Monday, May 6, 1946

Left Washington at 10:40 Rastern Daylight Savings time, arriving Log
Angeles on May 7th at 9:30 Pacific time.

Tucaday, May 7, 1946

Left 11:40 a.m., arriving 1:20 p.m. in Sen Francisco. Found that de-
parture is delayed to Thursday oF Friday.

Wednesday, May 8, 1946 ~- Thursday, May 9, 1946

Waiting at San Francisco.

Friday, May 10, 1946
Off the ground at 7:55 a.m. and out over a dense fog bank for about an
hour and then turned back because of a defective magneto. Dropped 70 gallons of

high octane gas (50 cents a gallon) over San Francisco Bay till we could land at
about 10:00. Back to the sity, this tine at Hotel Whitcomb.

Saturday, May 11, 1946

Off the ground at 7:55 a.m. and again returned, this time because of
trouble with one propeller. another 700 gallens thrown away. Up again at 2:17 p.m.
and arrived at Navy field in Honolulu at 12:05 a.m. (by same watch) Saturday night.

Sunday, May 12, 1946
HONOLULU ~ Young Hotel.

Loucks had Mr. and Mrs. Bradfield for lunch. B. is superintendent of
the tubereulosia hospitel maintained by the Territory. We visited it after lunch.
Néar Diamond Head. Series of separate bulldings. Dr. H. H. Walker in charge;
full time, competent, and attractive. 480 beds. Plans ready for almost doubling
capacity to meet a marked demand but lumber is almost unobtainable. Bradfield
is well placed and seems contented,

To tea at Miss Helen Burton's who had a shop in Peiping formerly. Met
Dr. and Mrs. Richard Sia, a Mr. and Mra. Yan Dyke (Dutch) formerly at Peiping,
and a Mr. Grimes, also of Peiping.

Dinner as guests of Bradfield's at the Wagon Wheel, a first-rate restau~
rant, near Waikiki. Honolulu can show California the road in race relations.
House rentals hard to obtain and at very high prices, but most beautiful views and
marvellous gardens.
AG

on May 13, 1946

Up into the air at 9:10 a.m. and down at Wake at 6:30 p.m. by same
clock, 4:30 pem. local time. We erossed the international date line on our way
to Wake. Pilot brought this to our attention by a playful plunge of the plane
which more than startled the passengers into realizing that Monday afternoon was
Tueaday afternoon. Wake was a rather dismal coral island covered with the re-
mains of Jap fortifications, bombed structures and craters and rusting U.S.
eranes, bulldozers, and other heavy machinery. ‘700 Navy men with little to do.
Warn trade wind blows all day and all night. Everything must be imported.
3,000 Japenese held it during most ef the war while being bombed and starved.

Left WAKE at 1:00 a.m. local time, arriving Tokye ~ Atsugi Field - at
$:10 asm on May i5th.

Wedne 15, 1

TOKYO - Left at 10:35 a.m. and arrived in Shanghai about 4100 p.m.
Saw several Japsnese cities with large areas of destruction ~ Kobe, Osaka and
another unidentified.

SHANGHAT
Went to Cathay Mansions, where there were excellent accommodations on
the 10th floor engaged by Colonel John Ferguson of Marshalits "Cease Fire Com-
mission®. Talked over general plans for Shanghai visit with Loueks and Burwell;

main contacts will be with bankers and relief agencies, trustees here, and
Mational Shanghai Medical School.

Thursday, Wey 16, 1946

Went to Consulate. Talk with Mr. Meyer, a brother-in-law of Currier
McEwen. Meyer ia in charge of property deeds and sll the legal details deriving
from change of status of International Settlement to being part of the Munisi-~
pality of Shanghai. Meyer has recently been two years in Washington. JI should
infer that the experienced men here regard the Kuomintang Party as poorly disei-
plined, in spots corrupt, querreling internally and with no program as clear and
definite as the Commmistsa. Patrick Hurley was for giving Chiang Kai Shek a
blank check. The party does not deserve guch unqualified support. The politi-
cal altuation is seriously strained and the U.S, should be more prepared to deal
with the Communists. Meyer did not bring his family: "Shanghai not a good
place for children just now". Economic situation heavily affected by political
uncerteinty.

 

Then to sce Mr. §. J. Chuan, a former PUMC Trustee, and a Shanghai
banker. A friendly realist who sees probable trouble ahead in terms of infla~
tion. Coolies making equivalent of #5 to $6 U.S. a day. Exehange fixed at 2020.
Chinese dollars to one dollar U.S. as deliberate aid to importers of raw materiels.
SHANGHAT
Thursday, May 16, 1946 (Continued)

4000 to 4500 would have been the figure to aid exporters. Manufacturers having
go much difficulty with labor that they cantt produce any cheaper than U.S,

prices so manufactures at a standstill. Chuan has confidence in recuperative
power of China though things will almost certainly be worse before a new currency
is ereated and stabilized at a 4 or 5 to one ratio. Chuan cashed our dollar bills
at 22'R.

Mr. Reed at National City Bank. Says labor situation hag greatly im-
proved since last November. Rising prices at present must be understood as in
part a flight of capital into commodities. There are no securitica paying inter~
est in local currency which it would be safe to buy. Political situation very
unstable. People are flocking to Shanghai, probably 1,000 a day, in fear of
lawlesmess outside. UNRRA supplies and material for sale by U.S. Army and Navy
te Chinese are pouring in at a rate that disturbs ordinary markets. Probably a
hundred miliion in U.S. bills or eredits now in Chinese hands, a great deal of it
in Shanghai. Cost of living may go higher probably to a crisis and revaluation
in the next two years. After that, eeonomic conditions likely to stabilize very
satisfactorily. Political stability most important factor, internal transpor—
tation the next. Reed would think remission of money as needed and via Tientsin
the best procedure at present.

Lunch at Palace Hotel ~ 22000 for three, i.e. alightly under ten dol-
lars.

Then to American Red Gross, 211 Yuen Ming Yuen Road, where we talked to
James P. Moody who has been here two months in charge of civilian relief, having
previously been in India. All ARC work under Tokyo office Mr. Christiansen.
Moody hopes to undertake tuberculosis dispensary organization and help to orgaen-
ise Chinegze Red Cross along chapter Lines as in U.S.

Walked home to Cathay Mansions through the teeming thousands of these
Shenghei streets. Almost no beggars, a contrast to 1932.

Found card from Mrs. Balfour who has just errived from Caloutta asking
help in getting in here at the hotel. Telephoned her to find she wants permanent
quarters to live in. Promised to talk to Colonel John Me Ferguson about it but
found she had gotten « room next day.

Friday, May 17, 1946

Took Pedicabs to the Red Cross Hospital where part of the Shanghai
National Medical College are at work. Rounds with Dr. C. C. Ling and the super~
intendent, Dr. Wang. Kala azar, tuberculous pericarditis, muscular dystrophy,
schistosomiagis cases well presented and well discussed. C. C. Ling says that
Anerican State Department has awarded 25 two-year fellowships for Chinese in U.S.,
SHANGHAT
Friday, May 17, 1946 (Continued)

two of which will be available te men from this school, one in pathology and one
in hospital management. Ling believes that promise te return to a paid position
will be kept by both sides. {Ling says main medical needa in China are medical
literature, meetings of medical wen, seholarships and teaching equipment. Ling
says that salaries for full-tise Chinese are hard to decide because of pressure
from families for all they can equeese from any selaried member of the family.
Cost of living is still rising, the present average usekilled worker being 6006
to 8000 Chinese dollars a day.

Bent out to the buildings erected in 1937 which were used by Japanese
for a hospitel and then by the U.S. army, and now for special make-up courses
for Chinese students who were trained by puppet government authorities during
Japanese occupation. This present employment of the buildings is a ruse to keep
then from occupation by Chinese military. Good buildings but sadly battered and
fearfully dirty. It will take ONC $50,000,000 to repair then.

Then back for a long talk with Dr. H. P. Chu. He says the old slogan
haa reappeared ~- train as many doctors as possible as soon as possible. He die~
agrees. He thinke quality not quantity is the important issue and that training
teachers should be the main concern. The most serious difficulty is the cost
of living. Pull professor now gets 90,000 plus 50,000 living allowance plus
25,000 special allowance ~- in all, about $80 U.S. per month, which is barely
enough to keep one person alive at present prices. And even so the professor
with these supplements gets three times the ordinary government salary. Tre-
mendous temptation to do private practice on the side. Some aid from ABMAC or
UCR may help. Hospital will be equipped by CNRRA for 400 beds and YIH garden
hospital 100 beds. 30 million needed for merely cleaning hospital. Mnrolilment
will be about 500 when students return from Koloshan. ‘There will be a shortage
of housing for 350 atudents. Teachers! living quarters occupied by soldiers.
Land given by RF in 1933 provides housing for some of staff but revenue from the
rest ig now very amall since rents are frosen.

There are 30 medical schools in China, 10 of them National mitering
classes total 2,000 students, graduating 500. ‘There are about 20,000 graduates
of middle schools, 5,000 of whom might go into medicine though hardly 2,500 are
qualified to since widdle schools suffered as much as the medical sehools during
the war. Middie school teachers have left their posts. Language teachers
especially lacking.

Nesda of medical schools are preclinical teachers, epidemiologists and
vital statistics. Studentsa thinking not enough of careers in teaching and pub-
lic health.

The great question is whether the government will respect and reward
technically trained men. Sad to say, the National sehools are dominated by
AG

SHANGHAT
Friday, May 17, 1946 (Continued)

politicians whe are corrupt. The strength of this Shanghai school lies in ita
immer solidarity and in the fact that there are not enough doctors for the Kuoa-
ingteng to play favorites among.

The Commission for Medical Education, though not political, is easy for
tae government to control since its executive secretary is appointed by the Hin-
ister of Education. The latter sees few of deans and knows little or nothing
about the schools.

H. P. Chu seys best thing for RF is to help places that deserve help as
Balfour end Forkner have done. PUMC should train teachers and keep standards
high especially in fundamentals including language. Posts for graduate training
should be opened for graduates of other schools admitted on examination.

12,000 M.D.'s registered in China, 1,200 of them in Shanghai and not
very public spirited. Commmists are disciplined and honest tatt too radical:
Kuomintang crowd extremely corrupt. Political instability brings on economic dif~
ficulties. German schools beginning to use English: German textbooks and aedical
iiterature deteriorated. Middle schools generally weak in sciences and language
eapecially. General culture especially important for men going into teaching.
Also teaching ag a career should be given far better status in China, otherwise
teachers will remain mere birds of passage.

Saturday, Way 13, 1946

Over to the Lester Institute to see Bernard Read. ‘The fluid assets of
the Lester were spent by the Japanese, the income from its real estate now is
extremely gomall, the nortgages held by the Lester estate heve all been paid off
in worthless currency. Expenses of the Institute lest month totalled $237, ex
clusive of Read's salary. He has two years to go before retirement. His
Board of six Britishers in business in Shanghai are more interested in the other
Lester bequest in favor of a school of engineering. Read's steff of 12 are scat~
tering; they could be held if there were money but there isn't. Read says that
there is a good possibility that in two or three years the inoome will improve
substantially. The tradition and policy of the Institute ie to cultivate contin~
uing Anglo-Ghinese collaboration in medical science but not for eventual transfer
to Chinese. The library is intact but all instruments have been lost. Read
thinks PUMG should appoint a young director, and not J. H. Lin or R.K.S. Lim
Thinks that Schwartz did the best job of any in the Departaent of Social and Re~
ligious Work. This department could be well organised around medical social
service work with a religiously inclined person who is "gesrable"® with mission-
aries. Read says the Deed of Trust specifies an obligation to continue the re-
ligious work of the college.
A&G

SHAN
Saturday, Mey 18, 1946 (Continued)

Sew Borcic st UNRRA headquartera in the efternoon. He started in by
saying we vould see in China now ruins of buildings and of people. The government
hospitals in occupied China have been pillaged or destroyed; mission hospitala
fared gomewhat better. It will take half a billion dollars at present prices to
repair the National Central Hospital in Nenking. This equais $250,000 U.3. at
the preaent rate of exchange. UNRRA program for replacement and supplies for
52,000 hospitel beds in China set at $70,000,000 U.S. This would include ali
the teaching hospitals, anti~epidemic work, laboratory equipment. orders for
this placed last autum but no deliveries yet. Borcice was impatient two wonths ago
but now realises that undertainty of sterfing hospitals and laboratories due to
inadequate government salaries is a greater problew than arrival of equipment.
Eloesser and Hetzel from Australia are dissatisfied et not heving more doctors
to teach. P. Z. King gets 120,000 dollars ($60 U.S.) a sonth and cannot keep on
at thig level. UNRRA couldn't staff 52,000 beds nor repair the hospital buildings.
No local taxes collectible. Boredie can't get anything done by the governnent.

