Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 % +CI % +C! % +CI % +CI 7) +CI 29.8 1.2 31.7 1.5 32.5 1.7 35.6 1.8 35.0 2.0 45.0 1.3 43.3 1.6 44.9 1.7 44.4 1.9 41.8 2.1 25.2 1.2 25.0 1.4 22.6 1.4 20.0 1.4 23.2 1.8 24.6 1.6 25.8 1.9 27.5 2.4 30.5 2.5 28.0 2.6 43.4 1.7 41.8 2.4 43.0 2.5 44.3 2.7 41.6 3.0 31.9 1.8 32.4 2.2 29.5 2.3 25.1 2.2 30.4 2.8 35.0 1.6 37.7 2.3 37.6 2.3 40.8 2.5 42.3 2.8 46.6 17 44.9 2.2 46.8 2.4 44.5 2.4 41.9 2.8 18.4 1.3 17.4 1.6 15.6 1.8 14.6 Lg 15.8 2.0 36.5 2.0 37.4 2.6 39.5 3.0 42.5 3.0 44.3 3.4 46.1 2.1 43.9 2.5 45.6 2.8 45.4 3.1 41.] 3.4 17.5 1.7 18.6 2.2 15.0 2.0 12.1 1.7 14.6 2.9 23.9 1.6 26.8 2.3 27.6 2.6 29.6 2.6 31.0 3.0 43.4 1.9 42.3 2.8 44.1 2.5 42.9 2.6 41.6 3.0 32.7 1.9 30.9 2.4 28.3 2.4 27.6 2.5 27.4 2.6 29.1 2.1 29.9 3.2 30.0 3.4 34.6 3.6 27.0 3.4 46.2 2.4 44.2 3.6 45.2 4.] 45.9 4.1 43.2 4,2 24.7 2.2 25.9 2.9 24.8 3.1 19.5 3.2 29.8 4.2 21.4 2.2 24.6 3.2 25,3 3.5 25.6 3.5 19.9 3.7 43.8 2.6 41.5 3.7 45.9 4.0 44.5 4.5 45.4 4.8 34.8 2.7 33.9 3.7 28.8 3.7 29.9 4.1 34.7 4.6 25,7 1.6 26.7 23 28.2 2.5 30.5 2.7 29.2 2.8 47.7 1.9 46.3 2.8 46.2 2.7 46.8 2.9 45.0 3.1 26.6 1.9 27.0 2.4 25.6 2.4 22.7 2.3 25.8 3.0 33.0 2.7 33.7 3.7 34.0 3.7 36.8 4.4 40.2 4.6 43.6 2.9 42.0 3.6 44.3 4.3 44.0 4.0 39.2 4.6 23.4 2.4 24.3 3.5 21.8 3.4 19.2 3.3 20.6 3.8 35.3 3.4 43.2 4.5 42.] 5.4 48.7 5.4 50.6 5.6 42.9 3.4 37.6 4.6 37.7 5.0 36.9 5.3 34.0 5.5 21.8 2.9 19.2 4.1 20.2 3.8 14.4 3.7 15.4 3.8 Patterns of Tobacco Use 103 Surgeon General’s Report Table 41. Percentage of adult white ever smokers who have quit,” overall and by gender, age, and education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1965-1995 1965 1966 1970 1974 Characteristic % +cr % +l % +c % +l Total 25.2 0.6 25.3 0.6 34.3 0.8 36.1 0.9 Gender Men 28.9 0.8 28.9 0.8 39.0 1.0 41.0 11 Women 19.6 0.9 19.6 0.9 27.8 0.9 29.6 1.4 Age (years) 18-34 17.6 0.9 16.9 0.9 25.9 1.1 26.2 1.7 35-54 24.5 1.0 25.0 0.9 33.5 1.1 35.2 1.2 255 38.3 1.6 38.2 1.5 47.5 1.3 51.0 1.8 Education Less than high school NA NA 26.4 1.0 34.6 1.2 36.2 1.6 High school 25.4" 0.8 25.1 1.2 34.5 1.0 36.3 15 Some college NA NA 28.4 2.2 37.1 1.6 39.5 2.5 College 33.2" 1.6 38.5 2.3 49.7 2.3 50.6 2.4 1985 1987 1988 1990 Characteristic % +Cl Te +Cl %e +Cl % +Cl Total 46.6 1.0 46.2 0.9 47.7 0.9 50.9 1.0 Gender Men 51.0 13 50.5 1.2 51.1 1.2 54.2 1.3 Women 41.0 1.3 40.9 1.3 43.5 1.1 47.0 1.2 Age (years) 18-34 32.4 1.5 31.4 1.4 32.3 1.5 35,1 1.6 35-54 46.2 1.6 44.6 1.5 45.9 1.4 48.6 15 255 62.2 1.6 63.1 1.5 65.0 1.3 68.9 1.3 Education$ Less than high school 46.5 2.1 44,3 1.9 45.7 1.7 47.8 2.0 High school 44.5 1.6 44.8 1.4 45.0 14 48.2 1.5 Some college 48.7 2.3 48.9 19 50.7 1.9 54.0 1.9 College 63.7 2.2 63.0 2.1 64.6 1.8 68.7 1.9 *Data collected before 1978 do not distinguish between whites of Hispanic origin and non-Hispanic whites; these data exclude those whites who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. The prevalence of cessation is the percentage of ever smokers who are former smokers. Former smokers are persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they were not smoking, and ever smokers include current and former smokers. *The 1976 and 1977 surveys collected data only for persons aged 20 years and older. The data for 1976 and 1977 were statistically adjusted to produce estimates for the total population, males, and females that approximate those for whites aged 18 years and older. Estimates for persons in the 18-34 year old age category were statisti- cally adjusted to produce estimates that approximate those for whites aged 18-34 years. 104 Chapter 2 Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups 1976" 1977" 1978 1979 1980 1983 % +l % +l % +tCl % +l % +l % +l 36.5 1.0 36.3. 1.0 39.5 17 40.5 1.2 40.8 1.7 42.0 1.0 41.3 13 414 11 44.7 21 45.3 13 45.2 2.1 46.6 14 30.4 15 30.0 15 32.8 2.0 34.3 17 35.0 2.4 36.2 14 253 13 268 18 29.1 2.3 29.4 15 30.5 2.3 29.1 15 36.5 17 35.2 15 36.7 2.6 39.7 18 39.8 2.6 40.3 17 516 19 50.7. 1.9 56.0 2.7 55.5 1.6 54.5 2.9 59.0 18 37.1 1.9 368 17 39.1 2.7 41.2 19 39.7 3.0 41.5 21 36.6 17 36.1 19 39.0 2.3 40.2 18 40.7 2.7 419 17 39.7 2.8 39.4 2.2 44.9 3.9 41.7 24 43.5 4.3 446 2.6 494 27 50.2 28 545 3.9 55.6 2.7 54.2 3.9 579 27 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 % +CI % +tCl % +l % +l % +l 50.5 0.9 48.5 13 51.6 1.3 51.0 1.3 50.5 16 54.2 1.2 52.0 17 546 17 53.7 17 52.9 2.2 46.2 13 444 18 48.1 1.7 478 19 47.6 21 319 15 274 = 2.0 314 2.0 29.0 2.2 315 2.6 48.7 14 48.0 1.9 48.6 2.0 49.3 19 48.6 24 68.8 13 68.1 2.0 718 18 721 1.8 68.0 2.2 46.0 2.0 49.1 2.7 49.2 3.4 47.1 28 46.5 3.3 48.0 14 45.6 2.0 49.8 19 48.5 2.1 47.2 24 54.9 1.9 53.6 2.7 55.1 2.6 54.7 2.8 55.7 3.0 678 18 64.2 2.6 68.1 2.6 70.8 2.6 66.1 3.4 495% confidence interval. ‘Includes persons aged 25 years and older. ALevels presented for 1965 are for persons who had a high school education or less and persons who attended some college or were college graduates. NA = data not available. