INDEX ABSTINENCE worksite vs. clinic-based program participants, factors, 483, 489- 490 AGE FACTORS cancer mortality, age-specific rates for white men and women, 229 chronic bronchitis in coal workers, effect with dust exposure and smoking, 299-300 lung function in asbestos workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 246-247 lung function in occupationally ex- posed workers, effect with smok- ing, 166-167 T lymphocyte changes in asbestos workers, with smoking, 267-269 AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION (See also LUNG FUNCTION; RES- PIRATORY SYSTEM) chronic effects of cotton dust expo- sure, 420, 422-423 chronic obstructive bronchitis symptom, 183 coal and silica dust exposure as risk factors, 330 coal miners, occupational relation- ship, 289 coal miners, smoking as factor, 14 coal workers, dust exposure effect in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 313 coal workers, small opacities in pneumoconioses, relationship, 295-296 coal workers, smokers vs. non- smokers, 309 cotton workers, smoking as additive risk, 16 individual abnormalities, determina- tion of occupational exposure vs. smoking effects, 168 nonspecific hyperreactivity follow- ing exposure to cotton dust, 427 AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION—Contd. occupationally exposed workers, patterns of injury in large and small airways, 150-151 silica-exposed workers, pathogene- sis, 340 smokers, patterns of injury in large and small airways, 148- 150 Amines See AROMATIC AMINES ANIMAL STUDIES (See also SMOKE INHALATION, ANIMAL) carcinogenic effects of uranium ore dust exposure in dogs, 458 carcinogenicity of chemicals in cig- arette smoke, effect with radia- tion, 459 carcinogenicity of cigarette smoke and asbestos, 232-234 industrial pollutants, interactions with tobacco smoke, recommend- ed research, 391 lung function effects of radon daughters, uranium ore dust, cigarette smoke, 464 3-methylcholanthrene and crocido- lite asbestos effects in hamster trachea, 234 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chrysotile asbestos effects in trachea of rats, 234 radiation and cigarette smoke in tumor formation, 456-460 ANTISMOKING MATERIALS components of controlled worksite smoking modification programs, 486-488 517 INDEX Antismoking campaigns See PRO- GRAMS AND POLICIES; SMOKING CONTROL PRO- GRAMS; WORKPLACE INTER- VENTION PROGRAMS AROMATIC AMINES (See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO- SURES) betanaphthylamine, carcinogenicity, 371-372 bladder cancer risk, interactive ef- fects with smoking in exposed workers, 383 chemical carcinogenesis as species- specific phenomenon, 371 occupational exposure, disease risks, 359-392 workplace exposures in cancer risk, 370 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (See also BENZO[AJPYRENE) asbestos exposure and smoking, in- teractive effects on metabolism, 237-238 interactive effects with asbestos in animals, 234 jung cancer in exposed workers, re- lative risk, with smoking, 378 ASBESTOS (See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO- SURES) animal studies of carcinogenic in- teractions with cigarette smoke, 232-234 carcinogenesis in exposed workers who smoke, mechanisms, 228, 231 carcinogenesis role, tumor promoter vs. initiator, 236-237 carcinogenic risk, establishing dose and exposure levels, 217-219 chest x rays of exposed workers, lowest readings by highest read- ings, 261 chronic lung disease risk, effect with smoking, 239-266 commercial products, differences as factors in respiratory tract fiber disposition, 200-201 crackles and clubbing in exposed workers, independent effects of smoking, 156 518 ASBESTOS—Contd. fibers as carriers of carcinogens in cigarette smoke, risk relation- ship, 238 health effects in chrysotile-exposed smokers vs. nonsmokers, 253 industrial exposure standards and environmental control, public health implications, 270 interstitial fibrosis in exposed popu- lations, smoking relationship, 263-264, 266 intrapulmonary deposition and clearance, effect of chemicals in cigarette smoke, 236-237 low-dose environmental exposure as disease risk factor, 199-200 jung cancer and chronic lung dis- ease, combined risks of exposure and smoking, 199 lung cancer in exposed workers, risk with smoking, 13-14, 378 lung cancer in exposed workers, sex ratio of observed vs. expect- ed deaths, 214 lung cancer in exposed workers, smoking status in risk determin- ation, 205, 210, 213, 216-220 lung cancer in workers, interactive effects of exposure level and smoking category, 219-220 lung cancer risk in exposed smok- ers vs. nonsmokers, summary and conclusions, 271 lung disease and cigarette smoking in exposed workers, 147 lung function changes in exposed workers, smokers vs. non- smokers, 241, 243-254 lung injury risk determination, problems, 239-241 mortality, cohort study data by type of exposure, 202-204 observed vs. expected mortality in workers, 227-228 occupational exposure, public health implications, 9-10 principal varieties and structural features, 200-201 pulmonary fibrosis in dockyard workers, by smoking habit and exposure duration, 266 INDEX ASBESTOS—Contd. reduction/cessation of exposure and smoking, effect on lung cancer risk, 224-228 restrictive and obstructive lung in- jury in exposed workers, 151 roentgenographic changes in ex- posed vs. nonexposed workers, smoking relationship, 259-260, 262 small airways injury in exposed workers, smokers and non- smokers, 256-258 tumors in rodents following expo- sure, with/without cigarette smoke components, 235 ASBESTOSIS (See also OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES) prevalence in asbestos-exposed pop- ulations, smokers vs. non- smokers, 263, 265 BACTERIA endotoxins in cotton bract and bys- sinosis symptoms in cotton work- ers, relationship, 424-426 BENZO[A]JPYRENE (See also AROMATIC HYDROCAR- BONS) carcinogenic interaction with chry- sotile asbestos in rats and ham- sters, 234 carcinogenicity in animals, interac- tive effect with radiation, 459 BIRTH COHORTS lung cancer mortality, occupation and smoking as factors, 102 race- and sex-related changes in smoking habits, 38-53 BLADDER CANCER (See also CANCER; OCCUPATION- AL DISEASES) betanaphthylamine and benzidine manufacturing workers, exposure duration as factor, 371 chemical workers, relative risk, 380 chemical workers, risk of naphthy- lamines and benzidine exposure, 370 mortality in refinery and chemical workers, study data, 362-363 BLADDER CANCER—Contd. occupation and smoking, interactive effects, 378-385 occupational groups at risk, smok- ing as factor, 383 radiation and chemica] exposures as risks, with smoking, 381 relative risk for cigarette smoking, lifetime consumption as factor, 380 sex ratio of risk, by smoking habit and occupation, 379-380 truck drivers, diesel exhaust inha- lation and smoking in risk, 385 BRAIN CANCER pesticide-exposed workers, possible risk relationship, 386-387 BRONCHI (See also BRONCHIOLES,; LUNGS) radiation and cigarette smoke, in- teractive effects, 463 BRONCHIAL CANCER uranium miners, influence of radia- tion exposure and smoking, 450 BRONCHIAL DISEASES simple and chronic bronchitis, symptoms, 299 BRONCHIOLES (See also BRONCHI) inflammatory response and fibrosis, effect of smoking vs. asbestos ex- posure, 255-256 silica-induced injury, 340 BRONCHITIS (See also BRONCHIAL DISEASES; LUNG DISEASES; OCCUPA- TIONAL DISEASES; RESPiRA- TORY TRACT DISEASES) age-adjusted association with byssi- nosis, by smoking status and sex, 412 age-adjusted association with smok- ing, by byssinosis status and sex, 411 cement workers, dust exposure and smoking as independent risk fac- tors, 187 chronic simple and chronic obstruc- tive bronchitis, symptoms, 183 coal and silica dust-exposed work- ers, 330 519 INDEX BRONCHITIS—Contd. coal miners, dust exposure and smoking, risk determination, 184-185 coke oven workers, exposure and smoking as factors, 191 copper smelter workers, exposures and smoking as risk factors, 191 cotton workers, agents responsible for inflammatory response, 424— 427 cotton workers, chronic exposure as factor, 429 cotton workers, possible additive ef- fect of dust exposure and smok- ing, 426 cotton workers, smoking as factor, 410 grain workers, dust exposure and smoking as risk factors, 187-189 occupational exposure, pattern of development, 150 occupational exposures and smok- ing risks, summary and conclu- sions, 191 pattern of smoking-related develop- ment, 148 silica-exposed miners and other workers, smokers vs. non- smokers, 331-334 simple and chronic bronchitis, symptoms, 299 worksite chemicals or physical agents as cause of occupational bronchitis, 183 BYSSINOSIS (See also DUST; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; PNEUMOCONIOSIS) age-adjusted association with bronchitis, by smoking status and sex, 412 age-adjusted association