In Canton not enough government funda to purchase distilled water though there

are more than 1,000 cases of cholera there with 30 per cent mortality. P. Z. King
is asking government for 21 billion dollars for repairs and training program.

Chu Chia Hua leaving Ministry of Education - so many changes in government at
Nanking paralyzea plans in every direction. CNRRA is taking on the functions of
lecal government. The so-called "Communists" control 100,000,000 people. All
who viait their territory have high respect for them; they are honest and hard
working and hopeful. Mo evidence of control from Moscow saya Borcic. Russian
eollaboration has been given to spite the J.3., which has backed Kuomintang
heavily. China bas become another Spain in some respects.

UNRRA has allotted $4,600,000 U.3. for university rehabilitation. of
taia, $1,800,000 will be available for medical and nursing sehools. ‘The Nanking
government ia broke. "Communists" willing to work with UNRRA and CNRRA. Their
dojlar is worth 35 of Chinese government's. The "“Commmists"® of China represent
an agrerian revolution. The U.S. prevented their spread into lower China but
there could still be a reconciliation. fhe so-called *¢-¢" group in Kuomintang
are reactionary end anti-Communist.

PUMG commends the highest respect of any institution in China. The
graduates everywhere are in strategic positions, their superiority of training
granted without jealousy. Some criticisn of them for ateying in private prac
tice. J. B. Grant's influence hers has been excellent; all his pupils are in
government service. PUMC will need a first-rate man in hia place. I asked
Boreic for names of really able Chinese medical men he had come to know. He
named C. C. Chen, ¢. K. Chu, I. C. Yuan, I. C. Pang and Li Ting Au. I judge
G. & Chen probably his first choice.
AG

SOANGHAT

Saturday, May 18, 1946 (Continued)

Dinner at Dr. Zau's. J. H. Lin there and after a nuaber of gambeis our
host alluded to J. H. Lin as perhaps the next director of the PUMC. It would be
interesting to know how inadvertent this was. J. H. Lin told me he had had a
letter from JBG and asked who "AG" was to whom JBG had referred.

gumday, May 19, 1946
Brief talk with S. K. Chow who makes appointment for Tuesday a.m.

H, Ps Guu

Situation in middle schools and colleges guffers from fact that no teach-
ers think of teaching as a career but hope to go wia teaching to an official pest
later. There are now about three times as many pupils in middle schools and col~
leges as before the ware Middle schools are provinelal responsibility. The con-
tinuous interference of the Ministry in local administration tekes form of re-
quests for plans, audits, inventories and reports. The president gets his job
py political influence and can appoint or dismiss teachers but is afraid of student
opinion. Face and favoritism play too big a role in China.

Huth Ingras

Account of ner trip late "Communist" srea in North. Astonished and
heartened as never before in Chinay cleanliness, order, discipline and teamwork
all a revelation. Legan Roota, the only URARA representative who has visited
*Commnist" area does not share this opinion. The word Communist is a uisnomer.
Miss Ingram proud of PUMC aurses in West China during war. One with a wealthy
husband and four children placed her youngest with a wet nurse and took care of
patients at one time in dugouts for eight days of unceasing bombing. ¢. ¢. Ghesn
thinks PUNC nurses made better moral resord than the doctors.

 

Lunch with Mrs. Balfour, Dr. and Mrs. Read and Miss Ingram.
F. Ge Yen

Says that he thinks one of tne best things to back is collaboration of
privately supported hospitals with government medical schools. This is perhaps
a good pattern for China. Thinks people in Shanghai unduly critical of govern—
ment. ‘Thinks medical education the most important medical task in China. Qual-
ity of first importance since schools turning out large numbers may pull down
standards. Interest in common people too rare among students. Wo gain in having
large numbers of students interested only in private practice. A private prac-
titioner in Shanghai earns 1 to 2 million a month; the best paid professor gets
one-fifth to one-tenth this salary. Part-time professors not the answer. Send
AG

SHANGHET
Sunday, May 19, 1946 (Continued)

out high ranking foreigners to visit the sehools. Improve postgraduate teaching.
Yen has greatly aged since I saw him last. He wents us to see H. H. Kumg - I
wonder why.

P, « Kin

Well trained wen in smaller numbers in medicine are worth more than
darger numbers of poorly trained men. The important thing is the preparation of
teachers. Conditions now are in some ways worse than during the war. Don't try
to aid smaller schoola es & waole but the best depertments in the smaller schools.
PUMC could lend teaching personnel to smaller schools. JY asked King his opinion
of PUNC. He replied that it has shown everyone in China, lay and prafessional,
what modern medicine is. Its graduates predominate in Public Health Army and
government hospitals. Best role is in teacher training and postgraduate instruc-
tion. Principal defeat has been a superiority complex.

The present governsent needs radical change. "Communists" have ne
traditions. iiddle uchools have deterioratec moraily and technically,

In coment on the fact that go meny Chinese speak of the importance of
quality, Loucks says that the war showed how grave was the uselessnesa of a poor
quality man and that heving many incompetent doctors does not solve the problem
but rather inereases it. Loucks also points out that before the war he could not
count more than 6 half dozen PUMC graduates who had gone into private practice
and that the graduates he mects now all are on the defensive about being in

practice.

F. C+ Yew (leter in day)

Says YIH garden site has proved valuable and the Shanghai school pur-
chased additional and adjacent land. The Pioneer Field which was given by the RF
to the National Central has greatly aldecd the gchool. With funds realised from
Belling seme parcels the land for the present building was purchased. Houses
for staff of the college were put up on other lots in Pioneer Field and still
other lots were rented to tenants who vat up shops and dwellings on remission of
five yearts rents. Property is valuable though rentals are low.

Mond. ay 20, 19.

We went down to USIS (U.3. Information Service) which is the successor
of OWI, to see John Feirbank (W. B. Cannon's son-in-law), a scholarly, honest and
clear-headed person. He started by saying that his opinion wes probably tinged
with some emotion and it was rather pessimistic. He feels that the essential
purpose for the U.S. government representetives in China should be to keep in
touch with both sides of the quarrel between Nationalists and "Communists". This
AG

SHARGHAL
Monday, May 20, 1946 (Continued)

ney be difficult since Netionsalists form the nominal government. A private organ-
ization could estebliish contact with Communists wore easily and probably to the
considerable satisfaction of the U.S. governnent. There has begun « desertion of
the intellectuals from the Nationalist governient to the Communists - the report—
ers, the dvanatists, the writers, all feel wore sympathy with the Comsunistes
then with the present government ~ and this movement will make the Communist
cauge more articulate and the present government appear more confused and inef-
fective. There ia increased police surveillance and things are getting tight.
The Communists lack technical personnel in engineering, medicine, transportation,
chemistry, manufactures, etc. Another exemple, I think, of the role of the
modern technologist aa slowing up social revolution by his searcity and hia in-
Gispensabllity. Fedrbank thinks Coxsunists in Chine are really agrarian revo-
dutionerles. The U.S, has sided in the main against them. I would infer thet
there ig more than a possibility that in his opinion the 0.5. has backed the
loging horse.

Spent rest of morning and part of efternoon getting Chinese vieas for
Nanking, Chungking, Chengtu and Ganton as provisional measure.

As time procesig 1t looks more and more as though we were taking snap-
shots of a atorm. It ig a queer storm, slowed down by travel difficulties and
the vast and primitive social and economic structure of China but atill driving on
impelled by poverty and idealism on one side and administrative incompetence and
worse on the othor. I would think it probable but not certein that the Commmists
would be in control by now had the U.S. not given lts aid to the Nationalists.

The great mass of the population is too hard at work, too liliterate and ignorant,
too poor, «nd tee near to & primitive economy to join either side. The Chinese
family structure fite little or not at all into the Marxist pattern of Commumisa
but it could make immediate use of reform in land ownership and taxation which
are strong talking points of Chinese Communism. Poverty and hardship apparently
favor morale, kyslty and singleness of purpose fer pore then do riches, comfort
and power. Qccaglonaliy we have heard that civil war is soming for two o: tores
years here. In Peipling we may get a corrsection or two upon toe manifest nervous.
ness and pessimism of Shanghai, for this town obviously is critical of the
Nationalist government end vice verga,

In the evening we went to dinner as guests of Dr. H. P. Chu; R.K.S. Lim
and I. C. Yuan were my table companions. Met Plowera of British Red Cross who
said that Earle of the Lester Institute broke dow under the load imposed hy the
Lester debacle, His trustees were of not ouch help. No mention of his return-
ing, mor of aid from the MRC of Great Britain.

We gan C. J. Ferguson this morming and he was wery kind to us, though
obviously overloaded with the threat of a strike. The Shanghai Power Compsny
SHANGHAT
Monday, May 20, 1946 (Continued)

has had to increase its rates in successive readjustments, sach of which was too
little by the time it was approved by the government. Rice prices powerfully
snfluence the couzzon laborer. The monthly amount paic to a minimwa wage worker
in Auguat 1945 wes CNC $2,565., in September 8,581., in January 1946 32,672.,

in March 78,604. Coal per ton cost CHG $1,010. in September 1945, in March 1946
29,97. And the end is not yet.

nes: Mey £1, 1946

Went out to the hospitel built by Li Ting An at the Municipal center
whieh was added to by the Japenese and now is te be & Medical Center fcr the
Chinese Army. RK.S. Lim reviews his plans aid gives us an outline in writiag
thereof. In essence they involve the training of sray dectors, centists, nurses,
orderlies and techniciang end supply officers. Remarkably inclusive and so ax-
tensive as tc sake me doubtful whether he can pogaibly succeed. He would like
to have any remeining numbers of Methods & Problems (one of each) sent to nim at
Kiangsi Road 320 Aray Medical Service, Shenghai. Also any copies of reports of
Committee on Medicine and Changing Order of Academy of Hecicine. Could GER

get these started to him? Thanks.

The visit to the buildings was extraordinary. A huge layout planned
for 8,000 Japanese, some as hospitel uurds, some as supply depot. Mud and dirt
everywhere. Bits of valuable apparatus, X-ray and other mica dilapidated equip~
ment that indicated Japanese indifference, pessimism and neglect during the
dast 13 months of the war. And Japanese prisoners everywhere bowing and salut-
ing or marching along in the mud, bedraggled patient and spiritiess with squares
of dirty white cloth tied over taeir noses end mouths. Thoussads passing torough
every woex on thelr way nome. The paper stated today that from the whole war
ares three million Japanesa have been repatriated and three million four huadred
thougand are still waiting to go home.

Lunch with Lim and his group; §. Kk. Cuow, P. K. Kuo (ophthalaology),
T. 3. Fung (X-ray - fat and jelly), M. S. Li, Hsienlui Chang, and Stanley |.
Ghin.

Then to pay brief call at F. C. Yen's requeat en de He Kung. Ho indi~
cation of the purpose of this visit before, during or after.

Passport photographs arranged at Yassermants at $4.00 U.S. a dozen.
Burwell noted he must have an unusual number of negatives.

. Remenber Burwell's story of A. N. Whiteheadts reply to the question,
"Why don't you smoke Professor Whitehead?* Whitehead thought for a moment quite
seriously and then said, "I think it is because of the incidental squalor."

This would not show in most of Shanghait
AG

SHANGHAT
Tuesday, May 21, 1946 (Continued)

In several instances we have boen told that ricksha rumers make more
money a month now than judges and teachers. The equivelent cf whatwe call white
collar clasa is being cleaned out. There ere four choices before a government
servent: to await developments, to resijm and find work elsewhere, to accept
brives, or to pyramid positions held. For doctors in the povernnent employ, much
a3 teachers, hogpital physicians and public health workers, there is a richly re-
warding siternative - private practice. This will ruin the schools, the has-
piteals and the public health service. ft is becoming evident to all the Chinese
that only the cuality of doctors (not the number of them) can stave off failure
of the school's hospitals and services to which they belonc.

There is a residual bitterness between those who have lived in Pree
China and those who stayed in Occupied China. Physical hardship and material
losses undoubtedly grester in Free China, anxiety and humtlistion greeter in Oe-
coupled. areas.

I have never seen nevapapers giving so wach space to volitical news from
ell over the world as do the English language napers here.

The British influence scarcely observable here; a few Sikhs and rerely
a British soldier. Streets crowded with american Army cars, CHRRA and UNPRA
trueks and American sailors and soldiers commonly seen - and heard.

