the powder and 0j. of hot milk, a teacuufo 16 A M M oecasionally; in gargles 3 ss. in f 3 iv. of fluid; in tol.yria and injections gr. xij. in I 5 vj. of rose water. A saPi.' ited solution is a useful styptic. . Hum Curd is a good cooling external ap- plicati 11 in ophthalnua and other diseases ; mane by beating up the while of an egg with a piece of alum till it forms a coagulum. Ineomp. Potassa and potassa; carbonas, sodoe carbonas, ammonia, lime, magnesia, acetate of lead, infusion of galls. Off. Prep. Alumen Exsiccatum, L. E. D. Liquor Aluminis Comp., L. Pulv. Aluminis Comp., E. ALUMEN EXSICCATUM. U. S—L. E. Alumen Siccatum, D. Dried Alum. (Melt the alum in an earthen vessel over the fire, until ihe ebullition cease.) Comp. As above, without the water of crystallization. Prop. Dry, friable, while, opaque. Oper. Estharotic. Use. To destroy fungus in ulcers; internally in colic. 'Jose. Gr. iv. to xij. AMMONliE ACETATIS AQUA. E. See Liquor Amnonia acetntis. AMMONliE SESQUICARBC NAS. L. Ammonite Carbor.as, U.S.—E. D. Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia. (Take of Muri- ate of Ammonia Ibj.. Chalk, dried, Ibjss., pulverize them sepa- rately ; then mix them thoroughly, and sublime with a gradually increasing heat.)—U. S. Phar. Comp Ammonia 21.52. carbonic acid 55.70, water 22.78=100 parts, or 3 eq. carb. acid 66.36+3, animonia=51.45+3, water =27; equiv. 144.31: but the quantity of acid varies according to the heat employed in the preparation. Prop. A white, striated, crystallized mass: odor nnd taste pun gent and ammoniacal; soluble in 4 pts. water at 60°; insoluble in alcohol; effloresces in ihe air ; sublimed by heat. Oper. Stimulant, antacid, diaphoretic, antispasmodic. Use. In hysteria, dyspepsia, chronic rheumatism ; applied to tb nostrils in syncope. Ineomp. Acids, potassa fusa, liquor potassa;, magnesia, carbr stes. alum, chloride of calcium, bitartras and bisulphas potassa!, salts of iron with the exception of the potassio tartrate, bichlo- ride of mercury, salts 01 lead, sulphate of zinc. Oose. Gr. v. to 3i. in pills, or in any bland fluid. Gr. xxx. are an emetic. Off. Prep. Liquor Ammonia Scsquicarbonatis. L. E. D. Liquor Ammonia Acttatis, U.S.—L. E. D. Cupri Ammonio-Sulphas, L. E. D Liquor Ammonia, U. S. LIQUOR AMMONIA SESQU1CARBONATI&. L. D. Am- monia; Carbonatis Aqua, E. Solutien of Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia. (Ammonia Scsquicarbonatis 3 iv.. Aqua distillata T)j Dissolve the carbonate of ammonia and stra'i.) Prop, and Use. The same as that of ihe sesquicarbonate. Dose, fllxxx. to f 3 j. in any bland fluid. AMMONliE BICARBONAS. D. Bicarbonate of Ammonia, (Ammonio- Carbonatis Aqua, quantum vclis. Expose the solu tion in a proper apparatus to a stream of carbonic acid gas, procured from white marble dissolving in sulphuric acid, until the aWtali be saturated ; tlv n let it r< main at rest unt'l crystals form, to be dried without heat and preserved in a close vessel AM M 17 Frrp and Use. The same as the sesquicarbonate. AMMONliE HYDROCHLOKAS. L. Muri.is Ammonia- V S. —E 1). Hydrochlorate of Ammonia. Sal Ammoniac, U S. Ch.jiuhyUrate of Ammonia. Sal Ammoniacus. Cbmp. Hydrochloric acid 9.55, ammonia 31.95, water 18 50 pdrts; or I eq. ammonia=)7.15+l of hydrochloric acid 36 42: equiv. =53 57. Prop Inodorous; taste acrid, pungent, bitterish, urinous: 3 pts. of t )ld water dissolve 1 pt.; u-ually in the form of a hard, translucent, striated cake; soluble also in 4.5 pts. of alcohol. Oper. Aperient, diuretic; externally to produce cold during its solution; simulant. Us* Seldom used interna'ly; externa'ly while dissolving, to abate the heat and pain of inflammation ; to allay head ache; In lotion, composed of the salt Jj., alcohol f $j., water f i'ix to imlol ut tumors, gangrene, scabies, and chilblains. Dose. Gr. x. to 3ss. Ineomp. Sulphuric and nitric acids, acetate of lead, potassa, caibonates of soda and potassa, l'-ie. Off. Prep. Ammonia Sesquicarbonas, L. E. D. Liquor Ammo- nia', L. E. D. Liquor Hesquicarbvnatis Ammonias, L. E 1). Alcohol Ammoniatum, K. D. Ferri Ammonio-Cldoridum, L. V.. Aqua Cupri Ammoniati, D. Sulphuretum Ammu- nue. I>. Marias Ammonim et Ferri, D. AMMONIM LIQUOR FOliTIOR, L. Aqua Ammonias fortior, E. Stronger solution of ammonia. Prop. Colorless, strongly pungent. Spec. grav. .882; contains 29 per cent, of ammonia. Oner. Escharotic, vesicant. i se. As a rubefacient when combined with oil; as an instanta- neous vesicant in gout In the stomach. It is used for pre- paring Liq. Ammonim, by adding f 3 iij. of distilled water to f 3j. of this solution. Tests. Should not become turbid with lime water, nor should it precipitate nitrale of silver. AMMOM.tt SPIRITUS. U.S.—L.E. (Ammonia Hydrochloratis 3 x., Potassa carb. 3 xvj, Spir. Rect., Aquae, a a Oiij., and distil Oiij.) Comp. Solution of carbonate of ammonia in rectified spirit. Prop. Transparent, colorless, pungent, acrid to the taste. Has an alkaline reaction. Oper. and Use. The same as carbonate of ammonia. Dose, f 3 ss. tn f 3 i. in water. AMMOM \.) They contain hydrocyanic acid. Prop. Taste bitter and aromatic; odor agreeable. vspcr. Sedative. Use In inflammatory and spasmodic affections. AMYLUM. U.S.—L. E. Tritici Farina, D. Starch. (Triticum Hybernum, Wheat. Triand. Digynia, N. O. Graminacea, Sicily t. ©.) i^omp. Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; in white, friable, hexagonal columnar pieces, emitting a peculiar sound when pressed; insoluble in cold water and alcohol; forming, with boiling water, a strong, opaline, semi-transparent jelly. Oper. Demulcent, nutritious. Use. In dysentery, tenesmus, and ulceration of the rectum, in the form of a clyster; it is the common vehicle for exhibiting opium per anum. The Decoction of Starch is made by boiling, for a short time, 3 iv. Starch, in Oj. Water, previously mixing them gradually while the water is cold. Test. Iodine, when the solution in water is cold. Off. Prep. Mucilago Amyti, E. D. Pulv. Tragacantha Comp., L. Pilula Hydrargyri, E. Trochisci Gummosi, E. AMYRIDld GILEADENSIS RESINA LIQITDA. E. Balsam ofGilead. (Amyris Gileadcnsis. Octandria Monogyn. N.O. Burceracea. Arabia near Mecca. V.) Balsamum Gilta- dense. Prop. Odor somewhat fragrant; taste warm and bitter, coloi golden yellow; of the consistence of syrup. Oper. Stimulant, expectorant. Use. Scarcely ever used. Dose 3j. to 3 j. twice or thrice a day. A N T 19 %NCHUS.E RADIX. D. Alkaiiet Root. . AnchusaTinctorla, Ptntxnd. Monogyn. N. O. Boraginacca. Europe. 4. Anchusa radix. Prop. Inodorous and insipid when dried. The small roots are the best, and impart the finest and deepest red to oils, ointments, and piasters, for which purpose only they are used. ANKTHI'M. L. E. Dill Seed. (Anethum Gravtolens. Pen- tand. Digyn N. O. Umbcllifera. South of Europe. 0.) Prop. Odor aromatic, but not agreeable; taste aromatic and pungent. Ojer. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In flatulent colic, and hiccough, particularly of infants. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. Off. Pn-n. Aqua Anethi. L. ANGl.I.fCA ARCIIA.N'GELICA, SEMINA. U. 8.—E D, Angelica Root and Seeds. (Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Umbel lifera. Northern Alps, t.) Prop. O.lor fragrant; taste aromatic, bitterish, very warm, equally in the root, leaves, and seeds. Oper. Tonic, carminative, sudorific. I se. In dyspepsia and nausea, but rarely used. Dose. 3 ss. to 3 iij. ANlSUM. U S.—L. E. Anisi Semina, D. Aniseed. (Pim pinella. Anisum. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Umbellifera. Egypt. ©.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste sweetish, warm, grateful. Figure oblong ovat". Oper. Caunmative. Use. In dyspepsia, and the tormina of infants. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. bruised. Off. Prep. Oleum Anisi, U. S.—L. E. D. Spiritus Anisi, L. A NTH KM Is*. U. S—L. E. Anlhemidis Nobilis flores. D. Chamomile Flowers. (Anlhemis Nobilis, Common Chamo- mile. Sytgen. Superjt N O. Composita. Indigenous. 4-) Chnmame'um, fios simplex. Prop Odor powerful, fragrant, grateful ; taste bitter, warm; these properties reside in the disc of the flower, and depend on volatile oil, bitter extractive, and piperina. Oper. Tonic, stomachic ; the warm infusion is emetic; externally di-a'uticiit, emollient, antipcriodic. Time of maceration, 8 to 10 hours. Use. la intcrmittents, dyspepsia, hysteria, flatulent colic, gout; to promote he operation of emetics; externally as fomentations in giipings, and to ripen suppurating tumors. Dose. In powder 3 ss. to 3 ij. twice or ihrice a day. Off- Prep. Extract urn Anlhemidis, E. D. DecodumAnthemidis N.ibi'is, U. S.—I'. D. Decoct. Malva Comp., L. Infusum Anlhemidis. L —U. S. Oleum Anlhemidis, L. The active •onstitwnts are bitter rxtrne.tive, an essential dl, and piperina. ANTIM "i.NII OXIDl'M E. Antimonii Oxidum Niiromuriati- cum. f). Nitrom ;ri itic Oxide of Antimony. (Antimonii Sulphureti in pulv. sub. ~ iv., Acidi Muriatici 0j.. and Aqua Ov. Dissolve the snlphuret in ihe acid wilh the aid of a gentle heat; boil for half an hour: pour the fluid into the water collect the pr Tipitnte on a cnlico filter; wash It well with cold wuier, then wilh a weak solution of carbonate of soda, anr1 20 ANT again with cold water till the water ceases to affect reddened litmus paper. Dry the powder over a vapor bath. Prop, and Use. A sesquioxide, used merely for prepailng tartar- emetic. ANTIMONII SESQUISULPHURETUM. L. E. Antimonii Sulphuretum, U. S.—D. Sesquisulphuret of Antimony In timonium. Comp. Antimony 75.8, sulphur 26.2, in 100 pts.; or 2 eq auti mony+3 sulphur=177.3. Prop. Powder of a black or bluish grey color; insoluble. Oper. Slightly diaphoretic, alterative. Use. In chronic rheumatism, scrofula, cutaneous diseases. Dose. Gr. x. to 3ss. utter evacuating the stomach and bowels. Off. Prep. Sulphuretum Antimonii, E. D. Oxydum Antimonii, E. Antimonii Oxysulphuretum, L. Pulvis Antimonii Com- positus, L. Oxydum Antimonii, D. Antimonii Sulphuretum aureum, E. D. ANTIMONII OXYSULPHURETUM. L. Antimonii Sulphu- retum Precipltatum, U. S. Sulphur Antimoniatum Fuscum, D. Antimonii Sulphuretum aureum, E. Oxysulphuret of Antimony. Sulphur Antimonii Pracipitalum. Comp. Sesquioxide of antimony 12.00, sesquisulphuret of anti- mony 76.5, and 11.5 of water. Prop. Powder of an orange color,, taste scarcely metalline, and styptic; insoluble. Oper. Emetic, diaphoretic, cathartic, according to the extent of the dose; alterative; used now, only for forming Plummer's pill. Use. In chronic rheumatism and obstinate eruptions. Seldom ordered. Dose. Gr. j. trt iv. twice or thrice a day, in a pill. Off. Prep. Pilula Hydrargyri Chloridi comp., L. Test. Totally soluble in hydrochloric acid, emitting fumes of hydrochloric acid. ANTIMONII SULPHURETUM PRiEPARATUM. D. Pre- pared Sulphuret of Antimony. (Antimonii Sulphureti quantum velis. Let it be reduced into powder, and treated in the manner ordered for the preparation of chalk.) Prop, and Use. The same as those of the sulphuret. ANTIMONII POTASSIO TARTRAS. L. Antimonium Tai tarizatum, E. Antimonii et Potassae Tartras, U. S.—D. Po- tassio-Tartrate of Antimony, or Emetic Tartar. Comp. 1 eq. tartrate of potassa=l 13.63+1 scsquitartrate of anti mony=2l9.68=2 water=18 : equiv. 351.31. Pro/>. Regular form of the crystal, an octahedron; but as it effloresces, generally a white powder; taste styptic and metallic; f 3 j. of water, at 60<>, dissolve gr. 25, at 212° 3 iv. It sh >uld always be dissolved in distilled water to prove emetic. It is insoluble in alcohol. Oper. Emetic, sometimes cathartic, diaphoretic, cxpectoraot, alterative, rubefacient. A sedative to the circulation, while it increases most of the secretions. Use. In the beginning of fever, to clear the stomach and bowels; but it is an improper emetic in advanced stages of typhus; in large doses in pneumatic inflammations; and in small as'an alterative in cutaneous diseases, usute rheumatism, chosve; A Q U 21 externally in white swellings, hooping-cough, phthisis, and all deep-seated inflammations. Dose Ah the means of subduing inflammation, gr. ss. to gr. ij.; as an emetic, gr. j. to gr. iv. in solution ; diaphoretic and expec torant. gr. I to £. It is made into an ointment for external use, by rubbing up 3 ij. Willi lard 3 j- Ineomp. Alkalies and earths with their carbonates; strong acids; hydro-sulphurets; lime-water, chloride of calcium, salts of lead ; 4ecoctions of bitter and astringent plants. 'Jff. Prep Vinum Antimonii Potassiotartratis, L. Vinum Antimonialc. Iv Vinum Antimonii, U. S. Test. Solubility complete in a moderate quantity of water. Hydro-sulphuric acid, into which one or two of the crystals may be dropped, should form an orange color on them. Nei- ther chloride of barium nor nitrate of silver should cause a precipitate. APll PETRoSRl.INI RADIX. E. The Root of Parsley. (Apiuin Petroselinum. Common Parsley. Pentand. Digyn N. O. Umbellifera. South of Europe. $ .) Prop. Odor, when recent, slightly aromatic ; taste sweetish and w aim. Oper. Diuretic, aperient. ho.-r. A cupful of the decoction, made with 3ij- of the sliced root in water Oj. boiled to Oss. APOCYNUM ANDROSiEMIFOLIUM. U.S. Dog's Bane (The Root. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Apocynea, U. Slates Nuitall. Bigelow. 4.) Prop. Taste unpleasant and very bitter ; contains bitter extrac- tive, caoutchouc, volatile oil, and coloring matter. Oper. Emelic, diaphoretic, alterative. Iio.-e. Grs. xx\. of the powdered root as an emetic ; grs. v. dia- phoretic. Employed by the Indians in lues venerea. APOCV.VUM CA.N'.NABINUM. U. S. Indian Hemp. (The Root. Pent. Digyn. N.O. Apocynea. Big. Nuttall. 11.) Comp. A bitter principle, extractive, tannin, gallic acid, resin, u ax. caoutchouc, fecula, lignin, and a peculiar principle, Apocynin. Prop. Sirong odor, nauseous, acrid, bitter taste. Fresh root yields a milky juice resembling caoutchouc. Root yields its virtues to water and alcohol. Oper. Emetic, hydragogue, cathartic, diuretic, diaphoretic, ex- pectorant, slightly narcotic, and sedative. Use. A very powerful remedy in ascites and general dropsy. Dose. From grs. xv. to gr. xxx. of the powdered root produce free vomiting and purging. Of the decoction, which is prefera- ble, and made by boiling 3ss. ol the dried root in Ojss. of water to Oj., from f j j- to f 3 ij- may be given three or four times a day If necessary. Of the evtract, grs. iij. to grs. iv. two or three timi's a day will usually act on the bowels AQUA. E." Spring Wat r. Contains about 6000th of solid matter. AQUA ACIDI CARBONIC!. U. S. Carbonic Acid Water. (By means of a forcing pump, throw into a suitable receiver, aeaily filled with water, a quantity of carbonic acid (obtained from water by means of sulphuric acid), equal to five times tn« bulk of the water.)— U. S. Phar. 22 AQl AQUA AMMONliE FORTIOR. E. See Liquor Ammonim. -----AMMONL-E. E. See Liquor Ammonia. ■----- AMMONliE ACETAT1S. 11. See Liquor Ammoni* Acetatis. ------ ANETHI. L. Dill Water; properties, &c, the same as those of the seed. ------ BARYTiE MURIATIS. D. Solution of Muriate ol Barvtes. Vide Solutio Muriatis Baryta. ----" CALOIS. E. D. Lime Water. Vide Liquor Calcis. ----CALCIS COMPOSITA. D. Compound Lime Water. (Ramentorum Ligni Guaiaci, Ibss. Glyc.yrrhiia radicis incisa et contusa, 3j- Corticis sassafras, coiitusi, 3ss- Semmum Coriandri, 3 vj. Aqua Calcis, mensura tbvj. Macerate with- out heat for two days, occasionally shaking the closed vessel, and strain.) For the use and virtues of this very unchemical preparation, see Decoctum Guaiaci Compositum. AQUA CALCIS MURIATIS. D. Solution of Muriate of Lime See Liquor ( alcii Chloridi. -----CAKBONATIS SODiE ACIDULA. D. Acidulous Solution of Carbonated Soda. (Carbonatis Hoda quantum velis.) Dissolve it in the water, so that eacli pint may contain a drachm of carbonate of soda; then in a proper vessel expose the solu- tion to a stream ol carbonic acid gas, extricated from white marble by muriatic acid diluted with six parts of water, until the carbonic acid be in excess in the solution.) Prop, and Use. The same as those of soda water. AQUA CAMPHORA. Camphor Water. (Take of Camphor 3 ij., Alcohol gutt. xl., Carbonate Magnesia 3j., Distilled Water Oij. Rub the camphor first with the alcohol, afterwards Willi the carb. mag., and lastly with the water gradually added —then filter through paper.)—U. S Phar. AQUA CARUI. U. S.—L. D. Caraway Water. ------CASSIiE. £. Cassia Water. (Cassia Bark bruised 3xviij., Water Cong, ij., Red. Spirit f'iij. Distil off a gallon.) Use. The same as lhat of cinnamon water. AQUA CHLORINEI. E. D. Chlorine Water. Comp. Chlorine and water. Prop. Odor suffocating; taste harsh, astringent; color pale greenish yel'ow; spec. grav. 1003; decomposed by light, de stroys vegetable colors. Oper. Stimulant. Use. In scarlatina maligna. Do.se. f 3j. to f 3 ij. in a small cupful of fluid \QU\ CINNAMOMI. U. S— L. E. D. Cinnamon Watei (Take of oil of cinnamon f 3 ss., carbonate magnesia 3 ss., dis tilled water Oij.; rub the oil of cinnamon first wilh the carb mag., then with the water gradually added, and filter through paper. In same way prepare the other medicated waters of medicinal plantsA—U. S. Phar. AQUA CUPRI AMMON1ATI. D. Vide Liquor Cupri Am- monio- Svlphat is. ■ --- DISTILLATA. U. S—L. E. D. Distilled Water. Al- though this is very generally ordered in extemporaneous pre- scriptions, yet it is scarcely ever used; but it is nevertheless absolutely necessary when the following and many other art! A Q U 23 cles are ordered : Acidum Citrieum, Antimonii Potassio- Tat tras. Argevti Nitras, Cupri Ammonio- Sulphas, Ferri Potassio Tartras, Hydrargyri Bichloridnm, Liquor Ammonia, Lit/un Plumbi diacetatis. Liquor Potassa, Chloridum Barii, Pluml.i Acetas, Vinum Ferri, Zinci Sulphas, et praparationes earia. AQUA FLOItUM AURANTII. L. Orange Flower Water. AQUA FfENlCl LI. U. S.—L. E. D. Fennel Water. ---- LAURO CERASI. E. D. Laurel Water. (Fresh Cherry Laurel Leaves Ibj., Watcr Oijss., Comp. Spir. of Lavender ?j Distil a pint; agitate and fil.-.-r if milky; and add the spirit.) Prop. Taste and odor resembling those of bitter almonds, an hydrocyanic acid. Oper. Sedative. Use. In spasmodic affections and dyspepsia. Dose. From lfl.x. to f'3 i. or more. AQUA PIMENTAv L.E.D. Pimenta Water. -----ME.NTHiE PIPERITA?. U. S.—L. E. D. Peppermint Water. ----- MENTHA PULEGTl. L.E.D. Pennyroyal Water. ----- MENTHiE VIRlDlS. U. S—L. E. D. Mint Water. ----- PlCIS LIQUIDA;. D. Tar Water. (Picis Oij., Aqua Cong. j. Comp. Empyre malic oil, vinegar, water. Prop. Taste sharp and empyreumatic ; color of Madeira wine. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic. Use. In scorbutus and cutaneous diseases. Dose. Oj. to Oij. in the course of a day. AQUA POTASSiE. E. See Liquor Potassa. ------ROS.«. U. S.-U. E. D. Rose Water. ------ SAMKUCI. L. E. Elder Water. These waters, which contain a small portion of the essential oil of the plants in solution, are used chiefly as vehicles for more active medicines: in doses of I ? j to ('-. iij AQU \ SULPHURKTl POTASSA*. D. Water of Sulphuret- ted Potassa. (A Sulphuretted Hydro sulphunt of Potassa.) Prop. Odor fetid; taste nauseous and acrid; color yellowish; feels soapy, stains the cuticle black ; absorbs oxygen from the air, and is decomposed, requiring, therefore, to be kept closely Stopped. Oper. The same as potassji sulphuretum. Use. In herpes; externally in scabies and porrigo. Dose. I ss. to f 3 j. twice a day. Ineomp. All the acids. AQUA POTASS A3 EFFERVF.SCENS. E. Effervescing So- lution of Potassa. (Aqua Cong, j., Potassa Carbonatis 3J > ,n Nooth's Apparatus.) Comp. Bicarbonate of potassa, uncombined carbonic acid, and water. Prop. Tnste pungent, acidulous , transparent, sparkling. Oper. Diurelic. antacid. Use. In dyspepsia and red gravel. Dose fl viij. three limes a day. AQUA SODA* EFFERVF.SCENS. E. Carbonatis Sodsj Aqua Ae.idnla. D. Effervescing Solution of Soda. Sods W»tcr. (Aqua Cong. Soda Carbonatis 5 >j-i saturated 4 Nooth's Apparatus.) 21 A RG Comp As above, w i th the bicarbonate of soda instead of potassa Prop. As above, but more pleasant and milder. Oper. Tonic, lithontriptic. diuretic, antacid. Use. In red gravel, dyspepsia, and as a cooling beverage; V*th lemon-juice, a good effervescing draught. Dose. Oss. to Oj. twice or thrice a day. Mr. Brande's experiments have raised doubts whether the alkalies, in any form, act as solvents of ready-formed calculous matter. ARALIA NUDICAULIS. U. S. Secondary. False Sarsapa rilla. (Pent. Pentagyn. N. O. Araliacea. U.S. 4.) Prop. Root horizontal, creeping, twisted, yellowish-brown color, fragrant odor, warm, aromatic, sweetish taste. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Use. Employed in rheumatism, syphilis, cutaneous affections in the same manner und dose us the genuine sarsaparilla. ARALIA SPINOSA. U.S. Angelica Tree, (Toothache Tree, Prickly Ash. CI. and Or. same as former. 40 Prop. Bark thin, greyish externally, white within, aromatic odor; bitterish, pungent, acrid taste; soluble in boiling water. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic, emetic, cathartic. Use. Employed in chronic rheumatism and cutaneous eruptions. Also, in Virginia, in colic, in toothache, usually given in decoc- tion. ARCTll LAPPiE SEMLNA ET RADIX. D. Burdock Root (Arctium Lappa, U. S. Burdock, Syngcn. Polygam. JEqualis N. O. Composita. Indigenous. 40 Prop. Inodorous, taste sweetish, slightly bitter, mucilaginous. Oper. Aperient, sudorific, diuretic. Use. In rheumatism, gout, aphtha;; also in venereal, scorbutic, scrofulous, and nephrilic affections; in decoction made witii 3 ij. of the root in Ojss. of water. The leaves externally in cutaneous eruptions and ulcerations. Dose. A teacupful several times a day; of little value unless persevered in for a long time. MiGENTUM. U S.—L. E. D. Silver: used only to prepare the Nitrate. ARGENTI NITRATIS CRYSTALLI. D. Crystals of Nitrate of Silver. (Argenti in laminas extrnsi atque concisi parte* triginta septem, acidi nitrici diluti partes sexaginta. Let the silver be put into a glass vessel, and the acid previously diluted with water poured over it. Dissolve the metal, with heat giadually increased ; then crystallize by evaporation and cool- ing, and preserve the crystnls, dried without heat, in a glass vessel in an obscure place.) Comp. Oxide of silver 68.24, nitric acid 31.76, in 100 parts; or 1 eq. acid=54.15+l oxide of silver=116 eq.=170.15. Prop, laste intensely bitter and metallic; crystals transparent, brilliant, irregular thin plates, not deliquescent, but becoming brown, the silver being partly reduced, when exposed to vege- table or animal matter. Soluble in an equal weight uf water at 60°, ar ratum. Marias Auri. Muriate of Gold. Terchloride of Gold. (Digest one part of gold leaf in three parts of the nitre-hydro- chloric acid in a sand bath, and evaporate gently to dryness.)— French Codex. Prop. Taste styptic, disagreeable; soluble in alcohol, iether, and water, forming a solution of a beautiful yellow ; occurs In small crystalline needles of an orange-red color. Exposed to a mo- derate heat, it passes to a state of protochloride: heated to a freiiter degree, chlorine is disengaged, and metallic gold left ehind. Comp. 1 eq. gold=200 + 3 eqs. chlorine 108. Oper. A corrosive poison; resembles corrosive sublimate In its operation; an alterative. Use. Externally and internally, in dropsy, secondary syphilis, and glandular affections; as a caustic in cancerous growths. Pose. From l-20lh to l-15th of a grain, twice a day. Must be used with great caution. AURUM MURIATICUM NATRONATUM. Sodii Auro-Ter- chloridum. Chloride of Gold and Sodium. Muriate of Gold and Soda. (Take of gold six parts, dissolve in a sufficient quantity of muriatic acid, adding as much nitric acid as ia required to dissolve the gold; then mix ten parts of dry mu- riate of soda, and after evapoiating the solution over a slow fire, reduce it to a yellow powder.)—Pruss. Pharm. Prop. Crystals, four-sided prisms; beautiful yellow color; at- tracts moisture from the air; soluble in water. Comp. 1 eq. terchloride of gold—808; 1 eq. chloride of sodium =60, and 4 eq-. of water=36. Oper. An alterative. Use. Scrofula, syphilis, and cutaneous affections; most em- ployed of any of the aune preparations. Dose. l-80th to l-25th of a grain, twice a day, rubbed up in sugar; of the ointment, gr. i. to.gr. xxxvi. lard. ♦.URITM NITRICO-MURIATICU.M. Auri Nitro-Murias. Ni. tro-Muriate of Gold. (Dissolve gr. vl. of pure muriate of gold in 3j- nitro-muriatic acid.)—Recamier. Oper. Caustic, resolvent. Use. In cancerous tumors and ulcers. Dose. Should be applied cautiously to the diseased parts, and to them exclusively. The pain'from its application may be relieved by pledgets dipped in laudanum. AURUM OXYDATUM. Auri Teroxydum. Teroxide of Go;d. Oxide of Gold. Auric Acid. (The French Codex directs to prepare it by boiling four parts of calcined masnesia with one part of terchloride of gold, and forty parts of water. Then wash first with water to remove the chloride of magnesium, and afterwards with dilute nitric acid to dissolve the "excess of magnesia.) Oper. The same as the other preparations of gold; its uses also the same; made into pills with extract of mezereon, and given in doses of a tenth of a grain to a grain A.C1U. TEECYANIDUM. Tercyanide of Gold. (Add carefully B A L 31 a dilution of pure cyanide of potassium to a solution of chloride of f'.ld until a precipitate (cyanide of gold) ceases to be formed.) —Fn nch Codex. Comp. 3 eqs. cyanogcn=78; 1 eq. gold=200. Prop. A yellow powder, insoluble in waler. Optr. Alterative. Use. In venereal, scrofulous, and cutaneous affections. Dose. l-15lh to l-10lh of a grain, in pills, with some inert powder. AVKNA. L. E. Avenre farina ex seminibus. I). Oats. (Avena Sauce Trinnd. Digyn. N. O. Oraminaccv. Is'e of Juan Fernandez. ©.) Comp. In 100 parts, 59 starch, 4.30 gluten, 8.25 sugar and bitter principle, 2.50 gum. 2 fixed oil, 23.SJ5 fibrous or woody matter ; has no smell ; slightly bitter to the taste, and yields most of its nutritive matter with facility to boiling water. Oper. .NunHive, emollient. Use. The decoction of oats is excellent ss a beverage in all acut - diseases; and as a clyster in dysentery. The dry meal i sprinkled over parts affected with erysipelatous inflammation : boiled in water, it forms a good common poultice; and, with yeast, the fermenting poultice, for gangrenous sores. To make oal-meal gruel, boil an ounce of the meal with three pints of water to a quart; strain the decoction; allow it to stand till it cools; then pour off the clear liquor; add suga and lemon juice to improve its flavor: raisins may also b- boiled in it for the same purpose. AXUNGIA. E. Lard. See Adeps. BALSAMUM CANADENSE. E. I). See Terebtathina Cana densis. KALSAMUM PERUV:aN'tM. L.E.D. My oxili Peruvian.- Balsamum, E. D. Peruvian Balsam. (Mvy.Bpcrmum Perut- ferum, Decand. Monogyn. N. O. Legumtnosa. South America. V.) Comp. Benzoic acid, resin, volatile ol.. Prop. Odor fragrant and aromatic, taste Lot and bitter, consist ence that of honey, color reddish-hro'-n, soluble in alcohol mitriblc in water by means of mucilat-j. Oper. Stimulant, tonic, expectorant. Use. In palsy; chronic asthma, bi-.ichitis, and rheumatism; gleel; leurorrhcea; and externally ir cleansing and stimulating foul, indolent ulcers ; 3 j. wiih i- .is Bovini 3 iij., forms a mix- ture which is dropped into the * ir in cases of u fetid discharge from thai organ, every dav ai-jr syringing wilh a solution of mild soap. ' tse. fllx. to f 3 ss. twice on :rlce a day, made into an emulsion with mucilage of gum f Prip. Pilulie Guaiaa- :um Aloe, D. U.SAMUM TOLUT AM'M. L. E. Toluifera Balsamum Resma, D. Tolu Ba •jam. (The concrete balsam of Myru- epernium Pf*if»-v-. / Comp. The same a« --at if Bilsam of Peru. pr9. "vv v«rv C-**.unt; taste warm, sweetish comnrinicated w ...»..-« »"» - ;olor reddish-yellow. Oper. Stimulant, expectorant 1 32 BEN Use. In chronic coughs, but principally used on account of its flavor. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. triturated with mucilage. Off. Prep. Tind. Benzoini Comp., L. E. D. Tina. Tolutani, E. D. Syrupus Tolutani, L. E. BARIUM IODATUM. Baryi Iodidum. Iodide of Barium. BARYTA HYDRIODICA. Ilydriodate of Baryta. (For the methods of preparing these, see Dunglison'B " New Remedies," pp. 62, 83.) Oper. Alterative. Use. Scrofula, morbid growths, hypertrophy, chronic inflamma lions, secondary syphilis, cutaneous diseases, &c. Dose, i to 1-6 of a grain three times a day, gradually increasii the dose to 2 or 3 grains. BARYTAS CARBONAS. U.S. See Carbonas Barytae. ---------- SULPHAS. D. For making the carbonute, and the chloride of Barium. BARII CHLORIDUM. U. S.-L. See Murias Bnrytsj. BECCABUNGjB HERBA. D. Brookllme. (Veronica Bccca- bunga, Diand. Monogyn. N. O. Veronicea. Indigenous. 40 Prop. Inodorous ; taste bitterish, slightly styptic. Oper. Antiscorbutic'? Use. In scurvy, but has very little efficacy. Dose, f 3 ij- to 3 'v- of the juice daily. BELLADONNA. U.S.—L. E. Folia et Radix, D. The Leaves and Root of Deadly Nightshade. (Atropa Belladonna. Pen- tand. Monogyn. N. O. Solanacea. Indigenous. 40 Comp. Albumen, salts of potash, and a narcotic principle, which is an alkali that has been named Atropia, discovered by Messrs. Meissner and Brandts, in Germany : its crystals are ucicular, white, shining, tasteless, und scarcely soluble in water. Prop. Odor slightly narcotic, taste subacrid, bitter, nauseous ; does not lose its activity by drying. Oper. Powerfully narcotic, diaphoretic, diuretic, repellent. Use. In obstinate intermittent*, tic douloureux, palsy, epilepsy, chorea, mania, pout, rheumatism, dropsy, jaundice, pertussis, and the cachexia:; amaurosis : sprinkling the powdered leaves over cancerous sores has been found to allay the pain ; and the leaves form a good poultice. Applied to the eye, in the form of infusion or solution of the extract, to dilate the pupil previous to operations. The root is used for the same purpose us the leaves. Dose. Gr. ss. gradually inrreased to gr. x. daily , or f 3 ij- of this infusion, R Of the leaves 3j„ hot water f 3x., strained cold Off. Prep. Ext. Belladonna, L. E. BENNIE. (See Sessamum.) BENZOIN! M. U. S—L. E. Benzoe, D. Benzoin. (Stviax Benzoin, Decand. Monogyn. N.O Styracea. Sumatra. } .s Comp. Benzoic acid, resin. Prop. Odor fragrant, taste slightly aromatic; in masses com- |K>sed of white and brown pieces; volatile; soluble in alcohol and a-ther. Use. Princ'pally for obtaining the acid it contains. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. Ineomp. Alkalies, acids:—and so with all the balsams. URO 33 Of. Prep. Acidum Benzoicvm, L.E.D. Tinct. Benioini Comp. X. E. D. BERGAMII OLEUM. L. Bergiiniotie oleum E. Oil of Ber gamotte. A volatile oil, distilled from the rind of the fruit of the Citrus Linutla Bergamium. Ute. For scenting ointments. BISMLTI1UM. U. S—L. E. D. B.smulh. Prop. In spicular plates of a reddish-while color, considerable lustre, pul verizable, moderately hard ; spec. gruv. 8.211: fusible at 400° Fah.; volatile iu a high temperature. It has a sensible odor and taste. Ute. For preparing the trisr.^trate. BISMUTHI TRISNITRAS. L. Bismuthi Subnitras. U. S.—D. Rismuthum album. E. Trisnitrate of Bismuth. (Ik Bismuthi 3j., Acidi Nitrici f 3 jss., Aqua Distillata Oiij. Dissolve the bismuth in the nitric acid, mixed with f 3 vj. of the water; and strain. Add ihe remainder of the water to the filtered fluid, and set aside the mixture till the powder subsides. Finally, having poured off ihe supernatant liujd, and washed the tris- nitrate with distilled water, dry it, rolled in blotting paper, with a gentle heat.) Comp. 18.36 pts. of nitric acid-f 81.04 of oxide of bismuth=100.00; or, 3 eq. oxide=240-f-l eq. acid=54.15 equiv. 294.15. Prop. A white, inodorous, tasteless powder: insoluble in water, Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic. Jse. In dyspepsia attended wilh cardialgia. Dose. From gr. j. to gr. xv. BORAX. L. E. Sodu; Boras, U.S.—D. (Impure from Thibet and Persia.) Borax. A Biborate. Exists native, and may be obtained by artificial means. Comp. 2 eq. of boracic acid=69.8-|-l of soda 31.3-f 10 water=90 equiv.=190.1l. Prop. Inodorous, taste cooling, slightly efflorescent; soluble in wuter. A concentrated solution treated wilh sulphuric acio deposits scaly crystals in cooling. Oper. Diuretic, detergent, refrigerant. Use. In aphthous nrt'ections it is administered internally; abd also in gastric irritation. As a gargle in aphtha', und in sali- vation. In nephritic and calculous complaints depending on an exccssof uric acid. Eueruully as a wash iu sca;y cutaneous eruptions. Dos*. Gr. x. to Ij.; lotion 3j to 3viij. water. Off. Prep. Mil Boracts. L. E. BRVYERA ANTIIELM1NT1CA. Brayera. (Icosand. Digyn. N. O. Rosacea. The Flowers. 40 Abyssinia. Comp. Extractive matter, tannin &c. Oper. Powerful anthelmintic {/*«. For tape worm. Dose. 3j t..' the flowers boiled in xvi. of water to 3 viij.; add sugar or honey to make it palatable, and swallow at CMM art»cht. Not vet employed in the United States. BRO.dlNlUM. U S.—L. (Secondary.) Brome. Prop. A duik orange-red volatile liquid; odor disagreeable, re sembling that of chlorine; taste sliongly acrid, spec. grav. 3 very volatile; soluble in water, alcohol, and iether; found kl •ea water mineral waters, and murine animals. 34 C A J Oper. A powerful poison, escharotic. Use. To prepare bromide of Potassium. In some cases as Iodine but possesses more activity. Same cases as Iodine—broncho cele, scrofula, amenonhcea, chronic cutaneous affections, ant hypertrophy of the ventricles. Dose. Five 01 six drops of a solution, made by dissolving 1 part of bromine in 40 of water, by w eight. Off. Prep. Potassii Bromidum. BRUCINA. Brucine. An alkaloid obtained from the bark of the false Angustura (Brucea Antidysenttrica), also found in Nux Vomica and St. Ignatius's Bean. Prop. Crystals of a white color, oblique prisms, pearly lustre, bilter tasle, soluble in 500 parts boiling water, and 850 parts cold; soluble in alcohol; melts at a temperature a little above that of boiling water, forms neutral salts with the acids. Oper. Similar 10 that of strychnine; weaker, however, in the ratio of 1 to 15; 4 grs. brucine will kill a rabbit, while 4 gr. of strychnine is sufficient. A stimulant to the mu.sculur and ner- vous system. Use. In paralysis, and atrophy of the limbs; loss of sensation. Dose. From gr. ss. gradually increased to gr. v. in 24 hours, in the form of pill. Of the tincture, made by dissolving 18 grains brucine in 3j- alcohol, from 6 to 20 drops. Of the mixture made by adding gr. vj. brucine to 3 iv. water and 3 ij. sugai 3ss. night and morning. BUCKU. E. See Diosma Crenata. CAINCiE RADIX. Cainca Root. (Pentandria, Monogynia. N. O. Rubiacea. >. Brazil.) Chiococa Anguifuga. The bark of the root. Comp. 1. A bitter principle, crystallizable in small, white, silky, shining needles, inodorous, and soluble in hot alcohol. 2. A fatty, green substance. 3. Yellow coloring matter. 4. A viscid coloring matter. Prop. The root is of the size of the finger, round and knotty surface smooth, or irregularly wrinkled, wood tough, and of a whitish color; smell of the fresh root disagreeable; taste ut first like that of cofiet, afterwards nauseous and pungent. Bark alone efficacious. Oper. Diuretic, hydragogue, cathartic, emmenagogue, resolvent. Use. In dropsy, worms, obstructed menstruation, rheumatism, catarrh of the bladder. Dose. Of the powder, *xom 3j. to 3 ss. in 24 hours. Of the decoction, 3j. to 3 iij. a day. Of the extract. 20 to 30 grs. in the same time. Of the tincture, 3j. to 3 ij. The decoction is made by boiling 3 ij. of the root in Ojss. of water to one half, and strain, of which a tablespoonful is given three times a day. The alcoholic extract is considered one of the best forms oi administering it. CAJUPLTI. L. Cajuputi Oleum. U. S.—E. Cajepnt Oil (Melaleuca Minor, Polyadel. Icosand. N. O. Myrtacea Amboyna. 'f.) Prop. Odor strong, fragrant, somewhat like camphor; tasti pungent, aromatic; limpid; culor green ; when rectified, color- less. Oper Stimulant, antispasmodic, diaphoretic. f«« In hysteria, tympanitis, palsy of the tongue and external'.,?: C AL M as an embrocation in rheumatism, gout, and to weak joints after luxations. Like other strong volatile oils, it relieves toothache when applied to the decayed tooth. Dose. fflj. to fllv on a lump of sugar, as an olco-saccharum. CALAMUS AROMATIUUS. U. S.—E. Acorus. L. Sweel Flag-root. (Acorus (Mamus, Hexand. Monogyn. N. O Acoracea. Europe. U. S. > ) Prop. Odor strong, rather fragrant; taste> aromatic, warm, tit- tcnsh; affords some essential oil. Oper. Stomachic carminative. Use. In anorexia; but seldom used. Dose. 3j. to 3j. in powder. CALAMfNA. L. E. Carbonas Zinci Impurus, D. Calamine An Ore of Zinc. Comp. Oxide of zinc 65.2, carbonic acid 34.8. (Derbyshire Cala mine.) It contains also sesquioxide of iron. Prop. Friable, fracture uneven; color pale reddish-yellow opaque, dull. Use. Principally for pharmaceutical purposes. Off. Prep. Calamina Praparata, L. E. D. CALAMfNA PILEPARATA. L. E. Curbonas Zinci Impurus Pra'paratus, D. Prepared Calamine. The Calamine burnt and reduced to an impalpable powder. In this state it is sprinkled on excoriations and ichoro s ulcers. Off Prep. Ceratum Calamina, L. E. Unguent. Calaminaris,l>. CALCI1 CHLORIDUM. U. S.—L. Calcis Murias, E. D. Chloride of Calcium. (Creta 3 v., Acidi Hydrochlorici. Aqua distiltata, sing. Oss. Mix ihe acid gradually with the water, and saturate with the chalk. When the effervescence is over, evaporate to dryness; then liquefy in a crucible, and pour the liquid on a smooth, clean stone. When cold, break the mass into pieces, and keep it in a stopped bottle.) Comp. 1 eq. chlorine 35 42+1 calcium=20..). cq. 55 92. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, acrid; soluble in half its weight of'cold w liter, and to any extent in boiling water. Deliquesces. Oper. and Use. See Liquor Cnlcii Chloridi. CALCIS CARBONAS PRAX'IPITATUM. D. Precipitated Carbonate of Lime. This is a very pure carbonate of lime, pr. cipimted from solution of Chloride of Calcium by Carbonas Soda-; and is filter for internal use than the common prepared chalk. Off. V rep. Hydrargyrum cum Creta, D. Elect. Aromaticum,U. Mitura Crcttr, D. CALCIS HYDRAS. L. Hydrate of Lime, or slaked lime. Use. For m iking lime-water and ammonia. CALCIS MURIAS. E. S. e Calcii Chloridum. CALCIS I'lldSPlIAS PRA3C1PITATUM. U. Precipitated Phosphate of Lime. (Ossium cremalorum et in pulverem trilorum partem imam, Acidi Muiiutici diluli. Aqua;, utnusqiie partes duas. Digest for twelve hours, nnd filter the solution: add to it as much of the water of Causiic Ammonia as will be required to throw down the Phosphate of Lime. Wash this with a sufficiency of water, and finally dry it.) This is merely the earth of bones separated from the auimnl matter. As it is an insoluble substance, little udvani:": CTT- be expec.ed from its administration. 36 CAM CALOMELAS. E. See Irydrargvri Chloridum. CALUMBA. L. E. Colombo; Radix, D. Oolombo, V. 8. Calumba Root. (Coculus Palmatus. N.O. Menispermccea. Africo. >.) Prop. Odor slightly aromatic, taste an unpleasant bitter; hark of the sections'thick, dark olive; central part yellowish. Wa- ter at 212° takes up one-third of the weight of the root. Alco- hol also extracts its virtues. Oper. Tonic, antisepiic Use. In bilious vourtings, and those attendant cm pregnancy dyspepsia, and cholera; in the mesenteric fever of infants, ws have found the following powder, aided by daily long-continued frictions of the abdomen with soap liniment, of great efficacy R Potaspa; Sulphalis gr. x., Pulv. Calumba; gr. vj., Pulv. Rhei Rad. gr. i'j. Misce: bis terve quolidie sumend. Dos:. Gr. x. to 3j. twice or thrice a day. Ineomp. Acetate and diacetate of lead; infusion of gnlls. Off. Prep. Infusum Calumba, U. S.—L. E. Tinct. Calumba, U. S.—L. E D. CALX. U.S.—L.E.D. Limp,or Quick Lime. (Frommarhle, or native Carbonate of Lime.) Comp. 1 eq. ol"culciuin=20.5-r-l oxygen=8, eq. 28.5. Prop. White, pulverulent; taste burning, urinous; eonorow; decomposes animal matter: spec. grav. 2.3 ; infusible; dissolves in hydrochloric acid without effervescence: solution does not precipitate Ammonia. Oper. Escharotic ; but not now used. Off. Prep. Liquor (aids, L. E. D. Potassa cum Calce, L. CALX CHLORINATA. U. S.—L. E. Chlorinated Lime. Chloride of Lime. (Calcis Hydralis Ibj. Chlorini quantum satis sit. Pass the chlorine through Ihe lime spread in a pro- per vessel until it is saturated.) Comp. I eq. of liii>e=28.5-f-l chlorine=a5.42, eq. 60.92. Prop. White, with ihe odor of chlorine. Its solution quickly destroys vegetable colors. Use. As n disinfecting agent. CA>.IB'~x:L\. L.E.D. Gambogia. U. S. (Stnlngmitis Cambe- gioides, Polygam. Monec. N. O. Gultifcra. Probably a Hebritdendron. Edin. Ph. mention two kmds, Siam and Ceylon Camboge. V.) Comp. Gum, resembling cherry-tree gum, and nearly insipid, ■ resin, and an unknown principle. Prop. Inodorous; color of fragments orange yellow; opaque, brittle, fracture glassy. Oper. Cathartic (driislic), emetic, hydrngngue, anthelmintic. Use. In visceral obstructions and dropsy ; in tape-worm, con- joined wilh carbonate of potassa. Dose. Gr. ij. to gr. x. in powder, joined with calomel. Fquill,Su Off. Prep. Pilula Cambogia Comp., L. E. Pil. Catharl. C»vi/»., CAMPH'RA. U.S.—L.E.D. Camphor. (Laur-is Ctrnpho**, C.mip'iora officinarum, F.nneandria Monogyn. A. O. Laura- cea. East Indies. !>.) Comp. Carbon "D.'iS-r-hydrogen 10.36-f-oxvpen 10.36. (nvmos.) Prop. Odor strong, peculiar, fragrant; taste bilteibh-nroiii.-.tie, "c.couiua'iied with the sensation of eoid: volatile, white semi CAN 37 pellucid, brittle, yet not easily pulverized; texture crystalline; soluble In alcohol, iether, oils, vinegar, and, in a very small degree, in water ; lighter than water. Oper. Narcotic, diaphoretic, sedative; externally anodyne. Use. In typhus, cynanche maligna, confiuent small-pox, and other exanthemata of the typhoid type; in atonic gout, and as an adjunct to bark and opium in checking gangrene. It pro- duces its narcotic and sedative effects wilh very little increase of pulse, and therefore may be used in mania, pneumonia, and other inflammatory complaints, united with mire and aritimo- nials. In doses of from I to 3 grains it acts as a diaphoretic. It is a useful adjunct to bark in typhoid diseases, to valerian, the fetid gums, volatile alkali and others, in hysteric and ner- vous complaints, and to anlimouials in rheumatism and other inflammations. Externally it allays the pains of rheumatism, and other deep-seated inflammations, when dissolved in oil. Dose. Gr. iij. to 3j. iu powder, with sugar, &.c; in pills; or in mixture with mucilage, or almond confection. The effecis of an overdose are counteracted by opium. For external applica- tion it is dissolved in oil or in alcohol. Off. Prep. Mistura Camphora, L. D. E. Mistura Camphora cum Magnesia, E. Spir. Camphora, L. E. D. Tinct. Campho- ra Comp., L. E. D. Acidum Acetosum Camphoratum, E. D. Linimentum Camphora, L. E. D. Lin. Camphora Comp., L. Linimentum Ammonia Comp., E. Lin. Hydrargyri, L. Lin. Saponis, L. E. Lin. Opii, E. D. Lin. Tcrcbinthinatum, E. CANCRI CHELAE, Lapilh Cuncroruin, D. Crab's Stones, or Eyes. (Cancer Astacus, the Crayfish. Inseda Aptera, L. Canceres, Cuv.) Comp. Carbonate of lime, phosphate of lime, alumen. Prop. Size of large peas, hemispherical, laminated, white, or reddish ; digested in vinegar, they become soft and transparent, but retain their form. Off. Prep. Cancrorum Lapilli Praparati, E. C11EL/E CANCRORUM D. Crab Claws. (Cancer Pagurus, the black-clawed Crab.) As above. CANELLA. U. S—L. E. Cunella; Albs Cortex, D. Canella Bark. (Canella Alba. Dodecand. Monogyn. N.O. Canellea. West Indies, "r.) Comp. An acrid essential oil, mannito, bitter extractive, resin, gum, starch, albumen, and saline substances. Prop, l'u-ees flaitish, yellowish grey; odor aromatic; taste pun- gent; fracture starchy. Virtues partially extracted by water, entirely by alcohol. Oper. Stimulant, tonic. Use. As an aromatic addition to hitter tonics and cathartics. Dose. Gr. v. to 3ss. in |wiwdcr: in infusion f3jss. Off. Prep. Tinct. Gentiana Comp., E. Vinum Aloes, h. Pulvii Aloes et Canella, U S. Vinum Rhei, U. S. CANNABIS SATIVA INDICA. (Indian Hemp. GunjnbO Asia, Africa, America. Comp. Green re.-in 20 per cent. ; green coloring matter. Prop. The resin, coimrVV. soluble in alcohol and relher, in sol u hie ill acid ■oluti.i.is. When pure, of a blackish-grey color hard at 90°, soft.-in at higher temperatures, and fuses readily solutle in the fixed, and some of the volatile oils; odor fra- 38 CAP grant, narcotic; taste slightly warm, bitterish, acrid Dried plant, called gunjab, u«ed for smoking. The larger leaves and capsules, without the stalks, constitute sidhee, subhee, or bang, used to form with water an intoxicating drink. Oper. Anodyne, aphrodisiac, increases appetite and cheerfulness: in large doses, causes delirium and catalepsy ; but in moderate doses, anti-convulsive. Use. In tetanus, hydrophobia, rheumatism, and wherever an anodyne" is required. Dose. Gr. ij. to gr. vj. every three, four, six, or eight hours, ac- cording to circumstances. In hydrophobia, gr. xx. pro re nata. Of the tincture, made by dissolving \M grs. of the alcoholic ex- tract in 3j. alcohol, give 3j. in tetanus every half hour; in cholera, ten drops every half hour, till the required effect is produced. CANTHARIS. U. S.—L. E. Cantharis Vesicatoria, D. The Blistering Fly. (Lytta Vesicatoria, Inseda, Coleoptera. South of Europe.) Cantharis. Comp. Cantharidin, green oil, black insoluble matter, yellow viscid matter, fat, phosphates of lime and magnesia, uric acid. Prop. Odor fetid ; taste slightly acrid; body oblong, green gold, and shining; antenna filiform, black. They retain their acri- mony for many years, if kept dry. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, rubefacient, ves;cant; both their internal use and their external application are apt to produce strangury ; active properties depend on the cantharidin. Use. Internally in dropsies, obstinate gleet, and leucorrhcea; retention of urine owing to want of action in the bladder, and an incontinence of urine from debility of the bladder; lepra; but their internal use requires caution. For their external use, see Empl., Tindura, and Acetum Cantharidis. Dose. Gr. ss. to gr. j. in a pill, with opium, or the extract of hen- bane and camphor, twice a day. Off. Prep. Acetum Cantharidis (epispasticum), L. E. Tinct. Cantharidis, U. S.—L. E. D. Emplast. Cantharidis, L. E. D. Emplast. Cantharidis Vcsicat. Comp., E. Emplast. Picis cum Cantharide, U. S. Ceratum Cantharidis, L.—U. S. Ung. Cantharidis, U. S.—L. E. D. Ung. Infusi Canth. Vesicat., E. CANTHARIS VITT AT A U.S. Potatoe. Fly. U.S. Prop. Smaller than former; length nttout six lines; head of a light-red color, wilh dark spots on the top; feelers black; wing-cases black, with a yellow longitudinal stripe in the cen- tre, and yellow margin ; thorax black, with three yellow lines; abdomen and legs black and covered with down. Appears about the end of July on the potatoe vine. Oper. Same as the formrr. There are several other species, all of which have the same properties. CAPSICUM. U. S— L. E. Capsici Annui Capsulae cum Semi- nibus, D. The Capsicum berries. (Capsicum annuum. Pen- tand. Monogyn. N. O. Solanacea. South America. ©.) Prop. Odor aromatic, pungent; taste very biting, hot, aromatic; its active matter is yielded to aether, alcohol, and water. Oper. Stimulant, rubefacient. Use. In atonic gout, the flatulence of dyspepsia, lethargy. Its solution (Capsici pulv. 3j., Sodii Chlor. 3j., Aceti 3 iv.. Aqua ferventis f3vj. Cola) forms the best gargle in cynanche ma CAR 39 ligna and scarlatina. Cataplasms cf it are used in coma and the delirium of typhus. Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. x. in pills. Ineomp Nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, acetates of lead, sulphates of iron, zinc, and copper, and the carbonates of alkalies. Off. Prep Tinetura Cap*ici, V. S.—L. E. CARBO ANIMALIS. U. S—L. E. Animal Charcoal. (Pre- pared from flesh and hones.) Use. For decolorizing vegetable salts; clarifying salts, and ex- tracting the volatile oil from whiskey and other liquors. CARBO ANIMALIS PURIFICATU3. U. S.—L. E. Purified Animal Charcoal. Test. When incinerated with its own weight of red oxide of mercury, it leaves only a scanty ash. Use. Chieflv for pharmaceutical purposes. CARBO LIGNI. U.S.—L E.I). Charco.i! of Wood. (Recens.) Comp. Carbon 68.4, hydrogen 1.5, u minute portion of oxygen, salts, earths, &.C. Prop. Inodorous, tasteless, black, hrit.ie. Oper. Antiseptic, absorbent. Use. In the putrid eructations of dyspepsia, obstinate constipa- tion ; to relieve the nausea of pregnancy, and as a cataplasm wilh linseed meal to fetid ulcers: the best tooth-powder. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. unin-d wi:h rliub-rb. CARBONAS BARYTA!. U. S— L. E. Carbonate of Baryta. Comp. Carbonic ncid 21.6, harvta 78.4. Berzelius. Or, 1 eq ' baryta=46.7+l acid=22.12. eq.—&8 82. Use. For preparing the chloride of barium. Test. 10.1 grains dissolved in an excess of nit ic acid are not wholly precipitated bv 61 grains of sulphate ofmapnesia. CARBONAS POTASS.E PURISSIMLS. U. S.—E. Pure Carbonate of Potash. Salt of Tartar. This salt is the carbonate prepared from Bitartrate of Potassa, by fire. CARBONATIS SOD/E AQUA. D. Solution of Carbonate of Soda. (Soda; Carbonatis quantum nlis. Let it be dissolved In the water, and let the specific gravity of the solution be to thai of distilled water as 1024 to 1000.) This requires 5j. of the carbonate »f soda for Oj. of water. Prop and Use. The same as that of the solid salt. CARDAMlNE. L. Cardaiuine Mores. D. Cardamino flowers. (Cardamine Pratensis, Tetradgnam. Siliq. N. O. Crucifera. Europe. 4.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste bitterish, slightly acrid. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic. Use. In spasms. Dose. -">j to 3 i. in powder, twice or thrice a day. CARDAMLMUM. U. S.—L. E. Cardamom urn Ainomum , Sein. D. Cardamom Seeds. (Alpinia Cardamomum, N. O. ■ Sitaminacea. East Indies.) Prop. Odor agreeably aromatic taste pungent, grateful. Oper. Carminative, stomachic. Use. In the flatulent colic of children, united with rhubarb aad magnesia; but principa'ly to give warmth to other remedies Dote. Gr. v. to 3 j. in powder. 10 CAR Off. Prep. Ext. Colocunthidis Comp., V. 9.- LED. Tinct Cardamomi, U. S.— L. E. D. Tinct. Cardam. Comp., U. S.— L. E. D. Tinct. Cinnam. Comp., U. S.—L. E. Tinct. Genti- ana Comp., U. S. — L. Tinct. Rhei, U. S—L. E. D. Tinct. Rheicum Alec, U. S— E. Tinct. Senna, V. S.—L. E. Spir JEtheris Aromaticus, L. Vinum Aloes, U. S. —E. Confed. Aromatica, L. Elect. Aromaticum, D. Pulv. Cinnamomi Comp., L. E. D. Pulvis Aromaticus, U. S. Pilula Scilla, E. 'nfusum Senna, D. ------c«m Tamarindis, D. CARfCrE FRUCTUS. D. Fici, L. E. The Fig. (Ficus Carica, the Fig Tree. Polygam. Diacia. N. O. Urticacea. Persia. >.) Prop. Taste sweet and mucilaginous. Oper. Demulcent, suppurative. Use. In pulmonnry and other inflammatory diseases, in decor, lion; in cynanche tonsillaris, during suppuration, as a gargle (Bf Caricarum 30-, Aqua fj,vy, coque et cola ;) in gumboils, roasted, then split and applied to the part. Off. Prep. Decoctum Hordei Comp., L. D. Confectio Senna, L. D CARTHAMUS. U.S. (Secondary.) Dyer's Saffron. Syngen. JEg. N. O. Comp. Egypt and the Levant. Prop. An exotic, annual plant; florets part employed; often called Saffluwer, or American Saffron ; reddish yellow ; peculiar, slightly aromatic odor; florets distinguished from saffron by their tulxilar form, and by the yellowish style and filaments which they enclose. Oper. Laxative, and somewhat diaphoretic. Use. As a substitute for saffron in measles, scarlatina, and other exantheraatous diseases, to promote the eruption. Dose. Of an infusion of 3 ij. to a pint of boiling water, give without restriction as to quantity. CARUM. U. S.—L. E. drum Carui Semina, D. Caraway Seeds. (Carum Carui, U. S. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Um- bellijera. North of Europe, t.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste warm, grateful; figure ovate-oblong, striated. Oper. Carminative. Use. In flatulent colic, and to give warmth to purgatives. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. swallowed whole or in powder. Off. Prep. Ol. Carui. U. S.—L. E. D. Aq. Carui, U. S.—L. Spir. Carui, L. E. D. Spir. Juniperi Comp., U. S—L. E. Tinct. Cardam. Comp., L. E. D. Tinct. Senna, L. E. D. Tinct. Senna et Jalap., U. S. Confectio Opii, L. Confectio Ruta, L. CARYOPHYLLUS. U. S—L. E. D. The Clove. (Eugenia Caryophyllata. Icosandria Monogyn. N. O. Myrtacea. Moluccas. }.) Prop. Odor strong, aromatic, and peculiar; taste acrid, pungent; figure like a small nail with a toothed head; color deep brown. (The unexpanded bud.) Oper. Stimulant, aromatic. Ute. As a corrigent to other remedies, and a condiment. Dose. Gr. x. to. 3 ss. in powder. Off. Prep Infusum Crryophylli, U.S.—L. E. Infusum Aurem tii Comp-, L. E. Vinum Opii, L. Confectio Aromatica, L CAS U Con ect. Scammonit, It. D. Elect. Jtromaiicum, D. Pilula Cotoeynthidis, E. D. CARYOPHYLLI OLEUM. L. E. Caryophyllorum Oleum, D. Oil of Cloves. Comp. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a email proportion; caryephyllin. Prop. Odor and taste of the clove; color yellow ; heavier than water. Oper. and Use. The same as the clove, externally, diluted with oliveoii, as an embrocation in hooping cough; as un application in toothache. Dose. m,ij. to fllv. on sugar. Off. Prep. Spir. AmmoniaAromat.,Ii. Spir. Lavand. Comp., E CASCARILLA. U. S— L. E. Cascnrillae Cortex, D. Casta- rilla Bark. (Croton Cascanlla, or Eletcteria. Monac. Adel- phia.N.O. Euphorbiacca. Bahamas. V.) Prop. Odor slightly aromatic: taste bitterish, aromatic; when burning, and the flame extinguished, the smoke lias the odoi of musk; active parts, an essential oil, and bitter extractive; completely extracted by proof spirit. Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. As un adjunct to cinchona in ague; in obstinate diarrhoea, and nfier dysentery; a good vehicle for powdered Peruvian bark, and small doses sulphate magnesia, and sulphuric acid in debility of stomach attended wi.h constipation ; in dyspepsia and flatulent colic. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 i. in powder. The infusion is the best form. Off. Prep. Infusum Cascarilla, U.S.—L. E. Tinct. Cascarilla, L. E. L>. Ext. Cascarilla, D. CASSIA. U. S.—L. Cassia-Pulpa, E. Cassia Fistula ; Pulpa Leguiniiiis, D. Cassia Pulp. (Cassia Fistula. Dccand. Mo- nogyn. N. O Leguminosa. India. Egypt. >.) Prop. Pulp black, bright, shining; sweet, slightly acid ; inodor- ous. Ojter. Lnxiitive. Use. Where n gentle medicine is required in costive habits, combined with aromaties. Dose. 3 iv. to 3'- Off. Prrp. Confectio Cassia, L. E. D. Confectio Senna, U. S. -L E. CASSIA: CORTEX. E See Cinnamomum. CASSIA MARYLANDICA. U.S. (American Senna. Indi- genous. ©.) Comp. Cathartin, albumen, mucilage, starch, clorophylle, yellow coloring matter, volatile oil, fatly matter, resin, lignin, salts of potassa, and lime. Prop. The same as the former, but less active. In most cases it mnv be substituted for it. CASSIA". OLEUM. E. See Cinnamomi Oleum. CASTANEA. U. S. (Secondary.) Chinquapin. The lark. Monacia, Polyandria. N. O. Cupulifera. Southern and Middle States. ">.) Prop. An indigenous shrub, from 6 to 10 feet high. Over. Tonic and astringent. Ute. In iutermittents. 42 CAT CASTORfiUM. L.E.D. Castor. (Castor Fiber. The Beaver Mammalia Glircs, L. Mammalia Rodentia, Cuv. Russia.) A peculiar matter found in bag*, near the rectum of the animal. Comp. Carbonates of potassa, of lime, of ammonia, and of iron resin ; extractive, mucilaginous matter, volatile oil. Prop. Odor strong, unpleasant, peculiar; taste bitter, subacrid; color orange brown. Oper. Antispasmodic, cmmenagogue 1 Use. In typhus, hysteria, epilepsy, amenorrhcea. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. in a bolus; 3 j. or more in clysters; of little value as a remedy. Off. Prep. Tinctura Castorei, U. S.—L .E. D. CATAPLASMA ALUMINIS. D. Cataplasm of Alum. (Ovo- rum duorum albumen, Aluminis 3j. Agitate them together until they form a coagulum ) Use. In ecchymosis of the eye. CATAPLASMA CARBONIS LIGNI. D. Cataplasm of Char- coal. (Carbonas ligni ab igne candentis, arena sicca superfusa recetis extincti, et in pulverein subtilissimum triti, quan. suf. It may he added to the simple cataplasm in a tepid state. Use. In gangrene and fetid ulcers. CATAPLASMA CONIl. L. D. Hemlock Cataplasm. (Ex- tracium Conii 3 <-< Aquae Oj. Mix, and add linseed meal enough to make a cataplasm. Use. In cancer, painful sores, and glandular swellings. CATAPLASMA DAUCI. D. Carrot Cataplasm. (Dauci Ca- rota; hortensis Radicis, q. s. Boil the root in the water until it be soft enough to make a poultice. r'ie. In gangrene and foul ulcers. .ATAPLASMA FERMENTI. L. Cataplasma Ferment! Cerevisia;, D. Yenst Cataplasm. (Farina Ibj., Cercvisia Fermenti Oss. M. Calori leni expone.) ■jper. Antiseptic. Use. Applied to gangrenous and sloughing sores. CATAPLASMA LINT. L. Cataplasm of Linseed Meal. (Aqua ferventis Oj., Lini seminum contritorum, q. s. ut idonea fiat crassitudo.) Use. A suppurative poultice. CATAPLASMA SIMPLEX. D. Simple Poultice. (Pulveris pro Cataplasmate q. v., Aqua; fcrvenlis q. s. to make a poultice to be anointed whilst hot u ith olive oil.) Use. In inflammatory tumors and irritable sores. CATAPLASMA SINAPiS. L. D. Mustard Cataplasm. (Pulv. Sinapis Sem., Lini Usitat. Scm. Pulv., a a Ibss., Aceti calidi, q. s. M.) Oper. Rubefacient, stimulant. Use. Applied to the soles of the feet, in the delirium, coma, and sinking of typhus, &c; to the pained part in rheumatism. CATECHU. U. S—L. E. Acacia? Catechu Extractum, D. Catechu. (Acacia Catechu, Polygam. Monece. N. O. Legu- ninosa. East Indies. 4.) An extract of the wood of the Catechu; kernels of Arecn Catechu, leaves of Uncaria Gam beer Comp. Bombay Catechu.—tannin 54 5. extractive 34. mucilage 6.5, impurities 5 parts. Bengal Catechu—tannin 48.5, extractive mucilage 8, impurities 7 parts. Prop. Inodorous; taste astringent, mucilaginous, sweetish; coloi C E R 43 reddish-brown; soluble In water and in alcohol. The best kind yields to Sulphuric Ailher 53, the lowest 28 per tent, of Tunnic Acid, when passed through the percolator. Oper. Astringent, tonic. ute. In diarrhoea, from a relaxed state of the bowels and in intestinal and uterine hemorrhages; locally in aphtha1, ulcera- tion of the gums, and in coughs and hoarseness from the relax- ation of the uvula and epislaxis. Dor*. <>'r. x. to 3iij. in powder; in the latter case, a piece is allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth; but is best given with sugar, gum arabic, and water. Off. Prep. Infusum Catechu Comp., L. E. Tinct. Catechu, U. S. —L. E. Elect. Mimosa Catechu, E. D. CENTAURlUM. L. E. Erythrea Centaurii folia, D. Common Centaury Tops. (Chimnia Ccntaurium. Pentand. Monogyn. N. O. Gentianacea. Europe. ©.) Prop. Taste bitter. Active principle extracted both by water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic. Use. In dyspepsia and atonic gout. Dose. Gr. xv. to 3 j. CERA FLAVA ET CERA ALBA. U. S.—L. E. D. Yellow Wax nnd White (A substance prepared by the Bee; and by some plants, as the Crroxylon and Myrica Cerifera.) Comp. Carbon 03.12, hydrogen 16.91, oxygen 19.97 parts. Prop. Odor aromatic, resembling that of honey; tasteless; dry; brittle; color yellow, when recent; but the odor and color are lost by bleaching. tper. Demulcent, emollient. Ise. In diarrhoea and dysentery; but principally used in the formation of cerates and ointments. Dose. 3j. to 3ss. twice or lhrice a day, in form of emulsion; melt the wax with n little oil, then triturate it with yolk of egg, and groat gruel f 3 ij. Off. Prep. Cera Flava Purificata, D. Unguent. Ccrata, Emp. Varia. and nearly all ihe Cerates of the U. S. Phar. CERATUM. L. Unguentum Simplex. Ceratum Simplex, U. S.—E. Cerate. (Olci Olivet f 3 iv., Cera 3 iv. Melt the wax, then add the oil, ind mix.) Emollitnt, to excoriations, tee. Off. Prep. Ung. Zinri. E. CERATUM CALAMINE. L. E. Unguentum Calamine, D. Calamine Cerate. Ceilamina Prap., Cera Flava, H a Ibss., Ol. Olive t^wy The oil and wax being melted, mix; then re- move them from the fire: as soon as they begin to thicken add the calamine, and stir until the whole be cold.)—Turner'* Cerate. Oper. DesircatiVP, epulotic. Use. To ulcers, with a thin, acrid disrharge; to bums after the inflammation is abated ; t<> the evelids in ophthalmia tarsi. CERATUM CANTHARIDIS. L. D. Unguentum Cantharidis, E. Cerate of the Spanish I'Ty. (Cerati Cetacii %vy, Cantha- ridum in Pulv. sub. 3j- The cerate being softened hi heat, stir in the flies.) Oper Irritative. 44 CER Ute For keeping up a discharge from a blistered surface; bat few constitutions can bear the irritation it induces. CERATUM CETACET. U.S.—L. Ceratum Simplex, E. Un- guentum Cetacei, D. Speimaceti Cerate. (Cetacei 3 ij., Ceroj Alb. 5 ij.. Oliva Ol. f5iv. The wax and oil being melted to- gether, add the spermaceti, and stir unlil the whole is cold.) Oper. Emo. lient, cooling. Off. Prep. Ceratum Cnntharidis. L. CERATUM HYDRARGYRI COMPOSITUM. L. Compound Mercurial Cerate. (Unguenti Hydrargyri fortioris, Cerati saponis s. \'\v., Camphora 3j- Mix.) Use. Stimulant and rubefacient. CERATUM PLUMB1 ACETATIS L. Ung. Acetatis Plumbi, E. D. Ceiate of Acetate of Lead. (Plumbi Acetas cont. 3 ij., Cera Alb. 3 ij., Oliva Ol. f 3 viij. Melt the wax in seven fluid ounces of the oil, then add the acetate rubbed down with the remainder; and stir with a wooden spatula until the whole ba united.) Oper. Cooling, astringent, resolvent. Use. In inflamed sores, excoriations, and burns. CERATUM PLUMBI COMPOSITUM. L. Ceratum Plumbi Subacetntis, U. S. Cerate of Subacetate of Lead. ( Goulard'* Cerate.) Compound Lead Cerate. (Liq. Plumbi diacetatit f3iij-. Cera 3 iv., Oliva Ol. Oss., Camphora 3 ss. Melt the wax in f 3VU- of the oil. then remove the mixture from ihe fire, and when it begins to thicken, add gradually the solution of di acetate of lead, and assiduously stir the whole with a wooden spatula until it is cold; lastly, add the camphor dissolved in what remained of the oil, and mix.) Oper. and Use. The same as the former. CERATUM RESLNjE. U.S.—L. Resin Cerate. (Resina Cera a a Ibj., Oliva Ol. f 3 xvj. Melt the resin and wax over a slow fire, then add the oil, and strain while hot.)—Yellow Basilicon Oper. Digestive, cleansing, incarnating. Use. To foul indolent ulcers. ---- Off. Prep. Linimentum Tirehinthina. L. CERATUM RESIN^E COMPOSITUM. U. S. Compound Resin Cerate. (Take, of resin, suet, yellow wax. a a Ibj., tur pentine Ibss., flaxseed oil Oss. Melt together, strain through linen, and stir till cool.) CERATUM SABINiE. U. S.—L. E. Unguentum Sabinaj, D. Savine Cerate. (Sabina Ibj., Cera Ibss., Adipis prop. lbij. Having melted the wax and lard, boil therein the savine leaves, and strain through a linen cloih. The U. S. Phar. directs Jij powdered savine to be mixed wilh Ibj. melted resin cerate.) Oper. Irritative, drawing. Use. To keep a discharge from a blistered surface. It is much preferable to the Ceratum Cantharidis, occasioning less pain, nml preserving a sufficient discharge. CERATUM SAPONIS. U.S.—L. SoapCerate. (Sapon. 5*., Cera 3 xijss., Plumbi Oxidi Cont. 3 xv., Oliva Ol. Oj., Acetl Cong. Boil together the vinegar and oxide of lead, over a slow fire, stirring constantly until they combine; then add ihe soap and boil again until the water be evaporated ; lastly, mix in the oil and wax melted together. The U. S Phar. directs to take 04j. solution of subacetate of lead, 3 vj. soap, 3 x. white wax, Oj. CHE 45 rlire oil; boil the solution of subacetate of lead with the soap, over a slow fire, to the consistence of honey, then evaporate over a water baih till the water is all dissipated, and lastly mix in the oil and wax,) i^per. Di-siccative, resolvent. Use. Applied, spread on linen, round fractured limbs, after all inll.-.mmaiion is abated, and the bones are united ; and to stru- mous swellings. CERATUM SIMPLEX. U.S. Simple Cerate. (Take of lard 3 viij, white wax 3 iv. Melt them together, and stir them constantly till cool.) CERATUM ZINCI CARBONATIS. U.S. Cerate of Carbon- ate of Zinc. (Turner's Cerate.) (Take of prepared Carbonate of Zinc, Yellow Wax, each half a pound, Lard two pounds. Melt the wax and lard together, and when upon cooling they begin to thicken, add the carbonate of zinc, and stir till cool.) CEREVISIAi FERMENTUM. L. D. Yeast. The frothy in ut'»r collected on the surface of beer, during fermentation. Use. To induce fermentation in poultices. It has also been given internally with advantage, in combination with sugai and wine in typhus fevprs. CETACEUM U.S.—L.E.D. Spermaceti. (Physeter Macro- cephalus. The Spermaceti Whale. Mammalia Cetacea, L.) Comp. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Prop. Inodorous, insipid, while, crystallized, friable, semitrans- p.irent, unctuous. Spec. grav. 9.433; mells at 112° of heat; partially soluble in alcohol. Oper. Demulcent, emollient. Use. In coughs and dysentery; and in the composition of oint- ments. Dose. 3ss. to 3 jss. rubbed up with sugar, or with an egg, in emulsion. Off. Prep. Ung. Simplex, E. Cera turn Cetacei, U.S.—L. Ung. C tac, i. D. Ung. Aqua Rosa, U. S. CETR VRIA. U. S -L. E. D. See Lichen Cetrari.i. CIII.M APHILA. L. Vide ?ytn\x Umbellate herba. CU-INDRUS. U.S. Chondrus Crispus. Greville. (Alg. Brit. li.) Iiish Miss. A good substitute for the Iceland Moss, which it cloi-ely resembles. (M icerate 3ss. of the moss ten minutes in cold water, lurn it off, add Ojss. boiling water; boil to a pint, "train, and add sugar and lemon juice to improve the flavor. Milk may be substituted for water, if a more nutritious preparation is required.) CIIKNOPOIHUM. U.S. Worm Seed. (Pentand. Digyn. N.O On nopodia. Indigenous. G.) Pn,p S ed of the size of a pin's head, dull brownish color, bitlerioh pungent tasie, peculiar smell; owes its virtues to a v ilililt; oil. Op r. Anthelmintic. Use To destroy lumbrici in children, for which it is given in iniing and evening for ihree or four days; then followed by c ilomel. or sum- brisk cathartic. D»*c. Of the po.vd red seeds, from 3j. to 3ij. to a child two or three yeais old, in syrup ; of the oil, which is more frequently given, from five to ten drops, mixed wilh sugar or in emulsion of the decoction, made by boiling 5j of the fresh plant in Oj 46 CIN of milk, with the addition of orange peel or some other aro- matic, a wineglassful, or a tablespoon! ul of the expressed juice of the leaves. CICHORIUM. Intybus. Wild Succory. (Syngynesia. N. O. Composita. Exolic. Cultivated as u salad. /|.) Common garden Endive is the C. Endivia. Prop. A perennial herbaceous plant, from one to two feet high. Whole plant has a bitter taste, without acrimony or any very peculiar flavor. Taste strongest in the root, weakest in the flowers. Oper. A gentle, unirritating tonic, aperient, deobstrucnt, alterative Use. In hepatic congestion, jaundice, and other visceral obstruc- tions; pulmonary affections. Dose. Boil 3 U- of 'be root, or a handful of the herb, in a pint of water, twenty minutes; add milk and sugar, and drink warm —as a substitute for coffee. CTMICIFUGA. U. S. (Secondary..! (Black Snake Root. Potyand. Pentagyn. N. O. Ranunculacca. 0.) Comp. Gum, starch, sugar, resin, wax, fatly matter, tannin, gallic acid, coloring matter, liguin, salts of potassa, lime, magnesia, and iron. Prop. Color of the roots dark brown, internally whitish, taste bit- ter and somewhat astringent, yields its virtues to boiling water. Oper. Tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, emmenagogue. Use. Employed extensively in the United Slates, as a domestic remedy, in rheumatism, dropsy, chorea, hysteria, and especially in pulmonary affections, for which it has been regarded by some as a specific. Dose. Of the powder gr. x. to 3 j.; of the decoction, made by boiling 5j- of the bruised root in Oj. of water; from f 3j. tof 3>j- may be given several times a day. CINCHONA CORDIFOLLE CORTEX. L. D. Cinchona flava. U. S.—E. Yellow Bark. (Pent. Monogynia. N. O. Cinchonacea. South America. 2L) Calasaya of the Spaniards • the real plant is unknown. Comp. The active principle of the yellow bark is the alkalomy Volatile oil, tannin, mucilage, coloring matter, lignin, nod an acid.—(Vauqiiclin.) 112 lbs. recent cinnamon yield ri \)y oil: oiten adulterated. *roy. Odor aromatic; taste pleasantly pungent, sweetish, de- pending on essential oil; color light yellow, brown; pieces quilled within each other, not thicker than paper; pliable; fracture fibrous and woody. Oper. Stimulant, astringent, carminative, tonic. f'se. As a grateful aromatic in dyspepsia and diarrhoea; to cover the taste of nauseous remedies, and with cathartics to prevent griping. The infusion checks vomiting. Chewed in palsy of the tongue. Dose. Gr. v. to 3j. in powder. tff. Prep. Aq. Cinnamomi, U. S.—L. E. D. Infusum Catechu, U.S.—L. E. Infus. /Jigitzlis, U.S. Spir. Cinnamomi, L.E.D. Spir. Lavandula Comp.. U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. Cardnmomi Comp., L. E. D. Tinct. Cutechu, U. S.—L. E. Tinct. Cinna- momi, U. S.—L. E. D. T. Cmnam. Comp., U. S.—L. E. Spir. JEtheris Aromat., L. Vinum Opii, L. E. Acid. Sulphuricuin Aromat., U. S.—E. Covfed. Aromat., U. S.—L. D. Elect. Catechu, D. E. Pulv. Cinnam. Comp., L. E. Pulv. Creta Comp., L E. Pulv. Kino Camp.. L. Pulv. Aromat, U.S. Emplast. Aromat., D. CINNAMOMI OLEUM. L. E. D. Cassiae Olei, E. Oil ol Cinnamon. Oil of Cassia. Pr«;>. Odor of the bark; taste pungent, hot; cherry-red color; sinks in water; soluble in alcohol. Nitric acid converts it into a uniform crystalline mass. Oper. Powerfully stimulant; stomachic. Us.'.. In cramps of the stomach, hiccough, and flatulent colic inserted into a decayed tooth to allay toothache. Dose. fllj. to TF1 iij. on a lump of sugar. CNICI BENEDICTI FOLIA. D. Blessed Thistle. (Syngen. Polygam. Frustr. N. O. Composita Capitata, L. Cinaracem. Grec-k Islands. ©.) Prop. Odor unpleasant; taste bitter. Oper. Strong decoction emetic; strong infusion diaphoretic; light infusion tonic, stomachic, antiperiodic. Use For the two former purposes it is rarely used ; but the light infusion, made with 3 vj. of the plant in Oj. of cold water, is as excellent bilter in loss of appetite and in the dyspepsia of the irreg liar. COL 4! Dote. Gr. xv. to 3j. in powder; of the infusion f3h ever] three hours. COCCULU8. E. Cocculus suberosus. Fructus Vulg. Coc cuius Indicus, D. Cocculus In die us. (Anursierta cocculus Diacia, Dodecandria. N.O. Menispermacea. Malabar. 11.) Contains Picrotoxine. Prop. Blackish purple, not unlike a small dry cherry. Oper. Stimulant, narcotic, poisonous; used extensively foi adulterating malt liquors. About 3000 bags ure annually employed in England ; and, Mr. Pereira remarks, chiefly for adulterating beer and ale, though tin- practice is prohibited by the legislature, under a penalty of jCvMJO upon the brewer, and £500 upon the seller of the drug. We have no laws on the subject. COCCI. U.S.—L. E. Coccus Cacti, D (.Coccus Cacti. Inseeta Hemiptera. Mexico.) The Cochineal Insects. The Dried Female. Comp. A peculiar coloring matter, carminia; an animal princi pie, coccmo, steariue, elaine, an odoriferous acid, and saline matters. Prop. Faint, heavy odor; taste acrid, bitterish, astringent; color blackish red externally, purple red within ; small, irregular, roundish. Use. Chiefly for giving a red color to tinctures. &c. COCHLEARIA OFFICINALIS HERBA. D. Common scur- vy grass. (Cochlearia Officinalis. Tctradynamia Siliculosa N.O. Crucifcra. ©.) Use. Of little value, and scarcely ever used. CODEIA. A new alkaloid, obtained from opium. Comp. Consists of 31 carbon, 40 hydrogen, 5 oxygen, 2 azote.— (Pelleticr.) Prop. In crystals, soluble in water, alcohol, and iether: effects not well understood ; supposed to be stimulant and narcotic; not used in medicine. COLCHlCI CORMUS ET SF.MINA L. E. Col. Radix et Beinen, U. S. Colehici Autumnalis, bulbu-*, Semina, D. Col chici Autumnalis Radix, E. The Bulb and Seeds of the Mea dow Saffron. (Colchicuiu Autumnale. Hexand. Trigyn. N.O. Melanthacea. Europe. 1\..) Dug in July and August. Comp. Colchicia, a peculiar alkaloid resembling Veratria, fecula. Prop. Taste acrid, excoriating the mouth; acrimony lost in drying. Oper. Narcotic, diuretic, cathartic. Use. In dropsies, gout, rheumatism, neuralgia, bronchitis, and scarlet fever. (It is supposed that it forms the active ingredient of the F.au Medicinale.) Colchicuiu is rather palliative than curative in gout and rheumatism. It is a useful addition to saline medicines in fevers and all inflammations. It should be given in sma'l doses combined wilh magnesia, and if necessary, often repealed; as, Magnes. gr. xv , Mag. Sulphat. 3j., Aceti Colehici 3j to 3 ij., sweetened wilh U.it. Glycyrrh.; or a ten- spoonful of the following every three or four hours : (ft Vim, Colch Sem. f 3 ij., Aqua Camph. f 3 vj., Sulphat. Morphia gr. ss., Sacck. Alb. 3j. Mix.); or till relief is obtained. In chronic bronchitis and asthma it should be given in still smaller doses. Should be given wilh great caution ; H\xxx. of Vinum Colchioi 3 50 CON is a medium doss. A very good form in rheumatism is ell following: (ft Vini Colch. Sent, f 3 ij.. Aqua Camphor. f3vj. Sulphat. Morphia gr. ss., ad gr. j., Sacch. Alb. 3 j M.) Dose, a teaspoonful every 3 or 4 hours, or three limes a day. Also in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. v. of Ihe recent bulb in pills. Off. Prep. Acetum Colehici, U. S— L. E. Oxymel Colehici, D. Tinct. Colehici. U. S.—L. E. Vinum Colehici, U. S.*—L. E. COLOCYNTHIS. U.S.—L. E. Fructus Pulpa, D. Bitter Cu- cumber Pulp. (Cucumis Coloeynthis. Monac. Syngen. N. O. Cucurbitacea, L. J. Cape of Good Hope. 0.) Comp. 100 parts of the dry pulp of colocynth contain 14.4 parts of colocynthin, 10 of extractive, 4.2 of fixed oil, 13.2 of a resinous substance insoluble in Kther, 9.5 of gum, 3.0 of pectic acid (pectin), 17.6 of gummy extract, 2.7 of phosphate of lime, 3.(1 of phosphate of magnesia, and 19.0 of lignin, besides water. Prop. Taste bitter, nauseous, acrimonious; light, white or pale yellow; spongy. Oper. Strongly cathartic, drastic, hydrngogue. Use. Too violent to be used alone. When combined with calo mel, extract of jalap, and gamboge, colocynth forms a highly efficient and safe cathartic, especially ndrrpted to congestion of the liver and portul circle, nnd torpidity of this organ. In dropsy, and affections of the head, also, highly useful. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. v. Off. Prep. Extract. Colocynthidis, L. E Ext. Colocynth. Comp., U. S —L. D. Pilul. Colocynthidis, E. D. Pilula Colocynthidis et Hiioscyami, E. CONFECTIO AMYGDALAE. L.D. Conserva Amygdalarum, E. Confection of Almonds. (Amyg. Dul. 3v"J-> Acacia Gum 3J-, Sacch. Alb. 3'v- Having blenched the almonds, beat the whole into a uniform paste.) This preparation is merely a good mode of keeping almonds in a state fit to make the almond mixture. CONFECTIO AROMATICA. U. S.—L. D. Elect. Aromati- cum, E. Aromatic Confection. (Cinnamomi, Myristica, sing. 3ij., Caryoph. 3J-, Cardam. 5ss.. Croci 3 ij., Creta Prap. 3 xvi., Sacch. Pur. lbij. Rub the dry substances to a fine powder, nnd keep it in a stoppered vessel. When it is to be used, add water gradually till the whole be incorporated.) Oper. Stimulant, cordial. Use. In the low stage of typhoid fevers; atonic gout; hysteria, nervous languors. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. in bolus or mixtures. Ineomp. Acids of any kind ; metallic salts. CONFECTIO AURANTII. U. S.—L. Conserva Aurantii, E Confection of Orange. (Aur. Curt, exter. recent, radula separ. toy, Sacch. pur. Ibiij. Beat the rind in a stone mortar with a wooden pestle, gradually adding the sugar.) Oper. Stomachic. Use. In dyspepsia of children; and as a vehicle for othei remedies. *The U. S. Pharmacopoeia directs wine of the seed and wins of the root CON f>| Dose. 3 j to ; j. CONFECTIO CASSfjE. L. Elect. Cassia?, D. Cassia Can feclion. (Cassia pulpa Ibss., Manna 3 ij., Tamarindi pulp* 3J-. Syr. Rosa f 5 viij. Biuise the manna ; then dissolve it by hi at, and having mixed in the pulp, evaporate to a proper consistence.) Oper. Gently laxative. Use. For habitual costiveness; and as a purge for children. I lose. 3j. to 3 j. CONFECTIO OPll. U. S—L. D. Electuar. Opii, E. Opium Confection. (Opii duri 3 vj., Piper. Long. 3j-i Zingib. rad. 3 ij., Carui Sem. 3 iij- Tragacantha contrita 3 ij., Syrupi 0 3xvj. Rub the opium with the syrup made hot; then add the other articles in the state of powder, and mix.I Gr. j. of Opium in gr. xxxvj. Oper. Narcotic and stimulant Use. Atonic gout, flutulcm colic colliquative diuirncea, in the chalk mixture. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 *s. in a bolus, or mixture. CONFECTIO PI PERIS NISRI. U Electuarium Piperis, E Confeclion of Black Pepper. (Piperis nigri, Inula, a a Ibj., Funiculi tbiij., Mellis, Sacchari, a a lbij.) Substitute for Ward's Paste. Prop. Wurm stimulant. Use. In hainorrhoids; used externally. Dose. 3j io 3 ij. CONFECTIO ROS.E CANIN^E. L. Conserva Rosre Fructus, .E. Confi-ciion of Dog Rose. [Rosa Can. Pulpa Ibj., Sacch. jmr. 3 xx. Rub them together until they be well incorporated.) Use. Rhietlv as ,i vehicle for other remedies. CONFECTIO ROS/E GALLICrE. U.S.—L. Conserva Rosps, E. D Confection of the Red Rose. (Rosa Gal. Petal, nondum trplic. abject. un, Sagapcni 3 iv.. Piper, Nig-. 3 ij.; Mellis 3 xvj. Rub the dry substances to a very fine powder, then add the honey, and mix.) Oper. Antispasmodic, carminative. Use. In the convulsive affections of children, given in clysters; 3j. to 3i in Oss. of erne). CONFECTIO SOAMMONII. L. Elect. Scammonii, D. Con- feclion of Scammony. (Scammonii contriti 3JSS.. Caryoph. font., Zinrriher. pulv.. sing. 3 vj., Olei Carui f 3 ss., Syr. Rosa, q. s. Rub the dry substances to a verv fine powder, then rub them niraiii wilh the syrup* add the oil of caraway, and mix.) Oper. W inn cathartic. Dose 3i to 3 i in a bolus. CONFECTIO SENNA:. U. S.—L. Elect. Senna;. E. Elect. Henna*, f Confection of Senna. (Senna Fal. 3 viij., Ficorum Ibj., Tamarindi, Cassia, Prunorum Gall. Pulpa, sing. Ibss, S3 COP Coriand. 3 iv., Glycyrrhiza 5 iij., Sacch. pur. Ibijss., Aqua OIIJ Rub the Senna leaves and Coriander seeds to powder, and sift boil the residue with Ihe figs, liquorice root, and the water ta one half, then press and strain. Evaporate the strained ."iquoi to f 3 xxiv., then add the sugar. Finally, rub the syrup with the pulp, and adding the sifted powder, mix the whole ) Oper. Laxative. Use. In habitual costiveness, and that attending pregnancy. Dose. 3j. to 3iv. CONII FOLlA, SEMEN. U. S. FRUCTUS.* L. Conium, E. Conii Maculaii Folia, D. Hemlock Leaves and Seeds. (Conium Maculatum. Pentand. Digyn. N. O. Umbelliftra Indigenous. ©.) Comp. Conia, resin, albumen, odorous oil, extractive. Prop. Odor heavy and disagreeable ; taste bitter, nauseous, her- baceous; color a dull green; light destroys its virtues, there- fore the powder should be kept in opaque bottles, well corked. The powder, triturated with Liquor Potassae, exhales the odor of Conia. Oper. Narcotic, poisonous in an overdose, resolvent. Use. As a palliative in cancer and scirrhous, scrofulous and syphilitic ulcerations and swellings; perlussis; chronic en- largement of the liver and other abdominal organs; cutaneous affections ; asthma; chronic pulmonary diseases, and neuralgic affections. Externally 3 iij-of the dried herb boiled in Oj. of water, as a fomentation to open scrofulous and cancerous ulcers; or as a cataplasm, by adding linseed meal and oatmeal. ©ose. Gr. ij. to 3 j. of the powder, or from fllxij of the expressed juice, very gradually increased to fH.lx. Of the extract, gr. j. to gr. iv.. to be reduced if it cause vertigo. The extract is the best form of administering it: it may be usefully combined with ipecacuanha in pulmonary affections, where we wish to quiet cough and relieve bronchial irritation. Off. Prep. Extractum Conii, U. S.—L. E D. Tinct. Conii,U.S. —iL. E. D. CONTRAYERVA. U.S. (Secondary.)—L. Contrnjerva Root. (Dorstenia'Contrajerva. Teirand. Monogyn. N.-O. Urtica- cea. South America. 1±.) Vrop. Odor aromatic, heavy; taste bitter, styptic, sweetish. "iper. Tonic, stimulant, sudorific. Use. In typhus ; nervous fever; the fever of dentition in weak infants; and dysentery. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. COPAIBA. U. S—L. E. Copaiferae Officinalis Itesina, D. Copaiba. (Copaifera Langsdorfii, Decand. Digyn. N. O. ■Leguminosa. Brazils. >.) Comp. Volatile oil 41.00 percent., hard resin 51.38, soft resin 2.18. water 5.44. Prop. Odor peculiar, not unpleasant; taste pungent, hitter; con- sistence of syrup; yellowish, transparent; soluble in two parti .of alcohol, in aether, and the expressed oils; miscible'in distilled * Often mistaken for Cicutn virosa, or C. marvlata, Oowhnne, Water Hemlock. Cieuta, though formerly applied to this piant, belongs to a different genus COR 5* water, by means of mucilage; spec. grav. 0.950. It dissolves j its weight of Carbonate of Magnesia, aided by gentle heat, and remains translucent. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, purgative in arge doses; acts on the uiethra. Use. In gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhcea, dysentery, and al affec- tions of mucous membranes; hemorrhoidal affections. lose, ftlxx. to f3j. in emulsion with gum or yolk of ege; in pills, by mixing the copaiba with magnesia and exposing the mixture to the air. Imomp. Sulphuric acid, nitric acid. let*. Agitate f 3 j. of liq. ammonia; with f 3 ijss. of copaiba; if it remains milky when at rest. It contains castor oil. COPAIIUE OLEUM. E. Oil of Copaiba. (Disiillatior of the Copiib.i with water.) Prop. Pale straw color; odor of the Copaiba. Use. The same as Copaiba. Dts-.. fUx. to lUxxx., triturated with mucilage and water. COPTIS. U.S. (Secondary.) Tnfoliata. Goldthread. (Poly and. Polygynia, N. O. Ranuncutncea. ©.) North America, Prop. Long, thread like, orange-colored roots; without smell, bitter tasie ; owes its virtues to a bitter extractive matter, solu- ble in water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic. Use. In all cas-s where a s'mple ionic is required. In aphthous affections of ihe mouth and throat. Dose, Of the powder, from gr. x. to gr. xxx. Of the tinct. 3j., ( 5 j root, Oj. alcohol.) COiuANURUM. U. S.—L. E. Corinndri Sativi Semina, D Coriander Seed. (Conundrum Sativum. Pentand. Digyn. N.O. Umbellifera. Italy. 0.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste grateful, pungent; seed hemi.-phe ric il, ribbed. Oper. Carminative. Us*. In flatulencies; but chiefly to cover the taste of other medicines. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. entire, or in powder. Off. Prep. Aqua Calcis Comp., D. Infusum Senna, L E. Tinet Senna Comp , E. Confectio Senna, L. E. COItNU. L. E. Corniia Cervina. Rainenta, D. Hartshorn. (Cervus Elaphus. Minimal ia Peeora. Europe.) Prop. Hard compact, bony; yields 27 parts gelatine for every UK) of the horn. 0;>#r. Emollient, nutritive. Use To infants deprived of the breast; 3yj. of the shavings, boiled in Uiv. of water to Oij., then strained, and the liquor again boiled with f*j- "f orange juice, 3vJ-°' sugar, and f5v. of sherry wine, Ojrm a light nutritious jelly for the sick. Off. Prep. Carnu Ustum. L. D. Pulv. Antimonialis, L. E. D. CORNU USTUM. L. Burnt Hartshorn. G'«/>. Phosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, phosphate of mag- nesia. Prop. White, friable. Use. The knowledge of the components of this preparation proves that it possesses no antacid qualities, and therefore t< might be altogether rejected. 54 CRO CORNUS. FLORIDA. U.S. Circi. ntai U. S. Sericea, V. B. (Dogwood. Swamp Dogwood. > .) Prop. Taste bitter, astringent, slightly aromatic; odor feeble, Contains extractive matter, gum, resin, tannin, and gallic acid, and a peculiar bitter alkaline principle, cornine. Optr. Tonic, astringent. Use. In all cases to whkh Peruvian Bark is adapted, which it closely resembles, especially inleimittents Dote. May be given in powder, decoction, or extract: of the powder, from 3j. to 3 j. Infusion most employed. Off. Prep. Decoct. Cornus Florida, U. S. CREASOTON. L. Creasotum, E. Creasote. (A colorless limpid liquid, prepared from the oil of wood-tar.) Prop. Colorless when recent; spec grav. 1.066; soluble in its weight of acetic acid ; leaves no stain on white paper when heated. A powerful stimulant. Use. Externally applied in rheumatism, and neuralgia. Given in some stomachic utlectioas,. as dyspepsia, and anorexia, and to allay nausea and vomiting;: used externally in porrigo scutu- lata, and to relieve toothache; also to foul ulcers aad cancerous sores. Dose. From fl\iij. to fllxv. CRETA. U. S—L. E. Creta Alba, Di Carbonis Calcis, a. mollior, E. Chalk. Comp. Lime 53, carbonic acid 45, in 100 parts; some argil. Spec. grav. from 2.3 to 2.6. Prop. White, friable, effervescing with aeids. Use. To prepare the Creta Prieparnta. CRETA PR^EPARATA. U. S—L. E. D. Prepared Chalk. Take of chalk a convenient quantity; add a little water to it, »nd rub it into a fine powder; throw this into a large vessel nearly full of water, stir briskly, and after a sliort interval pour the supernatant liquor, while yet turbid, into another vessel. Repeat ihe process with the chalk remaining in the first vessel, and set the turbid liquor by, that the powder may subside. Lastly, pour off the water, and dry the powder.— U. S Phar. Comp. The same as those i f creta. Oper. Internally antacid ; externally absorbent. Use. Iu diarrhoea from acidity; externally when sprinkled over burns, after the inflammation has subsided, and a poultice ap- plied, the skinning over of the sore is much hastened. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. or more. Off. Prep. Mistura Creta, U. S.—L. E. Hydrargyrum cum Creta, U. S.—L. Pulvis Creta Comp., L. E. Pulv. Opiatus, E. Trochisci Carbonatis Calcis, E. Ammonia Sesquicarbonas, L. Calx, L. Calcii ClUoridam, L. Confectio Aromatica, L. CROCUS. U. S.—L. E. Croci S itivi Stigmata, D. Saffron. (Crocus Sativus. Triand. Monogyn. N. O. Iridacea. Th« East. 4.) The English is the best. Prop. Odor diffusive, aromatic, narcotic; taste aromatic, pun- gent, bit'er; color deep orange-red; residing in an extractive es-ential oil and resin ; yields its virtues to alcohol, wine, vine- gar, and water. Oper. Stimulant, exhilarating, diaphoretic, emmenagogue. Use. In hysteria and. other nervous affections; chiefly 10 imrort «olor to officina. tinctures. CUP 55 Dame. Gr. v. to 3 ss. Off. Prep. Syrupus Croe.i, L. E. Tinct. Croci, E. Confectio Aromatica, U. S.—L. D. Ele.duartum Aromat., E. Pilula A'o s cum Myrrha, L. E. Tinct. Aloes Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Tin t Cinchona Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. Rhei, L. Tinct Hh i Comp.. U S—L. PROTON'S OLEI. E. Ste Tiglii Oleum. CUIlEB.fi U. S.—L. E. 0. Cuhebs. (Piper Cubeba, Diand, Trigyn. N.O. Piperacea. Java and Guinea. >.) Bacca Comp. Wax. volatile oil, cubcbin, resin, chloride of sodium, ex- tractive, lignin. (The cubebin is probably identical with piperin.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste cooling at first, afterwards pungent; nciive principle an essential nil Oper. Siimulant, purgative, diuretic. Us*. In gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea. Also, as n grateful stomachic and carminative in disorders of the digestive organs. Cubebs have been recommended in every stage of gonorrhoea, but thay nre most safe and effectual in chronic cases, and where the inflammation is confined lo the mucous membrane of the urethra. If not speedily useful, they should be discontinued. Dose. From gr. x. to 3 ss. of the powder, every six hours. The volatile oil is sometimes substituted in the dose of ten or twelve drop, suspended in mucilage or sugar and water. CUM1NUM. L. E. Cummin Seed. (Cumimim Cyminum, Pentand. Munogijn. N. 0. Umbellifera. Egypt. 0.) Pron. Odor peculiar, heavy; taste warm, bitterish, disagreeable. Wa'cr extracts their odor; spirit takes up both odor and taste 8,n|. ovate, striated. Oper. Antispasmodic; externally stimulating. f\". Si-arcelv ever employed internally: vide Emplastrum. CUPRUM. U. S.—D. Copper. Prop. Odor peculiar, but sensible only when rubbed; tasto disagreeable and metallic; color red yellow; spec. grav. 7.87 , ductile; very malleable; hardness less than that of iron; easily oxuli/.'-d. Us'. For preparing the Halts of the metal.* CUPRI ACUTAS. D. Acetate of Copper. Cd'iip. Oxide of copper 39, acid and water 61, in 100 parts; or, 1 pn>io\idi'=39.6+l acid=51.48-r-9 water=81: eq.=18U08. Prop. Crystals four sided truncated pyramids, of a bluish green color, efflorescent: spec. grav. 1.779: taste disagreeably metal- lir Sparingly soluble in water; moderately soluble in alcohol. "per. Toaic, s'imulant. escharotic. Cm. Iii epilepsy, chorea, and other spasmodic affections. Dose. Gr. 4 gruduully increased to gr. ij. ♦Copper, when clean, produces no deleterious effects in the stomach ; nor doe* it appear that the acids it meets with there nnd in the bowels render it very active when in a mass. We hive *« n two instances where halfpence wpre swallowed, and retained, in the one rase six month-*, and in the other two. with- out altering the state of health. Both the patients were boys under ten years of age; and the halfpence were much corroded when passed 56 CUR Ineomp. Alkalies, chalk mixture, sulphuric acid. CUPRI SUBACETAS. U. S—D. See jfirugo. CUPRI AMMONIO SULPHAS. L. Cuprum Ammoniatum, U. S.—E. D. Amuioiiiated Copper. (Cupri Sulphatis 3ji Ammonia Sesquicarbonatis 1}ss. Or, take of Sulphate of Cop- per 3ss, Carbonate of Ammonia 3 vj.; rub Ihem together in a glass mortar till effervescence ceases; then wrap the ammoni ated copper in bibulous paper, nnd dry it with a gentle heal Let it be kept in a well-stopped glass bottle.)—U. S. Phar. Comp. Carbonate of copper, sulphate of ammonia. Prop. A crystalline powder of a rich violet color; taste hot styptic, metalline. Its color is lost by keeping, if exposed to the air, and it becomes green ; being partly converted inlo carbonate of copper. Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic. Use. In epilepsy and chorea, after a course of purging. Dose. Gr. i gradually increased to gr. v. in a pill twice a day. Ineomp. Acids, alkalies, lime waler. CUPRI AMMONIO-SULPHATIS LlttUOR. L. Cupri Am- moniati Solutio. E. D. Solution of Ammoniated Copper. (Cupri Ammonio-Sulph. 3j., Aqua distillata Oj. Dissolve the ammonio-sulphate of copper in the water, and filter through paper.) Prop, and Use. The same as those of the salt. CUPRI SULPHAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Sulphate of Copper. Comp. Hydrate of oxide of copper 4:2.6, sulphuric acid 33, water 25.4. in 100 pts.; or. 1 eq. protoxide of copper=39.6-f-l sulphuric acid=40.I: eq.=79.7. Prop. Crystals rhomboidal, rich blue, semi-transparent, efflores- cing, inodorous; taste harsh, styplic, corrosive; soluble in four purts of water, at 60°: two of water, at 212°. Oper. Tonic, emetic, astringent, escharotic, alterative, styptic, antispasmodic. Use. In epilepsy, hysteria, nnd intermittent fever; and to produce vomiting in incipient phthisis, in croup, and in poisoning; ex- ternally as a stimulant to ulcers nnd to take down fungus. A weak solution is sometimes used as a collyrium in ophthalmia, and as an injection in gleets. It formed the basis of a very un- chemical preparation, Bates's Aqua Cumphorata. which Ware recommends, diluted with 16 parts of water, in the purulent ophthalmia of infants. The following will answer instead of it: ft Cupri sulph. gr. iij., mist, camphors: f 3 v., cola. Dose. As a tonic, gr. i to gr. ij. in a pill : gr. ij. to gr. x. in f 3 ij. of water vomit. Ineomp. Alkalies, earths, and their carbonates; sodae bihoras, salts of lead; acetate of iron; acetate and diacetate of lead; astringent vegetable infusions, decoctions, and tinctures. Off. Prep. Solutio Cupri Sulphatis Comp., E. Cuprum Ammo- niatum, V. S. CURCUMAS LONGA2 RADIX. D Curcuma. U. S.-E. The Root of Turmeric. (Cu-cuina Lonpa. Monand. Monogyn. N O. Sc.itiminea India. LL.\ A tuberose, root. Prop. Color pnleyellow ; taste, bitter and aromatic; odor slightly aromatic. It tinges the urine reddish, after being taken for a shnrt time. Oper. Sshnalant, tonic. D E C 57 Pits. In debilitated states of the stomach; intermittent fever; dropsy. Dose. From 3ss. of the powder to 3 ij. - three tnblespoonfuls, three times a day, of an infusion tiade with 3 iij. of the rool in Oj. of water. CUSPARlA. L. E. Augustura :—Bonplandii Trifoliatte Cor- tex, D. Cusparia Bark. (Galipea Cusparia vel officinalis. Pentandria Monogynia. N. O. Rutacea. South America. >•) Prop. Odor peculiar; taste intensely hitter, and slightly aromatic; pieces thin, externally grey, wrinkled; internally yellowish fnwn ; fracture short, resinous. Yields its virtues to water and proof spirit. (Contains an alkali Cusparin.) It is distinguished from false Cusparia by its outer surface not turning green ; nor its transverse fracture red by nitric acid. Oper. Tonic, stimulant, aromatic. Vse. In dyspepsia, removing flatulence and acidity; chronic diarrhoea, dysentery. Ineomp. Sulphate of iron and of copper, nitrate of silver, tartar- issed antimony, acetate and diacetate of lead, bichloride of mer- cury, pure potassa, and infusions of galls and yellow cinchona bark, sec. