NEW VIEWS 
OF TUE 
CAUSE, PREYEUTIOU, MD CURE 
OF 
YELLOW FEYER, 
ANI) OTHER 
DISEASES PRODUCED BY MIASMA AND MEPHITIC VAPORS. 
PRESENTED FOR THE 
SAFETY OF THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION 
IN THE 
SOUTHERN STATES. 
IE3 TT J. “W- REDPIBLD, IVT - ID 
A REFUGEE FROM TUB SOUTH. 
: 
JOHN A. GRAY, PRINTER, STEREOTYPER, AND BINDER, 
fire-proof buildings, 
CORNER OP FRANKFORT AND JACOB STREETS. 
18G3. N. B.—Persons desiring copies of this pamphlet will please 
address, 
J. W. REDFIELD, M.D., 
Care L. D. & C. F. Mansfield, 
Nyack, N. Y, PEE FAC E. 
The writer has had experience in Yellow Fever, and other 
low forms of fever prevalent in the Southern States, once during 
the summer of 1846, and again during a residence of five years— 
the last of which was the year 1862—experience in his own per- 
son, in the suffering of those diseases, and in the treatment of them 
in others. From this experience, and a knowledge of Anatomy 
and Physiology, which every physician possesses, he has deduced 
a theory, plain, simple, and demonstrable to the most ordinary 
understanding, provided it be furnished with the facts from which 
the theory has been deduced, and to which it is of practical appli- 
cation. 
Every body knows that fevers arise from malaria, or some sort 
of infection, and consequent inflammatory or eruptive disease, of 
which fever is an inseparable attendant. Every body knows, too, 
or ought to know, that malaria is the result of the decay, predom- 
inating over the cultivation and growth, of vegetable and animal 
substances, under the influence of heat and moisture—precisely 
what occurs in a very remarkable degree in the Gulf States, and 
always will occur under an imperfect system of cultivation, and 
among an enslaved and filthy population. Of course this must be 
greatly aggravated in camp and city life, in such localities, unless 
extraordinary attention is paid to cleanliness and the prevention of 
effete exhalations. 
How malaria acts in producing fevers it is important to know; 
but it is sufficient for our present purpose to ascertain what con- 
ditions of body are able to resist and overcome its influences, and 
what succumb and give way to it; also what organs are specially 
attacked and weakened by it, and by what means they can be 
strengthened and fortified against its action, so as to be able, by 
their health and vigor, to throw it off, and with it the disease 
which it has induced. 
This, under its appropriate heads, will form the subject of the 
following pages. ISTEW VIE W S. 
CHAPTER I. 
The Conditions of Body favorable to an Attach of Yellow, Typhus, 
and other Low Forms of Fever • and the Conditions favorable to 
Resisting and Throwing off these Diseases. 
No man should go from a northern climate to our Soutli- 
Atlantic or Gulf-coast, and no man should be sent there under 
the military authority, -without his first knowing that he has a 
constitution fitted to withstand the diseases incident to such a cli- 
mate and locality. It is not mere strength, but a certain pecu- 
liarity of constitution, that constitutes this adaptation. The 
organization instrumental and indicative of destructiveness, fits 
a man or an animal to inhabit marshes, and to breathe miasma 
and pestilent vapors, as the elements natural to him, suited 
to his healthy and normal condition. It is a significant fact 
that the natives of New-Orleans, Mobile, Galveston, Key West, 
and the Gulf-coast generally, like the alligators, serpents, wild 
cats and blood-thirsty mosquitoes of their adjacent bayous, 
swamps, and marshy woods, are naturally destructive, and pos- 
sess the organization which in vertebrate animals is indicative of 
such a disposition. This, as every body knows, or may know, 
by comparing savage with mild animals, is large and prominent 
canine teeth, large and strong diaphragm, a large and active 
liver, and a large gall-bladder, full to overflowing with that bit- 
terness which is so like hatred. An overflow of bile makes a 
man boil over with rage, and boiling over with rage makes him 
overflow with bile. The cause and the effect mutually react 
upon each other. That which excites a man to “ dip his pen in 
gall,” and to deal in “ biting sarcasm,” incites him to challenge 
his enemy to a duel, and to “ seek the life entire;” as is more 
frequently the case in the South than in the North. Whether 
malignity, that carries its hostility to the “ bitter end,” content 6 
with nothing short of taking the life of its enemy, be connected 
with the organization that distinguishes destructive animals, or 
not, it is certain that the character and the conformation are in 
exact proportion to each other, and that they constitute some of 
the conditions necessary to the resistance and overcoming of 
febrile causes. All savage men and animals—of the latter, the 
canine and feline especially—are remarkable for diaphragmatic 
and abdominal breathing, and for the size and function of the 
liver ; and it is a fact that they breathe miasmatic and pestilent 
atmospheres with impunity, while the mild and gentle and veg- 
etable-eating in the same localities are liable to die of diseases 
induced by these causes. 