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1965-1995. Patterns of Tobacco Use 105 Surgeon General's Report Table 42. Percentage of white women of reproductive age who reported being current cigarette smokers,* overall and by education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1965-1995 1965 1966 1970 1974 1976. Characteristic % +CI % +Cl % +Cl % +Cl % 3¢C1 Total 42.2 1.1 41.5 11 36.8 12 373 #17 364 1:5 Education Less than high school NA NA 48.0 2.2 467 20 505 31 494 44 High school 442 14 413 18 366 18 382 25 380 25 Some college NA NA 438 38 375 32 352 43 348 44 College 413 29 346 44 272 26 255 33 250 3.4 1977" 1978 1979 1980 1983 Te +ClI % +CI % +CI % +Cl % +CI Total 36.8 1.5 35.6 2.1 36.0 1.4 33.2 1.9 35.5 1.3 Education$§ Less than high school 476 39 561 59 520 39 539 70 536 46 High school 373 25 384 32 373 24 334 36 394 24 Some college 35.3 3.6 31.8 5.8 36.3 4.3 32.2 5.3 30.8 3.2 College 247 36 201 43 #219 #27 228 44 178 25 1985 1987 1988 1990 1991 % +CI % +CI % +Cl % +ClI % +ClI Total 32.5 13 311 #4411 30.39 10 279 141 28.7 1.1 Education$§ Less than high school 91 44 606 37 579 39 584 43 596 38 High school 37.1 2.1 36.5 18 35.7 18 344 18 365 20 Some college 28.8 2.7 292 22 292 23 245 21 25.1 2.0 College 1449 22 151 #17 £4142 16 £109 15 11.8 «1.5 1992 1993 1994 1995 % +Cl % +CI % +CI % +Cl Total 30.7 16 291 14 306 416 282 18 Education$§ Less than high school 555 60 60.1 62 561 72 31.7 78 High school 383 28 386 27 40.2 29 370 34 Some college 283 2.9 234 28 272 3.2 260 36 College 1443 2.2 1.5 2.0 116 #23 153 29 “Data collected before 1978 do not distinguish between whites of Hispanic origin and non-Hispanic whites; these data exclude those whites who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. For 1965-1991, current cigarette smokers include women aged 18-44 years who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked. For 1992-1995, current smokers include women aged 18-44 years who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked every day or on some days. ‘The 1976 and 1977 surveys collected data only for persons aged 20 years and older. The data for 1976 and 1977 were statistically adjusted to produce estimates that approximate those for white women aged 18-44 years. *95% confidence interval. ‘Includes persons aged 25 years and older. NA = data not available. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1965-1995. 106 Chapter 2 Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups Table 43. Percentage of white adults who reported being current cigarette smokers,* overall and by gender, age, and education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1978-1995 ageregate data 1978-1980* 1983-1985' 1987-1988 1990-1991t 1992-1993 1994-1995t Characteristic % +CH % +CI % +C1 % +C1 % +C1 % +CI Total 33.5 07 309 06 286 05 259 05 264 06 259 O07 Gender Men 36.8 1.0 329 08 305 O07 276 07 278 O08 276 0.9 Women 305 08 290 07 269 06 244 06 250 08 244 08 Age (years) 18-34 36.7 1.1 346 09 320 08 298 08 316 1.1 31.3 1.2 35-54 39.0 1.0 35.1 10 329 07 300 07 29.7 10 287 11 >55 23.7 O08 21.9 07 199 07 171 06 167 O08 168 09 Education$ Less than high school 35.3 12 344 13 £342 11 #42326 11 #49319 16 338 417 High school 35.6 1.1 33.8 09 326 08 303 07 306 10 303 11 Some college 348 13 31.2 13 282 10 249 09 254 12 247 1:3 College 236 1.2 #1990 10 165 O07 138 07 4142 09 13.3 1. “These data exclude whites who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. For 1978-1991, current cigarette smokers include persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked. For 1992-1995, current smokers include persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently Smoked every day or on some days. +1978, 1979, and 1980 data were combined; 1983 and 1985 data were combined; 1987 and 1988 data were combined; 1990 and 1991 data were combined; 1992 and 1993 data were combined; and 1994 and 1995 data were combined. 195% confidence interval. ‘Includes persons aged 25 years and older. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1978-1995. Patterns of Tobacco Use 107 Surgeon General's Report Table 44. Percentage of adult white smokers” who reported smoking <15, 15-24, or >25 cigarettes per day, overall and by gender, age, and education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1978-1995 aggregate data 1978-1980' 1983-1985' 1987-1988t 1990-1991' 1992-1993' 1994-1995' Characteristic % +cH % +I % +Cl % +ClI % +C] % +CI Total <15 cigarettes 24.0 0.7 25.1 0.8 25.0 0.7 28.9 0.8 32.1 1.1 35.3 1.3 15-24 cigarettes 44.7 0.9 449 0.9 447 08 45.1 0.9 44.0 1.2 43.1 14 >25 cigarettes 31.4 0.9 30.0 0.9 30.3 0.8 26.1 0.9 23.9 1.1 21.6 1.1 Gender Men <15 cigarettes 18.9 0.9 19.1 1.2 20.5 1.0 23.2 1.1 26.6 1.6 29.3 18 15-24 cigarettes 43.5 13 43.7 13 42.3 1.1 43.6 13 42.3 18 43.0 2.0 >25 cigarettes 37.6 1.3 37.2 14 37.3 1.2 33.2 1.3 31.1 1.6 27.7 18 Women <15 cigarettes 29.4 1.1 31.3 1.2 29.8 1.0 34.7, 1.2 37.7 1.6 41.6 1.9 15-24 cigarettes 459 13 46.2 1.3 47.2 1.1 46.6 1.2 45.7 1.6 43.2 1.8 >25 cigarettes 24.7 1.1 22.55 1.1 23.0 0.9 18.7 1.0 16.6 1.2 15.2 1.4 Age (years) 18-34 <15 cigarettes 25.9 13 296 13 29.6 1.2 35.7 1.4 38.3 2.0 43.3 2.2 15-24 cigarettes 476 1.2 47.1 14 46.7 13 46.7 1.5 446 1.9 43.4 2.3 >25 cigarettes 26.5 13 23.3 1.2 23.8 1.1 17.6 1.2 17.1 15 13.3 1.6 35-54 <15 cigarettes 18.8 1.0 18.6 1.4 19.1. 1.1 22.2 1.1 27.2 1.7 30.3 2.0 15-24 cigarettes 41.4 1.6 41.7 1.7 42.55 13 43.4 15 43.1 18 42.2 2.0 >25 cigarettes 39.8 1.5 39.7. 1.7 38.4. 1.3 34.4 1.5 29.7 1.6 275 1.8 >55 <15 cigarettes 28.8 1.7 27.0 1.7 27.0 1.4 29.1 1.6 299 2.5 30.5 2.5 15-24 cigarettes 44.2 2.0 458 1.8 44.8 1.6 45.4 1.7 44.7 2.7 44.4 29 >25 cigarettes 27.1 1.7 27.2 1.7 28.2 1.5 25.5 1.6 25.4 2.2 25.0 2.7 *These data exclude those whites who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. For 1978-1991, current cigarette smokers include persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked. For 1992-1995, current smokers include persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked every day or on some days. 108 Chapter 2 Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups Table 44. Continued 1978-1980' 1983-1985' 1987-1988 1990-1991t 1992-1993 1994-1995t Characteristic " % +C % 4Cl % 4Cl % 4Cl % 4Cl = % FCI Education$§ Less than high school <15 cigarettes 227 14 199 16 195 14 205 16 249 23 228 26 15-24 cigarettes 44.2 19 44.8 2.0 44.3 1.7 46.1 1.9 43.5 28 45.0 3.3 >25 cigarettes 33.1 1.6 35.4 1.9 36.1 1.7 33.4 1.9 31.6 2.7 32.2 3.1 High school <15 cigarettes 21.1 1.2 224 13 216 1.0 25.1 12 274 16 299 20 15-24 cigarettes 451 19 451 15 456 13 468 14 462 19 459 21 >25 cigarettes 33.8 1.7 32.5 1.5 32.8 1.2 28.1 1.4 26.4 1.7 24.2 1.9 Some college <15 cigarettes 20.4 1.9 24.3 2.3 25.3 1.6 30.5 1.9 33.8 2.7 38.5 3.2 15-24 cigarettes 43.5 21 43.7 25 431 20 435 22 431 28 417 31 >25 cigarettes 36.2 24 320 24 317 17 260 18 231 23 £199 25 College <15 cigarettes 28.2 28 29.6 27 31.7 23 35.2 24 427 34 49.7 39 15-24 cigarettes 376 29 392 2.7 397 23 413 23 376 33 353 38 >25 cigarettes 34.2) 2.5 31.2 2.6 28.6 2.1 23.5 2.2 19.6 2.7 15.0 2.6 1978, 1979, and 1980 data were combined; 1983 and 1985 data were combined; 1987 and 1988 data were combined; 1990 and 1991 data were combined; 1992 and 1993 data were combined; and 1994 and 1995 data were combined. 495% confidence interval. “Includes persons aged 25 years and older. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1978-1995. Patterns of Tobacco Use 109 Surgeon General’s Report Table 45. Percentage of adult white ever smokers who have quit,* overall and by gender, age, and education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1978-1995 aggregate data 1978-1980' 1983-1985 1987-1988' 1990-1991" 1992-1993 1994-1995" Characteristic % +clt % +C1 % +ClI % +Cl % +tCl % +Cl Total 40.3 1.1 44.7 0.8 46.9 0.7 50.7 0.7 50.0 0.9 50.7. 1.0 Gender Men 45.1 1.2 493 1.0 50.8 0.9 54.2 0.9 53.2 1.2 53.3 1.4 Women 34.1 14 39.1 1.0 42.2 0.9 46.6 09 46.1 13 47.7 14 Age (years) 18-34 29.6 1.3 31.1 1.1 31.8 1.1 33.5 1.1 29.2 15 30.2 1.7 35-54 39.0 1.3 43.9 13 453 1.1 48.6 1.1 48.3 13 49.0 1.5 >55 554 14 60.9 1.2 64.1 1.0 68.9 0.9 699 13 70.1 1.4 Education’ Less than high school 40.3 1.4 445 1.8 45.0 14 46.9 1.5 49.1 2.1 46.8 2.2 High school 40.0 1.5 43.5 1.1 449 1.1 48.1 1.0 47.6 1.5 47.9 1.6 Some college 429 1.8 47.1 18 498 1.4 54.5 1.3 543 18 55.2 2.0 College 55.0 2.2 61.6 1.7 63.8 1.4 68.2 1.4 66.1 1.9 68.4 2.2 ‘These data exclude those whites who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. The prevalence of cessation is the percentage of ever smokers who are former smokers. Former smokers are persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they were not current smokers, and ever smokers include current and former smokers. 