pe - voles lonely we augp oh Opfoweiuees heat b> 14 plued Table-2 Sydo dt Rarwels bane £ ' Wc yaa i sg NAPOe A end hte wo Sat Une ined ores cg Vase Care: a md (Stu to stilutioy & nO. cd C No per) telhemay puiwlate |paraiZ. | plaut 1 4 | 4 Tole! | A Ash aay Y Span 4 + 13 613 | 1467 1336] SIS | HHS a nos Iq; ISpea a 4b 47 lab} 16 435° Cc "eT ag)qy [1 Spas b - | ae] — Ite | 24 2 Q Sholay Y Sa I + 1s bLS | 1156 | 108D | 638 | 3539 “B » ONE [Spe 42) WY 3) 35 156 aa woul ow 12 Spey 45 | 5% WY | Ws 369 Bai fw PSpu)ge fromrcon | uD | TH "| 4 LIb G-a 8 PVs pa tiler J V22 | 1249 Hy | ial 5 1b H * uf gly [\Spa | 8 — $64 i $52 VT)6 x Qt lla! “S| abe 3D Dob | AGIA | WHTA | 1335] TTID J now wale \Spu "1 - 3HES - SASl | OTHE K soe PQ fv Span 4 HTT} 500 | 455 ; Heal 1994 L wow fo | Sp Bp} & 3 4H | 259) 29) | 547. Wy woy fo fsa fos IS3b | 16bH | 1544 | 1654 | 639% nN q'shy) ajar Bia} gs 67) | bt qa $2 b | 303 | O vt wal Spay] | $2 75 | 203 | ol 5 6] P sty diye 7 531 | 113 | bas | 543 | ayes Q i pg Spf 5\ TI TO | 19S 467 R n Hy 3 8p] 1b 1s Q5 | id | 2b S-t faye | Qhe | f+ nin to) ; b 130 4) 13 | 4b S-2 as Cen ton) bd \4D Vax} 43 acm She | dalla Sly Q ox Tables a, Ara, ok, AY) Nos pea a] a. Ysw}4+ _ Rliaut Bo. net AD<— — Rhewot \pe s& Ker vel “gpaooS Aeep Color wm Cetadvo lob qowel | Sh \\ ; bb 29 R-1 WT 7 43 37 Sb 36 137 ae 3b los 49 sen feene we Ta us4 Us) 264 aT 43. (geste 23 theey 0 Or rn ve cee acts ——=— sy galt 153 As” 122 > soem ac ee mh eg | ake be A. AA Jar ohae Spa Fx aim ah | 0, az Cotate 5715); no Spe 77 Phono A owed odin dy pi a Vawt wlio YS 2 ‘gah Le Oe ae Nee Toft b%6\-1 AD WT4 Ho3 646\-1 139 14% LET BQ Sha] Qi She Cato ST19R-1) F Aw CxbI-1 ancl CB6I-72 4A, [ays Spur FT Me Spe a NasTighbe Ror baw gat Total Wi Qvut doy 29. ttt TP _ wnt to bso "95 — 6861 1g6 ae 9% Proud lho 4. Yoruba S67 AIe © Qcmishe Catotesr20) /Qyake wpa g % Ayiehr]Q, ele 1Spuu (le 6361-1 NOY 6I- 1) Quel Oh lade wo ynct Coir Qroo | a Morava Lah on ee a ‘4Gted A | | __ Aaa Oetepbee Leder’ | . 2. Shi aha. | Sir “Ah Tole le peal Fb I-1 53D a | Ys O | 1926 5 Soto © Ww Qc Lavah Wo Span 74 TS foo eo | Oe i ag : lo pau uA GOI-T. 4b 1 16 _ 149% bo - > —~#.. — ’ ; ti - 7 ce een 338 bb $ oboe 10 Way Qi di olan, Tbosgan mt th WT ; D O oo DRO m1} Stability of mutants produced by a, Mutation producing events may occur at a, mi not only in somatic cells of the plant and in the endosperm cells of the kernel, but also in ancestor cells of the gametes, that is, in the Sporogenous or gametophytic ag hh”r cells, The frequency of their occurrence in these cells, and the pnenotypic A exoression that will result from toils is related directly to the state of the at locus itself (see table 1), With most states, the majority of germinal mutations modify the locus in such a way that it is subsequently capable of acting much like the standard Ay locus, however, all skates give rise to some germinal mutations that express a ruch reduced capacity e120) for pigment production, State -, figure 1, produces almost exclusively this latter type of mutant, When plants carrving a met and Spm are some kernels on the resulting ear may exhibit a modified phenotype and this is the consecvence A crossed by plants that are homozygous for ays Mea] Such of a germinal mutation at ay ° Teese kernels are uniformly pigmented usually anc the intensity of this/differs markedly from that arpearing in the kernels Soe? hae having an ummodified a, m1 locus and no Spm, Kernels exhibiting phenotvpes 4 A Ongena rom —errried—rertortems were removed from seme—etctire @ rs and the plants grown from them were exarnined for anthocyanin distribution and Wage tested for presence or absence of Spm, It was found that may these kernels gave rise to plants that were uniformly pigmented, “hen, in M1 turn, thetp peemtes weve crossed by plants