Wednesdey, May 22, 1946

Mr. Li Ming came to our roams for a talk. He has been back in Shanghai
only three weeks. He seys that he is pessinistie for the near future but opti-
mistic for the lonzs pull. Most of the economic difficulties derive from the
political situation. The question of currency control was essentially a struggle
for powery the adoption of a maneged currency meant the politiciang control the
bankers instead of the benkers controlling the politiciens. ‘The weakness of the
government is of tro sorta: administrative inefficieney and the quarrel vith the
“Comamists". Administrative inefficiency is increased by the postwar Lack of
morality which is now te be observed in all classes. Civil servants leck ade~
quate saleries. Li Ming pays his house servant 150,000 a month ($75.00 U.S.);
the Vice Mayor of Shanghei sets the same anount in sarnlary at present. Thus the
temptation to graft or to earn money from other positions or to leave public serv
ice ig almost overwhelming. Li Ming regerds the remark that "while the present
government is corrupt the Commmists are honest" aa a rather superficiel stete-
ment. The same contrest was drawn in 1927 between the rotten Peking government
and the eager and reforming Kuomintang. The present cost of living puts a
very severe strain on everybody. The price of rice ia the best barometer on which
to reckon the real cost of living. It was CNC $9,000 just after V-J Day. Yeo-
terday it wag #°78,000. Labor difficulties and the breakdow of internal trane~
portation systema increase the difficulties of cheap living. Presence of
AG

SHANGHAT
Wednesday, Yay 72, 1946 (Gontinued)

American miliitery plus USHA gifts and importa and other remittances bring at
least 32,000,000 U.S. a moath date Chine where upwards of $50,000,000 in U.8.
bills are now held. These act as invisible exports und uelp to hold excounge at
2000; otherrise it would move toward 4000.

ii Ming thinks education of Chinese the only solution and that the stetus
and stabllity of teaching profession is tae essential factor in improving the edu-
cational pleture.

H. 6. Chsng of Gunen Yule (Hsieng-ye) in Chenyshe watch weat first to Kuelyang
anc thou te Changkiag.

School to recpen but deubiful Lf this will oem aa early as Jetober.
Seasol was burned; hospitel still stands bat suffered from oceupation. Tae
@quipment given by ABMAC is still in Indic. Governneat aust supply Lunds for re~
waiiding the school. The staff is ilred and the personnel problem is the sost
acute, since competaat aen are few and sard to hold usw that peace offers them
aiterdatives. Chan thinks fewar wall tcnined doctors asgure a better future
taan more physiciuns poorly trained.

Chang's wiews 2.2 PUMC have value since his sgelocol is one of the three
or four governaent schools of promise. He tuinks PUNC especially important for
postgraduate training and because of its accessibility as a model or example of a
good school. In gome ways its value as a model ig small since no Chinese govern=
ment school could approach its architecture or its feeilities. Ya 1937 the
Heiang-ya school and hospital budget (exclusive of foreign galeries) vas 350,000
docal currency (then about $100,000 J.S5.). Tus waa for a sehool of 150 students
aid @ 290 bed hospital. This probably about ohe-sixth of PUMC budget of the
gane youre Note that this budget at Haleng~-ya pesmicted no training of teachers,
no acceptance of students from other soaucvols or hoapituls » NO research work, and
a foreign staff of only three. Chang said that Chinese Medical Jouraal could
nardly have exiated «i thout the PUMC; this journal the “intellectual food" of the
profeagsion in China.

Lunch at BH. H. Kunz, 333 rue de Selyes. A sumptuous place. W. W. Yen,
J. He Lin, Chaag, F. C. Yon and one other ~ a banker whose name T did not get.
#. We Yeon asked if I had seen Dr. Brown in New York. JI said Y had and had told
nim that RF interest would be primarily in aehools of medicine. Y said we would
hope te see. W. Ten on our rebarn from Peiping. No requests or intimations
thereof from Kung.

Back to Cathay Mansions to see Gordon King who is acting dean at Hong
Kong. King thinks mission schools turn out better trained cliniciang than nost
af the government schools. Hisaion schools less at werey of political changes of
staff, a characteristic weammess of government schools. But migsion schoola can
never carryis of stidents ass:
LG

SEANCAT
Fecnonday, May £2, 1926 (Continued)

 

never carry the numbers cf students assumed by government. The best government
schools are Shonghal, National Central, Human Yale, end Kreiyenc and Chung shen
(Sun Yat Sun Univereity). The mission schools are Cheeleo, West Chine Union,
Linjguam, Mukden and St. John's. §t. John's, however, hes not yet straightened
out thelr querrel with the covernisnt over recistretion.

King thinks thet five or six vell supoorted schoola would contribute
more to the welfare of Chins than trenty or thirty noer achools and more than one
very well supported school which wes far ani away chead of its nearest competitor.
Though he said that he thoucht the PUNC micht well sive up ita undergradvete work
and concentrate on postereduate teaching he admitted the truth of Burwellts reply
that rosteraduste teaching deteriorates in the absence of departments staffed for
teaching and research especinily in the medicel sciences.

I asked King if he would see sny serious objection to our advising the
mission boards to davelop psy beds in their hospitals and thus make the hos—
pitels pay teeir own way entirely. He sew nena. On discussion it appeared
that the advantacea of go doing would be thet it would develop interest of wealthy
Chinese in riving to the hospital, that it would provide better training for resi~
dent physicians, that it would delimit finnncial resnonsibility of the mission
boards, that 1t would recuce uncertainties of varring exchance rates. one hazard
in heving teeching hospitals earn money must be anticipated ~ the danger of turn-
tng the staff into money makers and nothing more.

King saya that moat Chinese doctors on salary from governments or other~
wise not in practice have sold their clothes, hooks and other belongings and ere
foreed to find some sort of incose to meet rising costs of living.

Hongkong University mist Lack mors clossly to its affilietion and col-
iaboration with Chinese medicine. Its student body hag been of late years 45%
from Hong Kong, 45¢ from Straits and 10% from the Chinese Mainlend.

Went to dinner at F. «. Yen's houss, 24 Ferguson. J. H. Lin, 8. P.
Chu, I. C. Yuan, 4. C. Chang, a young fr. Shu, and Cheng vei. Shu is going to
U.S. soo to study hospital administration. . 2. Chu promises to send me a bud~
get of Shanghat National for « prewar year. He says that the best upper middle
school here im the Shanghai provincial schocl.

Thursday, May 23, 1946

Went down to the Chase Bank to draw on letter of eredit. Offered Aner~
dean billa which will be required for ATC fares on return from Peiping, so I
drew £200 and for one trenty dollar bill I received 4760 at rate of 2380 across
the street et a busy money changers. Lunch at Cathay Manslone for 45 cents each,
which contrasts rether pointedly with the three dollars or more which sueh a meal.
would cost downtown.
 

Thursday, May 23, 1946 (Continued)

Everything arranged for leaving May 24th at 7;00 a.m. for Nanking and
on the 27th or 28th from Nenking to Peiping by air. We shell stay in Peiping
about two weeks and then try to get to Chengtu and/or Canton via Shanghai or
Nanking or Chungking. But too much depends on transportation facilities, which
keep varying, for us to be able to make a forecast at present.

Friday, May 24, 1946

Up at 5:15 and to North Station where we took the 7:00 a.m. train for
Nenking. Comfortable travel, not overcrowded. Passed through rich agricultural
country, irrigated rice paddies, water buffalo ploughing, men and women at work
in the fields which were dotted with graves. If I am buried in China I would be
glad if tobaceo were grom and harvested on the space involved. I+ should make
nice cigarettes.

BANKIEG

Arrival. at Nanking at about 1:30 p.m. Y. T. Tau, Wong Wen Hao, P. Z.
King, Han Li Wa and J. H. Lin, who came here yesterday, and Chu Chia-hua's sec-
retary met us et the station. Went to a dwelling house which will be used by IHD
where?r. Paul arrived earlier in the day and is beginning to set up a very
bachelor bachelor's quarters. Two nurses from the National Central ~ Miss Sha
Ai Ch@ and Miss Pao — had worked ail morning getting the place into shape. Y.T.
Tau looks older and rather tired but he ia clearly inspiring of more confidence
and respect than any of the other trustees I've met in China. He took us te
lunch at the International Club. Then returned to our dwelling where we talked
with Tau.

 

Went over in efternoon to American Embassy and saw Robert L. Smyth and
an economic adviser named Walker. @myth net very communicative but did make a
general statement that there were some reasons for being optimistic about the
political situation between Nationalist government and the Communists. I told
Walker that the financing of the PUMC at an even level called for procedures
that would smooth off the ups and downs of earnings in dollars, of exchange rates
and of changes in living costs in China. J asked if he knew of any ways of level~
ing off the second two fluctuations. He had no suggestions. He does not be~
lieve thet any securities paying interest in Chinese dollars exist or will come
into being in the near future. The revision of the Company law proceeds very
slowly. The Chinese adjust themselves rather slowly to the removal of extra
territoriality.

Both Smyth and Walker agree that political uncertainty ia the main
cause of the inflation. fo call it political uncertainty is something of an
understatement since the Commumist raids are the main reagon for reil comaunica-
tions being go bad that business is paralysed, and such paralysis is a very real
HABE ING
Fridey, may 24, 1946 (Continued)
cause of the shortage of all kinds of consumers goods and raw materials. Life

here is extremely expensive for Americans with children. 4 glass of milk costs
60 American cents, an srenge 30 cents and dozeatic service equally high.

Saw Mre. Fairbank and later Mr. Fairbank. fhe State Departzent is of-
fering some fellowships to Chinese ~ 25 places for one year. ghe aske for com—
ment on the applications of about 12 medical candidates.

Though it has nothing to do with these interviews the note might be
made here that China is controlled by a one-party form of government under a
militery generalissimo whom the U.S. armed forces are supporting substantially
against en armed and active minority. It is e close question whether a prini~
tive agrarian culture can cope with technological changes faat enough to main-
tein «a stable governnent.

Dinner as guests of Wang Wen Hao. He has completely recovered from his
sccident though it was very severe; forty days unconscious and semi~conscious.

The atmosphere is very different from that in Shanghai; lese nervous,
less critical, less pessimistic, and of course fur more sympathetic to the regine.
J.-H. Lin attends all the dinners we go to. He says he has not gotten control of
his own house here,

Miss Vera Nick came at 8:30. She is leading about 50 nursea, nine of
whom are graduates, back to Peiping and has been on the road from Chengtu ever
since April 24th. Buses, trains, and any available conveyance. A large and ex~
hausting task. She wants to know what the future of the School of Nursing will
be. Her experienced nurses are being offered positions in many inatitutions in
the Yangtse valley.

Pairbenk came for a brief call. Fairbank says that the material for
studies here in the Social Seiences is uaimaginably rich and varied now. china
is in a atate of revolution. The strains placed on traditional forns of govern
ment, on social relations and on the family by changes incidental to modern
teehnology may be ungupportable end our ow involvement in the breakdown sould
be inescapable. Social scientists mias a rather remarkable situation in not
being more interested in China. Fairbank thinka China's major need is for the
Social Sciences.

Cail on Chu Chia~hua at Chen Haien Cheh, the Ministry of Education. He
has 7% universities and higher sehoole wider his control. He thinks that the
hospital of National Central should be under the Ministry. He does not show such
of a knowledge of medical education. Apparently not much interested in Committee
on Medical Education.
 

Met Wong Wen Hao, Y. T. Tau and J. H. Lin at our house and continued
esonvergation at Y. T. Tau's house at lunch. I asked Wong what evidence there
was for thinking that Chinese Commmists were controlled by Russia. He didn't
accept the word “controlled* but readily accepted *influenced”. He said Com-
munists have Russian tanke end trucks. He explained that it was not sasy to have
& completely efficient government and that Nationalist government had the blame
for postwar difficulties that no government could have avoided. His presentation
was more highly colored than I expected. Later Y. fT. Tsu excused him for being
go one~sided in his account.

du asked for a clearer definition of the Gomsisaionts scope. I said
that since about one-third of the expense of rumming the PUMC had been carried
by RF we had been asked to report on general overall picture in Chine as a pre-
liminary to RF decision as to future policy. Said I did not personally regard
the complicated relationships of PUMC, CMB, RF, R. Family, Chinese government ag
a satisfactory administrative arrangement. Said our present task is not to de-
eide what is to be done at the PUMC but to report and advise on whet the RF and
GMB could wisely de, and admitted that from a realistic view ow impressions would
de related to the PUMC plans but we had no authority or desire to assume the
details of administration. Liu commented that with no director the PUMC was
handicapped in proceeding though the earliest possible opening was a cardinal
polisy on which the Executive Committee had been in full agreement.

I asked Y. T. Tau what he thought the most important field of activity
for the RF in China ~ general education, agriculture, public health, hospital
practice. His reply made quite clear that in a country of 450,000,000 which had
entered into the modern world so recently and suffered for $ years from a crush-
ing war and oceupation no program could be independent of vast forces which swept
it along, no aid could be offered that was not desperately needed, no aid could
be fully esdequate, no program could be independent of many other factors and that
the best thing was to do what you could as well as possible.