11978, 1979, and 1980 data were combined; 1983 and 1985 data were combined; 1987 and 1988 data were combined; 1990 and 1991 data were combined; 1992 and 1993 data were combined; and 1994 and 1995 data were combined. 195% confidence interval. ‘Includes persons aged 25 years and older. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1978-1995. 110 = Chapter 2 Tobacco Use Among ULS. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups Table 46. Percentage of white women of reproductive age who reported being current cigarette smokers,* overall and by education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1978-1995 aggregate data 1978-1980' 1983-1985' 1987-1988' 1990-1991' 1992-1993" 1994-1995" Characteristic % +CcH % +CI G% +CI % +ClI % +Cl % +CI Total 35.3 1.2 33.7 1.0 30.7 0.8 28.3 0.8 30.0 1.2 29.4 1.2 Education Less than high school 53.4 3.0 545 3.4 59.2 2.7 59.0 3.0 57.5 4.2 53.9 5.2 High school 36.6 1.8 38.0 1.7 36.1 1.4 35.5 1.3 38.5 2.1 38.6 2.3 Some college 34.2 2.8 29.6 2.1 29.2 1.7 24.8 1.5 26.0 2.1 26.6 2.4 College 21.7 1.9 16.0 1.6 14.6 1.2 11.4 1.0 13.0 14 13.5 1.8 *These data exclude whites who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. For 1978-1991, current cigarette smokers include women aged 18-44 years who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked. For 1992-1995, current smokers include women aged 18-44 years who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked every day or on some days. +1978, 1979, and 1980 data were combined; 1983 and 1985 data were combined; 1987 and 1988 data were combined; 1990 and 1991 data were combined; 1992 and 1993 data were combined; and 1994 and 1995 data were combined. 495% confidence interval. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1978-1995. Patterns of Tobacco Use 111 Surgeon General's Report Appendix 4. Patterns of Cigarette Use Among Among African Americans Table 47. Percentage of adult African Americans who reported being current cigarette smokers,* overall and by gender, age, and education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1965-1995 1965 1966 1970 1974 Characteristic % +clt % +Cl % +CI % +Cl Total 45.8 1.5 45.9 1.7 41.4 1.8 44.0 2.2 Gender Men 60.4 2.8 60.1 2.5 52.9 2.0 54.4 3.9 Women 33.7 2.3 34.2 2.3 32.2 2.5 36.4 2.6 Age (years) 18-34 53.2 2.8 52.4 29 46.0 2.8 46.2 3.5 35-54 50.3 3.0 52.6 2.9 47.0 2.2 53.3 3.8 255 27.0 3.2 24.8 3.1 25.1 2.3 28.0 3.8 Education Less than high school 44.6 2.4 41.0 21 43.3 3.2 High school 4464 2.0 51.9 4.6 45.4 3.8 49.1 43 Some college 52.9 7.8 43.0 6.0 37.3 8.6 College 47.55 5.8 39.6 8.5 34.2 6.4 44.9 9.1 1985 1987 1988 1990 Characteristic % +cr % +CI % +Cl % +Cl Total 35.0 1.8 32.9 1.6 31.7 1.6 26.2 15 Gender Men 39.9 3.0 38.7 2.8 36.6 2.5 32.6 2.4 Women 31.2 2.2 28.2 1.8 27.8 1.9 21.2 1.6 Age (years) 18-34 34.0 2.8 32.6 2.4 31.5 2.4 25.0 2.2 35-54 42.3 3.4 38.6 2.8 36.0 2.6 32.6 2.7 255 27.7 3.0 25.9 2.9 26.4 2.7 19.2 2.4 Education’ Less than high school 39.6 3.0 37.7 2.9 35.0 2.5 30.6 2.8 High school 39.1 3.4 38.7 2.9 38.8 2.9 31.9 2.5 Some college 35.0 4.9 34.2 4.0 31.9 3.7 25.7 3.8 College 28.4 6.1 18.3 3.9 20.9 4.6 17.5 3.8 “Data collected before 1978 do not distinguish between blacks of Hispanic origin and non-Hispanic blacks; these data exclude those African Americans who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. For 1978-1991, current cigarette smokers include persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked. For 1992-1995, current smokers include persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked every day or on some days. *The 1976 and 1977 surveys collected data only for persons aged 20 years and older. The data for 1976 and 1977 were statistically adjusted to produce estimates for the total population, males, and females that approximate those for African Americans aged 18 years and older. Estimates for persons in the 18-34 year old age category were statistically adjusted to produce estimates that approximate those for African Americans aged 18-34 years old. 112. Chapter 2 Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups 1976 1977' 1978 1979 1980 1983 % +Cl % +CI % itl % +1 % +Cl % +CI 40.8 2.1 40.7. 25 37.55 37 37.3 24 37.1 3.3 35.8 2.2 493 33 47.3 4.0 46.1 5.5 445 3.7 449 44 40.8 3.5 34.6 3.1 35.9 3.1 31.1 45 31.6 2.5 31.0 43 31.8 2.6 442 3.1 444 3.9 39.1 58 38.0 3.2 39.9 45 35.8 3.2 46.9 37 46.9 42 46.0 6.1 444 3.9 40.5 69 42.1 4.1 27.5 33 299 43 244 5.2 27.0 4.0 27.5 66 279 42 38.9 2.8 40.2 3.9 36.7 48 37.3 3.6 33.7 65 374 3.9 445 47 48.2 49 40.6 5.1 405 48 476 7.2 394 43 494 7.5 41.8 7A 46.0 9.9 35.5 64 30.8 87 344 63 36.3. 