INDEX

Abnormalities
in mucous glands,
smokers, 97
in small airways, in smokers vs.
smokers, 97, 98
Acrolein
effect on respiratory tract, in rats, 104
Adipose tissue
effect of nicotine, in rats, 13
AHH activity
see Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity
Ais pollution
and smoking,
82,83
and smoking, in lung cancer development,
45,46
Auways, large
effect of smoking one nonfilter cigarette,
99
Airways, small
abnormalities, in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
autopsy studies, 97,98
effect of smoking one nonfilter cigarette,
99
Alcohol consumption
and smoking, in oral cancer etiology,
53-55
Alveolar macrophages
effect of cigarette smoke, 50
Angina pectoris
carbon monoxide exposure and, 11,12
coffee drinking, smoking, and, 8
smoking and, 8
Antitrypsin deficiency
and smoking, in COPD etiology, 87-90
Arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO)
see Vascular disease, peripheral
Arthritis, rheumatoid
pulmonary function abnormalities,
ing, and, 92,93
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity
role in lung cancer development, 49-52
Asbestos exposure
synergistic effect with smoking in lung
cancer development, 41-43
Asbestosis
in smokers VS. nonsmokers, asbestos work-
ers in Singapore, 95
Atherosclerosis, peripheral
see Vascular disease, peripheral
Atherosclerotic brain infarction (ABI)
see Vascular disease, peripheral

in smokers vs. non-

non-

in COPD development,

smok-

Autopsy studics
emphysema development and smoking, 97
mucous gland abnormalities and smoking,
97
small airway abnormalities and smoking,
97,98

Benzo(a)pyrene
and air pollution, in lung cancer develop-
ment, 45,46
role in respiratory tract carcinoginesis, in
animals, 46,47
Bladder cancer
see Genitourinary cancer
Blood cholesterol
effect of smoking, 17,18
Blood coagulation
effect of smoking, 18,19
Blood lipids levels
effect of smoking, 17
Blood pressure
effect of CO exposure, 11,12
effect of nicotine, 13
effect of smoking, 17
Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Pro-
gram
role of coffee drinking and smoking in
myocardial infarction, 8
Bronchial epithelium
changes after nitrogen dioxide exposure,
in animals, 102,103
effect of filtered gas-phase cigarette
smoke, in rabbits, 104,105
Bronchitis
post-operative, incidence in smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 92
prevalence in cement and rubber industry
workers, smokers Vs. nonsmokers, 95,96
prevalence in the elderly, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 78,79
prevalence in male smokers by smoking
patterns, 79
prevalence in rubber industry workers,
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 96
prevalence in urban vs. rural population in
Mongolia, 80
prevalence in USS., statistics, 75
prevalence in woo! and cotton textile
workers in North Carolina, 93

119
and small airway abnormalities, in smokers
vs. nonsmokers, 97,98
and smoking, effect on pulmonary func-
tion, 80
summary of previous findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 75-78
Bronchopulmonary diseases, non-neoplastic
see also Bronchitis, Emphysema
air pollution and smoking in etiology of,
82,83
antitrypsin deficiency and smoking in eti-
ology of, 87-90
closing volume abnormalities, in smokers
vs. nonsmokers, 84-87
history of respiratory diseases and smok-
ing in etiology of, 90
incidence in autoworkers, 80
occupational exposure and smoking, 80
prevalence in Boston policemen, smokers
vs. nonsmokers, 82,83
prevalence in the elderly, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 78
prevalence in urban vs. rural population, in
Mongolia, 80
reference listings, 107-118
small airways disease, pulmonary function,
and, 84-87
small airways disease, smoking, and, 84-87
summary of recent findings, 106, 107
Bullous disease
incidence in men by age, race, and smok-
ing habit, 90-92
Byssinosis
dust exposure and smoking in etiology of,
94-96

Cadmium
in emphysema etiology, in animals, 104
Cancer
see also Specific site, e.g., Lung cancer
summary of recent findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 58,59
Carbon monoxide
coronary heart disease and, 10-12
effects on cardiovascular system, 10-12
from freeway traffic, effect on myocardial
work capacity and angina, 11
Carboxyhemoglobin levels
coronary heart disease and, 10-12,19
Carcinogenesis
experimental, 46,47
mechanism of action, in lung cancer induc-
tion, in animals, 46,47
Carcinogens
in cigarette smoke condensate, 47
role in tumor induction in animals, 46,47
Cardiovascular diseases
see also Coronary heart disease, Vascular