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. xx. in powder. Off. Prep. Infusum Cusparia, L. Tinetura Angustura, D. CYANOGEN. (Bicnrhuret of Nitrogen.) Obtained by Gay- Lussac, in 1815. by heating Cyanuret of Mercury. Comp. Carbon 46.1, nitrogen 53.9, equiv. carb. 12, nit. 14. Spec. grav. 1.81, compared with atmospheric air; 26 to I, with nitro pen. Combined wilh hydrogen, forms hydrocyanic acid ; burns wilh a beautiful purple flame ; has a pungent odor, somewhat resembling bitter nlmonds; unrespirnhle nnd poisonous. CYDJNlA. L. Quince Seed. (Cydonia vulgaris. Icosandria Pentngynia, N. O. Rosacea. Germany. >.) Prop. Shape of the seeds ovate, angled ; the coriaceous external coat abounds with mucilage, to obtain which only they are used. Off. Prep. D-eeoctum Cudonia, L. CY.MI.NUM. L. S.eCuminum. DATURA. See Extract. Strnmonii, nnd Strom. Semina. DAUCI FRUCTUS ET RADIX. L. D. Dauci Radix, E. D.iuci Sylvestris Semina. D. Carrot Root and Seed. (Daucus Carota. Pentandria. Digynia. N. O. Umbcllifera. Exotic. i.) Prop. The root is sweet and mucilaginous; the seeds have an aromatic odor, and n moderately warm pungent taste Oprr. Of the root, emollient; of the seeds, stomachic, carmina- tive, diuretic. The root is externally antiseptic. Uie. The root is chiefly employed as a poultice to fetid nnd ill-conditioned sores. The seeds have very little efficacy in gravel and other renal affections, for which they have been extolled. Das'. Of the bruised seed 3ij to 3 i. DECOCTUM ALOES COMPOSITUM. L. D. Decoctura Aloes, E. Compound D -coction of Aloes. (Ext. Glycyrrh. | vij., Potassa Carb. 3 j., Aloes contrita, Myrrha contri., Croci 3* 68 DEC ting. 3 jss., Tinct. Card. Co. f 3 vij., Aqua Ojss. Boil to OJ. and strain, then add the Tinct. Card. Comp ) Comp. The soluble matter of the Aloes and Myrrh dissolved in water, which is enabled, by the alkali, to take up a little more than the water alone could do. The tincture keeps it un- changed. Oper. A warm cathartic; emmenagngue, tonic, and cordial. Use. In habitual costiveness from torpor of the bowels; in jaundice, hypochondriasis, chlorosis, and dyspepsia. This is a very mild and useful laxative where tonics are co-indicated. It may be used with the greatest advantage in some forms of dyspepsia, and in those complicated cases in which suppressed menstruation is connected with enfeebled diges ion and u lan- guid state of the bowels, as iu chlorosis. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. taken in the morning. Ineomp. Acids and acidulous salts, metallic salts. DECOCTUM ALTHAJ^E OFFICINALIS. D. Decoction of Marsh Mallows. ,Rad. Althaa sic. 3'v-> Uvarum Pas*. demptis acin. 3 ij-, Aqua Ovij. Boil to five pints and decant.) Comp. The clear liquor, which is poured off after the faeces subside, is a solution of mucilage in water. Prop. Odor peculiar, not unlike that of boiled turnips; taste sweetish; coior pule yellow; slightly viscid. Oper. Demulcent, emollient. Use. In nephritis and inflammation of the bladder; and as a fomentation in abrasions, &c. DECOCTUM AMYLI. L. Decoction of Starch. (AmyliZiv^ Aqua Oj.; rub the starch, gradually adding the water, then boil a little.) XJsc. For clysters. DECOCTUM CALUMILE COMPOSITUM. U.S. Compound Decoction of Calumba. (Calumba contusa, Quassia in scobes rasa, a a 3 ij., Aurantii corticis 3j., Rhei in pulv. 3j., Potassa carbonatis 3 ss., Aqua f 3xx. Boil to a pint, and add T. La vand. f 3ss.) Oper. Tonic. Use. In convalescence from fever. Dose, f ^ ij- thrice a day. DECOCTUM CETRARLE. U. S.—L. Decoctum Lichenis Islandici, D. Decoction of Liverwort. (Lichenis 3 v. L. Aqua Ojss. L. Boil to Oj. and strain.) Comp. Bitter extractive, and ferula, dissolved in water. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, mucilaginous; color yellow. Oper. Tonic, demulcent. Use. In protracted coughs, phthisis, emaciation from the great discharge of ulcers, pertussis. Dose. f3iv. to f 5ij. three or four times a day. The bitter n completely extracted by steeping the lichen in several waters before it is boiled, adding to each water about half a scruple of carbonate of potassa. Its nutritive qualities are considerable. DECOCTUM CHAMA^MELI COMP. D. Decoction of Cha- momile. (Flor. Anthem. Nob. 3j., E. 3 ss-t D- Sem. Carui 3 iv., E. Sem. Faniculi 3 ij., D. Aqua Ibv., E. Oj., D. Boll for fifteen minutes and strain.) Comp. Bitter extractive, dissolved in water. DEC 59 Uie. As • clyster and f mentation ; but for the latttr purpose warm water m equally efficacious. DECOCTUM CHl.MAPIIlLiE. U. S.—L. Decoction of Winter Green. (Chimaphita 3j., Aqua dist. Ojss. Boil to a pint, and strain.) Oper. Diuretic. Use. In dropsy, calculous and nephritic complaints. Dose. From f 3 j. to f r jss. DECOCTUM CINCHONA-: CORDIFOLLE. DECOCTUM CINCHONA; LANCIFOLIiE. L. Decoctum Cinchona;, U. S.—E. D. Decoction of Cinchona. (Cinchonia Cort. contusi 3 x., Aqua Oj., L. D. 3 j- Cortiris, f 3 xxiv. Aqua, E. Boil for len minutes in a slightly covered vessel, and strain while hot, L. D. Filter when cool, and evaporate to f 3 xvj., E.) Comp. Cinchonia, Uuina, us Bikinutes, and resinous extractive dissolved in water. Prop. Odor and taste that of the species of bark employed. Oper. The same as that of the bark. Us*. When the powder does not sit easy on the stomach; and when large doses are necessary, or ingredients of a nature which cannot be combined with the powder are required to be given with the bark. Dose, f 3j- to 3 iv. three or four times a day. Ineomp. Turtarized antimony, infusions of astringent harks. DECOCTUM CINCHONiE OBLONGIFOLLE. L. Decoction of Red Bark. Use. In gangrene and general debility. DECOCTUM CORNUS FLORIDA!. U.S. Decoction of Dog- wood. (Corn. Florid, cont. 3 y,Aqua Oj.) Boil for ten minutes in a covered vessel, and strain the liquor while hot. Oper. Tonic. Use. As a tonic in dyspepsia, nnd intermittents, especially when Peruvian hark cannot be had. DECOCTUM OYDONl.E. L. Decoction of Quince Seed. ((ydonia Sem. 3 ij., Aqua Oj. Boil over a gentle fire ten minutes, and strain.) Comp. A solution of mucilage in w.Ver. Prop. Inodorous; taste slightly grateful; nearly colorless; transparent; viscid. Oper. Demulcent. Ute. In iiphths', united with borax and honey, or syrup of mul- berries; injected beneath the eyelids in violent, ophthalmia. Perhaps altogether superfluous, as It does not keep. Inen-np. Arids, which coagulate it. DECOCTUM DULCAMARiE. U. S.—L. E. D. Decoction of Woody Nightshade. (Dulcamara Caulis concisi l'3x.. Aqua Ojss. Boil to one pint, and strain, L. Dulcamara contusa $j., Aqua f 3 xxiv. Boil, and evaporate to f 3 xvj. E.) Comp. Contains a peculiar alkaline principle, solania, which does not form crystallizahle salts. Prop. Odor strong and unpleasant; taste bitter nnd nauseous, followed by a degree of sweetness. (Contains Solania.) Oper. Diuretic, diaphoretic, alterative, narcotic. Use. In dropsy, rheumatism, humoral asthma, lepra, and soros other diseases of the skin. 9 60 DEC' Dose, f 3iv. to f3j-with any aromatic tincture, twice or thrice a dny. DECOCTUM GEOFFRA3A: INERMtS. D. Decoction ol Cabbage-Tree Bark. (Cort. Geoff. Inerm. in Pulv. J,y, Aq. Oij Bo.l over a slow fire to one pint, and strain.) Prop. Odor disagreeable; tasie bitter and mucilaginous; coIik that of Madeira wine. Oper. Anthelmintic, purgative, narcotic. Use. In worms, in which it has been found very efficacious. Dose. To children f3ij., to adults fjss. to f 3 ij. An overdose, or the drinking cold water during its operation, produces vio- lent vomiting, fever, and delirium. These effects are Co be remedied bv castor oil, warm water, and acids. DECOCTUM GLYCYRRHIZA?. D. Decoction of Liquorice. (Radicis Glycyrrhiza) contusa 3Jss-i Aqua mensura Ibj. Boil for ten minutes, nnd strain.) Use. An agreeable demstfeent, and vehicle for the administration of other remedies. DECOCTUM GRANATI. L. Decoction of Pomegranate. (Granati 3 ij-. Aqua distillates Ojss. Boil to a pint, and strain.) Prop. Contains tannic acid, extractive, gum. Oper. Astringent, anthelmintic. Use. In tape-worm, dysentery. Dose, f 3ss. to fj j. DECOCTUM GUAIACI. ED. Decoction of Guaiacum, or ot the Woods. (Scob. Ligni tiuaiaci 5 MJ> Fruct. Sic. Vitit Vinijera 3 ij., Rad. Lauri Sassafras con., Rad. Glycyrr. con., sing. 3J-, Aqua Oviij. Boil the Guaiacum and Raisins with the water over a slow fire, to five pints, adding the roots to- wards the end, then strain.) Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic. Use. In venereal complaints, scrofula, cutaneous diseases, and rheumatism, after bleeding. The guaiacum. however, can have little effect, as the resin is insoluble in water. Dose f 3 iij. to f 3 vi. every three hours, so that Oj. or Oij. may be dailv taken. DECOCTUM HA^MATOXYLI. U. S.—E. D. Decoction of Logwood. (Ramentorum Ligni Hamataxyli \'y, Corticis Cinnamomi contusi 3j., Aqua Oj. Boil the wood in the water till it evaporates to f 3 x.; towards the end of the coction add the cinnamon, then strain.) Prop. Taste sweetish, subastringent; nearly inodorous; color deep red. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In diarrhoea, nnd some cases of dyspepsia, where thr secretions^of ihe intestines are acrid. Dose, f 3.i. to f 3i'j-frequently. Ineomp. The mineral acids, solution of alum, sulphates of iioe and of copper, acetate of lead, tartarized antimony. Of. Prep. Ext. Hamatoxyli, U. S— L. D. DECOCTUM HORDEI. U. S.—L. D. Hordei Mistura, E. Decoction of Bailey. (Hordei Sem. 3 ijss., Aqua Oivss. First wash the barley well, then boil it for a few minutes in Oss. ol the water; which being strained off, and thrown away, add the remainder boiling : boil to two pints, and strain.) Oper. Nutritive, demulcent DEC 91 Ut*. As a diluent in febrile affections, lecent gonorrhoea, and strangury; and to form the bulk in clysters. Dote. Ad libitum. DECOCTUM HORDEI COMPOSITUM. L. D. Compound Dicociionof Barley. (Decoct. Hord.Oxy, Carica Fruct. con- rui j lis*., Glycyrrh. Rad. concisa et contusa 3 v., Uvarum Pass. 3 ijss.. Aqua Oj. Boil to two pints, and strain.) Oper., Use, and Dose. The same us the former; its laxative etieci, which may be sometimes hurtful, is obviated by a few drops of tincture of opium. DECOCTUM MALVAi COMPOSITUM. L. Compound De- coction of Mallow. (Malva exsic. %}„ Anlhemidis Flor.exsic. |n., Aqua Oj. Boil for fifteen minutes, and strain.) Comp. Buter extractive and mucilage in water. Use. For the purpose of clysters and fomentations. DECOCTUM MEZEREI. E. D. Decoction of Mezereon. (Cort. Rad. Daphnes Meier. 3 ij., Rad. Glycyrrh. contus. 3ss., Aqua Oij. Boil over a gentle fire to Oiss., and strain.) Comp. The acrid principle of the niezereon (Daphnina), and the saccharine mucilage of the liquorice root, dissolved in water. Oper. Stimulant, diaphorelic, alterative. Ute. In secondary syphilis, over which, however, It possesses little or no power; glandular swellings, chronic rheumatism. Dose, f 3 iij. to 5 vj- three or four times a day. DECOCPUM PAPAVERIS. L. E. D. Decoction of Poppy. t Papav. Somniferi Capsul. concis. 3'v-t Aqua Oiv. Boil for fifteen minutes, and strain.) Comp. Biineconute of morphia, and the other soluble salts of opium, with mucilage, extractive, fee, in water. Prop. Anodyne, eino I ienu Ute. As a fomentation in painful swellings, excoriations arising from the thin, acrid discharge of ulcers, and those common to infants. DECOCTUM PYROLA1. D. Decoction of Winter Green. (Pyrola Umbeltata 1y, Aqua mensura lbij. Macerate for six hours, then bruise and return the Pyrola to the liquor, and re- duce the mixture by evaporation, when strained and expressed, to Ibj. by measure.) Prop. Taste b tier. Optr. Diuretic, tonic. ute. In ascites und other dropsies; acute rheumatism and hysteria. Dose. I'3 j. to f 3 ij. three times a day. OECOCTUM QUERCUS. (Alba;.) U. S—L. E. Decoction of Oak Bark. (Quercus Cort. 3 x., Aqua Oij. Boil to a pint, nnd strain.) Oper. Astringent. Use. As an injection in leucorrhosa, nnd the gleety discharge which frequently remains after miscarriages ; a fomentation in local vitiated ulcer; an application to warts. Ineomp. Decoction of cinchona; gelatine; metallic salts; alka- lies destroy its astringency. DECOCTUM SARSA2. L.E.D. Decoction of Sarsaparilla. (Sarsaparilta Rad concis. 5 v- Aquaferv. Oiv. Macerate foi tour hours near the fire in a slightly covered vesse ' then bruise 62 DEC the root, and macerate again fin two hours; then boil to WJ and strain.) Comp. Paril'line ? Litter extractive, and mucilage in water. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, glutinous. Oper. Slightly diaphoretic and tonic ; demulcent. Use. In the sequelae of syphilis after a mercurial course. Dose, f 5 iv. to Oss. twice or thrice a day alone, or united wilh milk. Ineomp. Lime water, acetates of lead. DECOCTUM SARSA; COMPOSITUM. U.S.—L.E.D. Com pound Decoction of Sarsaparilla. (Decodi Sarsaparilla ferv. Oiv., Sassafras Rad. concisa, Guaiaci Ligni rasi, Glycyrrh, Rad. cont., sing. 3 x., Mezerei 3 iij. Boil fifteen minutes, nnd strain.) Or, take of Sarsaparilla 3 vj., Water Oiv.; add the other ingredients, and proceed in the same manner.— U. S Phar. Oper. Diaphoretic, alterative. Use. The same as the former; in secondary syphilis; chronic rheumatism, and lepra. Dose, f 3 iv. to f 3 vj. twice or thrice a day. *** This preparation is similar to the celebrated Lisbon Diet Drink. DECOCTUM SCILLA?. U. S. Decoction of Squill. (Scilla 3 iij., Juniperi 3 iv., Senega 3 'ij- Aqua Oiv. Boil to one half, then strain, and add Spiritus JEtheris Nitrici f 3 iv.) Oper. Diuretic. Use. Dropsy. Dose. From f 3j. to f 3 ij. frequently repealed. DECOCTUM SCOPAR1I COMPOSITUM. L. Decoctum Scopaiii, E. Compound Decoction of Broom. (Scoparii, Ju- niperi fructus, Taraxici, a a 3 iv., Aqua distillata Ojss. Boil to a pint, and strain.) Oper. Diuretic. Use. In dropsy. Dose, f 3ss. three times a day. DECOCTUM SENEGA:. U.S.—L.E.D. Decoction of Senega. (Senega Rad. 3 x., Aqua Oij. Boil to Oj., and strain.) Prop. Inodorous; taste hot and pungent; color brown olive. Oper. Diuretic, purgative, stimulant, expectorant Use. In dropsy, rheumatism, and affections of the lungs, at- tended with debility. Also, in bronchitis where expectoration is scanty, and in croup, amenorrhcea, asthma, and scrofula. Dose, f 3 jss. to f 3 iij. three or four times a day. DECOCTUM TARAXICI. U. S.—E. D. Decoction of Dande- lion. (Taraxici recentis herba et radicis J vij., Aqua lbij Boil to Ibj., and then strain.) Prop. Taste bitter. Oper. Purgative, tonic. Use. In deficient and irregular action of the hepatic organs Dose. f'3j. to 3 ij-twice or thrice a day. DECOCTUM TORMENTILLA;. L. Decoction of Torment. (Tormentilla cont. 3 U-> Aqua dist. Ojss. Boil to Oj., and strain.) Comp Tannic acid, extractive in solution. Vie. In diarrhoea, and as an injection in leucorrhcea. DI A 63 !)*se. f J j. to f 3 iss. three or four times a day. Ineomp. Chalk mixture, ulkalies, ipecacuanha, all metallic ■alts, opium. DECOCTUM ULMI. L. D. Decoctum Ulmi Campestris, E. Decoction of Elm Bark. (Ulmi cort. recent, contusi 3 ijss., Aqua Hij- Boil to Oj. and strain. Prop. Odor faint; taste slightly bitter ; color brown. Oper. Diuretic, alterative, demulcent, nutritious. Use. In lepra and herpetic eruptions. Willan thinks il has little efficacy. 1 have ascertained that it is equal to Decoction of Sarza. Dote, f 3 iv. to 5 VJ- twice or thrice a day. Ineomp. Alcohol and tinctures in anv considerable quantity. DECOCTUM VEKATRI. L. D. Decoction of While Hellebore. (Veratri Rad. cunt. 3 x., Aqua dist. Oij., Spir. Red. (I'lij. Boil the watery decociion to Oj., and when it is cold add the spirit.) Decoctum Hcllebori Albi. Oper. Stimulant, acrid, cathartic. Use. The violent operation of Veratrum confines it to external «<-e. This decoction is employed, wilh benefit, in scabies, tinea capitis, and other foulnesses of the skin. It requires to be di- luted when the skm is very irritable. DECOCTUM UVA2 URSI. U.S.—L. Decoction of Whortle- berry. (Uva Ursicoul. jj., Aqua dist. Ojss. Boil to a pint, and strain.) Comp. Chiefly tannic and gallic acid. Oper. Astringent, diuretic, aiuilillnc. Us*. In ha-morrhages of the prostate glftnd nnd the intestinal canal, gravel, chronic nephritis, diabetes, and all diseases of the urinary organs. Dose, fly to f 3 ij- three times n day. Ineomp. Ipecacuanha, opium, infusion of cinchona bark, alka lies. DELPH1NINA. Delphine. An alkaloid principle, discovered In IUI9 by Lassaigne, in ihe seeds of the Delphinium Staphisa- gria, in which it is united wilh acetic acid. Europe, Levant. (Submit the uncleuned seeds, well bruised, to the action of weak sulphuric acid; precipitate the liquor by ammonia, and re ili-solve in alcohol ihe del phinine, which is still slightly colored. To purify it, draw off the alcohol by distillation, dissolve the residuum in muriatic acid, and boil with magnesia.) Prop. While, pulverulent, devoid of smell; applied to the nose, occasions sneezing; taste acrid and bitter; slightly soluble in water, readily in alcohol and a-ther; combines with acids, forming neutral sails, which possess much bitterness and acridity Oper Acro-narcotic poison; ulterative; senso-parolysant; em ployed externally. Use. Tic doloureux, paralysis, rheumatism, neutalgia, amau rosis. D»*e. From gr. x. to gr. xxx. to 5 j. of lard, or the same quan- tity to |j. of alcohol, applied by friction to the part affected uniil there is a distinct sensation of heat and pricking. D1ANT11I CARYOPHYLLI FLORI'.S. D. Clove Pink, oi Clove Gillyflower. (Decand. Digun. Italy. /!..) Carifo phylla rubra. 04 DIO Prop. Odor grateful, similar to that of cloves; taste bitterish, sub-astringent. Oper. Aromatic. Use. Discarded by judicious practitioners. Ineomp. Sulphate of iron, alkalies, acids. DIGITALIS FOLIA ET SEMINA. L. Digitalis, U. S.—E Digitalis Purpurea Folia, D. Purple Foxglove Leaves. (Di- gitalis Purpurea. Didynam. Angiosperm. N. O. Scrophula- rinacea. Exotic. $.) Digitalis herba. Comp. Clorophylle, resin, fatty matter, starch, vegetable fibre, gum. tannin, volatile oil, salts of lime, and potassa. The pro- perties of the plant are chiefly due to the resin. Prop. Inodorous; taste acrimonious, hilter, nauseous; injured by light, both in color and virtues. The leaves should be col- lected in July, and dried without heat. Oper. Stimulant, but afterwards sedative, diminishing the velocity and force of the pulse, and lessening the irritability; diuretic, narcotic. In overdoses it occasions vomiting, purging, dimness of sight, vertigo, delirium, hiccough, convulsions, and death. These symptoms of poisoning are obviated by cordials, opium, and blisters, especially brandy and ammonia. Use. In inflammatory diseases; phthisis; active hemorrhages; and dropsies, unattended by palsy and unsound viscera; from its influence in lowering the pulse, digitalis has been much employed in palpitation and other affections of the heart, in mania, epilepsy, &c.; also, as nn antispasmodic in pertussis and spasmodic asthma; but particularly when combined with nitric acid, in dropsies which occur after long and harassing courses of mercury; most useful where there is a Inxness of fibre, pale countenance, intermittent, weak pulse, cold skin, and when the swelling pits. This stale may be produced by bleeding, saline purges, fee. When nausea occurs, its use must be intermitted for a litlle time ; hut we are not of opinion that purging coun- teracts its desired effects, for, although the kidneys may not act so powerfully, yet the body is unloaded of the morbid fluid by the intestines. Its use must be followed by a generous diet, and tonics; and, during its employment, diluents are necessary. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. iij. in a pill, united with ammoniacum, soap, calomel, or opium, every six or eight hours, till the remedy acts by the kidneys, when it must be discontinued, or the intervals extended; hut it may again be given, after an interval. (See Infusion of Digitalis.) Off Prep. Decoctum Digitalis, D. Infusum Digitalis, L. E. k Tinct. Digitalis, L. E. D. jIOSMA. U. S.—L. Bucku, E. Diosma; Crenata; (Buchu), Folio, D. The leaves of Diosma Crenulata. Pentandria Mo- nogyn. N.O. Diosmea. Cape of Good Hope. IL..) Prop. Taste cool and aromatic, resembling peppermint; odol aromatic. The dried leaves are stiff, of n yellow olive hue on the upper disc, pale and rugose on the lower; studded with glands. Oper. Sudorific, diuretic. Ute. In rheumatism, gout, and catarrhal affections, affections ol the mucous membrane of the bladder. Off. Prep. Infusum Buchu, E. Ttnct. Buchu, E. E LA 65 DIOSPYROS. U. S. (Secondary.) Persimmon. Diospvrus Virginiana. (Uiacia, Octundria, N. O. Ebenacea. Mich. Indigenous. The Bark. V .) Prop. A common tree in the Midd e and Southern States, but does not flourish beyond the forty-second degree of north lati- tude. Flowers in May and June: fruit ripens about the middle of autumn. Fruit globular, of a dark yellow color; when ripe, containing numerous seeds in a soft, yellow pulp. Oper. Astringent, tonic. Use. The decoction of the bark, in intermittents, nnd in the form of a gargle in ulcerated sore throat. The fruit, when green, is excessively astringent, and the juice may be advantageously employed where an astringent effect is desired. DRACONT1UM. U. S. (Secondary.) Dracontium Foetid urn, Wild. Ictodes Foetid us, Bigriow. Sympto-carpus Fcetidus. Barton. Skunk Cabbage. (Tetrandria Monogynia. N.O. Arotdea. Indigenous. The Root. 0.) Prop. Disagreeable, fetid odor, like that of the polecat; taste acrid, producing a prickling, smarting sensation in the mouth and throat; properties, owing to a volatile oil, dissiputed by heat, decoction, time, and exposure. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant, narcotic. Use. In asthma, chronic catarrh, rheumatism, hysteria, epilepsy, hooping cough, and dropsy. In large doses it occasions nausea nnd vomiting, with headache, vertigo, and dimness of vision. Dose. Gr. x. 10 gr. xx. of the powdered root three or four times a day. It may also be given in infusion or syrup, in doses ot from f 3j. to f 3 iv. DULCAMARA. U. S— L. E. Dulcamara ; Stipites Autumno Collecii, D. Woody Nightshade Twigs. (Solanum Dulcamara. Pentand. Monogyn. N. O. Stilauacea Indigenous. > .) Prep. Dried, inodorous; taste bitter, followed by sweetness. Oper. Diuretic, sudorific, narcotic, alterative. Use. In chronic rheumatism, humoral asthma, dropsy, lepra; scrofula and jaundice. Dose. 3j. to 3j. in powder: in the form of- extract, gr. v. to gr. x. An overdose produces vomiting and delirium.* Off. Prep. Decoctum Dulcamara, U. 8.—L. Ext. Dulcamara, U.S. ELATERIUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Fecula of the Wild Cucum- ber. (Monacia Monadelph N. O. Cucurbitacea. South ot Europe. ©.) Comp. Elateriu, bitter principle, fecula, woody fibre, saline matters. Prop. Inodorous ; tasie scarcely bitter, acrid, of a pale greyish- §reen color. A concentrated alcoholic solution poured into hot Hilled Liq. Potassa;, depositee minute, silky-while crystals, l-7ih Ihe weight of the Elaterium. Oper. Violently cathartic; hydragogue; diuretic. Use. In dropsies. Dtse. Gr. 1 10th to gr J in a pill, or J gr. every hour till it ope- * The Influence of Dulcamara is regulated by the soil and temperature of the climate where Ihe plants grow: the winner Ihe better 66 EMP rates; or gr. j. dissolved in Jj.nlcohol, with four dropsof nitrk acid, of which from thirty to forty drops may be given in water. Off. Prep. Extradum Elaterii, L. E. D. ELECTUARIAS. See Conf, Lionel and Conserva. ELECTUARIUM CATECHU. E. D. Electuary of Catechu. (Catechu 3 >v-> A"1"0 3'v-> Cort. Cinnam., Nucis Myrist Mosch., sing 3j., Opii in Vmi Albi Hispani q ss. diffusi 3jss Syr. Rosa Gall, ad Mellis spit. Bull lo lbij. 3 iij. contain gr. j. of opium.) Oper Astringent, cordial. Use. In diarrhoeas from weak bowels; nnd where an astringent stimulant can be applied. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. as a bolus ; or dissolved in any fluid. ELEMI. L. E. Ainyris Elemifera ; Resina, I). Elemi. (Arrry- ris EleiMilVi;* Odand. Monogyn. A. O. Amyridea. Carolina. >•) Comp. Resin, volatile oil. Prop. Odor Iragrant, strong; taste bitter. Im large solid masses of a yellow iuid greenish color, semi-transparent; fusible, solu- ble in alcohol, partly also in essential oil. Oper. Stimulant. Use. Scarcely ever used internally; but chiefly for forming a pleasant digestive ointment, for promoting the discharge from blisters, issues, and setons. Off. Prep. Unguentum Elemi, L. D. EMETINA. Enieta. F. ( Take of powdered root of ipecacu- anha, any quantity; digest it several limes in a-ther, at 60° Ftihr.; and then in atenhol. Evaporate the alcoholic tincture in a water bath, and dissolve the residue in cold water; then add magnesia, and macerate; and, after drying the mngnesten precipitate, digest it in pure alcohol, and evaporate the solution to dryness.) Prop. Nearly inodorous; taste slightly bitter; white; pulveru- lent when pure; permanent in the air; scarcely soluble in water: soluble in a-ther and alcohol. Comp. Carbon 64.37, nitrogen 4.86, hydrogen 7.77, oxygen 23, in 100 parti. Oper. Emetic, narcotic, purgative. Use. In all cases in which ipecacuanha may be used. Dose. From gr. i to gr. iij. in any bland fluid. Ineomp. Preparations of nui-galls, nnd all vegetable astringent infusions or decoctions. Prep. Syrupus F.inctina. EMPLASTRUM AMMONIACI. U.S.-L.E.D. Ammonia- cum Plaster. (Ammoniaci pur. 3 v., Aceti distillati f 3 virj. After dissolving the Ammoniacum, the Plaster is formed by evaporating the mixture, constantly stirring to a proper con- sistence.) Prop. Adhesive. Oper. Stimulant, resolvent. Ute. To scrofulous tumors, bronchocele, white swelling, rheu maiism. EMPLASTRUM AMMONIACI CUM HYDRARGYRO. L Emplastrum Ammoniaci et Hydrargyri, E. D. Ammoniacum Plaster wilh Mercury. (Ammoniaci thy, Hydrarg. J iij. Olei EMP 67 Olima f 3j., Sulpkuris gr. viij. Add the sulphur to the oil heated, stirring constantly until they combine, then rub the mercury with them unii1 ihe globules disappear; lastly, add the ammoniacum melted, and mix.) Oper. Resolvent, disculienl. Ute. To indurated glands, hydrarthus, nodes, tophi, broncho- cele, and indolent tumors. The mercury is in the state of a protoxide. EMPLASTRUM ARO.MATlCUM. D. Aromatic Plaster. (Tituris 3i'j-' Cera Flava 3ss., Pulv. Cort. Cinnamomi 3 vi., 01. Ess. Pimcnta, Ol. Ess. Limonum, sing. 3 ij. Melt the frankincense and wax together, and strain ; then add, as it cools, the cinnamon, previously rubbed with the oils, and form a plaster.) Oper. Stimulating. Ute. Applied over the stomach for the pains of that viscus, to allay vomiting, and expel flatus. It requires to be frequently renewed, being not very adhesive. EMPLASTRUM ASSAFOiTlDA;. IT. S.—E. Assafcetida Plaster. (Emp. Oxidi Plumbi Semivitrei, Assafcetida, sing. 3U-, Galbani, Cera Flav., sing. 3j- The U. S. Phar. directs to take Assafat., Lead Plaster, a a Ibj., Galbanum, Yellow Wax, A a lbs*., Diluted Alcohol Oiij. Dissolve the Assafatida and Galban. in the ulcohol, in a warm bath; strain while hot, and evaporate to the consistence of honey ; then add the lead plas- ter and wax, previously melted together; stir well, and evapo rate to the proper consistence.) Oper. Antispasmodic, anodyne. Use. In flatulence and hysteria, applied over the umbilical region. EMPLASTRUM BELLADONNA:. U. S.—L. E. D. Plaster of Belladonna. (Emplastri Resina 3 iij , Extradi Belladonna 3JS8.) Oper. Sedative, anodyne. Use. In chronic rheumatism, and local pains. EMPLASTRUM CALEFAClENS. D. Emplast. Picis cum Canthnride, U. S. Warming Plaster. Calefacient Plaster. (Emplast. Ccntkaridis partem uuam, Picis Burgund. partes tejitem. Melt together, and form into a plaster.) Oper. Calefacient, rubefacient, stimulant. Use. In catarrh, pertussis, inflammatory affections of the chest, and sciatica. F.Ml'l.ASTUCM CANTHARIDIS. L. E. Emplast. Cantha ridis, U. S--II. Cerate of Spanish Flies. Plaster of the Spanish or Blistering Fly. (Cantharidis in pule. sub. Ibj., Emp. Cera tbjss.. Adipis Ibss. Melt the plaster and lard together, nnd as the mixture becomes thick in tooling, sprinkle in the flies, and mix.) Or, lake of finely powdered Spanish Flies Ibj., Yellow Hot, Resin, Lard, euch 3v'U-i niix and stir till cool. — U. S. Phar. Oper. Epispastic. Use. In every case where blisters are required. Heat destroys the acrimony of the flies, and therefore this plaster fails when Incautiously prepared. It should be spread on leather, for a plaster, with the thumb, nnd never with a hot spatula; perhaps the most certain mode of raising blisters would be to sprinkle 68 EMP the finely powdered flies on some farinaceous paste, as suggested by Parmentier. In using this planer, ihe part which it is to cover should be bathed with vinegar; and a piece of thin gauze pressed down on the surface of the plaster interposed between it and the skin, by which means it is easily and cleanly removed It requires to remain applied twelve hours in order to produce a perfect blister. EMPLASTRUM CANTHARIDIS COMPOSITUM. E. Com pound Plaster of Spani.-h Flies. (Resina Liq. Pini Laricit 3 ivss., Picis Burgundica, Cantharidis, sing: 3 i'j-, Cera F. §j., Subacetatis Cupri 3U-i Sinapis Alba, Frud. Piper. Nig., ling. 3ss. Melt the pitch and wax, then add the turpentine ; and as these cool, sprinkle in the other substances in the form of powder, so as to make a plaster.) Emplastrum Vesicatorium. Oper. Powerfully stimulant, vesicant. Use. The same as the former; but supposed to be more certain and quicker in producing its effects ; hence useful in gout and cramps in the stomach. EMPLASTRUM CERAI. L. Emplastrum Simplex, E. Wax Plaster. (Cera Flava, Sevi, sing. Ibiij., Resina Ibj. Melt them together, and strain.) Oper. Irritative, drawing. Use. Intended for supporting the discharge from a blistered surface; but, owing to the irritation it induces, now seldom employed. Off. Prep. Emplastrum Cantharidis, L. EMPLASTRUM FERRI. U. S.—E. Plaster of Red Oxide of Iron: Strengthening Plaster. (Emplast. Oxidi Plumbi Semivit. 3 iij., Resina Pini 3 vj., Cera Ft. 3 iij., Olei Oliva Europ. 3 iijss., Oxidi Ferri Rubri 3 j. Rub the red oxide of iron with the oil, and add the other ingredients melted. Or, B; Hub. Carb. Ferri 3 iij., Emp. Plumbi Jbij., Picis Burgnnd. Ibss. M. — U. S. Phar.) Emplastrum Roborans. Iron Plaster. U.S. Oper. Strengthening, stimulant. Use. In muscular relaxations; and in weaknesses of the joints after sprains. It acts chiefly in giving a mechanical support, by its stiffness and adhesive quality. EMPLASTRUM GALBANI. (Compositum, U. S.)—L. D. Galbanum Plaster. (Galbani 3 viij., Ernplastri Plumbi Ibiij., Tcrebinlhina Vulgnris 3 X., Abietis Resina conlrita 3 ij- Melt the galhanum and turpentine together, then first add the pine resin, and afterwards ihe plaster, melted with a gentle heat, and mix all together.) Oper. Stimulant, suppurative. Use. To scrofulous tumors; old arthritic joints; and to the lumbar regions in rickets. For the purposes of a digestive in discharged abscesses, when induration remains. EMPLASTRUM GUMMOSUM. E. Gum Plaster. (Emplart Oxidi Plumbi Semierit. Anrmoniaci 3 iv., Gaibani, Cera Flava, sir.g. 3ss.) Oper. and Use. The same as the two former. Off. Prep. Emplastrum Saponis, E. EMPLASTRUM HYDRARGYRI, (Protexidi). V. S.—L. E. Mercurial Plaster. (Hydrarg. 3 iij., Oliva Olei 3 i., Ernplastri Plumbi ibj., Sulphuris gr. viij. Rub the sulphur with the heated oil, stirring constantly until they unite, then rub tbe mercury E M P 69 with them until the globules disappear; lastly add gradually the lead plaster melted with a slow fire, and mix the whole together. The U. S. Phar. directs to lake, Hydrarg. 3 vj., Ol. Oliv.. Resina, a 9 3 ij., Emp. Plumbi Ibj.) Emplastrum Litkar- gyri cum Hydrargyro. Uprr. Stimulant, resolvent, discutient. lie. To buboes and venereal tumors : nodes, when not painful to the touch and indurations; and to joints affected with syphilitic pains. EMPLASTRUM OPTl. U.S.—L.E.D. Opium Plaster. (Opii dcr. cont. 3 ss..* Abietis Resina Cont. 3 iij-, Emplast. Plumb* Ibj., Aquie f r, viij. To the plaster melted add the re-in, the opium, aad the water, and boil the mixture with a slow fire to a proper consistence.) Oner. Anodyne, stimulant. Use. Against internal pains. Although it is undoubtedly certain that opium, in that state of minute division in which it exists in the tincture, produces its specific effect on the system in a small degree, when externally applied ; yet we doubt whether the eff-cts of this plaster will sanction the adoption of it by the L<>ndon College. EMPLASTRUM PiCIS. L.E. Pitch Plaster. ' Picis Abietina lbij., Abietis Resina Ibj., Resina. Cera, sin/r. 3 iv., Myristicm Olei erpressi 3 j-, Oliva Olei, Aqua, sing, f 3 ij. To the pitch, resin, and wax, melted together, add the other matters, and boil to a proper consistence.) Oper. Stimulant, rubefacient. Use. In catarrh, and other pii'monary affections, applied to the chest; and to the temples in pains of the head and chronic ophthalmia. When any serous exudation takes place, the plaster should be frequently renewed. EMPLVSTRUM PLUMBI (Oxidi ?i U. S.—L. Emp. Lilhar- gvri, E. 1). Plaster of Lead, or Oxide of Lead. Lead Plaster. (Plumbi Oxiili in'pute. sub. trit. Ibvj., Oliva Olei, Congium, Aqua Oij. ''.oil together over n slow fire, stirring constantly until the oil and the oxide of lead form a plaster.) Comp. Oxide of lead, and the oil changed so as to approximate lo the nature of volatile oil. The water is evaporated. <>p'r. Defensive, slightly adhesive. Lite. In excoriations; as a defence to slight wounds, and to retain their edges together; as a covering to corns; and 10 form the basis of some other plaster. Of. Prep. Emplast. Hydrareyri, U. S.—E. Emplast. Opii, V. S.—L. Emplast. Ass'lfirtida U. S.—E. Emplast. Gum- wnsum, E. Emplast. Gatbani. U. S—L. D. Emp. Ferri, V. 3.—E. Emp. Resina, U. S.—L. E. D. Emp. Saponit, V. S— L. E B. Emp. Thnris, D. EMPLASTRUM RESINA!. U.S.—L. Emplast. Resinosum.E. Emplast. L'thargyri rum Resina. D. Resin Plaster. Adhesive Plaster. (Resina Flava Ibss., Ernplastri Plumbi Ibiij. Mel* the plaster with a gentle heal, then add the resin, and mix.) Oper. Defensive. ■ dhesive, slightly stimulant. Vie. In retaining the lips of recent wounds together, that they * Opii liy—U. S. Phar 70 E N E may heal by the first intention; and to give support to ulcerated parts, to assist their granulation, without rest. The plaster originally prepared by Mr. Baynton contained less resin ; 3 vj. only to Ibj. of the litharge plaster. This preparation, however, answers the purpose equally well, except :n very irritable habits. EMPLASTRUM SAPONIS. U. S.—L. E. D. Soap Plaster. (Saponis concisi Ibss., Emplast. Plumbi tbiij. Mix the soap with the melted plaster; and boil to a proper consistence.) Oper Mildly disculient. Use. Applied to lymphatic tumors; and used with the same views as the mercurial plaster, but with much less effect. EMPLASTRUM SAPONIS COMPOSITUM tcl ADHERENS. D. Compound Soap Plaster. (Ernplastri Saponis %\y, Ern- plastri Lithargyri cum Resina, 3 iij-) Use. To support the parts in the cure of ulcers. EMPLASTRUM THURIS. D. Frankincense Plaster. (Em- plast. Lithargyri lbij., Thuris Ibss., Oxydi Ferri Rubri 3 iij.) Oper and Use. The same as the plaster of red oxide of iron. *EMULSlO ACACIA-: ARABICS. E. Emulsio Arabica, D. Gum Arabic Emulsion. (Nuclear. Amygd. Com. Jj., Aqua Ibjss., Mucilaginis Mim. Nilot. 3 ij-i Sacch. 3 iv. While beating the decorticated almonds wilh the sugar and water, add the mucilage.) Prop. Inodorous; taste sweet, soft, mucilaginous; like milk. Oper. Diluent, demulcent. Use. In febrile and inflammatory complaints, particularly those of the kidneys and urethra; as calculus, gonorrhoea, and Btrangury from the absorption of the acrid matter of Spanish flies, or any other causes. A vehicle for other medicines. Dose. Oss. or more, ad libitum*. Ineomp. Acids, oxymel, and syrup of squills, spirits, tinctures, tartrate and bitartrate of potassa, bichloride of mercury, and spirit of nitric aether. EMULSIO CAMPHORjE. E. Camphor Emulsion. (Cam- phora 3j., Nuc. Amygd. Com. Decort., Sacch. pur., sing. 3 iv., Aqua 3 VJ-) Emulsio Camphorata. Comp. Camphor mechanically suspended in emulsion ; it sepa- rates in the course of a few days, and swims upon the surface of the mixture. Oper. The same as camphor: and, consequently, this is only a convenient form of giving the remedy, us it proves always leas nauseous when given in the liquid form. Dose, f 3ss. to f 3J-, several times a day. ENEMA ALOES. L. Clyster of Aloes. (Aloes 3 ij., Potatia Carbonatis gr. xv., Decodi Hordei Oss. Mix and rub together.) Use. As a stimulant,, by contiguity to the uterus, in umenor- rhcea; and for dislodging ascarides. ENEMA CATHARTICUM. E. D. Purging Clyster. (Olive Oil 3J-> Sulph. of Mhgnesia 3*8., Sugar 3j.> Senna 3 as., Boiling Water f 3 xvj. Infuse the senna for an hour, dissolve the sugar and salts, and mix the oil by agitation, E. Manna * Emulsions and Enemata, being extemporaneous preparatioua axe not noticed in the V. S. Phar. ERi 72 3j., Decorti Chamameli Comp. f3x., 01. Oliva Jj., Sulph. Magnesia 3 ss., D.) Ute. This is a good, gently stimulating, and emollient clyster; but it does not possess any peculiar advantage over those which are every day ordered in extemporaneous prescriptions. ENftMA COLOCYNTHIDIS. L. Clyster of Colocynth. (At. Colocynthidit Comp. 3ij., Saponit mollis 3J-> Aqua Oj.) Use A stimulant purgative in constipation and colic. ENfiMA FCEI'lDUM. E. D. Foetid Clyster. Theformc vcjU the addition of 3 ij. •/ the Tincture of Astafatida. Oper. Antispasmodic, anodyi.e. Ute. In hysteria; spasmodic colic; the convulsions of infants; and for allaying the irritation produced by ascarides in the r-ctuin. EN KM A OPll. L.E.D. Clyster of Opium. (Tinetura Opu fl\xxx., Decocti Amyli f 3 iv.) Ute. In irritable bladder, diseases of the prostate gland, diar- rhiea, dysentery, and strangury from blisters. ENEMA TABACT. L. E Enema of Tobacco. (Tabaci 3j., Aqua ferventis Oj. Macerate for un hour, and strain.) Oper. Sedative. Use. In strangulated hernia, and spasmodic affections. ENEMA TERI'.BINTIIINA:. L. E. D. Turpentine Clyster. (Terehinthina Olei t*3j-. Ovi unius vitellum. Rub together, and add gradually f 3 xix. of barley-water.) Use. In affections of the urinary organs. ERGO PA. U.S. Ergot, L.E. Spurred Rye. (Acinulac/ap»», L. 1 Spermiedia clnvus ? Secale Cornutum, U. S.) Europe. Prop. A curved, striated, deep violet colored body, whitish within; inodorous, mawkish; burns with a whitish flame. Sapposed by some to be a parasitic fungus; by others, as the diseased grain of rye. Yields a deep-brown linilure with al- cohol ; also yields a bitter and sourish extractive, and crystals which have been supposed to contain morphia—a fixed oil, fungin, albumen, osmazome, wax, and a peculiar extractive substance in which its properties are supposed to reside. Oper. Stimulant, acting chiefly on the muscular system of the uterus. Narcotic; a nnrcotico-acrid poison. Ute. In parturition when the pains languish, and the uterine action becomes torpid, provided the os uteri be fully dilated, and the membranes ruptured. Iu leucorrhcea and uterine hemorrhage. Dose. 3j. to 3 ss. in cases of parturition ; gr. v. to gr. x. in leu- corrhce >, three or four tunes a day. The most common way of giving Ergot is in decoction, 3 j. of it bruised to 3 vj. boiling water—boil ten minutes; strain and sweeten, and give one- third every half hour—in parturient cases. Or, of the 7Vne- tare mule by digesting 3ss. in 3 vj. Rectified Spirit four days 3 j.—of the oil, from twenty to fifty drops. ERIGKRON. U.S. 'S coridary.) (Erie- Canadense, Hetero- phnllum, Philadelphicum. Flea Bane. Indigenous. Syngenei. Superfiua. N. O. Corymbifcra. 0.) Prop. Cnnad. sp. has an agreeable odor, bitterish, acrid, some- what astringent taste. Contains bitter extractive, tannin, gallic acid, and volatile oil. Optr. Diuretic, tonic, astringent. ]n 72 EU P Use. In dropsy and diarrhoea. The two latter species are recom- mended in gravel and nephritic diseases, as well as dropsy. Dose. Of the powder, from 3ss. to 3j. Of Ihe infusion, pre pared in the proportion of 3 j. of the leaves to Oj. boiling water from f 3 ij. to f 3 iv. Aqueous extract, from gr. v. to gr. x. ever* Sew hours. ERYNGIUM. U. S. (Secondary.) E. (Aquaticum. Button Snake Root. Pent. Digyn. N. O. Umbellifera. Indigenous. The Root. 0.) Prop. Root has a bitter, pungent, aromatic taste. Opsr. Diaphoretic, expectorant, emetic. Use. As an expectorant in pulmonary and catarrhal affections, its effects resemble those of Seneka Snake Root. ERYTHRONIUM. U. S. (Secondary.) (Ery. Americanum Bier. The Plant. Dog's Tooth Violet. Indigenous. Hei- andrii. Monogynia. N. O. Siliacea. 0.) Prop. An indigenous, well known, perennial, bulbous plant, with two smooth, lanceolate leaves, diversified by numerous irregular spots. Oper. Emetic. Dose. From gr. xx. to gr. xxx. of the powdered recent bulb, proves emetic ; a smaller dose, expectorant. EUPATOREUM. U. S. Eup. Perfoliatum. Thoroughwort. (Syngenesia JEqualis. N. O. Comp. Corymbifera. Indigt- ■ nous. ©.) Prop. The herb. Several species are used medicinally m the U. S. Odor faint; intensely bitter taste, wilh slight astringen cy ; virtues reside chiefly in an extractive matter, soluble both in water and in alcohol. Oper. Tonic, diaphoretic, emetic, aperient, according to dose. Use. As a diaphoretic in catarrh and rheumatism; in intermit tents and remittents, and inflammatory diseases; as a tonic in dyspepsia and general debility ; given cold. The purpureum is employed as a diuretic. Dose. As a tonic, from 3j. to 3j. of the powdered leaves, or f 3 j- to f 3 iv. infusion ; as a diaphoretic, every two hours, the infusion should be given warm, while the patient is covered in bed ; as emetic and cathartic, a strong decoction, in doses of Oss. or more. EUPHORBIA. U. S. (Secondary.) E. Coroltata, Ipecacuanha. (Dodccnndria. Trigynia. N. O. Euphorbiacea. Indigenous Spurge. The Root. O.) Prop. The root, when full grown, is sometimes an inch thick, and two feet long: without unpleasant taste ; virtues reside in the cortical part, which constitutes two-thirds of the whole ; extracted by water and alcohol. Oper. The root of the E. Corollata is a certain and speedy emetic and cathartic. In small doses, diaphoretic and expectorant In large doses it is apt to produce hypercathars's, and inflam- mation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels. Inferior to ipecacuanha as to safety, and to antimony as to certainty. Externally vesicant. Dose. Of the powder, from gr x. to gr. xx.; as a cathartic, from gr. iij. to gr. x. Recent root bruised, and applied to the skin, produces vesication. EUPHORBlUM. L. E. D. Euphorbium. (Euphorbia Offict EXT 73 •a«tVm* (Canariensis ?) Dodecand. Trigynia. N. O. Eu- pherbiacca. Africa. 11.) Comp. 37.0 resin, 19.0 wax, 20.5 malate of lime, 2.0 malate of potassa, 5 0 water, and 13.5 woody matter and loss. Prop. Inodorous; taste, when chewed, nauseous, burning; tears irregular, about the size of a large pea, dry, friable, externally yellow, but paler within. Spec. gruv. 1.129, partially soluble in aloohol; less so in water. Oper. Errhine. Use. Diluted with starch, or mild powder, it is snuffed up the nostrils in amaurosis, lethargy, chronic ophthalmia, and all coses where a copious discharge is required from the pituitary meiuliri.ne. EXTRACTUM ARTEMISIA! ABSYNTHll. D. Extract of Wormwood. (A decoction defecated and evaporated.) Pr 4 74 EXT Pilula Aloe* cum Myrrha, U. S.—L. Pilula Aloe*, U. S Pilula Aloes et Assafatida. U. S. EXTRACTUM ANTHEMlDlS. E. Extractum Chama-meli, D. Extract of Chamomile. (The volatile oil is dissipated in this preparation.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste a pure grateful bitter; color durk brown. Oper. Tonic, s'omachic. Use. In dyspepsia, chlorosis and general debility. Dose. Gr. x. to gr. xx. in pills, twice or. thrice a day. EXTRACTUM BELLADONNAS. U. 8.—L. E. Extract of Belladonna. (An expressed juice inspissated.) L. Prop. Inodorous ; taste bitterish. Oper. Narcotic; it is used in the same cases as the plant. Dose. Gr. i gradually increased lo gr ij. in pills. EXTRACTUM CINCHONAS CORDIFOLLE. L.E.D. Ex tract of Yellow Cinchona Bark. (A decoction evaporated.) Comp. Kinate of quina, a small portion of kinate of cinchonia, and of lime, extractive, mucilage, and tannic acid. (2.3 per cent, quina+0.08 cinchonia.— Thiel.) Prop. Odor sweetish; taste bitter, but less austere than ihe bark; fracture rough, dull; color deep brown. Oper. The same as the bark in substance; and consequently it is used in the same cases; but wilh much less certainty of effect, owing to some chemical change produced on the drug during the boiling. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. dissolved in any distilled water. Formerly the dose of gr. x. was supposed to be equivalent to 3 ss. of the bark powder; but Sir John Pringle's experiments first showed that this opinion was unfounded ; and the chemical analysis of the bark proves that the reverse is nearer the truth. It is kept both in a hard and a soft state. EXTRACTUM CINCHONAS LANCIFOLIA3. L. Extract of pale Cinchona Bark. Comp. Chiefly kinate of cinchonia, a small portion of kinate of quina and of lime, tannic acid, extractive, and mucilage. (Cinchonia 0.48 per cent.+0.06 quina.—Geiger.) Oper. and Use. The same as the extract of cinchona cordifolia. EXTRACTUM CINCHONA: OBLONGIFOLLE. L. D. Ex- tract of red Cinchona Bark. Comp. More kinate of quina and less of cinchonia than the extract of pale cinchona bark. (Quina 1.7 per cent.-(-0.08 cinchonia.) Oper. and Use. Thp same as the other extracts of cinchona. EXTRACTUM CINCHONAS. U. S— E. Resinous Extract of Bark. (An aqua-spirituous Extract, containing both the ex- tractive and resin of the barks. Take of Peruvian Bark, in coarse powder, Ibj., Alcohol Oiv., Water, a sufficient quantity; macerate the Peruvian Bark with the alcohol for four days; then filter by means of an apparatus for displacement, nnd when the liquid ceases to pass, pour gradually upon the bark sufficient water to keep its surface covered. When the filtered tincture measures Oiv., set it aside, and proceed wilh the filtra- tion until Ovj. of infusion are obtained. Dislil off the slcohal from the tincture, and evaporate the infusion till the liquids EXT 75 respectively are brought to the consistence of thin honey; then mix them, and evaporate so as to form an extract.) N B.—In the same manner the U. S. Phar. directs to prepare Extract of Jalap and Extract of Podophyllum. Prop. Taste bitter, with the uustereness of the bark; fracture resinous. Over. The same as the bark in substance. Use. In ague, and every complaint for which bark is used. This is altogether a preferable preparation lo the watery extract; the rectified spirit contains water enough to enable it to take up all the active principles of Ihe drug; less heal is required to evaporate the menstruum. The expense of-the spirit is the greatest objection to it. It is more grateful to the stomach than the watery extracts. Dose. Gr. x. to gr. xx. in pills, or dissolved in some distilled water. EXTRACTUM COLCHlCI CORMI. L. Extract of the Bulb of Colchicurn. Comp. dilate of colchicia, fecula, mucilage. Oper. Purgative, naicoiic. Use. In gout and acute rheumatism. Dose. Gr. j lo gr. ij. repeated every four or six hours. EXTRACTUM COLCHlCI ACETICUM. L. E. Acetic Ex- tract of Colchicurn. (Colehici Cormi rccerttis Ibj., Acidi Acetiei f3iij. Biuise the bulbs, gradually sprinkling them with the acid, then express the juice, and evaporate in a vessel not glazed with lead to a proper consistence.)- Comp. Acetate of colchicia, fecula, mucilage. Oper. Diuretic, narcotic. Use. In gout, acute rheumatism, and diseases of excitement. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. ij. twice or thrice » duy. Ineomp. Alkalies and their carbonates, magnesia, lime water. EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS. L.E.D. Extractor Co- locynth. (Colocynthidis concisa Ibj., Aqua distillata cong. ij Boil for six hours, maintaining the measure with distilled wa- ter. Strain the liquor while hot, and evaporate to a propel consistence.) Comp. Colocynthin 14.4+extractive 10.0-f fixed oil 4.2+resin 12.2 -f-gummy matter 27.1-f-pectic acid 7.9+5.7. Phosphates of lime and magnesia. Oper. Cathartic, mild in its operation, and not apt to occasion gripings. Use. For evacuating the bowels; and as an adjunct to other purgatives. Dose. Gr. v. to 3 ss. in pills at bed-time. EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITUM. U. S.— L. D. Compound Extract of Colocynth. (Colocynth. Pulpa con. 3 vj.. Aloes Ext. contriti j xij., Scammon. cont. 3 iv., Cor- damomi contrit. 3J- Saponis liij., Spiritus tenuioris, cong. j Macerate t''e pulp in the spirit at a gentle heat for four days, strain, add the aloes nnd scummony and soap; then evaporate to a proper consistence, and towards the end add the carda- moms.) Oper. Cathartic, stimulant. Ute. In obstinate visceral obstructions; habitual costiveness ia leucophlegmatic habits; dropsies; worms. 76 EXT Dose. Gr. vj. to 3ss. in pills. EXTRACTUM CONII. U.S.—L.E. Succus Spissotus Count, D. Extract of Hemlock. (An expressed juice, inspissated without defecation.) Comp. Conia, extractive, mucilage, volatile oil, clorophylle. Prop. Odor fetid; taste bitterish and saline; color dark olive; it loses its virtues when kept, and a saline efflorescence appears on its surface. Oper. Narcotic, alterative, resolvent. Use. In scrofula, scirrhus, and cancer, particularly for allaying the pain of uterine cancer, without producing costiveness, as opium does; a useful addition to mercurial suits in cutaneous complaints. Dose. Gr. iij. gradually increased to 3ij. twice or thrice a day.* Test. Triturate wilh liquor potassa;; if good, a strong odor of conia is evolved. EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS. L. E. Extract of Foxglove (Inspissated juice of the leaves.) Comp. Digilalia 1 resin, fatty matter, clorophylle, salts of potassa, and lime. Oper. Stimulant, narcotic, diuretic. Use. In dropsies, after the tension is diminished by blood-letting and other means; it is inferior to the tinctures. Dose. Gr. ss. to gr. j. Ineomp. Diacetate of lead, infusions and decoctions of astringent vegetable products; carbonates of alkalies. EXTRACTUM ELATERII. L. E. D. Extract of Elaterium. (The fecula of the expressed juice.) Comp. Elateria 44-f-green resin 17-f-fecula 6+saliDe inert matter 6+lignin 27=100 parts. Oper. Violently cathartic, hydragogue, sometimes emetic Use. In ascites, when oil- »r remedies have failed; and in very obstinate costiveness. Dose. Gr. I-6lh made mro a pill, with extract of gentian, or with calomel gr. j., every hour or two, till it operate; and this is repeated every sixth or eighth hour till a cure be effected.! EXTRACTUM GENTIANAS. U. S.—L. E. Ext. Gentiana: Lutea;, D. Extract of Gentian. (The evaporated decoction.) (Take of Gentian, in coarse powder, Ibj., Water, a sufficient quantity ; mix the gentian with a pint of the water, and after allowing the mixture to stand for twenty-four hours, introduce it into an apparatus for displacement, and pour water upon it gradually until the liquid passes but slightly impregnated with the properties of the gentian. Heat the filtered liquid to the boiling point, strain, and evaporate to the proper consistence.— U. S. Phar.) In the same manner the U. S. Phar. directs us lo prepare the Watery Extracts of Dulcamara, Butternut, Rhatany, and Quassia. Clomp. Gentianiu 7 mucilage, sugar. * Impotentiam virilem (says Bergius), sub usu Conii curatun observavi, in viro quodam plusqiiam quadragenario, qui omnem erectionem penis perdiderat, posiinde tamen plures liberos pro- ereavit.—Mat. Med., vol. i.. p. 195 ♦ This substance is improperly termed an extract. EXT -7 Prop. Inodorous, intensely hitter, black, shining, tenacious. r. Tonic, stomachic; in large doses aperient. In dyspepsia, jaundice, ice.; but il is chiefly used as a medium for giving ihe metallic oxides in ihe form of pills: an excellent adjunct to ipecacuanha in the latter stage of dysen- tery. Dote. Gr. x. to 3 ss. twice or thrice a day. Off. Prep. Pilula Aloes Comp., L. EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRIHZAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Extract of Liquorice. (The evaporated decoction.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste sweet, mucilaginous; brittle. Oper. Demulcent. Use. Iu the tickling cough of catarrh it is perhaps the most useful of the demulcents, as it hangs about and sheathes the fauces. Dose. 3j. to 3 ij. ad libitum. Off. Prep. Pilula Opiata, E. Pilula Scillitica, E. Trochisci Glycyrrhha Glabra, E. Trochisci Glycyrrhiia cum Opio, E. EXTRACl'UM HASMATOXYLI. U. S.-L. E. Ext. litboia- toxyli Catupechiani, D. Extractor Logwood. (Theevaporated decoction.) (Take of Logwood, rasped, Ibj., Water, one gallon ; boil down to Oiv. and strain the liquor while hot; then evapo- rate to the proper consistence.) N. B.—In the same way the U. S. Phar. directs to prepare the Extract of Dandelion. Prop. Almost inodorous; taste sweet, ausere; color a deep reddish purple; soon hardens and becomes brittle. Oper. Astringent. Use. In diarrhoeas, the protracted stage of dysentery, and internal hemorrhages. It may be given clysterwise in solution. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. in pills, or dissolved in cinnamon water. Ineomp. Alkalies and their carbonates; magnesia, carbonate of lime. EXTRACTUM HYOSCYAMI. U. S.—L. E. Succ. Spies. Hyo-cyuini, D. Extract of Henbane. (The expressed juice inspissated without defecation.) Comp. Hyoscyamia 1 albumen, gum, fecula, salts. Prop. Odor slightly fetid ; taste nauseous, bitterish, sub-saline. Oper. Narcotic. Us*. In nervous affections, rheumatism, go t, chordees, obstinate ulcerations; and whenever it is required to allay pain, and avoid the costiveness which opium is apt to induce. host. Or. ij. to 3ss. Il has been increased to the extent of 3j. twice a day. Inco up Astringent infusions and decoctions. EX I'RACl'UM JALAPAS. U.S.*—L. Ext. Resina; Jalapa-.E. Ext. J.ilapa-, 1). Extract of Jalap. (A spirituous tincture dis- tilled, and an aqueous decoction evaporated, and the remains mixed tog ther, kepi both soA and hard.) Oper. Calh utic, hydragogue. I'ae In costiveness, worms, dtopsy, generally combined with soap ot calomel. * See Ext. Cinchona. 78 EXT Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. In pills. To childien the hard extract is given, triturated wilh sugar or testaceous powders. Off. Prep. Pulv. Scammonii Comp., L. EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS. U. S. Extract of Butternut This is prepared in the same manner as the Extract of Gentian, from the sliced inner bark or the root of the Juglans Cinerea, gathered in May or June. Prop. Of a black color; sweetish odor; nnd bitter, astringen tasie. Oper. Purgative, or laxative, according to dose. Dose. From gr. xx. to gr. xxx. it acts as a mild cathartic. EXTRACTUM KRAMERLE. U.S.—E. Extract of Krameria. Extract of Rhatany. (Prepared in the same way wilh that of Gentian ) Comp. Tannic acid, extractive. Prop. A powerful astringent. Use. In chronic diarrhoea and internal hemorrhages. Dose. From gr. iv. to 3j. EXTRACTUM LACTUCAS. L. Extract of Lettuce. (fcThe leaves of fresh lettuce Ibj.; beat them in a stone mortar, sprink- ling them with water; then express the juice, and evaporate it without allowing it to subside, until it acquire a proper degree of consistence.) Prop. Odor narcotic, like opium; taste bitter. Oper. Narcotic, diaphoretic. Use. In the same cases as opium ; irritable gastric dyspepsia. Dose. From gr. iij. to gr. x. in form of pills. EXTRACTUM LUPULI. L. E. Extractum Humuli, D. Ex- tract of Hops. (The evaporated decoction.) Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, with the peculiar flavor of the hop. Oper. Tonic, anodyne 1 diuretic. Use. In gout; dyspepsia; and mania, to procure rest; but its virtues are very doubtful. Dose. Gr. v. to 3j. in pills. EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE. U. S.—D. E. Extract of Nux Vomica. (Nucis Vomica rasa %viiy, Spiritus tenuiori* mensura lbij. Digest in a covered vessel for three days, strain the liquor, and express what remains in a press ; to this residue add tbjss. or proof spirit, digest for three days, and express the residue. Consume ihe mixed liquors by distillation, and reduce to a proper consistence.) Oper. Stimulant. Use. In paraplegia, and other cases of partial paralysis. Dose. From gr. £ to gr. jss. EXTRACTUM OPII PURIFICATUM. L. Extractum Opii, E. Ext. Opii Aquosum, D. Extract of Opium. (Opii cctcisi 3 xx , Aqua distillata cong. j.) Comp. Bimeconate of morphia, codeia, narcotina, narceia sul- phate oflime, gum, resin. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter; color black; dissolved in water; it is not precipitated by alcohol. Oper. Narcotic, anodyne, sedative, antispasmodic, with less subsequent derangement of the nervous system than cruda opium occasions. EXT 7i U*e. In a I cases in which opium is useful; and better fitted ft* children and very irritable habits. Dose. Gr. ss. to gr. v. in pills. Ineomp. Solutions of astringent vegetables, carbonate of potassa, bichloride of mercury, sulphate of copper, sulphate of zinc, acetates of lead, nitrate of" silver, all of which precipitate this extract from its solution altered in its nature. Off. Prep. Syrupus Upu, D. EXTRACTUM PAPAVERIS. L.E. Extractor White Poppy (l'ue decoction evaporated.) Extradum Papaveris Albi. Comp. Nearly the same as the extract or opium, with a smaller propoition of the alkaloids. Oper. Narcotic, anodyne; without producing so generally deli- rium, headache, or nausea, as opium and its extract produce. Use. As this extract possesses nearly the same virtues as opium only in a weaker degree, so it is employed in the same instances It is to be preferred when the head is much affected. Dose. Gr. ij. to 3ss. in form of pills. Ineomp. As under Exlractum Opii. EXTRACTUM PAREIRAS. L.E. Extract of Pareira. Use. Iu affections of ihe urinary organs. Dose. From gr. x. to 3 ss. EXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI. U.S. Extractor May Apple (This is prepared from the powdered root of the Podophyllum Ptltatum, in the manner described for Ext. Cinchona.) Prop. Possesses the purgutive properties of the root, and same sensible qualities. Oper. Purgative. Dose. From gr. v. to gr. xv. EXTRACTUM QUASSIAS U. S.-E. Extract of Quassia. (Prepared in the same way Willi Extract of Gentian.) Comp. Ouassinn, mucilage. Prop Tone. Use. Iu atonic dyspepsia, and general debility. Dose. From gr. v. lo gr. x. EXTRACTUM UUERCUS CORTlCIS. D. Extract of Oak Bark. (The decoction evaporated.) Oper. Astringent, tonic. Use. In alvine ha-morrhages and immoderate fluxes. EXTRACTUM RHEl. L. E. D. Extract of Rhubarb. (Rha contriti 5 XV., Spiritus tenuioris Oj., Aqua distillata Ovij. Macerate for lour days with n gentle heat, and nllow the dregs to subside; evaporate the liquor to a proper consistence.) Oper Purgative and stomachic; but as the extractive matter attracts oxygen in the humid state, and particularly when healed, much of the virtue or the medicine is destroyed in this preparation. Use. In the same cases for which the powdered root is em- ployed ; but chiefly ■' as a basis for pills to which more active mallei s are to be added." Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss in pills, or dissolved in peppermint water. EXTRACTUM RL TAS. D. Extract or Rue. (A decoction evaporated.) Extradum Ruta. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, acrid. Oper Tonic, stomachic, emtnenugogue? [7*4. The active principle on which the stimulant and antJ BO EXT spasmodic operation of rue depends, is Its essential oil,-which is dissipated in this preparation. As a bitter il is inferior to th extract or chamomile flowers. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. in pills. EXTRACTUM SARZiE. U. S.—L. Extract or Sarsaparilla. (A strained decoction evaporated.) Oper. The same as the powder of the root, to the decoction ot which this extract is added, "to render it stronger and more efficacious." Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j in pills, or dissolved in the decoction. EXTRACTUM SARSAPARILLA; FLUIDUM. E.D. Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla. (Kadicis Sarsaparilla Incisa Ibj., Aqua ferv. Ovj. Digest the root for two hours in four pints of the water; take it out, bruise it, and replace it in the water, and boil for two hours; filter, and squeeze out the liquid; boil the residue in the remaining water, and filter and squeeze out this liquor also; evaporate the united liquors to the consistence of thin syrup, and add when cool as much rectified spirit as will make in all f 3 xvj. Filter.) Wood and Bache doubt the efficacy of this preparation, nnd recommend in place of it the following formula of W. Hodgson, jr., or Philadel.: ("Take or Sartap. 3 xvj., Liquorice Root bruised, Guaiac. Wood rasped, Bark of Sassafras Root, each 3 ij-, Mezereon 3 vj., Diluted Alcohol Oviij. Digest for fourteen days at u common temperature, then strain, express, and filter. Evaporate the tincture in a water bath to f 5 xii.; then add 3 vi'j- °f white sugar, and remove rrom the fire as soon as the sugar is dissolved.") The advantages of this process are, that by means of the alcohol all the virtues or the root are extracted, while the low temperature required in its preparation is not sufficient to impair these virtues. Use. In the same cases as the powder or the root, especially in secondary syphilis. Dose. Fromr3ij.to f 3iv. twice or thrice a day; of Hodgson's Extract, 3 j. three or four times a day. EXTRACTUM SIVE RESINA SCAMMONII. E. Resin of Scauimony. (Boil powder of scammony in successive portions of proof spirit; distil off the spirit; then pour away the watery solution from the resin; agitate this wilh boiling water imtil it is well washed; lastly, dry ut a temperature not exceeding 240°.) Use. The same as scammony. It gripes violently. EXTRACTUM SPARTII SCOP ARIL D. Extract of Broom Tops. (The Spartium Scoparium.) Oper. Diuretic, stomachic. Use. In dropsies, but seldom employed. Dose. 3 ss. to 3 j. in pills. EXTRACTUM STRAMONlI. U. S.—L. E. D. Extract of Stramonium. (IJs Seminarum Stramonii 3 xv., Aqua ferventi* Cong. j. Macerate the seeds for four hours in a vessel slightly covered near the fire; then take them out, nnd bruise them in a stone mortar, and return them again to the fluid when they are bruised. Then boil the liquor down to four pints, and strain it while it is hot. Finally, evaporate it to a proper thickness. The U. S. Phar. directs to take or Stramonium Seed ground into powder tt>j., Diluted Alcohol a sufficient quantity. Having rubbed the powder with Oss. or diluted alcohol, introduce the FER 81 snixture into an apparatus for displacement, and pour upon il gradually diluted alcohol till ihe liquid passes colorless. Distil off the alcohol from the filtered liquor, and evaporate the resi- due to Ihe proper consistence.) Of this extract the dose is gi »s. twice a day, to be gradually increased. Prop. Odor narcotic ; taste bitter. Oper. A poweiful narcotic. When taken in quantity sufficient lo affect the system moderately, it produces more or less cere- bral disturbance, such as vertigo, headache, dimness of vision, &.'•., with a disposition to sleep; has a laxative effect upon the bowels, und increases the secretion from the skin and kidneys; dors not affect the pulse, but sometimes produces deranged nidations about the fauces, ce-sophagus, and trachea. Uie. In asthma, pertussis, neuralgia, syphilis, cancer, rheuma- ti-m, and other spasmodic affections. Dose. From gr. iv. lo gr. x. in the form of pill, twice or thrice a day. EXTRACTUM STYRACIS. E. Extractor Slyrax. (Exhaust slyrax by boiling it with successive quantities of rectified spirit; filler the spirituous solutions; dislil off the greater part of Ihe spiril; and evaporate the remainder to a thin extract.) Use. See Slyrax. EXTRACTUM TARAXACT. U.S.—L.E. Ext. Taraxaci, D. Extract of Dandelion.* (A strained decoction evaporated.) Prop. Inodorous ; taste bitter, mucilaginous. Oper. Deobstruent, laxative, diuretic. Use. In jaundice, chronic inflammation, and incipient s'.irrhui of the liver, chronic derangements of the stomach, hypochon- diiasis, and dropsy. Dose. Gr. iv. to 3 j. united with sulphate of potassa. EXTRACTUM UVAS URSI. L. Extract of Whortleberry. Oper.und Use. See Decoction. FARINA. L. E. Triticum Hybernum; Farina, D. Flour. (Vide Amylum.) Comp. Gluten, starch, albumen, gum, phosphate of lime, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Use. The introduction of Flour into the Pharmacopoeias seems to be unnecessary, as it is scarcely ever used in the slate ol flour, except lo parts affected wilh erysipelatous inflammations ; bread is used in making cataplasms; and sometimes >n forming pills. FEKRUM. U. S.—L. D. Ferri filuin, E. Ferri limatura, E. lion. Prop. Color bluish grey ; texture fibrous; fracture brilliant and line grained; spec. grav. 7.6 to 7.8, hard, ductile, malleable, magnetic, equivalent -28. Oper. Tonic, deobstruent; anthelmintic; producing fetid eruc- tations, owing to its meeting wilh acid in the stomacli, which oxidizes it. and evolves sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Use. In general debility, dyspepsia, hysteria, chlorosis, worma and in pissive ha-morrhages. It can prove useful only when it is oxicjized, which is known by the eructations and black feces. * See Ext. Hicmatoxyli 4* 62 F E R Don. Or the filings, gr v to 3j. with some aromatic |>owdcr, or in the form of electuary with honey; or pills wilh extract of gentian. Off. Prep. Ferri Ammonio-chloridum, L. Ferri Limatura Pu- rificata, E. Ferri Ferrocyanuretum, U. S. Ferri Acetas. D. JS'errt Carbonas, E. D. Ferri Carb. saccharatum, E. Ferri Iodidum, U. S— L. E. Ferri Sulphas, L. E. D. Ferri Potas- sio-tartras, U. S.—L. Tinct. Acetatis Ferri, D. Vinum Ferri, L. I). Ferri lodidi solutio, U. S.—E. Ferri Sesquioxidum, L. E. D. FERRI ACETAS.. D. Acetate of Iron. (Ferri Carbonatis partem unam, Acidi Acetiei partes sex. Digest lor three days, and strain.) To be kept in stoppered bottles. Prop. Small green prismatic crystals; taste styptic; spec. grav. 1.368. Converted into peracetate by exposure to the air, or to a high temperature. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In dyspepsia, chlorosis, hysteria, and rachitis. Dose. Gr. iv. to gr. xij. FERRI AMMONIO-CHLORIDUM. L. Ferrum Ammoniatum, U. S. Murias Ammonia: et Ferri, E. D. Ammoniated Iron. (Ferri Sesquioxidi, 3 iij-. Acidi Hydrochlorici Oss., Ammonia Hydrochloratis tbijss., Aq. dist. Oiij , Ferrum Ammoniatum.) Comp. Hydrochloride of ammonia, sesquichloride of iron. Prop. Odor resembling saffron; taste styptic ; deliquescent, so- luble in alcohol and water. Oper. Tonic, emmenagogue, aperient, attenuant. Use. In epilepsy, hysteria, chlorosis, scrofula, rickets, and me- senteric obstructions ; sometimes in cancer. Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. xv. twice or thrice a day, in pills, with ex- tract of gentian. Ojf. Prep. Tinetura Ferri Ammonio chloridi, L. FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUM. E. Sugared Car- bonate or Iron. (Sulph. of Iron 3 iv., Carb. of Soda 3 v., Pure Sugar 3 ij., Water Oiv. Triturate the washed precipitate with the sugar; and dry the mixture at 120°.) An excellent chaly- beate. Possesses the advantages of having nearly all the iron in it in the state of protoxide, and of being readily soluble in acids. More active than the subcarbonate of iron. Use. The same as the sesquioxide of iron. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. xxx. in the form of pill. FERRI CITRAS. (Citrate of Iron.) The citrate or the sesqui- oxide is prepared by boiling in a matrass, till the whole or the oxide is dissolved, Citric Acid 3 iij., Hydrated Oxide of Iron (dry) Jij. Distilled Water 3 xij. Filter and wash with dis- tilled water sufficient to obtain 3 xij. of liquid. This is the Liquid Citrate of Iron of the French Pharmacopoeia. Uses and Dose. Same as the tartrate and lactate of iron. FERRI FERROCYANURETUM. U.S. Ferri Percyanidum, L. (Ferrocyanuret of Iron. Pure Prussian Blue.) (R Sul- phate of Iron 3 iv., Sulph. Acid 3 iijss.. Nitric Acid 3 vj., Ferro- cyanuret of Potassium 3 ivss.. Water Oij. Dissolve the sulphate of iron in a pint of water, and having added the sulphuric acid, boil the solution. Pour into it the nitric acid in tmall portions, boiling the liquid for a minute or two after each addition, until it no longer produces a dark color; then allow the liquid M F ER 83 cool. Dissolve the ferrocyanuret of potassium in the remainder of the wau-r, nnd add this solution gradually to the first liquid, agitat \g the mixture after each addition ; then pour it upon a filter. Wash the precipitate with boiling water until the wash- ings pass tasteless. Lastly, dry it, and rub it into powder.)— U. S. Phar. Ute. For the preparation of the bicy nnide or mercury and hydro- cyan!: acid; in intermittent and remittent fevers, epilepsy, and neuralgia. Dose. Gr. iv. to gr. vj. three times a day. FERRI FILUM. U.S. Iron Wire. FERRI IOD1DUM. U.S.—L.E. Iodidcoriron. (lodinii 3 ij., Ferri Ramentorum 3j., Aqua distiltata Ojss. Mix the iodine with Oj. or the water in a glass vessel, and add the iron filings gradually, stirring constantly. Meat in a sand bath, and pour off the fluid when it has acquired a greenish color; wash what remains with the Oss. or boiling water. Evaporate the mixed fluids, filtered at 212°, in an iron vessel, till the salt is dry. Preserve the preparation in a well-closed vessel, excluded from the light.) Prop. In aggregates of needle formed crystals, of an iron-grey color, very deliquescent; taste acrid, metallic; soluble in wa ter; decomposed by heat. When exposed to the air it is de composed, and sesquioxide of iron is deposited. Comp. 1 equ. iodine=126.3-(-l iron=2B-|-5 water=45, equiv 199.3. Oper. Tonic, emmenagogue, deobstruent. Use. In all cases of debility, in scrofula, incipient cancer, ame- norrhcea, secondary syphilis, mesenteric obstructions. A bad form of the preparation, which should only be kept in solution Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. viij. in solution. FERRI IODIDI SOLUTIO. (Liquor.) U.S.—E. Solution of Iodide of Iron. (Iodine gr. 190-|-CKea7i Iron Wire gr. 100, Dis- tilled Water f 3 vj. Preserve the solution with iron wire in the bottle. The U.S. Phar. directs to take of Iodine 30-. Iron Filings Jj , Prepared Honey fj v., Distilled Water a sufficient quantity. Mix the iodine with f 3 x. or the distilled water, in a glass vessel, and gradually add the iron filings. Heat the mixture gently until the liquor acquires a light-greenish color; then having added the honey, continue the heat a short lime and filter. Lastly, pour distilled water upon the filter, and allow it to pass until the whole of the filtered liquor measures f*3 xx. Keep in closely stopped bottles.) Use. The same as the iodide. Dose. nixl. to f 7 j. FERRI LACTAS. 'Lactate of Iron. Lactate of Protoxide of Iron.) Prepared by digesting nt a low temperature lactic acid, diluted with water, upon iron filings. At the end of six or seven hours, the liquor is boiled, filtered, and concentrated, when, on cooling, it dep-wits crystals. These crystals, drained in a flan nel, nnd washed with alcohol by displacement, should be dried rnpidlv, nnd be preserved from any contact wilh the air. Prow. White, crystalline plates: sparingly soluble in water; reddens litmus paper; and possesses u ferruginous taste. Use. As u tonic in chlorosis and anamia, in lozenges, to the ex- lent of 3j. in twenty-four hours; or in syrup, made by mixing 11 84 FER Ferrt Laetat. 3j., Aqua Distillat. bullient. 3 vjss , Sacch. AXh. 3 xiij. Or in pills: Chalybeate bread has been ur rd in the rsr risian hospitals, with much success, in chlorosis. From four U five grains or Lac. Iron are mixed with every 3i'jss. or bread FERRI MURIATIS TINCTURA. E. See Tinetura Ferri Sesquichloridi. FERRI OXIDUM HYDRATUM. U. S. FERRI OXiDUM NIGRUM. E. Black Oxide oriron. f Sulph. of Iron Ivy, Sulph. Acid 0 3 ij. and r3 ij., Nitric Acid f 5 i vss^ Aqua Ammonia f 3 ivss., Boiling Water Oiij.) Use. The same as the sesquioxide of iron. FERRI OXiDUM NIGRUM. D. Black Oxide of Iron. (Let scales of the oxide of iron, collected round the anvils of smiths, be washed, dried, and purified rrom dross by the application of a magnet. Then reduce them to powder, the finer parts or which are to be separated in the manner prescribed for the preparation or chalk.) Use. In the same case as the rust. Dose. Gr. v. to 3j. FERRI OXiDUM RUBRUM. D. See Oxidum Ferri Rubrum. FERRI PHOSPHAS. U.S. (Phosphate of Iron.) (& Of Sul- phate of Iron 3 v., Phosphate of Soda 3 vj., Water one gallon. Dissolve the sulphate of iron and phosphate of soda severally in four pints of the water; then mix the solutions, and set the mixture by, that the powder may subside; lastly, having poured off the supernatant liquor, wash the phosphate of iron with hot water, and dry it with a gentle heat.)—U S. Phar. Prop. Phosphate of iron is insoluble in water, but dissolved by dilute hydrochloric acid, forming a solution which yields with ammonia a precipitate soluble in an excess of the alkali. Use. A valuable tonic in amenorrhcea, and some forms or dys pepsia ; also in intermittents. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. x. FERRI POTASSIO-TARTRAS. L. FERRUM TARTARI- SATUM, E. Ferri et Potassa; Tartras, U. S. Tartarum Ferri, D. Potassio Tartrate or Iron. Tartrate of Iron and Potassa. (Ferri Sesquioxidi 3 iij-, Acidi HydrochloriciOss., Liq. Potassa Oivss., vet q. s., Potassa Bitart. § xjss., Liq. Ammonia Scsqui- carbonatis Oj., Aqua Dist. Cong. iij. Mix the sesquioxide with the acid, and digest on a sand bath for two hours. Add two gallons of the water, and set aside for an hour; then pour oil the fluid, and add the L;q. Potassa;. Wash the precipitate well, and boil with the bitartrate mixed in a gallon or water. Neutralize the solution with the solution or sesquicarbonate oi ammonia; strain, and evaporate to dryness.) Comp. 1 equiv. or sesqnitartratc of iron=135.72+l tartrate of potassa=l 13.63, equiv.=249.35. Prop. Inodorous; taste styptic; wholly soluble in water; solu- tion not altered by liquor potassa:, nor by ferrocyanide of po- tassium. Oper. Tonic, deobstruent. Use. This is one of the mildest or the salts of iron; and so pa- latable, that children maybe easily persuaded to take it. Il scrofulous tumors, weakened bowels, &c. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. in powder, or bolus, mixed with any ar» matic, or with colitmba. F E R 83 Ineomp. Potassa; sulphuretum, infus''on» >f oak bark, galls, oi other astringent vegetables. FERRI RAMENTA. (Iron Filings.) U.S. FERRI RUBIGO. D. Ferri Oxidum Rubrum, E. Rust, oi Cai bonate of Iron. (A sesquioxide.) Comp. Brown oxide of iron ; carbonic acid 1 Prop. Inodorous ; taste styptic ; reddish brown; pulverulent Oper. Tonic, aperient. Use. In d .-bility, tec. Cullen was of opinion that the simple rust was equal to the other preparations of iron; and that the stomach bore it better. Dose. Gr. v. to 3 ss. united with pulvis cinnamomi compositus FERRI SESQUIOXIDUM. L. Ferri Subcarbonas, U. S.—D. (Carbonas Ferri Pracipilatus, E Sesquioxide or Iron. Preci pituted Carbonate of Iron, from Sulphate of Iron by Carbonate of Soda.) Fern Subcarbonas, U. S. (Take of Sulphate of Iron 1 viij.. Carbonate of Soda \\x.. Boiling Water one gallon Dissolve the iron and soda severally in Oiv. of the water; then mix the solutions, nnd having stirred the mixture, set it by thai the powder may subside. Lastly, having poured off the super- natant liquor, wash the subcarbonate of iron with hot water, wrap it in bibulous paper, and dry it with a gentle heat.)— U. S. Phar. Comp. Sesquioxide of iron; carbonic acid ? Prop. Inodorous; taste styptic; color reddish brown, insoluble in water. Oper. Tonic, emmenagogue, alterative. Ute. It is advantageously employed in tic douloureux and other forms of neuralgia, dyspepsia, chlorosis, chorea, and lately ha* been much recommended in cancer. One of our best chuly- beates. Dose. Gr. v. to 3 ss. united with myrrh, bitter extracts, or somn aromatic. Ineomp. Acids and acidulous salts. Off. Prep. Ferri Ammonio-chloridum, L. Ferri Potassio-tartras, U. S.—L. Tartarum Ferri, D. Tinct. Ferri Sesquichloridi, L. Tinct. Ferri Muriatis, U. S.—D. Ferrum Ammoniacum, U. S.-L. FERRI SULPHAS. U.S.—L.E. Sulphas Ferri, D. Sulphate of Iron. (A protoxide, or at the niinimum of oxidution, and sulphuric acid.) Ferrum Vitriolatum. Comp. 1 eq. oxideof iron=36-(-l, sulphuric acid=40.1-f-6, water of crystal I ization=:J4, equivalent of the crystallized salt=I30.1. Prop. Inodorous; taste strong, slyplic; crystals light greect transparent rhomboidal prisms; soluble in two part* water: effloresce in the air, and turn yellow. Oper. Tonic, emmenagogue, astringent, anthelmintic; in laige doses emetic. Use. In diseases of general debility, amenorrhea, with a weak, languid pulse; diabetes; in clysters against ascarides. Dose. Gr. j. lo gr. v., combined with myrrh, ammoniacum, and bitter exliacts. Ineomp. The earths, ch'oride of calcium, chloride of barium, alkalies, and their carbonates, biboras sods, nitras argenti, acetas plumbi, snaps, tannin. Off. Prep. Sulpha* Ferri Exsiccatus, E. Pilula Fern Compv 66 F E R site, L. .Ferri Sesquioxidum, L. Mist. Ferri Comp., L Ferri Ferrocyanuretum, U. S. fVrri Oxidum Hydratum, U.S Fern Phosphas, U. S. .Ferri Subcarbonas, U. S. FERRI SULPHAS EXS1CCATUM. E. Dried Sulphate o. Iron. Use. The same as the sulphate ; intended for being administered in the hum of pills. Dose. Gr. i. to gr. iij. PERRI SULPHURETUM. D. E. Sulphuret of Iron. (Lei an iron rod be heated in a wind furnace to a white hent, and Immediately on taking it from the fire, let it be rubbed upon a roll of sulphur. Let the sulphuret of iron drop into water, and be separated from the sulphur, and dried. Keep il in a stop- pered bottle.) Use. The same; as the hydro-sulphuret of ammonia. FERRUGO. Ed. (Hydrated Oxide of Iron. Hydrated Sesqui oxide of Iron.) (Sulph. of Iron yw., Sulph. Acid 3 iijss.. Nit. Acidi ix., Aq. Ammonia f 3 xxviij. After treating the salt with the acids, filter, and add to the cold solution the ammonia in a full stream. The precipitate must be washed nnd dried at a temperature under 180°. The U. S. Phar. directs to take of Sulphate of Iron 3 iv.. Sulphuric Acid f 3 iijss.. Nitric Acid f 3 vj., or sufficient quantity. Solution of Ammonia a sufficient quantity, Water Oij. Dissolve the iron in the water, and hav- ing added the sulphuric acid, boil the solution; then add the nitric acid in small portions, boiling the liquid for a minute or two after each addition, until the acid ceases to produce a dark color. Filter the liquid, allow it to cool, and add solution of ammonia in excess, stirring the mixture briskly. Wash the precipitate wiith water until the washings cease to yield a pre- cipitate with chloride of barium, and keep it in close bottles with water sufficient to cover it.) Use. An antidote for poisoning with arsenic and its salts; acts by combining with arsenious acid, and rendering it insoluble. Dose. 3j. rrequently repeated. This preparation or iron will remove arsenic from its solution in water, by adding 12 grains of it for every grain of the arsenic ; of course it must be given in large quantities, and proportioned to the quantity of arsenic taken. FERRUM ARSENIATUM. Arseniate of Iron. Oper. Escharotic, discutient. Use. Recommended by Mr. Carmichael in cases of cancerous ulcers; on which it acts more powerfully than any other agent. Of course the greatest caution is necessary in its use. Mr. Carmichael recommends 3ss. of the arseniate of iion with 3 ij. of the phosphate or iron, and apply the mixture very thin by means or a camel'^-hair pencil, over a portion or the ulcer when extensive; or it may be applied in the form of ointment, made by mixing 3 ss. arseniate or iron, with 3 ij. phosphate of iron and 3 vj. of lard. To be spread on lint and applied to the ulcer. Vose. When given internally, gr. iij. of the arseniate may be mixed with 3j. extract gentian, and 3 ij. powder of liquorice, and divided into 48 pills, of which one may be given three times a day. FEKRUM BROMATUM. Bromide or Iron. (Heat equal parts FUL 87 of bromine and iron filings under water. As soon as the fluid becomes of a greenish color, it is filtered, and evaporated to dryness; the reddisli residue again dissolved in water, ant' evaporated, is the bromide or iron.; Prop. A brick-red color; dissolves readily in water, is deliques- cent in the air, and has a very styptic taste. Oper. A Iterative. Use. In all cases where bromine is indicated. Dose. From gr. ss. to gr. j. twice a day, made into pills, with crumb of bread or extract of liquorice. FICI. U. S -L. E. See Caricu; Fruetus. FlLlCIS ASPIDIt RADIX. L. FILLX. U. S.—E. Aspidil Filicis Maris Radix, D. Male Fern Root. (Aspidum Fiiix Mas. Cryptogamia Filiccs. N.O. Filicales. Indigenous. ZL) Prop. Odor weak; tasie sweet, mucilaginous; slightly bitter and austere. Oper. Anthelmintic. Use. In tinea lata, and cucurbitina; but perhaps more is to be attributed to the active purgatives-with which it is generally followed. Dose. 3 ij. to 3 iij. or the solid part of the powdered root, taken in the morning, and soon after il a strong cathartic of gamboge or jalap, worked off with green tea. This was Madame N outlier's celebrated remedy. FOSMCULUM. U.S.—L. E. D. Fennel. (Faniculum vulgare. N. O. Labiata. 11.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste warm, sweetish ; rruit ovate. Oper. Carminative, diuretic. Use. In flatulencies. Dose. 3j. to 3j. bruised. FC3NICULI SEMINA. U. S.—D. The Seeds of Sweet Fenne. (Fceuiculum graveolens : class, order, and place, as above. H.) Faiuculum dulce. Prop. Odor aromatic ; taste sweetish and grateful. Oper. Root diuretic ; seed carminative. Use. In the tormina or infants. Dose. Gr. x. to 3jss. in powder. Off. Prep. Aqua Faniculi, U. S.—L. D. Oleum Volatile Semi- num Faniculi, D. Oleum Florum Faniculi, D. Oleum Fani- culi Dccodum Chamameli, D. Spir. Junipcri Comp., U. S.— D. L. FRASERA. U.S. (Secondan/.) American Coltimbo. Indig. (Tctranaria Monogynia. N.O. Gcntianea. The Root. 1\..) Prop Root long, spindle shaped, horizontal, fleshy, yellow color, taste bitter and sweetish; virtues extracted by water and alcohol. Oper A mild and valuable tonic. Use. In all cases where a pure tonic is needed. Dose. Or the powder from 3 ss. to 3j.; of the infusion made with 3i. of the bruised root to Oj. boiling water, 3J- to 5tf- severnl limes a day. FULH.'O. Wood Soo\ (That of hard wood, as hickory, is the best; and it should be collected from flues and stove-pipes at some distance from the fire.) tlnnp lis active principle is crcc*ote, combined with potassa, 88 GAL Prop. Taste saline, more or less bitter and acrid; nauseously empyreumatic. Oper. Resolvent, alterative, antispasmodic, detergent, antiseptic, diaphoretic. Use. Internally in cachexia, chronic rheumatism, cutaneous affections, glandular indurations, rickets, colic and diarrhoea of children, hysteria; externally, in tinea, porrigo, itch, herpes, cancer, ulcers and sores of every kind, ophthalmia, diplheritis, pruritus, chilblains, sore nipples, &c. Dose. Or the tincture, made by infusing 3ss. of soot with 3js«. of carbonate of potassa, 3 ij. carb. ammonia wilh 3 ix. of water, and filtered; from thirty to sixty drops may be given several times u day. The lotion of soot is prepared by boiling 3U- of clean soot in Oj. of soft water for a fow minutes, and filtering through paper. The ointment is made by rubbing two parts of fresh butter, or hog's lard, with one part of soot. In painful tumors and cancers, the Extract of Belladonna forms a good addition. Pledgets wet with the lotion constitute one of our best applications in such cases. GALBANUM. U.S.—L.E. Galbani Gummi Resina, D. Gal- ban urn Gum-Resin. (Gulbanum Officinale. Pentandria Di- gynia. N. O. Umbellifera. Cape of Good Hope. S .) Comp. Resin, gummy extractive, volatile oil. Prop. Odor fetid ; taste bitter, acrid ; the agglutinated tears of a white color, in a ground of reddish brown ; forms an emulsion when triturated with water; soluble in proor spirit, wine, and vinegar. Spec. grav. 1.212. Oper. Internally antispasmodic, deobstruent, expectorant; ex- ternally resolvent, discutieni. Use. In hysteria, particularly that which attends irregular and deficient menstruation; chlorosis; externally to indolent tu- mors. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j. in pills, or emulsion. Off. Prep. Pilula Galbani Comp., U. S.—L. Pilula Myrrka Comp., D. Pilula Assafatida, E. Tinct. Galbani, D. Em- plast. Galbani, L. D. Empl. Assafatida, U. S.—E. Empl. Gummosum, E. Emp. Galbani Comp., .) Prop. Odor very unpleasant; tasie sweetish, mucilaginous. Oper. Anthelmintic, cathartic ; deleterious in large doses. Use. Against lumbrici and uscandcs. Cold water must not be drunk during its operation. Dose. 01° Uie powder 3j. to 3ij., but decoction is a preferable form. GERANIUM. U.S. (G. Maculatum. Crane's Bill. Mona- delphia, Dccandria. N. O. Geraniacca. Indigenous. Ths Root. 4-) Comp. Tannin, gallic acid Prop. Roots from one lo three inches long, somewhat flattened^ contorted, wrinkled, tuberculaled, of an umber brown color; 90 GLY inodorous; astringent, without bitterness or unpleasant taste J abounds in tannin. Oper A powerful astringent. Use. Diairhoea, and in ihe second stage or dysentery after eva- cuents; cholera infantum ; passive haemorrhages. An elegant remedy in cases of infants, or of persons wilh very delicate stomachs. Locally, to indolent ulcers, an injection in gleet and leiicorrhoea, a gargle in relaxation of the uvula and aphthous ulcerations of the throat. Dose. Ol the powder, from gr. xx. to gr. xxx.; of the decoction, from 3 j. to 3 ij. Il may be given to children boiled in milk. GEUM URBANUM; RADIX. D. Common Avens Root. Icosand. Monogyn. N. O. Rosacea. Exotic. 11.) Prop. Odor not unlike that of cloves; taste bitterish, austere; externally dark red; internally white; virtues yielded to water and to alcohol. Oper. Febrifuge, tonic. Use. In intermittents, dysentery, chronic diarrhoea, flatulent colic, nnd general debility. Dose. Of the powder, 3 ss. to 3 j. four times a day; or a decoc- tion, 3j- every hour; of a tincture, formed with the root, 3J- alcohol Oj.— 3 ilij. three or four times a day. GEUM. U. S.—G. Rivals. (Secondary.) Water Avens. Indigenous. ©. Prop. Dried root is hard, of n reddish or purple color, without smell, and of an astringent, bitterish taste. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In diarrhoea, leucorrhcea, passive haemorrhages, general debility. Dose. Of the powdered root, from 3j. to 3j. three times a day, of the decoction, made with 5 j- of 'he root to Oj. of water, from f 3 j- lo f 3 ij.; a weak decoction is sometimes made by invalids as a substitute for coffee. GILLENIA. U. S— O. Trifoliata. Bigelow. Indian Physic. American Ipecac. Icosand. Pentagynia. N. O. Rosacea Indigenous. The Root. II.) t'rop. Dried root or the thickness or a small quill; light brown color, bitter taste; virtues extracted by boiling water. Oper. Emetic, cathartic ; in small doses tonic. Use. As a mild emetic where such medicines are indicated ; as a substitute for ipecacuanha. Dose. Of the powdered root, as emetic, from gr. xx. to gr. xxx., repeated every twenty minutes till it operates; as alterative and tonic, from gr. v. to gr. xv. GLYCYRRHIZA. U. S.—L. Glycyrrhizae Radix, D. E. Li- quorice Root. (Glycyrrhiza glabra. Diadelphia, Decand. N. O. Lcguminosa. South of Europe. >.) Should be three years old. Comp. Woody fibre, starch, and a peculiar modification of sugar called glycion. The fresh root yields one-fourth its weight of extract. (Glycion, or glycyrrhiiine, and mannite, are forms of sugar, though they do not form alcohol by fomentation. Man- nite is found in the juice of many trees, in most mushrooms, and in cane sugar, by decomposition. Prop Inodorous; taste sweet, mucilaginous, leaving, when H^EM 91 unpeeied, a degree of bitterness in the mouth; flexible; cuticle brown. Oper. Demulcent. Use. In catarrh; but it is generally combined with other muci- lages, and is a pleasant and useful demulcent Do*e. Of the powder, 3 ss. to 3j. Off. Prep. Decoct. Sarsaparilla Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Infus. Lini, U. S.—L. Ext. Giyeyrrhiza, U. S—L. E. D. Confectio Senna, U. S.—L. E. Decodum Mezerei Comp., E D. GOSSYP1UM. E. Raw Cotton. Use. In hums and sculds. GRANATUM. U. S.—L. Granaturn Radix, E. Baccs tunica exterior. Flores, Rudicis Cortex, D. Pomegranate Bark and Flowers, (Balauslines,) and bark of the roots. (Icosandria, Monogyn. N.O. Pomacea. South of Europe. ^.) Balaus- tium. Comp. Wax, resin, clorophylle, gallic acid, tannin, fatty matter, grenadine. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, styptic; strikes a permanent blue with sulphate of iron ; virtues yielded to water. Oper. Astringent, anthelmintic. Use. In chronic and colliquative diarrhoeas, and the protracted stage or dysentery ; for tapeworm ; externally, as an injection in leucorrhoea, and gargles in angina. Dose. In substance 3 ss. to 3 j., of a decoction f 3 ss. every three hours. Ineomp. Sulphateof iron, iodide or ironsnitrate of silver, acetates of lend. GUAIACI RESINA ET LIGNUM. U. S—L. E. D. Guaia- cum Resin and Wood. Guaiacum. Prop. Odor slightly fragrant; taste warm and bitter, the resin more so lhan the wood. The resin is concrete, brittle; color externally greenish, internally greyish,; fresh fracture reddish; water dissolves about one-tenth, alcohol 95 parts in 100; soluble also in liquor potassa; 15 parts; in liquor ammonia; 38 parts. The powder is whitish, but changes to green in the air. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic ; in large doses purgative. Use. In chronic rheumatism, gout, cutaneous diseases, and the sequela of lues venerea. Dose. To produce its first effects, gr. v. to 3j. in pills, or in emulsion made with mucilage or yolk of egg; to purge, gr. xv. to 3 j. in the same form. Ineomp. The mineral acids. Off. Prev. Decoc.Guaiaci, E.D. Decoc. Sarsap. Comp., U.S.— L. E D. Mist. Guaiaci. L. E. Tinct. Guaiaci, U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. Guaiaci Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Pulvis Aloes Comp., L. D. *t* It is often adulterated with manchineel gum ; to discover which, add to the alcoholic solution a few drops of sweet spirit of nitre, and dilute with water ; the guaiac is precipitated blue, while the adulteration floats. HASMATOXYLUM. U. S —L. E. Hsmatoxyli Lignum, D Logwood. (Dccandria, Monogynia. N. O. Lcguminosa. America. ^.) Pror Almost inodorous; taste sweetish, sub-astringent; rolof 92 HEU deep red ; firm, heavy. Its virtues extracted both by water and alcohol, (coloring principle hematine.) Oper. Astringent 1 tonic. Use. In the protracted stage or diarrhoea and dysentery, under the form or decoction. (Rs Of the shavings jj., water Oy Boil to Oj. and strain.) Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 U- every three or four hours. Ineomp. The mineral acids, acetic acid, solution of alum, sul phate of iron and of copper, acetate or lead, antimonii potassio- tartras. Opium, Decoction or Cinchona Flava. Off. Prep. Ext. Hamatoxyli, U. S.—L. Decodum Hamatoxyli, U. S.—E. HEDEOMA. U.S. Hedeoma Pulegioides. Penny Royal. The Herb. Indigenous. (Diandria, Monogynia. JN. O. Latitat a. Prop. An annual plant, from nine to fifteen inches high; pleasant, aromatic smell; warm, pungent taste. Owes its properties to a volatile oil; extracted by warm water. Oper. An aromatic stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmena- gogue. Dose. Of infusion ad libitum. Oil, from flli. to lllx. Off. Prep. Ol. Hedeoma, U. S. HELLEBCRUS. U. S.—L. E. Hellebori Nigri Radix, D. Black Hellebore Root. (Helleborus Officinalis. Polyandria, Polygynia. N.O. Ranunculacea. Austria. ZL) Prop. Odor disagreeable; taste bitter, acrid, benumbing the mouth ; impaired by drying and keeping. Oper. Cathartic, hydragogue, emmenagogue. Use. In mania and melancholia, dropsy, and in suppression of the menses in plethoric habits; hut it may be questioned whether it is equal to jalap, be. It is seldom got genuine. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. purge strongly; to produce its other effects, gr. ij. to gr. iij. three times a day. Seldom used in substance. Off. Prep. Tinct. Hetlcb., L. D. Ext. Hclleb. Nig., D. HEPATICA. U. S. (Secondary.) Hepatica Triloba, U. S. Liverwort. Polyandria, Polygynia. N.O. Ranunculacea. 