Index Acrolein effect on Dunalielia biocuiata, 42 Adenocarcinoma risk ratio of smokers, 56 smoking and, for men, 57 Adenocarcinoma, kidney smoking and, 60 Age coronary disease incidence rates and smoking history by, 21-24 coronary disease mortality rates by, 18-14, 17 coronary disease mortality ratios by, 13, 18 stroke mortality rates by, 18, 17 stroke mortality ratios by, 13 Albuminuric preeclampsia see Pregnancy toxemias Alkaloids, tobacco see Tobacco alkaloids Alveolar bone loss smoking and, 85-87 Alveoli, pulmonary changes in rates after exposure to nitrogen dioxide, 41 o-Aminophenols concentration in urine of cancer patients and amokera, 64 Angina pectoris incidence rates and smoking history, 21-22 smoking and, 18 in twins, genetic and environmental factors, 25 see also Coronary disease Aortic aneurysm mortality, for men by amount smoked, 16 see alao Cardiovascular diseases Aromatic hydrocarbons carcinogenicity, 61 Arrhythmia smoking and, 4 Arteriosclerosis aortic, 26 coronary, 26 experimental studies, 20-27 hypoxia and, hypercholesterolemia in, 26 severity of, and smoking, 26 smoking and, 4-5, 26-27 see also Cardiovascular diseases; Coronary disease Atherosclerosis see Arteriosclerosis Behavior and coronary disease, 20, 24 Benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation by the placenta, 80 hydroxylation by pulmonary benzo- pyrene hydroxylase, 62 Benzopyrene hydroxylase inhibition of by nickel carbonyl in cigarette smoke, 62 Betanaphthylamine content in cigarettes, 04 Betel nut chewing smoking and oral leukoplakia, 58 Birth weight effect of maternal smoking on, 5, 77-78, 80 effect of maternal smoking on, and other factors, 78 Bladder neoplasms cotinine and, 64 experimental aspects of, 64 smoking and, 60, 64 Blood chemical analysis comparison for smoking and non- smoking mothers and their in- fants, 80 Blood cholesterol levels and lung neoplasms in male smok- ers, 57 and coronary disease mortality, 17 Blood circulation effect of smoking on, 11, 27-28 Blood flow effect of smoking on, 27-28 91 Blood platelets effect of smoking on, 27-28 Blood pressure coronary disease mortality and, 14, 17 coronary disease and smoking, 14 smoking and, effects on pregnancy outcome, 77-78 Blood viscosity and arteriosclerosis, 27 Body weight relationship to coronary disease mortality rates and smoking, 14 Bronchial epithelium effect of nitrogen dioxide on, in rats, 41 effect of smoke on, in dogs, 40 Bronchial neoplasms risk ratio of smokers, 56 Bronchitis incidence of among smokers, 37 smoking and, 4 smoking as cause, 37 see also Emphysema Bronchogenic carcinoma see Carcinoma, bronchogenic Bronchopulmonary disease, chronic prevalence of, 38 Bucéal neoplasms see Oral neoplasms Cancer sce Neoplasms and specific listings, eg., Lung neoplasms Carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin levels, 28-29 effects on myocardium, 28 Carboxyhemoglobin levels, 26, 28 levels in smokers, 28-29, 80 Carcinogenesis experimental, 62-64 possible role of tobacco alkaloids in, 61 Carcinogens aromatic hydrocarbons, unspecified, 61 bladder, in tobacco smoke, 64 implantation of, 64 use in experimental bronchogenic carcinoma, 63-64 Carcinoid risk ratio of smokers, 56 Carcinoma, alveolar cell risk ratio of smokers, 56 92 Carcinoma, bronchogenic animal models for, 63-64 experimental induction of, 63-64 risk ratio of smokers, 56 Carcinoma, epidermoid experimental induction of, 63-64 risk ratio of smokers, 56 Carcinoma, larynx sce Laryngeal neoplasms Carcinoma, small cell risk ratio of smokers, 56 Carcinoma, squamous cell see Carcinoma, epidermoid Cardiovascular diseases and mortality rates, 17 smoking and, 3-5 see also Aortic aneurysm; Arterio- sclerosis; Coronary disease; Thrombosis Cessation of smoking effect on risk of lung neoplasms, 55, 57 stomatitis nicotina resolution, 87 Cholesterol see Blood cholesterol Chronic bronchitis see Bronchitis Cigarettes filter, and risk of lung neoplasms, 57 filter