INDEX Chronic %_..uctive Lung Disease is abbreviated as COLD throughout this index. ACROLEIN alpha,-antitrypsin effect, 436 alveolar macrophage effects, 432 cilioinhibitory effect, 295 gas phase component, 294, 417 ADDICTION cessation of smoking, relationship, 468, 481, 485 ADDITIVES (See also MENTHOL; PHENOL) low yield cigarettes, increasing use, 13, 352, 354 ADOLESCENTS (See also CHILDREN) increased cough in smokers, 6 prevalence of cough and amount smoked, 64 sex differences in prevalence of respiratory symptoms, 66 small airways dysfunction in smok- ers, 37, 427 smoking rates with smoking and nonsmoking parents, 506 ADVERTISING (See also MASS MEDIA) government regulation of tobacco advertising, 506-507, 514, 520, 527 promotion of cardiovascular risk re- duction, 508 smoking cessation or reduction ef- fects, 457 AGE DIFFERENCES airflow obstruction incidence, 103 cessation rates in post-MI patients, 475 cessation success, 468 chronic airflow obstruction, preva- lence, 78 chronic bronchitis, prevalence, 46- 47 COLD mortality, 191-192, 197, 203-205 AGE DIFFERENCES—Contd. cough and phlegm, prevalence, 48, 65-68 emphysema, severity in smokers and nonsmokers, 126, 241-242 initiation of smoking and COLD mortality, 209 lung pathology in smokers, 124- 125, 231 mucociliary transport, 283 pulmonary function, 6 pulmonary function in children of smoking parents, 398 pulmenary function, rate of de cline, 9, 137 reductions in smoking with commu- nity intervention studies, 511- 512 small airways dysfunction, 9, 29- 30, 32-35, 37-39, 136-137 AIR POLLUTION (See also PASSIVE SMOKING) airflow obstruction relationship, 105 bronchitis morbidity factor, 212 COLD mortality factor, 192 lung clearance effect, 424 particulates exposure compared with smoking, 417 workplace levels and pulmonary function, 31 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION abstinence in pregnancy, 462 airflow obstruction relationship, 105-106 ALLERGY atopy and pulmonary function, 106 lung hypersensitivity and airflow obstruction, 104-105, 118 skin test reactivity and incidence of airflow obstruction, 103 535 INDEX Alpha,-antiprotease See ALPHA,- ANTITRYPSIN ALPHA,-ANTITRYPSIN antiprotease activity, 262-264 deficiency in panacinar emphyse- ma, 234-235 elastase inhibition, 8, 11, 301 genetic deficiency, 9-10, 83, 104, 118, 129-137, 261-262, 275 oxidants and decreased inhibitory capacity, 273-274, 435 papain elastolysis, inhibitor, 265 tar and nicotine content effect on elastase inhibition, 340 tobacco smoke effects, 434-437 Alpha,-proteinase inhibitor See ALPHA,-ANTITRYPSIN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES changes in smokers, 255-257, 259, 261, 278-279 changes induced by tobacco smoke, 431-434 emphysema pathogenesis, role, 268-— 270 increased numbers in smokers, 11, 270-271, 301 increased numbers with nitrogen dioxide, 276 lung clearance mechanisms, role, 423-424 neutrophil chemotaxis, role, 258 toxicity of cigarette smoke, 279-280 ALVEOLITIS smoking relationship, 255 AMISH COLD mortality, 213 AMMONIA gas phase component, 294, 417 ANGINA contraindication for nicotine chew- ing gum, 477 Antibodies See IMMUNE SYSTEM ANTISMOKING CAMPAIGNS (See also SMOKING INTERVEN. TION STUDIES) smoking behavior, effect, 457 smoking cessation at prenatal clin- ics, effect, 462-463 ASBESTOS cessation success in exposed ship- yard workers, 482-483 536 ASTHMA bronchoconstrictive effect of smoke inhalation in asthmatics, 428- 429 children of smoking parents, 389, 392-393, 403 mortality in California physicians, 211 nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke, 403, 405-406 reversibility of airflow obstruction, 75 ATROPINE cilioinhibitory effect, 295 AVERSIVE SMOKING cessation effectiveness, 469 BACTERIA clearance from