It is recorded of Eobespierre, that while employed in his daily 
and wholesale massacres, (in which, of course, he exercised 
enormous destructiveness to an extreme degree,) he was subject 
to an excessive flow of bile, which he endeavored to neutral- 
ize and hold in check by constant draughts of lemon-juice. 
Asthmatics breathe almost altogether by the diaphragm and ab- 
dominal muscles, scarcely at all by the intercostals; and we have 
observed that the secretion of bile is generally too abundant in 
them, and that malaria does not affect them—that even in a 
yellow-fever climate, while others all around them are falling 
victims to the disease, they are exempt. That these very healthy 
and long-lived invalids (if we may be allowed the expression) 
have large destructiveness, though often directed by benevo- 
lence and good nature, observation has furnished us with abun- 
dant proof. 
Of course, if one of the conditions favorable to the resistance 
and overcoming of febrile causes be such as has been named, 
the reverse is a condition favorable to the action of such causes. 
A person of a mild, timid, inoffensive character, not from be- 
nevolence, politeness, or self-discipline, (though he may possess 
these,) but from natural lack of destructiveness and love of 
overcoming, has a thin, weak diaphragm, and a small, inefficient 
liver and biliary secretion, and is almost sure to fall a victim to 
yellow fever, or any other low form of fever, when exposed to 
it. This is sure to be the case if the exposure be great, and he 
be a vegetable-eater, and take acids instead of bitters for his 
beverage. The same is true of the vegetable-eating animals, 
only the most destructive of which, as cows with long horns, and 
inclined to use them, and smashing horses, that lash their sides 
with their tails, like lions, have diaphragmatic breathing and bil* 7 
iary secretion sufficient to insure their growing up and living 
healthfully in a malarious region. 
But combativeness, or a pugilistic disposition, must not be 
mistaken for destructiveness, in our judgment as to who is ca- 
pable of resisting the influence of atmospheric poisons. The 
sheep, for example, is very combative, is inclined to give and 
take blows, but is not at all destructive, and has but a weak 
diaphragm, %mall liver, and deficient biliary secretion. And as 
sheep are easily killed by impure air, taking the rot, and dying 
of it, so are people of a combative, but non-destructive disposi- 
tion. It would be a great mistake, therefore, to send to a mala- 
rious climate a brave soldier who seeks only to ~beat an impla- 
cable enemy, and not utterly to destroy and exterminate him, if, 
indeed, he prove himself implacable. It was such a mistake 
in the United States Government to send Dr. Kane to Africa, 
where he barely escaped death from the coast-fever, and to Mex- 
ico, where his lack of destructiveness, shown in his mercy to 
desperadoes, admitted the yellow fever which nearly termi- 
nated his existence. It was such a mistake also that sent the 
mild and gentle, but brave and patriotic Professor Mitchel to 
Port Royal, and terminated his life by a foe which it required 
a lower nature to contend with. 
