Gils ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION FEB 1 1926 LIBRARY MDICAL BDUCATIGN aN 1 oT A Ye (Doctor Alan Gregg, ) October 1924 ~ April, 1925. PABLE OF CON TENS» Plan of the Report CRCHORET HCC ET SHH SSE HSHEHAHHHEHE HOES HEHEHE HR OEHHE AHS Outline CHOHOHSHSH EHH HE HEHE SEHHEHRHSE SESE EHS EEH ESTES HEHESOT ESE OS General Introduction History COOSA OCHS HT HTTTHE SHOT HHOTHET OS HEEL ESE SE EOE Geography and Climate SOROS HSH EH EH OH EE SESS OHOSD Transportation AN CLIMATES cccecsresceccesessnessevece Social Picture cecescosccrevvevevesvencsevcvecessseses Boonomic Situation «escescescncssncscscessccrevevecees GOVEPTMCNE coer cccsceserssassesseneaesesasnsesererese Political Situatlon eecvsccssseccgssesensesssecssssesee General Organization of Blucation cevesseccsreccessecs Hlementary Schools cscccccccceccoverecccverccese Secondary BIUcation esccccsccssccsccsecscenvcsscces Universitiese Seo eoerrsreeeeeeSCeeee ee seGaneeeeeeeeaeseeenaeceeeoanenet * Miscellaneous Edu cationg eCHoeereaeeeeeeeoeeeeoeeeees eee eaenese ae Introductory Note to individual Schools eeerorsereoererrrcr Imividual liedical Schools. TAY IN eocccvercerereresecenseer sees ecceaseseseseeeees GONOD ceocer cere c cere seers eseseseseseeneseeeseesere Pavia @eseeoeaoeoeaeaeeae sn eeoeaveseesceovoasscanvuseesenaeesenvneeveuvueree Padua CHSC HHSHEHEHEHEEHRSEHSHOHRSEHHAESESEHAEACHO BHAA HAHAHAHA EHABHEHAHOF * Bologna SPSS SEHOHCSHSTHSSHEHSHSSHSSHHHSHSHSHCSHHHFSOHPHEEFOSSEHESOHLEVE Milan ccccscvovccevvevvrevccevveueceesecscusevevecace Liodena @eeseeveeeceoecaoeoaeneeoeeaeeceonaevaeneeeaeseeee eee eegeaaeeese Parma SOOO SOOO ECEERECO EER SHEER EE OOOH EE EOOESE PISG cccvececssccesesceceeveces er escccssvevseeeseseee « Rome SOPOHEHEHHEHECHEHSSCHEHSHETESSCHSETEEOHRHERECE SHE REESAHESEO FLOPONCE scceesccscscscenscesresessesssesecnsessesese Sienna CROCCO HET HOSES HEH OHHH HEHE EOHEH RES FE OE EES Perugla @seeeeoenGbeeceeeeeeaeean eee eeeaesc ee eases eee se ee enn eee CAMOTIND cocececceseveeceveressecesecsecsesesvesesese Naples eeseoveaeeveenecaorereaevegpoecaneeseenenvpeaeseaseanenen ee ee eseen Bari SRS HH SSHHHHAHERE HERES HERHEE SEH EOS HEHE SHO EE OOOH OD Palermo Coe eereoeeaee Cee ercneeeneoeveveeeveseaeeveeeveegneee CAtAnla eacscccvracsrccrrseceneassssnsesassssssssasesd Messina COREE HHO SEES ESE EREHHEHERE EERE OER OF OHOE OES Cagliari SOC C OCHO HHH EO HH EHTEL ET EHS HORE F OEE EES HEEE TED Sassari esverervreeceaeeeeoevueoseeeeeeeeeeaesenaeseseeseeae eee eeeos Schools of Phamacy, Dentist fldwifery & Veter Med. Pharmacy SCOTCH OHEHOST HHS HEH OHH HEC HOSES ERO SHS EDERECC HEE Oe Dentistry CHO CHET SHOT EH HETOOHHEHEEREHEHLEHEOEDEOHOOOS Veterinary Medicine SOHC OHECH SHS SHH EH BELO T OFF eE MEE Midwifery COO eee reese ererrrereneeesToreneseoeseneeE Hospitals and Nursing CROC HOC OOCH ER OEECE OOOH CHAE H ECO Medical Profession and the Practice of Medicine «2.6 Corments on some of the Subjects of Medical Biucation in Italy eee Present Difficulties of Medical Biucation in Italy -c.eeece Recommendations ©eeeotceveeceoaeseseeoee ese Bett sess eooaosveoevseeavoeenonece ve Appendix. Publications on file in the Paris Office .-cssrcsacses Copies of Letters of Notification and Presentation ... Schedule of Visits SOSA COE HES HEMET OOH ECE EOF OEE SER EED Developmental Plan for Selected Institutes in Italy... 0 ee OF erm an ame Ser ewe ow Pages 1 3 6 19 20 21 24 32 34 40 43 53 63 84 92 97 122 134 142 149 160 168 175 179 189 198 207 a3 2285 226 239 244 252 259 267 276 282 282 287 289 290 291 295 504 313 216 320 524 527 328. PLAN OF THE REPORT The report is divided into the following sections := Notes on the original material, its uses and storage. Outline of the report proper. Information arranged on basis of outline. Comments on subjects of medical instruction as given in Italy. ha remarks on present difficulties in medical education, in Ye Reconmendations. Appendix. 1= Notes on Original Material. Information contained in thia report has been secured from official publications of the universities and medical faculties, government reports, conversations with professors, studenta and others closely connected with medical education in Italy; observ= ations made during visits to the Medical Faculties and Hospitals, and also from the preliminary report on Italy furnished by New York office. Cutulogues, government publications and other printed matter will be found listed in the Appendix, no Report of conversations and impressions gathered during visits are filed by subject in Paris Office (following outline). Some information of this sort is to be found in Doctor Gregg's diary of Visita in Italy. The printed matter is almoect entirely in Italian; a few translations have been made of more important documents. Attempt will be made to keep a current file of university catalogues and it is likely that in the future this source of information will be more satisfactory than in the past since recent regulations provide that these catalogues shall in the future contain uniform and exact information regarding several phases of university activity which have only in some instances appeared in the past. QUTLIN&. INTRODUCTION. History of the State. Area ani Population. Geography and Climate. Transportation and Communication. Social Picture. Economic Situation. Organisation of Goverment. Political Situation. GENERAL ORGANISATION OF EDUCATION. Elementary Schools. Types of Schools. Enroliment. Courses. Teacherse Bulldings and Facilities. Results of Elanentary Schools. 2 di 8 e Types of Schoolse Rrollment. Courses. Peacherse Buildings and Facilities. Results. UNI IT] s. List of Universities. Organisation and Control. Courses. Teachers. Types of Teaching. Buildings and Facilities. Finances. General Impressions. MiISCeLLANEOUS EDUCATIONAL. Ponsionse Foreign Contacts. Student Societies. Libraries. Museums and Observatories. Learned Socleties. Au FESS I I $6 Law Schools. Engineering Schools. Schools of Agriculture. Schools of Theology. Commerce and Economic Sciences. Polytechnic Institutes. IVID CH OF EE RDICINE. Introductory Notes. Location. History Organisation. General University Finances. Medical School Financese Buildings. Laboratory Facilities. Clinical Facilities. Library Facilities. Faculty. Admission Requirements. Fees of Students. Degrees and Qualifications. Curriculum. Number of Students. Source of Students. Distribution of Graduates. Importance as a liedical Centre. Status of Research. Training and Development of Teaching Forou. MEDI PROF ION THE P ICE OF MEDICINE. General Impressions. Distribution of Physicians. Economic Status. (Continued overleaf). ne MEDICAL, PROFESSION AND THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. (Continued }/ Scientific Resources of Physicians. Medical Sects and Quacks. Women in Medicine. Post Graduate Study. attitude towards Men of Foreign Training. Medical Societies and Congresses. Medical Publications in the Country. Medical Publishers and Dealers. GENERAL INTRODUCTION eee eae History. The History of Italy exerts, even at the present day, @ very great influence on the type of education which is found there. In no other way can the differences between the various. sections of Italy be understood, nor can traditions and organiz- ation of the Universities be explained without some emphasis on their historical background. The briefest, and perhaps most. effective method of indicating the complicated history of Italy, jis to indicate by centuries or epoche the history of that country. This is given in the following teble, the first paragraph refer~ ring to Political and Cultural history, the second, more strictly concerning the history of Universities and intellectual movementa, A summary of the important influence in the history of medicine of Italy is given at the close. Seventh Century, B.C. Greeke appeared in Sicily. Genoa founded by Liguriane. The rest of Italy is occupied by various small nations. Sicily became a second Greece (Magna Gracia) and remained so until about the 10th Century, AeD. Italy thus became a store house of Greek influence ‘ for all time. s»mpedocles, Archimedes, Aeschylus, Pindar, all lived in Sicily at some time. 406 BeCe Carthaginians took Sicily and established contacts with the Phoenician cultures 4710 B.C. Perugia conquered by Rote. 236 BeC. Romans took Sardinia from Phoenicians. In this century Milan was conquered by Rome and Romans obtained hold over Southern Italy and Sicily, but Greekinfluence continued there for mich longer period. 124 B.C. asclepiadea of Bithynia established Greek medicine at Rome. = Pliny the Elder, 23-79 A.D. ~ 161 aeD. Gulen in Rome. Fourth Century, AeDe Southern and Western Roman Rnpire divided between Constantinople and Ituly where Headquarters were Milan and Ravennee Roman Empire becomes Christian. Fifth Century. Rome falls to Burburianse Milan ravaged by Attila, Ostrogoths and Lombards, and Naples and Sardinia sacked by Vandals. Theodosius the Great founded School of Law at Bologna. GO Sixth Century Lombards established in Milan,m gaining control over Padua and Bologna. Seventh Century Arab Corsaires raid Southern Italy, 667. Perugia destroyed by the Goths. highth Century Domination of Charlemagne who, in 774, took Milan, Genoa, Turin, Padua, Bologna and gave Florence ita political organiza~ tion and made present of city of Perugia to the Popese Montecassino and Salerno Benedictin hoepitales began housing the sick. Ninth Century Saracens gain control of Sicily. Rome becomes subject of feudal wars which lasted until the 15th Century, temporal power of the Popes having been established by Charlemagne. Medical School in Salerno becomes definitely prominent. Soror founded the hospital of Santa Maria in Sienna. Pavia established a center of studies 825. Tenth Century. Milan in 960 fell under German Emperors. Padua ravaged by Hungarianse Eleventh Century. Normane in control of Naples and Sicily 1042 to 1194, Pisa a Republic of warriors during this and following century. Sardinia fell under Pisa in 1025 as reward for the expulsion of Saracens; the era of the independence of various commines. Milan and Bologna in Lombard league defeat Frederick Burbarosa. Records mention four city hospitale in Rome; school at Salerno active. Twelfth Century. Naples under German controle House of Hohenstaufen, 1194 to 1268, Republic of Genoa at war with Pisa and Venice. Sienna became independent republic. This is the century when the following universities definitely came into existence:= Sienna, Modena, Pisa, Parma and Bologna Pope Innocent III initiated the movement of building hospitals under religious inspection. Monke at Montecassino collect and preserve medical law and are in close contact with school at Sulerno. Thirteenth Century. House of anjou in Naples, 1265-1442. Sicily an independent kingdom under House of aragon, 1282-1442. In 1297, Sardinia under Aragon, Padua under German control, Florence under the control of 10 the Popes. The beginning of the Guelf pp a N wi Iil NAINA SIN N 25 Iii PO ON & PAN BON ™ ON H MNAPLMWNEAW Ic NO ON It will be noted that no laboratory work is given in the scientific courses of the secondary schools. CN Ce Teachers. The teachers of secondary schools, among whom the proporticn of women is steadily increasing, are chosen under the direction of the Minister of Public Instruction by competitive examinetion for each specially indicated vacancy. The age limit for competitors is 45, unless candidates have previously been appointed as Profess= ors and obtained a pension in other forms of Government service, Men and women compete on equal terms. Examining commission ie composed of a majority of University professorsand a minority of single school professors in active service, the commission being selected by the Minister of Public Instruction. Unless the post in question ® accepted by the successful candidate, he, or she, does not have an opportunity for another post without another examination. Transfers can only be granted by the Minister of Public Instruction. A law provides somewhat significantly that ‘coaching’ is forbidden as a means of occup~ ation to teachers in the case of students of their own ashool and that special notice must be given of such private tutoring and no more than two students may be taught at the same time. Teachers are obliged to replace their colleaguee who are absent or ill in addition to their regular work. sve Salaries for teachers in secondary schools range from a minimum of 5,100 Liras, a Year ($204) and a maximum of 14,200 " " ($570) for the highest paid men on the roll of Honour $ In many cases these salaries are eked out by the teacher holding two or three positions, and consequently dividing his time, Buildings and Equipment. There is an obvious inference to be drawn from the Royal Decree of September 27,1923, which requires every secondary institute in Italy to be supplied with certain basic essentials in the matter of equipment. This law requirea that there shall be a teachers! library, a studenta' library, maps, copies of works of Art and in the case of the Licei, one laboratory of Physice and one laboratory of Chemistry and Natural Sciences. The Licei Scientifici mat similarly be provided with a laboratory of Physica, and a laboratory for Chemistry * Natural Sciences. This must not be understood to mean a laboratory for the gtudenta' use, but rather for purposes of demonstration. In common with all other educational inatitut~ jonas in Italy, the secondary schoole are not, in many cases, well housed. They are obliged to operate in convents and other old buildings poorly adapted to their needs, There is apparently no possibility under the present budget for the functionying of rural secondary schools, specially in the case of the Licei and Licei Scientifici. Provincial capitals are almost without exception the only localities where these higher schools are found. Results in Italian Education. From the point of view of preparation for medicine, the secondary education in Italy is defective. This is perhaps most marked in the Natural Sciencea where the students' knowledge is purely theoretical, since there is no equipment in the schools for individual work in Uhemistry, Biology or Physica, The impress- ion of verious professors in medical schools with whom I spoke was that the preparation in Natural Sciences which is given in eecond- ary schools was uniformly poor. This would seem to indicate that private secondary schools are not in this particular superior to the general average. There is on file in the Paris office a publication of the Liinister of Putlic Instruction which contains descriptione of the graduating examinations of all the different types of secondary schools. In the Liceo Seientifico the examination in Physics is a 20 minute oral affair. In Chemistry, Natural Sciences and Geocraphy, the examination consists of a 15 minutes conversation . These examinations contrast rather sharply with the examination in Mathematica which may be 5 hours long, and the Latin, which ia given in tro sectione and allowed to occupy 10 hours of written work, together with 25 minutes oral examination. Foreign languages also come in for 5 hours of written and 70 minutes of oral tests. qe Wo UN IT VERSITI tf wu There are in all 24 universities in Italy rith a total attendance, including certain affiliated superior institutes, of about 50,000 students, or 1.7 per 1000 of population as compared with the proportion of 5 per 1000 inhabitants in the United States, Of these 24 universities, 21 have faculties of medicine or 1 medical school per 1,851,000 inhatitante, as compared with a ratio of 1 medical school per 1,250,000 inhabitants in the United Statess Considering the comparative areas of the United States and Italy, it will te seen at once tnat Italy has more universities than are required, from a geograpnical point of view. The excess is principally in northern Italy and in the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. It was with the intent to reduce the number of existent uni- vergities that the government in 1923 attempted to classify these institutions into the following categories; University of Type "A" which are wholly supported by the Italian government, except for smell foundations for specific purposes estatiished by individuals in connection with these universities. There are 10 universities of Type "A", Second rank are thase universities Type Bs which are in part supported ty the government and in part by either provincial ores. * there are 17 medical schools in New York, New Jermey and Pennsylvania. See Page 15. municipal contributions. There are 10 of these institutions and among them several of the universities which the covernment educat~ ional authorities regard as of doubtful importance. There are in addition the so-called "FreeeUniversities", 4 in number which are wholly neglected by the state and muat find their entire support from provincial, municipal or private sources. In respect to numbers of students, prestige, equipment and standards of work, there are wide variations within each of these groups. Type A. Universities, in general, are infinitely superior to those of Type B.. Among the type B. institutions there are, however, the younger faculties of Milan and Florence which, in prestige, equipment and quality of work are already quite superior of some of the univeresities of Type A. and are likely, in the future, to acquire even greater advantages, The following table has been prepared from the annual cata~ loguea of the univergities and where these are lacking for the academic year 1923-1924, figures have been obtained from earlier: catalogues. RR. Universita e Istituti superiori R. Universiti Tabella AL R. Scuola di Ingegneria » R. Scuola di architettura R. Universita » Tabella B R. Scuola di Chimica Industriale » Ingegneria Navale » Ingegneria 2 Bologna Cagliari (renova. Napoli Padova Palermo Pavia Pisa Roma Torino Boioyna Napoli Padova Palermo Pisa Roma Roma Bari Catania Firenze Macerata Messina Milano Modena Parma. Perugia Sugsari Siena Bologna | Genoya Milano Torino UNIVERSITA E ISTITUTI SUPERIOR] [426 Universita @ Istituli superiori liberi » “Saero Cuore ., Istituto Superiove “ Cesare Alferd ,, RR. Ishtuti superiori di Rt. Istituto superiore di Maygistero > e » Pod (ark. 1, ne 2, del 2.7), SO settembre Teas um. 2102) Camerimo Ferrara Milano ' Uibino TECIZG Mag: ove Firenze Messina Roma Istituti superior’ di Magistero pareggiati “Suor Orsola Benincasa,, Napoli Istituto superiore di Magistero “Maria Immacotnta,, Milano a » > » R. Scuola normale superiore R. Osservatorio Astronomico » R. Stazione Astronomica R. Osservatorio Vesuviano R. Tshtute Oriental hk. Giardino Coloniale ow “del Piemonte ,, Torino Pisa Areetri (Firenze) Catania Collurania (Teramo) Milano Napoli Padova Pinu ‘Porincse (Torino) Roma ‘Toring Trieste Carloforte ‘Cugliart) Kapelt Palerma TYPE “A UNIVERSITIES Numbers Kmrollied by Faculties and Schools Name Total and Enrol: Soien- Let- Pharm Vet. affiliated Year ment Law Med. oes. ters acy. Med. Obst. Supe Inst. Bologna 2103 379 «792 405 216 39-253 a~- 68 Engineering 1923-24 Cagliari 407 84 152 104 ws 5600 ane ? 1923%=24 Genoa 1515 400 403 420 124 110 == 58 1923=24 Naples 5617 1552 2171—«105% 430-363 ams 98 1923524 | Padua 2216 564 681 420 185 258 = 108 Engin. 637 1923~24 Palermo 2702 927 634 617 413 46 == 65 (x) 1918=19 Pavia 1977 603 681 386 73 21l ss 1923=24 Pisa 1269 242 343 | 386 140 170 =~ 28 Agric. 139 1923-24 Engine 156 Rome 4583 1426 1301 1034 448 287. =~ = 87 Architecture 1923~24 Engineering Turin 2249 679 612 . 348 223 266 == 121 1923~24 (x) Normal School = 250. Type “BY Universities. Name Total and Enroile- Scien= Let= Pharn- Vet.. Affiliated Year mente Law Med. ces. ters acy. Med. Obst. Supe Inst. Catania 1079 359 = 315 116 185 61 «=e 43 1924—24 Florence (Not a true University until 1924=25. the then denominated Superior Institute Figuree applied to ) 814 w= 237 144 169 14 =. 9 aa- Messina (x) 1920-21 971 279 = 21? 245 89 78 0 aes 63 NormeSchool 271 Macerata 1918-19 759 (No other faculties) Modena 1923=24 728 163 209 108 = s 124 76 48 Parma 1922-23 581 123 165 104 ~ee 69 62 58 Sasaari Sienna 1927=24 447 200 166 —- — 7. = 10 Milan (Previous to 1924 consiated of a collection of Superior Institutes and graduate courses. No figures are consequently significant except: Letters 871 und Vet. Med. 55+ The medical courses were in the apecialties and Nos. are not listed). (x) Normal courses at Messina: 250. TYPE "O" = FREE UNIVERSITIES. Ferrara es) (x) 1918-19 470 277 42. 65 — 40 wae 46 since discon'd Perugia 33% 68 78 -=~ -- 61 91 25 1922-25 Camerino 239 70 8110 te =~ 25 12 22 1918-19 Urbino 148 1200 «5 -— ROMA NAPOLI: PALER WO 101 Turin 20 allievie 100 students. Professor gives two courses, one in elementary histology and the second in systematic anatomy. Lectures every day, professor giving demonstrations four times a week to groups of 25 subdivided in sections of 5 men; these demonstrations last two hourse No exaggeration of the importance of descriptive anatomy. Professor Levi especially interested in tissue culture. Physiology:~ Profeeaor Herlitzka. Extensive department with 60 rooms, ample space for allievi and assistants; not moh work going on at present. One graduate fellow from Argentina. Not great emphasis on physiological chemistry, excellent library, good apparatus but somewhat antiquated. Course given in 2nd and 3rd years. 100 students, 4 allievi. General Pathology:~ Professor Morpurgo. 8 rooms, not very well equipped but actively in use. Space given in this department to Professor Azzi for the special course in bacteriology which becomes next year a separate chair. This course devoted to general pathology though Morpurgo is especially interested in tumors. Library badly needs recent journals. Pharmacology:= Professor Giacosa. 1 assistant, 2 allievi. Adequate space, defective library for journals of past six years. Equipment moderately good. The professor 72 years old and no longer very active but has excellent judgement. Ia anxious to develop separate course of pharmacognosy. tu2 Turin Clinical facilities. Medical clinic. Professor Michele at San Giovanni Hospital. Qld inadequate building. Two floors containing wards, clinical lecture hall and four small laboratories for clinical pathology together with five smell laboratories and inadequate library for the use of assistants and interns. 52 beds in total. Warde ercel= lently kept. Good work in active progress. 1 Aiuto, 4 assistants, (Paid) one being especially in charge of laboratory work. 6 to 8 voluntary assistants. 6 to 10 allievi interni. The students of the 5th and 6th years do ward work, each one getting from 2 to 5 oases each year for thorough study. Professor gives 3% lectures and 2 bedside clinima week. The assistants give daily clinics. sesist~ ants work from 9 in the morning till % pem. and from 5 to 7 PeMe when on full time. Full time assistante have very little time for work outside the hospital. Conduct of olinie gives highly favour~ able impression. Surgical clinics Professor Carli at San Giovanni Hospital. Two Aiuti, three paid assistants. Surgical Pathology given in 4th year by another professor drawing from 60 beds. Clinical surgery occupies 5th and 6th years. Warde large and old-fashioned, Poor nursing service, small and inadequate operating room. Laboratories Turin and library also in poor condition. 66 beds in all. Professor theoretically has right. to use cases from other wards in hospital which are, however, in the control of chiefs of service who do not hold university appointments and object to their cases being used. Outpatient department 1000 cases a year, not much used for teachings The allievi never ‘get more than experience at dressing wounds and general ward work. Operating done principally by the professor. 0 0 2 0 It is customary in Italy for the oivil hospitals to devote one or two of their wards in medicine and surgery for the use of the university clinics. The university pays for the special medi= caments and surgical instruments and laboratory equipment together with a certain sum per occupied bed to the administration of the hospital. The other warde of the hospital are in charge of con- temporaries of the professors, these men being called “primarii". They are often "liberi docente", but frequently do not hold any university appointment. They are practitioners of the city and often are very jealous of their cases being used by the university teachers for demonstration or study. These "primarii” have, as a rule, considerable authority in the hospital government and although their pages are not quite so well treated ag the cases in the univere= ity's wards, they are powerful enough to constitute an important group whose intereste must be considered by the university professors. Turin * ae we ibe Library. The National University library ia one of the moet important of Italy. It contains over 400,000 voluree, 1,50C. manuscripts and more than 600 journals. Continuation of subseription to many journals has become too expensive. In addition to the university library the separate institutes have individual libraries which have been more seriously affected by present economic orisis. Many filee of journals complete up to 1915, but equipment in all institutes and especially in clinica is seriously defective, Faculty. The following ie the list of the faculty and the firet essiat~ ants for the year 19227-1924: INSTITUTE OF NORMAL EUMAN ANATOKY 52 Corso Massimo d' Azeglio Professor Giuseppe Levi -- -- = - Director | Tullio Terni -----*+ -~--+--5 Aluto ~ Olivieri Olivo - - - = -- “7-7-5 — Giovanni Bruno == =s-*+ 5s =s <5 " Cerlo Ferrio =~ +2 +++ 5+ s+ + " INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY ' 30 Corso Raffaello Professor Amedeo Herlitzka += ~ ~ Director “1. Tullio Gayda - ---- = + ssa Aiuto - INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOCICAL ANATOMY 15 Via Espoeizione Professor Ferruccio Vanzetti - = - Director wv Pino Pompeo Foltr = --- 5 += > Aiuto INSTITUIE OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY 30 Corso Raffaello Professor Benedetto Morpurgo Director 1 Azzo Azgi ss >> = - ee ee eee Aiuto Turin £05 INSTITUTE OF PHARKACOLOGY 30 Corso Raffaello Professor Piero Giacosa ~ ~ ~ = Direetor % Serafino Dezzani Aiuto” INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE 26 via Michelangelo / Professor Maria Carrara «+ < - ~ Director, temporary or in © Giorgio Canuto «+--+ +... ~Aiute - > charge INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE 37 via Bidone Professor Arnaldo Maggiora=Vergano Director * Giuseppe Sangiorgi - ~ - --- - Aiuto ” INSTITUTE & SCHOOL OF PERFECTIONMENT IN HYGIENE & SANITATION 37 via Bidone Professor Arnaldo Maggiora ~ ~ « Director < MEDICAL CLINIC Hospital San Giovanni 24 via «a. Massimo Professor Ferdinando Michele « « Director <; Lorenzo Borellie ~~ =. 2 +e Aiuto - Carlo Gamna ~~ = 22 24 - == “. SURGICAL CLINIC San Giovanni Hospital 36 via del Ospedale Professor Antonio Carle «= ~ « « = Director |2 Ottorino Uffreduzzi «= ~ «= ~~ « « Aiuto — it Gian Maria Fasiani -« - ~ = ~ «© - MEDICAL PATHOLOGY San Giovanni Hospital Professor Angelo Ceconi = ---+- © Director Pietro Sieto ~-+-+-5 ss2.+ + Aiuto U SURGICAL PATHOLOGY,San Giovanni Hospital \2 Professor Ottorino Uffreduzzi - + Director (in charge) Carlo Andrea Bertocchi - = - = = + Aiuto Adalgiso Turco + -+-+-2-+-+-+-+-+- " CLINIC OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 14 Piazza Cavour Professor Giuseppe Vicarelli ~ ~ - Director |% NN. Aiuto Turin 4 os Uo CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS San Glovanni Hospital Professor G. B. Allaria +--+ = Director /4 CLINIC OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 19, Via Juvara Professor Filippo Speciale=Cirincione Director /° Dr. Giacinto Mosso = - == 3-5 Aiuto _- INSTITUTE OF NEUROPATHOLOGY 4, Via Quatro Marzo Professor Camillo Negro =< = = Director \* OLINIC OF PSYCHIATRY 3, Vie Campana Professor Ernesto Lugaro - = - = Director ‘7 Dr. Alfredo Coppola~=-=- =-- Aiuto —" CLINIC OF BAR“NOSE & THROAT San Giovanni Hospital Profesaor Giuseppe Gavello - + = Director 37 DERMOSYPHILOPATHICAL CLINIC San Luigi Hoape 40 Via San Chiaro & San Lazzaro " 14 Corso Cairoli Professor Iader Cappelli = -=- = Director !"! Felice Bernucoi = - 3735 == Aiuto | Admission. The admission requirements are uniform throughout all the faculties of medicine in Italy. No special comment was made at Turin regarding defects in entering classes. It is highly likely that general superiority of education in the Piedmont provides a group of young men better prepared for entrance to medical faculty than anywhere else in Italy with the possible exception of Milan, Pavia and Bologna. Graduates of the liceo or lycee, or of the liceo scientifice or of the gymnasium are admitted upon presentation of the certificate of graduation from either of these schools. It has been commented Turin Lud that whereas the liceo used to give 5 years in total of science, now under the Gentile Reform only 3 years are given. It is certain that the preparation in biolegy is very poor and that no student comes to the medical faculty with a working familiarity with the apparatus commonly used in chemistry or physics. At least this poor preparation is uniform. Two years are given in the liceo scientifico to physics and 1 to chemistry and in no case does adequate laboratory work accompany the leotures in the licei. Fees, Scholarships and Students’ Expenses. acoording to the 192% law the fees in faculties of medicine and surgery are; Matriculation.ccccscscceesee 300 Liras Annual Tultionccessscccccese 750 " Fee for Annual Examination... 50 " Annual surcharg@sccccsccecee 100 Diplombsecccccsccsccssevcsnes 700 Surcharge for diplomaceccecee 75 32 3 82 In practice at present, however, there is considerable variation between different faculties and a more accurate statement for Turin may be made as follows: Matriculation ceceocccvesecses z00 Liras Annual Tuitiomecccossecccoves 750 " Pee for Annual Examination... 150 Annual SuULrchargeeceevevcesecs 100 Diploma @eeeeoeaegpeaeeaoeresceeenge ee 300 Surcharge for diploma.csccess 75 ss 3 Turin 4 , Lae and in addition epecial laboratory fees as follows:- dissection anatomy, 20 Liras, let and 2nd year each; microscope rental 15 Liras in the 2nd year; topographical anatomy, 15 Liras, 2nd year: Physiology, 40 Lirae, 2nd year; 35 Liras, 3rd year; Chemistry 80 Liras, pharmacology 25 Liras; pathology and general pathology 10 Liras each; legal medicine 25 Lirae; obetetricsa 10 Lirae; Clinies in total 50 Liras. In an estimate appearing in "Il Policlinico" for 1925, thie calaulation of atudente’ expenses in Italy was as follows: Tuition and Feea 1280 L. a year Living expenses 6200 "» ® Total 7480 " " giving a total of 44,880 Liras for the 6 years course, It may be assumed also that for two years after graduation the family of a medical student may have to support him since positions are exceed~ ingly difficult to obtain unlese the student after graduation is willing tc go immediately into a small town and is able to find such an opening. These figures are probably somewhat below the | cost of medical education for the student in Turine No announcement appears in the publication of the University of Turin regarding scholarships or prizes; these are ordinarily of a very small value Turin LUY at the present day, being the income of funds invested many years BEO> Degrees. The medical achoole in Italy give only one degree which is \ al! oalled the Laurea di Medicina and is the equivalent of the M.D. \; Vyas degree in the United States. This degree is said to be recognized pies in England but not in the colonies of England. It is said also to be recognized in the Orient and by Serbia. ‘*)* The new law of the Gentile Reform attempts to do away with the validity of the academic degree for the practice of medicine and to substitute a state examination leaving the academic degree a character purely academic and with no legal value. This has met with great opposition and up to the present no such state examin~ ation for the licence to practice medicine has been held, Previous to 192% it was necessary for the candidate for graduation to submit a written thesis. the subject of which was approved of by the faculty council at least 6 months before graduation. Two oral theses also used to be presented but not on the same subject as the written one. The candidate was chliged to defend these theses before a the Gentile committee selected by the faculty. Since/ Reform several institut~ (x)e "When obtained by men of Jugo=Slave citizenship". -Professor Johanovich. Turin kere j= > oo jone have given up the thesee.Turin no longer continues it. For the courses of "Perfecoionamento"” which are substantially post-graduate courses in specialties a certificate is given and at least 1 year mst be spent to obtain it, It is the intention of the new law that no physician or surgeon call himeelf a specialist unlese he had obtained a diploma of this sort, Curriculum. The school year at Turin begins with examinations which last from October 16th to November 7th. On November 7th the regular lectures begin and continue to December 2lst. The Christmae vacation ends on January 10th. A Lenten recess comes from February 28th to March 6th and the Easter vacation laste from April 17th to May let. Lectures continue from May let till June 20th when examinatione begin, ending on July 3let. This gives a total of 161 days for lectures during the year. The courses are divided into obligatory and optional; the latter being given in large part by the "liberi docente". The following table gives the regular coursee of the faculty of medicine. It ia important to remember that all courses which are designated as having "exerciees" are given during the number of hours specified; this does not mean that the individual student receives the same number of hours of instruction since the clase is divided into 3 or 4 groups. It is not poseible to assume from this achedule for example that each student receives 3 hours of pediatrics with exercices, i.e. clinical work. He may have 3 hours every third week;individual variations between the courses in their sub-divisions into groups are so great that it is impossible to determine the amount of inetruction received by individual students. Examinations in First Year Per week groups of subjects. Chem. organic and inorganic 2 hre PHyYSics sovsccecssvvess z Physics and chemistry General Biology 5 8 Anatomy lectures 6" " diesection 18" Chem. lab. exerciees 2 (?) Second Year Anatomy lectures 6 bre. " dissection 18" General biology and Histology exercises 3g" descriptive anatomy Physiology lectures 4" histology and embryology. " exercises 4 " ### Third Year Physiology lectures 4 hra Physiology and physiol. exercises — 4" chemistry General pathology leotures and exerc. 5 " General pathology & Bacteriology and pharmacology serology 3 " Pharmacology & materia medica lectures and exercises 6" Fourth Year Hygiene lectures " exercises Surgical pathology with exercises Medical pathology with exercises Medical semeiotica Surgical " Pathol. anatomy with exercises Fifth Year Clinical medicine Clinical surgery " exercises Ophthalmology with exercises Dermatol. & Syphilis with exercises Ear nose & Throat with exercises Topoge anatomy & operative med, Legal medicine with exercises Pathol, anat.exero. Sixth Year Medical clinic Surgical ° " exercises Clin. obstetrics and gynecology with exercises Clinical psychiatry with exercises Clinical neurology with exercisea Pediatrice with exercises SN WN \N We So Ow MUON NAN OFUN 3 Per week 3 bre 3° « AN CUO Oe = a a 8 a m a 1/2 hrs. hre " = Possibly more time than thie Turin t42 Examinations in groups of subjecte,. Hygiene and pathol. anatony Medical pathology & seneiotics Surgical pathology & semeiotica,. fff Topographical anatomy and operative med, Clinical ophthalmology Clin. dermatol. & Legal medicine Clinical medicine and pediatrics Obstetrics and gynecol, Neurology & Psychiatry General surgery & an ear nose & throat. ### Students cannot be promoted before passing all previous examination&e I Corsi liberi sono stati classificati come segue: Carecorra A, Corsi pareggiati; ABBA. . . Polizia medica. ©. . 2. (Cat, B ) ARULLANI . . Neuropatologia . . , » . (> B ) AUDENINO . . Psicopatologia . . . . . . (> B ) Az. . . . Patologia generale del rican bio. . €» 020 stud.) BaRGELLINI . Ortopedia chirurgica . . . |, . . (> B ) Bartistmnt. . Patologia e Terapia delle malattie deil’a>- parato circolatorio — . - . . . «(> B ) BELLINI . . Profilassi e terapia delle malattie mentali (> B ) BERTONE Patologia delle affezioni chivurgicle det- Papparato genito-urinario femminile (> B ) BIzz0ZERO . Diagnostica e terapia dermosifilopatica . (> B ) Bossio . Clinica chirurgica. . . . _(» B ) Boeeto . . Ortopedia deuto-facciale . -(> B ) Borpi-Trorri . Tecnica radiologica . . . . - (» C10 stud.) BoreLir . . Diagnostica e tecnologia medica. -(> B ) BoRMANS . Profilassi delle malattie infettive -(» B ) Boscnt . . . Neuropatologia . . . (> B ) BRUNO - . Tecnica batteriologica . 2. 1. |, (» B ) BRUZZONE . Semeiotica e diagnostica oto-rino- laringo- logica ee Le B ) Burzio . Psichiatria sociale e forense -(» B ) CAMERA . . Chirurgia ed ortopedia infantili . . -(» B ) CANELLI. . . Semeiotica pediatrica (con esercit, jratiche) (» B ) CARBONE . . Dei vaccini e sieri in terapia ocilare ed organo-terapia applicata alle malattie del’occhio 2... (> B ) CASASSA . - Tecnica oto-rino-laringologica delle ma- lattie infettive con speciale rigua-do alla difterite. . . . -.» C10stud.) CHIO . Tecnica farmacologica . » (» C15 stud.) CIVALLERI . Istologia generale. . - ee ew fo B ) Coprota . . Semeiotica neuropatologica e psichiatrica ( » B ) DEBERNARDI . Patologia e Terapia generale chirurgica .(» B ) DELFINO - Patologia chirurgica dell’ apparato leco-- motore. 2. 2. 2... 2... (> B ) DEMARCHI - Patologia chirurgica dello stomaco e del- Vintestino. 2. 2. (> B ) DeEspER1 . - Microscopia e fisica applicata alligiene . (» C15 stud.) Fastant. . . Patologia chirurgica dimostrativa . (> B ) FERRERO - Semeiologia e diagnostica urologica (> B ) FoxtTana - _Igiene sessuale . . . . . . Cl, (> B ) Forxaca . Clinica medica e terapeutica .. 11> B ) GALLIA . Diagnostica e profilassi dermosifiley: tica. (» B ) GaMNa - Diagnostica istopatologica . . to B ) GaSTALDI . Patologia speciale medica. . fo B ) GAYDA - . Tecnica fisiologica. . , (» (20 stud.) GIORDANO . . Medicina operatoria . , roe ew Loo B ) GRIGNOLO . . Chirurgia dell’occhio. . . . . . i» B ) GRUNER . . Malattie dell’apparato digerente . .t» B ) Haan. - Tecnica oto-rino-laringologica -t» B ) HeEruitzka L.. Clinica ginecologica |... .(+ B ) JACHIA - . Ortopedia pratica . 2...) oo B ) Levi. . - Fisiopatologia della gravidanza . . ” ) Gioved?. . . . . , Giovedi, venerdi e sabato Martedi, giovedi e sabato Martedi, giovedi e sabato Lunedi, mercoledi e venerai Domenica . . a Giovedi ore 18, sabato Lunedi é mercoledi . Martedi e sabato Marted, giovedi e sabato De destinare. . . Lunedi evenerdd . . Martedi, giovedi e sabato Marteds. oe Gioveli. © 2. Da destinare . . Marte e sabato. Venerd . toe ek Lanedi, mercoledd e venerad Lunem, mercoledi e venerdi Venere@. 2. 2, Domeniea . 2. . Du destinare . . , Liunedi, mercoledi e venerda Martedi, giovedd e sabato Giovedi e domenica. Mercoled e venerdi . . Da destinare. . 2. , Lunedi, mercoledi e vener® Lunedi, mercoled evenerdd Martedi e giovedi Domenica. 2. 2. , Mercoledi e domenica . . Lunedi e giovedi. . . Tuned, mercoledi e venerdi Sabato. . Soe ek Lunedi, mercoledi e venerdi Lunedi, mercoledi e venerd Lunedi, mercoledi e venerdi Da destinare . . Martedt e giovedi Domeniea . 2... a Martedi e sabato . . Domenica. . . yw, Ore 13 » 16 » 19 » » 15 sy » 10%, » 19 » 8 » 9 » 18 » 18 » 12 » 13 » 14 > 7, » 17-19 » 19 » 7 » 9 » >» 18 » AT, >» 12 » 17 » » 7 » 18 » 17 > 9+), 10-11'/, » 42 » 15 te » IS » 16 » 7 » 8 » Li > 9 >» 18 >» Ill B, Corsi non pareggiati | R. Istituto d’Igiene R. Clinica Neuropatologica R. Clinica Medica R. Istituto di Patologia generale Ospedale Maria Vittoria R. Clinica Medica R. Manicomio R. Clinica Chirurgica Ospedale Mauriziano R. Istituto di Patologia chirurgica Ospedale Mauriziano Ospedale S$. Giovanni R. Clinica Medica. R. Istituto d’Igiene R. Istituto di Nenropatologia Ospedale Mauriziano R. Cliniea oto-rino-laringologica R. Manicomio Ospedale {nfantile Reg. Margherita R. Clinica Pediatrica R. Clinica Oculistica Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia K. Istituto di Farmacologia R. Istituto Anat. Umana normale Corso Regina Margherita, 137 R. Clinica Chirurgica Ospedale S. Giovanni R. Istituto di Patologia chirurgica R. Istituto d’lgiene R. Clinica Chirurgica Ospedale S. Giovanni Ospedale 8. Lazzaro Ospedale S. Giovanni Dispensario Celtico, via Vanchigtia, 3 R. Istitato di Anatomia patologica R. Clinica Medica R. Istituto di Fisiologia Umana R. Cliniea Chirurgica Ospedale Oftalmico Ospedale Mauriziano Ospedale Mauriziano Ospedale Maria Vittoria Ospedale S Ss 5 S. Giovanni Ospedale Maria Vittoria i a numero non limitato d’iscritti; C, Corsi non pareggiati | Lonco . ' LugzatTTie. Manan A. . Manian G. . MANTELUI Marno A. . Patologia speciale chirurgica. . . . Oto-rino- laringoiatria medico-legale . . Semeiotica oto-rino-laringologica . La clinica della tubereolosi polmonare . Diagnostica chirurgica . 2... Chirurgia speriinentale . .. Marno G. Clinica psichiatriea 2... 1. MARTINI. Chirurgia durgenza . . Loe MarTrixo . Terapia delle malattie cutanee Marzoccu! . Parassitologia della pele 2. . 1... MASSA . Semeiotica chirurgica . Lo MASSOBBIO . Urologia ‘Propedeutica e tecnica urologica - Patologia speciale) . oe Mens! . Pediatria . 2... oe MbYNIER . Malattie ed igiene dei lattanti — MoRANDI Semeiologia medica, fisica e funzionale Mosso . Neurologia oculare e oftalhnoscopia medica Nrcro F. . Semeiotica neuropatologica ed elettro-dia- enostica 2... OLIVA . Ortopedia. . .. a PALAZZO. . Odoutoiatria e protesi dentaria oo. PERRERO . Neuropatologia dimostrativa PERROD PESCI. ... PINAROLI Prxwa-PIntok PISSARELLO Poxzio. . QUARELLA QUARELLI RoaseNndDA RoOLANDI. . RovERE . SACERDOTE . SANGIORGI SERAFINI SISto . Microscopia chimica e Serologia ‘clinica Sou - Propedentica winecologica . oo. . Lo STROPENL . Medicazioni, bendaggi ed apparecehi oe TERNI. . . . Pratica anatomica. . so TIRELLI . . . Psicopatologia forense dimostrativa Tovo . Infortuni ed assicurazioni sociali TREVES VALOBRA . VY ALVASORI. VECCHIO-VER- . Anatomia patologica dell’occhio e degli DERAME annessi . soe VIALE . Istituzioni di fisiologia oe ee a ViINAL . . . Terapia fisica 2. . . 2... . Intortunistiea oculare . . . .). . Patologia speciale chirurgica . 2... . Malattie dei lavoratori . Psichiatria medico- lewale . Teenica batteriologica . Traumatologia . Malattie mentali in rapporto al delitto nervose. Cok kee . Dietetica. Malattie. dello stomaco e del- Vintestino ee eee . Clinica oculistica dell’eta senile . . Anafilassi sperimentale e clinica . . Propedentica e Tecnica operativa oto-rino- laringoliatrica oo. . coe ee Diagnostica ginecologica Diagnostica radiologice Nenropatologia Fisiopatologia dell occhio Clinica pediatrica . Semeiotica e diagnosticn delle malattie (Cat. Yo IPO ISN IOS NN NN RENN RN YN YN EON To ON . LN ON, vyv¥vy SON LON ON ON LON ONO ON ¥ ¥ w YY¥wy ¥ Vv W¥ ¥ ¥ vo ¥ vw ¥ iB B ) B } B } B 5 LB ) B ) B ) B ) B 5 B ) B ) Wako Nee Ne ee Ne ee ee” Nae Name Nae 7 Se See” C15 stud. B €20 stud. B B C10 stud. B B B B Ned NS ee tt ee ee ee Ww a numero limitato d’iscritti. Martedi, giovedi + sabato Ore Domenica 2. . . - 8 6 » Martedi, giovedi » sabato» Marted . . m Martedi, giovedi 2 sabato » DLunedi e giovedi . . . > Martedi e sabato . . . » Martedi, giovedi ¢ sabato >» Domenica . 2. . 4 2 6 > Mereoledi . . 2. 1 4 eo Martedi e sabato . . . » Da destinare. . 1. . . » Domenica. . . 6 » Domenica... » Tanedi, mercoledi ¢ venerd » Mercoledt e venerdi . . >» Luned, mercoledie venerdi — » Martedi e giovedi .- » PDomen. ore 9, Mere.- Venerdi » Tunedi e venerdd . . » Giovedi. . . 1. 6 el Venerdi. . . 1. 2. ew Giovedi . 2. 1. 1. we Sabato . 2. 6. 6 ee founedi e venerdi . . . Martedi, giovedi 2 sabato» Lunedi, mercoledde venerdt =» Lunedi, mercoledi ¢ venerdt » Lunedi, mereoledie venerd » Mereoledi ¢ vener@i . . >» Martedi, giovedi e sabato» Martedi —. ., » Martedi, giovedit ¢ sabato » \ Lanedi, mercoled} evenerdi » Giovedi, venerdt é sabato » Martedi e sabate . > Martedi e gioved: . . . 4 Lunedi, mart., mér, ¢ giov. >» Tanedi, mercoledis venerdi + Giovedi e sabato > Domenica . 6 6, » ! \ Lunedi, mercoled: » venerdi Lunedi, mercoled > vimerdd Martedi, gioveds: Martedi, gioved Saheto oe, 2 Sahate * sabato 17 10 11*/, 10 8 17 17 11 7h 10-12 12 18 8-10 18 8 17 17 13 10 8 10 11 16 17 11 17 19 12 13 17 11"); 13°), 12 17 4.15%), 13 18 16 15 7’/ 18 P i 16 Ospedale S. Giovanni R. Clinica oto-rino-laringoiatrica R. Policlinico Generale “Umberto I°,, Ospedale S. Giovanni h. Istituto di Patologia chirurgica R. Scuola Veterinaria R. Manicomio Ospedale Martini Istituto Dermopatico, v. 8. Chista, 42 Istituto Dermopatico, ¥. : Chiara, 43 Ospedale Mauriziano Ospedale Mauriziano Ospedale Infantile Reg. Margherita Ospedale Maria Vittoria R. Clinica Medica RK. Cliniea Oculistica R. Ist. di Neuropatol., r. Qnattre Marzo, {1 Istituto Rachitici, cor Firenze, 23 R. Policlinico Generale, ¥. Quattro Mare Ospedale Martini Ospizio di Carita, viale Stopinigi Ospedale S. Giovanni Ospedale Maria Vittoria Rh. Policlinico Generala, y. Quatero Marto Ospedale Oftalmico Ospedale Manriziano Ospedale S- Giovanni Ospedale S. Giovanni R. Ist. di Neuropatol., +. Quattra Marzo, tf R. Clinica oculistica R. Clinica pediatrica. R. Manicomio R. Istituto dTgiene Ospedale S. Giovanni R. Istituto di Patologia medica R. Maternita %. Clinica Chirurgica R. Istituto di Anatomia normale R. Manicomio R. Istituto di Medicina Leyale R. Manicornio. ve , Ospedale Mauriziano R. Clinica Medica R. Clinica Oculistica R. Istituto di Fisiologia umana 14‘/, R. Istituto d’Igiene Number of Students. Turin No limit is set upon the number of students in any faculty of medicine in Italy. In several of the faculties no statistics of the enrollment are published and it is difficult, owing to ineffective secretarial work in the universities to learn the exact number of students year by yeare The following table gives the number of students enrolled in the calendar year 1923-12924 by yeare in the medical course. Schools not appearing in this table will be dealt with individually wherever possible giving the most recent figures for enrollment which were available. NAME lst. Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year Sth Year 6th Year TOTAL Turin 110 131 91 90 93 97 612 Genoa 69 87 95 53 68 75 403 Pavia 135 129 109 84 114 110 681 Padua 125 118 111 77 104 119 654 Bologna al6l 118 119 99 133 162 792 Modena 21 39 30 29 45 45 209 Pisa 55 53 50 57 61 67 243 Rome 253 224 200 179 225 220 1301 Siena 22 28 27 25 22 42 166 Perugia 17 21 20 20 = - 78 Naples 388 351 316 258 344 514 2171 Catania 72 74 53 44 47 69 259 Messina 60 42 35 24 30 26 217 Cagliari 29 36 22 25 22 18 152 Sassari 15 17 21 18 19 10 100 Turin b= »~ poms y Source of Studente. as is notable in the oase of nearly all the facultiesof Italy the source of students in the University of Turin ie very largely from within the province in which the university is situated. When it is noted that among the doctors practicing in the province of Turin in 1924, 1,028 graduated at Turin in contrast with only 253 from all the other faculties of Italy, it may be soundly inferred that most of the students at Turin come from towns near to that city. No figuree are publiehed to indicate the number of foreign studentea attending the university of Turin. Distritution of Graduates, In order to practice medicine legally every physician in Italy must be inecribed on the official list of the province in which he is living. The following table is made up from these official lists, the perpendicular column indicating the university and the horizontal columBé indicating the namee of the provinces in which these lists were available and from which this table was prepared. This table shows clearly the numerical distribution of the graduates of most of the medical faculties in Italy. Milan and Bar i do not figure among the universities since they have not yet graduated any physicians, Perugia and Camerino do not appear because they give up to the present only the first four years of the medical course and sinilerly dco not graduate their studets. Lists for Rome and Naples were not aveilatle for these provinces. Province ef; University: PERUGIA] PINENZE|2OLOCNA| PISA|PAicia [MODENA/Pabova! MILANO | ToLIN bE Oval (Ac Liant| PALGUUO Pal ANiA LINSS Liiva NAPOLI a2 45 18 LO 5 2 17 OG 9 29 31 142 20 co QO In Gl 20 is po ro ROM 133 17h - Z 36 | 8 od 10 aa to n m “MI nw ee a te PIRENZE 49 470 1G 55 9 9 to qt & = t t nh a an BOLOGK 60 40 "Ol 10 | le ofa 22 128 oy a c aN ed t bt reisa e ne 5 127 o ~ 3 18 PAGCA 1 6 € & (250 5 3 2 el | 12a i - a - cn cy wu to ~t od Cy I HI 1 tw MODESA & if 26 & 7 226 Cy NI G1 tA ~] be Ge i jh ca to tr PADOVA ? py ag 9) 8 B | Rae PAVIA - 4 Cry te Q > oF | oA W> fs he @ wORTNO LOSS 3a D | i 1 - GENOVA - 5 - e 5 l & af ig 7O7 1 a - - CAGLIARI 2 6 2 ~ 1 - - 7 3 1 ago i a 2 SaSSAKI 2 S| - - 1 1 3 % i 3 en - - - PALSIUO - a i - 1 1 - j; le 3 ? i 28 "4p EL CmAL TA - 5 - - 2 1 = | 6 7 2 i 5 a2 ao | | LMLSSINA - 3 1 l - - - : - - | - 1 - 37 ' i Siu 23 CO i 7 - 2 - c ~ S| 2 - - - | I I Hotels: Si7 MSC S15 295 295 207 BPR 1440 201 10520325 TOS EOt Sur OT; pea pros. ~) Importance of Turin as a Medical Center. Turin is superior in the point of its pre-medical science to any other single faculty in Italy; the equipment is better, the institutes are better housed and more important, the pro~ fessors and the tempo of etudentsa and profeseora' work appear& better than in any other faculty. Even in clinical medicine in spite of the inadequate facilities of the hospital the quality of work appeared superior to most of the clinics of medicine in Italy. In surgery there was much less evidence of good work. Turin profits from the traditions of several of the great teachers of Italy, Mosso, Lombroso, Foa and Biszozero. These men have built up their institutes and clinics and have sent out pupils from Turin to occupy aw important positionsin various universities throughout Italy. The French influence and contact with other foreign nations are perhapa etronger in Turin than elsewhere in Italy. Together with the good equipment and adequate space in Physiology and Anatomy and moderately good facilities in pharmaco= logy and pathology,one notes that the students are well disciplined and hard at work. ‘Turin ocoupies an important position in the training of the teachers of medicine in Italy. Turin bea fom oO Status of Research. Turin ig no exception to the general rule throughout Italy that medical research is there at its lowest ebb for many yeare, owing almost entirely to the economic difficulties caueed by the depreciation of the lira. It ia comparatively easy to judge the amount of/indi viduals publications since a full list of each man's publications usually since the beginning of his academic career is given in every annual catalogue published by the university. From the catalogue of Turin it may be inferred that the most active department is that of anatomy and that physiology, general pathology and pharmoology follow in the order named. There are a very large number of medical publications in Italy. (See list of same later in this report). Although the abundance of journals has the advantage that it allows nearly every professor to receive in exshange for hie own publication many journals from other colleagues in Italy or abroad, this system has the serious defect of making publication easy for rather low standard papers, Almost the only brake on hurrying into print is the economic one and thia Turin bord } soos, a is becoming increasingly important. Training of Teachers, In view of the superior facilities Turin occupies a rather important position as a training ground for the future teachers of the medical sciences and even the clinical brancheg in Italy. The academic career in Italy uaually begins with the candi- date as an allievo or intern in one of the institutes. After grad= uation the young man who looks forward to an academic career must secure a voluntary assistantship which he may hold for from 1 to 5 years under the professor of his chosen subject, then follow from 2 to 5 years as a paid assietant at from 50 to 190 Liras a month, or even more now that the lira has lost its forme? value. He ia then likely to become Aiuto or first assistant for a period of from 1 to 10 or 15 yeara. During hie period of paid assistantship or as first assistant he is likely to take the examinations which enable him to be a “libero docente". At this point the career of the man in pre-clinical medical science differa from the career of the young man who intends to go further in clinical medicine. The medical scientist usually continues as a first assistant, perhaps giving some optional courses as “libero docente” until the time when he is fortunate enough to be able to compete successfully for a chair in one of the universities of Sardinia, Sicily or perhaps Parma or Modena. The man going into clinical branches may remain a Turin ocd a palo ee’ "libero Docente" the rest of his life. keeping that title for business purposes. He may on the other hand compete successfully for a professorship in some one of the emaller faculties just as his pre-clinical colleagues and enter academic life permanently, though for 3 years called temporary professor (non stabile). The selection of professors in as large and important a faculty as Turin is never direstly by concorao but by the method of calling a new professor from another faculty. There have been considerable and important changes in the method of the actual appointment of professors in the Italian medical faculties, Previously when a professorship fell vacant all the candidates who desired the place were able to submit their namea and their records to a special committee of the superior counctl which selected a trio of names from which the sucoeaaful candidate was selected by the Ministry of Publics Instruction acting through the superior council. Previously the superior council was chosen in part by the professors of all the universities and in part by the Ministry of Public Instruction; now it is nominated entirely by the minister and ia consequently definitely political in character, Now also it is the medical faculty which selects the trio of names from among the candidatea and submite this trio to the ministry through the superior council, and nomination of the successful candi- date is made by the ministry. This means that no professor who is not wanted in a faculty can nowadays be placed in the faculty since Turin hie name would never be proposed to the ministry. The members of the Superior Council for the medical faculties of Italy areas follows:- Trambusti Genoa Biological Sciences Donati Padua Surgery Viola Bologna Medicine Simonetta Perugia General A publication of the National Association of university profeseors contains important comment upon the training and select- ion of teachers throughout the medical faculties of Italy and is found on Page 1219 There ia one point of considerable importance in the training of teachers in Italy and this is the effect of single able indivi- duals. in training a school of followera, Turin furnishes a good example of this interesting phenomenon in having prepared 6 of the ablest physiologists of Italy at the present day. These men are the pupils of Moseo, and their names are: Grandis at Genoa, Benedicente at Genoa, Herlitzka at Turin, Adduoco at Pisa, Foa at Milan and Patrizi at Bologna. Young professors are known princip= ally by the names of the men under whom they have worked as assist= ant or Aiuto and professors gain in prestige for every former pupil s who secured a professorship. GENOA. G E N O A. 422 Location. Genoa is the largest port in Italy and has a population of %32,000 in the city itself, but counting in numerous near=by suburbs the population is about 600,000 and that of the province, 975,000. The city is ecattered over a series of hille and transportation within the town ig somewhat difficult. There does not seem to be a very high tradition of assiating education and charitable undertakings among the leading citizena of the town, but the active commerce and wide contacts throughout the world give the Genoese a reputation for being one of the richest groups in Italy and + very progressive in their ideas. History. In the fourteenth century the three achools of Law, Medicine and Theology were very active in Genoa. The sixteenth century saw these schools fall under the domination of the Jesuits. In 1772 on the suppression of thie order a complete re=organization of the medical school took place and the faculty continued with various minor changes until 1855 when it was placed in equality with the other important faculties of Europe. In 1912 the law gave the university a subetantial endowment of 9 million Liras, conditional upon local support. In general it may be said that the University of Genoa rarely attained the same pre-eminence that the other faculties in northern Italy have enjoyed. Organization. Not different in any essential from that of Turin. General University Finance. As a clase “A" inetitution the university is entirely supported by the state. In 1918=19 the government budget wae ebout 1 million Liras the institutes receiving 203,000 Liras, No later figures in regard to univeraity finance are available, except that for the year 1925 the university received from the commune of Genoa 150,000 L. ; from the provinee of Genoa, 54,000 1. and from various local companies, banks and societies 399,000 L., making a total of nearly 600,000 Liras from non=governmental sources. Medical School Finance. No other figures were available than those given in the preliminary report on Itely and since theee referred to the year 1918=19 they cannot. be taken as representing present expenditures. For°general idea recarding medical faculty financee in an Italian medical school, see Messine, Rome, and Eologna. Buildings. The attached map shows the present location of the institutes and Genoa. $23 clinics of the Genoa faculty. A complete removal from the present site is in the process of realization. The whole university expecta to move to spacious quarters in the San Martino section of Genoa near- vy the new Civil Hospital. War has interrupted the prégrese of these university buildings only two of which are now completed; these are the buildings for mathematios and for general pathology and pharmacology. It seems unlikely that the completion of the reet of the university buildings will be accomplished in the near future. The present ing~ titutes are housed in an& old Gapucin monaetery about ten minutes walk from the clinics which are housed in the Pammatone Hoepital. The latter is one of the most irregular and illeadapted buildings for the purpose of the university hospitel in Italy. Laboratory Facilities. Anatomy: Professor Lachi. 