vs. nonfilter, comparison of safety, 57 Cigarettes, daily consumption aortic aneurysm mortality by, 16 and atypical nuclei in larynx, 59 coronary disease incidence rates by, 15, 21-24 coronary disease mortality by, 138 Cigarette smoke see Smoke, cigarette Cigarette smoking see Smoking Cilia effect of cigarette smoke on, 42 Cocarcinogens nickel carbonyl as, 62 in tobacco smoke, 61 Coronary disease epidemiological studies, 25 incidence rates by age, 21-22, 24 incidence rates by behavior type, 20, 24. incidence rates by smoking and other risk factors, 23 Coronary disease—Continued incidence rates by smoking history, 21-24 incidence rates in men, 21-22 incidence rates, smokers vs. non- smokers, 18, 20-22 morbidity ratios, 19 mortality among former college students, 16, 18 mortality rates by age, 13-14 mortality rates by amount smoked, 13 : mortality rates by blood pressure, 14 mortality rates by relative weight, 14 mortality rates by sex, 13-14 mortality rates by smoking classifi- cation, 14 mortality ratios by age, 13 mortality ratios by amount smoked, 13 mortality ratios by sex, 13-14 smoking and, 3-5, 11,20 smoking as etiologic agent in, 11 see also Angina pectoris; Arterio- sclerosis; Cardiovascular dis- eases; Myocardial infarction Coronary heart disease see Coronary disease Cotinine effect on rats and mice, 61-62 in experimental induction of bladder adenomas, 64 sec also Tobacco alkaloids Curschmann’s spirals in sputum of smokers, 39-40 Cysteine inhibition of smoke cytotoxic action on macrophages, 42 Death, sudden rate by smoking, cholesterol and blood pressure, 17 DNA effect of aromatic hydrocarbons on, 61 effect of cigarette smoke on synthe- sis, 62-63 Edentluism relationship to smoking, 87 Emphysema in horses, 40 pathogenesis of, 38-40 smoking as cause, 37-38 see aiso Bronchitis Epidemiological studies coronary disease and smoking, 12-25 laryngeal neoplasms and smoking, 58-60 lung neoplasms and smoking, 55-56 maternal smoking and outcome of pregnancy, 77-80 oral neoplasms and smoking, 58 pancreatic neoplasms and smoking, 60-61 urinary tract neoplasms and smok- ing, 60 Epithelium hypertrophy caused by nitrogen dioxide, 41 Ex-smokers coronary disease mortality for men, by amount smoked, 15 coronary disease mortality for men, by years stopped smoking, 15 coronary disease mortality for men, compared to nonsmokers, 15 decrease of lung neoplasm risk, 57 stroke mortality for men, compared to nonsmokers, 15 thickness of vocal cords, 60 Fertility and smoking, 79-80 Fetal death and maternal smoking, 77-78 Filters, charcoal and effect of cigarette smoke on cell cultures, 62 Free fatty acid plasma factor, smoking effect on, 27 Gingivitis incidence among Danish Royal Marines, 86 incidence among Dutch Navy re- cruits, 86 incidence among U.S. Naval train- ees, 86 and smoking, 85-88 Gingivitis, uleeromembranous relationship to smoking, 86 Glutathione inhibition of smoke cytotoxic action on macrophages, 42 Hemoglobin effect of smoking on oxygen affinity, 29 93 Hydrolases reduction of in smokers’ alveolar macrophages, 42-43 Hypercholesterolemia and hypoxia, in arteriosclerosis, 26 Hypoxia and arteriosclerosis, 26 Infant mortality and maternal smoking, T7~78 Infants growth rate, effect of maternal smoking on, 78 Influenza B virus enhancing effect in vitro on oxidized nicotine, 42 Inhalation depth and retention of particulate matter of smoke, 62 Kidney neoplasms epidermoid, associated with ciga- rette smoking, 60 and smoking, 60, 64 Kreyberg study lung neoplasms and smoking, 55-56 Laboratory techniques for induction of experimental neo- plasms, 63-64 Laryngeal neoplasms smokers vs. nonsmokers, 58-59 Larynx atypical nuclei in cells of smokers, 58-59 effect of cessation of smoking on, 59 premalignant changes in, and smok- ing, 5, 55 see alao Vocal cords Leukoplakia smoking and betel nut chewing, 58 stomatitis nicotina, 87 Lung cancer see Lung neoplasms Lung function effect of smoking on, 5, 42 effect of