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OBITUARY NOTICE OF DECEASED MEMBER

Oswald Theodore Avery
2ist October 1877—20th February 1955

(Puate LXXVII) .

OswaLD THEODORE AVERY was born on the 2Ist October 1877 at
Halifax, Nova Scotia, and died at Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A., on
20th February 1955. With his death there ended the career of one
of the most outstanding students of bacteriology and immunology of
his time. .

Avery came of pure English stock, both his parents having been
born in England. According to information in the possession of his
family, Avery’s paternal grandfather, Joseph Avery, lived at
Wolvercote, near Oxford, and there he conducted a paper mill where
he manufactured the thin paper used in the printing of Oxford Bibles.

Avery's father, Joseph Francis Avery, who was born at Norwich,
Norfolk, is reported to have been attracted by the sermons. of an
American evangelist who was conducting a series of religious meetings
in England, and decided to enter the ministry. He was received into
the Baptist Church and then, some three years after his marriage to

to establish a Baptist church in Halifax. There the young couple
made their home for a few years, and there Oswald, their second son,

was born. In the same year, 1877, the father was called to the

pastorate of a mission church Joeated on the lower east side of New
York City, and in that chureh, which was called “ Mariner’s Temple ”,
he served until his death in 1892,

In those days the lower east side of New York was notorious for
its rowdyism, and one would searcely have selected it as an ideal
spot in which to bring up children, but the fact remains that voung
Avery survived any vicissitudes which the neighbourhood may have
presented, managed to go to Colgate University (Hamilton, N.Y),
from whieh he reecived the A.B. degree, and then entered the College
of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, from which he
graduated in 1904 with the M.D. degree. After a brief period in
clinical work he was appointed a member of the staff of the Hoagland
Laboratory in Brooklyn, N.Y., and there he embarked upon hacterio-
logical investigations with the late Dr Benjamin White. It is of
particular interest, in view of the nature of Avery's Tater work, that
one of their papers, which appeared in 1912, dealt with the chemical
constitution of the tuberele bacillus.

J; PATH. MACT.—VOL. LXNIV (1957) 451
452 OSWALD THEODORE AVERY

In 1913 Avery, who by that time -had become Associate Director
of the Hoagland Laboratory, was invited by Dr Rufus Cole, then
Director of the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical

Xesearch, to become a member of its staff. Cole’s attention had been:

directed to Avery by a paper which he had published from the
Laboratory, and a visit to Avery confirmed the favourable impression
which Cole had gained from reading his paper. The invitation, which
followed shortly thereafter, was promptly accepted.

When Avery came to the Rockefeller Institute Hospital in 1913
the principal problem upon which Cole and his associates were engaged
was a comprehensive study of lobar pneumonia with a view toward
obtaining a specific treatment for that disease. ‘The work of Neufeld
and Haendel in Germany had demonstrated (1910) the existence of
certain varieties of pneumococcus which were different from one
another from the standpoint of their immunological reactions. A. R.
Dochez and L. J. Gillespie, working at the Hospital on the pneumonia
problem and aware of Neufeld’s observations, had studied the im-
munological relationshipsofa large number ofstrainsofthe pneumococcus
isolated from cases of Jobar pneumonia and other sources, and had
demonstrated that these strains could be differentiated by immuno-
logical methods into four separate groups. One of these groups,
labelled by the investigators group TV, contained a number of different
strains, but each of the other three kroups contained only one type-
specific strain. Dochez and Gillespie therefore proposed that pneumo-
cocci be classified on the basis of their immunological reactions into
the four different groups which they had encountered,

Gillespie left the Hospital of the Rockefeller Jnstitute in the
summer of 1993, and when Avery, who suceceded him, took up his
work there it was natural that he should join forces with Dochez in

the immunological attack on the pneumococens problem. During

the next four years these two able investigators worked together asa
team on the general problenvof the Tmmunoelogy of the PHetMEcUCCHS,
and it was during the course of these invest igations that they discovered
the presence, in broth cultures of pheumococer, of a soluble substance
Which was elaborated by the growing organism and was specific for the
particular type of pneumococcus growing in the eultare.