Liu said the PUMC was comuitted to running a 400 bed hospital with
material to be delivered by CHRRA about July 1, 1946. No one else had understood
this and I do not believe it is true. I suspect some jockeying by Liu on this and
asked to see the letters Liu said showed this. He did not show them to me. Linu
geid CHRRA had on this understanding of Houghton's letter dispensed with planning
anything elas in the Peiping area. We have a good deal shead of us in Peiping
I think.

In afternoon went to a tea party at International Club. wet some of the
UNRRA and mission doctors and Chinese university officials. Merrill Moore sud-
denly appeared with word that General Marshall wished to see us as soon as pos—
sible. I thought we might get an idea of when the Cease Fire Commission would
NAREING
Sate May 25, 1946 (Continued

be leaving our buildings. I might well have postponed leaving our party by a
half hour for Moore exaggerates. We went end saw Marshall at american headquar-
ters. He said that January 1, 1947 would be the earliest possible date when the
Commission might begin to reduce its pergannel. He was appreciative af the coan~
venience of such useful buildings. His deputy in Peiping is General Byroade.

To dinner at Chu Chia-husts house. By talking sone French and German
with him I got along reagonably. Met Chen Y& Gwan who has seen DHS, RFE and TBA
in New York and hopes for a visit from someone from the AF “who will study all
forma of education in all of the universities." It is clear we wontt have time
nor competence to take on go large an order in so changing a scene.

Both Y. T. Tau and Wong Wen Hao had said that they did net think it
worth while asking Chu Chia~hua for a representative of the Ministry to accompany
us on our visits. Their reasons were that the presence of a representative of
the Ministry would leasen the amount we would get from interviews and that cau
could instruct hia representatives to see us in each university if we told him
whet places we were planning to see. So I told Chu what places we hoped to visit
and when.

26, 1946

Merrill Moore and Colenel MeGonkey, in charge of medieal affairs in the
China theater, case to invite us to dinner Monday night. MoConkey said he thought
that arrangements mutually agreeable to PUMG and the Cease Fire Commission eould
be arrived at and intimated that whatever we were prepared to insist on having
din Peiping could be had if pushed hard enough but that three months was almost
the minimum time for such notice to be given and that he did not think that the
job would be over for the Commission before eighteen montha from now. Instead
of luneh (which we agreed te skip in memory of the three last Chinese dinner
parties), we wrote notes and letters. here is a strike of the Chinese govern-
ment airplane service which may postpone our departure for Peiping.

Im afternoon P. Z. King took us to the Sun Yat Su Memorial, the Hing
and the Tau tombs and to dinner at his house. Sat next to the dean of the Ex-
perimental School started by R.K.S. Linn, a Dr. Wong and Leu chan. 120 first~
year students, 90 second, and about 60 graduating. Ran for 8 years, all war
years, and moved four times. Biggest handicap was inadequate teachers ~ not
snough nor enough trained. 45 on teaching staff. Studenta come direct from
middle achool. I am afraid that no very solid conclusions can be draw from so
almormal a aet of conditions.
AG

MANKING
on 27, 19
Dr. I. C. Yuan came at 9:00 am. He gave his views on PUNC which he

explained caue from one whose experience with the sehool had been steadily happy.
He spent three years premedionl, five years medical, one year interneahip and
three years postgraduate. He thinks the eight-year course (3 and 5) too long.

He would think six-year course with a shorter prenedicel course better. He had
gix courses in physics and he thinks this too much. Yhinks PUNC toe self con—
‘tained and inbred. PUMC teachers should go to other institutions as professors
for s year as staff members, not as visiting professors. Later he told ue he had
been invited to become dean at a new achool in Tsingtao. Wanted comment on policy
ts follow if he accepts. Loucks had told me that a more widely trained man would
be perhaps better at PUMC though Yuan has considerable ability. I talked over
the job with hin.

Lunch at Feirbenk's meeting Adler who is economic adviser at American
Enbassy. Very intelligent. Adler sees no way to ciroumvent exchange fluctuations
other than obtaining permission for PUMC to obtain funds on open market, which
eould be secured ag government concession to PUMC, as in the past with philan-
thropic aid to China. He is certain that no transfer of capital funds to Chinese
securities would be in the least wise. The inflation here moves more slowly be-
eause the country is so largely agricultural and primitive in its economy.

In afternoon to Netionel Central Hospital where Loucks and Burwell saw
a Chinese doctor, Lucey Chow, who has metastatic cancer in the liver and for whom
morphine is now probably the most humane treatment. Then over the buildings of
the Wei Shung Shu with P. %. King. A large amount of cleaning and remodeling and
re-equiping, the latter two very expensive. A simple iron bed costs $140,000 ~
$70 U.S. and other things in proportion.

Then a brief visit to T. ¥. Soomg. He spoke appreciatively of the PUMC.
I asked him for comment on the economic situation. He said that he hoped the
cnc ~- U.S. dollar exchange would be stabilized by the end of the year. He saw no
wisdom in transferring U.S. capital into Chinese securities. J. H. Liu took this
occasion to ask if the Japanese property next to the PUMC could be given to the
PUNC. Soong said after asking how much land it was that P. Z. King should prepare
him an action to be put through. Liu began by saying that PUMC had taken no
action as yet on the subject of reparations. Loucks was asked about Li Ting Auts
health and replied that Lits apparent freedom from symptoms for 15 months was an
apparently good sign but thet § years was the period which would be the best tine
after which to say that no recurrence was likely.

Dinner as gueats of Lt. Colonel Merrill Moore at American headquarters,
formerly the Embassy of Manchukuo. Met Col. Armstrong, USMC, Col. Barrett, the
military attaché, Dr. Daniels of University Hospitel, and Chiang Mon-Lin. Chiang
has a book the Yale University Press is getting out which will be worth reading;
he is first rate. Discussed present situation with him rather fully. He thinks
AG

BARKING
Mon: May 27, 1946 (Continued

principal needs of China are education and all forms of communication, railways,
telegraph, radio, airplanes, etc. Education in sclentific technology more valu-
able than moral exhortation for China. True the present revolution results from
the clash of a medieval agrarian culture with modern technology, but the differ-
ence is deeper; the Chinese mind, as Leibnitz pointed out, has not a logical math-
ematical turn thet qualifies it for the rational comprehension of natural law.

The Chinese are long on human relations, on empiriciem and intuition. The men in
the Executive Yuan who have not had scientific training regard every question in
terms of how it affects them. The revolution of 1911 was the first result of
modern technology on a medieval society. The revolution of 1927 was the begin-
ning of Chinese Communiaa. Both movements are essentially Western and not Chinese.
The Chinese want the middle road, not either of the extremes of democratic nation—
aliam nor of Communist absolutism. I asked if the Kuomintang was recruiting able
young men. Chiang hesitated and then said, "No, the youth of China are not going
into either side.” He had said earlier that all the schools and universities in
China were approaching a desperate situation because of the inflation. The
policy of the Communists is to separate the agricultural resources from the

cities but to leave large enough areas around the cities go that people from the
country would pour in as immigrés to overwhelm the Nationalist government, fur-
ther break dom its economy and discredit it. The rise in living costs is now
about 3000 to 1 as contrasted with orices in 1936. He volunteered no solution nor
any guess as to when relief might come. His main belief was in the importance

of developing rationalistic education among the Chinese and obviously rates the
PUMG high for its cantribution in this direction.

Singer (from Prague, where he escaped in 1939) says that he has just
done a nutritional survey of 1,000 primary school children ages 7-3 and 200 girls
ages 13-15, among whom only 3 per cent had & hemoglobin of over 14 grems per
cent the healthy amomt. This gives one of the reasons why primary and secondary
education standa sti11; meloutrition of the pupils.

The merciless clarity and gravity of much we are learning uskes some of
our interviews suggestive of the phrase Mra. Fairbank quoted, "Ghosts sitting in
the light telling people-atories.*

Tuesday, Mey 28, 1946

Went over to the so-called University Hospital run by Dr. Daniels assisted
by a young surgeon graduated from the University of Indiana named Geulkey. Ho
teaching done. Special Rate (European food) CNC $15,000 a day, First Claas
(Chinese food) CNC $7,000 a day. Case histories at Shanghai National were better
than histories here. Hospital was staffed by Chinese doctors appointed by Jap-
anese; they are being let out and the hospital is struggling back to secure bet—
ter equipment and personnel.
NANKING
Tuesday, Hay 28, 1946 (Continued)

Luncheon to our various Chinese hosts of the last few days which we were
able to give at the International Club. In conversation with J. H. Liu and Chu
Chia-hua I asked whether the Ministry would be prepared to strengthen a few of
the best National medical gchools with special grants. Chu Chie-hua said that
this would be possible only with funds from non-government source. Liu suggested
that RF could supply such fumds. I said I would think this over.

falked further with I. G. Yuan about his chanee to be dean at Tsingtao.
I did not urge him to stay at PUMG since he asked ehiefly about things to consider
and plan for if he accepts, which I would think rather likely.

In late afternoon while Burwell and Loucka were seeing T. V. Sung pro-
fessionally I had a talk with Y. T. Pau. I told him that in wiew of the fact that
Hu Shih wag not expected here in the near future I wanted to say thet I thought
Tau would be the choice of all concerned, es Director of PUMG. He said that he
could not possibly get released from the government and that furthermore his health
is not good enough. I said I wanted him to think it over. We discussed several
@andidates with what seemed to me to be complete cander. Names energing: Wong Ven
Hao, G. U. Lee, He €. Chiang and P. Z. King. Tsu suggested that one or two Chinese
be put on the GMS so that Chinese feeling that PUMC Trustees are completely de-
pendent om a Board of whose affairs they know nothing could be obviated. I said
I personally agreed with this suggestion and added thet the PUMC Trustees might
well be prepared for a much larger independence and responsibility in the future.
He agrees that opening the school in September 1946 is out of the question and that
Lousks would be an excellent American director. I think it will be wise for me
to ask Tau again to be the Director. He would not feel comfortable about C. ¢.
Chen whom he has found lacking in good judgment.

gu took us to see an influential but non-official councillor of the
governuent, Mr. BD. G. Wu. He spoke with appreciation of the work of the PUNC and
suggested that another school elsewhere in China would be a great help since more
well trained dectora were needed. He said that as long as Chang chun and Tsinan
were not in Communist hands there would be no danger of Pelping falling inte
Communist control and students from other parts of China would go to Peiping with—
out hesitation.

Dinner at the Chinese Nurses Association where the alumni of the PUMC
and the Nursing School gave us a merry and generous dinner. The young nurses
eame down to be presented, and it was interesting to see about 30 who had made
the 1200 trek from Chengtu during the past month, an extremely hard and disagree-
able trip, riding in trucks and sleeping in temples - lice, bedbugs and pot luck.
WANKING
Hednesday, May 29, 1946

Alfred Sun of Peiping and Keats §. Chu of Tientsin (former Trustees)
came over to call. Entirely a social affair. Some renewed emphasis an the scon-
omic erisis going on at the present and more than an indication of the unpleasant
impreseion Shenghai produces, on Chinese as well as ourselves, by its nervaoua~
nesa and mercenary chase of money.

To T. V. Boongts for lunch. Luxurious quarters and superb cooking. No
important information. Reuember the expression of the bodyguard as he withdrew
from the dining roomt No word on Li Ting Au's acceptance of the Shanghai posi-
tion. J. H. Liu obviously a close friend of Soong's. Liu shows a card sent him
by the Jepanese General Okammre who has been interned in his house who sent him
“honorable pregent* of cigarettes, liquor and cloth for a suit of clothes.

Dinner with Dr. Sh& and Dr. Paul of IHD at a Chinese restaurant. The
rapid rise of salaries and raw material maskes Paul's planning extremely difficult
but he rather sensibly remarks that for years the RF haa been able to do thousands
of dollars of health work in China for very much less tnan in most places so it
should not squawk at heavy costs for a while.

No ¢lear indication of how or when we can get on to Peiping. The Chinese
airlines? personnel are on strike and though General Marshall sent a young Captain
to inquire when we were leaving I ahall see Lt. Colonel Moore tomorrow to begin
the teak of getting Arny cooperation.

hurgsda; 4

Went over to General Brink'a house to find Lt. Colonel Merrill Moore who
was @ pupil of Burwelilts at Vanderbilt 1924-28 and who takes us all over town in
his jeep to see the right psaaple te seowre plane transportation to Peiping.
Remember the buried remains of an earlier Nanking - the skeleton, the temple,
the PX and in the afternoon the Memorial Day ceremony at the little forelgerst
cemetery, the great wall, the dimer at General Brink's, the Air Force headquar-
ters, Moore's talk on Peking and its palms, the photographing, the evening movies,
and the promise of a plane tomorrow or Saturday Br sure. What a Memorial Day!