4. Prop. Without smell; has a mucilaginous, somewhat astringent, and slightly bitterish taste. Water extracts all its active pro- perties. r Oper. Demulcent, slightly tonic, astringent, diuretic, and deob- struent: has no very active virtues. Use In chronic coughs, hajmnptvsis, and hepatic affections The empirical preparations of this plant owe their efficacy to opium, which they contain in considerable quantities. HERACLEUM. U. S. Heracleum Lanatum. Masterwort. Radix. I he Root. Pentandria, Digynia. N. O. Umbellifera. Indigenous. 1\ ) J Prop. The root resembles that of common parsley ; strong, dis- agreeable odor; very acrid taste; both leaves and root exciB redness when applied to the skin. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In epilepsy, attended with flatulence and gastric disorder Dose. 3 ij. to 3 iij. of the powdered root daily, long continued. with n stiong infusion of the leaves at bed-time """-eu, HETJCHERA U. S. Heuchera Americana": Alum Root (Pent, and Digyn. N.O. Saxifrage* Indigenous 4.) IIOR Prep. Root horizontal, knotty, i/regular, yellowish; has a strong styptic taste. Cper. Very astringent. Ute. Where astringents are indicated; as a local application to ulcers and cancer; also as a styptic. HIRUDO MEDICINALIS. L. D. Snnguisuga Officinalis. The Leech. (C. Annelides, O. Abranchiata, F. Asetigora.) Prop. Body oblong, flattish; color on the back olive green, with four, ongitudinal stripes; the two central yellow, broken with black; two lateral yellow, entire; two intermediate black, and yellow chain , on the belly turkey blue, maculated wilh yellow; mouth and bite triangular; anal extremity a circular sucker Hirudo decora. The American Leecli: back of a deep pistachio green color, with three longitudinal rowsof square spots, placed on every fifth ring, and twenty-four in number; lateral rows of spots black, middle range or a light brownish orange color; belly or the same color, variously and irregularly spotted with black, sometimes four or five inches in length, but generally from two to three. Makes a smaller and more superficial inci- sion than the European leech, and does not draw as much blood. Much employed in Philadelphia; obtained from Bucks and Berks counties, Pennsylvania. Use. In every species or local inflammation, except the erysipe- latous; particularly in ophthalmia, placed as near the eye as possible. The best mode or making them bite is to clean the part well with soap nnd water, then to dry it, and before ap- ply ing the leech, to allow it to dry itself by crawling on a clean cloih ; or the part may be scratched with the point of the lancet. Leeches will not bite when casting their skins, which they often change; nor in rooms in which there is any strong or offensive odor. The bleeding from leech bites, especially in infants, is often troublesome. Compression will generally arrest it. Lunar caustic, lint, cotton impregnated wilh alum solution, and cobweb, are often employed for the same purpose. If all other means rail, a suture with it fine thread will always succeed. When applied to young children, the physician should always be nt hand to watch the bleeding, and arrest it when necessary. Much care is required in preserving leeches, as they ure very liable to diseases. The water in which ihey are kept should be changed every day, and they should have access to mud or in ss, by crawling through which the body is cleared or the slimy coat which forms on its skin, and is a principal cause of its disease and d°alh. HORDEUM. U. S—L E. Hordei Distichi Semina, D. Pearl Barley. (Triand. Digyn. N.O. Graminacea. The banks of the river Tamara. 0.) Semina tunicis nudata. Comp. According to Proust, 100 parts of barley contain 32 of starch, 3 gluten, 5 sugar, 4 gum, 1 yellow resin, and 55 of hordein, a principle analogous to lignin. Other chemists find in it, in addition, salts of lime, vegetable fibre, albumen, and diastase, which has the remarkable property of converting starch into oexfrine nnd the sugar of grapes, when mixed in the proportion of only 1 part of ihe former to 200 or the latter. Prop. Taste sweetish, viscid ; prepared granules roundish, or s pearly whiteness: consists almost entirely or starch 94 H YD Use. Vide Decoctum As it is r pt to get musty, barley shoula always be washed before it is made inio decoction. Off. Prep. Decoctum Hordei, U. S.—L. D. Decoct. Hord. Comp, L. D. HYDRARGYRUM. U. S.—L. E. Hydrargyrum, D. Quick- silver. Mercury. (In its metallic state, uncombined.) Hy- drargyrus. Prop. Fluid above 39° below zero, and under 656° of Fahr.: bright, shining, of a silvery whiteness; spec. grav. when liquid 13.5bd.—(Cavendish.) Easily oxidized ; equivalent=202. Oper. Metallic quicksilver does not act on the body, even when taken into the stomach: oxidized, and combined with acids, it acis powerfully. Use. It has been exhibited in constriction of the bowels, and intus-susception, from a notion that it would pass through the bowels bv its gravity; but it rarely succeeds in such cases. HYDRARGYRUM PURIFICATUM. D. The purification is performed by distilling the crude metal in an iron retort. Use. For pharmaceutical purposes. HYDRARGYRUM N1TRICO OXYDUM. U. S.—L. Hydrar- gyri Oxydum Rubrum, U.S. Oxydum Hydrargyri Rubruni, E. Oxydum Hydrargyri Nitricum, D. Nitric Oxide of Mercury. Red Oxide of Mercury. Red Precipitate. (A peroxide, pro- bably containing some undecomposed acid.) Hydrargyrus Nitratus Ruber. Take of Mercury 3 xxxvi., Nit. Acid f 5 xiv., Water Oij. Dissolve the mercury, wilh a gentle heal, in the acid and water previously mixed together, nnd evaporate to dryness. Rub the dry muss into powder, and heat It in a very shallow vessel till red vapors cease to rise.— U. S. Phar. Comp. Quicksilver 82, oxygen 18 parts in 100; or 1 eq. mercury =202+2 oxygen=16, equiv.=218; when well prepared. Prop. Small bright-red shining plates; insoluble in water, en- tirely soluble in chlorohydric acid. It emits no reddish fumes when heated, but yields oxygen, while the mercury eilher runs into globules, or is wholly dissipated.— U. S. Phar. Oper. Stimulant, escharotic. Use. In ihe proportion or gr. ss. to sugar gr. iv. it is blown into the eye to remove specks on the cornea; applied to chancres and foul ulcers, to cleanse and stimulate them, either sprinkled on the part in fine powder, or united wilh lard into an oint- ment. Off. Prep. Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitnco-Oxydi, L. E. D. Ung. Hydrargyri Oxudi Rubri, U. S. HYDRARGYRI OXYDUM. L. Pulvis Hydrargyri Cinereus, D. Oxide of Mercury. (These pr. pnrations differ, but the London Is to be preferred, being a real oxide; the other ie sub-nitrate of mercury and ammonia, mixed with an imperftel oxide.) Comp. Quicksilver 90.16, oxygen 3.84, in 100 parts; or 1 eq mercury=202+l oxygen=8, equiv.=:210. Prop. Color grey, inso.uble. Oper. Stimulant, antisyphilitic. Use. This preparation is not apt to disorder the stomach ard! bowels, and is therefore often preferred in curing venereal* complaints. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. iij. in a pill twice a day. H YD 91 HYDRARGYRI OXYDUM NIGRUM. U. S.—D. Black Ox ide of Mercury. (Calomelanos sublimati partem unam, Po- tassa Caustiea, Aqua Oilefada, partes quatuor. Rub them together until the oxide assumes a black color, and wash it often in water; finally, dry the oxide upon blotting paper, in a moderate heat.) A protoxide. Comp. Mercury 90.61, oxygen 3.39=100. Prop. Tasie coppery; insoluble in water; wholly dissolved by acetic acid; becomes olive-colored by the action of light; wholly dissipated by a strong heat, and metallic globules an sublimed. Use. In scrofula, cutaneous affections, and as an alterative in Venereal diseases. Dose. Gr. viij. to 3j. HYDRARGYRI BINOXtDUM. L. Hydrargyri Oxydum Ru- brnm, D. Bin or Red Oxide of Mercury. (Hydrarg. Bichloridt 3iv., Liq. Potassa f3xxviij„ Aq. dist. Ovj.; after the decom- position, wash well the powder, and dry it) Comp. Quicksilver 92.6, oxygen 7.4 in 100 parts; or 1 eq. mer- curv=202-r-2 oxygen=16, equiv. 218. Prop. Ovide of a red color, brilliant; soluble in some of the acids without decomposing them. Entirely soluble in hydro- chloric acid, nnd transformed into the bichloride. Oper. Stimulant, escharotic, antisyphilitic; in large doses vio- lently emetic. Use. Owing to the violence of its operation, it is now seldom given internally, except when other mercurials rail. It is principally used as an escharotic. in the same manner ns the nitric oxide, but should be reduced to the finest state of powder. Dose. Gr. ss. tn gr. j. in a pill with opium gr. ss., every night and morning: gr. iv. act ns a violent emetic. HYDRARGYRI BROM1DUM. Bromide of Mercury. (Bromine unites wilh mercury in at least two proportions, which have been called the protobromide, and the deuto-bromidc, corre- sponding in their effects to calomel and corrosive sublimate.) Prop. White, sol ble in water, alcohol, and iether, and colored red or yellow by alkalies. Oper. Alterative, diuretic, cnfhartic. Use. Syphilis, cutaneous affections, scrofula, &c., rarely em- ployed. 7>o»e. Gr. I. to gr. iv. of the proto bromide; gr. 1 20th of the devtn-bromide; or gr. j. of the last maybe dissolved in 3J. sulphuric ttther, of which from fllx. to fllxx. may be given in ITYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM. U. S. Hy- drargyri Bichloridum, L. Sublimatns Corrosivus, E. Murias Hydrargyri Corrosivum, D. Bichloride of Mercury. Corrosive Sublimate. Hydrargyria Muriatus. (R Mercury lbij., Sul- phuric Acid tbiij., ChL -ide of Sodium lbjss. Boil the mercury with the sulphuric acid until the sulphate of mercury is left dry. Rub this, when cold, with the Chloride of Sodium in an earthenware mortar; then sublime w ith a gradually increasing heat.)— U. S. Phar. Comp. Chlorine 26.48, mercury 73.52 in 100 parts; or. 1 eq. mer eury=202+2 eq of chlorine=70.84, equiv.=272.84. Spes grav 5.200. 9f. H YD Prop. Taste acrid, 6typtic, metallic, duraDle; a white, compact, semi-transparent mass of right rhombic prismatic crystals; BOluble in 11 parts of water at 60°, in 3.8 of alcohol; partially decomposed in solution by light. It is soluble in a-ther, hydro- chloric acid, and solution of hydrochlorate of ammonia. Very soluble in aHher, which extracts it from all other solutions; fusible by heat, sublimes without residue ; potassa and lime- water cause with its solution a reddish or yellow, and ammonia a white precipitate. Oper. Stimulant, nntisyphilitic, alterative. Use.. In venereal complaints, with the greatest advantage, when a quick and general action is required; but its effects are often not permanent. In lepra, combined with anlimonials ; and in chronic rheumatism. Dissolved in the proportion of gr. iij. to water Oj., ns a gargle in venereal sore throats; and a little stronger we have found it useful as a gargle in breaking the abscess in cynanche tonsillaris. It is applied externally to tet- ters, and for destroying fungus; gr. iv. in water Oj., is a good wash in scabies. It may be given clysterways, when the stomach will not bear it. Great caution is necessary in using it externally. Dose. Gr. l-6th to gr ss. made into a pill, with extract of pop- pies, once in twenty-four hours. When swallowed as a po.son, the best antidote is white of egg.—(Orfila.) Ineomp. Vide Liquor Hyd. Bichloridi. Off. Prep. JAquor Hydrargyri Bichloridi, L. Hydrargyri Bin- oxydum, L. Hydrargyri Ammonio-chloridum, L. Hydrargyri Biniodidum, L. E. Hyd lodidum Rubrum, U. S. Hydrargy- rum Ammoniatum, U. S. HYDRARGYRI PERSULPHAS. D. Persulphate of Mercury. (Hydrargyri Purificati. Acidi Sulphurici utriusque partes sex, Acidi Nitrici partem unam. Expose to heat in a glass vessel, and augment the heat until the substance be completely dried and become while.) Comp. Sulphuric acid 26.23, peroxide or mercury 70.82, water 2.95. Prop. Color white; spec. grav. 6.444. Oper. Emetic, alterative. Use. Seldom used, except for preparing the following:— HYDRARGYRI OXYDUM SULPHURICUM. D. Sulphuric Oxide of Mercury. (Hydrargyri Persulphatis partem unam, Aqua Calida partes viginti. Rub them together in an earthen ware mortar, and pour off the supernatant liquor; wash the ■ yellow powder with hot distilled water, as long as the effused fluid yields a precipitate wilh the solution of caustic potassa; finally, dry the sulphuric oxide of mercury.) Turpeth mineral. Comp. Sulphuric acid 15.62, peroxide of mercury 84.38 in 109 parts. Use. Emetic, stimulant; but seldom used, except occasionally as a sternutatory, in very small quantities, combined wilh starch. HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM. L. H. Ch. Mite,U.S. Calo mel.-ts, E. Caloinelns Sublimatum, D. Chloride or Mercury or Calomel. (A chloride by sublimation.) Calomelas. (% Mercury lbiv.. Sulphuric Acid tbiij.. Chloride of Sodium, Ibiij, Distilled Water q. s. Boil lbij. or the mercury with the sul HYD 97 phnric acid, until the sulphate of mercury is left dry. Ruk this, when cold, with the remainder of the mercury, in an earthenware mortar, till they are thoroughly mixed. Add the chloride of sodium, and rub it with the other ingredients till all the globules disappear: afterwards sublime. Reduce the sub- limed matter to very fine powder, and wash it frequently with boiling distilled water, till the washings afford no precipitate upon the addition of solution of ammonia; then dry it.)—U. S. Phar. Comp. Chlorine 15.25, mercury 84.75, in 100 parts; or, 1 e<\ inercury=202-f-l chlorine=35.42, equiv.=237.42. Proj>. Inodorous, nearly insipid ; requiring 1152 parts of water at 212° for its solution; formed in a compact, hard, shining, striated cake, which by pulverization and levigation is reduced to an impalpable, ivory-colored powder; spec. grav. 7.175. Sublimes without a residuum; not soluble in iether or alcohol; blackened by potassa, and the oxide or mercury which results is reduced by heat to the metallic state. Distilled water, after having been boiled with it, yields no precipitate on the addition of ammonia or nitrate of silver.— U. S. Phar. Oper. Antisyphilitic, alterative; in large doses purgative. Use. In venereal diseases and chronic hepatitis combined with opium; in scrofula with cicuta; in convulsive affections with opium, camphor, assafcetida, &c.; in dropsies wilh squill, fox- glove, and elaterium ; and in rheumatism and lepra with anti- monials, guaiacum, and other sudorifics. As a purgative in any case not attended with intestinal inflammation ; generally united with purgatives, as gamboge, scammony, jalap, or rhubarb. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. ij., night and morning, in n pill; if it do no* purge, it gradually excites ptyalisiu: gr. iij. to gr. x. purge Children bear larger doses than adults. Ineomp. Nitric and hydrochloric acids, alkalies, and their car bonutes, lime-water, soaps, sulphurets, iron, lead, copper. Thi bicarbonate? of the alkalies do not decompose it. CALOMELAS PRiECIPlTATUM. D.* Precipitated Calomel (Hydrargyri Purificati partes septemdecem, Acidi Nitric diluti partes quindecem. The mercury being put into a glaa vessel, pour the acid upon it, and as soon as the mixtureceaset to effervesce, digest with a gentle heat, agitating occasionally for six hours; then augment the heat and let the liquor boil t little : pour it off from the undissolved mercury, and let it b« quickly mixed with forty parts or boiling water, containing seven parts or chloride or sodium in solution ; wash the preci pilated powder with hot distilled water, as long as the effused liquid affords a precipitate with the solution or caustic potassa • let it then be dried.) ."rop., Comp., and Use. The same as those or the sublimed pre parition. 8YDRARGYRI SULPHURETUM NIGRUM. U. S. CUM SULPHURE. L. D. Sulphuret or Mercury with Sulphur •This preparation is placed here, although not in alphabetical order, that it may be among th'; other mercurial preparations. 5 98 HYD Ethiops Mineral. (Hydrarg. Purif. Ibj., Sulphuris Sub. Ibj Rub them together uniil the globules disappear./ Comp. 58 parts bisulphuret of mercury+42 of sulphur in KM parts. Prop. Wholly dissipated by heat; does not communicate a whit« stain to gold when rubbed upon it, and exhibits no mercurial globules under the microscope. Chlorohydric acid which has been boiled with it, produces no precipitate when poured intc water.— U. S. Phar. Oper. Alterative. Use. In scrofula and cutaneous diseases. Dose. Gr. v. to 3 ss. HYDRARGYRI B1SULPHURETUM. L.D. Hydrargyri Sul- phuretum Rubrum. U. S.—E. Red Sulphuret of Mercury. Bisulphuret of Mercury. Cinnabar. (Quicksilver combined with sulphur.) Hydrargyrus Sulphuratus Ruber. Comp. Quicksilver 86.2, sulphur 13.8 parts in 100; or 2 eq. of sulphur=32.2+l mercury=202, equiv.=234.2. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; color a rich deep-red; insoluble in water and in alcohol. Oper. Antisyphililic. Use. As a fumigation against venereal ulcers or the nose, mouth, and throat; 3 ss. being thrown on a red-hot iron. It has also been used in cutaneous complaints and gouty affections; but it is at best an uncertain remedy. HYDRARGYRI BICYANIDUM. L. Hydrargyri Cyanuretum. Bicyanide of Mercury. Cyanuret of Mercury. (Ferri Percy- anidi $viij., Hydrargyri Binoxydi 3x., Aq. dist. Oiv. Boil for half un hour, strain and evaporate to form crystals.) Comp. 1 eq. of mercury=202+2 eq. of cyanogen=52.73, equiv. =254.78. Prop. Crystals right square prisms, inodorous, taste metallic, more soluble in water than in alcohol, soluble in nitric acid without decomposition. Oper. Excitant and alterative. Use. Rarely employed as a medicine; chiefly used for making Hydrocyanic acid. Off. Prep. Acidum Hyirocyanicum, L. HYDRARGYRI 10DIUUM. U. S.—L. Iodide of Mercury. Protiodide of Mercury. (Hydrargyri \'y, Iodinii 3 v., Alco- holis q. s. Rub together until the globules disappear, and dry with a gentle heat, and keep in a close-stopped bottle.) Comp. 1 eq. mercury=202+l, iodine=126.3, eq.=328.3. Prop. A greenish yellow powder readily decomposed by heat; inodorous, taste strongly metallic, insoluble in water, alcohol, or solution of chloride of sodium; soluble in a;ther: heated quickly it sublimes in red crystals, which afterwards become yellow. Oper. Excitant, alterative. Use. In strumous affections and lepra: as an external applica- tion. The iodides of mercury are among our most powerful alteratives, uniting in their effects the properties of both their constituents. They affect the mouth more speedily than other mercurials, and are particularly indicated in scrofula and se- condary syphilis, in scrofulous habits. Externally, they art used successfully in ulcers, ill-condilioned sores, swelled joints HYD gg where we wish to promote the action of the absorbents; and neuralgic affections. Dose. Gr. * to gr. ij. in pill or dissolved in alcohol. HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM RUBRUM. U. S. Hydrargyri Binioilidum. L.E. Red Iodide or Mercury, U. S. (Biniodide of Mercury.) (Hydrargyri \'y, Iodinii 3 x., Alcoholis q. s.; or, take of Corrosive Sublimate 3j-> Iodide of Potassium 3 x., Distilled Water Oij. Dissolve the mercury in Ojss., and the t iodide of potassium in Oss. of the distilled water, and mix the solutions. Collect the precipitate upon a filter, and having washed it with distilled water, dry it with a moderate heat, and keep il in a well-stopped bottle.)—U. S. Phar. Comp. 1 eq. mercury=202-|-2 ioditie=252.6, equiv. 444.6. Prop. A scarlet-red powder, subliming in rhombic scales; in- soluble in water; soluble in boiling alcohol. Sublimed en- tirely—soluble in 40 parts of a hot concentrated solution of chloride of sodium ; deposited in crystals on cooling. Dose. Gr. 1-lOh to gr. £ a day. HYDRARGYRI SULPHAS FLAVUS. U. S. Yellow Sul- phate of Mercury. (Turpeth Mineral.) B; Of Mercury 5 iv., Sulphuric Acid 3"vj. Mix in a g'ass vessel, and boil by means of a sand bath till a dry white mass remains; rub this into powder, and throw it into boiling water ; pour off the super- natant liquor, and wash the yellow precipitated powder re- peatedly with hot water ; then dry it. Prop. A lemon-yellow powder, almost insoluble in water; en- tirely dissipated by heat, sulphuric acid being evolved, and metallic globules sublimed HYDRARGYRUM CUM CRETA. U. S—L. E. D. Mercury with Chalk. (A protoxide, formed by trituration with carbon- ate of lime. Take of Mercury 3 iij., Prepared Chalk 3 v. Rub together till all the globules disappear.) Comp. Very uncertain, depending on the degree of trituration. Fourcroy states it to contain 4.100 of oxygen. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; color grey. Oper. Alterative, antisyphilitic 1 Use. In porrigo, nnd other cutaneous affections; in venereal complaints its operution is so slow nnd weak as to merit no attention. An alterative in visceral diseases of children, espe- cially in chronic diarrhoea and cholera infantum. Dose. Gr. v. to 3 ss. twice a day. in any viscid substance. Ineomp. Acids nnd acidulous salts. HYDRARGYRUM CUM MAGNESIA. D. Mercury with Magnesia. (A protoxide, formed by trituration with carbonate of magnesia.) (n every respect this preparation resembles the former; the em- ployment of the carbonate of magnesia instead of chalk does not alter the properties nor the virtues of the remedy. HYDRARGYRUM \MMONIATUM. U.S. Hydrargyri Am- monio-Chloriduui. L. Hydrargyri Precipitatum Album, E. Submurias Hydrargyri Ammoniatum. D. Ammonio chloride, 01 White Precipitated Mercury. White Precipitate. (A bin- oxide, combined with bichloride or mercury and ammonia, forming a triple snlt.) Comp. 1 eq. binoxide of niercury=218-f-1 bichloride of mercury =272.84+2 ammonia=34.30, equiv.=525 11. 100 ICH Prop. Inodorous, tasteless, snowy while, ponderous. Insoluble in water or alcohol, soluble in chlorohydric acid, entirely dissipated by a strong heat; it does not become black when triturated with lime-water; but with potassa it becomes yellow. Oper. Detergent. Use. As an external application, united with lard, in scabies, and some other cutaneous affections. Off. Prep. Ung. Hydrargyri Ammonio-chlortdi, L. Ung. Hy- drargyri Precip. Albi, D. Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammonia- ti, U. S. HYDRO-SULPHURETUM AMMONliE. D. Hydrosulphuret of Ammonia. Prop. Odor very fetid; taste nauseous, styptic; color dark yellowish green. Oper. Sedative, nauseating, emetic ; disoxygenizing? Use. In diabetes, and diseases of increased excitement. Dose. fllv. gradually to fllxv. three or four times a day ; larger doses produce vomiting. Ineomp. All the acids and metallic solutions. HYOSCYAMI FOLIA ET SEMLNA. U. S.—L. D. Hyoscy- amus, E. Henbane Leaves and Seeds. (Hyoscyamus Niger. Pentand. Monogyn. N. O. Solanacea. Europe. £.) Comp. The seeds yield (Brande) 24.2 per cent, or fixed oil, 1.4 fiuty matter, 1.2 of gum, 2.4 of bassorin, 1.50 or starch, 4.5 of albumen, 26.0 of vegetable fibre, 24.1 water, 9.7 saline matter, including an alkaline principle, called hyoscyanine, which crystallizes in long prisms, and has a very strong taste. Prop. Odor narcotic, peculiar; not unlike tobacco when bruised; taste insipid, mucilaginous, lost by drying; virtues yielded to proof spirit. Oper. Narcotic, anodyne, antispasmodic, slightly stimulant. Ute. In epilepsy, hysteria, palpitation, palsy, mania, and scir- rhus, as a substitute for opium to procure sleep in nervous habits, pertussis, asthma, catarrh, gout, rheumatism, exter- nally as a cataplasm in cancer and glandular swellings; and to dilate the pupil, or in fine powder sprinkled on cancerous sores, to allay pain. Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. x. or the powder; but generally the extract is preferred. Ojf. Prep. Extradum Hyoscyami, U. S.—L. E. D. Tinetura Hyoscyami, U. S.—L. E. D. HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS. Herba. Ed. Common Hyssop. Hyssop Leaves. (Didynamia Gymnospcrm. N. O. Labiala. Europe ) Prop. Odor aromatie, taste warm, pungent, depending on an essential oil. Oper. Stimulant, expectorant attenuant. Use. In humoral asthma and chronic catarrh ; seldom used. Dose. 3j. to 3j. twice or thrice a day; or the infusion may be freely drank. CHTHYOCOLLA. U. S. Isinglass. (Accipenser Huso et Ruthenus.) Sounds or the swimming bladders of fishes, as the Weak Fish and Cod, but especially the different species of sturgeon. (Pisces, Chondropterygii. Cuv. Russia.) Comp. Soluble gelatine 98, insoluble fibre 2 parts in 100. INF lOi rVsjp. Inodorous, tasteless, dry, whitish, semitransparent; when dissolved in boiling water it forms an opaque jelly. Oper. Nutritive, demulcent, externally adhesive. Use. As a diet for the sick and convalescent, and infants troubled with acidity of the prims vis. As an article of diet in cholera infantum, lar preferable to vegetable farinaceous substances, as arrowroot, Ice. The English court-plaster ia made with it. Ineomp. Astringpnt vegetable infusions, carb potash, alcohol. INFUSUM ANTHEMIDIS. U.S.—L.E. Infusion of Chamo- mile. (Anthemidis 3 v., Aq. Fervent. Oj. Macerate for ten minutes in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. The odor and taste of the flowers. Oper. Tonic; emetic when taken warm. Use. The cold infusion in dyspepsia, hysteria, and other com- plaints attended with debility of the stomach; the warm is employed either alone to excite gentle vomiting, or to assist the operation of other emetics. Dose, f 3j. to F5 U- Incomp. Isinglass; infusions of yellow cinchona; solutions of sulphate of iron, nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, ace lutes of lead. INFUSUM ARMORACLE. U. S.: COMPOSITUM. L. D Compound Infusion of Horse Radish. (Armor, concisa, Sina- pis contusi, sing. 3j.. Spiritus Armoracia Comp. f 3j-> Aqua Fcrv. Oj Macerate for two hours in u covered vessel, ihen strain, and add the Spir. Armoracia; Comp.) Prop. Liltle odor; a mawkish, acrid taste. Oper. Si'mulant, diuretic. Use. In paralysis, scorbutus, chronic rheumatism, and dropsies occurring after intermitlenus. Dose, f * j. to f 3 iij. three or four times a day. Ineomp. "Carbonate of alkalies, bichloride of mercury, nitrate of silver, infusions of gulls, nnd of cinchona. INFLSUM AURANTII COMPOSITUM. L.D. Infusum Au- rantii, E. Compound Infusion of Orange Peel. (Aurant. Cor. sic. 3 iv., Linton. Cort. recent. 3 ij., Caryophyll. contus. 3j., Aq. Ferv. Oj. Macerate for fifteen minutes in a covered vessel, and strain.) Oper. Tonic, stomachic, stimu'ant, carminative Use. In dyspepsia, particularly that of drunkards; flatulent colic; in gout, united with absorbents; and in the debility which follows acute diseases. Dose. r5 jss. to f 3 ij. every four hours Ineomp. Sulphas ferri, acetas plumbi, infusion of yellow cin chonn bark, lime water. INFLSUM CALUMBA5:. L.E.D. Inf. Colombs, U. S. In- fusion of Calumba. (Calumba concisa 3 v., Aqua Ferv. Oj, Macerate for two hours in a slightly covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. Odor and taste or the root; mucilaginous. Oper Tonic without stimulating; antiseptic. Ute. In dyspepsia and cholera, the vomiting of which it checks' in bilious remittent fever; to check the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy; and the severe diarrha-a and vomiting ofter attending dentiiion; in the hectic or phthisis, to correct acri- 102 INF mony, and strengthen the digestion ; and in the low state ol puerperal fever. Dose. .'3jss. to f 1 ij. three or four times a day. Ineomp Antimonii potassio-larlras, hydrargyri bichlondum, nitras argenti, no-tns plumbi; infusion ot cinchona. INFUSUM CARYOFHYLLI. U. S.-L. E. D. Infusion ot Cloves. (Caryophyl. contus. 3 iij., Aq. Fervent. Oj. Macwaa in a covered vessel for two hours, and strain.) Proy. Odor fragrant; tasie warn*, aromatic ; color red. Oper. Stimulant, tonic, stomachic. Use. In atonic gout, when the stomach is affected; and nntu- lent colic. Doss. 13 jss. to r3 ij. three or four times a day. Ineomp. Sulphas fei ri; sulphas zinci; antimonii potassio-tartras, nitras argenti ; acetas plumbi; infusion of cinchona. INFL SUM CASCARILLA2. US— L.E.D. Infusion of Cas- carilla. (Cascarilla Cort. cont. 5 iss., Aq. Ferv. 0). Macerate for two hours in a coveted vessel, nnd strain.) Prop. Odor aromatic ; taste bitter and aromatic Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. In alvine. fluxes, particularly after measles; in the aphtha gangrenosa of children. Dose, f 3 jss. to f 3 ij. for adults twice or thrice a day. Ineomp. Infusions of galls, and yellow cinchona; lime-water; solutions of sulphate of iron, nitrate of silver, acetates of lead. INFUSUM CATECHU COMPOSITUM. U. S.—L. D. Infu- sum Catechu, E. Infusion of Catechu. (Catechu Extractx 3 j., Cinnam. Cort. contusi 3j., Aqua Fervent Oj. Macerate for an hour, and strain.) Infusum Catechu. Oper. Astringent, stomachic. Use. In diarrhoeas from a laxity of the bowers. Dose. f 3j. to f 5 ij. every three hours, or after every loose stool. Ineomp. Tartar emetic, sulphate of iron, sulphate of zinc, solu- tion of isinglass, infusion of cinchona, the strong acids, bi- chloride or mercury. INFUSUM CHIRETT/E. E. Infusion of Chiretta. (Chirrtta 3 iv., Boiling Water Oj. Infuse for two hours, nnd stiain through linen or calico.) Prop. An agreeable bitter. Oper. Tonic. Use. In atonic dyspepsia, and in general debility. Dose. From f3j- lo f Tij. twice or thrice a day. INFLSUM CINCHONA:. U. S.—L. E. D. Infusion of Cin- chona. (Cinch Lancifolia Cort. contusi 3J-, Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for six hours, and strain. L. The Comp. Inf. of Per. Bark of the U. S Phar. is prepared in the same manner, adding 3 j. aromatic sulphuric ncid.) Prop. The peculiar aromatic flavor and bitterness of the bark employed. Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. In dyspepsia and convalescences. Dose. f3J-to r3U- united with some aromatic tincture, or a mineral acid, three or four limes a day. Ineomp. Tartar emetic, sulphates or iron and or zinc, nitrate of silver and bichloride of mercury, acetates of lead. Decoction INF 103 of galls, lime-water, carbonates of alkalies, and infusions of almost all the vegetable bitters. INFLSUM cinchona; CUM SUCCO LIMONUM. U. S. Infusion of Cinchona wilh Lemon Juice. (Cinchona in pulvere 3j, Succi Limonum f 5 ij-, Tinct. Camph. Comp. t'3iij., Aqua Frigida Oj. Macerate tor twelve hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Use. In cases requiring bark, attended with great irritability of stomach. Dose, f 3 j. to r 3 iij- INFUSUM CUSPARLE. L.E. lnftisnm Angusturs, U. S— D. Infusion of Cusparia. (Cusparia Cort. contusi 3 v., Aqua Fervent. Oj. Macerate for two hours, and strain.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste bitter, and slightly aromatic. Oper. Tonic, antiseptic. Use. In febrile diseases, obstinate bilious diarrhoea, and dysen- tery, after proper evacuations. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. three or four times a day. Ineomp. Infusion of galls, and of catechu ; tartar emetic; sul- phates of iron and of zinc; nitrate or silver, bichloride or mer- cury, acetates of lend. INFUSUM DIGITALIS. U. S— L. E. D. Infusion of Fox- glove. (Digitalis Fol. exsiccat. 3j., Spir. Cinnamomi 3j., Aq. Ferv. Oj., L. Digitalis 3 ij., Spirit of Cinnamon f 3 ij., Boiling Water 3 xviij., E. Macerate for four hours, strain, and add Spir. Cinnam. f 3 iv. Prop. Inodorous, taste bitter and nauseous. Oper. Diuretic, sedative. Use. In dropsies, humoral asthma, phthisis pulmonalis; and in diseases or increased action. Dose. r3ss. to f 5j. every eight or ten hours, till it nffects the kidneys, the pulse, stomach, or bowels; and then stopped. Ineomp. SulphLS ferri, acetas plumbi; infusion of yellow cin- chona. INFUSUM DIOSMAS. U. S—L. Infusum Bucku, E. D. In* fusion of Buchu. (Foliorum Diosma crenata 3J-, Aqua Fer- ventis Oj. Digest for four hours, and strain through cloth.) Prop. Odor aromatic; taste slightly bitter, aromatic, and cooling, resembling peppermint. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic. Use. In chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder. Dose, f 3 j to f 3 ij. twice or thrice a day. INFLSUM EUPATORII. U.S. Infusion of Thoroughwort. (ft Of Thoroughwort, the dried herb, 3j., Boiling Water Oj Macerate two hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. Odor fragrant; taste hitter. Oper. Cold, tonic ; when warm, diaphoretic, emetic. U»e. As o diaphoretic, in catarrh and colds, drank freely, warm. The cold infusion is an excellent mild tonic, in dyspepsia and intermittents. Dose, f 3J. to f 3 ij. three or four times a day. INFUSUM GENTIANA: COMPOSITUM. U. S -L. D. In rusum Gentians, E. Compound Infusion of Gentian. (Gen tiana Rad. concisa, Aurantii Cort. exsic., sing. 3 ij., Limonii Cort. recent 3 iv., Ao. Ferr. Oj.) 104 I N P Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. In dyspepsia and chlorosis, united with chalybeate*, or wltt alkalies; diarrhoea and gout, with absorbents and aromatic tinctures; and in dropsy, with squill nnd neutral salts. Dose. 13 jss. to f 3 ij. three times a day. Ineomp. Acetates of lead. *** TAe Edinburgh and Dublin Colleges order the ingredients to be previously macerated in f 3 iv. of proof spirit. INFUSUM KRAMERIiE. U. S—L. Infusion of Rhntany (Krameria 3j., Aqua dist. ferv.Oy Macerate for four hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. Earthy odor; tasie powerfully astringent. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In chronic diarrhoea; as a gargle In relaxation of the uvula. Dose, f 5i=s. to r3ij- INFUSUM LINI COMPOSITUM. L.D. Infusum Lini,U.S. —E. Infusion or Linseed. (Lini Usitatis. Sem. contus. 3 vj., Glycyrrh. Rad. con. 3 ij., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for four hours, near the fire, and strain.) Prop. Inodorous, sweetish, mucilaginous Oper. Demulcent. Use. In catarrh, pneumonic affections, strangury, gonorrhoea; and after operations on the urethra or the bladder Dose. A tcacupful ad libitum. Ineomp. Alcohol, acetates of lead. INFUSUM LUPULI. U. S.—L. Infusum Humuli, U.S. In- fusion of Hop. (Lupuli 3 vj., Aqua dist. ferv. Oj. Macerate for four hours, and strain.) Prop. Taste aromatic, bitter, odor agreeable. Oper. Tonic, slightly narcotic. Dose, f 3j. to r3 ij- INFUSUM MENTHA: SIMPLEX. D. Simple Infusion of Mint. (Foliorum Mentha Viridis siccatorum 3 ij., Aqua Fer- ventis q. s. ut colentur mensura 3 vj.) Use. A good diluent in febrile diseases. INFUSUM MENTHA; COMPOSITUM. D. Compound Infu- sion of Mint. (Fol. Menth. Sat. siccat. 3 ij., Aq. Ferv- q. s. ut colentur f 3 vj. Macerate for half an hour in a covered vessel, and when cold, strain ; then add Sacch. Albi 3 ij., Olei Menth. Sat. gtt. rij. dissolved in T. Card. Com. 3 ss.) Oper. Gently stimulating, diaphoretic. Use. In anorexia, and as a vehicle for disagreeable remedies. Dose. r3j- to r3ij. occasionally. INFUSUM PA REIR M. L.E Infusion ofPareira. (Pareira 3 vj., Aq. Ferv. Oj. Macerate for two hours, and strain.) Oper. Slightly tonic, diuretic. Dose. r3jss. to r3ij. The extract is usually added to the infusion. INFLSUM PRUNI VIRGINIANS. U. S. Infusion of Wild Cherry Bark. (Take of Wild Cherry Bark bruised 3ss., Cold Water Oj. Macerate for twenty-four hours, and strain.) Prop. Beautifully transparent, color of Madeira wine, slightly bitter, and astringent. Oper. Tonic and antispasmodic, narcotic. Use. As a tonic, where there is much nervous excitability vrtl INF 10S > debilitated condition of the stomach and bowels, together with general or local irritation. Improves the appetite, induces sleep, calms nervous irritability, and allays the action of the heart and arteries. Highly useful in the hectic fever of scrofula and consumption, dyspepsia, intermittent*, &c. Dote, fl ij. 10 f 3 iij- three or four times a day. INFUSUM QUASSlAl. U.S.—L.E. D. Infosionofduassia (Quassia concisa 3ij., ( 3j. E.), Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for iwo hours, nnd strain.) Prop. Inodorous; taste a very pure bitter; limpid; possessing no astringpney. Opir. Tonic, antiseptic. Use. Iii bilious fevers, united with alkaline salts; hysteria, with camphor and tm ture or valerian; gout, with aromatica and ginger; and in dyspepsia, with sulphate or zinc, or with mineral acids. Dose, f 3j. to f 3 ij. twice or thrice a day. Ineomp. Acetas plumbi, nitras argenti. INFUSUM RHEI. U. S.-L. E. D. Infusion of Rhubarb. (Rhei concisi 3 iij , Aq. Ferv. Oj., L. Powdered Rhubarb 3j-i Spirit of Cinnamon f 5 ij., Boiling Water f 5 xviij., E. Mace- rate for two hours in a covered vessel, and strain.) Prop. Odor fragrant, like that or the root; taste bitter and aro- matic; limpid; red-yellow; not so astringent as the root. Oper. Purgative, stomachic. Use. In costiveness; and, united with ginger and aromatics, in diarrhoeas from weakness of the bowels. Dote, f |j. to f 3 iij. united with neutral salts; r5 ss. with tinct of cinnamon, where its stomachic effect only is required. Ineomp. Solution of isinglass, infusion of yellow cinchona, all the strong acids, nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, ace- tates of lead, sulphate of iron, tartar emetic, magnesia. INFUSUM ROSA? COMPOSITUM. U. S —L. Infusum Ro- se, E. Infusum Rosa' Acidum, D. Infusion of the Rose. (Rosa Gatlica Petal, exsicc. 3 iij.. Aqua Feroentis Oj., Acidi Sulph. dilut. f 3 jss., SaccA. Purif. 3 vj. After pouring Ihe water on the petals, in a glass vessel, add the acid, and macerate for half un hour; then strain, nnd add the sugar.) Prop. Odor of the rose; taste slightly austere, acid, and sweet Oper. Sub-astringent, refrigerant. Use. In the colliquative sweatsof phthisis; and, with additional acid and some nitre, in uterine and pulmonary hsmorrhagesj topically as a gargle in cynanche tonsillaris. The infusion is an elegant vehicle for many active remedies, particularly sul- phate of magnesia, the nauseous taste of which it covers. Dose, f ; iss. to Oss. every three or four hours. Ineomp. Sulphates of iron and of zinc, alkalies, earths. INFUSUM SARSAPARILLA;. U.S.: COMPOSITUM. D. Compound Infusion of Sarsaparilla.. (Rndieis Sarsaparilla, prius aqua frigida mumlata et dein incisa, \'y, Aqua Calidm meu-ura Ibj. Macerate for twelve hours in a closed vessel, occasionally agitating, then strain.i Prop, atul Use. The same as the decoction. Dose, f 3 iv. to f 3 viij twice a day. INFUSUM SCOPARII. L. Infusion of Broom. (Seonorujj Aq. dist. ferv. Oj. Macerate for four hours, ami strain.l 5* 106 IN F Oper. Aperient, diuretic. Dose. 3 jss. to 3H INFUSUM SENNA3, U.S.: COMPOSITUM L.D. Infusum Senna;, E. Infusion of Senna. (Senna Fol. 3 xv., Zingiberit con. 3tv., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for an hour in a covered vessel, and strain.) Infusum Senna Simplex. Oper. Purgative. Use. In costiveness, nnd to move the bowels in acute diseases ; the ginger counteracts the griping quality of the senna. It is generally united with neutral purgative sails and manna. Dose, f 3 j. to f 5 iv. Ineomp. The same as of infusion of senna, and also ail salts havi g potassa for a nase. INFUSUM SERPENTARIiE. U. S.—L. E. Infusion of Vir ginia Snake Root. (Serpenlaria 3 iv., Aqua dist. fervent. Oj Macerate in a covered vessel for four hours, and strain.) Oper. Excitant, diaphoretic. Dose. r3j- to f 3'j- Ineomp. Strong acids, lime-water, the alkaline carbonates, solu- tions of nitrate of silver, bichloride or mercury, acetates of" lead, tartarized antimony, and infusion of yellow cinchona. INFUSUM SENNA: COMPOSITUM. E. Infusum Senna cum Tamarindis, D. Infosion or Tamarind and Senna (JiYuci. Tamarindi 3j-i Senna 3j., Sem. Coriand. contus. 3j., Sacch. non purif. 3ss., Aq. bull. 3 viij. Macerate in a vessel not glazed with lead, agitating occasionally, for four hours, and strain.) Oper. Mildly purgative and cooling. Use. In delicate habits, and inflammatory diseases. Dose, f 3 ij. to f 3iv. INFUSUM SIMAROUBA!. L.E.D. Infosion or Simarouba. (Simarouba contusi 3 iij., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for two hours in a covered vessel, and 'strain.) Prop. Inodorous; bitter, but not astringent. Oper. Tonic, antiseptic; emetic in large doses. Use. In diarrhoea, and the advanced stage of dysentery; dys- pepsia; leucorrhoea; and intermittent fevers. Dose, f 5 ij- united with opium, or with an aromatic, every three or four hours. Ineomp. Decoction or galls, infrision or catechu and yellow cinchona, solutions or nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, acetate of lead, alkaline carbonates, lime-water. INFUSUM SPIGELIAN U. S. Infusion of Pink Root. (Bi Root 3ss-> Boiling Water Oy Macerate two hours.) INFUSUM TABAC1. U.S.—D. Infusion of Tobacco. (Tabad Fol. 3j., Aqua Ferv. Oj. Macerate for an hour in a covered vessel, and strain.) Oper. Sedative, antispasmodic. Use. As a clyster in ileus, colica pictonum, strangulated hernia, and retention of urine from spasm or the urethra. It is, how- ever, a very dangerous remedy, and not over one-third ol Oj. should be administered at once. INFUSUM ULMI. Infusion of Slippery-Elm Bark. U.S. (ft Bark of Slippery Elm 3 j., Boiling Water Oj. Macerate twa hours.) IOD 107 INFUSUM VALERIANA!. U. S.—L. D. Infusion of Valerian. (Valeriana 3 iv., Aqua Ferva. Oj. Macerate for half an hour, and when cold, strain.) Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic. Use. In hysteria, when (he stomach will not bear the powder. Dose, f 3 jss. to r3 ij- twice or thrice a day. Ineomp Nitrate or silver, sulphate or iron, infusion of yellow cinchona. INULA. U. S (Secondary.) L. Elecampane. (Inula Hell- mum. Syngcnesia Superfiua. N. O. Composita.) Radix. Prop. Odor slightly fetid, taste at first soapy and rancid, then aromatic, bitter, hot. Oper. Tonic, diuretic, expectorant. Use. In dyspepsia, paralysis, dropsies, asthma. Dose. 3 j. to 3j In powder. Off. Prep. Confectio Piperis Nigri, L. D. IODINUM. U.S. lodinum,L. D. Iodineum, E. Iodine. Prop. Crystals small, feebly tenacious; in color and general aspect resemble black lead (plumbago) : fuses at 338° Fahr.; volatilizes at 347° Fahr., producing a violet-colored vapor. Soluble in aether and alcohol. Water dissolves 1-70(10 only of its weight. Gr. xxxix. with gr. ix. of quick lime, and f 3 iij. of water, when heated short of 212°, form yellowish or brownish solution ; when the solution is colorless, the iodine is impure. Oper. Stimulant, absorbent, emmenagogue,* alterative. Use. In bronchocele and other glandular swellings, not or scir- rhous nature, scrofula, dropsy, cutaneous diseases, secondary syphilis, rheumatism, gout, hepatitis ; to bring on menstruation in young females in whom It has not occurred j to assist the cicatrization of venereal ulcers. Dose. From gr. 1-6 lo gr. iv., made into pills, with crumbs of bread. Off. Prep. Tinct. lodinn, U. S—L. E. D. Ung. lodinii, U. S.— L. K. I). IOI1URETUM AMYLI. Iodide of Starch. (R Iodine gr. xxiv., Starch in fine powder 3J- Triturate the iodide with a little water, and gradually add ihe starch, continuing the trituration till the compound assumes a uniform blue color. Then dry the iodide with a heat so gentle as not lo drive off the iodine, and keep in a well-stopped bottle.) Oper. and Use. The same as the other preparations of iodine. Dose. From gr. x. to gr. xx. three times a day. IODURKTUM SULPHURIS. loduret of Sulphur. (Mix 125 parts of iodine with 16 of sulphur, and then gently heat the mixture over a slow fire, or spirit-lamp, until they fuse into one mass ) Oper. Alterative- Use. In tinea capitis, and other cutaneous diseases, in the form of an ointment, in the proportion of from gr. x. to 3j. of the iodide to Jj. of lard. * I have ascertained that it passes through the kidneys un- altered—T. 13 108 JAL ODIDUM QrUININA!. Ioduret of duinine (Precipitate sul phate of quinine by means of bydriodate of potassa.) Prop. A yellow precipitate, soluble in alcohol, and crystallizes in quadrangular prisms. Use. For scrofulous tumors, and where iodine and tonics are indicated. IPECACUANHA: RADIX. U. S—L. E. D. tpecncuan Root. (Cephslis Ipecacuanha. Pentand. Munogynia. N. O. Cincho nacea.) Brazils. Prop. Odor faint and peculiar; taste bitter, subacrid, mucilagi nous; in small annuluted pieces ; externally brown, internally whitish; both water and alcohol extract its virtues, which have been found to depend on a peculiar principle, named emetia. Oper. Emetic in large doses; sudorific, expectorant, in smaller. Use. To produce vomiting in the commencement or fevers, phthisis, inflammatory diseases, buboes, swelled testicles, and before the paroxysms of ague; to excite nausea in dysentery, asthma, pertussis, haemorrhages, pneumonia, and, combined with opium, to produce diaphoresis in rheumatism, gout, and febrile disorders. Dose. For the first intention, gr. xx. to gr. xxx. alone, or united with tartar emetic gr. j.; for ihe second, gr. j. lo gr. iij.; and the third, gr. ij. to gr. vj., with opium gr. j. Ineomp. Vegetable acids, aslringent vegetable infusions. Off. Prep. Pulvis Ipecacuanha Compositus, U. S.—L. E. D. Pilula Ipecacuanha Comp., L. Viuum Ipecacuanha, U. S.— L. E. D. IRIS FLORENTINA. U. S. The Root. Florentine Orris. (Triandria, Monogynia. N.O. Iridia. South of Europe.) Comp. Gum, brown extractive, fecula, an acrid, Xixed oil, vola- tile oil, vegetable fibre. Prop. Peculiar fragrant odor, bitterish, acrid taste Oper. Cathartic, emetic, diuretic. Use. In dropsy ; but chiefly used for its fragrance in tooth pow- der, to correct an offensive breath; to keep up a discharge from i-sues in the form of small round balls. IRIS VERSICOLOR. U. S. (Secondary.) Blue Flag. The Root. Prop. Recent root, without odor; nauseous, acrid taste—im- paired by age. Oper. Cathartic, emetic, diuretic. Use. But seldom employed, owing to the distressing nausea and prostration it occasions. Dose. Dried root, gr. x. to gr. xx. JALAPA. U. S.—L. E. Convolvuli Jalaps Radix, D. (Ipo- mam Jalapa. Pentandria, Monogyn. N.O. Coneoloulacea 'f.) Jalapium. Radix. Prop. Odor slightly nauseous; taste sweetish, slightly pungent solid, hard, heavy brittle; fracture resinous; internally fight prey, externally covered with a deep-brown, wrinkled lurk Proof spirit is its proper menstruum. Oper. Cathartic ; the resinous part gripes violently. Use. In costiveness, mania, worms, and as hydragogue in dropsy It is also .1 good adjunct lo quicken the operation of the chloride K I N 109 of mercury, and other purgatives of slow operation. A drop of essential oil prevents its griping. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. in pills or a bolus. Off. Prep. Pulvis Jalapa Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Extradum Jalapa,U.S.—h.H.'D. Tinct. Jalapa,U.S.—L.E. D. Tinct. Senna C omp., U. S.—E. 'UGLANS. U. S. Butternut. The inner bark of the root (J. Cinerea. Monacia, Polyandria. N. O. Juglandna. In- digenous.) Prop. Inner bark has a fibrous texture; feeble odor, peculiar, bitter, somewhat acrid taste; virtues all extracted by bulling water. Oper. Cathartic; opeiating without pain or irritation, resem- bling rhubarb. Use. In habitual costiveness; fevers, combined with calomel; hepatic diseases, with dandelion. Dose. Gr. xx. to gr. xxx. as a purge, gr. v. laxative. JUNIPERI OLEUM. E. See Oleum Juniperi. JUNIPERUS. U. S. Juniperi Fructus et Cacumina, L. E. D. Juniperi Cacumina, E. Juniper Fruit and Tops. (Diacia, Monadelphia. N.O: Conifera. North of Europe, 'f.) Prop. Odor strong, but not unpleasant; taste warm, pungent, sweetish, followed by a bitter; depending on an essential oil and sweet mucilage. They yield their active properties to both water and alcohol. Oper. Diuretic carminative, diaphoretic? Use. In dropsies; but they cannot be depended on alone, al- though they are an admirable adjunct to digitalis and squill. Dose. 3j to 3ss. triturated with sugar, three or lour limes a day. The best form of exhibiting the fruit is an infusion made wilh 5'ij- bruised, nnd boiling water Oj. Off. Prep. Oleum Juniperi, U. S.—L. E. D. Spiritus Juniperi Cbmpositus, U. S.—L. E. D. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIAN A. U.S. (Secondary.) Red Cedar. U. States. Conifera. i>. Prop. Tops and leaves officinal. Odor peculiar; strong, bitter, pungent taste; properties reside iu un essential oil, and readily imparted to ulcidiol. Comp. Volatile oil, gum, tannic ncid, albumen, bitter extractive, resin, clorophylle, fixed oil, lime, lignin. Oper. Stimulant, emmenagogue, diuretic, diaphoretic. Use. In amenorrhea;!, chronic rheumatism, dropsy ; externally, as un irritant ointment, made by boiling the fresh leaves in twice their weight of lard, and adding a liille wax : or the dried leaves may be mixed with six times their weight of resin cerate. Applied to blistered surfaces to keep up a purulent discharge : interior to the savine. KINO. U. S.—L. E. D. Pten carpus Erinacen. (The Edin- burgh College considers it Eucalyptus Resiniieru ; the Dublin, Butea Frondosu. Africa.) Kino Recina. Comp. Tannic and gallic acid, oxide of iron, coloring matter. Prop. Inodorous; taste sweetish, bitter; sometime? gritty be tween the teeth ; in fragments of a dark ruby-red color; easily pulverized, powder reddish brown; more soluble in warm than in cold water. Oper. Astringent [10 LAV U*e. In obstinate chronic diarrhoeas; uterine, intestinal, nn< pulmonary hxuaorrhages; floor albu«. Dose. Gr. x. to gr. xx. in powder; or in solution of the powdei 3j., mucilage of gum f Jj., cinnamon water f 3 V.; two table- spoonfuls occasionally. Vide Tinct. Ineomp. The mineral acids, alkalies, and their carbonates; ace- tates of lead, nitrate of silver, tartar ernelic, sulphate of iron, bichloride of mercury. Off. Prep. Tinetura Kino, U. S.—L. E. D. Electuarium (Me chu, E. I). KRAMERIA. U. S.—L. E. D. Rliatany Root. (Krameria Triandra. Tetrand. Monogynia. N. O. Krameracea. Java. »•) Prop. Taste bitter; communicates a deep-red color both to water and to spirit. Oper. Astringent, diuretic, detergent. Use. In dysentery, attended with bloody stools; in ulceration of the gums, and as a stomachic in dyspepsia. Dose. 3ss. to 3 j. in powder. LACMUS. L. E. See Rocella Tinctoria. LACTUCARIUM. U. S.—L. E. Lactucaj Sativa: Herba; Lactucarium. D. Garden Lettuce and its inspissated juice. (Lactuca Sativa Syngenesia JEqualis. N. O. Cichoracea. Europe, £ .) Prop. The herb has no odor; its taste is slightly bitter, when not blanched. Odor and color of the lactucarium the same as that of opium; soluble in water; contains resin, extractive, mucilage, bitter principle; no morphia. Oper. Narcotic, diaphoretic. Use. In coughs, phthisis pulmonalis, and all painful affections. Dose. Of the lactucarium, from gr. ij. to gr. vj. LACTUCA SATIVA. U.S.—L.E. Garden Lettuce. (Syng. A2q. N.O. Cichoracea. £.) Prop. The inspissated juice, called Lactucarium, is chiefly em- ployed. This is in small, irregular lumps, of a reddish-brown color, and of a narcotic odor and bitter taste ; resembles opium in color, taste, nnd smell. Sometimes calle^ lettuce opium. Comp. A bitter, crystallizable principle, lactucin; mannite, »a paramide, a free acid, a brown coloring substance, resin, ce.in, myncin, al bumen, gum, nitrate of potassa, chloride of potassium, phosphates of lime and magnesia. Oper. Anodyne, sedative, narcotic ; similar to opium. Dose. Gr. v. to gr xx. An uncertain medicine. LACTl CA VIROSA FOLIA. D. The Leaves of Strong- scented Letluce. (Syngenesia JEqualis. N. O. Cichoracea. Indigenous. £.) Prop. Odor strong, narcotic, like opium ; taste bitter Oper. Narcotic, diuretic, diaphoretic, gently laxative. Use. In dropsies, from visceral obstructions: the leaves are seldom used, but an extract is made from them. Dote. See Succut Spissatus. (The Lactuca Eton gat a has been introduced into the U. S. Phar. as a substitute for thi L. Vimta. It is narcotic, and acts upon the skin and kidneys. From gr.v to gr. xv. of the extract is a dose.) LAVANDULA. U. S—L. E. Lavandula Spicie Fl.ares, O LI M HI Lavender Flowers. (Didynamia Gymnospermia. N.O. La- biata. South or Europe. > .) Prop. Odor fragrant,agreeable; tasie warm, biiterish ; depending on an essential oil, which is taken up by alcohol. Oper. Stimulant, slightly errhine. Use. When the oil is extracted nnd united with proof spirit, it is very useful in faintings, paralysis, and as an adjunct to stomachic bitters. The dried leaves were used, formerly, to produce u discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose, but are now neglected Off. Prep. Oleum Lavandula, U. S.—L. E. D. Spir. Lavandu- la, U. S—L. E. D. Tinct. Lavandula Cvmp., L. E. U. Pulv. Asari Comp., 1). LAURl BACCA: ET FOLlA. L. D. Bay Berries. Leaves, and Oil. (For Class and Order, see Cinnamomi Cort. Italy. >•) Prop. Odor slightly fragrant; taste pungent, aromatic ; depending on an essential oil. Oper. Stimulant, narcotic, carminative. Use. Seldom used, except lis an external application, and gene- rally compounded with other stimulants. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. in powder. Off. Prep. Confectio Ruta, L. LAURI CASSLE CORTEX; Flos nondum explicitus, D. The Bark and unopened Flower Buds, but not ol the Lnurus Cassia. Cochin China. (For Class and Order, see Cinnamomi Cortex.)* Prop. The bark is more niuci'aginons than cinnamon; quills thicker and shorter, with u short, smooth fracture; the buds have a brown color, and shape something like u small nail. Oper. and Use. The same us cinnamon Off. Prep. At;. Cassia, E. LAUROCERASUS. E. Cherry Laurel. 'X. O. Laurine». South of Europe. >.) Prop. Contains a volatile oil; the active principle of which is hydrocyanic acid. Oper. Sedative. LEONTODON TARAXACUM. II. S. Hcrba, Radix. D. Vide Taraxacum. LICHEN CF.'l'RARIA. (Cetraria.U.S.—L.) Lichen Islnndicus, E. Cetraria Islandica, 1). Liver Wort. (Cetraria Islandica. N. O. Lichenaeea. Iceland. 1\..) Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, mucilaginous. Oper. Tonic, demulcent, nutrient Use. Vide Decoct. Cetraria. Dose. 3j. to 3iv. first steeped in water, holding in solution ' some carbonate of potassa to extract the bluer; and then boiled in milk, chocolate, or cocoa. Off. Prep. Decoctum Cetraria, IT. S— L. 0. LIMONES: SUCCUS, BACCAi, CORTEX: OLEUM. U.S. —L. E. Ciiri Fructus, Succus. tunica exterior, ejusque Oleum Volatile, D. Lemons: the bark, the juice, and the oil. (Citrus * They are the production of Laurus Cinnamomum, of Luureiri 112 LI N Limrnum. For Class anu Order, sec Aurantii Bate*. Asia li.) Prop. Odor of Ihe fruil fragrant, depending on Ihe essential oil which gives the rind its warm bitter lasie ; ihe juice is sharp, but gratefully acid ; spec. grav. 1 (i:i84: il contains citric acid, extract, saccharine mucilage, and water: soon spoils. Oper. Juice refrigerant, antiseptic : bark and oil excitant. U*e. The juice as a beverage, diluted with water, and sweet ened, is useful in febrile nnd inflammatory complaints, cooling and quenching thirst; alone, or combined wilh wine, in scor- butus; with camphor mixture, decoction of cinchona, or wine, in putrid sore throats, remittent fevers, diabetes, and lienteria; and with common salt, in dysentery and colics. Dose, f 3 ij. or more, two or three times a day ; diluted ad libi turn. Off. Prep. Acidum Citricum, L. D. Syrupus Limonis, U. S. LiNlMENTUM A;RUGINtIS. L. Oxymel Cupri Subacetatis, D. Liniment of Verdigris. (JEruginis cont. 3j., Aceti f 3 vij., Mellis despumati, pond. 3 xiv. Liquefied, strained ; inspissated by boiling.) Oxymel JEruginis. Oper. Detergent, escharotic. Use. Diluted with water, it is useful as a gargle in venereal ulcerations of the mouth and fauces; but much caution is required that none of it be swallowed, and the mouth should always be well cleansed after using it: to foul ulcers. LiNlMENTUM AMMONLE. U. S.—L. E. D. Liniment of Ammonia. (Liquoris Ammonia f 3j., Oliva Oleif 3 ij. Shake them together until they mix.) A soap. Oper. Stimulant, rubefacient diaphoretic. Use. In cynanche tonsillaris, spread on a piece of flannel, and applied round the throat: when the skin is very irritable, a larger proportion of oil is requisite. LiNlMENTUM AMMONLE SESQUICARBONATIS. L. Liniment of Subcarbonate of Ammonia. (Liquoris Ammonia Sesquicarbonatis 1*5 j-. Oliva Olei f 3 iij. Shake them together until they mix.) Linimentum Ammonia. Oper. Rubefacient. Use. The same as the strong liniment; but Ihe oil and water are less perfectly united by the sesquicarbonate, and after a little time they separate. This preparation is superfluous. LiNlMENTUM ANODYNUM. D. Vide Linimentum Saponit et Opii. LiNlMENTUM CALCIS. U. S.—E. D. Liniment of Lime- Water. (Olei Lini Usitat., Aqua Calcis, utriusque parte* aquales. Mix.) A soap. Oper. Cooling, emollient. Use. To burns and scalds, spread thick upon lint and applied over the affected parts LiNlMENTUM CAMPHORA;. U S— L. E. Oleum Cam phoratum, D. Camphor Liniment. (Camphora 3 j., Oliva OL l"3iv. Dissolve.) 3 j. contains gr. xv. of camphor. Oper. Stimulant, anodyne. Use. To glandular swellings, sprains, bruises, and joints affected with chronic rheumatic pains, applied by friction. Mr. Ware recommends this liniment, with the addition of Liq. Potassa LIN 113 Seaquicarhonat s 3 iv., to be applied to the edges of the eyelids, night and morning, in incipient amaurosis. LiNlMENTUM CAMPHORA? COMPOSITUM. L. D. Lini lueiuuir Ammonia; Compositum, E. Compound C.-imphot Liniment. (Camphora 3ij*J- [T. Camphora 3u-> E.J Liq. Ammonir. f 3 vijss., ff 3 v., E.j Spir. Lavandula Oj. Spiritus Rosutariiiifly, E.) Oper. Stimulant, anodyne. Lit To sprains, bruises, and chronic rheumatic pains. Ineomp All acids, water. LiNlMENTUM CAN I'HARIDIS. U.S. Liniment of Spanish Flics. (B; Spanish Flies in powder 3 j-, Oil of Turpentine Oss. Dig' s for three hours by means of a water bath, and strain.) LiNlMENTUM HYDRARGYRI COMPOSITUM. L. Mer- curial Liniment. (Ung. Hydrarg. fort., Adipis Praparata, sing. 3'v-. Camphora f j., Spir. Red. fZy, Liquoris Ammonia l'3iv. First run the camphor with the spirit, then add the ointment and lard, and lastly, gradually, the solution.) Oper. Stimulant, discutiem. Use. To parts affected with chronic venereal pains, nodes, nnd tophi; to indolent swellings, and to discuss collections of fluids; 3j. rubbed on the uli'ected parts night and morning. LiNlMENTUM OPII. L.E. Liniment of Opium. (Linim. Saponis f'3 vj., Opii Tinct. f 3 ij. Mix.) Use. To allay pains; and to procure sleep, when opium cannot he taken into the stomach. LiNlMENTUM SAPONIS. L. E. D. Linimentum Saponis Camphoratum, U. S. Opodeldoc. Compound Soap Liniment. (Saponis Duri 5 Iij., Camphora 3J-, Spir. Rosmarini f 3 xvj.) Oper. Stimulant, anodyne. Lie. Against local pains, rubbed on the part; wilh the addition ol Tincture of Spanish Flies, and of opium, we have found this liniment of great use in allaying the violent pains of colic, and pinruiiug sleep. LINlMI'NTUM SIMPLEX. E. Simple Liniment. (Olive Oil 4 parts, White Wax 1 part.) Oper. Emollient. Use. In rigid joints. LiNlMENTUM TABACI. U. S Liniment of Tobacco. (Tft- baci concisi f 5 j., Adipis toy Simmer the tobacco in the lard over a gentle fire until it becomes crisp, and strain.) Oper. Stimulant, narcotic. Lse. Iii tinea capitis, scabies, hemorrhoids. LiNlMENTUM TEREIUNTHlNA". U. S—L. D. Linimen- tnm Tereliiutliinalum, E. Turpentine Liniment. (Saponis 5 ij., Camphora 3j , Ol. Terebinthina f 3 xvj. Melt the cerate and stir in the oil.) Oper. Slim lant U.-c. To burns first used for this purpose by Dr. Kentish, then a surgeon in Newcastle. LINI OLEUM, SEMINA. L. E. ----- Semina, Oleum ex Bcminihus expressuin, D. Linseed. Linseed Oil. (Linum Usitatissimum. Pentand. Pentagynia. N. O. Linacea.) Prop. Seed inodorous, almost tasteless ; small, flal.oval, smooth, shining, brown; yielding mucilage to warm water, and oil by expression. Mucilage cieur,.ct>lorless,iinodoiouB, nearly insipid. 114 LIQ Oper. Demulcen. emollient. Use. The infusion has been already noticed. In substance, the linseed is ground into powder, and used as poultices very ad- vantageously. It is preferable on account of the facility with which it is made, the powder being simply stirred inio boiling water. To phlegmons, and parts affected with pain and in flammation ; and to gout, the pain of which it has been lour J to relieve. Off. Prep. Oleum Lini, E. D. LINI FARINA. E. Linum. U.S. Flaxseed. Linseed Meal Use. For making poultices. LINUM CATHARTICUM. E. Purging Flax. (Pent. Pentag. N. O. Linacea. Europe.) Use. As a purgative, but rarely employed. LIQUOR ALUMlNIS COMPOSITUS. L. Compound Solu- tion of Alum. (Aluminis, Zinci Sulphatis, sing, 3 j., Aq. ferv Oiij. Dissolve, and strain the solution through paper.) Aqua Aluminis Composita. Oper. Detergent, stimulant. Use. As a collyrium, properly diluted, in ophthalmia; an injec- tion in gleet, and in fluor albus; and as a lotion for cleansing wounds, and removing cutaneous eruptions. LIQUOR AMMONIA* FORTIOR. U. S.—L. See Ammonia; Liquor Fortior. LIQUOR AMMONlA?- U.S.—L. Aqua Ammonite,—fortior, E. Aqua Ammonia; Causiicw, D. Solution or Ammonia. (Ammonia Hydrochloraiis- 3 x., Calcis 3 viij.. Aqua Oij.) Comp. Ammoniacal gas 'a compound of 82.36 nitrogen, nnd 17.64 hydrogen, or 3 eq, hydrogen=3+l nilrogen=14.15, equiv. = 17.50), 10 pans, and water 90 parts, when of a spec. grav. 0.060. The solution of a spec. grav. 0.9:)6, fixed by the Dublin College, contains more ammoniacal gas. Prop. Odor pungent, strong, peculiar; taste hot, pungent; is colorless, transparent; absorbs rapidly carbonic acid from the atmosphere, so as to require to be kept well corked up. Oper. Stimulant, antacid, rubefacient. Use. Largely diluted in asphyxia, acidities or the prima; vise, and in hysteria; externally it is applied lo the nostrils in faintings; a rag moistened with it, and laid over the scrobiculus cordis, sometimes raises an instantaneous blister, and always proves useful in spasms, and gout of the stomach ; a liniment composed of camphor 3j. dissolved in olive oil f 3j-and liq. ammon. f 3 ij., is un excellent application to parts affected with deep-seated inflammation. (Granville's Lotion.) Dose. 1*1 v. to flfcxxx. diluted with water c* milk. Ineomp. All the metallic salts; the acids; sulphas aluminis. Off. Prep. Hydro-sutphurelum Ammonia, D. Spir. Ammonia, L.D. Linimentum Camphora Comp. U.S.—L.E. Linimen- tum Ammonia, U. S.—L. E. D. Spiritus Ammonia Succinatut, L. Spiritus Ammonia Aromaticus, U. S.—E. Spiritus Am monia Fatidus, E. Linimentum Hydrargyri, L. LIQUOR AMMONIA: ACETAT1S. U. S.—L. Aqua Ace- talis Ammonite, E. D. Solution of Acetate of Ammonia Spirit or Mindererus. (Ammonia Scsquicarbonatis 3 ivss., Aceti Distillati Oiv., L.; or add the salt till the acid be satu- rated.) Liq. Ammonia Acetata. LIQ 115 Comp Acetate of ammonia, water: proportions variable. Prop. Inodorous; taste neutral, nauseous ; colorless. Oper. Sudorific; externally cooling, astringent. Ui*. Diluted, in febrile and inflammatory complaints; as a lotion to inflamed surfaces, sprains, and fractures; diluted with rose- watar, a good collyrium ; and still more diluted, an injection in the commencement of gonorrhoea. Dool ve the carbonate of soda in Oj. of water, then put the chloride of sodium and the hinoxide of mrgiganese in pow- der into a retort, and odd the sulphuric acid diluted with f 3 iij- or wtiter when cold. Apply heat, and transmit the chlorine through the solution or carbonate of soda. I Prop. A pale yellow color; taste sharp, brackish; evolves chlo rine when exposed to the air. Oper. Astringent, antiseptic. Use. In typhus, in other low fevers, largely diluted ; to destroy fcetor, and tendency to putrefaction in the bowels. A disin fecting agent. LIQUOR SODA: EFFERVF.SCENS. L. Effervescing Solu- tion of Soda. (Soda Scsquicarbonatis 3j., Aqua List Oj. Pass a stream of carbonic acid through iLunder a high pressure. Pieserve the solution in well coiked bottles.) Use. A useful saline draught when taken with a spoonful of lemon juice ; and as soda-water. LIQUOR TARAXACI (Take of dandelion roots, clean, dried LUP 110 and sliced, 3xviij.; infuse for twenty-four hours in cold distilled water lo cover them ; press and set aside, that the fecula may subside; decant, and heat the clear liquor lo 180° Fahr., so as to coagulate the albumen ; filler while hot, and evaporate in a dry room, or by means of a current of warm air, until ihe pro- duct shall weigh 3 xiy-; to this add 5'v- of rectified spirit.)— Annals of Chemistry. Dose, f 3 j. lo I 3 iij. LIQUOR TARTARI EMETICI. D. Solution of Emetic Tartar. (Antimonii Potassa Tartratis 3j., Aqua Distitlata ferventii mensura 3v'U-> Spir. Vini Recttficati mensura 3 ij- Dissolve the tartrate of antimony and potassa in water, filter the solution, and add the spirit.) Oper. Emetic, sudorific. Ute. In the febrile affections of infancy and youth ; in hooping- cough, and whenever it is necessary to clear the stomach, or determine to the skin. Dose. As an emetic, from f3ss. to f 3 iij., every five or ten minutes until it operates; as a diaphoretic, from fllvj. to f 3j. every three or four hours. Ineomp. Alkalies, astringent vegetable solutions, cinchona. LIRIODENDRON. U.S. Tulip-Tree Bark. L. Tulipifera. (Polyan. Polygynia. N.O. Magnoliacem. Indigenous.) Comp. Contains resin, gum, focula, and mucus. Prop. Odor of the fresh bark, heavy and rather disagreeable taste hitler, pungent, and aromatic; peculiar properties owing to a volatile principle called by Prof. Emmet, its discoverer, liriodendrin, which is solid, white, cryslallizable, insoluble in water, holds a place between resins and essential oils. Oper. Tonic, diaphoretic, stimulant. Use. In intermittent*, chronic rheumutism, dyspepsia. Dose. Of the powder, from 3 ss. to 3 ij. Inlusion, f 5 j. to f 5 U• LITHARGYRUM. E. Litharge. See Plumbi Oxydum. LITMUS. D. Litmus or Archil. (Lichen Roccella. Crypto gamia. N.O. Lichenacea. Azores. L\..) Prop. Inodorous; taste saltish ; nnd, when chewed, subnerid. Use. Color blue or violet. As a test of great delicacy for acids. To prepare it, the plant is reduced to powder ; some of the soda of commerce is then added to it; and it is repeatedly moistened with urine till it ferments, and gradually acquires a violet color; it is then dried. The watery infusion of it, or paper stained with it, shows the presence of un otherwise imperceptible por- tion of acid in any fluid. LOBELIA. U. S.—L. E. Indian Tobacco. (Lobelia inllala. Pentandria, Monogyn. N. O. Lobeliacea. United States ot America. IL.) Prop. Odor slight; taste acrid: yields its properties to water, alcohol, and a'ther. Oner. Emetic, purgative, expectorant, antispasmodic. Use. In the paroxysm of asthma; in croup, hooping-cough. Dot*. In pow-le. gr. iv. to gr. xx.; infusion, f 5 j.; tincture (tlXT LUPULUS L.E. Hops. (Humulus Lupulus, U. S. Diacia Pentm.iria. N. O. Udicacra. Europe 4-) Prop. Odor fragrnnt. sub narcotic; taste bitter, aromatic; de- pending on a peculiar principle named lupuline, extractive, nnd 14 120 MAG essential oil; extracted equally by water and spirit, from the dried catkins. Oper. Narcotic, anodyne, diuretic. Use. In gout and rheumatism; under the form of infusion ic the proportion of 3ss. to Oj. or boiling water; but the extract already noticed is preferable. The powder, formed into an ointment with lard, is said to ease the pain of open cancer. A pillow, stuffed with hops, is an old mode or procuring sleep in the watchfolness of delirious fever. Its powers have been overrated. Dose. Gr. iij. to 3j. united with 3 ss. of cinnamon water, twice or thrice a day ; of the infusion, 5Jsa- Off. Prep. Ext. Lupuli, L. Tinct. Lupuli, L. Tinct. Humuli, U.S. LYCOPUS. U.S. (Secondary.) L. Virginicus. Bugle Weed. The Herb. (Diand. Monogyn. N.O. Labiata. Indigenous.) Prop. Odor peculiar, nauseous, slightly bitter taste. Oper. Narcotic, tonic, diaphoretic. Use. In affections of the lungs, quiets irritation, allays cough, diminishes the pulse. Dose. Of the infusion, nd libitum. LYTHRUM SALICARlA. HERBA. D. Palicaiia. Loose strife. (Dodccand. Monogyn. N. O. Calycanthema. Europe 4-) Prop. Inodorous ; taste herbaceous, subastringent. Oper. Astringent, tonic. Use. In diarrhoea and chronic dysentery. Dose, f 3 iij. of a decoction, made by boiling 3 j- or the herb in Oj or water down to Oss., twice or thrice a day. MAGN'ES. Magnet. Oper. The artificial magnet has been employed for the In-t cen- tury in the treatment of disease. It acts on the nervous system, modifying nervous action and sensibility, and sometimes, in impressible subjects, through the imagination. The natural loadstone has long been employed as a remedial agent in many parts of the East. Use. In nervous and spasmodic affections; such ns spasms, palpitations, convulsions, asthma, epilepsy, angina pectoris, tremors, cramps, neuralgia, rheumatism, gout, toothache, and all local diseases attended with pain and increased action. The magnet is either applied directly over the diseased part, or around it, by gentle friction, and continued according to circum stances. If a natural magnet of considerable size, it may be Iai-1 on the part; or a magnetic current may be established thiough the diseased pans by means or two or more magnetized plates. The application or a small blister under one or the plates renders the application more effectual. MAGNESIA. U. S—L. E. Magnesia Usta, D. Magnesia. (Obtained from Carbonate of Magnesia, by exposure to a strong heat.) Magnesia Usta. Comp. A metallic base, named by Sir H. Davy magnesium, 60, and oxygen 40 in 100 parts; or 1 eq. magnesiuni=12.7-l-l oxv- gen=8, equiv.r=20.7. ' Prop. Inodorous; taste very slightly bitter; in the form of a powder, white, light spongy, soft; spec. grav. 2.3, requiring 5142 tunes its weight of water at 60°, and 36,000 at 212° for MAG 121 Its solution. Fifty grains should wholly dissolve without effervescence in 3j. or hydrochloric acid; and the solution should not afford a precipitate either to ammonia or oxalate of ammonia. Oper. Antacid; laxative, when it meets with acids ji the stomach. Use. In heartburn, nphthie, and other acidities; preferable to chalk when the bowels are costive. Sometimes it is given in dysentery, combined with ipecacuanha and opium, and followed by successive draughts of lemonade. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. occasionally in wuter or milk. Ineomp. Acids, metallic salts, hydrochloride of ammonia. MAi.NESIA; CARBONAS. U. S.—L. E. D. (Prepared from Sulphate of Magnesia by Carbonate of Soda.) Magnesia Alba. Comp. Caibonu; acid 40, magnesia 43, water 17 parts in 100.— (Dalton.) Or, 1 eq. magnesia=20.7-(-l carbonic acid=22.12, equiv.=42.H2. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; light, white, spongy, opaque; effer- vescing with acid.-,; nearly insoluble in water; soec. grav. 0.2941. Oper. Antacid; laxative, when it meets with acid. Use. The same as that of magnesia; but owing to the carbonic acid, it sometimes occasions unpleasant distension. Dose, f 3 ss. to 3 ij. in water. Off. Prep. Magnesia, L. E. D. Hydrargyrum cum Magnesia, MAGNESIA! SULPHAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Sulphate of Mag- nesia. (Obtained from sea water: magnesian lime-stone.) Magnesia Vitriolata. Comp. Sulphuric acid 29.35, magnesia 17, water of crystallization 53.C5 parts in 100.—(Bergman.) Or, 1 en niagnesia=20.7-r-l sulphuric ucid=40.1, equiv.=60.8. Prop. Tasie bitter, disagreeable ; in four-sided, acicular crystals, which occasionally, owing to nn admixture or hydroelilorate of magnesia, deliquesce; the pure sulphate effloresces; spec. grav. 1.6d ; soluble in nn equal part of water at 60°, increasing the volume of ihe water four tenths. Ten grains in f 3j. of water, and treated w ith carbonate of ammonia, should not be wuolly precipitated by 1(1200 of a solution of phosphate of soda. Opir. Purgative, diuretic. bsc In nil cases which require purgatives. It operates without griping, and, when united wilh infusion of roses acidulated, will sit on the stomach when all other ihings are rejected. Toe i, > it is diluted, if u draught of warm water be taken un hour af.erwards, the belter and more easily it qperules. An adjunct tu clysters. Do.-e 5ss. to 5j- In clysters 3jss. to 3 iij- Ineomp. The fixed alkalies and their carbonates, lime-water, chloride of barium, nitrate of silver, acetates of lead. MAGNOLIA. U. S.—M. Glauca. (Secondary.) Magnolia. The Bark. (Polyandria, Polygynia. N. O. Magnoliacem. Indigenous.) Prop. There are several species of Magnolia, all of which po«- bcks nearly ihe same medicinal properties. Odor aromatic; taate bilter, spicy, nioma.i.-. Oper. A gently stimulating aromatic tonic, and diaphosetic & 122 MAN Use, In intermittcnts, chronic rheumatism, and gnstric debility. Dose. Or the powdered burk, 3ss. to 3 j. often repealed. The infusion is less efficient. Off. Prep. Enema Cathurticum, D. E. Enema Fmtidum, D. E. MALVA. L. E. Common Mallow. (Monadetphia, Polyand N. O. Malvacea. Indigenous. IX.) Prop. Inodorous; tasie weak, herbaceous, mucilaginous. Oper. Demulcent, lubricant. Use. Dysenteries, ischuria, nephritis, strangury; but much in- ferior to decoction of Alihea. In clysters, in nephritic colic, and tenesmus. Externally in cataplasms und fomentations. Dose. The decoction ad libitum. MANNA. U. S.—L. E. Manna. Fraxini Orni Succus Con crelus, D. Manna. (Ornus Europaa. Polygam. Diacia N. O. Oleacia. South of Europe. >.) Obtained by sponta neous exudation and incisions. Comp. Saccharine matter, mannite, nauseous extractive, muci lage. Prop. Inodorous; sweetish, with a very slight degree of bitter- ness; in friable flakes or a whitish or pale yellow color, opaque; soluble in water and alcohol. Oper. Laxative ; apt lo gripe. Use. As a purgative for children, who readily take it on account of its sweetness ; but more generally it is used as an adjunct to other purgatives. Dose. 3ss. to 3 ij. alone, or dissolved in fluid purgatives. Off. Prep. Confectio Cassia, L. E. D. Enema Cathurticum, D. E. Enema Fmtidum, D. E. Syrupus Senna, D. MANNITUM. Mannite. A peculiar saccharine principle, not susceptible or fermentation, obtained from manna; also found in cucumbers, melons, celery, beets, fcc, after fermentation. (Treat manna 'in tears) wilh boiling alcohol, filter, and suffei to crystallize; the mannite is precipitated in small, beautiful, white needles.) This form of manna consists chiefly of mannite, while common manna contains but little of it. Comp. Mannite, according to Liebig, consists of 40.0228 or carbon, 7.6234 hydrogen, 62.3537 oxygen. Prop. Of a white color, soluble in five parts or cold water, and in every proportion almost, in boiling water; entirely insoluble in cold, absolute alcohol, somewhat soluble in boiling alcohol At 22.° to 23u°, it melts into a colorless, adhesive fluid, and crystallizes on cooling ; when more strongly heated, it burns, and is decomposed like sugar; taste sweet, but feebly so; in- odorous. Oper. Cathartic, without the nauseous flavor of manna. Use. Where laxatives are indicated. Dose. 3 ij. to 3 iv. tor children , 3 ij- may be dissolved in 3 iv. of some warm aromatic water, and a teaspoonful given every hour till it operates. MANGANESII BINOXYDUM. L.D. Manganesii Oxydum E. Native or Black Oxide of Manganese. (A peroxide.) Comp. Mangan^sium (a peculiar metal; 60+oxygen 40, in 100 parts; or, 1 eq. manganesium=27.7-f2 oxygen=16, equiv =■ 43.7 Prop. In friable dull black masses; becomes grey when exposed to great heat, and affords abundance or oxygen gas. MEL 123 Use. In pharmaceutical operations; for procuring oxygen gas; and for fumigation in cases of infection. (It Sodii Chloridi 3 iv., Manganesii Binoxydi 3J-. Acidi Sulphurici f 5 i j -. Aqua f 3 ij. Mix ihe acid and water, and pour Ihe mixture over the oilier ingredients, in a china basin, placed in a pipkin of hot sand.) The doors and windows of the room under fumigation must be closely shut for an hour or two; then thrown open, and a current of air allowed to pass through the room. MARMOR. U. S.—L. E. D. Marble. Carbonas Calcis dura. Prop. Color various shades of white; internal lustre vitreous fracture foliated; brittle; spec. grav. from 2.7 to 2.H4. It har scarcely any tasie, and is composed of 43.14 of carbonic acid and ."iG.rfti of lime. MABjVNTA. U.S.—L.E. Arrowroot. (Maranta arundinacea Monandna, Monogynia. N. O. Marantacea.) West Indies The fecula of the rhizomes: when boiled with water or milk, il forms a mild, nutritious article of food, well adapted for infanti and 1 onvab -eents : a tablcsuoonful to Oj. of water. MARRI H1UM. U. S —L. (Secondary.) Murrubium Vulgare D VVuite llorehound. (Didynam. Gymnosperm. N. O Labiata. Europe. ZL) Prop. O lor strong, not unpleasant; taste bitter. Oper. Tonic, diuretic, laxative; emmenagogue? Use. In hysteria, chronic catarrh, and pituKous asthma; ob struction of the catamenia ; seldom used. Dose. In powder, 3 ss. to 3j.; of the expressed juice, f3ss tl f'3jss.; or of this infusion 'Marrub. Fol. 3 ss., Aqua Fern. Uj.) n large glassful twice or tin iee a day. MASTICIIE. L.E.D. M.isiic. (Diacia, Pentandria. N.O. Terebinthacea. Spain, Chios. ">.) Comp. Resin, essential oil, and a matter resembling caoutchouc Prop. Odor agreeable when heated; almost insipid ; in globular. irregular, yellowish, semi transparent masses; soluble iu .ether partially in alcohol. Oper. Siimulnnt, sialogogue? Use. In old obstinate coughs; gleet; and chewed in paralyse of the tongue. Do<- ■ Or. x. to 3ss. twice a day. MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA. Russian P. (N.O. Astt racea.) Comp. Volal le oil, hitter extractive. Oper. S:imiilint, diaphoretic, antispasmodic. Dos*. In powd r, >i. to 3 ij. MEL. U. S—L. E. I). Honey. (Collected from flowers bi Ihe Anis Mcihf-a.) Comp. Sarehuiine matter, mucilage; some acid, occasional!! essenn il oil; varying according lo the kinds or plants used b? the I ee , . . Prop. Odor peculiar; tnst" sweet, and slightly acrid; the be* it limpid, containing small concretions; nearly colorless; an' tenacious. Optr. A|ienent, externally deteigent: stimulant. Use. Seldom used internally as a medicine: but when freely enteii it is apt to produce 'colic; externally as an adjunct to gargles in cynanche tonsillaris;, in aphtha;; sometimes applied to foul ulcers- 124 MEN Off. Prep. Mel Dcspumatum, U. S.—D. Mel Bovacit, L E. Met Rosa, U. S— L. E. MEL DESPUMATUM. U. S.—D. Clarified Honey. (Melt the honey in u water bath ; then take off the scum.) Prop. Limpid ; so consistent that, when divided with the edge of the spoon, it does not again instantly unite; specific gravity 1.31. Use. The same us that or honey; for pharmaceutical purposes. Off. Prep. Mel Boracis, L. Mel Rosa, U. S.—L. D. OxymeL L. D. Oxymel JEruginis, D. Oxymel Colehici, D. Oxymel Scilla, U. S— L. D. MEL BORACIS. L.E.D. Honey of Borax. (Boracis contriti 3j., Mellis Despumati 3j- Mix.) Oper. Detergent. Use. Applied to the tongue, and insides of the cheeks, in aph- thous affections, and in ptvalism. MEL DESPUMATUM. U. S. Prepared Honey. (Take of Clarified Honey Oss., Diluted Alcohol Oj., Prepared Chalk 3ss. Having mixed the honey and diluted alcohol, add the prepared chalk, and allow the mixture to stand for two hours, occasion- ally stirring it. Then heat it to ebullition, filter, and by means of a water bath evaporate the clear liquor, so that when cold it may have the specific gravity 1.32.)—U. S. Phar. MEL ROSA2. U. S— L. E. D. Rose Honey. (Rosa Gallic* Exsiccat. 3 ij-, Aqua Ferv. Oss., Mellis Despum. Oij. Infuse the roses six hours; add the strained liquor to the honey, and evaporate to a proper consistence in a water bath.) Prop. Odor that of the rose; taste sweet, astringent; color red • limpid, .tenacious. Oper. Astringent, detergent. Use. Chiefly in gargles, in ulceration, and inflammation of the mouth and fauces (R Mellis Rosa 3j-, Acidi Hydrochlorici IH.XXX., Aqua f 3 vj.) ; forms a good detergent in aphtha gan- grenosa; as a vehicle for other remedies in infantine diseases. MELISSA. U. S.—E. D. (Secondary.) Balm. Didynam. Gymnospcr.mia. N.O. Labiata. Alps. 11.) Melissa folia. Prop. Odor p'easant, something like that or a lemon; taste austere, aromatic. Oper. Stomachic, diuretic. Use. Made into tea, it is used as a diluent in febrile diseases; seldom used in substance. Wo.se. Of the powder, gr. x. to 3ij. MENTHA PIPERITA. U. S.-L. E. D. Peppermint. (Didy namia, Gymnospermia. N. O. Labiata. Indigenous^ il.) Mentha Piperitis. Prop. Odor strong, agreeable; taste pungent, aromatic, and producing a sensation of coldness in the mouth; depending on a volatile oil and camphor. Oper. Stomachic, carminative. Use. Vide under Aqua et Ol. Mentha; Piperita:. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 j.; scarcely ever in substance. Off. Prep. Aqua Mentha Piperita, U. S.—L. E. D. Oleum Mentha Piperita, U. S.—L. E. D. Spir. Mentha Piperita, MENTHA: PIPERITA: OLEUM. U. S.-E. See Oleum Mentha: Piperita;. M I S 125 MENTHA VirtTlHS U.S.-L.E.D. Spearmint. (Class and Order as above.) Mentha Hativa. Prop. O lor strong, aromatic ; taste warm, austere, bitterish. Oner. Stomachic, carminative. Use. Vide under Aqua el Ol. Mentha; Viridis. An infusion or it is a good diluent in febrile diseases. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j.; scarcely ever used in substance. Off. Prep. Aqua Mentha Viridis, U. S.—L. E. D. 01. Mentha Viri.lis, U.S.—L. E. I). Spir. Mmtha Vir., L. E. Infusum Mentha Compositum. D. MENTHA PL'LEGIUM L.E. Hedeoma Pulegeoides. U. 8 Pubgii Ilerba, D. Pennyroyal. (For Class and Order, see Mentha Piperita.) Indigenous. 11.) Prop. Odor aromatic ; taste warm, pungent; not unlike that of spearmint. Oper. Expectorant, diaphoretic. Use. In asthma and pertussis, but of little value; seldom used. Dose. Gr. x. lo 3j. Off. Prep. Aqua Pulegii, L. E. D. Oleum Pulegii, U. S.—L. D. Oleum Hedeoma, U. S. Spiritus Pulegii, L. MENY.ANTHES. U. S—L. E. D. Buck Bean. (Pentandria, Monogynia. N. (I. Gentianacea. Europe. United Slates. H ) Trifolium Paludosum. Prop. Inodorous; taste intensely bitter; water extracts its pro- perties. Oper. Tonic, diuretic, purgative ; in large doses emetic. Use. In inlermitlents. arthritic nnd chronic rheumatic affections, and in cachectic and herpetic diseases. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. of the dried leaves powdered ; f 3 j- to r3 jss. of this infusion. (Menyanth. fol. sic. 3B8-, Aqua Oss.) MEZEREUM. U. S.—L. Mezereon, E Daphnes Mezerei Cortex, D. Mezereon Bark. (Odandria, Monogynia. N. O. Thymalacea. North of Europe. "> .) Comp. Daphnina, oleo-resin, wax, extractive, gum, sugar, ma- lates. Prop. Inodorous; taste, when chewed for some time, acrid, burning; yields its virtues lo wnter and vinegar. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic ; in large doses emetic. Use. In venereal diseases, but its efficacy is doubtful. It is somei lines useful in the sequela: of syphilis; in chronic rheuma- tism, lepra and scrofulous swellings; and chewing frequently thin slices of the recent root has been found useful in palsy of the tongue; externally, the fresh bark soaked iu vinegar is useful lor keeping open issues. Dos*. Of the powder, gr. j. gradually increased to gr. x. Vide Decoctions. Off. Prep. Decoctum Mezerei, E. Decoct. Sarsaparilla Comp., U. 8—L. E.D. MISTURA ACACLE. L. E. Mixture or \cacia. (Acacia cont. 3x.. Aqua Firventis Oj. L. Sweet Almonds 3 x., Pure Sugar 3 x.. Mucilage 13 liij.. Water Oij. E.) Comp. Simple solution of gum in w titer or in almond mixture. Oper. and Use. Demulcent: as a medium for combining oils, resins, and balsams with water. MISTl RA ALTHAEA". E. Mixture of Marsh Mallow. {Althaa 126 MIS Root, dried, jiv., Raisins, seeded, 3 'J., Boiling Water 0*. Boil 10 Oiij., strain, and pour off the deal solution.) Prop. Demulcent. Use. In calculous affections. . MlSl'ORA AMMONIACI. U. S.—L. Lnc AmmonUci, I>. Mi unit- of Ammoniac. (Ammoniaci 3 v., Aqua Oj. Rub the ammoniacum, adding ihe water gradually, unlii they are per- fectly mixed.) Lac Ammoniaci. Comp. The resin and oil suspended by means of gum in water; when kept, the resin separates. Oper and Uae. The same as of the ammoniacum. Dose, f 3ss. to f 5J. united wilh ipecacuanha, tincture of squills, Ineomp. Bichloride of mercury, acetate of potassa, oxymel, a;lher, spirit of nitric a-ther. MISTURA AMYGDALA". U. S— L. D. Mistura Amygdala- ruin E. Almond Mixture. (Confcdwnis Amygdala j ijss., Aq. Distillata Oj. Rub together, adding the wuler by degrees, nnd sirain.) Or, take of Sweet Almonds 3ss., powdered Gum Arabic 3 ss., Sugar 3 ij., Distilled Water § viij. Macerate the almonds in waler, and having removed Iheir external cont, beat them with the gum arabic and sugar, in a marble mortar, till they lire thoroughly mixed; then rub the mixture with the disiilled water gradually added, and strain.— U. S. Phar. Lac Amygdala. Comp. The oil of the almond suspended in water by means of its mucilage ; and fecula. Oper. Demulcent, cooling; if the bitter almond be used, sedative. Use. In catarrh, gonorrhoea, strangury, hectic lever. Dose, f 3 ss. to Oss., or ad libitum. Ineomp. Acids, und ull ucidulous salts, spirits, tinctures, spirit of nitric a;ther, and common pump-water. MISTIRA ASSAFCETIDA7:. U. S.—L. D. Mixture of Assa- fcelida. (Assafatida 3 v., Aqua Oj. Rub together, adding the water by degrees.) Lac Assafatida. Comp. The resin and volatile oil, suspended by gummy extrac- tive in water. Oper. The same as of the gum resin. Use. In hysteria: and in spasmodic and convulsive affections, when pills cannot be swallowed As a clyster in the irritations of the bowels which occur during dentition, and those produced. by ascarides, nnd in ischuria. Dose. f3j. to f3*s. frequently repeated during a paroxysm oi hysteria, or the continuance of spasm. MISTURA CAMfHORA:. L.E.D. Camphor Mixture. (Cam- phora 3 ss., Spirit. Ilectif. fllx., Aqua Oj. Rub the camphor wilh the spirit, then gradually add the water, und strain.) Comp. Camphor gr. j. i-Olh, in water 1*3 j-1* Oper. The same as that of the camphor, only in a weakef degree. Use. In faintings, typhus and nervous fevers ; but seldom given alone, Ihe quantity or camphor being too small. Dote, f 3 ss- to I' 3 ij- united wilh cordial tinctures. * Powell's Transactions of Lon. Phar. MIS 127 MISTURA CAMPHORA: cum MAGNESIA. E.D. Mixture of Camphor with Magnesia. {C.impliora gr. xij., Magnesia Carbonatis 3 m., Aqua i' 3 vj. Rub the camphor wilh the mag nesia, the water being added, and mix ) Comp. Camphor partly dissolved, partly mixed; magnesia, water. Oper. Gently stimulant. Use and Dose. The same as of camphor mixture. MISTURA CASCARILLA" COMPOSITA. L. Compound Mixture of Cascarilla. (Infusi Cascarilla flxviy, Aceti Scilla fly, Tinetura Camphora comp. f 3 ij-, mi-ce.) Use. In chronic affections of the chest, ultended wilh much debility. Dose. f5j. to f3jss. twice n day. MISTLRA UREASOTA*". E. Mixture or Creasote. (Creasote, Acetic Acid, B.& n*.xvj., Compound Spirit of Juniper, Syrup, a a f 3j.. Water tlxi\.) Use. A ready mode of administering crensote. MISTURA CRETAI. U.S.—L.E. D. Chat-k Mixture. (Creta p. Jss., S.icchari pur. 3 iij., Mist. Acacia f 5JS8., Aqua Cinna- momif I xviij. Mix.) Mistura Cretacea. Oper. Antai id, absorbent. Use. In aciduies of the stomach, particularly those attending dentition, provided the bowels be kept open ; in diarrhoeas, united with opium and catechu. Dose, f 3j. to f 3 ij. every three or four hours; or after every liquid motion. MISTLRA FERRI COMPOSITA. U.S.—L.E.D. Compound Mixture of Iron. (Myrrha cont. 3 ij., Potassa Carb. 3j., Aq. Rosa f 5 xviij., Ferri Sulph. cont. 3ijss., Spir. Myristica fly, Sacch pur. 3 ij. Rub together the myrrh, carbonate ot potassa, and sii'ar; then add, while triturating, the rose water, the spirit of nutmeg, and, lastly, the sulphate of iron. Pour the mixture directly into a glass bottle, and stop it close.) Comp. The salts are decomposed, and the mixture contains protocarbonateof iron, and sulphate of potassa, suspended wilh the other ingredients. Oper. Tonic, eininenagogue. Use In all cases in which preparations or iron are useful; par- ticularly in hvslerin und chlorosis, depending on weak arterial acti n, after unloading the stomach and bowels. Dose, f 3 j. lo f 3 ij. twice or thiee times a day -ncoir.p. Acids, vegetable astringents. (ISTURA FERRI AROMATICA. D. Aromatic Mixture of Iron. (Pulveris Cinchona Laneifolia in pulverem crassum redadi 3 j., Radieis Colomba concisa 3 iij-. Caryophylll Aroma Hci contusi 3 j., Limatura Ft rri I ss. Digest for three days in a covered vessel, occasionally agitating, wilh u sufficient quan- tity of peppermint water to permit twelve ounces to be obtained »y straining; then add Tinetura Cardamomi Composita f3hj. Tinetura Aurantii I" 3 iij.) )oe r. Tonic. *r*e. In dyspepsia, and some cases of debility. Dose. From f 3 iv. lo t'3'j. JUBTURA GENTIANA": COMPOSITA. L. Compound Mix- 128 M O R ture or Gentian. (Infusi Gentiana comp. l'j xij., Infusi Senna comp. f 3 vj., Tinct. Cardam. comp. f 3 U- Mix.) Ute. As a mild tonic purgative in dyspeptic affections accom- panied with costiveness. Dose. f'3jss. to fjij. MISTURA GUAIACI. L.E. Mixture or Guaiac. (Guaiaci Resina 3 iij., Sacch. pur. 3 iv.. Mist. Acacia f 3 iv., Aq. Cin- nam. f I xix. Rub the guaiacum with the sugar, then with the Mixture of Acacia ; and add gradually the cinnamon water ) Lac Guaiaci. Oper. The same as the guaiacum in substance. Use. In rheumatism, retrocedenl gout, and dropsy. Dose. f3ss. to f'5ij- night and morning; diluting freely with tepid barley-water or gruel. MISTURA HORDEI. E. See Decoctum Hordei. MISTURA MOSCHI. L. Musk Mixture. (Moschi, Acacia cont., Sacch- purif, sing. 3 iij., Aq. Rosa Oj. Rub the musk with the sugar, then add the gum, and by degrees the rose- wuter.) Mistura Moschata. Oper. Antispasmodic, diaphoretic. Use. This is a convenient form of exhibiting musk. The late Mr. White, of Manchester, found the musk mixture, combined with ammonia 3 ss., spirit of lavender f 3 j.. and spirit of juniper f 3 j, of great utility in sloughing phagedenic ulcers, of a syphi litic and strumous nature. Dose. r3«s- to f 3 ij. every four or five hours. Ineomp. Sulphas ferri, mineral acids, infusion of yellow cin- chona. MISTURA SCAMMONII. Mixture of Scammony. (Resin of Scammony gr. vij., Milk f 3 iij-, form an emulsion.) Comp. The gummy portion of the scammony, with a small portion of the oleo-resin, held suspended in the milk. Use. As a purgative. Dose. f3jssv MISTLRA SPIRITUS VINI GALLICI. Mixture or Brandy. (Spir. Vini Galliei. Aqua Cinnamomi, sing. r3iv., Ovorum duorum Vitcllus, Cinnam Olei III ij., Sacchari pur. I ss. Mix.) Use. Excitant. A dangerous mixture, calculated to encourage a desire for spirituous liquors. MONARDA. U.S. M. Punctata. Herba. Horsemint. (Di- andria, Monogynia. N. O. Labiata. Indigenous. Z|.) Prop. Aromatic smell; warm, pungent, bitterish taste; abounds in a volatile oil. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In flatulent colic, and sick stomach. Off. Prep Oleum Monarda. U. S. MORI. Bacca;. L. Mori Nigra'Baccae, D. Mulberries (Morns Nigra, Monacia Tetrandria. N.O. Urticacea. Italy *>.) Pivn. Inodorous ; taste sweet, subacid ; contains tartaric acid, jelly, and mucus. Oper. Cooling, laxative. Use. Seldom used medicinally; ns an article of fond, mulberries are wholesome, unless eaten too freely, in which case they occasion diarrhoea. Off. Prep. Syrupus Man, L. MORPHIA. U. S.—L. Morphia. Morphina. Morphine MO R 121) (Hydrochlorale of Morphia l'y, Sol. of Ammonia f3v., Dit. Water Oj. Add the hydrochlorate of morphia dissolved iu the water to the solution of ammonia with f 5j. or water, and agitate. Wash the precipitate with distilled water, and dry il wilh a gentle heat. Or, take or Opium, sliced, Ibj., Distilled Water, Alcohol, each a sufficient quantity, Solution of Ammonia r3vj. Macerate the opium with Oiv. distilled water twenty four hours, and having worked it with the hand, digest for twi nty-four hours, and strain. In like manner macerate the residue twict' successively with distilled water, and strain. Mix the inlusions, evaporate to Ovj , and filter; then add, first, Ov. of alcohol, and afterwards r3 iij. of the solution of ammo- nia, previously mixed with Oss. of alcohol. After twenty-four hours, pour in the remainder of the solution of ammonia, mixed as before, with Oss. of alcohol, and set the liquor aside fol twenty-four hours that crystals may form. To purify these, boil them with Oij. of alcohol till dissolved, filter the solution, while hot, through animal charcoal, and set it aside to crys- talli/.e.)— U. S. Phar. Comp. Carbon 72.2, nitrogen 5.53, hydrogen 7.60, oxygen 14.8, in 100 parts.* Or 34 eq. of carboii=2l)8.08-r-!*> hydrogen=18+e oxygen=48-f-l nitrogen=14.15 equiv. 288.23. Prop. Inodorous; colorless, or pure white; taste intensely bitter Crystals small, rectangular, four-sided prisms; inflammable; sparingly soluble in cold water and spirits of wine: water at 212° dissolves 1100th of its weight. Oper. Narcotic, excitant. Use. Chiefly to prepare the more soluble salts. Dissolved in oil, and rubbed upon the skin, it produces narcotic effects. Off. Prep. Morphia Acetas ; Morphia Hydrochloras ; Morphia Sulphas, L. E. MORPHIA: ACETAS. U. S.—L. E. Acetate of Morphia, (Take of Morphia six drachms, Acetic Acid three fluid drachms Distilled Water four fluid ounces. Mix the acid with the water and pour it upon the morphia to saturation. Evaporate with a gentle heat that crystals may form.t Or, take of Morphia, in powder, freed from narcotina by boiling with sulphuric ajther, 3j., Distilled Water Oss., Acetic Acid a sufficient quantity. Mix the morphia with the water; then carefully drop in the aciJ, constantly stirring, until the morphia is saturated and dissolved. Evaporate ihe solution by means of a water bath to the consistence of syrup. Lastly, dry the acetaV with a gentle heat, and rub it into powder.)—U. S. Phar. Camp. Morphia 1 eq.=2dtf.23-|-acetic acid 1 eq.