10.3 37.1 84 37.3 13.5 36.3 75 294 88 28.4 73 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 % +l % xl % +CI % HitCI % H+tCl 294 1.6 27.8 2.0 26.0 2.0 27.2 2.3 25.8 2.6 35.5 2.7 32.3 3.5 324 34 33.9 4.0 28.8 37 245 19 24.1 2.2 21.0 2.2 21.8 2.2 235 31 270 2.4 22.4 3.0 216 33 22.0 3.4 19.9 34 38.3 2.7 38.0 3.7 33.6 3.6 34.7 3.9 33.6 4.6 20.7 2.7 224 3.5 22.3 4.1 24.0 4.0 23.0 3.8 35.4 3.0 34.4 45 33.9 45 35.3 45 34.1 5.0 34.9 2.6 323 37 314 3.8 31.6 45 31.0 5.0 318 3.8 28.4 48 26.6 4.4 27.6 54 25.2 5.1 18.0 42 224 6.6 13.9 4.6 15.7 52 17.6 54 t95% confidence interval. SIncludes persons aged 25 years and older. 4Levels presented for 1965 are for persons w some college or were college graduates. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1965-1995. ho had a high school education or less and persons who attended Patterns of Tobacco Use 113 Surgeon General's Report Table 48. Percentage of adult African American smokers* who reported smoking <15, 15-24, or >25 cigarettes per day, overall and by gender, age, and education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1965-1995 1965 1966 1970 1974 Characteristic % +clt % +Cl %e +Cl % +Cl Total <15 cigarettes 56.9 2.7 55.8 2.5 55.5 2.5 58.3 3.2 15-24 cigarettes 35.5 2.5 36.2 2.5 36.0 2.4 33.0 3.1 225 cigarettes 7.6 1.4 8.0 1.3 8.6 14 8.7 1.8 Gender Men <15 cigarettes 49.1 3.3 48.3 3.2 49.6 3.2 52.9 5.0 15-24 cigarettes 42.0 3.3 41.8 3.1 40.7 3.1 36.5 4.9 225 cigarettes 9.0 1.9 9.9 19 9.7 1.7 10.6 2.9 Women <15 cigarettes 68.0 3.7 66.1 3.8 62.8 2.8 64.3 4.0 15-24 cigarettes 26.3 3.5 28.5 3.5 30.0 2.5 29.1 3.8 225 cigarettes 5.7 1.9 5.5 1.7 7.2 1.7 6.6 2.3 Age (years) 18-34 <15 cigarettes 59.7 4.0 57.3 3.9 58.5 3.2 64.0 3.9 15-24 cigarettes 33.0 3.7 35.0 4.0 34.0 3.2 27.8 4.0 225 cigarettes 7A 2.1 7.7 2.1 7.4 2.0 8.2 2.4 35-54 <15 cigarettes 51.4 3.9 52.0 3.9 50.7 3.2 49.3 6.2 15-24 cigarettes 39.9 3.8 39.1 3.7 38.7 3.6 39.4 5.7 225 cigarettes 8.7 2.2 8.9 2.3 10.6 2.0 11.3 3.5 255 <15 cigarettes 65,2 6.4 63.3 6.9 59.3 5.9 65.3 7.9 15-24 cigarettes 29.8 6.4 30.6 7.2 34.3 5.6 31.4 8.2 225 cigarettes 5.1 3.0 6.1 3.5 6.5 2.1 3.4 2.6 Education§ Less than high school <15 cigarettes NA NA 55.3 3.5 52.5 3.9 55.8 5.5 15-24 cigarettes NA NA 36.0 3.3 38.0 3.7 35.8 5.3 225 cigarettes NA NA 8.7 2.0 9.5 2.1 8.4 2.6 High school <15 cigarettes 55.8° 3.1 50.6 5.7 52.7 43 52.9 8.0 15-24 cigarettes 35.9° 3.0 40.4 7.9 37.9 4.4 37.4 6.6 >25 cigarettes 8.35 1.8 9.1 3. 9.4 2.8 9.8 41 Some college <15 cigarettes NA NA 59.0 10.4 49.9 10.1 56.4 12.5 15-24 cigarettes NA NA 32.1 9.4 37.1 8.9 29.5 11.0 225 cigarettes NA NA 9.0 5.8 13.0 6.5 14.1 10.5 College <15 cigarettes 546° 9.1 60.9 10.1 69.0 11.1 64.8 15.1 15-24 cigarettes 36.12 8.5 32.3, 10.1 23.4 9.7 30.2 143 225 cigarettes 93° 53 6.8 5.3 7.6 7.3 5.1 7.1 “Data collected before 1978 do not distinguish between African Americans of Hispanic origin and non-Hispanic African Americans; these data exclude those African Americans who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. For 1965-1991, current cigarette smokers include persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked. For 1992-1995, current smokers include persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked every day or on some days. ‘The 1976 and 1977 surveys collected data only for persons aged 20 years and older. The data for 1976 and 1977 were Statistically adjusted to produce estimates for the total population, males, and females that approximate those for African Americans aged 18 years and older. Estimates for persons in the 18-34 year old age category were Statistically adjusted to produce estimates that approximate those for African Americans aged 18-34 years old. 114 Chapter 2 Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups 1976+ 1977+ 1978 1979 1980 1983 % +Cl % +CI % +Cl G% +CI % +Cl % +ClI 52.4 3.9 547 48 57.0 5.1 55.9 3.2 55.2 5.7 54.9 3.9 39.0 3.7 35.7 4.4 34.0 4.6 33.3 3.1 338 48 35.6 3.7 8.6 2.1 9.8 21 9.1 2.8 10.8 1.6 11.0 3.3 95 2.4 447 47 48.4 5.9 49.5 7.3 51.5 4.9 48.8 9.2 51.4 5.7 442 44 35.3 5.2 37.3 6.3 36.3 47 38.7 68 36.5 5.3 11.2 3.0 12.6 3.9 13.2 5.1 12.2 2.6 12.5 55 12.1 4.1 60.3 5.8 61.2 6.2 65.0 7.0 60.8 4.4 62.1 6.8 58.5 5.1 33.8 5.9 36.1 5.6 30.4 6.4 30.0 3.8 28.5 6.3 34.6 5.0 6.0 2.2 6.9 23 4.6 3.0 9.2 2.6 9.4 3.2 6.9 2.5 56.5 5.5 59.4 5.8 60.3 7.9 60.5 5.2 57.8 