that were homozygous for ay but had no Spm, it was learned that Spm was present in some of them and Wolp phenotype produced by the absent in others, However, in all c&@es, the/mutated locus worthe Ooune in gl AD Cerne, VT ‘whom wade, Wy dello Ws Coco Ute WY QTd W the pounce of 2 foun - plants were also crossed bv plants carrying Spm and from this test it was oho learned that the mutant lecus in those plants that had no Spm would remain A These unaltered in expression when Som was introduced, The most gravhic illustrati;n of stability of mutants in the presence a . . m= 1 2 of »pm is derived frome'rosses of plants carrying the state of a, (sro) hat produces no anthocyanin in the absence of Spm but gives rise to many early occurring mvtations to low alleles of A. in its presence, When 1 this state is present, the frequency of occurrence of germinal mutations is high, and they are revealed xmxxnustixisuakxkerneks by the appearance of kernels exhibiting a uniform distribution of pigment over the aleurone layer. The intensity of this pigment among the different kernels la ving germinal mutants varies from very faint in some to rather dark pale in others, The same range in intensity of vigmentation is expressed in the plants grown from these kernels, the degree correspondine with that shew, A ‘ A - : shown by the kernel from which the plant arose, tiese plants, in turn, t. Cc C Srrwacgyar \or Qi, Baek Reno woSpi) were crossed with a Spm tester stocks +2 order to determine the presence or absence of Spm in them, aged Spm was found to be present in some of them, The stability of the mutant in the presence of Spm was cleirly revealed in this test cross. Some of the kernels on the kek ear resulting from this cross canmied the mutated locus and Spm desived from one parent and the a," locus demixed from the other parent, im Phese exhibited kernels spots of deep pigmentation in a uniformly pale colored background, figure 3. The deeply pigmented spots represent Spm induced mutations at the MeL ay locus contributed by the tester stock, The lightly pigmented background in which these appear reflects the action of the mutated locus Vo Snjaseaion us um ef atact Us contributed by the other parent which tp Obviously stots the presence A of Sorte sm ie The phenotypic expression “Py the a element, considered in the previous sections, was remarkably constant and predictable, notwithstanding butt Doug vv Han tig UPs0 ARK A - thdmany diff that wes homozygous for ay > Sho, y, and had 1 Spm-s element closely Jinked : Abe wo : 3 with y in one " nromosomes 6. Some of the pollen parents were Pr/pr and 3 A aclu HY QM! Lycee Orel ue becer aiTorae others were pr/pr. From these tests it was concluded that an Spm tise A element with much xedumxedt weakened action was-peesent in Qa=heemesnees—< by * the piephs derived from the kernels that were eaither teextry colorless c of deep color snowed only 1 or several small spots/in a colorless beckground, and that this element was absent in the plants derived from the uniformly colored kernels, the reason for tnis conclusion is evident from the types of that anpeared on the test-cross ears that kernels/these plants produced, as shown in table (a), Those entered in A of this table are from ears of vlants derived from the uniformly colored Chu kernels. Those entered in B of -eete-+erte are dexiwenxkeenxEneExkeKrners from ears of plants derived from the totally colorless kernels or those 1 or several . in woich only g small spot deep color appesred. Only two classes of amt carrving kernels appeared on the ears of plants entered in A ofthe tabhe, Half of them were uniformly dark pale in color (no Spm) and half exhibited meny spots of deep pigmentation in a colorless background m=] (Spm-s present). On the other hand, the a, carrving