=?5].48, «4juiv.= 33J.7L Prop. Crystals small, acicular, of a greyish-white color, deli- quescent, und easily decomposed by alkalies, und by water. Oper. Narcotic. Dose. From one-sixth of n grain to gr. £; endermically, gr. ss. to gr. iij. to the skin, where the cuticle has been removed by a blister. * Dumas and Pelletier. f As this acetate is decomposed by water, it should be kept ic solution in distilled vinegar. 6* 130 M O S MORPHIAS MURIAS. U. S.—E. Morphia: Hydrochloras, L Hydrochlorale of Morphia. Muriate of Morphia, U. S. Pre pared from opium. (Or, take of Morphia in powder 3J-. Dis- tilled Water Oss., Muriatic Acid a sufficient quantity. Mix the morphia with the water; then carefully drop in the acid constantly stirring, till the morphia is saturated and dissolved. Evaporate the solution by means of a water bath, so that it may crystallize upon cooling. Dry the crystals upon bibulous paper.— U. S. Phar. Comp. Morphia 1 eq. 288.23+hydrochloric acid 1 eq. 36.42 equiv. =324.65. Prop. Crystals acicular, anhydrous, nearly colorless, inodorous andbitier; soluble in 16 parts of water; soluble in alcohol. Use. As a narcotic it is preferable to the acetate. Dose. Gr. $ to gr. J. MORPHIA! MUR1ATIS SOLUTIO. E. Solution of Muriate of Morphia. (Muriatis Morphia 3j., Spirit. Vini red. f 3 v., Aq. Dist. f 5 xv. Dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat.) Use. A ready mode or administering the hydrochlorale. Dose. From fllx. to r3ss. MORPHIA: SULPHAS. Sulphate or Morphia, F. Take of Morphia 6 parts, Distilled Water 12 parts, Sulphuric Acid diluted with twice its bulk or water, a quantity sufficient to saturate the morphia. Evaporate slowly, and crystallize.* To be ki pt in a stoppered phial. (Or, take or Morphia in pow- der 3 j-> Distilled Water Oss., Diluted Sulphuric Acid u sufficient quantity; mix the morphia with the water, then carefully drop in the acid, constantly stirring till the morphia is saturated anil dissolved. Evaporate the solution by means of a water bath, so that it may crystallize upon cooling. Dry the crystals upon bibulous paper.)—U. S. Phar. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter; crystals silky tufts, soluble in two parts of water at 60°. Oper. Powerfully narcotic and sedative. Use. In all cases requiring the use or opium. Dose. From gr. "- to gr. "-. %* It is distinguished from sulphate »f quina, which it resembles, by becoming red when treated with concentrated nitric acid. MOSCIIUS. U. S.—L. E. D. Musk. (Moschus Moschiferus, the Musk Deer. Mammalia Peeora, L. Ruminantia- Cuv. Asia.) Prop. Odor peculiar, aromatic, strong, durable; taste bitterish; color dark reddish brown; feel slightly unctuous; partially soluble in water, yielding to il taste and smell ; soluble in a co- hol and sulphuric acid, wilh the loss or its odor. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic, diaphoretic. Use. In spasmodic affections, as hysteria, singultus, pertussis, trismus, and epilepsy. In epilepsy we have seen it, when given to the extent or 3 ss. three times a day, stop the fits in an old and confirmed case for three months. In typhus attended with sutisultus tendinum ; in cholera it checks the vomiting ; and il arrests the progress of gangrene. It raises the pulse, and ex- cites the nervous system without heating. Codex Medicamentarius. MUR 131 Dote. Or. ij. to 3 ss. every three or four hours, in a bolus. Off. Prep. Mittura Moschi, L. Tinct. Moschi. D. MOXA. A mode of producing counter-irritation by .-turning different substances on the skin. Il should be of some spor.gv, light, vegetable matter, readily combustible, as cotton, agaric, hemp, or flax, steeped in a solution of nitre; the pith oi the sunflower. The common Moxa is prepared by rolling coiton into the form of a truncated cone or cylinder, about an inch long, wrapped round by a piece of line linen, fastened at the side by a few stitches ; or a piece of linen or paper, cut of the proper size, and steeped in alcohol, is laid on the surface and set fire to. Oper. A valuable counter-irritant, and revellent. Use. In nil cases where counter-irritation of a deep and perm a nent kind is indicated. MUCILAGO. U. S.—E. Muc. Gummi Arabici, D. Mucilago Acacia;, U. S. Mucilage of Acacia. (Acacia Gummi cont. 3 ix., Aq. Frigida Oj. Rub the gum with the water gradually added, and strain.) Mucilago Gummi Arabici. Oper. Demulcent. Use. To allay the tickling which keeps up the cough in catarrh; but chiefly to susuend insoluble matters in waler and thin fluids. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 j. united with syrup of poppies, occasionally. Ineomp. Alcohol, anher, the metallic salts. Off. Prep. Potassio-Carbonatis Calcis, E. MUCILAGO AMYLI. E. D. Mucilage of Starch. (Amyli 3iv., Aquce Oj. Rub the starch, with the water gradually added, then boil il for a few minutes.) Prop. A gelatinous, opaline, colored, insipid, inodorous solution ; soluble in boiling water, insoluble in alcohol. Oper. Demulcent, sheathing. Use. Seldom given by the mouth, except in abrasions of the stomach; as clysters iu diarrhoea, dysentery, and other intes- tinal irritations; particularly as a vehicle for exhibiting opium in enema. Ineomp. Iodine and its preparations. MUCILAGO TRAG U'ANTIIA". U. S.—E. Muc. Gummi Tragacantha;. D. Mucilage of Tragucanth. (Gummi Astra- gali Tragacantha Trtti 3 ij., Aq. Bidl. f 3 viij. Macerate for twenty-four hours; then triturate till the gum is dissolved, and press through linen cloth.) Mucilago Gummi Tragacantha. Use For pharmaceutical purposes. MUCUNA. L E. Cowh-iee. (M. Pruriens, Diade/phia, Dc- candria. N. O. Leguminnsa.) Dolichos pruriens. Th« bristles of the pods a very useful anthelmintic. Use. For dislodging the round worm. MURIAS BARYTA*". E.D. B nii Chloridutn, U.S.—L. Mu riate of Barytes. Chloride of Barium. (From the carbonate.) Barii chloridum. Comp. Hydrochloric acid 23.35. baryta 64 85. water 11.80 parts, when in crystals 1—(Berzclius.) Or 1 eq. harium=68.7+l chlorine=35.42, eqiiiv.=104.12. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, disagreeable; crystals colorless; permanent tables; soluble in three parts of water at 6(P scarcely at all in alcohol: 95 grains in solution, acidulated with 15 132 M YR nitric acid, are not wholly precipitated by 49 grains of sulphat* of magnesia. Use. For making the solution. Off. Prep. Solutio Muriatis Baryta, E. Liquor Barii Chloridi, U. S MUBiAS SODA? SICCATUM. E. Dried Muriate of Soda. (Common salt fused.) Dried Chloride of Sodium. Use. For the distillation or hydrochloric acid, which it affords colorless. MYRISTlCA. U. S.: MYRISTICAE OLEUM. L. E.D. My risticae aril I us, E. Nux Moschata didus ; Macis, et ejus Oleum Volatile, D. Nutmegs, Mace, and the Essential Oil. (Diacia Monadelph. N. O. Myristacca. The Moluccas. ">.) Prop. Nutmegshave a fragrant, aromatic odor, and an agreeable, pungent taste; are roundish, greyish brown, streaked, unctuous, and easily cut. Alcohol extracts their active mutter. The mace is membraneous, of a red-yellow color, unctuous, with the odor and taste of the nutmeg. The oil is yellow, possessing the odor and taste of the nutmeg in an eminent degree. Oper. Stim lunt, stomachic, narcotic in large doses. Use. To relieve nausea and vomiting, and lo check diarrhoea; but chiefly to give flavor to other remedies. Being narcotic, they are hurtful in apoplectic and paralytic habits. Dose. Of the nutmeg and mace, gr. v. to 3j.; of the oil, fllij. to fllvj. Off. Prep. Of the nutmeg, Spiritus Myristica, U. S.—L. E. D Tinct. Lavandula Comp., L. E. D. Spir. Armoracea Comp., L. Spir. Raphani Comp., D. Confectio Aromatica, U. S.—L. E. D. Electuarium Catechu, E. D. Pulvis Carbonatis Calcis Comp., D. Troch. Carbonatis Calcis, E. D. Of the oil, Spir. Ammonia Aromaticum, D. Pilula Scilla, D. Emplastrum Picis, L. MYROXYLON. U. S. M. Peruifcrum. Balsam of Peru. The Juice. (Dccandria, Monogynia. N. O. Leguminosa. South America. *>.) Prop. Viscid like syrup, of a dark reddish-brown color, fragrant odor; warm, biiterish taste: spec. grav. 1.14; inflammable; soluble in alcohol. Comp. Resin, essential oil, benzoic acid; extractive matter, water. Oper. Warm stimulating tonic, and expectorant. Use. In chronic catarrhs, asthma, phthisis, gonorrhoea, Ieucor rhcea, nmenorrhceu, chronic rheumatism, and palsy: externally, in chronic indolent ulcers. Dose, f 3 ss. in mucilage of sugar, gum arabic, and water. MYRRIIA. U.S.—L.E.D. Myrrh. (Balsamodendron Myrrha. Odand. Monogyn. N. O. Bursaracea. Abyssinia, Arabia Felix. •>.) Comp. Resin, muco extractive, volatile oil. Prop. Odor fragrant, peculiar; taste bitter, aromatic; in reddish- yel.ow, light, brittle, irregular tears, or in masses; partially soluble in distilled water, when aided by friction; alcohol dissolves only the resin ; soluble in alkalies; spec. grav. 1.360; easily pulverized. Oper. Stimulant, expectorant. Ute. In cachectic complaints, humoral asthma, chronic catarrh OLE 133 and phthisis pulmonalis unattended by hectic or much active inflammation. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. in powder, united with nitre, camphor, sul phate ol potassa, sulphate of zinc, or of iron. Off. Prep. Tenet. Myrrha, U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. Aloes el Myrrha, U. S.—E. Pilula Aloes Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. PiI Fern Comp., U. S.—L. Pilula Galbani Comp., L. D. Pilula Assafatida Comp., E. Pilula Rhei Comp., U. S.—L. E. MYRTUS PIMENTA. VidePimentu. NAPTHA. A transparent, yellowish white, very light and in- flammable, limpid liquid, found abundantly in Persia; also, obtained from the distillation of petroleum or Barbadoes tar, or Seneca oil, and in the formation or gas from coal, which is rendered pure by rectification (Burmah, Italy, Barbadoes, Kenhawa, Seneca Luke.) Comp. Hydrogen and carbon. Prop. Dissolves caoutchouc, and is therefore used in preparing surgical instruments or that material; clear, limpid, very in- flammable. Petroleum is a black, nearly opaque liquid, or the consistence of molussi*, unctuous to the touch, taste bitu- minous, odor strong, tenacious: spec. grav. 0.730 to 0.878; yields naptha by distillation, leaving a solid residue of asphal- tum; little affected by alcohol, acids, or alkalies, but dissolves in a;thcr and ihe fixed and volatile oils. Med. Prop, and Use*. A stimulating antispasmodic and sudo rific, given in disorders of the chest especially in the West In- dies; for the tapeworm in Germany, by mixing one part petro- leum with one and a hair parts Tinct. Assafo3lida, of which 40 drops are given three times a day. Latterly recommended highly in the cureor consumption. Also, in cutaneous diseases I have found it a good substitute for the vulgar tar ointment. Mix 3 iij. naptha with 3 xxx lard, and apply in tinea, psoriasis, fcc. When applied to the tongue, il causes a peculiar heat and pricking sensation, which extends down the throat nnd bronchial tubes, and exciting a spasm or the latter, ends in inducing a ccugh or a kind very efficacious in clearing the nil cells and bronchia of accumulations of mucus: hence its use in the asthmatic coughs of old people, and where expectoration is scanty from debility. Dose. Mix 3j. naptha, suspended by a small quantity of boiling alcohol, in 3iv. simple syrup, and give a teaspoonful every fifteen minutes till expectoration is fully established. Or as an electuary, by mixing gr. x. naptha wilh gr. xxx. honey or mo lasses, or in that proportion, and giving a tnblespoonful, as be- fore. 3 ss. to 3 j. of petroleum, in any convenient vehicle, is a dose. And externally ns a stimulating embrocation in chil- blains, chronic rheumatism, affections of the joints, and para lysis. British Oil is made by mixing the following ingredients: Bj Olei Tereb nth. f 3 viij., Olei Lini f 3 viij., Olei Succini f5iv., Olei Juniperi t'3iv., Petrolei Barbadeus f; iij., Pelrolei American (Seneca oil) 5j. Mix.—'Jour. Phil. Cot. Phar., V. 29.) L. NUX VOMICA. U.S. Vide Strychnos. OLEUM AiTIIEREUM. L ^Ethereal Oil. 'Formed in tha distillation of A~lher.) Oleum Vmi 134 OLE Prop. Odor and taste or aether; less volatile; oily, thick, of a yellow color: insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol. Use. As an ingredient in the compound spirit of a-ther. Off. Prep. Spiritus JEtheris Sulphurici Compositus, L. D OLEUM AMYGDALA". U.S.—L. Ol. Amygdalae Communis, E. Ol. Ainygdulnruiu, D. Oil of Almonds. (Expressed from both sweet and bitter almonds.) 5 -VVJ- °f almonds yield 3 v. of oil. Oleum Amygdala. Comp. Sweet almonds contain hydrocyanic acid, volatile oil, fixed oil 2d, emulsion .10, sugar 6, gum 3, seed coals 8, woody fibre 5.—(Vogel.j The oil contains elaine 7ti, margarin 24— (Braconnot), carbon 77, hydrogen II, oxygen 10, nitrogen 0.28. •—(Saussure.) The bitter almonds contain amygdalin and benzute (See Pareira, vol. ii., p. 1107-8.) Prop Inodorous, insipid; of a pule straw color; unctuous, lim- pid, lighter than water; insoluble in water and alcohol, but miscible in distilled water by means of mucilage or yolk or egg; attracts oxygen from the atmosphere, and becomes dense, viscid, and rancid Oper. Demulcent, emollient. Use. In catarrh and coughs, united with water by means of mucitage and sugar, or a fewdiopsof liquor ammonia:. An injection composed ol oil of almonds f 3iv., und solution or sub- acetate of lead Hlviij., is said to be useful at the commencement of gonorrhoea. Dose. f'3ss. to f 3j. OLfiUM ANETHI. E. Oil of Dill. (From the seeds of the Andhum Graveolens.) Prop. Light yellow; taste sweetish and hot; soluble in 1440 limes iis weight of water; spec. grav. 0.881. Oper. Stimulant. Use. In flatulent colic. Dose. mij. to fllvj. OLEUM ANISI. U.S.—L.E. D. Oil of Anise. (Obtained by distillation from the seeds of Pimpinclla Anisum.* * All the volatile oils are volatile at a low temperature; soluble in alcohol, and separated from it by water; highly inflummable; and decomposed in a high temperature, hydrogen being evolved, and charcoal obtained. Their components are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; und they differ from ttie fixed oils, in containing less carbon in 'proportion to the hydrogen. They are divisible, according to Thomson, into three kinds:—1. Those which contuiu only carbon and hydrogen: these are lighter than water, and combine in definite proportions with acids; hence are probably bases—2. Those that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: these nre probably heavier than water, and combine with bases, and are hence considered analogous to acids.—3. Vesicating oil*; containing sulphur, and probably azote. They unite with diffi- culty with the alkalies, more easily with their carbonates; and can be suspended in water by means of sugar and mucilage. Their adulteration with fixed and cheaper essential oils is detected by evaporating a drop on paper, and examining the odor; and observing whether a greasy stain be left on the paper, which is \he case when they are mixed with fixed i il; mixed with alcohol, OLE 135 Comp. Cl rbon 81, hydrogen 8, oxygen 10. Prop. Odor that of the vegetable; tasie pungent, bitter, sweetish; pale yellow color; crystallizes at 50° Fahr. in flat tables. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In flatulent colic. Doie. fllv. to 'H.xv. rubbed up with sugar and camphor mixture. Off. Prep. Tinetura Opii Ammoniata, E. Tinct. Camph. Comp., L. Tinetura Opii Camphorata, E. OLfiUM ANTHEMlDIS. L. E. Oil of Chamomile. (By dis- tillation from the flowers of Matricaria Chamomilla. The Anthemis, Arnica, und Achillea, also yield blue-colored oils.) Oleum Chamameli. Prop. Odor that of the flower; taste pungent; color when recent cerulean blue; but when old, a dark yellow. Oper. S.imulant, antispasmodic Use. In colics, cramps or the stomach and as an adjunct to purgative pills. Dos: fllv. to in.x. OLfiUM CA.1UPETI. U. S. Oil of Cnjuput. (Secondary.) (Obtained from the Melaleuca Cajuputi, from the Moluccas.) Prop. Very fluid; fine bluish-green color; lively, penetrating odor; warm, pungent taste ; veiy volatile; spec. grav. 0.978 at 48° ; often adulterated with turpentine and oil of rosemary. Optr. Powerfully stimulant. Use. In epilepsy, palsy, chronic rheumatism, spasmodic affec- tions of the stomach and bowels, cholera. Mixed with olive oil, it is used externally in gout and rheumatism; also fol toothache. Dei- die to five drops in emulsion, or on sugar. OLEUM CARUI. U. S —L. E. D. Oil or Caraway. (By dis- ti I ilion from the seeds.) Carum Carui. Prop Odor that of the seeds; taste pungent, sweetish; color yellow : tenacious. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In flatulent colic; and as an adjunct to purgative pills. Dose ulj. to fllx. Off. Prep. Eleduarium Senna, D. Confectio Scammonii, L. Pilula Aloes Comp., L Pilula Aloes cum Myrrha, D. OLKIIM CARYOPHYLLI AROMATIC!. U. S —E. Oil of Cloves. (From distilling the unripe fruit of Eugenia Caryo- phyllata.) Pimp. Hot taste ; brown color; spec.grav. 1.050; combines with bases, showing ncid properties; composed of two oils, which may be separated by distilling with po'.ash ley. Use. The same as cloves. Dose. tl"j. to.Hl'v. OLEUM CHENOPODIl. U.S. Oil of Wonnseed. they become milky on the addition or water to the suspected oil In preparing them, put the substance from which the oil is to be extracted into a retort, or other vessel suitable fordistillation, and add enough water to cover it; then distil into n large refrigerolonitr. SrparaJe the distilled oil from the water which comes over with H.—U- S. Phar. 136 OLE Prop. Color light-yellow, becoming brownish by age. Spec grav. 0.908. Oper. Anthelmintic. Dose. Four to eight drops for a child, repeated morning and evening for three or four days, and then followed by a brisk cathartic. OLEUM COPAIBA:. E. OilofCopaiba. Use. The same as the copaiba. OLfiUM FCENICULI. U.S. : DULCIS. D.E. Oil of Fennel Seeds. (By distillation from the seeds.) Comp. Carbon 81, hydrogen S, oxygen 10. Prop. Odor that of fennel; taste pungent, sweetish, hot; color aqueous; congeals under 32°. Oper and Use. The same as of the seeds Dose, fll'j. to Hlxx. OLEUM GAULTHERLE. U. S. Oil of Partridge Berry. (From the leaves of the Gaultheria Procumbens. Il is found also in the bark of the Betula lenta, the root of the Potygala Paucifolia, roots and stems of the Spirca Ulmaria, Spirea Lo- bata, nnd Gaultheria Hispidula.) Prop. Of a brownish yellow color; sweetish, peculiar taste; an agreeable, characteristic odor; heaviest of the known essential oils; spec. grav. 1.17. Use. To cover the taste of other medicines. Off. Prep. Syrupus Sarsaparilla, U. S. OLfiUM HEDEOMA:. U. S. Oil of Pennyroyal. (From the Hedeoma Pulegioides.) Prop. Color light yellow, odor and taste of the herb; spec, grav 0.948. Use. As a stimulant in flatulent colic and sick stomach, and to impart flavor to mixtures. Dose. Two to ten drops. OLEUM JECINORIS ASELLI. Cod-Liver Oil. 'A fish oil obtained from several fishes belonging to the genus Gadus, by exposing to the sun the livers cut in slices, and collecting the oil that runs out. That which runs out first resembles olive oil, and is called yellow cod-liver oil. If the livers are in a state of putrefaction, the oil becomes of a chestnut brown color.) Prop. Color varies from light yellow to a reddish brown ; clear or turbid; smell faint, or like that of old salt herrings; taste of Ihe brown like that of train oil, empyreumatic, bitter, some- what acrid, remaining a long time on the tongue; soluble in alcohol and ether: reddens litmus paper; owes its virtues to bromine and iodine. Oper. Diuretic, alterative, slightly diaphoretic. Use. Used extensively in Germany in scrofula, rickets, rheuma- tism, chronic cutaneous diseases, chorea, tubercles, atrophy. Dose. 3 ij. to 3 iv. two or three times a day; to children ij., with lemon syrup, coffee, or sugar and water. Externally in cases or ulcers, fistula', &c. Its therapeutical effects slowly developed. OLEUM JUNIPERI. U. S.—L. E. D. Oil or Juniper. (By distillation from the fruit.) Ol. Juniperi Bacca. Prop. Odor similar to thatof turpentine ; taste acrid, hot, similar to that of the fruit; color greenish yellow ; deposit i a feculent OLE 137 matter when kept; often adulterated with oil of turpentine, which may be detected by obtaining the specific gravity, w hich is thus rendered lighter than usual. Oper. Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic. Use. In dropsies; advantageously added to digitalis when it is given in the form of pills. Dose. Ill ij. to fllx. or more, rubbed up with sugar or mucilage and water. OLEUM LAVANDULA:. U. S.—L. E. D. Oil of Lavender. (By distillation from the Lavandula Spica.) Prop. Odor very fragrant, that or the flower; taste warm ; or a lemon color. Opsr. Stimulant. Use. In hysteria und nervous headaches. Doee. I*lj. to fllv. on a lump or sugar. Off. Prep. Unguentum Sulphuris, E. OLEUM VOLATILE LAURI SASSAFRAS. E. Ol. Sassa- fras, U. S.—D. Oil of Sassafras. (.By distillation from the chips.) Prop. Odor fragrant, thnt or the wood ; taste acrid, very hot, burning the lips when tasted: limpid, yellow, heavier than water ; often adulterated with oil of lavender and oil of tur- pentine. Oper. Stimulant, sudorific, diuretic. Use. In scorbutus, chronic rheumatism, cutaneous diseases. Dose. 11L > j - to fllx. rubbed with sugar. OLEUM LINI. U. S.—L. D. O,. Lini Usitatissimi, E. Lin- seed Oil. (Expressed from the bruised seeds.) Comp. Nearlythe same as those of olive oil, with some mucilage. Prop. Odor strong; taste unpleasant, nauseous; does not congeal by cold ; becomes easily rancid. Oper. Demulcent, emollient, laxative. Use. Il has been given wilh advantage in ileus, when purgatives have failed; but it is chiefly used in the form of clyster, in flatulent colic, attended with costiveness; and in abrasions of the rectum; externally in burns and wounds. Dose. r3ss. tof3J.; in clysters, f 3 iij. 10 f 3 vj. Off. Prep. Linimentum Aqua Ceitcis, E. OLEUM MENTHAi PIPERITA:. U. S.—L. E. Ol. Menthae Piperilidis, D. Oil iff Peppetmint. (By distillation from the dried plant.) 01. Mentha Piperitidis. Comp. Cio-bon 80, hydrogen 11, oxygen 8. Prop. Odor strong, that or the plant; taste acrid, very hot and biting, with a peculiar sensation of coldness; lighter than wa- ter; color brown yellow. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative. Use. In cramp of the stomach and flatulent colic. Dose. fllj. to HLtiJ rubbed up with sugar or mucilage. Off. Prep. Pilula Rhei Comp., E. Pilula Aloes cum Zingiber*, D. OLEUM MENTHA PULEGU. E. Oil of Pennyroyal. (By distillation.) Prop. Odor and taste of the plant; warm, pungent. Oper. Excitant. Ute. In flatulence, hysteria, amenorrhea. Due. Itliij. to II". viij. 138 OLE OLfiUM MENTHA VlRfDIS. U.S.—L.E.D. Oil of Spear mini. (By distillation from the dried plant.) Prop. Odor that of the plant; taste wurm, pungent. Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Ute. In flatulence and anorexia. Dose. Illy, to fllv. on a lump of sugar. Off. Prep. Infusum Mentha Comp., D. OLfiUM MONAR1UE. U. S. Oil of Horsemint. (From the 1 resh herb of Monarda Punctata ) Prop. A reddish-amber color; fragrant odor; warm and very pungent taste. Use. A powerful rubefacient; also stimulant and carminative. OLfiUM MYR1STIOA: U. S. Oil of Nutmeg. (Obtained from the fruit of the Myristica Moschata.) Prop. Two oils are obtained from the nutmeg: a fixed oil, and a volatile oil ; the first by expression, the last by distillation with water; is yellowish; spec. grav. 0.920; deposits a solid cr\st illized matter, soluble in alcohol nnd slher. OLEUM ORIGANI. U. S—L. E. D. Oil of Origanum (By distillation from the dried plant.) Prop. Odor that of the plant; taste hot, very acrid; of a yellow color. Oper. Stimulant, narcotic. Lse. Scarcely ever given internally; a drop of it put into a curious tooth relieves the pain of toothache. OLEUM PIMENTA:. U. S.—L. E. D. Oil of Pimento. (By dis.illation from the covering of the fruit of the Myrtus Pimento.) Prop. Odor very fragrant; taste that or the pimento in an in- creased degree; color a red brown ; heavier than water; com bines with bases like the oil or cloves. Oper. Stimulant. Use. In debilities or the stomach, colic, and tympanitis. Dose, flliij. to fl".v. rubbed with sugar. Off. Prep. Emplast. Aromaticum, D. OLfiUM PIPERIS CUBEBAi. E. Ol. Cubebae, U. S. Oil of Cubebs. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic. Use. The same as the cubebs; but less efficacious in gonorrhoea. OLEUM RICINl. U. S.—L. E.D. Castor Oil. (Bruise the castor seeds, previously decorticated; then express the oil without the app'icaiion of heat.) 3 xiv. of the seeds yield about r 3 iij. or oil. Ot. e Semimbus Ricini. Prop. Recently drawn, inodorous, nearly insipid; colorless, or of a very pale straw color; thick, but perfectly transparent; lighter than water. It becomes soon rancid by keeping, thick- ens, deepens in color to a reddish brown, and has a hot, i ause- ous taste; soluble in all proportions with alcohol and tether, and when so mixed lets fall all foreign bodies mixed with it. Oper. Purgative. Use. In all cases where stimulant purgatives would be hurtful j particularly in dysentery, colica picionum ; calculous complaints and ileus ; and, as it operates very quickly, in spasmodic affec- tions. It is an excellent purge at all times for children, women in child bed, and after surgical operations in which the viscera we at all concerned. It is also a good adjunct to clysters OLE 139 Dote, f 3 ss, to f 3 jss. either floated on a little water, and covered wilh a small quantity of brandy,, or in the following draught: R Olei ricini f jss., muc.ilnginis q. s. tere uptime, et paullu'iin adde, aqua; distillate f'3j-> spir. lavandula; comp. fllxx., syr. tolutani f'3ss. Misce. OLEUM ROSA-:. Otto or Ottar of Roses. (By distilling the petals of the Rosa Centifolia with water; chiefly from Egypt and India, as Uie roses of this country yield so little oil ad hardly to pay the expense of the process.) Prop. Nearly colorless; delightful odor; spec. grav. 0.872: below 80° Fah. into a substance like butter; at 72° 10U0 parts alcohol dissolve 33 parts oil of roses. Composed of two oils, one liquid, Ihe other solid, and destitute of smell; separated by freezing, and pressing between folds of blotting paper. Comp. Carbon Ri.7-2, hydrogen 14.28. OLEUM ROSMARINI. U. S.—L. E. D. Oil of Rosemary. (By distillation from the tops of the dried plant.) Oleum Rori* Marini. Comp. The same as other essential oils, with some camphor. Prop. Odor very fragrant, nnd taste like that of the plant; limpid Hke water; deposits crystals of camphor when long kept Oper. Stimulant. Use. In nervous complaints. Dose, fllij. to mvj. rubbed up with sugar. Off. Prep. Tinetura Saponis, E. Alcohol. Ammoniatum Aroma- ticum, E. OLfiUM RUTA*:. D.E. Oil of Rue. (Distilled from the dried plant. Prop. Odor that of the plant, but weaker; taste strong or the plant, sharp, hot; color yellow; when kept it becomes brown, and deposits a brownish resinous si-ditnent; easily congeals. Oper. Antispasmodic; externally rubefacient. Use. In hysteria, and the convulsive affections of infancy at- tending on dentition; externally in palsy. Dose. m.ij. to fllv. rubbed with sugar or mucilage. OLEUM SABINA"". U.S.—D. E. OilofSuvine. (By distilla tion from the dried plant.) Juniperus Sabina. Comp. Carbon 88, hydrogen 11. Prop. Odor and tnste of the plant; limpid like water; color pale yellow. Oper. Stimulant, emmeiiagogup; externally vesicant. Use. In the same cases for which the plant is employed. Dose, fllij. lo «lvj. OLEUM SAMBUCI. L. Oil of Elder Flowers. (By distillation.) Prop. Odor that ot the flowers. Oper. Moderately excitant. OLEUM SASSAFRAS. U.S. Oil or Sassafras. (By distillirg the chips or the root of the Lauras Sassafras, the last of which yields about two per cent.) Prop. Color yellow ; odor fragrant; taste aromatic and pungent; spec. grav. 1.094; sepurntes, by agitation wilh water, into two oils; very often adulterated with oil of lavender and oil or tur- pentine, which may be separated by cautious distillation. Oper. Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Dose. Two to ten drops. OLEUM SINAPIS. Oil or Mustard Seed. Sinapis Nigra el 140 OLE Alba. Black and White Mustard. (Tctradynamia, Siliquion. N. O. Crucifera. Europe. © ) Macerate the bruised .seed in cold water several hours, then distil.—Hamburgh Phar. Prop. Of a yellowish-white color; smells strongly of" mustard ; excites a violent pungent sensation ; acrid, burning taste; causes a sense of burning, and intense redness and vesication on the parts to which it is applied. Oper. A powerful stimulant and diuretic; externally revelleni, counter-irritant,, vesicant. Use. In all eases of torpor of the system, where stimulants are indicated, as palsy, atonic dropsy, low forms of fever, some of the neuroses; externnlly in neuralgia, paralysis, subacute rheumatism, odontalgia, gastrodynia, &c. Dose. Two drops may be mixed in 3 vj. of an emulsion, and a tablespoonful given every two hours. Externally it is either rubbed on the skin, or applied by means of strips of linen dipped in the oil, which should remain on about ten minutes. This may be repeated twice a day in chronic diseases, especially to the trunk and extremities. This oil being very volatile, should be kept in vessels closelv stopped. OLEUM SUCClNI. U.S.—L.E. D. Ol. Succini Rectificatum, U. 8.—D. Oil of Amber. (Distilled from amber with a very gentle heat, and rectified.) Prop. Odor strong, fetid, bituminous; taste pungent, acrid; so- luble in water; imperfectly in alcohol; nearly colorless at first, but it gradually becomes brown. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, rubefacient. Use. In hysteria, epilepsy, and deficient menstruation; exter- nally in paralysis, and chronic rheumatism of the joints. The following is recommended as a friction in tic douloureux: R Ol. succini f 3j , tinct. opii r3ss. Misce. Dose. Illv. to fllxij. rubbed up with mucilage. OLEUM SUCCINI OXIDATUM. U.S. Oxidated Oil of Am- ber. (Olei Suceini f 3 j., Acidi Nitrici f 3 iijss. Put the oil of amber in a glass vessel, and gradually drop the acid into it, at the same time stirring the mixture with a glass rod. Let it stand for thirty-six hours, then separate ihe supernatant resin- ous matter from the acid fluid beneath, and wash it repeatedly, first with cold, and, lastly, with hot water, till the acid taste be removed.) Use. Recommended as a substitute for musk, to which it is analogous in its properties. OLEUM SULPHURATUM. E. Sulphuretted Oil. (Sulphuris foti liy, Oliva Olei Oj. Heat the oil in a large iron pot, ard throw in the sulphur by degrees, stirring the mixture after each addition till they unite.) Prop. Odor extremely fetid ; taste acrid ; color reddish-brown, thick. Oper. Stimulating, irritating ; externally detergent. Use. Now seldom given internally ; but formerly it was much used in coughs, asthma, and other pulmonary complaints, and often proved hurtful. Externally it is applied to foul tunning ulcers. iDose. fllv. to fllxx. in a glassful of water. Off. Prep. Emplast. Ammoniaci cu-n Hydrargyro, L. Emplast Hydrargyri, L. ✓ OLI 141 DLEUM TEREBINTH IN A? PURIFICATUM. L. E. D. Ol. Terebinthime, U. S. Rectified Oil of Turpentine. (O'ei Tere- binthina Oj., Aqua Oiv. Cautiously distil over the oil.) Prop. Odor penetrating; taste hot. pungent; colorless, limpid, lighter than water, volatile; sparingly soluble in alcohol. Contains two oils, Ihe most volatile of" which is called Qiisr phine, by Dumas. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, sudorific, anthelmintic, rubefacient Use. In chronic rheumatism, lumbago, nnd sciatica; and in passive uterine ha-morrhages ; dropped into the ear in deafness from defect of wax; applied to indolent tumors; and in em- brocation, in rheumatism and bruises. It is given in very large doses, alone, or untied with honey, against the taenia solium, which it brings away entire, dead, after two or three doses. Dose. fllx. lo t'3j. in the first cases; but for the expulsion of taenia f 3ss. to f 5 'j- Off. Prep. Linimentum Terebinthina, U. S.—L. Linimentum Cantharidis, U. S. *** It forms the greater part of a reputed quack medicine, White- head's Essence of Mustard. OLEUM TIGLH. Croion Oil. (Cruton Tiglii. Nonacia, Monadelphia. N.O. Euphorbiacea. East Indies. *>.) Comp. Croton oil is obtained by expression from the seeds, Which consist of 04 parts of kernel, 36 envelope, in the 100— and the cotyledons yield 60 per cent, of oil. Prop. A thickish fluid, of a honey-yellow color, a faint but disagreeable smell, taste hot and acrid, leaving an impression which remains for many hours. Wholly soluble in sulphuric a;ther and oil of turpentine, and partially in alcohol. Consists of two portions—one acid and purgative, amounting to 45 per cent, (a resin and Crotonic acid), soluble in cold alcohol; the other, a mild oleaginous suDstunce, like olive oil, soluble in asther and oil of turpentine. A fixed oil often adulterated. Oper. A powerful hydragogue purgative, acting generally in moderate doses without pain, but in large doses excites vomit- ing and severe griping p.un. A drop placed on the tongue, in a comatose state, will usually operate. Use. In constipation and torpor of the inleslines—in dropsy, apoplexy, mania, coma, inflammation of ihe brain, hydroce- phalus, nnd whenever powerful revulsion from the head is indicated. Externally as a revelleni, or counter-irritant, pro- ducing a pustular eruption in twelve hours after the first friction —in rheumatism and gout, phthisical affections, incipient phthisis, and in the neuroses, us palsy, hooping cough, spas modic asthma. Dose, t to i and J a drop every two or three hours, in emulsion or pill. Externally, four to six drops may be rubbed in twice n day. H the skin is very sensitive, mix it with un equal por- tion of some fiied or volatile oil. OLIBANUM. L. Boswellia Serrata. Gummi Resina, D. Olibanum. (Boswellia Surrata. Decandria, Monogyn. N.O. Burseracca. India. ">.) Olibanum, Gummi Resina. Comp. Gum resin, volatile oil. Prop. Odor peculiar, aromatic ; taste bitterish, slightly pungent j in grains of different sizes, semi-transparent, brittle; color -43 OPI reddish-yellow; partly soluble in alcohol; forms a milk} emulsion when triturated wilh water. Oper. Stimulant. Ute. Seldom used except as a perfume in sick rooms. DLIVAJ OLEUM. L. E. D. Olive Oil. (Olea Europea. Di- and. Monogynia. N. O. Oleacea. South of Europe. >.) Expressed from the ripe fruit. Comp. Carbon 79, hydrogen 21 parts; perhaps some oxygen: or according to Braeonvot, of oil of a greenish-yellow color 72, ver / while suet 28 pans. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; transparent, of the palest straw-color; lighter than water; cannot combine with it, nor wilh alcohol, but may be diffused through water by means of mucilage; boils at 600° of Fuhr., therefore not volatile; eongeais at 38°; attracts oxygi n, and becomes rancid, when exposed to the air; forms soaps with the alkalies and lime; plasters, with oxides of lead. Its purity is ascertained by mixing with it 1- 12th of its volume of a concentrated solution of pernitrate of mercury: if pure, il becomes like a firm fat in a few hours. Oper. Demulcent, emollient, gently laxative. Use. In catarrhs and pulmonary complaints; in emulsion with mucilage; in a simple state, when acrid matters are taken into the stomach; externally it has been advantageously used as a friction in plague; us an injection in gonorrhoea; an adjunct to clysters in dysentery and abrasions; and in the formation of ointments and plasters. Dose. l'3j. to f5j. triturated with mucilage, or mixed with water by means or a few drops of liquor potassa;, or liquor ammonia;. OPIUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Opium. (Papaver Somniferum. Polyandria, Monogynia. N. O. Papaveracea. South of Eu- rope. 0.) Comp. Gummy matter, resin, caoutchouc, gluten, a volatile oil, narcotira, codeiu, meconina, narceia, morphia, meconic acid, alum, sulphate or lime, or potassa, or iron; besides which, opium generally contains i its weight or impurities. Prop. TURKEY OPIUM.—Odor heavy, narcotic; taste nau- seous, bitter, acrid, warm; in flaitish cakes, solid, tenacious; or a reddish-brown color, yellowish when powdered ; marks on paper a light-brown interrupted streak. EAST INDIAN.— Odor the same, and empyreumatic ; taste less bitter, but more nauseous; color darker. Opium is partially soluble in water and in alcohol; very soluble in vinegar and in oil. Oper. Stimulaiii in small doses, but in larger, narcotic nnti spasmodic, diaphoretic, sedative, anodyne ; operating through the nerves on the living solid ; externally, its stimulant effects are considerable, but soon followed by its narcotic. Ute. In all painful uffections, where the inflammatory diathesis is not very considerable ; in diarrhcea and dysentery ; intermit- tents; in typhus, ia*uialler doses as a cordial, in larger to allay irritation and produce sleep; cholera and pyrosis; in rheuma- tism when inflammatory fever is not present; retrocedentgout; and in convulsive and spasmodic diseases. When combined with calomel, in inflammation after blood-letting, and in syphi- lis, as well as to arrest the progress of gangrene. It is employed in a watery solution containing gr. ij. in f 3 j. of water, as an O S 143 injection in gonorrhoea nnd spasmodic stricture, as an ndjunci to clysters in diarrhceu; and by friction, united with oil, in tetanus and other spasms. Doit. Gr. i to gr. ss. lo produce its stimulant effects; gr. j. to gr ii., its narcotic; but in spasmodic complaints, it has been given lo a very great extent. Ineomp. Lime-water, alkaline carbonates, bichloride of mercury. nitrate of silver, sulphates of zinc, co| per, and iron, infusion of yellow bark, astringent infusions und decoctions; solution ol catechu and or kino; acetates or lead. *,* When opium lias been taken ns a poison, the stomach should be first evacuated by the stomach-pump, worked wilh infusion or yellow bark, or by emetics containing very little water, and after the whole or the opium has been evacuated, aromatic stimulants given, nnd mustard cutup'asms applied externally. Off. Prep. Opium Purificatum, D. Confectio Opii, U. S.—L. D. Electuarium Opii, E. Electuar. Catechu, E. Extradum Opii L. E. D. Pilula Opii, U. S—E. Pil. Saponis comp., U. S.—L. Pil. Styracis comp., L. E. Pil. Calomelane et Opii, E. Pil. Ipecac, et Opii, E. L. Pulv. Opiatus, E. Pulv. Creta Comp. cum Opio, L. E. Pulv. Ipecacuanha Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Pulv. Kino Comp., L. Elect. Opii, E. Tinct. Opii, U. S.— L. E. D. Tinct. Camphora Comp., U. S.—L. E D. Tinct. Opii Ammoniata, E. Troch. Opii, E. Tinct. Opii Acetata, U. S. Acetum Opii, U. S.—E. Vinum Opii, U. S.—L. E. Enema Opii, D. E. Linimentum Opii, E. Lin Saponis cum Opio. D. Emplastrum Opii, U. S.—D. E. OPOPONAX. L.D. Opoponax. (Opoponax Chironium, Pen- tamlria. Digyn. N. O. Umbellifera. Italy. l\.) Exudes from the roots when wounded. Opoponax, Gummi Resina. Comp. G im resin, a trace of caoutchouc, a volatile oil. Prop. Odor strong, peculiar; taste bitter, acrid; in lumps or a reddish-yellow color, white within; forms a milkv solution when triturated with water. Oper, Antispasmodic, emmenagogue. Use. In hysteria and chlorosis; but il is seldom used. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. ORIGANUM. U. S.—L E. Common Marjoram. (Origanum Vulgare. Didynam. Gymnosperm. N. O. Labiata. Indige- nous. 11.) Prop. Odor fragrant, taste aromatic, pungent, not unlike thai of thyme. Oper. Tonic, stomachic, emmenagogue 1 Use. In debilities of the stomach : scarcely ever used Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. in powder. Off. Prep. Oleum Orignni, U. S.—L. D. ORIGANI MARJORANAl HERBA. D. Sweet Marjoram. (Class and Order as above. Portugal. 0.) Marjorana. Prop. Odor strong, fragrant; taste aromatic, bitterish. Oper. Stomachic, errhine. Use. Chiefly for culinary purposes ; and as a snuff in headaches. Off. Prep. Pulv. Asari Comp., D. OS. U. S. Ed. D. Bone. Prop, and Comp. Too well known to need description. Off. Prep. Soda Phosphas, U. S. 16 144 OXi OVUM. L. E. Egg (Phasianus GaPus, the Common Fowl, CI. Aves. Ord. Gallinaeea.) Oper. Nutritive. Use. The yolk and white swallowed raw are said to be useful in jaundice ; in convalescences the yolk is given, beat up with sugar and wine; triturated wilh oils, it renders them miscible with water. Off. Prep. Mist Spir. Vini Gallici, L. OXiDUM FERRI RUBRUM. E.D. Red Oxide of Iron. (The sulphateof iron exposed to a strong heat, till it becomes red. The Dublin College orders it to be washed, and dried on blotting paper.) A peroxide. Ferrum Pitrielatum Us turn. Comp- Iron 52, oxygen 48 parts, in 100 of the oxide ; 2 eq. iron= 56+3 oxygen=24, eq. 80: if it be not washed, it contains also a small portion of red sulphate of iron. Prop. Taste styptic ; the Edinburgh preparation deliquesces. Oper. Tonic, stimulant. Use. In the same cases as the other salts of iron , rarely used Dose. Gr. v. to gr. x. Off. Prep. Murias Ammonia et Ferri, E. D. OXll'UM ZINCI IMPURUM. E. D. Impure Oxide of Zinc. (Sublimed in roasting ores of zinc with galena.) Comp. Zinc 85, oxygen 15 parts; but these proportions are doubtful, and tutty contains some metallic zinc und argil. Prop. Inodorous, insipid, hard, ponderous, rough, and brownish on the outside; smooth and yellow within. Use. For pharmaceutical purposes. Off. Prep Oxidum Zinci Impurum Praparatum, E. Unguen turn Oxidi Zinci Impuri, E. D. OXIDUM ZINCI IMPURUM PRA3P \RATUM. E. Prepared Impure Oxide of Zinc. (Prepared in the same manner us im- pure carbonate or zinc. *)jjer. Astringent. Use. Externally in ophthalmia; as an adjunct to ointments; and dusted on the parts in superficial inflammation. OXYMEL. L.D. Simple Oxymel. (Mellis Ibx., Acidi Acetiei Ojss. Mix the acid with the honey made hot.) MelAcetatum. Oper. Cooling, diaphoretic ; externally detergent. Use. In feveis nnd peripneumonia ; as an adjunct to gargles in cynanche tonsillaris. Dose. I'3j. to f3j- dissolved in barley-water. OXYMEL COLCHlCI. D. Oxymel of Meadow Saflron. (Rad. Colehici rec. in laminas lenucs secta l'y, Aceti Distillati Ibj., Mclli3 despum. pond. lbij. Macerate in a gentle heat for 48 hours. Strain by pressure, and boil the liquor with the honey, to the thickness of a syrup, stirring with a wooden spoon.) Much of ihe acrimony is destroyed by the boiling. Oper. Expectorant, diuretic Tjse. In humoral asthma, dropsy, and gout; inferior to squill. Dose, fly gradually increased to f 5 ss. twice a day, dissolved in a cupful of gruel. OXYMEL SCILLA:. U.S.—L.D. Oxymel of Squill. (Mellis Ibiij., Aceti Scilla Oij Evaporate in a glass vessel, over a sand bath, to a proper consistence.) The boiling is hurtful, destroying the acrimony on which the virtue of squill depends Oper. Expectorant, diuretic, aperient; in large doses emetic. P H O 145 Us*. In humoral asthma, chronic coughs, dropsy; to excite vomiting in pertussis. Dose. LI ss. to f 3 ij. in cinnamon water, or any other aromatic water. PAPAVER. U. S.—L. E. Papaver Album; Capsulte, D While Poppy Capsules. 'Papaver Somniferum. Class and Order, see Opium.) The ripe, di.'ed seed-vessels. Papavet Album, Capsula. 0. Oper. Relaxant, anodyne. Use Externally as a fomentation ( 3 iv. of the dried heads bein bruised and boiled in Oiv. of water lo Oij ), to inflamed or ulce- rated parts. The addition or a little distilled vinegar aids the narcotic power of the decoction. Off. Prep. Syrup us Papaveris, L. E. D. Extradum Papaveris, L.E. PAPAVER RHGEADOS, Petala. See Rhaas. PARl'MA. U. S.—L. E. Pareira, (Cissumpelos Pareira.) JJtacia Dodccandria. N.O. Menispermacea. South America. Use. See Infusum Pareira. Off. Prep. Infusum Pareira, L. E. PETROLEUM. L.E.D. Barbadoes Tar. Prop. Odor fetid; tasie bitter, acrid; semi-liquid, tenacious, ■emi-transparent; of a reddish-brown color; insoluble in water und alcohol; combines wilh fixed and essential oils, and sul- phur; and is partially soluble in aether. Oper. Antispasmodic, sudorific; diuretic, expectorant; externally stimulant und discntieut. Use. In asthma, and coughs unattended with inflammation : skin diseases ; externally in diseases of the hip-joint, rheumatic pains, chilblains and paralytic limbs, applied by friction. Dose, fllxx. to f 3j. huB been taken in a day without inconve- nience. PHLORIDZINA. Phloiidzine. (A peculiar bitter principle, winch exists in the bark of the trunk and the roots of the apple, pear, cherry, und plum trees. Take the fresh root, digest in weak alcohol, at a temperature of 120°, for eight or ten hours ; dislil off ihe greater part or the alcohol, ar.d crystallize the remainder.)—Amer. Journ. Pharmacy, Vol. ii., p. 240. Prop. Silky spicula of a dead-white color, or long slender prisms, or tables—1000 parts of water at a temperature fwii 32° to 71°, dissolve one part; from 71° to 212^> dissolves it in all proportions. Soluble in pure alcohol at ordinary tempera- tures. Has no action on test papers. Osier. Tonic, antiperiodic. Use. In intermittent*, and wherever tonics are indicated. Dose. Gr iv. to gr. xvi. before the paroxysm. PHOSPHAS SODA:. U. 8.—L. E. D. Phosphate of Soda (Prepared from bones and Soda; Carbonas.) Comp. Soda 19, acid 15, water 66 parts.—(Thenard.) 2eq.soda s=ti3.6-f-l eq acid=71.4+24 eq. water=2l6, equiv.=350. Prof. Inodoious; taste nenrly that of common salt; crystals rhomboidal prisms; efflorescent; solub'e in three parts of watei mi bl>°. Oper. Purgative. Use. In all cases where the bowels require to be opened. When rr 146 PIL dissolved in broth made without salt, the taste of the phosphate is not perceived. Dose. 3j. to 3 ij. Ineomp. Alum, chalk, and all salts with an earthy base PHOSPHORUS. L. Phosphorus. Use. For making phosphoric acid. PHYTOLACCA: BACCA: ET RADIX. U.S. (Scamdary.) Phy. JJecandria. Poke Berries, Poke Root (D'candria, Decagynia. N. O. Phytolacca. Indigenous t%.) Prop. Tin; berries have a sweetish, nauseous, and slightly acrid taste, wilh litt'.e odor. The dried root has no smell; sweetish taste. The coloring principle is very volatile. Juice contains saccharine matter. Oper. Emetic, purgative, alterative, and narcotic. A narcotico acrid poison. Use. The juice, evaporated to an extract, is employed as an escharotic by cancer doctors. As an alterative in small doses in chronic rheumatism. As an ointment in psora, tinea capitis, and other cutaneous diseases. Dose. As an emetic, from gr. x. to gr. xxx. As an alterative, from gr. i. to gr. v. PILULA: ALOES. U.S.—E. Aloetie Pill. (AloesSocotrina, Saponis, sing, partes aquales, q. s s.) PILULA£ ALOES COMPOSITA-:. L. D. Compound Aloetie Pills. (Aloes contrita toy, Eat.Gentiana 3 ss., Olei Carui fllxl., Syr. q. s. s.) PILULA: ALOES CUM ZINGIBERE. D. Pillsof Aloesand Ginger. (Aloes Hcpat. 3j., Rad. Zingib. in pulv. trita 3j., Saponis Htspanici 3 ss., Ol. Essent. Mentha Pip. 3 ss.) Oper. In their operation these three are alike, warm stomachic purgatiws. Use. In habitual costiveness. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. made into pills. PILULA: ALOES CUM MYRRHA. U.S.—L.E.D. Aloetie Pills with Myrrh. (Aloes 5U-. Ooci Stigmatum, Myrrha, sing. 3j-. Syr. q. s. s.) Oper. Cathartic, emmenagogue. Use. In chlorotic, hypochondriacal, and cachectic habits, to stimulate and open the bowels. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. made into pills. PILULA: ALOES ET ASSAFCETIDA:. IU S.—D. Aloetie and Assafcetida Pills. (Aloes Socotor., Conf. Rosa, Assafatida Saponis, sing, partes aquales, q. s.) Oper. Purgative, stomachic, anodyne. Use. In dyspepsia attended with flatulence und costiveness; hysteria; uiuenorrhcea. Dose. Gr. x. in pills twice a day; or at bed-time. PILULA: ALOES ET FERRI. E. Pills of Aloes and Iron (Sulph. Ferri gr. xxxvj., Aloes Barb. gr. xxiv., Pulv. Aromat. gr. Ixx., Conf. Rosa q. s., ft. pilula? xlviij.) Use. An excellent combination of a tonic and purgative. PILULA*: ASSAFCETIDA:. U. S—E. PilulseMyrrha;Comp. D. Compound Pills of Assafcetida. (Assafatida,----Gal bani,----Myrrha, sing. 3 iij., Conf. Rosa q. s.) Use. In hysteria and other nervous affections. Dose Gr. v. to gr. x. PIL 14-7 MLULA* CALOMELANOS ET OPII. E. Pills of Calomel and Opium. (Calomel gr. xxiv., Opium gr. viij., Conserve of Roses, a quantity sufficient to make a mass to be divided into twelve pills.) Use. For rapidly bringing the habit under mercurial influence. PILULA; CAMB0GIA2 COMPOSITA:. L.E.D. Compound Camboge Pills. (Cambogia Conlrita 3j., Aloes 3jss., Zingi- beris 3 ss., Saponis 3 ij.) Oper. Cathartic. Use. in obstinate costiveness. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. in pills occasionally. PILULA" CATHART1CA* COMPOSITE. U. S. Compound Cathartic Pills. (Take of Comp. Extract of Colocynth j su . Ext. Jalap. Calomel, a a 3 iij., Gamboge 3 ij., m. ft. pil. No lfcU) Use. In constipation, and hepatic congestion. Dose. Gr. ii. to gr. iv. twice a day. PILULA: COLOCYNTHIDIS. E. D. Compound Pills of Co- locynth. (Aloes Hepatica, Scammonii, utriusque 3j-, Medulla Colocynthidis 3 S8., Saponis Hispanici 3ij., Potassa Sulphatis, Olei Volatilis, Eugenia Caryophyllata, uiriusque 3j., Syrupi Empyreumatica, q. s. s. Reduce the aloes, the scammony, and the sulphate of potassa to powder; then mix the pulp of the colocynth with the oil; and, lastly, rub the whole with the soap and the syrup into a mass.) Oper. Cathartic, emmenagogue. Use. In habitual costiveness; in chlorosis and hysteria. Dose. From gr. viij. to 3j. PILOLA: COLOCYNTHIDIS ET HYOSCYAMI. E. Pills of Colocynth and Henbane. (Colocynth pill 3 ij., Extract of Henbane 3j. Make into xxxvj. pills.; Use The same as the Colocynth Pill. PILULA: CONH COMPOSITA7.. L. Compound Pills of Hemlock. (C«nii Ext. 3 v., Ipecacuanha pulv. 3j., Mist. Acacia q. s.) Oper. Narcotic, antispasmodic. Use. In phthisis, pertussis und bronchitis. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. viij. PILULA" COPAIBA:. U. S. Pills of Copaiba, (ft Copaiba 3ij, Magnesia 3j. Mix, nnd set aside till il concretes into a moss, which is to be divided into 200 pills.) Use. In gonorrhcea and affections of the mucous membrane. PILULA" CUPRI AMMONl ATI. E. Pills of Aminoniaret of Copper. (Ammon Cupri in pulv. ti n. triti gr. xvj.. Mica Pants 3iv , Aqua Carbonatis Ammonia q. s. Beat inlo a mass, and divide it into xxxij. equal pills.) Pilula Cupri. Oper. Antispasmodic, tonic. Use. In epilepsy and other spasmodic complaints. Dose. One pill twice a day, gradually increasing the number till five are taken for n dose. PILCLA" DIGITALIS ET SCILLAS. E. Pills of Foxglov* and Squill. (Digitalis, Squill, of each 3y, Aromatic Electuar* 3ij. Make into xx. pills.) Oper. Diuretic. FILULA*: FERRI CARBONATIS. U S.—E. PillsofCarbo- 148 PI L nnte or Iron. (Saccharine Carbenate of Iron 3 ij., Cont. if Roses, enough to make xij. pills.) PILULA" FERRI COMPOSITA:. U. S.—L. D. Compound Pills of Iron. (Myrrha cont. 3 ij., Soda Carbon., Ferri Sulpha- tis, Sacch. fac, sing, iy, Oper. Tonic, emmenagogue. Use. In dyspepsia and chlorosis. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. in pills, twice or thrice a day. PILULA: FERRI SULPHATIS. E. PillsofSulphatcofIron (Sulph. of Iron gr. xxiv., Ext. of Taraxacum 3 j-, Cons, of Rosei gr. xxiv. Make into xxiv. pills.) Use. As a tonic, in dyspepsia connected with a torpid state of the liver. PILULA: GALBANI COMPOSITA:. U.S.—L.D. Compound Galbunum Pills. (Galbani 3 j-, Myrrha, Sagapenii, sing. 3jss., Assafcetida 3 iv., Syrupi q. s.) Oper. Both these forms of pills operate as antispasmodics and emmenagogues. Use. In chlorosis, hysteria, and hypochondriasis. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. made into pills, every night at bed-time. PILULA: HYDRARGYRI. U. S.—L. E. D. Mercurial Pills. (Hydrarg. Pur. 3 ij., Cenfect. Rosa Gallica 5 iij., Glycyrrhita Rad. cont. 3j. Rub the quicksilver wilh the confection until the globules disappear; then add the liquorice-root powder, and beat the whole into a uniform mass.) Comp. Protoxide of mercury, and the other ingredients, the mercury being converted into the black oxide by the rubbing: hence tfie name should have been Pilula Protexidi Hydrargyri. Oper. Antisyphilitic, alterative ; in large doses purgative. Use. In syphilis, perhaps the best form of the remedy; in some cutaneous diseases nnd intermittents, attended with visceral and lymphatic obstructions; to purge in jaundice, dropsies, und ileus. Dose. For the former objects, gr. v. to gr. x. twice a day, united with opium, if the bowels are easily affected; for the latter, gr. xij. to 3j. every three or four hours. PILULA: HYDRARGYRI CHLOR1DI COMPOSITA:. L.D. Pilula? Calomelanos Composita;, E. Compound Pills of Chlo- ride of Mercury. (Hydrarg. Chlor., Antimonii Oxysulphureti, sing. 3 ij., Guaiaci contrita 3 iv., Sacchari facis 3 ij. Aftei beating together these ingredients, form them into a mass.) Oper. Alterative, diaphoretic. Use. In lepra; secondary syphilis, affecting the skin, and old venereal ulcers. The decoction of elm bark, or of sarsaparilla is generally ordered to be taken at the same lime. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. x. in pills, night and morning. PILULA: HYDRARGYRI IODIDI. L. Pills of Iodide c\ Mercury (Hydrargyri lodidil'y, Conf. Cynosb. 3 iij., Zingib. pulv. 3j.) Oper. and Use. The same as those of the Iodide of Mercury. PILULA*; IPECACUANHAS COMPOSITA!. L. Pilula: Ipe- cacuanhae et Opii, E. Compound Prlls of Ipecacuanha (Pulv- Ipecacuan. Comp.Jiiy, Scilla sic, Ammoniaci, & A 3j Acacia Mixture q. s.) Oper. nnd Use. The same as those of the compound powder a ipecacuanha. PIM 119 _ jte, _ PILULA* PLUMBI CPIATA**. E. Pills of Lend and Opium (Acetate of Lead gr. Ixxij., Opium gr. xij., Cons. Roses gr. XlV Make into xxiv. pills.) Use. In active ha-niorrhages. PILULA: Q.U1NINA-: SULPHATIS. U.S. (Pills of Sulphate of Quinine, ft Sulph. Quin. 3 j-> Gum Arabic 3 ij., Syrup q. 8 M. ft. 480 pills.) PILOLA: RHEI. U. S —E. Rhubarb Pills. (Rhubarb in poieder 3 ij.. Acetate of Potassa 3 j., Cons, of Roses 3 ss. Make into x\\v.piils.) Use. A moderate purgative. PILULA: RHEI COMPOSITA". U. S.—L. E. Compound Rhubarb Pills. (Rhei m pulv. trita 3J-, Aloes 3 vj., Myrrha 3 iv., Saponis 3 j., Ol. Carui 3 ss., Syrupi q. s. Beat them into a mass.) Oper. Laxative, stomachic. Use. In dyspepsia attended with costiveness. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j twice a day. PILOLA: RHEI ET FERRI. E. Pills of Rhubarb and Iron. (Sulph. of Iron gr. xxiv., Ext. of Rhubarb 3j., Cons, of Rose* 3ss. Make into xxiv. pills.) Us*. As a tonic and purgative in ntonic dyspepsia. PILULA: SAGAPENI COMPOSITA"*. L. Compound Pills of Sagapen. (Sagipeni ly, Aloe* 3 ss., Syr. Zing. q. s.) Oper. Purgative. Dose. Gr. x. PILULA! SAPONIS COMPOSITA!. U. S.—L.D. Compound Pills o:'Soap. (Opii duri Contnti 3 iv., Saponis I ij.) Gr. v. contain gr. j. of opium Pilula Opii. PILULA: OPII live THEBAICA". E. Opiate Pills. (Opii partem unam, Ext Glycyrrhiza glob, partes vij., Frud. Myrti Pimenta partes ij.) Gr. v. contain gr. ss. of opium. PILULA" STYRACIS COMPOSITA*:. L. Piluhe Styracis, E.D. Slyrax Pills. (Styracis Pur. 3 iij., Opii duri, Croci, sing. 3 j. Gr. v. contain gr. j. of opium) Oper. These three tonus are intended lo operate as sedatives and anodynes. Ute. To procure sleep. The name of the last is well adapted for cases where the patient or his friends may have an objection to opium, us itcan thus be given without appearing as an opiate iu the prescription. PILULA* SCILLA: COMPOSITA*-. U. S.—L. D. Piluhe Scilla;, E. Compound Squill Pills. (Scilla Rer.ent. exsiccata et cont. ly, Zingiberis enntnta Iij-, Saponis 3 iij., Ammoniaci contriti 3 ij., Syr. q s. Form a mass.) Pilula Scilla. Oper. Expectorant, diuretic. . Use. In asthma and chronic catarrh; as an adjunct to digitalis in hvdrothorax, and other dropsies. Dot*.' Gr. x. to 3j. twice or thrice a day. PIMENTA. U.S.—L.E. D. Pimenta Berries. (Myrtus Pi- menta. Icosandria. Monogynia. N.O. Myrtacea. West Indies. *>.) Pimento, Bacca. Prop. Odor aromatic, resembling a mixture of cinnamon, nut- meg, and cloves; taste pungent, but mixed like the odor ; colo? reddish-brown. (The unripe fruit dried.) 150 PIP Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. Chiefly as a condiment; and as an adjunct to other med. cines. Dose. Gr. v. to 3ij. Off. Prep. Aqua Pimcnta, L. E. D. Oleum Pimenta, L. E. D Spir. Pimenta, L. E. D. Syrupus Rhamni, L. PIPER CUBEBA". L. See Cubeba. PIPER LONGUM. L. E. D. Long Pepper. (Diand. Trim. N. O. Piperacea. Amboyna. 11.) The unripe fruit dried in ihe sun. Comp. Acrid, fatty matter, volatile oil, piperin, nitrogenous ex- tractive, gum, bassorin, starch, malates and other salts. Prop. Odor aromatic; taste warm, pungent; small round grains disposed spirally on u cylindrical axis. Oper. Stimulant, carminative, ionic. Use. In atonic dyspepsia, attended with flatulence: retrocedent gout; and paralysis. As a domestic condiment. Doss. Gr. v. to 3j. Off. Prep. Confectio Opii, L. Pulv. Cinnamomi Comp., L. D. Pulv. Creta Comp., L. Tinetura Cinnamomi Comp., L. E. D. PIPER NIGRUM. U.S.—L.E. D. Piper Nigrum. Semen, D. Black Pepper. (Class and Order as above.) Ceylon. >.) The unripe fruit dried in the sun. Comp. Acrid, soft resin, volatile oil, piperin, extractive, gum, basrorin, starch, malic and tartaric acid, woody fibre, sails of lime and potash. Prop. Odor aromatic; taste pungent, fiery; color black, corru- gated an the surface. Its pungency depends on an oleo-resin. Oper. Tonic, antiperiodic, stimulant, carminative. Jse. To check nausea in gouty habits; remove hiccough; and increas-; excitement in palsy. Steeped in mm it cures ague. A wuterv infusion of pepper has been found a useful gargle in relaxation of the uvula. Disc. Gr. x. to 3j. variously combined. Iff. Prep. Emplast Meloes Vesicatorii Comp., E. Ung. Piperis Nigri, D. Eleduarium Piperis, E. Piperis Nigri Confectio, %* White Pepper is the same fruit, freed from its cuticle by n preparation of lime and oil of mustard, called Chunam, applied before it is dried. It is less pungent. PIPERINA. Piperine. Obtained by GErstadt, in 1819, from the Piper Nigrum. "rop. Crystals or four-sided prisms; white, trans'ueent; in- odorous; has n feeble taste of pepper; fuses readily by heat. Scarcely soluble in cold water; somewhat more so in hot. Not an alkaloid, as its solutions do not react on vegetable colors. Oper. Stimulant, antiperiodic, febrifuge. Vse. In intermittents, general debility, or weakness of the diges- tive apparatus; gonorrhoea. >ose. Gr iij. to gr. viij., made into pills with some bitter extract, every three or four hours, during the apyrexia ; or gr. j. every hour. From 40 to 50 grains are generally required to effect a cure. ,-IPERIS NIGRI CONFECTIO. L. Confection of Black PLU 151 Pepper. (Piperis Nigri, Inula, a a Ibj., Faniculi Ibiij., Mellis Sacchari, sing, tbij.) Oper. Stimulant, caiinitiative. Use. In hiccough, paralysis or the intestines, and gout affecting the siomach. In piles affecting leucophlegmatic habits. Dose. From 3ss. lo 3j. PIX ABIETIS. U.S. Pix Abietina, L. Pix Burgundicn, E Pinus Abies (vide Abietis Resina.) Pix Burgundicu, D. Dried Pitch, or Burgundy Pitch. Comp Resin : an essential oil. Prop. Concrete, seiiii-traneparent. unciuous, tenacious, fragrant, Oper. Rubefacient, generally exciting an exudation of sercus fluid. Use. Externally, spread on leather as plasters; in catarrh, per- tussis, dyspnoea. Off. Prep. Emplast. Picis, U. S.—L. E. Emplast. Meloes Vesic. Comp., E. Emplast. Calefaciens, D. Emp. Opii, U. S. Emp. Galbani Comp., U. S. Emp. herri U.S. PIX CANADENSIS. U. S. Hemlock Pitch. Canada and New England. Prop. When prepared, it is of a hard, brittle, opaque form; dark greenish-biown color; or a weak, peculiar odor, and scarcely any taste. Use. Asa gentle rubefacient, analogous to Burgundy pilch, and emp'oyed in the same cases. PIX LIUUIDA. U. S.—L. E. D. Tar. (Obtained by heat from the wood of the Scotch Fir. Pinus sylvestris.) Comp. Resin, empyreiiinatic oil, charcoal, acetic acid. Prop. Of a deep brown color, semi fluid, tenacious; odor em pyreumatic. Op:r. Stimulant, diuretic, sudorific; externally detergent. Use. Internally in ichthyosis ; externally it is applied to foul ulcers, and tinea capitis. Off. Prep. Unguentum Picis Liquid*, U. S.—L. E. D. Aqua Picis Liquida. I). PIX NIGRA. L. Pix Arida, E. Black Pilch. (Pinus sylves- tris. For Class and Order, vide Abietis Resina.) The solid prepared resin. Prop. Solid, dry, brittle. Oper. Stimulant. Use. For preparing the ointment. Off. Prep. Unguentum Picis Nigra. L. PLUMBI CARBONAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Carbonate of Lead. Cmrussa. Comp. Yellow oxide or lead, 83.5. carbonic acid 16.5 parts. (The yellow oxide contains lead 90.5, oxygen 9.5 parts in 100), or 1 eq. of protoxide of lead=lll 0+1 eq. of carbonic acid= 22.12, equiv.=132.72. Prop. Inodorous; taste sweet; brittle, friable, s: ow-white, ora minute scalv texture. Gr. 68 are wholly soluble in 111.150 of acetic acid diluted w ith I 3j. of distilled water: this solution is not entirely precipitated by a solution orgr. 60 or phosphate of soda. Oper. Astringent, sedative. U*». Sprinkled on parts affected with local inflammation; in the formation or ointments and plasters. 152 PLU Off. Prep. Plumbi Acetas, U. S.—L. E. D. Unguentum Cerur sa, E. \?ng. Plumbi Carbonatis, U. S. PLUMBI lODIDUM. L. E. Iodide or Lead. (A decomposi tion or the iodide or potassium by nitrate or acetate or lend. May be made by adding a solution or 100 parts hydriodale potassa to a solution of 75 parts of acetate or lead. Comp. Lead 1 eq.=103.6+iodine 1 eq.=12C.3 equiv.=229.9. Prop. Golden-yellow colored powder, scarcely soluble in cold water, readily in hot water; solution crystallizes on cooling in hexagonal plates; sublimed by heat. Oper. Deobstruent. Use. In glandular affectior*. scrofola, and externally to discuss indolent tumors. Dose. From gr. "; to gr. iv. PLUMBI OXYDUM HYDRATUM. L. Hydrate or the Oxide of Lead. Comp. Lead 1 eq.=103.6+oxygen 1 eq.=8 equivalent=111.6. The quantity of water has not yet been determined. Prop. White, insipid, inodorous powder. Use. For preparing disulohate of qu'na. PLUMBI OXYDUM RUBRUM. U. S.—E. Red Oxide of Lead. (For preparing acetic acid.) PLUMBI CHLORIDUM. L. Chloride of Lead. (Plumbi Ace- tatis 3 xix., Aqua distillate, ferventis Oiij., Sodii Chloridi I vj. Dissolve the salts separately und mix the fluids, and set them apart till the mixture cools. Wash them with distilled water, and dry.) Use. For preparing the hydrochlorate of morphia. PLUMBI OXYDUM. L.: SEMIVITREUM. U. S.—D. Lithargyrum, E. Semivitrified Oxide of Lead, or Litharge. 'A yellow protoxide or lead, prepared by heat, and combined with carbonic acid; often adulterated with other oxides.) Lithargyrus. Comp. Yellow oxide of lend 96, carbonic ncid 4 parts in 100, or 1 eq. of lead 103.6+1 oxygen=8, equiv —111.6. Prop. In scales or a whitish-red color; semivitrified. Use. For pharmaceutical purposes. Off. Prep. Plumbi Acetas, U. S.—L. E. Liquor Ptumbi Dt acetatis, U. S.—L. E. D. Emplast. Plumbi, U. S.—L. E. D Ceratum Saponis, U.S.—L. Emp. Resina, U.S. Emp. Opii, U. S. Emp. Hydrargyri, U. S. PLUMBI NITRAS. E. Nitrate or Lead. Use. As a lest for sulphates; and to form the Iodide of Lend. PLUMBI ACETAS. U.S.—L.E. Acetas P. tunbi, D. Acetate of Lead. (Plumbi Oxydi Ibiv., Acidi Acetiei 3 ij., Aqua distU- lata, sing. Oiv.) Comp. Oxide of lead 58, acetic acid 26, water of crystallization 16 parts; 1 eq. protoxide of lead=rill.6+l eq. of acetic acid 51.48+3 eq. of water=27, equiv. 190.08. Prop, inodorous; taste sweet, styptic ; color very white, with a silky lustre; crystals spicular; soluble in 24 parts of w ater ; tin- solution becomes turbid in common water: soluble also in alcohol; spec. grnv. 2.345. Gr. 48 dissolved in distilled water, acidulated with acetic acid, should not be entirely precipitated by gr. 30 or phosphate of soda. POR 15? Oper. Astringent, in weak solutions, con!:tiij unit sedative; ia strong ' 3 j. to water f 3 vj.,, surnuir.-it. Use- Interna! in viM-erul hjenioritiages washed down with w^itd acidulated with distilled vinegar, which seems to prevent iC deleterious effects. External, in solution in phlegmonous inflammations, burns, bruises, gonorrhiea, &t. Dc;e. Gr ss. to gr. jss. made inlo a pill with gr. ss. of opium and crumb of bread. Distilled water must be used for thf solution, and a little acetic acid added. tncnmp. Alkalies, earths, acids, ulum; borax, soapa, 'ariari;r.ed iioa, and antimony; lime-water, hard water, sulphuretted hy!i".geii. Off. .:--. Ceratum Plumbi Acetatis (Sub.), U. S.—I,. E. D. Acd^-zi Acetosum Forte, E. Solutio Acetatis Zinci, E. PLUMBI DIACETATIS SOLUTIO. E. See Liquor Plumbi Dincctatis. PLUMBI TANNAS. Tannnte or Lead. (Prepared by precipi- tating an infusion of ouk burk by acetate of lead.) Use. As an ungnent to excoriations and sloughing "ores, pro- duc-1 by lying. Il should be spread upon lint, or fine linen, an'". ,pplied three times u day. Or, 3 ij. of it may be mixei with " i of Un rienium Ro-.i rum, and applied as above. POIlOPliyLL*. M PULTA':. ;Vt. U.S. May Apple. Radix (Potyunmis, Monogynia. N.O. Pmlophylla.) Indigenous. Prop. Fran subacid, sweetish ta;M'H-~ eq. water=18. equiv.=llr'.63 Prop. Inodorous; taste shtwp, pungent; white, shining; texture folia tea, deliquescent; soluble in nn equal weight of water; also in four times 'is weight of alcohol. The watery solution decomposes spontaneously. Oper. Mildly cathartic, diure ic, deobstruent. Use. In febrile diseases, dropsies, icterus, and visceral obstrue lions. POT 155 Dote. 3j. to 3 j. as &, "iuretic ; 3 ij to 3 iij. open the bowels. Ineomp. Mineral acids, decoction of tamarinds, bichloride of jiercury, nitrate of silver, sulphates of soda and of magnesia, hydroehlorate of ammonia, tartrate of potassa. Off. Prep. Acetas Hydrargyri, E. D. Tinct. Acetatis Ferri, D. Acidum Aceticum, I). POTASSAO AUU.V EFFERVESCENS. E. Effervescing So- lution of Potassa. (Bicarbonate of Potassa ly, Distilled hater uj. Transmit carbonic acid through the solution under strong pressure.) Use. The same us that of the bicarbonate. It may be trunk it the same m inner lis soda water. POTASSA" CARBONAS. U. S.—L. D Potassae Carbonas Purus, U. S.-E. Carbonate of Potassa. Salt of Tartar. (Oarfton-iti.? Potassa Impura lbij., Aqua Dist. Ojss.) Comp. Potassa 4H..">'>, carbonic acid 47.53, waler of crystallization 8.91 parts; or 1 eq. potussa=^4*U5+l eq. acid=22.l2, equiv.= 6J.27. Prop. Inodorous, taste alkalescent, caustic; crystals minute, white, diliquescent. Oper. Diuretic, antacid, deobstruent. Use. In diopsy, acidities of the prima; vis, and glandular ob slruciions. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. properly diluted; 3j. dissolved in f 3 viij or water, and mixed with f 3 iv. of I> inon juice, forms an effer- vescing draught. Ineomp. Mineral acids, borax, hydroehlorate and acetate of ammonia, alum, sulphate of magnesia, chloride of calcium, lnae, lime-water, all the metallic salts. Off. Prep. Liquor Potassa Carbonatis, U. S.—L. Potassii lodidum, U. S. Potassii Sulphuretum, U. S. POTASSA! BICARBONAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Bicarbonate of Potass, i Potassa Carbonatis Ibvj., Aqua Dist. cong. j. Satu- rate the solution with carbonic acid passed through it in a stream, nnd crystallize.) The carbonic acid is obtained from marble by ihe addition of diluted sulphuric ncid. Oper. and Use. The same as thai of the carbonate, but it is less acrid. POTASSA^ HYDRAS. L. Potassa; Chloras. Kali Purum. Hydrate of Potassa. (Pvtassa Liq. cong. j.) Evaporate in a clean iron vessel till, ebullition being finished, the hydrate liquefies; then pour it into proper moulds.) Comp. Potassium 83.34 per cent., oxygen 16.66. Prop. Light-brownish or bluish tint, deliquescent, extremely caustic POTASSII BROMIDUM. L. Bromide of Potassium. (It may be prepared by dissolving bromine in spirits of wine, and adding caustic alkali, till the spirit begins to change color, then evapo- rating and heating to redness.—Liebig.) /"omp. Brume 1 eq. 78.4— potassium 1 eq. 39.15 equiv—117 55. Prop. Tasie pungent, crepitates by heat, melts into a red hot flux, without undergoing any change. More soluble in hot than cold water—slightly soluble in alcohol. Use. A* a stimulant and deobstruent, in glandular affections and enlargement or the spleen. As an oirlment in cutaneous diseases 156 POT Dose. From gr. iij. to gr.x. twice or thrice a day. The ointment is made by mixing gr. xxxvj. Br. Pot. with 3 j- lard. POTASSII CYANURETUM. U. S. Cyanuret of Potassium. (See U. S. PAar.) POTASSII CYAN IDUM. Cyanuret of Potassium. (Expose to long-continued heat the ferro-hydrocyanate of potassa ; calcine, and then separate the cyanide from the quadricai buret of iron by pure alcohol; on distilling this, the cyanide is obtained very pure.) Prop. When pure, white and transparent; may be fused in the fire without decomposition, and keeps unchanged, if perfectly dry. Oper. Sedative, narcotic. Use. Majendie has shown that this is one of the most active poisons known. It has been successfully employed in neural- gia, and in the neuroses generally, cephalalgia, &c. Dissolve the Cyanuret of Potassium in eight times its weight of distilled water ; add a few drops of some vegetable acid. This is called by Majendie the Medicinal Hydrocyanate of Potassa, and is to be given in ihe same dose, and under the same circumstances, as his JH>~'icinal Hydrocyanic Acid, which is, one part of the hydrocyanic acid mixed wilh eight and a half times its weight of distilled water. The dose of ihe cyanide undiluted is i of a grain, gradually increased to one grain. In neuralgia and rheumatism the watery ■clulion (gr. ij. to gr. iv. to 3 j- water), is used by friction ; or Lie ointment (gr. ij. to gr. iv. to 5j- lard), in the same manner, lo the part nfiected. In cephalalgia, it has been employed with success mi Ihe proportion of gr. vi. to gr. viij. to 3J- water, wetting compresses wilh this lotion and applying to the temples and forehead.— (Majendie's Formulary.) POTASSII IODIDUM. U. S.—L E. llydriodas Potassa:, D. Iodide of Potassium. (Formed by decomposing the iodide of iron by carbonate of potassa.) Comp. 1 eq or iodine 126.3+1 potassium=39.15, equiv. 165.45. Prop. Crystals opaque cubes, inodorous, taste penetrating; very soluble in water and in alcohol. Use. The same as that of iodine; but chiefly as an alterative in secondary syphilis, rheumatism, lepra. Dose. Of the saturated solution fiom fllvj. to fllxx., of the drj salt from gr. ij. to gr. xx. The author frequently orders it in doses of 3j. to 3 ss. Of the Compound Tincture, made by dis- solving Iodine ly. Potass. lodid. l'iy. Alcohol Oij.; give ten drniis three times u day. Ol" the Compound Mixture, made by mixing lodin. gr. ss., Potass. Indid. 3 ss , Syrup Papav-flsa., Aq Distillat. Oss.; two tablespoonsful three limes a day, in cases of complication of scrofula with syphilis. Or, "J: lodin. gr. jss.. Potass. lodid. gr. iij.; solve in Aqua Menth. Pip. 5 iv., a teaspoonful to childien in cancrum oris, also in dropsy, fleet, and leucorrhaa. Ineomp. Acids, metallic salts not iodines. POTASSA: NITRAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Nitrate of Potassa, or Nitre. (Formed in an impure state by nature in warm cli- mates, as India, and by means of artificial composts in France.' Nitrum. Comp. Potassii 51.8. nitric ncid 44, water 4.2, in 100 of nitrate' or 1 eq. potassa=47 15+1 eq. acid—54.15, equiv.=10l.3. POT 167 Prop. Inodorous; taste cool, bitterish, penetrating; crystals six sided prisms; permanent in the air; brittle, soluble in 7 parts Of water at 6>)0. Oper. Diuretic, refrigerant; in large doses purgative ; externally cooling, detergent. Use. In fevers, dropsies, herpetic eruptions, active ha'inorrhages, mania. A small piece allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth cf en removes incipient cynanche tonsillaris; hence its utility in gargles. Dole. Gr. x. to 3 ss. In doses of 3 j. it occasions hypercutharsis, bloody stools, and sometimes death. 'ncomp. Sulphuric acid, sulphates of soda and magnesia, alum, the metal lie sulphates. Off. Prep. Trochisci Nitratis Potassa, E. Acidum Nitricum, L. E. U. POT VSS.E NITRAS PURIFICATUM. D. Purified Nitrate of Potassa. The above dissolved in boiling water and crystallized by cooling. POTASSA" SULPHAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Sulphate of Potassa. (The salt which remains after the distillation of nitric acid ignited until the excess of ncid is driven off; then dissolved in the water, and crystallized.) Kali Vitriulatum. Comp. Potassa 54 55, aciu 45.45, in 100 parts of sulphate; or 1 eq. potusja 47.15+1 ucid=40.1, equiv.==87.25. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter; crystals small, six-sided prisms, ended by six sided pyramids, grouped; hard, transparent, per- manent in the air; soluble in 16 parts of water at 60°; insolu- ble in alcohol. Oper. Purgative, deobstruent. Use. In the visceral obstructions to which children arc liable; and as an adjunct to other purgatives Dose. Gr. \. lo 3 j. acta us u deobstruent; 3 ss. to 3 vj. purge. Ineomp. Nitric and hydrochloric acids, tartaric acid, cliloride of calcium, salts of mercury, nitrate of silver, salts of lead. POTASSA: SULPHAS CUM SULPUURE. E. See Potassii Sulphuretum. POTASSII SULPHUKr^TUM. U. S —L. D. Potassa: Sulphas # cum Sulphure, E. Sulphuret of Potassium. (Sulphuris 5 j., Potassa Carbonatis jiv. Rub them together, und place Ihe mixture in u covered crucible upon ihe fire until they unite, to be kept in a well-stopped bottle.) It is necessary first to dry • the carbonate iu a crucible exposed to a led heat. Comp. Tersulphiiret of poiassium, sulphate of potash, carbonate of potash.—(Bcrzelius.) Prop, inodorous while dry, but when moistened felid; taste acrid, hitler; color liver brown ; solid, brittle, deliquescent; decumpo-ed by water and exposure to the uir. Oper. Expectorant, diaphoretic; externally detergent. Use. It has been given in chronic asthma, but without much benefit; chronic catarrh and rheumatism; arthritic cases; herpetic and other cutaneous diseases ; and cancer. Its solution is useful as a wash Iu scabies and tinea capitis. It was formerly improperly used as an antidote against arsenical and saturnine poisons. As a bath, m ihe proportion of 3 iv. to thirty gallons of water; as a lotion ia local cutaneous affections in the strength of 3 j. to two quarts or water. 156 POT Dose. Gr. v. to gr. xv. combined wilh soap, or extract of conium in pills or mixture twice or thrice a day ; us an ointment, 3 ss. Of the sulphuret to 3 i. of lard. Ineomp. Acids, acidulous salts, metallic and earthy salts. POTASSA! SULPHURETl AQ.UA. D. Solution of Sulphur- etted Potassa. (Sulphuretiloti partem unam, Potassa Cnustica Aqua partes undecim. Boil lot ten minutes, and strain through paper: preserve the solution in a close-stopped vessel. The spec. grav. should be 1.117.) Use. The same as that of the solid sulphuret; chiefly used as an external application. Dose. From fllxx. to f 3 jss. twice a day. POTASSA: BISULPH AS. L.E. Potassae Bisulphas. D. Bi sulphate of Potassa. (The salt remaining after the distillation of nitric acid lbij., Sulphuric Acid toy. Boiling Water six pints. Dissolve the salt in the water, add the acid, and mix. Then boil; leave at rest to crystallize.) Comp. Potassa 32.87, acid 54.80. water 12.33=100, or 1 equiv. potassa; 47.15+2 sulphuric acid=80.2+2 water=18, equiv— 145.35. Prop. Inodorous; taste a strong ncid; soluble in two parts of water at 6LP; insoluble in alcohol. Oper. Refrigerant and purgative. Use. In cases where it is wished to exhibit sulphuric acid, and at the same time open the bowels. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ij. POTASSA: BITARTRAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Bitartrate of Po- tassa. Cream of Tartar. (The tartar of wine purified.) Tartari Crystalli. Comp. Potassa; 33, acid 57, water 10 parts in 100 of the bitartrate. —(Thenard ) Prop. Inodorous; taste acid, harsh; crystals small, irregular; require 120 parts of water at 60° to dissolve them ; brittle, pul- verulent; decomposed when kept in solution. Oper. Mildly purgative, refrigerant, diuretic. Use. In ascites, proceeding from visceral obstructions; and to open the bowels in inflammatory habits. Dissolved in water, with a small quantity of white wine, some sugar, and lemon peel, it forms an excellent beverage in febrile diseases, under the name or Imperial. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. combined with 3>j. sods; biboras, to excite the kidneys; and to open the bowels 3 iv. to 3j- are required. Ineomp. Alkalies, alkaline earths, mineral acids. Off. Prep. Ferri Patassio-Tartras, U.S.—L. Ferrum Tartari- tatum, D. Pulv. Jalap* Comp., U. S.—L. E. Pulv- Scammo- nii Comp., E. Pubv. Senma Comp^ E. Potassa Tartras, U.S. —L. E. D. POTASSA! TARTRAS. V. S.—L. E. D. Tartrate or Potassa. (Formed by saturating the excess of acid of the bitartrate with carbonate of potassa.) Kali Tartariiatum. Comp. Potash 42.1 per cent, tartaric acid 57.9 per cent. Pro/;. Inodorous; taste bitter, disagreeable; generally in the form of a white granular powder; soluble in 4 parts of water at 60°; soluble in alcohol. Like the other vegetable salts of the alkalies, this is decomposed in the system, and converted into .the carbonate, in which state it is found in the urine. PRU 159 Oper. Purgative. Use. To open the Dowels in febrile diseases, mania, anc hypo rhondi iasis ; and as an adjunct to senna, and the resinous pur- gatives in solution, the griping effects of which it corrects. Dose, ly to 3j- >n solution. Ineomp. Acids; infusion of tamarinds and other acid fruits; cliU.rnle of call inn ; lime, magnesia, sulphates of soda, of poltissa. and of magnesia ; nitrate of silver, acetate of lead, and hydroehlorate of ammonia, POTASS.E ET SODA? TARTRAS. U. S.—E. See Soda Potassio- Tartras. POTASSII FERROCYANIDUM. L.E. Potassii Ferrocya- nure'.um, U. S. Ferrocyanide of Poiassium. Comp. 2 eq. cyanide of potassiums 131.08+1 eq. cyanide of iron =54.3.i+J eq. waier="7, equivalent 212.47. Oper As a sedative, an astringent,and a diuretic. Seldom used in this country. Dose. From PV bowels; spasmodic affections of the intestinal canal; jaundice; and obstinate costiveness. Dose. Gr. x. lo 3j. PULVIS ALUMINIS COMPOSITUS. E. CompoundPowdci of Alum. (Alum 3 iv., Kino ly Mix and powder.) Prop. Astringent. Use. The same as alum ; and in chronic diarrhoea. Dose. Gr. x. 10 3j. PULVIS ANTIMONII COMPOSITUS. L. Pulvis Antimo nialis, E. D. Oxydum Antimonii cum Phosphate Calcis, E (Antimonii Sesquisu/phureti cont. Ibj., Cornuum Rasorum lbij.) Comp. Antimonious ncid 56, phosphate of lime 44, in 100 parts. Prop. Inodorous, insipid; in the form of a white powder; in- soluble in water. Oper. Intended to be diaphoretic and alterative ; in large doses enie'ic, purgative; a very uncertain and useless preparation. Use Intended to be used in febrile diseases, and every case <» P U L 161 Which diaphoresis can be useful; and in small doses in cuta- neous diseases. Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. viij. in pills, combined with opium or cam phor, every six or eight hours, diluting freely in the intervals.* PULVIS ASARI COMPOSITUS. E.'D. Compound Powder of As.nabacca. i[Fuliorum Asari F.uropai partes tres, Fol. Origani Marjornniie, Florum Lavand. Spica, sing, partem unam.) Rub inlo a powder. Oyer. Errhine. Use. In cluonic headaches, serous apoplexy, and obstinate ophthalmia, avoiding exposure to cold. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. viij. snuffed up the nostrils at bed-time. PULVIS PRO CATAPLASMATE. D. Powder lor a Poultice. (Seminum Lini, qua restant post oleum expressum, partem unam. Farina avena partes duas. Mix.) Use. In all cases n quiring poultices; which are prepared with this powder hv merely mixing il with boiling water. PULVIS CINNAMOMI COMPOSITUS. L. Pulv. Aromati- cus, E.D. Compound Powder ol Cinnamon. (Cinnam. 3U< Cardamomi 3jss., Zingiberis Rad. ly, Piperis Longi l*s. Rub th in together to a very fine po.vder.) Oper. Stimulant, carminative. Use. In cold, decayed, phlegmatic habits, to assist digestion, and expel flatus; out chiefly used to give warmth to other compositions. Dost. Gr. v. to gr. x. or more. PULVIS CORNU CERV1NI USTI. D. Powder of Burnt Hartshorn. (The hartshorn burnt and rubbed to powder.) PULVIS OPIATUS. E. Powder of Burnt Hartshorn with Opium. (Opii duri cont. ly, Cornunm ustor. et praparatorum ly, Coccorum cont. ly Mix.) Gr. x. contain gr. j. of opium. Oper. Anodyne. Use. To procure sleep nnd allay pain. It is chiefly adapted for children, as the opium can thus be exhibited in small quantities. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. x. or more. PULVIS CRETA: COMPOSITUS. L. E. D. Compound Powder of Chalk. (Cnta Prop. Ibss., Cinnamomi 3iv., 7'er- mentilla. Acacia Gum., sing. I iij., Piperitis Longi 3 iv. Reduce them separately into a tine powder, and mix.) Oper. Antacid, stomachic, absorbent. Use. In acidity of the stomach, and in the diarrhoea attendant on low fevers. Dose. Gr. v. to 3jss. rubbed up with mucilage and cinnamon water. PULVIS CRETAN COMPOSITUS CUM OPIO. L.D. Pulvis Creta; Opiums, E. Compound Powder of Chalk wilh Opium. (Pulv. Creta Comp. 3 vjss., Opii dun cont. 3 iv. Mix.) Con- tains gr. j. of opium in gr. xi. Oper. Anodyne, absorbent. Ute. In the same cases as the former. As an anodyne to chil- dren affected with irritative diarrhoea during dentition. Dose. Gr. x. to 3ij. for adults. ?ULVIS IPECACUANHA* COMPOSITUS. L. E. D. Com ' 100 grains have been given without producing any effect. 182 P U L pound Powder of Ipecacuanha. (Ipecacuanha cent., Opii dun cont., sing. 3 j., Potassa Sulphatis cont. ly Mix.) Oper. Diapnoretic. Use In rheumatism, dropsy, gout, fevers, dysentery, und dia- betes. Dose. Gr. v. to 3j. in pills or bolus, diluting freely wilh tepid fluids, but not immediately, as ihey are apt to produce vomiting. PULVIS JALAP A! COMPOSITUS. U. S.—L. E. D. Com- pound Powder of Jalap. (Jalapa 5 i'j-> Bitartratis Potassa Ivy, Zmgioeris 3ij. Rub them separately to a fine powder, and then mix.) Oper. Purgative. Use. In costiveness, particularly of children wilh a tumid belly, iu worm cases, und in dropsy. Dose. 3j. to 3ij. for adults; gr. vj. to gr. xij. for children. PULVIS KINO COMPOSITUS. L.D. Compound Powder of Kino. (Kino 3 xv., Catnarn. I iv., Opii duri ly Rub each separately to a fine powder, and then mix.) Gr. xx. contain gr. j. of opium. Oper. Asti ingent. Use. In chronic diarrhoea, leucorrhcea, and uterine and intestinal haemorrhage*. Dose. Or. v. to 3j. in aqueous fluids. PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS. E. Compound Powder of Rnubarb. (Magnesia Ibj., Ginger in fine powder 3 ij-, Rhubarb in fine powder I iv. Mix.) Oper. Purgiitive and antacid. Use. In u dyspeptic state of the stomach, attended with acid eructations. Dose. I ss. to 2>ij. PULVIS SALINUS COMPOSITUS. D.E. Compound Saline Powder. (Soda Mnriatis purioris. Magnesia Sulphatis, utri- usque partes iv., Potassa Sulphatis partes iij. First rub the diied suits separately into fine powder, then rub them together, iind preserve the mixture in a closely-stopped bottle.) Oper. Purgative, resolvent. Use. In all cases in which sea water is ordered; externally up plied in scrofulous tumors. Dose. From 3 iij. to 3 vj. dissolved in a large quantity of water; lor external use, a saturated solution. PULVIS SCAMMOMI COMPOSITUS. L.E.D. Compound Powder of Scammony. (Scammonii, Ext. Jalapa duri, sing. 3 ij., Zmgiberis Rad. 3 ss. Rub each separately lo a fine, pow- dei, and then mix.) Oper. Cathartic. Use. In hydropic and worm cases; and to remove mucous ob- structions in children. Dose. Gr. vj. to gr xx. PULVIS SCILLA:. Powder of Squills. (The bulb of Scilla Maritima sliced, dried, and reduced to a powder.) It should be kept in well-stopped phials. Oper. Diuretic, emetic, expectorant. Use. In ill" same cases for which the squill pill is employed. Dose. Gr. iij. to gr. vj. combined with soap, and other suDsi&ccea, in pills or bolus. PULVIS SPONGLA: USTA?:. D. Powder of Burnt Sponge. QUA 163 Oper. Deobstruent. Use. In bronehocele nnd other scrofulous swellings. Dose. 3j. to 3j. mixed in honey or treacle. PULVIS STANNI. U.S.—I). Powder of Tin. (Stanni pu- "issimi quantum velis. Melt the tin. and stir it briskly, until it changes into a powder, which, when cold, may be passed through a sieve.) Oper. Mechanically anthelmintic. Use. In worm cases, in winch ihe Uenia and lumbricus teres are to be dislodged. Dose. From 3j. to 3 ij. in treacle, on an empty stomach, for several successive mornings, increasing the dose to 3 iij. or 3 iv. It should be followed bv a puig.ilive. PULVIS TRAGACANTHA; COMPOSITUS. L. E. Com- pound Powder of Trugicanth. (Tragacantha cont., Acacia cent., Amyli, sing. 3 jss., SoecA. Pur. 3 iij- Rub the starch and sugar together, then add the trugncanth nnd acacia gum, and mix. The starch might be omitted, us it is not soluble in cold water.) Oper. Demulcent. Use. In hectic fever; catarrh attended with tickling cough, combined with nitre, in gonorrhoea and strangury; and with ipecacuanha powder, in dysentery. Dose. I ss. to 3 iij. in distilled water or any bland fluid. Gr. x. render f 5 ij- of Hind mucilaginous. PYRETHKUM. U. S.—L. E. Anthemus Pyrethrum, radix, D Pellilory ol" Spain. (Antliemis Pyrethrum. Class and Order of Anthemis Nobilis. Arabia. £ .) Comp. An acrid matter (pyrethrin, on which its virtues de- pend), 3, inulin 25, gum 11, tannin 0.55, coloring matter 12, lignin 45, chloride of potassium 0.79, silica 0.85, a fixed oil, and iron a trace. Prop. Inodorous; taste hot nnd acrid, its acrimony residing in a fixed oil; the dried root is more acrid than the recent. Oper. Stimulant, sinlogogue. Use. Chewed, it excites a copious flow of saliva—hence it has been found useful in some affections of the head ; in strumous swellings of the tonsils ; toothache, and palsy of the muscles of the throat. It is also used in infusion as a gargle. PYROLA? UMBELLAT.E HERBiE. D. Pyrola, E. Chima- phila Umbellatu, U. S.—L. The Herbaceous part of Winter Green. Pipsista-wa. (Chitnnphila Umbellata. Dccandria, Monogyn. N. O. Pyrolacea. North America. 4.) Comp. "Bitter extractive 18, resin 2, tannin 1, woody fibre, gum, and salts iff lime. Prop. Bitter, slightly aromatic. Oper. Astringent, tonic, diuretic. Use. In affections of the kidney, and in dropsy. Dose Of h decoction, made with 3j. of the dried herb and two pinU of cold water, boiled down lo one pint and strained, from I 3 j. to f 3 iij three times n day. QUASSIA. U. S.—L. E.D. Quassia Wood. (Picrana excelsa. rieeand'ia. Monogyn. N. O. Simarubiacea. Jamuica. 40 The Wood Comp. Volatile oil, n bitter principle, gummy extractive, pectin, woody fibrt^ »nd various salts.—(Pfaff.) 1C4 QUI Prop. Inodorous, taste a very intense, durable bitter, coloi whitish yellow; has no nstringency; bitter priLciple (or Quassina^ extracted by water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. In iutermittenis; bilious fever, combined with neutrai salts; lienteria nnd cachexia; in hysteria, - nited wilh tincture of valerian ; and wilh cretaceous powder and ginger in gout Dose. Of the raspings, gr. v. to 3 ss., but infusion and extract are preferable forms of exhibiting it. Ineomp. Nilrate of silver, acetate of lead. Off. Prep. Infusum Quassia, U. S.—L. QUERCUS CORTEX. L.E. Quercus Alba: Tinctoria, U.S. Quercus Robori; Cortex, D. Oak Bark. 'Quercus Peduncu- lata Q. Robor. Monacia, Polyandria. N. O. Cuputifera. Europe. *>,) Comp. Tannic acid ; tannates of lime, magnesia, potassa, Sec.; gallic acid, pectin, lignin, uncrystallizable sugar.—(Braconnot.) 480 pounds of oak bark yield from 20 to 72 pounds of tannin, (impure tannic acid.)—Davy. Prop. Inodorous; tasie austere, styptic; differs from galls in not precipitating solutions of tartar emetic. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In intermittents, combined with galls, bitters, and aroma- tics; useful also in fluor ulbus, and ulvine fluxes. See Decoction. Dose. Of the powder, gr. x. to 3 ss. twice or thrice a day. From the difficulty of pulverization, the infusion or decoction is the best form. Off. Prep. Decoctum Quercus, L. QUTNIA. U.S.: QUINA. L. Quina. See Cinchona. QUINA" ACETAS. Acetate of Quinine. (Saturate quinine with concentrated acelic acid diluted with water, and evaporate the neutral solution by gentle heat to crystallization.) Prop. Delicate, needle-shaped, snow-white crystals; taste very bitter ; scarcely soluble in cold water, readily in hot. Oper. The same as the other salts of quinine. QUINA: CITRAS. Citrate of Quinine. (Formed like the ace- tate, from an aqueous solution of citric acid and pure quinine, or by decomposing a hot solution of sulphate of quinine by an acid citrate»of soda.) Prop. Needle-shaped prisms, of a white color, scarcely soluble in water. Oper. This preparation and the acetate are supposed to be better adapted to those excitable persons with whom the sulphate does not agree. Dose. The same as the sulphate. QUINA: SULPHAS. U.S. Quime Disulphas, L. E. Disul- phale of Quina. (Prepared from yellow cinchona.) Comp. 2 eq. of quiiia=329.10+l sulphuric acid=40.1+3 water =72, equiv.=441 20. Prop. Crystals colorless, acicular, bitter, inodorous, f ffloiesce in the air: 1 part requires 740 parts of cold water, 30 of boiling; HO of cold alcohol for its solution ; spec. grav. 850°. Apt to be adulterated with mannite and gypsum, which may be delected by adding pure alcohol, which dissolves the quinine, but leaves the other substances untouched. RAN 165 Oper. Tonic. Use. In inter mitt ents, and all periodic diseases, as a tonic; also as a febrifuge in bilious remittents, and whenever tonics are indicated; may be used with treat advantage endermically where the stomach is irritable. Dose Gr. ij. to gr. x. iu any simple bitter infusion. Ineomp. Alitalies and their carbonates, lime-water, salts of ba- ryta, lime, nitrate of silver, und salts of lead. QUINA" FERROCVANAS. Ferrocyunate of Quinine. (De- compose sulphate of quinine by means of a solution of feno- cyanatc or potassa ; then treat the impute salt with warm spirit of wine, und evaporate the clear solution.) Prop. Needle-shaped, confused crystals, of a greenish-yellow color, and very bitter taste ; soluble readily in ulcohol, utmost insoluble in water; decomposed by hot water. Oper. A powerful tonic and antispasmodic. (jsk. In interiuitienls, and where tonics are indicated. Dose. Gr. ij. lo gr. viij. in twenty-four hours, between the pa- roxysms in intermittents. QUINA* MURIAS. Muriate of Quinine. (Dissolve pure qui nine in dilute muriatic acid, and evaporate.) Prop Fine, needle-shaped, white, silky crystals, of a pearly lustre, not very soluble in water. Oper. A tonic, better adapted in cases of weak digestive powers than the sulphate; pieferred by some to the sulphate in inter-' niulents. Dose. The same as the sulphate. QUINA: NITRAS. Nitrate of Quinine. (Add dilute nitric acid to a solu:ion of quinine; or decompose nitrate of baryta by sulphate of quinine.) Prop. At first a fluid, oily mass, gradually becoming solid, and forming crystals by union with water; scarcely soluble in wa let, but readily in alcohol. QUiNA: PHOSPHAS. Phosphate of Quinine. (Prepared by adding dilute phosphoric acid to quinine, und evaporating; or phosphate of baryta to the sulphate of quinine.—Phil. Jour. I'hirm.) Prop Resembles the other salts of quinine; readily soluble in water and alcohol. Oper. Ranked by some next to the sulphate in medicinal efficacy. Dose. Same as sulphate. QUINA* ET CINCHONINA": TANNAS. Tannate of Quinine and Cinchonine. (Very active preparations of ihe cinchonas, not yet introduced into practice in this country.—See Dublin Jour. Med. Science, Sept. 1836. RANUNCULUS ACRIS. U.S. (Secondary.) FOLIA. D Leaves of Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Polyandria, Polygynia. N.O. Ranunculacea. Exotic? "•.) Prop. Acrid, bitter. Oper. Rubefacient, epispastic. RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA. U.S. Herba Rccens, L Recent Herbaceous part of Lesser Spearwort. (Class and Order as above.) Prop, and Oper. The same as those of Ranunculus Acris. Use. Both these species of ranunculus are occasionally employes! as counier-irritants, and to cause vesication. 166 RHE RESINA. U. S.—L. E. Yellow Rcsn (The residue, after the distillation of oil of turpentine.) Comp. Pinic acid, colophonic acid, sylvit acid, resin. Oper. Stimulant. Use. In the composition or plasters and ointments. Off. Prep. Emplast. Cera, L. Emplast. Hydrargyri, U. S.—E. Emplast. Cantharidis, E. Emplast. Belladonna, U. S.—E. Emp. Ferri, U. S.—E. Emp. Picis Compositum, U. S.—L. E Emp. Resina, U. S.—L. E. D. Emp. Simplex, E. Ceratum Resina, L. E. Ung. Picis Arida, L. Ung. Infusi Meloes Vesicatorii, E. RESINA ALBA. D. E. White Resin. (Pinus Sylvestris. The Scotch Fir. °> .) Exudes from wounds of the bark. Prop. Little odor or taste; semi-transparent; insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, in oils both fixed and volatile, and alkalies; pulverulent. Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, rubefacient. Use. Almost never employed internally; but chiefly to render more adhesive and stimulating various plasters. RHAMNUS. L. D. Rhumni Bacca;, E. Buckthorn Berries. (Rhainnus Catharticus Purging Buckthorn. Pentandria, Monogyma. N O. Rhamnacea. Indigenous. ">.) Comp. Coloring mutter, acetic and malic acid, mucilage, sugar, bitter substance, (cathartine?)