6.0 57.7 5.7 35.9 5.3 34.8 6.3 31.5 7.0 31.1 4.3 33.1 6.3 33.0 5.2 7.6 2.6 8.0 3.4 8.2 4.2 8.4 2.5 9.1 3.8 9.4 3.7 44.8 6.5 51.6 7.3 53.0 8.4 48.4 5.1 56.1 10.5 47.6 6.4 44.0 6.9 35.4 6.2 37.2 7.5 36.2 45 32.1 9.2 40.6 6.1 11.3 3.4 13.0 3.6 98 48 15.4 4.3 11.8 7.1 11.9 4.4 57.4 6.4 51.1 8.6 56.1 12.6 59.1 8.7 46.5 11.9 61.7 88 36.9 6.8 40.2 7.5 33.9 12.5 33.3 8.6 38.9 10.6 32.9 8.6 5.8 3.7 8.7 4.5 10.0 7.2 7.6 4.1 14.7 10.4 5.4 4.0 504 58 54.1 7.0 53.4 9.2 52.8 5.7 53.9 9.4 52.8 6.6 41.2 5.1 35.2 5.6 35.4 8.3 32.9 5.2 32.6 9.1 34.0 6.3 8.3 3.3 10.7 32 11.3 5.4 14.3 4.2 13.6 7.3 13.2 5.1 48.4 6.9 53.9 7.9 60.4 95 53.5 5.6 48.9 9.1 52.6 7.0 44.3 6.2 34.0 7.4 31.1 9.1 36.1 6.3 35.8 8.1 42.1 6.9 73 31 12.1 4.8 8.5 55 10.4 4.4 15.3 5.6 5.4 3.1 54.7 11.7 495 12.0 41.5 17.6 57.0 115 447 18.2 50.2 12.1 29.2 9.9 428 127 46.1 168 30.1 9.2 42.7 18.5 37.1 117 16.1 7.9 7.7 6.0 12.5 9.0 13.0 6.8 125 11.0 12.7 7.9 449 149 48.1 15.6 71.9 17.1 47.5 13.2 65.7 18.7 51.6 15.3 38.8 13.9 37.9 15.6 226 12.5 40.1 15 31.1 18.3 36.7 14.8 16.3 13.0 14.0 9.6 5.5 9.8 12.5 9.2 3.3 64 11.7. 10.9 495% confidence interval. SIncludes persons aged 25 years and older. ALevels presented for 1965 are for persons some college or were college graduates. NA = data not available. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1965-1995. Patterns of Tobacco Use who had a high school education or less and persons who attended 115 Surgeon General’s Report Table 48. Continued 1985 1987 1988 1990 Characteristic % +cr % +l % +¢1 % +Cl Total <15 cigarettes 55.8 3.2 61.2 2.9 56.4 2.7 59.9 3.2 15-24 cigarettes 35.0 2.9 31.0 2.8 34.6 2.5 34.2 3.2 225 cigarettes 9.3 1.9 7.8 1.6 9.0 1.6 6.0 1.5 Gender Men <15 cigarettes 52.8 5.2 55.3 4.2 51.0 4.1 52.6 4.7 15-24 cigarettes 36.2 4.3 35.8 4.4 38.2 3.8 40.1 4.7 225 cigarettes 11.0 3.2 8.9 2.4 10.8 2.9 7.3 2.3 Women <15 cigarettes 58.7 3.9 67.9 3.5 62.2 3.9 68.8 3.6 15-24 cigarettes 33.7 3.8 25.7 3.2 30.7 3.6 26.9 3.4 225 cigarettes 7.6 2.0 6.5 1.8 7.2 2.0 4.3 1.7 Age (years) 18-34 <15 cigarettes 56.4 5.4 66.2 4.5 62.1 4.0 67.5 4.9 15-24 cigarettes 35.4 4.8 27.6 4.0 29.4 3.7 25.8 4.6 225 cigarettes 8.2 3.0 6.2 2.3 8.5 2.4 6.7 2.5 35-54 <15 cigarettes 53.1 4.8 54.9 4.6 49,2 4.3 51.9 49 15-24 cigarettes 35.9 4.6 34.9 4.6 40.5 4.4 42.2 4,7 225 cigarettes 11.0 3.0 10.1 2.4 10.3 2.5 5.9 2.2 255 <15 cigarettes 59.6 6.5 61.5 7.1 56.8 7.3 60.8 6.9 15-24 cigarettes 31.8 6.6 31.8 6.9 35.3 6.7 34.9 6.8 225 cigarettes 8.6 4.1 6.7 3.8 7.9 3.4 4.3 2.7 Education® Less than high school <15 cigarettes 57.9 5.0 62.8 4.3 51.4 4.5 54.1 5.8 15-24 cigarettes 31.8 4.8 27.7 4.5 38.0 4.5 39.2 5.7 225 cigarettes 10.3 3.2 9.5 2.9 10.6 3.0 6.7 2.6 High school <15 cigarettes 52.4 5.5 57.6 5.2 58.9 4.7 60.6 5.1 15-24 cigarettes 39.8 5.4 34.2 4.9 32.3 4.6 34.0 5.0 225 cigarettes 7.9 2.8 8.2 2.9 8.9 2.5 5.4 2.1 Some college <15 cigarettes 47.6 8.9 57.7 7.0 55.0 7.2 57.1 7.8 15-24 cigarettes 37.6 8.3 35.3 6.7 34.0 6.8 37.6 78 225 cigarettes 14.8 6.6 7.0 3.9 11.0 4,9 5.4 3.7 College <15 cigarettes 50.5 12.6 56.8 12.1 54.0 13.5 67.9 11.6 15-24 cigarettes 35.0 11.6 34,7 11.7 40.8 13.5 28.1 11.1 225 cigarettes 145 12.8 8.5 5.8 5.2 4.0 4.0 4.0 495% confidence interval. SIncludes persons aged 25 years and older. 116 Chapter 2 Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 % +CI % +ClI % +ClI %e +Cl % +CI 61.2 3.0 61.4 4.3 65.6 4.2 65.3 4.8 62.5 5.2 30.0 2.8 33.3 3.9 28.5 41 27.2 4.3 29.7 4.8 8.7 1.8 5.3 1.7 6.0 2.1 7.5 3.2 7.8 2.7 57.5 4.4 55.7 6.8 63.3 6.2 64.1 7.0 57.6 7A 31.7 4.0 39.0 6.3 29.2 5.9 25.2 5.8 32.5 7.2 10.8 2.8 5.3 2.4 7.4 3.4 10.7 5.6 9.9 4.5 65.7 3.5 67.5 49 68.4 5.8 66.7 5.5 69.7 9.7 28.0 3.4 27.3 4.5 27.5 5.7 29.8 5.5 22.1 8.2 6.2 1.9 5.2 2.0 41 2.2 3.5 1.7 8.2 6.0 66.9 4.6 68.5 6.6 70.6 7.9 71.5 7.3 68.3 8.5 27.3 4.4 27.7 6.5 22.8 7.0 22.3 7.0 24.4 8.1 5.7 2.5 3.8 2.1 6.6 3.8 6.2 3.1 7.2 4.4 56.7 4.4 59.0 6.0 62.2 6.0 60.6 7.3 57.2 7.3 32.7 4.0 34.9 5.7 31.2 6.1 31.1 6.4 33.5 7.0 10.7 2.8 6.1 2.7 6.6 3.2 8.4 5.8 9.4 4.2 60.0 6.8 54.3 8.8 64.6 10.3 66.2 9.6 67.1 9.1 29.3 6.5 39.8 8.5 32.0 10.4 26.2 8.4 28.4 8.5 10.7 4.3 5.9 3.9 3.4 3.6 7.6 6.6 4.5 3.7 60.0 5.2 56.2 8.2 59.4 8.1 59.3 8.7 52.3 8.6 28.7 4.8 36.6 8.0 30.9 8.2 32.0 79 33.0 8.4 11.3 3.5 7.2 3.4 9.7 5.0 8.6 6.1 14.8 6.8 57.6 49 61.3 6.1 64.6 6.9 63.9 8.3 64.1 79 35.5 4.8 34.4 5.8 32.1 6.7 28.8 7.2 29.5 7.2 6.9 2.2 4.3 2.4 3.3 2.7 7.2 6.6 6.4 4 63.8 7.7 62.5 9.2 64.4 10.3 66.9 11.6 58.8 11.7 28.2 7.4 32.1 9.1 29.8 9.8 27.1 11.3 37.6 11.5 8.1 4.2 5.4 4.0 5.9 4.8 6.0 4.1 3.6 2.8 62.4 13.2 72.5 12.6 78.3 17.4 73.3 17.8 