Another condition necessary to the resistance and throwing off 
of miasma and other morbid matters, and the diseases they en- 
gender—a condition without which the former is insufficient— 
is the organization instrumental and indicative of the power to 
endure or bear up against, and to repel or throw off. This 
condition of an anti-febrile constitution is a long and strong 
spinal marrow, a resisting, firm, persistent, unconquerable brain, 
and nervous energy. This is what repels, throws off, and makes 
head against the causes of suppression, retention and absorption 
of morbid matters, congestion, coldness, trembling, inflamma- 
tion, fever, prostration, incoherence—all the symptoms of what 
is sometimes and very properly called “nervous fever,” synony- 
mously with “putrid fever,” “ congestive fever,” “typhus fever,” 
and so on. The courage of resistance, a bold front to meet 
danger and difficulty, helps to sustain the nervous system, to 
resupply it with the elements necessary to its growth, and with 
the nervous fluid, rendering it lithe and vigorous. The timidity 
of lack-resistance, on the contrary, a shrinking sensitiveness, an 
inability to meet and put down audacity and an overbearing 
spirit in others, allows waste of the nervous system, renders it 8 
weak and tremulous, exhausts it of its phosphorus and nervous 
fluid, makes the breathing short and faint instead of diaphragm- 
atic and abdominal, and deprives the heart of the power to re- 
act, except febrilely, in consequence of congestion and inflamma- 
tion of the nervous and circulating systems. Of course, then, 
the want of the elements of courage last described is connected 
with a weakness and deficiency of back-bone and nerve, and it 
is natural to suppose that morbific causes which produce almost 
precisely the same mental and physical effects as extreme fear, 
must increase these conditions, and that these conditions must 
favor the action of those causes. Theory aside, it is a well- 
known fact that a certain kind of bravery fortifies against all 
endemic, epidemic and contagious diseases, and that fear exposes 
a person to take them ; and it is capable of being equally well 
known that all long-spined, strong-nerved men and animals find 
life and health in the atmosphere and surroundings wherein 
those of an opposite conformation find disease and death. Na- 
ture, for this reason, has made all timid and inoffensive beings 
natives of the higher latitudes and altitudes, where the air is 
pure and free, and has inspired them with the love of liberty, 
and in the defense of it, the courage inherent in all lofty aspira- 
tions, fearlessly poising itself on the giddy heights, because 
possessing naught of the element which would cast itself head- 
long upon its enemies, and upon its own destruction. And be- 
cause the savage and repulsive are exempt from pestilent dis- 
eases, Nature has made them natives of the lower latitudes 
and altitudes, where the atmosphere is charged with exhalations 
noxious and deadly to men and animals of an opposite descrip- 
tion, but nutritious and wholesome, or at least innoxious to them. 
To live safely on the Gulf-coast, or in like situations in Africa 
and elsewhere, a man must incorporate into himself something 
of all the animals that inhabit there. The negro does this in 
an extraordinary degree. lie has a strong diaphragm, a large 
liver, a long spine, and a brain and skull resistant to great 
weights and to all causes of oppression and suffering, besides a 
skin remarkably capable of throwing off morbid matters from 
the system. And as the negroes have inherited a fitness to re- 
sist the malaria and coast-fever of their ancestral clime, and 
have proved themselves loyal citizens and good soldiers, can 
the government do better than employ them to help possess 
and defend its rights in the Southern States against the treason 
and rebellion of their former masters ? 9 
Having shown what conditions of body are favorable to an 
attack of yellow fever, and other low febrile diseases, and what 
are favorable to resisting and overcoming them, we will now 
show, under 
What Organs are especially attached by Marsh Miasma and Pesti- 
lent Vapors, as indicated by the Symptoms of the Diseases which 
those Causes produce. 
CHAPTER II. 
These organs are those which have already been referred to 
as conditions pertaining to the body as a whole, and to morbid 
causes affecting the entire system. They are now to be con- 
sidered as the objects of direct attach, and, wThen conquered, as 
the seats of disease, instead of as the sources of health, to the 
other parts of the body. One of the most observable symp- 
toms of yellow fever, and of the other low forms of fever, 
which are all modifications and grades of one disease, is epigas- 
tric inaction, owing to inaction of the diaphragm and abdom- 
inal muscles. In this immobility is included that of the stom- 
ach, liver, bowels, kidneys, lungs, and heart, and all the organs 
lying above and below the diaphragm, which are pressed upon 
and moved up and down by the action of this organ, and are 
still and torpid when its action is nearly suspended. The in- 
action of the liver and suspension of its function from this 
cause, is shown in the yellowness of the skin in yellow fever, 
the same as in jaundice, and in the non-appearance of bile in 
the stools in other diseases of the same family, and in the in- 
duration and morbid enlargement of the liver in fever and ague. 