smoking on ventilation/ perfusion relationships, 39. Lung neoplasms and blood cholesterol levels in male smokers, 57 decrease in risk of for ex-smokers, 57 detection of by sputum analysis of smokers, 58 epidemiological studies, 55-58 94 epidermoid, in male smokers, 57 incidence rates in female smokers, 4,57 incidence rates in male smokers, 4 incidence rates in Norway, 55-56 Kreyberg study, 55-06 mortality rate, 57 oat-cell, in male smokers, 57 of smokers, in Rhodesia, 57 and smoking, 4-5 and ulcers, relation to smoking, 57 sec also Respiratory tract neoplasms Lungs effect of nitrogen dioxide on rats’, 41 pathological effects of smoking on, 5 sears and susceptibility to carcino- gens, 64 Lysozyme secretion by rabbit pulmonary alve- olar macrophages, 42 Macrophages, alveolar effect of cigarette smoke on, 42 lysozyme secretion by rabbits’, 42 and pathogenesis of chronic bron- chopulmonary disease, 43 reduction of enzymes in smokers’, 42-43 Maternal smoking see Smoking, maternal Men incidence of lung neoplasms and smoking in, 57 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors effect on rabbits receiving nicotine, 27 Morbidity ratios coronary heart disease, 19 Mortality and smoking, 3 study of Chicago Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co. employees, 16-17 Mortality rates aortic aneurysm, for men by amount smoked, 16 cardiovascular diseases, 17 coronary heart disease, by age, 13-14 coronary heart disease, by amount smoked, 12-13, 17 coronary heart disease, by blood cholesterol, 17 coronary heart disease, by blood pressure, 14, 17 Mortality rates-—Continued coronary heart disease, by relative weight, 14 coronary heart disease, by sex, 13-14 coronary heart disease, by smoking classification, 14 coronary heart disease, smokers vs. ex-smokers, 15 coronary heart disease, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 12~13, 15-17 lung neoplasms, 57 stroke, 17 stroke, by age, 12-13 stroke, by amount smoked, 12-13 stroke, by sex, 12-18 ‘ stroke, smokers vs. ex-smokers, 15 stroke, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 12-13, 15 Mortality ratios aortic aneurysm, for men by amount smoked, 16 coronary heart disease, by age, 12-18, 18 coronary heart disease, by amount smoked, 12-13, 18 coronary heart disease, by sex, 12-18 coronary heart disease, smokers vs. ex-smokers, 15 eoronary heart disease, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 12-13, 15 stroke, by age, 12-13 stroke, by amount smoked, 12-13 stroke, by sex, 12-13 stroke, smokers vs. ex-smokers, 15 stroke, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 12-13, 15 Mucous membrane smoking and neoplasms of, 58 Myocardial infarction etiology of, 27-28 incidence rates and smoking history, 21-22 and smoking, 4, 18 Myocardium effect of cigarette smoking on, 11 Nas (tobacco and ashes) and oral neoplasms in the USSR, 58 Negroes maternal smoking and prematurity in, 78 Neoplasms by sex, 56 prevalence of, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers, 56 by type of tumor and smoking his- tory, 56 . see also Specific type of neoplasms, eg., Lung neoplasms; Neoplasms, experimental Neoplasms, experimental bronchogenic carcinoma, 63-64 epidermoid carcinoma, 64 Nickel carbonyl as a cocarcinogen, 62 Nicotine effect on hypercholesterolemic rab- bits, 27 effect on pregnant rats, 80 see also Nicotine metabolites ; Nico- tine, oxidized; Tobacco alkaloids Nicotine metabolites, 61-62 Nicotine-N-oxides - presence in tobacco smoke, 62 Nicotine, oxidized in vitro ciliostatic effects, 42 Nitrogen dioxide effect on rats’ lungs, 41 N-nitrosamines, 62 . N-nitrosoanabasine, 62 N-nitrosonornicotine, 62 Noncancerous oral disease sce Oral disease, noncancerous Nornicotine, 62 Norway incidence rates of lung neoplasms, 55-56 Oral disease, noncancerous and smok- ing, 5-6, 85-87 see also Gingivitis; Leukoplakia ; Periodontal diseases; Stomatitis nicotina Oral hygiene relationship to smoking and noncan- cerous oral