2 Assistants, 10 Allievi. Students 156 divided between lst and 2nd year, about 75 to a class, Course divided into lst year containing descriptive anatomy including microscopic work with etructure and development of each tiseue and organ , 2nd year, completion of splanchnology. There ie also Brd year course in topo~ graphical anatomy, The institute is on the ground floor of a convent together with Profeasorsa* room and 7 rooms for assistants, a museum and a library on the 2nd floor. Ground floor hae two large cold rooms with 8 tables for dissection purposeé also a lecture room and 2 preparation rooms. Apparatus fair, twelve microscopes only. Students make no drawings.2 to 4 cadavers per week, In general lighting is poor and there is an appearance of orderly decay about the entire place. Physiology: Professor Grandis, 1 assistant, 6 allievi. Students 138 between 2nd and 3rd year. Oourse consists of lectures and a few demonstrations. No facilities for experimental work by student. No emphasis on chemistry. 17 rooms in an ald convent. Great disorder. Large amount of unused equipment. No signe of activity of teaching. Budget 8,000 Liras a years very unfavourable impression, Pathological anatomy: Professor Trambustie 1 Aita,2 assistants (paid), 4 voluntery assistants, 6 allievi. Professor absent, no inform ation on how courees given. Two floors of relatively new building attached to Pammatone Hospital. Modern facilities, active laboratory about 7 autopsies a week, Pharmacology: Professor Benedicente. 3 assistante, 4 (?) allievi. 17 small but very well equipped rooms but active work in progrese. Steady publicatione maintained from this laboratory. 8,000 Liras allowed for maintenance of this institute annually. Legal medicine: Professor absent, one asrietant, no allievi. 5 amall roome, no evidence of active work. Budget allows 4,000 Liras annually. Hygiene: Professor Canalis. 2 assistants, 3 allievi. Course purely didactic, no relation to local hygienic conditions emphasized. Poor quarters with very slight amount of work, principally in bacteriology. Scope of couree along German lines. 10 roome in all, cramped and small. 7,000 Lirae a year for maintenance. Library and equipment quite inade~ quate. GENOA. 24 2 ‘ . an : falaz2z8 Bropalio 2 : LiCpnsare, a , . Flesh hy r ley nee le a foe fer Marie < eb f , ut if oa “! ~ ft. Pgvarano - rs : r et , oR ‘ wee ~ Ka S Steer & ye Piazza < G.Verdi an er, f SF : oe 7 ' “ein, 3 > Polngsma | ON. wae Mog Osplzlo Ca 789 | mT remvie Deer2 i care Pesapui ion? Genoae Cr £25 Clinical Facilities. Medical Clinic: Professor Pende, Successor of Marigliano. General organization of clinie difficult to describe during present interregnum, Iocated in Pammatone Hoepiteal, Wards wretched and old. 60 beds but material extremely poor and inadequate, becauee of Marigliano's almost exclusive interest in tuberculosis. Medical service in Genoa among the poor largely in the hands of the State doctors who are unwilling from motives of self interest to send anything to the hospital except the moet dangerous or chronic of their cases. This has resulted in a very poor selection of cases for teaching purposes. Outpatient department tries to counteract this situation. Receives 25 new cases a day. Professor Pende will take charge during Summer of 1925. There is a small library in the clinic making a --Speotalty of publications on ‘tuberculosia. Surgical clinic. Professor “Besini. 1 Aiuto, 2 assistants, 2 voluntary assistants, 5 allievi. Course in 5th and 6th years, Lectures and cliniss. Wards in Panmatone Hospital. Wretched conditions, entire- ly inadequate operating room, no laboratories worthy the name. In theory 60 bede, in practice about 25. Professional competition so bitter in Genoa that very few cases eatisfactory for teaching are received. General- ly hopeless appearance in this clinic. Obetetrice. Professor Clivio. 2 aasietanta and 4 voluntary saassiste ante. Course consists of lectures % times a week and practical exercises of 2 to 4% houre three times a week. Practical work secured by 3 separate . Sojourne in hospital of a week at a time day and night. The atudent thus sees about 25 cases delivered by the end of his year. The practical work of delivery, however, is not done by the atudent but by the midwivea,. Thie condition obtaina generally in Italian faculties. There i# a school of midwives with about £0 pupile using the obstetrical material. This ' allows the students very little opportunity. Wards wretchedly crowded in very small rooms in an old convent. Infante in same room with mothers, 40 beds for obstetrics and 20 for gynecology. Assistants in rotation between these two services for 1 month at a time, Laboratories old and dust covered, apparently only for routine work on rare occasions. 0O.P.D. has 60 visite a day it ie said; other clinics not visited. Library. University library has 160,000 volumes, 25,000 pamphlets and 480 journala. In addition it receives a large number of journals for the Academy of medicine. The government grant for purchases is 8,000 Liras a year or $320. Departmental libraries with the exception of pharmacology and pathological anatomy extremely poor. Faculty. Institute of Normal Human Anatomy. 5 via Bertani. Professor Pilade Lachi - =~ ~~ += = Director Carlo Ganfini =~ -~+- -- - ~-s*-2 a Aiuto Institute of Physiology 5, via Bertani Professor Valentino Grandia = =: Director Georgio Rotondi ~-=--=-=-+-+ see Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY Profeseor Aldo Fabris ~ - - - - Lueiano Cirie «« --+.+-+ + = INSTITUTE OF GENBRAL PATHOLOGY Professor Arnaldo Trambusti « « Mario Capocaccia --~+- ==. « INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY Professor Alberico Benedicente = Irene Muzio « « ~ = «© w& @ ~ @ wn INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE Professor Gian Perrando « - - « INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE Professor Pietro Oanaligs - = = «= Fulvio Pulgher = ses 2 82 2 82 @® @& ® MEDICAL CLINIC Professor Nicola Pende = = = «= « SURGICAL CLINIC Professor Giuseppe Tusini « = ~ = Pietro Marognia -- ses @e 2 aa MEDICAL PATHOLOGY Profeseor Panagino Livierato - Cosimo Rubino «= =+=5 ses = « SURGICAL PATHOLOGY Professor Dario Maragliano « A. Delfino = «© -~- 2 © =~ 2s = « OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Profeseor Innocente Clivio ~ Carlo Veroesi ~ ~~ - = =3 = aa PEDIATRIC CLINIC Professor Dante Paachioni Dario Caffarena - - ~- =~ = = 2 = « CLINIC OF OPHTHALMOLOGY Professor Giuseppe Ovio ~ Ruggero Pardo ~- = +--+ ++ + Genoa Pammatone Hospital Director “> Aluto — £20 5 via Bertani Director ‘ Aiuto ~“ 5 vie Bertani Director 5 Aiuto — 5 vie Bertani Director v 5 via Bertani Director +4 Aiuto Pammatone Hospital Director ~ Pammatone Hospital Director 7 Aiuto / Bammatone Hospital Director, Aiuto ” Pammatone Hospital Director |\ Aiuto ~ Pammatone Hospital Director (1 Aiuto Pammatone Hoepital Director | “ Aiuto - Pammatone Hospital Direotor 4 Aiuto ~ INSTITUTE OF NEUROPATHOLOGY & PSYCHIATRYPanmatone Hospital Director (4 Aiuto / Professor Enrico Morselli = = = - « Moiasey Kobylineky a o2 &© & © @& ©& ow CLINIC OF BAR, NOSE & THROAT Professor Julio Masini « « « = «= « Pammatone Hospital Director ;() CLINIC OF DERMATOLOGY Professor Francesco Radaeli = ~ - - Luigi Bussalai - = - ~ += =- = + = Pammatone Hospital Director {°/ Aiuto | Genoa 127 The publications of the above are given by titles in the catalogue of the University of Genoa on file in the Paris office. Admission. (See under Turin). Fees, Scholarship and Students' Expenses. (See under Turin). There are listed in the university catalogue 11 fellowships for which are specifically concerned with medical students or medical subjects. Degrees. (See under Turin). Curriculum. The school year at Genoa begins with examination on October 16th. Lectures begin on November 7th. Christmas recess lastsfrom December 22nd to January 9th. Lenten recese from March lst to 6th, Easter vacation from April 12th to 28th. The term ends on June 17th for lectures and August lst for examinations. First Year: Botany, 3 hrs of lectures and exercises per week Zoology, 41/2 hres, " . " " Chemistry, organic and inorganic, 41/2 lect. & exero. p. week Anatomy, Lectures 3 hres. a wk. dissection apparently 9 i a Second Year: Physice, 11/2 a wk. lectures & exercises Anatomy, x " " 9 n Comp. anatomy, £3 " " Phyeiology, 41/2 "apparently Embryology, 3 " " Third Year: Topogravhical Anatomy, * 7 hre. a wke " " exercis. 9 " "apparently Normal anatomy, lectures 3 " " Physiology, " z " " " laborat. (7) exerc. 3 hres. a wk. General Pathology Lectures 3 hrs,exerc, 4 hre. " Fourth Year: Surgical Clinic, z " a wk. Medical pathology, lectures 3 " " " Clinics 3 " " Medical elinic, lectures 12 " 7 " exercie, 6 " 7 Pathol. anatomy, lectures 6 " " excrcis. 3% " " Pharmacology, lectures 3 " “ exercis. 7 to 8 hre " Fifth Year: Pediatrice, lectures 3 " " exercie. 1 1/2 Medical clinic, as in 4th year Hygiene lectures 3 " " " exercise. 4 " " Ophthalmology, lectures 3 " " " exercis. 1 " " Genoa 128 Fifth Year; Dermatology, lectures 3 hre. a Wke “ excercis. 4 " “ avparently Pathol. anatomy, lectures 7% " " 7 exercie. 7 " " Oper. medicine, lectures 3 " 7 " exercis. 7% " " Sixth Year: Medical clinic, as in 4thnyear Obst. & Gynecol. (see under thie course) Legal medicine lectures Z hrs. a wke " exercis, 7 " " Neurol.& Psych. lectures 7 " " exercis., 3 " " Ear,Nose & Throat, lectures 3 " " exercis, 3 " " Radiology, lectures 3 " " exercia,. 2" " The amount of hours in the above table designated as for exercises representa from 4 to 5 times as much as the individual student receives or spends in laboratory work, or clinical work. This is because the classes are divided into from 3 to 5 groups which rotate in their laboratory or clinical work. It should further be noted that in very few cases does laboratory work mean anything but attendance at demonatra= tions conducted by the professor or his assistants. Number of Students. (see under Turin) Page 114. Source of Studenta. No statement is made in the catalogue relative to the number of Foreign atudenta during the past year. In 1920 there were 4% such in the medical faculty, since among the doctors in the province of Genoa 797 graduated from that university in contrast to 267 from other faculties in Italy, it may be inferred that most of the students come from the province of Genoa and return to it to vractice medicine. Distribution of Graduates. (See table given under Turin.) Page 116. Importance as a medical center. It is often observed by Italians that a great deal of money is made in Genoa but it is seldom devoted to educational purposes. Genoa does not have a great reputation in Italy as a eource of teachers in medicine. It is better known as a very lucrative olty for the practise ‘of it. Professor Trambusti's assistant is of the opinion that students in smaller achools situated in smaller cities get better clinical train- ing because the pre-eminence of their professors is greater in comparison to the other local practitioners. This does mwt seem to be applicable 129 Geno&ae to the case of Genoa where great professional rivalry limits the amount of clinical material controlled by the professors. When the new laboratories are moved to the buildings projected for them in the San Martino district where they will be far better housed and in closer relation with th=new clinics already under construction there, the position of Genoa as a medical faculty may improve substan- tially. Statue of Research. The publications of the membere of the faculty of medicine are on file in the Paris office. The department of pharmacology appeared to be the most active among those visited. In general the Facuity of Genoa seems to be less productive in this line than many others of the northern Italian faculties. Training of Teachers. Genoa has not been distinguished in the medical sciences as a school from which many of the professors in Italy have graduated. It has: been more significant, however, in the purely cliniosal branches since the con= siderable wealth of Genoa continues to attract able clinicians who are also teachers and the pupils of these men leave Genoa to occupy teaching positions elsewhere, Barlocco, the new professor at Modena, a previous Aiuto of Marigliano in medicine, is a recent example. The general problems of the selection and training of teachers is Similar to that deacribed under Turin. The following report is of great interest in the question: Statement of National association of University Profesaors. Considerationa and proposals upon a few points of the Gentile Reform concerning higher education (ise. University education). Recruiting of New Professors. The creation of new Universities, the number of vacant Chairs, and a atudy of such figures with the number and the quality of the possible candidates, the thought of what is being prepared for the immediate future of Italian University life, these considerations mst certainly cause a fear that the spring whence originates the University teaching body will soon be dried up. The next "concorsi” will absorb the last reserves of well prepared young men, and we shall eee rise to Profeseor= ships those also who do not represent much more than a hope. This rapid arrival of the young men might be considered as a beneficient rejuven- ation of the Faculties, were it not a sign of a wholesale desertion from the University careers This is a most serious peril for the Nation as a whole, and it is imperative that all the efforts of the rulers and of the teaching body converge to incite the best elements to follow the careger of higher educatione Genoa. fre Ga a no The Election of the Rector. All are agreed that the Rector should have authority over the Academic body. The latter however has a fe@ling of independence, which always goes with hich intellecuality, and likes to impose over itself & local university government, electing to rule it a colleague who can enjoy all ite trust. Nobody knows better than the academic Body the needs of its own University and the qualities which render a colleague apt to fill worthily and usefully the charge of a Rector. It was objected that when the Rector is elected by the Academic Body he feele himself bound by the vote of his colleagues and his authority is thereby diminished. We do not share this point of view; but in any case it would not be difficult to confer greater duthority upon the Rector if the vote of his colleagues appointed hin for five years. The Election of the Preside. (x) To confer to the Preside the complete trust of his colleagues, his arpointment must be entrusted to the Faculty; because if it is just that the Rector should exercise the supreme control over everything that con= cerns the University it ia no less fair that the Preside, as representative of the Faculty, should receive greater liberty and independence. Transfers of the Profeasora from the Free Universities to the Royal Ones. The newspapere have published a desire voiced by the Superior Council, rejected the firet time by the Minister Gentile, represented to HE. Casati, tending to obtain the transferability of the full Professors of Free Universities to the Royal Universities, if they have entered the career by means of a regular concoreo. If this means that the Profeesora in question should have entered their career after the come petition of three, resulting from @ concorso openWed before the present law by a Rogal University, and had not found during the year an opening in a Royal Univerdity, it would be equivalent to admitting the supprese- ion of the time limit established by the old law for taking advantage of the competition by three, and that the time passed in the Free Uni- versities be equivalent ae time passed in superior teaching. The major- ity admit that the regulation would be fair if taken in this sense. But if on the other hand it means admitting the possibility of transferring Professors who have won concorsi opened by the Free Universities before the present law, the matter appears in a very different light. One Profeesor of the Free Universities was always a member of the Commie- sions which decided the concorsi, and the composition of the Gommission therefore was not the one which wae prescribed for the concorsi of Royal Universities. The difference is especislly great between the two kinds of concorai if one considere that only a few candidates took part in the competitions for the Free Universities ae these did not give the right to a Cheir in Royal Universities. If the right is now given to them suddenly to be trahsferred to Royal Universities, an injustice would thue be committed against those who, owing to the very terms of the concorso, took no part in it. It would also constitute a privilege for those who took advantage of reduced concorsi, without measuring themselves against all possible competitors. (x) Dean of a Faculty. The didactic autanomy has been granted to the Universities, but was it the beat way to raise the tone of the studies, and to raise the best elemente for the teaching profession? It is true that a Faculty may now ask and obtain the transfer of a Professor from another Uni- versity, but Professors cannot compete for chairs in a faculty that does not want them. This privilege of the Faculty and the impossibility of defending the Professors against what might be the Faculties’ caprice not onl prevente the improvement of the Faculties, to which the right to lower their own value should not be left, but alao it takes away any faith in the possibility that the best men can prevail at any time during their career. Examples are not infrequent of eminent professors who were not wanted by certain Faculties but who entered them by the main road of the concorao, and who are today their glory. If you take away the confidence in the fairness of the career, you have opened the way to local favoritism. If a man knows how to place himself in the shadow of a Faculty and possibly close to some professor near the age limit, an atmosphere of good-will and of favoritiem rather than critical judgement, will gradually create itself around him, and thus will the local career of the candidate be greatly facilitated. From the moment when the faculty must propose three names of candidates for the concorso, there will be lacking the possibility of anyone choosing with absolute confi~ dence. The Faculty itself will then assume the responsibility, even if only in first instance, of a judge; while this should only be given to one who possesses the competence to tie judge. Thus there can prevail criteria of affection or of local opportunity, above the criteria of learning and of justice. Let the country return to the national competitions open to all, even if only opened upon the request of the faculties, and the peril deriving from too great a didactic autonomy will be avoided, The country must not be divided into so many centers of culture, living each one of them ite own life in ite own local colour, but let there be founded once more in great unity the soientific life of the Nation, infusing in the youth the truet that no road will be closed to whoever deserves to advance. Many are of opinion that we should go back to the National election of the selecting Commissions and that, to avoid the eventual creation of electoral chapels which would bring forth always the same judgesy we could apply the system of the representation of the minority as well as the majorities giving them three commissiqers each, if the deciding Commission must be of five membere,. As to the Assistants, there is no doubt but that the ory of alarm which comes from every part concerning the future of the Italian Uni- versities brings to the front rank the problem of the assistants. Even granted the application of the remedies which we have called for above concerning the system of the reoruiting of the Profeesors, there will atill remain open the very serious problem of the position created by the Gentile Reform to the Assistants. It is true that the Assistants’ position is but a temporary period in their career and not an end in itself, a stage of transition towards the obtention of a Chair; but it is true also that the stage of the Assistant may, and as a matter of fact should, lest a long time, in order to prepare well the future Professor. But the present law puta the Assistants in a morally inferior Genoa. aOoS position, by relegating them to the category of the Technical and Subaitern Personel, and in a materially inadequate one = arluncertain at that ~ by removing them from the list of Government officials and placing them in the category of private employess of the several Unis versity administrations. It makes of them a class different from that of the University teaching Corps, and renders useless the years pasaed as Assistant, for the purpose of the State Pension to which they will become entitled for the years lived as Professors. We cannot be sur= prised if, under such conditions, the youns men desert the University Jarcer, and if, in particular, the Chairs of Fure Solences remain deprived of Assistants. The decay of Science which follows from this constitutes the most serious, the saddest threat for the heritage of our University life. Let the Assistants be readmitted in the class of State officials, and take away any difference between those now in office and those who will be appointed in future. Let there be fixed new official regulatione which limit the number of Aiuti and of Assist- ants for each University, new and old; and, if it be considered fair to retain the actual syatem of appointment of Aesistants by "coneorso", let the right of transfer from one Chair to another be conceded from one University to another, of the Assistants already in function. Then gach Univereity will be able to integrate by its own means the State lists, anpointing assistants above quota as is held necessary in certain Institutes, and these rill constitute the nursery of future State aiuti and Assistants. Y.E, the Minister of Public Inetruction must not hesitate in heeding this ery of alarm, and in revising from thebeginning the question of the reoruiting of Assistants, and their moral and economic positions, Only by a wise and urgently needed modification of the preaent Law can the State avoid the grave decadence which threatens the Higher Teaching. Election of the Superior Council. H.E. Gentile, in the course of his speech of inauguration of the firet session of the new Superior Council, expressed the opinion that the Minister can only have the full responsibility of his own actions, when he will have chogen himself his own advisers, selecting them from among those whom he holds the most adapted for their technical compet= ences We do not wish to discuss here the doctrinal value of this conception which has found many supporters, but we wish only to point out what consequences may derive from it. The appointment and the permanence of the Superior Councils are closely bound in with the Minister who has chosen them; and the election every seven years is purely formal. Each new Minister would have to rewapnraise the advisers one by one, and dismiss them or conferm them according to whether he has or not entire confidence in them. From their side the Superior Councilors would have to place their post at the disposal of every new Minister. If the latter were to confirm blindly those Councilors selected by his predecessor, the informative conception indicated above would be defeated; and the new Minister would find the Council compromised for having followed the directions of his predecessor. The Superior Council, elected under the present system, sees then its own fate tied to that of the politice of the day and to the sucess= ion of Governments. On the other hand, and thie is the opinion profesaed by some, were the Council be elected by the Teaching body, it would give better guarantees of independance and of continuity in the exercise of its most important mission. Genoa £33 Substitutes to Full Professors. The Article 5 of the Royal Decree No. 1585 of September 25th, 1924 states that paid “inearichi"” (subtitutes) could be entrusted to full professors in their own or any other university. But it added at the secona paragraph that the "incarico" could not be held in the same subs ject for more than two years. It is not to be thoughtof that the Legislator could have wished by such an order to avoid that a full Chair be left vacant for over two years, since the Article 6 dealt with this point. The above quoted order a@efeats the reasons which might have induced a faculty to confer an "incarico" to a full professor. Such a necessity was strongly felt, especial- ly in some faculties after the law had fixed the maximum number of full professors which they could have. The faculty would be compelled after two years to confer the "incarico" to another teacher or to change the name of the course, with evident and serious damage to the seriousness and the efficacy of the studiese Once the principle is admitted that an "inearico” can be conferred to a full professor within the limits establish- ed by Article 6 it should be left to the wisdom of the faculties to make a free application of the measure, without fear that they would abuse this libertye. Signed by Carlo Foa of Milan. Pavia pre. Qe He PAVIA Location. The town of Pavia is about 3/4 of an hour from Milan by rail. Its population is 42,000 with outlying towns near-by coming however to 1602000. The population of the province in which it is located is 470,000.e From the point of view of clinical material Pavia is over= shadowed by the great city of Milan near-by and considerable difficult- lea are experienced in securing a wide selection of material. Hietorye Pavia became established as a definite center of studies in 825 a.D. The university, however, was founded by a Decree of Charles IV in 1361 and recognized by the Pope in 1389, The university attained great pro= aminence in the XVth century, its hospital being built also during that period. Pavia was aleo prominent in the XVIth century which marked the foundation of the two colleges Borromeo and Ghislieri. The period of Spanish domination was unfavourable to Pavia, but in the XVIIIth century under the Reform instituted by Maria Theresa, Pavia regained its earlier prominence. It was also later to be especially favoured by Napoleon,and again by the Italian government through the Casati Law. During the XIXth century and the first then years of the XXth century Pavia was one of the most active and important of the Italian universities. Organization. As a type "A" versity, Pavia receives its support from the State. There is, however, considerable additional revenue from endowments which total about 200,000 Lire. The organization of the university is similar to that given under Turin with the exception that there are two colleges effiliuted with the university which from their individual endowments supply board and room to about 90 of the best scholars'in the university. These are the colleges of Borromeo and Ghiaslieri. General University and Medical Faculty Finances, No statement secured. The Medical clinic is well endowed, receiving from various sources, it was said, about 80,000 Lire annually. Buildings. The accompanying map shows the buildings of the University to be in two groups fairly close to each other. The new hospital buildings were interrupted in their construction by the war and it is doubtful when they will be completed since the develppment of the new university at Milan will drain the clinical branchea in Pavie of both their prestige and their source of patients. The present buildings both scientific and clinical are old and not well~adapted to modern needs. S, Cara ws, . RIED Punto < Peel 55 Ao Bee a —! ATRIZLO fi ce > Pavesi; We i Bregit ~ PO aH ~+/ mr ; ro os CST LL eee IN ? ~~. ite Ve ~ p80) peeeraay: : ww! TA . Pea. 2 new “ aad “Azzy —— a DP Ia yoocoo DD "oe TET, vs 07 & 26 - Lelazzo Unrversilario 26 brs t Policlinico 11 cosfryzz0ne 2? hhtlatr Brologser Clinrce Neuronalologica istrlalt' ot Chimica + ar F3srelogta e@ = Botsyacea. Ospedale JS. Hallee e Chiarche universitorte Collegio OArsfrert Collegio Borromeo tre U2. Pua: ‘ J t3stte < 2 %, sappy Surette tees 233i Jf / Castel{o ray To ES! < Praxze def / Cotte Tstorng. Po CUS Hobo lini | - PAVi&. 130 Laboratory Facilities. anatomy: Professor Sulae Post of aiuto vacant at present. Number of allievi not noted. Course is of the lst and 2nd yoars and includes histolosye ist Yeur: bones, muscles, joints and histology. end Year: Anatomy of organsand nervous system, including histology. Lectures 4 times a week. Luboratory work 4 hours a day with assignments, these depending on the amount of material available. Only 4 cadavers a week for a total of 280 students. Close supervision of students' work insisted upon. Institute housed in old buildings, but new institute will be soon finished. 1st floor, lecture and dissecting rooms. Refrigerat- ing apparatus in basement. Small room for histology and for assistants two other small rooms available.. Library inadequatee. Impression of excellent routine teaching compared with moat other institutes in Italy. Budget given as 10,000 Lire from governmen., 5,000 from university funds and 4,000 from students' fees, and extrase Allievi pay 50 Lire special tar.. Physiology: a substitute professor in chargee 1 aiuto, 1 assistant and 6 allievie Teaching divided over the 2nd and 3rd year. Physiology at Pavia is unusual in that a course in bio=chemistry is given during the lst year of the school and in this course there is desk space for individual — works This is a new departure and it has given excellent results, since | chemical side of physiology is not prejudiced unfavourably by students! ignorance. Luboratory housed in old buildings, epace divided into rooms for chemistry, graphic records, operations, microscopical work and lecture room. Space inadequate. Much apparatus and a good deal of it very old. Tnadequate provision for individual work in physiology. Librery smail end inadequate. Budget not given. General Patholegy: Professor Perroncito. 1 temporary aiuto and 1 temporary assistant, 2 voluntary assistants, 6 allievie Course in 2nd and Zrd year, a general introduction to pathological conditions. Bacteriology and histospathology. The bacteriology iegiven by a substitute professor. Demonstrations in pathology given in groupse Space fairly adequate. Apparatus adequate. Library small. Evidence of much sctivity well super= — vised. About 110 students in all, Budget allow 10,000 Lire from government, 5,000 from university funds. The bill for gas alone is 27,000 Lire and : books 5,000... An active and useful institute working under ereat difficultied Hygiene: Professor Bertarellie (In Seo Paulo 1910) 1 aiuto, 1 assistant, 3 allievi.e About 100 students. Course follows usual lines. Infectious diseases, epidemiology and hygiene of environment, secant emphasis on bacteriologye Building old, luboratory in confusion and disorder. 18 tables for students' work, about 12 rooms in all. Plan of teaching said to be influenced by a school of hygiene at Suo Paulo. Little evidence of productive work however. Budget not givene Clinical Facilities. Medical clinic: Professor A. Ferrata. 1 aiuto, 2 paid assistants, Z voluntary assistants, 70 allievi.s About 200 students divided between 5th and 6th year. A good impression is given in regard to work of students and allievie The professor absent at time of visit. Hospital old. 100 beds, well equipped and active laboratory. Hospital includes Pavia fs Loe amphitheatre and quarters for allievie 50 patients a day in OPD. rhich is used for teaching. Fudget said to be 80,000 Lire a year, from special sources principally endowment. Some difficulty experienced in securing adequate choice of clinical materiale Cases seem to be very well worked up howevere Surgery: Professor Tansinie 4 assistants, paid; 6 voluntary assistants. 90 to 100 students. Surgicel material closely studied. Students take history and make examination on the patient coming into the clinic for illustration or diacussione One floor of old ward in hospitel.e 40 beds only. Laboratories inadequatee. Theoretically any surgical case in hospital can be used. Operating rooms disorderly and crowded. OPD. eaid to have 50 cases a day. Budget not given. Obstetrics & Gyne: Professor Alfieri. 1 aiuto, 2 assis.ants, 4 voluntary assistants. quarters for students in the hospital where they ¢-leep in rotation until they have seen 5 cases delivered; in an old huspital but condition of ward better than in medical and surgical clinic. 20 beds obstetrics, 30 bede gynecology. Complete division between septic and clean cases, toth as to ward and assistants, OPD. used as feeder to hospital, about 30 cases a day, 3 days a week, but cannot be used for teaching since patients would no longer attend under those conditionse Only 7 in the school for midwives. The recent legislation requiring better preparation among the candidates for the school of midwives has markedly diminished in number of students. This is the case throughout Italy. Psychiatry: Professor Rossi. -1 aiuto, 1 assistent, 2 allievie A separate institute of modern construction. Course given inbth year to about 100 students. Hospital divided between psychiatry and neurology. 80 bedse Professor oan use insane asylum of the provinese for selection of cagsesand the OPD. of about 10 patients 3 times a weeke Library and lsborutories well housed but inadequate in facilities. Budget not given. List of Professors. The publications of the following profeessora and assistants (aiuti) ure given in the annual catalogue of Pavia, on file in Paris Office. It may be noted here that. it is customary for every young assistant or professor who is looking forward to academic promotion to collect and heave published a complete list of all his publications together with full data regarding his academic history, birth certificate, etc. These dossiers are kept for the purpose of being presented to the judges of any competition for a professorship in which the candidate cares to present his credentials. For list of professors, see next pages Librar Ye University library 500,000 volumes. Central position, well patron ized by students. 20,000 Lire from government, 10,000 from private sources annuallye lLouns volumes by mail and has a librarian specially trained for this services University of Pavia INSTITUTE OF NORMAL EUMAN ANATONY Professor Luigi Sela --+-- + + Director | Stabile N ° N. Aiuto . INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY Profeseor Augusto Moshini - -~ - Director” subetitute (non paid) The same === +s 7s 5 = sas Aiuto INSTITUTS OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY Professor Achille Monti ---+ - - Director + Ettore Tibaldi «2+ = 2+ -5 wea Aiuto . ENSTITUTE Of GENERAL PATHOLOGY & HISTOLOGY Profeseor Aldo Perroneito ~ «= ~ = Director ¥ Piera Locatelli ~ 2+ se 2-2 = Aiuto (provisario) INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY Professor Attilio Bonanni - Director v Aldo Patta-=+--+=-==+=<++ ea 6 Aiuto INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE Professor Roberto Magnanimi - - = Director | Giovan Battieta Maffei - - «== Aiuto INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE Professor Ernesto Bertarelli - = Director ~“ Guido Rigobello ~~ -+-+ 22 a 4 Aiuto MEDICAL CLINIC Professor Adolfo Ferrata - =< = Director ¥ Giovanni Guglielmo +~-=<---+-=+ Aiuto (Provisario) ~ SURGICAL CLINIC Professor Iginic Tansini-~ Director 4 Giovanni Morone - ~=s «=< = 6 Aiuto MEDICAL PATHOLOGY Profesor Eugenio Worelli =+ - + = Director |" Arrigo Perins == ---7* => Aiuto | SURGICAL PATHOLOGY Professor Gaetano Fichera ~ - ~ ~ Director | Franco Picealugass<*e- +++ = Aiuto (provisario) OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY L Profeasor Emilio alfieri= = - - = Director |” Brneeto Brugnatelli «+--+ 2+ + = Aiuto CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS = . Professor Luigi Spolverini« ~ - - Director © Gian Carlo Bentivoglio = = - Aiuto (provisario} OPHTHALMOLOGICAL CLINIC Professor Amilecare Bietti -« ~ = - «= = Director '+ Angelo Nicolato == 2-2 ses =m ss + = Aiute CLINIC O# NERVOUS AND NENTAL DISEASES Professor Ottorino Rossi «+= - + = Director :% Giovanni Bolzani=---~-. sss -- = Aiuto — DERMOSYPHILOPATHIC CLINIC Professor Umberto Mantegazza - ~ - ~ Director ‘+ Giorgio Falohi = --+--+ss 5 e=« Aiuto (provisario). OLINIC OF DENTISTRY Professor Ludovico Voulliaux = - - ~ Director «— Luigi Magneaghi «= 2-2-5255 w= @ Aiuto (voluntary) BAR“NOSE AND TEROAT CLINIC Professor Enrico Fratti =.= +s es Director ;;(subatitute) " te t -_~w~ sean ewen Aiuto - INSTITUTE OF RADIOLOGY, ELECTROLOGY AND PHYSICAL THERAPY Profeseor Felice Perussia ~~ --- = Director |" INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL MEN Professor Nestore Monti - === = 2-6 Director ,/ (substitute) Admission. See under Turin. Fees, Scholarships and Studente' txpenses, For fees, see under Turin. There are at Pavia some 14 prizes or fellowehips in the Faculty of Medicine, 5 of which are open to under~ graduates, There are in addition opportunities for the best scholars to obtain free board and room at the two institutions above referred to, Borromeo and Ghisleri. bffort is made at Pavia to accommodate foreign students in every way possible. Scholarships vary from 180 to 1800 Liras eannuelly. Degrees. (See under Turin) Curriculun. The follcwing page gives the Curriculum and the houre of study for the entire 6 years course. Number of Students. (See under Turin) Page 114.. Source of Students. In 1919-20, 18 foreign atudente were registered in the Faculty of Medicine. A large number of the students at Pavia live in Milan, and ORDINE DEGLE STUDI secor ANNI di INSEGNAMENTI INSKGNANT! do lo Statuto approvato con AULA o ISTITUTO R. UNIVE LA GOWN] Eb Gd DELLE LEZIONI ANNG Corso in cui saranno tenute le lesions . —— . ; . oy S 0 Luned) Marted: | Mercoledi f Crovedt Venere Sabato Fisica per to medie Amvrio Istituto tsice 11-12 — — 9-10 10 — Gli studenti. sono Chimica per t medici Monti N. Aula analomla patolozica 15-16 — — — 15-16 Y-10 . | Botanica . . . Montemartini Istituto Lotanice G10) v1 9-10 — — — nell’ ord.ue stabilito, Col I Anatoniia coumparata. : Zavattari Istituto di Anatomia corparala 1o-11 — 1-1] — — _— ordine diverso, devouo— [¢ | Zoologia © Biologia generale . . Id. Isiitute di Zoologia — Lo-Lo —_— 15-16 14-15 — BO Anatom a umana descrittiva (1° anno) Sala Istituto da Anatomia _— 11-12 — It-12 {ud J [1-12 sigho dela Facolla compe Istologia Golgi Istitnio di Patologia generale — 1O-E4 _ 10-14 — 10-11 , fay , mit mmc PE . . Keeczlonalmente, pe Esereizi di fisica . Amero Istiluto di lisica Ore da destinarst yt menti di Zoologia ¢ Anat ; . ae . . anc agvii studeuti det Anatomia umana deserittiva (2° anno) Sala Istituto di Anatomia — 11-12 — 11-12 10-11 11-12 anelte wag student \ Fisiologta (1° anno) Ducceschi Istituto di Fisiologia 11-12 — 11-12 — 11-12 — 1923-24 non facevano par ll Chimica Gisiologica * . ; Id. Adem Ore da desttiarst . . . . . . Olire ai corsi obblig I Patologia generale (1° anno) Perroncito Istituto di Patologia generale — — 14-15 9-10 — O10 bre at gorsy obs . Batteriologia e parassitologia * Veratti Idem — {4-15 _— 14-15 — 14-15 versi, senza obbligo di e b ufficiali o liberi, a loro ae ; a oo ' patibvita d? oraria. Fisiologia (2° anno) Duocesglil Istituto di Fisiologia 11-12 — 11-12 _— 11-12 —_ [’ orario dei corsi . Chimica fisiologica * . The Adem Ore da destinarsi . . . . , ° Wl \ Patologia gencrale (2° anno: Perrogcito Istituto di Patologia gencrale — — 14-15 0-10 S10 mente. Anatomia topogratica Sala Istituto di Anatomia — 15-16 1o-16 — 15-16 — be Farmacologia e bossicologzia Bonanni Istituto di Farmacologia 0-10 10 O10 — — — L’iscrizioue ad un! 7 lezione tenuta dal ibero . ; . Log . . / rae abbia cspressamente rinu Anatomia patologica (1° anno) Monti‘ A- Istituto di Anatomia patologica LO-T] 141d 10-1 {4-15 Ju-tl 1415 abbia es} Patologia medica . Morelli Ospedale - Istil. ul Patol. medion — Le-17 {6-17 _ Lo-dt _ Per aspirare acll ass \ Patologia chirurgica Fichera Ospedale - Tsut. di Patol, chirure, — Lo-14 — [o-f1 —_ 1O-T1 studenti dovranno aver st i feiene e polizia medica . . Lertarelii Istitulo i lgiene — Lede [-12 1-16 —_ _—. meee ees no » Semeroiica e@ cliniea medica €1° annoy Ferrata Ospedale - Climtca medica fo) AT — a O47 16-1 alia fine delP anne nel y . : oe : : } ra : - J ; eo . . 2 li i part | Semeulolica e elintca chirurgica il* anna) Tansinl Ospedale - Ghintea chirurgica li-lotl, — 14-bit — lilo’, i treauentare tutt Oudentacatria Coulpiaux Ospedale - Casa Maino —_— S-L0 _ - __ 8-10 16-17, nate i) frequentare tutte | | | | | | mAMVIA a e€ Chirurgia ne RARIO approvato dal Consiglio di Facolta per / anno 1924-1925 ANNOTAZIONI ESAM |! KSAML SPECIALI Gli studenti sono obhligati a frequentare i corsi ’ - hye ’ , < Wap g * , SCOTIO? nell ordine stabilito. Coloro che volessero sceuire wn Gli esami speciali sono raggruppati come SEQUC ording diverso, devouo farne domanda motivata al Gon- | Lo Gruppo - Fisica, Ghimica. siglio della Facoll compelenle a decidere. U. » - Botanica, Zoologia, Anatomia comparata. . . yy . . . . » - r . y Sep] i ne s 7 b =f} : Hecezionalmente, per Panno 192425 eli insegna- Ill Anatomia umana deserilliva, Istologia (facoltativo). oo, ; ; .. PTV. » - Anatomia topoeratica, Medicina operatoria, meuli di Zoologia ¢ Auatomia comparata saranno seguili | ly , Vv. » - Fisiologia, Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Chimica fisiologica e Chimica ; anche dagli studeult del secondo corso, poiché nell’ auuo fisica (facoltative). 1923-24 non facevano parte delle materie del primo corso. | VI, » Patologia generale, Batteriologia e Parassitologia (facollativo). Oltre ai corsi obbligatori, gli stndenti possono iscri- | VIL» 1 Igiene e polizia meilica, Vatologia ¢ clinica della tubercolosi pol- versi, senza obbligo di esami a non pit di quattro corsi , monare (facoltatyy ; VI.» atologia medica, ufficiali o liberi, a loro scelta, purché non vi sia incom- I’ orario dei corsi liberi sara pubblicato separata- nen te. . 1 iserizione ad un corso libero importa il paga- mento di una tassa di L. 5 per ogni ora setlimanale di lezione tenuta dal libero doeente, salvo che questi non vi abbia espressamente rintnciato. Per rij aspirare ae Cassa scolastica gli studenti dovranno aver supera assegnt della to glascun gruppo di esami alla fine dell’ anno nel quale ayranno regolarmente ulti- mato di frequentare tutle le materie costituenti il gruppo. XI. XII. XI.» XIV. o> Per’ re B) as = pGlinica medica, Clinica chirurvica, x sransitoria, ee che chicde di ritirarsi da un esame @ considerato riprov ologia Chirurgica, Odontoiatria (facoltativo), eas at bp osia e terapia fisica. ee: . _ psichiatriea e Geuroprialowien. Medicina legale, Clinica oto- ; ¥. rinolaringoia trica, Inica pediatrica, Clinica ostetrico-ginecologica. AVVERTENZE moti che nou abbiano superati gli esami dei pr@Batarsi agli esaii dei gruppi successivi. prs presentare ado un gruppo di esami lo studente deve Bi corsi relativi alle materie eostituenti il QPuppo. eli studenti abbiano superato, secondo puache « esame di un gruppo, soslerranno Pesame soltanto primi sel gruppi non aver fre- che eta passa ti sulle allre i che ato, KSAML DI LAURKA Va- Hidato j in una delle maleric pi “stretlamente ¢ attinenti alla Medicina hella discussione sulla disserlazione. ; - nella discussione di una lesi orale su una materia a? inseenamento | azione scritta e Vargomento della lesi orale devouo essere presen tati gin tre copic, alien 20 giorni prima del? apertura della sessione, e accellule dal Preside. l Anatomia comparata. . . : ' : , "QD ARAaloMlda COMPpatl ave | a M-1O | ae }O-1) | fi-te — 1 Zoologia © Biologia generale . . . . ' Istituto di Zoologia — 1-42 — Lt{-12 joe} {{-12 slzlio felia Maco th compe Anatoni a Uinana cescrittiva (io anne) . . . Sala Istituto di Maton At — todd — {edi _ Lo-L oevion, Istologia . . . . . . . . : Gi lei Ixtitute di Patologia werner © ~ uirsi erozlonalingne, pe Do peniyl wee . NG aan Oder ober pee NPGS T . . ; ; Fiserelz) dt disica. . . . : . ' Atherio Istittite. di tis ut menti ai Zoologia o Anat > _ . . anehe davlt studente del \uatom an | rettiv (2) anne) Istit Vina comiia — {1-12 Lie L1-L? {oO lt 11-12 a; al Me ala slesers ra (2? e O , : : z S “oo hi A Tete ‘ -1° a Dey . 7. — Ee node la. aoe re eia 11-12 — Ii-de 11-12 _— 125-24 pon facevane par \ Fisiologia (1°? anno). . . . . . . Dua schi Isbitidooal mete malt tye dit deshisi tent . . ; I Chimica fisioiogica * . . . . . . . la. hie _ _— 14-15 Q-10) ct gL Qltre at corsi obblig / Patologia gvenerale (1® anne) . . . . . Pertoncito Istitute i Patolowie venerale L4-1D —_ L4-ih eld . . pbli - -. : . —— —_ “t-1Lel "aps od « th Batteriologia e parassitologia * . . . . Varatti liem CYS}, SENZA ODONO C1 E | ufficiali o liberi, a loro 4 y pa . ogee ys, -|? _ 11-12 — Li-}2 _ fo sti ‘isiologla lf . 4, x . . : Fisiologia (2° anno). . : . . . . Dugesem Istituto di ft e Ore da destinarst, . . . . . . . . . I? orario dei cors Chimica tisiologica * . . . . . . ie. Idem serale — — 14-15 D1 _ OG tI] \ Patologia generale (2° anno: . . . . . Perfoncito Istituto di Patologia gent ral _ in-Le Lede — I-16 _ mente | Anatomia toporralica . . : ‘ : : Sila Istitule dl Seeks O-{0 Y-10 lo — _— a Lo isemizione adou Parmacolosia e@ tossicolovta . . . . . Bormann [stitute di Farmaco’ . _ 11-12 _— 11-52 — }}-12 Medicina operatoria . . . . . . . Tansini Istituto di Anatomia Tranans ~ mento di una tassa di Uf legione fenuta dal iibero - . a ; Atty Lo-tt 14-1 ()- 4 40) alibia espressamibeu ? PEO \natomia patologiea (io ame) . . . . Monti A. Institute dl an pal loot a {o-lt he i: mee __ a iC h41 oo va _— / at - : ate yeides —_ - - va —_ eroouspifape aah ¢ Patologia medica . ; . ; . . . Morelli Osped: ale - Istil. i | na if 7 ' a 7 elt “ a spa Q \ Patoleoia clirureuica . . . . . . . Fiehera Ospenale - Istit. vbol. chirurs are re ate _ _ stucenti dovvautio avers y teiene & polizia medica . . . . . . iertarelli om, Te ay in itt _ — wo 17 15-17 Va ti boy wi ¢ . ae : x . ‘ , wo ds . : aide iy. dh Ge ‘ . 4 j Nenelotien oocciniea qe lica Cl anne) ; ; Ferrata Ospedale - Gunes medtea ae: Moe = bed _ ula tina rth Wn . ' . . : VW, ae . , oe 1 + ui’ ‘a 7 he ” _— 2 ; . . . Sent otiea e@ Chaltes ciordrgies bt anuoh . . . Lfausini Osvedaie = © Panties ciety 2 <1 _ _] x LO bed 7! tnate do frenuentare cott route sa fyla . . . . . Coulltaux “Ospedale ~ Casa Maio — = wre riya yloLyt __ mii __ Clinica med. ga 62° anne) . Ferrata Ghintes lieclea an Iviel Y a ho L alliltee Ue ~ 6 . . : ‘ . : oe an Pipers: aa|t — -Lo°. — -}o0, a ol den 7 rebeiea (2° autos . ce . . Tansini — Galneca riveted la- me oi ha _ - “as _ Cotiesa dale malattie uervose e mien . . Rossi Clinica neubopatolog ted . ae _ | oi , ae at wile cdc . t Jet - ; . ; 4 ue a cip vices Ty. a tie 2 __ Pye — Choaqies a eipecolouica (1° eli) . . . Alfieri ee - Pinte “ue a Li-t2 a _ a _ Gofn Vonies derniositifena lie: . Mantlegazza Glintea derigosth ropa tle — - =u \ Chien dermiosifilopatics —. . . . . Leer eac le CE nies ol inolaring _ [7-1s 17-[s — \a-us —_ Chriea oloritolarines catries ; ; . . Fratt Cspeslal - nies ober zl . ne oe _ Tae Chianies omilistic Breth Ospedale - Cnet nediistce ~~ oe bq - peed b 4-15 Windies oiiiistics . . . . . . . . . ane . Aol I. vied | \uutolila patoouica 2° autia . Monti A. Istitube dio Anabeoma palotoiea Lo-t] Laide La-11 i a Ma hs oA te Lie cla a PLoite ~ ‘ . . . . . . . —_— I. )- wade or Medietua sega Magnaniml estiluio do Medtebua oe won de — — Leg . : sth ak . . * . . C . . ° 7 : it : - rye , oe re cd I, Sheed tN . ‘ . Patolowia © elinlen dela taberestass peamenare * Morelli Istitule ds Pacologia medica Ore Ea deste e st . oieey ayers _ 17) iy et — ee — Claes cned.ca (3! ante ; . . . . Ferrata Gan _ mredc a as forda . they ‘ mes __ ye rr 4 Tanettil Chante: Ghoariursden ha-lo' — Petar. ~ rn \ Clinica elitareica tt ane) . : . ' aust Chien Ustel rie: fed _ hed | _ eft —_ . aes ostecricg obme ce.og.ca (2° wiih) ‘ : . Alfiert aa Whee hiss | a \ Olli _ tay —_— VE ios pociatries Spolverini Coluber pedir ten wei — v bai uy pede br ders . : oe . . oP a ooetiiape: tip eben thONE NE OUINE Road oiowta, crettrolacia e ela pia tisten . . . N. N, (Da costihare: My; thee tHONE EE TTES Xb Per de tuaterie seguace con 7 € obbleateria la sola frequen za. | Pavia, Diesrabre O24. IL SEGRETARIO G. Servetti Pavia 4 44 take the train eich day to and from Pavia. Indeed it is said that as far as Anatomy is concerned the morning train carried the Professor, the assistente,most of the students and the cadavers to Pavia, Probably BO% of the students at Pavia come from Lombardy. Distribution of Graduates. Aside from the graduates of Pavia who 6° into academic medicine the great majority settie in Lombardy near Pavia, eanecially in Milan. See table on page WA. Importance as medical Center. Pavia has been an important medical center but now that the medical faculty of Milan has been established it seems probable that Pavia will have a very difficult struggle to maintain ite old prestige. This is largely because it can never command an adequate supply of clinical material and also because the wealth of Milan will be deflected to the University there rather than aa of old to Pavia. The effect which Milen is having on Pavia is a characteristic example of the individualism and lack of co=operation which characterizes the Italy of today. Pavia had a chance, I was told, to move the medical faculty to Milan in 1910, They were stubborn and blind not to do ao, Instead they secured a grant of a million Liras to build new clinics in Pavia and in 1912 began a large series of buildings which have stood unfinished for twelve years. The entering classes in Pavia are scarcely half of what they ueed to be, but in the medical sciences Pavia would probably continue by reason of tra~ dition and rich endowment to compete favourably with Milan for at least 10 years more. Status of Research. Perroncito's laboratory in General Pathology and Ferrata's Medical clinic are the 2 most active centers of research in Pavia. They are both of excellent reputation in Italy and are teaching centers of considerable importance, Training of Professors, (See under Turin & Genoa) Padua e Po AT UA Loeation. The position of radue is important in that it is the only university for the whole of the Venetian province and since this vrovince has received recently acceseions both of territory and population, Pedua is the nearest university to that part of Italy known as the Irrideite. Population of the town is 80,0090 inhabitants, but it is a center ot the Gistrict containing more than 10 times that numer. Historye The story of Padua is a long one and not clear in ite earlier stages. The studio of Padua was a comunnal pgrorth; there is no record that it was ever officially or even deliberately founded. In 1222, a considerable emigration from Bolcgna made up of both teachers and atudente made possitle the establishment of the university. There were in 1223 four guilds of etudents, each with its own Reetor, »robably all four in Lar. These were recognized by the city in 1260 and municipal aupport was pledged for two chaira of Law and three of Canon Law. Soon after the chairs of medicine were founded.and Padua was first spoken of as a rival of Polorna. In the XVth century, Padua became famoue and in the XVIth century it vas considered the most famous university in Burope. Absolute freedom of studies was the rule and the students had a large part in the selection of the teachere. Tt is to be noted that since 1405, Padua was the University of the Republic of Venice. Venice appointed special magistrates to direct the studio in 1917. This position was impertent and meny of the Doges held thie position before being made Chief megistrates of the City of the Sea, At thet time the guilded students were separated according to the nations and form 22 pvroups the Germans leading in quantity. Fame followed the freedom of teaching, the Pstavina libertas wes a great cause of attraction. Harvey and Fabricic ab, Acquapendente were active ir Fadua. In the XVIIIth century, Padua tas much reduced from ite nigh 2state. It tecame Austrian in 1798, Frenck in 1805, and Austrian again in 121%. Then followed the pericd of decadence until ite annexation ta Italy in 1866. Orgenizaticn (See under Turin) University Finance. Padua is a class “a" echool entirely supported by tne government. In 1919219 the tdal annual budget was 1,250,900 Liras, the endowment of the institutes 275,300 Liras, the University consortium, 1€,300 Le end the income from extra fees 40,000 Tiras. No subsequent fipures were available. it may be noted that in the caee of new buiidings a lump sum grant is secured from the government often sliehtly augmented by funds raised locally. There has teen a considerable expenditure f thie sort in the past ten years at Padua. pot CITTA pi PAD © VA Cimnitero di Arcella tocBieg us og hh a ote I ee, > 1 ag yee : Tt He sandome SocYeurty rey - Phang gL wy “/ weary és z Ospitmé @ An S Militure Crnesig? , Moxsi ; / Oficina Pharsna cet. as a [. fn $id sys tii a) fie fas hs e ae i Ake . aoa, “ Lage TE vty Ps ed ey ae ogres. weende aa ; chile ee — i ; we rea te eee ee Ly ge os Sie eS Ftor| to Ldn ga ear ce S.Rpogdd imo! a3 Ae, Mare © Sande uJ u J Citadbbre Neldind " C 4are fom oo Q o Ay reet AT ~> Tstilart Gechpe le mealies , Mase Inf Se f ‘Mann wee phenee Seanule di* a Bue Tivol 7 swore] ‘Tira a Segna “gh SN © Deratlito Padua. Medical School Finances, Figures are given in the preliminary report for the annual income of the institutesin 1918-19, No more recent information was available. Builcings. Since 149% the university has occupied a building in the center of the city previously used as an inn whose sign was that of an ox and hence called even today "Il Bo" , The medical faculty occupies some of the buildings shown in the map on the vie Loredan together with the new building still unfinished of Anatomy which is nearer the Civil Hospital. These buildings are with the exceptionat of the clinical facilities and the olds inetitute of anatomy, modern and well planned and built. Laboratory Facilities. Anatomy: Professor Dente Bertelli, Director. 