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Dear gosh

Tt 2 diffic
Queeciaons 4

that TOkhin

Problem i

particular,
Adolesrtence,
positive inf
J Farst talk
OF the poor
OF $05; blir
Pemember aty

buec JT remember that when JT was 146, Les
Execer College in t,W.england, I saw

the First bi

i
S tl answer in ag reascenably campace way,
IT Aad mo stimulus £9 90 inta science Ff

oh

17 November 1986

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tT
vv

resist the temptation of answering the

YOU Pub FO Me in your lertcear af Get.is., I may add
3

IT have tO Soy Seems Confidential, The sniy

rom anybody ain
My Father was a Sick man ab the tame of my

and My mother, who in other ways had extremely
luence an me, Favored other types of jobs, When
Bed OF becoming a research worker, She Was Seared
Salaries she knew were associated with this kind
BRe did raspeact my inclinations, I cannes:

rNdividuadl whe Had anf early influence on me:

Sed
mE ANd Was Very Ateracted

by the id@a sf what
One COuUld S66 with them, I G1SG was attractred by the
doctor's profession because of the access it gives to lots
GF Ruma secrets, IT had to decide in that summer on the
ehoice of a University curriculum, although this i8 normally
dane at naineceen ain Italy, pecause I Rad already Finished my
miGghschool duties and Medical Gehool is longer in Ttaly, nut
18 entered earlier than here, [I chose Medicine alsc because
I Simply did not know that there was also a sSchoci oF

Naecuradl §ciencest, This happened in if38 and it was a iucky

f#ROitcte. becca
when ¢he war
Myf
Te work 3
S$ J] sould,
noe there an
Shortly afte
Moved co Pav
Ghislieri a
labaratcary,
mMOStly t¢0 hi
exciting, f
WOU, WitR 62
work during
Prarmacadlogy
there was na
From the war,
grearest inf
Worked in Jt
PoruUILStiOnN g
AS WELL gs i
was already
SOme biodolodai
importante Fa
resear tee

“USS 2S 4 MAadical student FJ avoided the arare
Came ,
arse yYBAr WAS ah Turin: J was not allowed 3
moa lab umetil the second year, and began as ston
This was in the lab oF Giuseppe Levi, but he was
¥YmOrEe, Nar were Most af His bESt Students,
TP othe beginning of the aAacddemic year, howsver, I
20 because GF A SEhGLATEHIP I won at Sollegia
Nd thad $o begin again ths search for a
One an which [T managed ¢G Enroll was dedicated
Btology and histochemistry, but it was not very
worked if the Summers ain microbiology, as f[
Ovanniz Magni; but ib was HOt Basy £0 do the
the winter, JT alsa tried working in a
lab where [T could do a little bicchemistry
Pesearch biochemist): until Adriana returned
Adriano was Certainly the person who had the
luence aon Me, aF All the People with whom fT
@ly, [IT learnt Drosophila genetics, some
enetrics and a smattering of statistics From whim,
g2a5 on What iS sound Scientific research, But I
Somehaw campletely determined to da research in
Cal or Medical Subygect, ANd Adriana was an
fear in the choice of the specific Field of

+

id
ne

a

 
         

grows WP oi Preear and « Trai
FOSCIScs were notcericgusiy inerricient: at organizacion ir
avery respect, @kcept in attracting young boys to
Paramilitary organizations, which I was part aF Like
everyeody 8158, IT had to become sixteen in order to frees
MYSELF antellectuaclly of Fascist influence, There were ne
Very Strong s19naG1s in one direction or the other From my
Family, and it €GOk me Some time tO Teqiize I was being

andoctrinared in a False doctrine, Fascism, however, was
eotaliy anerfricient alsG in Suppressing distent uniess it
WAS EPUlY loud, OF Perhaps, you can praise it For havina
EhOowM some ¢Glerance until the nazis cGGk aver in 1947,

TRe impact oF Fascism on Righer Bducation was
devastating, In the early 39's, professors were requested te
rake an oath OF allagianca to the Fascist regime; only about

G& dozen refused, and were Fared, Thanks to Enrico Ferm:
Physics was the only excellent Science, and survived Fermi's
exodus ¢tG& Che U.S. Math sleo was gocd, Chemistry atid biclagy
1855 20, Some of the best professors were of Jewish Teligion
Or aFrigin, and ain LOoSB-7o ¢aiFf YT remember carrecelys., under
Hitlercs anfluence, Mussolini excluded than From 412
eeaching, But did mot really stare Fersecutring them ar
2anterning them, Giuseppe Levi, the teacher oF Dulbecco
Luria and Levi-Montalcini G& ane oF the GF those who

topped teaching. but fia Or isBave thea country, His

7

remained in [taly; they were

2
UdENtS Who were noe jew
2 Bcientifically well known in

»o
800d blir Never became vr
Che anternaciaonal environ

Trere was mo regi Mereresr in science in Fascist

Caly., The ltalian national GCcademy wae a& Farce, and the
PeSigdant oF the National Research Couneil was a general,
RBadcglic, HE had the amtcelligence ta understand that
MUSSOLinNi had to 99 and ASlped towards this aim in 1943, but
be cereainly was na Bchoalar, ar noe even a g0td general,
ONLY the PRySicists nad the ability to obtain Tespect and
BOMeG SUPPOTe Without COMPramising with Fascism, University
Proressors who were Hired under Fascist pressure had an
anmoTedibily negative effect aon the hi r metcicucions,
Bapecially ain Meadicine,