disease, 85-86 Oral neoplasms incidence of and smoking, 58 and smoking, 58 and tobacco chewing, 58 Oxidoreductases reduction of in smokers’ alveolar macrophages, 42-43 Palate smoking and stomatitis nicotina, 87 Pancreatic neoplasms and smoking, 60-61 95 Periodontal diseases and smoking, 85-86 and smoking, in Ceylon, 85-86 and smoking, in Norwegian Army recruits, 85 Plasma and thrombus formation, 27-28 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons see Aromatic hydrocarbons Population studies bronchitis and smoking, 37 Preeclampsia see Pregnancy toxemias Pregnancy effect of blood pressure and smoking habits on, 77-78 ecarboxyhemoglobin levels of smok- ers, 80 effect of nicotine on, in rats, 80 effect of smoking during, 4-5, 77-81 effect of smoking during, in Hun- gary, 79 effect of smoking during, in Ireland, 79 effect of smoking during, in Scot- land, 79 effect of smoking during, in Vene- zuela, 79 Pregnancy toxemias preeclampsia, and smoking, 79 Prematurity and maternal smoking, 77, 79 and maternal smoking, among Ne- groes, 78 Pulmonary disease in rabbits, similar to emphysema, 41 Pulmonary emphysema sec Emphysema Respiratory function tests of smokers with mild bronchitis, 39 using radioactive xenon, 39 Respiratory tract neoplasms experimental induction of, 63-64 RNA synthesis effect of cigarette smoke on, 62-63 Sex coronary disease incidence rates and smoking history by, 21-22, 24 coronary disease mortality rates by, 18,17 coronary disease mortality ratios by, 18 stroke mortality rates by, 13, 17 96 stroke mortality ratios by, 13 tumor prevalence among smokers by, 56 Smoke, cigarette effect on alveolar macrophage, 42 effect on bronchial epithelium of dogs, 40 effect on ciliary activity, 42 effect on DNA and RNA synthesis, 62-63 effect on Dunalielia bioculata, 42 effect on pulmonary surfactant, 42 effect on tissue cultures, 62 gas phase, 63 inhalation methods, 62 nickel carbonyl in, 62 reduction of tar content, 61 retention of tars in mouth, 62 Smokers arteriosclerosis in, 26 reduction of life expectancy, 3 sputum analysis of, 39-40, 57-58 Smokers, cigar/pipe incidence of atypical nuclei in larynx, 59 incidence of coronary heart disease, 21-24 incidence of gingivitis, 86 incidence of stomatitis nicotina, 87 thickness of vocal cords, 60 Smokers vs. ex-smokers atypical nuclei in larynx, 59 coronary disease mortality for men, by amount smoked, 15 coronary disease mortality for men, by years stopped smoking, 15 coronary disease mortality for men, compared to nonsmokers, 15 stroke mortality for men, compared to nonsmokers, 15 thickness of vocal cords, 60 Smokers vs. nonsmokers aortic aneurysm mortality, 16 atypical nuclei in larynx, 59 comparison of blood factors of moth- ers and infants, 80 concentrations of o-aminophenols in urine, 64 coronary disease incidence, 18, 20-22 coronary disease incidence and be- havior type, 24 coronary disease mortality, by age, 18 Smokers vs. nonsmokers—Continued coronary disease mortality, by amount smoked, 13 coronary disease mortality, by sex, 18 coronary disease mortality ratios, by age, 13 coronary disease mortality ratios, by amount smoked, 13 coronary disease mortality ratios, by sex, 18 : Curschmann’s spirals in sputum of, 39-40 incidence of edentulism, 87 incidence of gingivitis, 86 incidence of periodontal disease, 85-86 incidence of preeclampsia among pregnant women, 79 prevalence of neoplasms, by type of tumor, sex and age, 56 stroke mortality, by age, 13 stroke mortality, by amount smoked, 13 stroke mortality, compared to ex- smokers, 15 stroke mortality, by sex, 13 stroke mortality ratios, by age, 13 stroke mortality ratios, by amount smoked, 13 stroke mortality ratios, by sex, 13 thickness of vocal cords, 60 urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites, 64 Smoke, tobacco aromatic hydrocarbons in, 61 bladder carcinogens in, 64 carcinogenicity of, 62 cocarcinogens in, 61 nicotine-N-oxides in, 62 Smoking and alveolar bone