This fundamental observation, which was published in rots,
formed the basis for most of Avery's subsequent work, but he did not
humediately follow it up, partly perhaps because of America's entry
into World War TP, whieh brought for him an unexpeeted complication.

It will be remembered that Avery was born in Nova Seotia of
English parents, and was therefore a’ British subjeet when he was
brought at a very early age to the United States. Upon the entry of
Amerien into World War J he sounlit to obtain a commission in the
Medical ‘Corps of the United States Army, but it was denied because,
apparently, he had never taken the trouble to become an American
eitizen! He did manage. somehow to vel into the Amerienn Army,

 

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OBITUARY . 453

but only as an enlisted man, and it was some time before he became
naturalised and could obtain a commission as Captain.

Following the close of World War I he joined with Dochez and
Rebecca Lancefield in a study of the immunological relations of
hemolytic streptococci, but when Dochez left the Hospital of the
Rockefeller Institute in 1919 Avery returned to the study of the
pneumococcus and, with the late Glenn E. Cullen, investigated the
enzymes which that organism elaborated. Pausing for a while to
study, with a Norwegian, T. Thjotta, and Hugh Morgan, the nature
of accessory substances necessary for the nutrition of bacteria, he
finally returned in the early 1920s to a systematic and analytical study
of the type-specific soluble substance elaborated by growing pneumo-
cocci, having recognised that this substance offered an excellent
opportunity to investigate by chemical methods the nature of the
mechanism which differentiates one immunological type of pneumo-
coccus from another.

In approaching this problem he had the good fortune to obtain
the assistance of Michael Heidelberger, a skilled chemist, and from
this team, to which others were added from time to time, there came
a scries of brilliant studies which revealed that the type-specific
substance found in broth cultures of pneumococci is associated with
the capsular envelope of the organism and not its body, and that it is
a complex carbohydrate, actually a polysaccharide. Further study
by Avery and his associates led to the important observation that by
treating a non-specific type of pneumococcus according to a particular
method with a given specific (ype of that same organism, if was possible
to transform: the non-specific type into the specifie type of pueume-
coccus used in the experiment. Morcover, this) trausformation was

stable and permanent, and was transmitted to successive generations

of pnenmocecei derived from the culture containing the original
transformed organisms. Finally it-was shown that the aetive principle
responsible for this transformation was a particular substance, desoxy-

> ribonucleic acid. This diseovery, coming tow ard the close of Avery’ 8

we ee nee

teeter a mere i oe

scientific career and so important because of its bearing upon genetics,
may perhaps be said to he his magnion opus,

Avery attained the highest: departmental rank it is, possible to
achieve at the Rockefeller Institute, that of Member, before his official
retirement in TS, but he continued to work there until 14s, when
he moved to Nashville. ‘Tennessee, where he could be near his vounger
brother, Dr Roy GC. Avery, who was then Associate Professor of
dacteriology in the School of Medicine of Vanderbilt’ University.
Ernest W. Goodpasture, then Professor of Pathology at) Vanderbilt
University, placed the facilities of his department at the disposal of
Avery, but he did not. make extended use of them. At Nashville his
life was essentially one of retirement and leisure.

Th the summer of 1954 the svmptoms of what was to be his final
iMness made their appearance, and were of such a character as to

J. PATH. DBACT.—VOL, LXXIV (1057 2 EF

 
454 : OSWALD LUEQDORE A VER Y

necessitate his being evacuated from the island off the Maine coast
where he had been accustomed to spend his summers for many years.
He was taken first to the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute and
then to Nashville, where an exploratory operation revealed the presence

of a tumour of the liver. Although the growth was removed a-

permanent cure was not effected and alter several months of con-
ralescence he began to lose ground and died in Vanderbilt University
Hospital on the 20th February 1955.