1 aiuto, 2 assistants. Apparently no allievi. Course in lst and 2nd year, apparently very poorly given. 180 students, but only 2 cadavers a week for dissection. Building at present occupied is old and when visited was in almost inexcusable disorder, No adequate provision for students, assistants or allievi. Library interesting from hietorical point of view only. No evidence of activity, equipment wretched, Budget. not inquired about. New building construction paralysed. Physiology: Professor Duccheachi. 2 assistants, no albievi at present. About 290 students divided between 2nd and 7rd year. Housed sat present and temporarily in 8 roome of Zoology building. An excellent and complete inetitution under construction, though work is held up at preaent. Library and present equipment inadequate. Professor D. seemed an active and well informed man however. Budget 18,000 Lire a year. Pharmacology; Professor Luigi Sabbatani, Director: 1 aiuto, 1 voluntary assistant, 4% allievi. Course given in the 4th year, between 80 and 100 students. Institute also used for school of pharmacy. Evidence of good work being done, though individual students do not have ideal opportunities. Building new and well planned. Pamphlet on file in Paris office giving full description of this institute as of 1922, Budget 18,000 Lire, Generalkxy satiefactory impression. General Pathology: Professor Ignazio Salvioli. 1 temporary aiuto, 1 voluntary assistant, 3 allievi. No evidence of any teaching activity. Excellent building, roome covered with duet. Equipment fair except for scarcety of microscopes, only 7 of these, Library inadequate. Hygiene: Professor Oddo Casagrandi, Director. 1 aiuto, 1 assistant paid, and % voluntary assistants, 4 allievi, 3 courses are given in this institute, one for students of medicine where emphasis is specially in epidemiology, the second for atudents in chemistry and pharmacy, and the third for studenta of engineering, for whom house and soil mnitation are emhasized, also special courses for sanitary officers and ships officers. About 100 students of medicine. Building modern and well planned, 50 desks in the general exercise room; no apparatus, however. Padua. Professor specialty is rust in water pipes} Not much evidence of activity even in this line, Clinical Facilities. The present conditions of clinical facilities at Padua leaves much to“desired. There is a bitter opposition on the part of the non- ecademic chiefs of service in the Civil Hospital to the authority of the clinical professors. A brief visit was paid to the medical clinic but notes were not taken. The Olinic of surgical pathology under Professor Faeiani disposes of 12 beds with inadequate laboratory provision. The entire clinical side of Padua seemdto be paralysed by the glory of the past and the complexity of inherited traditions of one sort or another. Library- University library containing over 290,000 volumee, housed in new ouilding. Institutes have separate libraries whose usefulness ie very limited for references later than 1915. Professors and Aiuti: INSTITUTE OF NORMAL ANATOMY Via Fallopio Professor Dante Bertelli +--+ = = Director ' Giulio Prancrazi~-+--2«-+ss2+s-e+5 Aiuto - INSTITUTES OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY Via Loredan Professor Giovanni Cagnetto~ = + - = Direotor ? Angiolo Frabis ~--= +--+ +++ -+- + Aiuto _ (substitute) INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL SURGERY Civil Hospital Professor Mario Donati,- ~ = = « - «= Director % Ugo Paceini -- = +--+ +--+ s+ = Aiuto - DERMOSYPHILOPATIO CLINIC Civil Hospital Professor achille Breda «= += = + «= = Director - Antonio De Giacomi > +<«=2 2 +++: Aiuto — CLINIC Of NERVOUS & MENTAL DISEASES Spedale Oivile (Civil Hosp=) Professor Ernesto Belmondo = = = = « Director *. Edgardo Morpurgo~*«--+-s 2s ss « Aiuto _. INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL MEDICINE Spedale Civile Professor Luigi Lucatello + -+-+ ++ Director 4 Giorgio CevolYotte == 2-2-5 +6 Aiuto — OCULISTIC CLINIC Spedale Civile Professor Giuseppe albertotti- - - = Director q Giuseppe Margotta=--+=-+-+-+ s-+5 Aiuto © OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGICAL CLINIC Via Fallopio t a 4 Professor alessandro Bertino - ~ Director ¢ Callisto Bua---+--+-- 7277 Aluto / Padua A 146 a Professors and Aiuti (Cont'd) CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS Via d' Alviano Professor Guide Berghinz =-=<--+<-+-- = Directors (substitute) Gaetano Salvioli ~-= == 2 = + 3 << Aiuto INSTITUTE Of PHYSIOLOGY Via Loredan Professor Carlo Fou = = = se 3 3 33 = Director **' Achille Honcato ~ «= = es = = +2 =< = Aluto - INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE - Via Loredan Professor Oddo Casagrandi ~---=-- = Director i’ Andrea Scarpellini === = s=+*+-+ + < Aiuto - INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY Via Loredan Professor Luigi Sabbatani - == -- << Director ;* Ke Meneghetti -~-- +--+ -s-*-+-8 Aiuto INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINES Via Loredan Professor Attilio Cevidalli - - ~- - = Director /|4 INSTITUTE OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY Via Loredan Professor Ignazio Salvioli = -+-< = Director /+ Guido Oselladore = - = - = 2-2 = 25 Aiuto / INSTITUTE OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY Spedale Civile Professor Rodolfo Penzo =-~*~ += == = Director 5 Antonio Carlo Velo == 2s 3s - 3 3-5 5 Aiuto 7 INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL PATHOLOGY Spedale Civile Director (abstitute) je Aiuto / Professor Giulio Andrea Pari Italo Saechetto - =- += == 22s 2 = 8 ‘ Admiasion. (See under Turin) Fees, Scholarships and Students' Expenses. For fees, see under Turine Students' expenses are diminished through the effort of the University authorities who have vrovided a special eating place where students pay as little as 2, 90 Le per meal or in case of separate meals, Le 3,25. Thus, for example, lunches during the period of one month would cost about 87 Lire, or $3,60. Scholarships have long been one of the features of the univers~ ity of Paduae They date back as far as 1363. Naturally at present the value of these echolareships ia very small. The university gives 100 scholarshivs , the Ministry of Public Instruction 32 and the other 68 are drawn from special foundationse The 32 state scholarshipa have an annual total value of 17,000 Lire. The 68 private scholarships have a value of 43,990 Lire. These sums are characteristic of the present purchasing value of local fellowships in Italy, the buying power being about 1/6 or even 1/10 of wheat it was 20 years agoe Degrees. See under Turine Curriculum The academic year begins with examinations from October léth.e Lectures begin on the 6th of November and continue till the 27rd of December. X'mas recess ends 9th of January. Lenten recess only the 23rd and 24th of February. Easter vacation from April %th to 22nd. Lectures terminate 15th of June, and the final examinations Cease on the 7lst of July. The curriculum is on file in Paris office, but closely resembles that of Pavia. Number of Students. (See Page 114) Source of Studentse Together with Bari and Hylan, Padua enjoys the largest number of students from other countries than Italy. No exact figures exist regard- ing the Medical Faculty howevere Rumanians are prominent among the foreign element. In 19191920 there were 9 foreign students registered in the foreign group of the Faculty of Medicine, and the number is probably about 10 or 20. Of the Italian students the largest portions come from Venezia and since Padua is the nearest University for the North-Eastern part of Italy, a large number of students from the "Irridenta" attend Paduae Distribution of Graduates. The largest proportion of the graduates of Padua remain in the Venezia and in the immediate neighbourhood of the University., For example, 296 of the doctors in the province of Padua are from that university, 22 from Bologna, 17 from Naples and no more than 3 or 4 from any other universities in Italye Importance as a Medical Center. Padua's chief importance as a center of medical study is due to its geographical position and its place as the University for Venice and the Venezinw The large number of scholarships for poor students partly provided by the government and partly by private endowments, together with the historical prestige of the University contribute to the importance of this schoole It is not likely, however, to have a more distinguished future than is its past, and as a medical faculty occupies a place secondary to those of the larger cities in Northern Italy. Padua Status of Research. The new buildings in the medical sciences along the Via Loredan are so constructed ag to provide adequate housing for some research, but at present the only active laboratory in this point was that of Sabbatani in Pharmacology. The clinical branches are lamentsbly weak in their re= sources and backward in their orientation. Training of Teachers. Sabbatani in Pharmacology seans to be the only professor with any considerable record as a trainer of investigators and teachers. Padua is no longer in the class of universities where the best men are willing to remain permanently and consequently but few masters are identified with the school of Padua. Bologna. Location. Bologna is at the head of the most fertile valley of Italy, the center of a thickly populated and prosperous populations Itisa few houre by rail from Florence, Venice and Milan. The present population of Bologna as a city is given as being 219,000. The opulation of the province of which it ia the capital is given as 42,000. Though Ferrara, Parma and Modens are all university towns within two hours of Bologna, and although regional differences are considerable in spite of ease of transportatioa in this valley, Bologna commands an important position in this part of Italy. History. The University of Bologna is said to be the oldest in Europe dating from the end of the 11th century. Its early prominence was due to the Faculty of Law, both civil and canon. When the school at Salerno had already begun to decline, the medical school at Bologna was at its height. It was there that Mondino re-established the study of Anatomy on the human cadaver as the common privilege of physicians. During the early years of the Renaissance the School. of Medicine was the glory of the University of Bologna, and its glory was the teaching of Anatomy. It was there that lectures were delivered by Malpighi, Valsalva, Morgegni and others. From the XVIth to the XIXth century the University was under church control and declined in importance. It is now one of the best equipped of the faculties of medicine in Italy. Organization. See under Turin. General University Finances. The Royal University of Bologna is a class "A" institution. In 1918~1919 the annual government budget was of 21,255,000 Lire, The income of the scientific institutes was 225,500 Lire. No full atetement of the present budget of the university obtained. Medical School Finances. Profeesor Ottolenghi furnished the following statement of the budget of the Faculty of Medicine for the year 192481924 i= Budget of the Faculty of Medicine. Received from the State csccecesvcccecsscvccoesss Lire Tuitdone SFiecccececcccvccsceccscsccscsvcesececcce Total EXPENSES: Teaching personnel Pe oe Hore eee eeenanenenese Titulary professors SSCHR ETE HEHSOHEROORENOES ALUTL coceccccccceccceccccccnrscenetescscece Substitute professors SHOSHHR CREEP EHES OOOO Assistants ecccccacscneccccssacncccccsesseee Total SERVICE: TechnicianS® secosccasscsescccessesseevaccsee SOV vVANtS cscoccvccessecsse se esesesesessesesess Total MAINTENANCE: Paid to hospitals for laboratory and clinic LiDrarlLem® ceccecesreeseeressseassscevessere Clinics & Laboratoriom eseveccsescvcevccces Total Proportion of the university expenses which are only applied to the Faculty of Medicine 50%. ADMINISTRATION: Maintenance of buildings. Proportion for med.Lire General salaries esesese " " General expenses coeceee Aid to poor studente .. Reserve fund eocscsseses bo] " " " " ” " ” Bolognae 6730754 500,000 11732754 352500 423.000 187.000 60.000 200000 =O 4-9 -re-es 12222500 57-000 152.000 @auv4e288e8 -209000 5502000 15.000 179500 2B 1QQaawe 744.500 25000 20000 40.2000 502000 10.000 (x) Speoial taxes for laboratories which do not figure in the official list of study expenses published in the official gazette ceccccccecerccoeccccceseresee Lire 100.000 many) Bologna ocemewe Te : ones te wpe gree ' ‘a, “ENG 0, a — ern Fonte ao fadipenenaa EG.2 a : : AREA ie games be : | . MASCARELLA oe Grovann Jourcs (gid Lames C.D A oh . : So : i» : i ay. dele, he fascarelle F-3.4 4 r DO Mazziai . PAQST OS 1, ; oe . . n o ‘ ~ Gnatomica S. { Andrea Cotla Ce a a £ i ' S Stefan AUP 28 | 8 . . > . : Pathe logy 2 ~ 7 S. Stearn . r ee ' < a ey ~ Oppra Barr Sarectoria Cle ot / | 2 x : < PANIED ~ Spertare igva ped ~ : Pa ase9 hs | = ‘ : v Pa a200 onc a Zambon: ‘ . ~ 7” r. ut . 4 Diet Mille bie 5 . 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Pisxdy ae gl *: > ¢ ft ‘ ' @ ~ : 2 o 4 hd Loe , 18 at e 2 a vie Mel peo xy oe ’ a io G ot . 3 fe S| “: . pelt® S| * | - fi un “pee le TY eel ces < | aa “ta aetle : } UR goat v 7 ; -» sane Sidardo ZL. ja Castaic? ann a ’ 1 ‘ “i uo Via SOP erty Hy, Se Arien “ a ? phy v ° -~ . rhe 2 é ” S x | ’° “ 8 3 a. “SVia Mirasole ¢ Toone x ae . aloo... = g e : £ a Be = = we’ Vad cil" oro Ny : Shoo: Sr reicune % ® * , PIAZZA * 7 : WPS coin Z v 1 pi O a = “ ps 3¢ TEEAN wre, . \ PIAZZA PIAZZA 3 ce ° Pee ot Vishe fi. FANE: ACCH EL, - oe uO yk. , P38 MAMOLO |. PT CASTIGLIONE ae ~ ej -——-— 2. Le & te . VIA SMACMOLG q * ie & Laue i hy §, PPP poy : ARTA Es AIL RARE LS A RMT RSMO ERED at oe ee yee Roc a ud Se ee eee he - PURER TE SRT LIRR CTC ED OES A FY °CREAET eT - . Y COLL ii} “4 EEO bet sete di Peo NT ae Dak i \ oh FY LA TEE APL SS OAT BE NE LEME, SRS RNA Se RA OEE PORN STERLING BALIN LAI S Mont Cort at oO RIA I Pea TOLLS TBE be 0 CI EAE ASE ee Te a ee ee 5 5 “ arto A BAS eT Fle te bee oe aM al RT AS: wr ae md ° N Bologna. Buildings. As shown by the attached map, the buildings of the University of Bologna are fairly well grouped. The modern buildings are the Pediatrics clinic and the Institutes of Anatomy and Pathology. It will be noted that only the Orthopedic clinio at the "Istituto Rizzoli” is at a disadvantageous distance from the rest of the faculty. The clinice of medicine and surgery are both in old and entirely unsatis= factory buildings; that of Pediatrics is modern in every waye Laboratory Facilities. Anatomy:~ Professor Valentie 1 Aiuto, 2 assistants. Between 120 and 130 students-each year, totalling nearly 440 for the 4 yearse Course, lst, 2nd and 2rd years. The lst and 2nd, descriptive and the Zrd topographical anatomy. Ample materiale Dissection room open every afternnon. Lectures 7 times a week by the professor. Histology is given as a separate course, though Valenti takes it up to some extent wit groas anatomy. Assistants conduct quizzes. Builcing large, well constructed and adequate. First floor: large amphitheatre. Dissecting hall, 20 tablea. There is also a preparation room and a leboratory for the first assistant or Aiutoe Second floor: contains director's office and laboratory, a library and a room for histological work. Museum very large with more than 2000 epecimens; excess space is given to the Museum. Top-floor room for maceration and for animals. Refrigerating apparatus in basement. Latoratory shows usual inadequate supply of recent journalse No evidence of work on part of assistants and very little on the part of the professor. Budget: 14.000 Lire a yeare Valenti says that heating the institute consumes 5e000 =" out of the 14.000. Physiologys= Professor Patrizie 1 Aiuto who gives course in Bio~ chemistry, 2 allievi interni. Students total about 350 being from 2nd and 3rd years, etudents of veterinary medicine being included. Didactic lectures 3 times a week with some demonstrations. No individual labor~ atory worke The institute is housed in an old and cramped building next to that of Anatomy. Entirely inadequate space. First floor: amphitheatre for 200, connected with a dark and badly arranged demonstrat- jonsroom, emall room for practical exercieea and gas analyseée Second floor: rooms for director, aiuto and assistant with two rooms for laboratorye 43 small roome for laboratory work; 1 physiological chemistry, 1 histology and 1 for graphic records and vivisection. Pathological Anatomy:+ Professor Martinottie 1 aiute, no allievi. Students about 370. Courses given as lectures and demonstrations. No individual work by students and autopsies very raree There is no relation with hoepital to obtain material. Institute next to that of anatonty in excellent and spacious quarters, could be put to fine use. Ground=floor: large amphitheatre with preparation room attached. Large room for demons= tration holding 30 students. Good autopsy room and good rooms for animal experiments. Second floor: Museum; specimens in the corridors. 2nd room for chemistry with 10 desks in ally Room for microscopical and bacterio~ logical work. A laboratory for the director and % other rooms, 2 of which used as laboratories. Apparatus fair but not in use; the whole institute tg half deade Budget is 12.000 Lire with 4,000 extra for heating. Bologna. ayn. ee 8 Pharmacology" Professor Ivo Novie 1 assistant who teaches pharmacognosy; 6 allievi interni, 150 studentse Course given for one year, lectures and demonstrationse No possibility for individual worke Course has been recently moved to the 2nd year, i.e. before the student has finished anatomy or physiology or bioschemistrye Laboratories compressed into 8 small rooms on the 2nd floor of the dwelling house. Facilities entirely inadequate. Apparatue antique. No facilities for work in hospital. Budget 7.000 Lire. Novi said that 3.000 Lire were needed each year to keep warm and said that he paid it out of his own pocket, which probably meane that he advanced the money until repaid by the university. Hygiene:= Professor Ottolenghi. 1 aiuto, 1 assistant, 4 allievi interni and 4 graduate doctors working as voluntary assistantae 130 students in the course. One year course in the 4th year. Other special courses for graduates who pay a fee of 300 Liree Laboratory housed in a transformed house which is rented for the purpoee. 18 rooms, accommodations crowded. Fairly good library. Work in active progress though under limitations of space and equipment. Ottolenghi ayg more e sis ogjal medicjne than most laboratories of Hygiene Pa Fealye Beet 9°808 eteg nett A805 Lire supplement for heatinee One of the most satisfactory hygiene departments in ite orientation thus far visited. Clinical Facilities Medicine:= Professor Violae 1 aiuto, 5 amistants, 3 voluntary assistants, very few allievie About 120 students. Clinical lectures % times a week; students in groups of 30 rotate between 4 services of medicine and surgerye Clinic housed et the Orsola Hospital together with surgical clinioe 70 beds for teaching in medicines OPD used for teaching though only about 20 visite a day. 8 rooms used as olinical laboratories: 1 physics, 3 chemistry, 3 histology and 1 spare room. Not very well supplied with equipment. Library well kept. Viola an active teacher and a leader of the so~called constitutional school in Italye Now that presentation of theses is no longer required in Bologna, allievi have apparently dropped oute Pediatrios:* Professor Francionie 1 aiuto of the university, 3 assistanta from the hospitale 10 allievi internie Hospital for Pediatrics is the Hospital Gozzadini next to the Orsola , finished in 1913. 200 Beds housed in excellent buildings divided as follows:= 1 administration, Out~patiente and laboratories, 1 general medical, 1 diphteria, 1 measles, 1 scarlet fevere Laboratories excellent.s Plenty of spaces OPD haa 20 to 30 cases a day divided among general diseases and tuberculosis: and nutrition cases. Francioni is a pupil of Combe. of Florence and consequently emphasis is laid om prevention « The clinichas a district nurse. Francioni gives 35 general lectures in the Sth year, 15 in the 6th year, and a separate course in speciel pediatrics to graduates. Surgery:* Professor Bartolo Negrisoli. 1 aiuto, 3 assistants, 4 yoluntary assistants, 16 allievi interni. 400 students in last 3 years (total). Students in groupe of 30, stay 2 months divided bete ween male and female surgical wards. Clinical lectures 3 times a week. Bologna aor “Surgeryjes (Cont'd) = Hospital is the Orsolae 30 beds for general surgery including urology. §& of these beds are pay~beds; aid to have about 1500 operations a years Wards poor in eppear~ ance, over crowed; nursing service poor and general impression unfavourable. No opportunities for special work; almost no labor= atory facilities whatever. No place seen for autopsies, certainly the professor of anatomical pathology does not do theme Very poor librarye OFD 50 vists a day used somewhat for teachinge This hospital is administered by a congregation of charity and the pro« fessors are appointed as chiefs of service. Budget not givens Orthopedics:~ Professor Vittorio Puttie 1 aiuto from the university in charge of the laboratories, 2 aiuti supported by the institute, 4 assistants of the institute, 4 allievi interni. Students in the 6th yeare Lectures 4 times a week with practical exercises. Thia course ie unusual in Italy in being obligatory; examination also obligatorye Hospitel is called the “Iatituto Rizzoli" situated about 35 minutes walk from the reat of the school. Buildings in a large park. From 1364 to 1397 it was a monastery. Excellent adaptation has been made of the buildings, but the upkeep is apparently very costly. This institute is an organization entirely independent of the university and of the government, although its chief is Professor Putt i and ite organization accommodates one university aiuto and undertakes the teaching of students. 150 beds, 30 of which are for children. At least 740 of the 150 must be free bede, Paying patients in 3 classes, Auxiliary hospital of 100 beda for tuberculosis at Cortina ampezzo in the Dolomites. Hospital is largely the result of Professor Putti and is an admirable place, very well rune Ample facilities for students of all sorte in Orthopedics. About 30 visits a day in the OPD. There are placee for voluntary assistants coming from other countries with living quarters in the institute. One institute ainto is responsible for the operating room, another for Kinesitherapy. University siuto in charge of laboratories. Each of the 4 assist= ants have a ward to take care of. Nurses, good quality, two grades on basis of experience. Budget not secured. Library facilities. The university library waa established in 1711. In 1918 it had, 206,000 volumes, 5,000 manuscripts, 156,000 pamphlets. Annual government endowment about 10,000 Liree The clinics and institutes of Bologna, however, have most of their books separately, and of thege the libraries of Anatomy, Medicine and Orthopedics are the beste Admiagion. See under Turin. Fees, Scholarships and Students’ Expenses. Do not vary especial= ly from other schools in Italye Degreese See under Turine University of Bologna INSTITUTE OF NORMAL HUMAN ANATOMY Professor Giulio Valenti = «<«~ = «= " Giovanni Perna = « « «= « INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY Professor Angelo Ruffini =~ - + = = INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY Professor Giovanni Martinotti Dr. Giuseppe Pistocchi ~ = -<«- «=< INST. OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY & HISTOLOGY Professor Guide Tizzoni - «= - += = Dre Antonio Luttichau « = ~ « ~ « = INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY Professor Ivo Novie ~ ~ ~ = « " Guide Piccinini - INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE Professor Giuseppe Moriani " Giorgio Benassi = INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE Professor Donato Ottolenghi Dr. Arturo Tombolato - ~ « 3 MEDICAL CLINIC? Professor Giacinto Viola= = = " Francesco Schiassi SURGICAL CLINIC Professor Bartolo Nigrisoli ~ " Auguste Pignatti~ =. MEDICAL PATHOLOGY Professor Antonio Gasbarrini~ " Oreste Cantelli « = SURGICAL PATHOLOGY Professor Alfonso Poggi + = ~ " Aldo Avoni= + =< OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Professor Pasquale Sfameni= Dr. Attilio Oraini == << Bologna ty Director Aiuto Director Director Aiuto Director Afuto (substitute) Director Aiuto Director Aiuto Director Aiuto Director Aiuto Director Aiuto Director (substitute) Aiuto (Voluntary) Director Aiuto Director Aiuto CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS Professor Oarlo Francioni = " Maurizio Pincherle= OPHTHALMOLOGICAL CLINIC Professor Ferruccio Tartuferi Neiem m7 *@ eM 7 2 Rw HE we A -= - = OLINIO OF NERVOUS & MENTAL DISEASES Professor Silvio Tonini ~ « - = ~ WNe ee aw eee nee ww DSERMOSYPHILOPATHIC CLINIC Professor Domenico Maioaghi. « Dre Pietor Tarohini «= - <= = OLINIO OF DENTISTRY Professor Arture Beretta = EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY Professer Pietro Alberton Dre Giovanni Castagnari - = $ *- i = 4h a Bolognae ~~ Director |” Aiuto ~~ Direotor : Aluto~ Director |* Aiuto Director /¢ Aiute- — Director |") Director | ¢ Aiuto .(subatitute) Firat Year Bielery ceoclegy Physies fen. Chemistry Organ. " Bie~shemistry Anatemy Gen, Embryelegy Aistephysislegy Seeend Year Anatemy Tepeg. Anat. Physielegy fen. Patel. Pharmaceleogy fen.chemistry @rganie " Baeterielegy (x) Taird Year Physislegy Gener. Path. Tepegraph. Anat. Anateny PMatzel. anatemy Surgical Pathelogy exercises Feurth Year Upere med. Medical Path. Surgical " Med, aemeiot. Pharnacelegy fener, Pathelegy Med Path. exereis. Clinie Surg. Phat. anatemu Tygiene Radielegy (2) (x) @ptiexal (3) Attendance enly ebligatery = y e la | AW OO rt Ot on i= TUNE LUNE MEU ON LE Ue ONAN OUND UN Soe SME ONUMINON INAN \N \N ANAM Curriculum 13725 Irs _pr Yr. 50 15 50 39 25 50 50 50 50 50 25 35 oi 50 5@ 5e 50 50 58 le z7e@ 25 5@ 58 50 5e 100 50 50 5 a) 998 intern serviee intern sery. Belegna t= wi -: Examinatien Greups Inerganie, erganic and physielezieal chemistry General bielegy, embryelegy and histephysiclegy Deseriptive Anateny ‘Tepegraphical Anatensy Pharmacology Inerganic ehemistry Organie chemistry General Pathelegy Anat. dexeriptive & Topeg. Physiolegy Surgical patkelegy Generel pathology Pharnaselegy Medical pathelogy Surgical pathel. - Medical semeietics Gporative medicine liygiene (Cent. next page) Curriculum (Continued) Fifth Year Hrs pr Wk. Hrs per Yr. Pathological Anat. 3 50 Clinical medicine z 50 "surgery 3 50 Clin. Neurology & Pay. 3 40 ditto exercises” 3 ? Dentistry 3 10 Skin clinic z 25 Operative med, 3 25 Pediatric clinic z %0 " exercises 3 60 int.service Orthopedics 3 17 Hygiene 3 50 Legal medicine z 50 Ophthalmology z >) ' 405 Sixth Year Medical Clinic 3% 50 Surgical "° Zz 50 Med.Clin. Exercises 6 100 Surg. " " 6 100 Obstetrics & Gyn, 3 80 Orthopedics 3 17 Pediatrics 3 30 Ear, Nose and Throat z 10 Dentistry 3 10 Ophthalmology 3 25 Clinical Therapy z 60 532 Bologna p> Ci on Examination Groups Patholog. Anatomy Nefvous & Mental diseases Dentistry Skin and syphilis Operative medicine Pediatrics Orthopedics Hygiene Legal Medicine Ophthalmology Medical Clinic Surgical . Obetetrice and Gyneacology Orthopedics Pediatrics Ear,Nope & Throat Dentistry Ophthalmology A special report on the new curriculum of Bologna, prepared in 1923 is on file in the Paris Office. Belogna Number of Students. z 5 G See Page 114 . The catalegue of the University of bologna gives the number of students inscribed in the medical faculty for the past 10 years. this is instructive as showing the increase in the number of medical students which is eharacteristic in all Italy during this period. The figures are as follews;:<- 1914=15 secooee 510 1919-20 secceee 705 1915716 cecsese 514 1920"21 cesesee 755 1916-1 esoneee 589 1921=22 eaeones 749 191 =} eeoreoe 651 1922-23 eeereoe 785 1915—=19 sccccce 522 1923-24 eacrveoe 792 Souree of Students. Ne figures were available te indicate the seurce of the students in Belogna. The medical faculty draws chiefly frem the city - and the immediate neighbeurheods with &.mupemr sprinkling of students from all parte of Italy since Belegna ia very accessible in the point of travel. Distribution of Graduates. See Page 116. Importance as a Medical Center. The favourable location by rail of Belogua from many parts of Italy, the wealth of the aurrennding regiens, the large population ef this pros- perous industrial center contribute te make the future of Bologna promise ing as a medical center, In addition te these facters there is the great tradition of the schoel which appeals strongly to Italians and the wide reputation of a few ef the clinica, n@tably that of Orthopedis and te a leaser extent that ef medicine and pediatrics. Among the Universities of Padua, Parma, Modena and Bolegna, the medical faculty of the last named is easily pfeominent and possesses distinetly the most promising future. It weuld be fair to place this faculty together with Milan and Turin as among the best in the North of Italy. Status of Research. The publications of members of the Medical Faculty are given in the catalogue of the University ef Bologna. these show Hygiene, Nedisal, Surgical and Orthopedicak elinics to have been especially active in public- ations with Pediatrics and Obstetrice also prominent. It is more difficult to judge of the quality ef research werk done but certainly the Orthopedics department and the department of Hygiene seem best qualified to afford epportunities for good research worke Training and Development of the Teaching Force. The leaders in training of future teachers in Italy who are to be found at Belogna are :~ Professors ~ Putti, Viela and Ottelenghi. Por the general eenditions of teachers’ training, see under ether faculties. Milan UNIVERSITY OF MILAN pos Go a Lesation. Milan is the prineipal eity ef Nerthern Italy. Population was 862,000 in 1924, The pepulation of the province of Milan is ealoulated at nearly 2 millien. The wealth and aetivitiés of this provinee are indicated by the faet that ene~fifth ef the National Lean is held by this prevince and enestkird ef all Natienal Bends. The city is actively growing in many ways and may be considered intelleetually also the most active city in Italy. It is preeminently a city of the future rather. than in the ease ef Flerence largely in the past, The clinies] activities in Milan have been vigeureus since 1905, the dete of the establishment of a number ef post=graduate courses connected with the Maggiere Heapital. Histery. There have been abortive atiempis'in the past to establieh the University at Milan (1447-1767). ‘The wrestige ef the University of Pavia nearby deubtless tended te weaken these attempts. after the liberation of Italy, variews imetitutes grew up, as for example the Seheel of Engineering, the Seientifie and Literary Academy in 1860, the Superior Scheel ef Agrieulture in 1870 and the Reyal Clinical Institutes fer pest-gradeates' study in 1905. Frem private initiative have grewn the Beeeent Commereial Seheool (1902) and the Cathelic Univers~ ity (1921). @wing largely te the initiative ef Prefesser Mangiaralli and te the support of the Faseist Party a mevement te establish a uni-~ versity. ‘pecome definitely. eristallised in 1923, The wusiversity prejected Was te be compesed of four faculties,ef Law, Medicine, Letters and Seiences. A convention was signed en the 28th of August 1924 invelving the gevern- ment of Italy, the communes and previnee ef Milan , hospitals and varieus ether organizations in the city. This convention establiaked the uni~ versity and it was resegnized by cee bat ty by virtue of this convention, The university was placed in elass ‘put by ite importance and prebable future deserves te be and will eventually become a wniversity ef clase "A", Organization. The erganizatien ef the Vaiversity & Milau differs enly very slightly from organizatiens ef Type "BY universities hitherte deseribed. The officers and governing bedies are the same with the exeeption that a larger share in the centrel ef the university is given te those asseciat<~ jones or individuals whiel eentribute te the finanetal support of the University. Fer other phases of erganizatieng, see under Turin. General University Finances. Ne definite statement ef Inceme or Expenditures could be secured sinee the university was barely established and had net yet begun te function satisfacterily at the time visit was made. Mere than 10 million Lire have been seoured for the funds nesessary te establish the university but no definite facts regarding pzembnent income are available at present. ¥. = oe LAMBR 7 T i A stiger dei i L x Prarnigec 094 ov vt Ase? EU BBL 1 Mupeo = 5S. Hatt ‘ tune \ Ciechi_. i a (oe Ju rene — Fr ‘angina ‘emmiur fe Ke _f. ey ee & A ods SDE een = oS ia ap a < opie FOS 77s stazic Y CRY flor in ws w ~ i CATRAMS 257 7 aR irs ver. LPCCET ns | ae azanwtsh qc : \ WX “oo. oy \ a Ss re clanso pee mS Ae eS rKES 7 Milan ier Finances of the Medical School. £02 Since the Uedioal aculty is in its first year of function no figures were obtainable for expenses, nor is it likely that any budget was prepared definitely for thie institution. The clinical branches of instruction are ont-growthe of the previous postegraduate institutes and it le probable that their finances will continue to be largely sup= ported by tuition fees of graduate students. A large part of the expenses of the institutes” medical sciences is being consumed at present in equipment and installation expenses. There ie coneaiders able amount of local pride and a great deal of wealth in kilar and it is probable that the medical faculty will be able to call upon a larger number of resources financially than any other university of Type “B“ in Italy. Buildingee 4s shown in the accompanying map, there are 3 general districts in which buildings related to the medical courses are situated and these areas are at some Ser distance from each othere The new build- ings of the medical scientific institutes are outside the city on the Via Plinioe The surgical work is at the Hospital Maggiore together with the Pathological anatomy and some of the special clinice. With the exception of the new institutes of Anatomy, Phyaiology and Pharma= cology, and the surgical ond obstetric wards and the pathological laboratory the buildings at Milan are old and ill-adapted to modern needs. No plan at present exiets to place the hospital near the new institutes. Laboratory Facilities. ane tony: Professor Livinis Corps of assistants not yet chosen. Professor Livini formerly taught in the postegraduate courses in anatomy. Laboratory is housed in the new inatitute of 20 roome.e On the first Floor is the Museum, a large room for the allievi interni and another large room for demonstrations. There is an excellent dissection room with 20 tables, and a good amphitheatre. Upstairs there is a laboratory the professors* rooms and rooma for the assistants. Library inadequate. Physiology:+ Professor Carlo Foae One assistant. Building in course of construction, not visited. Physiology is at present housed in a few rooms later to become the library, nrobably of Pharmacologye Library very inadequate. Pharmacology:= Professor Adriano Valentie Assistants not chosen. Professor in course of orgunizaing his teachinge Laboratory will be housed in 10 new rooms in the same building with Anatomy. Space will be adequate for lectures, demonstrations and work by the professors and his assistants, but no provision is made for individual teaching of estudenta. Library also very inadequate. Milen ary tbo Pathological Anatomy:= Professor Alberto Pepere. 1 aiute, 1 assistant. Course will consist of 3 hours lectures, 3 hours practical exercises and a special section for work for students in making autopsies. 3 +0 4 autopsies a day and a complete control of material from the Maggiore ospital. Pepere at present has four rooms in an old building next to the old part of the hospital and larger temporary quarters in another new buildings His future laboratory is to be ready in about a year amwill contain ample quarters for allievi (up to 20 in number), 2 rooms for assit-~ ants and a class room. This will provide Pepere with one of the beet institutes for pathological anatomy in Italy. Library very inadequate like the othera, no budget provision being made at present for subscript- ion of journals or purchase of back numbers. Budget not given. Occupational Diseagesi=- Professor Devote. This institute was not visited but is said to be the best of its kind in Italy. Clinical Facilities. Medicine:~ Professor Le Zoiae 3 assistants, 5 voluntary assist~ ants, 10 allievi interni. Course given in 5th and 6th years, after medical pathology and physical diagnosis. Half=hour lectures 7 times a week, the rest of the time being devoted to ward-rounds. Each atudent has 10 oases to work over during hie course with Zoia. OPD. not used for teaching. Clinic lodged in the old hospital Fatabenefratelli and consists of one large lecture room for clinics, 15 laboratory roome, 2 warde containing a total of 75 bede. Zoia hae a selection of cases at the larger Hospital Maggiore which may be sent him for teaching purposes. Laboratories for Metabolism, micro~chemistry and biological chemistry (the only ones seen in Italy in connection with the medicel clinic). Zoia accepts allievi only after they have been allievi in physiology or pathologye On arrangement with the pathologiet Pepere, students come to the hospital for all autopsies from Zoia'a clinic. Evidences’~ of activ ity apparent. Equipment somewhat defective and library also inadequate. Budget 18,000 Lire a year contrasting with 80,000 Lire at the University of Pavia. Surgery:= Professor Baldo Rossi. 3 assistants, 8 voluntary assiet~ ‘ants, 15 allievi internie Course given in 5th and 6th years. Will use OPD. for teaching. Hospital a remodelled pavillion in the Maggiore . group built in 1906. About 10 rooms on ground floor, X-Ray equipment, public operating room, laboratories and library. Remodelling under way at time of visit. Second floor devoted to surgical wards, at present 100, ‘and in the future 120 beds for thie clinic. Rossi will have selection of surgical cases at the admitting service of the Maggiore Hospital. Autopsies from this service go to Pepere. Rossi has not had usual university career having been simply chief of service in the surgical clinic previous to the organization of the university, but is an active and intelligent mane Budget not givene Library. The library situation at the Medical Faculty of Milan isa Serious one and no provision has as yet been made for departmental ‘or general librarye Considering, owever, that the university has not had even one year's function, it is impossible to conment adequately upon the present situation whidh will doubtless be ime proved when other instazllation expenses have been paid. thus The principal professors named ug far for chairs ee as follows: A more coliglete list is on file at the Paris office. Human Normal Anatomy eecsossesseerrofessor Ferdinando Livini ~ Physiology Pevenereaesesscevseses " Carlo Foa Pathological Anatomy eecccccsccece “Alberto Pepere General Pathology eocsccccocccses " Piero Rondoni Pharmacology CHRO Ee CE SOO EET ELLeE " Adriano Valenti Legal Medioine Coteoecccoesresece " Antonio Caszaniga Ey iene CROKE TEL EEE SEE CEES HEED " Enrico Ronzani Medicine POCO HEET OH EHH EEHSEOOLEHE " Luigi Zola Surgery Ceereererceccrereresecases . Baldo Rossi Medical Pathology cscvsesecvevees "Domenico Cesa=Bianchi . Surgical “ Coeereesorosree Obstetrics & GyNe , ccccccvsecssses Pediatrics ceccsecvscrccrcsecece Ophthalmology SOO eeeeeeesanesnese Mental & Nervous Diseases seesere Dermatology & Syphilis eccccescsce Orthopedics OCCHOTCOTOCEHESEEROLECE Otorhino-laryngology eseccecsecve Dentistry @eeeresevecscosvecosavas Occupational Diseases: ssecceceees Giovanni Castiglioni luigi Mangiagalli Cesare Oattanso- Carlo Baslini. Carlo Besta. Agostino Pasini | Ricardo Galeagzi Umberto Calamida Gaetano Pasoli Luigi Devote z2tz223ses 3223822282 Admission. See under Turin Fees, Scholarships and Students’ Expenses. See under Turin. Degrees. See under Turin See next page for Curriculum. FIRST YEAR LECTURES Botany Zoolegy Physics Chemistry Anatomy SECOND YEAR Anatony Physiology THIRD YEAR Physiology = hre a PN MOF LECTURES 4hrsaa 3% LECTURES 2 hre a La A A General Pathology 3 " Bacteriology and Immunology Pharmacology FOURTH YEAR Topog. Anatomy Operative med. Medical Pathol. Surgical " Med. Semeiotic Surge " Hygiene Pathol, : Anatomy FIFTH YEAR - Pathol. Anat. Medical Clinic Surgical " Opkthalmola" Dermat. ® Neuro psy. Dentistry Obetet. lectures SIXTH YEAR_ Medical Clinic Surgical ” Obstetc=Gyn.? Orthop and traumatol. Pediatrie " Legal Medicine ‘Blective oourses are alao offered as follore: 3 LECTURES ONAN MO NO AN OE PO fo LECTURES 6 EON BB 2 LECTURES t " wke " « La] " wk. " wk. CURRICULUM 60 hra a yr. 60 60 60 80 80 60 60 60 40 60 69 50 60 120 hrea. a wk,120 1/2 1/2 hre ww sz 3 3 ” tt " " “ bi Li 90 90 60 60 60 20 40 90 90 100 60 60 60 " " ” ” “ " Milan oe - oO Qi EXAMINATIONS (given in groupsé Botany = Zoology Physics and Chemistry Normal human anatomy Physiology and Pharmacol. General Pathology and Bacteriol = Immunology Topoge anatomy and oper ative medicine. Medical semeiotics and Pathology. Surgical semeiotics and Surgical pathology Hygiene Pathological anatomy Ophthalmology Dermatosyphilology Neuroology and psychiatry Clinical medicine Clinical surgery and orthop. and dentistry Olinical and theoretical Obatetrice and gyn. Pediatrics Legal Medicine In first three years psychology, Biological chemistry, 4th yr general pathological histology, semelotice of nervous dis. Sth yr ophthalmological diagnostics, occupational disse etoeere oS oO pee R. UNIVERSITA’ DI MILANO FACOLTA DI MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA ANNO SCOLASTICO 1924-25 Orario delle Lezioni DISCIPLINE lasegnante Lunedi | Martedi |Mercoledi| Giovedi | Venerdi | Sabato SEDE I. ANNO. Botanica Traverso 14-15 14-15 — — = 10-11 R. Istituto Superiore Agrario - Via Marsala 8 Zoologia e anatomia comparata_ || Monti 1357:-16/2:| — 15-16] -— = |15'h-164:) Acquario Civico - Via Gadio 2 , Fisica Murani — 157/:-16'/: — 15').-16". — 15-16%] R. Politecnico - Piazza Cavour 4 Chimica Bruni G. — —- — 14-15 14-15 14-15 R. Istituto Superiore Agrario - Via Marsala 8 Anatomia umana normale Livini — 9-10 9-10 9-10 9-10 Istituto Anatomico - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio Il. ANNO. . Anatomia umana normale Livini — 9-10 9-10 |. 9-10 9-10 — Istituto Anatomico - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio Fisiologia Foa 10-11 — 10-11 —. 10-11 — Istituto di Farmacologia - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio Tl. ANNO. , Fisiologia Foa 10-11 = 10-11 — 10-11 — Istituto di Farmacologia - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio Patologia generale Rondoni 11-12 — 11-12 — 11-12 Istit. di Patologia Gener. - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio Batteriologia e immunologia Belfanti — 15-16 — 15-16 — — Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese - Via Darwin 2 Farmacologia, tossicologia e tera- pia sperimentale Valenti — 11-12 — 11-12 an 11-12 Istituto Farmacologico - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio IV. ANNO. Anatomia medico-chirurgica Bruni A. C. 9-10 — — a — 9-10 Istituto Anatomico - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio Medicina operatoria Crosti 17-18 — — — — 17-18 Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore Patologia speciale medica Cesa-Bianchi — 9}-10%2} — | 9-10 | 972-10" — Ospedale Fatebenesorelle - Corso Porta Nuova 23 Patologia speciale chirurgica Castiglioni — 8'/2-9/. — 81-9", | 8-9, _ Ospedale Fatebenesorelle - Corso Porta Nuova 23 Semeiotica medica Carpi. — — 17-18 |. — 17-18 ao Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore gine chirurgica Roos — ag 16-17 |: — 16-17 — Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore . . ; : — -15: — =.| 14. — - A - i Anatomia ¢ istologia patologica ¢ a 4-15 14-15 ula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore diagnostica anatomo-patologica || Pepere 11-12 | 15-16 | 11-12 | 15-16 | 11-12 | 15-16 || Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore V. ANNO. Anatomia e istologia patologica e diagnostica anatomo-patologicall Penere 11-12 | 16.1@ ] 11.19 | ace ie | 4140 | teria Tetitertrn, Aenbnen heb. Uf tt ke I siologia Patologia generale Batteriologia e immunologia Farmacologia, tossicologia e tera- pia sperimentale IV. ANNO, Anatomia medico-chirurgica Medicina operatoria Patologia speciale medica Patologia speciale chirurgica Semeiotica medica Semeiotica chirurgica Igiene Anatomia e istologia patologica e diagnostica anatomo-patologica V. ANNO. Anatomia e istologia patologica e diagnostica anatomo-patologica Clinica oculistica Clinica dermosifilopatica Clinica malattie nervose e mentali Clinica medica Clinica chirurgica Odontoiatria Fisiologia e propedeutica ostetrica VI. ANNO. Clinica medica Clinica chirurgica Clinica ostetrico-ginecologica Ortopedia e traumatologia Clinica pediatrica Medicina legale DISCIPLINE FACOLTATIVE Medicina del lavoro Otorinolaringoiatria Clinica malattie epidemiche e con- tagiose Semeictica malattie nervose Tisiologia Radiologia Diagnostica oftalmica Urologia Istologia patologica generale Eugenetica Psicologia sperimentale Chimica biologica Storia della Medicina Igiene infantile e Puericoltura Biologia generale Antropologia Milano, 1 dicembre 1924. Tipografia Antonio Cordani - 1339 Foa Rondoni Belfanti Valenti Bruni A. C. Crosti Cesa-Bianchi Castiglioni Carpi Majocchi Ronzani Pepere Pepere Denti Pasini Besta Zoja Rossi | Fasoli Fossati Zoja Rossi Mangiagalli Galeazzi Cattaneo Cazzaniga Devoto Calamida Polverini Medea Ronzoni Perussia Baslini Lasio Zenoni Patellani Doniselli Foa Giacosa Spolverini Gianferrari Sera 10-11 11-12 9'/.-11 11-12 14-15 10'2-1 14/2 15-16 11-12 9'/,-10''2 ‘}2-9"|: 14-15 - 15-16 15-16 11-12 14-15 9-107): 11-12 | 16-17 S| | Pld | 16-17 L. MANGIAGALLI 10-11 — 11-12 —_ — 15-16 — 11-12 — | 94-10". — 8'/2-9'/: 17-18 — 16-17 | .- — — 14-15 11-12 15-16 11-12 15-16 14-15 — — 11-12 —_ 14-15 — 9-107): 9',-1] a 16-17 — 9-107: 9'-11] — 8-9'/, 15-16 11-12 11-12 — 17-18 14-15 — — 11-12 8-9 8-9 14-16 — 10-11 — — 16-17 9-10 — 16-17 — 15-16 — 157/.-16' - — IL RETTORE 10-11 11-12 9',-10'/s 8'/:-9'), 17-18 16-17 11-12 11-12 14-15 9*/2-11 16-17 9'/:-11 8- H 14-15 11-12 9-10 17-18 14-15 15-16 15-16 11-12 14-15 9-10"): 8-9 16-17 15-16 17-18 15°}/2-16': Istituto di Farmacologia - Cittd degli Studi - Via Plinio Istit. di Patologia Gener. - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese - Via Darwin 2 Istituto Farmacologico - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio Istituto Anatomico - Citty degli Studi - Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Fatebenesorelle - Corso Porta Nuova 23- Ospedale Fatebenesorelle - Corso Porta Nuova 23 Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore Via Plinio Ospedale Maggiore Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore Istituto Oftalmico - Via Castelfidardo 15 Padigl. Dermosifilopatico - Osped. Magg. - Via Pace 9 Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12 Ospedale Fatebenefratelli - Via Fatebenefratelli 9 Padiglione Zonda - Osped. Magg. - Via Commenda 16 Istituto Stomatologico Italiano - Via Commenda 19 Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12 Ospedale Fatebenefratelli - Via Fatebenefratelli 9 Padiglione Zonda - Osped. Magg. - Via Commenda 16 Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12. | Istituto dei Rachitici - Via G. Pini 31 e Istituto F anny Finzi-Ottolenghi - Gorla I Clin. Pediatr. G. e D. De Marchi - Via Commenda 7-9 Istituto Fanny Finzi-Ottolenghi - Gorla I Clinica del Lavoro - Via S. Barnaba 8 Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore Ospedale dei Contagiosi - Dergano Padigl. Biffi - Osped. Magg. - Via Franc. Sforza 35 Istituto Clinico-sociale per la difesa della tubercolosi - Via Gaudenzio Ferrari 18 Padiglione Zonda - Osped. Magg. - Via Commenda 16 Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore Aula Paletta - Ospedale Maggiore Istituto Anatomo-patologico - Ospedale Maggiore Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12 Istit. Pedag. e Psicol. sperimentale - Via Sacchini 30 Istituto Rizzi - Via Commenda 12 Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica - Via Commenda 12 Clin. Pediatr. G. e D. De Marchi - Via Commenda 7-9 Museo Civico di Storia Naturale - Via Sacchini 30 Museo Civico di Storia Naturale - Via Sacchini 30. IL SEGRETARIO GENERALE G. BIRAGHI Milan ot ae + Number of Students. The first year at Milan numbered 110 studenta,Since this is the initial year of the Faculty's work, other years ary not given. Soyroe of Studentee The students attending Milan, Professor FoA said, were largely from the oity and province of Milane The establishment of this faculty will have an undoubted effect on the enrollment at Pavia in attracting students who otherwise would have gone there. Importance as_a Medical Center. The wealth of clinical material to be found in Milan, the prestige conferred upon the new university by the well recognized clinical ine- titutes for postegraduate study which have been active since 1905 and the fact that the new professors at Milan are without exception young and ambitous men at the height of their careers em» speakieg strongly for the successful future of this faculty. The loyalty and wealth of saguHldeneee tilde HRs Ub MIQEMHLET en enbeod Loy She face, tat st fully supported by the State. Together with Bologna and Turin, Milan should oooupy one of the principal places in the medical education of Northern Italye Teachers’ Training. The prestige and practice already secured through the institutes for post graduate research make the Faculty of Milan likely to be of importance in the training of teachera of medicine in Italy in future. Zoia and Pepere are both highly capable men able to utilize the great wealth of the clinioal material at their command and it is to be ex peoted that the general atmosphere of hard work and the relatively ‘close contacts maintained by the Milanese with other parts of Europe will enable these men to have an important influence on Italian medical educatione There is however a definite chance that the purely clinical representation of the faculty will prove unduly strong. Modena Joa oS GO UNIVERSITY OF MODENA Location. Modena is a city of 84,000 inhabitants located in a province of approximately 400,000. It is distant only one hour from Bolognas Within the city proper there are no more than 25,000. Modena is the center of an industrious and wealthy farming population. Historye The history of this university is relatively unimportant. Founded in 1306. 1t was always over-shadowed by prominent neighbouring faculties of Bolognae The University was restored in 1678 by Duke Francis II and ite greatest reputation was reached under Francis JII in 1772 :umkek decadence followed in 1887 when it was placed xx on the same technical basis as other universities in Italy. Organisation. Similar to other Class "B" universities. University Finances. It is interesting to know the main features of the Budget of this university since it is fairly typical of the amaller Italian universities. Income, Received from Endowment: cesceovecsevecves 10,000 Lire Annual contributions from the Italian Gov. 1,000,000 " " " * " following logal organizations:< . Commine of Modena coccsesccccecens 390,000 " Savings Bank of Modena ececvecsess 100,000 " Province of Modena ccocvececccevecs 200,000 " Chamber of Commerce sovecccccccces 10,000° +" Bank S. Geminiano of Modena eeseoe 10,000 7 Popular Bank of Modena cee-seccses 10,000 " 3 Charitable foundations of Modena 16,000 " Contributions from 33 surrounding communes, totallingescrsevceccvevere 59,650 " Income from Tuition fees; eseevceee 320,000 " Total funds received : 2,125,650 Lire Eee Expenditures:~ Salaries: Permanent teaching fox, ie. Official professors, 12 in Law Faculty 16 ™ Medical Faculty " Sciences "and 1 “ Pharmacy “ totalling 36 at average of Le 232 O cach socncnccccere 846,000 Lire Modena Expenditures (cont'd) Sevetocenvsses 846,000 Lire Salaries of Substitute professors: Law Facultyeesseed Medical " sss.0.5 Sciences " seeeveed Pharmacy W eosseel at average of Le 7,500 COCHevesecesrecsveserecsses 105,900 " Salaries for dssistante: Mode Face Aluticcoces 16 Sciences " eeeese 4 Pharmacy Aluto.secce 1 at aAveraze of 11,000 Lire each, OOH Ce HO ORED OOOO ORE 231,000 “ Med. Face ASSist® oe. 9 Sciences " ees 5 Pharmacy " eos 1 at average of 10,000 Lire each, OOK RS ORDO e DERE EEE 150,000 " Technicians: Medical Face, sees 2 Sciences " saseee 5 Pharmacy N eocoee lL at average of 9,500 Lire each, cecsecrccevcccsvens 76,900 " Servants: Medical Face, oecss 16 Law 1 cevesee Sciences " seosvces Pharmacy eevccce Administration «e. PROH at average of 8,000 Lire each, eccsssccccscescseee 248,000 " Chief midwife in Obstetrical clinic, ecsessee 6,000 " Assist. * " " " " ererceee 4,750 " Personnel of Secretary's office, eeevsecervece 40,000 " Insurance contribution for subordine persone, 10,990 " a et a ene fo bring forward : 1,715,750 " Modena Leu Expeditures (Cont'd) Coeeeoeroreacccce 1,716,750 Lire Meintenance Exponsss:- Maintenance of Clinics, COOH eE ede DAH eE REESE 88,900 " ad of Law Inetitute, ccccsccscnscvesecs 10,000 " " " all Medical Inetitutes, oooeeseve 105,900 " 7 " the Faculty of Sciences, essccogy 41,000 " " " " School of Pharmacy, Correcoee 8,000 " " for the Rector's office:= . secretary's office, Coenesenease 10,000 " Rector's office, eorcencsece 35,000 " Fuel, Coes ereeres 20,900 " Funds for poor students, ceeseese 71,000 " Reserve Fund, secccccccsccvscvees 60,000 " General total: 2,125,650 =" Medical School Finances. Included in above note, of University Finances.s No other information secured. Buildingse The accompanying map shows the buildings to be reasonably well groupede The buildings are all old and ill-adapted for modern uses. Laboratoriese Notes are on file in Paris office regarding the laboratories of Physiology, General Pathology and Legal Medicines Clinics. None of these laboratories are adequately equipped gor satisfactory in the amount of space provided. Clinics of medicine and surgery visitede Notes on file in Paris offices Inadequate in mumber of beds, laboratory facilities and teaching personnele Library Facilities. Opposite the medical and surgical clinics is the "Estense" library which attempts to maintain a satisfactory collection on medical journals. Modena 3, Rv? ° 7 & ero” " ° . ; \ 2 ~% : . ' & 4 t g ¥ Co o & Fun 8 R « 32002 to m * soar! 88 7 + > v for? : via tom Re \ anatomyce os #. ~ CL; ai ™L ae 22, Se ot s, ~N 16 z 9 9 con Oret K uy wt ANS zt 7 9 s v Q z yt % 4 & NX -4 & 8 y « 9 8 5 XS TELLA z < « £ f ee > wi tu S ‘ | x $ af ° ° S 2 ¥ @ : “ee, “* “Y 2 A & 4 “Tomy VERASOLMS Wey “ * * tt 9 Pe Yo See ee, “ ‘ - v Fase on, : He , uc é we Se ONC HIER: “Ang 3 ; ¢ “fee Ga P, 0, 2 ~F}. a" oe, *s ° x : i +, ® “, a In, 13 v > 66 . r “ % o ve is aw "ee, % ? a oe " ° : : Sg a 4 ‘0. x : “Ag “<4 by e 4.52 sr 400 waa “Leg “Sy as ’ 423 tee 4 +, One x . . i ° S y e * é $5 a5 “als 8 ° Qa x ~ Coz, . we o : ve “ ae o . e > Pen o ’ “, ° 3 6 te, ees we § on, Fe . & “o e : k Fee, vy ¢ e, 6 e a Ane I & are Modena This librsery chough well loc.ted is however inadequate in number and characteé of journale and books and not satisfactorily administered. The Superior Institute and clinics have their own emall collections which have been interrupted con= siderably since 1915. Facultye Names of teaching personnel on file in Paris officee None of the older men occupy positions of any importance in medical education in Italye ; few of the younger men whose appointment at Modena is the first step in their academic caresrs may obtain some prominence later, but only after they have left thie faculty. Admission. Uniform with the other faculties in Italy. Feea, Scholarships and Students' bLxpenses. Practically uniform with other faculties in Italy, though living expenses are somewhat lower than in Bologna. Degrees. Uniform with other faculties in Italy. Curriculum. Found on followingpage. Number of Studentse See Page 114 Source of Students. The students attending the Faculty of Modena are sharply limited to the surrounding communes since the reputation of this faculty is not such as to attract Italians from other provinces, or foreigners. Distribution. See Page 116 The support given to the University of Modena by the surrounding commnes is largely due to the fact that the graduates return to these communes to practice medicinee Modena is highly a local school, both in its support and in ite influence, Importance as a Teaching Centers Modena is negligible in thie recard and would appear one of the firat universities to be suppressed providing the central government were able to enforce such a policye This could however be done only against the angry opposition of the local politicians af the region of Emilia whose local needs for country doctors Modena helps to supply Status of Research. Other than the handicppped efforts of some of the younger men who at Modena hold their first position as professors, there is no evidence ORDIN E DEGLI STUDI ED O RARIO ql Lunedi | Martedi | Mercoledi | Giovedi / Venardi | Sabato | 1. CORSO Chimica generale 2 2 2). 