120

disease, peripheral, Cerebrovascular
sease
relationship of smoking to, 3-19
summary of previous findings, 3,4
summary of recent findings, 19
Cardiovascular system
effect of carbon monoxide exposure, 10-13
effect of nicotine, 13
Catecholamine levels
effect of nicotine, in rats, 13
Cerebrovascular disease (CVD)
epidemiologic studies, 16,17
incidence in longshoremen, 17
incidence in men, Framingham study, 17
incidence in women, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 16,17
oral contraceptives and smoking in etiol
ogy of, 16,17
Cervical cancer
see Genitourinary cancer
CHD
see Coronary heart disease
Cholesterol levels
effect of smoking, 17
Chronic bronchitis
see Bronchitis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
see Bronchopulmonary diseases, non-
neoplastic, Bronchitis, Emphysema
Cigar smoking
relationship to lung cancer, 39,40
Cigarettes
filter vs. nonfilter, in reducing lung cancer
risk, 40,41
Cigarette consumption
see Smoking
Cigarette smoke
see Smoke, cigarette
Ciliary activity
effect of nitrogen dioxide, in rats, 103
effect of smoking, 101,102
Closing-volume abnormalities
as indicator of small airways disease, in
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 84-87
co
see Carbon monoxide
Coffee drinking
angina pectoris, smoking, and, 8
myocardial infarction, smoking, and, 8
Contraceptives, oral
incidence of stroke and, in women smo-
kers vs. nonsmokers, 16,17
COPD
see Bronchopulmonary diseases, non-
neoplastic
Coronary Drug Project Research Group
epidemiologic study of smoking and CHD,
446
Coronary heart diseases
see also Angina pectoris, myocardial in-
farction
associated risk factors and smoking, 17
autopsy studies, 4
carbon monoxide and, 10-12
epidemiologic studies, 4
incidence in men under 60, in New South
Wales, 6
incidence in men with and without ventri-
cular premature beats, 4-6
incidence in middle-aged men from various
countries, 6
incidence in a tribal population, New
Guinea, 9
incidence in smokers vs.
Peoples Gas Co. Study, 6,7
incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
Stockholm Prospective Study, 6
incidence in women, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 9,10
nicotine and, 13
pathophysiology of, effect of carbon mon-
oxide exposure, 10
summary of relationship to smoking,
3,4,19
Cotton dust exposure
see Dust exposure
Cough
effect of air pollution and smoking, 90,91
prevalence in cement and rubber industry
workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 95,96
CVD
see Cerebrovascular disease, 16
Cytologic studies
macrophage function and smoking,
104,105

nonsmokers,

Dust exposure
and smoking as risk factors in bronchitis
development, 93,94
and smoking, as risk factors in byssinosis
development, 94-96

Elderly
prevalence rates for COPD in smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 78
Emphysema
antitrypsin deficiency and smoking in eti-
ology of, 87-90
cadmium exposure in etiology of, in ani-
mals, 104
premature development and smoking,
autopsy studies, 97
prevalence rates in U.S., 75
pulmonary function studies and, 80
summary of previous findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 75-78

Enzymes
effect of cigarette smoke, in rabbit lungs,
104,105
and macrophage function, in rabbit lungs,
104,105
Epidemiological studies
COPD and smoking, 78-80
lung cancer and smoking, 37
oral cancer and smoking, 53
pancreatic cancer and smoking, 57
Esophageal cancer
summary of previous findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 55
Exercise performance
effect of carbon monoxide exposure,
11,12
and pulmonary function, smokers vs, non-
smokers, 99

Filters
as a factor in reducing lung cancer risk,
40,41
Framingham Study
epidemiologic study of CHD, CVD, inter-
mittent claudication, and smoking,
14-16
Free fatty acids (plasma)
effect of nicotine, in rats, 13

Gastric cancer
mortality rates in Japanese smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 56,57
tea drinking and smoking in etiology of,
56,57
summary of previous findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 55
Genetics
role of antitrypsin deficiency and smoking
in COPD development, 87-90
and smoking, role in lung cancer develop-
ment, 37
Genitourinary cancer
cigarette smoke condensate as cause, in
animals, 58
excretion of tryptophan in smokers vs.
nonsmokers with, 58
incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 58
summary of previous findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 57