with smok- ing, by bronchitis status and sex, 412 containment of cotton dust levels as factor in reduced risk, 431- 432 cotton dust exposure duration as factor, 410 cotton textile workers, job category as factor in risk, 403 520 BYSSINOSIS—Contd. cotton textile workers, smoking in- fluence on development, 16, 403-— 423 cotton workers, correlation with en- dotoxins in airborne dust, 425 cotton workers, definition of grades, 409-410 cotton workers, prevalence by me- dian dust level, smokers vs. non- smokers, 414 dust levels as factor in cotton workers, 16 expiratory volume in cotton work- ers with/without disease, smok- ers vs. nonsmokers, 417 prevalence and severity in cotton workers who smoke, dust expo- sure level as factor, 432 prevalence data for nine exposure groups, 411 textile mill workers, by grade, smoking status, and dust level, 413 ventilatory deterioration risk in cotton workers with acute symp- toms, 423 CANCER (See also CARCINOGENESIS; OC- CUPATIONAL DISEASES) historical association with tobacco use, 6 Japanese A-bomb survivors, relative risk in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 455 leather industry workers, exposure as risk independent of smoking, 376 mortality, age-specific rates for white men and women, 229 mortality, age-standardized rates with/without asbestos exposure and smoking, 242 mortality, confounding of occupa- tional exposure effects by smok- ing, 114-122 mortality in rubber workers, study data, 368-369 mortality ratios in metal ore min- ers, smoking as factor, 343-344 occupational exposure relationship, overview, 7 INDEX CANCER—Contd. occupational exposures and smok- ing as causal factors, 374-388 radiation and cigarette smoke in- duction in animals, 456-460 radiation and smoking in risk, summary and conclusions, 465 refinery and chemical workers, smoking and exposure as risk factors, 361, 364-366 workers exposed to “pure” silica, standard mortality ratios, 344- 345 workplace and smoking, evaluation of interactions, 12 workplace exposures and smoking as risk factors, 101 CARCINOGENESIS (See also CANCER) animal studies of interactive effects of cigarette smoke and asbestos, 232-234 animal studies of radiation and cig- arette smoke effects, 456-460 aromatic amines, pathway of bio- transformation and urinary ex- cretion efficiency, role, 371 concepts of initiation and promo- tion, 234, 236-239 enzymatic activity of pulmonary al- veolar macrophages, role, 237— 238 hazardous occupational exposures and smoking, possible synergism, 8 mechanisms in cigarette-smoking asbestos workers, 228, 231 occupational exposures and smok- ing as initiators and promoters, 107-108 CARCINOGENS aromatic amines, regulation of workplace exposure, 370 asbestos, problems in establishing carcinogenic dose and exposure levels, 217-219 chemicals in cigarette smoke, inter- active effects with radiation in animals, 459-460 disposition and activation, effects of occupational exposure and smok- ing, 106-107 CARCINOGENS—Contd. lung cancer risk of known or sus- pected occupational exposure, with smoking, 377-378 naphthylamines and benzidine, bladder cancer risk in exposed workers, 370 silica, research recommendations, 347 tobacco smcke at worksite, possible occupational carcinogen in non- smokers, 126 workplace exposures, recommenda- tions for control, 390-391 CELLS function and structure alterations by asbestos fibers, role in carcin- ogenesis, 236 CELLS, EPITHELIAL asbestos as promoter of transforma- tion by carcinogens in cigarette smoke, 239 CESSATION OF SMOKING (See also REDUCTION OF SMOK- ING; WORKPLACE INTERVEN- TION PROGRAMS) asbestos workers, effect on lung cancer risk, 224-225, 227-228 asbestos workers, to alter future disease risk, 270-271 biochemical verification in control- led worksite modification studies, 486-488 blue-collar vs. white-collar workers, sex differences, 33 blue-collar workers, workplace envi- ronment as factor, 10 coa] miners to reduce respiratory morbidity and mortality, 312-313 controlled studies, data by worksite type, procedural characteristics, 484-485 controlled studies, design and out- come data of smoking modifica- tion programs, 486-488 cotton workers, effect on byssinosis symptoms, 414 multiple risk factor intervention programs, efficacy for worksites, 500-502 nicotine chewing gum as aid in worksite programs, 495 INDEX CESSATION OF SMOKING—Contd. race, sex, and occupation as fac- tors, 53-55 uncontrolled studies, 481-482 workplace program effects, evalua- tion criteria, 479-480 workplace program participants, consumption level as factor in success, 490-491 workplace program participants, controlled studies, 483, 489-490 workplace program participants, ef- ficacy of social support, physi- cian’s advice, 491-495 workplace programs, recommenda- tions to reduce occupational risks, 391 CESSATION OF SMOKING, METHODS (See also REDUCTION OF SMOK- ING; SMOKING CONTROL PROGRAMS; WORKPLACE IN- TERVENTION PROGRAMS) monetary incentives and competi- tion in worksite programs, effica- cy, 495-498 physician’s advice in worksite pro- grams, efficacy, 493-495 programs used in controlled work- site smoking modification stud- ies, outcome data, 486-488 CHEMICALS (See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO- SURES) bladder cancer in exposed workers, risk factor with smoking, 384 occupational exposure, bladder can- cer risk, with smoking, 381-382 CHEST X RAY (See also HEALTH EXAMINA- TIONS) abnormal in patients with asbestos- induced interstitial fibrosis, 259 abnormalities related to asbestos exposure vs. smoking, 259-260, 262 asbestos workers, lowest readings by highest readings, ILO U/C scale, 261 changes in non-asbestos-exposed workers, cigarette smoking rela- tionship, 259-260, 262 522 CHEST X RAY—Contd. ILO classification system, variabili- ty of interpretation, 260 lung injury from occupational expo- sures and smoking, efficacy for evaluation, 153-155 occupationally exposed workers, ef- fect of smoking, 154-155 pneumoconiosis defined as roentgenographic changes pro- duced by coal dust, 290 Chronic airflow obstruction See AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CHRONIC BRONCHITIS (See also BRONCHIAL DISEASES; BRONCHITIS; LUNG DIS- EASES; OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES) chrysotile asbestos workers, preva- lence in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 253 coal miners, dust exposure and smoking as factors, with age, 298-300 coal miners, occupational relation- ship, 289 occupational exposure and smoking, additive effect, 13, 15 silica-exposed workers, dust expo- sure and smoking as factors, 330, 335 silica-exposed workers, research re- commendations, 347 surveys of prevalence, 145-146 CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE (See also LUNG DISEASES; OCCU- PATIONAL DISEASES) asbestos exposure and smoking, ef- fects of combined exposure, 239- 266 etiology, occupational and lifestyle influences, 8 mortality in asbestos workers, smoking as factor, 240-241 occupational exposure relationship, overview, 7 occupationally exposed workers, risk evaluation techniques, 142 occupation-related and smoking-re- lated, relative frequencies, 145 INDEX CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE—Contd. pneumoconioses, bronchitis, and asthma, occupational exposure risk relationship, 141 workplace and smoking, evaluation of interactions, 12 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE (See also CHRONIC LUNG DIS- EASE; LUNG DISEASES; OC- CUPATIONAL DISEASES) ICD addition 1967, effect on time trends in respiratory disease mortality, 143 mortality, occupation and smoking as factors, 145 CIGARETTE SMOKE (See also SMOKE INHALATION, ANIMAL) animal studies of carcinogenic in- teractions with asbestos, 232-234 asbestos fibers as carriers of car- cinogens, interactive effect, 238 carcinegenic interactions with as- bestos, animal studies, 232-234 exposure measurement, importance in workplace studies, 161 impairment of mucociliary trans- port and function of phagocytic cells, 236-237 large airways, small airways, and parenchyma as sites of lung in- jury, 148-151 tumor induction in animals, radia- tion effect, 456-460 tumors in rodents following expo- sure to asbestos and smoke com- ponents, 235 COFFEE DRINKING bladder cancer risk relationship, 380, 382 COMPENSATION CLAIMS apportioning impairment between occupational causes and cigarette smoking, 170 coal workers, establishing indepen- dent effects to determine disease causes, 289 COST BENEFITS ANALYSIS (See also STATISTICAL ANALY- SIS) COST BENEFITS ANALYSIS—Contd. worksite smoking interven- tion/control programs, 477 COUGH (See also RESPIRATORY SYMP- TOMS) rubber workers, duration of em- ployment as factor, with smok- ing, 388-390 COUNSELING physician’s advice in smoking ces- sation programs, efficacy, 493- 495 Demographic factors See OCCUPA- TIONAL GROUPS; OCCUPA- TIONS