Many younger men sought the opportunity to work with Avery
during his active years, and many of them became his close associates.
To them he was a never-failing source of inspiration and assistance.
He was an indefatigable worker although his health was frail and
he was never a robust person, but he possessed an inner drive that
would not let him stop short of a completely satisfactory explanation
of the problem upon which he was engaged.

Many honours came to Avery during his lifetime. He was President
of the American Association of Lnmunologists, the American Associa-
tion of Pathologists and Bacteriologists, and the Society of American
Bacteriologists. He was also a member of the National Academy of
Sciences and an honorary member of the following foreign learned
socicties :-— Pathological Society of Creat) Britain and freland, Der
Norski Videnskaps Adademi (Oslo), Academie Rovale de Médecine de
Belgique, Société Philomathique de Paris. He received honorary
degrees from his alma mater, Colgate University, and from) MeGill
University, New York University, the University of Chicago and
Rutgers University, and the following awards and prizes: the Lasker
Award of the American) Public Health Association, the Passano
Foundation Award, the Pasteur Gold Medal presented every fen years
by the Swedish Medical Society in Stockholm, the Paul Ehrlich Gold
Medal, the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of Loridon, the John

~P hillips Memorial Medal of the Amerie: an College of Phlivsicians, the
Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians and a medal
given by the New York Academy of Medicine.

Avery never marricd. As has been said. it} was his custom for

many vears to spend his summers on an island off the coast of Maine -

where he could indulee his taste for walking, and where he had the
opportunity to sail with a friend in the latter's sailboat. Although he
became very fond of sailing he never really tried. to master the art,
bat on the other hand rarely missed an opportunity to go for an
afternoon sail when the occasion offered. Short in stature and small
of body as he was—he could searcely have weighed much over a
hundred pounds— one could not imagine him ever participating in
any competitive sport,

To his close friends he was known as “ Fess’, a contraction of
‘Professor, and without exception they were all deeply devoted
to him. He was a delightful companion, fall of humour, and the
very soul of generosity. If one had to describe him with a single

 

 

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OBITUARY 455

adjective, “lovable” would be the universal choice of his friends.
Unhappily they cannot expect to see his like again.

I am indebted to Miss Patricia E. Green, secretary to Dr.Frank L. Horsfall,
Jr., of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, for the photograph of
Dr Avery and the bibliography which accompany this notice.

ALAN M. Curesney.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1909

B. Wuitrr and O. T. Avery. Tho treponema pallidum ; observations on its
occurrence aud demonstration in syphilitic lesions. «irch. Int. Med., iii, 411.

1910

N. B. Porrer and O. T. Avery. Opsonins and vaccine therapy. Jn Modern |
treatment, edited by Hare, Philadelphia and New York, vol. i, p. 515.

B. Witt and 0. T. Avery. Observations on certain lactic acid bacteria of tho
so-called Bulgaricus type. Cbl. Bakt., Abt. 11, xxv, 161.

L. C. Acwr and O. T. Avery. A caso of influenza meningitis. Arch. Pediat,
NXVH. 284.

B. Wire and O. T. Avery. Concerning the bactericmic theory of tuberculosis,
JF, Med, Rea., xxiii, 95.

1912

B. Warr and OJ T. Aveny. The action of certain produets obtained: from the
tubercle bocillis. A. Cleavage products of tuberenlo-proteny olitained by
the inethod of Vaughan. Communication P ‘Phe poisonous substance,
J. Med. Bes. xxvi, S17. .

1913

O.'T. Avieny and H.W. Lyan., Concerning secondary infection in pulmonary
tuberentosia, J. Med. Res. xxviii, PTL.

B. Wirtrand O. T. AVERY. Some immunity renetions of cdestin, ‘The biological
reactions of the vegetable proteins. TIL. J. Jaf. Jars. xiti, 103,

1914

C.F. Norn, Bo Wire and 0, 'T. Avery. A septic sore thront epidemic ia
Cortland and Homer, NOY. od. Inf. Dis, xiv, 124.