respiratory tract, 281 macrophage bactericidal capacity in smokers and nonsmokers, 278— 279 reduced resistance to infection in smoke-exposed animals, 280 BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION physicians’ efforts to get patients to quit, 455 social reinforcement in community intervention trials, 506 BIRTHWEIGHT maternal smoking relationship, 461, 464-465 BRONCHIOLITIS childhood, association with subse- quent panacinar emphysema, 236 COLD, role in pathogenesis, 11 pathology, 223, 230-231 smoking relationship, 242, 255-256 BRONCHITIS (See also MUCUS HYPERSECRE- TION) abnormalities in regional gas ex- change, 22 aerosol clearance effects, 292-293 childhood, association with panaci- nar emphysema, 236 children of smoking parents, 13, 393, 405 definition, 45-46, 224 excessive morbidity in Britain, 212 mortality and age of smoking initi- ation, 209-210 INDEX BRONCHITIS—Contd. mortality and depth of inhalation, 208 mortality and smoking habit, 201 mortality in physicians, 211 mucociliary dysfunction, 12, 283, 297-302 natural history, 115 particulate phase components, role, 426 pathology, 227, 229 prevalence, 46 smoking relationship, 48, 255 BRONCHOCONSTRICTION dogs exposed to cigarette smoke, 429 induction by cigarette smoke, 428, 430 inhalation pattern relationship, 349-350 low yield cigarettes effect, 341 CADMIUM induction of emphysematous lesions in animals, 276 tobacco smoke component, 426 CARBON DIOXIDE gas phase component, 417 CARBON MONOXIDE breath test to demonstrate smoking effects in pregnant women, 464 breath test to validate self-reported cessation, 460, 463 gas phase component, 417 increased alveolar epithelial perme- ability, role, 430 indoor air pollutant, 366, 383 low-tar and low-nicotine cigarettes, yields, 345-346 CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN asthmatics exposed to tobacco smoke, levels, 403 inhalation pattern relationship, 345, 349 measure of carbon monoxide ab- sorption, 366, 383 nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke, levels, 384 CARCINOGENESIS consequence of mucociliary dysfunc- tion, 301 CASEIN chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, effect, 433. 480-144 0 - 85 - 19 CATALASE reduction of smoke effects on al- pha,-protease inhibitor, 436 CERULOPLASMIN prevention of alpha,-antitrypsin ox- idation, 274 CESSATION OF SMOKING (See also REDUCTION OF SMOKING) cardiopulmonary function improve- ment, 465 COLD incidence and progression ef- fects, 7-8 COLD mortality relationship, 10, 210-211, 214 community intervention studies, 15, 503-528 cough and phlegm reduction, 9, 48, 137 emphysema morbidity and mortali- ty, 126 emphysema severity in ex-smokers, 241-242 emphysematous changes, effect, 127-129 lung clearance effects, 430 mechanical properties of lungs, ef- fect, 123 morbidity and mortality reduction, 465 mucociliary transport effects, 293, 300 parents, effect on children’s asth- ma, 403 physicians, 456 pulmonary function effects, 9, 227, 232, 242 pulmonary function effects, rate of decline, 9, 116-118, 137 reasons given by ex-smokers, 457 respiratory symptoms in ex-smok- ers, 67 role of physicians, 14, 455-488 sex differences in pulmonary func- tion effects, 104 small airways function effects, 11, 40-42, 44, 137 CHEST INFECTIONS airflow obstruction, role in etiology, 83, 107 CHILDREN (See also ADOLESCENTS) influence on parental smoking ces- sation, 468 537 INDEX CHILDREN—Contd. pulmonary function effects of smoking, 398 respiratory illnesses and subsequent airflow obstruction, 104, 106, 118 respiratory infections and COLD susceptibility, 7 respiratory symptoms, parental smoking relationship, 13, 388- 389, 392-393, 397-398, 402-403, 405 school-based prevention programs, 519-524 CHLORAMINE-T inhibitory capacity of