UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v  *  *
FOUNDED  1836
WASHINGTON, D. C,
GPO  16—67244-1 
 
 
MEDICAL  LEXICON.
DICTIONARY
v ^
MEDICAL   SCIENCE;
                  CONTAINING

A CONCISE EXPLANATION OF THE VARIOUS SUBJECTS AND TERMS; WITH THE FRENCH
    AND OTHER SVNONYMES; NOTICES OF CLIMATE, AND OF CELEBRATED
        MINERAL WATERS; FORMULAE FOR VARIOUS OFFICINAL
            AND EMPIRICAL PREPARATIONS, y£TC.
      ROBLEY DUNGLISON, M. D.,
PROFESSOR OF THE INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE, ETC., IN JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE, PHILADELPHIA.


            SEVENTH EDITION.
   CAREFULLY REVISED AND GREATLY ENLARGED.

7.
</*
Wv^s
      PHILADELPHIA:
LEA AND BLANCHARD
          1848. 

          Sntctei according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1848,



                          By Lea and Blanchaed,



In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
WM. S. YOUNG, PR., 50 N. SIXTH ST. 
/.J.a.  <#ȣ.  ty?>
         ROBERT M.  PATTERSON, M.D.








DIRECTOR OF THE MINT OF THE UNITED STATES, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE




         AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, ETC. ETC.










    ONCE HIS COLLEAGUE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA,










                ALWAYS HIS FRIEND,



















                 FOR. THE SEVENTH TIME,








      WITH UNCHANGED AND UNCHANGEABLE SENTIMENTS, BY
THE AUTHOR.
Philadelphia, September, 1848. 
 
PREFACE
TO  THE SEVENTH  EDITION.
  In issuing  the present edition of his Dictionary, it is but ne-
cessary for the author to repeat what he stated in the preface to
the sixth edition, in regard to the cares bestowed by him on its
revision and  improvement, and the great objects which  he has
always kept in view.   That edition—as the author remarked—
comprised nearly two thousand five hundred subjects and terms
not contained in the one immediately preceding, many of which
had been introduced into medical terminology in consequence of
the progress of the science, and others had escaped him in pre-
vious revisions.
  That the author has  not suffered his exertions to flag in the
preparation of the present edition is  sufficiently manifested by
the fact, that  he has added between six and seven thousand terms,
which are not to be found in the previous editions.  To  accom-
modate these, not only has the size of the page been increased,
but the whole work has been enlarged by more than one hundred
pages.   These additions have necessarily required a vast  amount
of labour, which has been cheerfully bestowed, in order that the
work might be made still more worthy of the great favour which
it  has  experienced.  It has ever been the anxious wish of  the
author, to render it " a satisfactory and desirable—if not indispen-
sable— Lexicon, in which the student may search without disap-
pointment for every term that has been legitimated in  the  no- 
Vi                        PREFACE.
menclature of the science.  This desideratum he is enabled to
attempt in successive editions, by reason of the work not being
stereotyped."
   The present  carefully revised and greatly enlarged  edition
cannot fail to be more  extensively useful, and  offers stronger
claims to the attention of the  practitioner and student than any
of its predecessors.
   The author gladly iterates the testimony borne by him, in the
preface to  the last edition, to the  assiduity  and accuracy im-
pressed on the typographical department  by  Mr. Young,  who
printed also the four preceding editions.
                                ROBLEY  DUNGLISON.
Philadelphia, September, 1848. 
PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION.
    The present undertaking was suggested by the frequent complaints, made by
the author's pupils, that they were unable to meet with information on numerous
topics of professional inquiry,—especially of recent introduction,—in the medical
dictionaries accessible to them.
    It may, indeed, be correctly affirmed, that we have no dictionary of medical
subjects and terms which can be looked upon as adapted to the state of the science.
In proof of this, the author need but remark, that he has found occasion to add
several  thousand medical terms, which are not to be met with in the only medical
lexicon  at this time in circulation in the country.
    The present edition will  be found to contain many hundred terms more than
the first, and to have experienced numerous additions and modifications.
    The author's object has not been to make a mere lexicon or dictionary of
terms, but to afford, under each, a condensed view of its various medical relations,
and thus to render the work an epitome of  the existing condition of medical sci-
ence.  In its preparation,  he has freely availed himself of the English, French,
and German works of the same nature, and  has endeavoured to add every subject
and term of recent introduction, which has  fallen under  his notice; yet, with all
his care, it will doubtless be found that  subjects have been omitted.  The nume-
rous additions, however, which he has made, and his strong desire to be useful,
" by removing rubbish  and clearing obstructions from the paths through which
learning and genius press forward to conquest and glory," will, he trusts, extenuate
these and other objections  that might be urged against the work; especially when
the toil,  which every compiler  of a dictionary must endure, is taken into  consi-
deration ; a toil which has been so forcibly depicted by the great English Lexico-
grapher, as well as by the distinguished Scaliger :