83.0 11.1 22.1 10.8 21.3 11.2 19.4 17.3 26.7 17.8 12.1 9.7 15.6 11.7 6.1 6.8 2.3 3.6 0.0 0.0 4.9 6.0 Patterns of Tobacco Use 117 Surgeon General's Report Table 49. Percentage of adult African American ever smokers who have quit,* overall and by gender, age, and education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1965-1995 1965 1966 1970 1974 Characteristic % +crt % +CI % +CI % +Cl Total 15.5 1.7 14.2 1.7 20.6 1.5 19.7 2.4 Gender Men 16.1 2.2 15.5 2.2 22.2 2.0 21.7 3.6 Women 14.5 2.7 12.3 2.4 18.4 2.1 17.4 2.9 Age (years) 18-34 8.3 2.0 7.2 1.8 12.8 1.8 13.0 3.9 35-54 16.7 2.6 14.0 2.4 21.1 2.0 16.9 3.3 >55 29.3 5.2 32.4 5.4 37.4 3.6 38.1 5.8 Education® Less than high school NA NA 17.5 2.3 23.2 2.1 23.3 3.5 High school 18.23 2.1 11.2 3.5 19.4 3.7 17.4 4.7 Some college NA NA 12.8 6.5 24.2 6.8 33.2 11.8 College 13.24 5.7 19.9 8.6 33.9 9.9 20.4 9.9 1985 1987 1988 1990 Characteristic % +CI % +Cl % tCI % HCI Total 31.3 2.4 31.1 2.4 32.5 2.1 39.0 2.6 Gender Men 34.4 3.6 32.9 3.6 34.9 3.1 39.5 3.4 Women 27.9 3.3 29.0 2.7 29.7 3.0 38.4 3.5 Age (years) 18-34 21.1 3.5 18.3 3.1 19.2 3.1 24.8 3.9 35-54 30.6 3.7 31.2 3.7 34.9 3.7 39.1 3.8 255 48.5 4.6 50.1 4.5 48.3 4.1 58.3 4.6 Education® Less than high school 32.8 3.6 34.2 3.7 35.8 3.4 40.4 4.4 High school 30.8 44 27.0 3.7 27.6 3.5 35.7 3.9 Some college 36.6 6.6 35.8 55 37.3 5.8 43.8 6.5 College 37.4 8.7 49.9 8.2 50.4 8.3 51.4 8.2 *Data collected before 1978 do not distinguish between African Americans of Hispanic origin and non-Hispanic African Americans; these data exclude those African Americans who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. The prevalence of cessation is the percentage of ever smokers who are former smokers. Former smokers are those who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they were not smoking. *The 1976 and 1977 surveys collected data only for persons aged 20 years and older. The data for 1976 and 1977 were statistically adjusted to produce estimates for the total population, males, and females that approximate those for African Americans aged 18 years and older. Estimates for persons in the 18-34 year old age category were statistically adjusted to produce estimates that approximate those for African Americans aged 18-34 years old. 118 Chapter 2 Tobacco Use Among ULS. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups 1976" 1977" 1978 1979 1980 1983 G il G% +l % +Cl G% +l % +Cl % itl 24.3 2.5 227 25 26.2 41 26.7 2.7 275 3.4 28.0 2.9 26.7 34 264 44 28.5 64 287 3.8 292 49 32.0 4.3 216 37 18.7 3.0 23.6 48 24.4 37 255 4.9 23.4 37 13.8 31 143 3.1 17.9 5.6 18.4 4.0 16.9 47 18.8 3.9 240 47 23.0 42 27.3 6.0 26.5 4.9 31.1 72 277 «648 43.4 6.1 37.4 62 41.6 10.8 428 6.1 41.7 10.0 446 64 30.0 3.5 269 844 297 61 33.1 48 34.7. 73 32.4 51 23.2 49 20.9 49 23.4 59 254 42 21.3 93 954 53 23.7 95 26.7 83 27.9 13.2 32.7 10.6 37.2 12.9 32.3 9.0 23.9 13.5 25.3 10.9 20.0 16.2 268 9.5 41.9 12.7 36.4 11.8 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 % «CI G% itl % +Cl % HCI % +CI 334 26 36.4 3.3 37.8 34 34.7 3.5 36.1 3.9 34.2 3.6 40.1 5.2 37.9 48 34.1 5.3 35.9 53 32.4 3.2 31.9 40 376 48 35.3 43 36.4 53 17.2 3.6 239 72 233 58 16.7 5.6 22.7 62 31.8 3.5 31.3 45 355 5.1 34.1 5.3 32.1 59 564 52 574 5.4 56.0 6.7 53.8 62 55.6 6.1 35.8 45 38.9 5.6 41.2 6.1 34.5 5.6 39.3 59 294 34 335 58 33.3 54 32.3 6.2 30.8 63 33.0 5.5 37.7 7.6 40.3 7.7 37.6 87 370 92 51.2 91 43.9 118 55.1 12.2 50.3 13.0 51.7 113 495% confidence interval. SIncludes persons aged 25 years and older. Levels presented for 1965 are for persons who had a high scho some college or were college graduates. NA = data not available. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1965-1995. ol education or less and persons who attended Patterns of Tobacco Use 119 Surgeon General's Report Table 50. Percentage of African American women of reproductive age who reported being current cigarette smokers,* overall and by education, National Health Interview Surveys, United States, 1965-1995 1965 1966 1970 1974 Characteristic % +cit %e +Cl %o +Cl % +CI Total 42.9 2.9 42.6 2.9 38.6 3.1 41.1 3.5 Education§ Less than high school NA NA 48.1 4.7 45.4 4.6 47.1 7.7 High school 45.04 4.0 45.9 6.7 38.9 5.4 45.6 6.4 Some college NA NA 49.6 11.7 36.6 10.4 25.6 12.6 College 44.74 9.6 42.9 10.9 41.2 9.2 52.7 13.3 1985 1987 1988 1990 Characteristic % +C! % +C! % +CI % aCI Total 34.0 2.8 31.4 2.5 29.8 2.4 22.7 2.1 Education Less than high school 54.3 6.8 49.1 6.0 47.2 6.1 38.2 6.8 High school 36.9 49 35.8 43 33.2 4.1 30.7 4.3 Some college 34.0 