—Voget and Hubert. Prop. Odor faint and disagreeable; taste bitterish and nauseous; the size of a pea; have four seeds; the juice stains paper green. Oper. Cathartic. Use. In the same cases as jalap and senna, which are superior medicines. Their operation must be assisted with copious dilution, as they excite much thirst and griping. Dose. Of the recent berries, gr. xx.; of the dried, 3 j. to 3 ij. Off. Prep. Syrupus Rhamni, L. E. RHEUM. U.S.—L.E. D. Rhubarb Root. (Rheum Palmatum et Undulatum. Palm ited and Undulated Rhubarb. Enneand. Monogyn. N.O. Polygonacea. China. ">.) The best comes through Russia in flat perforated pieces. Comp. Extractive, volatile odorous mutter, on which its virtues depend, oxalate of lime, tannic acid. Prop. Odor aromatic, peculiar, ratlier nauseous; taste somewhat aromatic, subacrid, bitterish, astringent; feels gritty between the teeth ; colors the saliva and urine saffron yellow ; not very mucilaginous. Pieces firm, but nol flinty; external color a clear yellow; fracture rugged, veined yellow, red, and white, easily pulverized, forming a powder of a tine bright buff-yellow color. Both water and spirit extract its virtues. Oper. Purgative, stomachic, astringent. Use- In costiveness, from laxity of bowels, particularly of chil- dren : and drnrrhcea. It is a useful adjunct lo neutral salts ana calomel, rendering their operation more easy. Externally the powder is sprinkled over ulcers, to ussist their granulation and healing. Dose. Gr. x. to 3ss. of the powder to open the bowels; gr. vj. to gr. x. to act as a stomachic. Off. Prep. Infusum Rhei, U.S.—L. E. Vinum Rhei, U. S.—E. Tinct. Rhei, U. S —L E. D. Tinct Rhei Composita, U. S.— ROS 16* L. Tract. Rhei et Aloes, U. S— E. Tinct. Rhei it Gentiana, II. 8.—E. 7*i7ict. Rhei et. Senna, U. S. Pilula Rhei Compo- sita. U. S.— L. E. RHU3AS. L.I). RhceadosPetala, E. Petals or the Red Poppy. (Papaver Rhaas. Class and Order as Papaver Somniferum. Exotic. 0.) Use. Chiefly to impart their fine red color to syrup. Off.Pnp. Syrupus Rhadados, L.D. RHUS GLABRUM. U.S. (Secondary.) Sumach. Pentand. Trigynia. N.O. Anacardiacea. Indigenous.) The Berries. Prop. Bark and leaves astringent; berries have a sour, astrin- gent, not unpleasant taste, owing lo malic acid contained in the pubescence which covers them. Oper. Astringent, refrigerant. Use. Useful us n gargle in ulceration of the throat, and cooling drink iu febrile complaints. An infusion of the inner bark of the root is highly useful in sore mouth attending salivation. RIClNI OLEUM. U.S.—L.E. Ricinis communis ; Oleum e Seminibus Expressum, D. Castor Seeds and Oil. (Ricinus Communis, the Castor, or Palma Christi. Monwcia, Monadelph. N. O. Euphorbiacea. Indies. 0.) Comp. Carbon 74, hydrogen 10, oxygen 15.—(Ure.) Fatty acids 94 (ricinic, elaiodic, in irgaritic acids), glycerine 8, palinin. Prop. Seed inodorous; taste acrid, slightly sweetish; kernel white; oily, with a thin, dry cuticle; contained in a prickly, tricoccua capsule. Soluble in its own weight of alcohol. Oper. Cathurlic ; sometimes emelic. Use. For obtaining the oil. One or two of the seeds swallowed entire operate briskly ; but are not used in this country. See Oleum. Off. Prep. Oleum Ricini, U. S.—L. ROCELLA TINCTORIA. Litmus. D. Dyer's Lichen. (Cryp- togamia Alga. N. O. Alga. Portland Island. 4--) Use. For preparing litmus, which Is chiefly employed as a dye- stuff, nnd a le-t of acids. It has been exhibited internally in phthisis pulmonulis. ROSA CAMNA. L. Rosa-Caninae • Fructus, D. Dog Rose. or Hip Pulp. (Icosandria, Polygynia. N. O. Rosacea. Indigenous. > .) Prop. Inodorous; taste sweet, acidulous, depending on the presence of uncombined citric acid and sugar. Oper. Cooling. Use. Vide the Confection. Off. Prep. Confectio Rosa Canina, U. S.—L. ROSA CENTIFOLIA. U. S — L. E. D. Damask Rose Petals. (Class and Order as above. Place unknown. *>.) Prop. Odor extremely fragrant; taste subacidulous. Oper. Laxative. Use. Scarcely used for any purpose, except for the distillation of rose-water, and the formation of a syrup. Off. Prep. Aqua Rosa, U. S.—L. E. D. Syrupus Rosa, L. E Ol. Rosa. U. S. ROSA GALLfCA.. U. S.—L. E. D. Petals of the Red Rose (Cla*s and Order as above. Europe. *>.) Prop. Odor less fragrant than that of the damask rose; fasts bitterish, astringent. 168 RUT Oper. Astringent, tonic. Use. See the preparations of it. Off. Prep. Confectio Rosa, L. E. D. Infusum Rosa, L. E. D Mel Rosa, L. D. Syrupus Rosa, E. ROSA: OLEUM. U. S.—E. Attav of Roses. (Volatile oil of Rosas centifolia.) Use. A scent. ROSMARINUS. U. S.—L. E. Rosmarina; Herba, D. Rose- mary. (Diandria, Monogynia. N. O. Labiata. South of Europe. 1\.) Prop. Odor fragrant, grateful; taste aromatic, warm, bitterish; depending on an essential oil, combined with camphor. Opsr. Tonic, stimulant, emmenagogue, resolvent. Use. In nervous headaches, and in chlorosis, under the form of infusion; but it is now scarcely ever used, unless as an adjunct, to give odor to sternutatory powders. Dose. Or the powders, gr. x. to *3 ss. Off. Prep. Oleum Rosmarini, L. E. D. Spiritus Rosmarini, L. E. D. RUBIA. U.S.: RUBES RADIX. D. Root or Madder. (Tetrand. Monogyn. N. O. Rubiacea. Montpelier. 11.) Prop. Almost inodorous; taste bitterish, austere; color red; imparted to water, alcohol, and essential oils. Oper. Emmenagogue, astringent. Use. In chlorosis, nnd difficult or scanty menstruation ; in the atrophia infantum; but its efficacy is very doubtful. Dose. Gr. xv. to 3j. united with sulphate of potassa, three or four times a day. RUBUS TRIVIALIS. VILLOSUS. U. S. (Secondary.) Dewberry Root. Blackberry Root. (Icosandria, Polygynia N. O. Rosacea. Indigenous.) Prop. The roots only officinal. Inodorous; bitter, astringent taste ; contains much tannin ; virtues reside chiefly in the bark, and extracted by boiling water and diluted alcohol. Oper. Astringent and tonic. Use In diarrhoea from debility, cholera infantum, chronic dysentery. In all cases where astringents are indicated. Dose. Of the decoction ( 5 j, Ojss. water; boiled to Oj.), from f 5j- to f 3 ij. three or four times a day. Of the powdered root, gr. xx. to gr. xxx. RUMEX. See Acetosa Folia. RUMEX AQUATICUS. Radix. D. R Britunnicus, obtusi- foiius. U.S. (Secondary.) Root of the Water Dock. (Hex- andria, Tngynia. N. O. Polygonacea. Indigenous. 1\.) Prop. Bitterish, slightly acidulous. Oper Purgative. Use. In some cutaneous affections. Dose Of a decoction of 3j- of the dried root, in Oj. of water, f 3 ij. twice or thrice a day. RUTA. U. S.—L. E. D. The Leaves of Rue. (Dccandria, Monogyn. N. O. Rntacea. South of Europe. /L) Prop. Odor strong, ungrateful , taste bitter, pungent; acrid, so as to blister the skin; contains a volatile oil. Oper. Tonic, stimulant, antispasmodic, emmenagogue 1 Use. In hysteria and flatulent colic; but chiefly in the form of strong infusion in clysters, in the convulsions of children. SAC dS9 Dc*e. Gr. xv. to 3ij. Off. Pn-p. Oleum Ruta, E. D. Extradum Ruta Gravetltntis, E D RUTA! OLEUM. See Oleum Ruta. SABAD1LLA. U. S.—L. E. Sabadilla Seeds. (Helonias Offi- cinalis. Asagrca Officinalis. Polygamia, Monacia. N O. Metanthacea. Mexico.) Prop. Seeds elongated, pointed, inodorous; taste bitter, acrid; (in small capsules, three together.) Comp. Gal I ate of veratria, cevadic acid, elaine, stearine, wax. Oper. Cathartic, excitant, anthelmintic. Use. Seldom internally ; used in the form of powder to destroy pediculi. (Recommended by Turnbull in painful rheumatic and neuralgic affections.) Dose Gr. 1-6lh or the Extract, gr. ij. to gr. vi. of the powder. Tincture used externally. Off. Prep. Veratria, L. E. SABBATIA. U.S. (Secondary.) S. Angalaris. Herba. (Pent. Monogynia. N.O. Gentianea. lndig.) Prop. Bitter, without asiringency; virtues extracted by water and alcohol. Oper. Tonic. Use. In intermittent and remittent fevers, also as a prophylactic. Dyspepsia and general debility. Dose. Of the infusion ( 3 j., waterOj.), f 5 ij. frequently. Orthe powder, 3 ss. to 3 j. The Extract and Tincture are also useful. SABlNA. U.S.—L.E.D. Savine Leaves. (Juniperus Sabina. Class and Order the same as Juniperus Communis. Siberia. 4.) Comp. Volatile oil, resin, gallic acid, clorophylle, extractive, lignin, salts of lime. Prop. Odor strong, disagreeable; taste hot, acrid, bitter; de- pending on an essential oil. Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, es- charotic. , . „ Use. Ir. amenorrhcen, with a languid pulse, but they require to becuurousiy administered; in worms, rheumatism, and gout. Externally, the powder is applied to old ulcers, carious bones, fcc.; und the infosion, as u lotion, to gangrene, scabies, and tinea capitis. Dose. Gr. v. to gr.x. orthe powder. „,«,.- Off. Prep. Ol. Volatile Juniperi Sabina, E. D. Ol. Sabina, U S Extradum Sabina, D. Ceratum Sabina, U. S.—L. . SACCHARI FAiX. L.E. Treacle. BACCIIARUM. U.S.—L.D. Saccharum Commune—S. Pu- rum, E. Sugar (Saccharum Officinarum. The Sugar Cane, (7Yio.ni". Monogyn. N.O. Graminacea. EBypt. 4.) Comp Oxvgen 50.8, carbon 42.85, hydrogen 6.35, parts=100.0. Prop In its pure state it is inodorous; taste perfectly sweet, or a brilliant while color, hnrd ; when impure it has a peculiar taste and flavor, arising from extract, mucilage, and oil; in shining ■rains of a yellow color. Sugar is soluble 111 its own weight of wuter ut Ii0°; also in alcohol : it is d. composed by the strong acids, but unites wilh lime and alkalies; boiled with water it forma a syrup. 9 170 SAL Oper. Nutritive; the impure is laxative; externally,the refined is escharotic. Use. Seldom given internally with a medical intention, unless to conceal the unpleasant taste of some medicines. It is said to be a preventive of worms. Externally it is applied to fungous ulcers. Hurtful to bilious and hypochondriucul habits and dyspeptics. Off. Prep Syrupi Omnes, U. S.—L. E. D. SAGAPENUM. L E. U. Sagapenum. (Plant unknown, supposed to be the Ferula Persica, (Willd.) Brought to Alex andria.) Comp. Gum, resin, volatile oil. Prop. Odor fetid, alliaceous; taste pungent, bitterish, nauseous; in small, agglutinated masses of a yellow color; tenacious, breaking with a horny fracture. Oper. Antispasmodic, enmienagogue. Use. In hysteria, chlorosis, and the same cases for which assa- fcetida is given, but to which it is inferior. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. in pills. Off. Prep. Pilula Galbani Composita, U. S.—L. Pilula Saga- peni Composita, L. SAGO. U. S.—L. E. Sago. (Sagus Rumphii.) A modified tion of starch, containing traces of chloride of sodium. SALICTS CORTEX. E. Salix ; U. S. Cortex. Salix Fragilis; Cortex, D. Willow Bark. (Salix Caprea, Great Round-leaved Willow; Salix Alba, U. S. The White Willow ; Salix Fra- gilis, the Crack Willow. Diacia, Diandria. N.O. Salicacea. Europe. *>.) Comp. Bitter, yellow coloring matter, green fatty matter, tannin, resinous extract, gum, wax, woody fibre, and a magnesian salt. Prop. Odor slightly aromatic; taste bitter and astringent. The active principle is an alkaloid named salicina, a compound of 2cq. carbon=12.24+2 hydtogen=2+l oxygen=:8,equiv.=22.24. (Ail the species aie nearly the same.) Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In intermittent^ and remittents; debilities of the intestinal canal; convalescence; and in hectic und phthisis. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. of the powder ; or f 3 jss. of the decoction, made wilh 3U- of the bark, in Oij. water, boiled down to Oj. Ineomp. Solution of isinglass, alkaline carbonates, lime-water sulphate of iron. BALICINA. Salicine. (Boil willow bark with caustic lime in •water; filter the decoction; add sulphate or zinc, as long as it produces a precipitate: filter again, and evaporate to the con- sistence of tin extract, and heat the residue with alcohol Then cnrefully evaporate, and crystals of salicine will be deposited, which may be purified by washing wilh a saturated solution of the same principle in cold water.—Jour. Phil. College Phar. vol. 3, p. 214.) Prop. Fine silky white crystals, like sulph. quinine, permanent in the air, inodorous; strong, bitter taste; six parts are soluble in one hundred parts cold water. More soluble in warm watel and alcohol; becomes red by mixing with sulphuric acid. Oper. Tonic Use. In intermittems, and in all cases where tonics are indi SAP 171 Gated. Its effects are analogous to those or quinine, but not much used. Dose. Gr. iv. to gr. vi. every three hours in inlermittents. In othei cases, gr. j. to gr. iij. three or four times a day. 8AMBUCUS. U. S. (Secondary.) L. E Sambuci Nigra Floret, Dacca, Cortex, I). Common Elder Flowers, Berries, and Bark. (Pentand. Trigyn. N. O. Caprifoliacea. Get- many. 4-) Prop. Odor of the flow ers sickly; of the fruit the same, but weaker; bark inodorous; taste of the flowers bitterish; the fruit sweetish, slightly acidulous, arising from malic acid; the bark at first sweetish, then bitter, acrid, nauseous. Oper. Flowers diaphoretic, discutienl; berries aperient, sudorific , birk purgative, hydragogue, deobsfuent in small doses. Use. The flowers in fomentations, to yield their flavor to water in distillation, and to form a cooling ointment; the berries, or their expressed juice, in lebrile diseases, rheumatism, arthritic cases, and the exanthemata; the bark in dropsy and ba;n»or- rhoids. Dose. Of the juice of the berriesf 3 j. to f5'j.; orthe bark, gr. v. to 3 ss. three times a day. Off. Prep. Succus Spiss. Sambuci Nigra, D. Unguentum Sambuti, I* D. BANGUINARIA. U. S. .?. Canadensis. Blood Root. The Root. (Polyandria, Monogynia, N. O. Papavaracea. hidih genous.) Prop. Powder or the root brownish orange red-, has a feint, narcotic odor; bitterish, acrid taste; yields its virtues to water and alcohol. Contains a peculiar alkaline principle, called sanguarina, to which it owes its red color and acrid properties Oper. An acrid emetic; stimulant, narcolie, diaphoretic, altera1- tive. Use. It is principally used in chronic catarrh, bronchial affec- tions, and pertus. is. Combined with antimony or ipecacuanha, it is a useful expectorant. Dose. As emetic, from gr. x. to gr. xx.; as an alterative, gr. j. to gr. rv. Of the tincture, x. to xxx. drops. This is the best form of administration. Off. Prep. Tinct. Sanguinnria. U. 3. S\PO U. S.—L. Sapo Durus. E. D. Hard Soap. Comp. Recent oil 60.94, soda 8.56, vvnter 30.50, in 100 parts. Prop. Inodorous; taste alkalescent, nauseous; hard, white, soluble in water and in alcohol. Opsr. Purgative, diuretic ; externally detergent, stimulant. Use. In habitual costiveness and jaundice, in pills, combined with rhubarb, or some bitter extract; but it is more useful ex- ternally to bruises and sprains. We have found much advan- tage from rubbing the bowels or chi'dren, in mesenteric fever attended with tumid bellies, with a strong lather of soap every morning. Dose Gr. v. to 3 ss. pills. Ineomp. Acids, earth*, metallic salts, and alum; astringent vo getables and hard water decompose solutions of soap. Off Prep. Pilula Saponis cum Opio, U. S.—L. Emplastrum Saponis, V. S.—L. E. Ceratum Saponis, U. S.—L. Linimenl Saponis, L. Lin. Saponi* Comp., U. S.—E. 173 S C A BAPO MO" LIS. L. E. D. Soft Soap. iPrepared by bciling oil with caustic potassa.) Prop. Consistence of hug's lard; other properties the same ns the hard. Oper and Ute. As the hard; but scarcely ever given as an internal remedy. Employed in Germany in the treatment of itch, smearing the body with it night and morning, for six Jays; then using a tepid bath of soap and water, and repeating the application afterwards to the parts affected, ff necessary. During the time of treatment, the patient must remain in bed, avoid exposure to draughts of air, and keep the temperature of the room at from 73° to 77° Fah. This mode of treatment is said to be as successful as that by sulphur. SARZA. L. E. Sarsaparilla; Radix, D. Sarsaparilla, U. S. (Smilax Officinalis. Diacia, Hexand. N. O. Smilacacea. Virginia. ">.) Comp. Starch, woody fibre, resin extractive, albumen, a volatile oil, a crystalline matter (parallinic acid), gum, bassorin, smi- lacin; albumen, gluten lactic and acetic acids, Balls; 100 lbs. Barsuparilla yield 3J- volatile oil. The active properties of sarsaparilla are probably chiefly owing to the smilucin, resin, starch, and extractive. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitterish, feculacious; fibrous; of a brownish color externally, white wilhin. Oper. Diuretic, demulcent. Use. In the sequela; or syphilis, when, after a mercurial course, nocturnal pains, enlargements of the joints, and cutaneous ulceiations remain; in scrofula; elephantiasis, or cutaneous affections resembling it; chronic rheumatism; and whenever an alterative is indicated. Dose. From 3 j. to 3 j. of the powder, or made into an electuary, three times a day. See Decoction, Syrup, and Ext. Off. Prep. Decoctum Sana, U. S.—L. E. D. Decoctum Sana Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Extradum Sana, U. S.—L. SASSAFRAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Lauri Sassafras. Lignum Radix, E. Sassafras, Medulla et Cortex Radicis, U. S. Sas- safras Wood and Root. (Class and Order, vide Lauri Bacca. Virginia. 4-) Prop. Odor not unlike that of fennel ; taste aromatic, subacrid, sweetish ; depending on a volatile oil. Oper. Stimulant, sudorific, diuretic. Use. In cutaneous diseases; chronic rheumatism ; and as an adjunct to the decoctions of guaiac, &c. Dose. See Decoction. Off. Prev. Ol. Sassafras, U. S.—E. D. SCAMMONIUM. U.S.—L. E. Gummi Resina Scammonii, D. Scammony. (Class and Order as Jalapa. Mexico. ">.) The best comes from Aleppo. Comp. Chiefly resin, gum extractive, starch, and woody fibre, salts of lime and magnesia; resin 11 parts, gummy extract 3£. Prop. Odor trifling, but unpleasant; taste bitter, acrid , in black- ish grey fragments, becoming whitish yellow when touched with wet fingers; fracture shining The decoction, filtered and cooled, should not be rendered blue by iodine. Oper. Drastic, purgative, hydragogue. SEN 173 Utm. In obstinate costiveness, worms, dropsy, in combination with tome other cathartic, ns uloes, rhubarb, calomel, &c. Don. Ot. iii. to gr. xv. triturated with sugar or with almonds. Off. Prep. Extradum Colocynth. Comp., U.S. Confectio Scam mo,iu, L. D. Pulvis Scam. Comp., L. E. BCILLA. U S.—L. E. Scilla; Maritiime. Bulbus, D. The Bulb of the Squill. (Scilla Maritima. Hexand. Monogynia. N. O. Liliacea. Austria. 40 Comp. Scillitin. tannin, gum, woody fibre, bitter extractive, fatty matter, phosphate of lime. Prop. Inodorous ; laste bitter, nauseous, extremely acrid ; inflames the skin when rubbed on it; the bulb is large and lomellated. The acrimony, on which its virtue depends, is destroyed by heat, drying, und keeping; extracted by vinegar, spirit, nnd water. Oper. Emetic in large doses: purgative; in small doses expec- torant and diuretic. It owes its properties to a peculiar princi- ple, which has been named scillitina. Use. In pulmonary complaints, after the inflammatory action is reduced; humoral asthma: pertussis; in dropsy; and more useful if combined with a mercurial. Ttosc. Gr. j. to gr. v. of the dried root, powdered, and united wilh the nitre of ip°c.) Genista Cacumina. Prop. Almost inodorous; taste bitter. Oper. Diurelic. Use In dropsies. Dose. 3j. to 3 j. of the powder. Off. Prep. Decoctum Scoparii Comp., L. Extract. Caeuminum Genista, D. SCROPHULARI\ NODOSA HERBA D. Knotty Rooted Fig wort. (Scrophularia Nodosa. Didynam. Angiospermia. N. O. Scrophulariacea. Indigenous. 4) Prop. Odor disagreeable: taste acrid; becomes almost inert bj drying. Oper. Externally anodyne, repellant. Use. As a fomentation in haemorrhoids. 8ECALS. See Ergota. SENEGA. U. S.—L. E. D. Senega Root. (Polygnla Senega, U. S. Diadelph. Cdand. N. O. Polygalacea. Virginia. 4.) The bark is the active pari of the root. Comp. Extractive, polygalic and pectic ncid. Virginic acid woody fibre, volatile oil, resin, gum ; albumen, und various B,iits. Owes ts virtues to polygalic acid. Ptod. Inodorous; taste sweetish at first, then acrid, hot, and pungent: depending on a resin; extracted by alcohol andauher 174 9ER Oper. Stimulant, expectorant, diaphoretic, diuretic Use. In peripneumonia, after the inflammatory action 's reduced humoral asthma, chronic rheumatism ; dropsy ; croup 1 Ths extract of it, with carbonate of ammonia, has been found 'lsefu. in lethargy. Dose. Gr. xxx. to 3ij. of the powder, Madeira wine, if it can be ordered, covers the taste of the powder. Off. Prep. Decoctum Senega, L. E. SENNA: FOLIA. U.S.—L. Senna Alexandrina,E.D. Senna Le .ves. (Cassia lanceolata et obovata. Fer Class and Order, tee Cassia Pulpa. Egypt. 0.) Comp. Cuthurun, yellow coloring matter, volatile oils, fixed oil, albumen, mucus, malic acid, salts of lime, potassa, und insolu- ble matter. Prep. Odor faint; taste bitterish ; active part extracted by aleo- hol, and by water; its activity destroyed by boiling water. Oper. Cathartic, hydrngogue. (It is apt to gripe.i Use. In costiveness and dropsy ; should always be given with aromatic and saline substances. Dose. Of the powder, 3j. lo 3 j rubbed with crystals of bitar- trate of potaf.sa. and united with ginger to prevent griping ; but the best form is Ihut of infusion. The Fluid Extract is the best preparation of senna. (R Ibxv. pure senna; exhaust with four times its weight of water by displacement; concentrate in vacuo to ibx.; dissolve in the pro- duct tbvj. treacle, previously concentrated over the vapor bath, till a little of il becomes nearly dry on cooling; add f 3 xxiv rectified spirit (dens. .835), and, if necessary, water to make xv. pints ( 3 xvi.) Dose 3 ij. for an adult. It rarely gripes, and has no unpleasant taste.)—Phar. Jeurn. Adulterations. Leaves of Cynnnchum Oleafolium, or Argel. The leaves of Box, Colutea Arberescens, and Cvnyaria Myrti- folia. Off. Prep. Confectio Senna, U. S.—L. E. D. Infusum Senna, U. S.—L. E. Infusum Senna Comp., L. D. Infusum Tuma- rtndi cum Senna, E. D. Tinct. Rhei et Senna, U.S. Tinetura Senna et Jalapa, U. S. Tinct. Senna, L. E. D. Syrupus Senna, I). E. SENNA INDICA. E. East India Senna. (Cassia elongata. India.) Prop, and Use. The same as Alexandrian senna. BERPENTARIjE RADIX. U. S.—L. E. Aristolochia Ser- pentana-Radix, D. Snake Root. (Gynand. Hexand. N.O. Aristelochiacc*. Virginia. 4s) Serpentaria Virginiuna. Ccmp. Volatile oil, lignin, extractive, resin, starch, albumen. Baits of lime. Prop. Odor aromatic, similar to that of valerian ; taste pungent, bitter; fibrous; its active part extracted partially only by wuter; altogether by proof"spirit. Oper Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic. Use. In typhoid fevers, und diseases or debility • to assist cin- chona in ihe cure or intermittenis; in the exanthemata, and dyspepsia; and externally as n gargle in cynanche maligna. Po.se. Of the powder, gr. x. to 3 ss.; or of the following infusion fjsn. every four hoars;—\\ Rad. contusi Serpentaria; 3iv., SI N 176 Aqua: ferv. f 3 xij. Macerate, in a covered vessel, fol two hours. Off. Prep. Tmctura Serpentaria, U. S —L. E. D. Tindura Cinchona G, U. S.—L. E. D. SESAMUM. U.S. (Secondary.) Benne. Sesamum Orientate. Folia. The Leaves. Oleum Ses.imi, U. S. (See.) Benne Oil. (Didynamia, Angiospermia. N.O. Pedalinea. Exotic.) Prop. The leaves ubound in a gummy matter, which is readily imparted to water, forming a bland mucilage. The oil is inodorous, of u bland, sweetish taste, bearing considerable re.-einblance to olive oil, tmu used for similar purposes; used ns food in the East, and as an external application. Oper. Laxative, demulcent, nutritious. Use As a drink in cholera infantum, diarrhoea, dysentery, ca- tarrh, and affections of the urinary passages. Dose. One or two green leaves in a tumbler ot* cool water will render it sufficiently viscid. SEVUM. U. S.—L. AdepsOvilli, E.D. Mutton Suet. (Ovis Aries, the Sheep. CI Mammalia; Ord. Ruminant ia.) SEVUM PRA*PARATUM. L.E Adeps Ovillus Prajparntus D. Prepared Suet. (Cut Ihe suet in pieces, melt it over a slow fire, and strain it through linen.) Ocilli Sevum Praparatum. Comp. Stearin, elaine, murgarin, hircin; carbon 78.9, hydrogen 11.7, oxygen 0.3J4. Oper. Emollient, demulcent, nutritious. Use. It is sometimes boiled in milk, in the proportion or 3 U- to Oj. of milk; and a cupful given occasionally in chronic diar- rhoea ; but its principal use is to give consistence to ointments and plasters. )ff. Prep. Emplastrum Cera, U. S.—L. E. Emplast. Meloe* Vesicatorii, E. Unguent. Hydrargyri Fort., U. S.—L. E. D. Ung. Picis Liquida, U. S.—L. D. Ung. Sambuci, D. BIMARUBA. U. S.—L. E. D. The Bark and Wood or Sima- rouba. (Simarubu Officinalis. Class and Order of Quassia. Jamaica. *>.) Comp. Ciuassin, resin, volatile oil, woody fibre, ulmin, an am- moniacal salt, mucilage, malic ucid, salts of lime, silica, iron, &c. Prop. The hark is inodorous ; taste bitter, not unpleasant; tex ture fibrous; yellowish on ihe inside, darker on ihe outside, scaly and warty. Both water and alcohol extract its virtues. It possesses no astringency. Oper. Tonic. Use. In dysentery, chronic diarrhoea, lienteria, nnd dyspepsia. Dose. 3ss. to 3j. of the powder; but the infusion is a better form of exhibiting this remedy. Off. Prep. Infusum Simarouba, L. BINAPIS. U. S.—L. E. Sinapis Semina, D. Mustard Seed Sinapis Nigra et Alba, Common and While Mustard. (Tetra- dynam. Siliquosa. N. O. Crucifera. Europe. ©.) Comp. Acrid volatile oil, yellow fatty oil, resin, extractive, gum, woody fibre, albumen, free phosphoric ncid, salts.—John. Prop, inodorous when entire, but when bruised, and the oil pressed out, the odor developed by water is very pungent; taste bitterish, acrid ; properties yielded to water; the seeds give out • bland oil by expression 176 SOD Oper. Stimulant, diuretic, emetic, rubefacient, laxative. Ute. In dyspepsia ; a torpid state of the bowels; and chlorosis The seed is swallowed entire, or only slightly crushed; a strong infusion of the flour is used to produce vomiting in apoplexy and paralysis; externally, the flour is applied as a cataplasm to the legs and the soles of the feet in typhus, and comatose affections. Dose, ly to3ss.; or f3'j.orthe following infusion. Bi Sinapid pulveris, Armoracite rad , sing. 3 ij., Aq. fervenlis Oij. Infuse In a covered vessel for twelve h urs; then strain and add spir. iiier.tha: piper, fl'i'y Off. Prep. Cataplasma Sinapis, L. D. BODAl ACETAS. U. S.—L. D. Acetate of Soda. (The crys- tals are to be preserved in slopped bottles.) Striated prismatic crystals. Comp. Acetic acid 36.95, soda 22.94, water 40.11, in 100 parts; or 1 eq. acid=51.48-|-l soda 31.3+6 water=54, equiv.=136.78. Prop. Taste sharp, bitterish, soluble in 2 86 parts of water at 60°, spec. gruv. 2.1, effloresces in heat, but not in the air: melts in a high temperature; little Boluble in alcohol. Oper. Purgative, refrigerant. Use. In cases requiring a mild purgative. Chiefly used for making acetic acid. Dose. From 3 j. to 3iv. in any bland fluid. Ineomp. Carbonate of lime, sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids. BODA: BORAS. U.S.—D. Borate of Soda. Soda: Sub-Boras, L Sub-Boras Soda;. Borax. Prop. A white salt; in crystals of flattened hexahedral prisms; sweetish alkaline taste; dissolves in twelve times its weight of cold, and twice its weight of boiling wuter. Effervesces on exposure to the air; has the property of rendering Cream of Tartar very soluble. Comp. 2 equiv. of boracic acid 69.8, and 1 of soda, 31.3=101.1— 10 or 5 equiv. of water, according to the form or its crystals. Oper. . Diuretic, emmeuugogue. Use. In n iphritic und calculous complaints, depending on an excess or uric acid. As u detergent in aphthous affections of the mouth in children, rubbed up in sugur in the proportion ci 1 to 7, or rubbed with honey. Dose. From gr. xxx. to gr xt.; or combined with cream of tartar. BODA: CARBONAS IMPURA. L. E. Sodee Carbonas, venale, Barilla, D. Impure Carbonate or Soda. (Prepared by nature in Egypt: artificially from the incineration or marine plants; nnd ihe decomposition of chloride of sodium.) Comp. Carbonate of soda, potassa, and chloride of sodium; clay, and other earthy substances. Use. For preparing the pure carbonate. Off. Prep. Carbonas Soda, L. E. D. BODA3 CARBONAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Carbonate of Soda (The impure carbonate dissolved in wuter: the solution strained and crystallized.) Comp. Soda 20.92, carbonic acid 14.38, water of crystallization 64.7 parts; or 1 eo,of soda=31-"H-l acid=22.124-10 water=90, equiv.=143.4-2. SOD 177 Prop. Inodorous; taste alkaline, but not acrid , crystals oblique, octahedrous, efflorescent, requiring lor their solution two parts of water ut 60°; they undergo the watery fusion w hen exposed to heat, Oper. Antacid, deobstruent. Ute. In dyspepsia, und acidities of the stomach, united with bitters; in uric acid gravel, in hooping-cough, bronchocele, and in scrofulous affections. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. twice or thrice a day. Ineomp. Lime; acids, unless as an effervescing draught: hydro- ch'orale of ammonia, earthy und metallic salts. Off. Prep. Soda Scsquicarbonatis, L. 1). Soda Carbonas Ex siccata, U.S.—L. E. D. Soda Potassio-Tartras, U.S.—L. Soda Sulphas, U. S.—L. Ferri Sesquioxydum, L. Pilula Ferri Composita, U. S.—L. Magnesia Carbonas, U. S.—L. Liquor Soda Chlorinata, U. S. Soda Phosphas, U. S. SODA3 CARBONAS EXSICCATA. U. S.—L. Soda: Carbo- nas Siccatum, E. D. Uried Carbonate of Soda. (The carbo- nate made to undergo the wulcry fusion; und, when dry, reduced to powder.) Com/). Soda 59.81), carbonic acid 40.14 parts; or 1 eq. soda=3U +1 ucid=22.10., equiv.=53.4-. Oper. Antacid, lilhonliiptic. Use. In acidity of ihe stomach; but chiefly in calculus in the kidneys, and other affections of the urinary organs. Dose. Gr. v. to gr. xv. made into pills, wilh some aromatic powder and soap. SODA: PHOSPHAS. U. S.—L. E. Phosphate of Soda. See Phosphas Soda. SODA: SESUUICARBONAS. L. Soda: Bicarbonas, U. S — E. 1). Sesquicurbonnte of Soda. (Soda Carbonatis tbvij., Aq. Distil, cong. j.) Dissolve the carbonate of soda, and pass carbonic acid througn the so.ulion ; then set the solution aside to crystallize. Dry the crystals iu bibulous paper, and then by moderate heat. Comp. Sodu 38.55, carbonic acid 39.7(5, water of crystallization 21.09 parts; or 1 eq. soda=31.3-f-l acid=22.12-f-l wuter=9, equiv.=84.54. Prop. In minute crystals; less alkaline to the taste than the carbonate. A solution in 40 parts of water does not precipitale corrosive sublimate of an orange color. Oper. und Use. The same us llitit of the carbonate. Dose. Or. x. to 3 ss. SODA: CARBONATIS AQUA. D. Soda; Aqua Effervescene, E. Waler of Carbonate of Soda, (soda Carbonatis quantum vetis. Dissolve it in distilled water, and evaporate the solution to ihe spec. grav. 1024. A solution of the same specific gravity may be made by dissolving an ounce of carbonate of soda in • pint of distilled water.) Prop, and Use. The same ns those of the solid salt. SODA: MURIAS. E.D. Muriate of Soda. See Sodii Chlori- dum. Use For preparing the exsiccated salt. tOIUI CHLORIDUM. U. S—L. Soda; Murias Purum, K Chloride of Sodium. Muriute of Soda, or Sea Salt. (In as 8* 178 SOD impure state this is one of the most abundant productions of nature. Comp. Soda 54.26, hydrochloric acid 45.74.—(Bertetius.) Or 1 eq. of sodiiini=="3.3+l chloiine=35.4-J, equiv.=58.72. Prop, luodorous; taste agreeable, suit; crystals cubes; soluble in three parts or wuter; permanent in the air; decrepitates when exposed to heat. Oper. Tonic, purgative, anthelmintic ; externally stimulant. Use. In some cases of dyspepsia und wot ins; in sea scurvy, and purpura ; in large doses to check vomiting of blood; as an ingredient in clysters; a fomentation to bruises; and, added to water, to form a stimulant bath. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. In clysters, 3 iv. to 3 j. Off. Prep. Murias Soda Siccatum, E. D. Acidum Hydrochlo ricum, L. E. D. Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, U. S. Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, U. S. *m* .Sea water owes its Laxative qualities to this salt. 100 parti of water taken from the ocean contain at an average 1-24IA of salt, or common salt 3.25, hydroehlorate of magnesia 0.64, sul- phate of lime 11.11. BODA" SULPHAS. U. S.—L. E. D. Sulphate of Soda, or Glauber's Salts. (From the salt which remains after the distillation of hydrochloric acid, !he superabundant acid being saturated wilh carbonate or soda.) Comp. Soda 19.75, sulphuric acid 24.G9, water or crystallization 55.50 parts; or 1 eq. sodu=31 3+1 ucid=40.1, equiv.=71.4. Prop. Inodorous; tuste strongly saline and bitter, nauseous; crystals hexagonal channelled prisms, with dihedral summits; efflorescent; soluble in three parts of water at 60°; undergoes the watery fusion. Oper. Purgative; in small doses diuretic. Use. In costiveness, the most generally employed purgative; in bilious colics, largely diluted. Dose. Of the effloresced salt in powder, 3 iij. to 3 vj.; of the crystallized salt in solution, 3 vj. to 3 xij.; its nauseous taste may be corrected by lemon juice or cream of tartar. Ineomp. Carbonas potassa;, chlorides of calcium und barium, sails of lead, of silver. BODA: POTASSIO-''ARTRAS. L. Potassa; et Soda; Tartras, E. Tartrus Soda; et Potassa;, D. Potussio-Tartrate of Soda. (Soda Carbonatis 3 xij., Potassa Bitartratis I xvi., Aq. Ferv. Oiv. Dissolve the carbonate in the water, and add gradually the bitartrate. Filter the solution; then apply a gentle heul until a pellicle forms, and crystallize., Soda Tartariiatum. Comp. Tartrate of potassa 54, tartrate of soda 46, in 100 parts: or 1 eq. of tartrate of potassu=l 13.03+1 of tartrate of soda= 97.78+8 water=72. equiv.=S>83.41. Prop, inodorous; taste bitter; crysttils eight sided prisms, ths ends tiuncated at right angles; efflorescent; soluble in five parts of water. Oper. Cathartic. Use. In costiveness; well suited to cases of jaundice, calculus, and puerperal fevers Dose. 3j to 3j. Ineomp. Mineral acids; acidulous salts, except bitartrate of po tassa; chloride of calcium; suits of lead. SOL 17» SOLIDAGO. U. S. (Secondary.) Golden Rod. Solidaga Odora. Folia. The Leaves. (Syngenesia Superfiua. N. O. Composita, Corymbifera.) Indigenous. Prop. Leaves have a fragrant odor, und a warm, aromatic, agreeuble taste, depending on a volatile oil, of a pale greenish yellow color, and lighter than water. Oper. Aromatic, stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Use. To relieve pain arising from flatulence; to allay nausea. SOLUTIO ACETATIS ZINCI. E. Solution of Acetate ot Zinc. (Sulphatis Zinci 3j , Aq. Distil, f 3 x., Solve: Acetatis Plumbi 3iv., Aq. Distil, f J x. Solve. Mix the solutions, and after they have remained ut rest for a little time, filler the mixture.) A limpid fluid. Oper. Astringent. Ut*. Externally, as a collyrium in ophthalmia, after the vessels are unloaded; and as an injection in gonorrhoea. *** (In this preparation a double decomposition takes place; the sulphate of lead which is formed is insoluble, and the acetate of tine soluble, on which account they are thus easily separated ; but when the acetate is intended to be used as an injection m gonorrhaa, the mixture should not be filtrated.) SOLUTIO MUR1ATIS BARYTA:. E.D. Liquor Barii Chlo- ridi, L. Solution of Chloride of Barium. (Mur. Baryta ly, Aq. Distil, fly, E.: Barii Chloridi ly, Aq. Distil, f $j., L Dissolve ) A limpid, colorless fluid. Oper. Stimulant, deobstruent, diuretic; in large doses emetic, purgative, and extremely deleterious; externally escharotic. Ute. In scrofulous affections ; glandular obstructions ; worms, and cutaneous diseases; but its efficacy is doubtful. Externally to fungous ulcers, und specks on the cornea. Dote. f*"v. >n IH.X. twice or thrice a day, and gradually increased till the nausea is produced. Ineomp. Soda: sulphas, alumen, potassa; nitras, and argent: nitras. SOLI TIO MURlATIS CALCIS. E. Liquor Calcii Chloridi, U.S.—L. Aqua Muriatis Calcis, D. Solution of Chloride of Calcium. (Calcii Chloridi 3 iv., Aqua Dist. f I xij. Dissolve the chloride of calcium in the water; then filter through paper. Land. Or, take of marble, in fragments, 3 ix.. Muriatic Acid Oj., Distilled Water q. s. Mix the acid with Oss. of the dis- tilled water, und gradually add the marble. Towards the close of the effervescence apply a gentle heat, and when the action has ceased, pour off the clear liquor and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residuum in its weight and a half of distilled wa- ter, and filter Ihe solution.— U. S. Phar.) A colorless fluid. Oper. Tonic, stimulant, deobstruent. Ute. In scrofolous tumors, glandular obstructions, general debility, and laxity of habit. Dote, illxv. to r 3 jss. in a cupful or water, twice or thrice a day. Ineomp. Sulphuric and nitric acids; potassa. soda, and their carbonates; sulphas soda:, sulphas potassa:, nitras potass*, und hiborns sods. SOLUTIO SULPHATIS CUPRI COMPOSTTA. Olim Aqua Styptica, E. Compound Solution of Sulphate or Copper. Sulphatis Cupri, ----Alumina, sing. 3 iij-, Aqua Og., Acid* 19 180 SPI Sulphurici 3 jss. Boil the sulphates in water to dissolve them, and to the filtered liquor add the acid.) Aqua Cupri Vitriolata Oper. Astringent. Use. External, lo stop bleedings at the nose, by the application of dossils steeped in it to ihe nostrils. BOLUTIO SULPHATIS ZINCI. E. Solution of Sulphate of Zinc. (Sulphatis Zinci gr. xvj., Aqua f I viij., Acidi Sulphurici Diluti gr. xvj. Dissolve the sulphate, then add the water, and filter through paper.) Oper. Astringent. Use. As a lotion in the latter stage or ophthalmia ; and an in- jection in gonorrhoea. SPIGELIA. U. S.--L. E. D. Indian Pink Root. Pentandria, Monogyn. N. O. Gentianacea. Indigenous. /(..) Comp. Oil, resin, bitter principle, gallic acid, mucilage, sugar, albumen, woody fibre, salts of potassa and lime. Oper. Anthelmintic. Use. For the expulsion of lumbrici; in the remitting fever of in- fancy. Its use should be preceded by an emetic, and followed by a warm purgative. Dose. Gr. x. lo 3 ss. of the powdered root, every night and morning, till the worms are expelled ; or an infusion combined with senna. Off. Prep. Infusum Spigelia, U. S. SPIREA. U. S. (Secondary.) Hnrdhuck. Sp. Tomentosa, Radix. The Root. (Icosandria, Pentagyn. N.O. Rosacea.) Comp. Tannin, gallic acid, bitter extractive. Prop. Taste bitter, and powerfully astringent: water extracts its medicinal virtues. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In cholera infantum, diarrhoea, and all cast* where a tonic combined with an astringent effect is needed. , Dose. Of the extract, from gr. v. to gr. xv.; rrom f 3 j- to f 3 U- of the decoction. rETHER SULPHURICUS CUM ALCOHOLE AROMATI- CUS. E. Aromatic Spirit or Aether. (Cmnam. Coit. cont. 3 iij., Cardam. Semin. cont. 3 jss., Piperis Longi Fruct. cont., Zingibcris Rad. concisa, sing, ly, Spiritus JEther. Sulph. Oj. Macerate for fourteen days in a slopped glass vessel, and strain.) Elixir Vitrioli Dulcc. Oper. Stimulant. Use. In faintings and nervous affections. Dose. f3ss. tof3j. SPIRITUS iETHERlS SULPHURICI COMPOSITUS. U.S. —L. Spiritus AStheris Sulphurici, E. Compound Spirit ol Aether. Hoffman's Anodyne JAquor. (JEtheris Sulph.f 3 viij., Spiritus Redificalif 3 xvj., Olei JElhcrei f 3 iij. Mix.) Spiritus JEtheris Vitriolici. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Use. In typhus lever, hysteria, and to allay irritation in painful diseases; in headache externally, when the part to which it la applied is kept covered with the hand, in which case it acts as a rubefacient. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ij in any convenient vehicle. SPIRtTUS ATHERTS NITRfCI. U. S.—L. E. Spiritua A"thereus Nitrosus, D. Spirit or Nitric A*ther Sweet Spirit S P I 181 of Nitre. (Spir. Reel. Oiij., Acidi Nitrici 3 iv. Add the acid fradually on the spirit, and mix; then distil, by a gentle heat, 3 xxxij. Or, ft Nitres Potassa lbij.. Acid. Sulphuric, ibjss., Alcohol Oixss., Alcohol Dii ut Oj., Carbonas Potassa 3j- Mix the nitrate or potassa and the alcohol in a large glass retort, and bavins gradually poured in the acid, digest wilh a gentle heat for two hours, then raise the heat and dislil a gallon. To the distilled liquor add the diluted alcohol and carbonate or potassa, and again distil a gallon.)—U. S. Phar. Comp. 1 eq. or Klher=37.48+1 of hyponitrous acid=38.15, equiv.=75.63. Prop. Odor fragrant; taste pungent; acidulous, colorless; vo- lutlle, inflammable ; soluble in alcohol und wuter; spec. grav. 0.834—0.874, L. E. When agitated with twice its volume of concentrated solution or cliloride or calcium, 12 per cent, of ether separates. Oper. Refrigerant, diuretic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic. Use. In febrile diseases; spasmodic asthma; and dropsies, as an assistant to more active remedies. Dote, fllxx. to r3 j. in any convenient vehicle. SPIRfTUS ASTHERlS SULPHURICI. E. Liquor Althereus Sulphuncus, D. Spirit of Sulphuric A2ther. (JEtAcris Sulpli. Oj., Spir. Rectif. Oij. Mix.) • Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, antispasmodic. Use. The same as sulphuric ather; f3j. in f3vj. of barley- water and syrup of marshmallows f 3 iv., form a useful gargle in slight inflammation orthe fauces. Dose f 3ss. to r 3 iij. SPIllTTUS AMMONIA". U. S.—L. E. D- Spirit or Ammonia. (Ammonia Hydrochloratis 3 x., Potassa Carb 3 xvj., Spiritus Reel., Aqua, a a Oiij. Mix, and distil Oiij. Or, ft Munat. Am- monia, Calcis, a a Ibj., Alcohol Ixx., Aqua 3 ix. Slake the lime with the water, mix it with the mur. ammonia, and distil upon a sand bath. When all the ammonia has come over, remove the liquor, nnd keep it in small bottles well stopped.— U. S. Phar.) Prop. Odor pungent, ammoniacal; taste pungent, acrid ; color- Opcr. Stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic. Ute. In paralysis, faintings, and nervous debilities. Dote, fits tof'3j. in water. Off. Prep. Spir. Ammonia Aromaticus, U. S.—L. E. D. Spir. Ammonia Fatid., L. E. D. SPIRITUS AMMONIA: AROMATICUS. U. S.-L. E. D. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. (Ammonia Hydrochlor. Iv, Potassa Carb. 5 viij., Cinnamomi, Caryophyllorum cont., a a 3 ij.. Cort. Limonum 5 iv., Spir. Reel., Aqua, S. n Oiv. Mix, and dislil six pints.) Oper. Stimulant, diaphoretic. Use. In the same cases as the spirit of ammonia; it is mors grateful, and less acrimonious. Dose f 3 ss. to f 3 j. in any convenient vehicle. Off. Prep. Tinct. Guaiaci Ammoniata, U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct Valeriana Ammoniata, U. S.—L. D. r+comv. Acids, acidulous sails, metallic salts, lime-water. hPIRll'US AMMONIAS FCSTIDU3. L. E. D. Fetid Spin, 182 S PI of Ammonia. (Ammon. Hydrockl. lx., Potassa Carb. JxyJ, Spir. Red., Aqua, sing. Oiij., Assafatida 5 v. Mix, and with a slow fire distil three pints.) Prop. Odor fetid and ammoniacal; taste alkalescent, acrid, nnd slightly alliaceous; pale when recent; colored brown by age. Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Use. In hysteria, atonic gout, and spasmodic asthma. Dose, f 3ss. to f 3 j. in water. SPIRITUS ANISI. L. Spiritus Anisi Compositus, D. Spirit of Aniseed. (Anisi Sem. cont. lx., Spir. Ten. cong y. Aqua Oij. Mix, and dislil a gallon by a gentle heat.) A spirituous solution of the oil of aniseed. Oper. Carminative. Use. In flatulent states or the stomach ; but it is often abused and produces dram-drinking. Dose. f3j.tof3iv. BPIRITUS ARMORACIA5: COMPOSITUS. L.D. Compound Spirit of Horse Radish. (Armoracia Radicis recent, concisa, Aurant. Cort. cxsic, sing. Ixx., Myristica Nuc. contus. 3v., Spirit. Ten. cong. y, Aqua Oij. Mix, and dislil a gallon.) Oper. Stimulant, antiscorbutic. Use Scarcely now used in scorbutus; but it is a useful adjunct to infusion of foxglove in dropsies attended with much debility. Dose, fly to f 3 iv. SPIRITUS CAMPHORATUS. D. Tinetura Camphors, E. Spirit of Camphor. (Camphora I iv., Spirit. Red. Oij.) Oper. Stimulant, anodyne, discutient. Use. External, against rheumatic pains, paralytic numbness, chilblains, gangrene, and for discussing tumors. Ineomp. Whter, which precipitates the camphor. SPIRITUS CARUI. L.E.D. Spirit of Caraway. (Carui Sem. conlns. 3xxij., Spir. Ten. cong. j, Aqua Oij. Mix, and distil a gallon.) A spirituous solution of the oil. Oper. Carminative. Use. In flatulence; nnd as an adjunct to griping purgatives. Dose, fly to f3ss. SPIRITUS CASSIA!. E. Spirit of Cassia. (Cassia in coarss powder toy. Proof Spirit Ovij. Macerate for two days, add of water Ojss., and distil seven pints.) Use. The same as Spiritus Cinnamomi. SPIRITUS CINNAMOMI. L. D. Spiritus Lauri Cinnamomi, E. Spirit or Cinnamon (Cinnamomi Olei 3 ij., Spir. Ten. cong. y, AquaOy Mix, and with a slow fire distil a gallon.) A spirituous solution of the oil. Oper. Stimulant. Use. In diseases attended with much languor nnd debility. Dose, flytoflxv. Off. Prep. Infusum Digitalis, U. S.—L. SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS. U. S -L. E. D Compound Spirit of Juniper. (Juniperi Fruct cont. Jxv, Carui Sem. cont., Faniculi Sem. cont., sing. 3 ij , Spir. 7'e» cong. j., Aqua Oij. Mix, and distil a gallon.) Oper. Stimulant, diuretic. Use. As an adjunct to diuretic infusions in dropsies. Dose. f3j. tof3j. SPIRITUS LAVANDULiE. U. S.—L. E. D. Spirit of La S PI 183 vender. (Lavandula recent. Ibijss., Spir. Red cong.y,Aqum Oij. Mix, and distil a gallon.) A spirituous solution ol the oil. Use. As a perfume, and to muke the following articles:— Off. Prqi. Tinetura Lavandula Comp., L. E. D. Linimentum Camphora Comp., L. bpirIpus Lavandula: composItus. u. s.—e. See Tinetura Lavandula Composita. BPIRITUS MENTHA: PIPERITA*. L.D. Spiritus Mentha;, E. Spirit of Peppermint. (Olei Mentha Pip. 3 iij., Spiritus Rectificat. cong. y. Aqua Oj. Mix, and distil a gallon.) Oper. Carminative, stimulant. Use. In nausea, flatulence, and faintings. Dose, fl ss. to r3 iij. SPIRITUS MENTHA: VIRlDIS. L.D. Spirit or Spearmint Optr. Carminative, stimulant. Use. In nausea, flatulence, and faintings. Dose fl ss. to T3 ij. in any proper vehicle. SPIRITUS MYR1STICA*. U. S.—L. E. Spir. Nucis Moscha- Ue, D. Spirit or Nutmeg. (Myristica Nuclcor. cont. I ijss., Spir. Ten. cong. j., Aqua Oj. Mix, and dislil a gallon.) Oper. Cordial, carminative. Use. In faintings, und as an adjunct to griping purgatives. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 iv. SPIRITUS PIMENTA*. U. S.—L. E. D. Spirit of Pimento. Oper. Cordial, carminative. Use. In flatulent colic, atonic gout, ten. Dose fly tof3iv. SPIRITUS MENTHA: PULEGII. L D. Spirit or Pennyroyal Oper and Use. The same as that of Spearmint. Dose. f3j. tof3iv. SPIRITUS RECTIFICATUS. L.E.D. Rectified Spirit. Spec grav 818. Oper. and Use. The same ns or alcohol. SPIRITUS HOSMARINI. U.S.—L.E.D. Spirit or Rosemary (Old Rosmarini I ij., Spir. Redif. cong. y, AquaOj. Mix, and with a slow fire distil a gallon.) Oper. Stimulant. Ut*. In languors; externally to pains and bruises. A fragrant perfume. Dose. f3j. tof3iv. Off. Prep. Linimentum Saponis, U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. La- vandula Comp., U. S.—L. E. D. Tinct. Saponis Camphorata, U.S. SPIRtTUS TENUIOR. L. E. D. Proof Spirit. Spec. grav. 920, L. D.; 935, E. Comp. Alcohol 44, water 56 parts, in 100, according to the Lon- don and Dublin ; and alcohol 42, water 58, according to the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia Oper. Stimulant. Ut*. In the same cases, internally, as those in which alcohol is used ; externally, much diluted in ophthalmia, superficial Inflummntion, and burns; chiefly employed as a solvent ol vegetable matters in the formation of tinctures, &c. Off Prep. Tindura Varia, L. E. D. Spiritus, L. E. D. SPlRll US V1NI GALL1CI. L. Brandy. 184 STY BPONGlA. U. S.—D. E. Sponge (Class Zoophyta, Oidm Spongia. Mediterranean and Red Sea.) Comp. Gelatine, osmazome, animal mucus, fat, oil, traces oi chloride of sodium, iodine, sulphur, phosphate of lime, silica, alumina, and magnesia. Prop. Of a pale brownish-yellow color, light, soft, very porous; absorbing fluids by capillary attraction. Use. External. For absorbing the acrid discharge from ulcers; suppressing haemorrhages, when the bleeding mouth of the vessel is compressed with it; to form tents for dilating wounds, in which case the sponge is immersed in melted wax, and cooled before being used : for making burnt sponge. SPONGlA*: USTA: PULVIS. D. Burnt Sponge. (The sponge is cut into pieces, burnt to a rriuble coal in a covered vessel and rubbed to a powder.) Comp. Carbonate and phosphate of lime; carbonate of soda charcoal; iodide of sodium. Oper. Tonic, deobstruent, antacid. Use. In bronchocele, scrofulous complaints, and herpetic erup- tions. Wo.se. 3j. to 3 iij., made into an electuary, with honey and powdered cinnamon. STANNUM. U. S.—L. E. Stannum, Limatura, Pulvis, D. Tin Filings and Powder. Prop. Odor peculiar when rubbed; insipid; color white, softish spec. grav. 7.291. Oper. Mechanical ? Use. See Pulvis Stanni. BTAPHISAGRlA. L. E. D. Staves Acre Seed. (Delphinium Staphisagria. Polyandria, Trigynia. N. O. Ranunculacea Istria, Apulia, Crete. £ ■) Comp. Delphinia, volatile and fatty oils, albumen, woody fibre, gum, starch, phytocol, sugar, and various salts. Prop. Odor disagreeable ; taste nauseous, bitterish, hot; figure of the seed an irregular triangle; extremely black; white within. Oper. Cathartic, emetic, vermifuge. Use. Owing to the violence of its operation, it is very seldom given internally; and is only used as a powder mixed with hair powder to destroy pediculi. 8TATICE. U. S. Marsh Rosemary. (Statice Caroliniana. Pentand. Pentagyn. United States. !(.•) The Root. Comp. Tannic and gallic acid. Prop. Taste austere, bitter, intensely astringent. Oper. Astringent, antiseptic. Use. In gargles, in aphthous and malignant sore throat; and internally in chronic dvsenterv. STRAMONlI SEMINA", FOLIA. U. S.—L. D. Stramonium, E. The Leaves and Seeds of Thorn Apple. Comp. Leaves contain gum extractive, starch, albumen, resin, saline matters, lignin, water; the seeds contain, in addition, a peculiar alcoholic principle, daturia, wax, fatty matter, fixed oil, bassorin, &c. U*f. The same as the extract. BTYRAX. U.S.—L.E. Styracis Resina, D. Storax. (Styraj Officinale. (Decand. Monogyn. N.O. Slyrace*. Syria. V.) SUB 186 Comp Oleo-reein, benzoic acid. Prop. Odor frngrunt, agreeable; taste aromatic; in masses composed of distinct tears of u yellowish red or brownish color. Often adulterated with sawdust. Oper. Stimulant, expectorant. Ut*. Seldom used alone, but as an adjunct, chiefly on account of its fiagrance and aromatic properties. Dose. Gr. x. lo 3 ss. Off. Prep. Sty rax Purificata, U. S.—D. Pilula Styracis Comp., L. E. Pilula e Styrace, D. Tinct. Benzoin Comp., U. S BTRYCIINIA. U. S.—L. E. Strychnia. An alkali prepared from the Strychnos Nux Vomica. Comp. 30 c-|. carbon=183.0+16 eq. hydrogen=16+3 eq. oxygen =24+1 eq. nitrog. n=l4.15 equiv.=237.75. Use. As a tonic in pyrosis, passive diarrhoea, and leucorrhcea; in cases of partial paralysis not depending on organic disease, especially when caused i>y carbonute of lead. Dose. From gr. l-10ih to gr. 4ih. BTRYUIINIA" ACETATIS SOLUIIO. Author. Solution of Acetate of Strychnia. (Strychnia gr. j., Aceti dist. fly) Oper. The Hume as strychnia, but a more certain mode of in- suring ils influence. Use. In paralysis and atonic diarrhoea. Dose. \\\x. to'fllxxx. STRYCHNIA NITRAS. F. Nitrate or Strychnia. (Strychnia quantum vis, Acidi Nitrici diluti quantum opus sit.) Prop. Crystals white, aciculur, very soluble in wuter. Use. The same us the acetate. Dos*. 1-I0tli U> 110th of a grain. *«* There are various suits prepared from 6trychnihe, as the acetate, the iodate, the nitrate, and the sulphate, which, how- ever, possess no advantages over the pure etrycAnine. Their introduction, therefore, into medicine is not desirable. 'For their mode of preparation, doses, &c, see Dunglison's "New Remedies.") „ „ „ „ ,T T _, STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA. U.S.—D. Nux Vomica, L.E. Ratsbane. (Strychnos Nux Vomica. Pentand. Monogynia. N. O. Apocynacea. Indiu. 4) . _ Prop. Inodorous ; taste inlens. ly bitter, poisonous. Its efficacy as a remedy depends on a peculiar alkali, named strychnia, combined with igusuric acid. Oper. Tome, stimulant; when taken in large doses it produces tetanic spusms. . Use. In dyfp psia; gout: rheumatism ; and especially in para lysis of the lower extremities. Dose. From gr. iij. to gr. xij. •„" For its poisonous properties, see Appendix JVo. l. SUBLIMATUS CORROSIVUS. E. Corrosive Sublimate. See Hydrargyri Bichloridum. „-„„„ .. „ , SUBMURlAsTjYDRARGYRI PKA*CIPITATUS. E Calo- melus Pracipitatum, D. Precipitated Submunate of Mercury Comp 1 eq. of mercury=202+l of chlonne=35.42, equiv.= 237 4° Prop. Inodorous; insipid ; in a fine white powder. Oner Antisyphilitic, ullerative. Am~— iSeand Dote The same as of calomel, from which it diflfeii 186 SUL only in being in a finer powder than the other can be redw-ed to on which account it can be more advantageously combined witn lard, for external use. SUBSULPHAS HYDRARGTRI FLAVUS. E. Yellow Sub sulphateof Mercury, formerly Turpelh Mineral. (A protoxide, combined with acid.) Hydrargyri Vitriolatut Flavus. Comp. Mercury 76, oxygen 11, sulphuric acid 10, water 3, In 100 parts.—(Fourcroy.) Or 4 eq. or peroxide or mercury=872+3 of sulphuric acid=120.3, equiv=992 3. Prop. Inodorous ; taste acrid ; of a bright yellow color; soluble in 1000 parts or water at 60°, and 600 at 212°. Oper Emetic, discutient, errhine, alterative. Use. Seldom employed internally, owing to its violent effects it is, however, a useful emetic in swelled testicles; and, when mixed with liquorice-root powder, and snuffed up the nostrils at bed-time, it forms an excellent errhine in chronic ophthalmia. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. iij. SUCClNUM. U. S.-L. E.D. Amber. (Found on the shores of the Baltic.) Comp. A resinous matter, essential oil, and an acid sui generis. Prop. Inodorous, except when heated or rubbed ; insipid; in fragments or a pale golden yellow color, transparent; has a shining lustre; fracture conchoidal; brittle; spec. grav. 1.06; insoluble in wuter; slightly acted on by alcohol. Use. To afford its essential oil and acid. Off. Prep. Acidum Succinicum, E. D. Oleum Succini, U. S,— "L. E. D. SUCCUS SPISSATUS SAMBUCI NlGR.fi. D. Inspissated Juice of Elder Berries, vulgarly called Elder Rob. (Sued Baccarvm Sambuci Nig. matur. partes v., Sacch. pur. partem j. Boil with n gentle heat to the consistence or honey.) Prop. Odor that orthe berries; taste acidulous, sweet. Oper. Cooling, laxative, diuretic. Use. Diluted wilh water as a beverage in cases of inflammatory fevers; and catarrh. Dose, f 3ss. to f3jss. diluted with water. SULPHAS BARYTA"". E.D. Sulphateof Baryta. (A natural production.) Comp. Baryta 66, sulphuric acid 34, in 100 parts.—(Berzelius.) Or 1 eq. burytu=76.7+l orucid=40.1, equiv =116.8. Prop. Foliated; spec. grav. 4.4; decrepitates when heated; insoluble in water; soluble in boiling concentrated sulphuric acid. SULPHAS POTASSfi CUM SULPHURE. E. Sulphate of Potassa with Sulphur. (Nitratis Potassa in pulv. triti, Sul- phuris Sublimati, pondera aqualia. Gradually deflagrate in a red hot crucible and, when cold, preserve it in a well-stopped glass vessel.) The nitrate is decomposed. Lixivia Vitriolata Sulphurea. Oper. nnd Use. The same as the sulphate or potassa, into which it is converted by attracting oxygen, when exposed to the at- mosphere. Dose. Gr. xv. to 3j. BULPHUR. U.S.—L.E. Roll Sulphur. (A volcanic produc- tion. Sicily.) Impure sulphur, melted and run into moulds. Prop. Odorous when heated or rubbed; insipid, solid, brittle; SUL 187 •pec. grav. 1.99 ; fusible at 220°, crystallizing as it cools; vola- tilized by heat, condensing unchanged. SULPHUR PRfiClPITATUM. U.S. Precipitated Sulphur. Lac Sutphuris. (ft Sulphur toy. Lime Ibjss., Water two gal- lons, Muriatic Acid q. s. Slake the lime with a small portion of the water, and having mixed it with the sulphur, add the remainder of the water, boil for two or three hours, occasionally adding wuter so us to preserve the measure, nnd filter. Dilute the tillered liquor with nn equal bulk of water; then drop into it sufficient muriatic acid lo precipitate the sulphur. Lastly, wash the precipitate repeaiedly wilh water till the washings are tasteless, and dry it.)—U. S. Phar. Oper. Laxative und alterative ; emmenagogue. Use. In cutaneous affections, und us a laxative in constipation and httimorrhoids. Dose. I j. in the form of an electuary, two or three times a day; or combined with magnesia or cream of tartar. SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM. E.D. Sublimed Sulphur, com- monly culled Flowers of Sulphur. (The sulphur of commerce, which is obtained from pyrites, sublimed in close vessels.) Prop. Inodorous, unless rubbed between the fingers, or heated , slightly acidulous; a fine powder, of a bright yellow color: very inflammable; contains a small portion of sulphuric ncid produced in the sublimation, rrom which it is freed by washing; soluble in linseed oil. Oper. Slimulant, laxative, diaphoretic, transpiring through the cutaneous exhalants. Usi. As a laxative in chronic rheumatism, atonic gout, rachitis, asthma, and some pulmonary affections; in hemorrhoidal affections it is the only laxative that should be employed, united witli magnesia or b i ait rate of potassa. A specific in itch, and several cutaneous diseases, when either internally or externally exhibited. Dose. 3 ss. lo 3 ij. taken night and morning. SULPHURETUM HYDRARGVIU CUM SULPHURE. L.E. D. Black Sulphuret of Mercury. (Hydrargyri Purif, Sut- phuris Sublimati, sing, toy Rub them together, until the glo- bules disappear.) JEthiopis Mineralis. Comp Sulphuret of mercury 58, sulphur 42, in 100 parts. Prop. Inodorous ; nearly insipid ; a very black powder, impal pable to the touch ; completely volatilized by heal; should not give :i white color to gold when rubbed on it; soluble in solu- tion of pure potassa. Oper. Anti-venereal, alterative, anthelmintic. Use In syphilis; but it is the most inactive of the mercurial preparations; in glandular swellings: it is sometimes useful against ascurides. Don. Gr. v. to 3ss. ... ,„ r j- . HULPHURIS IOUIDUM. U.S. Iodide of Sulphur, (ft lodin* % iv . Sulphur 3 j. Rub together in a glass mnrlar till thoroughly mixed. Put the mixture into a matrass, close the onhce loosely, nnd applv a eentle heal, so as to darken the mass without melting it. When the color has become uniformly dark throughout, increase the heat so as to melt the iodide ; theK incline the matrass in different directions; and lastly, allow H 188 SYR to cool, break it, and put the iodide into bottles, w\uch are to be well stopped.)— U. S. Phar. Prop. Iodide of sulphur is entirely dissipated by heat. When boiled in water, iodine escapes with the vapor, and sulphur is deposited nearly pure. Oper. A powerful alterative, especially in lupus, aene, and pso- riasis. Use. In cutaneous affections, secondary syphilis, rheumatism, &c. The ointment of" iodide of sulphur should be made nt first by mixing gr. x. of the iodide with 5 j- ford ; the strength may be gradually increased, us the skin can bear it, until it contains 3ss. to the 3J- lard or spermaceti ointment. (The vapor may be inhaled with advantage in some cases of humoral asthma: combine four parts iodine wilh one of sulphur, and sublime.) BUPERTARTRAS POTASSA"! IMPURUS. E. Impure Su- perturtrate of Potassa. (Deposited on the inside of wine casks.) See Tartar. DISULPHAS QUINA*:. L. SulphasQuina:, E.D. Disulphate of Quina. Comp. Quina 74.31, acid 16.17, water 19.52, in 100 parts; 1 eq. ot sulphuric acid=40.1+2 eq. of quina=329.1+8 eq. of water =72, equiv.=447.2. Prop. Inodorous; taste powerfully bitter; minute white crys- tals—not very soluble in cold water, unless acidulated. Oper. Tonic, antiperiodic. Use. In intermittent fever, debility, and every case in which cinchona has been employed. Dose. From gr. j. to gr. x., frequently repeated in the course of a day. Ineomp. All the alkalies and alkaline earths. SYRUPUS. U.S.—L.E. D. Simple Syrup. (Sacchari Purif. tox., Aqua Oiij. Dissolve the sugar in the water with a gentle heat.) Prop. Inodorous, sweet, thickish, transparent. Use. To cover nuuseous tastes; but it seldom renders medicine more pleasant, and might well be altogether dispensed with. It is the base of most or the other syrups. N. B. The Syrups should never be kept in a temperature that exceeds 55°. All syrups that contain vegetable mucilage are apl to become ropy and acescent, or deposit crystals of sugar. They are, therefore, more suitable for the winter season. They should never be prepared in quantities, so as to be kept long on hand. SYRUPUS ACACIfi. Syrup or Gum Arabic, (fy Gum Arabic 6 parts, Sugar 64 parts. Boiling Water 32 parts, Orange-flower Water 1 part. Dissolve the gum in the boiling water, rrequently stirring, then add the sugar; boil so as to form a syrup, and strain ; when cold, add the orange-flower wuter.) SYRUPUS ACETI. E. Syrup of Vinegar. (Aceti Galliei 3 xj., Sacch. Pur. 3 xiv. Boil them so us to form a syrup.) Syrupus Aceti. Prop. Odor acetous; taste sweet, acidulous. Oper. Refrigerant, antiseptic Use. In fevers, diluted with water, as a beverage; and in scor- butus. SYR 169 Dote. f3 j. to f 3 ij. BYRUPUS ACIDI HYDROCYANIC!. Syrup of Hydiocyanic Acid, (ft Syrupi purificat. Ibj., Acidi hydrocyanici medicinalia 3j. Mix.)—Majendie. Usi Add to common pectoral mixtures; used as other syrups BYRUPUS ALLII. U. S. Syrup of Garlic, (ft Of Fresh Garlic sliced 3 vj., iJistilled Vinegar Oj., Sugar lbij. Mace- rate the gurlic in the vinegar, in a glass vessel, four days, then express the liquor, and set it by, that the dregs may subside; lustly, udd the sugur to the clear liquor, and remove any scum that may form, und strum the solution while hot)—U. S. Phar. BYRUPUS ALTHfifi. L. E. Syrup of Murshmallows (Atthaa Rad. contus. I viij., Sacch. Purificati tbijss., AquaOlv. Boil the root in the wuter to one half, and press out the liquor, defecate, and having added the sugar, boil down to a proper consistence.) Very susceptible of decomposition when kept. Oper. Emollient, demulcent. Use. In catarrh, nephritic cases, and for sweetening demulcent drinks in acute foyers. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. SYRUPUS AMYGDALfi. U.S. Syrup of Almonds. Syrup of Orgeat. (Tuke of Sweet Almonds toy. Bitter Almonds f iv., Water Oiij., Sugar tbvj. Having blanched the almonds, rub them in a mortar to a very fine paste, ndding, during the tritu- ration, r3 iij. of the water and Ibj. of the sugar. Mix the paste thoroughly with the remainder of the water; strain, with a strong expression; add the remainder of the sugur to Ihe strained liquor, und dissolve with the aid of a gentle henl. Siroja through fine linen, and having allowed il to cool, bottle, cork tight, und keep in a cool place.)—U. S. Phar. SYRUPUS AURANTII. U. S.—L. E. D. Syrup of Ornnge Peel. (Aurant. Cort. recent. 3 ijss., Aqua Ferv.Oy, Sacch. Pur. Ibiij. Macerate the peel in the water for twelve hours in a covered vessel; then to the decanted fluid add the sugar.) Oper. Slightly tonic ; stomachic. Use. An elegant adjunct lo stomachic draughts and mixtures. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. BYRUPUS BRUCINfi. Syrup of-Brucine. (ft Brucinregr. vj. Aquae dislillat. 3 iv., Sacchar. alb. 3 ij. Mix.) Use. In same diseases as strychnine, but weaker iu the propor- tion of 1 to 10. Dose. A tublespoonful. night and morning. BYRUPUS CALCIS CHLORIDI. Syrup of Chloride or Lime. (ft Calcis chlond. 3j, Emuls. amygd. 3yj., Syrup, gummos. 3j. Mix.) Use. In gonorrhoea. Dose. A tablespoonfol everv three hours. SYRUPUS CARYOPHYLLI RUBRI. D. Syrup of Clovs July-flower. (Petalorum l)ianthiCaryophyllirexent.,un^uibut rrsectis, toy. Aqua Bull, tbiv., Sacch. Pur. ibvij.) Prop. Aromatic. Use. Chiefly to impart its color to extemporaneous mixtures. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. fncomp. Alkaline solutions 190 SYR BYRUPUS CINCHONIfi. F. Syrup of Cinchonia. 'Taki of sulphate of cinchonia gr. xxxix., simple syrup f Jxvj ) Dose. From fly Vofly SYRUPUS CROCI. L.E. Syrup or Saffron. (Croci Stigma- tum I x , Aqua Fervent. Oj., Sacch. Purif. tbiij.) Optr. Cordial. Use. As an adjunct to stomachic nnd cordial draughts; bul chiefly on account or its color. Dose. f"3j tof 3 ij. SYRUPUS EMETI.fi. F. Syrup or Emeta. (Take of pars emeta gr. iv., simple syrup Ibj. Mix.) Use. In catarrh, hooping-cough, and all cases in which ipeca cuanha is useful. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. BYRUPUS EXTRACTI HYDRO-ALCOHOLICI fiTHEREI CUBEBARUM. Syrup of the fithereal Hydro Alcoholii Extract of Cubebs. (ft Ext. hydro-alcohol, sther. cubebar. 3 iij. Suspend wilh mucilage in Aq. menihaa piper. Ibj.; add sacchar. alb. lbij. Mix.) Use. In chronic gonorrhoea, leucorrhcea, &c. Dose. A teaspoonful three times a duy. Four ounces of this syrup contain 3 ij. of extract, equal lo xj. of powdered cubebs. 3YRUPUS GENTLANINfi. Syrup of Gentianine. (ft Syrup. simplic. Ibj., gentiunin. gr. xvj. Mix.)—Majendie. Use. In scrofulous affections. Dose. A tablespoonful four or five times n day. SYRUPUS IODINII. Syrup of Iodine. (ftTinctur.iodin.gr. vj., syrup, simpl. 3 U- Mix.) Dose. To be taken in twenty-four hours. BYRUPUS IPECACUANHA:. U. S.—E Syrup of Ipecacu- anha. (Ipecacuanha in coarse powder I iv., Rectified Spirit Oij., Proof Spirit, Water, of each I 3 xiv., Syrup Ovij. Digest the ipecacuanha in the rectified spirit for twenty-four hours, squeeze, and filter. Repeat this process with the proof spirit; and ag.iin with the water. Unite the fluids, and distil to 3 xij. Add 3 v- of rectified spirit, and then the syrup. Prop. Expectorant and emetic. Use. In bronchitis, asthma, croup, and catarrh. Dose, fly to fl ij. BYRUPUS KRAMERIfi. U. S. Syrup of Rhatany. (Take of Extract of Rhatany l'\y. Water Oj., Sugar lbijss. Dissolve the extract in the water and filter, then add the sugar, remove the scum, and strain while hot.)—U. S. Phar. Oper. Astringent and tonic. Use. In all cases where astringents are indicated. SYRLPUS LIMONUM. U. S.—L E. D. Syrup of Lemons (Limonis Succi colati Oj., Sacchari Purif. lbijss.) Syrupus Succi Limonum. Oper. Cooling, antiseptic. Use. To sweeten and ucidulate barley-water, and other diluting fluids, in inflammatory und bilious fever. A useful addition lo detergent gargles. Dose, f 3j. to f 3 ij. or more. BYRUPUS MORI. L. Syrup of Mulberry. (Mori SutcicolaH Oj., Sacch Purif. lbijss.) Oper. Coo ing. SYR 191 Use. For acidulating nnd sweetening diluting fluids In febrile diseases, and us an adjunct to gargles. Dose, f 3j. to 3 iij- or more. BYRUPUS MORPHIA-; ACETATIS. F. Syrup of Acetate of Moruhia. ('Jake o'' clarified syrup Ibj., sulphate of moiphia gr. iv. Make into n syrup.) Use. The same as that of Syrup or Poppies. Dose. From f 3 j. to f 3 iv. BYRUPUS MORPHIfi SULPHATIS F. Syrup or Sulphate or Morphia. ( Pake of clai ified syrup Ibj., sulphate of morphia gr. iv. Make into a syrup.) Use. For varying the narcotic, when patients have become ac customed to the action or the acetate. Dose. From f 3 j. to f 3 iv. BYRUPUS OLEI JECINORIS ASELLI. Syrup or Cod-Llvei Oil. (ft Ol. jecinor. aselli 3 viij- Gum arub. pulv. 3 v., Aqua 3 xij.. Syrup, coinmun. 3'v-> S.icchur. alb. 3 xxiv. Make an emuiH'ou of the four first ingredients; dissolve the sugar at a moderute heat; clarify, and add aqua flor. aurant. 3ti0~ Duclou. Dose. Two tablespoonsful. BYRUPUS PAPAVERIS. L.E.D. Syrup of Poppies. (Pa- pavern Capsul. Ibiij., Sacchar. Pur. tbv., Aqua Ferv. cong. v. Boil the capsules in the water to two gallons, nnd express strongly. Boil the liquor to Oiv., and strain while hot. Defe- cate by rest for twelve hours, and boil the clear liquor to Oij., adding the sugar so as to form a syrup.) f 3j. contains about gr. j. of opium. Oper. Anodyne. Use. In catarrh, to abate coughing ; and in the diseases of chil- dren to allay pain und procure sleep. The degree of strength of the preparation is very uncertain, (ft Olei oliva-, Oxymellis Bcillte, ftft, Pupuv. alb., sing, f 5J-, in doses of a teaspoonful, in obstinate coughs nnd pertussis. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 j.. according to the age of the patient. *„* It very readily ferments, and therefore should be kept in a cool place. BYRUPUS QUINfi. F. Syrup or Quina. (Take or sulphate or quina gr. Ixiv., simple syrup lbij. Mix.) trie. In all cases in which the sulphate or quina is useful. Dose. From f 3 ij. to 1"3 iv. BYRUPUS QUININfi CITRATIS. Syrup of Citrate or Qui- nine, (ft Syrup, sacch. clurif. Ibj., Quinin. Acetat. acid. gr. xxxvj. M.) Dose Two tablespoonsful in twentv-four hours. BYRUPUS QUINfi SULPHATIS. Syrup of Sulphate of Quinine, (ft Quiuin. sulphat. gr. xvj., Syrup, simpl. 3 viij.) Dose. A teaspoonful. SYRUPUS RHOEADOS. L. E. D. Syrup of Red Poppy. (Rhmados Petatorum toy. Aqua Ferv. lbij-, Sacch. Purif. lbijss. To the water, heated in a wnrm bath, add the petalsgradually, stirring occasionally ; next remove the vessel, and macerate for twelve hours; then express the liquor, defecate, and add the sugar so as to form n syrup.) Use. As coloring matter. BYRUPUS RHAMNI. LED. Syrup of Buckthorn. (RAamn. 20 192 SYR Sued recent. Oiv., Zingiber is zoncisa, Pimenta conirit., sing 3 vj., Sacch. Purif. tow. Derecute the juice by rest, for three days, and strain. Tou pint of thedefocated juice add the ginger root and pimenta; then macerate, in a gentle heat, for four hours, and strain; boil what remains to one pint and a half, mix the liquors, and add sugar so as to form a syrup.) Syru- pus Spina Cervina. Oper. Cathartic, but attended with griping, and dryness of the mouth and fauces. Ute. To open the bowels; but owing to its very unpleasant taste, it is seldom employed except in clysters. Dose, fliv.tofly, drinking freely of gruel, and other tepid fluids, during the operation. SYRUPUS RHEI. U.S. Syrup or Rhubarb. (Take or Rhubarb bruised 3 U-. Boiling Water Oj., Sugar lbij. Macerate the rhubarb in the water twenty-four hours, and strain; then add the sugar, and proceed in the manner directed for Syrup. AUii.) — U. S. Phar. BYRUPUS RHEI AROMATICUS. U.S. Aromatic Syrup or Rhubarb. (Take or Rhubarb bruised 3 U83-, Cloves, Cinna- mon, bruised, each 3ss., Nutmeg bruised 3 ij.. Diluted Alcohol Oij., Syrup Ovj. Macerate the rhubarb and aromatica in the diluted alcohol for fourteen days, and strain ; then, by means or a water bath evaporate the liquor to Oj., und while hot, mix it with the syrup previously heated.)—U. S. Phar. BYRUPUS ROSfi. L.D. SyrupusRosttCentifolia, E. Syrup or the Rose. (Rosa Centifolia Petal, exeiccat. 3vij., Sacch. Purif. tovy. Aqua Ferv. Oiij. Macerate the petals in the water for twelve hours; evaporate the strained liquor to Oiij., and add the sugar so as to form a syrup.) Oper. Gently laxative. Use. In costiveness or weak habits, and of children. Dose, f I j. to f 5 j- or more. BYRUPUS ROSfi GALLlCfi. E. Syrup or Red Rosew (Petal, siccat. Rosa Gallica 3 ij-, Aqua Bull, toy, Sacch. Pur. I xx. Prepared in the same manner as the former.) Oper. Mildly astringent. Use. As an adjunct to stomachic infusions, and to gargles; but it is on account of its color that it is valued. Dose, f 3 ij. to r3iv. or more. SYRUPUS SARSAPARILLfi COMPOSITUS. U.S. Com Sound Syrup or Sarsaparilla. (Take or Sarsaparilla bruised iij., Guaiacum Wood rasped 3 iij-» Hundred Leaved Roses Senna, Liquorice Root, bruised, each 3 U-, Oil Sassafras, Ou Anise, each five minims, Oil of Partridge Berry three minims, Diluted Alcohol Ox., Sugar to viij. Macerate the sarsaparilla, guaiacum, roses, senna and liquorice root in the diluted alcohol, fourteen days; then express and filter. Evaporate the tincture by means of a water bath to four pints, filter, add the sugar, remove any scum which may form, and strain the solution while hot)—U. S. Phar. IYRUPUS SARZfi. L.E.D. Syrup of Sarsaparilla. (Sliced Root of Sarsaparilla 3 xv., Boiling Water a gallon. Purified Sugar 3xv- Macerate the root in water for twenty-four hours; then boil down to four pints, and strain the liquor while SYR 193 It is yet hot - then add the sugar, and boil down to a propel consistence.) Use. In Lie same cases as the root. Dose. From f 3 j. to f 3 iv. BYRUPUSSEN.Nfi. U. S.—L. E. Syrup of Senna. (Senna F.dior. 3 ijss., Faniculi cantos. I x., Manna I iij., Sacchar. Pur. J xv., Aqua Firv.Oy Macerate the senna leaves and fennel seeds for twelve hours; strain, adding the manna and sugar to the juice, to fum a syrup.) Oper. Purgative. Use. For the costiveness or children, and persons of a delicate habil or body. Dose, f 3 u. to f 3 ss. or more. BYRUPUS SCILLfi. U. S — E. Syrup of Squill (AeeU Scilla Oiij., Sacch. Pur. cont. Ibvij." Oper. Diuretic, expectorant, emetic. Use. In the same cases us those for which the oxymel is em ployed; as an emetic it is given only to children. Dose, f 3j. to f 3 ij. SYRUPUS SCILLfi COMP5SITUS. U.S. Compound Syrup ol Squill. Hive Syrup. (Take or Squill bruised, Seneka, each 3iv., Tartrate of Antimony and Potassa gr. xlviij., Water Oiv., Sugar tbiijss. Pour the water upon the squill nnd seneka, and having boiled to one hair, strain and add the sugar ; then eva- porate to Oiij., and while the syrup is still hot, dissolve it in the tartrate of antimony and potassa.)— U. S. PAar. Use. In croup, and ns an expectorant in pulmonary and catar- rhal affections. BYRUPUS SU.NEGfi. U. S. Syrup of Seneka. (Take ol Seneka bruised 3 iv., Water Oj., Sugar toy Boil the water with the seneka to one half, and strain; then add the sugar, remove the scum, and strain.)—U. S. Phar. Oper. A very useful expectorant. Use. In bronchia' and pulmonary affections. Dose. f"3ss. to f 3 ij. SYRUPUS SIMPLEX. E. Simple Syrup. (Pure Sugar tox.. Bolting Water Oiij.) Use. To sweeten nauseous mixtures. BYRUPUS TOLUTANUS. U. S.-L. E. D. Syrup of Tolu. (Batsami Tolutani 3 x , Aq. Ferv. Oj., Sacch. Pur. lbijss. Boil the balsam for half an hour in a covered vessel, occasionally stirring ; strain when cold, and add sugur to the liquor so as to UssTsiinply to give its agreeable flavor to draughts, mixtures, and emulsions. BY EC PUS' VIOL fi. E. Syrupus Viote, D. Syrup of Violets (Florum recent. Viola Odor, toy, Aq. Bull. Oijss., Sacch^ Pur. fovijss. Macerate in a covered vessel for twenty-four hours; strain, without expression, through linen ; add the sugar so al to form a syrup.) Syrupus Violarum. °UsZ' To^hildrenf and'to impart its blue color to fluid mixtures, fee. Dote. f3j. tof3ij. 9 194 TAP Ineomp. Acidulated and alkalized fluids, if it be wished to pre- serve the color. SYRUPUS ZINGIBER'S. U. S.—L. E. D. Syrup or Ginger. (Zingiberis concisa 5 ijss., Aqua Ferv. Oj., Sacch. Purif. lbijss. To the struined liquor add the sugar, so as to form a syrup.) Oper. Cordial, stomachic, carminative. Use. As an adjunct to bitter and tonic inlusiona Dose, ly to 3 iij. TABACUM. U. S.—L. E. Nicotians Tabnci Folia, D. The Leaves of Tobacco. (Pentand. Monogyn. N.O. Sotanacc*. America. ©.) Prop. Odor of the dried leaves, strong, fetid, narcotic; taste bitter, extremely acrid ; burns with a sparkling light, owing to the niirate of potassa which it contains. Active principles, a volatile oil, which is soluble both in water and alcohol, and nicotina, a peculiar substance, on which its virtues are supposed to depend. Oper. Nurcotic, sedative, diuretic, emetic, cathartic, errhine, a violent poison, whether externally applied, or taken into the stomach. Use. In ileus, and incarcerated hernia, in the form of clyster ol the infusion, or the smoke; in dropsy and dysuriu; chewing it relieves the pain of toothache; and, as an errhine, it forms the basis of all the snuffs in common use. The infusion has been used us a lotion in scabies, tinea capitis, and other eruptions; but it is apt to induce sickness. Dose. See Infusum Tabaci For clysters, 3 j. is infused in Oj. of boiling water. Off. Prep. Vinum Tabaci, U. S.—E. TAMARINDUS. U.S.—L.E. Tamarindus, LeguminisPulpa, D. The Pulp of the Tamarind. (Tumurindus Indica, the Tamarind Tree. Monadelph. Triand. N. O. Leguminosa. East and West Indies. ">.) Prop. Inodorous; taste acid, sweet; juicy when fresh and good; the seeds are hard ; and the blade of u knife thrust into the pulp, should not become coated with copper. The pulp contains citric acid 9.40, tartaric acid 1.55, malic acid 0.45, bitartrate of potassa 3.25, gelatine, mucilage, pectin, fecula, and sugar. Oper. Laxative, refrigerant. Use. In dysentery and fevers, particularly those attended with an increased secretion of bile, and putrid symptoms. Tamarind whey, made by boiling 3 ij- of the fruit with Ojss. or milk, and straining, is an excellent diluent in fevers. Dose. I ss. to 3 ij. often added to senna and to manna. Ineomp. Carbonates, and acetates of potassa and sodn; the resinous cathartics ; infusum senna;. TINACISTI FOLIA. U. S.—D. Leaves of Tansy. (Syngen. Polygam. Superfl. N. O. Composita. Europe, il.) Prop. Odor peculiar, strong; taste warm, bitter. Oper. Tonic, deobstruent, anthelmintic. Use. In gout; hysteria, connected with suppression of the menses.; in worms seldom used. Dose. 3 ss. to 3j. It is drunk as ten by gouty people. TAPIOCA. U. S.—E. Tapioca. (Fecula of the rhizomes o. Jatropha Manihot.) A modification or starch T E R 19S Prop. Occurs in the form of irregular, hard, white, rough grains, possessing little taste, partially soluble in cold water, and affording a fine blue color when iodine is added to its filtered solution. The tapioca meal, sometimes called Brazilian arrow- root, is the fecula, dried without heat; nutritious, easy of diges- tion, and free from ull irritating properties, tapioca forms an excellent diet for the sick und convalescent. Prepared by boil- ing in waier, adding sugar, lemon juice, wine, nutmeg, or cin- namon, to suit the taste. TARAXACUM. U. S.—L. E. Taraxaci Herba et Radix, D. Taraxacum. (Dens Leonis.) The Root of Dandelion. (Syn- gen. Polygam. JEqual. N. O. Composita. indigenous. Z(..; Prop. Inodorous; taste at first slightly sweetish and acidulous, then bitter. Oper. Aperient, diuretic, resolvent. Use. In chronic inflammation, and incipient scirrhus or the liver; chronic derangements of the stomach; dropsy; pulmonary tubercles; und jaundice. Dote. I 3 ij. of the following decoction three or four times aday: ft The full-grown roots sliced 3 iv., water Oij. Boil gently to a pint, strain, und add bitartrate of potassa 3 iij. Ineomp. Infusion of galls, nitrate of silver, bichloride of mercury, acetates of lead, sulphate of iron. TARTARUM. L. Tarturi Crystnlli, D. Tartar. (Potassa Bitarlras Impura.) Encrusted on wine casks. Comp. Potassa. tartaric acid, and generally lime. Prop. Tuste acid, rather unpleasant; color dirty white, red. Of brown, according to the nature of the wine depositing it. It ii brittle, soluble in cold water, but much more so in boiling wa- ter ; decomposed by heut. Use. For the preparation of bitartrnte of potassa. TEREBINTIllNA CANADENSIS. U. S.—L. Balsamum Canadense, E. Resina Liquida Pini lialsaroeie, D. Canada Balsam. (Pinus Balsamni, Norway Spruce Fir. Monacia, Monadelphia. N.O. Conifera. Canada. *>.) TEREBINTIllNA CIIIA. L. E. Resina Liquida Pistacie Terebinthini, D. Cyprus Turpentine. (Pistacia Terebinthus. Diacia, Pentund. N. O. Terebinthacea. South of Euiope U-) TEREBlNTIlTNfi OLEUM. U.S.—LE. Oil iff Turpentine. The volatile oil. TEREBINTHTNA VENETA. E Resina Liquida Pini Laricis, D. Venice Turpentine. (Pinus Larix. The Larch. Class and O il r of P. Balsr.inea. Somh of Europe. *> .i TEREBINTIllNA. U.S.: VULGARIS. E..L. Tercbinthina Vulgaris: Resina, I). Common Turpentine. (Pinus sylvestris. Scotch Fir. North of Euiope. V .) All these turpentines have properties in common, with something peculiar to each; the three former are used internally, the latter only externally. Comn. Resin, volatile oil; the Canadian contains the largest proportion of oil. The rectified oil is the Camphene of chemists Prop. Odor penetrating; taste warm, pungent, biiterish; color pale yellow. The Canadian and Chinn are thin, limpid, trans- parent ; the other two thicker, viscid, und less transparent 1916 TIN soluble in aether and alcohol; combine with fixed oil; insolubls in water, but impart to it their fluvor. Oper. Stimulunt, diuretic, cnthartic. Use. In chronic rheumatism, gleet, leucorrhcea, lephritic affec tions, and mucous obstructions of the urinary organs. United with water by means of yolk of egg, they are given clysterways in colic, obstinate costiveness, and to destroy ascarides. The latter kind enter into the composition of plasters. Dose. 3j. to3j. in pills or bolus, united with powder or liquorice root; or emulsion, with mucilage or yolk of egg. Off. Prep. Oleum Tercbinthina, U. S.—L. E. D. Oleum Terc- binthina purificatum, L. Enema Terebinthina, D. Emplastra et Unguenta Varia, U. S. TESTA;. U. S—L. Oyster Shells. (Ostrea edulis, the Oyster. CI. Vermes. Ord. Testacea, L. Mollusca, Acephala, Cuv.) Comp. Carbonate of lime and animal matter, the latter of which is destroyed when the shell is burnt, and pure lime remains. Oper. Antacid, absorbent. Use. Chiefly in the acidities or infancy; and during dentition. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ij. TESTfi PRfiPARATfi. L. Prepared Shells. (Wash the shells freed from sordes with boiling water, then prepare them in the same manner as chalk.) TIGLH OLfiUM. U. S.—L. Crotonis Olei, E. Croton Tiglii. Oleum ex Seminibus Expressum, D. Oil of Croton. (Croton Monacia, Monadelphia. N. O. Euphorbiacea. Moluccas. *>.) An expressed oil. Prop. Color pale brownish-yellow; odor none; taste acrid, and extremely permanent. Oper. Drastic, purgative. Use. In apoplexy, obstinnte costiveness, and whenever a quick and powerful action on the bowels is required. Dose. From fllj. to fllv. made into pills with crumb of bread; or rubbed up with mucilage and syrup. TINCTURA ACETATIS FERRI. D. Tincture of Acetate of Iron. (Acetatis Kali Jij., Sulphatis Ferri ly, Spir. Rectif.Qiy Rub the acetate und sulphate into a soft mass, then dry it with a moderate heat, and afterwards triturate with the spirit. Di- gest in a well-corked phial for seven days, shaking occasionally Pour off the clear liquor, after the faeces have subsided.) A spirituous solution of a mixed acetate. Prop. Taste extremely styptic. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In dyspepsia, chlorosis, hysteria, and rachitis. Dose fllxx. to f 3 j. in a glassful of water. TINCTURA ACETATIS FERRI CUM ALCOHOLE. D Tincture of Acetate of Iron with Alcohol. (Sulphatis Ferri, Acetatis Kali, sing. ^ j., Alcoholis Oij. Prepared in the same manner as the former.) Comp. Red oxide of iron, acetate of potassa, alcohol. Prop., Use, Sec. The same as the former preparation. TINCTURA ACETATIS ZINCI. D. Tincture of Acetate of Zinc. (Zinci Sulphatis, Potassa Acetatis, utriusque partem j., Spir. Redificati partes xvj Rub together the sulphate and acetate, and add the spirit. Macerate for a week, occasionally agitating, and filter through paper.) TIN 191 TINCTURA ACONITI. Tincture or Aconite. (Aconiti \\v Diluted Alcohol Oij. Macerate fourteen days, express, and tiltei through paper. Or by displacement.)—U. 4'. PAar. Oper. Revellent, excitant. Ute. E.vternully in palsy, amaurosis, &c. TINCTURA ALOES. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Aloes. (Aloes cont. 3 j., Est. Glycyrrhiza I iij., Aqua Ojss., Spir. Red. Oss. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.) Oper. und Use. The same as of the extract of aloes. Dose, f jss. to 13 jss. TINCTURA ALOES fiTHEltEA. E. fithereal Iinctureol Aloes. (Gummi lies. Aloes Socol., Gummi Res. Myrrha. sing. I jss., Croci Anglici con. 3 j., A^tkeris Sulphurici cum Alcohole toy Digest the myrrh in Hie uahereal spirit lor four days, then add the aloes und suffron, and digest for four days more.) T. Aloes Vilriolata. Oper. Slimulant, cathartic. Uss. In ihe same cases for which the other aloetie tinctures are used; and spasms of ihe stomach. T1NC*jWa°ALOES COMPOSITA. L.D. Tinetura Aloes et Mvrrhui. U.S—E. Uompound Tincture of Aloes. Elixir Prop'rietatis. (Aloes cont. 3iv., Croci 3 ij., Tinct. Myrrha Oij. Digest fourteen days, und strain.) Oper. Purgative, stomachic, euiiim-uagogue. Use. To open the bowels in languid cold habits; in chlorosis. TINCTL RA^AMMONIfi COMPOSITfi. L. Compound Tincture of Ammonia. (Mastiche I ij-, Spir. Redificat. I 3 ix., Laoanii.O'ei fllxiv., Succini Olei Illiv., Liquoris Ammonia fort. Oj. Macerate the maslicii In the spirit, and decant the tincture; then add the other articles, and shake all together.) Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Use. In pertussis, hysteria, and nervous affections. Dose. fllv. to fllxx. Ineomp. Acids, acidulous and metallic salts. TINCTURA ANGUSTURfi. U. Tinetura Angustura. i,Cort. Angicftura, in pulv. crass, redacti \ ij., 6>ir. Vmosi Tenuions Oij. Digest for seven days.) . Oper. ami Use. The same as of the Bark. See Cusparia Cortex. TI°NCTURA° ASSAFCETIDA*. U. S.-L. E. D. Tincture of Assnfmtida. (Assafatida 3 v., Spir. Rcdif. Oij. Mucerute for fourteen days, and filter.) Ooir. and Use. The same as of Assafcetida. Dose tllx to f 3 j. (It becomes lui bid when mixed with water.) TINCTURA AURANTII. L. E. Tincture of Orange Peel. (Aurantii Cort. exsiccati 3 iijss., Spir. Tenuions O.j. Macerate for fourteen days, and tiller.) Oper. Stomachic. ... v. Use As an udjunct to bitter stomachic draughts. T^T^RABi^SAMI^LUTANI. U. S.-L. Se, ^ Benzoes Composita. D. Compound Tincture of Benaom 198 TIN (Benioini 5 iijss., Styracis colati f jijss., Balsami TolutsniZ I., Aloes I v., Spiritus Red. Oij. Macerate for fourteen days.) Oper. Samulunt, expeciorunt, untispasmodic. Use. In old asthmatic cases; chronic catarrh; phthisrS with a languid circulation. It is applied to wounds and languid ulcers, which it stimulates gently, und covers from rbe uclion of the uir. Dote, f 3 ss to f 3 ij. rubbed up with yolk or egg, and any fluid. TINCTURA BUCHU. E. D. Tincture or Buchu. (Buchu 3ijss., Spiritus Tcnuivris mensura Ibj. Macerate for seven days, and strain.) Use. The same as that of the leaves. Dose. From 3j. to f 3iv. TINCTURA CALUMBfi. L.E. Tinct. Colombo, U. S.—I Tincture of Calumba. (Calumba concisa 3 >>j-> Spir. Tenuior. Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and struin.) Oper. und Use. The same us or the root; but more easily borne on the stomach than either the powder or the infusion. Dose, f 3ss. to l"3 iv. TINCTURA CAMPHORfi. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Camphor. (Camphora I v., [ 3 j. E.], Spir. Rcct.Oiy [f 5 xvj. E.] Mix, that the camphor may be dissolved.) Oper. Anodyne. Use. A useful topical application in rheumatic and other pains. TINCTURA CAMPHORfi COMPOSlTfi. L. Tinct. Opii Camphorata, U. S.—E. D. Compound Tincture of Camphor. (Camphora 3ijss., Opii Duri cont., Acidi Benzoini, sing. gr. Ixxij., Anisi Olei fly, Spir. Ten Oij.) T. Opii Camphorata fly contains nearly gr. ij. of opium Oper. Anodyne. Use. In catarrh, after the inflammatory symptoms are abated, to allay the tickling cough ; chronic asthma; pertussis ; and in cases where quiet, ruther than sleep, is required. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. ut bed-lime, using utter it the inhaler; to children fllv. to fllxx. in almond mixture. TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of the Spanish Fly. (Cantharidis contus. I iv., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Diuretic, stimulant, narcotic. Use. In gleet, hydrops ovarii, and leucorrhcea; but it is chiefly used us un external application, united wilh Soap or Camphor Liniment, against rheumatic und other pains. We huve found it a useful application in that peculiar species of mortification of the extremities which sometimes takes place without any apparent cause ; und to frost-bitten parts. Dose. fllx. tot'3j. TINCTURA CAPSICI. U.S.—L.E.D. Tincture or Capsicum (Capsici I x., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Slimulant. Use. In the low stage or typhus, cynanche maligna, and other diset.ses or debility. In gargles in malignant cynunche. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3j. or more. f3 ij. in n gaigle of f 3 vi. ■ TINCTURA CAPSICI ET CANTHARIDUM. U. S. Tinc- ture of Cayenne Pepper and Blistering Flies. (Cantharidum contus arum I x , Capsici ly, Alcoholis dilutiUy Digest for ten days, and filter.) Oper. Stimulant, rubefacient. TIN 199 Ute. As a counter-irritant in deep-seated painful affections. TINCTL RA CARDAMOMl. U.S.—L.E. Tincture olCaraa moms. (Cardam. conltit. I iijss., f ? ivss. E.J, Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same us of the seeds. Dote, t 3 j. to f 3 ij. or more. TINCTL RA CARDAMOMl COMPOSITA. L.E.D. Com- pound Tincture of Cuiduiiioins. (Cardam.,Caruicontrit., sing. 3 ijss.. Cocci contriti ly, Cinnam. cont. 3 v., Uvarum 3 v., Spir. Ten. Oij ) Oper. Stomachic, carminative. U.-e. An elegant adjunct to stomachic infusions, and to jalaps; a good corrective to griping, or cold purgatives. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. TINCTURA CASCARILLfi. L.E.D. Tincture of Cascarilla. (Cascarilla cantriti 3 v., Spir. 7'cn.Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the bark. Lose, fly to f 3 ij. in any convenient vehicle. TINCTL RA CASSIfi. E. Tincture of Cussia. (Cassia in fine powder 3 xvij., Proof Spirit Oij ) Prop and Use. The same as those of Tincture or Cinnamon. TINCTURA CASTOREI. U. S—L. E. T. Caslorei Rossici, D. Tincture of Castor. (Castorei cont. I ijss., Spir. Redificati Oij. Macerate for fourteen days.) Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic. Use. In the neuroses, hysteria, and spasmodic affections. Dose, fllxx. to f 3ij. or moie. TINCTURA CASTOREI AMMONIATA. E. Compound Tincture of Castor. (Castor, triti Jj., Assafatida 3ss., Alee- holts Ammoniati toy) Oper. Antispasmodic. Use. In hysteria, crump of the stomach, and flatulent colic. riNCTURJA0CA'.&CHU. U.S.-L.E.D. Tincture of Catechu (CaiecAu 3 iijss., Cinnam. contusi I ijss., Spir. Ten. Oil. Mace- rate for fourteen days.) Oper. Astringent. . . Use. In chronic dysentery and diarrhoea; leucorrhoaa, and de- bilities. ,. ... Dose. fli. to f 3 ij. in wine or some bitter infusion. TINCTURA ClNCHONfi. U. S.-L. E. D Tincture of Cin- chona. (Cinchona Cordifolia cont. I viij., [ 3 iv. E.J, Spir. Ten. fW.'andVse. The same as of the bark; but owing to the quantity required to be exhibited to produce the effect of cin- chona, the infusion or decoction is preferred. TlTcTURWlNCHONTfi:' F. Tincture of Cinchonia. (Tak. of sulphate of cinchonia gr. viij., alcohol f ly) TINCTURA ClNCHONfi AMMONIATA. E. Aminoniated Tincture of Bark. (Cinchona Lancifolia Corf. cont. J iv., Spiritus Ammonia Arom. Oij. Macerate for ten days.) Use In dyspepsia combined with acidity and languor. Ineomp Adds; acidulous, earthy, and metallic salts. T^NCTUrT ClNCHONfi COMPOSITA. U. S.-L. E. n 200 Tl N Compound Tincture of Cinchona. (Cinchona Lancifolia cont 5"v., Aurant. Cort exsiccati l'i\y, Serpentaria eont. 3 vj. Croci cont. I ij., Cocci cont. 3 j., Spirit. Ten. Oij. Macerate fol fourteen days, and filter.) Oper. Tonic, antiperiodic, diaphoretic. Use. The same as the former; but it is more grateful, asd therefore more frequently used in dyspepsia: and as an adjunct to disulphute or quina in agues. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. TINCTURA CINNAMOMI. U. S—L. E. D. Tincture of Cinnamon. (Cinnamomi contusi 5 iijss., Spirit. Tenuioris Oij ' Oper. Astringent, stomachic. Use. As an adjunct to astringent infusions; in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery ; in dyspepsia, added to bitter infusions. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. TINCTURA CINNAMOMI COMPOSITA. U. S.TL. E. D Compound Tincture of Cinnamon. ' Cinnam. cont. ly, Cardam, cont. 3 ss. Piperis Longi cont., Zingiberis cont., sing. 3 ijss., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper.tand Use. The same as the simple tincture; but it is more cordial, and therefore more useful in languors and weakness. Dose. l'3j.'to f 3 ij. TINCTURA COLCHlCI. U.S.—L E.D. Tincture or Colchi cum. (Seminum Colehici Autumnalis I v., Spiritus Tenuioris lbij. Macerate for fourteen days, und then strain.) Oper. and Use. The same as those of the dried bulb. Dose. From fllx. to 3j. TINCTURA COLCHlCI COMPOSITA. L. Compound Tinc- ture of Colchicuiu. (Colehici Seminum cont. \ v., Spiritus Am- monia Aromatici Oij. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain.) TINCTURA CONII. U.S.—L.E. Tinct. Conii, D. Tincture of Hemlock. (Conii Fol. siccat. I v., Cardamomi contus. Jj., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Use. The same as that of the leaves and extract. "BINCTURI CROCI. E.D. Tincture of Saffron. (Croci An- flici con.l'y, Alcoholis Diluti t'lxv. Digest seven days, and Iter through paper.) Oper. Slimulant, diaphoretic. Use. As an adjunct to mixtures in typhoid fevers, and to cam- phor mixture in nervous languors. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. TINCTURI CUBEBfi. U. S.—L. Tincture or Cubebs. (Cu- beba cont. 3 v., Spiritus Red. Oij. Macerate for fourteen days and filter.) TINCTURA CUSPARIfi. E. Tincture or Cusparia. (Cus- paria in powder I x\*.ij., Proof Spirit Oj.) Oper. Slimulant and tonic. Use. The same as that or the bark. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. TINCTURA DIGITALIS. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Fox- glove. (Digitalis Fol. exsiccat. 3iv., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the leaves. It is, perhaps, the best form under which this powerful remedy can be used, and its virtues longest preserved; but il should be made with re- cently dried leaves. Dose fllx. gradually increased lo tllxl. TIN 901 TINCTURA FERRI AMMONIO-CHLORIDI. L. Ttoctura of Auimonio-chloiide of Iron. (Ferri Ammonio-ehloridi Jiv., Spir. Ten. Oj. Dissolve the nmmonio-chloride of iron in the spirit, and filter.) f 3 j contains gr. 5.8 of sesquioxide of iron. Use. The same us the solid preparation. Dose, fly to f 3 iij. TINCTURA FERRI SESQ.UICHLOR1DI. L. Tinetura Fern Chloridi, U. S. Tinetura Munatis Ferri, E. Muriatis Ferri Liquor, D. Tincture or Muriate of Iron. (Ferri Sesquic-zidi 3 vj., Acidi HydroehloriciHy, Spir. Redificati LAYy Add the ncid to the sesquioxide in a glass vessel, und shake it during three days. Add the spirit, and strain.) Comp. Sesquichloride of iron, alcohol, water derived from the hydrochloric acid. Prop. Taste very austere, styptic; color brownish-yellow. Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic. Use. Besides the cuses for which salts of iron are usual!) employed, this tincture has been found serviceable in dysury, depending on spasmodic stricture of the urethra, in small doses repeated every fifteen minutes, till nausea be produced. It is also applied us a styptic to bleeding vessels in cancerous and loose fungous sores. Dose. u\x. gradually increased to f 3 j. Ineomp. Alkalies, lime-water, magnesia, nnd their carbonates; astringent vegetable infusions and decoctions; mucilage of ncucia. TINCTURA GALBANI. D. Tincture of Galbanum. (Gal- bani min. concisi I ij., Spir. Vin. Ten. Oij.) Opor. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Ute. In hysteria, flatulent colic, and chronic asthma. Dose. I 3J to r 3 iij- _ TINCTURA GALLfi. U. S.—L. D. Tinetura Gallarum, E. Tincture of the Gall. (Galla contrit. 3 v., Spir. Vim Ten. Oij.) Oper. Astringent. Use. In intestinal haemorrhages, nnd those of the prostate gland, obstinate protruded diarrhoea, and dysentery. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. TINCTURA GENTIANfi COMPOSITA. U S.—L. E. D. Compound Tincture of Gentian. (Gentiana concisa 5 ijss., Aurant. Cort. exsiccat. I x., Cardamomi contusi 3 v., Spir. Ten. Oij) . Oper. Tonic, stomachic. Use. An elegant adjunct to stomachic infusions. Dote, fly to f 3 ij. . TINCTURA GUAIACI. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture or Guaia- cum. (Guaiaci Res. cont. I vij., [3 iij. E.], Spir. Red. 0g., *f3xvj.E.]) .,.„.. Oper. Stimulant, sudorific, laxative. Use. In rheumatic and arthritic cases. Dose, fly to f3iij-, triturated with mucilage, or some viscid substance, as water alone precipitates the guaiacum. TINCTURA GUAIACI COMPOSITA. L.D. TineturaGuai aci Ammonia, U. S.—E Compound Tincture of Guaiacum. (fruaioci Resina cont. 3 vij., Spir. Ammonia Aromat. Oj.) Oper. Stimulant, sudorific, antispasmodic. 9* 208 TIN Ute. In chronic rheumatism, for which it is more particularly adapted than the former preparation. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 j. in milk or any viscid fluid. Ineomp. Nitrous acid, sweet spirit or nilre, solution of chlorine TlNi/rC RA HELLEBORE U. S.—L. D. Tincture of Black Helltboret (Hellebori concisa 3 v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper Alterative, emmenagogue, purgative. Use. In uterine obstructions in lull plethoric habits, where chalybeates would be hurtful; in cutaneous eruptions. Dost, f 3ss. lo f 3 j. in water, twice a day. TINCTURA HYOSCYAMI. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture ol Henbane. (Hyoscyami Fol. exsiccat. I v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Narcotic, anodyne. Usi. To produce sleep und quiet in those cases for which lau danum is used. It does not affect the heud, nor occusion cos tiveness. Dose. Iflxxx. to f 3 ij. TINCTURA IOD1N1I. U. S.—E. Tincture of Iodine, (fodtne 3j , Rectified Spirit f 3 xvj.) Comp. A simple alcoholic solution orthe iodine. Use. The sume as that of iodine. TINCTL RA lODINU COMPOSITA. U.S.—L.D. Compound Tincture of Iodine. (lodinii I j., Potassii lodidi I ij., Spiritus Rectijicati Oij. Dissolve the iodine, and filter. Preserve the mixture in a closely-stoppered vessel. Use. In scrofula, bronchocele, nnd chlorosis. Dose. From fllx. to nixxx., in a tittle syrup and water, three times a duy. TINCTURA JALAPfi. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Jalap. (Jalapa cont. I x., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Cathartic. Use. As un adjunct to purgative draughts. Dose, f 3 j. to I 3 iv. TINCTL RA KINO. L. E. D. Tincture of Kino. (Kino cen- triti 3 iijss., Spir. Red. Oij.) Oper. Astringent. Use. In chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, fluor albus, and lientery. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. TINCTLRA LACTUCARII. E. Tincture of Lactucarium. (Lactucu~*um in powder 3 ij., Proof Spirit Oj.) Use. A convenient mode of administering the lactucarium in fluids. Dose, f 3ss. to f 3j. TINCTURA LAVANDULfi COMPOSITA. L. Spiritus Lavandulae Compositus, E. Compound Tincture of Lavender. (Spir. Lavand. Ojss., Spir. Rosmarini Oss., Cinnamomi cont., Myristica cont., sing. I ijss., *'< ——«•' "Uait. 3 v ) Use. In fainting and chronic -ebiluy. Dose, fllxxx. to f 3 j. TINCTURA LOBELIfi. U. S.—E. Tincture of Lobelia (Lobelia in powder I iv., Proof Spirit Ojss.) Oper. Emetic, diuretic, expectorant. Use. For the administration of the lobelia in minute doses la spasmodic asthma. Dose, fllxx. to f 3 j. TINCTURA LOBELLJG fiTHEREA. E. fithereal Tinctuw Tl N 203 of Lobelia. (Lobelia in powder 5 '▼•, Spirit of Sulphurit JEther Ujss j Ute. The same as the alcoholic tincture; in asthma, croup, TINCTURA LUPULI. U. S.—L. E. Tinetura Humuli, D Tincture ol Hops. (Lupuli I vj., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Tonic, sedative. Use. In gout and rheumatism ! Don. f ij to f'3 iij. TINCTURA MOSCHI. D. Tincture of Musk. (Moschi in pulv. redacti I ij., Spir. Vmi Red. Oj.) Oper. und Use. The same as of musk. Dose, t 3 j. to f 3 jss. TINCTURA MYRRHfi. U. S—L. E. D. Tincture or Myrrh (Myrrha contusa 3 iij-, Spir. Red. Oij.) Over. Tonic, deobstruent, antiseptic, detergent. Use- In the same cases us the powder; but it is chiefly used externnlh, united to infusion of roses and acids, in gargles; applied to foul ulcers, and exfoliuting bones; and as a wash for the mouth when the gums ure spongy. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 j. TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICfi. D. Tincture or Nux Vomica. (Fructus Slrychnos Nucis Vomica rasi l'\y, Spiritus Redifi- cati 3 viij. Macerate for seven days; then strain.) Dose. From fllv. to fllxx. TINCTURA OPII. U.S.—L.E. D. Tincture of Opium. (Opii duri contriti 3 iij., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Nineteen minims contain one grain of opium. Oper. Anodyne. Use. To allay pains, relax spasms, and procure sleep. Exter nally this tincture has a considerable effect when it is rubbed upon the skin, as we have seen in a case of repeated temporary lock juw, which always yielded to it. In fever it should be given when moisture begins to appear on the skin. Dose. fllx. to lllxxx. or more. Ineomp. Liquor umnioiiiie; potassa;, carbonas potasse; soda; metallic salts ; astringent vegetable infusions and decoctions. *»* In tetanus, and other violent affections, the quantity of laudanum that can be borne by the constitution is almost in- credible. Curriegave f 3 vss. in twenty-six hours ; see Reports on Odd Water, ire. , TINCTURA OPII AMMONIATA. E. AmmoniatedTincture or Opium. (Acidi Bcnzoici, Croci concisi, sing. 3 iij., Opii I ij.. Olei Anisi 3 ss., Atcohotis Ammoniati Oj.) f 3j. contains gr. j of opium. Oper. Anodyne, antispasmodic. Use. In pertussis, and to allay the tickling cough in catarrh. Dose. f3s8. to 3 ij. m . „ . . TINCTURA PIPERIS CUBEBfi. D. Tincture of Cubebs. (Fructus Piperis Cubeba 3 iv., Spir. Tenuioris lbij. Macerate for fourteen days, and strain ) Use. The same us that of the entire pepper. Dose. From fllx. to f 3 j. m ._ TINCTURA OUASSlfi. U. S.-E. D. Tincture of aunssis, (&«*. Ligni Quassia ly, Spir. Vin. Ten. Oj. tlxvy) Oper. Tonic. 21 204 Tl N Ut* As an adjunct to stomachic infusions; or taken, 4Mi~"MB with water, in dyspepsia und other cuses of debility. Dose, fly to f 3 ij. TINCTURA QUASSIfi COMPOSITA. E. Cora pound Tinc- ture or Quassia. (Cardamom Seeds bruised, Cochineal bruited, of each I ij., Cinnamon in powder, Quassia in chips, of each 3 iij., Raisins I iv.. Proof Spirit Oj. f 5 >j) Oper. Tonic and stimulant. Use. In atonic dyspepsia. Dose, f 3j to f 3 ij. TINCTURA QUINfi. F. Tincture of Quina. (Take of sul- phate of quina gr. vj., alcohol (.847) f 3j.) Dose, fly to f 3 iij. TINCTURA RHEI. U. S.—E. Tincture or Rhubarb. (Rhu- barb powdered I iij., Cardamom Seeds bruised I iv., Proof Spirit Oyflxvy) Use. The same ns the Compound Tincture or Rhubarb. TINCTURA RHEI COMPOSITA. L.D. Compound Tincture of Rhubarb. (Rhei concisa I ijss., Glycyrrhiia contusa 3 Vj Zingiberis concisa, Croci, sing. I iij. Spir. Ten. Oij.) TINCTURA RHEI ET ALOES. U.S.—E. Tincture of Rhu burb and Aloes. (Rad. Rhei Palmati con, 3 x., Aloes Soc. cont. trita Ivy, Sem. Cardamomi cont. Ibb., Alcohoiis Diluti Oj f3*vjA TINCTURA RHEI ET GENTIANfi. U. S.—E. Tinctur* or Rhubarb and Gentian. (Rad Rhei Palmati con. 3U---■ Gentiana Lutea con. I ss., Alcohoiis Diluti Oj. f 3 xvj.) Oper. All these tinctures of rhubarb are stomachic or purgative according to the dose of them employed. Use. In dyspepsia, debility of the intestines, flatulent colic, diar rhcea; and the costiveness or old people, or or cold, phlegmatic habits. Dose, f 3 j. to f 3 ij. as a stomachic ; f 3 iv. to f 3j. as a purgative TINCTURA SANGUINARIfi. U.S. Tincture or Blood Root (Sanguinaria contusa I iy, Alcohoiis diluti Oj. Digest for ter days, and filter.) Use. In the same cases as the powder. Dose. From fllx. to r 3 jss. TINCTURA SCILLfi. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture of Squill. (Scilla recen. exsiccat* 3 v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the bulb in substance Dose. fllx. to f 3j. in almond mixture or mucilage. Off. Prep. Mel Scilla, D. TINCTURA SENNfi COMPOSITA. L. E. D. Crmpound Tincture or Senna. (Senna 3 "jss., Carui con. 3 iijss., Cardam cont ly, Uva 5 v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Stomachic, carminative, cathartic. Use. In flatulent colic; and to open the bowels in those who labor under atonic gout, and whose bowels have b> en weak- ened by hard drinking It is a useful adjunct to the infusion of senna. Dose, f 3 ij. to f 5 j. TINCTURA SERPENTARLE. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture a Snake Root. (Serpentaria cont 3 iijss., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Tonic, stimulant, sudorific. TOR 205 Use. United with infusion of cinchona in typhoid and putrid fevers; in gout; and periodic headache. Dose, f 3 ss. to f 3 ij. riNCTURA STRYCHNIfi. F. Tincture of Strychnia. (Take of strychnia gr. iij., alcohol (ut .837) f 3j.; dissolve.) Use. In the same cases as those for which strychnia is used. Don. From fllvj. to fllxxiv. TINCTURA TOLUTANI. U. S.—E. Tinetura Balsami To lutuni, D. Tincture of Balsam of Tolu. (Balsami Toluiftra Bat. 3 jss., Alcohoiis f 3 xvj.J Oper. Supposed to be expectorant; corroborant. Use. Scarcely ever used except on account of its pleasant flavor. The following is tin elegant form of giving the medicine in obstinate coughs devoid of inflammatory symptoms: ReTine- tura; balsami tolutani I 3 ij., mucilug. gummi acacia; f 5 j., aqua dislil lata; f 3 ivss., tinct. cumph. comp. f 3 iij., syr. tolutani r 3 iij. Take two tablespuonfuls occasionally, when the cough is troublesome. Desi. f 3 ss. to f 3 j. or more. Off. Prep. Syrup. Toluiftra Balsami, E. Trochiiei Glycyrrhita cum Opio, E. TINCTURA VALERIANfi. U. S.—L. E. D. Tincture oi Valerian. (Valeriana cont. I v., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Oper. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Uie. In nervous and spasmodic affections; but it has less efficacy than the powder. Dose. I"3ss. to f 3 ij. TINCTURA VALERIANfi COMPOSITA. L.D. Tinetura Valeriana? Ammoniuti, U. S.—E. Compound Tincture of Va- lerian. (Valeriana 5 v., Spir. Ammonia Aromat. Oij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of ihe former; but, on account of the ammonia, this is more useful in hysteria. Dose, f I ss. to f 3 ij. in milk or some bland fluid. 1INUTURA VERATRI. E. Tincture of White Hellebore. (Rad. Veratri Albi cont. 3 iv., Alcohoiis Diluti Oj.) Oper. Emetic, cathartic; in small doses alterative, deobstruent. Use. To excite vomiting in muniucul and apoplectic cases: it has been used in cutaneous eruptions; but it is a very unmanageable remedy, producing sometimes the most violent effects. Dote. fllv. to fllx., the dose being very gradual y increased. TINCTUUA Z1NG1BER1S. U.S.—L.E.D. Tincture of Gin ger. (Zingiberit concisi 3 'jss., Spir. Ten. Oij.) Optr. Stimulant, carminative. Utt. In atonic gout, when it attacks the stomach; flatulencies and as a corrigent to griping purgatives. D*se. fly to f 3 iij. „. „ ^ „ TORMENTILLA. U. S. (Secondary.) L. E. D. Common Tonueiilil Rool. (Potentilla Tormentilla. Iceland. Polygyn. N.O. Rotacea. Euiope. >.) Tormentilla Offtcinalit. Comp. Volatile oil, tannin 17, coloring mutter 20, resin 0.42, cerin 0.51, myricin O.-iO, gummy extruciive 4 32, gum (pectin 1) 28.20, extruclive 7.70, woody fibre 15, wuter 6.45.—Me-ssner. Prop. Odor slightly uromatic; taste austere, styptic; root! knotty ; externally blackish, internully reddish. Comp. Its active principle is tannic acid. Optr. Astringent. 406 IRQ Use. In the same cases as other astringents; but as it .) Prop. Inodvous; nearly insipid, impressing only a very slight bitter taste as it dissolves; color whitish; semi transparent; striuted ; in thin vermiform pieces; completely pulverulent in frosty weather only; does not form a smooth, uniform mucilage with water. Oper. Demulcent. Use. Small quantities held '" the month, nnd swallowed very slowly, sheathe the fauces and allay tickling cougn ; but t is chiefly used for pharmaceutical purposes, to suspend heavy, insoluble powders, and to impart consistency to troches. Dose. Gr. x. to 3j. Ineomp. Cupri sulphas, plumbi acetas, and sulphas ferri, preci- pitate its mucilage. Off. Prep. Mucilago Astragali Tragacantha, E. D. Pulvis Tragacantha Comp., L. TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM. U. S. (Secondary.) Fever Root. (Pen'and. Monogyn. N. O. Caprifoliacea.) Indige- nous. Oper. Cathartic, emetic, diuretic. Use. In the commencement of fevers. Dose. 3j. to 3 ss. of the powder acts as a cathartic; of the ex- tract, gr. x. to 3j. It may be given with advantage combined witit calomel. TROCHISCI ACACIfi. E. Gum Troches. (Acacia 5'v., Amyli ly, Sacch. Pur. toy Make up the troches with rose- water.) Oper. Demulcent. Use. For allaying tickling cough. Dose. Two or more, ad libitum. TROCHISCI Add TARTARIC!. E. Lozenges of Tartaric Acid. (Tartaric Icid I ij., Pure Sugar 3 viij., Oil of Lemeni fllx.; Oper. Refrigerant ? Ute. In febrile affections. TROCHISCI CRETA*. U.S.-E. Lozenges or Chalk. (Cretm Prapar. I'lV., Acacia 3j., Nucis Myrist. 3 j., Sacch. Pur. \vi. Rub them together, and fonu them into troches with water ) Oper. Antacid, absorbent. tro s.) Prop. Inodorous; taste bitter, austere, mucilaginous. Oper. Tonic, alterative, diuretic, demulcent, nutritious. Use. In lepra, and other cutaneous affections; diarrhcea, dysen- tery, diseases or the urinary organs; it is generally combined with mercurials, as pilula; hydrargyri chloridi comp. Exter- nally us an emollient. Dose. See Decodion. Off. Prep. Decoctum Ulmi, L. D. Infusum Ulmi, U. S. UNGUENTUM AClDI NITROSI. E.D. Ointment or Nitrous Acid. (Adipis Suis Scrofa toy, Acidi Nitrosi Ivy Melt the fat, and rub it into the acid gradually, until the mixture is cold.) Prop. Color yellow, consistence firm. It contains a small por Hon of ndipocire, fixed oil, and nitric and acetic acids. Oper. Stimulant. Use. Applied to foul ulcers and herpetic eruptions. UNGUENTUM ACIDI SULPHURICI. D. Ointment of Sul- phuric Acid. (Acidi Sulphurici ly, Adipis Suilli 3 j. Mix.) Oper. Stimulant. Use. Applied to the skin in scabies. UNGUENTUM fiRUGINIS. E.D. Ointment of Subacetate of Copper. (Unguenti Resinosi partes xv., Subacetatis Cupri partem unam.) Oper. Detergeht, escharotic. Use. To foul, fungous, and flabby ulcers; and diluted with lard, to scrofulous ulcerations orthe palpebral. UNGUENTUM ANTIMONII. U.S.: POTASSIO T A RTRA- TIS. L. Unguentum Antimoninle, E Unguentum Tartari Emelici, D. Ointment or Potassio Tartrate or Antimony. (Antimonii Potassio-Tartrates in pulv. trita 3J-> Adipis 3iv Mix.) Oper. As a topical stimulant, lo cause a pustular eruption on the skin, and produce counter-irritation. Use. In internal inflammations, and rheumatism orthe joints. UNGUENTUM AQUfi ROSfi. U. S. Ointment or Rose Water. (Take of Rose Water, Oil of Almonds, each f ^ ij.. Spermaceti 3ss., White Wax ly Melt together by means oi UNG 200 a water bath, the oil, spermaceti, and wax; then add the rose water, and stir the mixture till cold.)—U. 5. PAar UNGUENTUM CANTHARIDIS. U. S.-L. D. Ointment of Cantharidis. (Cantharidis pulveris subtil, ly, Cerati Rxsint I iv.. Aqua Distillata f 3 iv. Boil the cantharides in the wa- ter to one-half, then mix the cerate to the strained fluid, and evaporate. Oper. Irritant. Use To keep open issues and blisters. JNGUENTUM CERA: ALB.fi. D. Ointmentof White Wax. (Cera Alba Ibj., Adipis Suilla Prapar. tbiv.) Oper. Emollient. Use. As a mild covering to excoriations and benign ulcere. This is the basis orthe majority or the compound ointments of the Dublin Puurmacopceia. JNGUENTUM CER.fi FLAVfi. D. Ointment or Yellow Wax- This is prepared with the same proportions as the former, und is applicable to the same uses. JNGUENl'UM CETACEI. L.D. Oiniment or Spermaceti (Cetucei 3 vj., Cera Alba I ij., Oliva Olei f 3 iij.) Use. The ordinary dressing for blistered parts and excoriations. 'JNGUENTUM COCCULl. E. Ointment of Cocculus Indicus Use A stimulant. 'JNGUENTUM CONII. D. Ointmentof Hemlock. (Fc'iorum Conii recentium, Adipis Suilli praparati, utriusque lbij. Boil the leaves of the conium in the fat until they are crisp; then express through cloth.) 'Jst. As an application- to cancerous and irritable or painful gores. JNGUENTUM CREASOTI. U.S.—L.E. OintmentofCrea sote. (Creoeotif3j. f 3 j. E.J, Adipis I j. [3 iij. E. C'reasoci 3 ss. Lard 3 j. U. S.] Rub and mix.) Oper. Stimulant. Use. As a counter-irritant, and as an application in porrigo scutulata. UNGUENTUM CUPRI SUB-ACETATIS. U.S. Ointment or Sub-Acetate of Copper, (ljfc Sub-AcUas Cupri 3j., Ceras Sim.pl. 3 xv. Mix.) JNGUENTUM ELEMI. L. Unguentum Elemi, D. Com- pound Ointment or Elemi. (E'emitbj., Terebinthina Vulgaris 3 x., Sevi lbij., Oliva Olei r*; ij- Melt the elemi with the suet; remove it from the fire, and mix it in the turpentine and the oil; then strain the mixture through a linen cloth.) Oper. Slimulant, digestive. Use. To keep open issues and setons; and as a dressing to ulcers which do not udmit of the application of the adhesive straps. UNGUENTUM GALLfi. U.S.: COMPOSITUM. L.D. Unguentum Gulls et Opii, E. Compound Ointment of Galls. (Qallarum in pulverem subtilissimum tritaru-i 3 ij., Adipis 3 ij., Opii duri contriti 3 ss. Mix.) Use. As an application in piles. (The Simple Ointment v-i Lard 3 xiv.. White Wax 5 ij. Moisten the mezereon with alcohol, beat well in a mortar, digest with the lard in a suit-water bath 12 hours, strain, and let it cool slowly. Separate the medicated lard, and melt with the wax at a moderate heat.)—U. S. Phar. UNGUENTUM OXUJI PLUMBI ALB1. E. Unguentum Cerusste, sive Subacetatis Plumbi, D. Ointment of White Ox- ide or Lead. (Ung. Simplicis partes v., Oxidi Plumbi Albi partem y) Oper. Cooling, desiccative. Use. Applied to excoriated surfaces and burns. UNGUENTUM OXlDI HYDRARGYRI CINEREI. E. Oint ment of Grey Oxide of Mercury. (Oxidi Hydrargyri Cineret partem unam, Adipis Suis Scrofa partes iij.) Oper. and Use. The same as of the mercurial ointment, buf its efficacy is not sufficiently established. UNGUENTUM OXlDI ZINCI IMPURE E. Unguentum Tutite, D. Ointment of Impure Oxide of Zinc. (Linimenti Simplicis partes v., Oxidi Zinci Impuri Prap. partem y) Oper. Slightly astringent, absorbent. Use. In ophthalmia tarsi, and inflammation of the eye arising from weakness of the vessels. UNGUENTUM PICIS LiaUIDfi. U. S.—L. E. D. Tar Ointment. (Picis Liquida, Sevi, sing, toy Melt, and strait through linen. Oper. Stimulant, detergent. Use. Against lepra, and other cutaneous, scabby, and foul eruptions. UNGUENTUM PICIS NIGRfi. L. Ointmentof Black Pitch. (ft Picis Nigra, Cera Resina, sing. 5 ix., Olei Oliva 3 xvj. Melt the whole, and express it througlvcloth.) Oper. Stimulant, detergent. Use. In porrigo favosa, and other foul eruptions. UNGUENTUM PIPERIS NIGRI. D. Ointment of Black Pepper. (Adipis Suilla Prap. toy, Piperis Nigri in pulv. tnti 3*v.) Oper. Stimulant, irritating. UNGUENTUM PLUMBI ACETATIS. E. Ointment or Ace- tate or Lead. (Acetate of Lead in fine powder Jj., Simpl* Ointment 3 v. Mix.) tiS UNG U*e. In irritable, inflamed sores. UNGUENTUM PLUMBI CARBONATIS. U. S.—E D. Ointment or Carbonate or Lead. (Plumbi Carbonatis, in put- verem subtilissimum rcdadi 3 v., Unguenti Simplicis 5 v., Acet. Plumb. I ij., Ung. Simp. Ibj. Mix U. S. Make into an ointment.) Use. In burns and irritable sores. UNGUENTUM PLUMBI COMPOSITUM. L. Compound Ointmentof Lead. (Creta Prap-lvWy, Aceti Distillatif Ivy, Ernplastri Plumbi toiiy, Oliva OleiOy Melt the plaster with the oil with a gentle heat, then mix the chalk and the acid separately, and the effervescence being finished, add gradually, mixing constantly until the ointment is cold.) Use. Useful in indolent sores. UNGUENTUM PLUMBI IODIDI. L. Ointment of Iodide ol Lead. (Plumbi lodidi ly, Adipis 3 viij. Rub and mix.) Oper. Stimulant. Use. In glandular swellings, and enlargement of the joints rubbed on the parts. UNGUENTUM POTASSfi HYDRIODATIS. D. Ointment ol Hydriodate of" Potass. (Potassa Hydriodatis ^y, Adipii Suilli Praparati 3 j- Mix into an ointment.) UNGUENTUM RESINOSUM. E. Unguentum Resinae Albse, D. Resinous Ointment. (Adipis Suis Scrofa partes viij., Re- sini Pini partes v., Cera Flava partes y.) Oper. Digestive, detergent. Use. For cleansing and incarnating old, foul, nnd indolent ulcers. Off. Pre]t. Unguentum Subacetatis Cupri, E. D. UNGUENTUM SAMBUCI. L.D. Elder Ointment. 'Sambuci Florum lbij., Adipis Prap. lbij.) Oper. Emollient. Use. As a covering to benign ulcers. UNGUENTUM SCROPHULARIfi. D. Ointment of Scro phulnria. (Foliorum recentium Scrophularia nodosa, Adipis Suilli Praparati, utriusque lbij., Adipis Ooilli Praparati toy Boil the leaves in the fat until they are crisp, then strain with expression.) UNGUENTUM SIMPLEX. U. S.—E. D. Simple Ointment. (Olei Oliva Europaa partes v., Cera Alba partes ij.) Oper. Emollient. Ute. For softening the skin and healing chaps. Off. Prep. Unguentum Oxidi Plumbi Albi, E. Ung. Acetatit Plumbi, E. UNGUENTUM STRAMONlI. U. S. Ointment of Stramo- nium, (ft Sal. Stramonii [recent.] Ibj., Adipis Ibiij., Cera flava Ibss. Boil the stramonium leaves in the lard till they become friable; then strain through linen. Lastly, add the wax, pre- viously melted, and stir them until they are cold.)—U. S. Phar. UNGUENTUM SUB-MURlATIS HYDRARGYRI AMMO- NIATUM. D. Ointment of Ammoniated Submuriate or Mer- cury. (Ung. Cera Alba toy Submuriatis Hydrargyri Ammo- niati 3 jss.) Oper. Stimulnnt, detergent. Use. Against obstinate cutaneous eruptions. UNGUENTUM SULPHUR1S. U. S.—L. E. D. Sulpha VAL 21S Ointment. (Sulphuris 3 iij., Adipis Prap. Ibss- Bergamii Oloi Olxx. Mix.) Optr. Stimulant. Use. In iich; the fourth part of the body should be well rubbed with the ointment every night, till ihe symptoms disappear. Sulphur should be taken internally at the same time. When Ihe smell is objected to, the following may be used : Potassa Bubcarb. 3 iv., Aqua; Rosa; 5 j., Hydrarg. Sulph. Rubri 3 j., OI. Lavand. r3 ss., Sulph. Sublimati | xj., Adipis tbjss. Misce. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS COMPOSITUM. U. S.—L, Compound Sulphur Ointment. (Sulphuris Ibss., Peratri cont 3 ij.t Potass* NUratis ly, Saponis Mollis tt>ss., Adipis ibjss^ Bergamii Olei V\xxx. Mix.) Oper. and Use. The same as the former. It is more stimulant UNGUENTUM VERATRI. U. S.—L. Unguentum Hellebori Albi, D. Oiniment of White Hellebore. (Veratri contriti 3 ij., Adipis I viij., Limonis Olei fllxx.) Oper. Stimulant. Use. In scabies and other cutaneous affections. UNGUENTUM ZINCI. U. S.—L. E. D. Ointment of Oxide of Zinc (Zinci Oxydi ly, Adipis I vj.) Oper. Astringent, stimulant. I'st. In ophthalmia, acrid scabby eruptions, and excoriated nipples. UVA. L. Uva Pass*, U. S.—E. Vitis Vinifera Fructus Si«- cutus. D. Raisins. (Vitis Vinifera. The Vine. Pentandria, Monogynia. N.O. Vttes. Temperate climates. ">.) Prop. Inodorous; tastesubacidulous, sweet, mucilaginous Oper. Demulcent, nutritive. Use. As the food of the phthisical, and as an acidulous adjunct to the beverages of the sick. UVA URSI. U. S.—L. E. Arbutus Uva Ursi, Folia, D. Leaves or Beat's Whortleberry. (Arciostaphylos Uva Ursi, Red Berried Trailing Whortleberry. Dccandria, Monogynia. N. O. Ericacea. North of Europe. "> .) Prop. Nearly inodorous; taste styptic, bitterish; color of the powder brownish, yellowish-green ; yields its virtues to alcohol. Comp. Tannic, gallic acid 1 mucilage, resin extractive, traces oi lime. Oper. Tonic, astringent. Use. In chronic diarrhoea and dysentery; leucorrhcea, and dia- betes. It has been celebrated in calculous und nephritis) complaints; but it appears to act in the same manner as other astringents, by merely allaying the pain and irritability of the bladder. In phthisis 1 Dose. Of the powder, gr. xv. to r3 ss. Ineomp. Salts of iron, tartar emetic, nitrate of silver, salts of lead, infusion or yellow cinchona bark. VALERIANA. U. S.—L. E. Valerians Officinalis Radix, D. Wild Valerian Root. (Triand. Monogyn. N. O. - Valerianm- «ca. Europe, il-) Comp. A volatile oil, extractive, resin, starch, mucus. Prop. Odor strong, fetid ; taste bitterish, subacrid, warm; con- sists of slender, brownish fibres, matted together, and attaches! to one head; virtues extracted by water, alcohol, pure alkalies Oper. Antispasmodic, tonic, emmenagogue. 914 V ER Us*. Hysteria, epilepsy, hemicrania, chlorosis. Dot*. Of the powder, 3j. to 3 j. three or four times a day. Id- creasing it as far as the stomach can bear it. Ineomp. Salts of iron. Off. Piep. Extradum Valeriana., D. Infisum Valeriana,U 8. —D. Tinetura Valeriana, U.S.—L. D. Tindura Valtrmna Ammoniata, U. S.—L. D. VERATRIA. U. S.—L. E. Veratria. (An alkali prepared from Subadilla. Helonius officinalis.) Process. Pelletier and Cuventou direct the seeds or the veratrum sabadillu to be repeatedly digested in boiling alcohol. These tinctures, filtrated whilst almost boiling, deposited, on cooling, whitish flakes of wax. They re-digested the matter which remained dissolved, after evaporating it to the consistence of an extract, in cold wuter; a small quantity of fatty matter now remained on the filter. The solution was slowly evaporated, and it formed an orange-yellow precipitate, which possessed the characteristics of the coloring matter found in almost all the woody vegetables. On adding a solution of ucetate of lead to the liquor, which was still deeply colored, a new and very abundant yellow precipitate was immediately formed, which was separated by means of the filter. The liquor, now nearly colorless, still contained, amongst other substances, the acetate of lead, which had been added in excess: a current of hydro- sulphuric acid was used to separate the lead. The liquor was then filtrated and concentrated by evaporation, treated by magnesia, and again filtrated. The magnesian precipitate was digested in boiling alcohol. The alcoholic liquors yielded, on evaporation, a pulverulent substance, which was extremely acrid, and possessed all the properties of the alkalies. This substance was at first yellowish; but, by solutions in alcohol, and subsequent precipitations, caused by pouring water into the alcoholic solutions, it was obtained in the form of a very white and perfectly inodoious powder. M. Meissner, who discovered the veratrine nearly at the same time as MM. Pelletier and Cuventou, recommends the seeds ol the subadilla to be treated with absolute alcohol, the alcoholic infusion evaporated, the residuum treated with water, the liquor filtered, and the veratrine to be precipitated by the car- bonate of potass: it then only remains to wash the precipitate wilh water. Comp. 34 eq. carbon=208.08+22 eq. hydrogen=22+l eq. nitro gec=14.5-j-6 eq. oxygen=48, equiv.=292.23. Prop. An acrid, whiiisli, inodorous powder, having an alkaline reaction. Oper. A powerful topical excitant. Use. Externally applied as an ointment in neuralgia and in gouty and rheumatic paralysis. Dote. Not more than one-twelfth of a grain. VERATRUM ALBUM. U. S.-L. E. D. White Hellebore Root. (Polygam. Mvnxcia. N. O. Melanthacea. North oi Europe. *>.) Comp. Veratria ; feculr; wax. Prop. Inodorous; taste bitterish, acrid, nauseous: the powder la of a greyish-brown color. V I N 215 Oper. Violently emetic; purgative, even when applied exter- nally to an issue ; errhine; externally stimulant. Use. It is nevtr given internally, unless in maniacal cases, in which it is not more useful than other strong purges; and even its use to promote a discharge from the nose in apoplexy and lethargy requires great caution. For its external use, see Decoction and Ointment. Dose. As an errhine, gr. iij. or gr. iv. snuffed nt bed-time. Off. Prep. Decoctum Veratri, L. Tindura Veratri, E. Un guentum Veratri, L. VERATRUM VIRIUE. U. S. American Hellebore. Th Root. Indigenous. Comp. Contains Veratria. Prop. Has a bitter, acrid taste, and bears a strong resemblance in appearance and properties to the foregoing. Oper. The same as Verutrum Album. VERBASCUM THAPSUS. Folia, D. Leaves of Great Mul- lein. (Pentandria, Monogynia.) Prop. Tuste biiterish and sweet, odor sweetish. Oper. Discutienl, emollient, subnarcotic. Use. Chiefly as a fomentation. VINUM XERIUUM. L. Vinum Album, E. Vinum Album Hispanuin, D. Spanish White Wine, or Sherry. Comp. All wines contain nearly the same components ; and one wine differs from another only in the relative quantities of them which it contains. These are alcohol, water; extractive mat ter, which precipitates with the tartar in old wines ; bitartrate of potassa; malic and tartaric acids; a volatile oil, on which Ihe flavor depends, and coloring matter, derived from the husk. Most of the wines in our market are fictitious. Prop. The odor of sherry is pleasant and aromatic, taste slightly acidulous and wurm, with the ugrceable bitter of the peach kernel. The taste of port is austere and strong; claret is less austere, thinner, and higher flavored. Of the white wines, Madeira is the strongest, Malaga the sweetest, and Hock the most acid, but the less fermentable; while Champagne contains u large quantity of loosely combined carbonic acid gas. Oper. When good, and of a proper age, wine, in small quantities, is tonic, antispasmodic, and nutritive; when new, flatulent and purgative, sooner intoxicating, and instead of strengthening, produces debility. Use. In the low and sinking stage of typhus fever the judicious exhibition of it fills the pulse, and restores its firmness, without increasing delirium; but it is hurtful if given when the skin ia very hot and dry. It is useful also in tetanus, chorea, und some other convulsive affections; and in most cases in which tonics are indicated. In the convalescences from all severe diseases it is a remedy on which much dependence used to be placed ; much less used at present. Hock is the best wine for dyspeptics. Dose, f I ij. to Oiij. in twenty four hours, according to the nature of the disease, und ihe previous habits or the patient. Off. Prep. Vini Medicati, L. E D. VINUM ALOES. U. S.—L. E.D. Wine or Aloes. (Aloes in pulv. trita I ij., Canella cont. 3 iv., Vini Xerici Oij. Macerate fourteen days, shake often, and strain ) '22 216 YIN Oper. Purgative, stomachic, according to the dose. Uit. In cold, phlegmatic habits, in paralysis, and gout to clear the bowels; in dyspepsia, and chlorosis. Dose, fly to t"3'j. to produce purging; f3j. to f 3 ij. a6 a stomachic. VINUM ANTIMONII POTASSIO-TARTRATIS. L. Wine of Potassio-Tartrate of" Antimony. (Antimonii Potassio-Tar tratis 3ij., Vini Xerici Oj.) VINUM ANTlMONlALE. E. Vinum Antimonii, U. S Liquor Tartan Emetici, D. Solution of Tartarized Antimony (Antimonii Tart. 3ij., Vini Xerici Oj. Dissolve the tartarized antimony in the wine.) f 3j. contains gr. ij. of tartarized anti- mony. Oper. Emetic in large doses; diaphoretic. Use. To produce vomiting in children ; in febrile and inflamma tory diseases after purging, to produce sweat without heating, contra-indicated in low fevers. Dose, fly to f 3j., or a teaspoonful every five minutes, produce full vomiting; fllxv. to f 3 ij. every two or three hours, in any proper vehicle, excite diaphoresis. Ineomp. Preparations or cinchona, and bitter astringent vegeta- bles, &.C, Vide Antimonii Potassio- Tartras. VINUM CINCHONlfi. F. Wine or Cinchonia. (Take of Oinchonia gr. xiv., Madeira Wine r3xxxj.) Use. In intermittents. Dose. From f 3 ij. to f 3 ij. VINUM COLCHrci. U. S.—L. E Wine of Colchicnm. (ft Colehici cormi I viij., Vini Xerici Oij. Macemte for fourteen days, and strain ) Comp. Gallate of c lchicia and wine. Oper. Diuretic; sedative; purgative. Use. In gout, rheumatism, and all inflammatory affections. Dose. From fllxxx. to f 3 j. in any mild fluid. VINUM GENTIANfi. E. Compound Wine of Gentian. \Rad. Gentiana Lutea 388., Cort. Cinchona ly, Cort. Siccata flava Aurantii 3 ij., ---- Canella pulv. ly, Alcohoiis Diluti 3ivss., Vini Albi HispaniOy f3xvj.) Oper. Tonic, stomachid. Use. In dyspepsia, and debilities orthe stomach. Dose, fl ij. to f 3 xvj. twice or thrice a day. VINUM IPECACUANHfi. U. S.—L. E. D. Wine of Ipeca cuanhu. (Ipecacuanha concisa 5 ijss., Pint Xerici Oij.) Oper. Emetic, diaphoretic. Use. A good emetic for infants, as it operates more mildly than the antimonial wine : in coughs, diarrhoea, and dysentery; and hemorrhages. Dose. For the former intention f 3 iv. to r3 x. in divided doses, for the latter, fllx. to fllxxx. in some proper vehicle, every two or three hours. VINUM NICOTTANfi TABACI. U. S.—E. Wine of To- bacco. (Foliorum Nicotiana Tabaci ly, Vini Albi Hispani toy) Oper. Narcotic, diuretic, antispasmodic. Use. In dropsical cases, colica pictonum, and ileus. Dose. fllx. to fllxxx vj. twice a day. VINUM OPII. U S.—L. E. D. Wine of Opium. (Extracti WIN SI? Qpti J ijss., Cinnam. Cort. cont., Caryophylli cont., sing. 3 ijss^ Pini Xerici Oij.) Dper. Narcotic, anodyne. Ust. In the same cases in which tincture of opium is used ; but it occasions less disturbance or the brain and nervous system ; and is therefore better suited for very young patients, nervous habits, and where the head is much affected. Dote. fllx. tor 3 j. VlNUM aUINfi. F. Wine or Quina. (Take of Sulphate ol Quina gr. ix., Madeira Wine lbij.) Dose. From f 3iv. to r3iv. VlNUM RHEI. U. S.—E. Rhubarb Wine. ((Rad. Rhei con ciialiy, Canella pulv. ly, Alcohoiis Diluti Iijss., Vini Albi His pant 3 xvjss.) Oper. Laxative, stimulant. Use. In weakness of the stomach and bowels; and in diarrhoea from viscid mucus. Dose, f 3 iv. to f 3ss. VfNUM TABACI. U. S.—E. Wine of Tobacco. (Toooece 3j., Sherry flx\y) Oper. Sedative. VINUM VERATRI ALBI. U. S. -L Wine or Hellebore. (r'eratri con. 5 v>U-> Pini Xerici Oij. Mucerule for fourteen days, and strain.) Use. In cutaneous affections; and in gout, combined with opium. J?»se. f 3ss. to f 3 ij. VIOLA. U.S.—E. (Viola odorata.) The flowers orthe violet, used us a coloring matter for a syrup: a test or acids. Comp. The viola odorata, and probably other species, contains a peculiar alkaline principle (Violia), bearing some resemblance to Emetia, but possessing distinct properties. It is very active and poisonous (Orfiln); white; soluble in alcohol, scarcely soluble in water, and forms salts with acids. Combined in the plant with malic ucid, obtained by treating with distilled water Ihe alcoholic extract or the dried root, decomposing by means of magnesia the malate of violia contained in the solution, and extracting the alkali from the precipitated matters by alcohol, which yields it by evaporation. VIOLfi ODORATfi FLORES. E. D. Flowers of the Sweet Violet. (Pentand. Monogyn. N.O. Violacea. Europe. U.) Prep. Odor pleasant, peculiar; have scarcely any taste; impart their color to water. Oper. Slightly laxative; emetic, expectorant, mucilaginous, emollient. Use. In syrup, united with castor oil or olive oil, to clear the bowels or infonts when the meconium is retained. The viola pedata is often prescribed for nephritic affections, particularly gravel. Dr. Jumes considers it as u highly useful remedy in such cases; also in pectoral and cutaneous diseases. The in fusion is a delicate tesl of uncombined acids and alkalies. Dose, fly to r3 ij. for infonts. Off. Prep. Syrupus Viola, E. D. VVINTERA AROMATICA. U. S. (Secondary.) Cortex, E Drymys Aromatica, Cbrtex, D. Winter's Bark. (Polyandria Te'.ragyn N. O. Winteracea. Magellan. ">.) Prop Odo< aromatic; tuste warm, acrid, aromatic. 10 818 ZIN Oper. Carminative, tonic. Use. As an adjunct to stomachic infusions, in dyspeptia, and scorbutus. XANTIIORHIZA. U. S. (Secondary.) Yellow Root. Xan Apitfolia. (Pentandria, Polygynia. N. O. * Ranunculacea Indigenous.) The Root. Comp. Resin, gum. I'rop. Ruot from three inches to a foot in length, half an inch thick, of a yel low color, and very bitter taste. Imparts its taste and color to water. Oper. Tonic. Use. In ull cases where a pure tonic is indicated. Its properties ure analogous to those of Col umbo and Quassia. XANTHOXYLUM. U. S. (Secondary.) Prickly Ash. Xan. Fraxineum. The Bark. Indigenous. *>. (Diacia, Pentand. N. O. Terebinthacea.) Comp. Woody fibre, volatile oil, fixed oil, resin, gum, coloring matter, and u peculiur principle, Xanthoxylin. Prop. Taste bitterish, and afterwards extremely acrid. Inodo- rous. Optr. Stimulant, diaphoretic, resembling mezereon and guaiac. Use. In chronic rheumatism, and as a topical remedy for tooth- ache. Dose. Of the powder, from gr. x. to 3 ss.; or the infosion, from f 3j. to r3iij-, three or four times iu twenty-four hours; or of the decoction, made by boiling 3j- of the Dark in Oij. of water for fifteen minutes: f 3 iv. to 5 viij. every three or four hours. ZINCUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Zinc. (A metal obtained from calamine and blende ; its ores ure found in England and other parts.) Prop. Color bluish white ; lustre of a fresh surface considerable, but it is soon dulled by the facility of its oxidation; hard ; texture striated; spec. grav. 7.190; melts at 700° of Fahr.; burns wilh a bright flame in u higher temperature, and is vola- tilized in the form of a white flocculent oxide. Use. In pharmacy, to form the following preparations: ZINCI OXYDUM. U. S.—L. E. D. Oxide of Zinc. (Zinci Sulphatis toy. Ammonia Scsquicarbonatis I vjss.. Aqua Distil- lata cong. iij. Dissolve separately the sulphate and the sesqui- carbonate in Oxij. of distilled water, and strain ; afterwards mix. Wash the precipitate frequently with water, and lastly, calcine il with a strong heat for two hours. Comp. Zinc 80, oxygen 20 pans, in 100 of oxide.—Prout. Or 1 eq. orzinc=3i!.3-j-l oroxygen=8, equiv.=40.3. Prop. Inodorous; insipid; or a snow-white color; insoluble in alcohol or wuter; entirely soluble in acids; in the pure alkalies Oper. Tonic, antispasmodic, externally detergent, exsiccative. Use. In epilepsy, chorea, and other spasmodic affections. For its external use, see Ung. Zinci. Dose. Gr. j. to gr. vj. twice a day. Off. Prep. Unguentum Zinci, L. E. D. ZINCI SULPHAS. U.S.—LED. Sulphate or Zinc. KZinci in frustula 3 v., Acidi Sulphurici Diluti Oij.) A plate of zinc put into the solution purifies it from any iron, copper, or lead il may contain. Zincum Vitrintatum. Comp. Oxide of zinc 20, acid 40, water of crystallization 40 parts ZI N 219 It 100 of the sulphate: or 1 eq. or protoxide of zinc=40.3+] Ot). of acid=40.1+7 water=63, equiv.= l43.4. Prop. Inodorous; taste styptic; in white, semi-transparent, efflorescent crystals, which are right rhombic prisms; soluble In three part»of water at 00°; in less than its own weight of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol. Optr. Emetic, tonic, antispasmodic, externally astringent. Lie. As it operates very quickly, it is used, combined with in- fusion of ipecacuanha, to empty the stomach in the commence- ment or the cold stage of the intermittent puroxysm; and in other cases where immediate vomiting is required. As a tonic it is useful in phthisis, dyspepsia, and nervous affections. Ex- ternally in colhria, in ophthalmia, after the inflammatory ac- tion has subsided; in injections, in gonorrhoea ; and as a lotion in external inflammations, and to stop inordinate discharges. Dose. Gr. x. to 3 ss. to produce vomiting; as a tonic, gr. j. to gr. ij. twice or thrice a day. Ineomp. Alkalies, earths, sesquicarb. ammonia?, hydro-sulphu- rets, lime-water, astringent vegetable infusions, milk. Off. Prtp. Solutio Sulphatis Zinci, E. Solutio Acetatis Zinci, E. Liquor Aluminis Comp., L. Zinci Oxydum, L. E. D. ZINGIBER. U. S.—L. E. Amoimiin Zingiber, Rtidix, D. Ginger Root. (Zingiber Officinale. Ruscoe. Trans. Linn. Soe. Monand. Monogyn. N.O. Zingiberacea. East Indies. Zj.J Prop. Odor aromatic ; taste warm, aromatic, acrid ; in wrinkled, greyish-white pieces, giving a pale yellowish feculent powder when pulverized; yields its virtues to alcohol, and in a great degree to water. Oper. Carminative, stimulant, sinlagogue. Use. In gout, flatulent colic, dyspepsia, and tympanitis; as an adjunct to griping purgatives; less heating than pepper. Dose. Gr. x. lo 3j.; un overdose is apt to induce spasmodic stricture. Off Prep. Syrupus Zingiberis, L. E. D. Tinct. Zingiberit, U. E. D. ZINGIBER; RADIX CONDfTA. D. --- Radix Condita ex India Aliata, E. Preserved Ginger Root. A condiment possessing all the virtues of ginger; and therefore a useful addition to cold summer fruits and vegetables, whs* eaten by those of gouty and dyspeptic habits. APPENDIX. NO. I. OF POISONS. CHAPTER I. CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS. Poisons may be divided into three classes, according to then mode of action on the system ; namely, Irritants, Narcotics, and Narcetico-Irritants. This classification is a modification of that originally proposed by Orfila ; and is almost universally adopted by toxicologists. The Irritants are possessed of these common characters. When taken in ordinary doses, they occasion speedily violent vomiting and purging. These symptoms are either accompanied or followed by intense pain in the abdomen. The peculiar effects of" the jioison are manifested chiefly on the stomach und intestines, which, us their name implies, they irritate and inflame. Many substances belonging to this class of poisons, possess corrosive properties, such as the strong mineral acids, caustic alkalies, cor- rosive sublimate, and others. These, in the act or swallowing, are commonly accompanied by an acrid or burning taste, extend- ing from the mouth down the cesophagus to the stomach Some irritants do not possess any corrosive nction,—of which we have examples in arsenic, the poisonous suits of barytes, carbonate of lead, cantharides, &c, und these are often called pure irritants. They exert no chemical action on the tissues with which they come in contact; they simply irritate and inflame them. There is this difference between Corrosive and Irritant poisons. Under the action of corrosive poisons, the symptoms are com- monly manifested immediately, because mere contact produces disorganization of a part, usually indicated by some well-marked Bymptoms. In the action of the purely irritant poisons, the symptoms are generally more slowly manifested, seldom showing themselves until at least half un hour has elapsed from the time of swallowing the substance. Of course, there are exceptions to this remark ; for sometimes irritants act speedily, though seldom with the rapidity of corrosive poisons. It is important, in a prac- tical view, to distinguish whether, in an unknown case, the poison Which a person requiring immediate treatment may have swat- lowed be irritant or corrosive. This may be commonly deter- mined by the answer to the question, as lo the time at which the "Appendix I.] POISONS. 281 symptoms appeared after the suspected pnison was taken. In this way we may often easily distinguish between a case of poisoning from arBenic i.nd one from corrosive sublimate. There is also another point which may be noticed. As ihe corrosion is due to a decided chemical uction, so an examination of the mouth and fauces may enable us lo determine the nature or the poison swallowed. It has been already stated that there are many irritant poisons which have no corrosive pro|>erlies ; and therefore never act as corrosives: but it must be remembered that every corrosive may uct as un irritant. Thus the action of corrosive sublimate is that of an irritant poison, as, while it destroys some parts of the coats of the stomuciiand intestines, it irritates und indumes others. So again most corrosive poisons may lose their corrosive properties by dilution with water, and tiien they uct simply as irritants. This is the case with the mineral acids. In some instances, it is not eusy to say whether an irritant poison possesses or not corrosive properties. Thus oxalic acid acts immediately, and blanches the mucous membrane of the mouth and fauces, but we have never met with any decided marks of corrosion produced by it in the stomach or visci ra. Irritant poisons, for the most pun, belong to the mineral king- dom ; and they may be divided into the non-metallic and metallic irritants. There are u few derived from the animal and Vegetable kingdoms; but these are not very often employed criminally. Some of the gases likewise belong to the class of irritant poisons. Narcotic poisons have their operation confined to the brain and spinal marrow. Either immediately or some lime after the poison has been swallowed, the patient suffers from cephalalgia, vertigo, paralysis, coma, and in some instances tetanus. They have no acrid burning taste like the irritants; and they very rarely give rise to vomiting or diarrhiea. When these symptoms follow the ingestion ol the poison into the stomach, the effect may be ascribed either to the quantity in which the poison has been taken, and the mechanical distension of the stomach thereby produced, or to the poison being combined wilh some irritating substance, such as ulcohol. The pure narcotics ure not found to irritate or inflame the viscera. Notwithstanding ihe well-defined boundary thus apparently existing between these two classes of poisons, it must not be sup- posed that each class of bodies will always act in the manner indicated. Some irritants have been observed to affect the brain or the spinal marrow remotely. This is Ihe case with oxalic acid and arsenic. Both or these common poisons have in some in- stances given rise to symptoms closely resembling those of nar- cotic poisoning; namely, coma, paralysis, and tetanic convulsions. Thus, then, we must not allow ourselves to be deceived wilh the idea that the symptoms ure ulwuys clearly indicative orthe kind or poison taken. The narcotic poisons are few in number, and belong to the vegetable kingdom. Some of the poisonous gases possess a nar- cotic action. Narcotico-Irritants.—Poisons belonging to this class have, as the name implies, a compound aciion. They are all derived from the vegetable kingdom. At variable periods after being swal lowed, they give rise to vomiting und diarrhoea, like irritants 822 POISONS. [Appendix 1. and sooner or later produce stupor, coma, paralysis, and convul- sions, owing to their effect on the brum and spinal marrow They possess the property, like irritants, of irritating und inflam- ing the alimentary canal. As familiar examples, we may point to nux vomica, monkshood, and poisonous mushrooms. This class of poisons is very numerous, embracing a large variety of well-known vegetable substances; but they rurely form a subject of difficulty to a medical pruciitioner. The fact of the symptoms occurring after a meal ;.t which some suspicious vegetables may have been eaten, coupled wilh the nature of the symptoms them- selves, will commonly indicate the class to which the poison belongs. Some narcotico-iriitants have u hot acrid taste, such as the aconite or monkshood. We here subjoin tables of the more important poisons, w.ith the properties or which it is necessary for a medical jurist to be ac- quainted. Poisons are divided into three classes 1. Irritants. 2. Narcotics. 3. Narcotico-lrritants. The class of Irritants may be thus subdivided :— / I Non-Mktallic. V Mineral. < 1. Irritants. J ( Metallic. J Vegetable. V Animal CLASS I. 1. Non-Metallic Irritant Poisons. Sulphuric acid. Sulphate of Indigo. Nitric acid. Muriatic acid. Niiromuriatic acid. Nitrosulphuric acid. Oxalic acid.* Binoxalate of potash. Potash and its carbonates. Soda and its carbonates. Ammonia and its carbonate. Iodide of potassium. Sulphurets of potassium and sodium. Nitrate or potash. Bi- tartrate or potash. Sulphate or potash. Alum. Barytes and ita salts. 2. Metallic Irritant Poisons. Arsenic. Arsenite or potash. Arsenic acid. Orpiment. Cor- rosive sublimate. Calomel. White precipitate. Red oxide of mercury. Turbith mineral. Vermilion. Cyanide of" mercury Nitrates or mercury. Lead and its salts. Copper and its salts Tartarized antimony. Butter of antimony. Chlorides of tin Salts of zinc. Nitrute or silver. Sulphute or iron. Muriate of iron. Subnitrate ot bismulh. Bichromate of potash. 3. Vegetable Irritant Poisons. Aloes. Colocynth. Gamboge. Jalap. Scammony. Savin. Croton oil Castor-oil seeds. Berries of the yew. Cayenlw pepper. Oil of tar. '^ 4. Animal Irritant Poisons Cantharides. Poisonous articles of food. * Oxalic acid and the binoxalute of potash, which reallv helnna to the vegetable kingdom, ur* placed umong the non-m3 loTta'nxrlhe analoey which the>^ to *« ^ Appendix I.) POISONS. 223 CLASS II. Narcotic Poisons. Hyoscynmus. Lactuca. Solanum. Opium, and its prepara- tions. Morphia, and ils salts. Hydrocyanic acid. Oil of bitter almonds. Laurel water. Cyanide of potassium. class III. Narcotie.o-Irritant Poisons. Nux vomica. Strychnia. Colchicurn. Veratria White hellebore. Digitalis. Conium. Cicuta. filhusa c/napium. (Enunihe crocntu. Datura stramonium. Aconitum napellus. Airopa belladonna. Nicoliana tabacum. Cocculus indicus Fungi. Camphor. Alcohol. The selection here made has been chiefly confined to those bodies which have either caused death or given rise to alarming accidents. CHAPTER II. RULES TO BE OBSERVKO IN INVESTIGATING A CASE OF POISONING. When a practitioner is culled to a case of poisoning, it is above all things necessary that he should know to what points he ought to give his attention. It is very proper that every effort should be made by him to save life where the individual is still living; but while engaged in one duty, it is also in his power to peiform another, supposing the case to be one or suspected criminal poi- soning, namely, to note down many circumstances which may tend to detect ihe perpetrator or the crime. There is no person bo well fitted to observe these points as a medical man ; but it unfortunately happens, that many facts important as evidence, are often overlooked. The necessity for observing and recording them, is not perhaps generally known. The following ure the principal points which demand the attention ol" a medical jurist in all cases of suspected poisoning:— 1. With respect to Symptoms. 1. The time of their occurrence,—their nature. 2. The exact period ut which they were observed to take place after a meal, or after food or medicine had been taken. 3. The order of their occurrence. 4 Whether there was any remission or intermission in their progress, or, whether they continued becoming more and more aggravated until death. 5. Whether the patient had labored under any previous ill- ness. 6. Whether the symptoms were observed to recur more vio- lently after a particular meal, or after taking any particular kind of food or medicine. 7. Whether the patient has vomited :—the vomited matters, if any (especially those first ejected,, to be procured ; their coloi noted, as well us their quantity. 8. If none be procurable, and the vomiting has taken place on the dress furniture, or floor of the room,—then a portion of the 224 POISONS. [Appendix J clothing, sheet, or carpet,' may be cut out and reserved for analy- sis :—if the vomiting have occurred on a deal floor, a portion of the wood may be scruped or cut out:—or if on a stone pavement, then a clean piece or rag or sponge soaked in distilled water may be used to remove any traces of the poison. 9. Endeavor to ascertain the probuble nnture of the food or medicine lust tuken. 10. Ascertain the nature of all the different articles of food used at a mea*. 11. Any suspected articles of food, as well us the vomited mutters, to be sealed up in a proper vessel, and reserved for analysis. 12. Note down in their own words, all explanations volunta- rily made by parties present, or who ure supposed to be concerned in the suspected poisoning. 13. Whether more than one person partook or the food ot medicine: if so, whether all these persons were affected, and how. 14. Whether the same kind or food or medicine had been taken before by the patient or other persons, without ill effects following. In the event of the death of the patient, it will be necessary foi a practitioner to note down— 15. The exact time of death, and thus determine how long a period the person has survived after having been first attacked with the symptoms. 16. Observe the attitude and position of the body. 17. Observe the state of the dress. 18. Observe all surrounding objects. Any bottles, paper packets, weapons, or spilled liquids lying about, should be col- lected and preserved. 19. Collect any vomited matters near the deceased. Observe whether vomiting has taken place in the recumbent position or not. ir the person huve vomited in the erect or sitting posture, the front of the dress will commonly be found covered with the vomited matters. In the event of a post mortem examination being ordered by a coroner — 20. Note the external appearance of the body, whether the surface be livid or pallid. 21. Note the state or countenunce. 22. Note ull murks or violence on the person or discomposure of the dress,—murks of blood, &c. 23. Observe the presence or absence of warmth or coldness O the legs, arms, abdomen, mouth, or axilla;. 24. The presence of rigidity or cadaverous spasm in the body. To give any value to the two last-mentioned characters, it is necessary for the pructitioner to observe the nature or the floor on which the body is lying, whether it be clothed or nuked, young or old, tat or emaciated. All these conditions create n difference, in respect to the cooling of the body and the access of rigidity. 25. If found dead, when was the deceased last seen living or known to have been alive 1 26. Note all circumstances leading to a suspicion of suicide ot murder. Appendix I.] POISONS. 225 Inspection of the Body. 27. Observe the state of the abdominal viscera. 28. If the stomach and intestines be found inflamed, the seat of inflammation should be exactly specified; also all murks of ulceration, effusion of blood, corrosion, or perforation. 29. The contents of the stomach should be collected In a clean vessel; their color, odor, and nature specified. 30. The contents of the duodenum should be separately >ol- lected. 31. Observe the state or the large intestines, especially thr rectum. 32. The state or the larynx, fauces, and cesophagus, whether there be in these parts any marks of inflammation or corrosion. 33. The state or the thoracic viscera;—all morbid changes noted. 34. The state orthe brain. Such are the points to which, in the greater number or cases or suspected poisoning, a medicul jurist should attend. By means of these data, noted according to the particulur case to which they are adapted, he will in general be enabled, without difficulty, to determine the probable lime of death, the probable cause of death, and the actual means by which death was brought about He may thereby have it in his power also to point out the dish that may have contained the poison, if the case be one of poison ing; and to throw some light upon any disputed question or sui- cide or murder in relation to the deceased. Muny cases or poi- soning are obscure, owing to these points not having been attended to in thi. first instance. CHAPTER III. TESTS ANO APPAKATUS REQUIRED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF POISONS. Acids.—Sulphuric, Nitric, Muriatic, Oxalic, Tartaric, Acetic. Alkalies.—Potash, Soda, Ammonia, and their Carbonates. Calcined Carbonate of Soda. Lime. Salts.—Nitrate of Barytes. Chloride of Barium. These may be made by digesting the pure carbonate in the respective acids, and evaporating to crystallization. Chloride of Lime. Sulphate of Lime. Nitrate of Silver. Sulphate of Iron. Ferrocyanate of Potash. Phosphate or Soda. Sulphate or Copper. Iodide or Potassium. Acetate or Lead. Bichloride or Mercury. Peroxide or Munganese. Carbonate of Barytes. Oxalate of Ammonia.—Prepared by neutralizing a strong solu- tion of Oxalic acid, with Sesquicarbonate or Ammonia, and eva porating at a low temperature to crystallization. Should the salt become ncid by evaporation, add a little ammonia. Hydrosulphuret of Ammonia.—Pass sulphuretted hydrogen gas by means of a bent tube, into equal parts of a solution of pure ammonia and water, until the liquid is saturated with the gas. Tlie solution must be preserved in a green-glass bottle. This Ss an important test for the detection of metallic poisons. V\ hen well made, it ought to give no orecipitate with sul' hate of mag leBiu. 10* 226 POISONS. [Appendix I Sulphuretted Hydrogen.—Th's should always be employed in the stale of gas, und not dissolved in water. It may be prepared by gently heating in u retort or a Husk with u bent tube, sulphuret of iron with five or six purls of diluted sulphuric acid. Care must betaken not lo dislil over the contents of ihe retort. This gas precipitates most metallic poisons ; some'completely, others par- tially. The suspected solution into which il is passed, should neither be too acid nor too alkaline. Sulphuret of Iron.—Hent u bur of iron to whiteness, and rub on its surface, a slick of sulphur. Collect the sulphuret which falls in a stale of fusion, in u vessel of cold wuter, placed beneath. Dry il and keep it closely bottled. This preparation serves for the purpose of making sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Sulphate of Strontia.—This salt in solution, is sometimes used as a test for ihe salts of Barytes. Il may be made by digesting pure carbonate of strontia in dilute sulphuric acid. Il is not very soluble in water, in consequence of which, when employed as a test, it must he used in comparatively large quantity. Protochloride of Tin.—Obtained by digesting pure tin in strong muriatic acid at ungentle heal, until no more is dissolved. A piece »t" metallic tin should be always kept in the solution. A useful • est for Gold and Mercury. Chloride (Ter) of Gold.—Dissolve gold foil at a gentle heat, in a mixture of one part nitric and two parts muiiutic acid. The solution may afterwards be diluted with its bulk of distilled water. Used to distinguish meconic from su'phocynnic acid. Bichloride of Platina.—Dissolve slips of fine platina foil 01 platina ti ings, in a mixture of one part niiric and two parts mu- riatic ucid, brought to a boiling temperature. Platina must be added, until no further action ensues. This is a useful test for potash. Iodic Acid.—Digest Iodine in the strongest Nitric Acid (sp. gr. 1.52), in a retort over a sand buth, and repeatedly wash down with the acid, the iodine that may sublime. This process requires many hours for its completion. When there is no further action pour off ttie liquid, und evaporate to dryness. Iodic acid is left as a colorless solid. This test serves to distinguish morphia from the other alkaloids, and also to detect sulphuric ucid in urticles of clothing. Permuriate (Sesquichloride) of Iron.—Dissolve red (per) oxide of iron in muriatic acid. It may be neutralized for the purpose of a test by the addition or a small quantity or potash. Used as a test for morphia and its salts. Black Flux.—Prepared by mixing thoroughly two parts of br- tartrate of potash with onepait of nitrate of potash, and projecting the mixture by small portions into a red-hot crucible, until com- plete deflagration has taken place. The grey muss obtained, should be pulverized, and kept from air in u well-closed bottle. This substance is used for the reduction orthe compounds of arsenic. The bitartrate itself calcined, or well dried oxulute of lime, will answer the same purpose. Soda Flux.—Calcine in an earthen retort crystallized acetate or soda reduced to a fine powder. The charred mass muv be afterwards pulverized. It does not deliquesce like the black flux, and is a good reducing agent. Test Papers.—Litmus paper for acids.—This may be made b* Appendix /.] ACE 22*3 saturating unsized pnper (free from lime, in a strong infusion of litmus (about one ounce to hair a pint or boiling wuter), und dry- ing it in a place entirely free from acid vapors. It should he kept from air and light. Rose paper for alkalies. This is made by saturating unsized paper in a strong infusion of red roses (ubout two ounces of petals to a pint of water), and drying the paper quickly. It should be kept from air and light. Miscellaneous Articles.—Copper filings.—Thin copper-foil.— Copper-wire.—Tin filings.—Tin-foil.—Zinc-foil, very thin.—Gold- leaf. Gold-foil, such as is used by dentists: in this state it serves for the detection of mercurial poisons. Reduced silver. Platina- foil—Platina wire. Platina crucible and cover.—Platina cup: these l wo vessels may have a capncily of about two fluid-drachms. Small glass tube (ubout two pounds), varying from one-fourth to one-eighth or an inch in the bore. This tube, which serves for the making up of small reduction tubes, and numerous other purposes, should be very thin. Watch glasses. Test-tubes (thin) —Glass plate. Florence flasks.—Large and small retort and receiver. Filtering paper. Spirit lamp. Charcoal powder. Animal charcoal. Alcohol. Litmus cake. Sulphate of indigo. In pursuing an analysis, the following precautions ought to be observed: 1. All the apparatus should be perfectly clean ; when metals are to be reduced, the glass tubes and fluxes should be warm nnd dry. 2. The solutions or the tests should be concen- trated. This will give a known and definite strength, which will regulate the quantity to be employed. 3. Before employing the tests, they should be tried for the ordinary impurities which they are liable to contain. Poisons are substances of an animal, a vegetable, or a mineral nature, which produce effects deleterious to the animal economy when they ure taken into the stomach in certain doses; and, in some instances, even when they are applied to the surface of the body. Many poisonous substances, however, are daily employed as medicines; and wilh the best results, when they are adminis lered in proper doses, and wilh due precaution. Writers who professedly treat of poisons, have arranged the substances which they regard as such, according to their effects on the animal economy; but as the following memoranda are intended merely us references from which the practitioner may refresh his memory when his assistance is suddenly n quired in cases of poisoning, the author conceives ihe ulphubeticul arrange- ment will be the most useful, and has consequently adopted it. A similar reason has also induced him to place the English name as the title of each article.* dCETIC ACID. (Strong.) Symptoms. Great heat, and a str.sution of burning pain in the stomach; convulsions; death. * Many pois nous substances are purposely not noticed, because they nre not likely to be employed us such; and, consequently they do not demand general attention. 23 228 A M M [Appendix I. Morbid Appearances. The mouth and fauces brownish,—exco- riated, und the lingual papilla? enlarged. The oesophagus also lined with a brown adventitious membrane. The stomach ol a livid hue towards the pylorus and black at the fundus. The vessels large and much injected. Antidotes. Magnesia; soap in water; after which the stomach should be emptied by the stomach-pump or an emetic. ACETATE OF LEAD ; see under Carbonate of Lead. ACONITUM ; see Monkshood. AGARIC; see Fungi. ALCOHOL. Local Effects,—those of a powerful irritant nnd caustic poison to whatever part of the body it is applied; it causes contraction and condensation of. the tissue, giving rise to pain, heat, redness, and other symptoms of inflammation As alcohol has u strong affinity for wuter, it absorbs it from the soft, living parts with which it comes in contact, and where these are ulbuminous or fibrinous, it increuses their density and firmness. Irritation und inflammation are thus set up by the reaciion of the vital powers, brought ubout by the chemical action of the alcohol. The General Symptoms are those produced by narcotics. Morbid Appearances—are inflammation, redness, softening, &c, of the mucous membrane ol' the stomach and bowels; wilh congestion orthe cerebral vessels, with or without extravasation or blood and serum. Treatment. First evacuate the contents or the stomach by the stomach-pump. Dash cold water on the head in a constant stream; warmth to the feet; and as soon as the patient can swallow, give acetate or ammonia or spirits or ammonia. Cupping niuy be necessary to the temples ; and in some cases artificial respiration must be kept up for some time. Musiuid to the epigastrium is a good remedy. AMMONIA; (Liquor Ammonia.) A corrcsive mineral poisop, Symptoms. Excoriations of the mouth and fauces; sensation o' bnrning in the throat, chest, and stomach; followed by voniil ing and purging, the ejected matter being mixed with blood. When the^dose is large, the immediate feeling is that of stran- gulation, attended with convulsions and high delirium. If the result be fatal, it very quickly follows the administration of the poison. The inhalation or the ammonia by applying the solu lion to the nostrils is equally hazardous, and causes the same symptoms as when it is taken into the stomach. Morbid Appearances. Murks of strong inflammatory action is the oesophagus and cardiac portion of the stomach; and in the bronchial tubes when the poison has been inhaled. Tests. The three caustic alkalies, potash, soda, and ammonia, are known from the solutions of the alkaline earths by the fact, that they ure not precipitated by solution or carbonate or potash. Ihey all three possess a powerful alkaline reaction on tes" pnper, which, in the case of ammonia, is easilv dissipated by heat. Ammonia is immediately known from potash and soda, by its odor and volatility, ir the solution in water be very dilute, the odor may be scarcely perceptible. The alkali may then be discovered, provided we have first assured ourselves by evaporating a portion of the liquid, that potash and soda are absent,—by adding to the solution a mixture of arsenious acid Appendix I.] A M M 229 and nitrate or silver. The well-known yellow precipitate of arsenite or silver will be instantly produced. In addition to these characters, ammonia re-dissolves the brown oxide-of sil- ver, which it precipitates from the nitrate, while potash and soda do not The sesquicarbonate of ammonia may be known from other salts by its alkaline reaction, its odor, and its entire volatility as a solid, from pure ammonia:—1, by its effervescing on being added to an ncid; 2, by its yielding an abundant white precipitate with a solution of muriate of lime ;—from the carbonated of potash und soda, among other properties, 1, by its giving no precipitate with a solution of the sulphate or magne- sia; 2, from the rich violet blue solution, which it forms when udded in excess' to the sulphute or copper ; 3, by its odor and volatility. Caustic Potash and Soda are best known from their respective carbonates by giving a brown precipitate with a solution or ni trate or silver. The carbonates, on the other hand, yield a whitish-yellow precipitate. Caustic potash is known from caustic soda by the following characters:—1. Its solution is precipitated of a canary-yellow color, by bichloride of platina. 2. It is precipitated in granular white crystals, by the addition of an excess of a strong solution of tartaric acid. Caustic soda is not precipitated by either or these tests, which will serve equally to distinguish the salts or potash from those or soda. 3. If we neutralize the two alkalies by dilute nitric acid, and crystallize the liquid on a Blip of glass, should the alkali be potash, the crystals will be in the form of long slender fluted prisms; if soda, or rhombic plates. 4. A dne platina wire may be dipped into the ulkuline liquid, nnd then dried by holding it above ihe flume or a spirit-lump. In this wuy, a thin film of solid alkali is obtained on the wire. On introducing this into the colorless part of the flame , if it be potash, the flume will acquire a lilac color; if soda, a rich yellow color. This test applies to the salts of the alkalies, but cure must be taken that the platina wire is perfectly clean. The carbonates or potash are known from those or soda by the above tests. The carbonate is known from the bicarbonate of either alkali, by the fact that the former yields immediately a white precipitate, » itha solution of sulphateof magnesia, while the latter is unaffected by that test. In liquids containing organic matter.—Such liquids will possess an alkaline reaction. If the nlkali be ammonia, this will be announced by the odor, and it may then be obtained by distil- lation wilh or without the addition of a small quantity of sul- phuric acid. If the alkali be in small proportion, this can afford no evidence of poisoning ; since many animal ftuids contain the alkali, and in those which do not contain it, it is easily gene- rated either by spontaneous decomposition, or sometimes even by the lieat required for distilli.tion. Should the alkali be in large quantity, this is no evidence of poisoning by it, unless we at the same time discover obvious murks of its local action on the mouth, fauces, ces< phugus, and stomach. If the organic liquid he highly alkaline, but give out no odor of ammonia, either by itself or on distilling a portion with sulphuric acid, the alkali may be either potash or soda, or their carbonates. The latter would be known by the liquid effervescing on adding 230 AM M [Appendix I a portion to an acid. The organic liquid may be eva.">rated M dryness, then heated lo char ihe animal and vegetable matter, and the alkali will be recovered from * in the uiate of carbon- ate by digesting the residuary ash in disiilled water. It has been also recommended to neutralize by muriatic ucid, to eva- porate, incinerate, and procuie the alkali for analysis in the state of chloride. Traces of these alkalies furnish no evidence, since all the animal liquids und membranes yield soda, and many ol' them potash. In no case will the discovery of the alkalies be any proof of poisoning, unless the murks of their action be apparent in the fauces and stomuch. Treatment. The immediate exhibition of vinegar, lemon juice, or solution of citric ucid ; und afterwards of milk, mucilages, and demulcent fluids; bleeding, if symptoms of intestinal in flammaiion supervene. When ammoniacal gas has been in- haled, the patient should immediately inspire the vapor of acetic ucid or hydrochloric ucid. If bronchial inflammation super vene, it is to be treated in the usual way. AMMONlfi HYDROCHLORAS. Sal. Ammonia. Symptoms. Similar to those produced by ammonia. Treatment. Warm wuter, und mucilaginous und demulcent liquids should be given, to promote vomiting. No chemical antidote is known. The gasiro-enteritis which it excites, is to be combated by the usual means. %* These instructions apply equally to cases of poisoning by Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia and by Hartshorn. AMMONIATED COPPER. (Cuprum Ammoniatum.) A cor rosive metallic poison. Symptoms and Morbid Appearances nearly the same as those produced by the other sails of copper. (See Verdigris.) Test. This poison is readily known by its beautiful blue color, and ammoniacal odor. When mixed in fluids which partially decompose it, as, for instance, coffee, port wine, or malt liquors, it may be detected by adding to the suspected fluid a lew drops of a spirituous solution of guuiuc. If the vehicle be coffee, and a salt of copper be present, it will instantly produce a beautiful deep greenish-blue precipitate. If the vehicle be port wine, it gives a greenish color to the wine, and the color evolved by the tincture of guaiuc will be nearly an indigo blue, with a slight shade of green; und if beer, that of verditer. It changes solu- tion of arsenious ucid to green. Treatment. The use of the stomach-pump, and cily clysters. Albumen in solution (in coffee, ff it can be obtained*), should then be freely exhibited ; and vomiting again excited by drinking large quantities of mucilaginous fluids, if the poison has been very recently taken; but if it have already passed into the bowels, give castor oil in coffee, combined with opiates and other narcotics; bleed both generally and locally ; and employ warm baths and fomentations with emollient clysters. AMMONIA-: HYDiROSULPHAS. (Hydros ulphate of Ammonia, or Hepatized Ammonia.) This is evolved from decomposing animal matters, us in privies. Symptoms. Nuusea, vomiting, diminished frequency of puis* * Coffee instantly decomposes he salts or coppe Appsndit I.] ARS 231 giddiness, extreme languor, drowsiness, and sleep; a powerful asphyxiating agent when inhaled, causing sudden weakness, insensibility, convulsions delirium, and death. Treatment. Place the patient on his back in the open air, with his head elevated; apply cold affusion to the face and breast; produce artificial respiration of air, through which ch'orine is diffused, by pressing down the ribs and forcing up the diaphragm, and then suddenly removing the pressure; strong frictions to the spine, chest, and extremities; injecting stimulants into thf stomach, as u weak solution of chlorine, or brandy. When swallowed, dilute solutions ol chlorine, or chloride of soda oi lime, should be given, and the contents or the stomach removed bv the stomach-pump. ANTI.MONIUM TARTARIZATUM; see Potassio-Tartrate of Antimony. ARGENTI NITRAS; see Nitrate of Silver. ARSENIC—ARSENIOUS ACID. A corrosive mineral poison Symptoms. Metallic austere taste; constant spitting of saliva devoid of Ihe mercurial fcelor; constriction of the pharynx and oesophagus; nausea and vomiting, sometimes of a brown mu sous mailer, which is occasionally mixed with blood ; fainting, wilh excessive thirst; a sensation or great heat lit the Ihroat and the praicordia : heat and severe pain in the stomach, which is generally so irritable us to reject the mildest fluids; severe gripings, purging, and tenesmus, the stools being deep green or black, and horribly offensive; the urine scanty, red, and often bloody ; the pulse small, frequent, and often intermitting, ac compunied with palpitation of the heart and syncope, difficult respiration and cold sweats; swelling and itching of the whole body, which occasionally becomes covered with livid blotches; great prostration or strength, nnd paralysis or the feet and hands; delirium ; convulsions; urine high colored, often bloody; strenuous priapism ; and death. JHorbid Appearances. The moulh and oesophagus are seldom inflamed ; but the stomach most commonly, although not al- ways, presents appearances of intense inflammation, hut not •mounting to erosion or abrasion of the vHlous coat; and it is on the surface of such inflamed spots that grains of the acid are generally found, when the poison has been swallowed ia powder. The inflammation is evident also in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum ; but it almost disappears in the colon, al- though the mucous membrane of the rectum is often found not only highly inflamed, but ulcerated. The lungs are sometimes black, and turgid with blood ; the mitral and tricuspid valves of the heart are covered wilh red patches, and these extend to Ihe fleshy columns; but the chief morbid appearances are to be looked for in the stomach nnd intestines. The contents of the former of these, nnd of portions of the latter, ought in every case to he carefully preserved, and washed in tepid distilled water. Cases have proved fatal in which no morbid changes have been detected. i rests. H any solid particles he found in the stomach, throw a few of ihem upon red hot coals, they will be decomposed, and exhale alliaceous vapor; or mix one part of ihem with three parts of a mixture consisting of one part of finely-powdered charcoal, and two parts of very dry carbonate of potassa; pul 832 A R S [Appendix I this into a small glass tube, the upper innei surface or empty part of which is kept clean, whilst the powder is introduced, by being previously lined with paper. Having withdrawn the paper, stop the open end loosely with a little tow, or a piec« of soft paper; then place the closed end for a few minutes in the flame or a spirit-lump until it becomes incandescent; when, ff arsenious ucid be present, a brilliant metallic crust will be found lining the upper part or the lube. This crust, placed on hot coals, will exhale, dense white ftimes and a strong smell of garlic. If no solid particles be found, boil the contents of the stomach with liquor potassaj, and strain through a piece or linen rag ; divide the fluid into different portions, and test each portion separately by the following re-agents:— 1. Put one portion into Marsh's uppuratus for the formation of arseuiurelted hydrogen gas, with some diluted sulphuric ncid and a piece of pure zinc, and inflame the gas evolved at the jet. If arsenious ncid be present, a piece or glass held over the flame will display a spot or metallic arsenic, surrounded by a circle or black oxide of arsenic, which will be surrounded by a second circle of arsenious ucid ; or puss the arseniuretted hydrogen gas through a bent tube, and heat it, at a point a fow inches from the jet, in the flame of a spirit lamp; a crust of metallic arsenic will line the tube on the farthest side of the heated point. The grains picked out of the stomach may be tested in the same manner. This test is decisive, hut it requires to be used in the following manner, if the contents of the stomach contain much fatty matter. Take a bell glass, open at the top and furnished with a stop-cock and glass jet; fill it with hydrogen gas; place it in ajar containing the contents or the stomach strained, and the washing or the stomach, and some diluted sulphuric acid and pure zinc. Open the stop-cock until the fluid rises consi- derably into the bell glass ; then close the stop cock ; but after the gus has been extricated, and the fluid has descended, open it again, inflame the gas at the jet, and use it in the same man- ner as Mr. Marsh's instrument. A better mode is the modifi- cation of Marsh's apparatus proposed by the author. (See Pharmaceutical Trans., by T. Bell, p. 92.) 2. Drop into the second portion u solution of nitrate of silver to excess, in order to precipitate all the hydrochlorutes il may contain; then, after the fluid has become clear, touch the sur- face with a glass rod dipped in liquid ammonia. If arsenious ncid be present, a yellow arsenite of silver will fall from the point of the rod. i. Drop into the third portion some ammoniated sulphate of cop- per; if arsenious acid be present, Scheele's green will be formed. The accordance of these tests affords sufficient evidence. The tubes, and the glass, coated with the metallic arsenic, should be taken into court; as well us comparative tubes and glasses coated by treating the simple acid and its solution. All of these tuhes should be previously rolled npiin paper, and sealed .n the presence of the persons who assist in the testinrr. 7Veotrnent. If vomiting does not already t-xi^t ns n direct effect of the poison, sulphateof zinc may ihe exhibited, and the emetic effects promoted by mucilaginous brinks, such as linseed lea When sulphate of zinc cannot be procured, a good suhstituts Appendix I.] 13 I C 233 for an emetic is powdered mustard, in the proportion of from one lo two teaspoonfu's in 41 glass of water, administered ul intervals; or, evacuate the stomach by the stum .ch pimp, using lime-water instead of distilled water; administer large draughts of oil, and of tepid, mucilaginous fluids, or sugar und water, or chalk and lime water; avoid the use of alkalies; but iidmm ster charcoal and hydrated sesquioxide of iron. This preparation is believed by some 10 be an effectual chemical antidote to arsenic ; although Dr. A. Taylor (of London,, has come to the conclusion, from a series of carefolly conducted experiments, that the oxide of iron does not possess the power of combining .villi powdered arsenious acid, the only form in which we commonly huve to deul wilh the poison, iu a way 10 uct as a chemical antidote; und that if recoveries have really taken place from its use, it inusi huve some other operation. It should be immediately administered in large and frequently repeated doses, in conjunction with warm mucilaginous drinks, nnd also given by enema. About ten parts of the hydrated iron, it is said, will convert one part of arsenious acid inio the basic salt of iron, 3 ss. of the iron has been successfully given in doses repeated every fifteen minutes, till 5 viij. were taken in twenty-four hours. If the hydrated oxide is not at hand, the carbonate may be substituted. It is recommended to add fifteen to twenty drops of liquor ammonia- to each dose, in order to transform the arsenic into a soluble arseniie. Castor oil, and other laxatives, ure to be afterwards employed. (Ferrugo, E.) Afterwards combat the inflammatory symptoms by bleeding freely, both generally and locally; by tepid baths, emollient enemas, and narcotics. If the immediate fatal symptoms be averted, let the patient for a long lime subsist wholly on fari- naceous food, milk, nnd demulcents. *** All arsenicui poisons operate nearly in the sume manner as the ursenious ucid ; und consequently similar means ure re- quired for detecting their presence and counteracting their influence. ATROPA BELLADONNA ; see Deadly Nightshade.' BELLADONNA; see Deadly Nightshade, BICYAN1DE OF MERCURY, (Hydrargyri Bicyanidum.) An ucrid mineral poison. Symptoms. They closely resemble those of poisoning by corro- sive sublimate, accompanied wilh severe vomiting, mercurial ulcerution of the mouth, salivation, powerful action of the heart, diarrhoea, suppression or urine, demi-erection, nnd un icchymosed appearance or the penis and scrotum, convulsions, and death. Tests. When any iff the poison remains, it is recognized by its quadrangular prismatic crystals, with oblique summits, and it* styptic taste. When heated in a small tube closed at one end, and drawn out to u point ut the other, it is decomposed, mer- cury sublimes, and cyanogen gas is given off, und burns wilh a violet flume, lis solution is decomposed by a stream of sul- phuretted hydrogen gus, und sulphuret of mercury and hydro- cyanic acid lire formed. . Treatment. The Bume as in cases of poisoning by bichloride of mercury. 234 B R U [Appendix I. BLISTERING FLIES, (Cantharis Vesicatoria.) An acrid animal poison. Symptoms. Nausea; vomiting and purging, the matter ejected in either cuse being frequently bloody and purulent; acute epigastralgia; writhiig colic ; greut heat und irritation of the bladder and urinary organs, accompanied with the most painful priapism; the pulse is quick and hard; and although ihirst is often great, yet there is occaa ouaily a horror of liquids. If these symptoms be not soon relieved, they are followed by convulsions, tetanus delirium, syncope, und death. Throughout the attack, ihe breath of the puiient has a very peculiar, faint. sickly odor. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation and erosion of the stomach; the green, shining particles of the powdered flies being some- times seen adhering to the inner coat of the viscus or mixed wilh its contents. The intestines also and the kidneys exhibit murks iff inflammation ; and these are still m re evident in the bladder, purticulurly when the futul result does not immediately supervene. Tests. The poisonous properties of the blistering fly depend on u peculiar principle which has been named cantharidin ; but the poison can be recognized by the appearance of the green, shining particles, which are visible in the finest powder, and by the symptoms. The alcoholic solution is precipitated white by water, but the precipitate is uguin dissolved by un excess of water. Treatment. Copious dilution with milk und demulcent fluids, bleeding, the warm bath, opiate friciions, und clysters of mutton broth and oil, and opium. The best antidote is camphor, both internally administered und externally applied. BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM, (Potassium Brvmidi.) An acrid mineral poison. Symptoms Nausea, vomiting, quickened respiration and pulse, greut prostrution of strength, deuth. Morbid Appearances. Congested state of the mucous membrane; spots of ulceration, softenings. Tests. If any of the poison remain, dissolve and drop into the solution sulphuric acid, the eclor and odor of free bromine are perceived. Add mucilage of starch, it will be colored yellow. Take up the bromine with tether, and drop into the a-lhereal solution a solution of nitrate of silver: a whitish-yellow bromide of silver, insoluble in nitric acid and in ammonia, will fall. Bromide of Potassium does not alter the color or ten, or coffee, or milk, or wine. To detect it in these fluids, evaporate to dry- ness, decompose the vegetable mailer by heat, and act on the residue in the same manner as on ihe pure bromide. Treatment. Empty the stomach with the stomach-pump and tepid wuter. Treat the nervous symptoms by stimulants. BRUCIA, (Brucia.) Symptoms. The same as those caused by strychnia. Tests. Brucia has a bitter taste. It is scarcely soluble In water at 60°, and it requires 500 parts of boiling water for its solution. It is dissolved and colored blood-red by nitric acrid ; and, on the addition of a solution of protochloride of tin, the red is changed to a brauiiful deep violet. Appendix l.\ C A R 235 Treatment. The same as for poisoning by strychnia. BRYONY ROOT, (Bryonia Dioica Radix.) An acrid vegetable poison. Symptoms. Violent vomitings, with severe colic pains and purging, greut thirst; difficulty of breathing; und sometimes convulsions. Morbid Appearances. Evidences of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and rectum, and congestion of blood in the lungs. Test. The poison can only be recognized when the root itself or a portion of it, can be obtained. It is large, fleshy, fusiform, marked externally with circles of a yellowish-white color, and has a sweelish, yet acrid and hitter, disagreeable taste. Treatment. Excite vomiting by copious draughts or tepid demul cent fluids, and by irritation of the fauces; then administer milk und mucilaginous diluents, with opiates und emollient enemas, Tie- lancet may sometimes be requisite. CAMPHOR, (Camphora.) A narcotic, vegetable poison. Symptoms. Violent excitement of the brain and nervous system ; vuiniiing; vertigo, preceded by pallid countenance; great anxiety ; small pulse ; difficult respiration, syncope, cold swea.s, und convulsions. In some instances it has occasioned death. Morbid Appearances. Too few opportunities have occurred for tisce.t iniiig these with any degree of accuracy. Test. The camphor would probably be found in the state of lumps, or dissolved in spirit. No difficulty would occur in identifying this substance, except perhaps in a case where It had pioved fotal und existed in the contents of the stomach. Its presence would be immediately known by its powerful and peculiar odor. If it were diffused in the form of lumps oi powder, these might be easily separated from the contents, owing to the great insolubility of this substance. In general, it might be expected that some portions would flout to the surface of the water. In u doubtful case ihe contents of the stomach should be treated with a large quantity of alcohol:—the ulco- holic liquor filtered, und the camphor separated by adding wa- ter. It is a white solid,—possessing a well-known odor,— easily dissolved by alcohol, and aguin separated by water,— eiititeiy volatile without residue, and burning with a rich yellow smoky flame. Treatment. Wine and opium, exhibited at short intervals until the s\ mptoms abate. C4NTHARIDES; see Blistering Flies. CARBONATE OF BARYTA, (Carbonas Baryta.) CARBONATE OF LEAD, (Plumbi Carbonas.) An astringent metallic poison. (All the suits of lead ure resolvable into the carbonate, which is the only direct poison of lead.) Symptoms. Obstinate costiveness; violent colic, with retraction of the abdomen ; vomiting; the pulse small and hard ; labori- ous breathing and tremors, terminating in paralysis of the extremities, a'nd occasionally in death. The gums assume a blue tinge. Morbid Appearances. An ex-sanguine appearance or the intes- tines; but occasionally there is inflammation orthe mucous membrane of the intestines, sometimes attended wilh blotches 836 CAR [Appendix I. of extravasated blood. When the death of the patient is not sudden, the mesenteric and lymphatic glands are inflamed and obstructed ; and all the viscera bear more or less evidence of having suffered from increased vascular uction. Test. When the poison has been swallowed in the solid form, und any of it can be obtained, it muy be known in some degree by its color and weight, or by rubbing it m a mortar with a little spirituous solution of guuktc, und a fow drops or liquid ammonia, which produce a beautiful grass-green, passing to glaucous when lead is present; it is tinged brown when it is exposed to sulphuretted hydrogen gas; but is still more certainly detected by reducing it to a metallic state upon charcoal, by means of the blowpipe. When it has been taken in syrup, or in wine, or in hollands, to improve which it is often ignoruntly and improperly used, first render the colored fluids colorless by chlorine, und then add to different portions the following re-agents:—Sulphute of potassa, which will produce a white; sulphuretted hydrogen, which will throw down a bluck ; and chromate of potassa. which will exhibit a canary-yellow precipitate, if any salt of lend be present; or dissolve in acetic ucid, and add to the solution a solution of iodide or potassium ; if the poison be carbonate ol lead, a yellow iodide of lead will be precipitated. Treatment. Bleed, if the pulse be hard; then freely exhibit cuthartics, particularly castor oil, and sulphate of magnesia combined with opium or extract of hyoscyamus; use the warm bath, and throw up repeatedly injections of mutton broth and demulcents. The patient should dilute very freely with muci- laginous liquids. Some alkaline sulphate, mixed wilh vinegar, or some weak vegetable acid, such ns lemon juice, will prove highly useful. Emetics and the stomach-pump should also be employed. When convalescent, he should live almost entirely on a milk diet. H paralysis of the limbs continue, it should be treuted with strychnia. As the symptoms produced by poisoning by lead put on one of the three forms, irritant poisoning, lead colic, and paralysis, our treatment must be governed accordingly. In cases of irri- tant poisoning, we should immediately administer diluents holding in solution some sulphate, as of soda, magnesia, or potassa, so that a sulphate of lead may be formed. Vomiting should be excited by sulphate of zinc, tickling the throat, or the contents of the stomach may be evacuated by the stomach- pump. In lead colic, the best remedy is alum, though it is ge- nerally treated successfolly by means of purgatives and opiates with venesection, leeching, &c. In lead palsy, strychnine is one of the best remedies. • ,* The action of acetate of lead, and or red oxide of lead oi litharge, on the animal economy, is nearly the same as that ol the carbormte of lead ; consequently, the above observation! apply to all the salts or lend, which, as I have already said are converted into the carbonute, after being taken into th» stomach. CARBONIC ACID GAS. This gas is often extricated verj largc'y in various processes of art, and in burning charcoal in close rooms, so as lo produce suspended animation and death. As it is also very heavy, it remains in fermenting vats and beet Appendix I.] CAR 237 cellars long after the liquor has been drawn off or removed, bo as to destroy individuals who incautiously enter them. Symptoms. Great drowsiness, difficulty of respiration and suffo- cation. The features appear swelled, und the face bluish, as in cases of strangulation. Pest. Invert immediately, before the air of the place has been disturbed, a bottle filled with lime wuter, in the atmosphere which has occasioned the suspended animation or the death of the person immersed in it, until one-half of the fluid runs out; und at the same time introduce a lighted taper into the same atmosphere. If the taper be extinguished, und lime-water, on being shaken in the bottle, become milky, the deleterious gas is carbonic acid gas. SomKimes a medical jurist may be required to state, for the pur- poses of justice, the nature of the gaseous mixture in which a peison may have died. He will huve but little difficulty in determining whether carbonic acid gas is the deleterious agent in such a mixture. When it exists in a confined atmosphere, its presence may be identified, if previously collected in a proper vessel, by the following characters. 