                " Si quelqu'un a commis quelque crime odieux,
                  S'il a tue son pere, ou blaspheme les Dieux,
                  Qu'il fasse un Lexicon: s'il est supplice au monde
                  Qui le punisse mieux, je veux que l'on me tonde.'; 
EXPLANATION.
   If the simple synonymy of any term be needed, a mere reference to the
term may be sufficient; but if farther information be desired, it may be obtained
under the term referred to. For example, the French word  Tronc is said to
be synonymous with Trunk. This may be sufficient for the inquirer; should it
not, the requisite information may be found by turning to Trunk.
ABBREVIATIONS ARBITRARILY EMPLOYED.
Nat.Ord.	Natural Order.	
P.	Portuguese.	
Ph.D. Ph.E. Ph. L.	Pharmacopceia of Dublin. " Edinburgh. " London.	
Ph. P.	c«	Paris.
Ph. U. S. R.	a Reaumur.	America. (Edit. 1842.)
S. S.g. Sax.	Spanish. Specific Gravity Anglo-Saxon.	
Sex. Syst. Sw.	Sexual System. Swedish.	
Arab.	Arabic.
Ch.	Chaussier.
D.	Dutch.
Da.	Danish.
E.	English.
F.	French.
F. or Fah.	Fahrenheit
Fam.	Family.
G.	German.
Heb.	Hebrew.
I.	Italian.
L.	Latin.
Linn.	Linnaeus.
 