2 2). . | Prof. BIANCHI 17-18 17-18 {7-18 Fisica sperimentale 2 2. 2. kk, » MAZZOTTO 11-12 11-12 11-12 Botanica applicata alla Medicina. . . » BFGUINOT 15' -16' [15 -1h , 16-17 Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata. .. » ROSA. 14-15 14-15 14-15 Anatomia descrittiva ec... 0. 0. > SPERINO 11-12 [f-12 It. 12 15- to 15-10 2. CORSO Anatomia descrittiva ec... 2... | Prof. SPERINO 11-2 11-12 11-12 15-16 15-16 Anatomia topogratica.. 2 2... , » SPERINO 11-12 I-12 11-12 Chimica biologica 2 1 1 1 2, » CENTANNI 10-11 10-11 Bacteriologia. 2. 2. 2). Wd, » SANFELICE 17-18 17-18 17-18 Storia della medicina. 2... 1, > SIMONINI . 17-18 Fisiologia ed esercitazioni 2 2... >» AGGA//OTTI 15-16 15-16 15-17 3. CORSO & Anatomia topografica . . ; . | Prof. SPERINO 11-12 lt 12 I-42 Fisiologia cd esercitazioni . » AGGAZZOTTI 15-17 15-17 15- 16 Patologia generale. 2 2 2... > CENTANNI 14-15 14-15 14-15 Fsercizi di patologia generale. 2... >» CEeNTANNI 10-11 Materia medica ed esercitazioni 2... » PICCININI . 9-11 9-11 g-11 Patologia speciale medica 2 2. >» VANNI 9.10 9-10 4-10 Semeiotica medica 2 2. 2... >» VANNI 10-11 10-11 Patologia spec. chirurgica e semeiotica » FIORE. i7-18 17-18 17-18! . 17-18! Anatomia patologica 2. 2 2 2... + TAROZZI 1t-12 15! .-168 TP-120 718! .-168. 15'.-lo', Corsi liberi cou | . Legislazione sanitaria 2 2.) » . « . Prof. ALTANA lamedi Mercoledi . 17-18 Cal. 20 Patologia medica . Fe BACCARANI . Launedi Venerdi 1415 . Ospedale civile Anatomia patolopica dell’ apparato digerente . o. » BARBANTLE. . Martedi Sabat 10-17 Ist. anat. patolog. Polizia sanitaria foe, BOCCOLARI 2. Mercoledi Sabato . go 10 UN. Igiene Munic. Clinica dermosifilopatica . 2 Loa, » CASARINI Martedi Sabato lo 17 Clinica dermosifil. Sifilide creditaria.. 2 2 De foe » CASOLT. (da destinarsi) . Ostetricia e ginecolopia. . |. ff, to » FORNERQO. . Martedi Sabato lo 17 Clinica ostetrica Lussazioni e fratture 2 2 |) |, toe a, » MARCHETTI 2 Lunedi Venerdi 1 17 Ist. pat. chirurgica Malattie dell’ apparate digerente e SANGUue 2 2, » MONARI Mercoledi Venerdi li Is), Ospedale civile Patologia e clinica dermusifilopatica. 2 0 DD, » MORINE. Lunedi Mercoledi. 15 Ih Clinica dermosifil. V. IL RETTORE P. COLOMBINI Tip. G. PERRAGUTI -(D ORARIO PER L ANNO. ACCADEMICO 1924-1925 SS ee a Venerdi Sabato 11-12 11-12 14-15 15-16 15-16 11~12 11-12 17-18 17-18 15-17 11-12 1-12 15-16 14-15 10-11 9-11 9-10 17-18: 17-18°-), 3 Mer 16 Us Corsi liberi con effetti tegali. Ospedale civile Ist. anat. patolog. Uff. Igiene Munic. Clinica dermosifil. Clinica ostetrica Ist. pat. chirurgica Ospedale civile Clinica dermosifil. Lunedi | Martedi | Mercoledi | Giovedi | Voenerdi | Sabato 4." CORSO Anatomia patologica Prof. TAROZZI1 11-12 153),-167/ 11-12 [15-164 11-12 151/,-16)), Clinica medica ed esercitazioni . . . » BARLOCCO 84-104, 81, - 10%, 81/,-10-/, Clinica chirurgica 2 2. 2 ww, » SCHIASSI 8-10 8-10 8-10 Medicina operatoria. . . . . .. » ~SCHTASST™ 16°),-17 "5 161/,-17)), 10-11 Igiene ed esercitazioni. . . 2... . > . SANPELICE a 14°/,-167/, 14%, - 164%, i Ortopedia. . 2 . . . . . . . |) ®)6GAZZOTTI 10-11 ! Radiologia ed Elettrologia . . . . . » BALLI 18-19 18-19 Odontoiatria ©... 2... 2 2. |)» )©6MANICARDI T1,-182/, ! >. CORSO Clinica medica ed esercitazioni Prof. BAREGEECO~ . 8)),-101, 8'/,-10', 8:;,-107/, Clinica chirurgica 2 2 2 2... » S$CHIASSI 8-10 8-10 8-10 Clinica oculistica ed esercitazioni. . . » PES 10°/,-12"', 10°7,-121/, Clinica dermosifilopatica ed esercitaz. . » COLOMBINI 10-11 107/,-12',] 10-11 Clinica pediatrica ed esercitazioni » SIMONINI . 16-17 16-18 16-18 Clinica mal. mentali e nervose ed esercit. » DONAGGIO 149-15 My 4'),-16}/, 149; -154/,: Medic. legale ed infortunistica ed eserc. » LATTES. 14-15 7 14-15 14-16 6. CORSO Clinica medica Prof. BARLOCGO.- 8-100, 8'7,-1077, 8',-10", Clinica chirurgica © 2 2 1 1 wl, >» SGCHTASSH. 8-10 8-10 8-10 . bio li Clinica ostetrica e ginecol. ed esercit. . » GUZZONI . 10-11 10-.-11'.]° 10-11 LOU TT, 10-11 ' e@ 16-17 Terapia generale. . 2. 2. 1. » BARLOCCO 15').-1o6', 151/,-16+/, { Clinica ostetrico ~ ginecologica . .: Prof. NAVA Mercoledi Sabato . 15-18 | Cat. 2. Clinica pediatrica. See ee ee) NIZZOLL Marteci Sabato... 15',-16%y) oo Malattie del? apparato respiratorio e circolatorio » PLESSI Martedi Giovedi ! 8-9 , Ospedale civile Clinica medica. Lop ee ee » ROCCAVILLA — Martedi Sabato 217-18, ! » Clinica medica Chirurgia ortopedica e medicina operatoria >» SEGRE Giovedi Sabato . 14-15 > Clinica chirurgica Dell’ anafilassi . » SILVESTRI. Lunedi Venerdi . 18-19 2 Clinica medica Patologia speciale chirurgica. » TENANI. (da destinarsi). . > Traumatologia di guerra . » TIRELLI. Lunedi Venerdi 15-16 > Chinica chirurgica Clinica oculistica . Lo. . -: » TREROTOLI . > Clinica oculistica Semeiotica e diagnostica di chituryia addominale . » VACCARI Lunedi Mercoledi. 15-16 > Ospedale civile Tip. G. FERRAC(T & C., Modena 1 ! IL PRESIDE DELLA FACOLTA E. CENTANNI Modena of any research work being carried on, nor any reason to believe that such work could be undertaken on any satisfactory scale. Training of Teachers. Modena shares with some of the other type B. faculties, especially those in Sicily and Sardinia, the role of proving ground for young professors who have just left the ranke of Aiuto or “Libero Docente". Professor Lattes in Legal Medicine, aggazzotti in Physiology and Barlocco in clinical medicine are capable young men who will spend from three to five years at Modena before some opportunity for advancement to another more satisfactory faculty occurs. as long as such faculties continue in Italy they will continue to be a handicap upon the adequate training of future professors in the more important faculties, Since these schools remain a necesea~ ary stage in the academio career of nearly all of the professors of medicine in Italy, it is difficult to see what advantage and ambitious and capable young man can draw from wasting from two to five years enjoying the title of professor with no facilities to further hia training in his chosen branch of medicine. ta i Parma PoaRMaA Locations Parma is located about 2 houra from Bologna in the Po Valley and is the center for a province of 360,000 peoples The population of the town is about 50,000 to 60,090. It is 1 hour from the city of Modena and the center of a large agricultural population. Historye Parma began as a center of studies in the liberal Arts in the llth century and was fairly prominent in the l2th and 14th centuries, in the latter of which the school of medicine developede The. university reached its highest reputation in 1545 under the domination of. "Parnesee In the 16th and 17th centuries it was frequented by many students from Germany, Hungary and other parts of Buropee Under the Bourbone the university lost much of its prestige until Ferdinand I, in 1768 who revived the position of the university with large giftee Again in the Nepoleonic period the university of Parma was given a number of privileges, specially that of absolute independence academically. With the decree of 1831, the faculty was closed to Foreigners and the university was subsequently suspended until 1854. Witth the Independence of the New Italy, the university experienced better fortune and the number of students has grown from 330 in 1887 to 772 in 1920. Previous to the war a series of new buildings for the medical faculty was begune These buildings with the exception of one for Obstetrics have not however been completed and the classification of the university as belonging to type "B" places it distinctly among the lesser universities in Italy. Organization. Uniform with other type "B" universities of Italy. University Financed. No detailed statement regarding University Finances was requested. The university receives 1 million Lire annually from the State and 700,000 Lire from the provincial and local sources. (See under other Type "B" universities.) Medical School Finances. Not obtained, Buildings. The accompanying map shows the buildings of the Medical Faculty to be widely scattered. Pre=clinical work is carried on in an inadequate and utterly ineffective building on the Borgo delle Orselini. Surgery and medicine are at present installed in a surgical clinic on the Strada Imbriani in a fairly modern building which is rather crowded by the demands of the two clinics of surgery and medicine. Specialities and Dermatology are housed in a wretched old hospital which is over=crowded Nn, s Ihe mess Ge Stglas tf . Peas pod mips i“ ne ar - - } Tp eee SS a MES, : PTR) BSE ' ; If ~ LAS “s way t * oH i, “oS — | : a : sone ine 2 ” 2 ; ; \ 2 cities oper PURE OT OT _ MEGS. 66 -7 1600 UBICAZIONE Latitudine-qradi 44 - 48 Longitudine - 28 - 6 - 30 Altezza sul livelle del mare m. Superticle Ettari 266 Popolazione §1915 Massima Lunghezza M. 2200 Scala 1: 5600 Larghezza M. n | “is - aN Ww weray tdi 4 thee, map ) n Un Bu ( Parma with patients and not adapted for teaching. The new university buildings whieh could not be shown on the map obtainable, are at some distance from the city and provide for clinics and pre-clinical sciences. These build« ings are half finished with the exception of the clinic for obstetrics and gynecology, but their completion is indefinitely postponed. They are on the pavillion system and if completed would provide ample space for the’ ~ demands of teaching from this faculty. Laboratory Facilities. Desoriptions of facilities in Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene are on file in the Paris officee None of these laboratories are adeyuate to even the simplest demands for teaching and the funds for maintenance are impos~ sibdly small. Clinical Facilities. Description of clinical facilities in surgery and medicine, dermatology and gynecology are in file in the Paris office. The most modern of these is the clinic for gynecology and obstetrics. Professor accuccis 1 Aiuto, two assistants from the facuity, one assistant from the hospital. Studenis live in for three services Of a week each and usually manage to see about 20 deliveriese There are 80 beda half of which are used for obstetrics. among these 80 beds there are 5 paysbede. There are about 800 births-a year in obstetrics and 700 cases annually in gynecology. The hospital is a clean modern building of two floora devoted to warde and laboratories, and the third floor for dermatology. purpesese Thirty=two midwives are enrolled in the school of midwiferye The building was planned by an architect without any consultation of the professors or the ataff. The first floor devoted to gynecology, operating=room, laboratories and OPD.; the second floor for pre and postepartum cases, two delivery rooms and » separate section of 8 beda and a treatment room for septic casese Details of other clinica on file in Paris officee Library Facilities. No central librarye Separate olinios have small collections of books and journals, the latter in all cases mich interrupted since 1915. Facul tye List. of “she Faculty on file in Paris officee No outstanding men at ' present found in this achoole . Admission. Uniform with other medical faculties in Italye Fees, Scholarshipa and Students’ Expenses. Matriculation Fee, SORTER TORE EHTEHHHHET HEHE HR EOHH ETE HEHE 300 Lire Annual Tuition, CHOSH SOHO HH EEERE SESE EH SOOO SEDER AHLED 750 " Char ge for Diploma, SHOHTHO HSA HEHE TERE SHH REE HT HHO SEES EHOS 300 " Special annual tas for each examination at termination of obligatory COUFEEB, evvesneessesesesccassecesrere 150 " Special tam for final examination eeveeseccccvssccecsane 75 Rrarma For general students’ expeises sea under other faculties. Full details of examination fees, o.ce, on files Curriculum. No change from curriculum of 1915 which is on file and which is close= ly similar to curriculum given under the univorsity of Florence. Number of atudents. The students at the university of Parma in the faculty of medicine have been as follows:= 1905/6 Oooo rers0e 153 1910/11 eonnesens 129 1906/7 orereeree 138 1911/12 eeveerece 119 1907/8 ee en sees lel 1912/13 eeeessenes 99 1903/9 evcccseese§ Lll 1913/14 eoverserte 150 1909/10 @eaeeotvouus 197 1914/15 @esasacvzacea 137 No figures available until 1922/1923 when the faoulty of medicine contained 165 students. During that year the other faculties were as follows: Law eee 123 = Natural Sciencee oe. 104 = Certificate in Pharmacy 24 Diploma in Pharmacy ooe 45 = Veterinary Medicine ees 62 = Course for Sani tary Officiale eee 42 = and Obstatrics ees 58. During that year the medical echool graduated 49 atudents in medicine, 30 in Obstetrics, and 31 sanitary officials received diploma for course of special studies. Source of Studenta. The medical Faculty at Parma drawa most of tis students from the district of Parma, Cremona, Piacenze, Mantova and Bresoise Distribution of Graduatese See Page 116 Importance as & Medical Centere Parma is comparable with the nearby University of Modena. Its import= ance is purely local es far ae the distribution and influence of its graduates goes and the only other claim which the medical faculty at Parma has is that it acte ag a proving ground for the younger professors” who may after a short period of service there be called to more important positions in the larger facultiese Training and Development of Teaching Forces Again Parma ranks wita Modena in importance in this particular. The majority of the Faculty at Perma are elderly men who have not been able to leave this university and the generel impression is that of an unimportant and very badly supported schoole Pisae Location. Pisa is a town of shout 60,000 population in a province of 460,000. There ers not apparently many industries in the town excepting marble works thoygh some textile industries are said to be located there and to be in good financial conditione The city has grown considerably in the last 20 years but gives the impression of a quiet provincial towne It is about 2 hours distant from Florsnce and is on the main line from the North to Rome. It is probable that the representatives of this province have considerable authority in Rome, during the war numerous favoum having been secured for the town of Pisa in the way of flying fields, cantonments, etcec. Eistorye The University of Pisa can be considered to have 1343 as its date of foundation, since in that year the pontifical bullyrecognized the senool of Pisa as "“studium generale"; as a center of teaching Pisa is ever older. The papal bull referred to~provided for faculties of theology, canon , 1:7, civil law and medicine. The university passed through various vicissitudes until 1473 when Lorenzo di. Medici restored the faculties by transferring to Pisa several subjects which bad’. been taught in Florence. The Botanica Gardens were founded by Cosimo di Medici In 1544 and it was he who called to the chair of Anatomy Andrea Vesalius, Kyllopius and Malpighi also taught at Fisae During the early part of the 17th century Pisa had no rivals to fear among other Italien univernitiese Gallileo made his famous experiment with the pendulum in the campanile there. The University of Pisa maintained its preetige successfully in the succeeding centuries and it is now one of the 10 universities of Type "A", the only one of this type in Tuscanye Crganization. See under Turine University Finances. The University of Pisa es a class "a" institution is entirely supported by the Statee In 1918-1919 the annual government budget was sbout 1 million 120,00C Lire and the endowment of the Institute of 186,500 Lires No detailed figures were furnished by the authorities of the university. Medical School Finencese The medical faculty receives from the university 500,000 Lire for the maintenance of the intitutes and clinics; of these 700,000 are devoted to the clinicse No other detailed figures wore available excepting thoee for the year 191581919 which were as follows:= Yearly Income anatomical Tnstitutle ecccsesvevesecvereeres 32000 Lire Catinet pathological anatomy sesceseccccene 4,000 Institute of physiology COCR EO CORSO OH ENED 5,000 Inste cf Materia medica & Exp. Pharmacy ee. 1,000 @eseeoeeeeeatd Piea t 8 U Yearly Income (cont'd) Institute of Hygiene Cerorrececceseaeees 12500 Lire Inete of General Pathology Cooeroerevere 1.500 General Medical clinic ceocecscccccacccce 2.500 Cabinet of medical pathology cscescesece 1.000 Operative medicine and esurgical clinic . 5-000 Cabinet special demonstrative surgepath. 1.500 lye Clinic acccccsescccvccsccovencvescses 1.500 Dermosyphilopathy CLinks seoevcceresecvee ml 500 Obetetrics & gynecological clinic essces 1.000 Institute of Legal medicine seseccesecee 1.000 Clinic of nervous & mental diseases.seee 12500 Buildings. The buildings as shown in the attached map are somewhat scattered; the new buildinge of Physiology and Hygiene being at considerable distance rom the rest of the medical school, These structures devoted to Physiology and Hygiene are new having been completed in 1914 and 1919 respectively and are in excellent condition. The clinica of surgery and medicine are also new buildings and well maintained. A clinic for neurology and psychiatry is under construction, The other institutes and clinica are housed in antiquated and inadequate quartera, Laboratory Facilities. In the absence of the Professor of Anatomy this institute was not visited. Physiology:~ Professor Adducoe 1 Aiuto, 1 assistant (for bio~chemistry), 10 allievie 100 te 120 students. Courses given in 2nd and 3rd yeere, lectures and demonstrations; no individual laboratory work. The new building devoted to physiology was finished in 1914 and consists of four floors with a generous amount of space planned in the following way: lst floor, servants, workshop, general eupplies, and room for string=galvanometer; the second floor devoted to special laboratories of gas analyses, electro=physice, balance room (five balancea), vivisection (2 rooms), dark room, room for etudentsa in physical physiology and room for students in bio~chemistry, each with 16 desks. Third oor, large lecture hall with excellent uppointments; library, Professor's private library and a museum of physiological instruments, 18 microscopes, - other equipment adequate, all in good order and well®¥anged. Fourth floor, for speoisl researches, not seene Not much evidence of activitye Budget only 3,000 Lire. Pathological Anatomye= Profeesor CesariesDemel. 1 Aiuto, 1 assistant, 10 allievie 60 students. Course given in the 4th yeare 3 hours-a week lectures, 3 hours a week in autopsies and practice, 3 hours a week in histo- logical patho? ogye 16 desks and classes run in sections. Space inadequate though the building is oldjlaboratory occupies two floorsae Equipment seems entirely adequate. 400 autopsies a years 25 microscopes. Library ie small no booke or jotirnals in English except what the RF. has given. Work is actively in progreas though budget ia only 8,000 Lire annuallye : oes 7 ~ ~~ te sor Reda” Garybatar meee ge OE AP + 7 bereed —e eT C am oso Te 0 Connery . \ deqir oy fsdrecita ‘Battistero : “ ~ ot \ 1 é \ . i3 '> Passa de! Duoemo- i.” hele AAPOR UE sea Gf t Ringhrsaa | LL ts Mia feria. Prices | “Ih 2 Ospizie Ie : dei —4 ' £ Trew as eda: wo ae: vid o ome: aan m4 ye 7 uo . asl ne : . . : ' yo wo ie . oe : js a Sa = \ . ot ‘ So 1 t sole . : yan ort R Ben me i oo aly a . wipivereite + : OTe dee seers, : . aan , em : | Riinipersite i tO : a [hone ale « wae . of / arta Psychiat Te “wider & 2 na tret iF Pisae General Pathology:+ Profeesor Sacerdottie 1 Aiuto and 1 assistant. Numter of allievi not stated. 120 students, Course given in the 2nd and 7rd years. Special emphasis on bacteriology which is given by the Aiuto. Space ample in the old building which has been well adapted. Apparatus in general fairly adequate, though much of it dates to before the ware Library inadequate, not mucn evidence of activity. Hygieness Professor De Vesteas 1 Aiuto, 1 aseistant and 1 voluntary aseistant. 40 to 50 students. an entirely new building finished in 1919. Course given in the 5th yeare Lectures and demonstrations with some labor= atory work done in sectione since 16 desks only are provided for students. The building is rather lavieh in its appointments. An attempt has been made to illustrate in the building itself all the latest needs of hygiene, for example the seats in the lecture hall are considered to be models for school hygiene, the windows show certain forme of ventilation and a special bath room is found in the building which illustrates the avparatus that Professor De Vestes thought a bath-room should have. The institute contains four floors and in general is like the building of physiologye Equipment shows De Vestea's interest to be principally in teaching hygiené and in chemistry, rather than in bacteriology or preventive medicinee Apparatus not. in very great quantity, only 10 microscopes, 2 animal houses, both emptye Library inadequatee No evidence of active work in progress. Budget 8,000 Lires Clinical Facilities. Medicine:~ Professor Queirolo. 1 Aiuto, 4 assistants and 6 voluntery assiatantse Professor was absent as he is a Senator. Building new, location satisfactory. Clinic contains 4 wards, 78 beds with annexe for 50 isolation beds. OPD not in function. Ample space for laboratories in which not much work is in progress and that apparently languidly. Clinic has a general air of absentee directorship and of a fine building being operated on a very low maintenance chargée Surgerye= Professor Taddeie 1 Aiuto, 5 assistants and 3 voluntary assistantée New duilding close to the other clinics housing 90 beds. Fairly vell equipped and active, about 900 operations a yeare Cases selected from general hospital admissionse OPD used very little for teachinge Laboratory space adenunte, sutopsies, ag in the case of medical clinic done by the Professor of patholo-ical anatomye No sub-divisions of surgery; & general surgery only Ophthalmology:= Professor Gonella. Aiuto's post not occupied. 1 assistant and 1 voluntary assistant. 12 old rooms in the ol¢ part of the hospital. Equipment old and dirty. 100 patients in OPD per daye No comment worth makinge Budget 4,000 Lire a yeare Neurology and Psychiatry:= Professor Pelizzie 1 Aiuto, 1 assistant, 2 voluntery ascistants. Next to the clinic of Ophthalmology. Said to have 50 casea for teaching purposes: Ref::red to by Professor Cesaris=Demel as a scandal. Not visited. Library Facilities. The university library at Pisa is said to have 200,000 volumes, 100,000 pemphlets, 914 manuscripts, 114 inounatala and 790 journals. It is housed in the administration building and ie useless for the modern needgof a medical faculty. Individual institutes and clinice have their own libraries eup= plemented by the private collections of the professors; that of physiology the best, but all lacking in recent publicationa. ‘ x person al hyq iene PACULTY INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY cocccccccsccccvescccvee §, Professor Guglielmo Romiti= =- 7722s (x) Dr. Pranceso Pardi=*7 7 +s 777775 INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY (x),Professor Vittorio Aducco «s == =s + <4 Dr. Giuseppe Bugliawyee 2-27 22220 INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY (x) +Professor Antonio Cesaris-Demel Dr. Guido Sotti-=-s-s-- 727 2-35 INSTITUTE OF GENERAL PaTHOLOGY (x): Professor Cesare Sacerdotti «~ =< «=<. <= = Dre Bruno Polettini enw ns eo eo 7 Ree ae INSTITUTE OF MATERIA MEDICA & PHARMACOLOGY : Professor Dario Baldi= += - = *7- = >> 5 Dr. Cesare Paderi = « a we ses @ 2 @B e@ @ @ INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE «Professor Carlo Ferrai~-+ 2 = * 5 2 2+ = Dr. Naftoli Emdin <~ = a a «4s eo ws we ee 8 NSTITUTE OF HYGIENE (x «Professor Alfonso Di Vestea ~= - => + = = Dre Cosimo Pieri e227 - =s 2% 2% sw 2s MEDICAL CLINIC “Professor Glove Battista Queirolo Dr. Giulio Oarrerae = 7-7-5 77 33 SURGICAL CLINIC ‘Profeagaor Domenico Taddei Dre Francesco Naseaetti*= = ~-2 2-1 = wo a s $ 5 6 é a 8 MEDICAL PATHOLOGY Professor Carlo Pedeli = = Dr. Giovanni Gentili « <- =< SURGICAL PATHOLOGY .Profegeor Guido Ferrarini =«-*s. -7 =< 8 5 a é $ 8 5 , 8 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY ‘Professor Attilio Gentili -*7*--s--2 9 Dre Dino Bogi = = = - = = anaes 2 eaa@e CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS Professor Gennaro Fiore = -~-<---S 0 OPHTHALMOLOGICAL CLINIC , Professor Giuseppe Gonella = NN a a 4 8 5 § 8 Via Soliferino Director | Aiuto - Director “ Aiuto - Director. * Aiuto Director “ diuto Director ° Aiuto Director ¥ Aiuto ~ Director 7 Aiuto Director * Aiuto — Director } Aiuto Director .. Aiuto | Director . Aiuto Director Aiuto Director «~ Director ; t Aiuto ~ 3 Pise CLINIC OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASES \. Professor Giove Battista Pellizzi = <- = Director |° Dr. Umberto Sarteschi «= *7 == -s 3s 2-2 28 Aiuto _- DERMOSYPHILOPATHIO CLINIC i: Profeasor Cosimo Lombardo =*2--2-*-+- ++ Director (Substitute)’ Ne Ne CLINIC OF DENTISTRY & RHINO=LARYNGOLOGY i? Professor Vittorio Grazzi~-==-- sees se 5 Director Aiuto | rt Dr. Francesco Maltese = == 2 7 7 = 7 ss 3 = Aiuto sf (x) On full time. Admission. ‘niform with other Faculties in Italy. Studenta' Fees and Expenseg. See under Florence. Currioulume The academic year extendas as in the cases of other faculties in Italy from about October 15th to July Zlet. The first and last 30 days of this period being devoted exclusively to examinationse Obligatory subjects are ae followsa;~ First Year eoces Second Year eeceec Third Year cece Fourth Year eecee Pifth Year seecc Sixth Year esses Physice ~ General and Organic Chemistry + General Botany-- Comparative anatomy and Zoology + General Hietology and Embryology = Normal and Descriptive Human anatomy. Normal and descriptive Human anatomy « Physiology = Bio~ logical Chemistry - General Pathology = Physiopathology. Physiology ~ General Pathology and Physiopathology - Pharmacology & Material Medica = Microparasitology. Anatomy & Pathological Histology ~ Speoial Medical Pathology Special Surgical Pathology = Applied anatomy = Radiology = Operatory Medicine = Medical semeiotioa = Surgical Semeioti cas Hygiene ~ Dentistry = Othoerhino.Laryngology. Anatomy and Pathological Histology = Technic & Diagnostic anatopo~pathology = General Medical clinic = General surgical clinic = Oculistical clinic + Mental & Nervous maladies’ olinice General Medical Clinic = General Surgical Clinic = Clinic of Pediatrice ~ Obstetrics & Gynecology = Legal Medicine. Pisa Number of Studentse See Page «;*: The students in the following faculties of the university are: Law eee 242 =~ Letters eee 140 = Medicine wee 343 = Natural Sciences ess 386 = School of Pharmacy eee 130 = School of Obstetrics ees 28 eveveevese Total number: saeecsreeeeeengeeseese 1,269 Source of Students. The majority of students in Pisa come from the province in which it is located together with a few students from the Island of Sardinia. There are as a rule no foreign students registered in this faculty + Distribution of Graduates. AS Will be seen on Page 116 the large number of practitioners in the district of Pisa are men trained locaily; the next most numerous being graduates from Florence and in considerably lese numbers, graduates from Bologna and Naples. Importance as a Medical Center. As the only Type "A" medical faculty in Tuscany, Pisa commands a position somewhat more important than it would otherwise hold. The likeli~ hood, however, that the town will never become large enough to provide for great clinical resources makes it less likely that in the future Pisa will occupy an important position emong the chief faculties in Italy It is more owing to tradition and political inrluence than to any other factors that the school is given the rank of a Type "A" facultye Training and Developement of Teaching Force. Professor adduco, Professor Cesaris=Demel, and to a leas extent, Pro-= feseors Di Vestea and Sacerdotti are men whose abilities and material equipment qualify to occupy a position of some importance as teachera of young men planning academio careers in medicine. On the clinical side, however, Pisa occupies a distinctly less import= ant position and in general in ite importance as a training center it may be said to be in the upper rank »f the second rate institutions. Rome UNIVERSITY Of ROMbe ‘Su Locatione The population of Rome in 1923 was 746,000. The province of Lazio in which it is situeted has a population of 1,600,000. Rome is not an industrial city nor does it have cultural traditions or activities out= side of those related to the institutions of the Catholic church and the Italian governmente Its central position in Italy and its importance as the capital of the country are, however, of greai interest in consider~ ing the influence upon medical education in Italy which the raculty of Medicine at Rome undoubtedly has and will continue to have. Historye Rome cannot boast of having one of the oldest universities in Italy, nor is the history of its Studium especially distinguished. Charles d' Anjou, a ruler of Sicily founded the "Studium Generale” in Rome in 1265. The great impulse of learning in the middle ages had however but little — effect at Rome in comparison, for example, with the intense activity of Bolognae In_1303, Boniface VIII created the university anew and teachers and students were given special privileges, but the university of Rome Was soon however, allowed to decay and to die after a few years of obscure exigtencee. A significant fact is that Petrach, although Roman, went to atudy at Prague, left his library to Venice and cut off his relation with Rote almost completely. The old ruling families of Rome, such as the —~ Orainisy,Colonnas also sent their sone to Paris and in 1707 the university was actually closed. The faculties were re-opened in 1406 but not until the papacy of Leo X (di Medici),did teaching in Rome experience any marked revivale By his order demonstrations were added to the lectures (Charter of November 4, 1513). Down to the middle of the XVIIIth century the history of the faculty at Rome was one of uncertain support and continuous threats of clusure. In 1775 two faculties were added, that of Languages and Religious subjects and the university was fairly prosperous. Nepoleon's tnfluenice wae strongly felt from 1809 to 1813, but subsequent administration by the Popes had but little rejuvenating effect. the young King of Italy favoured the Roman faculty in as far as his meager means permitted and since 1875 the prestige and the importance of the university has steadily inereasede It has, however, never enjoyed the traditional prestige of many of the universities of the North. Organizatione. See under Turin. University Finances. From the budget of 19241925, the following figures have been extracted. Complete information ia on file in Paris officee INCOME; Yearly grants from private Sources secrecseveses 449,000 Lire Support from the vommmne of Lome seccsceccceeee 100,000 Provincial grants Cece em aaeBeneevereereeeseseseD 70, 900 489,000 utc. F Salarta ‘ oO Polygone ¥ “driller Thermes de Trajan, nn a . Tk av vy Ee LY it AS de Thus . Ae Bonghi: FS ee yy eh A della : ies rv et . a Cee, . ak a in ONS Pe bon bp ne N spe ater Tivol Nee 4, ” we , x #2 S.Giovann St SU alee Tram, "1 Gasirense 2) 4 % Echelles: wy mutiteale Poe 4 at f ty, oe se a : Rspta S. Sebastiano oe ie corte Avdealina 87 Sonn P. Appia ame Metres, a tnd 200 Jou fon doo Goo foo don Gor 18e tom = - = Palmes Remains, o Foo 000 F500 zeae \ aa a Pieds Antques Romains. e Joo F000 2500 Leeo be --4 yeoeesy4 un wig etysayweyaiaiat y soidey INCOME (Cont'd). pesereeees 439,009 Lire Italian GOVOLNMENL evosovcosencwrereeeeeesseeesetssasesnee 5,260,000 " " " (Grants for special purposes) sesecrese 13,994 " Income from Endowments, rents, and other properties sss. 116,420 " Students! Fees eecsnserseveceeveosereserseevreresesrsese 4,345, 204 " ee et ae ee Total Income eecese: 19,224,798 BX? SUDITURES:- 45 Substitute professors CORES H HHT ED ER ETE HH SESE ERE OE 337,500 Lire 45 ALULL coccveseescenresasasesereeesrsserassesasererer? 506,990 83 ASBLStLANLS eocccrsevetrerenssraeresresesseearersese® 820,000 6 Spetsal BBBLStUENtS evervcesveccesssserseseeseressses 26,490 47 TAGHNLCLANG seeseceeosrenessneseroereresesenaseseses 446,590 136 Servants evcsscaresvessesstaeverresereveresesennaca 1,924,999 NuvSe@S eesevvcsssrevasnsesesresssseressvsseserssreee 1,800,000 Svecial bxpenses personnel CROSESSSAHSH SHEET ETH EHO HE OOS 54,800 Pensions for administrative personnel eesssessavcosescs 56,202 Scholarships and grants for poor students essesereeeses 407,956 allotments for maintenance of clinics, institutes and special achoois, SCHOSS MRT OLHHHE HH HESS ORO SHE HH ETHOS 2,247,677 General administration and maintenance sesecsessvcescens 1,777,940 Miscallancousd eacoceevesensenrvresvesesesesesessseserer se 192, 291 Total Expendituredicesscccee 9,706,476 ————— Tt met be noted that the salaries of the professors do not appear in the Faculty Budget since tnese are paid directly as State employeese The amount may be calculated approximately at 1,890,000 Liree Medical School Finances. A complete statement of Finances on file in the Paris office. The following zrants for msintenance, exclisive of heating, are shown below:~ anatomy eee enrsesawmeserseeseseD 25,090 Lire Physiological Chemistry cersece 9,900 Physiology eer eer eeseoerennesece 21,990 Hygiene eoeveseasneseveseeessee 21,900 Materia MEALGa eeoaesevvesveere 13,900 Legal NediLecine ecvssverseeeneses 11,000 General Pathology worse eeerecee 15,990 Surgieal pathology eoerensscene 13,090 Medical Pathology eeesacererers 13,000 Psychology eeoereewseneseeansses 4,900 Rome General funds for maintenance of beda in the clinics,..e.- 710,000 Lire Surgical clinic @aeseseeeaoaesetceoeseseeeesvseseaeseennane 21,900 Medical clinia essccreccveccrscsserecccseceses 21,900 Dermatolozy & Syphilis SOROS ECO H EOE EHO EO REHE 17,000 Neurology and Psyehiatry COTHH ORDO HCHO SEH ESOS 15,600 Ophthalmology COSHH HH OTHER EE HEHHSH OEE HHO DRE OE 26,999 Obstetrics & Gynecology eoveresvverevvevevceve 19,900 Pediatries eenaevpseeeseeseseeeseepesezveesesoetresvecsnnsne 22,900 Orthopedica CHP AHO EH HH SEH HSER ERE CES O RHEE HERES 8,000 Dentistry eveveseovocegappaeeeeonrePerereennee 14,000 X.rey and Eleotromtherapy Ceres eerereererveroos 11,000 In addition to these for special laboratory work, Institutes and clinios are given SCUCSTE DEH EEE DOOR ELEOe 98, 900 and for apesial demonstrations SORES E KOA ede Ra HeaEEEESSE 27,230 for maintenance of poli=clinics esveceesrecesccessses 227,500 The above figures are in-round numbers and give a satisfactory idea of the support reccived by the institutes and clinics. The statement of the Finances is very involved and the above figures probably represent a minimum stutement, of the amounts received by the institutes and clinics. Buildings. As is shown in the accompanying map the medical faculty is scattered among a number of buildings with the pre=smedisal sciences located in the heart of Rome and the clinical facilities grouped in a large assembly of buildings known as the Boli-clinioo outside the old walls of the city; the laboratories of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology at present in the Via Depretis are greatly overscrowded in the old building poorly adapted for its present uee . The same is true of the building devoted to hygiene.s The plan for the future, which is in part realized,is to group the presclinical institutes at the site shared by the clinics. The anatomy building is half completed and the pathology building is slightly more advanced. Physiology and Hygiene have not yet been begun. In general it may be said that ihc plans for the medical faculty at Rome which are in the course of being realized allow for the wise centralization of all the presclinical and clinical buildings at the Poliscliniso site, and with the passage of time and the improved financial condition of the Italian povernment thse plans are likely to be fully realized. Although not complete= ly modern the clinical facilities are in general conveniently planned and well adapted to their functions, commanding a very large supply of clinical material for teaching purposese Fuller description of these buildings will be found uncer laboratory and clinical facilities. The buildinga used by the Faculty of Sciences are scattered in various parts of the city and there is no likelihood that the courses in chemistry, biology and botany will ever be placed in convenient relation to the other institutes of the medical faculty. Urgent necessity exiats in completing the institutes of nathological anatomy, normal anatomy, general pathology and pediatric$ clinicé. These buildings were begun in 1900 and have not yet been completed. Rome Laboratory Facilities. Anatomy:= Professor Versarie 1 Aiuto, 2 assistants, 1 voluntary assistant. About 270 students. Courses given in lst, 2nd and 4rd years. First Year eveee Bones, joints and Muecles. 2nd Year eeeesee Nerves and circulatory apparatus, histology & typical tissues, Zrd Year seseeee Topographical anatomy, microscopical and gross splanchnologye Ample material for dissection. By the end of the courses, the student has made 190 preparations in the forms of regional dissections. 43 lectures a week and 3 demonstrations by the assistants. Tresent quarters in the Via Depretis, very greatly overecrowded and inadeyiste, Other buildings near the Policlinico vrovide for an excellent -storey ‘tructure with lateral wings as dissecting rooms and central auditorium. the building thus far cost 5 million Lire and is not yet completed, All Versari's assistante pass on to clinical work later. Some evidence of activity. Budget 25,099 Liree Physiology: Professor Baglionie 1 Aiuto, 2 assistants. No allievi mentioned. 60 to 100 students. Course given in the 3rd year and consists of lectures 3% times a week with demonstrations. Individual work by students in groupse Desk accommodations in one room 14, in Biowchemistry, 12= Labor atory located in the old building at 92 via Depretis which houses Anatomy, General Pathology, Pathological anatomy and biowchemistry. Rooms consist of the professor's room, one fairesized general class room, 3 rooms for assistants, 2 small rooms for the de.ficient library and a small room for bio~chemistry. Equipment dusty and apparently not in use. Very slight evidence of any activity whatever. Baglioni much interested in the history of madicine, but does not seem to have any power to draw students. Found- ations ere laid for a new institute near the policlinico, but erection Merof building is uncertain since all work was stopped years agoe Budget said to be 15,000 Lire for all expenses, except assistants’ and servants’ salariese Pathological anatomy:= Professor Dionisi. 1 Aiuto, 2 technicians, 25 allievi.e About 250 students. Course is given in 4th and 5th years. First, there are 50 daily lessons of 1 hour each in which autopsy is done before the students as the full class. Dionisi relates clinical history before mak~ ing the autopsy and brings the two together aa closely as possible. Sections of tissues are made and shown next day with the help of ondy 14 microscopes. After this series of 50 lessons by the autopsy method, 50 more exercises are given by the professor in systematic and theoretical pathology, sus not attempting to cover the entire field but only to treat thoroughly some few subjects such as arteriowsclerosise The students get a general comprehension of pathology in the second half of thie course together with doing themselves all the possible autopsies under the direction of Dionisi'e 3 assistanta. £& These autopsies the students do in groups of 15 at several of the different hospitals. Thus, 45 of the 90 or 100 students are at work at anyone time and meanwnile,in groups of 15, other men are studying microscopical work throughout the years Dionisi has 25 xallievi interni and for these places he accepts not the students who wish to go into practice immediately after graduation, but those men who are expecting to train for hospital interne= ships; thessmen often keep on under Dionisi's direction amé@ after their graduation in order better to prepare themselves for examinations for interne~ shipe at the Policlinico. Dionisi has made himself remarkably useful to these young men at all stages of their careers, and in returnft>r his teaching Rome he gets from them when they become interni or even chiefs of services a {ft}, large amount of pathological material which he can use for study end for teaching. There is a surprising amount of activity in this institute. At present the center of activity is in two small laboratory rooms in the Via Depretis which are very much overscrowded. At the Policlinico there are two over=crowded rooms and a small amphitheatre for autopsies. De gives his leotures at the Psychiatry clinic. No opportunities exist for individual work by the students. General Pathology:~ Professor Bignamie 1 aiuto and 1 assistant. No allievi mentioned. 100 students in 7 groups of 15. Course consists of 3 hrs a week lecturee with demonstrations, plus practical exercises 3 hrs a week under the professor and assistante. In the latter case the 3 hours are given by the professor. It does not mean that each student receives this amount of instructione A student gete an hour's instruction from the professor approximately once in every two weeks. It is in this course that Bacteriology is presented for the first time to the student. Tn general, hewever, it is an introduction to disease processes. The laboratory is at 92 via Depretis, much over-crowded, under equipped end like the other departments with incomplete library facilities. There is not much evidence of active work being done in this institute. Budget, 15,000 Lire for all expenses except service. Biological Chemistry:* Professor Lo Monacoe 1 assistant, 1 voluntary assistant, no allievie 80 to 100 students. Course given as lectures 2 times a week during the 3“yearse No room whatever for practical worke At this time the student's ingterest in ch-istry is oversshadowed by the final examinations which fall et the end of this ~ear, and therefore the student is bedly prepared for this course and treats it with the minimup of attentions The laboratory consists of 4 rooms, one of which belongs to the professor and ie ueed at the same time as a librarye All these roome hopelessly overecrowded and disorderly. Hygiene:~ Professor Sanarellis 2 aiuti and 2 assistants. Building near other institutes on the vie Depretis. First floor, very poor lecture room, capacity about 250 and rest of space devoted to anti=rabies service. Second floor, laboretories in bacteriology and Parasitology. (Two former assistants have recently become professors in these two subjects at Rome owing to Sanarelli's political influence). Third floor, large laboratory with individual etudents'’ work, 18 desks well lighted and in good order. This, of course, means that the class of about 90 mist be divided into sections and individual students receive only a small amount of laboratory worke Lectures 3 times a week in last yeare No evidence of active research work being done in this institute. Budget given as 21,000 Lire. Clinical Facilities. Medicine:= Professor Ve Ascolie 5 aiuti, 4 paid assistants, 12 voluntary asdistantse Number of allievi not given, presumably about 15. Students about 250 in the 4th, 5th and 6th years, principally the last twoe ., Professor Ascoli givea lectures 3 times a week and twice a week gives 1 hrsow 1/2 on clinical subjects. Students work in groups of 20 under the direction of the aiuti and asistants for two weeks period of intensive trainings Medical clinic located at the Policlinico. 90 beds with small and well ecuipped OPD. maintained exclusively for teaching and accommodating 10 students at a time. The clinic is on the second floor with separate ..- ee ts Rome 2s separate rooms for laboratory of chemistry, bacteriology, cardiogsrarhy, graphic work and microscopye Building constructed in i890. The most interesting feature of this service is the utilization of the OFD for purposes of instruction only. Budget not specified. Good library facilities. Surgery:~ Professor Alessandri. 4 aiuti, 4 paid assistants, who sre allowed to remain only 8 years. About 250 students. 100 beds located in the university clinic at the Policlinico groupe OPD. 10 new cases a day. Clinical laboratory inadequate and poorly developed. Two of the Aiuti rotate between admitting room (OFD) and wards; the two other eiuti work in rotation, one on the laboratory side and one in wards. Students are obliged to spend 15 days in the 6th year in intensive course following eases of the wards and looking on at operations. Clinical instruction of students largely done by the aiuti and assistants assigned to each ward. The clinic receives 120,000 Lire a year to vay for food, medicine and for dressings of all their natients, 18,000 Lire a year devoted to laboratory work. Much clinical instruction is received by students. however, out= side the university clinic at the hands of "Liberi docente" who are chiefs of other surgical services in the Policlinico hospital. These other chiefs are not under any control by Professor Alessandrie Obstetrices!+ Professor Pestalozza. 2 siuti, 5 assistants, 6 allievi internie 170 students in the 6th year. Practical work given to group of 10 students at a time who sleep in the hospital and see approximately 25 deliveries. Deliveries actually done by midwives. Clinic located at Policlinico. 120 beds divided between Obstetrics (80) and Gynecology (40). 2000 deliveries a yeare Autopsies by the professor of pathologye Exper= ience of students seems large enough in regard to pathological cases, but there ig no district work and no first hand responsibility given to the students. Lectures by the professor in gynecology and obstetrics 3 times a week, totalling 50 to 60 in a year. Budget for this clinic not given. Pediatrics:= Professor Caronia. 2 aivti, 7 assistants. 7 allievi internie 110 students. Course given in the 6th year. Lectures 4 times a week and clinical demonstrations to groups of 20 to 25. Course for sanitary officiale to perfect themgelves in pediatrics is also offered and is taken by about 40 men from all over Italy. This course lasts 2 monthe. Clinicel exercises every day 2 to 4 hree and lectures 2 times a week. Clinical work is located in the new building near the Policlinico, one wing being still incompleted. «#irst floor contains 5 rooms for OPD work, 1 room for general clinical laboratory work and a ward for infectious diseases. Lecture room, eppearance excellent, seems well administered. 2nd floor, Professor's rooms, 4 rooms for research eyuipment, good auality work in progress. Splendid impression. 40 beds at present available, about 20 of infectious diseases. When completed the empty wing will allow the hospital to be divided into the following sections: infectious diseases, infant feeding, general medical, tuberculosis and children's surgerye OFD. 5 rooms used in the morning for general cases, in the afternoon for svecial clinics. Active, regular work, orderly, good records. 150 total attend- ance. 60 new cases a day, inadequate on the infant feeding side. further information on this clinic on file in the Parin offices Rome Ophthalmology:= Professor Cirincione. 2 aiuti, 2 assistants and 6 voluntary asatstente. Information not obtained regarding type of teach~ inge Building part of Policlinico group extensive 3 atoryes structures Basement used for printing press for clinic publications, for histor}s, pathological specimen’ and for artist's room in connection rith histo= logical work, also special atudy roome for tuterculosis. Ground floor, OPD,roome for phovoetee vs large room for fundes examinations and library. Seoond floor, wards patients and operating room. Third floor, resid= ence quarters, Fhe moet complete ophthalmological clinic in Italye Space and equipment for almoet every conceivable research and study of the eye, especially on histo=pathological side. Heavily supported privately by Professor Cirincionee Figures not available. Excellent institute. Library facilities. Yhe university library called the “alessandrina” efter his founder Pope Alexandre VII in 1667 contains 180,000 volumes and 115,000 pamnhlets, Number of journals received unnually, 100, exclusive of political journals. Importance to medical faculty very small. All institutes and clinics have individual libraries which are inadequate with the possible exception of the ophthalmological clinice Professor Ascoli suceseded in pooling the resources of his clinic with that of the Academy of Medicine at Rome in a common library located in one of the rooms of the medical clinic. #fforte are beginning to succeed in forming a card caialogue of the entire books and journalé resources of all the different clinics and institutes in the faculty, but these separate collections will be kept in the respective clinics and institutes to which they belong, the card catalogue being filked in the central library in the medical clinice Faculty.of Medicine. INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY Professor Riccarde Versari = == se 7 et Director | Dre Gaetano Scoppetta == seer errs rsn Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY » Professor Silvestro Baglioni=*------ ==> Director “2 Dr. Antonio Galamini = = ss ss ss ss 5 = aiuto INSTITUTE OF HISTOLOGY & GEN. PHYSIOLOGY . Professor Giulio fanos ss ss se ett Director » ‘Dr. Enrico Sereni =» = s ss es 2s + 2 2 2 8 aluto- INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY Professor Antonio Dionisi ~=7>-*- s+ -= ss ° 0 Director 4% Dr. Filippo Guccione = sss e557 5755 Aiuto INSTITUTE OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY « Professor Battista Grassi == sss e555 Director Dre Giulio Cotronei ==> = ss ee 33855 Aiuto INSTITUTE OF @xNERAL PATHOLOGY . Professor amico Bignami ~s7-7~+ 7-75 "5-95 Director Dre Marco Almagiaew zy 2353 7 FF Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY Professor Gaetano Gaglio « « = Dr. Pietro Di Mattei = 2-5-2 < 5 - INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE -~ 4 Professor Salvatore Ottelenghi Dr. Boldrino Boldrini == ~ === INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE Profesgor Giuseppe Sanarelli - = = Dre Alberto Scalasx-~-<2-+ == = MEDICaL CLINIC cProfessor Vittorio Ascoli == = = Dr. Giuseppe Sabatini ~- =~ = - SURGICAL CLINIC Professor Roberto Alessandri <- ~ - Dre Sebastiani Gussiao «== «-« = INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY ‘Professor Sante de Santis = <== =« Bre Ne Ne MEDICAL PATHOLOGY \*Professor Agenore Zeri = Dr. Raimondo Doria == «=~ -=- =~ SURGICAL PATHOLOGY GProfessor Giovanni Peres = = = = = Dr. Rosario Pandolfini - a a é “ou -— CLINIC OB OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY tProfessor Ernesto Pestalozza = ~ = Dre Valerio artom di 8. Agnese = =< CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS i_Professor Giuseppe Caronia = ~ = = ‘Dr. Salvatore De Villaw-=-=-<-+ = OHHTHALMOLOGICaL CLINIC ‘Professor Giuseppe Cirincione - , Dre Luigi Maggiore oa a «a @ aa CLINIC OF NERVOUS & MENTAL DISEASES ;« Professor Giovanni Mingaszini = = ’ Dre Gloacchino Fumarolas- == = CLINIC OF DERMOSYPHILOP ATHY %; Professor Pier Lodovica *-- 5 = Dr. Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi <- ~ EAR NOSE & THROAT CLINIC 0 Professor Gherardo Ferreri ~ ~ - - Dr. Deodato de Carli = ss 5 >> Director ‘) Aiute — Director Aiute —- Director Aiute— mf WD \ Director |? Alute - Director )\) Aiuto _ Director Direotor Aiuto | Director Aiuto _ Directer . Aiute | Director Aiuto / Director Aiuto ‘ Director Aiuto - Director Aiute ’ Director Aiuto \2 3 Ww 4 40 Rome TRAUMATOLOGY aND ORTHOPEDICS * Professor Riccardo Dalla Vedovas +s ss 77 Director Dre Silvio Crainz =* .7 -- ss 5s 7 es * 23338 Aluto DENTISTRY Profeseor Angelo Chievaro~-s=s--s ss "555 Director 4 5 INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGICaL CHeNISTRY Professor Domenico Lo Menaco =7s 7 7s 577 Director Dre Ubaldo Sammartine (Assistant) INSTITUTE OF ELECTROmTHERAPY sND RADIOLOGY Professor Francesco Ghilardueei = =- +--+ =~ Director Br. Gaetano Meléolese = - --s = 77 75 Aiuto Admiseion Requirements. See under Turin. Fees & Students' Expenses. See under Florence, Turin ete... Deereese Uniform with other faculties in Italy. Curriculuts FIRST YEAR:- (Obligatory Courses) = Anatomy; lectures % dissection Botany; Experimental physica as applied to medicines Zoology; and Comparative Physiology SECOND YBARi= (Oblicatory Courses) = Anatomy with dissections = Histology with practical exercises = Genera’? chemistry as anplied to medicine = Physiology with exercises. THIRD YEAR:= (Obligatory Courses) = Anatomy with dissections ~ Topo- graphical anatomy with exercises = Physiology:~ Tectures and laboratory work + Pharmacology:= Lectures and labor= atory work = General Fatholory: lectures & laboratory worke (Optional Cses) Bioschemistry: lectures and laboratory work (no facilities exist for laboratory work) = Experimental psychology, exercises and laboratory worke FOURTH YEAR:~ (Obligatory Courses) =~ Pathology: groas and microscopic with practical exercises ~ General surgical clinic: lectures and practical exercises - General medical clinic: " " " " Special sures pathology: " " tt a Eo med . it " tt " " (Optional Cases) = Bacteriology and varasitologye FIFTH YEAR:- (Obligatory Courses) = Pathology: gross and microscopic with practical exercises = General surgical clinic: lectures and exercises « Neurology and Paychiatry : lectures and clinics - Dermatology & Syphilis: lectures and clinics - General medicine: lectures and clinics = Bphthalmology: lectures and clinice = Hygiene, lectures and practical work = Operative medicine : lectures and practical work. Rome £80 FIFTH YEAR:~ (cont'd) = (Optional Courses) = Lectures and clinics in Eye, Nose and Throat = Dentistry: lectures and Practical exercises. SIXTH YEAR:~ (Obligatory Courses) + General surgery: lectures and clinics. " medicine: " . " Obstetrice and Gynecology: seccceocseees " " " Pediatrics eecece " " " Legal Medicine . . " exerce® (Optional Courses) ~ Orthopedics & Travmatologjcal surgery: lectures and clinica = Electro=therapy, and Radiology: leotures and practical worke Number of Studente. | See Page 114 Professor Le Silvagni in the "Federazione Medica” givee the following figures regarding the production of doctora in Italys= “During the past quarter century from 1901 to 1906 the number of graduates varied from a maximum of 1049 to a minimu of 859. From 1907 to 1914, the yearly number of graduates varied between a maximum of 765 and a minimum of 575. In 1918 there were 2430 graduates; in 1920, 1248; in 1925, 2126, and in 1924, 1795. It ie calculated that in 1926 there will ve 1339 and in 1928, 1743. From 192% to 1928 there will be between 700 and 800 more men receiving the degree of MoD. per year than in the years from 1905 to 1919. It ia thus clear that at the present rate Italy is being much over-supplied with doctors." Source of Students. The Faculty at Rome hae apparently a more generalized and wider aelecticn of medical students than any other faculty in Italy. This does not mean that larger numbers attend from different provinces at Rome, but that the complexion of the atudent.' beds at the faculty in Rome represent more completely the different provinces in Italy than any other one faculty. Rome has a greater representation from the Southern part of Italy than any other faculty except Naples and the faculties located in the South iteelf. There ja also a consider- able number of foreign medical students registered in the faculty. In 1920 for example, there were 53 such students. Distribution of Graduates. See Page 116 An interesting account of what hae become of the ordinary graduating class in the faculty at Rome was given me by Dre Enrico Sereni. Dr. Sereni entered the Faculty of Rome in 1918 in a class of 300 and graduated in a olass of 200, His impression was aa follows:~ 200 Graduates,of whom O went immediate to small towne to practice. 