1915

AJR. Docuez and O. T. Avery. Varieties of pneumocoecns and their relation
to lobar pneumonia, J. fap. Med. xxi, PAL

The distribution of the domune bodies occurring in antipnetumoecoecus serum,
Jo bap. Med. xxi, 133.

AJR. Docitez and O.T. AvEay.. The ceenrrence of carriers of disease. producing
types of preumecoecia. of. Barpo Med. xxin, 105,

A further study on the biologie classification of pnemmococei. J. Bay. Med.,
XNii, SU4, .

1916

AJR. Docuez and OJ T. Avery. Antiblastic immunity. J. ap. Med. xxiii, 61,

 
456 OSWALD THEODORE AVERY

4916-17

A. R. Docnez and O. T. Avery. Soluble substance of pneumococcus origin

in the blood and urino during lobar pneumonia. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
and Med., xiv, 126.

1917

O. T. Avery, H. T. Cincrertinc, R. Core and A. R. Docitez. Acute lobar
pneumonia; prevontion and serum = treatment. Monographs of The
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, No. 7, N.Y.

A. R. Docnerz and O. T. Avery. Tho elaboration of specific soluble substance

by pneumococcus during growth. J. Exp. Med., xxvi, 477. Trans. Assoc.
Amer. Phys., xxxii, 281.

1918

Determination of types of pneumococcus in lobar pneumonia: a rapid cultural
method. J. Amer. Med. Assoc., lxx, 17.

K. G. Durnpy and O. T. Avery. The optimum hydrogen ion concentration
for the growth of pnoumococcus, J. Exp. Med., xxviii, 345.

A sclectivo medium for B. influenze. Olcate-hemoglobin agar. J. Amer.
Med. Assoc., \xxi, 2050.

1919

OQ. T. Aveny and G. E. Curren. The usc of the final hydrogen ion concentration
in differentiation of streptococcus hamolyticus of human and bovine types.
J. Exp. Med., xxix, 215,

ALR. Docnez, O. T. Avery and Renucea C. Lane EFIELD.  Studirs on tho
biology of streptococcus. I. Antigenic relationships between strains of
streptovoceus hininolytions. 7. Earp. Med., xxx. 179.

O.'T. Aviv and G. EB. Cunuenx. Hydrogen ion concentration of cultures of
pneumococci of the different types in carbohydrate median. J. Exp. Med.
xxx, doth

O. T. Avery, AJR. Dociez and Renecca Co Laxcerinep, Bacteriology of
streptococcus hemolyticus. Arn. Otol, Lhinol, Laryngol, xxviii, 350,

1920

OT. Aveny and GB. Cunnes. Studies on the enzymes of pneumococcua,
J. Proteolytic enzyines. J. bap. Med, xxxii, 547,

O.'T. Avenv and G. B. Cerres. Studies on the cngyines of pnemnococcus,
I}. Lipolytie enzymes: esterase. J. Harp. Med., xxxit, 71,

Oo T. Aveny and G.. Cunnes. Stadies on the enzymes of pneumeococeus,
TEL. Carbohydrate-splitting enzymes: invertase, ainylasc, and inulase.
J. Exp. Med., xxxii, §83,

1920-21

T. TagGrra and O.T. Aveny. Growth accessory substances in the nutrition of
bacterin. Proc. See. erp. Biol. and Med., xviii, Vi i.

1921

T. Thatrra and O. Po Avan. Studies on bacterial nutritien. TE. Growth
aceessory substances in’ the cultivation of hemophilie buen 7. Lp.
Med, xxxiv, 07.

'. ThoGrta and OL). Avery. Studies on bacterial nutrition, EPP. Plant tissue,
fa a souree of growth aceessory substances, in the cultivation of bacillus
influenza, J, Bap. Med. xxxiv, 455.
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OBITUARY 457

1921-22

QO. T. Avery and H. J. Moncan. The effect of the accessory substances of

plant tissue upon growth of bacteria. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med.,
xix, 113.