NEW   DICTIONARY
OP
MEDICAL     SCIENCE.
-/•
•h
ABBREVIATION
   A, before a consonant; An before a vowel, a,
 av, have, in the  compound medical terms, a
 privative or debasing signification, like that of
 the particles in, im, un, ir, in English.   Thus:
 Stheni'a  means strength;—Astheni'a, want of
 strength;—Ancemia, want of blood, &c.  Occa-
 sionally, in compound  words, they have an in-
 tensive meaning.
   AACHEN, Aix-la-Chapelle.
   A, or a a.  See  Abbreviation.
   AARZHIL, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A.
 is in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.  The
 chief spring contains chlorides of calcium and
 sodium, sulphates of lime and soda, oxydof iron,
 and sulphohydric acid gas.
   AASMUS, Anhelatio.
   ABACH, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A hy-
 dro-sulphuretted saline spring, not far from Ra-
 tisbon or Regentsberg in Bavaria.
   ABAISSEMENT, Depression: see Cataract
 —a. de la Matrice, Prolapsus uteri.
   ABAISSEUR BE L'AILE DUNEZ, De-
 pressor alae nasi—a. de Vangle des livres, De-
 pressor anguli oris—a. de la levre inferieure,
 Depressor labii inferioris—a. de la Machoire in-
 ferieure, Digastricus—a. de  Vail, Rectus infe-
 rior oculi.
  ABALIENATIO  MENTIS, Insanity.
  ABALIENA'TUS.  Corrup'tus,  Corrupted,
 from ab, and alienus, 'different.'   Membra aba-
 liena'ta.  Limbs dead,  or benumbed.—Celsus,
 Scribonius Largus.
  ABANGA.   Name given by the inhabitants
 of St. Thomas to the fruit of a palm tree,  the
 seeds of which they consider  very useful in dis-
 eases of the chest, in the dose of three or four,
 given two or three times a day.
  ABAPTIST'A.  Abaptiston or Abaptis'tum,
 from a privative, and p*mitav,' to plunge.'  A
 term applied to the old trepan, the conical shape
 of which prevented it from plunging  suddenly
 into the cavity of the cranium.
  ABAPTISTON, Abaptista.
  ABAPTISTUM, Abaptista.
  ABAREMO-TEMO. A Brazilian tree, which
grows in the mountains, and appears to be a
mimosa.   Piso relates that the decoction of its
bark, which is bitter and astringent, was applied,
in that country, to ulcers of a bad character.
  ABARNAHAS,  Magnesia.
  ABARTICULA'TIO, Diarthrosis and Synar-
throsis.              ,
   ABATARDISSEMENT, Degeneration.
   ABA TTEMENT, Prostration.
   ABATTIS, Giblets.
   ABBECOURT, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 A  chalybeate spring, six leagues from  Paris,
 and one from Poissy.  It was once much fre-
 quented, but is now abandoned.
   ABBEVILLE, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 An acidulous chalybeate at Abbeville, in the
 department of Somme, France.
   ABBREVIATION, Abbrevia'tio, Brachyn'-
 sis, Brachys'mos, Abbreviate'ra.  (F.)  Abr6-
 viation, from brevis, 'short.'   Abbreviations
 are chiefly used in medicinal formulae.  They
 are by no  means as frequently employed now
 as of old, when every article had its appropriate
 symbol.  The chief abbreviations now adopted
 are the following:
   R. Recipe, Take.
   A. Tk, ana, (ava) utriusqtte, of each.
   Abdom.  Abdomen.
   Abs. Febr. Absente febre, In the absence of
 fever.
   Ad. or Add.  Adde or addatur.
   Ad. Lib. Ad libitum, At pleasure.
   Admov.  Admoveatur, Let it be applied.
  Altern. hor. Alternis horis, Every other
 hour.
  Alv. Adstrict. Alvo adstricta, The bowels
 being confined.
  Aq. Aqua, Water.
  Aq. Oomm. Aqua communis, Common water.
  Aq.  Font. Aqua fontis, Spring water.
  Aq.  Bull. Aqua bulliens, Boiling water.
  AqTFerv. Aqua fervens, Hot water.
  Aq. Marin. Aqua marina, Sea water.
  B. A. Balneum arena, A sand-bath.
  Bals. Balsamum, Balsam.
  BB. BBDS. Barbadensis, Barbadoes.
  Bib. Bibe, Drink.
  Pis Ind.  Bis indies, Twice daily.
  B. M. Balneum marice, A salt water  bath.
  Bol. Bolus.
  Bull. Bulliat, Let it boil.
  But. Butyrum, Butter.
  B. V. Balneum vaporis, A vapour-bath.