alpha,-anti- trypsin, effect, 273-274, 436 Chronic airflow obstruction See PULMONARY FUNCTION CIGAR SMOKERS COLD mortality, 10, 211-212, 214 cough and phlegm prevalence, 4& emphysema incidence at autopsy, 240 former cigarette smokers, 460 Cilia See MUCOCILIARY TRANS- PORT CORONARY HEART DISEASE contraindication for nicotine chew- ing gum, 477 COTININE nicotine exposure in nonsmokers, measure, 13, 383, 405 urinary levels in children of smck- ing mothers, 397 COUGH (See also MUCUS HYPERSECRE- TION) children of smoking parents, 388 contribution to pulmonary clear- ance, 300 increase in smokers, 6 low yield cigarettes effect, 336-339, 354 prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmok- ers, 9 tobacco smoke exposure as factor, 386 CREATININE urinary levels in children of smok- ing mothers, 397 CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES COLD mortality, 10-11, 212-214 538 CYSTIC FIBROSIS impairment of mucociliary trans- port, 283 submucosal gland enlargement, 225 DIABETES contraindication for nicotine chew- ing gum, 477 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT cessation of smoking, relationship, 462, 468 ELASTASE experimental induction of emphyse- ma, 8, 122-123, 134, 266-270 increase in people deficient in al- pha,-antitrypsin, 262 increased activity in smokers, 271, 301 inhibition by alpha,-antitrypsin, 301 inhibition by protease inhibitors, 434-435, 437 low yield cigarettes effects, 340 pathogenesis of COLD, role, 11 physiochemical conditions that modify kinetics, 272-273 proximity in elastin degradation, role, 272 release by macrophages and neu- trophils, 257-258, 271-272, 301, 432-434 ELASTIN chemoattractant for blood mono- cytes, 258 degradation by elastase, 8 degradation by elastase, role of proximity, 272 degradation by papain, 265 synthesis and repair, cigarette smoke effect, 14, 438-439 EMPHYSEMA age of smoking initiation and mor- tality, 209-210 amount smoked and severity, 11, 137 animal models, 275-278, 433 bronchiolitis as precursor, 256 COLD disease process, 21 definition and characterization, 119-120 detection, 120 gas phase components, role, 426 irreversibility, 75 INDEX EMPHYSEMA—Contd. lung clearance mechanisms effect, 424 mechanical properties of lungs in etiology, 122-123 mortality in physicians, 211 oxidants in pathogenesis, 426-427 pathogenic mechanisms, 11-12, 261, 275-301, 431, 435, 437 pathology, 223, 226, 230-242 peripheral airway resistance, 22 protease-antiprotease imbalances in pathogenesis, 11, 262, 270-278, 301, 339-340 pulmonary function, 26, 121-122 quantification, 120-121 smoking relationship, 8, 10, 125- 135, 255 ESOPHAGITIS contraindication for nicotine chew- ing gum, 477 EXERCISE cessation in post-MI patients, ef- fect, 475 lung deposition of aerosols, effect, 421 promotion in community interven- tion studies, 508 EYES irritation following acute exposure to tobacco smoke, 13, 386-387, 405 FAMILY influence of support on smoking cessation, 457, 485, 506 recidivism prevention in post-MI patients, 475 FIBROBLASTS membrane damage caused by to- bacco smoke, 438 FIBROSIS lung clearance mechanisms, effect, 424 FILTER CIGARETTES (See also LOW YIELD CIGAR- ETTES) amount smoked and prevalence of mucus hypersecretion, 65 cilioinhibitory capacity, 287 filter use and cessation probability. 