150 stayed for extra courses and _lo after 3 or 4 monthe or more of such courses go to practice. 140 try for assistantships at the first opportunity, but only _30 are succeseful the first years 116 get jobs later as assistants at later opportunities. As is indicated by Dr. Sereni a position aa assistant in the clinics of the Policlinico te considered of great importance by the young graduates of the university of Rome and are sharply competed fore There are about 40 of Rome there hospital positions each year und about 80 candidates. After 2 to 3 years ag assistants in medicine or surgery the young men take another examination which on the epproval of the professor gives them positions of aiuti and they continue as such for at least 3 yearse They then may take examinations to become "Liberi docente" and subsequently possibly "Primarii", or chiefs of services. It is to be noted that by no means all of these positions as assistants and aiuti are in the university clinics but are of the other services maintained by the hospital. For example, Raffaello Bastianelli, who is considered the finest surgeon in Rome, is a "primario” of one werd at the Policlinico. His only academic position is that of "libero docente” but in this capacity his clinics are much frequented and the opportunity to become one of his assistants or aiuti is considered « great prize by young graduates. Importance as a iedical Center. The Faculty of Medicine at Rome owes its importance to its geographic position, its politicel importence and to the numerous ancillarfy factors usuelly found in national capitale. With the power of controlling the selection of vrofeasors vested in a government council meeting at Rome, it is natural that the professore of the medical faculty there should often times exert a slightly lercer influence on the course of academic appoints ments than would be the case were they not situated in the capital. The prominence of the Roman faculty is perhaps especially important in the field of Hygiene where liaisons with governmental agencies are vspecially important. One further factor tends to operate in favour of the medical faculty at Rome. Theprofessors have'a more ready access to plead the cause and explain the needs of their faculty to persons in positions of influence in the government. It might also be added that the wise provision in regard to the future location of the pre-clinical institutes near the clinics is gradually operating to increase the prestige of the medical faculty at Rome. Training of Teachera. The Roman faculty on the presclinical side does not contain any men who are recognized both as authorities in their subjects and as capable of drawing large numbers of disciples or special studente, with the »owubbee exception of Dionisi in pathology. It is fair to observe, however, that the defective equipment and inadequate laboratory facilities may be largely responsible for this fact, and even in the case of Dioninsi it should be noted that his influence is principally upon men who subsequently go into clinical work since, as he observes, pathology as a career is at present impossible unless the men have independent meanee In the clinical oranches the situation is somewhat different. Cirincione in ophthalmology is a master, both in ability and influence in hie field. Caronia in pediatrics will doubtless exert considerable influence in the future and is already considered to be one of the best and most influential teachers in his specialtye Ascoli in medicine and restelozza in obstetrics have both facilities and prestige. As an example, taken from the past, of the effect- iveness of one of the teachers in the vaculty at Rome, Franceso Durante, Professor of Surgery (now dead), has left behind him as professors in dif. ferent parte of Italy, Tricomi in Falermo ~ Ronceli in Naples = Fichera in Cagliari ~ Alessandri in Rome,~ Padula in Naples and Leotta in Barie It is reasonable to assign to the faculty at Rome a place among the firt four faculties in Italy in its importance es a training center in developing future teachers of medicine in Itelye Florence PL OR EN CE Location. The population of Florence itself is about 270,000; that of the city with its suburbs, 700,000, and the province of the same name, 980,000. Florence is the capital of Tuscany and was for a short time the capital of modern Italy, the stepping stone for the King from Turin to Romee It has easy, satisfactory communications both to the South and North and ocoupies a central position in the country as a wholee It continues the ertietic and perhaps the intellectual capital of Italy, though by no means as important industrially as the cities of Northern Italy. Historye 4s early as 1320, Florence possessed a "Studium Generale". The proximity of Bologna, Sienna and Pisa with their univereities is probably responsible for the fact that Florence has hed no university with the long and distinguished past which one might expect in a city so import- ant in the general history of Italy. When the capital of Italy was in this city there was established an institute of higher studies which was formed in imitation of the "College de France". When the capital was moved to Rome. this institute diminished in power and importance, consisting up until 1923 of a loosely organized group of especial institutes with the name of "Regio Istituto di Studii Superiori e di Perfezionamento”. The present university of Florence as a Type "B" university is the creation of the Gentile Reform and came into active function as a university only in 1924, Consequently, mich of the information ordinarily given regarding the university is difficult to secure since the year 1924 is substantially the first year of the university's life. “The first catelogue will probably be published in 1925. / “ Organization. (See under Milan) University Finances. As a class "B" university Florence receives from the Italian government an annual grant of 2,400,000 Liree From the city, province and other sources including students' fees, timxtummmunppiomemeet, the State grants, all form a total income of 4,000,000 Lire. Details are not published by the university authorities regarding the present or proposed budget. Medical School Finances. No information published. Buildings. The present tuildings of the university Faculty of Medicine are widely scattered. Anatomy, Histology, Pharmacology, Pathology and the medical and surgical clinics are located in the via Alfani 33. Physiology and Chemistry are located in old buildings about 5 min. walk in the via Gino Capponi 3. General Pathology is at least 3/4 of an hour's ride from the center of the city in the Viale Morgagnise At about 10 min. distance from the central group in the via Alfani, Pediatrics and Surg. pathology are located in the Ospedale Meyer. The buildings with the exception of Gen. Pathology are old and crowded, but effective use is made of them and the general appears ance of both laboratories and clinics was a favourable one under the handicaps : . Florence 7 imposed by old buildings and over crowdinge It is planned to transfer Hygiene, and later other pre~clinical aciences to the site of the present structures of General Pathologye This will place these institutes near one of the hosvitals of Florence, but it will apparently never be possible to concentrate the medical faculty's work in thie new site since the hospitals located in the center of the town will). continue to be used for clinical purposes. thy we Laboratory Facilities. Anatomy:~ Professor Chiarugi. 2 Aiuti, 1 assistant, 5 allievi interni. About 70 students to each year, so that the total in anatomy is of about 210. Course continues over the 4 fist years under the same general divisions 8 that at Rome, except that the aiuto gives the course on topographical anatony instead of the course of histology which is here given by Professor Chiarugi. Good lecture hall, good=sized dissection rooms, 1 for 8 and the other for 4 tables; 6 students to a table. The teaching in histology ia done by lectures and demonstrations onlye Adequate space for assistants and alliwvi. General equipment satisfactory. Evidence of activity in spite of limited funds. Budget not givene General impression is that anatomical work is well super= vised and the department well rune Physiology:~ Professor Rossie 1 Aiuto, 1 assistant, 3 voluntary assist= ants, 6 allievi interni. Students about 150 over the two years. Course is ven as lectures 3 times a week. Laboratory work in the first year is in Bio= chemistry wnder the aiuto; in the second year, of physiology itself. The laboratory work is 3 times a week but is divided into sections of 15 at a time, with sub-sections of 3 or 4 to each table, so that each student gets work only about once in two weeks. No note books kept nor‘was there space or equip= ment for the students, sancotmoooorodkecom stom eye ren Assistants and allievi have plenty of space. Studente 12 desks in physiology and 3 in chemistry. Library inadequate. Slight evidence of activity. Budget not givene General Pathology:= Professor Lustige 1 aiuto, 1 assistant, 3 voluntary assistants, 6 allievi interni. Class between 60 and 90 students. Lustig gives lectures 3 times a week and assistanta manage clase work in sections of 10 to 15 also 4 times a week; thus the students get some section work about every two weeks. Work is done in the 5th year, not apparently as close~ ly related to clinical work as at Romee Laboratory new, rather wasteful of apace, well equipped. Provision for allievi and assistants more generous than that for students. Library more intelligently administered than else~- where. Active work is going on in this laboratory. Budget not given. Hygiene:= Professor Gardenghi. 1 aituo, 1 assistant, 1 voluntary assist= ant, no allievi at present. Students 60 in number. Previous Director was Professor Sclavoe The present one does not command as mech prestigee Course given in the 6th year consisting of 3 lectures a week. Examination is oblig- atorye The orientation of the course is largely upon chemical analyses of water and the study of proper drainage and house construction. No question of bacteriology or epidemiology considered in this coursee Social aspects of medicine are treated in legal medicine. Laboratory in Via Alfani, 8 rooms filled with apparatua for chemical analyses of food and water. library inadequate. General satisfactory appearance. Legal Medicine:= Brofeasor Guido Bantie, previously director, no successor found at time of visite 2 Aiuti, 2 allievi interni. Course given Florence. in 6th years 3 lectures a week with 3 hours of laboratory work in erouns of 15, thus each student gets about once in two weeks 1 hour of laboratory work ar 10 hours in total in the course « Emphasis of the course is on accident cases and on social medicine. Laboratory work consists of autopsies and the technic of medical lezal examinations. The institute is housed in 5 rooma in the Via Alfani. The professor doea the medical legal work for the city of Florence. Phermacology:= Professor Coronedie 1 aiuto, 1 arsistant, 1 voluntary assistant, 6 allievi internie Students sbout 70 in number. Lectures in 5th year, 2 times a week with laboratory exercises 7 times a week divided into sections, So that the student gets about 10 exercises during the year of laboratory worke Professor under the impression that the students come to hia course inadequately prepared from the Physics and chemistry courses of the first year in the medical school.e Institute housed in 6 rooms well ap~ pointed for work and with geome active work in progress. Good accommodations for allievi and for assistants. Very little rork for the students as suche Apparatus adequate. Department doea toxicolorical work for the city when necessary in medical-lecal cases.. Clinical ®acilities. Medicine:~ Professor Schupfere 1 aiuto, 2 assistants, 5 voluntary assist- ants, 10 allievi internis The course ig in the 5th and 6th years and is given to about 150 students. The students have taken furthermore in their 4th year courses in physical diagnosis. In addition to the general clinios in the 4th and 5th years the students sre divided into groups of 15 each for practical bed~ side examinations. This work is given by the aiuto and assistants. Students munt take their own histories but these are only for comvarison with the official records kept by the aiuti or assistants. In the 6th year the students perform clinical clerk's vork in the afternoons. Tospital has 80 beds for these clinics and Schupfer can select from all the medical cases enterins the hospital Santa Maria Nuovae There are about 500 beds outside those of the university clinics in the hospital and administered as in Rome by primarii heading services of about 100 beds each. No OPD. General annearance of the wards antiquated, but well run, clean and effective looking. Clinical laboratories small but compact and woll administered. Generally satisfactory impressione Surgery:* Not visited. Obstetrics: Not visited. Pediatricas- Professor Comba. 1 aiuto, 2 assistants, 5 voluntary assists ants. Course given in the sth year. About 30 students. Lectures and clinical demonstrationse Clinic is located in the Ospedale Meyere The separate children's hospital located in Florence about 10 minutes walk from the Via Alfani, well administered. About 149 beds with separate infectious wing housine 50 beds. Leboratory inadequate but in general services appeare vell rune OP) is used for teaching. Social phases of pediatrics emphasized by Comba who is one of the leaders of Fediatrics in Italy. Further notes on file in Yaeris office. Dermatolovy:= Professor Fellizzari's services In generai the separate clinigs in Florence have profited by some 70 years of existence in connection ith the Roval Institutes of Svecial Studies and are well rounded=out and capable of giving excellent clinical instruction. As in the case of Milan, Florence enters the ranks of universities with an already well equipped effective eroup of clinics. Florence eh ‘ , 4 2) Be Library Facilities. The university, institutes and clinics have separate libraries which are inadequate and have been much interrupted by the post-war conditions. The university hae a central library which is fairly well administered and attempts to serve the students, especia in this point being rather unus~ wal among the libraries in Italys There numerous other libraries in Florence with however largely a historical value rather than an importance to modern medicines One of the State libraries is found in Florence , and from this books and journals can, with some difficulty, be borrowed for short periods of time. Faculty. INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY \Professor Giulio Chiarugi - ~---------- Direotor ' Dr. Luigi Castaldi - -- -----------8 Aiuto INSTITUTE OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY Professor Gilberto Rossi - ----------- Director Dr. Igino Spadolini - ----------+-+--- Aiuto - INST. OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Professor Angelo Senna -----------e8 Direeotor ~ Dr. Giuseppe Scortecoi - - - -- -------+- Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY Professor Luigi Piechi - ------+------ Director Dr. Fortunato Brocoolo - --------+---- Aiuto INSTITUTE OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY Professor Alessandro Lustig ----------- Direotor © Dr. GQuido Vernoni - -----+---+---+--8 Aiuto INSTITUTES OF PHARMACOLOGY Professor Giusto Coronedi - - - -----+-----6- Director Dr. Mario Alazzi-Mancini ------+--+---+- = Aiuto INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE Professor (previous) Guide Banti - - --- - - - Director Dr. Augusto Antonini - -- -------+-+--+- Aiuto INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE Professor Gardenghi ---- ------+---- Director - Dr. Giovanni Petragnani - ------------ Aiuto MEDICAL CLINIC | Professor Ferrucio Schupfer - - - ------- - Director Dr. Santino Pisani -------+-+-+--+-+--+- Aiuto SURGICAL CLINIC . .: Professor Enrico Burei - -~ - --+--+--+---+-+ 6 Direotor Dr. Antonio Comolli - ------+--+--+-+--. Aiuto Florence Medical Faculty of Florence Ong (Continued) MEDICAL PATHOLOGY \' Professor Cesare Frugoni - ------------ Director '’ Dr. Ernesto Signorelli - ---+ - we ewe eee ee Aiuto - SURGICAL PATUOLOGY 9 Professor Girolamo Gatti - ----------- - Director ° Dr. Glovanni Roello -~ - -----=--------- Aiuto OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY “Professor Ersilio Ferroni ------------ Director 95 Dr. Giacomo Aymerich =- - ----- --- 7-77 Aiuto _ CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS J Professor Carlo Comba - - --=----------- Director ’” 4 Ne Ne 2} = = me ee er ree Aiuto oe OPHTHALMOLOCICaL CLINIC ; “Professor Agostino De Lieto Vollaro - --- - - - Director | *; Dr. Francesco Wissich ------- -- 7-7-5 Aiuto CLINIC OF NERVOUS & MENTAL DISEASES . \Professor Bugenio Tanzi ~ = 2+ - == 2s -e ee = Director ”* Dr. Mario Zalla -------7t- rrr rr ere Afuto -~ CLINIC OF DERMOSYPHILOPATHY “Professor Ceslo Pelligsati ------------ Director ‘i Dr. Lodovico Tommasi - -------------- Aiuto | INSTITUTE OF PHOTO-THERAPY Professor Celso Pellizaari - --------- ‘< - Director ‘* Dr. Inigi Mazsoni ----- ---------- Aiuto INSTITUTE OF RADIOLOGY (Annexed to Medical Clinic) )GProfessor Luigi Siciliano Director ANTI-RABIES INSTITUTE (Annexed to Medical Clinic) voerofessor Ferruceio Schupfer - ---------- Director | “Dr. Santino Pisani ---------------- © Aiuto oO NOTE - OTHO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGY was taught in 1925 by the present. Professor, as Libero Docente: Cammillio Arturo Torrigiani. Admission. Uniform with other universities in Italy. Plorence tha Fees, Scholarships & Students’ Expenses, (As given by Dr. Scimone) Tuition Yearly Exam. labor. Fees. Matriculation FIRST YEAR: 750 150 - &00 SECOND * 750 150 250 ~ THIRD " 750 150 250 ~ FOURTH "' 750 150 250 - FIFTH" 750 150 . 250 — SIXTH " 750 150 250 Gradud., Fee 300 _ ___ Diploma 75 Totals; 4,500 900 1,250 675 GRAD TOTAL ~ - - = = = = i Lire: 7,325. OTEER EXPENSES FOOD (per month) High Low Average 500 320 ROOM =o? " 150 100 125 Miscellan. " 400 150 275 BOOKS (per year} 1400 800 1100 CLOTHES & LAUNDRY 4°00 2000 _ 3000 (per year) TOTAL: 6450 oo70 4910 Curriculum. The following curriculum table shows that in Class "B® medical schools, the classes do not vary much with those of Class "A", Dr. Cinge Ceconi in an article published in the "Minerva Medica" on April ist, 1924, declares that class "BY" medical schools will offer only subjects which are absolutely necessary for the preparation of students; thus forexample, omitting Physio~ logical chemistry, Pacseriology, and Histology, Bacteriology ie still in Italy inadequately recogized, but it is not likely that Dr. Ceconi’s propheoy will prove true, Type *"" schools provided as in the case of Florence and Milan which have adequate 2linical facilities will be able to prepare gtudents as well as any other facu.ties, Curriculum First Year LECTURES Hrs. per week Descriptive Anatomy Embryology Physics Botany Chemistry ACNUNDUME I Second Year Anatomy Embryology Phyeiology Comparative Anatomy Bio=Chemistry Zoolcgy SINS NOAAM EAN UNO Third Year Anatomy deacriptive Topograph, anatomy Physiology General Pathology Bacteriology SINNED Fourth Year Surgical semeiotics Medical . Pharmacology " exercises Operative medicine Medical pathology Surgical " Pathologic. anatomy Autopsy technicue AUN NUN UNDE ONUONUNON Pifth Year Surgical clinic Medical clinic Pathologic. anatomy Technical autopay Opthalmol. clinic Neurology and Psychiatry 7 Hygiene x Radiology & Electrother.3 LAMAN pe fe Sixth Year Surgical clinic Medical " Skin and syphilis clin. Obstet. and Gyn. Pediatrics Legal Medicine Pediatric. surgery PAN OMUT EN PP as 3 3 7 " Florence. Florence Oaby Number of Students. This ig not possible to give year by year as in the case of established faculties, since the university of Florence is only beginning its career as @ university this year, The division by subject is however possible to yive, and,for the year 1922-1923, they were as follows;-~ Letters & Philosophy: 159 - Natural Seiences:; 124 Medicine & Surgery: ol4.. - School of Pharmacy: 78 School of Obstetrics; 80 ~ Grad, in Obst. & Medicine : 72 Graduates in Letters: 24 = " " Sciences. ... "9 School of Paleography: 3 ~~ School of Pedagogy: 65 w " Dentistry 8 - Listeners at Separate Courses: 14 There were graduated with the degree in Letters o..cerreree 29 - ~~ - - ~- - Natural Sciences .... 5 ~ - - - - - Pure Chemistry ....... 24 - ~ - - - ~ Chemis. & Pharmacy ... 2 ~- - - - - - Med, and Surgery ....- 37 Diplomas for graduate work were given as follows;- 4 in Letters - 1 in Sciences ~ 12 in Medicine 7 in Pharmacy - 41 #£4in *idwifery - 132 in Normal Schools, Source of Students. The majority of the students at Floregce are restricted to Tuscany. A number of the students in the clinical brances come fram Camerino and Perugia, where up till the present only the pre-clinicalyears have been given. This is still the case at Camerino, No definite figures exist reparding the source of students in Florence. Distrinution of Graduates. As shown on Page 116 the graduates at Florence are found largely in central Italy, especially in Tuscany. Importance as a Medical Canter, The importance of Florence as a medical center is due, first, to the site and prestige of the city as the chief city of Tuscany and one of the most important regions intellectually in Italy. The site of Florence ensures adequate clinical material. The traditions and political importance of the town come near to guaranteeing the axcellence and vigour in the pre-clinical sciences, As in the case of Milan the position of Florence as a type "BY university is not significant of any inferiority except that, perhaps, of its youth, As in the case of Milan also it is not unlikely that Florence will move from type "B® to type "A" within the next 15 years. Flerence, é™ any Training ef Teachers, Tae present pesitien ef Florence as a univeraity establishes it mere intimately in the academic life ef Italy and opens te yeunger prefessers anether university, the prefesszsorsiies of which are the equivalent of similar positions elsewhere. amis is especially true ef the clinical branches where before Flerense became university it was : possible fer a man witheut academic qualifieatiens te be the head ef teaching in one of the pest-graduate institutes, Tails will ne lenger be pessibie. On the pre-clinical side of the faculty, the best known professers whe exert a considerable influence in Italy are; Professor Chiarugil in Anatemy, and Prefesser lustig in General Pathelog. Cerenedi is alse recegnized as ene of the best pharmacelecists in Italy, and the death ef Prefesser Guide Banti has rebbed the Flerentines of a dominating figure in Italian Pathelegy, In clinical medicine Schapfer is a sound, thersughk-going and unpretentieus teacher, and Frugeni is highly intelligent and very active. Cemba in Pediatrics is the leader ef the central Italian greup, he is enphasizing the preventien and secial aspects ef children's diseases rather than selentific investigatia which has been characteristie in the greup led by Jemma, Lustig is the deminating persenality in the medical faculty and indeed me of the important leaders in medical education in Italy. Mis appreval is said te be necessary fer any young man expecting te secure a professorship in patheolesical anateny er general pathelegy. It is te be expected that this pewer will diminish to a certain. extent since lustig is net a devetee of Fascism. In general my impression was that there is likely te be always in Florence ® greup ef ene er twe teachers, either in the pre-clinieal er clinical branches whe are impertant in the training ef teachers ef medicine in Italy, but that the scheel dees not actually present, with the exception ef Lustig, any very remarimble teachers, Sienna ouay f Nt S TEN NA. Lesatien. Sienna is a small tewn of 45,600 population, 96 kilemetres frem Flerence and 253 kilometres from Rome, With villages colese by, the tewn may be considered te have & population of abeut 156,000, and the provinee in whieh it is lecated has a population of 258,060. It is eharaster- iatie ef several ef the tewns ef central Italy in that it dees not have a vigeureus industrial life, but is simply a eenter for o riek agrieul- tural population. Changes in population are very slew in sueh senters and it may be presumed that Sienna will net be subjeet te appreeisbvle grewth in the near future, . Kistery. Full wetes on file in Paria effiee, Seheols existed ae far baek as 1056 end the "Studie Senese" was a eentinustion ef this type ef in- struction. The tonebing of wedieine, the tradition in Sienna is very old It was in the hospital Santa Maria della Sealavthat the first systematic treatment of the siek/was given in Italy. This hospital was c “eontury _tosebing was, ceutedaly in foree as early as 1256, “put net. until 1357 was the resegnitien ef the Buperer obtained and this date is given as the effieial ene fer the creation of the university. In 1557 the town of Sienna lest its liverties and the whiveriaity began te deeline, By the end of the 18th eentury it was very poor, Napoleon Irerdered that the medieal faculty should be re- established in Sienna but under the tutelage ef Pisa. In_184@ the medias! faculty ef Sienna wes suppressed and all the students were ordered te eentinue their praetieal studies in Florence, but in 1859 revisieqnal geverrment re-established the uriversity.in full, and j in 18S the faeulties ef Sienna resumed their earlier impertanee ameng the fasulties of. eentral Italy. The pesition of Sienna in the last 25 years has been however undoubtedly unimportant and this is especially true ef the Medieal Faeulty. Organization. Similar to other Type "BY universities. Waiversity and Medieal Sekeel Finanees, Ne infermation available exeept that given under Universities (See Page 61 ), and the fellowing amounts fer maintenanee:~ L. Medical Climie .... 6,000 Surgieal Pathelegy .... 4,000 Surgieal wo... 5,008 ANALOMY cece rccssvssces 6,008 Obstetrieal " .... 4,500 Pathelegieal Anatomy .. 5,006 Ophthalmological .. 4,000 General Pathelegy ..... 5,000 Dermetelegieal .... 5,000 Mygiene wo... ccc ccescee 5,008 Neurelegy & Peyehiatry 5,006 Legal Medieine ........ 3,000 Pediatries ........ 4,000 Physiology ............ 6,000 Med, Pathelegy .... 4,000 Pharmacology .......... 5,000 o : tbe SIENNE. 1 Dame. ee eeeee ee BS 2 Musée del Opera du Dome... B.E 3 Eyliss Sunt/Agostino..._.- B.C.5 wd S"Rernark&ine (rat™™®1_ D3 wi del. Carmaine...___-_~ -AS wa. Santa. Cxtarina .......B.3'1 ah. Sun Oislyfine ... C3} c ut, San Domendteo...__....B.:3! ARN id_. San francesco...._... D.3 pn ih Foe Beeston... B.2 | ZH id. Sur. Guranri _B& . V7 td. Sar, Harting C4 | j \ ww San. Yarite ..__..... D4! Y i Sone . . SAY. oe Sot fadats Guonsignori........ Bt i \ Lies * a... Spamnaccht..........0.3 \ GY . 4 fa K« “ a% wd. Communal... C4: AT . ud. Sulibine. {Monta dabasohi) C.3 AW ae wh ded, Maynificn Ba | A td. dellapitanc ...... B42 th... Piccolumand (du bare) C4 _ wd. Rocolomini.(BanquenaoB& PO _td.. Keale(trefecture/..___B.% 23 id.. Saracanic? .....-.---B.C.4 « Y wd. .Tolomes. (et Place). _..- C3. 25 kistiut das HeauxsAria BC.3 26 Driversité...-.0 2.222... C4& 2? Rbliothegue cammunaie, B.3 | 28 Greate de tt. Ortte.. UA! ‘aste. el. lelegraphe:..... -~B3 Source Telegraphe. BIg Lo Roretey Gaya. . Ca Thedtre de Roxxi BC3 | saa cs Trammay Metres _ 200 206 300 | Scale of Yards Jy ) y HN gen I] Ny Wyo Ue Hyp AQ ° 1 \ eS co eS ‘ = 3 zs fens BufNlauy, Pores Sienna V6 BUILDINGS. mo The leborateries are housed in the main university building and the Royal Institute of Seienees which is a fairly medern building capable ef housing only very small departmenta and crowded by the present numbers ef students. The clinics are housed in the MWespital Santa Maria della Scala and are being remodelled and amplified. This hospital is at some distance from the laborateries and ia one ef the oldest hespital buildings in Italy. Laboratery Facilities. Anatemy:- Professor Staderini. 1 aiuto, ne allievie 40 students in each year making a total of about 60 studente. Course given over twe years, in the second of which histology is given separately under a esub- stitute professer. Laboratories at the Royal Institute ample space for the number of students: 7 tables, material hard te obtain, emall jecoture room, small museum, equipment inadequate, 12 eld microscopes. Library inadequate. In general an ineffective institute. No evidence of in- vestigative activity. Budget 6,000 Lire. Physiology:= Professor Bocci. No assiatants at present. Professor a very old man who has been teaching in Sienna for 27 years. About 40 to 50 studenta divided between two years. 2 lectures a week, 1 demonstration, no laboratory work by the students. Library in the central building of the university. Space divided as follows: Professor's room, emall library, assietant's room, room for allievi with 8 desks, small, and rooms for pre- paration of annual experiments and reading-room for students. General ' impression very poore Budget 6,000 Lire a year. No evidence of activity of any sort. Hygiene:~ Professor Solavo. 1 aiuto. Professor Selavo one of the leading hygienists of Italy haa come to Sienna as result, it is said, of disagreements with Lustig in Florence. Ample space, equipment antiquated, fairly good library. Course takes up analyses of food and water and emphasizes epidemiology, especially in its pacteriologioal aspects. The facilities distinctly limited. Notee in Paris office on laboratories of Physiology, General Pathology and Legal Medicine. Clinical Facilities. These are located exclusively in the Ospedale Santa Maria della Scala, containing between 400 and 500 beds which are in part ceded to the univers~ ity for clinical purpoees. Surgery, 100 beds, medicine, 80 beds. General impression poore Neurological, Dermatological and Ophthalmological clinies in the ceurse of reconstruction. A@ an addition to this hospital, laboratories are being provided for these specialties. Laboratories entirely inadequate for medicine and surgerye Detailed notes on file in Paris office. General impression on clinieal faeilities in Sienna ia that they are distinetly inadequate, even for small classes attending this achoel. Sienna Library Facilities. Oat With the exception of the Institute of Hygiene, library facilities in Sienna are entirely inadequate, No central collection exists which is of any use to the modern student of medicine and the separate libraries in the institutes and clinica have been almost completely stopped since 1915. Facultye INSTITUTE OF NORMAL HUMAN ANATONY \ Professor Rutilio Staderini - - = +--+ +--+ - ~-- Director | Dr. Giovanni Tramontano=@Guerritore *- = +--+ --- Aiuto (Provisory) - INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY vy Professor Balduino Boool ~ = - == =-+ s---+--5 Director Dre Luigi Belluesi =< = 2 = = = 2 = ea nannies Ahiuto — INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY *, Professor Ottone Barbasoi ~ += --++-+-+2-+--+- Director 4 Dr. Berdardino Lunghetti = -<--.--- «= += =< Aiuto - INSTITUTE OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY j Professor Nazarene Tiberti = =~ -- >> 5 +232 Director uy Dre Aldo Luzszatte « =< « «= «© 2 = 2 2 2 ww we ee Aiuto - INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY % Professor Carle Raimondi «+= ---+-+-2-+-+=-+ + Director = Dr. Vineenso Mazzi = = = 2 2 2 3 ew ww Aiute - INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE (g ProfessorCesare Biondi 2-3-3 23> 3-332 = == 3 Director ¢ INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE 7 Professor Iwigi Piras~ +> +++ -+7+-+-+->-+-+ Director 7] Dre Giuseppe Bretzu = = 2 +--+ << - 2 2+ ss = = 5 Aiuto - MEDICAL CLINIC --- Director * Dr. Dario Romant ao om 8 2 @ sea eae ell elUmmlUlU lle Ailute-” SURGIOAL CLINIO % Professor Giuseppe Bolognesi Director 4 Dr. Ne Ne Aiute. és i é é é i a a 4 é 3 MEDICAL PATHOLOGY y; Professor Adolfo Ferrata = -- =~ - += +--+ 2 Director/d “ Dre Valentino Sebastiani = =< = =2.22<«=5-22+ Aiuto ~ SURGICAL PATHOLOGY j Professor Giuseppe Bolegnesi (See Surgical Clinis) Director '' OLINIC OF OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY + Professor Paolo Gaifami == +---+-+--+-55--- Director |’ Dr. Piero Perazzi =~ *s 7 7y~ see ee err ttt Aiuto ~ Sienna CLINIC OD PEDIATRICS \) Professor Angiela Berrino - <= -- +++ +- 775 Director |» QPHTHALNMOLO@TCAL CLINIC % Professor Vittoriano Cavara-~-+- > 55-555 Director Dre Alberto Bencini ~-- s+ ess ee st tt Aiuto ~~ CLINTC OF MENTAL AND NERVOUS DISEASES \.Professor Onefrie Fragnite +++ ----- 7-5 Director '* Dr, Serafine dtéAntona == «= s see eee ss Aiuto —- CLINIC OF DERMOSYPHILOPATHY “Professor Leonardo Martinotti « «++ <2. s+ - 5 Director '* Aiute NNerssseaeese eres lc lees é History of Medicine = - == - += = = + + Dre Domenico Barduzzi (Paid by the bank "Monte dei Paschi" a very solid and important bank originally of Sienna.) Admission. Uniform with other faculties in Italy. Fees, Scholarships and Students’ Expenses. See under Perugia. Degrees. Uniform with other faculties in Italy. CURRICULUM. FIRST YEAR:~ Anatomy. % hrs. a week - Physics. 3 hrs. a week Org. and Inorg. chemistry. sssecssee 3 " " Histology and general Physiology.... 3 " " SECOND YEAR:+ Anatomy. 3 hra. a week (as in first year dissections done at convenience of student when material is obtainable) Physiology. 3 hre. a week ~ Zeelogy. 3 hrs. a week Cempar. anatemy. 3 hrs. a wk. Botany. 3" " THIRD YEAR:~ Pharmacology. 3 hrs. a wk. Physielegy. 3 hra. a wk. Gen. Pathol. 3 4 " Baeteriel. & Immunelegy 3" " FOURTH YEARE~ Surg. pathel. 3 " " Pathel, anat. 3 ihre. a wk. Medieal “ 3 8 " Surgie. " Ny giene 5" " & Oper. teshn. 3 " " Dermatel. & Sph. 3 " " Hist. ef med. 2 " * Sienna. Curriculum (cent(d) 212 FIFTH YEAR:= Pathel, anatemp 74 ara a wk. = Legal Ned. 3 hrs a wk. Clinie medicine 4 " " O@phatkalmel, 43 " " "surgery 5 " " Pediatries 5" " SIXTH YEAR:- Glinie. medicine 4 ” " Neurelegy & " aurgery 3 " ” Paychkiatry 3 "0" Dentistry evecece 3 " " Obat. & @yn. 5 " 7 There is further a list ef Optienal courses most of which are sub- divisiens in abeve subjects er specialties. Full Currieulwe is on file in the Paris office. Number ef Students. (See Page 114) Seuree ef Students. The students at the raeulty of Sienna come almest exelusively frem the surreunding previnee. Distributien ef Graduates. Even with the small number ef graduates the Faculty at Sienna preduces more decters than ean be abserbed by the resien in which the fasulty is leeated. It is said that the ecensi€erable number ef graduates in Sienna find serviee in the army, Navy and Merchant Marine. As shewn en Page 116 the distributien ef graduates at Sienna is so small as te place this faculty in a subordinate pesition ameng the Type "B" seheole in Italy. Importance as a Medieal Center. The faeulty at Sienna is ef very slight iwpertance im the medical education ef Italy, exeept in se far aa it supplies praetitienners fer Siexna and the immediate neighbourheed. With the exception ef Selave there are ne teachers at Sienna eof any importanee in the academic ranks ef Italy in general. Status eof Researeh. In the medieal fasulty at Sienna this may be said te be at the minimus, the department ef Legal Medicine and Hygiene perhaps being slight exeeptions te the almost complete absenee eof any investigative aetivity. Teachers’ Training. With the exeeption eof Prefesser Sclave in Hygiene, the Faeulty at Sienna exerts ne influence upen the development ef teachers ef medieine in Italy. Im this matter, this faculty is practically negligible and dees net even play the rele of the faculties in Sardinia and Sisily as proving greunds fer the younger prefessers. C¥ yo; Perugia wa PERUGETA Locations Perugia is the capital of Umbria. There are 25,000 people within the city walla, and this, plus the continuous .. pephiation outside the city walls proper, gives a total of about 60,000 inhabitants. The po- pulation of Umbria is 636,000. Perugia is 3 hours from Florence and 4 hre. 1/2 from Rome. History ° Perugia began ae a teaching center as early aa the 11th century and was well established by 1300. It haa had a history which ta more interest- ing in ita illustration of the developmenta of the university in the middle ages than foxy any dpecial contribution to the knowledge of teaching of medicine now considered of any importance. The right to confer degrees in medicine was given by Pope @ioyanni in 1334, but no definite evidence of the corporate existenee of the university dates earlier than 1306. The university flourished especially between 1300 and 1500, its decline begin ning with Paul III im 1550. The Jesuits established a college of their own in Perugia in 1552~ By 1680 they tried to take over the university and in Ieee open ways contributed to diminish the prestige and influence of the university which they aceused before the mothers and fathers of the students as-betug “molta libera ce disscluta". The Perugians' zeal for independence proved far from acceptable to the Popes in later years, and except for Napeleen's suppert in presenting the university with a monastery which had been taken from the religious orders, the years from 1797 to 1860 were gloomy ones for the ence great universitye In 1860, whem the unity of Italy brought freedom from papal domination, Perugia was recognized again as si independent university...1h 1886, the university was teken from the city whose pride it hig. been fer. 600 years and put_under the control of the yeung State ef Italy which wae passing atthe time throughkwania for centralization.. Ju 1925 Independenee wae restered, but economic wealth no longer flows uphill te fortified towns and the prestige of Perugia has faded and its "independence" means that the State is free of financial responsibility for the university, The history of Ferugia presents in their medieval garb certain practices which are nowadays regarded with sympathy as interesting experiments and inmevations., Foundations granting fellowships te studente regardless of their nationaly were established as early as 1362. The university extension movement ecoupied the attention of the city Council ef Perugia as early as 1266 when it resolved to send .--enveys to neighbouring tewns not possessed of a university, "to enceurage culture and learning". a students' fraternity wae in existence as early 28 1475 and among ite members was a De Montfort, a Poniatewsky and a Hohenzellern. (Pull history on file in the Paris Office.) CHURCHES AND) PUBLIC BUILI . — Church of St . t+~ Church of St » LE Church of St . + Frontone. lico & Picture Gallety. 25. <— Church of St Dubwnyo ANI 36. — Church of! 37. — Teatro Morlacchi. 38. — Maesthde 39. — University ; 47, — Cloister of : 48. — Church of . + Episcopal Palace. . + Observatory (1706 ft). . z Church of St Sepero. . t- Palace of the Capitano del Popolo, + Old University. = hn Porta Marzia. . + Porta Mandorla. ; Pra — Porta. . Sa, ‘Church of . — Oratory off 34. — Accademia 35, — Church of: _ si Agar nen 40. — Church of 41, — Church of 42, — Convent o! 43. — Morlacchi’ | | le Volte...— —— NE ASYLU Scirri. St Bemardino. delle Belle Arti. St Francesco. St Martino._.____ a puce, 4 he Mad Ln “Luce. ogi % ry and Museum. St Agostino. St Angelo. St Agnese. House. | 44. — Arco d’Augusto. ' 45, — Church of St Elisabetta. 46. -- Pinturicchio’s House. 49, — Church of 50. — Church of 51. — Church of 52. — Convent of St Maria Nuova. St Maria Nuova. Monteluce. the Carmine. St Fiorenzo. Beata Colomba. wees Remains of Etruscan walle. P — Piazza. Vv. — Via. ta af . ++ Canonica (Chapt I\\ ¢ / . Fonte Maggie €Faunan) SAS : . + Statue of Julius HI. SONY . 4 Cathedral. NAST . — Terrace of Portaj Sole. . oY we ie As : Raid vd \zenbogy Co Organization. The university ef Perugia was at the time of my visit 2 se~called free university.As it haw been since sranted the privilece ef being a Reyal university, and the organization will conform cleaely te that ef type "BY universities in general. The traditions and lecal euppert has been semewhat mere marked at Perugia than elsewhere among the faculties visited. Waniversity Finances. Asseta:- (x) Suppert frem the tewn ef Perugia eeeorursacrerocereree (x) " " prevines " Cece necescesereereee (ee)Cellegs Pia de Sapienza, Soesoneveseereseressesseoere Students’ Fees, firet 4 FORTE, cococsecscsesesevese " " Stk and 6th JUS, eveceogsccccseces Endowments ef varieus HOTT ccccccscescecsavecesver Rent from univereity preperty, COeeereocesecasoosce Other permanent OnGewments, coccccsccceccesersesess Plue, ameunt fer heepital maintenance ececsscsceves Tetatlii:- Expenditures:- Teaching Persennel: RESter ceceesseseseasaccconsveseresassesesesenre Pall prefessers, al, im. mwunmber, sccosevesevoses Temporary pref. 3 " oooeecsecsecece Tncarieati (subs.) 13 " eee eeroroeroses ALuti, eosvceseces Lleccccccccsecssesccnssaveces Asalatenti seocse MD ocecccscccccvencerecossenes Techmieian caves L ccc reece can cncccceerensece Administrative persennel, 6, ooeerccesasesersers Servants, OTe, sevocerseressessenaseenereesees Pension funde set aside, excluding amount paid by professors and others, Cen eceseesavoeeseres Maintenance: Reoters effice, POCO SE HHEHHHE HEHE SHHEEEO HA EEES Laberateries and Libraries, sssccssccccseseecer Buildings, eeee cree eee ese EoeeerEeHeeHeoeeseeseae Nigeellaneeus, secvcvcescesesesssovsceesecesies Cassa schelastica (aid for poor students), cecccccses Reserve Fund, CHEER EHAEH HHT EHESHESHE HES SHER HEHEHE HOE Tetal: (x) Certain ever perieds ef 5 yrs. at a time (ee) A trust fund. 250,000 Lire 300,000 30,000 172, 904 24,000 9,578 276,800 Toa 700 2,9C8 128,760 3,000 467,250 48,000 65,600 66,008 16,0C6 6,400 52,600 162,050 35,285 9,500 8e, 500 49, 008 7,214 18,250 “Tasca " tt Lire Medical School Finances. Assets:- Ne separate classification is here possible. not kept separately from the university funds. Expenditures:~ Perugia. Bissanti estimates the following as closely approximating the Medical Faculty's Expenses:- Direct Medical Faeulty's Expenses. Teaching Personnel: Full professors, CCPC ECE OCH EHOEHO HERES Temporary p SHOHPE ETH esereereTrereresseres Inearicati, Coe eeeeeneesaseceeneroeeeeere Aiuti, SORT OH ET HHH H HER HE RHEE HEAEEE EE EES Assistenti, COOKER H RESORT H OT ELEHESOOE Total: Service: Technician®, sscssevvevsevcccssccssescecce Servants, COSHH H OHHH HOE HEHABEEEHHOT EHO LES Teaetal: Maintenance: Paid to hospital fer clinical laboratories Laboratories and libraries, scccescecavsve Total: Overhead charges for general University Expenses: 60% Administratien: 604 Recters salary, Ceedeeversstooeeserase 60% Adin. salaries, eoeeecceveserrsceoves Total: Maintenanee: 60% Rectors effice, COSCO EHH FREES TRH EEOS 604 Buildings, Ser eesecerrereeeesesaeosee 60% Miscellaneous, Caeeeeresesesorsessses : Total: Pensions fund (60%), enor ecccoreseces Foor students aid (60%), eovesesnesce Reserve funds on hand (60%) euveeeres Total Direct and Overhead:~ The funds are 220,500 Lire 16,000 30,000 42,000 16,000 eae ESOS w 342, 500 8,700 58 ,500 en " 67,200 32,000 42,000 w-a---5 "74,000 1,800 31,560 nintins 33,360 5,700 24,000 25,729 mh eo " 55,429 21,171 10,950 “ 32,122 6,400 6,400 Lire 593,010 (Continued overleaf). Medical Sekheel Finanees (Cent'd) The fellewing salary rates are in feree : Reguiar prefessers reeel ve eeceacencesean 16,000 Le (18 ef them) tt After permanent appointment cecsccsecece 20,000 Increased by 1,500 for every five years service When acting as Reetor reseives ssccceces 3,000 " more Subyti tute prefessers get a minumus ef.. 6,000 " (five) If: nother publie serviee, eoenesacccesen 4,060 " Aiuti (7 ef them), reseive each a minimum 6,e0ee * Assistants (feur) " " " 4,00ee " The faculty receives from the Congreration ef Charity for prefessional werk, a sun Ofancaccccccccaccccceccescnesceseone 42,000 Liree Buildings. The accompanying map shows the five different senters fer teaching whieh are used by the Medieal Faeulty. The university buildings which heuse physie~ legy, pathelegical anatemy and chemistry are inadequate and antiquated, The Institute ef Anatemy abeut 5 minutes walk frem the university is a small twe stery building with 5 tables im dissection reem, a suall museum, a fair-sized leeture hall and 4 speeial reems fer the professer, The @spedale Morteluee about 7@ minutes walk frem the university building in a mederm construction on the pavillien plan, 7@ beds te each pavillien and houses medicine, surzery and ebstetrics. The hespital for the insane (1500 beds) is abeut 26 minutes walk frem the university, fairly medern, well ranged and adequate. ITygiene and Bacterielegy are taught in the Agricultural Institute, abeut 40 minutes walk frem the university. In general, as will be seen, the arrangement of buildings at Perugia is unfertunately seattered. The university building and the anatemical building are eld and peorly adapted fer their function. Laberatery Fasilities. Information en file fer laberateries ef Anatemy, Nistelogy, Physiology and Hygiene. The Institute ef Pathelegy has been for the past year witheut a prefesser and netes were net taken. Clinieal Facilities. The Mexteluee Mespital lesated abeut 10 minutes walk frem the eenter eof the town. Building finiehed in 1921. With the exeeption ef the Insane asylum it is the enly heapital in which tenehing is dene. Tetal number ef beds 285, plus 3@ extra beds in foundlings' heme which are used fer pedia- tries. These beds are divided as fellews:~ Medicine 125, Surgery, 98, Cbateotries and Cynecelecy 50, Ophthaluolegy 12, Dermatology 26. Adminsions te the hospital in 1923 were about 1700. This ameunt ef beds is permanent and inelastie and each prefesser may fill the beds under his centre] er leave them empty ac he cheses. Only in the latter part ef students’ werk en the wards dees he de any practieal werk in taleing histeries er deing physieal examinations. Instruetion is by the assistants and the aiute. The Perugia ery \ “oN rad History and physieal examinations not therough, no adequate laboratory notes on oases. Autepsies are theoretically required on every hospital ease, but very few previsiens were in evidence for this werk. Clinical laberateries net used by the students, work being done by aseistants. The sytigical and medical clinies have adequate apace for laberateries, but these are poorly equipped and apparently only in ceeasional use, Two micrescepes and one centrdfuge in eash laboratery. Relations between hospital and scheel are excellent. Hespital is closed to doctors euteide the university staff. OPD has abevut 150 cases divided between medicine and surgery, per day. Insane asylum, full notes in Paris effice. Library: The library facilities at Perugia are divided between the university library, the library ef the faculty of medicine and the scattered libraries of the elinies and institutes. The university library eontains about 60,600 volumes, mest ef them of only histeric value. The library of the Faculty ef Medieine contains abeut 5,000 volumes, and periedieals, 75 Italian and 82 fereign. The libraries of the clinice and the institutes are under the contre] ef individual prefeusers and are but little used by the students er the ether professors ef the faculty. General peverty in maintenance wince 1915. Faeulty. PuYsiIcs eee cc ccccccenccrenereseeeeesens (x) Prefesser Bernarde Dessau INORGANIC CHEMISTRY cccccccccccsccccccce (x) Professer Efiaie Mameli ZOOLOEY ccccccveverccveceseccsevssesncen (x) Prefesser Giulie Trinei~ ANATOMY & WISTOLOGY cccccccecsvecrecvece Prefessorship Vaeant Substitute: Pr. Luigi Castaldi- POYSI@LOGY cocccccccscccccssccvnvevevece (x) Prefesaer Oswalde Pelimanti GENERAL PATNOLOGY & PATHOL. ANATOMY wens Prefesser Businee --— PHARMACOLOGY ccccccccccvnccnvescecsccers (x) Prefeeser Bdearde Filippi - MEBICAL PATHOLOGY & CLINIGAL MEDICINE ..- Professer Raffaelle Silvestrini SURGICAL " “ " SURGERY 2.6 Prefesser Carle Righetti BACTERIOL. & WYGIENE scccccccccccecasecs Professorekip Vacant: Substitute: Pref. Gine Di Rossi OBSTETRIGS & @YN., Soeeerecesoereeesosne Professorship Vacant Substitute: Pr. Giaeemo Aymerich NEUROLOGY & PSYCHIATRY ceccccesscesececse Prefesser Cesare Agostini DERMATOLOGY & SYPHILIS cescccccvecessvece Prefessor Bizzesere. Enze LEGAL VEDI CINE Beeoseerecerrevrsesensoese Professor Cesare Agostini RADIOLOGY cocccaccccccsaccccnsvesveseses Profeasar Eugenie Milani. DENTISTRY cvcccccccveccsscvecceccsveseses Professer Arrige Piperne PEBIATRICS ecocccccvcvccesevecesncescses Prefessor Di Villa OPRTHALHOLOGY weccccesccavenccvecevesere Profeaser Le Caseio - (x) Are said not te be practicing medicine. Peruria Admission Requirements. Professer Dessau whe teaches Physics alse in ene of the preparatory acheels, says that the preparation ef the students whe will enter medicine in Physies ie 2 hours a week ef leetures fer ene year, fellewed by a second year with 4 heurs a week ef leetures. There is ne laberatery werk at all in Physiee. In chemistry, Prefesser Dessau said that the sreparatieon ameunted te 2 heura a week ef lestures fer ene year, that instruetien in bielegy is very much diluted with that given fer all tke natural scierees and that all natural scienses are fiver in ene year, 3 heures a week. Me is eure that preparation is peer in bieleay and that ne students entering the mediea! faeulty are familiar with any ef the avparatua used in chemistry er physics. This ie in agreement with the epinion ef Prefesser Carle Fea at Milan. Fer ether requrements, see under Turin. Fees, Scholarships and Students' Expenses. The fellewing atatement ef Tuitien fees at Perugia was given by the secretary and treasurer ef the faculty:- Tuitien Yearly Exam. Matriculation FIRST YEAR: Le 750 Le 150 Le 300 Laber. Fee SECON} YEAR: 750 150 258 TRIRD YEAR: 750 156 258 FOVRTN YEAR: 758 158 250 FIFTH YEAR: 750 150 250 SIXTH YEAR: 758 158 250 In additien te the usual fees fer the sixth year there is a fee of 300 Lire as a graduatien fee, and a spesial fee ef 75 Lire for Biplema. Thus the eeat ef instruetion per student fer the six years is abeut 6,825 Lire. It is ealewlated that the reem and beard on a medium estimated eest about 7,420 Lire, per seadomie year. Fer the year 1927~1924, dividing the expenses ef the medical scheel whieh are calculated at 592,008 Lire on the number ef students, 138, it is saié that the eest ef medical instructien per year, per student is 4,300 Lire. The student thus pays about 1,150 Lire fer hie instruetion. Sehelarships available ix Perugia are 4 im number. There are, hewever, provisiens for the rewissien ef the tuitien ef the unusually premising student, previding they ebtain 27 veints on a scale ef 3@ in their werk. There is alae at Perugia a scheel fer the erphans of al] Italian decters whieh pays the expenses ef the ekildren of decters threugh the medieal faculty, if they were te veceme physicians. That seheel is supperted by each decter in | Italy threugh the payment ef abeut 5@ Lire a year. Perugia. Degrees. Vp te 1924-1925 the Faeulty at Perugia did net continue the medical curriculum eeyend vreparatien in the pre~elinical seienees. and did net therefere give dezrees in medicine te its students. The students enter~ ed their elinieal werk largely at the University ef Reme, Flerense, Belerna and Naples... Trem 1924 en tae university will give the degree in wedieine » the requirements fer this degrees being identical wits these elsewhere in Italy. Curriculum. FIRST YEAR: Betany ~ 3 times a wk, tetalling about 5@ hra ef leetures im the year. Gen. chemistry - ie. Physies eesses @ id. Anatemp..e.... = 2 hre leetures a week. Disseetions in- definite and devending on material ané available time ef the etudent. SECOND YEAR: Zeelogy .o..-. = 3 hrw# a wk. totalling abeut 50 hrs a year Paysites seseee = " 7 1a. Practieal werk 1 hr" irregular and tetalling 12 in Physielegy - exereises in the year. Anatomy cesses = 3 hre. " leetures. Bissestien as above neted. Tepegrapkical Anateny eeecnee - " " " id. THIN YEAR: Anateny eeeese @ Physielegy eee Gen. Pathelegy ee e id. Exereises as above. " " Leetures i FOURTH YEAR: Med. Pathelegy Surg. " Pharmacology . - Physical Biagn.- Clin. medicine - “surgery - or] " ity FIFTH YEAR: " wedicine 8 "surgery Ophthaluclery Pediatries.ce. Fathel. Anateny Operative med. - Dernatelery ...= and Syphilia ..- Surgieal Diag. - “ i a at ” " ti} SIXTH YEAR: Medical clinie - Surriesal " Legal medicine - Neurelegy & Pay. Hygiene ...06. = @estetries ... anoa ~ ~ WNW OO MYM UO NOOO BONO Ort iy Li " " > Perugia. ~ O.. ‘te _ With the exception of Physiology and Anatomy there are no hours of laboratory work noted for individual exercises by the student. Compvlete details are on file in Paris Office. Number of Students. at the University of Perugia the number of men included in the courses of the medical faculty is somewhat confused by the presence of the pre-clinic- al coursea of veterinary, pharmacy and agriculture students who take certain courses in common with medical students. Pharmacy and medicine share inorgan- ie and organic chemistry, physics, botany, pharmacology and pharmacognosy. The following table gives the number of men inscribed at Perugia :- Year First Second Third Fourth fifth Sixth 1918-19 23 34 el 3% - = 1919*20 24 28 76 46 “ - 1920-21 34 24 60 94 - - 1921-22 17 al 17 33 - - 1922~ 23 1? 