  CjErul. Cmndeus, Blue.
  Cap. Capiat, Let him take.
  C C. Cornu cervi, Hartshorn.
  C. C. U.  Cornu cervi ustum, Burnt harts-
horn.        \
  C. M. Cras maiik, To-morrow morning.
> 
\
ABBREVIATION
10
ABBREVIATION
  C. N. Cras node, To-morrow night.
  C. V. Cras vespere, To-morrow evening.
  Cochl. Cochleare, A spoonful.
  Cochl. Ampl.  Cochleare amplum, A large
spoonful.
  Cochl. Inf. Cochleare Infantum, A child's
spoonful.
  Cochl. Mod. or Med. Cochleare modicum or
medium,  A dessert-spoonful.
  Cochl. Parv.  Cochleare parvum,  A tea-
spoonful.
  Col. Cola, colaturez, Strain,  and  to  the
strained.
  Comp.  Compositus, Compound.
  Conf. Confectio, Confection.
  Cons. Conserva, Conserve.
  Cont. Continuetur, Let it be continued.
  Coq. Coque, Boil.
  Cort. Cortex, Bark.
  Crast.  Crastinus, For to-morrow.
  Cuj. Cujus, Of which.
  Cujusl. Cujuslibet, Of any.
  Cyath. Cyathus, A glassful.
  Cyath. The^,  A cup of tea.
  D. Dosis, A dose.
  D. et S. Detur et signetur, (placed at the end
of a prescription.)
  D. D. Detur ad, Let it be given in or to.
  D. D. Vitr. Detur ad vitr?im, Let it be given
in a glass.
  Deaur. Pil. Deaurentur pilulce, Let the pills
be gilded.
  Deb. Spiss. Debita-spissitudo, A due consist-
ence.
  Dec. Decanta, Pour off.
  Decub. Decubitus, Lying down, going to bed.
  De D. in D. De die in diem, From day to day.
  Dej. Alv. Dejectiones alvi,  Alvine evacua-
tions.             \
  Dep. Depuratus, Purified.
  Det. Detur, Let it be given.
  Dieb. Altern.  Diebus altemis, Every other
day.
  Dieb. Tert. Diebus tertiis, Every third day.
  Dig. Digeratur, Let it be digested.
  Dil. Dilutus, Dilute.
  Dim. Dimidius, One half.
  Dist. Distilla,  Distil.
  Div. Divide, Divide.
  Donec  Alv. Solut. Fuer.  Donee alvus so-
luta fuerit, Until the bowels are opened.
  Drach. Drachma, A drachm.
  E.tusd. Ejusdem, Of the same.
  F.nem. Enema, A clyster.
  F.xhib. Exhibeatur, Let it be exhibited.
  F.xt. Super Alut.  Extende super alutam,
Spread upon leather.
   F. Fiat, Let it be made.
  F. Pil. Fiat pilula, Make into a  pill.
  F. Venjes. or  F. VS. Fiat vencesectio,  Let
bleeding be performed.
   Feb. Dur. Febre durante,  The fever conti-
nuing.
   Fem. Intern. Femoribus internis, To the in-
 s- h of the thighs.
  Fist. Armat. Fistula armata, A bag and pipe,
 i clyster pipe and bladder fitted for use.
   5"l. Fluidus, and Flores, Fluid, and Flowers.
   Kkust. Frustillatim, In small pieces.
   Gel. Quavis. Gelatina  quavis, In any kind
 o'* ielly.
   G. G. G. Gummi guttee  Gambia,  Gamboge.
   Un. Granum, A grain.
  Gtt. Gutta, A drop.
  Gtt. or Gittt. Quibusd.  Guttis quibusdam,
With some drops.
  Gum. Gummi, Gum.
  Guttat. Guttatim, By drops.
  Hor. Decub. Hora decubitus, At bed-time.
  Hor. Interm. Horis intermediis, At interme-
diate hours.
  H. S. Hora. somni, At bed-time.
  Inf. Lifunde, Infuse.
  Ind. Indies, Daily.
  In.t. Enem. Injiciatur enema, Let a clyster be
given.
  In Pulm. In pulmento, In gruel.
  Jul. Julepus, a julep.
  Lat. Dol. Lateri dolenti, To the pained side.
  Lb. and Lib. Libra, A pound weight.
  Lib. Llb. Librae, Pounds.
  LlQ. Liquor.
  M. Misce, Mix.
  Mac Macera, Macerate.
  Man. Manipulus, A handful.
  Man. Prim. Manl primo, Early in the morn-
ing.
  Mic. Pan. Mica pants, Crumb of bread.
  Min. Minimum, The 60th part of a drachm
by measure.
  Mitt. Mitte, Send.
  Mitt. Sang. Mittatur sanguis, Let blood be
drawn.
  Mod.  Prescript.  Modo prascripto, In  the
manner directed.
  Mor. Sol. More solito, In  the usual manner.
  Muc. Mucilago, Mucilage.
  N. M. Nux moschata, Nutmeg.
  0. Octarius, A pint.
  Ol. Oleum, Oil.
  Ol. Lini, S. I. Oleum lini sine igne,  Cold-
drawn linseed oil.
  Omn. Bid. Omni biduo, Every two days.
  Omn. Bih. Omni bihorio, Every two hours.
  Omn. Hor. Omni hord, Every hour.
  Omn. Man. Omni mane*, Every morning.