1922-23

M. Hempripercer and O. T. Avery. The specific soluble substance of pneumo-
coceus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., xx, 434.

0. T. Avery and M. Hremesercer. Immunological relationships of cell
constituents of pneumococcus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., xx, 435.

1923 ‘

M. Hemersencer and QO. T, Avery. Tho soluble specific substance of pneumo-
coceus. J. Exp. Med., xxxviii, 73.

O. T. Avery and M. Hemersrercer. Immunological relationships of cell
constituents of pneumococeus. J. Eap. Afed., xxxviii, 81.

O. T. Avery and G, E. Curren. Studies on the enzymes of pneumococcus.
IV. Bacteriolytic enzyme. J. Exp. Med., xxxviii, 109.

O. T. Avery and H. J. Moreay. Studies on bacterial nutrition. IV. Effect
of plant tissue wpon growth of pneumococcus and streptococcus. J. Jxp.
Aled., xxxviii, 207.

1924

0. T. Aveny and H. J. Moras. The occurrence of peroxide in cultures of
phenmococens, J. Bap. Med. Xxxix, 275,
O. T. Acrry and HH. J. Moras. Studies on bacterial autrition., Vo ‘Phe efivet.

of plant tissue upon the growth of anacrobie bacilli, J. Bap. a NXNIN,
280, .

H. J. Moncasx and O. ‘PL Aveny. Growth-inhibitory substances in preume-
coceus cultures, J. Earp. Med. xxxix, 335.

O. T. Avery and J. Mo Ninn. Stidies on oxidation and reduetion hy poeta. -
coven, 7, Production of peroxide by anacrahie cultures of preumococens |
on expesare to air under conditions not permitting active growth. /.
Karp. Med. xxxix. 347,

O.T. Avieey and J. M. Nein. Studies on oxidation and reduction by pneumo-
coeeus. LE. Phe produc tion of peroxide by sterile extracts of prenmeacoccus,
J. Barp. Med. xxxix. 357,

O. T. Avery andi, Mo. NeinL. Studies an oxidation and reduetion hy pneuimio.
coceus, TIL. Reduction of methylene blue by sterile extrac ts of preumo-
coceus, J. bap. Med, xxxix, 513.

0. T. Avery and J. Mo Nein. Studies on oxidation and reduction by pneunmies
eoceus. VV. Oxidation of hemotoxin in sterile extracts. of pneumecoccus,
J. Rap. Med xxxix, 145,

J.M. Neane and O. To Aveny. Studies on oxidation and reduction hy premio.
coceus, V. The destruction of osvhemoglobin by sterile extraets of pneumo-
ecocens, J. Erp. Med. xxxixn. 057,

M. Hiro rramenernr and Oo. Aviiy. The soluble specific substance of pneune-

fovens. Seeand paper, of. Rap. Med. xb vn,

J.MoNeqni amd OP) Avieny. Studies on oxidittion and reduction by pareurnia.
eoceus., VIL Mee oxidation of enzymes in sterile extracts of pneumeococeus.
J, Bap. Med. xl, Ags,

J. M. Nes. and O 7 AVERY. Studies on oxidation and t reduetion by prneamoe-
coceus, VEL Buzvine activity of sterile filtrates of aerobie and anaerobic
‘eultures of pucumococens. J. Exp. Med. xl, 123.

J. PATH. HACT.—VOL, LNXEV (1057) 2r2

 
458 OSWALD THEODORE AVERY

1925

J.M. Neinn and QO, T. Avery. Studies on oxidation and reduction by pneumo-

oO. 'T

coceus, VILL. Nature of oxidation-reduetion systems in sterile pneumo-
al extracts. J. Bip. Aled., xli, 285.