469 mucociliary transport effects, 296- 297 FILTER CIGARETTES—Contd. pulmonary function effects, 116 GENETIC FACTORS alpha,-antitrypsin deficiency, 9-10, 83, 104, 118, 129-137, 261-262, 275 development of airflow obstruction, 104, 106-107 GROUP COUNSELING cessation rates in post-MI patients, effect, 475 HEADACHE after acute exposure to tobacco smoke, 386 HEXAMETHONIUM cilioinhibitory effect, 295 HISTAMINE involvement in bronchoconstrictive response to smoking, 428 reactivity in smokers and nonsmok- ers, 430 release in animals exposed to to- bacco smoke, 429 HYDROGEN CYANIDE ciliotoxicity, 283, 295 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE alpha,-protease inhibition, effect, 436 enhanced production in alveolar macrophages in smokers, 432 inactivation of alpha,-antitrypsin, 274 HYPERKINESIS maternal smoking relationship, 461 HYPERTENSION cardiovascular risk reduction pro- gram, factor, 515 contraindication for nicotine chew- ing gum, 477 pulmonary artery, association with chronic airflow obstruction, 232 HYPERTHYROIDISM contraindication for nicotine chew- ing gum, 477 IMMUNE SYSTEM ABH antigens and airflow obstruc- tion, 105 COLD susceptibility, factor, 7 smoking effects, 12, 255, 279-281, 301 539 INDEX INFLUENZA increased susceptibility in smokers, 12, 280, 301 Involuntary smoking See PASSIVE SMOKING ISOPRENE mucociliary transport effects, 295 ISOPROTERENOL reversal of airways reactivity, 105 LACTATION inhibition by maternal smoking, 461 LEAD particulate phase component, 417 LEGISLATION restrictions on smoking in public places, 507, 514, 520, 527 LOBELINE nicotine substitute, 458 LOW YIELD CIGARETTES (See also FILTER CIGARETTES) additives, 13, 352-354 cessation success and tar yield, 461 COLD mortality, 198, 201, 203 COLD risk, 12-13, 336-341, 354 lung cancer mortality relationship, 339 mucociliary transport effects, 294 particulate concentrations and size, 418-419 research recommendations, 353 respiratory symptoms, 66 smoking behavior effects, 341-348, 354 tar yield and respiratory symp- toms, 65 LUNG CANCER aerosol deposition at bronchogenic carcinoma sites, 422 low yield cigarettes relationship, 339 mortality in smokers, 336 polonium deposition and site of bronchogenic carcinoma, 424 smoking behavior relationship, 333 smoking relationship, 255 LUNGS cigarette-induced disease, pathology, 11 growth in children of smoking mothers, 398 localization of emphysematous le- sions, 275 540 LUNGS—Contd. pulmonary epithelial permeability and smoking, 430-431, 439 tissue repair, cigarette smoking ef- fects, 437 Macrophages See ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES MARITAL STATUS cessation of smoking, relationship, 468-469 MASS MEDIA (See also ADVERTISING) antismoking educational campaigns, 480 community intervention studies, 15, 505-506, 508-514, 523, 526, 528 televised smoking cessation classes, 519 MATERNAL SMOKING (See also PARENTAL SMOKING; PREGNANCY) fetal and childhood effects, 461 prenatal smoking and respiratory infections in children, 393 METHACHOLINE responsiveness and airways reactiv- ity, 105 responsiveness and smoking, 428- 429 METHOL mucociliary transport effects, 295 Minority groups See RACIAL/ ETHNIC DIFFERENCES MORBIDITY bronchitis in Britain, 212 chronic airflow obstruction, 68-118 chronic mucus hypersecretion, 45- 73 COLD prevalence and inhalation practices, 209 emphysema, 119-135 improvement following cessation of smoking, 465 small airways dysfunction, 22-44 smoking and COLD morbidity, 8-10 MORTALITY cardiovascular diseases, declines re- lated to risk factor reduction program, 515 cessation of smoking relationship, 465 COLD, airflow obstruction relation- ship, 339 INDEX MORTALITY—Contd. COLD, mucus hypersecretion rela- tionship, 339 COLD, smoking relationship, 8, 10- 11, 189-214, 336 fetal and neonatal, maternal smok- ing effect, 461 myocardial infarction patients who quit smoking, 470 predictive effectiveness of FEV,, 72 MUCOCILIARY TRANSPORT chronic bronchitis, 297-301 filters, effect, 296-297 lung clearance of deposited particu- lates, 423-424 normal function, 283-286 smoke constituents, effect, 293-296, 426 tobacco smoke, effect, 12, 290-296, 301-302, 418, 431 MUCUS HYPERSECRETION cigarette smoke effects, 