21 20 20 - - 1924-24 17 21 20 20 (x) 21 (x) 20 post The large figures of the{war years are due to soldiers returning to take up or to complete their studies. Source of Students. The source of atudents in Perugia is distinctly local, especially gince up till 1924 that the faculty did not confér a medical degree. About 60% of the students come from the province of Umbria and the reat from Tusoany and the Marchese. No student comes from outside of Italy. There is very little emigration from other schools to Perugia. Distribution of Graduates. There have been no graduates from Perugia. Since 1924 only the first four years of the full medical course wae given, and as noted above, the students from Perugia have in the past secured their degrees from Rome, Plorence, Bologna and Naplea. Importance aa a Medical Center. Professor Polimanti considers that the importance of Perugia as a medical center lies in the fact that it is small enough for each student to be known by his professors and to be closely disciplined in his work. Students from the university of Perugia in the past are said to have had geod records during their 5th and 6th years at other universities. This opinion hardly outweighs the fact that there is a lack of adequate labor- atory facilities, good teachers and assistants in the Faculty of Perugia and that the clinical material is distinctly limited. among other faculties in Italy, Perugia oocupies a definitely subordinate position. (x) Probable Figures. Perugia : tc. Ow Professor Polimanti sketched this order of progression for a young graduate:= 1 to 5 years as voluntary assistant, without pay, 2 to 5 years as a paid assistant, 1 to 10 years as aiuto. A young physician will then either pass a concorso for a professor- ship going to one of similar faculties like Cagliari, Sassari or Messina, or he becomes a "libero docente" to secure a professorship later, or, as is often the case, to continue as libero docente in addition to maintaining private practice if his docenteship is in clinical fields. Perugia is unimportant in the developments of the best type of teachers of medicine in Italy. Ory fa oJ SABBRIN Q- This Medical Faculty, in view of its relatively small size, inaccessability and unimportance in medical education in Italy, was not visited. Two letters were sent requesting information in the form of printed matter, catalogues etc., but no answer was received. Lecation. Camerino is a town of 12,000 population in the province of the same name which has a population of 50,000; the population is thus less than half that of Sassari. Camerino is 180 kilometres from Rome, is not situated upon a railroad ani is fewmd im one of the poorest districts cf Central Italy. History. The University was founded in 1727, and in 1860 ~ together with Perugia, Urbino, Macerata ani Ferrara = the University of Camerino became one of the so-called Free Universities, and has since enjoy~ ed none of the privileges of the Royal Universities of the first or second class. Organisation. The University is qualified to grant degrees in Law, diplomas in Pharmacy and Obstetrics; it is further allowed to give the first four years in Medicine and part of a Veterinary course. Its organ~ isation as a Free University is similar to that slready described unier Perugia. F 68 « Support is entirely provincial, municipal, and from such few endowments as the University may possess. ‘The Kingdom of Italy gives no assistance whatsoever. d Be “No information obtained. box tepe There are, listed in the annual of scientific institutes of Italy, the following as belonging to the Medical Faculty of Camerino:- Institutes of Anatomy, Materia Medica, "Pathology and Clinical Medicine” and "Pathology and Clinical Surgery". ‘there are further noted, laboratories of physiology, and of general pathola@y and pathol- ogical anatomy. This was the only information available. Glinics. In a town with @ population of 12,000, it may be presumed that the clinical facilities are extremely meagre. The only information availaile is that there is an Obstetric Clinice The precise meaning of the terms "Pathology and Clinical Medicine" and “Pathology and Glinical Surgery" already noted under "Laboratories" was not obtained. Very few professors in academic circles of the Royal Universities had any Jmowledges of the conditions at Camerino. Library. There is no University librarys, the only collectio of boois being apparently that of the Communal Library of 40,000 volumesy this may be inferred to be similar to the ordinary Conmunal Libraries of Italy, which are insignificant in so far as modern books or journals are concerned. Professors. A list of the professors of the University of Camerino during the year 1918-1919 is avallable in the ammal of Scientific Institutes in Itajy(on file in the Paris Office). It is of importance to note that the selection of frofessors in the Free Universities is not rigorous nor subjected to the same form of control that obtains in the Royal Universities, nor do the professors enjoy the privileges of pension, academic standing, etc., which belong to the acadanic life of the other Universities. Admission Requirements. Admission is known to be much easier in the case of Camerino than in the case of the Royal Universities. Students' Fees. In 1912, students’ fees at Camerino were only a quarter of what they were in other universities. it is safe to assume that they are still far below those mentioned for otner faculties visited in Italy. Desreese Camerino is not qualified to give the medical degree; only the first four years of the medical course are provided for in this faqlty. Students would be fairly widely scattered in their choice of a univers- ity in which to complete their stiles; Naples, Rome, #lorence and Bologna are probably the favourites. Curriculum. Not obtained. No, of Students in Medical Faculty. During 1919, this was given as 110; prestmably ahout the same during the past year. ve ny Ww C Source of Studmts. Probably highkycircumscribed. Certainly no students whose homes were outside the Italian Marches would think of going to the Medical Faculty of the University of Camerino. Distritution of Graduates. The fact that no degrees are given makes it difficult to lmow definitely the distribution of men who have spent their first four years at the Medical Faculty of the University of Camerino. Nothing would indicate, however, that they are widely spread throughout Italy, since the school is highly local in its appeal and influence. mport Medical Centre. The Medical Faculty of the University of Camerino is probably the least important medical faculty in Italy. It is not used as a stepping stone in the academic career of any intelligent Italian professors, since it is not possible to pass fran a Free University of such standing to any other place in Italy. the local needs of the province could be well supplied by graduates coming from other parts or from other schools of Italy, and it is difficult to see why the Government allows the Faculty to contime. NAPLES Location. Naples is the largest city in Italy and has considerable industrial wealth, and has grown, especially during the last 20 yearee Its populat- ion ia about 800,000 inhabitants. Though no longer the chief port == in Italy , it continues as the chief city in soutern Italy. This is more particularly true in regard to medicine since up to the recent foundation of the University of Bari, Naples was the only clinical and educational center, south of Rome, and its easy access to Sicily by boat has always drained the three Sicilian faculties of much of their prestige medically. Historye The University of Naples was founded by Emperor Frederick II in 1224 as a rival to that of Bolegna in the study of Law and Theology. In 1252 the university was moved to Salerno and joined to the medical school which has éxisted there since the XIth century. After a few years the entire university including the medical faculty was transferred to Naples where it flourished intermittently and has become pre-eminent only singe 1861 when a special law provided for its extenaive development. A comple“history of this faculty is on file in the Paris Offices University Finances. The University of Naples is a Clase "a" university and as such is entirely supported by the government. No figures are published regard= ing the university budget. The annual endowment of the Institute con~ neoted with the university is about 500,000 Lire and the government's support ise said to be approximately 3,500,000 Lire for the University. Medical School Finances. No recent figures regarding the Medical School Finances were avail~ able and a request for such figures, as in the case of numerous other schools in Italy, was not made since a request would unquestionably have been misinterpreted and led to complications which it was desirable to avoid, The professors' salaries are uniform with thomsof other type "A" echoola. The budgets for Institutes and Clinics are given wherever possible under the clinics and institutes visited iaxnenumex. It is true that the actual sums for maintenance of the clinics and inetitutes are somewhat larger than those of many of other schools in Italy, but the great over-crowding in the medical faculty at Naples make it wrong to infer that proportionate to the needs, clinics or institutes are better supported than elsewhere. Buil dings ° As shown in the accompanying map, the buildings of the medical faculty are, with one exception, reasonably centralized. The Policlinico * teeta Usservatotio ~~ Astsupuntivg Uf ~J \e 90 , . \ : - ‘. “ as 4 > Ree Se, > . c~ SM. , =e 4 2, Advlotorata £2 Gide fits » ~ ty aon begee” ce \ ok et a he rate © Sey dedlel sitio’ ~ fos ~ x or “es ~~ a 4 RV precede f a ery > ate Sua Se Aeberll 13 By" So bo t AVY el ad WE indi arash a A - au 2 Tafata baile led Pople ao fl “ 5 me tA Doerr St D 3 te fader a i oe t a in - SS ; e: . . 1 aes Ponte freperat bale cam OR . = oe Vuave Porlo Mercantife =. they tetacelate lia oem ve AC wars Beer ae ‘A [ {tat NOMA, 5 Poa LS . \ Yate A, Oath fy ROAR OT SS Prete Clem > Pe ee ‘Teenze es oo Borin f ~~ —— *. Vol Z : Cf GE Sy Og he oo 7 a ee Og tena Boewyo- arises . Coax folls tefl THe Raeze sole fat tf PREE! Naples Gros 4a EY group ig the most recent of all the buildings used by the medical faculty, all other structures being adaptations of old churches and oonvents. The new university building in the Corso Umberto Primo is not used by the medical Faculty. Even the Policlinico group, though relatively recent in construction (1895) ia quite inadequate to the teaching demands of the school. Laboratory Facilities. Laboratories maintained by the Liberi Docente. In Naples the systemof instruction by the Liberi Docente is developed to such an extent as to constitute practically an “extra mal" school of medicine. The Liberi Docente are practitioners who have, through examinations, secured the right to teach,on their own responsibility, as many students as they may be able to attract and see fit to accommodate, Many students justly dis appointed at the entirdyinadequate facilities provided by the university professors and their assistants, inscribe in the private courses given by the Lyberi Docente, These teachers hire rooms in the vicinity of the Policlinico group where they give such courses as they are able to those atudents whom they have secured. One professor teaching anatomy managed to attract classes of 40 to 50 students to whom he gave instruct= ion in 2 rooms with such anatomical material as he had personally colleoted or from time to time secured. Students up to the number of 100 have been accommodated in such courses, but 40 to 50 is the average number. Students are enabled to take examinations for laurea or degree )in medicine, basing their qualifications for the examinations solely upon the instruction offered by the Liber Docentes The Liberi Docente used to receive pay from the scholars which was collected in the form of special fees according to the number of leotures attended by the etudent. Since the war the obligation to collect the fees has been put directly on the Lyberi Docente and since the students are almost uniformly poor and since the Liberi Docente find it financially advantageous to retain the title, they are no longer able to collesct more than 10% of their teaching fees. The special hall for the Liberi Docente consisting of about 100 rooms in an old convent is provided for both laboratory and clinical subjects. There are in the Naples Faculty 450 Liberi Dooente, and it ie likely that this number will not diminish, though the character of the teaching may well go below even its present degraded level. Jealousy between the head professors and the Liberi Docente is frequent and the professora only rarely give any opportunity to a Docent to use the clinical material controlled by the professor. The result is that there are practically two separate teaching forces in the Uniw ersity of Naples at odds with each other. The strength of the Docent 's position lies in the fact that the number of studente he teaches is often small enough to enable him to give some individual attention to students, but the quality of this instruction is gravely qualified by the inadequacy of equipment and of clinical material available. A Docent may continue to hold thia title if he does not omit giving 40 to 50 lessons per year for more than two consecutive years at a time. Naples Anatomy:= Not visited. Professor Giugno Salvi. 2 aiuti, 4 assistants. Course given during firet 3 years, said to be inadequate in dissection material for the 1M@0 students of the first 3 years. Physiology:~ Professor Filippo Botazzie 1 aiuto, 4 assistants. 650 students divided into sections of 50 for practical work. Teaching given in the 2nd,and 3rd years. 3 hours of lectures in physiology and 3 hours of biowchemiatry (in charge of assistants) per week, and 3 hours of practical work by sections. Each section is said to get practical work every 2 weeks, but, I saw only three sections listed for this work. Much absenteeism during the first 3 years of medical school worke Practical work lasts for 2 hours, half of section watching an exoeriment, while other half receives informal explanation of experi- ments or of subject matter of lectures. No individual exercises by the student. Laboratory located in building known as Sant'Andrea delle Dame of one floor consisting of small office room for professor with small private laboratory adjoining, 1 large room for spectroscopic work. Rooms for assistants; 2 rooma for bio=chemistry for the students' demonstrations. Laboratory well equipped with apparatus; few workerse One amphitheatre much too small for classes of 650. Excellent library, large, orderly and well supplied. Budget 20,000 Lire a year. Main difficulty of Professor Bottazzi is finding assistants. He has one for biowchemistry and 4 for physiology, only two of whom are of real use. Personally Bottazzi creates an excellent impression. Financial support for his work entirely inadequate and classes impossibly large. Pathological Anatomy:~ Professor Giuseppe Pianese. 1 aiuto, 3% paid assistants, 4% voluntary asaistants, 1 artist and ] "dierwr". Said to have 70 allievi interni whom he charges 5 Lire a month and whom he prepares to be assistant in the clinics later. For these allievi 70 microscopes and 65 deskae 500 to 600 atudents, but as Professor Pyjanese remarked, only those who are willing come. His course in the 4th and 5th years and is divided into general lectures on theory, and lectures on special pathology, organ by organ, with demonstrations of gross specimens and diagrams; he also gives microscopic demonstrations for which he has 10 microscopes. As to recent material for pathological study, Pianese said :- " I could be happy if I had 10 times the amount of material I get". Library ina-= dequate; large amount of space very little used, most/¥ld material. Impression given that he is unable to relate pathological anatomy to clinical work and is much isolated. Avparatue quite inadequate. Budget not given. Legal Medicines= Professor Corrado. 1 aged aiuto, 2 aged assistants, 2 voluntary assistants. 500 to 600 students divided between optional course in the 5th year and obligatory course in the 6th year. Corrado also gives a course for Law students in their 2nd yeare The course for medical students sonsists of 3 lectures a week . Space ample but laboratory pare, and antiquated and peculiarly depressing. Assistan®s incompetent. Museum almost useless. One of the poorest institutes in Italy. Pharmacologys= Professor Marfori. 1 aiuto, 1 assistant. 250 to 700 students. 5 to allievi interni.s Lectures in 5th year, 7 times a week and practical exercises for groups of 30 to 40 students, so that an indiv idual student geta from 2 to 5 exercises during the course. Laboratory occupies 6 rooms in the Sant'Andrea delle Dame group. Apparatus inadequate. Tnadequate provision for students and allievi. Professor Marfori me aes an ambulatory clinie to show to students the effect and consequencesy afd 46 gives practice in prescription ,writing.e Library small. Budget not givene Naples 4 aU Medicine:- Divided between two services, the first and second medical clinics. Second Medical Clinic. Professor Zagari.e 4% paid aiuti, 3 voluntary aiuti, 5 paid assistants, 10 to 12 voluntary assistants. 20 to 20 allievi. Students 700 to 800 in the 4th, 5th and 6th yearse Course consists of 4 clinical lectures a week with smaller demonstrations to about 50 etudents at a time in theorye Some clinical in smaller groups by aiuti and asist- ants in practicee Most of the clinical work secured by students is at hams of the Liberét Docente. Second medical clinic shares half of one of the buildings of the Policlinico group with the First medical clinic and ocoupies 4 floors, the first being devoted to demonstrations, OPD. library and amphitheatre. The 2nd floor devoted to wards, 25 male, 25 female patients. 2rd floor, private beds, 20 in number, and dormitory for resident aasistants. 4th floor, laboratories. = OPD, 2 small, dirty rooms, exan- ination and waiting=-room being combined. Patent medicines dispensed gratis in whatever quantity the manufacturers or firms will give them to the clinic. Attendance 25 to 40 per days No selection before entry. Medical and surge ical cases received. Clinic must pay expenses of patients in hosvital. Wards clean and well kept. Isolation facilities inadequate. Histories of patients well kept. Private ward cases not used for teaching, except on permission. Ruxkwkkykinakxxaawkrix. Laboratory on 4th floor for chemistry, physiology, bacteriology and X=Ray work. Autopsies rare done in amphitheatre. No cooperation with professor of pathological anatomy. Budget for this clinic 78,000 Lire (about $4000) annually from which must be paid ; patients' food, all medicines, material for research, scientific apparatus, scientific journals and laboratory eervants' salaries. Full notes on file. First Medical Clinic. Professor Castellino. 2% paid aiuti, 2 voluntary aiuti, 5 paid assistants, 5 voluntary assistants. Allievi interni, number not given, (Approximately 20}. Located in other half of building shared with the Second medical clinic. Course consists of 37 lectures a week given in 4th, Sth and 6th years. Attendance 700 to 800. Apparently prof. Castellino has somewhat more prestige than Zagari.as a teacher. 50 beds in same general condition and plan of building as in second medical clinic. ‘Library a replica of that of the second medical clinic next door. OPD,. divided into special services , totals about 1090 ae day of visits.. Budzet 73,000 Lire a year for same purpose as second medical clinic. Surgery:~ Second surgical clinic shares buildings with first surgical clinic. Professor Pascale. 2 aiuti, 2 paid assistants, several voluntary assistanta. Teaching 3 clinics per week attended by as many as can get into the amphitheatre, 500 to 600, though course should be attended by the 700 or 800 students. 1290 beds,. small OPD. No laboratory seen. Budget not givene Clinic seems to be well run by the aiuto, Dr. De Gaetano... Pediatries:~ Professor Rocoo Jemmae 1 aiuto 2 paid assistants, 12 voluntary assistants. Teaching in sections in limited space at the Sant’ Andrea deble Dame Hospital where clinic occupies 1 small floor. Only 18 beds. OPD. 100 cases in Summer, 50 to 60 in Winter, used for teaching only to a small extent. Laboratory cramped, but in active function. Cases well studied. Library excellent as to order and use. Good opportun= ities for specialization only for the assistants; almost no room for allievi interni. Naples. ene ., @ As Professor Jemma has plans for a new building of 4 floors with 200 to 700 beds which will cost 4 to 6 million Lire. Construction indefinitely post=poned. Jemma seems a good director of his students. Budget for care of patients, medicines, journals, scientific material and equipment: 60,900 Lire a yeare Ophthalmology:= Professor Angelucci. 1 Aiuto 3 paid assistants, 3 voluntary assistantse Number of allievi not given. Teaching is by lectures % times a week and practical demonstrations in groups of 20 students at a time, so that each student is said to get from 1 to 4 exercises a year. Clinic housed in buildings at Sant'Andrea delle Dame. 4rd floor, spacious, clean, well equipped, 50 beds, not occupied during vacations since clinic mist pay all charges. OPD 300 a day, 200 of whom are suffering from trachoma. Budget 140,000 Liree Director is in his dotage. Surgical Pathology:= Professor Roncalie 1 aiuto, 2 awistants. build- ing being remodelled and service organized by Professor Roncali who has recently arrived at Naples. Teaching by lectures 4% times a week and section work in groups of 50 by assistants. Profsssor Ronecali said that his wards would be open to some of the Liberi Docente. This is exceptional. The clinic will have 30 beds and teaching here will ume ciffer from that of the first and second surgical clinics since tha surgery will be present= ed in a schematic and elderly fashion rather than from a purely clinical basis. Occupies 4th floor in the Policlinico group. Will contain 20 beds and will utilize the OF. service for collection of eases, but not for teaching. Budget not given. Dermatology and Syphilis:~ Professor Stanziale. 2 aiuti, 3 assistants, about 10 voluntary assistants. Allievi not mentioned. Teaching is offered in 5th year to about 250 students and consista of lectures 2% times a wk. for practical work once a week to 50 students at a time, consequently a student takes part in "practical" exercises from 2 to 7% times in a year. Clinic occupies a separate block in the Policlinico grown. Beds for 12 male and 12 female patients, together with 10 private beds. OPD has from 190 to 120 patients treated a day and is used for teaching. It is well equipped. Stanziale has extended the work of the clinic by fusing it with the institute of his own creation called the "Istituto Foto~Radio=Teranico" which is housed in this building on the 2nd floor. For this institute he secures about 290,900 Lire as a year. - waboratories and gensral equins ment adequate, but scant evidence of work being done in the laboretories. Stanziale said that the Liberi Docente could use his cases for teaching, but this is contradicted by the Liberi Docente consulted. Obstetrics and Gynecology:= Professor Miranda. 2 aiuti, 5 paid assistants, 13 voluntary assistants, 10 allievi interni. About 250 students. Teaching consicts of 3 lectures by the professor per week. Students divided into groups in such a way that they see a minimum of 3% and an average of 6 to 7 deliveries, but take no active part themselves. Students desiring to specialize must register in the first year of their medical course for the privilege of being allievi interni in their Sth yeare Clinic located in the Sant'Andrea delle Dame Hospital, houses 190 beds. Patients cost clinic about 15 Lire a day and hence it is closed entirely during vacations. Clinic occupies 3rd floor in an old convent, spacious but with sanitary and kitchen arrangements poor. Jaboratories inadequate and sleepy in appearance. Library fair. Budget 150,900 Lire for food, drugs and service for the 100 beds annuallye An extra 20,000 Lire is given for back journals and laboratory materiale Qa Naples Owe Gcoupational Diseasese= ‘frofessor Feranninie No assistants. Course optional and is in the 5th year. About 110 students. Close to 100 graduates in medicine weet take part in a special course since diploma in this special course is valuable in competition for post of Insurance or Railroad doctors. Course for medical students given 2 times a week, lectures on accidents, industrial poisons and diseases caused or increased by oceupatione Clinic houses 270 beds at the Hospital Gesu Maria. No nurseSe Poor cases records and signs of poor administrations Taboratories provide 8 desks in bacteriology, 4 in chemistry; helio=therapy,«lamp, X-Ray appliances and electroscardiography. Library inadequate. Zander room well equipped but not used. Budget grants this clinic 7090 Lire a year, approximately 150 dollars. Balance for maintenance made up from fees in postegraduate courses Neurology and Psychiatrye- Professor D'abundoe 1 aiuto, 5 assistants, 5 voluntary assistants. Jectures % times a week in Sth yeare Clinic housed in Policlinico group with 16 beds and 15 pay beds and OPD with 20 visits a day. Unlike other clinies service does not stop when school closes since pay beds provide’ 10,000 Lire which maintains work during vacation. OPD. used for teaching and director can borrow cases for teaching purnoses from Municipal Tnsane asylum. At one time apparently laboratories were well equipped. Space adequate, wards clean and well kent. Library mediocre. Pudget 67,900 Lire total per year. Nose and Throat:= Professor Gradenigo. 1 aiuto, 3 paid assistants, 19 voluntary assistants, 5 allievi interni. Clinical lectures 4% times a week in the 5th yeare 30 beds in Gesu Maria Hospital. 190 to 150 in the OPD used for teaching. Each student at some time of the vear gets 2 to 2 hours of practical work in examining patients. Considerable activity among assistants. Some research work coing on. 2 large examining rooms and one operating room. Clinic over-~crowded with patients. Budget not givene Liberi Docente. The instruction of clinical branches by the Liberi Docente is more extensive and less satisfactory than even in the presclinical branches. It is given at the Spedale degli Tneurabili, an antioquated hospital of 1290 beds, in which the Liberi Docente occupy positiomas chiefs of wards.&)This Hospital not visited. Described by Professor Piccininni as a diszrace. Some instruction is also given at the Spedale della Pace and in the hall of the Liberi Docente next door to the Policlinico. All around the Poli~= clinico buildings there sre small private clinics maintained by the Liberi Docente for the sake of attracting enough clinical material from the poor of Naples to serve for instruction purposes. These are uncontrolled and in most cases entirely inadequate for teaching purposes. It is difficult to exaggerate the chaos and degradation of the clinical instruction given by the Liberi Docente in the Faculty at Naples. There are a few exceptional men with reasonable satisfactory facilities who give instruction which is perhaps superior to that obtainable in the official clinics of the faculty. These men are naturally frequented by an unduly large number of students and thus they suffer from the general low standards obtaining at Nanlese The above pessimistic impressions are shared by the majority of Italians outside of Naples. (x) algo at Spedale Sant Agniello. Library Facilities. The university library was established in 1816 end has now 700,909 volames, 190,000 pamphlets, 400 incunabule and about 500 current journals. It is of relatively little importance for the medical students since each clinic and institute has its own books and journals which are, with the exception of the Pediatric clinic and the cepartment or Physiolosy, ina- dequate and noorly kept. ‘hen especially favoured, students could obtain permission to take home books for study, but as a. peneral rule students mast buy their own books and this has shown later" very considerable item in the students' expenses. The Liberi Docente have no resources for the ourchase of books for their studente usaIn ceneral it may be said that the library situation at “aples is most unfortunates INSTITUTE OF NORMAL ANATOMY (x) Professor Giugno Salvi sss se se ttt Director Dr. Giovanni Vastarini Cresi = -~- 77-75 Aiuto INSTITUTE Of PHYSTOLOGY (x) Professor Filippo Bottazzi -~ 7-5-7 tt Director Guido Bossa —— = = Se oe ~= * ma 2 2 2 2 Aiuto INSTITUTES OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY (x) Professor Giuseppe Pianese ss --s 7 7-4 Director Matteo Mannelli sa 37 e * 7S tt TT Aiuto INSTITUTES OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY Professor Pietro Rondoni s 7 es 7 77 tt Director Francesco Pentimalli = = * 7 +7 53" * 5" Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY Professor Pio Marfori-w7-.s * +s 8-355 7 7 Director Giuseppe Pennetti = + ser ttt ttt Aiuto INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE Professor Gaetano Corrado -~- 7777 535 Director Vineenzo Gianturco = * = ** ss 57ST Aiuto INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE Professor Dante de Blasi se * 7* 37 77378 Director Giovanni de Angelis =~ ss - 5 e547 5% Aiuto (PLRST) MEDICAL CLINIC Professor Pietro Castellino = - + *++*%°+7 7 Diréctor Giuseppe Lucibelli == = 5 7 st ttt tt Aiuto (SECOND) MEDICAL CLINIC Professor Giuseppe Zagari~--s 35 Arnaldo Cantaniez =+s. ss 77 7335555 Director Aiuto a (x) Full time > see +43 a Faculty (Continued) (FIRST) SURGICAL OLINIC Professor Giovanni Peseale Luigi Torrazas 7 es ss é (SEOGOND) SURGICAL CLINIC Professor Fabrizio Padula Benedetto Romano =~ 7 7 77+ (FIRST) MEDICAL FAT “HOLUGY ‘Frofessor Giovanni Boeri Giuseppe Evoli=*-*+- - "7 j i (SECOND) MEDICAL FATROLOGY “Professor Raffaele Caporale = 1 Mereurio Candela = -*- *= = = SURGICAL PATHOLOGY rrofescor Demetrio Roncalli - Vittorio Travaglini «= +--+ 7 + OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Professor Giovanni Lireanda = Selvatore Ficecolil = = - + OLINIC Of PEDIATRICS Professor Roceo Jemma -- = = Ruggero YVeglio=--*- = 77 FETHALMOLOGIC Cal JhINTC “Professor Arnaldo angelucci = Guido Folinege=- +--+ 74 7 7 TERMOSYFELTLOPaATHICaL oT TNIC Professor Rodolfo Stenviale > Giuseppe Montunsro = - = = + INSTIIUTE OF OPERATIVE MEDICINE Professor Fabrizio radule - - attore Puscnisi = ** * 337 INSTITUTE OF PHYSTOLOGICaL CHEMISTRY Professor Filippo Pottazzi = Giuseppe Moseatin - 7-7 hARSNGSE AND THAOAT CLINIC Professor Giuseppe Gradenigo Bruno Bruzzi-e 7 sss tT ORTHOPEDICS & TRAUMATOLOGY Professor Giovanni Pascale = + Vineenzo Aloi-« 7-7 7 7-7 7 =a -~ - - Tirector Aiuto Director Aiuto Director aLuto Director aluto Director aLuto Director aiuto Direetor aLluto Director sLute Director aiuto Director aLuto Director Aiuto Director ALuto So Naples Faculty: Continued. INSTITUTE OF BACTERIOLOGY Professor Nicola Fane~--7 =e ses = == Director INSTITUTE OF RADIOLOGY & ELEOTRO= THERAPY Professor rranceso Paolo Sgobo = -*s +7 = 5 5 5 Director CLINIC OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Professor Luigi Ferrannini- -**- "= ss - 7-5 Director Admission. See under Turine Fees, Scholarships and Students’ bxpense@e An assistant of Professor Jemma said that a student in Naples had on an average from 500 to 600 Lire a month. A student's room coste him from 155 to 200 Lire a month and board cannot be had at lees than Z00 Lire a monthe An assistant whe receives 520 to 540 Lire a month and a few get as much as 700 Lire, but assistants are obliged to have a slightly better scale of living than students. There are Z to 4 2 scholarships available to students at The largest scholarships in Naples is but most of the others are much below A student gives this estimate of the Mecical Paculty at Naples. for 150MLire a year for 2 years this sutte living conditions:= Room pr mthe Board pr mth. Tuition. Clothes, Wash, _pr year Incidentals, pr mth. High: Le 250 Le 540 1,700 ? Medium: 220 300 1,290 ? Low: 180 150 1,700 100 Books cost a student from 700 to 1400 Lire a yeare. In Naples the situation of the Liberi Docenti is exceptional. The poverty general among most students has made it impossible for the docenti to collect directly their fees from the students and the faculty has re= lieved itself of the burden of collecting the fees for the liberi docentie But the prestige professionnally of the docenti is so bound up with the continuance of teaching that they continue this work despite the almost negligible return directly from the students. The fee used to be about 12 lire a week (three exerciees) per student but now in addition to the loss of purchasing value of the lire the receipts have dropped to. 6 or even nothing a week. The system continues strong because capable men find it interesting and advantageous to have groups of supporters and students and because the clinical facilities at the disposition of the regular professors are so very defective in relation to the numbers to be taught that the students oan get only with the docenti the personal instruction which they desire and need. There is an inadequate build~ ing at the disposal of the Liberi docenti, which is used for lectures, catty - Gov policlinics and demonstrations. Most of the clinical work is done in small private hospitals near the policlinie or in the old and thoroughly disreputable hospitals of the Incurabili or Sant Agniello. Curriculum. The curriculum at Naples follows in general the outlines of those given for other type “A" universities. The role played by the Liberi Docenti so disturbs the order of the courses given in the official curriculum as to make it inaccurate as a description of most of the students' studies. I wae informed by students in the medical faculty that during the first three years 50 to 60% of the students are absent from Naples.. They stay at home and read and bribe the servants who takeattemimeein laboratory courses to mark them as having attended, It is possible for students to obtain positions as allievi in the different clinics from the 3rd or 4th year one The students can work in from 1 to 4 institutes and from 1 to 4 a day in the time not used by lectures attendance. Since allievi interni are not required to attend daily it becomes an elastic responsibility. The limiting factor in deciding the number of courses a student can enroll in as allievo interno is the financial one, since he must buy all his material for his work, the professor keeping all the material that the clinic has for his own nurposese Numbers of Students. (See Pageil4 ) In Naples, a student (Onufori) knew that of the 106 Rite See cate Bohool ing the medical faoulty, only 15 graduated. From 40 to 50% of the medical students are too poor to finish the course , though in theory high ranks in scholarships are supposed to result in a remission of fees. Poor studenta even with the 27 points out of possibly 30 cannot get their money back since the Naples Faculty is too poor » Amestill the faculty at Naples is the most important numerically in Italy. There is a constant over=production. 15,000 graduates in medicine have been turned out during the past 10 years. It ia calculated that instead of this rate of 1,500 per year, the Italian government should try to maintain the output of 800 dividing these among 10 or 12 faculties so that each institution might graduate 60 to 80 students a year. Instead of this the present situation js that Neples graduates from 500 to 700 a year and none of these men has had an adequate training. Source of Students. Naples has been traditionally a great school for atudents coming from Southern Italye This is perhaps the most homogeneous large area in the Italy of to-day. In addition to studenta from the province of Naples itself thie school draws specially for the clinical years from Sicily as well. There have been some students from the countries bors dering the Mediterranean , but in no significant numbere. There is some migration as indicated from Sicilian echools to Naples for the 4th, 5th and 6th years. Distribution of Graduates. ogy Gos Dr. Laurinsich, assistant of Jemma in Naples givee the following as his impreseion of what befalls the usual gratuating clase from Naples:~ 500 graduate, say in June, of any years 300 of them go immediately into small towns to practice. 200 of the two hundred left 140 continue in a few special coursea of further training 2 months or so to a course and then go into practice. 60 begin immediately as voluntary assistants to various clinical professors and stay a few months up to 4 years. They should atay about 2 years to get real value from this work The men who live in the university town have a big economic advantage and can hang on better than the others. Theee 60 wodd are the best of the class and some may go to Paris or Berlin for % to 10 months if they ean afford it. The luckiest of the 60 will get headshipe of small hospitals and perhaps 5 will get chances of being paid assistants in the clinics. As is shown on the table on Page 116 the graduates of Naples are found throughout Italy in large numbers. This is due to: the excess of graduates from Naples over any other school and the fact that the South= ern Italian who possesses a professional degree is willing to go anywhere in Italy in search of the livelinood which ne cannot secure in Southern Italye Importance as a Medical Oenter. Naples is important more because of its size than for any other veason and because of the fact that till 1925 no other medical school lays south of it on the Italian mainland, Nanles as a city will of course always have adequate clinical material and the faculty of Naples will always have a dominating influence of all Italy south of Rome. It is further of importance in MPavouredle sense in that the abuse of the system of Liberi Docenti is in Naples most acute and strongest es= tablished. The Zoological station established by Dohrn places Physio- lozy in the Naples faculty in a specially favourable circunstance. Among the clinical departments the influence of the departments of medicine and surgery is reduced because those departments are divided into two clinics. Ng single clinic could have more influence upon the health of the Napolitans than that of the Pediatric clinics Fortunm ately this clinic is under able management. Status of Research. The institutes and clinios where investigative work is being pursued in Naples ere numerous but such work is subject to discriminating control and careful criticism in relatively few instanoes. I was impressed by the Inatitute of Physiology and the clinic of Pediatrics as places of research work. In neither case is the budget adequate to extensive under takings but the quality of work despite that fact is good. Teachers’ Training. Naples, with some exceptions, has been the goal of men who have sought fame rather than men who have desired to give their best for the training of younger mene The prestige of the faculty has decreased specially since the system of Liberi Docenti has begun to break down. As elsewhere the academic career begins in Naples with the assistant- ship which is secured by passing an examination before the professor who desires an assistant. This professor is helped in this examination by five other colleagues, but such a procedure is larcely a formality since the professor has usually made his choice beforehand. Then, either as aggistant or later as aiuto a younger man takes his examination for the title of libero docente. For this he must present a scientific work and give a specimen lecture. Very few candidates secure their docentship be- fore they have been graduated, at least four years. Without radical modification in the numbers of the students and without great improvement in quality of teaching, it seems unlikely that Naples will ever become important in development and training of teachers of medicine in Italy. A few candidates will always present themselves, but the character of the place is that of a> school committed to the production of practi-~ tionkers with the least possible control over the conditions of trainings for teaching carcerse Bari buy . ORS a BAR I Location. Bari is a rapidly growing Adriatic port of about 200.000 inhabitants on the heel of Italy and has grown very rapidly for the nast ten years, from a population of about 60.000. The province of Bari has 950.000 and the region of Apulia in which it is situated has a population of about 2,300.000 It is 14 hours from Naples by train and is the port of Italy nearest the adriatic countries and the Near East. Historye The position of Bari on the Adriatic has made it,in the minds of the present political leaders of Italy,the place from which Italian interests and culture can be extended over the Balkan countriese Bari long desired a university. Forty years ago a large building was erected for the purpose of housing one, but the political power of Naples and its jealousy of any rival in the South prevented the realiz= ation of the dreams of Bari. In 192% Mussolini decided to have a uni- versity there beginning with the Medical Faculty and,since Auguet 1924, definite work has been underway. Organization. Similar to other Type "B" universities. University Finances. The university has been given by the Province of Bari 11,500.000 Lire and a large building occupied principally by the Medical Faculty, built some 40 years ago to house the then expected university. The University of Bari receives from the Italian government 1,200.000 Lire a year; 200.000 Lire from the Province of Foggia, the same from the province of Ionio, and it is hoped that the province of Lecce will contribute a similar amounte Medical School Finances. Since Bari was visited at the time when the school affairs were still being organized, no budget was available and no idea could be obtained of the exact sum to be spent by each institute or clinice uch of the eleven million five hundred thousand lire received by the province has been spent in equipment and installation charges Buildings. The university building is in the center of the tom and housed all of the institute and clinics with the exception of the clinicwof Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Dermatologye These are found in two small old hospitals which were said to be very inadequate and which I was discouraged from visitinge we eB - BARE |, MP Scala nel 115.000 | i> Me one +00 , HetRi ! oe LBaneo di Xapati 0.5. 2. Kanee Vertonale 6.3. 8 Caticdrate C3. 4th Frahyinn Bt ] sdntendenra de Kira, GOspedate crvile Wt Ll Ospedale iiditare. BAe 8.Padaana te Cite Ct i) 0, Padaxzadd Gutsterte C4) WPuceae coverte Dt WA Pretettura Cts ES Aanenico C4. US Sentastica B25 {4 Serate Normale Ce WS Featru Piccinné le uo “ye “Piazza, “yf . - La Cavour,” =. ap a wage. Anvtalt vor Wagner 4 Debes. Leiprg . ¢ ‘ ey Bari The university te a very large three story building in the form of a closed H, ieee with two inner courteyards. It is about 200 feet long and 200 feet widee “he eround floor houses some of the institutes’ edmin- tetration rooms a:d lectur “ls. The second floor is occupied ty the presclinical inetitutes and the third floor with clinics principally of medicine and surrerye Laboratory Facilities. ac the time of viait none of the laboratories were equipped, but space was wore or leas definitely assigned to Anatomy, Physiology, vathology and Pharracologve These institutes were found to possess from 5 to S rooms, and under Italian systems of medical education, facilities for classes of about 190. A great deal of the school organization was still in the form ative stages Clinies of surgery and medicine were in the process of being equippede The plane include wards of 70 to 40 teds for medicine and 40 to 60 for surgery, 15 to 20 beds each for medical and surgical patnolccy. All other points of organization still in formative stugee The professor of medicine, Nicola Pende and the professor of surgery, Nicola Leotta, both relatively young men. Leotta's enthusiasm seems to be devoted to technical equipment. Pende's interest lies more in emphasize ing certain phases of medical teaching, notably familiarity on the students’ part with the actual performance of various diagnostic tesetse Tende oceupies the position of Rector of the Faculty at sari, but is not eteying after the year 1924=25. Jibreary facilities. Sinee the university of Bari has been created out of virtually nothing library facilities are practically nile as in the case of Milan the medical Paculty has been founded with apparently no provision for securing back numbers of any standard journale nor indeed of vrivicing current subscript- ions for the sume. Facultye Anatomy pereweseoneeeoeseeseeaaceseusere Professor Giueeppe Favaro Zoological and Comrarative anatomy eo» " Le Sognetti Fatholopical Anatomy esecsccvesereese " Ugo Soil PHySioloey eeoccccccascccerveorveress " Mario Camia Pharmacolory ececsssasessscascccceers " Alessandro Lalconi Chemistry Sewers ensrenvesesengsseeeeae " Ricardse Ciusa THYSLCE secccccnvevecsccsesseccesecen " Maria Kahenovicz Botany Vorerrreererrerer ere re eer e eee | " ficardo Rivers General Pathologyescsssccccccecvevves " Alessandro Amatc Glinical Medicine eessseccvcccsecseve " Nicola Pende Clinical Surgery «ecscccescsacceverer " Nicola Leottea Antonino Contino Filippo Neri Ophthalmol. CLINIC caneccveersssecess Hygiene Seeeneaaetaeseeeerteeseoeseeeesee nee Obstetrics & Gyne Clinic eessesesccee " Peolo Gaifami Dermatology eee eres eeeeeateneneate " cLugseppe Mariani Nervous & Mental DigseaSefh nevesevecee " Ugo verletti Surgical rathology ceccecsccsececceve " Raffeelle Paolucci Legal Medicine cessescesencevveseeces " Giuseppe falco Tropical Diseases eseesecscccsscccsve " Hdoarde Germano PECLATYICS ecocccccccccsensetvevseres " Sulvatore Neggiore Surgical Pathology eaceserecsverasece " Merio Barbera History of Medicine eon ecarenaneeoceoe " Pietro Capparoni Admission. Uniform with other faculties of this type. Fees, Scholarships and Students' Expenses. Uniform with other faculties. as regards living conditions the university has built an hostel for students rhich allows them to receive board and room for 400 Lire a month. This has been especially built for the purpose of helping students and is about 20 minutes walk from the university, and allows a dormitory space for about 140 students, a room for the students’ library, a dining room and a atudente’ recreation room. It ig administered by the medical faculty. Degrees. Uniform with other facultiese Currieulun. The order and conditions of the curriculum at Bari, was not decided at the time of visite Will presumably follow closely that of Rome. Number of Students. Bari, at the time of my visit in January 1925 had about 350 students enrolled in the medical faculty. The mejority of these students were in the earlier years of the course. Source of Students. The majority of students at Bari may be expected to come from the region of Apulia in Southern Italy. a definite bid for foreign students has been almost too successful since in January 1925 there were among the 350 odd medical students, 20 Rumanians, 30 citizens of Yugo~Slavia, 11 Bulgarians and 40 Poles from Cracow. It was necessary some tro months later to discourage the registration of any more foreigners, but it is likely that students from adriatic countries will be favoured in the future. Importance as a Medical Center. Bari has two reasons for eupport from the Italian government. One, the political aspiration on the part of the Fascisti to influence South Eastern kurope, especially the Adriatic countries, and the other, a sound educational motive, to lessen the burden now failing on overscrowded Naples. It is like~ ly that, unless the Fescisti are loyal and constant in their support of Bari, tee it will rapidly dwindle to the rank of the faculties in Sicily and Sardinia. It will certainly never tw of more importance in the medical education of Itely than similar Type "B" schools in Sicily and Sardinia, 1.e. it will remain the stepping stone to academic careers in the large capitals or the North of Italy. Teachers’ Training. From the standpoint of training of teachers, it should be noted that, when the young professors are obliged to ranain 2 to 5 years in schools of secondary importance, some of their productive work is done in the hope of getting on to better positions. ‘the equipment which they find at hand with which to do this work is therefore of importance. Facilities for satisfactory work at Bari have thus a general relation to the training of teachers, but this relation is a secondary and relatively unimportant one. Bari cannot be regarded as important in the development of teachers of medicine in Italy. Palermo PALERMO. Location.e Palermo is one of the leading cities of Sicily and has a povulation of 420,900. Of the pwe-chief cities of Sicily it is in closest contact with Napl@ and the North and has probably the most prestige in intellect- ual and artistic life in Sicily. Historye Previous efforts to found the university having been unsuccessful, the then existing Academy of Science and Letters obtained in 1781 the right to confer degrees in Philosophy, Theology, Law and Nedicine, This academy became a university in 1805 and in 1841, with the addition of Natural Selences, became a university divided into 5 faculties. In 1849 Sicily became united with the Kingdom of Ttaly and the three universities there, Palermo, Messina and Catania came under the laws governing the universities on the mainland. At present the university of Palermo has faculties of Law, Medicine, Letters, Science, a normal school, a school of pharmacy and a school of engineering. Organization. See other Type "A" faculties. University Finances. The University of Palermo being a Type "A" institution is entirely supported by the government. In 1913519 the annual covernment's budcet was 1,250,000 Lire; this has increased to about, 1,800,900 Tire. No figures are available without special inouiry. edical School Finances. A statement was not availabls for a year more recent tuan 1913, For budgets of institutes and clinics, see under institutes and clinics. Buildings ° As shown in the accompanying man the buildings in which medical ins= truction is given are widely scattereds With the exception of the institutes of Physiology, General Pathology, mxmxxxt Hygiene and Pharmacology, the buildings are uniformly old and ill~adapted to demands made upon them. The institute of General Pathology is the best of the structures devoted to medical instruction, but no definite centralization is contemplated and it is not likely that any progress will be made in the matter of buildings for several yearse Laboratory Facilitiese Anatomy:- Professor Fazzari. 1 aiuto, 2 assistants, 19 allievi interni. about 400 studentss This course is given in the first % years in the school #7) Sify Udi MYA Wigan pe weit ae aj ‘ ° Be Ze Wie t gyees es ” Urwensiiyor”s . ese" @ we ow 3 Palermo with examination as is usual in the courses of Anatomy in the end of the third year. There is also a course of topographical anatomy in ef the Sth year. No definite numbers of Cigssections are required. Prof. F. said that a student has made dissections of about 100 snecial regions by the end of the course, and has about 300 cadavers a yeare He teaches histology and embriology but very little of the latter. Laboratories on twa floowof an old building. Six tables only for dissection; & students at each table. Poor livhting and overscrowded. S»ecial room for allievi interni with 4 deske. Small, poorly lighted lecture room shared with inetitute of pathology. On second floor professor's room and % rooms for assistante. 19 microscopea in all. ‘Small outbuilding for work in tiseue culture, poorly eouipped, tut in use. Physiologys= Professor Lombreso. 1 aiuto, 1 assistant. 290 stucents.e % lectures a week with demonstrations following the lectures to 10 or 15 students at a time; thus, each student has atout one half hour a week of demonstration. Aiuto gives as course 7% hours a week in physiological chemistry. Floor cvace is ample for professor and his assistanta. Good amphitheatre, exceilent small demonstretion room holding 70 etucents at a time. leeks for 50 students for individual exercises, inadequately equipped. 18 deske for students in biological chemistry, also poorly equipped. Rooms for fas enalyees,tfor graphic records; ood animal rooms. Equipment in general fairly satisfactory for professor and assistanta. Library small. Mo English or American periodicals. German periodicals interrupted in 1915. Eudget 15,000 Lire ea year, for light, scientific apparatus and material. The servants are not vaid from this budcet. Considering resources , laboratories excellente General Pathology:= Formerly in charce of Professor Scaffidi rho hee just left to go to Naples. Younger substitute name De Macco.e No aivto, one assistant. This is a reeneral introductory course to disease nhenomene and in this course is siven all that the school teaches bactericlogy, parasitology and protozoology. Also course gives inetruction in clinical anplication of the work in gaa analyses, resviration and grarhic methods in ecnnection with heart, disease. Course is siven in the 7rd year with otligatory examinatione 7 hours a week of lectures and 7 hours of practical work which constitutes for the professor 50 or 60 demonstrations a years Byamination is given in the Sth year since the clinical experience is closes ly related to the material of the courses. Floor space inadequate for the number of atudentse No individual deske, excent a small room containing 12 desks probably to be used ty allievie Apparatus copious and in good conditione This is said to be the best equipped institute of General Pathology, with the exceotion of Florencee Good animal house. Library small; professor took moet of the booke with him since they rere his personal property. Budget not givene Uygienes= Professor Luigi Manfredi.s 1 aiuto (et 7,500 Lire a year), 2 paid assistants, 1 technician, 1 laboratory servant and 1 porter. 8 to 10 allievi internie Students 60 to 80. Course is given in the 4th year % lectures a week followed by 1 hour demonstrations and exercisese Eyanm ination is obligatorye Students are divided into 2 or % sections and each man thus has a table for practical work of which very little is done by the student. More opportunity in a special room is devoted to the allievi interni who work principally in the 5th and 6th year in connection with submission of thesese we Falermo Manfredi gives a separate course for engineers % times a week and also a 2 months course of special work for craduates which consists of 2 hra. lectures and 2 hrs. practical work every day. This course is open to graduates in veterinary medicine, medicine and pharmacy. Avparetus fairly adequate for chemical investigations of the srofessor. No general equipment for the student seen. Library, an excellent complete file of French and German journals of Hygiene, well kept. 1st floor contains lecture=room for chemistry and a smaller room for allievi, and also a small etudents' laboratory. 2nd floor, 12 rooms; large director's office and well equipped Cirector's laboratory for chemical work. Library room for public health nursee Other roonr devoted to laboratories for the assigiants asice from headquarters for publio health nurse. Little or no emphasis on social medicine or preventive work. lanfredi rune this dept. on 10,000 Lire a year from the government, plue 10,000 Lire secured through agreements with neighbouring townships for diagnostic service civen by the laboratory and arranged on basis of 1 centesimo (#09004) per inhabitant. Pathologyes Professor Rindo de Vecchiy recent arrival. No aiuto, 1 assistant. Students 60 to 80. Course consists of leotures 3 times a week supplemented by % hours exercises cf a demonstrative character. First floor: small autopsy room with almost no equipment, small museum with about 150 prevarations, workshop and one asdstants'’ room. Second floor: professor's room and small laboratory. 