The immobility of the stomach from this cause being an ap- 
proach to the death of that organ, the villous coat becomes dis- 
organized, and this, instead of black bile, of which there is 
none, is thrown off in that stage or modification of yellow fever 
called “ the black vomit,” which consists in the ejection of a 
substance resembling coffee-grounds. All these symptoms show 
that the diaphragm primarily, and secondarily the liver, stom- 
ach, and other organs wdiich are dependent to a great degree on 
the diaphragm for their action, are attacked and weakened b}r 
the atmospheric poisons which produce fevers. These organs 
are the guards of the system against febrile diseases, and the 
general health can only be reached through them, by either 
morbific causes or sanitary remedies. Between these organs 
and atmospheric poisons there is a natural antagonism, and 10 
when the organs are the stronger, the poisons are routed, and 
the health is preserved, and when the poisons are the stronger, 
the organs are mastered, and health gives place to disease. 
Besides the diaphragm and the viscera in contact with it, the 
brain and spinal cord are especially affected in all low forms of 
fever, by the action of the causes which produce these diseases. 
It is the nervous system that characterizes animate beings, and 
it is the vigor of this system that gives them strength and ac- 
tivity. Therefore it is injury to the organization and function 
of the nervous system that is the immediate cause of the pros- 
tration of the body, and of the depression of all the functions 
of animate life, observable in yellow and typhus fevers, and in 
the last stage of all inflammatory and febrile diseases. That the 
prime seat of the disease is in the nervous system, which is 
congested and inflamed throughout, is seen in the delirium, 
muttering, deceptive sensations, nervous weaknesses, disordered 
animal functions, fluttering pulse, and the putrescent tendency 
of the blood and of all the organs and secretions of the body. 
Hence the name of “ nervous fever,” applied very often to 
fevers of the typhus and typhoid type. 
In fact, whatever atmosphere peculiarly affects the respira- 
tory organs, must needs so affect the brain and nerves, and they 
suffer or enjoy together. For through the inspiration of pure 
air, and the balmy odors and imponderables it contains, the 
sensorium and motor nervous system are enlivened and in- 
spired ; and through the inhalation of impure air, in which are 
stenches and malign influences, the nervous system is prostrated, 
and made the source of disorder and death to the body, which 
it was intended to animate and control. 
Having shown that the respiratory and nervous systems are 
first the local seat of the diseases which afterwards become gen- 
eral, and that they are the media through which health can be 
preserved and restored, as they are the media through which 
disease and death may enter, we now inquire, under 
By what Means these Mediatorial Organs can he fortified 
against the Influence of Malaria, or restored to their Health- 
ful and Normal Condition when overcome and diseased 
hy this Protean Cause ? 
The knowledge that the diaphragm, liver, brain and spinal 
cord, if superior to febrile causes are able to master them, is a 
CHAPTER III. 11 
great deal gained. The question now comes, How is the 
strength of these organs to be maintained ? how is it to be in- 
creased if insufficient ? and how is it to be restored and enabled 
to overcome the febrile causes if these have already gained th<* 
mastery ? These questions are all one question, for the answer 
is one. Whatever nourishes and strengthens the structure and 
function of a strong organ, nourishes and strengthens those of 
a weak one, and the food and beverage of the one state is the 
diet and medicine of the other. Prevention and cure are di- 
rected against the same morbific causes ; and the same physio- 
logical laws in both cases, though more disturbed in the case 
requiring cure, than in that requiring prevention, require the 
sam % principles of treatment. This is the reason why many of 
the more intelligent physicians “trust to nature” in sickness 
as they do in health, while many of the less intelligent treat a 
patient as if he was subject to an arbitrary set of laws of their 
own making. Trusting to nature, we would make the means 
of the attainment of high health the means also of the preven- 
tion of disease, and the means of prevention the means also of 
cure, only more concentrated and potent, more free from the 
grosser substances which make a demand upon the strength of 
the system. 