1. It extinguishes a taper if the proportion be above twelve or fifteen per cent., and from the extreme density or the gns, the smoke or the extinguished taper may be commonly seen to flout on its surfuce. 2. Lime water, or a solution ol subacetate iff lead, is instantly precipi lated white when poured into ajar or Ihe gas, and the precipi tutes thus formed, may be collected by filtration, and proved to possess the well-known properties of carbonate of lime or lead. Air containing only one per cent, of carbonic acid scarcely affects lime-water. 3. When a solution of chloride of lime, colored by litmus, is added, the blue color, on agitating the liquid in the gas, is discharged. This clearly distinguishes carbonic acid from nitrogen. *'he proportion in which curbonic acid exists in a mixture, may be determined by introducing into a given quantity in a gradu ated lube over mercury, a strong solution of caustic potash. Absorption will take place after a certain time, and the degree or absorption will indicate the proportion of carbonic acid present. When this destructive agent exists in a confined spot, as in a well or cellar, it may be generally got rid of by placing within the stratum a pan containing the hydrate of lime, loosely mixed into a paste wilh water, or by exciting combustion at the mouth of the pit. Lives are often successively lost on these occasions, one individual descending after another, in the fool- ish expectation of at least being able to attach a rope to the body of his companion. The moment that the mouth foils within the level of the stratum, all power is lost, and the person commonly sinks lifeless. The gus may be collected by lowering a bottle filled with fine sand by means of a string attached to the neck, guiding the bottle by another string attached to its base. When the bottle is within the stratum it should be turned with its mouth downwards, then rapidly raised with its mouth upwards, by pulling the string attached to ihe neck. Preatmcnt. Remove the patient into the open air, and place him on his back with his head elevated ; dash cold water over the body, and abstract a small quantity of blood by venesection oi 238 CHL [Appendix I. cupping; apply fil etion, particularly o\ er the thorax and on the soles of the feet; then endeavor to stimulate the organs ot respiration to a renewed action by inflating the lungs with common air, or, if it can be procured, oxygen gas, by means of the double bellows, and a flexible tube introduced into the trachea through the nostrils. Artificial respiration may be produced, to a certain extent, by pressing down the ribs, una forcing up the diaphragm, and then suddenly removing the pressure. As soon as ihe palient can swallow, stimulants should be administered. Stimulate, cautiously, the nostrils with ammonia, und dash cold water on the face and chest. CHLORIDE OF ANTIMONY. (Butter of Antimony.) This is u highly corrosive liquid, vurying from u light yellow to a dark red color;—in the luiter state containing generally a large quantity of iron. It is a powerful poison, hut it is not often taken us such. Orfilu mentions only one, and that a doubtful ins.ance, which occurred nearly two hundred years ago Morbid Appearances. On inspection, the interior of the alimen- tary canal, from the mouth downwards to the jejunum presents a black appearance, as if the parts had been charred. In ge- neral, there is no mucous membrane remaining, either on the stomach or elsewhere ;—only a flocculent substance, which can be easily scraped off with the back of the scalpel, leaving the submucous tissues and the peritoneal coat. All these purls are so soft that they may be easily torn with the fingers. Tests. If any portion of the chloride be left in the vessel,itmay be tested by adding a few drops to a large quantity of water, when the whitish-yellow oxychloride or antimony will be pre- cipitated : the supernatant liquid containing muriatic acid, which may be delected by nitrate of silver. The only objection to this mode of testing is, that the salts or bismuth are ulso de- composed by wuter; but the piecipitate in this case is insoluble in tartaric acid, and is blackened by hydrosulphuret of ammo- nia ; while in ihe case of antimony, it is soluble in that acid, und is changed to an orange-red by the hydrosulphuret. If the cliloride contain much iron, it will be proper to separate the while precipitate, and wash il thoroughly wilh water, before adding ihe hydrosulphuret, or ihe presence of iron will conceal the orange-red color, A piece of copper, when heated in a solution of chloride or antimony, is immediately coated with a layer of that metul or a grey color, like ursenic. Solutions of tartar emetic and chloride of antimony are very diffe- rently affected by tests. Nitric ucid precipitates the former, bul not the latter. Fprrocyanale of potash has no effect on solution of tartar emetic, but it precipitates the chloride of antimony of a yellow-white; or if much iron be present, Prussian blue is abundantly thrown down. The chloride, as a corrosive, combines with the animal tissues. It may be separated in such cases by boiling them in muriatic or intromuriutic ucid. In this way, the organic matter will be decomposed. CHLORIDE OF BARIUM, see Muriate of Barium. CHLORIDE OF LIME. Symptoms. Puin and heat in the stomach, vomiting, purging; also acts upon the nervous system. 7Veatmeni. Administer albuminous liquids, as eggs, beat up with Appendix I] COC 239 water, or flour and water, or oil, or mucilaginous drinks, nnd excite vomiting. Combat the gusiro-enterilis by the usual means; carefully avoid the use of all acids, which would cause the evolution of chlorine gas in the stomach. CHLORIDE OF SODIUM. The chloride of sodium may be identified by the following chemical characters:—1. It is easily dissolved by water, und a portion of the solution slowly evapo- rated on a slip of glass, yields well-defined e«Aic crystals.—2. It is insoluble in alcohol.—3. It yields abundant ucid vapors with a kind or effervescence, when strong sulphuric acid is poured on it. These vapors form a dense white solid cloud, when a rod dipped in strong ammonia is brought near them.—4. It yields chlorine gus when healed with equal parts of sulphuric acid, water, and peroxide of manganese;—the chloripe being recognized by its usual characters. About one-twenfielh of a grain of the chloride may be in this way analyzed, if the expe- riim-nt be performed in a proportionately small tube.—5. The solution of ihe salt gives an abundant white clotted precipitate wilh nitrate of silver—possessing all the chemical properties of chloride of silver. These properties of ihe precipitate must be positively determined, since there are numerous other salts which are precipitated while by nitrate of silver. These ex- periments, it will be perceived, merely indicate the presence of chlorine or muriatic acid. The characters of soda will be given hereafter. A chloride is also known by boiling it in a solution of arsenious ucid and sulphuric acid, and immersing u slip of bright copper;—if the suit be a chloride, the copper is covered With a grey coat of arsenic. Quantitative Analysis. This may be performed by estimating the quantity of muriatic acid from the quantity or chloride of silver obtained fiom the whole, or a fractional part of the liquid subjected to analysis. For every 100 grains of the thoroughly dried cliloride of silver, we may allow 69 grains of liquid mu- riatic acid of the ordinary phurmacopieiul strength. L'HLORINE GAS An acrid poison. Symptoms. Severe constriction of the glottis, cough, sensation of suffocation alternating with asphyxia; afterwards, if death do not ensue, inflammation of the larynx, and pneuuioiic inflam- mation. Treatment. Inhalation of the vapor of hot water containing carbonate of ammonia. Bleeding, the antiphlogistic treatment, especially bv mercurials. COCCULUS'IN DICUS. (Menispermi Cocculi fructus.) An ucro narcotic vegetable poison, deriving its poisonous powers from picrotoxia. Symptoms. These closely resemble those of intoxication from ardent spirits. Morbid Appearances. There is no instance or the examination or a human body destroyed by this poison on record. Test. That this poison has been the cause of death, or of power- fully deleterious effects on the human body, cannot be ascer- tained by any test. The fruit is externally blackish, about the size of a pen, whitish u ithin, nnd has a bitter taste, not easily removed from the palate. ..,,/. w Treatment. Encourage vomiting, and purge freely; bleed if the pulse indicate it, or if symptoms resembling apoplexy superveno 24 240 COP [Appendix I COLCHICUM ; see Meadow Saffron. COLOO.UINTIDA. (Fructus Cucumeris Colocynthidis.) Aa acrid vegetable poison. Symptoms. Violent pains in the epigastrium, with vomiting and purging, the stools being mixed with blood. The sight soon becomes obscured, and this state is succeeded by vertigo and delirium. Morbid Appearances. When death has occurred from this poison, the stomach and bowels have been found inflamed, particularly the rectum. Test. A strong infusion of coloquinlida gelatinizes as it cools, resembling in appearance mucilage of quince seed ; but it has a very bitter, nauseous taste. Solution of potassa renders it greenish, and throws down a precipitate: ammonia dissolves the mucilage. But no test can be relied on ; the only certainty that this poison has been taken is the seeing the substance itself. Treatment. Emetics to evacuate the whole or the deleterious substance; local blood-letting on the abdomen; afterwards opiates, and copious dilutions with milk and oily demulcents. CONGER. Symptoms. This fish, although it is frequently eaten with im- punity, yet has, in some instances, produced all the symptoms of cholera morbus, succeeded by paralysis of the lower extre mities. Treatment. Evacuate the contents of the stomach and bowels, after having allayed their irritability by opium. Dilute freely with saccharine and acidulous liquids; and bleed, if symptoms of inflammation orthe lower bowels supervene. COPPER, AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Copper itseir is said to be destitute or poisonous properties ; but it would appear that when alloyed wilh other metals, and reduced to a finely pul- verulent state, it may act as a poison. Sulphate or Copper.—All the salts or copper are poisonous. The two most commonly known are the sulphate (Blue Vitriol) and the subacetate (Verdigris.) These substances have been frequently taken and administered in large doses for the pur- poses of suicide and in attempts at murder. In the latter cuse, the attempt has been immediately discovered, owing to the strong metallic taste possessed by the salt. This would in ge- neral render it impossible that the poison should be taken un- knowingly. With the exception or these salts, poisoning by copper is generally the accidental result or the common use of this metal for culinary purposes. Symptoms. Sulphate of copper has been frequently given for the purpose of procuring abortion. In doses of hnlf an ounce and upwards it acts as a powerful irritant, and in very young chil- dren a much less quantity would suffice to kill. The salt Bpeedily induces vomiting of the most violent kind; and this sometimes effectually expels the poison from the stomach, and the person recovers. The vomited matters are remarkable for being of a blue or green color, and broken crystnlsof blue vitrio, have been discovered in them, where the poison was takeri in a loosely pulverulent state. There is pain iu the abdomen, with diarrhoea, and in aggravated cases spasms or the extremi- ties. Dr. Perceval met with a case where the most violent Appendix I.] COP 241 convulsions were produced in a young female by two drachms of the sulphate or copper;—she eventually recovered. Para- lysis, insensibility, and even tetanus, huve preceded death, when the poison was administered to animals. Subacetate or Copper (Verdigris),—produces somewhat similar symptoms. Vomiting or a green-colored liquid and diarrhoea are the most prominent symptoms. In a case reported by Pyl, a woman who took two ounces of verdigris, died in three days:—in addition to the symptoms above described, there were convulsions und puralysis before death. Niemann relates that a femule, aged 24, swallowed half an ounce of verdigris, and died under symptoms of violent gastric irritation in sixty hours. There is but little doubt that all the other salts of copper would act in a similar way. Experiments on animals show that they are irritant poisons. Morbid Appearances. The mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines has been found more or lees inflamed in the few fatal cases which have been examined,—the membrane has been found also eroded and softened in poisoning by verdigris. The oesophagus has presented an inflammatory appearance. The lining membrane orthe alimentary canal is often through- out or a deep-green color, owing to the small particles or verdi- gris adhering to it. It has been said that this is an uncertain character or poisoning by copper; since a morbid state or the bile often gives a similar color to the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. This objection cannot apply, where the green color is also found in the oesophagus, and throughout the intestines; and, under any circumstances, the evidence from the presence of a green color would amount to nothing in the judgment of a prudent witness, unless copper were freely de- tected in the parts so colored. Treatment. In general there is violent vomiting,—the salts of copper acting powerfully as emetics. The efforts of the stomach should be promoted by the free exhibition of warm water, milk, or any mucilairinnus drink, and the use of the stomach-pump. This latter instrument would be of little use, where the poison has been taken in coarse powder, as is generally the case. Various antidotes have been proposed. Sugar was formerly strongly recommended, on the principle that it had the property or reducing the salts of copper to the state of insoluble suboxide; but Vogel found that this chemical effect was chiefly confined to the subacetate, and in order that it should take place it was necessary that the substances should be heuted to 212°. M Pastel has since asserted, that the same decomposition goes on between these substances at the temperature or the stomach, and even at the ordinary temperature (Annalcs d'Hyg., 1833); he is therefore inclined to regard it still us an antidote, although it seems that animals to which he administered it died ; hut not so rapidly as when the poison was allowed to act by itself. Albumen is well known to form an insoluble compound with oxide or copper, provided the albumen be in very large excess; for the albuminate of copper is easily dissolved by an excess of the solution of sulphate. How for this would act on the com- paratively insoluble acetate, it is difficult to say ; as also whe- ther it be not itself a poison ; still it may reduce the activity o/ 11 242 COP [Appendix I. the soluble salts of copper, and thus it would be advisable t* administer it conjointly with the other means recommended Dr. Edwards, some years since, recommended the use of iron filings for precipitating the copper; but ihe action in this case is toe slow, and is immediately arrested by the iron becoming enveloped by a thin film of copper. If it even piecipitated ull the copper in ihe metallic slate, sulphateof iron would be found in the stomach, and this is itself un irritant. The hydruted oxide of iron has been used in Germany in poisoning wilh arse- nite of copper. A child swallowed a small quantity of green paint containing arsenite of copper: violent vomiting supervened with coldness of surface,—milk was given, and afterwards the hydruted oxide of iron. In five hours the vomiting had abated, nnd the child recovered. Tests. The sails of copper are generally known by their color: wh.-ther in the solid state or in solution, they are either blue or green ;—the salts of one other metal are also or a. green color, namely nickel; but there are striking chemical differences between the salts of this metal and those of copper. There are three very soluble salts of copper; two of these are blue,—the sulphate and nitrate, und one green, the chloride. The salt should be dissolved in water, diluted, und the following tests may be then applied. The solutions of the cupreous salts ge- nerally have an acid reaction. 1. Solution of ammonia: this gives, in a solution of copper, a bluish-white precipitate, which is soluble in an excess of the test, forming a deep violet-bine solution. 2. Ferrocyannte of potash, u rich claret-red precipi- tate ;—if the quantity of copper be small, the liquor acquires merely a light red-brown color. 3. Sulphuretted hydrogen gus, or hydrosulphuret of ammonia, gives a deep chocolate-brown precipitate, or merely a brown color if the copper be in small proportion. 4. A slip of polished iron (a common needle) suspended by a thread in the liquid, is speedily couted with a layer of copper, even where the suit is in very small proportion When much diluted, a drop of dilute sulphuric ucid may be added. If the needle be left for some days iu the liquid, the iron will be slowly removed, and a hollow cylinder of metallic copper will remain. This muy be dissolved in dilute nitric ucid, and tested with the foregoing tests. Half u grain of sulphate of copper, dissolved in sixteen ounces of water, may be thus easily detected. Am. ng these tests the ferrocyannte of potash and sulphuretted hydrogen gas will produce a marked action on a quantity of the cupreous suit, in which polished iron has no effect. Ammonia fails to indicate wilh any certainty less than the lOOih part of a grain or sulphate in one fluid drachm of water; but the ferrocyanate of potash and hydrosulphuret of ammonia produce an evident effect on a solution containing only the 250th part or a grain of sulphate in half a drachm of water. The iron test failed to detect the 150th part of a grain in a fluid drachm of water. It is, however, sufficiently delicate for most practical purposes. 5. If a lew drops of the copper solution be placed on platina foil,—slightly acidulated with a diluted acid, and the platina be then touched through the solu lion with a thin slip of zinc, metallic copper of its well-known red color, is immediately deposited on the platina. When the Appendix I.] COP 243 quantity of copper is small, there is merely a brown stain. This test is not so delicate as the iron test. Bclpuate or Copper. (Blue Vitriol. Roman Vitriol. Blue. Stone.)—This suit is met with in rhombic musses, transparent, and ot a rich blue color. When reduced to powder it is nearly white, but becomes again blue on melting or dissolving il. It is soluble in four parts of cold and two of boiling water, and ia easily obtained in well-defined rhombic crystals by evaporating a small quantity of the solution on a slip of glass. The powder undergoes no change on adding sulphuric acid. Nitrate of ba- rytes added to the solution, indicates the presence of sulphuric acid. Ammonio-Sulphate.—This forms a rich violet-blue solution, und is known from the sulphute by producing a green precipi- tate with a solution of arsenious acid. The sulphate is un- nffe ed by a solution of arsenious acid. Niti te.—It is crystallized in prisms of a deep blue color, and vi y deliqutscent,—extremely soluble in water, and the solution i not precipitated by nitrate of barytes or nitrate of silver. When the powdered crystals are mixed with tin filings and moistened with wuter, nitrous ucid fumes ure evolved. By adding carbonate or potash to the solution, and filtering, nitrate of potash is obtained in the filtered liquid, and the acid may be thereby identified. Chloridk.—This is seen in deliquescent crystals of an emerald green color. It is very soluble in water, forming a deep-green solution, if concentrated; but becoming blue when diluted. This diluted solution has the remarkable property of becoming green when heated to 212°, und again blue on cooling. It yields an abundant white precipitate with nitrate of silver in- soluble in nitric acid, by which it is easily known. The insoluble salts of copper, which may give rise to questions of poisoning, are the subacetate, subchloride, carbonate, and ursenite. They possess these common characters,—that when rubbed on a steel spatula with a few drops or diluted sulphuric acid, metallic copper is abundantly precipitated on the iron ;— and when dropped in u strong sol ution or ammonia, they acquire a rich violet-blue color. Subacetate. (Artificial Verdigris.)—There are several varie- ties or this salt, some of which are blue, and others green Verdigris is partially soluble in water; but if this be acidulated with acetic or muriatic acid, a solution is immediately obtained, to which the tests for copper may be rendily applied. If a portion of the powder be heated in a reduction tube, a film of metallic copper is produced,—and acetic acid vapor escapes. Acetic acid is, however, readily discovered by boiling the pow- der in dii ute sulphuric acid. Sulphute of copper is at thesame time produced, which admits of a ready analysis. BcnciiLORiDE. (Oxychloride. Brunswick Green.)—This is a rich green compound, which is formed where common salt has been used in a copper vessel, nnd has thus given rise to acci- dental poisoning. It is insoluble in water; but is easily dissolved by nitric or muriatic acid, and the acid solution will give all the reactions for copper. The simplest way of analyzing this com- pound, is to boil it n caustic potash:—when black oxide ol topper is separated. This may be washed, dissolved in an acid. 244 COP [Appendix J and tested, while the chlorine may be detected in the Altered uixaline liquid on acidulating with nitric ncid and adding nitrate of silver. This test will also detect the chlorine in the nitric acid solution of the subchloride. Carbonate.—This is a bluish green compound, which is pro- duced in firm crusts, when copper, brass, or bronze is exposed at the same time to the action of water and air. It is often called verdigris to distinguish it from ihe subacetate or artificial verdigris When heated on platina foil, carbonic acid is evolved, and black oxide of copper is left. It is insoluble in water; but is dissolved by acids with effervescence, a character which distinguishes it from the other insoluble salts. The acid solu tion gives the usual reactions with the tests for copper. Arsenite or Copper. (Scheele's Green.)—This is a powerful poison of a green co'or, the depth of which is greater in propor lion to the quantity or oxide or copper present. Its poisonous properties are chiefly due to the arsenic contained in it. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ammonia and the acids. When very gently heated in a reduction tube, arsenious acid is sublimed in minute octohedral crystals. These may be dissolved in water and tested in the usual way—the residuary oxide of copper may be dissolved in nitric acid and tested With char coal powder, the arsenite gives, although with some difficulty, a ring of metallic arsenic ; but its nature is easily determined by boiling it with diluted muriatic acid and a slip of bright copper. Metallic arsenic is immediately deposited on the cop- per. This compound is extensively used ns a pigment in the arts:—it is also improperly employed to give a green color to wafers and to articles of1 confectionery. Dr. Geoghegan informed us that an accident occurred in Dublin, in 1842, by which four- teen children suffered from symptoms or poisoning in conse- quence iff their having eaten some confectionery ornaments colored with Scheele's green. In two or three or these cases jaundice followed. Schweinfurth Green.—This is a mixture or arsenite and nee- tate or copper. The presence or arsenic in this compound is easily detected by muriatic acid and copper. The arsenite of copper has been placed among cupreous poisons; because it so closely resembles them in physical and chemical properties;— and the exijtence of arsenic in it might be easily overlooked. On the whole, these salts of copper are seldom used as poisons ; although so easy of access, that they are to be purchased with- out difficulty in any color shop. During the years 1837-8, there was not a single fatal case recorded of poisoning by copper throughout England and Wales. Copper in Organic Mixtures .—The oxide of copper is liable to be precipitated by certain organic principles, as albumen, fibrin, and mucous membrane: but some or these organic compounds are easily dissolved by acids or even an excess of the cupreaus salt. A portion at leust of the salt of copper is, therefore, com- monly held dissolved. In such cases, there is one peculiar feature possessed by these liquids, i. e., they have a decidedly green color when the copper salt is in a far less than po sonous proportion. We first filter the liquid, and save the insoluble portions for a separate operation. We may use as u trial test, a needle—zinc and platina, or add to a portion, oxalic acid, Appendix I.) COR 245 the last gives a bluish white precipitate only when the copper is in moderately lurge quantity. If the needle be not coated wilh copper in the course of a few hours, it is certain that there is no detectable quantity of the poison present iu the liquid- The needle experiment answers in spite of the presence of a lurge quantity of organic mutter; und a very small quantity of a suit of copp-r inuy be thus easily discovered in tea, coffee, porter, or gruel, provided we take care to acidulate the liquid slightly with diluted sulphuric ucid, befo.'e introducing the needle. The following is the result of an actual experiment: One-third of a grain of sulphateof copper was dissolved in wuter, and mixed wilh four ounces of thick gruel. Ammonia produced no effect on this liquid; and ferrocyunate of potash gave only a faint reddish brown discoloration. Two drops of diluted sulphuric ucid were udded to it, und a bright needle suspended in it by a thread. In twenty-four hours ihe needle was covered wilh a distinct film of metallic copper. The quantity ol copper suit here present, was les. than the 6000th part of the solution. If the needle be rusty, this experiment will fail. The smaller the quantity of copper, the longer the time required for the result to follow. If the copper salt be present in lurge quantity, the trial tests will indicate it immediately. We now destroy the viscidity of the liquid by diluting it if necessary; and puss into il u current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas in order to precipitate all the copper in the state of sulphuret. The black sulphuret may be col- lected, washed, dried, und then boiled in equal parts of nitric acid und water for a quarter of an hour. Nitrate and sulphate of copper ure produced and dissolved; a fact indicated by the liquid acquiring a rich blue color, and some sulphur is at the same lime separated. This liquid, when filtered, will give the usual reactions with the tests lor copper. Quantitative Analysis. This is best determined by converting the salt of copper to the stale of black oxide, every 100 parts of which, are equal to 32 of crystallized sulphate, and 392 of crystallized nitrate. If the cupreous salt be precipitated as sulphuret, this may be transitu med to black oxide by digestion in nitric acid, and subsequent precipitation by potash. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. (Hydrargyri Bichloridum.) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. An acrid, styptic, metallic taste, with the sensation of fullness and burning in the throat; copious salivation, but notulwuys; great anxiety; teuring pains of the stomach und intestines; nauseu; frequent vomniug of a fluid occasionally mixed with blood; diarrhoea; tenesmus; the pulse small quick, and hard; frequent faintings; universal debility; difficult respiration; cold sweats; cramps of all the members; convulsions; and death. Morbid Appearances. General inflammation of the first passages swelling and a livid color of the palate and fauces; epiglottis, trachea, und bronchial lubes injected ; oesophagus of a white color. In some cases red and black spots have been found in the cavities or the heart; constriction of the intest'wul canal, with marks of gangrene, sometimes with perforation of the viscus; and in general the mucous membrane of the stomach is detached 216 ORE [Appendix /. Tests. 1. If the poison be found in the solid state, its nature muj be suspected by its sensible qualities; but to ascertain the truth, mix the suspected substance with an equul weight of very dry ca.bonute of potussu; then put the mixture into a small glass tube, and neat it gradually to redness; if it be corrosive sublimate, mercury will be obtained in metallic globules. t. If the suspected pnison be a fluid and a colorless liquid, place in it a wiie of clean polished copper twisted round a sovereign, and allow it to remain lor a short time, when the gold will be (overed with a white coating that will acquire a metallic lustre when rubbed, if corrosive sublimate be the poison: or pour into it lime-water, or liquor potassa.*, which will produce an orange-yellow precipitate, il the salt be present. The solution of iodide of potassium will precipitate scarlet biniodide of mercury. 3. Drop n little of the solution on the back of a gold watch, and whilst holding the watch in one hand, touch it with a knife or a key held in the other; an amalgam will be instantly formed on the gold if the poison be corrosive sublimnte. 4. If the solvent be wine, coffee, or uny colored liquid, agitate it slowly tor ten minutes in a phial, with two or three druehms or sulphuric a-ther; then ufter the fluids have separated by rest, pour off the aaher, and evaporate it in n smuil porceluin capsule. If corrosive sublimate be present, it will remain in a crystallized form in the capsule; and that it is that salt may be proved by dissolving the residue in watei, and precipitating, us already described, with lime-water, or solution of potassa or iodide of potassium. 5. If we have only the contents or the stomach to act upon, coil a copper wire round a sovereign or a piece of gold, und having acidulated with nitric ncid, drop this pile into the fluid. If corrosive sublimate be the poison, a precipitate of metallic mercury will be formed on the gold. 6. To the suspecied solution, add a solution of protochloride of tin ; then, after a short time, add more, and leave the precipi- tate to subside. Pour off ihe fluid, und wush repeatedly the precipitate; a globule of mercury will remain. T'eatment. Give large quantities of while of egg diluted in wa- er, in repealed doses. The ulbumen decomposes the corrosive sublimate, and reduces it to a state of calomel, and the pro- toxide, which, acting on the bowels, carries itself off by purging. Tae poison is ulso reduced to calomel by a mixture of soup and the gluten of wheut Hour. Bleeding is requisite if the pulse be quick and hnrd. The warm balh may also be employed; and during convalescence the patient should subsist altogether on broths, milk, and demulcent fluids CRE \SOTE. An acrid poison. Symptoms. It operates as a poweiful topical excitant, causing intluminution of the tissue with which it comes in contact, and destroying life by the nervims sympathy it induces. Tests. Distinguished by its odor, that of smoked meat and tar. It instantly coagulates albumen. Treatment. Administer freely white of eggs, then give direel emetics. The prostration is to be counterncted by ummonia and oilier stimulants, oleaginous and mucilaginous drinks, re- fpendix I. ] ELA 24? nesection, artificial respiration when necessary; subsequent inflammatory symptoms to be combated in the usual way, as in a case of gastritis. CUSPARIA, FALSE. Supposed to be the bark of Strychnos Nux Vomica. The symptoms it causes ure similar to those from nux vomica. Test. Pieces rough, covered with a whitish dust, they have no odor, are intensely bitter, heavy, resinous in the fracture, inner surface reddened to blood color by nitric ucid; the infusion reddens litmus ; sesquichloride of iron changes it to green ; ferrocyunute of potash to grass green. Treatment; see Nux Vomica. CYANODIDE OF MERCURY. Symptoms. The same as produced by hydrocyanic acid ; excites nausea and vomiting, and leaves traces of inflammation of the stomach. Treatment. No chemical antidote is known. The contents of the stomach should be evacuated, and then administer stimu- lants, such us ammonia, aither, wine, and external friction, mustard, Ate. When muriatic acid gas, or hydrochloric acid gas, as it is now called, has been inhaled, the patient should inhale ihe vapor of ammonia. CYCLAMEN; see Sow Bread. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE, (Atropa Belladonna.) An acro- narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. A sense or great dryness and constriction or the pha- rynx and oesophagus; sickness, vertigo, dilated pupils and dimness or sight; laughter, delirium, redness and tumefuction of the face; convulsions. The stomach and bowels become sometimes so paralyzed, that vomiting can scarcely be pro- duced by the most powerful emetics; and death follows. Morbid Appearances. The body swells greatly after death, whilst blood flows from the nose, mouth, and ears, and rapid putrefaction ensues. The stomach and intestines display marks of high inflammatory action, and the vessels of the bruin are generally found turgid with blood. Test. There is no chemical test for ascertaining the presence of this poison in food ; but the botanical characters both orthe leaves und the fruit should he familiar to every practitioner. The berries, which are most likely to be eaten by children, are large, roundish, with a longitudinal furrow on each side, of a very deep purple color, smooih, shining, nnd seated within a permanent green flower cup or calyx. Their taste is sweet and agreeable. Treatment. Give emetics of sulphate of zinc or of copper; then evacuate the bowels by aclive purgatives nnd clysters; and follow these by large doses of vinegar and water, or other vegetable acids. The previous use of vinegar has been recom- mended, and it. is said the emetics act with more certainty nfter its use; after the vomiting, strong coffee proves very efficacious. DIGITALIS: see Foxglove. ELATERIUM, (Momoridica Elaterii, fructus ct fecula.) As acro-narcotie poison. Symptoms. VioLent sickness, vomiting and hypercatharsis; the stools being of the most watery consistence; end followed by sudden and excessive debility, cold clammy sweats, and death 248 FUN [Appendix J. Morbid Appearances. When the dose has been very large, the whole raucous membrane of the stomach and intestines ap pears in some degree inflamed; but when the fruit has beeu eaten, or the dose of the elaterium which has been tukeu is small, the rectum only presents marks or inflammatory action Test. No tests are known for detecting this poison ; the elaterium can be recognized by its physical qualities; the fruit is a hairy small pepo. 7Veatment. Little is to be done except supporting the habit by cordials and opium, and the exhibition of enemas of starch, opium, and camphor. EUFHORBIUM ; see Spurge. FOXGLOVE, (Digitalis Purpurea folia.) An acro-narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Intermitting pwlse, vertigo, indistinct vision, nausea, hiccough, cold sweats, delirium, syncope, convulsions, and death. Morbid Appearances. The stomach and intestinal canal display scarcely any morbid alteration; but the lungs are crepitant, and the blood contained in the ventricles is generally in a fluid state. Test. Unless the plant or the entire leaves be found in the recent or properly dried state, or the powder be procured, it is impos- sible to determine that this poison has been employed, except from the symptoms. Treatment. Exhibit cordials, as, for example, brandy, aromatic confection, and opium; and apply a blister to the pit of the stomach. FOOL'S PARSLEY, (**Ef.Ausa Cynapium.) An acro-narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Heat of throat, thirst, vomiting, and occasionally diarrhoea; difficult respiration; a small, frequent pulse; ce phalalgia, vertigo, and delirium. Morbid Appearances. Murks of inflammation in the oesophagus and stomach, the spleen livid, und the ventricles or the heurt filled wilh blnck fluid blood. Test. This plnnt is distinguished from parsley by theinvolucels, which consist of three long linear leaflets, pendent on one side or each umbel; by its nauseous odor, when the leaves are rubbed between the fingers, und the very darlc-green color ol Ihe upper disc of its leaves. Treatment. Give emetics and demulcent fluids in sufficient quantity to excite vomiting ; bleeding and aperients. FUNGl/SES. comprehending AGARICS nnd POISONOUS MUSHROOMS, (Fungi.) Acro-narcotic vegetable poisons. The poisonous fungi belong chiefly to the genus AMANITA ; namely, A. Bulbosa Alba, A. Citrina, A. Viridis ; to AGARl CUS—Ag. Acris, Ag. Piperatus, Ag. Pyrogalus, Ag. Stypticus, Ag. Urens, and Ag. Annularius. The eatable are Boletus FAulis, Amanita Aurentiaca, Morchella Esculenta, Mrrutius Cantharillus, Clavaria Ecralloides, Agaricus Esculentus, and A. Torti'.is. Symptoms. Different funguses produce different effects on the animal system. The more general symptoms, which usually occur from six to twenty hours after eating them, are pains of ihe stomach, nausea, vomiting, and purging, colic, cramp of Appendix I] H E L 249 the lower extremities; convulsions, both general and partial; an unquenchable thirst, vertigo, delirium, coma, and death. The intellect remains entire to the last moment or life. Morbid Appearances. Numerous black blotches on the skin over the surlace of the whole body; the abdomen much blown up; the pupils contracted; the stomach and intestines inflamed, gangrenous, and strongly contracted in many places; the lungs inflamed, and gorged with black blood; the liver and spleen in the same state; the membranes of the brain, also, present marks of .inflammation; and sphacelated spots are seen on almost every viscus. The blood is a ways found coagulated; and, in every instance, there is a remarkable flexibility of the members. rest. There are no means of ascertaining that a person has been poisoned by these vegetables, unless some of the plants be found; in w hich case their deleterious properties are known by their botanical characters. As a general rule, those which have an acrid juice, a leathery dull-colored fle»h, which grow in obscure, shady pluces, or on the trunks of decayed trees, or on rocks, which have a glnry or very shining surface, or an offensive odor, or become brown when cut, are to be rejected. They may be tested by cutting them and applying a piece of silver to the cut surface; if it be blackened, the mushroom is bad. Cooking fungi with vinegar or lemon juice uids greatly in destroying their poisonous properties. Treatment. First evacuate the poisonous substances by emetics and purgatives, or by combinations of these; for example, three or four grains of tartar emetic, or twenty four of ipecacuanha powder in solution with two ounces of sulphate of soda. Cas- tor oil is a valuable purgative in these cases. The lancet is sometimes necessary. After the stomach and bowels have been emptied, give small but repeated doses of ether in muci- luge, and dilute with vinegar or other acidulated liquids. The debility subsequent to the effects ol these poisons, when the fatal issue is averted, must be treated with cinchona and other tonics. GAMBOGE, (Cambogia.) An acrid vegetable poison. Symptoms. Violent vomitings, colic, and hypercatharsis, followed by great prostration or strength, und death. Morbid Appearances. Slight inflammation of Ihe mueous mem- brane of the stomach und intestines, and marks of strong vascular action in the rectum. Test. This poison is easily detected by its beautiful yellow color, and the tinge it communicates to the whole mucous membrane of the intestines. Treatment. Carbonate ot potassa in demulcent and mucilaginous liquids, nnd milk, should be freely administered ; und, after the poison is supposed to be wholly evacuated, small doses of opium at short intervals. HELLEBORE ROOT—BLACK, (Ilellebori Nigri Radix.) Aa acrid vegetable poison. Symptoms. Severe pain of the stomach and intestines, violenl vomiting, vertigo, excessive debility, salivation, convulsions, sometimes opisthotonos, sometimes emprosthotonos, and death It |Yoduces the same effects when it is applied to a wound. Morbid Appearances. Evident signs of inflammation in the all 11* 850 II E N [Appendix 1 mentary canal, but more particularly in the Jarger intestines The limbs remain remarkably flexible after death. Test. None. Treatment. The poison is generally thrown out of the stomach by the vomiting it occasions. This should be assisted, how ever, by copious dilution with mild mucilaginous fluids; and be followed by bleeding, and other antiphlogistic measures. HELLEBORE ROOT—WHITE, (Veratri Albi Radix.) An acrid vegetable poison, deriving its poisonous properties from a suit of veraniu. Symptoms. Vomiting and hypercatharsis, with bloody stools; great anxiety, tremors, vertigo, syncope, sinking of the pulse, cold sweats, convulsions, and death. Nearly the same symp- toms are produced by the application of the root to an ulcerated surface. Morbid Appearances. Slight inflammation of the stomach and bowels. Considerable inflammation of the rectum, which often presents sphacelated spots. The lungs are generully gorged with blood. Test. None. Treatment. Evacuate the stomaeh by copious draughts of oily and mucilaginous liquids, und exhibit emollient enemus to Sheathe and soothe the rectum. Then administer acidulous fluids, coffee, and camphor, and bleed, in conjunction with other antiphlogistic measures. Allay the action of the poison on the rectum by emollient clysters. Hahnemann asserts that coffee is the aniidote of this poison. *„* The same instructions will serve in cases of poisoning by Fetid Hellebore, Bryony, Sabadilla, Ranunculus, Arum, <"-e. HEMLOCK., (Conii Maculati folia et radix.) A narcotic vege table poison, deriving its deleterious properties from an alkaline principle called Conia. Symptoms. Sickness, difficulty of respiration, great anxiety, ver- tigo; delirium, which often rises to maniacal phrensy ; dilata- tion of the pupils, stupor, trismus, convulsions, and death. Morbid Appearances. Scarcely any marks of infiammalion are perceptible in the stomach or the intestines, except in the rectum, in which red blotches are observed. The vessels of the bruin ure gorged with very fluid blood ; evidences of strong inflammation having existed hi that organ, also present them- selves. Test. None. The plant has a biennial root, with circular marks; the stem is annual, herbaceous, striated, and maculated with dark purple blotches; the leaves are large, alternate, supradecompound, and when rubbed evolve an offensive odor of the urine of the cat. TVeatment. Evucuate the stomach by a scruple of sulphate of line, dissolved in nn ounce of wuter, or by some other powerful emetic; the affusion of cold water on the head; and having reduced the cerebral excitement by bleeding and purging, administer freely vinegar and water, or any other acidulous liquid. HENBANE, (Hyoscyami folia et semina.) A narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Sickness, stupor, dimness of sight, and delirium, followed by coma, and greut dilatation of the pupils; the pulse Appendix 1.] I 0 D 251 is at first hard, but becomes gradually weaker and tremulous, petechia: often make their appearance as the forerunners ol death. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation of the stomach, the intestines, and the membranes of the brain. Test. None. The plant is recognized by its pale green, angular, viscid, or clammy leaves; its disagreeable odor; ils flowers and Beed vessels being on one side of the flowering spike with leaves on the other; its capsular fruit, furnished with a persistent calyx, bilocular, and opening with a lid. Treatment. If the poison have been recently taken, evacuate the stomach by a powerful emetic, and ufterwurds administer vinegar und acidulous drinks; but if the poison have already entered the system, bleed and purge freely to reduce the in- flammatory symptoms, exhibiting ut the same time acidulous liquids. HYDROCYANIC ACID ; see Prussic Acid. INSECTS, POISONOUS. The most common of ihcse are the Tarantula, Scorpion, Hornet, Wasp, Bee, Gnat, Gad Fly, Sand Fly. &-c. In general, the sting or bite of these insects occasions onjy a slight degree or pain and swelling; but occasionally the symptoms are more violent, and sickness fever, and occasion ally death, result in consequence. Treatment. Ammonia and oil may be rubbed on the affected part, and a piece of rug, moistened in the same, or in salt and water, may be applied till the pain is removed. Small doses ot Spts. of Ammonia may also be given internally, with warm diluents, or wine nnd water. The sting may often be removed uy making pressure over it with the barrel of a small wtcfc He. .OD1NE. An ntnd mineral poison. Symptoms. In doses of gr. x. to gr. xxx., iodine causes heat ana constriction of the fauces, nausea, offensive eructations, epi- gtis:rttlgia, vain efforts at vomiting, colic, quickening of the pulse, dijrrhceu, tremblings, great thirst, satyriasis, slight con- vulsions, death. When poisoning occurs from small doses long continued, emaciation and debility are extreme. Morbid Appearances. Distension and inflammation of the sto- mach and intestines; sphacelation in some parts; pale, volu- minous liver. Tests. Indine in the solid form is in bluish grey scales, having the odor of chlorine, neated in a tube it affords violet vapor; added to cold mucilage of starch, it gives it a deep-blue color. H the poison be contained in animal fluids, pass through them a stream iff sulphuretted hydrogen, then boil, saturate with potassa, and having added cold mucilage of starch, pour on the filtered solution some chlorine gas, the blue color will indicate the poison. The same process will detect it in the stomach. Treatment. Administer mucilage of starch freely, then empty the stomach by direct emetics, and treat the inflammatory symptoms as a case of simple gastritis. IODIDE OF POTASSIUM. (Potassii ledidum.) Symptoms. Uneasiness of stomach, followed by nausea and * burning pain in that organ; vomitings, cephalalgia, vertjg* tremors 25 1*52 LAD [Appendtx I. Morbid Appearances. The stomach contracted ; ccch^mosed spots on its lining membrane; slight ulcerations; some traces of inflammation in the intcstinul tube. Tests. The crystals of the salts are cubes, of on acrid, sharp taste, slightly deliquescent.; its solution, mixed with starch and treated with chlorine or wilh nitrous ucid, forms the blue Iodine of Amidine ; the bichloride of mercury forms a beautiful scarlet precipitate of the biniodide of mercury. Test the urine, after mixing it with starch, with gaseous chlorine. This gas will detect I part in 1,000,000 of urine, which should be cold before it is tested. In Organic Liquids.—If.muclncolored, boil wilh animal charcoal until the color is in great part or entirely removed; then add to the liquid u solution of stanch in large quantity, and afterwards nitric acid. As a trial test, we may employ a slip of filtering paper soaked in starch, then dipped into ihe suspected liquid and exposed to the fumes of nitric ncid. In this case the color of the liquid does not interfere with the experiment. By this process, the iodide may be detected io the urine, when the analyst may not succeed in -finding it in the contents of the stomach, if present in organic solids, we must dry them, in- cinerate them and lixiviate the incinerated residue, when traces of the iodide may be delected by starch and nitric acid. The following is the result of un experiment. Ten grains of iodide or potassium were dissolved in six ounces of porter, mixed with an ounce of thick starch. The mixture was evaporated to 'ryuess, the residue incinerated und hxivinted with one ounce of water. The solution was neutral. One drop containing one-fiftieth of a grain ofiodide, gave a deep pink red color with starch und nitric ucid. Treatment. The same as in cases of poisoning bv iodine. IODIDES OF MERCURY, (Hydrargyri Protiedidum et Bin- iodidum.) Symptoms. Nearly the saiine as those produced by bichloride ol mercury. Tests. When the protiodide is heated in a glass tube, it evolves vapor of iodine; if previously mixed with potassa, Ihe heating sublimes metallic mercury, and leaves ioJide of potassium. The biniodide sublimes yellow when heated, and changes lo red as it cools: in other respects it may be tested in the same manner as the protiodide. Treatment. The same us in cases of poisoning by corrosive sub- limate. LAUDANl'M ; see Opium. LAUREL W\TKR,'(Aqua Distillnta Cerassi Lauro-cera'i.) A naicolic, vegetable poison, deriving its poisonous powers from hydrocyanic acid. Symptoms. Sudden death, without vomiting, convulsions, or any of ihe other symptoms which ii-ually precede it in coses ol poisoning. Insensibility when the death is not very sudden. In some instances violent pain of the stomach has been com- plained of immediately before the fatal event. Morbid Appearances. Very slight appearances of redness in the stomach ; but all the other organs are in a natuial state. Test. Strong smell of hitter almonds. The hydrocyanic acid which it contains is'readily rendered obvious, which, added u, Appendix I.] LEA 25: its odor, enables the poison to be satisfactorily detect:**. See Prussic Acid. Treatment. The fatal effect of this poison is so quickly produced that little opportunity is afforded for the trial cf antidotes. Brandy, ammonia, and other cordials, may prove usefuf Chlorine has been proposed. LEAD. The only compounds of lead which have been found produce poisonous effects upon the system, are the acetate subacetate, chloride, carbonate, and the oxidf ac h ra.ine sulphates, either of soda or magnesia. The cmbouatei should be avoided, as ihe carbonate of lend is poisonous- whili the sulphate is either inert or possesses but very little activity 254 LEA [Appendix i. An emetic of sulfnate or zinc should be given, if vomiting does net already exist. The stomach-pump may be occasionu.1." employed with benefit. It is well known that albumen preci- pitates ihe oxide ot lead when added in lurge quantity ; and Mltscherlich has found that casein, the albuminous principle of milk, is a very effectual precipitant of the oxide of lead Therefore it would be advisable to administer, in cases of poi- soning by the soluble salts of lead, milk or albumen in large quantity. The compounds thus formed, as in the case of cor rosive sublimate, may not be absolutely inert; but they ure for less active than the acetate ilself and tend to prevent the action of the poison as a corrosive on the stomach. Carbonate of Lead. (White Lead. Ceruse.) See Carbonate of Lead, pp. •J.ij-O. Oxides of Lead. The yellow oxide (massicot), tnd the brown oxide (peroxide), are but little known except to '.hemists. Li thurge and minium are, however, much used in the arts, and have sometimes given rise to accidental poisoning. Liquids used for culinary or dietetic purposes, especially if they c main a free acid, are liable to become impregnated wilh oxide of lead, derived from the glaze of the vessel iu which they are kept, and to foim poisonous salts. If vinegar be used, ucetate of lead may result Litharge glaze is also eusily dissolved by alkaline or fatty substances. The euling of dripping or fot or meat, baked in a newly glazed vessel, has thus been known to give rise to slight attacks of colic; while the symptoms were referred by the party to some substance mixed with the food. When articles of this kind are impregnated with oxide of lead, thf fact is immediately known by their being turned more or less of a brown color by hydrosulphuret of ammonia. Litharge was formerly much used to remove the acidity of sour wine, and convey u sweet taste. Acetate of lead, or some other vegetable salt of the metal, is in these cases formed ; and the use of such wine may be productive of alarming symptoms. Many years since a fatal epidemic colic prevailed in Paris owing to this cause. The adulteration was discovered by Fourcroy, nnd it was immediately suppressed. Such wine is known by its being blackened by hydrosulphuret of ammonia. Snuff hus been found to be adulterated with red lend : in one instance this mixture is supposed to have caused denth, and in another, it gave rise to alarming symptoms. (Med. Guz., xxxii., 138.) "Jider is apt to become poisoned with the salts of lead when it comes in contact with that metal. t has been found that sugar is sometimes the medium of convey- ing lead poison into the system, and giving rise to attacks of colic in those who partake of it. Dr. Jackson has reported an instance of this kind, in which several persons lost their lives, and many others were attacked with paralysis and colic, who had partaken of sugar which had probably been kept in leaden reservoirs. Lead was discovered in the sugar in lurge quantity. Tests. Litharge is commonly seen in reddish or yellow-color*, d scaly crystals, insoluble in water, but si luble in great part, or if pure, entirely in dilute nitric, acid. The solution possesses all the characters of nitrate of lead. Minium or red lead is commonly seen as a rich orange-red powder;—it is partially dissolved by acids,—a portion of brown peroxide being left Appendix I.] M E A 25\ I'hp solution gives the usual reactions with the tests for lead Both of these oxides are easily reduced on charcoal, by the aid of a blow-pipe, or by mixing them with paste,—painting with this mixture a piece of card, drying it and burning it, metallic lead is immediat-ly produced. Minium is known from vet rnilion among other properties, by its being blackened by hydro Biilphuretof ammonia; from red oxide of mercury, by the ac tion of nitric acid, as well as by the effect of heat. Red oxidi of mercury is entirely dissipated into oxygen md mercury,- ininium gives off'oxygen, but remains fixed as an orange-yellow oxide of lead. It is a common coloring matter in red wafers. LIME, (Calx.) A corrosive mineral poison. Symptoms. Great heat of the throat, nausea, vomiting, epigas- tr.-ilgiu, und insupportable colic, with all the symptoms which characterize inflammation of the stomach nnd intestines. Morbid Appearances. Intense inflainmution of all the membranes with which the poison has come in contact. Test. If any of the poison be found, pour over it distilled water; then stop the vessel closely from the atmospherical air, and after some time filter the supernatant fluid. If this have a strong, acrid, styptic taste,—if it change to green the vegetable blues, und be precipitated by oxalic acid,—and if, on exposure to the air, a pellicle be formed which is soluble with effervescence in vinegar or any acid, we may pronounce ihe pnison to be lime If none of the poison be found, and nevertheless it is suspectea to be lime, calcine the contents of the stomach nnd bowels, and treat the residue as above directed. Treatment. Vinegar. Union juice, or any vegetable ncid, should be freely administered, and then demulcents; employing bleed- ing, und every means that can reduce the inflammatory action excited in the abdominal viscera. MEADOW SAFFRON, (Colehici Autumnalis, semina etbulbus.) An acro-narcotic vegetable poison, deriving its powers from colchicia. Symptoms. Nausea and vomiting, violent griping and hyperca- tharsis, rapid sinking iff the pulse, and cold sweats. Morbid Appearances. Slight inflammation of the stomach and intestines; but the effect is chiefly produced by the action of the poison on the nervous system. Test. None. Treatment. Evacuate the stomach by bland demulcent fluid taken in large doses; then exhibit opium in small doses, with cordials. MEAT, (Poisoned.) Cases of poisoning, from putrid or diseased meat, are of not unfrequent occurrence. Symptoms. Pain and uneasiness at the precordial region, ex- tending to the back and loins; nausea nnd vomiting, thirst, and a burning sensation at the stomach, followed by great irritability or this organ: great prostration and debility, with death, or Blow convalescence. Morbid Appearances. A fluid state or the blood, which is dark- colored ; inflamed condition of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels. 7Veatment. Evacuate the contents of the stomach by emetics, calhurtics, and enemata; blisters to the epigastrium; stimu lating frictions to the spine; cold applications to the head, local 256 M O It [Appendix I. ti.piefioi' or general venesection, in the early stage; afterwards Cordial e'im-ulnnls, and revulsives to the extremities. The morbid fiiusc, in these cases, is generally a poisonous acid, ge- nerated ' y putrefactive fermentation, as in the German sausages, and smutted beef, imperfectly cured before smoking. MONKSHOOD, (Aconiti, folia, flares, et semina.) An acro- narcotic poison. Symptoms. Numbness of the apex of the tongue, with a sensa- tion of burning in the fauces, followed by tremors, and u feeling of coldness in those purts. Nausea and violent vomiting, hypercatharsis, vertigo, cold sweats, delirium, and convulsions, which terminate in death. Morbid Appearances. Very slight appearances of inflammation in the stomach ; livid blotches appear on the body; the mind satfers; indeed, its effects appear to depend altogether on its action on the nervous system. Test. None. Treatment. Evacuate the substance from the stomach, and then administer freelv acidulous fluids and cordials MORPHIA—ACETATE OF—HYDROCHLORATE OF, (Morphia Acetas et Hydrochloras.) Symptoms. Morphia in poisonous doses causes nearly the same symptoms us opium ; the acetate und hydrochlorute, in doses of three to six grains, cause headache, vertigo, dimness of sight, contraction of the pupils, vomiting, colic, diarrhcea succeeded by obstinate costiveness, retention of urine, great itching of the skin, sometimes accompanied «iih a papular eruption and profuse sweats, convulsions, sometimes of a tetanic, sometimes of an epileptic character. The acetate, in particular, causes tetanic twitching, resembling electric shocks. This is not a fatal symptom : but in these large doses the symptoms of this poison terminate in death. Morbid Appearances. An injected slate of the mucous mem- brane, and of the membranes of the brain, especially in the anterior part of the head. Tests. Nitric ucid tinges morphia and its salts red: to iodate o, potassa. dissolved in water, add a drop of sulphuric ucid, and then some starch, and when the mixture is cold, sprinkle the suspected morphia or its salt in it; if morphia be present, blue iodide of amidine will be formed. Iodic acid is said to discover '.orphia by the power which the latter has of decomposing it »nd setting the iodine free; but Mr. Davidson has discovered ihat albuminous fluids ure equally capable of decomposing the iodic acid—thence it cannot be regarded as n test of morphia. The three best tests' lor this alkaloid are the following. 1. Nitric acid. This, when added to a moderately strong snlut'sn of a salt of morphia, produces slowly a deep orange-red color. If added to the crystals, deutoxide of nitrogen is evolved;—the morphia becomes entirely dissolved, and the solution acquires instantly the deep-red color above described,—becoming, how- ever lighter by standing. In order that the effect should follow, the solution of morphia must not be too much diluted, and the ac'd must be added in pretty large quantity. The color is rendered much lighter by boiling;—therefore the test should never be added to a hot solution 2. Periiiiiriate of iron ses- quichloride.) This, when neutralized '">y a small quantity oi Appendix 7. J MUR 25*: potash if necessary), gives un inky-blue color in a solution ot morphia. If the quantity of the morphia be small the color is greenish:—the blue color is entirely destroyed by acids,—it is also destroyed by heat, but returns on cooling: thus this test should v.ever be employed with a very ucid or a hot solution of -i sa:*. of morphia. 3. Iodic acid. Morphia in the solid state or n s<;'utioii decomposes this acid, taking part of its oxygen, and setting free iodine. In order to inuke this evident, the iodic acid should be first mixed with starch; nnd a part of this mix- ture only added to the suspected solution,—part being reserved to allow of u comparison. It is suid that this test will detect the 1000th part of a grain or morphia :—if the quantity be very small, there is only a reddish or purple tinge, slowly produced, sometimes not for many hours;—if large, the dark blue iodide of farina is formed in a few seconds. This color being de- stroyed by heat, the test must not be added to a hot solution. We have found also, that the presence of a large quantity of acid, prevents or interferes wilh the result. It succeeds equally well with morphia or its salts when unmixed with organic mutter. Treatment. The same us in poisoning by opium. MURIATIC (HYDROCHLORIC) ACID, (Acidum Hydrochlo- ricum.) A corrosive mineral poison. Symptoms. Sensation of burning in the throat, the oesophagus, and the stomacb ; styptic tusle in the mouth; greut thirst; the eyes red and sparkling; the pulse very frequent and tense; the skin hot and dry ; the tongue red und glazed ; ihe lips black ; vomiting of blood nnd yellow matter, having the pun- gent odor of the acid; cold sweuts, delirium, and death. These are also the symptoms attending poisoning by any of the mineral acids; but it is said by Orfila, thai when hydrochloric ucid is the poison, a thick white fume of a sharp penetrating odor, similar to that exhaled by the acid, is?ues from the mouth. Morbid Appearances. The mouth, oesophagus, and stomach, are of a deep red color, and partially covered with extruvusuted blood; they ure nlso often perforated in many places. Vest. When, any of the acid which has been used as the poison remains, it is readily detected by its sensible qualities, and by the white dense fumes ol" hydrochlorale of ammonia, which are formed when a glass rod dipped in ammonia is approached lo it. H in.xed with wine, or other colored fluids, it may be detected by distilling the suspected fluid from a small retort over a candle, into a phial containing a solution of nitrate ot silver; the ;hloride of silver will be thus formed, which is known by its solubility in ammonia, and its insolubility in nitric acid If the contents of the stomach or the vomited matter onlv can be procured, boil these for three-quarters of an hour in combination with a dilute solution of" pure potassa, and pre- cipitate the til ered fluid with nitrate of silver, which will form th..' Mloride of silver, if the poison be hydrochloric acid. Treat-^nt. Administer immediately soap und calcined magnesia, or v-.tiling, nnxed in bland demulcent fluids, (rive, freely, enr* ent diluents, and employ antiphlogistic means to over- cm-n^ the infla.nmatory symptoms that supervene, when tha ptftwm does not prove very soon fatal. 258 MUR [Appendix I MURIATE or HYDROCHLORATE OF BARYTA, ot CHLORIDE OF BARIUM, (Barii ChUridum.) Acorroejve mineral poison. Symptoms. Violent vomiting, accompanied with excruciating, burning pains of the stomach and bowels: vertigo, stupor, paralysis of the lower extremities, convulsions, and death. In- dependent of its corrosive property, it acts on the bruin and nervous system ; the action of ihe heurt is rupid and inteimit ling, respiration is momentarily suspended ; the pupils dilate, and insensibility supervenes. Morbid Appearances. Evidences or inflammation of the mucous .nembrane of the stomach throughout its whole extent. Tests. If uny of the poison be found, chloride or barium may be detected in it by dropping into it a little sulphuric ucid, when a while precipitate will be formed, which is insoluble in nitric acid, or by the suspected fluid yielding with nitrute or silver u white curdled or clotted precipitate, insoluble in water und in nitric acid, but soluble m pure liquid ammonia. If the men struma be red wine or coffee, the mixture is turbid ; it should be filtered, and its color destroyed by chlorine before testing if. The excess of chlorine, however, must be previously dissipated by heat, when the nitrate of silver is employed us a test. Treatment. As soon us possible, dilute largely with bland fluids holding in solution sulphute of «oda or of magnesia; for these salts decompose the chloride or barium, and form an inert, insoluble sulphate in the stomach; then excite vomiting by irritating the fauces; afterwards treat the case as one of gastric inflammation. *„* The other barytic salts produce nearly the same effects on the animal economy as the chloride; nnd therefore these in- structions refer equally to cases of poisoning by the nitrate and the carbonate of bsryla, or by pure buryla. MURIATE or CHLORIDE OF TIN, (Ckloras Stanni.) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. An austere metallic taste; constriction of the oeso- phagus; impeded respiration; violent vomiting, with crump ot the stomach und exciuciating rolic pains, purging, the pulse small, but sharp und quick; convulsions, sometimes paralysis, asphyxia, and death. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation and erosion of the stomach and intestines. Test. This salt, in the solid state, is in small acicular crystals, of a yellowish-white color; deliquescent in the air, and red dening the vegetable blues. Mix the solid salt in a crucible, with charcoal and caustic potassa (potassa fusa), and, covering the crucible with charcoal, expose it to a strong heat for twenty minutes. The result should be metallic tin und chloride o» potassium. If the poison be in solution, precipitate separate portions of it by the following re-ngenls: solution or potassa* or or ferrocyanide or potassium, which throw down white precipitates; und the hydrosulphureis, which form yellow precipitates; bichloride of mercury, which forms a grey preel pitate composed of grains of metallic mercury ; and nitrute of silver, which precipitates clots of hydroehlorate of silver. If ihe solvents be wine or coffee, the solution must be freed from eolc by chlorine before being tested. Appendix 1} NIT 250 Treatment. Di'ute copiously with milk, which appears to de- compose the chloride; then excite vomiting by large draughts of tepid water and irritating ttie fauces. Bleed, and employ the warm bath, fomentations, and emollient enemas, to combat the iniluiiimutory symptoms ; administering, ut the same time, opiates and antispasmodics lo soothe the nervous irritation. MUSSEL, THE (Mytilis Edntis.) A septic animal poison. Symptoms. Sensation of weight ut the stomach, nausea, cou- striction of the throat, immoderate thirst, vomiting, stertorous breathing, vertigo, itching, nnd sometimes an eruption all over the .-kin ; low tremulous pulse, subsulius, and coldness of the extremities, occasionally terminating in death. Morbid Appearances. Slight evidences of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach. A dark, fetid fluid is present in the stomach; and the whole body rupidly undergoes putrefaction. Test. None. J eatment. Evacuate the stomach by a powerful emetic, and by irritating the fauces with the finger or a feather, until foil vomiting be excited; purge with castor oil ; and. at the same lime, dilute freely with acidulous liquids, giving, at short inter- vals, from twenty to sixty drops of aether in half un ounce of simple syrup. *»* These remarks apply generally to all cases of poisoning by fish—of which the following are the most common : Old Wife, Sea Lobster, Land Crab, Yellow- Billed Sprat, Grey Snapper, Dolphin, Conger Eel, Bottle Fish, Barracuda, Grooper, Rock Fish, King Fish, Bonetta, Porgee, Tunny, Blower. It is pro- bable that the poisonous properties offish depend chiefly on an unhealthy state of the fish itself. NITRATE OF COPPER; see under Copper. NITRE—NITRATE OF POTASSA, (Nitras Potassa.) An acrid mineral poison. Symptoms. When taken in doses or half an ounce to an ounce, which has too frequently happened from the salt being sold by mistake for sulphate or soda, it excites nausea, vomiting, and hypercatharsis; bloody stools, excruciating tormina iff the lower bowels, the sensation of fire in the stomach, laborious respiration, cold extremities, syncope, convulsions, nnd some- times death. If the patient live, he may remain paralytic. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation and sphucelution of the mu cous membrane of thi- stomach, which has been occasionally ftmnd perforated. The evidences or inflammation extend throughout the intestinal canal. Test. The form of its crystals, ffany of the salt remain, instantly distinguishes nitre from sulphate of soda; but, if it be in powder, it may be known by deflagrating when it is thrown upon hot coals, and by giving out nitrous acid fumes wnen hot sulphuric acid is poured on it. If Ihe ticid be in solution, throw upon the surface some crystals of morphia, and pour into the fluid a little sulphuric acid; if nitre be present, the morphia will be reddened by the nitrous acid disengaged. Or, add to the solution prntosuiphate of iron and sulphuric acid ; the nitric arid extricated acting on the salt of iron will darken the color of th.- solution. Treatment. Empty the stomach, and dilute freely with milk 260 NIT [Appendix 1 and bland demulcents; exhibit emollient enemas; and, after bleeding, when the pulse is hard und quick, administer opium und aromatics. NITRATE OF SILVER, or LUNAR CAUSTIC, (Argenti Nitras.) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. Nearly the same as those produced by corrosive sublimate; in general, the pain of the stomach is more severe; greatly embarrassed respiration. Morbid Appearances. The organs of deglutition and the stomach present evident marks of infiammalion und erosion. The mu- cous membrane of the stomach presents a bluck color; the lips, the interior of the mouth, the oesophagus, are also black. The fingers are someii.nes tinged with the same color. Tests. If the poison have been taken in solution in water, it is detected by the arsenious acid mixed wilh ammonia precipi- tating a yellow arsenite of silver. Ammonia does not render the solution turbid, but it is precipitated olive color by all the other alkulies. A stick of phosphorus placed in it precipitates the silver in a metallic state. Ail the hydrochloraies decom- pose it, and throw down a white precipitate, which is changed to black by the light; put these precipitates into a tube open at both ends and heated, pass through it a stream of hydrogen gas, the chloride first becomes yellow, then fuses and changes to red, which gradually weakens in depth, and leaves a couting of metallic silver on the tube. Treatment. Administer, instantly, a strong solution of common salt, to form an insoluble chloride of silver in the stomach. Then evacuate the stomach by an emelic ; and, if symptoms of inflammation nevertheless supervene, employ local and general bleeding, tepid baths, and emollient fomentations nnd clysters. TRISNITRATE OF BISMUTH, (Trisnitras Bismuthi) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. Nearly the same as those of corrosive sublimate, with a sensation or great heat in the chest and difficulty of breathing. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation and erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach, which is almost reduced to a state of" pulp, and separated by the slightest friction. The in flam ■nation extends throughout the intestines, and the lungs also displuy traces of it. Tests. The best test is chromute of potassa, which precipitates it from its aqueous solution of a beautiful orange-yellow color. It may be detected in the solid contents of the stomach by cal- cination; in the fluid contents, by passing through them a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen gus, dissolving the precipitate in hydrochloric acid, filtering the solution, nnd testing with ferrocyunute of potussu, which forms a yellowish-while pre- cipitate. Treatment. Exhibit large draughts of milk, which isfirmly co- agulated into clots by the trisnitrate of bismuth, and involving the poison, affords time and opportunity lo expel it from tin stomach. If symptoms of inflammation show themselves combat them by bleeding and other antiphlogistic measures. «*ITRIC ACID. NITROUS ACID—AQUAFORTIS, (Acidu Yitricum, Nitrosum, f. E.) Corrosive mineral poison openatv .".J NUX 26 tymptoms Sensation of burning in the throat, oesophagus and stomach; e^xi ve vomiting, and almost immediate dentil, 'f the ucid be *.;.r.g. and the dose large ; but if it be wcu< la,: patient ui;i; .'...gtr for u considerable time, in which case he vomits at ....e/vuls shreds of membrane, which have an in- supportable "a:or; the constipation of the howels is the most obstinate; ..nd when dejections are obtained, they are attended with excruc.uling torture. Morbid Appearances. When death has quickly taken place, the most characteristic feature displayed on dissection is a layer of yellow inciter, which covers the mucous membrane of the cesophagus, the stomach, und every part over which the poison has passed. This membrane is also converted into a fatty substance, and the stomach is often found perforated. The lips, the chin, and the hands of ihe patient, are also stained with orange-colored spots. Tests. Boil the fluid, if any remain unswallowed, over copper filings, when orange-colored fumes will be extricated if nitric ncid be present. Add morphia, which will be reddened, 01 add carbonate of potassa, which will form a deflagrating salt, if the ucid is the nitric. In u diluted stale this acid blackens the solution of protosulphate of iron. When none of the poison remains, und death has taken place, saturate the contents of the stomach wilh bicarbonate of potassa; ev.iporate the filtered solution lo dryness, add to the residue copper filings und sul- phuric ucid, and receive the fumes on morphia, or a solution or protosulphate of iron; redness in the former and dark olive in the latter prove the presence of nitric acid. Treatment. Give large doses of a solution of soap, or a mixture of calcined magnesia, chalk, or whiting, in water or any bland fluid. Then evacuate the stomach by large draughts of demul- cent fluids; and bleed, purge, and employ other antiphlogistic measures, if the symptoms indicate inflammation. NUX VOMICA, (Strychnos Nux Vomica, fructus.) An aero- narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Sensations of inebriety ; vertigo ; tetanic twitchings, aud rigidity of the limbs and arms, alternating with subsultus tendinum ;" extreme difficulty of respiration, with excruciating pain under the xiphoid cartilage; asphyxia; and death. Morbid Appearances. Scarcely uny evidences of membranous inilummalion in the stomach or intestines; the lungs appear natural ; but the left ventricle of the heurt is generally gorged wilh blood, und the whole of the arteries contructed. It is supposed that this poison acts chiefly on the medulla spinalis Tests, various processes have been suggested for the detection of strvchniu in nux vomica ; but owing to the very small quan- tity oi the poisonous alkaloid contained in it, it is obvious that, unless we have a large quuntiiy of ihe powder to examine, none of these are likely to succeed. Fifty grains of the powder will not yi'ad more than one quarter of a graiu of strychnia. The following is, perhaps, the most simple process: Boil the powder in alcuol of about seventy per cent., until nothing further is dissolved. Evaporate to an extract, and boil this in waler with a sin- .1 quantity of calcined magnesia. Strychnia, mixed with bruciu. is therob/ precipitated ; and may be separated Irom the magnesia in the insoluule residue, by further digestion in boiling 262 0 P I [Appendix . a cohol. 'Phis alcoholic liquid yields strychnia, which nv* ae purified in the usual way. There are no chemical chara' ters by which the ucid, united to the strychnia, can be rendil* identified ; and thus this process is more defective than that •oi morphiu, since we acquire so much more certainty, wheie, besides the poisonous base, we can show by tests the presenre of the peculiar acid with which the base is known to be united Another method or separating strychnia, is by making a" aqueous infusion with very dilute sulphuric acid, and after- wards precipitating the strychnia by boiling the filtered liquid with lime. The aqueous inftision of nux vomica gives the same bright-red tint with nitric acid, as the infusion of opium ; but it is known from the latter by iis giving i green insteud of a deep red color with the permuriate of iron. Treatment. Evacuate the stomach and bowels, and then dilute freely with vinegar and wuter, und other acidulous drinks, and give sedatives. OPIUM, (Opium.) A narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Drowsiness and stupor, which are followed by deliri urn, pallid countenance, sighing, deep and stertorous breuthing, cold sweats, coma, and death. Morbid Appearances. Slight redness of the stomach and Intes- tines; turgfscence or the vessels of the brain, and effusion of wuter upon its surface und into the ventricles. Generully, the lungs are engorged, and the blood is fluid. Tests. The tests for opium are, in fact, the tests of morphia and meconic acid. When m rphiu is present in such quuniity that it can be obtained in crystals from iis alcoholic solution, and accurately examined, there is no difficulty in identifying it; but this is rarely the case in poisoning by this drug Christison gives a process for the detection of opium in mixed fluids and solids, which in the hands of a skilful chemist might be suc- cessfully employed; but ordinary practitioners could hardly avail themselves of it so as to give uny decisive medico-legal evidence in a court of justice. Wash the contents of ihe stomach and intestines in distilled vinegar, and strain ; then test a portion with acidulated persulphate of iron to detect meconic acid, which gives it a cherry-red color. To another portion add solution of acetate of lead, nnd separate the precipitate by fil tration ; wash il well, then extend it in wliter, and pass through it a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen, heat it to drive off any excess of the gus, nnd test the fluid with acidulated persulphate of iron. Evaporate the fluid separated by the filter to an extract, act upon this by alcohol, leave the tincture to spontaneous evaporation, and test the residue for morphia. Treatment. The stomach-pump should be instantly used, or an emetic consisting of 3 ss. of sulphate of zinc, or from gr. v. to gr. x. of sulphate of copper dissolved in an ounce of water should be exhibited as soon as possible, and the vomiting kepi up by irrigating the fauces. It is advisable to use an astringent infusion instead of water with the stomach-pump. After the stomach is emptied, if the whole of the narcotic be removed. give large draughts of coffee, brandy, and cordials; keeping awake and constantly rousing the attention of the sufferer, unu'i the effects of the poison subside. Dash cold water upon the dead in a constant stream; apply strong mustard cataplasms Appendix I.] PH() 263 to the epigastrium and spine; and, if nee essary, resort tc artifi- r.ial respiration. Sometimes cupping the temples is useful. [rvnersion in the tepid bath is a useful means of suVuing the diowsiness. Dashing cold water on the head and cb jsl is also useful in rousing the sensibility. OXALIC ACID, (Acidum Oxnlicum.) A corrosive poison. Symptoms. Burning pain of the stomach; nuusey, and severe but ineffectual efforts to vomit; great diluta/an of pupilsT vertigo, convulsions, and death. Morbid Appearances. The tongue and fauces c e covered witl a viscid, white mucus; the stomach is partially inflamed, an exhibits in some places—those to which the acid has bee more immediately applied—a pulpy character. Evidences ol inflammation in the lungs. Tests. Its small, needle form, lamellar crystals have occasioned it to be mistaken for Epsom salts; but it is easily distinguished from these by its strong acid taste, by its volatilizing when heated in a phial, and subliming in small crystals, und by lime- water throwing down, in its solution, a copious precipitate of oxalate of lime, which is insoluble in an excess of t*e acid, but soluble in nitric acid. Precipitate by nitrate of silver; the precipitate, when well washed und dried, slightly detonates. Treatment. It is recommended that water should be sparingly given, ns it is apt to lead to the mere extensive diffusion and absorption of the poison. But in some instances water has been found to be productive of great benefit; and has aided the efforts of the stomach to expel the poison by vomiting. The proper antidotes are chalk, or magneria or its carbonate, made into a cream with water, and freely exhibited. These remedies appear, from the cases reported, to have been very efficacious when timely administered. A mixture of lime water and oil might be advantageously employed. If much fluid has been swallowed, then the stomach-pump may be resorted to. The poison in many instances acts wilh such rapidity, as to render the application of these remedies, a hopeless measure. The exhibition or the alkalies,—potash, sodi, or their carbonates, must in all cases be avoided : since the salts which they form with oxalic acid are as poisonous as the acid itself. OXIDI"S OF COPPER; see under Copper. OXIDES OF LEAD; see under Lead. PHOSPHORUS, (Phosphorus.) A corrosive poison. Symptoms. Phosphorus, taken even in moderate quantities, produces immediate death; und as it has been exhibited as a remedy, in this manner it may prove poisonous. The symptoms are violent pain of the stomach, with a hot alliaceous taste il the mouth: great excitement of the arterial system, and horrible convulsions, which are the forerunners iff death. Morbid Appearances. A genera, inflammatory aspect of the stomach und intestines, with sphacelated spots in various parts. Test. Phosphorus is readily kt^wn by its alliaceous smell and combustible properties. Treatment. Dilute largely so as to fill the stomach with liquid, by which the combustion of the pho«Dhorus in 1t is impeded, and vomiting induced, without inn easing the irritation of the 26 264 P R U [Appendix 1 viscus. Magnesia, mixed with the fluid exhibited, is useful, b neutralizing phosphoric ucid, which is formed in these cases. POTASSA,—SOLUTION OF POTASSA, (Potassa fusa, Li quor Potassa.) Corrosive mineral poisons. Symptoms. Acrid urinous taste in the mouth ; great heat of the throat; nausea, and vomiting of bloody alkaline mutter, acute epigastrulgia and insupportable colic; hypercatharsis, convul- sions, and death. Morbid Appearances. Evidences or inflammation the most ex- tensive of the whole alimentary canal, and perforations orthe stomach. , Tests. If any of the poison remain, it is known by feeling soapy to the touch, changing to green the vegetable reds, restoring reddened blues, and precipitating nitrate of silver in the form of a dark-colored oxide, which is soluble in nitric acid- Water impregnated with carbonic acid produces no precipitate, nor causes opacity, which distinguishes it from the caustic earths. Potassa is distinguished from soda by evaporating the solution in a silvpr spoon, und when it is concentrated, testing with hy- droehlorate or platinum, or with tartaric acid : the former causes a yellow precipitate, the latter a precipitation or bitar- trate of potassa. If none of the poison remain, the vomited mutter must be tested in the above manner. Treatment. Vinegar and the vegetable acids should be instantly freely administered. Dilute wilh demulcents, and employ bleeding and other antiphlogistic means to reduce the inflam- matory symptoms. *„* Cases or poisoning by soda nnd the alkaline carbonates require the same treatment. POTASSII SULPHURETUM, (Sulphuret of Potash.) Symptoms. Acrid tuste, slight vomiting, raininess, convulsions, burning pain, constriction in the throat, gullet, and stomach purging, convulsions, stupor. Treatment. Administer u solution or chloride or soda or chloride or lime: other measures to be adopted according to circum stances. PRUSSIC ACID, (Acidum Hydrocyanicum.) A sedative poison. Symptoms. When the dose is large, death is the immediate result; but ff the dose do not exceed ten to twenty minims. It is succeeded by stupor and weight in the head ; nausea, faint- ness, and vertigo, with loss of sight; followed by difficulty of respiration, dilated pupils, a small vibrating pulse, nnd syncope, which terminate insensibly in death, if no curative means be employed. Morbid Appearances. No change or structure nor any trace of inflammatory action is evident; but a strong odor of the acid exhales from the stomach. Tests. The odor; but the only certain test is to add to the liquid a few drops of liquor potassa, and afterwards a solution of protosulphate of iron. If prussic acid he present, a precipitate of a burnt brown color will full, which, on adding a little sul- phuric ucid, instantly changes to a bluish-green, and gradually deepens to a beautiful full blue. If only the contents of the stomach be obtained, add some sulphuric ucid, distil from a vupor, und test the product ns above. Treatment Administer as quickly as possible chlorine water, in Appendix 7] SAI 205 doses or f 3 ij. in f |j. of water; chlorine also, largely diluted with air, may be inhaled. Administer hot brandy and water, or camphor mixture, combined with liquid ammonia, or the aromatic spirit of ammonia. Oil of turpentine also, nnd the whole runge or diffusible stimuli, will prove useful. Chlorine, however, is the most powerful antidote, k should be applied both internally and externally. If chlorine wuter be at hand this should be given in doses of one or two teaspoonfuls, pro perly diluted with water; or weak solutions or chloride or lime or chloride or soda may be administered. The patient may also inhale cautiously air impregnated wilh chlorine gas. Cold affusion and artificial respiration should never be omitted ; this can easily be effected by making powerful pressure with both hands on the anterior surface of the chest, the diaphragm being ut the same time pushed upward by an assistant. Bleeding may sometimes be necessary. rfATPLESNAKE POISON, (Crotalus horridus ) Symptoms. Quick pulse, impeded respiration, sudden depression of strength in the wounded limb, extending over the whole body; convulsions; death. The wound becomes quickly gangrenous. Treatment. A ligature above the bitten part; suction of the wound; the application of cupping-glasses; cauterization by hot irons or caustics. Administer internally cau de luce, am moniu, olive oil. RUE, and OIL OF RUE. (Ruta Graveolentis folia et Oleum Volatile.) Aero narcotic vegetable poisons. Symptoms. Great dryness or the mouth and throat, accompanied with a sensation or heat and pain or the stomach and bowels, headache, and delirium. Morbid Appearances. We know of no recorded instance of death in the human species from the administration of rue or its oil; but in dogs, who have been killed by it, the stomach affords evidences of considerable inflammation. Test. None; but the odor or the oil, which resembles that or the plant, leads to its detection. Treatment. Emetics, and afterwards dilution with acidulous drinks and demulcents. SABINE or SAVINE, and OIL OF S.VVINE, (Sabina folia et oleum.) An acro-narcotic vegetable poison. Symptomt. All those of high excitement, with very acute pain of the stomach and bowels, nausea, vomiting, hypercatharsis, and convulsions. Abortion in pregnant women. Morbid Appearances. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and rectum ; but the symptoms depend chiefly on the action which the poison exerts on the nervous system Test N me. Treatment. Evacuate the stomach by copious dilution with mucilaginous fluids, nnd keep down the inflammatory symptoms by the use of the lancet and other antiphlogistic measures. BA1NT IGNATIUS'S BEAN, (Strychnos Sandi Ignatii.) Vn acro-narcotic poison. Symptoms ; see Strychnia. Tests. This seed is about the size of a small olive, convex on one side and angular ou the other, and covered with a grey 12 « wound with pledgets of lint dipped in equal parts of olive cil and aqua ammonia. Administer ammonia internally, with warm, diluting drinks, wine, &c, covering the patient warmly in bed. If gangrene be threatened, bark, arsenic, &c, are recommended. It is highly probable that chlorine would be a good reu.edy, both taken by the mouth and inhaled. BOW BREAD, (Cyclamen Europtum.) An acrid vegetable poison. Symptoms. Violent tormina nnd purging ; bloody stools, accom- panied wfth cold sweats and convulsions, frequently terminating in dcnth. Tcef None. %ppendix i.j SUL 20? Verbid Appearances. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels. JVeaf/nent. Induce vomiting by large draughts of demulcent fluids, and combat the secondary symptoms by antiphlogistic or other means, as may be required. PURGE—EUPHORBIUM, (Euphorbiarum succusproprius, et fructus.) Acrid vegetable poisons. Symptoms. A burning sensation in the mouth, throat, and stomach; vomiting, hypercatharsis, producing bloody stools, convulsions, and death. Test. The euphorbium of the shops is readily recognized by the irregular triangular form of its tears, and their enclosed seeds. When boiled in alcohol, the greater part is taken up, but an insipid wux separates us the solution cools, whilst u hot ucrid oil remains in solution. Morbid dppearances. Evidences of violent inflammation of the Biomuch and the bowels ; bul more particularly of the rectum, which is ulwuys ulcerated, the surface of the abraded spots being covered with u brown or blackish fluid, which is probubly extravasated blood. Treatment. Excite vomiting by large draughts of tepid water, and then exhibit, alternately and repeatedly, a few tablespoon- fuls of olive oil, nnd a cupful of milk. Soothe the rectum wilh mutton broth and starch clysters, and bleed, if the excite- ment run high, after the stomach und bowels are evacuated. BTRAM'.iNlUM, or THORN APPLE, (Datura Stramonii herba, frudus et semina.) A narcotic vegetable poison, de- riving its power from an alkaloid, named Daturia. Symptoms. Vomiting, vertigo, delirium, sometimes furious mad- ness, stupor, convulsions, paralysis, cold sweats, and death. Test. None. Morbid Appearances. Evidences of inflammation in the mucous membrane of the stomach und the meninges of the bruin. The lungs ure generally gorged with u very durk-colored blood, und blotches oi extravasated blood are seen in various parts of the alimentary canal. Treatment. The same as in cases of poisoning by opium. STRONG-SCENTED LETTUCE, (Laduca Virosa herba. A narcotic vegetable poison. Symptoms. Inebriety, followed by the other symptoms that characterize poisoning by opium. Test. None. Morbid Appearances and Treatment. The same as in cases of poisoning by opium. BUGAR OF LEAD; 3ee under Lead. SULPHATE OF COPPER; see under Copper. SULPHATE OF ZINC; see White Vitriol. SULPHURIC ACID, (Acidum Sulphuricum.) A corrosive mineral poison. Symptoms. Austere styptic taste in the month; a sensation of burning pain in thelhrout, gullet, and stomach ; nausea, vomit ing, and a horrible fetor of the breath. The matter vomited is tinged both by arterial and by venous blood, and air-bubbles form upon the spot ff it foil either upon chnlk or upon marble. Symptoms of general intluiiimulion ol the abdominal viscera soon supervene, with difficult respiration, and a cough reseip 268 TAR [Appendix ,. blingcroup; a frequent, small, concentrated, irregular pulse' constant horripiluuo; extreme anxiety and restlessness; con- vulsions of the face und lips, nnd sometimes a papulous erup- tion precedes deulh. The intel'ett remains entire until the last Morbid Appearances. The stomach contains a large quantity of dark grumous mutter, und is much distended wilh fetid gas, Its coats ure ulcerated, black, and covered with deep corroded spots, un uppearunce that extends almost through the whole of the alimentary canal, which, in many places, ulso, is us it were dissolved, und in many instances perforations take place, und the contents of the stomach ure tound in the abdominal sac. The mouth und oesophagus present evidences of the highly corrosive properties of the poison Vest. H any of the poison remain, it can be readily recognized by its saponaceous feeling when rubbed between the fingers; its great specific weight, iis property of evolving heat when ■nixed with wuter, and by iis decomposition und the evolution of sulphurous ucid gus on boiling it over mercury. If it be combined with wine or with vinegar, ndd a solution of nitrate of baryta; if the acid be present, a sulphateof baryta, insoluble in nitric acid, will be formed; the existence of which, however, must be demonstrated by adding to it an equal weight of char- coal exposing the mixture, wrapped up in platinum foil, to the heat of a spirit lamp for ten minutes, then introducing it into a glass tube, and adding a few drops of pure hydrochloric acid. Sulphuretted hydrogen gas is evolved, and easily recognized both by the odor of ihe vapor, and by introducing into the tube a slip of paper rubbed over wilh carbonate of lead. The con- tents of the stomach may be tested by boiling them with me- tallic mercury, which will produce sulphurous acid gas, if sulphuric acid have besn the poison. Treatment. Having ascertained the nature or the poison, dilute instantly and largely with milk mixed with calcined magnesia, chalk, or whiting, or wilh soap, or the fixed alkalies, and in the absence or these, soap-suds, infusions of wood-ushes, weak solutions of the nlkaline carbonates, white of eggs, milk, oil, or any mild diluent; and treat the secondary symptoms by the means usually employed in inflammation o! the intestines. TARTARIC ACID, (Acidum Tartaricum.) A corrosive poison. Symptoms. Netirly the suine us those from poisoning by oxalic acid, but less severe. Morbid Appearances. Very similar to those produced by oxalic acid. 7'esf.s. When heated in a phial, instead of subliming like oxalic acid, it is decomposed, blackens, swells, smokes, and exhales an acrid vapor. It burns wilh a blue flume, and leuves a spongy charcoal. When its solution is treated with jime- wuter, the white precipitate is soluble in tin excess of the acid ■ witli potash, the precipitated crystals are bitartrate of potassa! Treatment. Solutions of the alkalies, or chalk and water, should be instantly administered, and the secondary symptoms treated by bleeding and other antiphlogistic measures. TARTAR EMETIC.-POTASSIO-T VRTRATE OF ANTI- MONY, (Antimonium Tartariiatum, Antimonii Potassio Tar- tras.) A corro.-ive metallic poison. %mptnms. Nausea and severe vomiting, hiccough, cardialgiu a ippCtlulX I.} TOB 269 sensation or burning heat at the epigastrium ; twisting colic and hypercatharsis; small, frequent, hard pulse; syncope, difficult respiration, vertigo, insensibility to external stimulants, most painful cramps in the lower limbs, greut prostration of strength. and death. Morbid Appearances. Thestomuch nnd intestines much inflated with gas; und the mucous membrane of the stomach and Intestines red, tumefied, und covered with a viscid luyer easily separated: the peritoneum is generally of a dark brick-red hue; and the membranes of the brain display murks of having been the seat of great inflammatory excitement; the li ngs are not nltered. Tests. If the poison be found in its solid form, add charcoal, and reduce it by heating it in a coaled tube. The odor o( burnt vegetable matter will be exhaled ; the powder will first blacken, and then resume its white color, und finally display metallic antimony. If the poison be found in a state of sola tion :—1. Pour into the fluid a few drops of alcoholic infusion of galls, which will produce an instantaneous, copious, clotted, whitish-yellow precipitate. 2. Pass through the solution a stream of sulphuretted hydrog.'-n gus; collect and wash the orange colored precipitate, put it in a glass tube open at both ends, and fitted to a proper apparatus for passing over the sul phuret of antimony a stream of hydrogen gas, whilst the tube is heuted by a spirit lump. The sulphuret is thus reduced, the sulphur carried off, and metallic antimony procured. If tho poison be a vinous solution of tartar emetic, the precipitate formed by the tincture of gulls is u bright violet. Treatment. Dilute freely with tepid infusion of galls to decom- pose the poison and form an insoluble tannate, and evacuate by the stomach-pump; but if the whole of the poison be not evacuated, large doses or the decoction or yellow cinchona bark, should be administered. It would perhaps be well to give this decoction, in tho first instance, in doses sufficient to excite vomiting by their bulk. Opium is highly useful in checking the excessive evacuations. Venesection and the warm bath are very necessary in the treatment of the super- vening gaetro-enteritis. . ., fOBACCO, (Nicotiana Tabaci folia.) A narcotic vegetable poison, deriving its power from un alkali named Nicotina, and a volatile oil. Symptoms. Severe nausea, vomiting, headache, and other sensa- tions of inebriety ; sudden sinking of the strength, cold sweats, tremors, convulsions, and death. It operates most powerfully when introduced into the anus ; the external application or a strong infusion is attended wilh similar symptoms, and proves nearly as virulent. ,„,»», Morbid Appearances. The mucous membrane of the stomach presents very slight traces of inflammation , but no alteration is perceptible in the intestines. The lungs are generally found corned with blood ; but the morbid app. aranccs are altogether obsrure; the poison producing its deleterious effect evidently by its action both on the heart, which it paralyzes, and on the ^ealmcntySlf"lhe practitioner be called immediately after th» poison has been swallowed, evacuate the stomach by two 27C W O L [Apr ndix 1. .b !% grains of tartar euiet'J; assist its action by irritating the fences, and encourage thetomiiing by very copious draughts or astringent infusions, nnd full doses of tincture of yellow cinchona bark or of tincture of galls. If, however, some time have elapsed, administer ammonia, then castor oil and purga- tives, and immediately ufteiwurds lemon juice, or vinegar und water; but if the sedative effects be already produced, nothing can be done until Ihe habit be roused by brandy, camphor, and cordials. VERATRUM; see Hellebore Root—White. VERATRIA. An acro-narcotic poison. Symptoms. In even small doses it excites nausea, vomitings, hypercatharsis, embarrassed respiration und tetanic spasms, which generally terminate in deuth. Morbid Appearances. Indications of severe inflammation of the mucous membrane, ulcerations of Ihe stomach and duodenum Tests. A white, inodorous, uncrystallizable powder, which ex- cites violent sneezing when applied lo the nostrils; it is scarcely soluble in water, very soluble in alcohol and tether; sulphuric acid first colors it yellow, then red, and lastly violet. Treatment. Copious dilution with demulcents, bleeding, and other antiphlogistic meuns. VERDIGRIS, (JErugo, Subacetas Cupri.) See under Copper. VIPER POISON. Symptoms. Same as those given under Serpent Poisoning, viz., lancinuting pain in the bitien part, increased on pressure, und extending to the whole limb: the part swells, is ut first pale, then red. livid, gangrenous, and excessively hard. Vomiting, convulsions, jaundice, pulse small frequent, concentrated; irregular, embarrassed breathing, cold sweats, delirium. Treatment. Apply a ligature above the wounded part; cauterize the wound with a hot iron or any active caustic: administer eau de luce, am noma, olive oil. WHITE LEAD ; >ee under Carbonate of Lead. WHITE VITRIO ., (Sulphas Zinci.) A corrosive metallic poison. Symptoms. An acerb taste in the mouth, with a sensation of choking; nuuseu and severe vomiting, frequent stools, pains of the epigustrium and lower belly, difficult respiration, quickened yrise, puleness and shrinking of the features, and coldness ol ,ne extremities. Death but rarely follows, owiog to the vomit- ing excited in the first instance by the poison. Morbid Appearances. Evidences or intense inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach nnd bowels, and occasionally patches of black extravasated blood on the muscular coals of these viscera. Test. Chromate of potassa, which throws down in the solution an orange-yellow chromate of zinc. Treatment. Let the patient drink freely of milk, which, besides acting as an emollient, partially decomposes the poison, render- ing it more inert. Exhibit emollient clysters, if the poison be not ejected from the stomach, and have passed the pylorus, and treat the secondary symptoms by antiphlogistic measure* WOLFBANE; see Monkshood. Appendi t J.) A LK A LO 1DS. t\ Method of distinguishing the following veg tault Alkaloidt • Brucia, Delphia, Emetia, Morphia, Solanii Strychnia, Vet a- tria—when they are in powder. Treat the powder first with nitric acid, which is colored red by Brucia, Delphia, Morphia, and the Strychnia of commerce, but not by pure strychnia. If the reddened acid become of a violet hue on the addition of protochloride of tin, after the nitric solu- tion has cooled, the alkaline powder is Brucia: if the reddened acid gradually become black and carbonaceous, it is Delphia. If the powder be soluble without decomposition, and decompose iodic acid, evolving free iodine, it is M,rphia : if it is not fusi- ble, and does not decompose iodic acid, it is Strychnia. If the powder ereens, instead of reddening, nitric acid, it is Solania : 'f it is insoluble in aether, and does not redden nitric acid, it is Emetm. if it be soluble in aelher, and does not redden nitric acid, but melts when heated and volatilizes, it is Atropia : if it is thus affected by auher mid nitric acid, but is not volatilize i, t ia Veratria. APPENDIX NO. II ANALYSIS OP URINE. FROM ths "traits db ohimlb" of bkkzklitjs. The substances to he looked for are, uric acid, albumen, color- ing matter of the bile, urea, phosphate of lime, phosphates of the alkalies, lime, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, fibrin, caseous matter, hydrochloric acid, mucus, free acid and alkali, and sugar. The following are the re-agents to be used, with their applica- tions. 1. Nitric Acid.—This is employed to detect uric acid, urea, albumen, and the coloring matter of the bile. It is known whe- ther uric acid is present, by adding a few drops of nitric acid to half a pint of urine, and allowing it to stand for twelve hours, When uric acid will be deposited on the sides of the vessel. 2. Ammonia precipitates the phosphate of lime held in solu- tion by the free acid of the urine. 8. Lime-water shows the presence of alkaline phosphates by the precipitate of phosphate of lime which it produces. 4. Oxalate of Ammonia is employed to precipitate the lime contained in urine. If ammonia isafterwards added, the ammo- niacal phosphate of magnesia may be precipitated. Should no precipitation take place, add a solution of phosphate of soda, to ascertain whether this is owing to the absence of magnesia or that of phosphoric acid. 5. Acetate of Bari/tes is used to indicate sulphuric acid. The urine must be slightly acidified by acetic acid. 6. Neutral Acetate of Lead may precipitate the chloride and the phosphate of lead; distinguish these by the blowpipe. 7- Solution of Alum causes a troubling in urine that contains albumen or fibrin in solution. 8. Chloride of Mercury (corroMve sublimate), gives no pre- cipitate in acidified urine, unless albumen or caseous matter Is present 9. Infusion of Nutgalls or Tannin, precipitates at least two constituent, principles, namely mucus and the extractive mat- ter, which last is also precipitated bv acetate of lead. 10. Red and Litmus Paper are used to detect alkalies and acids. App. //.] URINARY CALCULI. 273 11. Yeast is employed to discover the presence of sugar in urine, by exciting the vinous fermentation. DISCRIMINATION OF URINARY CALCULI, CONS1S1- ING OF A SINGLE DEPOSIT, OR OF ALTERNATING CALCULI, BY* CHEMICAL TESTS. 1. Bone-Earth Calculus.—Insoluble in potash, and in acetic ncid, soluble in dilute nitric und hydrochloric ucid. Before the blowpipe it first becomes bluck, und afterwards white; it is fused wilh difficulty. •2. Ammonio-Magnesian Phosphate.—It does not dissolve in potash, but evolves ammonia; soluble in cold acetic and dilute nitric acid, and re-precipitated by ammonia. It gives off ammonia at •Jl-.'° and melts into a while pearl before the blowpipe. 3. Fusible Calculus.—A portion is dissolved by acetic acid, and the remainder by hydrochloric acid. It readily fuses into a pearly leud before ihe blowpipe. 4. Urt'e Acid Calculus.—Readily soluble in potash, and is re- precipitated by acids. In strong nitric ucid it dissolies with effervescence, the solution leaving when evuporuted to dryness a residue, which on healing with un excess of ammonia becomes of a purple-red color. Uric acid is nearly insoluble in hydro- chloric acid. Before the blowpipe it evolves an ammoniacal odor and blackens, leaving a minute portion of a white ash, which possesses an alkaline reaction. 5. Urate of Ammonia Calculus.—It is soluble in potash with evolution of ammonia; is readily soluble in alkaline carbonates, while uric acid is not. Wilh nitric acid it behaves as uric acid does. It usually decrepitates before the blowpipe. 6. Cystic Oxide Calculus.—It is soluble in alkalies and in the carbonates of the fixed alkalies, giving a solution which is de- composed by heat, ammonia being first evolved, und after some time a combustible gas, smelling like bisulphuret of carbon. Il is soluble in phosphoric, hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, and oxalic acids; and insoluble in water, alcohol, bicarbonate of ammonia, and tartaric, citric, and acetic acids. Before the blowpipe it exhules a peculiar fetid odor. 7. Xanthic Oxide Calculus.—It is completely dissolved by pot- ash, and it is re-precipitated by carbonic acid white, becoming on drying u pale-yellow .agglutinated mass which possesses a waxy appearance. It is soluble in nitric acid with effervescence. When that solution is evaporated to dryness, und the residue treated with ammonia, no red color is developed, as with uric acid. TIl calculus is very slightly soluble in hot wuter, and in hydrochloric nnd oxalic acids. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves iu forming a yellow solution. 8. Oxalate of Lime Calculus.—Insoluble in potash: it is 6 composed by digestion in carbonate of potash, with formation jn carboiiiite of lime and oxalate of potash. Insoluble in ucetic, but soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids. When heated to dull redness, it is converted into carbonate of lime, und then dissolves n ncid with effervescence. Before me Llowpipe, pure lime remains, which, when moistened, produces an alkaline le-action «n test paper 274 URINARY CALCULI [App. II. 9. Carbonate of Lime Calculus.—It dissolves with effervescence in dilute acids, affording a solution which is precipitated by oxa- late of ammonia. 10. Calculi containing Silica leave, after calcination, before the blowpipe, un infusible ash (principally silica), which dis- solves in a melted lead of carbonate of soda with effervescence, producing * vitreous pearl, more or less limpid. APPENDIX. NO. III. ART OF PRESCRIBING MEDICINES. In prescribing a medicine, the following circumstances should always be kept in view:—Age, Sex, Temperament, Habit, Climate, the Condition of the Stomach, and Idiosyncrasy. Age. For an adult, suppose the dose to be one, or 1 drachm. Under 1 year, will require only l-12th, 5 grains. 2 years," " " l-8th, 7>£grains. 3 " " " " l-6th, 10 grains. 4 " " " " l-4th, 15 grains. 7 " " " " l-8d, 1 scruple. 14 " " " " % O^drachm. 20 " " " " 2-3ds, 2 scruples. Abo. 21 " the full dose . . . one, 1 drachm. 65 " the inverse gradation of the above. Opiates affect children more powerfully than adults; but chil- dren bear larger doses of calomel than adults. Bex. "Women require smaller doses than men ; they are more rapidly affected by purgatives than men; and the condition of the uterine system must never be overlooked. Temperament. Stimulants and purgatives more readily affect the sanguine than the phlegmatic, and consequently the former require smaller doses. Habits. The knowledge of habits is essential; for persons in the habitual use of stimulants and narcotics require larger doses to affect them when laboring under disease, while those who have habituated themselves to the use of saline purgatives are more easily affected by these remedies. Persons, however, who havu habituated themselves to the use of opium do not require larger doses than usual of other narcotics. Climate. Medicines act differently on the same individual in summer and in winter, and in different climates. Narcotics act more powerfully in hot than in cold climates; thence smaller doses are required in the former: but the reverse is the case with respect to calomel. Condition of the Stomach and Idiosyncrasy. The least ac- tive remedies operate very violently on some individuals, ow- ing to a peculiarity of stomach, or rather disposition of body, unconnected with temperament. This state can be discovered 27 WG PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. IIJ on.y by accident or t:me ; but when it is known, it should al ways be attended to by the praciitioner In prescribing, the pructitioner should always so regulate the intervals between the doses, that the next dose may be taken before the effect produced by the first'« altogether effaced; for by not attending to this circumstancE* -ie cure is always com mencing but never proceeding. It should, however, also be kept in mind, that some medicines, such as the mercurial salts. arsenic, &c, are apt to accumulate in the system ; and dungei may thence arise if the doses too rapidlj succeed one another. The action also of some remedies, elaterium and digitalis for example, continues long nfter the remedy is left off; and there- fore much caution is requisite in avoiding too powerful an effect, by a repetition or them even in diminished doses. Aloes and castor oil acquire greater activity by continued use, so that the dose requires to be diminished. PRESCRIPTIONS ■ XAMPI.ES Or THE MOST USEFUL FORMS OF EXTEMPORANEOUS PRESCRIPTIONS. (THE DOSES ARE FIR ADULTS.) POWDERS. NARCOTIC. B; Pulveris conii gr. v., ------- glycyrrhiza? gr. vi. Sit pulvis, ter quotidle sumendus. scirrhous affections, scrofula, painful old ulcers, Ice $ Pulveris belladonnas gr. i, --------potassae nitratis gr. xxL, -------- sacchari gr. ix., Fiat pulvis, hora somni quotidie sumendus. Tn chronic rheumatism, extensi vejulcerations, mania, and epilep- sy. B Pulveris rad. belladonnas gr. 'vj., --------ipecacuanhas gr. vj., --------rad. glycyrrh., --------sacch. albi, 8 a, 3 ss., Sulphnrls praecipit. 3ij., Olei anisi, Olei succini, 5 a, min. iij. M. ft pulv. v. ad xx. 9 Pulveris fol. belladonna) gr. j. to gr. iij., Moschi, Camphoras, ii. 5, gr. v., Sacchari albi 3 ss. Tere bene, et dlv. in chart, viU, App. Ill] PRESCRIPTIONS. 277 ANTISPASMODIC. B Pulveris Valerianae gr. xx. -------cinnamomi comp. gr. x. Fiat pulvis, ter quaterve quotidie sumendus. In hysteria, hemicrania, chlorosis. IJ Pulveris ipecacuanhas gr. i., --------sodae carbonatis gr. xii., - ■ opii gr. i. Fiat pulvis, octava quaque hora sumendus. Spasmodic asthma, hooping-cough. B Zinci oxydi gr. iij., Sacchari albi gr. v. Sit pulvis, quarta quaque hora sumendus. In gastric or spasmodic cough. TONIC. 8 Pulveris cinchona 3 ss., - cinnamomi comp. gr. x. Sit pulvis in cyatho lactis, tertia quaque hora sumendus In convalescence from fevers, j B Ferri potassio-tartratis gr. viii., Pulveris calumbsa 3"., Fiat pulvis, quarta quaque hora sumendus. After diarrhcea, in scrofulous tumors and dyspepsia. B Pulveris calombae, --------subcarbonatis ferri, --------rhei, --------zingiberis, a a, 3 j. M. ft pulv. No. xL, unus quaque quarta hora sumendus, IJ, Tartratis ferri 3ij., Pulveris calomba) 3 j. Ft pulv. No. iv., unus quarta quaque hora. ANTIPERIODIC. B Quinse disulphatis gr. iij., Sacchari albi gr. v. Sit pulvis secunda quaque hora, absente paroxysmo, sum. In the intermissions in ague. B Prussiatis ferri, Pulveris guaiaci, a 5,3 j. M. ft pulv. No. xij., unus ter quotidie sumendus. ASTRINGENT B Pulveris catechu gr. xv., --------gallae gr. ij. Sit pulvis, post dejectiones singulas liqnidas sumendus. In diarrhcea, from a weakened state of the bowels. B Pulveris kino compositi gr. xv. Pulvis ex cyatho aquae menthee viridis sexta quaque hora sumatur. In chronic diarrhcea and intestinal haemorrhages. B Sulphatis aluminas et potassae 3 ss., Pulveris opii gr. iij. Ft. pulv. Ne. vj. una quaque quarta hora. 278 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. Ill B Sulphatis alumina? et potassae gr. xx. Pulveris kino gr. v. M. ft. pulv. No. v. EMETIC. B Pulveris ipecacuanha? gr. xx. Antimonii potassio-tartratis gr. i Fiat pulvis emeticus. B Pulveris ipecacuanhas, ----■—— rhei, a a, gr. xx. M. B Sulphatis cupri gr. ij. vel x., in cases of poisoning ; B Sulphatis zinci gr. x. vel 3 ss. CATHARTIC. ' ' - • B Jalapse pulveris gr. xij., Calomelanos gr. iij., Sulphatis potassae gr. vij. Fiat pulvis, hora somni, pro re rata, sumendus, A useful purgative in diminishing action of the liver. B Calomelanos gr. iii., Pulveris jalapts, Sacchari, sing. gr. x. Sit pulvis, vespere vel primo mane sumendus. In bilious fevers, and slimy and obstructed bowels. B Calomelanos gr. iii., Pulveris scammonii compositi gr. xii Sit pulvis quamprimum sumendus. In worm cases. B Hydrargyri chloridi, Pulveris cambogiae, --------jalapse, --------rhei, --------cinnamomi, a a, 3 ij. M. Dosis, a gr. v. ad gr. xx. DIURETIC. B Bitartratis potassa? 3 ss,, Pulveris scillffi siccatss gr. ii., --------zingiberis gr. iv. Sit pulvis, octava quaque hora sumendus. In ascites. B Potassae bitartratis 3 jss., Pulveris scilla; exsiccatss gr. ij. --------digitalis gr. j., --------zingiberis gr. v. Ft. pulv. pro dos. Octava quaque hora sumendus'. B Pulveris uvss ursi 3 jss., Sodas subcarbonatis 3 j. M. Div. in chart. No. xii. Una ter die sumendus. In nephritic complaints App. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 279 DIAPHORETIC. B Pulveris ipecacuanha? comp. gr. v., ------ tragacantha? comp. gr. x. Sit pulvis, quarta vel sexta quaque hora sumendus. In the commencement or febrile diseases, after emptying the sto much and bowels. B Antimonii potassio tartratis 3j., Sacchari nibi gr. xxx. Intime misceantur, et divide in doses aquales decern, quarum sumutur uuu lertia quaque hora. In fever, after bleeding and ihe exhibition of a clyster. B Pulveris nitratis potassa? 3j., Tartratis antimonii gr. j., Calomelanos gr. vj. M. fl. pulv. vj., one every two hours. Ill febrile affections. B Pulveris opii gr. iij., ------ ipecacuanha? gr. vj., Calomelanos gr. jss., Nitratis potassa; 3ss. M. ft. pulv. vj. Unus, quaque quarta hora, B Pulveris guaiaci, ■------nitratis potassae, a a, 3j., ------ ipecacuanha? gr. iij., ------ gummi opii gr. ij. M. ft. pulv. vj., quaque tertia hora. A stimulating diaphoretic. EXPECTORANT. B Pulveris ipecacuanha? gr vl., ------- potassa? nitrntis 3iss., ------ myrrha; gr. xii. Misce, et distribiie in doses aiquales quatuor, quarum suma tur una quarlis horis. In asthma, and the earlier stage of phthisis pulmonalis. B Nitratis potassa? \'y, Calomelanos gr. vj., Pulveris opii gr. iij., ——— ipecacuanha? gr vj. M Div. in chart. No. vj., unus quaque tertia hora PILLS. NARCOflC. & Opii gr. i. Fiat pilula. hora somni sumenda To procuie sleep in ordinary cases. B Pulveris digitalis gr. iv., Camphorae gr. xii., Extrurti hyoscvami gr. xviii. Flani pilula? sex. Sumantur ij. hora somni quotidie. In maniac ui and spasmodic affections. 280 PRESCRIPTIONS. App. HI. B Morphia?.acetalis gr.j, Pulveris digitalis gr. vj., Camphora? rosa? gr. x., Pulveris acacia; gr. viij., Syrup, tolu. q. s. Ft. massa. Div. in pil. vj., quarum capiat unam tertiis horn, SEDATIVE. B Plumbi acetatis gr. xxx., Pulveris colehici gr. xx., ------- opii gr. iii., Mucilaginis acacia? q. s. Misce optime, et divide in pilulas a?quales decern, quarusn sumat unam sexta quuque hora. In active haemorrhages, washed down with 3 j. of distilled vine gar in f 5 j. of wuter. They may also be given in phthisis i one pill twine a day, after bleeding. £ Extr. opii gr. j., Nitratis potassa? gr. vj., Camphora; rasa; gr. v., Byrupi papaveris q. s. Ft. pil. No. iij. pro dose. B Camphors subactre 3j., Potassa? nitratis 7 *s., Ext. hyoscyami, Ext. aiahemidis, a a, 3ij., Byrupi papaveris q. s. M. ft. pil. No. xxxv One every four or six hour*. ANTISPASMODIC. B Opii gr. ss., Castorei gr. viss., Pulveris digitalis gr. i., Syrupi a, s. Fiant pilulas dues, bis Tel ter die ramenda. In spasmodic asthma, and dyspnoea. B Cupri ammonio-sulphatis gr. ii., Mica? panis q. s. Fiant pilulas quatuor. Sumatur una bis quotidie. In epilepsy, gradually increasing the dose. B Argenti nitratis gr. ij., Micas panis q. s. Fiant pilula? asquales quatuor. Sumatur una sexta quaque hora. In chorea, and other spasmodic affections. *»* These pills should be washed down with 8 minims of diluted nitric acid in f "ijss. of water, in order to prevent the blue color of the skin which the nitrate is apt to cause. B Gum. ammoniaci 3 j., Benzoini, Pulv. myrrhas a a, 3 ij , Assafcetida 3ss., ipp. UI.\ PRESCRIPTION . 28j Camphors 3j., Tinct. opii gt. xii. M. Div. in pil. ix. Duo vel tree, ouaque tertia hora B Camphors, Potassa; nitratis, Pulv. digitalis purpur., a a, 3 ss., Pulv. cinchon. flu v. 3ss. Ext. gentian. 3 ij., Syrup, simpl. q. s. M. ft. pil. ixx. STIMULANT. S> Assafcetida; 3 iss., Pulveris zingiberis 3 ss. Syrupi q. 6. Ut fiant pil uls trginta,quarum sumat tres tertia quaque hora. * palsy. B Pulveris capsici .,., Mies panis, Aqus distillats, a a, q. s. Ft. pil. x. Unus quaque quarta hora. %. Pulveris guaiaci 3j., Terebinthinae venets q. 8. Ft. pil. No. xv. Ter die sumendus i gleet and leucorrhcea. *fc Carbonatis ammonia;, Capsici, Caryophyll'. Macis, a a, 3j., Olei carui gt. v., Ext. gentians gr. xii., Syrupi simplicis q. 8. Ft. pil. xx. I -*e every iwo hours, in gout of the stomarli. $ Strychnis gr. j., Acidi acetiei ijjj., Mies panis 3j. Fiant piluls squales decern. Sumatur una sexta ^uaque hora. I paralysis from poisoning by carbonate of lead. TONIC. £ Pulveris rhei, ------- zingiberis, a a, 3 ss., Extracti anlhemidis 3 i. Fiat massa, in pilulas squales triginta dividenda, quarim capiat tres ante prandium quotidie. In dyspepsia and chlorosis. B Ferri sesquioxydi, Extracti conii, a il, 3 i. Distribue in pilulas aiquales viginti-quatuor. Sumantur diia bis quotidie. la fluor alb us and scrofula. 282 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. B Acidi arseniosi gr. ij., Opii in pulverem triti gr. viij., Saponis 3j. Fiat massa, in pilulas xxiv. squales dividenda, quarum sumat unam ter quotidie. In intermiilents, periodical headache.neuralgia and leprq vulgaris B Extracti cinchons, ------ gentiana;, a a, 3 i., Sulphatis ferri 3ss., Pulveris myrrhs 3 j., Olei carui gt. x., Syrupi zingiberis q. s. M. ft. pil. No. lx. Tres, ter die sum. B Sulphatis quinins gr. x., Connervs rosarum q. s. M. ft. pil. No. x. Unus quaque hora. In the apyrexia of intermiilents. ASTRINGENT. B Extracti cinchons 3 ij., Aluminis 3j., Syrupi q. s. Ut fiant piluls triginta-sex. Sumantur quatuor quarta Tel sexta quaque hora. In passive hemorrhages. B Pulveris kino gr. xx., ------opii, Mucilaginis acacis q. s. M. ft. pil. iv. Unus quaque quarta hora In diarrhcea, &c. B Super-acetatis plumbi gr. xii., Pulveris opii vj., Conserva? rosarum q. s. M. ft. pil. No. vj. In hemoptysis, and other hemorrhages. B Sulphatis allimine et potasss, Extracti cinchons, Xucis myristics, a a, 3ss., Syrup, simpl. q. s. Ft. pil. xx. CATHARTIC. B Scammonii pulv. gr. iv., Extracti taraxuci gr. xiv. Fiant piluls sex, quarum sumat tres bis quotidie In hypochondriasis und chronic hepatitis. B Hydrargyri chloridi gr. iij , Pulveris julape gr. ix., Mucilaginis acncis q. s. Fiant piluls tres horn somni sumends. To empty the bowels in bilious affections. App. III.j PRESCRIPTIONS Cc3 B Calomelanos gr. vj., Elaterii gr. j., Mies panis q. s. Fiant piluls sex. Sumatur una sexta quaque mra In ascites aud simple hypertrophy of the heart. B Ipecacuanhs gr. x., Conii extracti 3j., Aloes extracti 3 ss., Mucilaginis acacis q. s. Ut fiat massa in pilulas decern dividenda. Sumv.ut *»a hora somni quotidie. In habitual costiveness. Rs Pulveris jalaps, ------- rhei, Saponis a'bi, a a, 3 ss., Calomelanos gr. xxv., Tartratis antimonii et potasss gr. jss., Aqua dist. q. s. M. ft. pil. No. xxv. Two to be taken at once, and repeated pro re uata. B Masss ex hydrargyro, Pulveris jalaps, ------- aloes, a a, gr. xv., Syrup, simpl. q. 8. M. ft. pil. xij. B Aconiti extracti gr. j., Anthemidis extracti gr. xvj. Fiant piluls quatuor squales. Sumatur una sexta quaque hora. 'n enlargement of the joints in chronic rheumatism. EMMENAGOGUE. B Ferri sulphatis 3j., Potasss carbonatis gr. vj., Myrrhs 3j., Pulveris aloes compositi 3 ss. Contunde simul, et dividatur massa in pilulas squales triginta. Sumat tres bis quotidie. n amenorrhcea with a languid pulse. B Piluls hydrargyri 3 i. Divide in pilulas squales quindecim. Sumatur una mane et nocte. quotidie. In suppression of the menstrual discharge. B Sulphatis ferri 3j., Pulveris senns, ------jalaps, ■ super-tartratis potasss, a a, 3ss. ------- zingiberis gr. xii., Syrup, simpl. q. s. Ft. pil. No. xxv. Hooper's pills. (Take three twice a day, followed by twenty drops tinct. mur. ferri, in a draught of bitter infusion in amenorrhcea " 984 PRESCRIPTIONS [App. Ill B Sulphatis ferri exsiccati 3j., Pulveris aloes 3ij., ------curyophyl. gr. v., Terebinthins venets q. s. M. ft. pil. xx. Unus, ter die sum. DIURETIC. B Pulveris digitalis gr. xii., Hydrargyri chloridi gr. iv., Opii gr. iv., Confectionis ross q. s. Fiant piluls duodecim. Sumatur ana octava quaque hora. In hydrothorux, und uscites depending upon viscen.' obstruction B Piluls hydrurgyri 3j., Pulveris scilla; 3j., Confectiouis ross q. s. Fiant piluls viginti. Sumatur una octava quaque hora. - ascites und anasarca. B Balsami copaibs 3 ij., Magnesis usts gr. vij. M. Div. ;n pil. gr. iv. each. B Pulveris scilla; exsiccate gr. iv., ------ digitalis foliorum gr. x., ------ caiomelunos gr. vj., ------ mynhs 3j. Simul tere et adde— Assufcetida? 3 ss., Extracti gentians q. s. M. ft. pil. xv. Unus mane et nocte DIAPHORETIC. B Antimonii potassio-tartratis gr. i., Opii, Hydrargyri chloridi, a a, gr. i., Confectionis ross q. s. Fiant piluls, octava quaque hora sumende. In acute rheumatism. B Am,, en ,oias»io-iartiatis gr. ii., Opii gr. vi., Camphors gr. xxxvi., Spiritus rectificati, min. iii., Confectionis ross q. s. Fiant piluls squales duodecim, quarum sumatur una quarta quaque hora. In fevers. B Hydrargyri sulphurcti rubri, Pulveris serpentaris Virginians, a a, 3 ss.. Syrupi simplicis q. s. M. ft. pil. No. xii. Two, three times a day. Alterative and diaphoretic. In cutaneous affections B Calomelanos. Antimonii sulphuret!, a Ik (as., Pulveris guaiaci 3j., Palsami copaibs q. a. Jty. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 289 M. A. pil. ix. (Plummer's Pills.) In secondary syphilis, old ulcers, gleets, fee EXPECTORANT "Jc Pulveris scilla? gr. xxx., Ammoniaci 3 iss., Extract, conii gr. xxx Coniunde simul, et divide massam in pilulas squales trigto ta, quarum mat duos sexta quaque hora. In asthma and chronic catarrh. ANTISYPHILITIC. B Piluls hydrurgyri 3 i., Divide in pilulas squales duodecim. Sumatur una mane nocteque quotidie. : syphilis, leprous eruptions, and chronic hepatitis. fc Hydrargyri chloridi 3i., Opii gr. v., Confectionis ross q. s. Fiant piluls viginti. Sumatur una mane et nocte quotidie In syphilitic cases. ANTIIATHIC. B Sods carbonatis exsiccate 3 iss., Pulveris cinnamomi comp. 3 ss., Saponis 3 ss., Balsami peruviani q. s. Fiunt piluls aquales triginta. Sumantur tres ter quotidie. In calculous affections. TONIC AND PURGATIVE COMBINED. B Ferri sesquichloridi 3 i., Extracti aloes, --------gentians, a a, 3 ss. Contunduntur simul, et dividatur moles in pilulas triginta^ quarum sumantur due ter quotidie. In dyspepsia, hysteria, scrofula, and mesenteric obstructions. B Quina? sulphatis 3 ss.— 3 i., Potasss sulphatis 3 jss., Gum. galbani 3iv., **jtt. gentians 3 i., Mas.-a; piluls aloes cum myrrha 3 iij., Thebiace purif. q. s. M. ft. pil. cxx. Dose, ij. or iij., two or three times a dey, R Quins sulphatis 3i., Aloes extr. purif. 3 ss., Ext. gentians, 3 j. M. ft. pil. xxiv. B Cupri sulphatis gr. x., Pulv. rhei 3j., Extr. nnthemidis 3 ij., Syrup, simplic. q. s. II. ft. pil. xl. Dose, i. to iii. In leucorrhoea, gleet, and chorea. f&6 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. Ill ALTERATIVE. B Hydrurgyri biniodidi gr. iv., Serpentaris in pulv. 3 i., Syrupi aurantii q. s. Misce. ,-t divide in pilulas viginti-qaatuor, quarum r^antm "as ter quotidie. In h»>vetic and other obstinate cutaneous affeewJna. B Hydrargyri iodidi gr. iij., Mies panis gr. iij. Fiant pilule sex squales. Sumatur i. ter quotiJb. [r secondary syphilis. £ Antimonii oxysulphureti 3j., Florum sulphur's 3 ij., Camphors rass 3j., Extract, taraxici (vel extract, sarzs' Jiijsa, M. ft. pil. xcv. Duos vel tres, ter cot'die &. Antimonii potassio-tartratis gr. It., Plule hydrargyri 31., Saponis castil., Gum. ammoniaci, Assufastide, Extract, aloes, a a, 3 ss. M. ft. pil. lxxv. Duas ter die. B Kermis mineral, gr. j., Hydrargyri chloridi gr. ij., Ext. fumaris gr. x. Ft. pil. iij. per dose. B Saponis hisp. 3 iij. Gum. ammoniaci 3 i., Aloes 3j., Rhei pulv. 3j., Assafostids, Croci, a a Iss. Syrup, q. s. Ft pil. c. Dose ii to it. two or three times a day DRAUGHTS. NARCOTIC. B Misturs camphors f ** iss. Tincturs opii Iflxxxv., ASlheris sulphurici f J i., Syrupi croci f 3 ss. Fiat haustus in promptu hibendus, et urgente febjris ysmo sumendus. In Intermittent headache. B Ammonis carbonatis gr. xv., Succi limonis recenlis r3 iv., Aqus distillate f 3j., Spiritus myristics f ji., rupi aurantii r3ss., *cturs conii fllxx. App. HI.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 2JT Fiat haustus ter die sumendus, addendo de die in diem tincture conii IIJ,v.; donee dosis ad flilxxx. perrencrit m singulis haustibus. Fn diseases of increased irritab'l-ty. ANTISPASMODIC B Misturs moschi f3xiv., Liquoris ammonis min. xvi., Tincture castorei f 3 i., Syrupi papaveris r3 ss. Fiat haustus, quarta quaque hora sumendus. In hysteria and convulsive affections, after the bowels hare been effectually cleared. B Olei anisi (IJ.X., Magnesia? 3j., Tincturs senns f 3 ii., Aqus menths piperita? f 3 s. Fiat haustus, urgente flatu sumendus. In spasm of the stomach arising from flatulence. TONIC. B Infusi cinchons cordifolis f Siss., Tincturs cinchons composite f 3 j., Pulveris cinchons cordifolis 3j., Syrupi aurantii f 3ss. Fiat haustus, secunda quaque hora sumendus. In intermittents and acute rheumatism, after purging B Infusi cascarilla? f "j iss., Quins disulphutis gr. ij., Tincturs cascarilla?, --------zingiberis, a a, f3i., Acidi sulphurici diluti HI viij., Fiat haustus bis quotidie sumendus. In dyspepsia arising from intemperance. B Ferri iodidi gr. iij., Aqus distillate f 3 xij. Fiat haustus ter quotidie sumendus. In chlorosis, scrofula, atonic aim norihmu. *»* It is almost impossible to preserve the iodide of iron in the solid form ; it should therefore be kept in a solution with acoi! or soft wire in the bottle, and or a strength or gr. iij. to the f 3 j ; or it should be kept in the form or syrup orthe same strength ASTRINGENT. B Extracti ha'inatoxyli gr. xii., Aqus cinnamomi f 3 xv., Tincturs catechu f 3 i. Fiat haustus, quarta quaque hora vel post dejectiones sin gulas liquidus sumendus. In diarrhoeas and protracted dysentery. EMETIC. B Pulveris ipecacuanha? 3i., Vini ipecacuanhs f 3 ii., Aqus communis f3vi. Fiat haustus emeticus, qunmpnmum vel vespere sumendus for unloading the stomach in ordinary cuses. 888 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. B Zinc" «uii satis "sss., Aqus distil lats f""j iss. Fiat haustus, quamprimum sumendus. In tne &3r...ncncement of the paroxysm of intermittent fever, ot in cases of poisons having been taken into the stomach B Cupri sulphatis gr. xv., Acidi sulphurici diluti oiij., Aqus distillate fly Fiat haustus quamprimum sumendus. In cases of poisoning. CATHARTIC. B Potasss tartratis 3 i., Tincturs senns f 3 i., Infusi Benne f 3 xviss., Syrupi croci f 3 ss. Fiat haustus, quamprimum vel primo mane sumendus. In acute diseases. B Magnesis sulphatis 3 ii., Infusi ross f 3 xiv., Acidi sulphurici diluti fllx., Manns 3 ii. Fiat haustus quarta quaque hora sumendus In inflammatory affections. B Senne infusi f ";j., Magnesis sulphatis 3 iij., Camphors misture r3 v., Tincturs cardamomi f 3 j. Fiat haustus mane sumendus. In acute diseases. DIURETIC. B Tincture jalape f 3 ij., Aceti scills r3 i., Aqus menthe piperits f 3 viii. Fiat haustus ter in die sumendus. B Potasss nitratis gr. viii., Tincturs digitalis fllxvi., Infusi ross f 3 xiii., Syrupi ross f 5 j. Fiat haustus ter in die sumendus. (n dropsy. DIAPHORETIC. B Potasss carbonatis 3i., Succi limonis recentis f 3 iv., Antimonii potassio tartratis gr. l-6th, Aqus distillate f 3 xi., Syrupi papaveris f 3 j. Fiat haustus, quarta vel sexta quaque hora sumendus B Liquoris ammonis acetatis r3'v., Misturs camphors T3 x., Vini ipecacuanhs fllx., Svrupi tolutani r3ss. Fiat haustus sexta quaque hora sumendus. In fevers and inflammatory diseases. App. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 289 REFRIGERANT. B Potasss nitratis gr. xii., Misture amygdala; f "j ss., Syrupi tolutani f $i. Fiat haustus quarta quaque hora sumendus. B Potasss carbonatis 3i., Syrupi f 3ss., Spiritus myristice f 3 ss., Aque distillate f"; xi. Fiat haustus, in effervescentis impetu ipso cum succi limonii cochleario magno, secunda quaque hora sumendus. In fevers and inflammatory diseases. ANTACID. B Magnesis 3 i., Aque menthe piperita? f | iss., Tincture aurantii f 3 i. Fiat haustus pro re nata sumendus. In heartburn and other cases of acidity of the stomach. B Liquoris ammonie fllxvi., Misture amygdals amars f "iii., Tincture opii fllx. Fiat haustus ter die sumendus. In acidities of the prime vie. SEDATIVE. B Hydroeyanici acidi diluti tlliij., Calumba? tincturs f 3 j., Aque distillate f 3 xj. Fiat haustus bis terve quotidie sumendus. In irritable gastric dyspepsia. B Tincturs ferri scsquichloridi f 3j., Aqus distil I ats f | vj., Olei aurantii fllvj., Sacchari albi 3j. Fiat mistura, cujus sumatur quarta pars ter quotidie. In general debility. MIXTURES. TONIC. B Infusi calumbs f"*vss. Tincture cinnamomi composite f 3 iT., Syrupi aurantii f 3 ii. Fiat mistura, cujus cochlearia duo niajora quarta quaque hora sumantur. In debilities or the digestive organs, and to check the severe vomiting which often occurs during pregnancy. ASTRINGENT. B Catechu extracti 3 ii., Aque cinnamomi f 5 viii., Tincture opii flllx. Fiat mistura, cujus sumantur cochlearia tria magna post singular dejectiones liquidus. In the liast stage of diarrhcea or of dysentery. 13 »,D PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. Ill EMETIC. B Antimonii potassio tartratis gr. viii., Aque distillate f 3 vi., Syrupi mori f 3 i- Fiat mistura, cujus cochlearia magna duo, quamprimum, el octavis minuiis donee evomuent, sumenda. B Pulveris ipecacuanhas ""as., Antimonii potassio uutr^tis gr. ij., Tincturs scille r3 i., Aqus distillate f% viss. Fiat mistura, cujus sumat quamprimum cochlearia majora quatuor, et cochlearia duo sexta quaque parte hoTS, donee supervenerit vomitus. In dropsies, before exhibiting the foxgl^"e. CATHARTIC. B Potasss sulphatis 3 it, Aqus ton tan a; f "j vss., Tincture jalaps t'3iv. Sit mistura, cujus sumat cochlearia duo magna omni bihorio. B Rose confectionis $j. Aqus ferveniis fl viij. Tere opiimc et post horam cola B Magnesis sulphatis 3 vj. Liquoris coluts f • Tere optime in mortario, ut fiat unguentum In pnrrigo scutulata. B Creasoti f 3j., Unguenti cetacei "*j. Tere ut fiat unguentum. In porrigo scutulata. B lodinii 3j., Adipis 3j- Tere optime ut fiat unguentum cujus pauxillum tumori maneque nocte applicandum. In glandular swellings and incipient brouchocele. B Antimonri potassio-tartratis 3 j-, Sacchari albi pulveris 3j., Adipis 3J- Tere ut fiat Hnguentum. Magnitudo glandis, parti dolenti omni mane et nocte, ope fricationis donee ulcera adfue- rint, applicanda. As a counter-irritant in the inflammation of internal organs COLLYRIA. ANODYNE COLLYRIUM. B Sydenham's laudanum, Tincture of saffron, a a, 3j. Decoction of flaxseed 3 ij- M. ASTRINGENT COLLYRIA. B Sulph. zinci 3 1 part, Aque rosar. 3 250 parts, Alcohol 3 8 parts. M. B Sulph zinci gr. xv., Aqus rosar. 3 iv. Mix. B Aqus rosar., Aqus dist'll., a a, 3'j., Sulph. alr.in. et potasss 3j. M. In chronic inflammation. Paris Hospital* Paris Hospital*. Paris Hospitali Paris Hospital*, App. Ill] PRESCRIPTIONS. 2S3 B Infusion of elder flowers Ibj., Subacetate of lead 3 j. Paris Hospital* DRY COLLYRIUM OF MERCURY. B Sacchari albi 3 ij., Oxydi hydrargyri rubri gr. x., Oxydi zinci impuri preparati 3j Fial pulvis. jjf. Dupuytren. DRY COLLYRIUM OK OPIUM. B Pulveris opii gr. iv., Calmiielaiios, Sacchari purificati, a a, 3j. Tere bene. These dry collyria are to be blown into the eyes, for the remova. of specks on the cornea, &c, Sec. COLLYRIUM OF ACETATE OF ZINC. B Sulphniis zinci, Superucetatis plumbi, a a, gr. vj., Aque rosarum 1 iv. M. To be filtered. COLLYRIUM OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD, ETC. B Liquoris plumbi ueetatis gtt. xij., Vini opii gtt. xl., Aqus rosar. 3 iv. Ft. collyrium. COLLYRIUM Or VINEGAR. B Aceti distilluti ly, Spiritus vini diluti 3s9-i Aqus rosarum 3 viij. Ft. mistura. After depletion, and to weak eyes. COLLYRIUM OF ACETATE OF AMMONIA AND CAMPHOR. B Liquoris ammonis acetatis 3 U-> Misture camphors 3 vj. M. A mild astringent. COLLYRIUM OF ACETATE OF AMMONIA WITH OPIUM. B Liquoris ammonis acetatis 3 >j-, Aque ferventis 3 vj., Extract, opii mollis gr. x. Dissolve the opium in the hot water, strain, and add the liquor or acetate of ammonia. In acute and painful ophthalmia, after depletion. COLLYRIUM OF OPIUM AND CAMPHOR. B Extracti opii mollis gr. x., Camphora? gr. vj., Aqus ferventis 3 XU- Rub ihe camphor and opium well together in a mortar, and udd the water. Strain or filter. In painful ophthalmiu. COLLYRIUM OF SULPHATE OF COPPER. B Sulphutis cupri gr. vj., Cumphore 3j., Aqus ferventis 3 viij. Rub the camphor with the water, then strain, and add the sulph. copper. PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. IU COLLYRIUM OF CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. B Hydrargyri muriatis gr. ij., Aqus distillate J viij. Fiut solutio. In gonorrheal and scrofulous ophthalmia. DRY COLLYRIUM OF SUGAR. B Sacchari albi, Oxydi zinci, a a, partes squales. Tere in pulverem. M RecamitY. COLLYRIUM OF POPPIES. B Fomenti papaveris capsularum l'iv. Aqus rosar., Misture camphors, a a, 3 ij- Mix. In acute ophthalmia. COLLYRIUM OF NITRATE OF SILVER. B Nitratis argenti gr. ij., Aque distillate 3U- Fiat solutio. At the close of acute ophthalmia. EMOLLIENT COLLYRIUM. B Radicis al thes officinalis |ij., Aque distillate Ibj. Infuse for three hours near the fire, and strain* In inflammation accompanied wilh much irritation. ANODYNE COLLYRIUM. B Colehici autumnalis 3j. Aqus lini bullientis "" iv., Tincturs opii 3 j. Fiut mistura. In severe ophthalmia, where there is great sensibility SELECT FORMULAE FOR INFANTS. (from Stewart's billard.). SEDATIVES. B Aqus distillats 3J-, Mucil. gum. acac. 3ss. Syrupi simplicis 3 ss. Tincturs opii, guttam. Dose—A teaspoonful, repeated every hair hour,, till rest be pro- cured; but after the first month, double that quantity will be required. After the third month, half a drop of laudanum may be given for a dose, one drop at six months, and two aft*: the first year. Evanson and Maunsell B Crete 3ss., Antim. oxy sulph. gr. iv.. Ext. hyoscyami gr. xiij., Sacchar. alb. j'j- Equal 3 viij. every two hours in infantile asthma. Urban App. IIL] PRESCRIPTIONS 395 B Ext. hyoscyam. gr. x., Vini antim. 3 ij. Eight drops four times a day to an infant a year old, in hooping- cough. Hufelund. B Aq. feeniculi 3 iv. Vini antimonii 3j. Ext. hyoscyam gr. iij., Syrup, nlthss 3J*S- A teaspoonful every two hours to an infant from six to twelve months, as a cough mixture. VogU B Ext. belladonna; gr. j., Aq. distill. |j. To infunts, five drops four times a duy, in hooping-cough. Wendt B Pulv. rad. belladon. gr. iv ----doveri gr. x., Lac. sulphuris 3iv., Sacchar. alb. 3 ij. M. Divid. in chart, xx. In hooping-cough, one or these powders every three hours for a child of two years; one-fourth for a child of eight or nine months. Between each dose a teaspoonful of the following mixture to a child two years old ; to -be diminished according to the age of the child: B Aq. chumomil. 3 j-. Syrup, simp. 3ij.. Acid. Prussic. Vauqul. gt. xij. Kahleiss. B Magnesis alb. ust. 3j Tinct. fetid, gt. lx., -----opii gt. xx., Aqus font. 3j. M. Twenty drops to a child from two weeks to one month, in colic ; if not relieved in half an hour, two drops more;—in- crensing the dose us the child advances in age. Dewees B Ext. conii maculat. 3 j., Tinct. camp, opiut. 3 ss., Syrup, tolu. 3ss, Aqus rosar. 3 iv. M Dose—H air a teaspoonful to a child one year old, in pertussis. CARMINATIVES AND ANTACIDS. B Magn. carb. 3 ss., Tinct. rhei 3j., Aq. menth. 3 vj., Syrup. allh."3j. M Sit mistura. S. A teaspoonful every hour for an infant of six months, troubled with acidity of the stomach. Vogt. B Magn. carb. 3ij. Pulv. rhei 3j., Aq. feeniculi 3 iss. Syrup, rhei 3SS- M. Sit mistura. Dose—A teaspoonful. Berends. *96 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. Hi B Magnesis gr. viij., Sem. anisi cont., Sem. fcenic. cont., A a, gr. ij., Croci gr. j., Sacchar. alb. gr. vij. Contunde bene simul ut sit pulvis. In tormina of infants, one half to be taken at once, and the n mainder in half an hour. Copland. B Sods sesquicarb. gr. iss., Pulv. rhei gr. iij. Pulv. valerian, gr. j. 8. A powder thrice a day for infants subject to flatulent colie B Magn. carb. 3 j., Pulv. rhei 3ss., Saponis 3j. Ft. pulvis. S. Ten grains thrice a day for constipation with, acidity. Bcrendm B Aqus fceniculi 3 vij., Potasss bicarb. 3 ij., Syrupi ?j. M. A dessert-spoonful occasionally. B Potasss bicarb. 3 ss., Aq. distill. 3 iss. Sorve. S. Ten to forty drops daily. In infantile convulsions. Hamilton B Potasss bicarb. 3 ij., Succ. limon. q. s. ad saturationem. Infos, rhei 3 iss., Manns 38s. One or two teaspoonfuls to infants in gastric disorders. B Hyd. c. crets 3 U-» Sods carb. exsiccat. 3 iv. M. From six to twelve grains for an infant. Copland ANTISPASMODICS. B Crete gr. iij., Mosch. gr. ss., Croci gr. i. Ft. pulv. dent. tal. dos. No. iv. S. One every hour for un infant, Frankel B Moschi 3j., Pulveris acacia; 3 ij., Tere cum aq. cinnam. 3 j., Syrup, althss 3 iij. M. Sit mistura. S A spoonful every hour. B Moschi gr. vj., Ammon. sesquicarb. gr. iv., Sacchari albi 3 iij., Misce terendo et adde, Aq. flor. sambuci 3 ijss M. Sit mistura. B. A teaspoonful every hour in infantile fits. '.Vend* kpp. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 297 B Assafostide gr. Vj.—viij., Infus. anthemid 3J-, Acacia; q. s. M. ft enema. B Lactis tepefact. 3 j-, Aq. menth. pip. 3 ss., Tinct. assafcetid. 3j. M. Injicienda pro enemata. In convulsions. EXPECTORANTS AND DEMULCENTS. B Pulv. ipecacuanhe, Calomelanos, a a, gr. x., Sacchar. albi gr. xx. B. One or two grains every second or third hour, as an expecto rant in bronchiul irritation. Evanson and Maunsell. B Decoct, polyg. seneg. 3 iijss., Oxymel. scills 3 ij., Vini ipecac. 3 ij., Antim. tart. gr.j. B. Ten minims to a scruple, as an expectorant. Evanson and Maunsell. B Mist, acacie j iss., Aque pure 3 iijss., Syrupi 3ss. M. S. A teaspoonful every two or three hours, for an infant fiom four to six months old. B Rad. seneg. 3 ss., Infos, in s. q. aq. fervid, per 1 hor. colatur 3 iv. Adde, Ammonis hydrochl. 3 ss., Syrup, althss 3j- A teaspoonfol every two hours to an infant Wendt. B Polygals senegs, Scille, a a, 3j., Aque Ibj., Mellis. despum. ibss. F. Syrupus, queque uncie cujus addatur Antimonii tart, granum. Coze's Hive Syrup. B Potass, tart. 3 j., Vin. antim. 3 ss., Aque anethi 3j < Oxymel. scille 3ss-i Ft. glycyrrh. 3 j. M. One or two teaspoonfuls for an infant of twelve or eighteen months, in catarrhal fever. Frankel. B Pulv. ipecac, gr. iij., Pulv. acacie, Mngnes. carb., a a, 3 ss., Sacchari albi 3j. M. Ft. pulvis divid. in xij. squales part. A powder every two hours in hooping-cough. Volger. B Pulv. acacie 3 ss., Sacchari purff. 3j., Amyli gr. x. M. Dne to be taken frequently. Kirby 13* 298 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. B Tinct. opii j., Vin. ipecac gt. iv., Carb. sod. gr. ij. To be given in a little sweetened water. For a child betwees one and "wo years. Pearson. B Tincture opii camph. 3j., Vin. antim. 3ss., Sue. glycyrrh. 3 iij. Pulv. g acacis 3 ij., Aque fervent. 3 vj. A teaspoonfol every two or three hours during the night, to a child six months old, in troublesome cough. Dewees. B Emulsio amygd. 3 iv., Syrup, simpl. 3J-. Gum. tragacanth. gr. vi. M. To be given by the teaspoonful. H. des Enf. B Hordei 3 vj.. Gum. ucacis 3j., Aque lbij. Boil and strain them. Add Sacchar. alb. q. s. ASTRINGENTS. B Hydr. c. creta 3j r Pulv. ipecac, comp. 3ij., Magn. carb. 3 ss., Tere bene simul. Four to six grains, as a sedative for infants. Copland. B- Pulv. acacie 3j., Solve in Aq. fceniculi 3 j- Adde Crete 3 ss., Syrup, althss 3j. A teaspoonful every two hours, in infantile diarrhcea. Frankel. B Crcts ppt. 3 ss., Saponis amygd., Pulv. rhei, a a, 3 j., Hydr. c. creta 3j., Ol. fceniculi HI viij., Sacchar. albi 3 ij. Tere bene simul. From six grains to half a drachm twice or thrice a day, in in fontile diarrhcea. Copland. R Hyd. c. creta 3ss., Pulv. crets co. 3j., Pulv. tragacanth. co. 3 ss Divid. in partes x. squules. Sumat. quarta quaque hora. In diarrhcea, for an infant of four or six months. B Crets ppt. 3 iij., Tinct. thebaic, gt. xx., vel. xxx., 01. cinnam gt. j., Sacchar. alb. 3 ij., Aq. font. 3 ij. M. A teaspoonful »very two, three, or tour hours. Deweei app. III.] PRESCRIPTIONS. 291 Slru H. des Enfans EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS B Antim. turt. 3 j., Aq. ferv. 3J-, Tinct. cnniharid. 3 j An embrocation, in hooping-cough. B Ol.oliv. 3ij., Ol. succiu., Ol. curyoph., a a, | ss. An embrocation, in hooping-cough B Liniment, saponis iss., Ol. succin. 3ss. In hooping-cough. *** These embrocations should be applied both to the chest and along the course of the spine. B Sulph. cupri 3 ij., Pulv. cinchon. Jss., Aque 3 iv. To be applied twice a day to gangrene of the cheek.. Dr. Coatei. B Sulph. sublim. 3iv., Ceral. simpl. Ibj. Used in lineu. BATHS. B Potasss sulphur. 3 ij-t Aque Ibj. This bath differs from the artificial Barege water, in containing half the quantity of sulphuret of potass. Used iu psora. H. des Enfans. B Sulph. sublim., Acetatis plumbi, a a, 3 j., Zinci sulph. 3 ss. Used in psora. ENEMATA. B Syrup, papav. 3 ij. Decucl. amyli 3 viij. In diarrhcea of infants. B Cap. papav. No. j., Decoc. lini Ibjij. B Cup. papav. 3 ij., Aqus Ibj. B Amyli 3j-i Aque lbij. B Flor. anlhemidis 3 ij., Aqus Ibj. Ft. enema. For infantile colic. PURGATIVES. B Pulv. rad. jalap, gr. xxiv., Culomeianos gr. iv., Sacchari alb. 3 ij. M. Fl. pulvis divid. in xij. partes squales. A teaspoiniful twice a day for a six months' infant, In obstrurtioa of the bowels. //. de ia Matern. H. de la Matern. H. de la Matern. H. des Enfant. H. des Enfam Wendt. 800 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. IU B Calomelanos gr. iij., Pulv. rhei, Oleo-sacch. fcenic, a a, 3j. Ft. pulvis. One-third of the above quantity is a dose for an infant, ns a laxa tjve. Fischer. B Ol. rlcini 3 iij.—iv., Pulv. acacis q. s., Aq. fcenic. 3 ij., Manns 3 ss- Fiut emulsio. A dessert-spoonful, repeated every hour till it operates. Berends. B 01. ricini 3ss., Syrup, rose 3as-i Vitel. ovi un., Tinct. senne 3 iss. One or two teaspoonfuls for an infant. B Manns 3ss-< Emulsio urab. 3ss., Syrup, viols 3 ij-, Bene admisce, et adde Aque menth. 3 j. M. S. From 3 j. to 3 ij. every third hour, until an effect is produced Evanson and Maunsell B Infusi senne 3J-> Aque menths 3 S9-i Magnesis 3j. Manns 3 ii., Tinct. rhei 3j., Syrup, ross 3 ij. M. S. From 3 j. to 3 ij. every third hour. Evanson and Maunsell B Sulph. sub. gr. x.—xx., Mist, acacis 3 ij., Sacchari alb. 3ss., Aque rose 3j. A teaspoonful hourly, shaking the phial well each time; for aa infant in the first year. Kopp B Fol. senns 3ss., Aqus ferv. Ibj., Sods sulph. 3ss. To be used ns an enema H. des Enfans. B Mag. calcin. 3 ss., Pulv. rhei gr. vj., Sacchar. albi 3 j., 01. menth. gt. vj., Aqus 3 iss. K dessert-spoonful every two hours. H. d'Amcr B Manns 3»j- Ol. amygd., Syrup, gum., a"a, ?j. From one to four drachms to be given to young infants, as a mil* laxative. H. d'Allem App. IU] PRESCRIPTIONS. 301 B Decocti hordei | v., Muriatis soda? 3 iij., 01. olivarum 3 v. M. To be used as an enema. EMETICS. R Vini antim. 3 ss. Syrup, althaea? 3 j- A teaspoonful every quarter of an hour, to a child three or foui months old. Wendt. B Pulv. ipecac, gr. xij., Syrup, simpl. 3j.» A teaspoonful everyjquarter of an hour, to an infant five or six months old. B Vin. antim. 3 ss. Oxymel. scillsB 3 ij. A teaspoonful for an infant at the breast. Frankel. B Aqua? 3 j., Vini ipecac. 5 ss. Syrupi 3ss. One or two drachms frequently, till vomiting ensue. Evanson and Maunsell. B Pulv. chel. cancror. 3 ss., Antim. tart. gr. ij. M. In hooping-cough, one half to two grains, according to the age oi the child. Fothergtll. TONICS AND STIMULANTS. B Ferri tart 3 j., Syrup, simpl. q. 8. M. Ft. bol. No. iij. As a tonic for debilitated infants. U. dee Enfans. B Cinchons 3 ss-i Aqua? Ibj. M. To be used as an enema when the stomach rejects cinchona. H. des Enfans. R "Aquas distillat. 3 iss., Quina? disulph. gr. ij., Acid, sulph. aromat. gtts. xvj., Syrupi caryoph. 3 ss. M. From one to two drachms thrice a day. Evanson and Maunsell. B Sal. martis gr. ij., Acid, sulph. gt x., Sacchari albi 3j. Aqus font. M. Dose, 3 j. in chronic stage of cholera infantum. Chapman, WINE WHET. B Lactis vacc. Oss., Vin. alb. 3j- vel 39- Boil the milk, then add the wine. EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS B Unguont. cetacei 5j-i Oxydi zinci, ^ PRESCRIPTIONS. [App II* Pulv. lycopodii, a a, 3ss. Useful iu ulceration of the eyelids. Hufeland. B Crori sativ. 3j., Aqme fervent. Jiv., \in. opii 3j. .V todvne collyrium. To be used when there is great pain. Jadelot. B Infos, sambuci Ibj., Zinci sulph. 3j. Astringent collyrium. Much used in scrofulous ophthalmia which is usually accompanied with puriform exudation. D'Huc. B Hydr. deuto-chlorid. gr. iv Aq. pure 5 viij. Used in syphilitic ophthalmia. D'Huc. B Rad. althee 3 ij., Aque Ibj. Emollient collyrium. Used in inflamed conjunctiva?. D'Huc. B Cerat. simpl. 3 ij., Autim. tart. 3 ij., Camphors 3j. To be used by friction, to excite the skin ; it is a powerful irritant in hooping-cough D'Huc B Flores anthemidis, Acet. commun., a a, 3 iv. A common revulsive. H. des Enfans B Cataplasm, emol. lbij., Ung. resinos. 3j- M. Useful to hasten the suppuration of a phlegmonous tumor B Pulv. lini. q. s., Decoc. rad. alth. q. s. M. An emollient cataplasm. B Cataplasm, emol. 3 iv., Farine sinnp. 3 iv. M. Used as a revulsive. H des Enfans STIMULANT. B S.p. amnion, arom. 3 ss., Syrup, althee, Aqus fceniculi 3 j. M A teaspoonful for an infont every hour Frankel. ALTERATIVE. B Calomelanos gr. iij., Amyli 3 ss., Sacch. albi 3 iss. M. Ft. pulvis divid. in xii. partes squales. One thrice a day in infontile syphilis. Wend*. App. UI] PRESCRIPTIONS. 30» DIETETIC PREPARATIONS. BISCUIT JELLY. White biscuit 3 iv., water Oiv.; boil down one half, strain, jvaporate lo Oj., add white sugar Ibj., red wine 3iv., cinnamon water 3j. In debility of the digestive organs. HARTSHORN JELLY. Hartshorn shavings 3 j.t water Oiv., boil to Oij., strain; warm again with oiange juice § J-» white sugar 3 vj., sherry 5 v. ANOTHER. Hartshorn shavings 3 viii., water four pints, boil, strain, add white wine and sugar, each, 3 >v-i or if a very clear jelly is required, syrap of vinegar 3 vi.; clarify with the white of two eggs, and strain, flavoring with cinnamon or lemon peel. SAGO JELLY. Soak sago in water for an hour, pour it off, adding more, boil till the sago is transparent, then add wine and sugar. TAPIOCA JELLY. Soak it in water for nine hours, then boil it gently till quite clear, and add lemon juice and peel, wine, sugar, and cinnamon. GLOUCESTER JELLY. Rice, sago, pearl barley, hartshorn shavings, Rad. Eringii, each 3J-, boil in ftiij. or water to Ibj., and strain: nutritive, dissolved in broth, wine or milk. ALMOND JELLY. Sweet almonds, blanched, 3 i-. white sugar 3 vj., water 3 iv. Rub into an emulsion, strain, und add melted hartshorn jelly | viii., orange-flower water 3 j., essence or lemon gt. iij. BRANDE'S JELLY. Giound jalap 3 ii-. water twelve pints, calcined magnesia, "> iii., boil to u jelly; not subject to grow mouldy. CREME DE RIS. dice, three spoonritls; boil in two pints of water to one, strain , add sweet almonds No. x., bitter almonds No. v., make an emul- sion with sugar, a little cinnamon or orange flower water, and drink it wunn in the morning. ISINGLASS JELLY. Isinglass 3 "•> water two pints, boil to one, strain, and add milk one pint, while sugur candy 3'- Nutritive. CHICKEN JELLY. Cut a chicken into small pieces, bruise the bones, and put the whole into a stone jar with a cover that will make it water- tight. Set the jar in a large kettle of boiling water, and keep it boiling for three hours. Then strain off the liquid, and season it slightly with salt, pepper, nnd mace, or with loiff sugar and lemon juice, according to the condition of the patient for whom it U intended. RICE JELLY. Mix n quarter of a pound of rice, picked and washed, with Ibss. of loaf sugar, nnd just suffi ient water to cover it. Boil till il becomes a glutinous mass; then strain and season with whatevel may be thought proper. 304 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. III. BREAD JELLY. Boi! a quart of water and suffer it to cool. Take one-third of a sixpenny loaf or bread, slice it, pare off the crust, and toa6t to a light brown. Then put it into the water, place it on hot coals in a covered pan, and boil it gently, till you find by putting some in a spoon to cool that the liquid has become a jelly. Strain through a cloth, and set it away for use. When it is to be taken, warm a teacupful, sweeten it with sugar, and add a little grated lemon peel. ARROWROOT JELLY. Mix three tnblespoonfuls of best Bermuda arrowroot in a tea- cup or water till quite smooth ; cover it, and let it stand a quarter or an hour. Put the yellow peel or a lemon into a pint or water, and boil to one-hair. Then take out the lemon peel, and pour in the dissolved arrowroot, while the water is still boiling; add sufficient white sugar to sweeten it well, and let it boil together for five or six minutes. It may be sweetened, if thought neces- sary, wilh two teaspoonfols of wine and some grated nutmeg. It may be boiled in milk instead of water, or in wine and water, according to the condition of the patient. PORT WINE JELLY. Melt 3j- °f isinglass i-n a little warm wuter, stir it into a pint of port wine, adding 3ij- of sugar candy, 3j. or gum arabic, and hair a nutmeg grated. Mix all well, and boil it ten minutes, or till thoroughly dissolved. Then strain through muslin, und cool. TAPIOCA JELLY. Take of tapioca two spoonfuls, water one pint; boil gently for an hour, or until it assumes n jelly-like appearance. Add sugar, wise, and nutmeg, with lemon juice, to suit the taste and the na- tureor the case. (This is improved by washing the tapioca well, and allowing it to steep for five or six hours, changing the water three times f then proceed as before.) SAGO. Wash in two or three waters, and let it soak for two or three hours. To a teacupful of sago, allow a quart or water, and some or the peel or a lemon. Simmer till all the grains look transpa- rent. Then add wine and nutmeg, and boil together for a few minutes; (or plain, with milk.) BARLEY WATER. Wash clean some pearl barley, and to 3'j. of barley add one quart of water. Add a few raisins, or some lemon peel and suear and boil slowly till reduced one half. Then strain and sweeten! As nourishment in inflammatory diseases. RICE WATER. Tike of rice I ij., wash il well, and add two quarts of water Boil for an hour and a half, nnd then add sugar and nutmee as much as may be required. To be taken ad libitum. Mixed with milk, this is an excellent diet ft>r children. VEGETABLE SOUP. Take one potato, one turnip, nnd nne onion, with a little celerv or celery seed. Slice, nnd boil in one quartof water for an hour' add ns much salt as is nereeable, and pour the whole upon a i,ierJ of dry toast. To be used when animal food would be improper App. Ill] PRESCRIPTIONS. 305 INDIAN GRUEL. Put three large tnblespoonfuls of Indian meal, sifted, into a quart of water in a large bowl; wash with several waters, turn- ing off the water as the meal settles; then boil for twenty min- utes, stirring all the while; add a little salt; then strain and sweeten, adding a little butter, wine, and nutmeg, if the case re- quire. It should be taken warm. Oat-meal Gruel may be pre- pared In the same way; but if made of coarse grits, it should be strained, after boiling, and then seasoned. PANADA. Boil some slices of soft bread in a quart of water for fh minutes. Then beat the bread smooth in a deep dish, mixing with it a little of ihe wuter in which it has been boiled; mir with it a bit of fresh butter, and sugar and nutmeg according to circumstances. Or, it may be made by grating some bread, oi grating or pounding a few crackers; pour on boiling water; ben*. rt well, and udd sugur und nutmeg, or cinnamon. BOILED FLOUR. Take Ibj. of fine flour, tie it up us tight as possible in a linen rag ; dip it frequently in cold water, and dredge the outside witb flour till a crust is formed on it. Then boil until it becomes a hard dry mass. This may be grated and prepared in the same manner as arrowroot, for which it is an excellent substitute. BEEF TEA. Cut Ibj. of lean beef into shreds, and boil for twenty minutes In one quart or water, taking off the scum as it rises—often cool- ing; strain. Very nourishing and palatable. ESSENCE OF BEEF. Put a pound of lean beef, thinly sliced and slightly salted, into a porter-bottle, or jar. closely corked. Place this in a vessel of cold wuter, and boil for un hour or more. Then decunt and skim the liquid. Chicken tea may be made in the same way. CHICKEN WATER. Take half a chicken ; strip off all the fat, and break the bones j add two quarts of water, boil for fifteen or twenty minutes, and eeason with salt. MUTTON BROTH. To one pound or lean mutton, allow one quart of water; season with a little salt, and some parsley, nnd put ir. some large pieces or the crust or bread. Boil slowly for two or three hours, skim- ming carefully. Beef, vea., or chicken broth may be made in the same mai.ner. Vegetables, burley, rice, &.c, can be added, if expedient. Mutton broth may be mnde more speedily, by taking .hree chops; beat the meat on both sides, und slice thin , put it into a sauce-pan with a pint or water, a little suit, and some trusts or bread, or some parsley, and a small onion, sliced thin. Cover the saucepan, and boil fast; skim, nnd in hair an hour it Will he reudy for use. It renders mutton broth more palatable to broil the chops before boiling. INFUSION OF MALT. Take of ground malt Oj., hot water Oiij. Infuse for two hours and strain. Add sugar or lemon juice, if necessary. 306 PRESCRIPTIONS. [App. Ill WINE WHEY. Boil-a pint of milk, and when boiling, add a large wine-glasl af Sherry or Madeira wine. Let it boil again, and then removs it from the fire and let it stand u few minutes. Then remove the curd, pour the whey into u bowl, und sweeten it RENNET WHEY. Wash a small bit of rennet, about two inches square, in cold water, to remove the salt. Put it into a teacup, and pour on lukewarm water enough to cover it. Let it stand ail night, nnd in the morning stir rennet-water into a quart of warm milk. Cover it, and set it near the fire, ti!l a firm curd is formed. Pour off the whey, and it will be found a very cooling and pulatable drink. CALVES' FEET JELLY. Take two calves' feet, and add to them one gallon of water, which reduce by boiling to one quart. Struin, und when cold Bkim carefully. Add the whites of six or eight eggs well beaten, a pint of wine, half a pound or lour sugar, und the juice of four lemons, and let them be well mixed. BoM the whole for a few minutes, stirring constantly, and pass it through u flannel strainer. (.Wine should be omitted in some cases.) RICE GRUEL Take of ground rice 3 j-, cinnamon 3 j., waterOtj. Boil for forty minutes, adding the cinnamon near the conclusion. Strain and sweeten, and add wine, if necessary. BRAN TEA. Take of fresh wheat bran Oj., wuter three quarts. Boil down one-third; strain, and udd sugur, honey, or molasses, according to the tuste of the putient. LEMONADE. Take of fresh lemon juice 3 iv., fresh lemon peel 3se., white sugar 3iv., boiling water three pints. Let them stand till cold, and then strain off for use. In fevers, a little spirits of nitre m'xy be added. TAMARIND WATER. Put tamarinds into a pitcher or tumbler til! it is one-third full; then fill it up with cold water, cover it, and let it infuse for a quarter of an hour or more. MOLASSES POSSET. Put into a sauce-pan a pint of best molasses, a teaspoonful ol powdered white ginger, nnd a quarter of a pound of fresh butter. Simmer on hot coals for half an hour, stirring frequently. Then stir in the juice of two lemons, or two tablespoonfuls of vinegar- cover the pan, and let it stand by ihe file five minutes longer. ' COCOA. Boil two ounces of good cocou in a quart of water, and ns soon as it boils, set it on coals to simmer gently for an hour or more. To be used hot. TOAST WATER. Toast some pieces of bread brown (not burnt), then put them into a pitcher, and fill it up with boiling water. Let it stand til cold, then struin it, und put it into a decunter. APPENDIX. NO. IV. Comparative View of the. Chemical Affinity between the Principai Acids and six of the Alkaline and Etrthy Bases ; that between Sulphuric Acid and Baryta being taken at 1000 as a standard. Compiled fram Ure's Chemical Dictionary. Quantities of Opium contained in different Preparations. Linimentum Opii.....gr. iij......inf3iv. Piluls Saponis comp. . . . gr. j......in gr. v. -----Styracis comp. . . . gr. j......in gr. v. Pulv. Crete comp. c. opio . . gr. j......in 3ij. -----Ipecacuanhe comp. . . gr. j......in gr. x. -----Kino compositus . . . gr. j......in 3j. Tinetura camphore comp. . . gr. ij......in f ? j. --------Opii.......gr. j......in fllxix. Vinum Ooii........gr. j......in nixix Tinetura lodinii comp. contains gr. ij. or Iodine . in f 3 j. Unguentum lodinii comp. " gr. v. "... in 3 iss. Unguentum Hydrarg. Fortius contains 3 j. of mercury in 3:j. Unguentum Hydrarg. Mitius contains 3 j. " in 3 vi 308 WINES. [App. IV TABLE I. Table of the Alcoholic Strength of Wines. By Christison. Port, weakest....... 14.97 ---- mean or seven wines, . . 16.20 ---- strongest,....... 17.10 White Port......... 14.97 Sherry, weakest,...... 13.98 -------mean or 13 wines, includ-1 ing those very long kept \ 15.37 in cask.......) -------strongest,...... 16.17 -------mean or9 wines very long 1 kept in cask in the East > 14.72 Indies,......) Madre da Xeres,...... 16.90 Madeira,strongest ' kept long in ck. 14.09 --------weakest ) in Enst. Indies, 16.90 Teneriffe, long in cask nt Calcutta, 13.84 Cercinl,......... 15.45 Dry Lisbon,........ 16.14 Shiraz.......... 12.95 Amontillado........ 12.63 Claret, a first growth or 1811. . 7.72 Chaton Latour, first growth or 1825, 7.78 Rosan, second growth or 1825, . 7.61 Ordinary Claret, a superior " vin ) ordinaire,".......\ 8.99 Rives Altes,........ 9.31 Malmsey.......... 12.86 Rudesheimer, superior quality, . 8.40 ------------inferior " . . 6.90 Hambacher, superior quality, . 7.35 Giles's Edinb'rgh ale, before bottl'g 5.90 The same ale two years in bottle, 6.06 Superior London Porter, four ' months bottled,.....\ 1 5.36 Pr ct. of abs. Ic'h'l by wt. The results of the above table were obtained by distillation, which was applied with such contrivances for accuracy, that nearly the whole spirit and water were distilled over without a trace or empyreuma, and without the loss or more than between two and six grains in 2000. From the quantity und density or the spirit, the weight or absolute alcohol orthe density 793.9, us well as the volume of proof spirit of the density 920, was calculated from the tables of Richter, founded on those of Gilpin. Dr Christison remarks that the alcoholic strength of various samples of the same kind of wine hears no relation whatever to their rommorcial value, and is often very different from what would be indicated by tho taste even of un experienced wine-taster. App. IV.] WINES. 309 TABLE II. Table of the Alcoholic Strength of Wines.* By Brand*. Pr. ct. by measure of absol. alcoh'l.t Pr. ct. by measure of absol. alcoh'l.f Lissa, (average) . Port, (aver.) . . . Raisin wine, (aver.) Marsala, (aver.) . Madeira, aver.) Currant wine, . . Sherry, (aver.) . . Teneriffe, .... Lachryma Christi, White Constantia, Red Constantia, Lisbon, .... Malnga, (1666) . . Bucellus..... Red Madeira, (aver.) Cape Muscat, . . Cape Madeira/aver.) Grape wine,. . . Calcavella, (aver.) Alba flora, . . . Malaga, . . . White Hermitage, Rousillon, (aver.) . Claret, (aver.) . . Malmsey Madeira, London small beer. 25.41 22.18 25.12 29.09 22.27 20.55 19.17 19.79 19.75 19.70 19.75 18.92 18.94 18 94 18.49 20.35 18.25 20.51 18.11 18.li5 19.25 17.26 17.26 17.43 18.13 15.10 16.40 1.28 Shiruz, .... Syrucuse, .... Suuterne, .... Burgundy, (aver.). Hock, (aver.) . . Hock, old in cask,. Bursac, .... Champagne, white, Champagne, red, . Red hermitage, . . Vin de grave, (aver.) Frontignac, . . . Cote Rotie, . . . Gooseberry wine, . Tokay, .... Elder wine, . . . Orange wine, (aver.) Cider, (highest aver.) Cider, (lowest aver.) Perry, (aver.) . . Burton ale, . . . Brown stout, . . London porter, . . 15.52 15.52 15.28 14.22 14.57 13.68 8.88 14.63 13.86 13.30 13.30 11.93 12.32 12.37 12.79 12.32 11.84 9.88 9.87 11.26 9.87 5.21 7.26 7.32 8.88 6.30 4.20 * Somewhat different results have been obtained from some wines by other chemists. Thus the average of Lissa has been found to lie 15.90; Marsala, 18.40; Port, 20.64; Madeira, 21.20; Sherry, 23.80; Constantia, 14.50 ; Lunel, 18.01; Syracuse, 30.00; Burirundy, 12.16; Champagne, 12.20. t Sp. grav. 0.825 at 60° F. Mr. Brande has shown that alcohol exists, ready formed, in wine. It is consequently always the product of fermentation; the educt of distillation. Its effects upon the system, however, are greatly modified by the acids, extractive, and other matters, contained in wines; they being round far more deleterious than the same quantity of pure alcohol diluted with pure water. Fot example, although wine-drinking i3 often the cause of gout, yel it has never been known to result from the use of brandy, gin, rum, or whiskey. HO WINES. [App. If TABLE III. Table efthe Relative Proportions of Alcohol and other Matter** in Wines. By Neumann. i ,-^ M-o ai ^ ■ o-§ = i-s" £ 3 = -?si >>siS Water. A QUART OF 3 ° e got-. lick, uncti resin matii E *-* J-sis 3 — 63 < "- c-| O 5 3 3 3 grs. 3 3 grs. lb 3 3 grs. Alund, . . . 1 6 3 2 1 5 2 5 3 Alicunt, . . 3 6 6 20 1 40 2 2 6 Burgundy, . 2 2 4 1 40 2 9 20 Carcassone, . 2 6 4 10 1 20 2 8 4 30 Chumpagne, . 2 5 6 40 1 2 8 3 French, . . 3 6 40 1 2 8 20 Frontignac, . 3 3 4 5 20 2 4 6 20 Vin de Grave, 2 6 2 2 9 Hermitage, . 2 7 1 2 1 40 2 7 5 20 Madeira, . . 2 3 3 2 2 2 4 3 Malmsey, . . 4 4 3 2 3 2 1 2 Vino de Monte, 2 6 3 2 40 2 8 20 Moselle, . . 2 2 4 20 1 30 2 9 10 Muscadine, . 3 2 4 1 2 5 4 Neufchatel, . 3 2 4 1 7 2 2 7 Pulmsee, . . 2 3 2 4 4 4 2 2 5 Pontac, . . 2 5 20 2 2 9 40 Old Rhenish, 2 1 2 20 3 8 5 40 Rhenish, . . 2 2 3 20 1 34 2 9 1 60 Salamanca, . 3 3 4 2 2 3 4 Sherry, . . 3 6 2 2 2 6 Spanish, . . 1 2 2 4 9 4 1 10 6 Vino Tinto, . 3 6 4 1 6 2 6 Tokay,. . . 2 2 4 3 5 2 3 Tyral (red), . 1 4 1 2 4 2 8 6 Red wine, 1 6 4 40 3 20 2 9 3 20 White,. . . 2 0 7 3 2 7 * According to Gmelin, wines contain alcohol, an odorous principle (vol. oil !), tannin, bitter extractive, sugar, gum, yeast acetic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, bitartrate of potash, bitar trateof lime, sulphates and chlorides, phosphate of lime, carbonic acid, water, and blue coloring mutter. The acidity of wines is owing chiefly to malic, in part to citric and tartaric aqids. The quantity of sugar varies greatly in diffe- rent wines. Extractive exists in all wines, but diminishes, by deposition, with their age. All wines contain more or less coloring natter. Tartar is the most important saline constituent of wines App. IV.] TABLE. 311 TABLE, Slowing the Difference between Minims, Duii't .nd Grains of various Medicinal Liquid Preparations oj the Pharmacopaio of the United States, ire. (From Edwards's and Vavasseur'f "Manual or Materia Medica," ed. by Drs. Togno and Uurand.! Sulphuric acid, Sulphuric a?ther, Rectified alcohol, Nitric acid, Acetic acid (crystallizable), . . Muriatic acid,....... Oil or wormseed (Chenop. Anthel.) -----peppermint, of aniseed, . 1 -----sweet almond, olive, pal- > ma christi, . . . .) -----cloves,....... -----cinnamon,...... Copaiba,......... Diluted alcohol,...... Tincture of hydriodate or potas- "| 8a, canlharides, kino, digitalis, assafcetida, sulphuric acid, \ colchicurn, opium, valerian, guaiacum,.......J Tincture (volatile) of valerian, ' of guaiacum,......j Tincture of muriate of iron, . . Wine (Teneriffe)...... -----(antimoninl),..... -----of opium, (Sydenh. laudan ) -----of colchicurn root, . . .' -----of colchicurn seeds,. . \ Vinegar (distilled;, .... ------- or opium (black drop), ------- of colchicurn, . . ------- of squill, . . Water (distilled) .... ------ solution of hydrocy. acid,* ------solution or sulphuric j acid (1 to 7), . . . ( ----- solution of nitric acid, do. ------solution of ammonia(stro'g) ------ solution of " (weak) ------ solution of hydriod. of pot ------ solution of arsenite of pot.. 40. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 40. 10. 44. 9.1 26. 15.3 24. 16.6 26. 15.3 25. 16. 19. 21. 26. 15.3 15. 26.6 15. 26.6 17. 23.5 17. 23.5 18. 22.2 15. 26.6 18. 22.2 19. | 21. * Prepared according to the process of the London Apothen* rfea' Hall. ^q APPENDIX. NO. V. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES WEIGHTS. „ ("Twelve ounces. ,S Eight drachms. 3 i Three scruples. o I Twenty grains. These, and the signs by which they are denoted, are the same Il all the British Pharmacopoeias. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. Pound. Ounces. Drachms. Scruples. Grains 1 = 12 = 96 = 288 = 5760 1 = 8 = 24 = 480 1 = 3 = 60 1 = 20 MEASURE OF FLUIDS. The gallon, Cong. 1 m r Eight pints. pint, (Octarius) 0 1 .£ Twenty fluid ounces. fluid ounce, f 3 f g < Eight fluid drachms. fluid drachm, f3 § Sixty minims. minim, IflJ u I------------- PROPORTION OF THE IMPERIAL GALLON. Gallons. Pints. Fluid Ounces. Fluid Drachms. Minims. 1 = 8 = 160 = 12cK) = 76,800 1 = 20 = 160 = 9,600 1 = 8 = 480 1 = 60 The above is the fluid measure, and the 6igns by which they are denoted in the London nnd the Edinburgh Pharmacopceins. The Dublin College retains the old signs, which ure, for the gallon cong., the pint lb., the ounce 3 , the drachm 3 , and the drop gt., which should be equal to the minim. The Measure of Temperature used by all the Colleges is Fahrenheit's thermometer. 212° on the scale or which marks the boiling point or water, and 32° the freezing point: between 90° and 100° denote the gentle heat (calor lenis) of the Pharmaco- poeias. TEMPERATURE OF BATHS. The hot bath (balneum fervidum) from 98° to 106° The warm baih (balneum calidum) from 96° to 98° The tepid buth (balneum tcpidum) from 62° to 96° The vapor bath (balneum vaporis) from 100° lo 130° For ascertaining the densities of fluids, the Edinburgh College recommends the hydrometer of Twaddell, or Levi's density beads. The temperature of the fluids tested should be 60° Pah reaheit. Table of the more celebrated Mine/at IVaters, showing the Ingredients contained in each Water. o GASES. CARBONATES OF SULPHATES OF CHLORIDES OF A "5 i e ■< s. 1 NAMES OF THE SPRINGS. he o •°*2 6< to* bo 2 J -J Si s e Oi I 3 c "? d in gn. i i-i a. «5 gn. cub. in. cubic cubic in. cub. in. gn- gn. -*-«• gn- gn. gn. gn- gn. g"- gn. gn- gn. gn. gn. 3 1 c a. 8949 8960 8933 25320 138240 7291 7291 7991 7291 7291 7291 7291 .435 13.068 19.6 9.8 SO. 84. 30. S2. 51. 125 149.56 154. 163.3 36. 7. 5.22 1.85 38.5 10*.' 1075 8.26 6.197 5.00 6.62 78.3 4.3 1.85 12.5 2.4 12. 11.5 1.14 4.13 4.016 2 97 6.32 9.8 4.35 f.26 1.2 0.5 08 3.05 2.4 0.600 2.170 0.70 0.70 0.1} 0.3 2.5 0.026 0.176 0.4 0.350 66.75 18.2 6. 39.72 22.54 25.50 0.041 8.36 13.0 4.' 5.44 91*0 13.74 1.7 0.21 32.5 6.0 7.634 12.45 8.996 7.96 0.543 0.04 2.25 60.4 0.88 0.66 0.55 0.26 0.75 I' 6." cold cold cold 165° cold cold cold 117° cold cold cold cold cold cold 143" cold cold 1 Prrmoiu.......... Ems................ Mnrienbad....... 0.14 . • 103643 103643 8940 92160 7391 50000 8. t. 18.5 19. 13.06 70. 1.5 18.5 15.25 21.4 4.50 5-6 5.89 1.35 4.13 0.3 23.5 3.56 33.3 1.2 .47 0.5 5.8 5. 7.20 615.6 3.6 6.31 3.4 35. 3. 9.1 8.0 t .. f c.toI ' Aiz-la-Cha- ' Cheltenham 1 Sulphur > RelsCfph.. Va. Table of the more celebrated Mineral Waters, showing the Ingredients contained in each Water— contained 1 * 3 gn. 5831W 103613 5760 7291 72JI 72JI OASES. | CARBONATES OF SULPHATES OF CHLORIDES 01- w i 1 £ < Pi NAMES OK THE SPRINGS. bO O cub. in. ■0-3 cubic Q.-Z ml cub. 3." i ■ub. 2. 4. CO jrrs 4.'4 13.5 2. 0 bo a s -3 § 3 bo a £ 0? I 3 So a ■s 0. s 8. B •5 gn. gn. gn. 5." gn. gn. 4U 40. 1.5 20. gn. g;rs. gn. gn. gn. jgn. ?rs. g". ff". 8. 30.3 6.7 1." 21. .2.5 48." 4.7 14.44 1.5 9. I" — 5. 0.5 0.5 28.5 2.40 36.5 12.5 20ll6 1. 0.M 2'.6 0.80 15.'l cold cold cold cold 74« cold 120* Cult] cold cold e I Clirlienham... Plombmres..... Leamington... BnMol.......... Scarborough.. 'Timbrnlse..... .1 I'i3643 22516 72Jl 58309 58309 1.4 10.6 336. 16.5 26. 7.99 75. 0.40 1. 32.5 1. 2.00 1.25 0.65 0.5 61.3 187. 0.43 2.25 NOMENCLATURE. ALPHABETICAL LIST OP NEW RESPONDING OLD NEW NAMES. Acacia, /Ether Sulphuricus, Amygdala Dulcis, Barii Chloridum, Cetraria, Conii Folia, Creta, Creta Praeparata, Cupri Subacetas, Decoctum Cetrariae, Ergota, Eupatoreum, Extractum Hellebori, Extractum Stramonii Foliorum, Ferri Ferrocyanuretum, Ferri Subcarbonas, Granati Fructi Cortex, Guaiaci Resina, Helleborus, Hydrargyrum cum Creta, Hyoscyami Folia, Infusum Eupatorii, Liquor Ammoniae, Liquor Barii Chloridi, Liquor Calcii Chloridi, Marmor, Mistura Cretae, Mucuua, Potassae Bitartras, Potasste Carbonas Purus, Potassii Sulphuretum, Scoparius, Spiritus Ammoniae, Spiritus Ammonia? Aromaticus, Sulphur Lotum, Syrupus Sarsaparilla; Compos- itus, Syrupus Scillae Compositus, Tinetura Ferri Chloridi, Tinetura Gentianae Composita, Tinetura Hellebori, 'in.'Jhisci Cretae, Unguentum Cupri Subacetatis, I. LATIN NAMES, WITH THE CO* NAMES. (U. S. P.) OLD NAMES. Acaciae Gummi. yEther Sulphuricus Rectificatua Amygdala. Barytae Murias. Lichen. Conium. Calcis Carbonas. Calcis Carbonas Praeparatus. Cupri Acetas. Decoctum Lichenis. Secale Coriiutum. Eupatorium Perfoliatum. Extractum Hellebori Nigri. Extractum Stramonii. Ferri Ferrocyanas. Ferri Carbonas Praecipitatus. Granatum. Guaiacum. Helleborus Niger. Hydrargyrum cum Calcis Cap bonate. Hyoscyaraus. Infusum Eupatorii Perfoliati. Aqua Ammonite. Liquor Barytae Muriatis. Liquor Calcis Muriatis. Calcis Carbonas Djjrus. Mistura Calcis Carbonatis. Dolichos. Potassae Supertartras. Potassae Carbonas Purissimus, Potassae Sulphuretum. Spartium. Alcohol Ammoniatum. Alcohol Ammoniatum Aro- maticum. Sulphur. Syrupus Sarsaparillae. Mel Scillae Compositum. Tinetura Ferri Muriatis. Tinetura Gentianae. Tinetura Hellebori Nigri. Trochisci Calcis Carbonatis. Unguentum Cupri Acetatis. SIC TABLES. II. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF OLD NAMES, WITH THE CORRESPOND- ING NEW NAMES. (u. S. P.) OLD NAMES. Acaciae Gummi, ./Ether Sulphuricus Rectiflcatus, Alcohol Ammoniatum, Alcohol Ammoniatum Aromat- icum, Amygdala, Aqua Ammoniae, Barytae Murias, Calcis Carbonas, Calcis Carbonas Durus, Calcis Carbonas Praeparatus, Conium, Cupri Acetas, Decoctum Lichenis, Dolichos, Eupatorium Perfoliatum, Extractum Hellebori Nigri, Extractum Stramonii, Ferri Carbonas Praecipitatus, Granatum, Guaiacum, Helleborus Niger, Hgdrargyrum cum Calcis Car- bonate, Hyoscyamus, Infusum Eupatorii Perfoliati, Lichen, Liquor Barytae Muriatis, Liquor Calcis Muriatis, Mel Scillae Compositum, Mistura Calcis Carbonatis, Potassae Carbonas Purissimus, Potassae Sulphuretum, Potassae Supertartras, Secale Cornutum, Sulphur, Syrupus Sarsaparillae, Tinetura Ferri Muriatis, Tinetura Gentianae, Tinetura Hellebori Nigri, Trochisci Calcis Carbonatis, Unguentum Cupri Acetatis, NEW NAMES. Acacia. ^Ether Sulphuricus. Spiritus Ammoniae. Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus Amygdala Dulcis. Liquor Ammoniae. Barii Chloridum. Creta. Marmor. Creta Praeparata. Conii Folia. Cupri Subacetas. Decoctum Cetrariae. Mucuna. Eupatorium. Extractum Hellebori. Extractum Stramonii Foliorum Ferri Subcarbonas. Granati Fructus Cortex. Guaiaci Resina. Helleborus. Hydrargyrum cum Creta. Hyoscyami Folia. Infusum Eupatorii. Cetraria. Liquor Barii Chloridi. Liquor Calcii Chloridi. Syrupus Scillae Compositus. Mistura Cretae. Potassae Carbonas Purus. Potassii Sulphuretum. Potassae Bitartras. Ergota. Sulphur Lotum. Syrupus Sarsaparillae Composi tus. Tinetura Ferri Chloridi. Tinetura Gentianae Composita. Tinetura Hellebori. Trochisci Cretae. Unguentum Cupri Sulsoetaiis TABLES. 317 TABLE OP CHANGES IN THE ENGLISH NOMENCLATURE. III. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEW NAMES, WITH THE CORRESPOND- ING OLD NAMES, (u. S. P.), NEW NAME9. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, Balsam of Tolu, Belladonna, Bitartrate of Potassa, Canada Pitch, Canada Turpentine, Chalk, Chalk Mixture, Colchicurn Root, Colchicurn Seed, Compound Syrup of Sarsapa- rilla, Compound Syrup of Squill, Compound Tincture of Gentian, Ergot, Extract of Belladonna, Extract of Stramonium Leaves, Ferro-cyanuret of Iron, Hemlock Leaves, Henbane Leaves, Lobelia, Marble, Mercury with Chalk, Ointment of Stramonium, Ointment of Subacetate of Cop- per, Pomegranate Rind, Prepared Chalk, Pure Carbonate of Potassa, Solution of Ammonia, Solution of Chloride of Barium, Solution of Chloride of Calcium, Spirit of Ammonia, Stramonium Leaves, Stramonium Seed, Subacetate of Copper, Subcarbonate of Iron, Sulphuret of Potassium, Sulphuric Ether, Sweet Almonds, Syrup of Lemons, Tiucture of Chloride of Iron, Tincture of Lobelia, Tiucture of Stramonium, OLD NAMES. Aromatic Ammoniated Alcohol Tolu. Deadly Nightshade. Supertartrate of Potassa. Hemlock Pitch. Canada Balsam. Carbonate of Lime. Mixture of Carbonate of Lime. Meadow-saffron Root. Meadow-saffron Seed. Syrup of Sarsaparilla. Compound Honey of Squill. Tincture of Gentian. Spurred Rye. Extract of Deadly Nightshade. Extract of Thorn-apple. Ferrocyanate of Iron. Hemlock. Henbane. Indian Tobacco. Hard Carbonate of Lime. Mercury with Carbonate of Lime. Ointment of Thorn-apple. Ointment of Acetate of Copper! Pomegranate. Prepared Carbonate of Lime. Purest Carbonate of Potassa. Water of Ammonia. Solution of Muriate of Baryta. Solution of Muriate of Lime. Ammoniated AlcohoL Thorn-apple Leaves. Thorn-apple Seed. , Acetate of Copper. Precipitated Carbonate of Iron. Sulphuret of Potassa. Rectified Sulphuric Ether. Almonds. Lemon Syrup. Tincture of Muriate of Iron. Tincture of Indian Tobacco. Tincture of Thorn-apple. 318 TABLES. .NEW NAMES. Troches of Chalk, Vinegar of Colchicurn, Washed Sulphur, Wine of Colchicurn Root, Wine of Colchicurn Seed, OLD NAMES. Troches of Carbonate of Lime Vinegar of Meadow-saffron. Sulphur. Wine of Meadow-saffron Root. Wine of Meadow-saffron Seed. IV. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF OLD NAMES, WITH THE CORRESPOND- ING NEW NAMES. (U. S. P.) OLD NAMES. Acetate of Copper, Almonds, Ammoniated Alcohol, Aromatic Ammoniated Alcohol, Canada Balsam, ('arbonate of Limo, Compound Honey of Squill, Deadly Nightshade, Extract of Deadly Nightshade, Extract of Thorn-apple, Ferrocyannte of Iron, Hard Carbonate of Lime, Hemlock, Hemlock Pitch, Henbane, Indian Tobacco, Lemon Syrup, Meadow-saffron Root, Meadow-saffron Seed, Mercury with Carbonate of Lime, Mixture of Carbonate of Lime, Muriate of Baryta, Ointment of Acetate of Copper, Ointment of Thorn-apple, Pomegranate, Precipitated Carbonate of Iron, Prepared Carbonate of Lime, Purest Carbonate of Potassa, Rectified Sulphuric Ether, Solution of Muriate of Baryta, Solution of Muriate of Lime, Spurred Rye, Sulphur, Sulphuret of Potassa, Supertartrate of Potassa, Syrup of Sarsaparilla, Thorn-apple Leaves, NEW NAMES. Subacetate of Copper. Sweet Almonds. Spirit of Ammonia. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. Canada Turpentine. Chalk. Compound Syrup of Squill. Belladonna. Extract of Belladonna. Extract of Stramonium Leaves. Ferro-cyanuret of Iron. Marble. Hemlock Leaves. Canada Pitch. Henbane Leaves. Lobelia. Symp of Lemons. Colchicurn Root. Colchicurn Seed. Mercury with Chalk. Chalk Mixture. Chloride of Barium. Ointment of Subacetate of Cop- per. Ointment of Stramonium. Pomegranate Rind. Stibcarbonate of Iron. Prepared Chalk. Pure Carbonate of Potass>a. Sulphuric Ether. Solution of Chloride of Barium, Solution ol Chloride of Cal cium. Ergot. Washed Sulphur. Sulphuret of Potassium. Bitartrate of Potassa. CrUla°UIld SyrUp °f SarsaP'»- Stramonium Leaves. TABLES. 319 OLD NAMES. Thorn-apple Seed, Tincture of Gentian, Tincture of Indian Tobacco, Tincture of Muriate of Iron, Tincture of Thorn-apple, Tolu, Troches of Carbonate of Lime, Vinegar of Meadow-saffron, Water of Ammonia, Wine of Meadow-saffron Root, Wine of Meadow-saffron Seed, NEW NAMES. Stramonium Seed. Compound Tincture of Gen- tian. Tincture of Lobelia, Tincture of Chloride of Iron. Tincture Stramonium. Balsam of Tolu. Troches of Chalk. Vinegar of Colchicurn. Solution of Ammonia. Wine of Colchicurn Root. Wine of Colchicurn Seed. TABLE OF MEDICINES INTRODUCED INTO TTTF Tl «t-|TK« PHARMACOPEIA AND DISMISSED. Substances introduced into the Materia Medica, and contained in the last edition of the U. S. Pharmacopeia. Wormwood. Absinthium, Althaea, Amygdala Amara, Amylum, Brominium, Calx Chlorinata, Cataria, Chondrus, Coccus, Conii Semen, Oreosotum, Diosma, Granati Radicis Cortex, Hyoscyami Semen, Limonis Cortex, Liquor Ammoniae Fortior, Matricaria, Melissa, Oleum Bergamii, Oleum Cubebae, Oleum Rosae, Panax, Papaver, Plumbi Oxidum Rubrum, Potassii Ferrocyanuretum, Pyrethrum, Ruta, Sabadilla, Salvia, Sambucus, Stramonii Radix, Marsh Mallow. Bitter Almonds. Starch. Bromine. Chlorinated Lime. Catnep. Irish Moss. Cochineal. Hemlock Seed. Creosote. Buchu. Bark of Pomegranate Root. Henbane Seed. Lemon Peel. Stronger Solution of Ammonia, German Chamomile. Balm. Oil of Bergamot. Oil of Cubebs. Oil of Roses. Ginseng. Poppy Heads. Pareira Brava. Red Oxide of Lead. Ferrocyanuret of Potassium. Pellitory. Rue. Cevadilla. Sage. Elder Flowers. "Stramonium Root 120 TABLES VI. PREPARATIONS INTRODUCED. (V. S, T.) Acetum Opii, Acidum Muriaticum Dilutum, Acidum Nitricum Dilutum, Acidum Nitromuriaticum, Acidum Tannicuro, Aqua Fceniculi, Argenti Cyanuretum, Carbo Animalis Puriflcatus, Cassiae Fistulas Pulpa, Decoctum Chimaphilae, Decoctum Quercus Albae, Decoctum Taraxacl, Emplastrum Belladonnae, Emplastrum Opii, Emplastrum Saponis, Extractum Aconiti Alcohol- icum, Extractum Belladonnae Alcohol- ic um, Extractum Conii Alcoholiv.um, Extractum Dulcamarae Alcohol- icum, Extractum Hyoscyami, Extractum Krameriae, Extractum Nucis Vomicae, Extractum Sarsaparillae, Extractum Stramonii Seminis, Ferri lodiduin, Ferri Oxidum Hydratum, Hydrargyri Iodidum, Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, Infusum Caryophylli, Infusum Catechu Compositum. Infusum Cinchonas Composi- tum, Infusum Diosmae, Infusum Humuli, Infusum Kramerise, Infusum Sarsaparilla;, liquor Ferri lodidi, Liquor lodnni Compositus, Liquor Potassm Citratis, Liquor Sodte Chloriuatae, Mel Praeptirutum, Mel Rosae, Morphia: Murias, Mucilago Tragacanthae, Oleum Sailings, Pilulae Ferri Carbonatis, Pilulie ("iilbani Composita, Pilula! Rhei, Acetate of Opium. Diluted Muriatic Acid. Diluted Nitric Acid. Nitro-muriatic Acid. Tannic Acid. Fennel Water. Cyanuret of Silver. Purified Animal Charcoal. Pulp of Purging Cassia. Decoction of Pipsisewa. Decoction of White Oak Bark. Decoction of Dandelion. Plaster of Belladonna. Opium Plaster. Soap Plaster. Alcoholic Extract of Aconite. Alcoholic Extract of Bellar donna. Alcoholic Extract of Hemlock. Extract of Bitter-sweet. Alcoholic Extract of Henbane. Extract of Rhatany. Extract of Nux Vomica. Extract of Sarsaparilla. Extract of Stramonium Seed. Iodide of Iron. Hydrated Oxide of Iron. Iodide of Mercury. Red Iodide of Mercurv. Infusion of Ckives. Compound Infusion of Catechu. Compound Infusion of Ponivrnjj Bark. Infusion of Buchu. Infusion of Hops. Infusion of Rhatany. infusion oi sarsaparilbfc Solution of Iodide of Iron. Compound Solution of iodine, Solution of Citrate of Potussa. Solution of Chlorinated Soda. Prepared Honey. Honey of Roses. Muriate of Morphia. Mucilage of Tragacanth. Oil of Savine. Pills of Carbonate of Iron. Compound Pills of Galbanum, Pills of Rhubarb. TABLES. 32 Pilulas Saponis Comp .sitae, Pilulas Scillae Composite, Potassii Cyanuretum, Pruni Pulpa, Pulvis Jalapae Compositus, Strychnia, Sulphuris Iodidum, Syrupus Amygdalae, Syrupus Ipecacuanhae, Syrupus Krameriae, Syrupus Sennae, Syrupus Tolu'.ani, Tamarindi Pulpa, Tinetura Aconiti, Tinetura Belladonnae, Tinetura Colehici Seminis, Tinetura Conii, Tinetura Cubebae, Tinetura Galla>, Tinetura lodini Composita, Tinetura Krameriae, Tinetura Olei Menthae Piperitae, Tinetura Olei Menthae Viridis, Trochisci Ipecacuanhae, Trochisci Menthae Piperitae, Unguentum Antimonii, Unguentum Creosoti, Unguentum lodini, Unguentum lodini Composi- tum, Unguentum Mezerei, Veratria, Vinum Ergotae, Zinci Chloridum, Compound Pills of Soap. Compound Pills of Squills. Cyaiuj-et of Potassium. Puip of Prunes. Compound Powder of Jalap Strychnia. Iodide of Sulph m. Syrup of Almonds. Syrup of Ipecacuanha- Syrup of Rhatany. Syrup of Senna.' Syrup of Tolu. Pulp of Tamarinds. Tincture of Aconite. Tincture of Belladonna. Tincture of Colchicurn Seed. Tincture of Hemlock. Tincture of Cubebs. Tincture of Galls. Compound Tincture of Iodine. Tincture of Rhatany. Tincture of Oil of Peppermint Tincture of Oil of Spearmint. Troches of Ipecacuanha. Troches of Peppermint. Antimonial Ointment. Ointment of Creosote. Ointment of Iodine. Compound Ointment of Iodine. Ointment of Mefcereon, Veratria. Wine of Ergot. Chloride of Zinc. VII. SUBSTANCES DISMISSED FROM THE MATERIA MKDIOA. (tl. 8. fj Acidum Aceticum Empyreuma- Pyroligneous Acid. ticum, Eupatorium Purpureum, Gravel Root. Eupatorium Teucrifolium, Wild Horehoa..^ Helleborus Fcetidus, Bear's-foot, Menyantlies, Buckbean. Sambucus, Elder Berries. Veronica, Veronica. PREPARATIONS DISMISSED. (U. S. P.) Antimonii Sulphuretum Prae- Prepared Sulphuret of Am> paratum, mony. Aqua Aurantii Corticis, Water of Orange Peel. ">erattf . .Vrsenici, Cerate of Arsenic. 322 TABLES. Ceratum Plumhi Carbonatis, Cerate of Carbonate of Lead. Confectio Amygdalae, Almond Confection. Confectio Scammonii, Confection of Scamiiony. Cupri Acetas Praeparatus, Prepared Acetate of Copper. Decoctum Sarsaparilla, Decoction Of Sarsaparilla. Decoctum Veratri Albi, Decoction of White Hellebore, Emplastrum Plumbi Carbona- Plaster of Carbonate of Lead. tis, Extractum Anthemidis, Extract of Chamomile. Ferri Carbonas Praeparatus, Prepared Carbonate of Iron. Ferri Oxidum Rubrum, Red Oxide of Iron. Ferri Sulphuretum, Sulphuret of Iron. Hydrargyrum Purincatum, Purified Mercury. Liquor Ammonia Hydrosul- Solution of Hydrosulphato of Jihatis, Ammonia. ulae Quiniae Sulphatis Im-Pills of Impure Sulphate of puri, Qninia. Sodse Sulphuretum, Sulphuret of Soda. Syrupus Acaciae, Syrup of Gum Arabic. Syrupus Aceti, Syrup of Vinegar. Syrupus Colehici, Syrup of Meadow-saffron. Syrupus Rhei et Sennas, Syrup of Rhubarb and Senna. Tinetura Angusturse, Tincture of Angustura Bark. Tinetura Moschi, Tincture of Musk. Unguentum Veratri Viridis, Ointment of American Hell* bore. Vinum Gentianae Compositum, Compound Wine of Gentian. NLM025343570