DUST (See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO- SURES) cement, independent risk factor for bronchitis, with smoking, 187 coal dust exposure and bronchitis, risk relationship, 184-185 coal dust exposure as emphysema risk in miners, smoking role, 305-308 coal dust exposure, underground vs. surface workers, 290 coal, exposure area and duration as factors in pneumoconiosis, 294-295 cotton, bronchitis and byssinosis risk in exposed workers, with smoking, 16, 412-414 cotton, byssinosis in workers, by median dust level, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 414 cotton, chronic clinical effects of exposure, 420, 422-423 cotton, endotoxins in airborne dust in inflammatory lung injury, 424-426 cotton, hemp, and flax, industrial bronchitis and byssinosis in workers, 403 cotton, lung cancer and respiratory disease mortality in exposed workers, 429, 431 cotton, mechanisms of lung injury, 423 428 cotton, nonspecific hyperreactivity to exposure, 427-428 523 INDEX DUST—Contd. cotton, standard maximum levels for occupational exposure, 414- 415 grain, bronchitis risk factor in ex- posed workers, with smoking, 187-188 lung diseases in exposed workers, underreporting, 144 ventilatory function effects in coal workers, with smoking, 308-312 EMPHYSEMA (See also CHRONIC LUNG DIS- EASE; OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES) coal workers, dust exposure and smoking in risk, 14, 304, 313 cotton vs. noncotton workers, smok- ers vs. nonsmokers, 430 cotton workers, smoking as causal factor, 16-17, 428-431, 433 parenchymal injury caused by smoking, 149 radon daughters, uranium ore dust, and cigarette smoke effects in dogs, 458 surveys of prevalence, 145-146 time trends in mortality, effect of changes in ICD categories. 143 ENZYME ACTIVITY biotransformation of industrial toxi- cants by smoke constituents, 391 carcinogenesis, stimulation by as- bestos, 236-237 carcinogenicity of aromatic amines, role, 371 silica-induced lung injury, relation- ship, 339-340 ENZYMES angiotensin-converting enzyme, 340 EX-SMOKERS (See also NONSMOKERS) occupational differences, 11 GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER synthetic fiber factory workers, in- teraction of exposure and smok- ing, 387-388 524 Health education See SMOKING CONTROL PROGRAMS; WORK- PLACE INTERVENTION PRO- GRAMS HEALTH EXAMINATIONS chest x ray, efficacy for evaluating occupation and smoking risks, 153-155 occupationally exposed workers, need for smoking information, 131 physiological assessment, efficacy for evaluating occupation and smoking risks, 155-157 respiratory symptoms history to evaluate occupation and smoking risks, 152-153 HEART DISEASES etiology, occupational and lifestyle influences, 8 IMMUNE SYSTEM alterations following combined ex- posure to cigarette smoke and asbestos, 266-270 IMMUNITY cellular, lymphocyte changes in as- bestos workers, smoking habit correlation, 267-270 humoral, immunoglobulins in as- bestos-exposed workers vs. ciga- rette smokers, 266-267 IMMUNOGLOBULINS IgA and IgG levels in asbestos workers vs. cigarette smokers, 266-267 INCENTIVES monetary incentives and competi- tion in smoking cessation, effica- cy, 495-498 KIDNEY CANCER mortality in refinery and chemical workers, study data, 362-363 occupations at possible risk, smok- ing as factor, 385-386 LARYNGEAL CANCER uranium miners, possible interac- tion of radiation and smoking, 463 LARYNX (See also RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) INDEX LARYNX-—Contd. radiation and cigarette smoke, in- teractive effects, 463 LIVER CANCER occupational groups at risk, 387 solvent-exposed workers, risk rela- tionship, 387 LUNG CANCER (See also BRONCHIAL NEO- PLASMS; OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES) asbestos-exposed nonsmokers, risk determination, 210-213 asbestos-exposed smokers, risk de- termination, 213, 216-220 asbestos-exposed workers, sex ratio of observed vs. expected deaths, 214 asbestos-exposed workers, smoking status in risk determination, 205, 210 asbestos exposure, multiplicative risk in smokers, 13 asbestos exposure risk in smokers vs. nonsmokers, summary and conclusions, 271 asbestos workers, expected vs. ob- served mortality, by smoking habit, 215 asbestos workers, interactive effects of exposure level and smoking category, 219-220 blue-collar workers, odds ratio, 376-377 Canadian fluorspar miners, risk with smoking, 453-454 coal dust exposure and smoking in risk, 313 coke oven workers, occupational ex- posure as factor, 391 gold miners, risk in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 343 histological types, positive associa- tion of smoking, 377 historical association with cigarette smoking, 6 hypothesis to reconcile discrepan- cies in epidemiological data, 461-463 hypothetical distribution in smok- ing and nonsmoking uranium miners, U.S. white men, 457 LUNG CANCER—Contd. metal ore miners, smoking as risk factor, 343-344 miners, interaction of smoking and cancer, study data, 447 mortality, causal relationship with smoking, 101-104 mortality in coal workers vs. gen- eral population, 301-304 mortality in male asbestos workers, observed vs. expected weighted average probabilities, 233 mortality in men, ratios by age, smoking characteristics, 105 mortality in pesticide-exposed work- ers, 372-374 mortality in refinery and chemical workers, study data, 362-363 mortality in cotton workers, 429, 431 occupational exposure and smoking risks, controlling for independent effects and interactions, 124-125 occupational exposure relationship, smoking status as source of con- founding, 115-122 occupational exposure to known or suspected carcinogens, risk with smoking, 377-378 occupational exposures and smok- ing, causal relationship, 376-378 polonium 210 in cigarette smoke in carcinogenesis, with chemical constituents, 461 race, sex, occupation, and birth co- hort as factors, 39-40, 43 radiation and smoking in epide- miology, studies on interactive effects, 455-456 radiation-exposed miners, risk in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 446 radon daughter exposure and smoking as risk factors, 17 reduction/cessation of asbestos ex- posure and smoking, effect on risk, 224-228 residential exposure as risk factor, research recommendations, 464 silica-exposed workers, 341-348 silicotics, proportional morbidity rate during followup, 345-346 steel workers, risk ratios in smok- ers vs. nonsmokers, 344 525 INDEX LUNG CANCER—Contd. Swedish miners, radiation and smoking in risk, 452-453 threshold of risk in asbestos work- ers, exposure level and smoking as factors, 220-224 uranium miners, induction-latent period in smokers vs. non- smokers, 451 uranium miners, risk in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 449-452 women, risk factors, 377 LUNG DISEASES (See also CHRONIC LUNG DIS- EASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUC- TIVE LUNG DISEASE; OCCU- PATIONAL DISEASES; PNEU- MOCONIOSIS; PULMONARY FIBROSIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES) hazardous occupational exposures and smoking, possible synergism, 8-9 individual relative risk determina- tion, guidelines, 167-169 interstitial fibrosis in asbestos workers, 271 mortality, age-standardized rates with/without asbestos exposure and smoking, 242 mortality in asbestos-exposed work- ers, smoking status as factor, 201 obstructive and restrictive, role of asbestos exposure and smoking, 241, 243-254 occupational exposure and smoking effects, summary and conclu- sions, 169-170 occupational exposures and smok- ing, potential interactions, 159 pneumoconiosis, silicosis, chronic bronchitis in coal workers, 289 pneumonitis in uranium miners, radiation exposure as factor, 464 restriction and obstruction pro- cesses in occupationally exposed workers, 151 restrictive and obstructive in asbes- tos workers who smoke, 271 rubber workers, occupational expo- sures and smoking as factors, 388-390 526 LUNG DISEASES—Contd. silica-exposed copper miners, early study of risk relationship, 328 statistical analysis of independent and interactive effects of smok- ing, 162-164 survey populations, prevalence of cigarette smoking, 147 LUNG FUNCTION (See also RESPIRATORY FUNC- TION TESTS) asbestos exposure and smoking, ad- ditive effects, 14, 271 asbestos exposure level as factor, 257 asbestos workers, forced expiratory volume in smokers, ex-smokers, nonsmokers, 248 asbestos workers, patterns of change in smokers vs. non- smokers, 241, 243-254 asbestos workers, predictive equa- tion by smoking status, age, height, 247 chrysotile asbestos workers, profile of smokers vs. nonsmokers, 253 coal miners with irregular opaci- ties, exposure, age, and smoking as factors, 297-298 coal miners with rounded or regu- lar opacities, 296 coal workers, 304 coal workers, dust exposure and smoking effects, 296-297, 306— 307 coal workers with