loss, 85-87 and angina pectoris, 18 and arrhythmia, 4 and arteriosclerosis, 4, 5 and behavior type, 20, 24 and bladder neoplasms, 60 and bronchitis, 4 and cardiovascular disease, 3-5 as cause of bronchitis, 37-40 as cause of emphysema, 37-38 as cause of laryngeal neoplasms, 55 and coronary disease, 3-5, 20 effect on blood circulation, 11 effect on blood platelets, 27-28 effect on free fatty acid, 27 effect on hemoglobin oxygen affinity, 29 effect on larynx and true vocal cords, 59-60 effect on lung function, 5 effect on pregnancy, 4-5, 77-81 effect on thrombus formation, 27-28 effect on ventilation/perfusion rela- tionships of lung, 39 and fertility history, 79-80 and gingivitis, 85-86 and kidney neoplasms, 60 and lung neoplasms, 4, 55-58 and lung neoplasms in men, 57 and lung neoplasms in women, 57 and mortality, 3 and myocardial infarction, 4, 18 and noncancerous oral diseases, 5-6, 85-87 and oral neoplasms, 58 and pancreatic neoplasms, 60-61 and pregnancy toxemias, 79 and premalignant changes in larynx, 5 relation to blood cholesterol and lung neoplasms, 57 relation to lung neoplasms and stomach ulcers, 57 see also Smoking, maternal Smoking characteristics and incidence rates of lung neo- plasms for men, 56 and incidence rates of lung neo- plasms for women, 56 and lung neoplasm mortality rates, 57 Smoking history aortic aneurysm mortality rates by, 16 aortic aneurysm mortality ratios by, 16 and coronary disease incidence rates, 21-24 coronary disease mortality rates by, 18-14, 17 coronary disease mortality ratios by, 13, 15, 18 incidence of atypical nuclei in larynx by, 59 stroke mortality rates by, 13, 17 stroke mortality ratios by, 13, 15 97 Smoking, maternal and ability of placenta to hydroxy- late benzo(a)pyrene, 80 and abortion, T7-79 carboxyhemoglobin levels, 80 effect on birth weight, 5, 77-78, 80 effect on infants’ growth rate, 78 effect on pregnancy, in Ireland, 79 effect on pregnancy, in Scotland, 79 effect on pregnancy, in Venezuela, 79 epidemiological studies of effects, 77-80 and fetal death, 77—78 incidence of preeclampsia, 79 and infant mortality, 77~78 and prematurity, 77, 79 and prematurity, among Negroes, 78 Squamous cell carcinoma see Carcinoma, epidermoid Stomatitis nicotina and pipe smoking, 87 Stroke mortality rates, by age, 13 mortality rates, by amount smoked, 13 mortality rates, by sex, 13 mortality ratios, by age, 13 mortality ratios, by amount smoked, 13 mortality ratios, by sex, 13 Surfactants effect of cigarette smoking on, 42 Tar content of cigarette smoke, reduction of, 61 of cigarette smoke, and tumorige- nicity, 61 Tars, cigarette retention in mouth, 62 Tars, tobacco carcinogenicity, 61 Thrombosis effect of smoking in, 27-28 plasma and, 27-28 Thrombus formation and smoking, 27-28 Tissue cultures effect of cigarette smoke on, 62-63 PB-3375-5-54-5B 75--48T C B/T Tobacco form used and relation to gingivitis, 86 and oral submucous fibrosis, 58 see also Tobacco alkaloids Tobacco alkaloids and experimental plasms, 64 possible role in carcinogenesis, 62 see also Cotinine ; Nornicotine Tobacco chewing and oral neoplasms, 58 Tooth extraction effect of smoking on healing of socket, 87 Tryptophan metabolites urinary excretion of by smokers, 64 Twin studies genetic and environmental factors in angina pectoris, 25 bladder neo- Ulceromembranous gingivitis see Gingivitis, uleeromembranous Uleers and lung neoplasms, relation to smoking, 57 Urinary tract neoplasms and smoking, 60, 64 Urine o-aminophenols concentration in, of smokers and cancer patients, 64 excretion of tryptophan metabolites by smokers, 64 Vincent's gingivitis relationship to smoking, 86 Vitamin D and nicotine, effect on hypercho- lesterolemic rabbits, 27 Vocal cords ” effect of smoking on thickness, 59-60 sec also Larynx Women blood pressure and smoking habits during pregnancy, 77-78 incidence of lung neoplasms and smoking, 4, 57 US, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1969 ©-—360-928