Practically, therefore, our one question resolves itself into 
three heads: 
First. Ilow is the strength of the diaphragm, liver, brain, and 
spinal cord to be maintained, supposing it to be already sufficient to 
resist the causes of yellow fever and its kindred diseases ? We 
answer, By the avoidance of some things, and the use of others. 
There are some articles of diet which act against the diaphragm, 
others which act against the nervous system, and others again 
which act against both. Exposed to the influences of unavoid- 
able miasmas, a man should avoid fruits, and all kinds of vege- 
tables except grains, because they are deficient in nutrition and 
healthful stimulus to the organs which oppose those influences. 
Vegetable acids, especially, act against the diaphragm, check 
the secretion of bile, and increase the sensibility of the sensitive 
at the expense of the motor nervous system, rendering that 
painfully acute, and this weak and trembling, and incapable of 
resisting disease. But animal food, particularly that which was 
endowed with great vitality, which moved by the motion of the 
spine, and which had a large liver, and a strong diaphragm, 
should be used, because it acts directly upon the corresponding 12 
organs in the human body, increasing their functions and sup- 
plying them with the materials of their organization. Eare 
beef, the red juice of which follows the knife, excites the dia- 
phragm to act upon it, and the liver to pour out its bile, in like 
manner as raw flesh does in the stomach of one of the carniv- 
ora. To supply the brain with phosphorus and with the other 
elements which attract to themselves and convey the necessary 
nervous fluid, fish should be added, the most lithe and vitaliz- 
ing of animal substances. The United States soldiers who have 
beeu, and will again be exposed to the fatal fevers of the South- 
ern States, should be permanently supplied with salt fish, (as 
they are now with bacon,) and with fresh beef and fresh fish as 
often as possible, at the same time that they are prohibited fruits 
and vegetables, except the most nitrogenous ones, and those 
only as a condiment to their animal diet. As to the beverage, 
the degree of diaphragmatic and bilious action which water and 
milk may be able to maintain in a northern climate, Scotch ale 
and porter may be necessary to maintain in a yellow fever lo- 
cality. Coffee is objectionable, because it rather obstructs the 
liver than otherwise, and in stimulating the nervous system 
transiently as it does, and not permanently, it tends to exhaust 
and weaken it. 
Second. How is the strength of the diaphragm, liver, brain, 
and spinal cord to be increased, when it is below the necessary 
standard ? This is by a more thorough enforcement of the ani- 
mal diet, particularly of the fish portion of it, and by stronger 
“bitters,” even to the use of those which are technically so- 
called. It is well known that the people of New-Orleans and 
other Southern ports are great brandy-drinkers, and we have 
no doubt that this fact has come partly from an instinctive de- 
mand, so far as the diaphragm is concerned, and partly from an 
experience of what maintains epigastric action against the de- 
pressing influence of miasma. We know by experience that 
brandy does this. But the use of any kind of ardent spirits in 
this respect is more than counterbalanced by its injury to the 
nervous system. Alcoholic drinks by stimulating the brain 
and nerves, exhaust them, render them weak and trembling, 
cowardize and frenzy the mind, expose the system to be over- 
come by the poison of miasma, and aggravate the consequent 
disease, making it of that low and fatal tjrpe in which the nerv- 
ous and putrid character is most observable. Diffusible stimu- 
lants are admissible only where the respiratory organization is 13 
■weak and the nervous strong, and then only for a temporary 
effect, counteracted at the same time by what is appropriate to 
the nourishment and permanent support of the nervous system. 
But tonics are not liable to this objection. The bitter of hops, 
in beer, may be necessary to maintain, and that of cinchona or 
quassia, in spirits, may be necessary to exalt, the strength of 
the diaphragm, when the influence of febrile causes is greater 
than the power of the diaphragm otherwise to resist them ; at 
the same time that a nitrogenous and phosphorescent diet, suita- 
ble to the nourishment of the muscular and nervous systems, 
should be made use of. 