pneumoconiosis, abnormalities, 295 coding of lung function profile, 252 cotton textile workers, dust expo- sure and smoking as factors, 16, 403, 415-419 cotton workers, hyperreactivity to dust exposure as possible factor in decline, 428 cotton workers, smoking as factor, 432 cotton workers, type of dust and exposure level as factors, 419 cotton workers with byssinosis and bronchitis, risk with smoking, 422-423 INDEX LUNG FUNCTION—Contd. cotton workers with/without bronchitis or byssinosis, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 417 expiratory flow and lung volume, asbestos dust exposure relation- ship, 249-250 foundry workers exposed to silica, effects, 336 occupational exposure effects, simultaneous contribution of ag- ing and smoking, 166-167 physiological assessment in occupa- tionally exposed workers, smok- ing as factor, 157 prospective study data on silica-ex- posed workers, 337-338 restrictive vs. obstructive effect of asbestos exposure, smoking as factor, 248-252 rubber workers, duration of em- ployment as factor, with smok- ing, 388-389 silica-exposed miners and other workers, smokers vs. non- smokers, 331-334 silica exposure vs. smoking effects, 340-341 uranium miners, ore dust, radia- tion, smoking effects, 463-464 ventilatory function decline in smokers, 150 LUNG VOLUME (See also RESPIRATORY FUNC- TION TESTS) asbestos exposure effect in smokers and nonsmokers, 258 asbestos workers, by dust index in nonsmokers vs. smokers, 244 chronic obstructive vs. restrictive lung disease patients vs. normal individuals, 243 coal workers, additive effects of dust exposure and smoking, 308 coal workers with pneumoconiosis, 295 coal workers with/without bronchi- tis, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 310-312 dust exposure relationship, 249 LUNGS (See also RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) LUNGS—Contd. asbestos deposition and clearance, effect of chemicals in cigarette smoke, 236-237 chronic inflammatory destruction in cotton workers, smoking fac- tor, 428431 coal workers, confounding of dust exposure effects by smoking, 289-290 cotton workers, agents responsible for inflammatory response, 424- 427 elastic recoil effects of asbestos ex- posure and smoking, differences, 258 emphysema, mucus glands, goblet cell metaplasia, pigmentation in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 430 mechanisms of cotton dust-related injury, 423-428 patterns of injury from asbestos ex- posure and smoking, risk deter- mination, 239 patterns of injury from occupation- al exposures and smoking, 148- 151 silica-exposed workers, mechanisms of injury, 339-341 small opacities in coal workers with pneumoconiosis, smoking ef- fect, 296 LYMPHOCYTES age and smoking as correlates of changes in asbestos workers, 267-269 Mathematical models See STATIS- TICAL ANALYSIS MESOTHELIOMA wives and children of asbestos workers, risk, 200 MODELING TECHNIQUES (See also STATISTICAL ANALY- SIS; WORKPLACE EXPOSURE STUDIES) analyses to control potential con- founding of occupational expo- sure by smoking, 129-130 MORBIDITY (See also OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES; WORKPLACE EXPO- SURE STUDIES) Ww NU ~l INDEX MORBIDITY—Contd. respiratory diseases, smoking as predominant cause, 142 silica exposure effects, early stud- jes, 328 MORTALITY (See also OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES; WORKPLACE EXPO- SURE STUDIES) asbestos-exposed persons, industrial standards and smoking cessation to reduce risk, 270 asbestos-related, data from cohort studies, 202-204 asbestos workers, observed vs. ex- pected, 227-228 asbestos workers, smoking as fac- tor, 241 bladder cancer in chemical work- ers, 370-371 bronchial and lung cancer in men, by birth cohort and age at death, 230 bronchial, tracheal, and lung can- cer, age-specific rates, white men and women, 229 cancer in rubber workers, 366-370 cancer risk in certain occupations, 375-376 chronic respiratory diseases in 1960, 1970, 1980, by ICD catego- ry, 143 coal workers, cigarette smoking as major factor, 303-304 lung cancer and chronic lung dis- ease in asbestos workers, smok- ing as factor, 201 lung cancer, causal relationship with smoking, 101-104 lung cancer in asbestos-exposed workers, expected vs. observed, by smoking habit, 215 lung cancer in asbestos-exposed workers, sex ratio of observed vs. expected, 214 lung cancer in male asbestos work- ers, observed vs. expected weighted average probabilities, 233 lung cancer in men, mortality ra- tios by age, smoking characteris- ties, 105 528 MORTALITY—Contd. lung cancer in Swedish miners, ra- diation and smoking as factors, 452-453 ‘ lung cancer in U.S. uranium min- ers, smoking as factor, 446, 448- 452 metal ore miners, pneumonconiosis, tuberculosis, cancer risks, 342 occupational exposure risk, smoking prevalence and age distribution as factors, 127-128 occupationally related, potential confounding by smoking, 114-123 pesticide-exposed workers, 372-374 refinery and chemical workers, smoking and exposure in risk, 361-366 respiratory disease and lung cancer in cotton workers, factors, 429, 431 respiratory diseases in coal work- ers, 300-304 respiratory diseases, smoking as predominant cause, 142 respiratory diseases, underestima- tion with vital statistics, 144 selected causes, age-standardized rates with/without asbestos expo- sure and smoking, 242 time trends for respiratory dis- eases, effect of changes in dis- ease classifications, 143 tuberculosis and nonmalignant res- piratory disease in silica-exposed workers, 327 tuberculosis, silicosis and cancer in silicotics, smoking factor, 347 workplace environment and ciga- rette smoking as factors, 11 MORTALITY RATIOS cancer and pneumoconiosis in met- al ore miners, smoking as factor, 343-344 cancer, confounding of occupational exposure effects by smoking, 114-118 lung cancer in asbestos-exposed vs. control populations, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 216, 218 occupation and smoking effect, con- trol of potential confounding, 123 INDEX MORTALITY RATIOS—Contd. silicotics, age at diagnosis and smoking as factors, 346-347 Motivation See INCENTIVES NATIONAL HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEYS (See also SMOKING SURVEYS) current smokers, 1978-1980, by sex and occupation, 58-59 current smokers by sex and select- ed occupations, 61-63 net change in smoking prevalence by sex and occupation, 1970- 1980, 64-65 occupations by category and code, 57 percentage of population in select- ed occupations, 1978-1980, 66-67 Neoplasms See CANCER NONSMOKERS (See also EX-SMOKERS) asbestos workers, confirmation of status to establish disease risk, 210-213 asbestos workers, exposure effects on small airways function, 257 asbestosis prevalence, 264 lung cancer in asbestos-exposed workers, risk determination, 210-213 occupationally exposed, comparison group to control for potential confounding by smoking, 124-126 Obstructive airway diseases See BRONCHIAL DISEASES; EM- PHYSEMA; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES (See also AIRFLOW OBSTRUC- TION; ASBESTOSIS; BLADDER CANCER; BRAIN CANCER; BRONCHIAL CANCER; BRONCHITIS; BYSSINOSIS; CANCER; CHRONIC BRONCHI- TIS; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; EMPHYSEMA; KIDNEY CANCER; LARYN- GEAL CANCER, LIVER CAN- CER; LUNG CANCER, LUNG DISEASES; PANCREATIC CAN- OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES—Contd. CER; PNEUMOCONIOSIS; RES- PIRATORY TRACT DISEASES; SILICOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS) acute and chronic respiratory ef- fects of exposure in cotton work- ers, 420, 422-423 airways inflammation and restric- tion in cotton workers, causes, 424-428 asbestosis in exposed populations, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 263-264 bladder cancer in chemical work- ers, exposures and smoking as factors, 378-384 bladder cancer in dye, petroleum, and plastic industries, smoking factor, 383 bladder cancer in truck drivers, smoking factor, 385 bladder cancer in workers exposed to benzidine and betanaphthyla- mine, smoking factor, 383 bladder cancer in workers exposed to radiation, 381 bronchitis in cement workers, dust exposure and smoking as factors, 186 bronchitis in coal miners, dust and smoking as factors, 185 bronchitis in copper smelter work- ers, smoking as factor, 191 bronchitis in gold miners, silica ex- posure and smoking as factors, 185-186 bronchitis in grain workers, dust and smoking as factors, 187-189 bronchitis in welders, additive ef- fect of smoking, 190 byssinosis in cotton textile workers, prevalence of smoking, 147 byssinosis in cotton textile workers, smoking as factor, 16, 403-423 cancer, causal relationship of occu- pational exposures and smoking, 374-388 cancer, evaluation of smoking and workplace interactions, 12 cancer in pesticide-exposed workers, smoking role, 372-374 chronic