3% roome for assistants, library almost devoid of bookse De Ve's predecessor tess his privetc library with him to Naples. Work chiefly in the fielc >* mxphologi cal pathology since matkwakxenkexyarexamt experimental -atholog; is cone in the institute of general pathologye 4 microscopes. Budret 15,000 Lire & yeare Clinical Facilities. With the exception of the Pediatric clinic, clinical facilities of the feculty at Palermo are located in the Ospedale Concezione, about one 1/2 hour's walk from the other buildings of the schoole Beds are divided as follows:= General medicine, 49; surgery, 40; Obstetrics, 24; Svnecology 24; Ophthalmology 40, General medicine housed in two small roome in a made-over convent. Iight poor, arrangement poore 20 beds for male patients, 20 for female. Province furnishes housing but the university must vay for food and druge for natients. Teaching in 4th, 5th end Gth years by vro- fessor, aiuto and assistant who are Liberi Docenti, but other Liberi Docenti cannot use this clinical material. Students have almost no responsibility for caress OPD. has a daily attendance of about 50, from which casee are chosen for the hospital. Teaching is done in the OP), Clinic laboratories POOL. These students principally spend their time in medical service as helpers during their 6th yeare General impression is of a poorly organized and poorly equipped service. Surgery, housed in three separate btuilcings in this hospital. Lahor- atories in one building. Awother building, a 70 year old barracks, holcing 20 beds, and the third builcing, part of the second floor of an old convent, Operating room; “wretched condition; a dirty old tepsup hand basin, some rusty furniture such as instrument tables, onerating table, etc., Asepsis would be impossitle. Wards filled chiefly with inoperable bone tuberculosis and hernia cases. Professor Ernesto Tricomi, an eloquent partisan of suns Shine and social medicine. 1 aiuto, 2 assistants. OPD. 10 to 15 cases a Palermo duye General impression, one of the worst surgical clinics in Italy. Fortunately the director of this clinic is chiefly interested in sunshine and social medicines The Hospital San Severio which houses the clinies of medical and surgical pathology waa not visited. There are about 400 beds there, but these two clinins hace access to no more than 50 beds a piece. Full notes on file, regarding the clinic of Ophthalmology and Gynecology which are somewhat superior to those of medicine and surgery. Pediatrics:= The best clinis in Palermo is that of Pediatricae The ohief, Professor Di Uristina, is unfortunately suffering from an inoperable cancer and will not be able to continue his work much longere 1 aiuto, 1 voluntary assistant, 4 assistants. Well administered hospital of about 150 bedsae OPD. 100 vists a day. Services divided in general medicine: contagious diseases and tuberculosis. Luboratory equipment good. Teaching done through lectures and clinical demonstrations. Budget not given. More complete notes on file. Library facilities. The university library is not used nor adapted to the needs of the medical faculty. Most of the medical books and literature available is scattered through separate clinics. as elsewhere in Sicily considerable disorder in utilization of medical literature, FPacultye INSTITUTE OF NORMAL aNaTOMY Professor Enrico Tuna = *= = = 3 « 3 2 eee ee Director Cesare lu Rocca se ee se 8S eee ewe ee Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY Professor Ugo Limbroso -*7- = *7 = * == 5-5 Director Giuseppe Pagano uo an_u ee eB Bee ee 2 4 we Oe 2 we Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANaTOMY Professor Bindo de Vecchi (1925) «<= 3s ++ 26 Director Giuseppe Lino=~+~--=-- s+ +22 sss ee 22 = Aiuto INSTITUTE OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY Professor (NeNe) Gennaro Di Maceo = = = 27 2 2 2 me we wm et ee Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY Professor Domenico Mirto =~ - =s = 7 = ss 5 3 36 Director INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE Professor Luigi Manfredi =~ ++ == + +s * +325 Director Francesco Tallo= <7 ss s+ 2s 22255 22 2 Aiuto INSTITUTE OF OPERATIVE MEDICINE Professor Gaetano Parlavecchio Director 4 é a i 4 4 4 ji 5 4 o 4 J Palermo MEDICAL OLINIC Professor Liborio Giuffré = = - = **7 744405 Director Giuseppe Epifanio =+--7-- s+ -+ 757 74 55 Aiuto SURGICAL CLINIC Professor Ernesto Tricomi ~-7-- 7 7 7 = “2 Director Francesco Saverio Latteri = * 7-7 *7 7s 73 3 55 Ainte OLINTC OF OBSTETRICS AND GYN. Professor Ercole Cova ss 7 77 ert Trt AT Directo# Pietro Sirene= 2 -= = 7 s- e777 ee SS Aiute CLINIC OF PEDIATRICS Professor Giovanni di Cristina ~ =~ == + == = Director Salvatore Maggiore - = +s es 5 TFT TTT Aiuto OPHTHALMOLOGICAL CLINIC Professor Gaetano Lodato = = += = * ss set Director Biagio Alaimo - = +777 - “+77 “2-5 Aiuto (incaricato) CLINIC OF NURVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASES Pvofessor Rosolino Colella~-* -~-*--* = *s-. = 0 Director Urberto De Giacoma = +77 37-7 7 tt ttt tt Aiuto (inecaricato) DERMATOLOGY AND SYPRILOGRAPHY Professor Luigi Philipson ~*+-s "ss 55-77 Director pmilie Engel => - 7-7-7 mt ttt Bs Aiuto Admission. Uniform with other faculties in Italy. Professor Lombroso and his assistant Dr. Artom said that their impression was that students came from the licei with uniform preparation, 2 years in physics, 1 year in chemistry, but in neither subjects does the graduate of the licei have any familierity with practical laboratory work. Professor Lazzaro in Pharmacology said that entering students had very poor idea of chemistry. Fees, Scholarshivs and Students' Expenses. Uniform with other faculties in Italy. Dr. De Maceo said where 509 Lire in Navlee is adequate for a student to live for a month, 700 Lire were necessary in Palermo, and 1000 Lire per month rould be perfectly adequate. Scholarships, as elsewhere,in Italy being . founded “hen the purchasing value of the lire was much greater are now practically negligible. There is one scholarship of 100 Lire and one of 500 Lire restricted to graduates. Degreese Uniform with other faculties. Curriculum. Since the introduction of the Gentile Reform allows certain didagtic autonomy to the faculties, the curriculum at Palermo has been modified. Oo Palermo Full account of the changes effected and further changes proposed ies on file in the Paris office, but the character of these changes is not suf> ficiently important to be described at length, The thesis for the degree is retained and the changes involve principally the requii:ement that stud- ents pass group examinations before proceeding further in their medical courses One stipulation of the new order is significant ;= "If by reason of absences on his part or of disorderly attitude of atudents the professor has not been able to give the prescribed norttal number of 50 lectures in a year, the course will not be held valid and must be repeated by the students". Number of Students. No figures were available regarding the exact number of students inscribed in the Medical Faculty at Palermoe As a rule, however, it was said that the entering classes vary between 80 and 100 and that there were from 60 to 80 graduates each year. Source of Students. From the list of practitionners of medicine in the city of Palermo in 1912, out of a total of 556, there is information on 496 men; 424 of these graduated from Palermo and S06@f the graduates come from this im mediate neighbourhood. Approximately 95% of the students of Palermo come from Sicily and 85% from the Northern pert of Sicily. Dre De Maceo said that it was a well known fact that whereas young men in the North of Italy have opportunities to go to business, the ambitious Sicilians go to Law and Medicine and emigrate to the North for the exercise of their profession. A considerable number of students complete the first half of their course in Palermo and go to Naples for the clinical years, and similarly a number after graduation at Palermo will take a year or so in post-graduate work in the clinics of Naplese Distribution of Graduates. 55% of the registered practitionners in the province of Palermo return to the same town of this province from which they came. The urban populat= ion of the province supports one doctor for every 2000 pereons, a country practitionner a ratie of one doctor to every 1,100 inhabitants. This rather unusual proportion is due to the wide distribution of district physicians which ie characteristic of Italy. Importance as a medical faculty. Palermo does not have a wide influence, It is a center for Northern and Western Sicily and a training ground for young professors. Not unfre~ quently these young men leave good pieces of work behind them, as for example, the Pediatric clinic which was the work of Professor Jemma; the Ophthalmological clinic, though much less important, the work of Angelucci Palermo is the only class "4" school in Sicily and will continue to be the most favoured in that part of Italy. Status of Ressarche Aside of the work of Di Cristina in Pediatrics and possibly Lombroso and Artom in Physiology snd Physiological chemistry, Palermo is neglizible from the standpoint of research. Palermo Oe Training of Teachers. Exeept for the earliest stages of nis scientific career no young man in Palermo could obtain adequate training or prestige to quelify him for a professorship elsewhere in Italy. sare Cr me Catania CATANIA Location. Catania is a city of 251,000 inhabitants located in South Eastern Sicily» The province of the same name contains 892,000 and Catania is the center of a highly populous areae It has grown considerably during and since the war and is in close contact with the Near East. It is 3 hours from Messina and consequently atout 17 hours from Naples by train. The city has growm in commercial importance very considerably, but re= presente a type of civilization quite different from northern Italy and is characterized by the presence of a few very rich individuals with little public spirit and a very large and almost indigent population of extremely ignorant Sicilians. So highly individual and indeed unaocial is the nature of life there that Italian professors from other parts of Italy frequently leave their families in the North during the period of their sojourn in Catania and are frank in their expression of the difficulty of life in Catania. It would be difficult to find a part of Italy where general measures of hygiene sre more needed and leas likely to be realized than in Catania. Historye The university of Catania was founded in 1424 by Alfonso of Aragone The earthquake of 1693 destroyed the university, but a new building was constructed in 1818, and in 1861 Sicily joined the rest of Italy and thie university came under the centralized control of higher education. Organization. Similer to other class "B" universities. It contains a Faculty of Law, a Faculty of Letters and Philosophy, a Fuculty of Medicine and Surgery with an annexed school of midwifery, a Faculty of Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences and a School of Pharmacye University Finances. With the publication of the catalogue of 19241925 the finances of the University of Catania are made public for apparently the first time. In thie catalogue a summary of these expenses is as follows:~ INCOME: Received from the Italian Government ceescccesccesacccssenes 1,520,000 Lire " " Conmune, from the Province and « Chamber of Commerce of Cutania esccevcces 625,000 " " » " gmaller communes of the Province of Catania CCHOSHESCHREFEEHALESCHHOHRSHETEHESCEHE SHOES 84, 400 " " « Commune, the province and the Chamber of Commerce of Syracune, oer rereeseseese 70,000 " " “ ™ gmaller communes of the province of Syracuse weer eeeoesreerenseraeseeseseses 48 ,600. " From invested funde, CHOOSES EEEEHEOEH TET EEHF OCHO SO EHEOSE 2,530 " 2,550,530 ee } Catania. Income (cont'd) 2,350,530 Lire Tuition and scholastic fees secsesceveccvessececvcece _ 753,900 " EXPENDITURES: Tersonnel and maintenance seseceresrevecaceveeeseses 2,799,208 Lire Funds for retirement and pension maintenance eseceoe 72,900 " Remission of scholastic fees for poor students evece 74,900 " Contingent for Various expenditures cecessevecevceee 199,900 " Balance esseeses 58,722 ” Total;= _3,193,530_ " Medical School Finances. No account is given of medical school finances. Presumably they amount to a little less than half of the university finances. for general picture of what is probably obtained at Catania see medical faculty finahces under Messina, Buildiagse No map could be found of the towne The following institutee are housed under one roof in the Via Lincoln : anatomy, vathology, legal medicine and hyeiene. The building is spacious and well adapted to the purvoses for rhich it was builte Two wings at right and left of the main entrance, each depart~ ment having an entire floor of a winge No space is wasted for didatie lectures on a large scale the amphitheatre has a capacity of about 75. Fifteen minutes from this group is the other group of this building houss= ing; pharmacy, pharmacology, chemistry, zoology and botanye Tach subject hes a separate building of two floors containing about 19 roomse Animal house and servants' quarters, separate. Buildings recently constructed and adequate. Five minutes' distance from this second group of buildings are the medical, surgical and neurological clinies which are in the Spedale Garibaldi. This is an old 1000 beds hospital belonging to the commune with small temporary out= buildings constructed specially for laboratories and administration of the medical and surgical clinics. Catanias Laboratory Facilities. Anatomy:~ Complete description in the form of a vamphiet filed in Paris officee Professor Beccarie 1 aiuto, 2 assistanise. Physiology:= Professor Quagliarello. 1 aiuto, 1 assistante 7 to 4 allievie About 100 students. Course given in 2nd and 7rd yearse Prof. Qe not present at time of visit. Institute housed in new building. round floor contains small class-room, small chemical laboratory and small bacter= iological room. In chemistry desk space for students, 8. There are also rooms for aiuto and assistants and a workshop. Upstairs, 7 rooms devoted to professor's office and laboratory, a library and 4 rooms for research work on part of aiuto and assistants. Equipment poor and in considerable disordere. Pharmacoloay:~ Professor Foder&. 1 aiuto, 1 voluntary siute. 6 or 7 Allievi internie Students 50. QGourse given in 3rd year, lectures 7 times a week and 3 derionstrations a week by the assistant. In 6th year snecial course in therapy is piven as a résumé. No examination in Sth year courses No vrovision for laboratory work on part of student. Building is new. First floors lecture~room for about 80 students, small bacteriological laboratory with 6 desks, small room for chemistry with also 6 desks. Vivi- section room and rooms for balances, and one room for the assistants. On second floor, large room to be used as library, professor's study, a waiting room and small rooms for chemistry, microscopy and bacteriolozye Avparatus is adequate for the personnel of assistants and allievie The examination for the course is given by 3 men, the professor of the subject, another professor of the related subject and a Libero docente in rharmacologye The real etudents are the allievi interni of whom 4 or 7 are chosen out of those who present themselvese Facilities for work are actually gziven for these mene Clinical Facilities. Clinical work at. the Medical Faculty of Catania is divided among 7 hospitals. First, the Spedale Santa Marta which I did not visite It is near the Anatomy building and is old and it was said not to be show to visitorse It houses the Ophthalmological clinic and for the time being, the surgical clinice The second clinical center ‘in Catania is the Ospedale Garibaldi.s This is an old building housing the medical clinic the clinics of surgical pathology and the c’inics of neurology and psy- chiatry, Aocproximately 1000 beds of which ¢$Q are available for teaciing in these clinicse. In medicine the wards were ol14 and crowded; 20 beds for females and 26 for males. Laboratories at some distance, small but busye Work coing on in 8 emall rooms. Neurology and psychiatry have 48 beds for neurology and 20 for psychiatry. Space adequate. Some evidence of neuro~ pathological laboratory work. Warde clean and in good order. ach of the above mentioned services maintains a small OPD. Surgical Pathology not. visited. The largest and most modern hospital in Catania is the Vittorio Emanuele about 10 minutes walk from the Garibaldi Hospital built on the pavillion plan and 4® new. It houses the clinics of Pediatrics and will house surgical and Obstetrical clinics. Has a emall tuberculosis branch. CN aK 0 - A Catania 100 beds for all stages of tuberculosis, but without laboratory, library, X-ray or operating room. The pediatric ward is a separate large build~ ing 250 beds capacity of which only 45 are in use for economic reasons. Laboratory space adequate; wretched nursinge Was shown a child of 18 months as a specially worthy case since it was actually being artificially fed. OPD. in this clinic 46,000 cases a year. Principal diseases: keale-azar, Malte fever, typhoid and malaria. Obstetrics ward, frame built, tut no further work done recently. In surgery, 2% wards have been tuilt for men and one for women, but were not in full function at time of visit. Space adequate; provision of laboratory work moderately good. Library Facilities. Entirely inadequate. No centralization. Libraries of separate clinics and inetitutes much interrupted in their journal subscriptions sinee 1915. Faculty. INSTITUTE OF ANATONY Professor Nello Beccari =-~s =e se == Director Prof. Gaetano Cutore = = s s=*s ss 2 2 = Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY Professor Gaetano Quagliarello = -*= = <= = Director Dr. Giuseppe Russo = - + - == e774 Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY Profeasor Umberto Farodi - = + = s e+ * = 5 Director Dre Giacomo Lombardo = = ss -s= 27 == 5 > Aiuto INST. OF SPECIAL DEMONSTRATIVE PATHOLOGY Professor Maurizio Ascoli s = 3s = s = = 5 Director Prov. Guido Izgar == 27 se e727 27 = - Aiuto INSTITUTE Of PHARMACOLOGY Professor Filippo arturo Fodera ~-- - = Director Dr. Cinsevpe Sanfilippo sss +7757 - Aiuto INSTITUTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE Professor Rinaldo Pellegrini ~-+--+-7--- Director INSTITUTE OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY Professor Giambattista Ughetti ----- ~ Director Dr. Giuseppe Battiato == - 7-5 ss 555 Aiuto INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE Professor Bugenio Di Mattel -=- ss -- > Director Dre Gaetano La Rosa-~-s ss sett Aiuto INSTITUTS OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY Professor Mario Condorelli == s += *+- 7 5 Director Catania Faculty. (Cont'd) oy” LOU MEDICAL CLINIC ‘Professor Railondo Feletti = - = += = «= = = Direstor Prof. Francesoo Valenti == sss 2-5 4 Aiuto MEDICAL AND SURGICAL OPERATIVE OLINIC Professor Giuseppe Muscatello = = - = 5 + = Director Prof. Vincenzo Tomaselli == ss + = = +s Aiuto INST. OF SPECQTAL DEYONSTRATIVE SUPGICAL PATHOLOGY , Professor Sebastiano Gussio =~ +--+ -=-+-+ = Director Dr. Bmanuele foderA ~ 7 7 = ~ 37 5 FO Aiuto QRSTETRIC&L & GYN. CLINIC Professor Sranceso Caruso s-= 7 =~ += - = > - Director Dr. Antonino Lombardo = = - 7 3 = s 2 3 5 Aiuto OLINIS OF PEDIATRICS Professor Antonino Longo = *- +--+ 5 - Director Prof. Giovanni Pavone = = - = - s+ -- 4-5 Aiuto OFHTHALMOLOGICAL CLINIC “Professor Salvatore Calderaro =~ - ~*~ = <= = = Director Dr. Ciuseppe Favaloro = 5 = 5 sss ea Aiuto CLINIC Of NERVOUS & MENTAL DISEASES Professor Onofrio Fragnito = 7-7 - 7 +25 Director Prof. Eugenio Aguglia =s* ss +=2 45% Aiuto BAR, HOSE & THROAT Professor Salvatore Citelli - Director Dre Antonino Piazza ses 7 sas se ess Aiuto ‘ j é 4 5 A a OLINIC OF DERMOSYPHILOP ATHY Professor Mario Truffi == s sss ss 8 Direator Prof. Pasquale Longo = +-*7*7 772-75 > Aiuto Admission Requirements. Uniform with other faculties. Fees, Scholarships & Students’ Expenses. See under Messina where conditions are virtually the same as at Catania. Degrees» Uniform with other medical faculties. Curriculum. hree a wk. w w FIRST YEAR:= Physics sseceess 3 hrs. a wke ~ Chemistry ..- Zoology and Comp- Botany sevees arative Anatomy . " " Human Anatomy t nu LN NESE Curriculum (continued) SECOND YEAR; THIRD YEAR FOURTH YBEaR?. FISTH YEAR: SIXTH YEAR: Human Anatomy Physiological Chemistry e+. Phys.chemistry Physiology Topogre Anate Med, Pathol. & PhysiceDiage Opere medic. Pathol. anate Serology and Immunology (Option.course) Hed. clinic Surge " Pathol anatomy " histol. Legal medicine Ned. clinic Surge " Therapeutica = Noe 3 hrse a wWke 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 CP WA OD " tt iT) Li bi of lectures not stated Examination not required = Option. course. Physiolopry Parasitology (optional cse) Pharmacology Gen. Pathology SurgePathology Clin. medicine "surgery Pathole Histol. Ophthalmology Dermatology oR et Oy Catania 3 hbrse a Wk w " SAAN OWN z uv " 3 Bar,Nose & Throat 3 " " Hygiene Dentistry Obst.e & Gyne Pediatrics Orthopedics = tt NUN AN OAN Noe of lectures not stated The catalogue of the University of Catania is further remarkable in giving programmes of lectures in the official courses. noted which are given by Liberi Docenti. largely in the clinical branches and specialties. Number of Studentse Source of Students. See Page |14 Courses are also These are 49 in number and are The faculty at Catania receives its students chiefly from sastern Sicily, from Alcantara southwards and from the provinces of Catania and Syracuse especially. Sicily. Distribution of Graduates. See Puge Il6é. to the Eastern and Southern parte of Sicily. Importance as a Medical Fracultye Alcantara is the dividing laid between Messina and The graduates of this faculty are largely restricted Although the great limitation of induetrial life in Sicily forces ambitious young Sicilians to the professions of Law and Medicine which they subsequently exercise in.all parts of Italy, a relatively small number of medical graduates leave the university of Catania in comparison to the number graduating at Messina or Palermoe Cutania has therefore a significe Catania. ance which is largely only locale Like Messina, Palermo and the two faculties in Sardinia, the Medical Faculty of Catania acts as a stepping stone for young professors in their academic oareerse The older profess= ore in the faculty are either natives who prefer the atmosphere of Sicilian life, or the relatively incompetent men who are unable to obtain calls to other universities. This combination of professors who want nothing better, those who can get nothing better and those who are staying for as short a time as possible, naturally operates very much to the disadvantage of the school at Catania. Status of Research. With the exception of Professor Ascoli and his assistant Izur in medical pathology, there is Very little evidence of any research whatever being done in the fuculty of Catania. Training of Teachers. Catania is unimportant in the general academic life of the Italian medical schools, except in the role mentioned abovee Messina Locations A city of 285,000 inkabitants becoming the moet important port of Sicily, ie 7 hours from Catania by rail and six from Palermo, half an hour to an hour from the mainland with which it has close relations; 14 houre from Naples. The population of Messina has always had closer relate jons with the continent than with the rest of Sicily. The province of Messina has a population of 580,000; that of Calabria, across the Straits, 1,572,000. history. In 1548 the Jesuits began teaching in their college at Messine "in the style followed et raris". In the same year permission was given to call this center of studies a University, and in 1591 the Duke of Alba conoeded the right of giving degrees to this university. In 1679 the university was greatly oppressed by a local dictator and suffered great loss of prestige and financiel resourcese In 1767 with the expulsion of the Jesuits the institution was again changed to the rank of a college; in 1787 this college was almoct destroyed by e disastrous earthauakee In 18278 the university rank was egain atteined but in 1862 the University of Messina wae placed among the second class universities in Italyeby the Matteucci lawe In 1885 as result of considerable local support the pos~ ition of the univereity was improvede In 1908, in December, Meseine vas destroyed by eerthauake and with it the library, ecientific institutes and elmoet the entire auipment of the universitye Not until 191% dic the medical faculty resume work and at that time only the first 7 years wore given. In 1917 the medical faculty began adding the second 7 years of the medical course, so that not until 1920 was the medical faculty in full funetione Full historical account is on file in the Paria office. Organization. The university consists of the raculty of Law, Medicine, Naturel Seience, Philosophy and Letters, and schools of Pharmacy, Midwifery and Pedagogy, together with normal echools in Letters and Sciencese Otherwise uniform with other type “BY faculties. University Finances. The assets of the university of Messine are not made public further than a statement that the Italian government provides 1 million Lire annuelly, and the town of Messina has pledged the support to the extent of 110,000 Lire annually. Expenditures, however, are published in this following form := Teaching Personnel: RECtTOL seers e eee ceFeaS Teese sesenesanssesesseseseeeeees 20900 Lire 12 Full professors at eecvele 246750 each ceveneeseee 2970000 7 18 assiste " "gee ee La 18.500 Wo eae eweectes 233.990 " 633,000" Expenditurea (cont'd) 14 professors (extracrdinatti) 19 14 6 11 10 a subdetitute oss Blutlcccccccecscccecccccce COCR HORE OE OLEC RS OEE Beelatante eevsveccccsscere at Le 21.970 cach ceoeee " e 5.860 “ e@eenen "Le 100850 * eevee * Te 100000 * eoces * Te 10.5700 new * Le 8.000 " eevee § Tachniciank® csceescecvccsacscsesevesenenceseserese Chief midwife cocccvesccesesccsesccesessesesesesos 51 BELVANTA sevccccncecceseceeceseveeseveevvessereers administrative personnel Peoeesrevecseesoaseseeoser Maintenance for teaching expences, material, ete, ecoerves Administration Cost cocecccccsccseeeersesseeessceeseces Remission of tuition for poor students eseevececrevees Funds for pension, retirement, ete, secccsccccassccere Miscellaneous COOH HHHHO HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EERE RO® 552650 Medical School Finances. Assets. Expenditures:= Teaching Personnel, Full professors 4 # associate profe 5 New professors 5 Substit. prof. 4 Chief Midwife 1 Aluti=-2-- ll " = m= = @ 3 6 6 assistants - ti] Service. Technisianes 2 Servants 13 " 2 Maintenance ## For clinics For Inatitutes (x) university ae a whole which are 143.170 Lire. at 242750 23: 32823228 3 3 3 18,500 21,970 5,860 8,500 10,850 10,000 10,300 8,000 9.000 Tetto 6.000 TOTAL No information was furnished on this point. @eeeeseeeeeseseeveaeseosaeese 00040 F 840844488 EE @oaeeraeseeeseeoveresserd @eaeeeetceoeaeseveenseseeeesd eeeeoneaegeeoseeeeeoevnese ts Seeevvsesessesaoveseeeeeess SSCs eseeeeteeaeeorteseooee @eseeeesveoeaneteseeeseesees @eeaoaoe ea eeceoaseteeeenaoaesete @oaseateocnuseceseevteeres @ooeeecesseeeeeasegeeonese SeeooeoeeeCeenseeo eee Heese Total seve 108,000 58.000 n Messina 633.000 307.580 111.240 151.900 60,000 113, 300 80.000 55.800 8.500 2306375 85.170 241.000 55-000 41.385 20.000 222502000 99.000 92.500 109.850 23-440 8,500 119, 350 Z0.000 61-800 48 ,000 18.000 101.075 12.000 L Medical faculty direct expenses (x) L Not including the general administration expenses of the Basing the medical faculties’ share of this as being proportional to ite share of the other expenses (direct) of the university, isee as 889.515 is to 1,989,795 or 63.000 lire. Lire = 32223 8 232383 Lire Lire 5926440 131.075 7230515 166.000 e 889.515 Messina » ANATOMY fo. a sy MAZZA Merwe ero \ MERCATO gue aed ee mt ~) ‘ q q CW ‘¢ CL ( . in Canta at Ue Streeter hy Le nig ve ni cdl Or Ha a i 4 fy uv c iy ye te COVELL / fr 1} “Lf epic he gt ye ver g poet = . / o (hale yitteed Sf t. oa eregellaty tet atin , Crpt ale ceiverdy Jaice 7 so gp gts ’ * i via cate tf a fete . 6 Sede A ae ee Hite t slaves ty & elegy j . : 7 . We { wy r Lille a fey dee C21 te ¥ - / we te. ft ahd As 2u2 Js M Ooo ce / 2 vl / / é . Ow Messine Therefore 889,515 as direct expenses of Medical Faculty 62,000 as overhead " TOTAL : = 9520515 # "Non stabdili" ## Made up as follows:~ Anatomy 10.000 Medical Clinic 24.000 Physiology 10.000 Surgical Clinic 24.000 Genral path. 8.000 Obstet. & Gyn. 12.000 Pharmacology 8.000 Ophthalmology 12.000 Pathol. Anate 6.000 Neurol. & Pseyoh. 12.000 Legal Medicine 64000 Dermatology 12.000 Hygiene 10,000 Pediatrics 12.000 55.000 108.000 Buildingse As shown in the accompanying map the buildings of the University at Messina are at present somewhat scattered. The earthquake of 1908 destroyed the whole university and the new building is still in the stage of conatruction. Remarkable is the fact that the clinics are all under one roof with ample space and the pre-clinical institutes and laboratories are being so far as possible erected in the closeat vicinity to each other. Anatomy is at eome distance at the present time but this is hoped to be only a provisional urrangemente The medical school will uee the labor= atories of the university of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. These form part of the group comprising and arranged as follows := tan | adminis | | Philo _ tration | | s0 Physice clences & Mathe Library Geology It is of interest to know that the cost of these buildings begun in 1910 wae originally estimated at 4 million Lire , and at present the same imcomplete buildings show up to date a cost of 17 million Lire. Laboratories. Inasmuch as all the laboratories are in provisional buildings no des= cription is at present significante They are all in inadequate structures over=crowded and undex-equipped for teaching purposes. Olinics. All the clinical work at the faculty at Messina is in one large hospital. 6. Messina It ie administered by a congregation of charity and ie housed in a new building containing 250 bede at 10 minutes distance from the other build~ ings of the university. Gynecology and Obstetrics. Professor: Cappellani.e 1 aiuto, 1 assistant. Course given in 6th years about 40 students. 40 beds, 2 operating rooms, 1 delivery room. Gynecology and Obstetrics in seperate wards. Midwives’ school utilizes clinical material. about 50 midwives divided between two yearse Budget 12,000 Lire annually. Surgical Clinio:= Professor D'agata. 1 aiuto, 2 aesistants. 40 beds with an OPD treating 100 cases a days There is a special division of trau~ matology with 15 beds assigned to it. Work on wards done by assistants and alutoe Laboratory facilities very scant; said to be 100 autopsies a year which as in the other clinics at Messina are done by the Profeseor of Patho= logye Operating rooms not in excellent condition: in spite of being new. Budget 24.000 Lire a year. Medical Olinis not visited. Library Facilities. The library facilities in the medical faculty are scattered over the different institutes and clinics and are of the most meagre sort since almost nothing was saved from the earthquake of 1908, and the yeare following 1915 have been marked with almost complete absence of modern medical periodicals. Provision exists in the new university group for a central library and such medica] works as are placed here will be principally for the students’ use. A library is provided for and will be opened all day. There is furthermore a catalogue for all the books in medicine which are at present housed in the institutee. Pacultye anatony Seer erreeeeseeseoseesenaneseas Professor Giovanni Perna Physics Shee THe Heer Tes eesseOeseserese “ Laureto Tierti Chemistry CO eeeeeenaeccaveseeseoverses Atrigo, Mazzuchelli Physiology COSHH CECE HHS HHOE HELE LEBERS Giuseppe Amantea - Pharmacology CORREO COE OC ER HEED EEORED Gaetano Vinci Pathological Angtomy cesscoscccssverse Pasquale Ferraro General Pathology OOF Poe eEEBEEHeersere Carmelo Ciaccio Medical Clinic scecesencccccccesecrecs Luigi D* Amato Clinical Surgery eecsecscesscsccscesce Stefano Puglisi Hygiene OOOOH OER EEeHEHEseLETetoresered Guido Volpino Pediatric® ceccseccececesessccscsscere Sebastiano Cannata Surgical Pathology Pees eeooesenereses Giuseppe D' agata Dermatology CoeeenesHoseseeseserereere Vittario Barbaglia Neurology & Psychiatry COMO o LOCC EEES Mario Zalla. Ophthalmology Coe erence ncerererrererse Erasmo Scimemi 22z2a3: 37 8323223 8 admission. It may be of interest to give the exact conditions under which a student matriculates in the Mediéal Faculty at Messina. These conditions Measina ‘ -. .i ¥ are characteristic of the admission requirements in medical faculties elsewhere. To obtein the matriculation a candidate must present, not later than the 70th of November := 1) a request to the Rector on a sheet of paper with a 2 lire stamp upon it, the name of the candidate and his parents, place of resicence of his family and his dwelling in the city, and the faculty in which he intends to place himself. 2) birth certificate, 3) receipt for payment of hia matriculation fee and of the first part of his tuition fee, and aleo of the first part of his special fee for group examinations at the end of the second year, 4) a recent photography of the ordinary pass-port type; 5) Diploma of graduation from lyceo The request for inecription in the years following the first year necessitates the repetition of No. 3 of the above Pees, Scholarships and Students’ ixpenaes. Similar to fees in other universities. For living expenses, see Catania. Students at Messina oan get rooms for 200 Lire a month, and room and board for 450 Lire a month. Degrees. Uniform with other medical faculties. Curriculum. The curriculum is given without specifications as to the number or character of exercises in each subject. It is as follows:- FIRST YEAR:¢~ Human anatomy = Physics = General Chemistry = Botany. SECOND YEAR:= Human anatomy = Physiology = Zoology & Comparative Anatomy. THIRD YEAR := Human Anatomy = Physiology = Pharmacology = Gene. Pathology FOURTH YEAR:- Pathol. Anatomy = Med. clinic = Surg. clinic - Medical Pathology = Surge Pathology = Operative medicinee FIPTH YEAR: ~ Med. clinic = Surge clinic ~ Ophthalm. clincic = Dermas tological clinic = Pathélogical Anatomy = Hygiene = Legal Medicine. SIXTH YEAR:= Med. clinic = Surg. clinic = Pediatr. clinic = Neurology and Paychiatry * Obstetrics & Gynecology. The calendar year at Messina ie typical of many Italian universities , in that it begins on the 15th of October with a period of examinations only which last until December let. Then begin the regular lectures which last wnitil June 15th with vacations of two weeks at Xie, 1 week at Carnival and two Se) re Messinae weeks at Easter together with various other church holidayse This program is such that the school year provides for between 50 and 60 lectures, if they are given on the usual basis of alternate week days 3 times a week. On June 15th begin another period of examinations which laste until July 3lst. The usual standard demanded as a pass mark in examinations is 17 out of possibly 30. Examinations can be repeated any number of times. Cases have occurred where candidates coming up to examinations for the seventh time were let by largely on account of professors boredom. This eystem accounts for a not unfrequent phenomena of the larger number of men in the sixth year than in the fifth. Number of Students. Following is the numbers of students inecribed at the medical faculty at Messina for the yeare from 1917 to 1925. Year of 1917-18 18619 = 19220 20821 2122 8 22825 23824 he 25 Course First 53 30 53 32 38 35 30 56 Second 33 38 34 30 26 35 42 55 Third 41 26 43 41 47 26 35 37 Fourth 13 39 25 34 41 34 24 26 Fifth =(1) 13 28 17 29 28 30 19 Sixth ~ - 12 22 15 23 26 28 aweeennaee am a Saroarsaannenansaan sasnenins (1) The faculty of medicine reopened in 1914-15 with the first ‘second years only, then had the firat 3 yeare in 1915=16, the first four years in 1917-18, the five years in 1918-19 and the comple®courses in 1919-20. Source of Students. In 1922 the composition of the student tody in the Faculty of Medicine was as follows := Prom Messina secccocsevcsccecceecse 83 “ Reggio Calabria, across the Straits- on the Mainland 73 " Catanzaro eevedi Secececrccrece 20 HW COZENZA eeoecedtdeoccccesecece 1 " other provinces of Italy .»-. 19 Total 196 It is calculated that 60% of the students at Messina come from the main- land; those coming from Sicily are largely comfined to the province of Messina and the north-eastern coast as far as the province of Palermo. Messina Distribution of Graduates. See Page 116 Importance as a Medical Faculty. The faculty at Messina was one of those selected for suppreseion some three years ago by the Superior Council. Intense local pride has prevented this measure. Largely due to the earthquake this faculty is in some respects better equipped than many other faculties in Italy as to buildings. Its importance, however, in the medical education of Italy is very small except as it supplies general practitionners for Calabria and Messina, Status of Research. No aotivity of any importance in thie field was seen. Training for Teachers. Special provision has been made allowing assistants who wish to go abroad for one or two years, so that they may not lose their positions. This is largely a gesture,as the number of assistants going abroad is so severely restricted by almost universal poverty as to be unimportante Messina is ranked by the Italians in the clase of Catania, Cagliari and Sassari, as a Class "B" faculty of minor importance. Cagliari CaGLTARSYI Location. Cagliari is a city of 61.000 and the province totals a population of 530.000. It is situated at the south end of the island of Sardinia. The island as a whole has a population of about 870.000. Communications with the mainland are not specially good, the crossing being 36 houra from Naples to Cagliari and about 8 hours from Civitta=Vecohia. Communications within Sardinia are very poor and the general acale of life almost pastoral in simplicity. History. The university was founded by Paul V in 1606; it wae inaugurated in 1626. Sardinia hae been closely allied, first to the Republic of Pisa and later to the Piedmont. In 1859 a university came under the Cassati Law. In 1902 it was denominated as of the first grade and haa been put in the Type “a" group by the Gentile Law. This classification is due more to political than intelleotual causes. Organization. Similar to other type "A" universities. The university consists of 3 faculties, Law, Medicine and Natural Seiences with a school of Pharmacy. University Finances. Being a Type "a" school, Cagliari ie mipported by the Italian govern ment with the exception of some few contributions by the province and commune. No definite statement ia made of the exact amounts and sources of income and the expenses are arranged in a somewhat confusing fashion. Funds are voted to the institutes and clinice under three different oate= gories:; firet, regular maintenance; second, supplementary funds for maintenance, and third, building appropriationa. No account was obtained of amounts spent by the government for salaries of teaching and administr ative personnel, The following table gives the maintenance budget for the different institutes and clinics := MEDICAL SCHOOL. Regular Special maintenance maintenance Building Medical clinic Le 6.000 Le 8.000 - Surgical . 64000 30.009 - Obstetrics & Gyne 5.500 56.230 - aT Cagliari Medical School (cont'd) Regular Special maintenance maintenance Building Dermatology Le 62000 Le 6.000 “ Neurology & Psychiatry 5900 17.090 - Ophthalmology 5.000 - - Pediatrics 5.900 3,000 - Surgicul Pathology 52000 1.000 - Hygiene 52000 14.2595 - Legal medicine 3.500 8.900 - Anatomy 6.000 - 19.750 Physiology 6.000 - - Pathol. anatomy 5.500 “ = General Pathology 5.500 3.000 - Pharmacology 5.000 6.090 - LAW SCHOOL. Inst. of Law and Econome 3.000 - - FACULTY OF SCIENOE General Chemistry 10.090 - - Physics 7590 1,717, 30 19.500 Zoology, Physiology & Comparative anatomy 8.090 10.999 52.000 Botanic Garden 12.000 30778250 - Mineralogy 4.500 “ - Geology 4.590 8.000 - School of Archit. & Design 1.990 1.000 “ School of Pharmacy 6.590 - - Biological Station 52200 - - Repairs of central university building - “ 47,000 University Library 26.064, 50 “ - Secretary of University 8.090 10.000 “ Repairs and Gen. maintene. 254000 = - Special Taxes - 20.950,52 - yedical School Financese See above for only information obteinable, except that 245.745 Lire ia given as a total expense of maintaining the clinics. This refers to payments for food and drugs, whereas other expenses referring to the clinics are those for scientific material, books, light, heat, otce. 269 Ch. del ‘ - Ci ‘apmine S. Pietra “3 & “tera MAO ay me ae oe 8 + Copmae “ii TUE TTD st | CAGLIARI. | - A ' | Seala di 1:18 000 | Pan ow 200 300 fo i : e { *y ° : nal i . . ¢ xt , is : lazione é tL Prise uae Aa se 4 pasate ide — . eaetTViTT DANE | Cagliari CRs “et Buildings. As shown on the map the buildings at Cagliari are three in number, An old convent much crowded and il] adapted for teaching houses Physiology, Hygiene and Pharmacology at some 15 minutes walk from the Civil hospital and(nearby )the new institute of Anatomy.e The clinics are housed in a spac= ious and fairly modern building and the anatomy building is quite new. Laboratory Facilities. Anatomy:= Professor Vitali. 1 aged aiuto, 1 assistant, 3 allievi. Course given in first 3 years. 87 students inscribed as total. Has about 25 cadavers throughout the year and since no preservation is done the work must be brisk in the winter time. Laboratories located in th: new anatom ical institute. Ground floor divided into 2 rooms for preparation, a dissecting room with 4 tables and room for assistant. Second floor has a small lecture room, 2 rooms for professor, 1 for the aiuto and a very small librarye Budget 6.000 Liree Physiology:= Professor Tullio Gayda. 1 aiuto, no aesistant, no allievi Course given in the 2nd and 3rd years. Total of 58 studentse 6 rooms in the old convent at 7 viale Trieste houses thie institute. Much overecrowded and poorly adapted; equipment very scant and a general air of decay with young Professor Gayda who has juat left the position of aiuto at Turin etruggling to find money for repairs. Budget 6.000 Lire. Pharmacology:= Professor Italo Simon. 1 aiuto, 2 voluntary assistants. 22 studentse Course given in the third year. Institute found in 8 small rooms at 7 Viale Trieste, over=crowded, undereequipped. Difficult to see how any work whatever could be done under these circwnstances. Orderdof material from the continent of Italy take one to two months to arrive. Simon says that intellectual isolation is almost as complete.as far as teaching goess a man could do just aa well in his own house. Budget totals 11.900 Lire. Hygiene:~ Professor Filippo Nerie 1 aiuto, about 30 students. Course given in the 4th year. 6 small rooms at 7 Viale Trieste in procesa of re~ modelling and repair. Greatly over=crowded, equipment extremely limited, Neri active young man only about three months in this faculty. Total budget 19.595 Lire. Clinical Facilities. Medicine:= Professor Francesco Galdi. 2 aiute, one being from the elinic of medical pathology which is fused with clinical medicine here at Cagliari.e 1 assistant and 3 allievi interni. Course given in the 4th, 5th and 6th years to a total of about 35 students, the maximum would be 60, Material equipment for this clinics is scanty and in very little use. Clinical laboratories are spacious but not active. There are for example mx special roomfor bacteriology, chemistry, graphic work, X-rays and Histo- logye Professor Galdi said that the students are not trained enough to take histories by themselyes. The clinics is located in the Ospedale Civile. Plenty of space considering the small size of the clinic. Only 24 beds for 2 4 Cagliari all medical instruction. The OPD. has about 6 cases a day and on the average only occasionally used for teaching. autopsies difficult, to obtain but are done by the professor of Pathological anatomye Most of the patients in this clinic are selected inx OPD. or sent in by friends of the profeseors. The ordinary budget for this clinic is 6.000 Lire a year to which a supplementary amount of 8.000 Le has been added. . Neurology and Psychiatry:~ Professor Carlo Ceni.s 1 aiuto, 1 assist- ant, 2 allievi internie Siutente 18 in course given in 6th year by leotures and demonetrations. Clinic located in a part of the Civil Hospital and consiste of 25 bede devoted in irregular proportion to neurology and psy~ chiatrye Clinical laboratoties ample in space, unused and dusty; not well equipped, no opportunities for special work and apparently a very inactive clinice No atmosphere of study or work, no OPD} i111 kept on a budget of 5-000 Lire plus a supplementary allotment of 17.900 Lire. Library Facilities. The university library has 100.000 volumes, 20.900 pamphlets, 373 manuscriptse The governmental contribution is 22,536 Lire. The contribute ion of the province and commune of Cagliari is 3,900 Lire and from a legacy 528 lire 50 centisimes Most of the medical books and journals are found in the separate libraries of clinics and institutes which are inadequate. Paoulty. INSTITUTE OF HUMAN ANATOMY Professor Giovanni Vitali = Director Efiasio Orru «7 «= es enw wasn awe swawanvia Aiute 8 8 a A 4 4 és 5 é 8 INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY Professor Tullio Gayda - « = 3 = 2 *« +s =+ 2-5 Director Ottavio Busincs aw ea neaneennaananeaens « «2 Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGIOaL aNaTOMY Professor Bernardino Lunghetti = «=~ -+-.+<-+ <== Direotor Armando Businco sae =m 2 mw SB @emeesrks 2 em & & AtLuto INSTITUTE OF GENERAL PaTHOLOGY Professor Prancesco Pentimalli = « «= = « 2 = = = Direotor Elio Sechi oso se 282 9@ 8 2 82 2 8 @ @eae 3 82 8 © & @& Aiuto INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY Trofessor Italo Simon =*- ** 2-2-2222 02 Director INSTI;¢yTE OF LEGAL MEDICINE Profesaor Giorgio Benassi = es +e 2 2 2 a = = Director INSTITUTES OF HYGIENE Professor Fillipo Neri ~~~ <2 - ~* 2 +s 237 Director Agostino Castelli = -- 2 +222 2+ SLONNA evocovervesce 2 8 10 " " " Camerino, " Camerino eesssens 8 2e x0 " " "Perugia, " Perugia eesseseoe 13 22 35 " " " Naples, " Naples eoersecsee 13 85 98 No school at Bari aeorsveesseeneencere Under Unive of Palermo, " Palermo eesesssee 15 10 25 " "" Qatania, " Catania eseseress 8 25 4% " " " Messina, " Messina .(1921).. 35 28 63 " " " Cagliari, " Sugliari eoeeeeee —_ 7 7 No school at Sassari. Under University of Urbino -Urbino 41918-1919) ? ? 12 The teaching given in these schools of midwifery is divided into two years, the first being largely lectures and demonstrations with considerable subordinate work on the wards, the second year devoted entirely to clinical work on the wards. Teaching is given for the most part by the aiuto in the department of Obstetrics under the supervision of the professor of Obatetricse A diploma is given which it is necessary for the future mid- wife to present to the civil authorities of the town in which she intends to practice her vrofeseion. ed over Italy and conduct a large proportion of the normal cases. at the present time midwives are well scatter= Further reference to this matter may be made to the report submitted by iiss FE. Crowell on "Nursing in Italy". Cne phase of the instruction of midwivea is in close relation to the teaching of Obstetrics. There is not, in most cases, enough material on the obatetrics wards to provide practical inetruction for both midrives and medical studentse The difficulty is met by giving to the midwives all of the practical work of deliveries so that the Itulian medical students 290 have thanselves conducted no cases of labour previous to graduation. The low puerperal mortality in Italy is in curious contrast to the defectiveness in the training of the Italian medical student in Obstetrics, and this whole subject deserves an exhaustive study. No comments were made on the very greatly reduced number of students in the school of mid- wifery. It is possible that this defect in the supply of midwives will continue until genuine scarcity begins to arise throughout the country, when a@ reversion to the earlier and lower standards will perhaps take place. YETERINARY MEDICINES Schools for veterinary medicine are either those independent of the universities or those which are incorporated in the universities. Schools of Veterinary Medicine are found at Turin (independent), Milan (indepenient), Bologna (with the university), Perugia (within the University) and Naples (jndependent). The independent schools are denominated "Royal Superior Schools" and are under the Minister of Public Instructione Figures for 1916-19 are as followsé= Turin esses. 62 students Amnual Budget c-cecsccccecesc cveeeeel4l G00 Lire Milan eeceeee 55 students Anmal Goverrment grant cececscesers 45,000 " Bologna esce 191 " Budget for Inst. and labs. eeorcesve 18,000 " Perugia eeeoe 35 Budget not given Naples eseeseade " “ " ” The course is a four-year one, ani! the matriculation is 300 Lire, tuition, 250 to 500 Lire, depending on schools- Diploma 300 Lire. Curriculum on file in Paris Office. A dgeree is given in veterinary medicine which constitutes the only qualification for practice. For further notes on veterinary schools, the diary of Dean A. R- Mann (1.E.§-) may be consulted. Oy Fe HOSPITALS & NURSING No attempt was made to collect information on hospitals in Italy independent of those connected with clinical teaching. The nursing situation has been reported upon by Mise F.E. Crowell in separate revorte, the first dateg September 28th, 1922; the second, dated July 16th, 1924. The hospitals of Italy are of two types: the public charitable inetitutions, and the small private hospitals usually belonging to single practitionera or amall groups of practitioners and operated purely for their own casese Of the second type only one hospital was visited, that of Dr. Raffaelle Bastienelli in Rome. This is a 54 bed modern construction run on a profit sharing plan with B.'s four assistants, two operators, one X-ray man and one resident, all of whom he has chosen from previous assistants on his warde at the Policlinico. 18 of the 54 beds are run on a charity basis, Nursing under the direction of Irish sisterhood. Impression excellent. The public hospitals in Italy present every sort of variety as regards construction, personnel and efficiency of management. Hospital organ- ization and reform has received considerable attention of late years and there has been-definite improvement especially in Northern Italy; the situation in Southern Italy is still one of great disorder. In the report of a commission appointed by the Miniatry of the Interior on April 8th,1918, the impression is described by the Italian authorities as ; "Not only do we lack a sufficient number of hospitals, but the number of beds is also defficient. The fact is rendered still more unfortunate by very uneven distribution of hospitale over the different regions and in the large and small communes". The number of empty beds is strixing in nearly all charity hospitals, several of which are run at only oneshalf or two=third capacity. This state of affairs is largely the result of economic factors. For example in Parma, in 1914, the comme of Parma paid Lire 2,25 a day to the hospital for the care of a patient. In 1925, the charge was Lire 17.~ a day. Pay~ Dede that used to cost from 4 to 6 Lire a day are now from 20 to %6 Lire. The funds from charitable foundations which previously were of appreciable gize have no longer any significant part in the upkeep of these hospitals. Hospitals, in many cases, are forced to use buildings formerly belong= ing to convents or religious orders which are illsadapted for hospital purposese The more modern buildings are on the pavillon plan and occupy a large amount of space. administration is usually through what is called a congregation of gharity in which the civil and religious authorities of the locality are combined with a few philantropic agencies and publio=spirited individuals. The poor of each commune received as patients are paid for by the communes a few paysbeds are found even in large numbers of cublic charity institute ions, but no attempt is made to emphasize this type of service nor does it constitute an important source of revenue for the hospital. The smaller _gountry districts are without adequate hospital provision and severe chronic eases tend to gravitate towards the larger cities. The position and influence of religious orders in hospital management is very considerable and their extreme conservatism handicaps the effectiveness of nurses‘ training and hospital administration. Among the best hospitals with University affiliations in Italy should be noted the Maggiore in Milan, the New Municipal Hospital in Genoa, the Policlinico in Rome and the Istituto Rizzoli in Bologna.e The New Pediatric Hospital in Bologna is also worthy of mentione 293 fs ‘ MEDICAL PROFESSION aND THS PRACTICE OF MEDICINE General Impressions. Before the war the practice of medicine in Italy was under the same general economic laws as obteined in other countries. The better trained men found, as a general rule, that it was more interesting and profitable to settle in the large centers of population and the countty practitioners were made up of the less highly trained and less well paid membew of the profession. Since the war, the peasants, controlling as they do the essential means of sustenance, became comparatively much more proeperous at the same time that the industrial populations of the cities experienced many economic difficulties. The income of country doctors in the past six years has very materially increased, though facilities for their work, laboratories, emall hospitals, etc, have not kept pace with their increasing prosperity. Emigration of physicians has practically ceased. The profession is over=crowded and the competition has arrived et the point where it is distinctly prejudicial to the standards of medical practice which have hitherto existede Other phases of the practitioner's life are referred to below. Distribution. As mentioned under Naples there is a constant over=production of graduates in medicines About 800 graduates each year is the number 29% adequate to replenish the losses by death, illness and retirement. Instead of these figures, however, 15.000 graduates have been turned out during the past ten years. The reasons for the abundance of physicians in Italy, as given by Professor Silvagni, are := 1) = facilities of examination; 2) = the belief that medicine is a lucrative professions This ia in some ways justified by the increased wealth of tne peasants and the wide-spread improvement in the lot of the country practitioners. 