kernels on ears produced by plants entered in B of this table fell into four classes. Naif of them (1323 kernels) exhibited the typical pattern of variegation produced when Spm-s is present. A quater of them (629 kernels) were unifor:ly dark pale in color (no Spm), “he remaimhng quater (693 kernels) showed either a few dots of dem pigmentation in a colorless background (52h kernels) or the were totally colorless (169 kernels). In some of the crosses entered in Kxm& this table, the male parent was pr/pr gyel ANd Cunt burst wR, eo¥a: inen these piers were used aacpothepesert, the distribution of Pr to pr anions the three classes of a, mt Sho ecsrrying kernels indicated khak the presence in the pistiallate parent of a factor, carried in the pr Collere Rewutlo chromosome, that is resncnsible for ve pRenetipe exhnibitadg very few or no A, dots, These ratiog ape entered £, the foot of B of sable (a)e neu Thef alee indicated that kkeaxfauckex the Spm-s eloneny lmerodcuced by the ss alu sy pollen parent, was epistatic to th& Peston, One of the plants belonging A r= to group B of tabie (a) had been crossed by a plant homozygous for ay “Hos Yy and pr and having no Spm, the types of kernels this cross produced. also indicated the presence of the weakened Spm-typne factor that was carried in the pr chromosome, There were 253 uniformly pigmented kernels of wich 70 were Pr and 183 were pr; 16 kernels snowed 1 or several small Ay dots in a colorless background and 112 of these were Pr and 3h. wers pre In addition, there were 69 totally colorless kernels, Another sories of progeny tests were conduced with plants derived from the several classes of kernels on the ear wjust described and also from kernels entered in 8 of table (al, These progeny tests confirmed 60,4 obeny we rb the conclusions derived from the tests just described, Details will not A oe. &iven here but in order to indicate the obviousness of the conclusions, data from test crosses of some of these plants are given in table Cb), It was learned from these studies that the Spm-w elevent belmved as a weakened Spm element both with regard to suppression of pigment formation - “1 “hen it is Mm: ea ‘ . : at ay and witn regard to mutation producing capvacity. * 5 * Me : _ im 2 present, the plants having aq 1 develop pigment but the rate of this is uty much slower than in the a_i plants that heave no Spm element, Also, suppression of vigment formation in the kernel is not complete for a very A Fy oo coloration ma. aopear ah the base of kernels that have Spm-w. In order to a A detcrmine if the Spm-w element has a weakened capacity to induce mutations, - . . . 7 . . . M= it wes incorporated into plants having various different states of as 1 but no *pm-s. These tests indicated that the presence of Spm-w results in a marked reduction of the freauency of occurrence of mutation but does not their alter the time offoccurence,c’ This latter remains a function of the state of the a.™+ jocus, 1 Although Spm-w elements residing in different chromosomes of tne Cor KOA complement have been detected, no evidence of transrosition of t is element has yet been obtained, fests of this are not extensive, nowever, and thus no conelusions regarding this may yot be drawn, The origins of Spm-w elements from modifications of Spmes elements is to be suspected but this tonclusion’ could only be sonsidered as tentative since evidence in sunport of it is limited to,|two cases , wreme Spm-w elements appeared in the same A A wp Ow eewear Fr pdeouueed h wiulow chromosome that had carried Spins Uae ty f) Blue Jaubarp Weed 0 Seu, Loufn. Ulu» Uororcrve.0n Sa fod aloes. Coin Awe Veokis b - Q pu Shy lqQrmSbe ot Qval Shi ide % x QQ, A/G, iy | Sposa of ALA 7 Ply Aly Tele oe len Pimury She ae FE, Feo pole Arte Unley sw Pde rototly | Coledow ere Plowt | Comtitubiow — | Poe | GON, flee bed | Colants Tonk, | br | tétals A-3 | Qe BWr| am She] et | 193 De — ~ 397 Ke) " " 25 | 29% o _ - 494 R-s « fade} 122) 136) 1 » | ase] o SYUb A-uy v " 1o% Od 0 O 139 O 399 f-s M " NZ 21 D 20D & 434 2 " u 1344 44 o 257| 0 53% was: i not jap 4b | oe | I | zoe] Oo | Wady Totst$ lois | 106% 2 ] a eer clarleao | i natuve Re ola oe WT WE fina, C3 am ld sue | sr | dbl | Ga | 64 - 543 O-} " . 