bronchitis and chronic air- ways obstruction in silica-ex- posed workers, smoking as fac- tor, 15 INDEX OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES—Contd. chronic bronchitis in grain work- ers, prevalence of smoking, 147 chronic bronchitis, smoking and workplace interactions, 13 chronic lung disease, evaluation of smoking and workplace interac- tions, 12-13 development and organization of 1985 Report, 5 emphysema in coal workers, dust exposure and smoking as factors, 305-308 historical perspective, 6 interstitial fibrosis in asbestos-ex- posed populations, 263, 265-266 large bowel cancer in synthetic fi- ber factory workers, smoking ef- fect, 387-388 liver cancer in farm laborers, risk relationship, 387 liver cancer in solvent-exposed workers, 387 lung cancer and chronic lung dis- ease in asbestos workers, smok- ing factor, 201 jung cancer and respiratory disease mortality in cotton workers, 429, 431 lung cancer in asbestos-exposed nonsmokers, risk determination, 210-213 lung cancer in asbestos-exposed smokers, risk determination, 213, 216-220 lung cancer in asbestos workers, interactive effects with smoking, 219-220 lung cancer in asbestos workers, sex ratio of observed vs. expect- ed deaths, 214 lung cancer in asbestos workers, smoking status in risk determin- ation, 205, 210 lung cancer in coke oven workers, exposure risk, 391 lung cancer in miners, induction- latent period in smokers vs. non- smokers, 451 lung cancer in miners, interactive effect of smoking, study data, 447-448 530 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES—Contd. lung cancer in radiation-exposed miners, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 446 lung cancer in Swedish miners, ra- diation and smoking as risk fac- tors, 452-453 lung cancer in uranium miners, risk in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 449-452 lung cancer mortality ratios for as- bestos workers, smokers vs. non- smokers, 216, 218 lung disease in coal miners, preva- lence of smoking, 147 lung disease mortality in asbestos workers by exposure type, 202- 204 pneumoconiosis, silicosis, chronic bronchitis in coal workers, 289 pulmonary fibrosis in dockyard workers, by smoking habit and asbestos exposure, 266 respiratory, mortality in coal work- ers, 300-304 silica-induced, epidemiology, 327- 330, 335-336 simple and complicated pneumoco- niosis in coal miners, radiologic characteristics, 290, 294 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS asbestos, for reduction of intersti- tial fibrosis in workers, 270 coal dust, prevention/reduction of pneumoconiosis, 295 cotton dust, development of maxi- mum exposure levels, 414-415 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES (See also AROMATIC AMINES, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; ASBESTOS; CHEMICALS; DUST: PESTICIDES; PETRO- CHEMICALS; RADIATION; SILI- CA) asbestos, chronic lung disease risk, effect with smoking, 239-266 asbestos, disease risks in exposed workers, smoking status as fac- tor, 201, 205 asbestos, duration effect on fibrosis, additive risk in smokers, 264, 266 INDEX OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES— Contd. asbestos, establishing risk thres- hold, smoking as factor, 223-224 asbestos, mechanisms of carcinogen- esis in workers who smoke, 228, 231 asbestos, observed vs. expected mortality by years since initial exposure, 228 asbestos, public health implications, asbestos, reduction/cessation of ex- posure and smoking, effects, 224-228 asbestos, relative risk of lung can- cer, with smoking, 378 benzidine and betanaphthylamine, bladder cancer risk, with smok- ing, 383-384 biological interactions with smok- ing, 104, 106-109 cancer risk relationship, with smoking, 101 carcinogens, recommendations for control, 390-391 causal relationship with specific diseases, with smoking, 374-390 cement dust and smoking, indepen- dent risk factors for bronchitis, 187 chemicals, bladder cancer risk, with smoking, 381-382 chronic disease epidemiology, factor with smoking, 8 chronic lung disease risk relation- ship, 141 coal dust, bronchitis risk factor with smoking, 185 coal dust, control to reduce pneu- moconiosis prevalence, 312-313 coal dust, disease risk, with smok- ing, 298-299 coal dust in miners, emphysema risk, smoking role, 305-308 combustion effluents, inhalation and smoking as bladder cancer risk factors, 384 control of smoking and exposure levels to reduce disease risk, 11 cotton dust, acute effect on respira- tory symptoms, with smoking, 409-410, 412-415 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES—Contd. cotton dust. byssinosis and bronchi- tis risk in workers who smoke, 16 cotton dust, chronic clinical effects, 420, 422-423 cotton dust, expiratory volume in smokers vs. nonsmokers with/without disease, 417 cotton dust, exposure level and smoking in bronchitis and byssi- nosis risk, 412-413 cotton dust, job category as factor in byssinosis risk, 403 cotton dust, respiratory disease and jung cancer mortality in exposed workers, 429, 431 cotton dust, smoking influence on byssinosis development, 403-423 cotton dust, type and exposure lev- el as factor in lung function ef- fects, 419 lung disease relationship, evalua- tion methods, 151-157 lung disease risk, with smoking, summary and conclusions, 169- 170 lung function effects, simultaneous contribution of aging and smok- ing, 166-167 lung injury patterns, comparison with smoking-related injury, 148-151 pesticides, mortality in exposed workers, 372-374 petrochemicals, aromatic amines, pesticides, risks with smoking, 15, 359-392 petrochemicals, bladder cancer risk, tobacco use as factor, 382 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, relative risk of lung cancer, with smoking, 378 polyvinyl chloride and vinyl chlo- ride, bronchitis risk relationship, 189 “pure” silica, cancer risks, 344-345 radiation, bladder cancer risk, with smoking, 381 radiation in miners, lung cancer risk, 446 rubber processing, lung function ef- fects, 388-390 531 INDEX OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES— Contd. silica, chronic bronchitis symptoms in exposed workers, smoking in- teractions, 185-186 silica, disease risk with smoking, 15, 323-348 silica exposure in uranium miners, risks with smoking, 463-464 silica, importance of “free” vs. “combined” forms in occupation- al toxicity, 323 silica, lung cancer risk relationship, 341-348 silica, lung function and respirato- ry diseases in smokers vs. non- smokers, 330, 335 silica, noncompliance with permissi- ble exposure limit, 323 silica, population at risk, NIOSH survey, 323-324 silica, prospective study data on ex- posed workers, 337-338 silica, research recommendations, 347-348 silica, respiratory disease risk, role of smoking, 325 silica, smoking characteristics of exposed workers, 326 silica, summary and conclusions about disease risk, 348 solvents, risk of liver cancer in ex- posed workers, 387 statistical interactions with smok- ing effects, 104, 109-113 uranium ore dust, lung cancer risk in miners, 446-452, 457 OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS tSee also OCCUPATIONS) blue-collar workers, birth cohort, occupation, sex as factors in smoking, 38-55 blue-collar workers, efficacy of smoking intervention programs, 499 blue-collar workers, smoking preva- lence by age and sex, 23-26 blue-collar workers, workplace envi- ronment as factor in smoking behavior, 10 clerical and kindred occupations, female smoking by birth cohort, 74 532 OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS—Contd. clerical and kindred workers, cur- rent smoking by sex, 58-59, 61, 64 cotton, hemp, and flax workers, health effects of dust exposure, 403 craftsmen and kindred workers, current smoking by sex, 58-59, 62, 64 craftsmen or kindred occupations, male smoking by birth cohort, 71 farm workers, current smoking by sex, 58-59, 62, 65 laborers, except farm, current smoking by sex, 58-59, 62 managers and administrators, cur- rent smoking by sex, 58-59, 61, 64 managers and administrators, male smoking by birth cohort, 70 managers and salesmen, relative risk of bladder cancer, 381 miners, disease risk of silica expo- sure in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 331-334 operatives and kindred occupations, male smoking by birth cohort, 72 operatives and kindred workers, current smoking by sex, 58-59, operatives, except transport, cur- rent smoking by sex, 62, 64 professional, technical, and kindred occupations, female smoking by birth cohort, 73 professional, technical, and kindred occupations, male smoking by birth cohort, 69 professional, technical, and kindred workers, current smoking by sex, 58-59, 61, 64 sales workers, current smoking by sex, 58-59, 61, 64 service workers, current smoking by sex, 58-59, 63, 65 transport operatives, current smok- ing by sex, 62, 64 transport, service, manufacturing, construction