Friday, May 31, 1946

I went over to General Brink's to telephone Moore at $416 at 9:00 a.m;
after repeated calls which were fruitless he finally turned up in a jeep to say
that tomorror about 8:00 a.m. will be the tine of departure for Peiping.

Beck to our house again to write notes. Next door two Chinese car~-
penters are sewing a huge log into tin wall boards. They get CNC $7,000 a day
instead of the 60 cents of 1936. This ig about 11 thousand times increase in
local currency and twenty times increase in U.S.
AG

NANKING
ride 1, 1946 ntinued
I. C. Yuants advice must be remenbered, "Dontt forget that the Chinese

are tired and discouraged", or the General's impression that the Chinese though
vietorlous are groggy and nearly all in from the punishment they have received.

In the lignt of Ghina's being in an agrarian revolution the following
table may be of interests it comes from @ government controlled source ~ The
China Handbook for 1937-43:

1931 2941
Tenant Farmers 31% 29%
Part Owners 23 47
Independent Farmers 46 24
Of tenant farmers paying (no year given)
Cash Rent are 21.2% Fixed sum per man
Crop Rent * 50.7% Fixed amount of cereals
Share Rent * 28.1% Divides cereals raised on a

fixed ratio with landlord

Of those who Share Renta only 1.5% pay less than 30%, 61.7% of share rents pay
from 40~50%, and 4% above 70%. In other words, much more tnan three quarters of
the farmers who raise food for their landlord have to give him more than 40% of
what they raise.

Saturday, June i, 1946

Up at 5:30 to leave house at 7;00 after breakfast. Went out to the
field but found that Colonel Graves will not fly until ebout 2:00 p.m. Returned
and left cards on Wong Wen Hao and said goodbye to P. Z. King. General Timberman,
who may substitute for General Byroade in Pelping, Mrs. Fairbank, a young Frenqh
denguage student Lt. David Dalule and a correspondent of David Lawrence's new
weekly named F. H. Rounds, Jr. were fellow passengers. Took off at 2:00 p.m. in
¢-47, bucket seats, and landed in Peiping at about 5:30 ~ 567 miles. Part of
time at 13,000 feet to avoid head winds.
PETPING
Saturday, Jume 1, 1946 (Continued)

Peloing a wonderfully attractive place; wonderful view of the Imperial
City. Bowens and Miss Hirst came to Ying Compound. No wail vet from the States.
Wonderfully clean, quiet and comfortable quarterg. Bowens looks much better than
ia January.

Sunday, June 2, 1946

Met Bowen at his office in B building. Gave him prepared statexent for
newspapers which stated that we thought Trustees would not find it possible to
open the school in September. Bowen sure that early opening is impossible from
standpoint of condition of the physical plant. Also he is convinced that the
Cease Fire Commission which ia simply known as Executdve Headquarters mattera
more than anything else in Chine if it can assure peace. No question that the use
of the PUMG buildings is of immense use and greatly facilitates work of headquar~-
ters staff; WASC, the War Area Service Commission also uses the buildings. The
following are in use; A, B, C 3rd and 4th floor, D, E, F and G, Lockhart, Wen-
hem, all 8 and 8 compounds, and moat of Oliver Jones. Marinea gone except for
part of Oliver Jones; they pey one million CNC a wonth rentel for it. Care and
cleanliness of buildings paid by governments but cone under Bowents direction and
control, Also cost of renovation and rehabilitation being paid by Aray, which
supplies money in advance and can get materiel such as 199 new boiler tubes on
Aroy requisition promptly. 30 million CNC paid over te Bowen in May. our tenants
are proving a considerable aid in getting power plant into shape and meny other
iteas otherwise unobtainable.

We went over some of the buildings with Bowen and Mr. Alaton. A vary
large emount of repairing and cleaning will be necessary. Japanese changed, lost
or used up an enormous amount of equipment. They used machines until something
went wrong and then discarded or further neglected them. Jf all machines needed
were ordered now it would take 3ix to nine montha to get them to China and three
months to install thems this is Alstonts estimate.

Invited to tea at Generaligsimots by General J. L. Huamg at 11:30. It
was a big party. The Gissime, as Chinese call him, said "How and amiled incea~
gantly. I gave Bob Loeb!s greetings to Madame Chiang and she sent special greet-
ings to him and his wife and children. ‘The Gissimo gaid via the interpreter that
the PUMC was the best medical school in China and that he hoped we would be able
te begin it again when the difficulties vere out of the way. He was very affable.
Aa Army photographer, greatly impressed by Madame Chiang's good looks, murmured
admiringly to a General of the U.S. Marines, "Gee, sir, shets the kind thet would
make you whistle if it weren't for your self respect"!

Then to S. T. Wang's. He away at a meeting. She looking better than
I'd expected and inquired for AMP and MHP especially. She wants to go to the U.8,
next winter but seems uncertain whether it will be poasible to find an apartment
in Canieridge.
AG

PEIPING

Sunday, June 2, 1946 (Continued)

Then to dinner et General J. L. Husng's. Wet Dr. Hu, the pethologist,
Professor Ching ef Yen Ching, ae Honolulu Chinese who is professor of English, and
Dr. 3. T. Keen, the nevrosurgeon. Wang is in cherge of WASC; he was a student
at Vanderbilt.

on une 3. 1946

All morning with Bowen going over budget and hearing the history of the
occupation of the hospitel by the Japs. The cost at present rete of exchange of
osening in Geptember 1946 would be ebsolutely prohibitive because the dollar is
tied to an inflating currency. The minimum monthiy wange of employer is
CHC £45,000 « month; before the war it wes CNC $20. In December when Bowen had
to meet a payroll without any money he had to borrow money and was offered it at
1482 (yearly) rate. He got it at Gf from Chuan's benk. Alfred Sun hed lent 20
million. The material for repairs end rehabilitation which is ordered and on
the way at the expense of the U.S. Army has a prewar value of U.S. $10,000 and
U.S. $20,000 more is ordered. The prices of everything are almost unbelievable:
en opened can that held U.S. beer will bring CNC $20¢ and e round-up of broken
iron scrap and wetal bits netted, under Bowen's direction, CNC $1,750,000 or
U.S. $875. Bowen hes sroteected the schoolts property well.

We need Chinese visiting cards sc we had the officiel Chinese trans-
lator choase names for us. I drew Guh kay Guh, which means "Come to Bless Others",
and Burwell is Pao Hus Er, which means "He thinks of cthers®.

In the afterncon Dr. Hoeppli and Mr. Ghow took us over the ilbrery and
the records ef the hospitalts inpatients and OPD. All intact! of the library
booka thus far examined (about one-third of the 70,000 volumes) not more than
$¢ are missing. Fortaynts vrivate collection end Weidenreich's own library appear
to be unhermed, certeiniy for the most part. Current periodiceis are beginning
%o come through the mails. Arrangements must be made for the lurge numbers of
back mumberg to be brought here from Shanghal if they are shigped there. The good
fortune of having the library in auch fine conditicn ia almost incredible and it
28 an immense resource for tae future ag probably the beat medical ilbrery in the
Far East.

Then we want over the inventory of instruments, chemicals, apparatus, ete.
They are in great confusion but again fer less broken and raided than we could
have expected. At least three months more of sorting and listing will need to be
done before all the material of the lebs and clinics is sorted out and listed
for a proper inventory. On the whole the salvage is almost ug heartening es the
inflation picture is disturbing. Hoeppli and Feng are doing an exee!lent job.
There are 115 ugers of the library at present but more will be coming new that
current journals are received.
PRIPING

ek ede
Tusadey, June 4, 1946

Talk with Bowen whom J eekec Sor the real meaning of the Executive Head~
querters. He thinke thot 0.5, is only netion with the pee etc possessing the
eonfidence cf the Chinese te be able te diserm beth the Kuomintang and the Com-
mmists. The task of organizing an Army for China will teke e Leng tine and must
be cone in Nenking, which «ill remove the U.S. Arty sen from Peiping in about 18
months. Plans ere being mace for this to be done in Nanking.

Burwell reports on hia study of PUMC budget 1940-Al. Ue thinks depart-
nent budgets were extraordinarily economical. Alnost certain to be more expensive
in the future due to exchange and increesed cost of living. The special Teature
at PUMC is that the community makes so small & contribution to the gchooila work;
student tuition, board and lodging are very low, hospital cazricd Ly schocl, not
comunity, special necds like water, gas end electricity ere cerried by school,
though compounds are gelf sustaining dormitories are net. Lormitories cot has
retie to receipts of 81-33. Naxvard receives CBG 000 dn tuition, beara and room
whereas PUKC gete very little. FPUMC hospitel steff large because of exceedingly
heavy OPD. oaEC costly in its pyyrieal needs; economicel in ite intellectual
ectivities.

T asked Rowen what would be main charges in 1946-47 with school and
hespitel closad and Executive Headquarters stmying on. He said completing inven-
tory which costs about CNC $1,139,000 a month end would take three wore months.
fr. Hoepplites work on librery te which work on records sould now be added - Tid
think this would be another 2 to 4 thoucand. Xceping the acacemic steff and
the selerics of Bowen, Alston and Miss Hirst.

Tt is lueky the Heedquartere wiLl be here for coal now costs CNC $45,000
a ton and it takea 25 tons 4 day to keep builaing abowe denger of freezing in
winter. Coal will cost even more next winter.

ONREKA not in a positian to supply egulpment ef a 400 bec hospitel as
Je He Liu reported. Besides there 1a no room with Executive Heacquarters rere.
H building will take cers of elk the expenision U.ey need.

R.K.S. Lim comes in from a visit to Manchuria. He reports conditions
there *in a mesa". Russians heve gtrioped coutivy of heavy machinery and Chinese
Communists have taken the rest. Chinese government has control of transport.
Communists have arms and ammunition enough for two yearst war, captured from Jap-
anese, but not enough trained troops to use it. Plenty of hospitals in Manchuria
bot not auch heapital supplies.

We wisited North and South Compounds, Lockhart and Oliver Jones halla.
After lamch word came that the mecting at Frecutive Headquarters was

eancelled. Worked on notes in p.m. Visits from George Char and 8. T. Wang and
Hsien Wu.
PETPING
Tuesday, June 4, 1946 (Continued)

I am wuch impressed by the way Loucks is regarded by the Coimusc. He
obviously has the trust, respect anc elflectiou of all the Ghinese except one or
two who con't have these qualities at their command or recvive them from cthers.
in desling with hia I find his judguent acund and guarded and obvioualy he regards
chine as home. He sees that many questions have two gides and is careful and
cautious.

Wednesday, June 5, 1946

Went to the On (180 beds ~ 120 ocoupied), which is the
only teaching hospital for i Sehool which will probably join Peite Uni-
versity. ‘The hospital is supported from patients! fees but ataff is paid from
Ministry of Education (and inadequately). ‘The future of the hospital depends on
holding four of the present junior staff who receive 160 times the "basic salary*
plus CHG $50 plus CNC $600, in all amounting to $ U.S. 30 a month. This amount
would buy 15 chickenst The residents a fine group all from PUMC. This is a
circumstance characteristic of the situation in China teday. Too few patients
to teach 100 medical students all the clinical subjects. There are 14 qualified
nurses, 41 student nurses, 17 attendants and 13 maids. Only solution to holding
this clinical steff whe are full time is to increase salary. §. T. Wang is
superintendent. Place is badly planned, dirty and dilepidated.

fhen over to Peita School buildings which sre new and fairly well
equipped and in working order. » He Hu is working here as pathologist. br. Ma
i@ acting director. In nearly every way the PUMC staff and equipment and stand-
ards keep thia school supplied with staff, standards and methods of teaching.

In the p.m. we met the members of the Executive Headquarters, the Con-
muniat General Yeh and his interpreter, the Nationalist General Tsai and Mr.
Walter S. Robertson of the American Commission. All expressed great gratitude
for the use of the buildings. I said there was no possibility of the school
being opened in September 1946; September 1947 would probably be the time when we
would want all the buildings, and that June 30, 1947 would be time when cceupancy
would end. I said we would give three month's notice and that we should not be
able to allow more than H building for further expansion of Commission's space.
This all three agreed was perfectly satisfactory.

fhen saw Dr. Ma, a representative of the Communist medical organisation.
That is his Chinese name but he turned out to speak perfect English, to have had
hie first two years in medicine at Beirut (A.U.B.) and finished at Geneva. He is
an American of Arménian extraction. I told him we wanted to learn more about
Communists! side of the quarrel and not rely entirely on others for our informa~
tion. He asked if we @ould go to Kalgen and having expected this question I said
FELPING
Wednesday, June 5, 1946 (Continued)

the anaver depended on getting transportation and on being invited and that if we
went it eould not imply aid from the RF or CaB but only ea desire to see the medi-~
eal education in both areas of China. I em sure this is good insurance for the
PUMC and consistent with Mershall's and Robertson's policy. UNRRA and USIS rep-
resentatives have made similar contacts. Please send by parcel post to China
Welfare Fund Committee, 175 Suchow Road, Shanghai some books or reprints such as
Would be useful to a primitive medical school; they will do much good at Kalgan.
if Ma goes ahead with arrangements we shall go to Kelgan on Friday the 14th for
about four daya. Remember story of flipping the coin to decide the floors to be
ugedj Ma settled it.