11, 107, 292, 302 COLD disease process, 21 COLD mortality relationship, 339 cough and phlegm, relationship to airflow obstruction, 68-73 cough and phlegm, relationship to sex and age, 65-68 cough and phlegm, relationship to smoking, 47-48, 63-65 inhalation depth relationship, 349 low yield cigarettes, effect, 336-339, 354 measurement of cough and phlegm, 45-46 phlegm in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 9 prevalence and amount smoked, 137 prevalence of cough and phlegm, 46-47 MYELOPEROXIDAS inactivation of alpha,-antitrypsin, 274, 436-437 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION cessation of smoking in post-MI pa- tients, 15, 470, 475-476, 480-481, 487 contraindication for nicotine chew- ing gum, 477 N-CHLORSUCCINIMIDE reduction of activity of alpha,-anti- trypsin, 436 NEUTROPHILS changes induced by tobacco smoke, 255-261, 432-434 chemotaxis inhibition by cigarette smoke, 269-270 decrease following elastase instilla- tion, 266 elastase source, 257-258, 267-268, 271-272 increased numbers in smokers, 11, 256-257, 270-271, 301 increased numbers with nitrogen dioxide, 276 migration in response to macro- phage chemotactic factor, 258 toxicity of cigarette smoke, 279-280 NICOTINE alpha,-protease inhibitor effect, 436 alveolar epithelial permeability ef- fect, 430 blood levels with nicotine chewing gum, 476 bronchial reactivity effect in ba- boons, 430 bronchoconstriction effect, 428 chemokinetic factor for neutrophils, 258, 432-433 compensatory behavior in smokers of low nicotine cigarettes, 421 DNA synthesis effect, 280 indoor air pollutant, 366 machine-determined yields and ac- tual intake, 335-336, 346-347 mucociliary transport effects, 295 nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke, levels, 383 particulate phase component, 417 reinforcer of smoking behavior, 13 saliva levels to validate cessation reports, 459 NICOTINE CHEWING GUM cessation aid, 14, 460, 476-478, 487 NITRIC OXIDE mucociliary transport effects, 295 NITROGEN DIOXIDE effect on macrophages, 279 emphysematous lesions in animals, role in induction, 276 gas phase component, 294 mucociliary transport effects, 295 541 INDEX NITROGEN OXIDES acute bronchospasm effects, 428 epithelial permeability effects, 430- 431 gas phase component, 417 indoor air pollutant, 366 lung clearance mechanisms, toxic effects, 424 NITROSAMINES indoor air pollutants, 366 Nonsmokers See PASSIVE SMOKING NOSE irritation following acute exposure to tobacco smoke, 386 NURSES involvement in community inter- vention studies, 514 OCCUPATIONS (See also WORKPLACE) coal miners, 230, 234, 240 grain elevator workers, 31 industrial workers, 277 iron foundry workers, 42 physicians, 14-15, 194, 198, 206, 208, 210-211, 455-488, 511, 514, 527 shipyard workers, 482-483 steelworkers, 30, 43 textile workers, 225, 242 OZONE lung clearance mechanisms, toxic effects, 424 preexposure and cigarette smoke effects in animals, 437 PAPAIN emphysema pathogenesis, role, 268 266 PARENTAL SMOKING (See also MATERNAL SMOKING) children’s encouragement to quit, effect, 519-520 influence on adolescent smoking rates, 506 pulmonary function in children, 397-398, 405 respiratory infections in children, 393, 397, 405 respiratory symptoms in children, 13, 388-389, 392, 403, 405 PARTICULATES (See also TARS, TOBACCO) 542 PARTICULATES—Contd. aerodynamic diameter, 418-420, 438 exposure measurement, 383 indoor air pollutants, 366 ingestion by pulmonary macro- phages, 259 lung deposition, 420-422, 425, 438 lung retention, 423-424 PASSIVE SMOKING acute airway response, 384, 386 children, respiratory infections re- lated to parental smoking, 393, 397 children, subsequent susceptibility to COLD, 7 COLD risk effect, 13 deposition of particulates in lungs, 425 exposure