137 aAtTy | WY iO) ~ He C-4 \ " q aHF | AS 34 - TY 0-2 | A™ShgSe | S4 | laal 4g 4 Pale] | 44 | co TB ow . qi | WB | 69 3 | 373 aL b33 -* \ 68 | 139) Na 4 faey} od | sun D-b \ i ST | 133] HI | ao | at | Oo | 44S Tole ls 6324 | \323| 524) 164 Tevale ° ne Tote ap a aokten aby lf oT EPO 4S2Pr W33ye | pe Gap eal ut pink ovegf = | Q-u “25 3} oO | Hb " 4q 5 Sn gowl Rahs soo. 193 Le naPai34 a Colne ft ume fen loot vary 6449C-37 gm sh Qua Wy Pe Spe er | pe sly % br ¢2 C Uitte (2629 14Spu]y + a C- ar Ww \\ Nv t\ i Pre [ tulle Try 3.1 + Aly Pre ysual 4. S95 D-2 Dw) As Pa Sem] ee D4 % aM Ge py ey tulle Te 47 no Span) Woe ty 6 mein. - 6298-6" % Potlene) 1040 @ ras3y Qsmishe] ads VL hy 4 Pa | Pe Pot |S n-o 4 Y Cylordors, fer A ol Pry > 66%3 Rey L\as4] 06638 &| % b64A-s O,m She] gabe Q WS Qh 14 eepy hi fr AU Ly Prt] Pa Spo ot Yl Wey Stuy . tf / {ue L885 tlle [193s J Tobo(he 4 LL yt ' I Q.*'xh, | q.™' Shr ; ba Spun-ur | yet K qa mich, | Gym Qh 2 yee KO Spy IC “ue” . “ % Qa, Ayla, dr } rir, 44 Syn 0] 404 vv? mr * ve wK " \ \ Po] pe i YM J YoteG= 15, bo Spm-o3 W Soar N AL Plone farm dod pale Bowie, ue S "EW dur dylan Krwb with natal Ar azo. Pods am Ss yg ye weet Benya Proua yo oY Rowe 1 Cot itu vento aod tnleos wel a | take Pau ys Audyl 2, dd. CrfsrCose : a te a oe _ Tobe a | Boeeln | W831 12.07 7O2 232 bow | 3174 ris adn wl toe T64 BT 390 O15 aw: Frese. w} nr 299 | Ao 150 403 129 {ae 4ST LOTS OS Aas oe 2159 : isya 7 -asg — 4H {| 1 VT” wea Tet Liew | 203, eH AD 323 | 1354. — en bee af cee nt nee vee BED Pelle purrs ast | — ' WH3 aur SbF. TUB - Pere @ - 1263 C- 3 C-7 Pardo ows Rorwwta wird utp, Age ukow® apa v4 Udkardoro lo grat Copur-0) 2 Pa AB Am eo Stee SUN 1a advent AWegbl Oye oy COON UA Ab Ly ohewk en, ig, 3 = spe wo Ia Cyfirdous (rel, cueel | Cptortorg Ind cet ae ” ‘ me - : . __ _ me | Pa Po ip Poy ET 3. Lely spa-? ! : : | To Potwlyer 360 84e \ q |200 9 Iz Lays Do 4 op mi ly Spn-e hot cH Pal wSpenr 30D 287 0 |787 a Hy 5) |e a “Hey, \Span-0 | Poca pe m1. = (fa Speed fe) 4% | 30 No} 5 12210. [22] 31, 7S Yala doses a bo 0 67 — ib - [ost = NY. 3Sym- 9 ~ Hoot a CRetom-cwln+) 7 Th v 3 2 1 14399 Aagstione Pe a Pa WR i) V4 | ~~ 0 N35) ~ 2 [- 436 Wawty il. a Soo Pn. 7 "en h rf ma. eee lye AT | 104K “4S ° aL TN pee — 1%3 21 0 Bt Va | 342 x o> Vpw-o Pala Wo Can | 12] \Ub } ee 20 | 5] §32 os ews ea na | 135 fmt | sn oN \Syn Pel Pa ae a Ap fie G rea 50. 54 HOY 1 rhe aa, ee Wn evita. sw ytetaae. SE se 0 | : uno ax} Modifier element in the Spm system In the course of a test undertaken to examine Spm number and location in the »rogeny of a plant carrving two Spm elements, both located in one we = vio, chromosome 5, a kernel appeared on an ear of a sdueee plant in wich the freauency of mutation at at was greatly augmented, Subsequent tests of the plant derived from this kernel and its vrogeny indicated the presence of an element, belonging to the Spm system, that increases the aie me1 with each of five tested -‘frecuency of occurrence of mutation at a, A states of At, but does not alter the tine during te cevelopment when “ dts presence may be detected only when Spm also is nresente Sy? N Ne these will occur, / Like Spm, it may undergo transposition, In all essential respects, it acts like a commhementary controlling element within the Spm system, Cul. f-Wwo The kernel carrying the modifier element appeared on tee eargof a