Third. How is the strength of the diaphragm, liver, brain, 
and spinal cord to be restored and made sufficient to overcome 
and throw offi yellow fever, or any other low form of fever, 
when the disease has already gained the mastery ? If it be 
possible to concentrate the food and drink prescribed for pre- 
vention, so as to have the essence without the residuum, or any 
thing to tax the digestive organs, we shall have what is neces- 
sary to cure. We know by experience that a tea made of an 
ox’s diaphragm is just the diet for a person low with typhus 
fever or troubled with inaction of the diaphragm from consti- 
tutional weakness of that organ. The difference between the 
essential nature of the diaphragm and that of any other piece 
of beef may be inappreciable to common observation, but the 
practical difference, in the effects upon the respiratory and 
digestive organs, is very remarkable. From this extract all fat 
should be removed before it is administered. For the phos- 
phorescent food, which the nervous system requires, very deli- 
cate oyster-soup, without butter and with no other seasoning 
than salt, should be given. Or a little of the brain of an ani- 
mal, the finest and most digestible of organic substances, may 
be fed to the patient with a view to the same object. Besides 
this, in default of a sufficiency of the nervous fluid, the applica- 
tion of the galvanic battery to the epigastrium, and passing a 
current of electricity along the spine, gives action to the dia- 
phragm and motor nervous system, and aids them in overcom- 
ing and throwing off the disease. 
The proper medicines are extracts, if I may so say, of the 
beverages appropriate to prevention. How true this is of 
quinine, sometimes called “the essential salt of cinchona,” is 
abundantly testified by the universal experience with it in in- 
termittents, and all low forms of fever produced by marsh mias- 14 
raata. There is another medicine which acts still more speci- 
fically upon the diaphragm and more upon the nervous, though 
less upon the circulating, system, and that is the extract of the 
bark of the root of the sensitive plant, which grows almost all 
over the South. Our common mode of using this bark, (and 
we are the first, so far as we know, who have used it at all,) is 
to make a decoction of it and administer it according to the 
necessity of stimulating the diaphragm to activity. "Whatever 
moves the diaphragm gives motion to the liver and urges it to 
the performance of its function ; but as the liver is very much 
obstructed in all low forms of fever, especially yellow fever, it 
should be purged by a good dose of calomel, so large as to pro- 
duce no salivation or constitutional effect. Tonic bitters of all 
kinds are like bile, which is derived from the liver and reacts 
upon it, stimulating it to the secretion of more of the same sort. 
They are a kind of artificial gall, and both these and the natu- 
ral kind in the stomach, however they may be brought there, 
stimulate the liver, not only directly but indirectly, through 
the diaphragm, to the performance of its function. The gall of 
an ox, in the absence of bile of one’s own, will act more effectu- 
ally, sometimes, than any other bitter. In proportion as strong 
action of the diaphragm is demanded by the nature of the indi- 
vidual, there is a demand for that which stimMtes it, and the 
bitterness of gall ceases to be unpalatable. For example, the 
dog, when a fresh, full gall-bladder is thrown to him, swallows it 
as if it were a palatable and appetizing morsel. Tonic bitters 
are least demanded, so far as taste and habit are concerned, by 
those who need them the most. Whatever food, drink, or 
medicine a very destructive and vital animal makes use of to 
support its peculiar character and organization, will act upon, 
stimulate, invigorate, and nourish the organs that overcome and 
throw off atmospheric poisons and their effects upon the system. 
But of course the treatment is parallel only so far as the condi- 
tions are so, or so far as a man resembles an animal, and what 
we state must be regarded as a general rule, from which the 
particulars may be deduced according to observation and expe- 
rience. 