Heart rate
effect of CO exposure, 11,12
effect of nicotine, 13

121
Heart work capacity

effect of CO exposure, 10-12

effect of nicotine, 13
Histological studies

lung cancer and smoking, 38

macrophage function and, 104,105
Hypercholesterolemia

incidence in Belgium military men, 17,18
Hypertension

incidence in male Israeli civil servants, 18

Immune system
response to benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung
tumors, 48,49
Intermittent claudication
smoking as a major risk factor, 14-16

Lary ngeal cancer
summary of previous findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 57
Lung cancer
asbestos exposure and smoking as risk fac-
tors, 41-43
epidemiologic studies, 37,38
experimental studies, 43-52
genetics and smoking as risk factors, 37
histopathologic studies in smokers vs. non-
smokers, 38,39
immunologic response to benzo(a)pyrene-
induced tumor, in animals, 48,49
incidence in cigar and/or pipe smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 39,40
incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers, in
India, 37,38
incidence in women smokers vs. non-
smokers, 39,40
mortality rates from lung cancer for men,
43
particle deposition in bronchi and site of,
44,45
Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasm Re-
search Project histopathologic study, 38
risk reduction with filter vs. nonfilter ciga-
rettes, 40,41
role of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase acti-
vity and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in
development of, 49-52
role of pulmonary infections and smoking
in etiology of, 47,48
sex ratio statistic, 40
Xenon-133 washout technique for detec-
tion of, 43,44
summary of previous findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 35-37
Lung function
see Pulmonary function

122

Menopause .
and cardiovascular disease, in women smo-
kers vs. nomsmokers, 10,19
Mitochondria
effect of tobacco smoke, in rat liver, 104
Mortality
from CHD, age as a factor, 6
from CHD, in middle-aged men in seven
countries, 6
from CHD, in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 3-6
from CHD, in survivors of myocardial in-
farction, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 4-6
Mucociliary transport
effect of smoking, 101,102
Mucous giand
abnormalities, in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
97
Myocardial infarction
coffee drinking, smoking and, 8
incidence in men with and without ventri-
cular premature beats, 4,5
incidence in pre- vs. postmenopausal wo-
men, 10
prevalence in current vs. ex-smokers, 8
recurrency in smokers vs. nonsmokers, in
Buenos Aires, 9
and smoking in India, 8

Nicotine
coronary heart disease and, 13,19
effect on adipose tissue, in rats, 13
effect on peritoneal macrophages, in mice,
105
effect on pinocytosis, in mouse peritoneal
macrophages, 105
effect on respiratory tract in rats, 104
Nitrogen dioxide
effect on AHH activity, 52
effect on bactericidal activity, in mouse
lung, 103
effect on lung physiology, in monkeys,
103
effect on pulmonary physiology, in ani-
mals, 102-103
Nitrosamines
role in respiratory tract carcinogenesis, in
animals, 47

Occupational diseases

asbestosis, in asbestos workers, in Singa-
pore, 95

bronchitis, in cement and rubber industry
workers, 95,96

bronchitis and respiratory tract irritation,
in rubber industry workers, 96

bronchitis, in wool and cotton textile
workers, 93,94
byssinosis, in cotton and wool textile
workers, 93,94
COPD, in auto workers, 80
smoking and, 93-96
Occupational hazards
air pollution exposure in Boston police-
men, 82,83
asbestos exposure and smoking as factors
in lung cancer development, 41-43
rubber industry fumes and smoking, 96
textile dust exposure and smoking, 93-96
Oral cancer
alcohol consumption and smoking in etiol-
ogy of, 53-55
epidemiologic studies, 53-55
summary of previous findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 52,53

Pancreatic cancer
incidence in cigar/pipe and cigarette smo-
kers vs. nonsmokers, 55,56
relative risk in men by number of cigar-
ettes smoked, 55
summary of previous findings on relation-
ship to smoking, 55
Particulate matter
and lung cancer development, 44,45
Peoples Gas Company Study
epidemiologic study of smoking and CHD,
6,7
Peritoneal macrophages
effect of nicotine, in mice, 105
Peripheral vascular disease
see Vascular disease, peripheral
Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasm Research
Project
jung cancer histopathologic studies and,
38
Pinocytosis
effect of nicotine, in mouse peritoneal ma-
crophages, 105
Pipe smoking
relationship to lung cancer, 39,40
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
role in lung cancer development, 49-52
Postoperative complications
incidence in bronchitic and nonbronchitic
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 92
Pulmonary bactericidal activity
effect of nitrogen dioxide, in mouse lungs,
103
Pulmonary clearance
effect of nitrogen dioxide, in rats, 103
effect of smoking, 101,102
in smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers
with and without pulmonary disease,
100,101
Pulmonary function
abnormalities, and rheumatoid arthritis in