  Omn. Nocte, Every night.
  Omn.  Quadr.  Hor.  Omni quadrante  hora,
Every quarter of an hour.
  O. O. O. Oleum oliva optimum,  Best  Olive
oil.
  Ov. Ovum, An egg.
  Ox. Oxymel.
  Oz. TJncia, An ounce.
  P. Pondere, by weight.
  P. and Pug. Pugillus, a pugil.
  P. JE.  Partes eequales, Equal parts.
  Part. Vic. Partitis vicibus, In divided doses.
  Peract. Op. Emet.  Peractd operatione eme-
tici, The operation of the emetic being over.
  Pil. Pilula, A pill.
  Post Sing. Sed. Liq. Post singulas sedes h-
quidas, After every liquid evacuation.
  Pot. Potio, A potion.
  P. P. Pulvis patrum, Jesuits' bark.
  P. Rat. ^Etat. Pro ratione eetatis, Accord-
ing to the age.
  P. R. N. Pro re nata, As  occasion may be.
  Pulv.  Pulvis, A powder.
  Q. P.  Quantum placeat,  As much as  may
please.
   Q. S. Quantum sufficiat, As much as is suffi-
cient.
   Quor. Quorum, Of which.
  Q. V. Quantum volueris, As much as vou wish.
   Rad. Radix, Root. 
ABCtS
11
7
-/
ABDUCTOR
  Ras. Rasurce, Shavings.
  Rect. Rectificatus, Rectified.
  Red. or Redig. in Pulv. Redactus in pulve-
rem, or Redigatur in pulverem, Powdered, or
Let it be powdered.
  Reg. Umbil. Regio umbilici, The umbilical
region.
  Repet. Repetatur, Let it be repeated.
  S. A. Secundum artem, According to art.
  Sem. Semen, Seed.
  Semi-dr. Semi-drachma,  Haifa drachm.
  Semi-H. Semi-hora, Half an hour.
  Serv. Serva, Keep, preserve.
  Sesquih. Sesquihora, An hour and a half.
  Sesunc. Sesuncia, An ounce and a half.
  Si Non Val. Si non valeat, If it  does not
answer.
  Si Op. Sit. Si opus sit, If there be need.
  Si Vir. Perm. Si vires permittant, If the
strength will permit.
  Solv. Solve, Dissolve.
  Sp. and Spir. Spiritus, Spirit.
  Ss. Semi, One half.
  St. Stet, Let it stand.
  Sub Fin. Coct. Subfinem coctionis, Towards
the end of the boiling.
  Sum. Sumat, Let him take; also, Summitates,
The tops.
  S. V. Spiritus vini, Spirit of wine.
  S. V. R. Spiritus vini rectificatus, Rectified
spirit of wine.
  S. V. T. Spiritus vini tenuior, Proof spirit
of wine.
  Syr. Syrupus, Syrup.
  Temp. Dext. Tempori dextro, To the  right
temple.
  T. O. Tinctura opii, Tincture of opium.
  Tr., Tr and Tinct. Tinctura, Tincture.
  Trit. Tritura, Triturate.
  V. O. S. or Vit. Ov. Sol. Vitello ovi solutus,
Dissolved in the yelk of an egg.
  VS. Venasectio, Venesection.
  Z. Z.  anciently  myrrh:  now zinziber, or
ginger.
  Vo, Libra, a pound.
  3 Uncia, An ounce.
  3, Drachma, A drachm.
  ^, Scrtipulum, A scruple.
  Tty, Minimum, a minim.
  ss, Semissis, or half; iss, one and a half.
  j, one; ij, two; iij, three; iv, four, &c.
  The same system is not always followed in
abbreviating.   The subjoined will exhibit the
usual mode:
  !V
     Infus. Colomb.            f. j^iss
     Tinct. gent. c.             f. £i
     S>/r. Cort. Aurant.        t. ^ss
     Tinct. Caps.                gtt. XL. M'
('apt. Coch. ij. p. r. n.
  This, written at length, is as follows:
Recipe
     Infusi Colombce sesqui-fluidunciam.
     Tinctura Gentiance Composites fluidrach-
           mam.
     •^yrupi Corticis Aurantiorum  semi-flui-
           drachmam.
     Tinctura Capsici guttas quadraginta.
      Misce.
         Capiat cochlearia duo pro re nata.
  ABCiiS,  Abscess—a. Aigu, see Abscess—
v.  Chaud,  see Abscess — a. Chronique,  see
Abscess—a. Par congestion, see Abscess—a.
Diathcsique, see Abscess—a. Froid, see  Ab-
scess—a. Mttastatique, see Abscess—a. Scro-
fuleux, see Abscess—a. Soudain, see Abscess.
  ABDO'MEN,  from  ab'dere,  'to  conceal;'
Etron,  Hypogas'trion, Hypocce'lium, Epis'-
chion, Lap'ara, Hypochoi'lion, Gaster, Hypou'-
trion, Nedys, Abdu'men,  Venter imus, Venter
in'fimus, Alvus, U'terus.  (F.) Ventre, V. infe-
rieur, Bas ventre.  The largest of  the three
splanchnic cavities, bounded, above, by the  dia-
phragm ; below, by the pelvis; behind, by the