3) = The enrollment during the war of many young men in the Sanitary Corps. At the conclusion of the war these young fellows decided to continue their medical training. The social position of doctors is generally admitted to have been lowered during the past six years. Between 1901 and 1916, the average number of graduates were 700 per year, the maximum being 1,950 in 1901, and the minimuy 250 in 1916. By 1923 the number of grad- nates increased to 2100 and enrollment has steadily augmented. Dr. Veeachia, a Nupolitan living at Perugia, said that the best doctors in the cities have a radius of 50 to 60 kilometers by auto~ mobiles Many in smaller towns use motorsoycles and have a radius of 10 to 15 kilometers, or more modestly by horse or carriage, 3 kilo~ meterse Much depends on the terrain. For example in Venitia, the radius might be 40 kilometers where in Umbria it would only be 10 or 15 kilometers. These figures, however, by no means mean that such a territory is restricted to one physician. ou It is a matter of common knowledge in Italy that the average country practitioner is earning between 20,000 and 30.000 Lire a year. The more successful specialiste in the city make between 40.090 and 200.000 Lire a yeare Advertising is widely resorted to and the university connectione invariably mentioned. Boonomic Position. Some inferences may be drawn from the advertisements in the Italian communes offering places for physicians in connection with amell town hospitals. The commune of Camero in Novara (Northern Italy) publishes the following figurese The area is 7 square kilo~ meters, population 1.263. Poor of the district 300. Salary offered to physician, 6.000 Lire a year; allowance for house, 500 Lire a year; other allowances, 500 Lire; high cost of living, double usual indemm= itye No age requirement for physician, must have usual diploma. The commune of Alessandri offers a stipend of 5.000 Lire a year with 45% on operation fees. Castiglione del Lego, in Lucca, offers for a director of the surgical service and the hospital combined, a stipend of 12.000 Lire a year; lodging free and 75% on operation fees. The “medico condotte", or district country doctor, hae about a 10 mile radius; he has no hospital facilities and his range ie largely limited by the territory of the neighbouring "condotto". a list ia given in the publication known as "Roma Sanitoria" of the official minima of charges for medical service in Romee An ordinary medical or surgical visit, either at the doctor's house or that of the patient's, for a single or first visit, is 15 to 40 Lire. Calls between midnight and 6 o'clock in the morning, 40 to 80 Lire. Out of town calls, according to the time employed and for not more than 24 hours, in addition to travel expenses, 200 to 500 Liree Autopsies, at the cost of the family, 250 to 1000 Lire. Comlete urinary examination, quantitative and microscopic, 25 Lire. Histo~ logical examinations, 50 to 290 Lire. Milk examination, 25 Lire. Hypvodermic injections, in series, 5 to 10 Lire eache General anas~ thesia, 50 to 200 Lire. Exploratory laparatomy, 500 to 1500 Lire. Appendicitis, 1000 to 3000 Lire. Normal labour, by day: 400 Lire, by night: 500 Lire. Thkegaxteesconoctkbeachumemdhsoniitiom Seilentific Resources of Physicians. Independent laboratories are few in Italy. The conspicuous example of such service is that of the Istituto Sieroterapiso in Milan, whose director is a bacteriologist in the faculty and in which Profess~ or Lustig of Florence ia aaid to have a proprietery interest. The decree of December 30, 1923, provides that in the capitals and in each province there be established, under the provincial administ= ration, a laboratory of prophylaxis and hygiene which will have a section for tissue diagnosis together with ea bio=chemical laboratory. Thia general lack of well distributed laboratories and small hospitals helps to confine the work of the country doctor to medicine and drives all but the urgent surgical cases into the larger centers where some AS sa -: surgical facilities are available. It ia this fact which explains in some parte of Italy the ready support of neighbouring communes for even the small medical faculties, since the presence of a surgeon with academic standing ensures to the community a superior grade of surgical resources which it would otherwise not possess. Medical Sects and Quacks. The Italian law is exceedingly strict. Men practicing medicine or surgery without a university diploma are jealously watched by local practitioners whose political influence ie often considerable. The offender is jailed until the time of his trial. One year in prison is given for amall offenses and 10 years imprisonment in case of mal= practice resulting in death. Women in medicine. Very few women go into the practice of medicine in Italy. Many more take the course in Pharmacy. There ia, however, always a eprinkl~ ing of women medical studente. as an example, at Padua during 1923~24, 19 out of the total 654 medical students, were women, whereas 64 out of the total 253 students in pharmacy were women, and 78 out of total 169 in the course of letters were women. This is probably a larger proportion than would be found in the faculties in Central and Southern Italy. 290 Post~Graduate Study. In Italy, postegraduate study is largely given in the years immediately following the degree of M.D. rather than oourses given several for practitioners who have been for @years out of the school. The attached page gives an idea of the range of such courses in the most advanced school for this purpose, namely, Milan, where a university has grown out of the post-graduate courses given for some years there. The same is true of the new university of Florence where a medical faculty has grown out of the poste-graduate studies. Attitude toward Men of Foreign Trainings The territorial increase in Italy in the last war has made it necessary for men with Austrian degrees to be allowed to praostice in Italy especially in the part taken over from Austria. English physic= dans are allowed by a recent agreement to practice in Italy in exchange for the right of Italian physicians to practice in England, but not in English colonies. For the most part the conditions of practice and the small fees obtainable automatically serve to limit the competition from men of outside trainings Medical Societies. The number of these in Italy is very large and theee societies are principally on the territorial basis. The most influencial is the Acadeny of Medicine in Rome; also in Turin, the Royal Academy of Medicine, has considerable authority. a full liet of these societies ia on file in the Paris offices CORSI R. UNIVERSITA DI MILANO DI PERFEZIONAMENTO PER MEDICI Orario delle lezioni (Anno 1924-1925) TITOLO DEI CORSI Insegnanti Lunedi Martedi Mercoledi Giovedi Venerdi Sabato SEDE a oe, . oe Opera, 8-9' . 8-9! . 8-9". 8-9". 8-9", a . . . ne Clinica Ostetrico-ginecologica Mangiagalli , Leviont 16-17 iw 16-17 15-16 15-16 Clinica Ostetrico-ginecol. - Via Commenda 12 Anatomia Clinica medico-chirurgica Livini —— 9-10 9-10 9-10 9-10 ~- Istituto Anatomico - Citta degli Studi - Via Plinio ot Daa. sa | Bsareit, 9-10 9-10 9-10 9-10 9-10 9- , , eae urs Clinica Pediatrica Cattaneo | _ 17-18 _ 17-18 _ _ Istituto dei Rachitici - Via G. Pini 31 y Ortopedica ¢ Traumatologica Galeazzi | — 10-11 — — — 10-11 Clinica G. e D. De Marchi - Via Commenda 7-9 . . 7 | Esereit 8 8'.-10 8':-10 8'.-10 i "se _ , » Dermosifilopatica Pasini | ae =0 11-12 = 11-12 7 =“ . 10 Clinica Dermosifilopatica - Via Pace 9 » Otorinolaringoiatrica Calamida | 8-9 8-9 8-9 8-9 8-9 8-9 Ospedale Maggiore - ‘ Neuropatologica Medea 10-11 — 10-1] — — 9-10, Padiglione Biffi - Via F. Sforza 35 > Odontoiatrica : Odentotecnica | 15-17 15-17 15-17 15-17 15-17 15-17 Patologia - ser-eiotica - terapia Fasoli 9-11 — 9-11 — 9-11 __ Esercitazioni odontoiatria conser vativa | — 9-1] — — —_ 9-11 Lezioni di Ortopedia dento-tacciale hte. 9-10 - Istituto Stom: ico - Viz 9 Dimostraz. di Ortopedia dento-facciale Arlotta — ~~ _ 10-11 i —_ . matologico - Via Commenda If Protesi dentaie e mascellare Benedini | 13° :-15 — — - 3).-15 — Chirurgia Gensale paradentistica Rovida — 137 .-15 a — - 13'.-15 ae ncn | Esereil, 8-10 8-10 8-10 8-10 8-10 ; Diagnostica oftaimica Baslini } ten 16-17 _ _ 16-17 - 8-10 Ospedale Maggiore - Divisione oftalmica Radiologia Perussia 17-18 — — — 17-18 — Clinica del Lavoro - Via S. Barnaba 8 Clinica malattie professionali Devoto — 10-11 — 10-11 — ial Clinica del Lavoro - Via S. Barnaba 8 » malattie epidemiche ¢ contagiose Polverini —_ __ 14-16 _ __ __ Ospedale dej Contagiosi - Derganino Fisiopatologia delle infezioni Belfanti — 15-16 —_ 15-16 _ _ Istit. Sieroterap. Milanese - Via Darwin 2 { -. . . _ Esereit. _~ &-9 _ 8-9 —atcian. bp: . Urologia Lasia Mone in18 _ — 17-19 _ Padigione Riva - Via Commenda 15 IL RETTORE Mileno. 1? dicembre 1924. Tipecrafic Amon) Qovran - L. MANGIAGALLI IL SEGRETARIO GENERALE G. BIRAGHI Medical Publishers and Dealers. The principal publishers and dealers of medicine are given below:= Cultura Medica Editrice ecssrccserencsanvcce Palermo Casa Editrice "Salute e Igiene” 18, Piazza del Popolo, teers eoeasevecen Rome Ue Hoepli CHOSE SHH KHER HSH E RE HOSCEDREORELAOEEOD Milan Casa Editrice Idelson 23, Via de Marinis eesesosvccscssensses Naples Nicola Zanichelli CRORES H RAGE HHH HEH HBO HE HED Bologna Casa Le Pozzie, Via Sistine, 14 SCoaeeenesseetenaeeseeoe Rome Casa Editrice di Cave Dottore Ve Pusquale S. Andrea delle Dame, 17 eescecesseeeee Naples Biblioteca della Studiun 154, Corso Umberto Ie eusveveevegeeve re 0080 Rome Casa Editrice di Dottore Franceso Vallari .. Milan Societa Editrice Toriness Unione Tipografico Editrice eeeeonvnsee0 6 ot Turin PRINCIPAL LiEDICAL PUBLICATIONS IN ITALY. Medical publications in Italy are imnumerablee In order to secure by exchange a few publications for their institutes, and as a result of pride and as an opportunity to publish their own work and that of their assistants, many professors publish their own small journals. Sonetimes they enlist the aid of former pupils or friends, and in any case journals published thus are not widely read nor are they of very great value. A few larger and more representative journals are published by groups of men in the different fields of medicine. The more popular journals of medicine and surgery are published as commercial undertakings with a doctor devuting his whole time to editor's work. There is a larree mmber of very poor publications which are mere vehicles for vanity and patent medicine advertise- ment. The most important journals are starred in the list on the following pages. ( ( Hygiene ( ( Higtoloe d bryvology. * Archivio Italiano di Anatomia ed Bnbriologla ...-+eccess-e * Monitore Z0o0losica Italiano Cor eceeseseeesere (Chiarugi) os Ricerche ad Morfologia eeereseaeeererenerers {Versari) ose 11 Morgagni. Phygiolosy and Biochanistry gnd Pharmacolosye * Revista di Fisiologia. * archivio delle Scien. Biologiche eeoocegesece (Bottazzi) oe * Archiv. di Fisiologia * Revista di Biologia. Patholo Bacteriolory. * Tumore. * Patolosica. * Lo Sperimentale eee recroccvcsereerereresere® (Lustig) ooee Giornale di Biologia e Medicina Sperimentale (Rondoni)e.-. Bolletino dell’ Istituto Sinoterapico eoceseee {Lustig} eese * Amnale d'Igiene Difesa Sociale cecceseccccsavccevvsesccsesovers (Levi) ovVcecve L'Urfiziale Sanitaria eeaeaeeeepaeanesee ee easeeaesaseae tee eoeaeseeens Amnali di Igiene Sperimentale. Igiene Moderna. KMedicine and General Practice. * Hematologia CEPR OHHOT SEDER OEDREHOOH EO CEDOO DE (Ferrata } eco * La Riforma Hedica Cea cameo meme OHO HOE EOOOSOVE (Rumm0) oceces FOLLa Medica seccvecccccovecsccccccvecccseees (Castellino}) Actualita Medica ereececreseeoseneensreeeeense (Iastic) eote * Policinicoe OCS SEHSEHREEESOHESEHAESHRESHSHSSCH ECC CHEHHEROH ESSER OCTERVE Archivio di Patologia e Clinica Medica eo+s. (Viola) wecon Bolletino delle Scienze Mediche stet OLE» Annali di Ostetricia ©o Ginecologia ceccesss Revista di Gineocologia c.ccsccccevcccceccee (Foroni) o.sen Folia Ginecologica CHCC CHER BOSH EEE HOAEREOOE (Clivio) esene Archive di Ostetricla @ Ginecologloa --cccerccccvcvecescece (Mangiagalli) Surgery. * Revista Chirurgica Policlinico Chirurgico Chirurgia degli Organe di Movimento ceccese (Putt) coves. Florence Florence. Rome. Naples / Florence. Turin. Milan. Rone Naples. Pavia. Naples. Naples. Florence. Romee Bologna. Milan. Florence. Geno&e Naples. Bologna. 3 pecialties. La Ciinical Pediatrica eeeaeoeseeeeneeoervreeesceveesesevaeeaezseaee Nipiologia CHES HOHSEHOSEEOHOEHHESHECHEOEEEEEREHHESHHOHHHROKBHEEROEOEE Pediatria COSCO HSHEHEHOSHESEHHEOCHEHEOCOOCOEHE ORES (J enna) Coeseerce Neurologia PROSSHSSHSHHSHSHKSSTHCEHSEHSANHEHSSSEHSESSCHSESHHOSHEEHTEHPSOOSETSEHESVSEOSE Revista adi Clinica Pediatrica @eeeeee Coenen eaecaaaeneceeeaeeaeaeeoaoaasad La Stomotologia COSCO EAE SCHOOL OHOE OHS ESOEEE (Peperno) ecceeee Hos Be Revista Ospedaliara cevcevcccccccevcccccvceccsssceeesesereseees B tins of . Giornale della R. Academia di Medicina di Torino ccsccccecece Bulletino della R. Acad.e medica di Roma cscccccscccccsccscccen Rendiconti della Re Acade LinGol coscscvcccccscccsscvcseosocesce Modena. Naples. Naples. Naplose Bologna. Rome. Rome. Turin. Rome. Rome. COMMENTS ON SQME OF THE SUBJECTS OF BiEDICAL INSTRUCTION IN ITALY. tomy Thoush there are large variations between different schools in the methods of instruction in all of the divisions of the Medical Curriculum, certain generalities are applicable in the case of Anatomy, as well as other subjects. The course in Anatomy is usually based largely upon dissection, and has for its object the training in practical work, especially for surgeons. Emphasis is always laid on operative and topographical anatomy, and investigative work is not pursued actively as a general rule by anyone excepting young men who need the credit of papers for their acadanic advanceanent. Research work has been along anthropological phases of amatomy, also some studies on the anatomical side of ofiminalogy. A large amount of the students’ tims is spent in Anatomy, three years in all, and the final examination at the close of the third year is an obstacle which seriously interferes with all the other courses given in that year. Only in the North of Italy is the teaching marked by any clear examples of order and discipline; elsewhere dissection g0es on in a noisy ami disorderly fashion whenever there is materiale The amount of material is a very variable quantity in different regions in Italy, only the exceptional schools following any method of preservation; consequently, when a cafaver becomes available, it is seized upon by too large a mumber of students ani dissected immediately. Histology is given in most faculties with Anatomy, but there is no practical work for individual students, demonstrat- fon being the rule. Enbryology is almost completely ignored, except throuch passing reference in didactic lectures. There is rarely a separate chair for Histology, and Embryology is not even honoured with being entrusted to an assistant. The Anatanists in Italy who seemed unusually capable were:- Levi at Turin, Chiarugi at Florence, Valenti at Bologna and Versari at Ramee Levi hae a good laboratory, commands considerable prestige in Italy, directs an effective teaching personnel ani actively pursues investigative work in tissue culture. Chiarugi is considered by the Italians the leading anatomist of Italy; he has a good department, mmerous stwients, but is interested somewhat more in descriptive anatomy than in experimental work. Valenti in planned Bologna is the professor with the best/anatomical laboratory in Italy, and apparently his teaching work is well organised. Versari is an active descriptive anatomist considerably handicapped by an almost useless laboratory. x Only at Pavia and Bologna is there a separate chair of Histology. Physiology. The enphasis on Physiology in Italy, with one or two exceptions, is largely on the physical side. Luciani and Mosso have left their stamp everywhere in Italian Physiology. The Italians are greatly handicapped in the teaching by the ignorance which the students show regarding even elementary chanistry, and the importance of bio=chenistry is not widely realised nor the teaching of bio-chenistry well correlated with physiology in most of the faculties. There is complete separation fran pharmacological work as well as from olinical application, though it is fair to say that many of the clinics have special small rooms for graphic work in which physiologic- al methods are predoninant. There is a considerable emphasis upon the needs of the professor and his assistants for space, and this is granted at the expense of the students. In Physiology there is met more definitely the evidence of the poverty of the present day in Italian scientific institutions. In Anatomy, the contPast in this respect is less sharp, but all the other experimental sciences are in extremely defective condition as regards maintenance. In many cases the apparatus bought before the War is adequate, and also the space is often satisfactory, though its disposition could be open to question, but in the maintenance of function, economic conditions of the present day are seriously affecting Fhysiology ami other experimental sciences. Among physiologists in Italy, Bottazz1 perhaps commands the most respect. He could have had the chair at Rane, but prefers 3 uF in Naples because of the association with the Biological Station. Herlitzka in Turin has a better laboratory than that at Naples; he has inherited much of the prestige of Mosso. Adducco in Pisa has a good building and is well informed in his field. Bio-Chemistry is recognised as a separate chair in Rome but not elsewhere; it is usually assigned to the aiuto or first assist- ante There is perhaps more laboratory work as & general rule offered in Bio-Chenistry than experimental work in Physiology proper, but apparently to very little avail, since the students disregard ami slight the bio~-cheanical work, probably because they have been very poorly prepared, and because in relatively few clinics is a knowledge of Bio~Chenistry at a great »reniun.. Pathologye 4s in France, Pathology is divided inte Pathological Anatomy ami General Pathology. General Pathology, as it is given in Italy, begins by broad introduction to disease phenomena and, in most faculties, is used as a "catch all" for subjects which, in America, are taught separately, namely: Bacteriology, Parasitology and Histo-Pathology- Usually, Parasitology is taught nowhere outside of this course.e The Faculty of Rome is an exception to the general rule, in that a chair of Parasitology has been created for Allessandri, a previous assistant of the Professor of Hygienee Bacteriology appears from time to time in the x curriculum of the course of Hygiene. Puntoni has been given a x At Rome special chair in Bacteriology as has Azzo-Azzi in Turin. Histo-Patholoyy may or may not be given in Pathological Anatomy There is considerable variation. Among the more important professors of General Pathology are:- Lustig at Florence, who combines considerable learning with great political ability to secure a new institute at Florence and to denominate the field of Pathology in Italy; Perroncito at Pavia, capable as an investigator, highly successful in attracting students for special work and in possession of an adequate department. Pathological Anatomy as it is taught in Italy emphasises gross pathology. There is little or no experimental or clinical pathology, and in many faculties relations Letween the professor of pathological anatomy and the clinics are such as to prevent access o fresh pathological material in large enough quantity either for teaching or investigation. Again, in Pathology, it is the average student who suffers in not obtaining any direct experience. The Italian genius for individual work, rather than any effort involv- in.: comoperation, makes it natural that certain individuals have done remarkable work in Pathology, and trat the application of their methods for discoveries has been haphazard and inadequate. Anong Pathological Anatomists in Italy, Pepere in liilan is not only one of the most prominent, but the most promising. He is still a young man, of recognised ability, and at the beginning of organising the Pathological laboratory at the Ma:-rsiore Hospital and the teaching in the Nedical Faoultye Dionisi at Rome is greatly handicapped by entirely inadequate facilities; he has shewn much ability in teaching and in organising the co-operation of his pupils. Pharmacology. ith fow exceptions, pharmacolory is siven with much emphasis on the recognition and preparation of drugs and medic- aments, greatly at the expense of the students’! thorough lnoyledge of the physiological effects of the more important drugs. Tie departments are often burdened by the demands made by the Schools of Pharmacy, and at the same timo are influenced rather by pharmacists' rather than physicians’ orientation upon the subject. There is no training for the average student in the observation of the effects of drugs, except through class denonstrat- ionse Sabbatani in Padua and Benedicenti in Genoa have a definite valuable influence both as regards research and as regards emphasis on phydological investigation of drugs- Coronedi in Florence is a third important figure in Italian pharmacology. Hygiene. In general, the teaching of Hygiene in Italy follows the German orientation; it is largely the hygiene of the environment. slighted In several places, bacteriology is eum, and even less attention is given to epidamiology. the work of the Dept. of Hygiene is rarely linked to the practical services of City or Commune, Manfredi in Palermo, however, being the exception in that his department has a definite relationship of this sort. Preventive liedicine, and that in many other countries is called Social Medicine, is entirely divorced from the Dept. of Iiyziene and placed under the dry and sterile environment of Legal Medicine. Many departments of Hygiene are assisted, both financially and otherwise, by the special courses for sanitary officers; these courses infuse a large amount of practical work into the teaching, and thus, indirectly,somewhat improve the facilities for the teaching of umergraduates, though they have had little to do with improving the true value of the course in Hygiene for undergraduates. Among the professors of Hygiene, Ottolenghi in Bologna is the most progressive in his conception of the possibilities of this branch of medicine for the medical student; Manfredi in Palermo has shown considerable ability in establishing liaisons with the local Hygienic authorities; Sclavo, previously at Florence but now at Siena, - is acknowledged in Italy as the loader of Hygienists, but his present facilities are not comparable with several of the other institutes. SLL Giinic se Both Nedicine and Surgery are divided into two courses, the first being called Medical Pathology or Surgical Pathology. These courses are intenied to give a systematic presentation of medical and surgical disease, utilising a relatively limited mmber of clinical cases for illustration of the disease as they are taken up in a formal and schematic fashion. fhe symptanology and physical examination of patients is especially emphasised. The second group called clinical medicine and clinical surgery, is usually characterised by a larger number of patients and the present— ation of large mmbers of cases as they occur on the wards. It is in the Hedical and Surgical Clinics that the largest part of the studentst clinical experience is obtained, though tine ee not afford opportunity for close study. The impression obtained was that students, especially in the larger schools, obtaineé too little experience in examining cases for thenselves; that too large a part of the privileges of the clinic is reserved for the assistants and allievi, and that, even in the Out Patients’ Department, the opportunities for class teaching are inadequate~ ly used. 4gain, in the clinics, as in some of the laboratory courses, the absence of team-work and co-operative endeavour tells heavily against the average student; he is thus in many cases driven into the courses given by the liberi docenti whose clinical material is almost without exception too limited to afford the best type of instruction. Teaching in the medical and surgical specialties is open to the same criticism as above. It may be noted especially that, ~ QS fm ¢ a in Obstetrics, the Italian medical student has no actual respons- ibility or experience in the conduct of normal cases, before graduation. 4s in France, it is usually only ig the "Corsi di Perfezion- amente” that one finds anything approaching thorough individual instruction for all the manbers of a class, and, even in these courses, in many places mich remains to be done. Present Diffisulties of Medical Education in Italy. Economic Diffisulties. 1 Salaries of professore and assistants have, as a result of the fall of the lira become entirely inadequate. This is especially true of professors and assistants who are not engaging in the practice of medicine. The poverty and disappointment, especially of professors in the medical sciences, is such as to discourage any young man from entering a similar career and furthermore the pay given assistants is not enough to enable them, without private means, to live during the period of trainingenecessary to compete for a professorshipe 2. The maintenance, both of clinics and scientific institutes leaves mash to be desired in many of the faculties of Italy, since the budgets in clinics and institutes are almost uniformmly inadequate for proper support. Apperatus is not being renewed as it wears out and the depreciation in the value of the lira has played havoc with the files of foreign journals in the libraries. 3 = The construction of buildings planned or the completion of buildings half built has been paralysed by the very great increase in building costs during the past ten years. Many departments are consequently forced to continue in entirely inadequate quartorse 4 = The competition for salaried positions is almoat desperate and no move can be made to remedy the de-ficiency of the system which placed; the retirement age of a professor at 75 Great economic and educational loss is occasioned by this system and it is likely that it would be changed wore it not for the extreme economic difficulties of Italy at the present daye Limitations Due to Social and Political Environment. 1 = Italy is not a united country in the sense of being reasonably free from sectionaliam. Local feelings and traditions are overwhelmingly stronger than the National government in matters concerning universities. This vivid sectionaliem prevents the reduction in the number of medical faculties which has been attempted, but is recognized now ag virtually {mposeible. 2 Medical education in Italy reflects the present political un~ certainties and administrative absolutism characteristic of the Fascist regime. Educational machinery throughout Italy ie undexw- going a rapid ohange of orientation and satisfactory university education is suffering from the present disorder. Undesirable Educational Practice in Medical Schools. 1 = Too great emphasis is laid upon didatio lectures and too little on the student's practical experience and the contrel through inadequate staff of instructors, of the student's comprehension of theory and experiment. 2<. There ia evidence in every faculty of indifference to the opportunities of the students composing the middle and lower thirde of the olaga. 3 = The preparation in sciences before admission to the medical school is gravely defectives 4 In certain faculties notably Naples, instruction by Liberi Dosenti is very poorly controlled and inadequately related to instruction given or opportunities offered in the official courses. Repuler profesa= ors adopt an illiberal and uncooperative attitude towards the Liberi Docenti. The Liberi Docenti are prevented from securing adequate teaching material and exploit their positions for selfish motives. 5 = Only in the schools of Northern Italy wus evidence to be seen that a definite amount of discipline in exacting thorough and complete work was insisted upone 6 = The impression is obtained that undue emphasis in the medical curriculum is laid upon Botany und especially upon anatomy. Chemistry, Physica, BiowChemistry, Physiology and Bacteriology are all inadequately taught in comparison with inatruction in other countries. CF be. ‘ ~ RECOMMENDATIONS In brief the situation of medical education in Italy may be desoribed as follows := 2s Southern European nation of 38 million densely settled in a relatively small area, and characterized by great sectional differences in social organization and in tradition, is experiencing numerous and complicated changes, both educational and economio,which threaten the quality of medical training. Strongly influenced by sectional pride and historical tradition, medical faculties in excess of the number needed by the country are forced to depend, in their attempt to train doctors and teachera of medicine, upon a degree of financial support from local and national governments that is marked-= ly below the pre-war standard and entirely inadequate for the essential needs of medical education. The Italian government is not now in a position to increase materially its support of medical education nor to make effective guarantees for the future, and thus its role in sharing any capital outlay is at present negligible, The most serious of the tangible difficulties in Italian medical education are : 1) The poverty in equipment, supplies and literature in the pre=clinical branches. 2) Paralysis and indefinite postponement of construction of new laboratories and clinics. 3) Isolation from and unfamiliarity with other centers of European medical education; this isolation notably increased by the fall of the lira. 4) The more serious effect that recruitment of teaching personnel for the future shows,both deterioration in quality as well as grave defects in the number of young men entering careers of academic medicine especially in the medical sciences. Aside from circumstances arising from the present economic and political difficulties, medical education in Italy is characterized by the uniformity of organization, teaching methods and general orientation of the numeroua faculties and the closely centralized control exercised by the Ministry of Public Instruction at least until the passage of the Gentile Law in 1923. Not enough liberty has been conceded in the past to allow the development of any one faculty as preeminently well equip- ped or especially modern in point of viewe We have therefore to deal with a system of medical education in which no independent or exception~ ally interesting exceptions are found. In view of these facts and the other considerations mentioned on Pages 313-315,l recommend :- 1 = The selection of some of the leaders in the non-clinical branches of medical instruction who, as directors of institutes in different faculties have shown themselves best qualified, by reason of ability, resources and prestige, to attract younger men to atudy with them. These professors should be asked to administer within their institutes, tae annual grants from the Rockefeller Foundation for a limited number of resident anda few travelling fellow shine, together with grants for equipment for each fellow assisted. In view of the wide sectional differences and the fact that it is too early to select any one faculty for a special aid, two professors for each subject could be selected from different faculties. Aid is recommended over a three year period for young men able and likely to enter academic medicine and should consist of living stipends for not more than four young graduates to each professore There should be an allowance paid to the inetitute for use by the director for such equipment and material as is important to the training of these men. 2—~ After this plan of department aid has been in force for one year, the selection of a very small number of fellows for foreign study could be made by the director of each institute selected and application made for the usual form of foreign fellowships allotted by the Division of Medical Education. For full details of this plan, see appendix, Page 328. 3 I should recommend the following profesgomin connection with the above described plan ; Anatomy Fhysiology eeeverosen Pathole Anatomy esec0 General Pathology ee Pharmacology eteceses Hygiene @veccecsnase tt t " tt eccsvevesees Professor Ce Chiarugi Ge Levi F. Botazzi Ae Horlitzka Ae Pepere Ae Dionisi De Morpurgo Ae Lustig Perroncito Le Sabbatani Ae Benedicenti De Ottolenghi Ae Sclavo Unive of Florence Turin Naples Turin Milan Rome Turin Florence Pavia Padova Genoa Bologna Sienna 4- I further recommend that aid in the form of medicel literature be continued and amplified over the amount sent in 1924, especially favouring the institutes whose directors are mentioned abovee All undertakinzs Involvins capital expenditure such as aid to the Pediatric clinic at Naples, the Institute of Pathological Anatomy at Rous, the Institute of Hygiene at Florence, etca., should be deferred for two or three years or u: til the economic and political conditions in Italy become more satisfactory for the active participation of governmental agencies in the initiation and maintenance of inmprovenents in such institutes. Mare x A 1. 20 3e 4e 56 6. Te 8. 9 10. lls 12. 13. BAU APPENDIX Puvlications on file in the Paris Office. Catalogue 192324 University of Bologna, including two descriptions of the Pediatric Clinic, rulea of admission at the Orthopedic Clinic and report of the School of Tropical Pathology. Catalogue 1922823 and 1923=24, University of Cagliari. Catalogue 192%-24, University of Catania. Catalogue 1924-25, University of Catania. Three publications of the Ietituto Fototerapico at Florence, descriptions and statistics. Catalogue of the Institute of Superior Studies in Florence 1923-24 Catalogue 1923-24, University of Genoa. Catalogue of the University of Messina, with statement of claims of the university for continuance as suche Pamphlet regarding the University of Milane Desoription of special courses; Gatalogue to appear later. Catalogue 19237=24, University of Modena. Deecription of the Institute of Physiology at the Univereity of Modena. Charter, statut® and financial statement for 1925, University of Modena. Oatalogue for the yeare 1919 to 1923, University of Naples. 14, 156 16. 1? 6 18. 196 20. 21. 226 236 24. 256 266 Oy? SOL Catalogue of the University of Naples for the year 1923-24, Deecription of the Clinio of Occupational Diseases in Naples, 1924. Description of the Ietituto Fototerapico in Naples. Description of the University of Padua, in book form, published in 1922. Catalogue of the University of Padua, 1924. Catalogue of the University of Palermo. Catalogue of the University of Parma, 1914-15 including guide to the University of Parma, 192%, and typewritten descriptions of clinics and laboratories. Rules and regulations of the Faculty of Medicine. Special report, University of Parma, to the Miniatry of Public Instruction. Argument for continuing the university. 1923.6 Catalogue 1923-24, University of Pavia. Catelogue 1924025, University of Pavia, together with statutes of the Forlanini Foundations Historical outline of the University of Perugia, together with description of Psychiatric wards of the medical faculty and regulations regarding Liberi Docenti, scholarships and general information. Catelogue of the University of Pisa, 1924. Catalogue of the University of Rome, 192%=24, 276 28. 296 30. 31. 326 330 346 356 266 7 Catalogue, statement and claims of the University of Sassari for continued government support, 1923. Catalogue of the University of Sassari, 1924~24,. Catalogue of the University of Sienna, 19237024, Catalogue of the University of Turin, 192%24. Monograph two volumes, of the Universities and Superior Institutes of Italy, 1911. Large amount of historical material and description of fellowships and private financ= ial resources of each medical faculty and superior achool, published by the Ministry of Public Instruction. Report of the Royal Commission, 1914 and re=organization of superior studies. 2 volumes. Report of the Ministry of Public Instruction, 1923, on the number, distribution and function of elementary schools in Italy. Publication of the Ministry of Public Instruction. Collection of laws and regulations on secondary school instruction in Italv, 1924, including rules and application of a decree of November 7rd, 1922, and on the choice of personnel in the elementary public schools. Publication of the agency for scholastic information on the legislation of national government of Italy in regurd to elementary instruction. Pupils' examinations and scholastic tuition; the new regulations regarding secondary instruction, 1924, commented upon by the Director General of Secondary Education, Severi, and First Secret= ary of the Minister of Public Instruction, Ferruzzie The "Martyrdom of the Schools in Calabria". Book privately published by Zanotti=Bianco. Highly critical of the present regime in primary educations 78. Pa 396 4). 42. 456 46. 476 49. Bulletin 22 of the World'e Association for shalt education entitied “adult Education in Italy". Bulletin 23 of the same organization “adult Education in Calabria, Sicily and Sardinia". Statistical report of the Ministry of Publio Instruction for 1924 on the condition of kindergartemin Italy. Report of the Ministry of Publis Instruction for 1919 to 1922 on substitutes and leave for elementery school teachers. Report of the Minietry of Fublic Instruction for 1923 on number, distribution and function of elementary schoole. Resume of new laws on secondary education based on the Royal decree of May 6th, 192%. Official bulletin of the Ministry of Public Instruction. Laws regarding superior instruction together with 24 reprints of bulletins on various educational laws. =xtructs from the official tulletins of the Ministry of Public Instruction. Official gazette of Kingdom of Italy. Appendix containing hours and program of secondary schools and general university regulations. Annual lists of Italian scientific institutes with name index of all scientists in Italy, 1920. Very useful reference book. Report of Minister of Finance De Stefani for June 1924 on the economic situation of Italy. Small collection on etetistics regarding Italy, 1925+ Publication of the Commercial Benk of Italy. Statistics on economy. Condition of Italy. June 1921. COPY OF DOCTOR GREGG'S NOTIFICATION TO MINISTRY OF PUELIC INSTRUCTION OF THE OBJECT OF HIS VISIT TO 17 FaCUUTIES - ae OS re EO coe see oe ae OS ae Doctor alan Gregg is an Associate Director of the Division of Medical Miucation of the Rockefeller Foundation. He is at present studying certain phases of medical educat- ion in Europe and he takes the opportunity, during a short stay in Rome, of presenting a letter of introduction from Senator Fano to Senator Alessandro Casati. Doctor Gregg called on Monday to present the letter. Most unfortunately he is forced to leave on Tuesday morning on the Paris Express at 11.10, but he hopes that this will not prevent his sesing the Minister of Fublic Instruction, Senator Casati. The Rockefeller Foundation is an organisation founded by John D. tockefeller "For the welfare of mankind throughout the world''. Its main interests have been in promoting public health, preventive medicine and medical education by finanoial support and cooperation with governmental depart— ments of health and faculties of medicine in various countries. The Division of Medical Biucation has had imerous requests (presented by Doctor Raffaele Bastienelli and others) and from different ltalian faculties of medicine for aid similar to that which the Rockefeller Foundation has given in England, Germany, France, Austria, Yougoslavia and other Huropean countries. It is a rule of the Division of liedical Biucation that such requests for assistance can not be acted upon until an officer of the Division has visited the country in question and submitted a report upon his visit. The object of Doctor Grege's call is to present the above facts to the proper authority and to learn whether the Liinister of Public Instruction of the Kingdom of Italy would be inclined to cooperate with the officers of the Rockefeller Foundation in collecting information upon medical education in Italy, during the course of a visit to the medical famlties of Italy, which Dr. Gregg would be prepared to maxe during the months of November, Decembcr and January. Yetober 6th, 1924. The existence of the Rockefeller Foundation is without doubt kmown to Your Excellenoy. It has as its object the promotion of medical education and the aid to public health together with the co-operation of sanitary authorities and acientific bodies, and to this aim has given financial ald in certain countries. Doctor Alan Gregg, the bearer of this letter, is a director of the Division of Medical Biucation of this Found- ation, and has come to Italy to visit, during the next three months, our medical faculties, with the object of informing himself regarding the organisation and to furnish to the Rockefeller Foundation the elements for the eventual consider- ation of requests for aid coming to the Rockefeller Foundation from various Italian organisations. I ask Your Excellency to be so good as to assist in the best fashion possible Doctor Gregg's task, furnishing him with all the notices of which he may have need regarding the organis- ation of your famlty and the development of your didactic ant scientific activity. Signed CASATI. Date Octe 6 Oote 7 Nove 19 to Dece 3. Dec. 11 and 12 Deoe 13 to 20 Dece21 to Jane4 Jane 5 to 11 " 16 to 20 " 22 to 25 " 26 & 27 " 29 & 30 Feb. 6 to 11 " 12 to 14 " 16 to 19 Mare 18 & 19 " 21 to 27 " 20 & Aprel Apre 2 and 3 "4 " 8 to 29 SCHEDULE OF VISITS CA nw To the Ministry of Public Instruction to explain purpose of visit. Received letters of presentation from Ministry to the faculties I may visit. Called on Ministry of Public Instruction. Secretary promised answers to certain information which I requested. Conference with Professor Fano on general situation in Italy at present. Arranging Italian literature for the coming yeare Advertising for and selection of secretary-interpretere Study of pamphlets on Education in Itely. Arrangement with Raffalovitch of general plans for surveys Perugia Vacatione Work on catalogues and material received at Perugia. Naples Faculty Palermo " Catania . Messina * Bari " Rome 7 Naples, with Doctor Pearce. Rome Florence Working over material at Capri. Cagliari Sassari Rone Work on translation and arrangement of information obtained in visite to above faculties. x DEVELOPMENTAL PLAN FOR SELECTED INSTITUTES IN ITALY. OBJSCT OF FELLOWSHIPS. le It is believed that one of the greatest needs at present of medical education in Italy is that of securing a well=trained group of exceptionally promising young men, from whom the assistants and profess=- ore of the future may be selected. at present the economic situation of a large number of able, willing and well qualified young graduates is such that it is difficulty for even the best departments in the vre~ clinical branches to secure capable and earnest assistants. Tf cares fully chosen young men are offered an opportunity to continue from one to three years special training in various branches of medical sciences, they will constitute a group from which a better selection can be made of assistants, aiuti, and professors in the future. 2. The Division of Medical Education of the Rockefeller Foundation is prepared to offer during the years, 1925, 1926, 1927 and 1928, to a selected group of institutes in the medical sciences, a limited number of fellowships under the supervision of the Directors of the said institutes, together with grants to defray part of the expenses of the scientific work undertaken by the fellows selected. % This offer is restricted to institutes of the pre-clinical or non=clinical type since it is believed that these institutes are suffers ing more acutely than the clinics from a dearth of assistants and young men willing to devote their whole time to the pursuit of the medical scienceBe x Offered to professors named on Pace 318, and operative Oct -1,1925. Cal OQ Qe 4. In offering your inatitute this type of fellowship the officers of the Division of Medical Education of the Rockefeller Foundation beg leave to express their confidence in your capacity to attract the best type of young men, in the influence you exert upon the future of your subject in Italy and their appreciation of the labors of yourself, your predecessprs and your collaborators in promoting the progress of medical science. 2. Oharacter of Fellowshipa. 5. To your institute and at your selection the Division of Medical Bducation of the Rockefeller Foundation offers scholarships on conditions herein specified, to the maximum number of four, two of which may begin on October Ist, 1925 if suitable recipients can be found, and the other two on or after January let, 1926. No special date for the commencement of a fellowship is recommended, since it is understood that it is wiser to spend time and care in the selection of the most promising young men, rather than to make immediate appointments of candidates who are in any sense doubtful or mediocre. It is therefore not neceseary to nominate two candidates for beginning on October lst, 1925 and two on January let, 1926 = these are merely the earliest dates at which the scholarships can begin, and it ie not expetted in all cases that the maximum number will be appointed on the earliest possible date. Pi yy - Coy 6. The felllowship will be granted for a period of one year, but will be subject to poesible renewal for a second, er, in some cases, a third years The nomination of fellows will be made by you as the Director of the Institute, and confirmed by the Paris Office of the Division of Medical Education. 7+ Fellowehipe shall be for training in scientific investigation under your supervision and direction. Work will be done either in your institute or a similar inatitute in Italy chosen and arranged for by you. Unless special provision is made by you no fellow shall undertake studies in other laboratories at the same time that he holds his fellowship with YOuUe 8. At the discretion of the director some responsibilities for teaching of medical students may be given to the fellows but these, of course, would not interfere with their training as scientists during the period of their fellowships. 3. Grante for Equipment. De In order to pay part at least of the expenses incurred by each fellow in material, books, experimental animals, and instruments, you will receive as Director of the Institute the current equivalent in Lire of $100.00 at the time the fellow receives his first stipend. This sum shall be devoted entirely to material and equipment related to the work of the fellow, but any permanent equipment, books, or material unused at the termination of the fellowship shall become the property of the institute. 10. In case of reanpointment after a year's work another similar grant will be made to your institute for each fellow. ll. In case your appointee is sent at your request to another institute in Italy the grant for equipment will be made in full and for the same purposes to the Director of the Institute shoren by you. 4. Requirements for Fellows, 12. No fellow shall be over *%5 years of age. 13. Every recipient must possess a laurea di medicina before veginning his work as fellow, 14. Fellowships will be restricted to the masculine sex. 15. Fellowships for less than one year will not be granted except in exceptional circumstancea. 16. If a recipient held during June 1925 a position as paid assistant or aiuto, he mat secure a substitute and relinouvish his responsibility and his salary as assistant or aiuto during the time of his fellowship~ He must retain, however, his official status as aiuto or assistant. It is agreed that he shall secure permission for these changee from the director under whom he has held the position of assistant, from the Rector of the Univeraity in which his fellow ship is given, and from the Ministero d'Istruzione Pubblica. ™s,. my Qs Ne hay 17. Not more than two of the maximum of four recipients under this scheme of fellowships shall be selected from candidates who held paid positions as assistants or aiuti in June, 1925. 5. Method of Selection and Appointment. 18. The selection of candidates is-entrusted to the Director of the Institute. It may be made by selection, appointment or concorsoe The records of the fellows during their term of fellowship and later in academic life will serve as an adequate proof of the wisdom of the director in choosing young men devoted to medical science and desirous of pursuing academic careers as investigators and teachers. 19¢ Cundidates recommended by you should submit to the Paria Office of the Rockefeller Foundation appropriate information regarding their training, qualifications and intentions to follow an academic career. On receipt of these documents their appointment will be made and notifi~ cation sent to them and to you directly from the Paria Office. This notifioation will contain information regarding the amount of stipend, methods of payment, date of expiration etc. 20.. Reappointment may be effected only on your recommendation which must me furnished at least two months previous to the date when the fellowship otherwise will automatically lapse. at the time of recommendation for reappointment it is expected that the Director will furnish an account of the work of the candidate for reappointment toge~ ther with copies of publications on work completed during the time of fellowship , and the reasons for reappointment. Cs . 21. Reappointment may be for one year or a fraction thereof. 6. Termination of Fellowships. 22. Aside from expiration after one year from payment of first stipend, fellowships may be terminated on your written recommendation to the Puris Office of the Division of Medical Education or upon reaipnation of the fellow. 23. Since the object of the fellowships is to secure to the laboratory young men who are anxious to devote their whole time to preparing themselves for teaching positions, it is understood that engaging in private practice or acceptance of paid positions which infringe on their duties during the fellowship period will be a basis for resignation or recommendation from the director that the fellowship be terminated. Acceptance of a paid position in another inetitute or clinic will te considered as termination of fellowship. 24. The right to terminate fellowships is reserved also in the case of any exceptional circumstances which in your opinion render continuation unprofitable or unwise. In case of illness lasting more than two monthe special arrangements must. be made regarding the term ination of the fellowship= Ze Stipends . 25¢ The amount of atipend shall be arranged with the Paris Office Os > dy of the Rockefeller Foundation between 700 and 1000 Lire a month, on recommendation in each case from the director by whom the fellow is selected. The amount of stipend shall be determined in relation to the ability and economic circumstances of the recipient, but shall not be such as to prejudice the position of regular paid assistants not involved in thie scheme of fellowships. 26 The stipend will be paid monthly in advance from the Paris Office. It will be paid for 11 months only out of each year, the month of August being omitted for vacation without stipend. 27. At the same time the amount of stipend for an individual is arranged by the Paris Office on the recommendation of the Director of the Institute, the equivalent in dollars will te calculated by the then current rate of exchange. This amount will be sent in dollar checks monthly direct to the recipient who will remit to Mr. Ts. Crompton at the Paris Office his exchange slip on the sale of this check for Lire, as a receipt. | 28. It is not expected that amounts of stipends will be changed during a year's term for any individual recipient, but in case of marked inorease in the cost of living arrangements may be made by the Director of the Institute with the Paris Office of the Rockefeller Foundation, to apply to all fellows in Italye 29. In case recipients go to other inetitutes than that from ¥vhich they are nominated, payments will begin on notification from them on their arrival at the place of study. 8. Method of Administration. 30. The studies and investigations of the fellows shall be under the direct supervision of the Director of the Institute by whom he has been nominated and the recipient of the fellowship will be responsible to his chief for the effeotive discharge of the duties assigned to him and the character of his works 21. In case of publication of articles by the fellow of work done during the fellowship, it ie now the rule of the Division of Medical Education of the Rockefeller Foundation that no mention be made of the fellowship. Expenses incurred in connection with publication of articles are not provided for except from the stipend. %2e In case the Director of the Institute moves to another faculty the fellowships at hie cisposal will be assigned to him at the new place of work provided the facilities for work are equal to thoee obtaining previously. 23, In case of death or illness incapacitating for active work of the Director of the Institute, the fellowship plan at his institute will lapse at the expiration of the academic year. 34, Travelling expenses to other institutes selected by the Director will be paid for from the funds referred to in section 43 as general assistance for laboratory expenses, no special funda being allocated for this purpose. 9 Responsibility of the Fellow. 45 Prompt and accurate completion of the blank furnished by the Paris Office previous to the confirmation of his appointment. 36. Devotion of his entire time to studies and relinquishment of other paying occupationa or private practice of medicine during the term of fellowship. 37 Promise to communicate at least once a year to the Paris Office for three years following the termination of his fellowship, regarding positions held during the then current year. 38. Willingness to work under the direction of his chief during the period of fellowship. 10. Travelling Fellowships. 39. In February, 1926, the Puris Office of the Division of Medical Education will be prepared to consider an application from you for a fellowship for study in a foreign country for one of the four men who will have completed one year of the fellowships above referred to in Oct. 1926. ~ The object of the travelling fellowship is to supplement the work previously done by promoting exchange of professional experience on an international ecale. 40. Preference will be given at first to those who have held, previous to October 1925, a position as paid assistant or aiuto. Such a travelling fellowship if granted would reduce the number of local fellowships granted your inetitute by one. 41. The travelling fellowship would cover the period needed for the contemplated course of study abroad beginning October 1926 or January 1927, provided it is not less than a yeare In case more than a year ie required the fellowship will be granted for a year and a request for an extension would then be in order. 42. Travelling fellowships under the Division of Medical Education of the Rockefeller Foundation provide for ; (a) Stipend : The amount will be arranged in each case with the Purie Office and the agreed sum will be paid in monthly instalments, in advances The amount would be based upon living coste in the place of study and upon the status (married or single) of the fellow. (b) Travelling Expenses : A fellowship also provides for the necessary expenses of travel, by the shortest practicable route, from the home or previous atation of the recipient to his place of study and returne after arriving at his place of study, all living expenses are to be paid out of the monthly stipend. The Division of Medical Education cannot, however, meet the travelling expenses of a fellow's family. (c) Tuition ; The Division of Medical Education makes a separate allowance for matriculation, instruction, and other regular university and laboratory fees, rental of microscopes, lockers, apparatue and the coset of unusual necessary materiale. The following items will be paid for by the Fellow from his stipend : Text books, instruments, laboratory «y> eb ’ garments, incidental supplies, etce 43. In the case of men who have not held positions as assistants or aiuti previous to October 1925, the Division of Medical Education will be prepared in February 1927 to consider a limited number of applications for travelling fellowships after such candidates have two completed years of study under your direction. 44. Complete and detailed information on travelling fellowshipa will be sent you later. ( Abstract) 4-15=26 SBA EC GREGG,DR A, General Impressions during Italian Trip. Letter written to Dr Pearce in March, 1926. 5p. The connection between politics and academic life has become closer during the past year. Needed medical buildings are being supplied; but little has been done tp increase the salaries of teaching staffs. The Foundation developement aid is made dif- ficult by the unwillingness of young men to enter the medical sciences and the difficulty of finding really satisfactory candidates for the fellowships offered. An estimate of the important professors in the various defartments of science in Italy is given. Generally, professors are hesitant about recommending candidates for foreign fellowships. The future, especially in the pre-clinical sciences, does not look very rosy in Italy; but the Foundation developement aid and the foreign fellowships should prove an important exception to ten- dencies towards decadence in these branches. ( For further information, see Dr Gregets letter to Dr Pearce of March 26, 1926, in files.)