smokers vs. nonsmokers, 92,93
of Boston policemen, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 82,83
before and after smoking one non-filter
cigarette, 99
effect of cigarctte smoke, in monkeys, 102
effect of dust exposure and smoking, 95
effect of exercise performance and smok-
ing, 99
effect of isoproterenol in smokers, non-
smokers and bronchitics, 99,100
effect of nitrogen dioxide, in animals,
102,103
effects of smoking, in healthy populations,
80,81
effects of smoking, in patients with COPD,
80
of insurance company employees, smokers
vs. nonsmokers, 80,81
of male executives,
smokers, 81
of male and female smokers, in New
Guinea, 81,82
of pipe and cigarette smokers, ex-smokers,
and nonsmokers, 99
small airways disease, smoking, and, 84-87
of smokers vs. nonsmokers, 80-82
Pulmonary infections
and smoking, role in lung cancer develop-
ment, 47,48
Pulmonary macrophages
effect of cigarette smoke, in rabbits,
104,105
effect of cigarette smoke extract, in sheep
lungs, 105
Pulmonary physiology
new animal model for testing of, 102

smokers vs. non-

Renal cancer
see Genitourinary cancer
Respiratory symptoms
see also Cough
Respiratory symptoms
effect of air pollution and smoking, 90,91
prevalence in cement and rubber industry
workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 95,96
Respiratory tract
carcinogenesis induction in animals, 46,47
irritation, prevalence in rubber industry
workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 96

Seven Countries Study
epidemiologic study of smoking and CHD,
6
Sex ratio
in mortality rates from lung cancer, 40,46

123
Small airways disease
see Airways, small
Smoke, cigarette
effect on jung AHH-activity, 50,51
effect on pulmonary macrophage func-
tion, in rabbits, 104
effect on pulmonary physiology, in ani-
mals, 102
effect on respiratory tract, in rats, 104
extract, effect on pulmonary macro-
phages, in sheep lungs, 105
Smoke condensate, cigarette
as cause of bladder tumors, in rats, 58
role in respiratory tract carcinogenesis, in
animals, 47
Smoke, tobacco
effect on mitochondrial function, in rat
liver, 104
Smoking
and air pollution, effect on pulmonary
function and COPD prevalence, 82,83
and asbestos exposure, as factors in lung
cancer development, 41-43
association with other risk factors in CHD,
6,7,17
bronchitis prevalence rates and, 79
and CHD, age as a factor, 6
and CHD, in women, 9,10
and coffee drinking, in myocardial infarc-
tion etiology, 8
effect on platelet function, 18,19
as the major risk factor in intermittent
claudication, 14-16
as a major risk factor in peripheral vascular
disease, 14-16
trends for U.S. men, for years 1955, 1966,
and 1970, 40
vasoconstrictive effects in normal subjects,
16
Smoking characteristics
bronchitis prevalence rates in men and, 79
COPD prevalence rates in Yugoslavia and,
719
Stockholm Prospective Study
epidemiologic study of smoking and CHD,
6
Stomach cancer
see Gastric cancer
Stroke
see Cerebrovascular disease
Sudden death
incidence in men with and without ventri-
cular premature beats, 5
incidence in women, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 9,19
smoking as a risk factor, 46,19

Surgery
complications following, in smokers yg.
nonsmokers, 92

Tecumseh Study
lung function differences in smokers and
nonsmokers, 81
Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAQ)
see Vascular diseases, peripheral
Thrombosis
smoking and, 18,19
Traffic
effect on air pollution in Boston, 82,83

Urinary bladder cancer
see Genitourinary cancer
Uterine cancer
see Genitourinary cancer

Vascular disease, peripheral
see also Intermittent claudication
epidemiologic studies, 14-16
experimental studies, 16
smoking in etiology of, 14-16

Women

CHD incidence in, 9,10

lung cancer incidence in, 39,40

mortality rates, in smokers vs.
smokers, 9,10

mortality rates from lung cancer and
asbestos exposure, 42,43

mortality rates from lung cancer, statisti-
cal sex ratio, 40,45

myocardial infarction in pre- vs. post-
menopausal, 10

secular trends of lung cancer development
in, 40

sudden death rates in, 9,10

trends in cancer incidence rates for selec-
ted sites in, 41,42

non-

Xenon-133
washout technique for detection of lung
cancer, 43,44

ve U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975 O—550-814

124
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