lumbar  vertebrae; and at the sides and fore part,
by  muscular expansions.  It  is distinguished
into three anterior regions, from above to be-
low ; viz. the epigastric, umbilical, and hypo-
gastric, each of which is itself divided  into
three others, one middle, and two lateral: thus,
the epigastric region comprises the epigastrium
and hypochondria ; the  umbilical, the umbilicus
and flanks or lumbar regions; and the hypogas-
tric, the hypogastrium and iliac regions.  Nope
of these regions has its limits well defined.   The
chief viscera contained  in the cavity of the ab-
domen,  Cce'lia,  Cavum  Abdominis, are  the
stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas,  kid-
neys, &c.  It is  lined by the peritoneum.
  ABDOMINAL,  Abdomina'lis,  Ventra'lis,
Ventral.  That which belongs to the Abdomen,
as abdominal muscles, abdominal viscera, &c.
  ABDOMINIS EXPLORATIO, Abdominos-
copia.
  ABDOMINISCOP'IA, Gastroscop'ia.  A hy-
brid word, from Abdomen, ' the lower belly,'
and  axontw, 'I view;'  Laparoscop'ia, Abdom-
inis explora'tio.  Examination of the lower belly
as a means of diagnosis.  See Auscultation.
  ABDUCENS  LABIORUM, Levator anguli
oris.
  ABDUCENTES, Motor oculi externus.
  ABDUCTEUR DE L'OJIL, Rectus exter-
nus  oculi—a. de Voreille, Abductor  auris—a.
du gros orteil, Abductor pollicis pedis—a. du
petit orteil, Abductor  minimi  digiti  pedis—a.
court du  pouce, Abductor pollicis brevis—a.
long du pouce, Abductor longus pollicis.
  ABDUCTION, Abduc'tio,  from abdu'eere,
to separate, (ab and ducere, 'to lead.')   The
movement which separates a limb or other  part
from the axis of the body.
  The word has also been used synonymously
with Abrup'lio,  Apag'ma, Apoclas ma, a frac-
ture near the articular extremity of a bone, with
separation of the fragments.
  ABDUCTOR, same etymon.  (F.) Abduc-
teur. A muscle which moves certain parts by
separating them from the axis of the body.
  Abductor Auricularis,  Abductor auris—
a. Indicis pedis, Prior  indicis pedis, Posterior
indicis pedis—a. Medii digiti pedis, Prior medii
digiti pedis—a.  Minimi digiti, Flexor parvus
minimi  digiti—a. Minimi digiti, Prior minimi
digiti—a. Oculi, Rectus externus oculi—a.  Pol-
licis manus, and a. Brevis alter, Abductor  pol-
licis brevis.
  Abductor  Auris,   Abductor  auricula'ris.
(F.) Abducteur de Voreille.  A  portion of the
posterior auris, whose existence is not constant,
which passes from the mastoid process to the
concha.
  Abductor In'dicis,  Semi-interos'seus in'di-
cis.  A muscle which  arises from the os trape-
zium and metacarpal bone of the thumb, and is 
ABDUMEN
12
ABIRRITATION
inserted into the first bone of the  forefinger.
Its use is to bring the forefinger towards the
thumb.
  Abductor Min'imi Dig"iti, Carpo-phalan' -
geus min'imi digiti, Carpo-phalangien du petit
doigt, Exten' sor ter'tii interna'dii minimi digiti
—(Douglas.)  Hypoth'enar minor metacarpeus.
See Flexor  parvus.  It originates fleshy from
the os pisiforme, and from the annular ligament
near it; and is inserted, tendinous, into the in-
ner side of the base of the first bone of the little
finger.  Use, to draw the little finger from the
rest.
  Abductor Minimi Digiti Pedis, Calco-sub-
phalangeus minimi digiti, Calcaneo-phalangien
du petit orteil, Parath'enar major—(By Wins-
low,  the  muscle is divided  into two por-
tions,— Parathenar  major and metatarseus.)
C alcaneo-sous-phalangien du petit orteil—(Ch.)
(F.) Abducteur du petit orteil.  This muscle
forms the outer margin of the sole of the foot,
and is immediately beneath the plantar aponeu-
rosis.  It arises, tendinous and  fleshy, from the
outer side of the protuberance of the os calcis,
and from the root of the metatarsal bone of the
little toe, and is inserted into the outer part of
the root of the first bone of the little toe.  Use.
To draw the little toe outwards.