7.1 32.4 5.6 28.9 5.0 21.2 4.1 College 21.3 7.3 19.7 6.5 20.2 6.0 14.9 5.8 “Data collected before 1978 do not distinguish between African Americans of Hispanic origin and non-Hispanic African Americans; these data exclude those African Americans who indicated they were of Hispanic origin. For 1965-1991, current cigarette smokers include women aged 18-44 years who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked. For 1992-1995, current smokers include women aged 18-44 years who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lives and who reported at the time of survey that they currently smoked every day or on some days. 120 Chapter 2 Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups 1976" 1977" 1978 1979 1980 1983 % +Cl % +CI % +Cl % +Cl % +Cl % tcl 38.8 42 41.7 4.0 36.4 63 35.2 3.0 346 54 34.3 3.4 453 7.1 44.0 9.0 41.5 10.3 43.2 89 35.7. 12.9 496 89 391 73 493 7.6 36.4 7.7 34.5 68 40.0 10.0 36.5 62 46.0 9.6 41.4 105 53.0 15.3 33.2 97 30.5 11.8 293 84 35.5 15.4 36.6 15.1 45.9 19.2 36.2 10.3 31.0 174 225 92 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 % +I % +CI % +Cl % +l % +Cl 28.1 2.4 2745 29 23.1 2.9 229 18 23.8 3.9 504 61 45.9 10.0 45.6 9.4 43.6 94 49.6 123 32.4 4.0 298 5.2 30.2 5.5 26.1 5.2 30.6 69 315 5.6 26.1 67 26.3 65 274 82 24.9 7.6 19.8 6.6 18.5 8.2 8.2 6.0 8.0 5.7 13.6 79 The 1976 and 1977 surveys collected data only for persons aged 20 years and older. The data for 1976 and 1977 were statistically adjusted to produce estimates that approximate those for African American women aged 18-44 years. 495% confidence interval. Includes persons aged 25 years and older. ALevels presented for 1965 are for persons who had a high school education or less and persons who attended some college or were college graduates. NA = data not available. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, public use data tapes, 1965-1995. Patterns of Tobacco Use 121 Surgeon General's Report Appendix 5. Validation of the Retrospective Assessment of Smoking Prevalence Because the method of computing smoking prevalences retrospectively is inherent in the birth co- hort analyses described in this chapter, comparability of these estimates with accepted cross-sectional estimates was examined. At least two factors contrib- ute to the observed difference between retrospective and cross-sectional estimates of smoking prevalence: how a former smoker is defined and differences in mor- tality between smokers and nonsmokers (differential mortality). Retrospective estimates will be greater than cross-sectional ones because they are based on the age at which a smoker quits once and for all. However, cross- sectional estimates, using the accepted definition of a former smoker (a person who has ever smoked 100 cigarettes but does not smoke now), classify ever smok- ers who are not currently smoking as quitters, even though many will relapse several times before finally quitting. Differential mortality results in retrospective estimates smaller than cross-sectional ones because smokers are less likely than others to survive and re- port their smoking history. This factor affects only the older birth cohorts (Harris 1983). Retrospective estimates of smoking prevalence were assessed by comparing them with smoking prevalence estimates from the NHISs from 1965 through 1988 and from Gallup surveys from 1944 through 1988. The NHIS and Gallup surveys both sample adults only; thus, for the comparison, retro- spective prevalences computed for each year included only respondents aged 18 years and older in that cal- endar year. Sample sizes for the birth cohorts in- cluded in this analysis varied widely (Table 51) (NCHS, public use data tapes, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982-1984 [HHANES], and 1987 and 1988 combined). When this methodology was used to estimate smoking prevalences retrospectively for the national Table 51. Sample sizes for birth cohorts, by gender, race/ethnicity, and education,* National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980, 1987 and 1988 combined, and Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984 Men Women African American Hispanic African American Hispanic Birth Cohort HS HS HS HS 1908-1917 401 96 142 33 601 185 229 30 1918-1927 494 222 267 aul 683 444 376 113 1928-1937 370 387 387 178 331 638 508 233 1938-1947 292 622 266 226 457 1,013 392 277 1948-1957 277 1,066 322 375 555 2,006 417 462 1958-1967" 175 755 180 255 415 1,510 224 319 *Education was identified as either <12 years of school completed (