Went out to Temple of Heaven in late p.m. Hoeppli came to dinner. He
says that Chinese feel a great debt to Americans for forcing the Japanese to re~
turn to Japan and clear out of China. Chinese never could have dona it. Hoeppli
thinks Communists wary very widely from one place to another. Civil disorder and
banditry is common all over China now. Remember the Japanese Commissioner who
studied Christianity till 3:06 a.m. to find out why one Christian church wesntt
aa good as ancther in which an interned American could worship his God - when the
Japanese knew he hadn't gone to church for a year before the oceupationi Finally
magnenimous permission to attend accompanied by Japanese gendarme to see he
didntt stop off for a whisky at the Wagon Lits Hotel. American refused; Hoeppli
blamed. Also story of Japanese requiring Hoeppli's opinion of every major event
of war. They were uncertain after January 1945. Hoeppli thinks PUHC could be
much smaller end atill be valuable if it stands for quality and high seholarship.
Parasitology more important in Fer East than in Europe.

fThuraday, June 6, 1946

Went to Central Hospitel where Dr. Chun vei-lan (little round faced)
and Dr. C. KR. Haieh (radiologist) showed us around. This hospital about 30 years
old. Ho governsent connection except that land was originally given by government.
Hursing was done by Catholic sisters; here no longer. 185 patienta. 9,127 oPD
visits in May; 343 hospital discharges in May. 54 nurses. No medical school
teaching. Run by staff of 40 doctors, 18 of whom are graduates sent here for
further trpining by Weishungshou for aix months! course of one lecture every day
and one CPC a week on material from PUMCG. Hospital supported entirely from fees,
which were raised two weeks ago to GNC $1,900 for third class; 3,800 for second
clase; 4,000 for first class; and from 4,500 to 5,500 for special class. These
charges exelusive of druga, X-ray and operations. Steff “full time" exeept for
consultants who ean send private patients in and collect their own fees with
hospital adding 30 per cent extra. Internesa given laundry and lodging. Their
food is charged at 30,000 monthly against their salary of CNC $50,000 in first
year, 73,000 in second; 90,000 in third; 110,000 in fourth and 139,000 in fifth
year as resident. Thia last should be compared with CHC $350,000 and a house
worth 200,000 monthly rental whieh is salary of resident at Methodist Hospital.
TEIEING
Thoraday, June 6, 1946 (Continued)

A larger better equipped and cleaner place than the Fu Shou teaching
hospital seen yesterday. Dr. Chun said they "would like to affiliate with PUNC"
but had no clear explanation of this. Another example of a local hospital whose
standards, methods and morale owe more to PUNC trained men than anything else.
Burwell and I much impressed by the quality of the PUMC influence.

Remember the mother who was shot “from the Rast" while cooking a dinner
at nignt. Bullet entered abdomen and lodged under baby's right eye. Caesarian
section. Mother and son seen, and doing well. Met Dr. Khati Lim who is in charge
of obstetrics here; she is first rate. Patients half booked, haf not. of those
not seen before labor sets in about half are emergency and usually infected. pr.
Lim makea no home deliveries. German medical film on human birth had large and
unperturbed public audiences in China. As Hoeppii says, the Chinese take life
ag it is and try to find the middle way. An Amoy student told Hoeppli that when
he arrived in Marseilles enroute to Paris on a fellowship he felt immediately at
home because everything was dirty, e little vague and confused and people conducted
their livea on the basis of matter of fact common sense and compromise.

In the pea. went to the Museum in the Imperial City. A wonderful blend
of elegence and grandeur. Loucks comments that a visit to the Huseum is the
best cure for wanting to spend money on the things one sees ordinarily in the
shops; they all look tewdry after you've seen the best.

Then to a tea given at the Club by French Embassy. Met Dr. Bussiere,
an elderly French gentleman who was a friend of Tuffier. A very wide variety of
people there,

Then to Dr. George Char's for dinner. Over the fireplace a frame single
Chinese character FU written by the Empress Dowager. It weans happiness and con-
sists of the symbol for clothes, one mouth and a piece of land. A very pleasant
evening of creature comforts and amiability. His daughter going to the Rochester
School of Medicine next year.

Fri une 7, 1946

Went to the Health Station where Dr. H. K. Li showed us around. Facts
covered in memorandum he prepared. The place gave an excellent impression but
living costs and the inadequacy of salaries have reduced the personnel very ser-
iougly. Also saw the Tuberculosis Hospital and buildings built by the Japanese
and occupied by the N.I.H, outside the South Gate. Also covered by another brief
memoranda.

After lunch had a talk with Dr. Logan Roota, the UNRRA representative
for North China. He aays that CNRRA could not supply hospital supplies as indi-
cated by J. H. Lin even if PUMC were to ask for them. He thinks that textbooks
AG

PEEPING
Friday, June 7, 1946 (Continued)

back to 1920 and all duplicates of medical journals could be distributed by UNREA

if sent to Medical Section, Embankment Building, Shanghai. He is glad we are going
to Kalgan. He says Dr. Ma's name is George Hatem and he is from North Carolina.
What a name for a Communist! He has merried a Chinese and hag a three year old girl.

Then ¢. E. Lim came in for a long talk. His best suggestion was that
Ghinese government might be asked to give a sum of money for repsir of buildings
and this would not involve any clement of cantrol. He thinks CMB ought te do more
than Puwc. If it can't run a first-rate school it had better close PUMC entirely.
Lim thinks the decision really depends upon RF. He thinks the record of PUNC
graduates refutes all arguments that they cannot adjust to Chinese conditions;
they did in the war and very well too. No reason opening PUMC sannot be delayed.
Government would not iaterfere for a long time because it is too busy and toe
appreciative.

Then to Hsien Wu's for dinner. Henember ais ancestral hall. Chinese
roofs follow catenary curve. Telked with Pu Nien Sze who is aubstituting for Hu
Shih ag president of Peita University. He says middle class has been cleaned out
by the war and the inflation. Soelal disintegration worse than political dis-
turbance ag organic disease is harder to treat than infections. Saya Communists
dontt even have freedom of silence, to say nothing of freedom of speech. Saya
PUMC could have moved into Free Chine as the other schools did. Comments upon
the materialien of some of the PUMC graduates. Says J. H. Liu has not accepted
or declined yet; that Pu Shou hospital is not large enough and that Central Hos—
pital would not be a good place to expand into. To see hin later. Bowen says
plans are proceeding for our trip to Kalgan Tuesday week.

Saturday, June 8, 1946

Met R«K.5. Lim at Wagons Lits Hotel, Brief discussion of military-—
political situation. He says major evidence of Russian connection of Chinese
Commnists is the lerge quantity of arms anc ammunition of Japenese origin which
Communists possess but could not have captured by themselves from the Japanese.
The inference is that the Russians let the Communists have them. You must dis-
tinguish between military and politicel warfare. Sabotage and raidg are of the
latter group. Also the struggles in Manchuria represent foreign as well as
Chinese issues. My own impression thus far would be that no generalities are valid
for all shades in either Kuomintang or Communist side. A government run by one
party (and that party armed) is quarreling without much idealogy or ideals with
en outlaw group alao armed that has some ideas. Popular support is important in
political warfare and the KMT seem extremely slow or averse to realize that fact.

After lunch Burwell and I gave talks at Peita on relations of medical
school and hospital and full time va. part time. Then dinner ag guests of Peita
professors. e Fu Ssu-Hien a very well informed person. He is much troubled by
the tendency the young doctors to go into lucrative private practice.
PEIPING
Sunday, June 9, 1946

With Dr. and Mrs. ©. H. Hu to see the Summer Palace and take lunch there.
fhe Manchus have died and disappeared after their long and extraordinarily corrupt
rule. Their heritage in the popular concept of government seems a very poor one
and it is searcely surprising that while a one party government continues a twenty
your feud with an armed opposition the victimised population of China give their
major attention to GNRRA. Certainly the Manchu tradition atays « perfect stranger
to the people's welfare.

To Dr. Haieh's for tea. Met Drs ang Mrs. Weiss, a Viennese refugee who
seems timid, conscientious, competent and chronically unlucky - a poor combination
for a refugee in China. First rate impression of the Hsieas.

Then to a reception given by the Alumni et the Auditorium I said that
i could not see any possibility that the acheol could open ia September 1946 but
that I hoped 1% could be fixed for September 1947. Burwell in hia talk warned
them that medicine was changing and that it would be a uwiateke to expect a mere
reversion to arrangeuents and ideas of 1941.

Talk with Martell Hall of the Netional City Bank. He wants PUMC to handle
ites account through the National City Benk here and thinks the early opening of
the school would be of very great importance even if much cut down. He says that
China is a land where things count more as symbola tian in many other countries.
Great symbolic value would attach to the resumption of the PUMC. He was reluctant
to make even a guess as to when the currency situation might stabilise. He says
you must teke China in long term plans if you are to understand it at all. At
present Americen paper money here 1s much more valuable than drafts on New York.
A&merican bills are a commodity good to hoard. But if peace, internal trade and
the export business begin, the situation will turn about and American dollar bills
will be at & discount and checks on New York at & premium. He does not know any-
thing about medical education or he could not have suggested opening PUMC even if
it was at 1/6 or 1/3 of the previous expenditure. I think Hail wants to cite PUMC
opening as a reagon for larger banking developusnts here for his own company. He
has an office in Tientsin at present. Obviously « good friend of Bowen's.

48 one sees more of the present situation here the traditional asgociation
in the U.8. between religions motives an the one hand and education and medicine
on the other becomes constantly clearer. Religious convictions, even if only in
the form of denominational pride or sectarian zeal, infused our colleges and our
hospitals. It is perhaps a bit unfair to expect the Chinese uniformly to seeri-
fice themselves as teachers and doctors when they do not have a similar motivation.

The inflation here provides large fees as well as large expenditures to
local institutions. When the support comes from U.S. dollars the local expenses
are large but the distant source is not expanded or increaged.
PETPENG
Monday, June 10, 1946

Went out to Yenching to gee Leighton Stuart. Yenching meade a great
effort for reasons of morale building to reopen on October 10, 1945 but the recon-
ditioning of the buildines and tearing dom Japanese latrines and bath houges seat-
tered conspicuously over tae campus has not been completed. Equipment for work
in naturel sciences all gone. Library 95 per cent intact.

Stuert says he is not discouraged. The present politico-militeary struggles
im China goes back to 1926. The leaders are still the seme on both sides; they
hate and distrust each other. teny government officials follow the old Mandarin
pattern of private aggrandisement through publie office. There is the almost in-
evitable corruption of a one-party form of government, increased by the depriva-
tions of e long sojourn in the West. The Chinese Communists have good objectives
but bed methods. Stuat believes that Moscow has not helped the Chinese Communista
except by throwing some things their way that were taxen from the Japenese. If
Moscow really wanted to back Chinese Communists or control the situation in North
China there would be no hope for Yenching, or at least a very different future
for it. Things ere in a ferment but it is essentially a hopeful ferment for the
leedersa really want to reach an agreement.

I asked why U.8. interest and perticipation was not under suspicion,
Stuart says that history of Chinese~American relations make America the only
foreign nation the Chinese do not suspect end fear. John Hay was the least demand-
ing of all foreign diplomats in the matter of extraterritoriality; the U.S. newer
held any Chinege territory and is relinquishing the Philippines. The 0.5. Boxer
indemity was on Theodore Roosevelt's suggestion mede beneficial te Chinese edu-
cation. Much philanthropic money hag been spent in China and only the Americans!
assiatance onabled Chine to rid herself of the Japanese. This is the first war
China hea won ageainat a foreign netion, and being a victor ig a new sensation.

At this time demonstrations of how to conduct an institution are of par~
ticular value. Merely edding to Chinese efforts would not be important. Among
professional fielda engineering is now overwhelmingly important. of 12 sehools
of engineering in China Tsing Hua was the best; none was comparable to PUMC in
quelity or influence. Pinancial situation at present creates endless concern and
confusion. Railway commmications, internal trade and cost of living, external
trade and the exchange rate all depend on the political situation. The cost of
running Yenching now three tines what it was in 1941. It will never go all the
way back. Salaries in China involve "face" perhaps more than elsewhere.

Though general education is of much importance in China, PUMC has had a
great influence there also in raising the standard of teaching in biology in all
tne mission colleges and government sehools.