. Avery and H. J. Morean. Immunological reactions of isolated carbo:
hydrate and protein of pneumococeus. J. Exp. Med., xii, 347.

O. 'T. Avery and J. M. Nein. T he antigenic properties of Bolitionis of pneumo-
coceus, J. xp. Med., xlii, 355.

O. T. Avery and M. HeipeLoencen. Immunological relationships of cell
constituents of pneumococeus. Second paper. J. Kicp. Med., xlii, 367.

M, Hrrpetsercer, W. F. Gorsrn and O, T. Avery. ‘Tho soluble specific
substance of a strain of Fricdliinder’s bacillus, Paper I. J. Exp. Med.,
xiii, 701.

0, T. Avery, M. Herpxcnencen and W. FP. Cornet. The soluble specifie
substance of Friedliinder’s bacillus. Paper If, Chemical and immunological
relationships of pneumococeus Type I and of a strain of Fricdlinder’s
bacillus. J. Hap. Med., xii, 709, .

M. Wurmennercen, W. F. Gorper and O. T. Avery. The soluble specific
substance of pneumococcus. Third paper. J. ap. Aedd., xlii, 727.-

1925-26
M. Herecbercer, W. FF. Gornen and OQ. T. Aviny. The soluble specific

substance of a strain of Friedliinder bacillus. J’roe. Soe, Kap, Biul, and
Med. xxiti, 1,

O.T. Aveny. M, Hitbennmicen and WP. Gornnen.  Lamiunologieal behaviour

Ww.

QO.

Ww.

M.

Ww.

of the “1 “strain of FPriedhinder bacilhas and its soluble specific aubstance.
Proce. Soc. Exp, Biol and Mad. xxiii, 2.

1927
KF. Gornenand O21. Avery. The soluble sulistanes of Eriedkiuider's bacillus,
Hb. On the Gsolation and) properties of the specific carbelivdrates from.
Types A and © Priedlinder bacillus, J. Rap. Med, xivi, Gul,

. 1929

To Avery and W. Tuonerr. Anaphylaxis with the type-specific carbo-
hydrates of pnenmococeus, dd. Earp. Werl. xlix, 241,

KF. Conner and 0. R. Avmny. A study of pneumecocens antolysis. J. Exp.
Med. xlix, 267, .

Hrpecnenein, OPO Avery and WF. Gomme. Vf soluble apecilie
substances derived from puns anibie, J. kay. Meri, xlix, S47.

I. Gorwnieand ©; TT. Avinty. Chemo-inininologiend studies on conjugated
carbolydrnte-proteis 2 f The synathesis oof  pouninephenel  B-phiveside
panninephenol B-alactoside, and their coupling with seram globulin,
Jo Bap. Med. VW alt,

O. TT. Avery and WoL Gorn. Chemeo-timitniobopient studies an conjugated

WwW.

Ww,

carbohydrate-proteins 2 TE Tramunologieal speciticity of synthetic sugar
protein antigens. A. Raps Med 1 ia,

S. Tine. OQ. 1. Avi and WLP. Gornen. Chemo -irtmunalogient studies
on conjugated carbohydiaite-proteing 2 TED, Active and pussive anaphylasis

- with svnthetic sugar-proteing, 4. Rap. Med 1 Sal,

1930
§. Pinter, W.P. Corse, and OT. Avery. Chemical and immunological
properties of a species-specifie carbohydrate of pueumeeneei 2. Earp.
Med, lit, SAS.

 
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OLITUARY 459

0. 'T. Avery and R. Dunos. The specific action of a bacterial enzyme on
pneumococci of Typo LI. Science, Ixxii, 151.

1931

0. T. Avery and R. Duznos. Tho specific action of a bacterial enzyme on
Type II pneumococei. Trans. Assoc. Amer. Phys., xlvi, 216.

R. Duos and O. T. Avery. Decomposition of the capsular polysaccharido of

pneumococcus Typo III by a bacterial enzyme. J. Hap. Med, liv, 51.