measurement, 316, 383- 384 patients with preexisting pulmo- nary disease, 403-405 prevalence of respiratory symp toms, 66 pulmonary function in children, pa- rental smoking relationship, 397-402 pulmonary function relationship, 402-403 sidestream vs. mainstream smoke, 365-366 symptomatic responses, 386-392 PEPSIN emphysema induction in experi- mental animals, 123 PEPTIC ULCER contraindication for nicotine chew- ing gum, 477 PEROXIDASE transfer across tracheal epithelium, 431 PERSONALITY cessation of smoking factor, 469, 481-482, 485 PHENOL mucociliary transport effects, 295- 296 PHENYLMETHYLOXADIOZOLE anticiliotoxic effects, 296 PHENYLVINYLOXADIOZOLE anticiliotoxic effects, 296 INDEX Phlegm See MUCUS HYPER- SECRETION PHYSICIANS cessation of smoking and COLD mortality, 210-211 COLD mortality, 194, 198, 206, 208 involvement in community inter- vention studies, 511, 514, 527 smoking cessation in patients, role, 14-15, 455-488 smoking prevalence, 14, 456 PIPE SMOKERS COLD mortality, 10, 211-212, 214 cough and phlegm prevalence, 48 emphysema incidence at autopsy, 240 former cigarette smokers, 460 PNEUMOCONIOSIS pathology, 225, 234 PNEUMONIA children of smoking parents, 13, 393, 405 POLONIUM deposition at site of bronchogenic carcinoma, 424 particulate phase component, 417 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS fibroblast membrane effects, 438 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes See NEUTROPHILS PREGNANCY (See also MATERNAL SMOKING) antibody production in pregnant smokers, 280 cessation of smoking, 14, 479-480, 487 motivation for quitting, 484 physician intervention and cessa- tion of smoking, 461-465 PREVENTION OF SMOKING community intervention studies, 15, 520-524 PROTEASE-ANTIPROTEASE IMBALANCE alpha,-antitrypsin deficiency, 130 effect of oxidants, 275 emphysema pathogenesis, 11, 262, 270-278, 301, 339-340 smoke exposure effect, 277-278 PULMONARY FUNCTION airway lesions relationship, 227, 229 asthma patients, 13, 403, 405—406 PULMONARY FUNCTION—Contd. children of smoking parents, 13, 393, 397-398, 405 chronic airflow obstruction, 42-44, 68-118, 223-232 cigarette smoke effects, 6, 9, 191, 427-430, 438 emphysema, 121-122 expiratory airflow obstruction as COLD disease process, 21 inflammation and small airways dysfunction, 11 inhalation depth relationship, 349 low yield cigarettes relationship, 337-338, 354 occupational exposure relationship, 107 passive smoking effects, 13, 384~ 386, 402-403, 405 people deficient in alpha,-antitryp- sin, 262 small airways dysfunction, 22-44, 136-137, 227 RACIAL/ETHNIC DIFFERENCES cessation of smoking during preg- nancy, 462 chronic airflow obstruction, preva- lence, 78 COLD mortality, 11, 191, 214 COLD risk, 212-213 serum concentrations of alpha,-an- titrypsin, 263 smoking prevalence trends, 504 RECIDIVISM post-MI patients, environmental factors, 475 pregnant smokers, before end of pregnancy, 463 REDUCTION OF SMOKING (See also CESSATION OF SMOKING) physician intervention, effec- tiveness, 458-459 pregnant women, 463-465 psychologist’s advice, effectiveness, 468469 RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION children of smoking mothers, 393, 397 SEX DIFFERENCES airflow obstruction prevalence, 78, 83 543 INDEX SEX DIFFERENCES—Contd. cessation of smoking, 468 cessation rates in post-MI patients, 475 cholesterol reduction, 512 chronic bronchitis mortality, 210 chronic bronchitis prevalence, 46- 47 COLD mortality, 10, 189, 192, 203- 207, 213-214 community intervention effec- tiveness, 511, 514 cough and phlegm prevalence, 48, 65-68 emphysema incidence at autopsy, 240-241 emphysema severity at autopsy, 241-242 particulates deposition, 423 preventive effect of school-based smoking interventions, 522 pulmonary function after