Visited selence laboratories and administration building and saw the
Great Bell Temple on the way home. Half an hour's pleasure at the pigeon market.
PELPING
Monday, June 10, 1946 (Continued)

At 7:00 we went to e very pleasant cocktail party at Jim and Ethel Grant's;
very attractive pair.

Then on to the Embassy to a dinner given us by Mr. and Nrs. Walter Robert—
Son. Interested to be seated next to the Chinese Communist General Yeh, a Canton-
ese Generel who understands English fairly well. He says Dr. Hatem (Me) came to
Yennen in 1936 with Mr. Snow and has stayed ever since. It is notable that both
General Yeh and Generel Tsai were guests at the Robertson's.

Saw pr. Fu Sau-Nien, the acting President of Peita. I told him that f
did not think J. H. Liu's interest in medical education wan as great us it should
be to be dean at Peite but that I would advise J. H. Liu to tuke the post if the
offer is atill open. fu avparently grateful for this directmessa and agrees with
my estimate of J. He Liu. He would prefer Jimuy Hsien, the surgeon at the Wel-
shungahu, who ia now abroad. Peita hau just been promised a biilding formerly
serving as Army headquarters and Pu seaus delighted. Fu thinks highiy of Loucks.

Tuesday, June 11, 1946

Notes in the a.m.

Lunch with De. Bussiere, an elderly French dootor long resident in
Pelping, Mr. Sprouse of Auerican Embassy and Dr. Bussiers's daughters. Dr. Bus-
siere was a friend of Dr. Tuffier, the French surgeon who attended the opening of
nme PUMC. A delightful old man - very spirited and alert.

In the afternoon br. Hsieh, the X-ray man at the PUNC who is now work-
ing at Peita Hospital and at the Central, came in for a long talk. The moral
quality of Hsieh, Chu (Children's Hospital), Lin Sia Hao, Semmy Zia and two or
three others impresses me as being considerably better than three or four of the
oldest group of PUMC Chinese teachers. Hsieh ig hard working, cheerful, conpe-
tent and self sacrificijg.

Dinner with the Alumni group at a restaurant in Central Park. after
dinner sat out in an old courtyard in warm dry air in the moonlight. Fu, the
dermatologist, was spokesman for the group and said that there were three or four
points the alwani had talked over and wanted to express to us. They wanted to go
on record as favoring quality rather than quantity. Possibly a graduating class
of 30 to 40 would be about right. They thought the PUMC could be on better teras
with the rest of the medical schools and hospitela in China than it had been before
the Pacific war. This could be done by encouraging some of the younger teachers
to leave the PUMC for teaching posts elsewhere. They hoped that the school could
be opened as goon as possible and that decisions on staff appointments could be
made as soon as convenient since many were hoping to be able to make plans which
depended on whether school starts again in September 1947. They hoped that good
AG

PEIPING
Tuesday, June 11, 1946 (Goutinued)

relations could be built up with Peita and, if possible, at the Central Hospital
since for some forma of teaching such a connection would be helpful to the PUMC.
For Peita ateff the use of the library, use of radon and deep therapy X-ray would
be valuable. If the PUMC could spare cuemicals and even surgical equipment for
immediate use at Peita and the Central it would certainly be a great help. Pos~
sibly Western teachers sent out a little early could help at Peita for a while. I
thanked them saying that most of the points had attracted our attention also. Made
no comment on the use of material though there may be a good point there in terms
of consumable supplies. Said the maintenance of the Nursing School was more than
& symbol - nurssa are peculiarly valuable in the practice of good medicine. I
repeated the thesia that PUNC even if much larger wouid not be worth ite cost ag
a mere quantitative addition to the medical schools of China; only defensible on
quality bagis,

Wednesday, June 12, 1946
Notes in the a.m.

Lunch at the Vice Mayor's, Mr. Chang Pe-Cain. He seemed interested in
tne comment that eggs of the remarzable varieties of goldfish in the City Park
could probably be sent hy airplane to acquaria in the U.S. Wo public nealth mat~-
ters brought up; later a question of the nealth of Cncng's brother's nealth and
& visit by Loucts proved to be the reason for the lunch.

In the afternoon long talk with C. H.« Hu. Leighton Stuart came in to
invite us to Yenching Commencement on Tuesday, June 25th but we ahall probably not
be here. [ asked Stuart about dependability of Chinese banks in point of handling
long-term loans made to the benks. ie has no reservations regarding the best banks
and says they have come through the war and the present strains admirably.

Dinner with Dr. Chun (Wan Lei) with several of the Central Hospital
group. 4 hot night and « hot room. Chun showed films of dogs with kale azar
wnieh he found in one series of 527 dogs near Peiping to be a 1.5 per cent infec~
tion rate as shown by blood smear. Vera Nich and Miss Wang of Public Health sta-
tion apparantly disturbed at political situation at the present moment.

Thuradey, June 13, 1946

Went over the Japanese Hospital next door to Ying Compound. Extremely
dirty. 300 a day in OPD. 120 beds in a sprawling and wasteful arrangement of
gpace. Run at present by Municipality. No intimation of future omerahip. 4n
important bit of ground for the PUMC to own even if the structure is not adapted
ta teaching of medical students or nurses or the economi care of sick patients.
It might be used as a hostel or as a convalescent hospital to relieve pressure on
PUMC beda better used for acutely i11 patients.
PEYPING
Thursday, June 13, 1546 (Continued)

Then went to Temple of Heaven laboratories of National Institute where
Dr. F. Fs Tang showed us building plans and considerable construction going on.
Sammy Zia Joined us in visit to buildings under construction. ‘Then to lunch with
the ataff and later looked in at Manehu Ancestral Heli. Interesting to reflect
at the Tempie of Heaven on the change of purpose which the buildinga serve - pro-
duction of 11 million doses of eholera serum for example.

In the evening another long dinner, this time the guest of the Peita
Faculty. Fu Ssu-Nien asked for details on varieties of full time, which I gave. He
hag decided to postpone decision on J. H. Liu until qu Shih arrives. The infle-
tion bears very heavily on government schools in every fields professors get 1/2
to 1/4 what private practitioners make, and the prices are still rising.

Friday, June 14, 1946

Did a round of mission hospitals. Sleeper (Dr. King and Dr. Corkey of
Grinneil and University of Michigan) a clean, neat and hard-working place in the
southeast part of the city. Davis Hoapitel nearby with Dr. George BN, Yang in
sharge and with more active service especially in ophthalmology. were the income
in Hay was 19,900,000 and sxzenditure 13,000,000. The nurses reesive 100,000 a
month; part-time W.D.'a <00,000 and full-time 400,000. A good iilustration of
earning power of Chinese managed institutions which could not haope to survive if
it didn't charge for ite services to most of its satients. ‘Then to Dow Hospital
where we meet a Lr. Cochrane who was with Gmith-Peterson for three years and is
now et Pao Ting with Dr. Chi and Dr. Lewis in e 120-bec hospital which gets only
$2C0 a month from the U.S, and earns the rest. Cochrane stresses the need of better
training of men now sent out to Chinese medical missions. He agrees that in general
the best procedure now is to concentrate on 2 few mission medical schools instead
of small acattered mission hospitals. He thinks PUNC nas trained Chinese for prac
tice in the large cities. JI didn?t challenge him because that is where inflation
is landing them but before the war that was simply not true.

Visited a large Buddhist temple and a Confucian temple afterwarda where
the works of Confucious are ali on stone tablets. The contrast reminds one of
Catholic ve. Unitarian church interiors in the appeal to the senses.

Lunch at Ying Compound followed by notes and letters.

Then over to Dr. digepe at's for tea. He showed us a remarkable collection
of jade, books and curios and talked at length on Edmund Backhouse whose memoirs
Hoeppli hag finished editinge Also Hoeppli promised us a memorandum on the import
ance of parasitology. Resember his Roosevelt wall nut.

Dinner at the house of 8. T. Kwan with Dr. and Mrs. C. M. Meng and Miss
Hirst. As at most of these dinners the conversation is refreshing and easy but not
very informing. There seems to me to be a rether large amount of illness among
AG

PEUPING
Friday, June i4, 1946 (Continued)

the Chinese families we have wet. Another impresaion; the Chinese reputation for
being inserutable deserves no emphasis. They ghow their feelings quite perceptibly
as it seems to me. Occasionally their nervousness shows ua rather an excesa of
asugnter and forced animation end they can turn on a olanker expanse of non-commital
Dlandness than we use but otherwise there is not much difficulty in guessing how
they feel. Kwan plans a trip te the 0.8. te see somethiag of Army psychiatry. I
made out a pozsible itinerary and geve hin some cards of introduction.

Saturday, June 15, 1946

Migs Nieh came to talk over nursing school problems. She suggests that
Trustees should have soneone who understands nursing awong their muabar. Sse is
apparentiy apprehensive about relation of C. Ke Chu to tue Heeith Station; thinks
he may be trying to secure control since he told Niss Nieh tant nursing School
should affiliate with Weishungshu and not otherwise. I think tiat C. K. Cuu only
wants to nelp the Health Station over a hard gpot and we agree that Trustees should
resune responsibility for the Station. It is essential for teaching tue nurses
mow in the third year. The second year clags wili be given taeoretical part of
public health. Firat year students will have auspital work teugut firat by theory
and drill and then by watching in hospitels end practical work uader supervision
an nomes and on district. Miss Nieh hus visited #11 the hospitals here and picked
Gentral for the variety of cases and its good doctors, ine Chuildrents for its
VeaCNers 2ad experience with chiiuren, and the German hnospitei because it ig clean
anc tidy. isa Nieh thinks present three years of college and three of nursing,
wuieh leads to a degree of B.S. in Nuraing given by Yenehing, Ginling, Soochow and
Lingran, ought to be changed. PUMC should give degree to graduates after a less
prolonged preliminary training. No conclugion reacned on this. Miss Nieh needs
a teacher of nursing erts next September. I toid ner U.S. £4,000 should be set es
the top salary figure and that she might well write now to Misa Ferguson. If would
envy the nurse thet gets the job. Miss Nieh also said that if two fellowships te
the U.S, could be awarded during the year it would greutiy stimulate and encourage
the older nurses in the school. ‘The PUMC needs « director as soon as it can
secure one. The present situation would not work anywhere else either.

In the efternoon we went to the Childrents Hogspitel where Dr. Chu and the
rest of the PUMC pediatric departuent staff nave an excellent organisation. Wet
Dr. Chti of Paotingfu. The building is Dr. Fang's hospital. Chu and his colleagues
have a Board of Trustees and are running ea pediatric group practice unit on full
time salary basis of 500,000 to 1,000,000 a month. Hospital has 30 beds and 156
OPD visits, about 70 of whom are new patients. Rates are in four classes: Special
4,500 a day including professional services but exclusive of medicines, lst 3,500
including professional fee, 2nd 3,000 ditto; 3rd 1,500 and about half the beds are
3rd class. In OPD charges for a visit are in three classes: "Emergency* 1,000 CNC,
"Rerly* 600, and "Ordinary" 300. About 80 per cent are emergency, 1.6. have pri-
ority over the others and the nurse in the waiting room can designate any case as
emergency if the baby seems seriously ill.
AG

PRIPIAG
Saturday, June 15, 1546 (Continued)

Dinner at Zammy Ziw and ¢. €. Lin who ows « rug factury which he showed
ua. Exports all rugea now to U.S. 8/10 of & square foot is all a rug maker can do
a day. Lin was loyal to nis workers all through the occupation. A singularly
attractive person.

Sunday, June 16, 1946

‘Burwell and I took a WASC train to the Great Well. Remember the 60 li
trek between Netionalist end Communist rail ends. The Great Wall does not fail
our expectations.

Monday, June 17, 1946
Some shopping with Pearl He in the forenoon.
Afternoon catching up with notes ana mail.

in the evening Lowen came in after cinner and we hac a long talk. He
Waxes Clearer then ever the conaiaerable advantage thet acerues to the PUMC in
ceving the aid of the Executive Headquerters in orcering at government expense and
getting without delay « large number of items for the repair and replace:ent of
aii sorts of services in the PUNC. JI toid him thet 1 thought that in the future
his sines of coumminication and authorisation would be much less with New York and
much mere with the Trustees in China. J repeated this later in the evening since
ne teags to shoot first and inguire afterwards ~- a trait that has had more value
than not but needs « bit of change as conditions become more stable.

The Chinese government has given and paia over $50,00G,000 to the cal~
iege for repairs. Not a large item but certainly worth recording since it indi-
cates real aporoval and gratitude.