workers, lung can- cer risk, 375 INDEX OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS—Contd. white-collar workers, birth cohort, occupation, sex as factors in smoking, 38-55 white-collar workers, smoking pre- valence by age and sex, 23-26 workers at high risk, three ap- proaches for smoking interven- tion, 498-500 OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DIS. EASES (See also LUNG DISEASES; OCCU- PATIONAL DISEASES) occupational bronchitis, worksite chemicals or physical agents in risk, 183 prevalence not comprehensively do- cumented, 146 underestimation of affected work- ers, 144-146 OCCUPATIONS (See also OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS) aides, smoking habits by age, 83 architects, smoking habits by age, 83 asbestos workers, 9, 13-14, 219-220 asbestos workers, cancer mortality risk, 375 asbestos workers, smoking interven- tion program efficacy, 499-500 assemblers, smoking habits by age and sex, 83 automotive workers, smoking habits by age and sex, 84 banking, smoking habits by age and sex, 84 barbers/beauticians, smoking habits by age and sex, 84 bookkeepers, smoking habits by age and sex, 84 Canadian fluorspar miners, lung cancer risk, with smoking, 453- 454 cement workers, 187 chemical workers, cancer risk, 375— 376 chemical workers, relative risk of bladder cancer, 380 civil service workers, smoking hab- its by age and sex, 85 clergy, smoking habits by age and sex, 85 OCCUPATIONS—Contd. coal workers, 14, 289 coal workers, smoking habits, 291 coke oven workers, 191 coke oven workers, lung cancer risk, 391 construction workers, smoking hab- its by age, 85 copper miners, silica-induced lung injuries, 328 copper smelter workers, 191 cotton textile mill workers, 147 cotton textile workers, smoking in- fluence on byssinosis develop- ment, 403-423 cotton workers, byssinosis, bronchi- tis, smoking effects on lung function, 418-419 cotton workers, exposure effects on lung function, with smoking, 415-419 cotton workers, smoking habits, 404, 409 cotton workers, study data on smoking prevalence, 405-408 data entry operators, smoking hab- its by age, 85 dentists, smoking habits by age and sex, 86 disabled, smoking habits by age and sex, 86 dockyard workers, 266 doctors, smoking habits by age and sex, 86 education, smoking habits by age and sex, 86 electricians, smoking habits by age and sex, 87 engineers, smoking habits by age and sex, 87 executives, smoking habits by age and sex, 87 factory workers, smoking habits by age and sex, 87 farm laborers, liver cancer risk, 387 farm workers, 147 farmers, smoking habits by age and sex, 88 firefighters, smoking habits by age, 88 food preparation workers, smoking habits by age and sex, 88 foremen, smoking habits by age, 88 533 INDEX OCCUPATIONS—Contd. foundry workers exposed to silica, lung function effects, 335-336 gold miners, 186 gold miners, cancer risk, 342-343 grain workers, 147 granite shed workers, 147 granite workers exposed to silica, lung function effects, 336 heavy equipment operators, smok- ing habits by age, 89 hospital workers, smoking habits by age and sex, 89 housewives, smoking habits by age, 89 law enforcement workers, smoking habits by age, 89 lawyers, smoking habits by age and sex, 90 leather industry workers, cancer risk independent of smoking, 376 leather workers, bladder cancer risk, 379-380 machine operators, smoking habits by age and sex, 90 maids, smoking habits by age and sex, 90 maintenance workers, smoking hab- its by age and sex, 90 managers, smoking habits by age and sex, 91 metal ore miners, respiratory can- cer risk, 342 military personnel, smoking habits by age, 91 miners, smoking habits by age, 91 nursing personnel, smoking habits by age, 91 office workers, smoking habits by age and sex, 92 painters, smoking habits by age, 92 pesticide-exposed workers, risks, 359-360, 372-374 pesticide workers, cancer risks, 372-374 petrochemical workers, bladder can- cer risk, 382 pharmacists, smoking habits by age and sex, 92 photo and printing workers, smok- ing habits by age, 92 plumbers, smoking habits by age, 93 534 OCCUPATIONS—Contd. polyvinyl chloride and vinyl chlo- ride workers, 189 postal service workers, smoking habits by age and sex, 93 pottery workers, silicosis preva- lence, 328 printers, smoking habits by age and sex, 93 railroad workers, smoking habits by age, 93 real estate workers, smoking habits by age and sex, 94 refinery and chemical workers ex- posed to petrochemicals, risks, 359-392 refinery and chemical workers, smoking and exposure in mortal- ity risk, 361-366 rubber curing workers, 191 rubber workers, bladder cancer risk, 379-380 rubber workers exposed to aromat- ic amines, risks, 359, 366-370 sales people, smoking habits by age and sex, 94 shipyard workers, lung cancer risk, 375 silica-exposed workers, risks, 15, 323-347 social workers, smoking habits by age and sex, 94 steel mill workers, smoking habits by age, 94 steel workers, lung cancer risk, 344 Swedish miners, lung cancer risk in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 452- 453 technicians, smoking habits by age and sex, 95 telephone operators, smoking habits by age, 95 textile and garment industry work- ers exposed to aromatic amines, risks, 359, 370-372 textile workers, smoking habits by age and sex, 95 truck drivers, bladder cancer risk, 385 truck drivers, lung cancer risk, 375 truck drivers, smoking habits by age and sex, 95 unemployed workers, smoking hab- its by age and sex, 96 INDEX OCCUPATIONS—Contd. uranium miners, 147 uranium miners, pulmonary effects of exposure and smoking, 463— 464 uranium miners, radiation and smoking in lung cancer risk, 446-452 uranium miners, smoking habits, 448 waiters/waitresses, smoking habits by age, 96 welders, 189 welders, smoking habits by age. 96 woodworkers, smoking habits by age, 96 PANCREATIC CANCER daily cigarette consumption as fac- tor in risk, 387 PASSIVE SMOKING lung cancer risk, with radon daughter exposure, research re- commendations, 464 occupational hazards, possible con- founding of risk in nonsmokers, 126 PESTICIDES (See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO- SURES) brain neoplasms in exposed work- ers, possible risk relationship, 386-387 mortality in exposed workers, 372- 374 occupational exposure, disease risks, 359-392 PETROCHEMICALS (See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO- SURES) mortality in exposed workers, 361- 366 occupational exposure, disease risks, 359-392 PNEUMOCONIOSIS (See also OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES) coal workers, historical association. 289 coal workers, pattern of develop- ment, 151 PNEUMOCONIOSIS—Contd. coal workers pneumoconiosis and progressive massive fibrosis, pre- valence, 294-295 coal workers, standard mortality ratios vs. general population, 300-301 disability payments vs. estimated prevalence, 146 disease definition, 290 dust exposure as major etiologic factor in coal workers, 312-313 mortality ratios vs. cancer in metal ore miners, smoking as factor, 343-344 silica-exposed miners and other workers, 331-334 Prevention of smoking See PRO- GRAMS AND POLICIES; SMOKING CONTROL PRO- GRAMS; WORKPLACE INTER- VENTION PROGRAMS PROGRAMS AND POLICIES (See also SMOKING CONTROL PROGRAMS; WORKPLACE EX- POSURE STUDIES; WORK- PLACE INTERVENTION PRO- GRAMS) economic advantages/disadvantages of worksite programs, 477-479 Johns Manville antismoking policy, cessation program, 499-500 worksite smoking control programs, 477-510 PULMONARY FIBROSIS (See also LUNG DISEASES; OCCU- PATIONAL DISEASES) animals exposed to cigarette smoke and asbestos, 234 asbestos-exposed populations, smok- ing relationship, 263-264, 266 asbestos exposure as risk factor, 14, 239-240 asbestos-induced, abnormal chest x ray as indicator, 259 dockyard workers. by smoking hab- it and asbestos exposure, 266 fibrosing alveolitis in silica-exposed workers. smoking role, 325 nonexposed vs. exposed asbestos workers, smoking relationship, 259-260, 262 535 INDEX PULMONARY FIBROSIS—Contd. silica exposure as factor, enzyme activity in pathogenesis, 339 uranium miners, exposure effects, with smoking, 463-464 Pulmonary function See LUNG FUNCTION PULMONARY MACROPHAGES enzymatic activity, influence in carcinogenesis, 237-238 silica cytotoxicity in pathogenesis of fibrosis, 339 small airways of smokers, pattern of lung injury, 148-149 RACE FACTORS black blue-collar workers, smoking rates, 11 smoking prevalence, birth cohort, sex, occupation as factors, 42-46, 48-55 RADIATION (See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO- SURES) bladder cancer risk, with smoking, 381 bronchial cancer risk in uranium miners, with smoking, 450 cancer risk, with smoking, sum- mary and conclusions, 465 human exposure levels from radon daughters, 445-446 Japanese A-bomb survivors, cancer risk in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 