tuo_of its ang Cohonr plant that was a,™"1 Sh,/a, shj, Pr/Pr, Wx/iWx im-eonstitutien when/ik had been used in a cross with a plant that was homozygous for Bas sh, pr, and Wx and had no Spm, / On thésbeearg,there were 167 uniformly dark pale colored kernels in the Shp class (no Spm), 186 Sh, kernels w th spots of deep color C Sen youd) in a colorless background ,with a pattern of mutant spots similar to that +O OW Car vid uy stow ¢ QW-l . shown in Ror figure 1p There were also 38h, colorless, sho kernels, MG “4 , Ax In addition, on one of these twa ears, a single kernel appeared that A exhibited a very marked increase in the number of pigmented spots, thehs L awe for ef kernel_was-removed~and $he plant g rown from £4 also exribited a very high A me] i ‘ rate of mutation at ay, in its somatic cells, In order to examine the nature of the modification that was responsible for this marked increase in frequency of mutation, one ear of this plant, (number 6889), was self~ pollinated, Another ear received pollen from a plant that was -omozypfous :& for ae (state )y Sho, pr, and wx, The reciprocal cross was also made. In addition, podilgm from plant 6889 was placed on the s#lks of éups—ef two plants that were homozygous for a,m sho, pr, and had not Spm, The kernel types and the ratios of them that appeared on the ears produced by these crosses indicated the presence of one Spm element in plant 6889 but it was not linked with Pr. Among the variegated kernels, there were two classes, In one, the kernels exhibited the expected number of mutant spots, In the other, one the other hand, the number of these spots was variegated greatly incre sed, The ratios of these two types of/kernels suggested the presence in plant 6889 of an independently located modifer element that serves to increase the frequency of mutation at amt and does so suaket fue either with state e or state = . In order to verify this, kernels were selected from the various classes emt these ears and the plants grown from ; them were again tested for presence or absence of th¥@ modifier in accordance with the phenotype of the kernel from which the plant arose, These tests verified the presence of the modifier in those plants that were derived from the kernels sha ing an increased freauency of mutation and its absence in those plants that were derived from the kernels that exhibited the usual frequendy of mutation associated with the state of ay ~ present in the plant. They also showed that Spm wes required for the modifier to be expressed, It was also possible to learn from these tests that the modifier undergo:s transposition in somatic eaiis. This results in removal of it from some cells, and increase in its number in others, In one case, this resulted in its insertion into chromosome 9, and linkage of the modifier with Wx covld be detcrmined in plants having the modifier in this location, R¢moval from this location and insertion elesewhere coul also be followed, Detailed evidence for the statements given above cannot be included in this report, Hoever, in order to indicate some of the methods used in obtainang this evidence, several of the tests will be outlined, sh In the cross of plant 6889 to a plant thet was homozygous for ays 2 and had no Spm, 12 plants derived from the variegated kernels showing the usual number of mutant spots (Spm, no modifier) were crossed by vlants homozygous for ay, sh2 and having no Spm, and also b: plants homozygous for age ai, (state ‘ys Shy and having no Spm, The types of kernels on the ears these crosses produced are entered in A and B of table - bight plants derived from the variegated kernels with an increased number of mutant spots (Spm plus modifier) were also used in crosses of the same type, The tyvnes of kernels avpearing on the ears resulting