  Abductor Pol'licis  Brevis, Abductor Pol-
licis  Mantis,  Scapho-carpo-super-phalangeus
Pollicis, Sus-phalangien du pouce, A. pollicis
manus and  A. brevis alter—(Albinus.)  (F.)
Abducteur court du pouce.  Carpo-sus-phalan-
gien du pouce—(Ch.)  A short, flat, triangular
muscle, which arises from the anterior surface
of the os scaphoides and the annular  ligament
of the carpus, and terminates at the outside of
the upper extremity of the first phalanx of the
thumb.   A particular portion, on the inner side
of this muscle, is called, by Albinus, Abduc'tor
brevis alter.
  Abductor Longus Pollicis, A. 1. P. Manus,
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus, Ex-
tensor primi internodii—(Douglas,) Extensor
primus Pollicis,  Cubito-radi-sus-mitacarpien
du pouce, Cubito-siis-mitacarpien du pouce,—
(Ch.) (F.)  Abducteur long du pouce.   A long,
thin muscle, arising from the posterior surface
of the ulna, radius,  and  interosseous ligament,
and  inserted at the outer side of the upper ex-
tremity of the first metacarpal bone.
   Abductor Pollicis Pedis, Calco-sub-phalan-
geus Pol'licis.  (F.) Abducteur du gros orteil.
This muscle arises, fleshy, from the  anterior
and inner part of the protuberance of the os
calcis, and tendinous from the same bone where
 it joins with the os  naviculare.  It is inserted,
tendinous, into the internal os sesamoideum and
 root of the  first bone of the great toe.  Use.
 To pull the great toe from the rest.
   The  name Abductor has been given also to
all those  interosseous muscles of the hand and
 foot, which perform the motion of abduction on
 the  fingers or toes, and to muscles which exe-
 cute the same function on other parts of the body.
   ABDUMEN, Abdomen.
   ABEB^E'OS, from * neg. and (i^aioc, ' firm,'
 it/fir'mus, deb'His.  Weak, infirm,  unsteady.
   ABEILLE, Bee.
   ABELMELUCH.  One of the names of the
 Ricinus,  according to son e  authors.—Prosper
 Alpinus  says that a tree, which grows about
 Mecca, is so called.  Its seeds, which are black
and oblong, are said to be a most violent ca-
thartic.                                  ,
  ABELMOSCHUS,  Hibiscus  abelmoschus
—a. Moschatus, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
  ABELMUSK, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
  ABENSBERG, MINERAL WATERS OF.
A. is a city of Bavaria, where there is a cold,
sulphureous spring.
  ABERRATIO, Aberration—a. Lactis, Galac-
toplania—a. Mensium, Menstruation, vicarious
—a. Menstruorum, Menstruation, vicarious.
  ABERRA'TION, Aberra'tio, from aberra're,
(ab and errare,)  ' to  stray,' ' to wander from.'
This word  has several meanings.
  1. The passage of a fluid of the living body
into an order of vessels not destined for it.   In
this sense  it  is  synonymous with  the Error
Loci of Boerhaave.
  2. The flow of a fluid towards an organ  dif-
ferent from that to which it is ordinarily direct-
ed ; as  in cases of vicarious hemorrhage.  Aber-
rations of  sense or judgment are certain errors
in the  perceptions, or certain derangements of
the intellectual faculties.
  The word is used  in optics to designate  the
dispersion  of the rays of light in passing through
a lens.
  Aberration,   Chromatic,  Aberration  of
Refrangibility—a.   Spherical,  Aberration  of
sphericity.
  Aberration of Refrangibil'ity, Chromat'ie
aberration, exists, when, as in a common lens,
the rays that pass near the circumference of the
lens are decomposed, so that a coloured image
is observed.  This aberration in the human eye
is corrected by the iris, which does not permit
the rays to fall  near the circumference of the
lens,  and  also by  the crystalline lens  itself,
which, owing to  its structure, serves the pur-
poses of an achromatic glass.
  Aberration  of  Spheric"ity  or spherical
aberra'tion takes place, when the rays, as in a
common lens, which pass through the centre of