‘buring the war, Life® proceeded in almost MOrmMal ways
in eaiy and oniy a@& relat: Ss li Fraceion oF men were
drafted, Small at leases TeLaAtively to what happened in Ttalv
during worid war I, or in Germany, Bombings by plane had
Limited ampact until 1943, The MALOT OSOTobleam was thar the
imerrFiciency of the Teaiian gevernment made it gif Ficule ¢a
Obtain Food at reasonable PRiceSs; Fationing could nor be
dépended upon because it BUPDLI€d tG0 Small a humber oF
Cgloriss even wren Food on rations feOould bs Found, This
generated an enarmous ard well organized black market that
faused a Very bad zmFbation, In permans everything want ain
the opresitce Woy; TaACiGons were scarce pue AGeQuace and one

OCUld AlWaYs Find what one was supposed bo Teceive; Prices
WEreP EBNcITely econcroiled, The very Few black MHarTkKeceers but
they were shot, Almost all the MALS SoRpUulation between 19
and 45 was at War, Bue ain Germany scientific ineticurcians
Sontinued working almost MFOTMALlLy; there were sgayvsral
FOre@ign Scientists at the Koiser-Yilhelm Institution inow
MQx-Pianck Gesellschaft) ineluding TimafeefF and Zarapkin,
wha Were both members af the KGicer Wailheim section oF
Berlin-Buch, d@dicated to research GON MUEDELON and |eFfFFfaeartrs
OF radiations, K.G. Zimmer, a German, was with Timofeerr:
they And Delbruck wrote an Sarly article on target theory,

tT

aoe ow
een se Mm

r

7

3
os

e
.

A

Gecian GF Padintiones, and the gene, Ge Berlin Buch there was
Also another Kaiser Wilhelm Institut of greater doings
Perearch aon Che Brain; they were among the earl:
gevelopers of Electrosnceaphalsgraphy, Oy Far the

 
   
  

Tau genes LGabOoraeaories were at Berlin 2a = Bam S
ZG Milss From Berlin Buch, J met in Dahiem twa
cycogenecices, Bauer, and Klaus Patau twha came ¢co Madison,
Wis,3. AS WEll AS A BOtanist, MSlchears {J believe his son is
in the 9.5.3 @8 Well] o& Kuan (oF EpPRestiat who was one oF
the First ¢£G Study the bisdchemical genetics of Bye Pigments,
Ae Far as JT can remember, Schradinger's book betame ¢ruly
amoortant Gly afrer the WAT

AS tO my FOL isn keerping Pavia afloat; after Adriane

lerc For Naples there remained in Pavia only empey roams and
NO pesearch workers, Adriana really Wanted Pavin destroyed
ond wae angry with me and Gaovanni because we chose note ba
MOVE £59 Hapleas, Had I not Tesisted, there would not have

been a Pavia section oF the Naples laboratary; as the ONR
And AEC money WAS in mY NaMSs, Adriano Aad to ers 2
Pavid Seccian, OF whach JT was made director, atid whith I
turned into the jNR lab Presentiy under Arturo's +
The CNR lob (new instituce’s wos Founded on my request
Temained Physically asociated with the University dept, For
lack aF GQ Tew Building; wath the ONR regulations cF the time
I Ould not be Ggirectror of the CNR lab because I was a
liniversitcy prafessar, and this if the reasan why JT nominated
Arturo as director, Tt id true that had I ieft Pavia too
early, nathing would Have remained there because Aadrianc was
angry With His Pavia tinaiversity colleagues who had not
surpepocrted his Blanes ¢€G create locally an internatciangl
Laboratory, Sometime Adriano is credited, wrongly, With the
erigin oF the Pavia CNR Institure, but RE TeAlly did Hise
best £O Hill at. At Fhe bEeOGAINnHing, and FReNn Lost inteares:,

I HOPE you Teceived & complete copy oF my
PUBLICAELONS and “8rox copies oF two Barly Papers;
unFarcunatcely they are in Jtalian, They are noc ifitereseing
SKCSPt, PRErThAPS, Historically, FJ am Peally not Broud oF
them, Te i86 oF example af What two M@diengl Studencs could dz
2M Ttaly @aurainag the war, with Little hele,

I stiii dae nat know af JT will be able tao come ta
N,y¥, On Friday, [I dQ not want tO travel repeatedly in
econamy class when my neck 22 mote DerfFecse, as Tow, but Unidea
does HOt S28M AbLS +o FOMe UP Wath OA buUsinsss flaAsSs ticket
1% Fame,

RS aver f

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