from thec ross with the plants homozygous for ay and sh, are entered in © of table * M1 Because the kernels on the ears produced by the cross with the a4 wegen = > m- Sh, no pm tester plants have different states of ay 1 in them that would require additional categories of kernel txpes in the table, they heve been excluded from it, 1261 Cudknre oh ‘ Wipe ES ~% wish »| chs “ % oa labs ween, so “eet G7 ile, aa poke sae lav a Dud, (0p - Gagner \ eu eds hee oud *. AvMShe [A te oh wo Wwaebfon 4 x Os ele | Orbs, Wo Spun, wo ys 3 ia Sp, bo Whee tibs Sha Ar fhe Stan , ) Tasdd oy af ee ce | ToTale. a o , f 37? Brv-3 7 { y oy g \\ = : - , 5 |s57 |) 3 692 | ! | , Tmo) tg tg a OF OF re WP a3y — of le7 | | 0 0 Oo | 26 | = Hoy Abin D-S Oo as O 0 O | , ooo yee Hp e a et \) Stee I] Ly LD\3 | 7 14q5 - oO ~ | 0 - U4OolZ LD hue an \ au | bb — | 253 —~ | Oem ! O -_ 32) nee — mf co ee tL eee ee | ing Be 2 b 4 121d 0 165 D | IST 3 74849 iL 146] cp DAS pus 2 Woot, i | own | | . aes 2 HD 30 pl eo , 2.00. 4B ; 7 7 an wep ee bee cee Sear e e f n ee — _. : - | a - _ a —— es ~ ( | | un? wal 20 Bot . . . o m= present in some of its gametes, Following introduction of the a, locus f from the male parent, the presencé of Spm in tnose kernels that received it from the female parent should ye revealed by the anvearance in them of small deeply pigmented spots in a folorless background due to activation of the a & — f 2 2 a," 1 locus by the Spm element. In those kerngls that did not receive 5Spn, the aleurone layer shoudd be uniformly pigmented. Among the 30 plants wat derived from the colorless, sho, Y class Af kernels, it could be determined on this basis that/15 had a single Spy’ element and 15 had no Spm, In 13 of the 15 plants/that had Spm, linkAge of it with Y was evident (A, table @) but in the 2 rémaining plants, ng linkage of Spm with Y was noted (B, tabled (The reason Jor the absence of linkage of Spm with Y in these 2 plants will be consideyed in the next gection, It need cnly be menticned nere that t unexpected.) Among the 2l: plants derived from the colorless, sho, y class of kernels, 6 had a single Spm element (C, table QJ), and 18 had no Spm, ee orien te ah ARRANGE Nene hatha ie a, nee renee FA ce In the above described test, the state of ay present in the tester stock (pollen parent) was either that snown in = or ~ of Bigure 1. All of the kernels having Spm exhibited the pattern of variegation characteristic of the introduced state,-- small spots of deep pigmentation in a colorless background, and these spots were rather uniformly distributed > g e 21 over the aleurone layer, Also, all those that had no Spm were uniformly \ pigmented either darkky pigmented if state - had been introduced by the L male parent, or lightly ovigmented if state ~- had been so introduced, This made: More than one fertile @r was wroduced by some of tvese plants. it possible to place on the silks of some of these additional esrs pollen i of plants in weich Spm was considered to be absendt but in wich other This was done with plants having the states i i t i states of at were present, It was found that if the element - i present / Shown in =, ~,=, and » of figure 1. mM~ 1 ta present in the pistillate parent had activated the state of a er states of | x in the tester stock, it would also activate each of these ot! However, thevattern of variegation that appeared in the kernels \ m=] a7 . that received Spm was not the same as that given by the tester stocks. mej] 1 | Inste:d, it was that which characterized the particular state of a I i that hed been introduced by the pollen parent. That the activating elenenti, } nevertheless, was the same for each state could be s:own in some of these tests by whéans of its linkage with Y and an illusttion of tsis is piven | OV, | in D of table Qe