455 lung cancer epidemiology, studies on interactive effects with smok- ing, 455-456 lung cancer in Swedish miners, risk factor with smoking, 452- 453 polonium 210 from tobacco smoke as cancer risk, 460-461 pulmonary effects in uranium min- ers, with smoking, 463-464 radon daughters, interactive effects with cigarette smoke exposure, 17 residential exposure, lung cancer risk with smoking, 454 REDUCTION OF SMOKING (See also CESSATION OF SMOK- ING; SMOKING CONTROL 536 REDUCTION OF SMOKING—Contd. PROGRAMS, WORKPLACE IN- TERVENTION PROGRAMS) biochemical verification in control- led worksite modification studies, 486-488 birth cohorts, by race, sex, and oc- cupation, 41-52 controlled studies, data by worksite type, procedural characteristics, 484-485 controlled studies, design and out- come data of smoking modifica- tion programs, 486-488 worksite participants, controlled studies, 483, 489-490 worksite program effects, evalua- tion criteria, 479-480 worksite program participants, long-term effects, 491 RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS (See also WORKPLACE EXPO- SURE STUDIES) animal studies of health effects of tobacco smoke and industrial pollutants, 391 cancer risk with occupational expo- sure and smoking, 12 chronic lung disease risk with oc- cupational exposure and smok- ing, 12-13 health effects of occupational expo- sures and smoking, epidemiologic studies, 391 industrial pollutants, identifying constituents as cancer initia- tors/promoters, 391 lung cancer risk in occupationally exposed workers, 464 lung function effects in occupation- ally exposed smokers, 169 lung impairment, apportioning risk between occupational exposure and smoking, 170 methodology and evaluation issues in worksite smoking modifica- tion, 507-509 occupational exposure to specific agents, interactive effects with smoking, 169 occupational exposures, 347-348 passive smoking risks, 464 INDEX RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS Contd. statistical analysis of occupational exposure and smoking interac- tions, 169 workplace smoking intervention programs, 17, 507-509 RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS (See also LUNG FUNCTION) asbestos workers and smokers, pat- terns of lung function changes, 241, 243-254 chrysotile asbestos workers, percen- tage decline in smokers vs. non- smokers, 253 coal miners, 296-297, 311-312 coal workers, dust exposure and smoking effects, 308-312 coal workers, face workers vs. sur- face workers, 309 cotton dust exposure and smoking, effects, 415-419 expiratory volume in cotton work- ers, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 416-418 expiratory volume in men, byssino- sis, bronchitis, and smoking ef- fects, 418 expiratory volume in women, byssi- nosis, bronchitis, and smoking effects, 419 flow rates in asbestos workers, by dust index in smokers vs. non- smokers, 245 rubber workers, duration of em- ployment as factor, 388 silica-exposed foundry workers, 336 ventilatory capacity in coal work- ers, 304 RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS (See also COUGH) chronic cough and phlegm in coal miners, smoking as factor, 14, 313 coal dust exposure relationship, 298-300 cotton dust exposure and smoking, acute effects, 409-410, 412-415 cough and phlegm in rubber curing workers, smoking as factor, 191 rubber processing workers, duration of employment as factor, 388- 389 RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS—Contd. silica-exposed workers, chronic bronchitis risk factor with smok- ing, 186 silica-exposed workers, dust expo- sure and smoking as factors, 330, 335 standardized questionnaire to eval- uate occupation and smoking ef- fects, efficacy, 152-153 workplace exposures in non- smokers, occupational bronchitis criteria, 184 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (See also BRONCHI; BRONCHI- OLES; LARYNX; LUNGS) airflow obstruction as symptom of chronic obstructive bronchitis, 183 occupationally exposed workers, patterns of injury, 151 pulmonary responses to silica expo- sure, smoking as factor, 325 radiation and cigarette smoke, in- teractive effects, 463-464 smokers, patterns of injury in large and small airways and parenchyma, 148-151 ventilatory function in coal work- ers, dust exposure and smoking effects, 308-312 RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES (See also BRONCHIAL DISEASES; EMPHYSEMA; LUNG DIS- EASES; OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES) coal miners, dust exposure and smoking as factors, 14-15 historical association with coal mining, 289 morbidity and mortality, smoking as predominant cause, 142 mortality from nonmalignant dis- eases in silica-exposed workers, 327 mortality in coal workers, 300-304 mortality in cotton workers, 429, 431 mortality in refinery and chemical workers, study data, 362-363 mortality, underestimation with vi- tal statistics, 144 537 INDEX RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES Contd. silica-induced, dust concentration and exposure duration in risk, 328-329 silica-related, physical factors of oc- cupational exposure, 325 ventilatory disability in coal work- ers, cessation of smoking for re- duction, 313 RISK THRESHOLD asbestos exposure, confounding by cigarette smoking as source of bias, 222 lung cancer in asbestos workers, smoking as source of bias, 222- 224 RISK REDUCTION lung cancer, cessation of asbestos exposure effect, 225-228 respiratory disease in coal miners, dust control and smoking cessa- tion, 312-313 SEX RATIO (See also OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, OCCUPATIONS, SMOKING HABIT; WOMEN) bladder cancer risk, by smoking habit and occupation, 379-380 changes in smoking prevalence for selected occupations, 64-65 cotton workers, smoking habits, 404 current smokers by sex, occupation, amount smoked, 58-63 daily cigarette consumption by age and occupation, 27-31 employment patterns and smoking prevalence, 23-26 General Electric Company employ- ees, smoking status by occupa- tional category and age, 78-81 lung cancer in asbestos-exposed workers, observed vs. expected deaths, 214 occupation and smoking behavior, current estimates and trends, 11 occupational categories, smoking habits by age, 83-96 selected occupations, 66-68 SILICA (See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO- SURES) 538 SILICA—Contd. cancer risk in exposed workers, 341-348 definitions of health effects, 325 disease risk in exposed smokers vs. nonsmokers, 331-334 disease risk in exposed workers, summary and conclusions, 348 epidemiological findings among ex- posed workers, 327-330, 335-336 “free” vs. “combined” forms, impor- tance to occupational toxicity, 323 industries with significant silica or mixed dust exposures, 323 pathogenesis of related health ef- fects, 339-341 population at risk for exposure, NIOSH survey, 323-324 prospective study data on exposed workers, 337-338 pulmonary effects in uranium min- ers, with radiation and smoking, 463-464 research recommendations on health effects, with other expo- sures and smoking, 347-348 SILICOSIS (See also OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES; PNEUMOCONIOSIS) coal miners, occupational relation- ship, 289 dust concentration and exposure duration, risk relationship, 329 dust exposure as risk factor, smok- ing role, 325 lung cancer in patients, 341-342 lung cancer proportional morbidity rate in followup of silicotics, 345-346 lung injury mechanisms in exposed workers, 339-341 pottery workers, early studies of risk relationship, 328 workers exposed to “pure” silica, standard mortality ratios, 345 SKIN CANCER radiation and cigarette smoke con- densate in induction in animals, 456-458 SMALL AIRWAYS (See also RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) INDEX SMALL AIRWAYS—Contd. SMOKING CONTROL PROGRAMS—Contd. abnormalities in chronic obstructive lung disease, 255 asbestos exposure and smoking, ef- fects, 271 changes in smokers, consumption and duration of habit as factors, 255 dysfunction in asbestos workers, differences in exposure and smoking effects, 258 pattern of injury in asbestos-ex- posed workers, 256 SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE (See also OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES) silica-exposed workers, research re- commendations, 347 SMOKE INHALATION, ANIMAL emphysema induction in dogs, with radon daughters and uranium ore dust, 458 lung cancer induction in rats, with radon daughter exposure, 458 SMOKING (See also WORKPLACE SMOKING) statistical analysis of independent and interactive effects with occu- pational exposures, 162-164 synergistic vs. additive effect with occupational exposures, 360-361 workplace, environment as factor in initiation, 32 SMOKING CONTROL PROGRAMS (See also WORKPLACE INTER- VENTION PROGRAMS) clinic-based vs. worksite programs, validity of comparisons, 489 design and