passive smoking, 384-386 reduction of smoking following phy- sician intervention, 458-459 small airways dysfunction, 9, 28, 37-40, 137 smoking patterns and pulmonary function, 32-33, 35, 104 smoking prevalence, 504 Small airways disease See PULMO- NARY FUNCTION SMOKING BEHAVIOR cigarette yields, effect, 13, 64, 334- 335 inhalation pattern and cessation probability, 469 inhalation pattern and COLD mor- tality, 208-209, 214 inhalation pattern and COLD sus- ceptibility, 7, 348-352, 354 low yield cigarettes relationship, 12-13, 341-348, 354 lung deposition of particulates, ef- fect, 420-423, 425 lung injury relationship, 341 SMOKING INTERVENTION STUDIES (See also ANTISMOKING CAM- PAIGNS) cessation and prevention effects, 15 community cessation studies, 504- 505, 507-520, 528 544 SMOKING INTERVENTION STUDIES- community prevention studies, 520- 524, 528 methodological issues, 524-526, 528 research needs, 526-528 theoretical basis, 505-507 SMOKING-MACHINES comparability to actual smoking be- havior, 12, 64, 333-336, 341, 354, 420-421 SMOKING PATTERNS age of initiation and COLD mortal- ity, 209-210 alveolar macrophage changes and amount smoked, 256 cessation probability and amount smoked, 459, 469, 481 COLD morbidity relationship, 9 COLD mortality and amount smoked, 10, 198, 201, 203, 205- 208, 210-211, 213-214 COLD severity relationship, 336 cough and phlegm prevalence, 9, 47-48, 137 determinants of airflow obstruction, 92, 103-104 emphysema at autopsy and amount smoked, 240-241 emphysema severity, 10, 137 emphysematous changes and amount smoked, 126-127 mucus hypersecretion and amount smoked, 63-65 pulmonary function and amount smoked, 6-7, 9, 69, 115, 117, 131, 137 respiratory symptoms prevalence, 73 small airways dysfunction and amount smoked, 32-35, 39, 43, 136-137 SMOKING PREVALENCE physicians, 456, 487 trends in various demographic groups, 503-504 SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS cessation of smoking, relationship, 468-469 pulmonary function relationship, 108 reduction in tobacco consumption in higher income groups, 503 smoking prevalence, 525-526, 528 trend toward reduced smoking, 15 INDEX Sputum See MUCUS HYPER- SECRETION STRESS cessation success relationship, 481- 482 chronic smoking relationship, 527 management training to maintain nonsmoking, 509 SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE activity depression by tobacco smoke, 434 reduction of smoke effects on al- pha,-protease inhibitor, 436 SUPEROXIDE RADICALS alpha,-protease inhibitor activity, effect, 436 generation by alveolar macrophages in smokers, 259, 432 release from neutrophils in smok- ers, 433 TARS, TOBACCO (See also PARTICULATES) ciliotoxic effect, 295 cough and phlegm production rela- tionship, 337 exposure in nonsmokers, 384 mucus hypersecretion relationship 12, 339 pulmonary function relationship, 338 respiratory symptoms effect, 65 smoking behavior relationship, 13, 347-348, 354 TAXES increases as part of community in- tervention trials, 514 TAXES—Contd. revenues contributed by tobacco in- dustry, 503 smoking deterrent effectiveness, 457, 507, 520, 527 THIOCYANATE plasma levels to validate self-re- ports of cessation, 512 saliva levels to validate self-reports of cessation, 464 serum levels to validate self-reports of cessation, 508-509, 511, 513, 518, 521-522 TOBACCO SMOKE aerosol characterization, 417-420, 438 deposition and toxicity, 14 mainstream vs. sidestream smoke, 365-366 toxicology, 426-439 TRACHEA epithelial permeability in smoke-ex- posed animals, 430-431 WHEEZING children of smoking parents, 388- 389, 392-393 WOOD SMOKE airflow obstruction, etiologic factor, 83 WORKPLACE (See also OCCUPATIONS) air pollution and pulmonary func- tion, 31 smoking prohibitions and cessation, 457 545