i=armeseeoet testswhich showf the activation of the different states of ay ““ by the same Spm element wef conducted and the In this test, result of one of these teste is illustrated in figure 2, m=1 ; shown in - of figure 1 was a variegated plant having the state of aj" 22 ape was crossed by the Spm tester stock having the state shown in =~ of figure 1, A Without exception, all kernels that exhibited the pattern of variegation me] . characteristic of the state of aj, present in the female parent likewise exhibited the pattern of variegation characteristic of the state of a min] 1 that was present in the male parent, The same element activated both states of at, Another type of test involved use of pethben—*ror «a \ Qua gre or WT plants thet wi hor nozygous for the standard recessive, AL in wh ‘Ach tie Spm le a ’ “4 . Gesrstitittien could e follien ont durables gn (BAAD aT from such g plant wa S S Peeeee BSR the silksot /a-number of non=-variegated A ajmnL Woke WD deouh at plants among wich aepmmbesof different states/vone manmeaantod, Paro ; Atul; wo each stom testy the peemesticn of variegated to non-variegated kernels was the sane, pegerdless of the state of ay that was present in the pistillate parent, heavonhwhi on -of these tua slceseret-hecneks cag A we. Wad wnee Prloou? indtested the number of Spm elements in the pollen parent, Again, if ut, linkage of Spm to a given marker was expressed among the kernels on one A ear, it was also expressed in all ears where this could be detected, as LAT ee bbs, Phau aise dy Sorwls Oppiarny on Table bob. Wrrsd, Laat Lavy covet nun Pouce of Konme we ued whan pli aul w» \o" + WEA om ryt Vaupoung (or arm She, ry Wes pheemt S Pau ch db - doap tom. ‘ V WA iy Se 07. Se iS = Mind =» Cane wl la Sf ~ Roenulfoat » wou veatba 3, 5 ln aU 4 ee ate Hoon ow Adehnn ws Lowe oath. bt . Sew “62 Rolin: Bi fn dork fn pe oda lak. a ‘| MA _ \| YL : a x v / bb696-1 + 44 Rea bt \3D UY | Ly f- bot ebtorr@ bo 140 1224 'G@ t 200 w a Ss wl 7 - ~bb%c-$ Ebtol- vt _ 244 — o oy Az Wear a mE boo R-b6 4 b6%¢R-3 19s yw OA.)O, 4, vehun | C1 pi Dauste) 5$6l-7 __$%b 19% | Ly 335% uv C% 10 Spy LS QD Oo N17 hsy 4 pale Q, 7h, 7 686'-] x oe sl-o (stot - | | 224 Tt be59-\4 x 6 $6)-] 4 Dot be 13D OMe) | 24S” 247 | lQs Sy 74 loy 6499R Colap-) 468 bI-! Cy : wet Ow haga Bes Sb 74 [era R-3 Wb lod 173 R-9 6h 6% sy P=! 1 TT $37 B-4 _b0 b2 IS2 %-] 1o7 64 13> 530 Wu Ss QS | ate bb 44 AE tad, woSpan . WS ly » (PCy w~ 19 lor " BM@t w W ls 4y 160 U BO ye 0 \ L234 25h wv RB -1 t Ww vl 1 Q [332 a1 4 ——— “14\ 195 ag Pale She An Shs 6461-1 $ x» vbasTt-3 Catop-) 139 14S __ 0 361-7 tulle lache 57 19 | 2bb. 28% 0 2 ey 25S 247 217 1 106 “~pTals rr SS Stood 9220 Q™ shila d. % bBbl-7 6399 P- 2 oe. 129 ae 21) es Rew Lov SD o te — "Reb lop 92 O 179 —, w QM \20 UW 0 125 = \ B-2 q7 $3 o 69 | \ Bs 100 lid QD 176 “ w Rb 17 MI D Hy "B-¥ ZY 21 0 0 B94 13 6D 0 Iso u Bevo bd 49 O uy ™ Totels $86 19% ] (671 a4. Wo >wa 63% + cue Sh, cite, , ——TeteIs Rw os & ? Jj2y R4 1S 4 Ios 30% Re \ 43 lo 2937 A 43 lo7 200 R-2. 255_ 229 HSY¥ - \Le )2¢9 2557 B-b 21D 202 HI (3-10 \2) 13y 255 Totals L157 Wu 2334 + Phowp Tyo) Asuud- Cont t vor 3 3 Opt ulin 4 oT | 4B Joh. Spun On thi Sha]q™ cha Wp sw | | Ci StOb 5713. ea | yi Gon Toleale Paw 6% 61- | 2249 I74 | +03 Plouit 04 61-7 1349 I43 27 RB. Qywrshe/ QM che Cabed S717 p-3) wound Q,Ar]o,dr Suu 57» gluil 6 36! -I Que) 6361-7 H % plouta. 27° 6961-1 Ss Q ‘. Cc. Q\w Sho Caboly 5720) | Q) oe Woyw? yx __ totals 0461-7, 4%} _ 1567 \Q16 GM | Ae, No S{eu.o7 wd 0; bathe | [yan 37 he Oa a cholo She wee tea AUB yur Ot 1 Oh Alrvlode | Sin - _ Ply 646 Ie 1 520 T oa sey Sie mM Aa a Ofeg, A Th: i SUG th en ee Wo wa ++ 1 ee D0 _ 54 S| _1Grb | . =f uo Pm 14S 1836 ee oa Spy A plow, (661- 7 ! 4b ner ie eae : — AA aloe soa ‘ jaa a sy oe em [3356 ! ATT | 2334