outcome of controlled worksite smoking modification studies, 486-488 organizational characteristics, other factors in program success, 502- 504 primary objectives of worksite smoking modification programs, 508-509 recruitment strategies of various worksite programs, participa- tion/attrition rates, 484-485 silica-exposed populations to reduce disease risk, 348 social support, physician’s advice, nicotine gum, incentives, effica- cy, 491-498 worksite, evaluation criteria, 479- 480 worksite, implementation, 504-506 worksite, overview of advantages vs. disadvantages, 477-479 worksite programs to modify smok- ing, three approaches, 503-504 worksite, review of uncontrolled vs. controlled studies, 481-483, 489- 490 SMOKING HABIT (See also OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, OCCUPATIONS; SMOKING PREVALENCE, WORKPLACE SMOKING) asbestos-exposed workers, multipli- cative interactive effects, 9 asbestos workers, controlling for differences to reduce confound- ing, 219 asbestos workers, synergistic effect on chronic lung disease mortali- ty, 240-241 birth cohorts, race- and sex-related changes in prevalence, 38-53 blue-collar vs. white-collar workers, by sex and age, 23-26 blue-collar vs. white-collar workers, initiation by age and sex, 29-32 coal miners, chronic simple bronch- itis risk factor, with occupational exposure, 185 coal miners, study data on smoking characteristics, 291-293 cotton dust-exposed workers, 404, 409 cotton workers, disease risks, 16-17 General Electric Company employ- ees 1985. by occupational catego- ry, age, sex. 78-81 gold miners, effect with silica expo- sure on bronchitis symptoms, 186 male birth cohorts 1900-1978, changes in prevalence. 231 Navajos in U.S. uranium miner study group, 448, 451 539 INDEX SMOKING HABIT—Contd. pancreatic cancer patients, daily consumption as factor, 387 white U.S. uranium miners vs. nonminer men, 448 SMOKING PREVALENCE (See also OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS; OCCUPATIONS, SMOKING HABIT, WORK- PLACE SMOKING) asbestos-exposed workers, study data, 206-209 blue-collar vs. white-collar workers, ll coal miners vs. U.S. male popu- lation, 290 coal workers, 291 cotton workers, study data, 405-408 male birth cohorts 1900-1978, 230 radiation-exposed miners, 446 uranium miners, 448 SMOKING SURVEYS American Cancer Society, by occu- pation, sex, age, 82-96 coal miners, prevalence data, 291- 293 daily cigarette consumption by oc- cupation for men and women, 27-31 General Electric Company employ- ees 1985, by sex, age, amount smoked, 78-81 National Health Interview Surveys, employment patterns and smok- ing prevalence, 23-26 National Health Interview Surveys for 1978-1980, by sex and occu- pation, 58 National Health Interview Surveys, occupations by category and code, 57 petrochemical, aromatic amine, and pesticide industries, prevalence, 360 silica-exposed workers, study data, 325-326 SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS bladder cancer risk relationship, 381-382 540 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS independent and interactive effects of smoking and occupational ex- posures, 162-164 interactions between occupational exposures and smoking, 104, 109-113 occupational exposure effect on dis- ease risk, confounding by smok- ing, 114-123 occupational exposures and smok- ing, quantifying interactive ef- fects, 158 occupational exposures, confounding of risk by smoking, use of com- parison groups, 122-130 occupational risks, comparability of internal and external control groups, 166 THIOCYANATES serum level measurement to docu- men* smoking status in work- place studies, 161 TOBACCO SMOKE aromatic amines, possible role in carcinogenesis, 371-372 environmental levels as risk factor in nonsmokers, 199-200 TUBERCULOSIS (See also OCCUPATIONAL DIS- EASES) mortality in silica-exposed workers, 327 silica-induced, smoking role, 325 workers exposed to “pure”’ silica, standard mortality ratios, 345 Tumorigenesis See CARCINOGENE- SIS Tumors See CANCER URANIUM (See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO- SURES; RADIATION; SILICA) dust, carcinogenic effects in dogs, 458 lung cancer in miners, exposure and smoking risks, 446-452 miners, smoking habits, 448 pulmonary effects of exposures, with smoking, 463-464 WOMEN lung cancer risks, 377 INDEX Workplace See OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS; OCCUPATIONS WORKPLACE EXPOSURE STUD- IES (See also RESEARCH RECOMMEN- DATIONS) asbestos, establishing risk thres- hold, smoking as factor, 224-225 asbestos-related mortality, data by type of exposure, 206-209 cancer mortality relationship, smoking status as source of con- founding, 114-122 case-control analyses to control confounding by smoking, 129-130 chest x ray abnormalities in work- ers, smoking effect, 154-155 chronic lung disease in occupation- ally exposed workers, 142-148 confounding by smoking behavior, sources and control, 114-130 control of potential confounding by smoking, use of comparison groups, 123 cotton workers, respiratory system effects, with smoking, 403-431 duration and concentration of expo- sure, determination methods, 162 external control populations, com- parability with exposed group, 165 healthy worker effect in cross-sec- tional design, smoking role, 164 healthy worker effect on mortality risk evaluation, 128 high-risk populations, need for data on smoking intervention efficacy, 498-500 internal controls, comparable smok- ing status to control confound- ing, 129 lung disease risk, with smoking, summary and conclusions, 169- 170 mortality risk, adjustments when smoking habits not known, 130- 131 occupation and smoking risks, use of external vs. internal controls, 123-130 occupational lung disease and ciga- rette smoking, prevalence in sur- vey populations, 147 WORKPLACE EXPOSURE STUDIES—Contd. physiological assessment of work- ers, independent effects of smok- ing, 156 quantification of relative risk in in- dividuals, 167 quantifying effects in populations, concepts of smoking interactions, 158-160 quantifying occupational and smok- ing risks, 160-168 questionnaire to establish smoking status recommended, 161 relative risk of cancer, smoking status as source of confounding, 115-122 silica, prospective study data on ex- posed workers, 337-338 silica, research recommendations on health effects, with other ex- posures and smoking, 347-348 statistical analysis of independent and interactive effects of smok- ing, 162-164 WORKPLACE INTERVENTION PROGRAMS (See also RESEARCH RECOMMEN- DATIONS; SMOKING CON- TROL PROGRAMS) asbestos workers, efficacy for smok- ing reduction/cessation, 499-500 controlled, characteristics, 483, 489- 490 controlled studies, data by worksite type, procedural characteristics, 484-485 design and outcome data from con- trolled smoking modification studies, 486-488 evaluation criteria, 479-480 general results and research needs, 17-18 high-risk populations, large-scale studies needed, 498-500 implementation, 504-506 methodological deficiencies in com- parison conditions, participation rates, 491 methodological issues in program design, evaluation criteria, 507- 508 monetary incentives and competi- tion, efficacy, 495-498 541 INDEX WORKPLACE INTERVENTION WORKPLACE SMOKING PROGRAMS—Contd. multiple risk factor intervention programs, efficacy for smoking cessation, 490 organizational characteristics, other factors in program success, 502- 504 overview of smoking control pro- grams, advantages vs. disadvan- tages, 477-479 participant characteristics, program intensity, worksite size, outcome effects, 489-490 physician’s advice, efficacy, 493-495 program characteristics, advan- tages/disadvantages of various approaches, 505-506 recommendations for future re- search, 507-509 research needed on variables that affect program success, 504 review, uncontrolled vs. controlled studies, 481-483, 489-490 social support for nonsmoking, rele- vancy in worksite programs, 491-493 summary and conclusions, 509 uncontrolled, without objective measures of smoking status, ces- sation rates, 482 542 (See also SMOKING; SMOKING HABIT: SMOKING PREVA- LENCE) asbestos workers, multiplicative in- teractive effects, 9 biological, statistical, and public health interactions with occupa- tional exposures, 104-113 cotton workers, disease risks, 16-17 lung disease risk, independent and interactive effects with occupa- tional exposures, 142 occupational categories, by age and sex, 83-96 occupational environment as factor in initiation, 32 occupational exposure studies, po- tential for confounding, 114-130 occupationally exposed workers, control groups to reduce poten- tial confounding effect, 123 recent changes by occupation, age, and sex, 33-38 workers exposed to respiratory haz- ards, lung disease risk, 146-150 WORKSITE See OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS; OCCUPATIONS