There is an astringent, as well as a stimulating property, in 
all tonic bitters, and it is this which distinguishes them from 
bitter substances that are merely stimulating and narcotic. It 
is by virtue of this, that while they act beneficially upon the 
diaphragm, they are not contra-indicated by their effects upon 15 
the nervous system. In fact, a predominance of the astringent 
principle in bitters, and even the strongest possible bitter as- 
tringents, as nut-galls, or astringents in which very little bitter- 
ness is perceptible, as that of the fruit or bark of the persim- 
mon, are indicated in all endemic and epidemic diseases, in 
which the symptoms are those of the last stage of nervous pros- 
tration, or the last stage of ordinary inflammatory and febrile 
diseases. These are excess of decomposition and excretion 
over absorption and deposition, evidenced by cold sweat, wa- 
tery discharges, putrefaction, and bloody flux, in which the pa- 
tient bleeds to death in a short time. In the Southern States, 
this last is a state which typhus fever frequently runs into, or 
which seems to be the disease itself, produced by the same cause 
that produces typhus fever ; and simultaneous with the preva- 
lence of this latter disease, cholera is also produced by filth 
and the poison arising from the decay of vegetable and animal 
matters, and shows the same epigastric inaction and nervous 
prostration, and is prevented and cured by the same general 
means. In all these cases, bitter astringents are necessary, both 
for the diaphragm and the nervous system, and for the con- 
striction and healthy action which are effected through these 
upon the other organs. 
But there are remedies appropriate to the nervous system 
exclusively, or which act specifically upon that alone. There is 
a diet fitted to nourish and strengthen the brain, as well as one 
fitted to nourish and strengthen the diaphragm; so, also, there 
is a medicine fitted to restore health and strength to the cere- 
bral, as well as one fitted to restore health and strength to the 
respiratory organs. The use of the hypophosphites is not so 
much in consumptive as in febrile diseases, in their application 
to the nervous affection, and its effects upon the other parts of 
the body. The hypophosphites of iron, of soda, and of lime, 
we can recommend in such cases from our own experience. 
The hypophosphite of quinine and manganese would seem to 
combine the very elements indicated by the two-fold morbid 
affection in all diseases produced by miasmatic and effete ex- 
halations, namely, the biliary nervous. Homeopathic “ phos- 
phorus ” we have used in typhus fever, in not very homeo- 
pathic doses, with excellent effect. 
Of course, if water is good to quench fire, it is beneficial in 
fevers, both internally and externally. But, for the reasons 
already stated, acid drinks, though refrigerant, arp mritra-indi- 16 
cated. Of course too, the diseases produced by the exhalations 
from decaying vegetable and animal matters, require for their 
prevention and cure cleanliness of persons ancf surroundings. 
But as marsh miasma can not be got rid of in marshy regions, 
and as effete exhalations are not entirely separable from cities, 
camps, and hospitals, or wherever there are large concourses of 
human beings, the bodily, dietetic, and remedial conditions we 
have described are of vital importance. 
A brief resume of the important points to be considered, and 
our task is ended. First. The army of occupation on the 
South-Atlantic and Gulf-coast, should be composed of men 
fitted to withstand the diseases of such a climate and locality. 
They should breathe deeply, by the diaphragm more than 
by the intercostals; they should have a large and active liver, 
and an abundant flow of bile; they should have a long and 
strong spine, and a brain more resistant than sensitive. Second. 
The organs required to be large and strong, as resisting and 
overcoming miasma and mephitic vapors and their diseases, are 
those that are attacked and overcome by them : consequently 
they require to be specially aided in their preventive and cura- 
tive work. Third. The strength of these organs is to be sus 
tained, and is to be brought up to the necessary standard, by 
diet and beverages suitable to nourish and stimulate them; and 
when subdued by the febrile and depressing causes we have de- 
scribed, it is to be restored by the same means more concentra- 
ted and refined. Under this third general division of the sub- 
ject, the means of ordinary health, of prevention, and of cure, 
for the diaphragm, liver, motor and sensitive nervous systems, 
and through them for the whole body, are considered under 
three separate heads. 
Much might be stated that is common with the ordinary 
treatment, but having mentioned all that is new, and that we 
deem essential, we have said all that we intended at the outset; 
all that we have to offer, in this way, for the benefit of our 
country; which may it please Heaven to bring safely through 
the present crisis of her disease, cleansed of her hereditary 
taint.