0. T. Avery and R. Dusos. Tho protective action of a specific enzyme against

Type LI pneumococcus infection in mice. J. Exp. Med., liv, 73.

W. F. Gornet and O. T. Avery. Chemo-immunological studies on conjugated

carbohydratc-proteins: IV. Tho synthesis of the p-aminobenzyl cther of

the soluble specific substance of Type III pneumococcus and its coupling

with protein. J. Exp. Med., liv, 431.

0. T. Avery and W. F. GorBet. Chemo-immunological studies on conjugated

carbohydrate-proteins: V. The immunological specificity of an antigen

prepared by combining the capsular polysaccharide of Typo IIE pnoumo-

coccus with foreign protein. J. Exp. Med., liv, 437.

1932

Kk. Goopnerr, R. Dunos and O. T. Avery. The action of a specific enzyme
upon the dermal infection of rabbits with Type III pneumococcus. J.
Kap. Med., ly, 393.

W. F. Corner, F. HW. Bapers and O. T. Avery. Chemo-immunological studies
on conjugated carbohydrate-proteing + VIL The synthesis of p-aminophenol
a-glucoside and its coupling with protein. J. Eap. Med. We 761,

0. T. Aveny, W. FF. Gorin and FLW. Banens. Chemo-inimunologienL studies
on conjugated carbohydrate-proteing : VIL Liumunological specifieity of
Mnitizens prepared by combining 2 and B-glucosides of glucose with proteins.
J. Exp. Med, Ww, 76%.

1932-33

The réle of specific carbohydrates in pneumocoecus infection ani immunity.
elmn. dnt, Med., viv 1.

1933

Chemo-himunologische Untersuchungen an Prueumokokken-Infektion und
shomunitit. Naturwissenschaften, xxi, 777. .

0. T. Avery and W. OF. Gornen. Chemoimmanunelagical studies on the soluble
specilie substance of preumocecens, 1. ‘The isolation and properties of
the acetyl polysaccharide of pneumococcus Type LJ, Earp. Med., Wii, TAL.

1934

T. Frases, Jn BE. E. Terres. Ro Denos and 0. 'T. Avery. Experimental
Type TH pneumecoceus: pneumonin in monkeys. UL ‘Treatment with an
enzyme which decomposes the specitic capsular polysaccharide of poeumo-
coceus Type HE J. Erp. Med. tix, G4.

WF. Gornen, OW. Banens and ©. T. Aviny. Chemo-imimunological studies
on conjugated carboliydrate-proteina : VIDE The influence of the aeetyl
group on the specificity of hexoside-protein antigens. J. Earp. Med... ix. 85.

W. F. Goenen, O.'T. Avery and F. iH. Banns. Chemo-immunological studies
on conjugated carbohydrate-proteins : UX. The specificity of antigens
prepared by combining the p-aminophenol glycosides of disaccharides with
protein, J. Exp. Med., Ix, 509.

 
= mw ec

460 OSWALD THEODORE AVERY

1941

T. J. ABERNETHY and O..T. Avery. Tho occurrence during acute infections of
a protein not normally present in the blood. I. Distribution of the reactive
protein in patients’ sera and the effect of ealeium on the flocculation reaction .
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C. M. MacLxop and O. T. Avery. The occurrence during acuto infections of a
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C. M. MacLeop and O. T. Avery. The occurrence during acuto infections of a
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1944

_——> Karl Landsteiner. Obituary notice. This Journal, lvi, 592.

O. T. Avery, C. M. MacLeop and M. McCarry. Studies on the chemical nature
of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Induction
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1946

M. McCarty and O. T. Avery. Studies on the chemical nature of the substance
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M. McCarty and ©. 'T. Avery. Studies on the chemical nature of the substance
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Acecptanee of the Kober Medal award. Prana. Assor, Amer. Phys., lix, 43.

M. McCarty. Harner Bb. Taybon and O. ‘T. Aveny. Biechemical studies of
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