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Physical Activity and Health

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Chapter 2: Historical Background, Terminology, Evolution of Recommendations,
and Measurement

en ac een cc

ee

Table 2-1. | Glossary of terms
Table 2-2. Selected physical activity recommendations in the United States (1965-1996)
Table 2-3. Assessment procedures and their potential use in epidemiologic research

Table 2-4. Classification of physical activity intensity, based on physical activity lasting up to
60 minutes

Table 2.5. Correlation of twosurvey instruments with physiologic measures of caloric exchange

Chapter 3: Physiologic Responses and Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise

Table 3-1. | A summary of hormonal changes during an episode of exercise

Table 3-2. Ahypothetical example of alterations in selected physiological variables consequent
to a 6-month endurance training program in a previously sedentary man compared
with those of a typical elite endurance runner

Figure 3-1. Changes in cardiac output (A), heart rate (B), and stroke volume (C) with increasing
rates of work on the cycle ergometer

Figure 3-2. Changes in arterial and mixed venous oxygen content with increasing rates of work
on the cycle ergometer

Figure 3-3. Changes in oxygen uptake and blood lactate concentrations with increasing rates of
work on the cycle ergometer

Figure 3-4. Changes in VO, max with increasing age from 6 to 18 years of age in boys and girls

Figure 3-5. Changes in VO, max with aging, comparing an active population and sedentary
population (the figure also illustrates the expected increase in VO, max when a
previously sedentary person begins an exercise program)

Chapter 4: The Effects of Physical Activity on Health and Disease
Table 4-1. Population-based studies of association of physical activity or cardiorespiratory
fitness with total cardiovascular diseases

Table 4-2. Population-based studies of association of physical activity or cardiorespiratory
fitness with coronary heart disease

Table 4-3. Population-based studies of association of physical activity with stroke (CVA)

Table 4-4. Population-based cohort studies of association of physical activity with hypertension

261
A Report of the Surgeon General

Table 4-5.

Table 4-6.

Table 4-7.

Table 4-8.

Table 4-9.

Epidemiologic studies of leisure-time oF leisure-time plus occupational
physical activity and colon cancer

Epidemiologic studies of leisure-time OT leisure-time plus occupational
physical activity and hormone-dependent cancers in women

Epidemiologic studies of leisure-time or total physical activity or
cardiorespiratory fitness and prostate cancer

Cohort studies of association of physical activity with non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Longitudinal population-based studies of physical activity as related to
depressive symptoms

Table 4-10. Duration of various activities to expend 150 kilocalories for an average

70 kg adult

Chapter 5: Patterns and Trends in Physical Activity

Table 5-1.
Table 5-2.

Table 5-3.

Table 5-+.

‘Table 5-5.

Table 5-6.

Table 5-7.

Sources of national and state-based data on physical activity

Percentage of adults aged 18+ years reporting no participation in leisure-time
physical activity, by various demographic characteristics, National Health
Interview Survey (NHIS), Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES If), and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance

System (BRFSS), United States

Percentage of adults aged 18+ years reporting participation in no activity;
regular, sustained activity; and regular, vigorous activity, by state,” Behavioral
Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 1994, United States

Percentage of adults aged 18+ years reporting participation in regular,
sustained physical activity (5+ times per week for 30+ minutes per occasion),
by various demographic characteristics, National Health Interview Survey
(NHIS) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS),

United States

Percentage of adults aged 18+ years participating in regular, vigorous
physical activity (3+ times per week for 20+ minutes per occasion at 50+
percent of estimated age- and sex-specific maximum cardiorespiratory
capacity) by various demographic characteristics, National Health Interview
Survey (NHIS) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS),
United States

Percentage of adults aged 18+ years reporting participation in selected
common physical activities in the prior 2 weeks, by sex and age, National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS), United States, 1991

Percentage of adults aged 18+ years reporting participation in any
strengthening activities or stretching exercises in the prior 2 weeks, by
various demographic characteristics, National Health Interview Survey
(NHIS), United States, 1991

262
Table 5-8.

Table 5-9.

Table 5-10.

Table 5-11.

Table 5-12.

Table 5-13.

Table 5-14.

Table 5-15.

Table 5-16.

Figure 5-1.
Figure 5-2.

Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-4.

Physical Activity and Health

Trends in the percentage of adults aged 18+ years reporting participation in
no activity; regular, sustained activity; and regular, vigorous activity, by sex,
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System (BRFSS), from 1985-1994

Percentage of young people reporting no participation in vigorous or moderate
physical activity during any of the 7 days preceding the survey, by demographic group,
1992 National Health Interview Survey-Youth Risk Behavior Survey (NHIS-YRBS)
and 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), United States

Percentage of young people reporting participation in vigorous physical activity
during 3 or more of the 7 days preceding the survey, by demographic group, 1992
National Health Interview Survey-Youth Risk Behavior Survey (NHIS- YRBS) and
1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), United States

Percentage of young people reporting participation in strengthening or toning
activities during 3 or more of the 7 days preceding the survey, by demographic group,
1992 National Health Interview Survey-Youth Risk Behavior Survey (NHIS-YRBS)
and 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), United States

Percentage of young people reporting participation in stretching activities during
3 or more of the 7 days preceding the survey, by demographic group, 1992
National Health Interview Survey-Youth Risk Behavior Survey (NHIS-YRBS) and
1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), United States

Percentage of young people reporting participation in walking or bicycling for 30
minutes or more during 5 or more of the 7 days preceding the survey, by demographic
group, 1992 National Health Interview Survey-Youth Risk Behavior Survey
(NHIS-YRBS) and 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), United States

Percentage of young people reporting participation in selected physical activities
during 1 or more of the 7 days preceding the survey, by demographic group,

1992 National Health Interview Survey-Youth Risk Behavior Survey (NHIS-YRBS),
United States .

Percentage of students in grades 9-12 reporting enrollment in physical education
class, daily attendance in physical education class, and participation in exercise
or sports for at least 20 minutes during an average physical education class, by
demographic group, 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), United States

Percentage of students in grades 9-12 reporting participation on at least one sport
team run by a school or by other organizations during the year preceding the survey,
by demographic group, 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), United States

Percentage of adults aged 18+ years reporting no participation in leisure-time physical
activity by sex and age

Percentage of adults aged 18+ years reporting no participation in leisure-time physical
activity by month

Trends in leisure-time physical activity of adults aged 18+ years, NHIS

Trends in the percentage of adults aged 18+ years participating in no leisure-time
activity, BRFSS

263
A Report of the Surgeon General

Chapter 6: Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity

Table 6-1.
Table 6-2.
Table 6-3.
Table 6-4.

Table 6-5.

Figure 6-1.

Figure 6-2.

Summary of theories and models used in physical activity research
Studies of interventions to increase physical activity among adults
Summary of progress toward Healthy People 2000 objective 1.10

Percentage of all physical education courses in which more than one class period

was devoted to each activity, by activity, School Health Policies and Programs
Study, 1994

Studies of interventions to increase physical activity among children and adolescents

Results of the Minnesota Heart Health Program on physical activity. Graph
compares the percentage of respondents reporting regular physical activity in
intervention cities and the secular trend estimated from control cities

Moderate-to-vigorous and vigorous physical activity observed during Child and
Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) physical education classes

264