Pucgdey, June 15, 1946

Out to West airfield at 7:00. Loucks met some Belgian fathers who were
in the internement camp at Heiksien with him. <A siek Catholic nun was hoisted
into the plane and together with a great deal of rough and tumble baggage we made
the trip over the Western Hills and the Creat Wall of Chine to a truly Asiatic
settlement, the frontier town of Kalgan, tue capitol of the Japanese Autonomous
Ianer Hongolia. Scenery like the Wahsatch Mountains. air dry and cool.
EALGAR
Tuesday, June 18, 1946 (Continued)

Met at plane by a Chinese girl Kang Deai-She and another interpreter,
My. Wang, both former students at Yenching. Went to a comfortable hotel where we
met Communist General Chai and local health officer Dr. Ing. After brief stroll
through markets and streeta we had lunch and then went to what used to be the
Department of Mongolia. Central Medical School under the Japs which occupies
buildings of the Page middle school an American misaion affair on the northwest
edge of towmm. Scattered buildings with small rooms for a school of 203 students
and 21 teachers. Equipment meager, teachers with scant experience. Japanese
teaching materials predominate. They got out last September without time or in-
¢elination to wreck their possessions. USIS has already sent in some 100 volumes
of modern Auerican medical publications by plane via Peiping. 7% per cent of
atudenta have all expenses paid. Number of qualified doctors in this area not
knom. The China Medical College, as it is now calied, took over for teaching
Purposes the 200-bed hospitel built by the Japanese. Well built, large, about as
clean as the Davis Hospital in Peiping. OPD 400 visits a day. Records separate
in the eight divisions. 20 doctors full time on staff. Fifth year aga internes,
so claimed. 40 nurses, 30 student nurses. Good Japanese equipment and instru-
ments. Dr. Wu, a graduate of South Manchurian College at Mukden in charge.

Interpreter in talking of general situation said that two main principles
of the Chinese Communists were to fix rental of land at not above 37 per cent of
erop and to have a representative national government, not a one-party affair.

Here in the border regions final authority rests in a council of nine, three of
whom are Comaunist, two Kuomintang and four Non-Partisan. The interpreter rather
cereful to explain that Commmists were not edvocates of dividing the land. Tear-
ing up the railroad is to keep the Kuomintang from surrounding them, he said.

At 5:00 went to dinner at the Palace of the King of Mongolia es guests
of General Nieh who spoke French, General Sung, General Chai, Dr. Yin, and others
connected with government of this area. A long dinner with too many gambeis.
Then to hotel to talk with Dr. Ing¥, who gave us the following summary:

1. Chine Medical College )
2. Dr. Bethune Medical Institute)” *“ two medical schools here

Chine Medical College was taken over from the Japanese. Bethune Medical
Institute was put up in September 1939 and organiaed by Dr. Yin near Tang Hsien,
a rural area in western Hopeh., Three months later moved 60 miles as result of
Japanese mopping up. Dr. Bethune died in December 1939. Three years in this
second place except for occasional temporary "absences". In the spring of 1943
moved 100 miles again and stayed for two and a half years when they came to Kal-~
gan. £40 students. 4 teachers in early period. By March 1943 grew to 700
students and 16 teachers, with teaching 18 to 20 houra a week. By September
1943 1,000 students and had te disband, sending 8 military medical, 1 nursing,
1 pharmacy groups of students elsewhere left leaving 76 students. Row 250
BALGAN
Tuesday, June 18, 1946 (Contimied)

students over four years. Four kinds of classes before 1943: 1 a ist year class,
1 a pharmacist!s course - $ months, 1 short time medical training for 18 months
only. In early days there were as many as 80 per cent graduates of middle achool.
1 a nurses course. Later only doctors training classes. Had to be short; no
ether source for doctors that were essential. Japanese had "policy of 38 - kill
all people, burn ali houses, and teke ail the movable property. ‘This gave doctors
much work. Principle of teaching was less lectures and more contact with patients.
Point was to recognize diseases which are the commonest end te treat them.
Studente thus taught are expected to help in reconstruction. Anatomy, histology,
bacteriology, physiology and pharmacology given in simplest form. Physical diag-
nosis, ophthalmology, obstetrics, dermatology, medicine and surgery were the clin-
ieal divisions, Examinations, written and apoken, four tines a year. Teaching
went badly at first; later there was less emphasis on theoretical and teachers
learned a new method; algo one meeting every month of teachers for criticizing
each other. Teachers attended each other's classes and lived with students and
learn their points of view. Teaching was difficult with Japanese trying to mop up
all the time. When the school moved it sterted lectures on second day. Three

to five students in each of a cluster of villages with one circulating teacher.
Students were thus able to take care of scattered wounded and gick soldiers and
civilians, some at home, aome in caves.

All go into public service; private practice would be impossible. A
publication exists for reaching graduate studenta, some 1,500 in number including
nurges and pharmacists, 515 of whom are doctors, 335 nurses, 449 pharmacists.
Besides these graduates they trained 53 midwives (very simply) since 1944. In
1944 three doctors organized a branch school in Central Hopeh and another trio
did the same in Eastern Hopeh.

Teams sent out in teams to stop plegue, etc. since 1940. These teans
have handled several outbreaks ~ malaria, dysentery, seasles, etc. 130,000 dealt
with over five years in this way.

Possible that Bethune Medica} Institute will join China Medical College
and give four-year course and also a course of two years additional to the 18
months graduates ag “graduate work*®. Short-term training was justified only be-
cauge it was en emergency measure. Midwifery to be added; also a nursing school.

The China Medical College took over from the Japanese who had 30 students
and all Japanese teachers who left hurriedly. 140 students from Peking applied
for entrance in September and October 1945 and more than 50 were admitted. Stu-
denta still filtering in from K.M.T. area. hen they have selected 40 they will
start a new class; limited now by lack of housing and teaching facilities. Have
sent 3 teachers and 70 students to start a new school in Manchuria. Ing presi-
dent of China Medical College. He has 3 hours of teaching a week in pathology.

30 per cent of students aupply their own food und clothing but no tuition is
EALGAR
Tuesday, June 13, 1946 (Continued)

charged. 7 per cent are sccepted without any charge and must go into government
service for a period not yet defined aince Communists are volunteera - “which is
the right way to serve the people*. 4 autopsies have been done but obstacle of
superstition is large.

Dr. Ing a graduate of Keio in Japan in 1931. He thinks Japanese medical
education was too theoretical, too many lectures and too much locking on. He ex~
plains thet daily group meetings of students 5 or 6 in number are held for dis-
evasion of work; a leader represents the best student in each field. what they
eaennot decide for themselves they take to the instructor.

Dr. Ing aaked for criticism and suggestions. Barwell urged adapting plan
to combine the two achools. Loucks drew attention to value of supervision of men
working in the health stations and refresher courses for them. I said that in-
aisting on the best possible records is an effective way to improve the quality and
quentity of work done.

We are impressed by Ing. He has gone into the Cownunist Party with much
the same enthusiastic abandon that men feel in going into a religious order or being
Yealled" to preaching or missionary work. He was # pupil of Dr. Chi at Paotingfu.
He used to be in private practice but likes working for the people much better.

Ae in missionary medical work giving up one's private ambitions gives some kinds
of doctors a special kind of satisfaction.

Wednesday, June 19, 1946

We went to the Bethune Medical Institute which occupies some of the
buildings built by the Japanese on the east of Kalgan for their officers and for a
middle achool. Entirely inadequate equipment and booka but classes going on.
Chang Wen Chi is president of Bethune. Dr. Chten Ch'i Yuan is the vice president.
There are 250 students and & teachers on full time (few if any others). 150 beds
in Betnune Hoapital which we also visited and it was pretty bad. The government
pays ita "technical" men, i.e. engineers end doctors, from 200 to 1,500 catties of
millet per month. 1 catty equals 1206 local dollars as of May 25tn. This means
that salaries are valued in terms of the local main article of diet and as that
changes in paper money cost the salary varies. All expenses of the hospital are
paid by the government. Blockade by the Kuomintang is tightening and soon patients
in hospital will be asked to pay for food and drugs. Students are selected by
examination consisting of an essay, and questiona involving a general knowledge of
physics, chemistry and hygiene. The class most recently graduated numbered 44;
some went into the Army and some into clvilian hospitals. The students have come
into the border regions from the big cities as believers in Commmisn, or have
been selected by the counties (hsiens) to prepare for service on return.
RALGAN
Hednesday, June 19, 1946 (Continued)

Luach, followed by viait to the Railway Hospital. 54 patients mostly
railroad personnel, and a medical staff of 13, working in 3 services. oPD 150
visits a day. Cost per patient per day 10 catties of millet a day. Hospital not
used for teaching medical atudents. Equipment mostly Japanese.

Then to ueoieipel Howpl ial on the west side of town and a very humble
affair. 65 patients, 6 doctors, OPD 150 to 200 visits a day. Three divisions:
medicine, surgery end obstetrics. A411 services free except food for in~patiente
which costs 2.6 catties (320 dollars at present) a day. Expenses paid by the
municipality. Doctors receive a maximum of 410 catties of millet a month fof.

400 to 1,500 aa border region professional pay). This hospital took only Chinese
patients during the war; the others took Japanese. So its equipment and status are
poor. Not used for teaching.

After dinner we were the guests of honor at the People's Theatre at a
performance by local talent. Boys and girls choruses and two short plays. One song
by a girl in blue denim workers blouse and trousers who wailed in a very shrill
sort of screaming waa, we were told, "Song about paying not go such rent®. The
second play was about an dd women rho refused to vote until her son was nouinated
for office. The audience was packed, ayapathetie and nearly all in their twenties.
We left early to get an hour's asleep before 11:30 p.u. when we left for railroad
Station with two interpreters — Ma end Lin(?} to take 12:30 train for Shen Hua,

& coal mining town about three hours away.

Thursday, June 20, 1946
Lit HUA

Arrived in a mountain town bathed in moonlight and dust. Sat on a very
bumpy two-wheeled cargo cart and after about an hour and a half came to a typical
Chinese village just as dawn was breaking. Our entry was violently protested by
one of the largest of sows who all but filled the doorvay to a courtyard. Fe
went into a houge and slept on a Kang till about 3:00 wien we started on a series
of house to house visits plus walking two or three miles to two other villages to
do the same thing to see the medical system used by the Communists in the Home—
Hospitels they have devised. Flies and dust and mud and heat and filth and disease.
Young, partly trained “doctors earnest and doing the best they can with very few
instruments, dressings and medicines getting low. A good hard day but well worth
it. Had a long talk with Ma about Chinese Commmism. He gays they want Peace and
Democratic government. He distrusts the Kuomintang from Chiang Kai Shek on down.
He thinks it was e miatake for the Americans to help the K.M.T, by moving K.M.T.
troops to Manchuria.

On return to Kalgan we akipped a chance to eat again before going to
sleep.
AG

RALGAN
Friday, June 21, 1946

A quiet night thanks to DDT but morning meant a renewal of unbelievably
noisy street life. Kalgen is « frontier town.

Breakfasted with a Misa Cooley who used to be in OW] and is teaching
English here in a government maintained language sehool. I would guess she is doing
some writing. Among her observations: the Communists don't trust the Generalissimo.
As a group of guerilla warriors of eight years standing they are novices at civil
government and would be worried if they had to take over full government reaponai-
bilities. The government formed a holding corporation for everything they got
from the Japanese - hides, furs, canned foods, grain, large stocks of clothing,
factories and mines. They have gold 60 per cent of the debentures to private
capital, changed laborers hours to three § hour shifts instead of two twelve hour
ones; the workers are better fed, better clothed and are buying shares with money
gaved. Officials seem honest, frank and appreciative of suggestions. Terribly
short on technical personel of all kinds. In last three months there has been
about 100 per cent inflation in local currency.

When word came thet ow plene had come we went to the field and with a
Colonel Tom B. Martin end Miss Kang Dai-~Sha we hopped over the moiumteins to
Peiping in 45 mimates. The trip to Kalgen weli worth while but the present
political and militery difficulties here completely clude any analysis or coneluaion
that I can make. The national government's views may be true but they are not
comprehensive enough.

The village hospitala we visited were the remains of extrenely mobile
units of a guerilla army. Each had 200 beds ~ scattered in villagers! houses as
they atill are. There are 4 4.D.'s, 15 nurses and 25 assistant nurses covering
the three villages and caring et present for 157 patients. Commonest diseases
are maleria, tuberculosis, pneumonia and "nervous weaknesses". Doctors report
by letter to Dr. Ing; not frequently supervised. 0. Yang, the young surgeon,
does appendectomies, gunshot wounds, amputations, fistulas. only treatment of
tuberculosis is isolation and that is a farce. Records kept of number of patienta,
muaber cured, number not cured.

In May there were 2 deaths, 165 discharged and about 70 of these were
cured. No typhus end typhoid dlagnosed. Medicines, care and food are all free.
The care given ia certainly better than soliders in the U.S. received in 1864,
and certainly the unselfishness of the medical ataff and nurses deserve praise,
but ane is somewhat appalled by the contrast with could be called good medical
care, My respect for the human organism increases at the sight of how mueh it
can suffer and surmount.