the lens, and those which pass near the circum-
ference, are unequally refracted, so that they
do  not meet at a  common focus.
  This aberration  of sphericity in  the human
eye is corrected by  the iris.
  ABESSI, Realgar.
   ABEVACUA'TlO,  Apoceno'sis,  from  ab,
and evacuate, 'to empty.'  An evacuation.  A
partial or  imperfect evacuation.   By some, it
 is applied to an immoderate evacuation.—Kraus.
   ABHAL.  A fruit well known in India, and
 obtained from a  species of cypress.  It passes
 for an emmenagogue.
   ABIES, Pinus Picea—a.  Balsamea, Pinus
 balsamea—a. Canadensis, Pinus  Canadensis—
 a.  Excelsa, see Pinus abies—a.  Gallica, Pinua
 picea—a.  Pectinata, Pinus picea—a. Picea, Pi-
 nus picea—a. Rubra, Pinus rubra.
   ABIGA, Teucrium Chamaepitys.
   ABIOSIS, Death.
   ABIOTOS, Conium maculatum.
   ABIRRITATION.  Abirrita'tio, from ab,
 privative, a.ndirrita'tio,' irritation.'  This word
 strictly means absence or defect of irritation.
 The disciples of Broussais used it to indicate a
 pathological condition, opposite to that of irri-
 tation.  It may be considered  as synonymous
 with debility, asthenia, &c. 
ABLACTATIO
  ABLACTATIO, Weaning.
  ABLASTES, Sterile.
  ABLATIO, Extirpation.
  ABLEPH'ARUS, from a, privative, and |Ma-
<j«gor, 'eyelid.'  One  who has no eyelids.
  ABLEPSIA, Caecitas.
  ABLUENTIA, Detergents.
  ABLU'TION,  Ablu'tio,  Aponip'sis, Cata-
clys'mus, from  abluere, (ab  and luere,)  'to
wash.'   A name given to legal  ceremonies in
which the body is subjected to particular affu-
sions.  Ablution (especially of the extremities)
with cold or tepid  water is employed, thera-
peutically, to  reduce  febrile heat.   Also, the
washing by which medicines are separated from
the extraneous matters mixed with them.
  ABNORMAL, Abnormous.
  ABNORMITAS, Anomalia.
  ABNOR'MOUS,  Abnor'mal (F.)  Anormal,
from «5,  'from,' and norma, 'rule.'  Not  con-
formable to rule; irregular.
  ABOLP'TION, AboW'tio, destruction or sup-
pression, from ab and luere (?) 'to wash.'  A
word, often employed, especially by the French,
to express the complete suspension of any symp-
tom or function.  Abolition of the sight, e. g.
is the complete loss of sight.
  ABOMA'SUS, Aboma'sum, Enys'tron, Ren-
net. The lowermost or fourth stomach of ru-
minating animals.
  ABOMINA'TIO, Disgust.
  ABONDANCE, Plethora.
  ABORSIO, Abortion.
  ABORSUS, Abortion.
  ABORTICIDIUM, Foeticide.
  ABORTIF, Abortive.
  ABORTIFACIENS, Abortive.
  ABORTION, Abor'tus, Abor'ms, Abor'sio, Dys-
io'da aborti'va,  Omoto'cia,  Paracydsis  abortus,
Amblo'sis, Amblo'ma, Ambks'mus, Edbofe, Em-
bryotoc'ia, Diaph'thora, Ectro'sis,  Ezamblo'ma,
Exambb'sis, Edros'mos, Apopalksis, Apopal'sis,
Apoph'thora, Phthora, Convul'sio u'teri, Deperdi'tio.
(F.) Avortement, Blessure,  Miscarriage, from
ab and oriri, ' to rise,'  applied to that which has
arisen  out of season.  The  expulsion of  the
fcetus before the seventh month of utero-gesta-
tion, or before it is viable, (q. v.)  The causes
of this accident are referrible either to the  mo-
ther, and particularly to the uterus;  or to  the
foetus and its dependencies.   The causes, in the
mother, may be:—extreme nervous suscepti-
bility, great debility, plethora; faulty  confor-
mation, &c.;  and it is frequently induced  im-
mediately by intense  mental emotion, violent
exercise, &c.  The  causes seated in  the foetus
are its  death,  rupture of the membranes, &c.
It most frequently occurs between the  8th and
12th weeks  of gestation.  The   symptoms of
abortion  are:—uterine  hemorrhage with or
without  flakes  of  decidua,  with intermitting
pain.  When abortion has once taken place, it
is extremely apt to recur in subsequent preg-
nancies about the same period.  Some  writers
have called abortion,  when it occurs prior to
three months, Ejfluxion.   The treatment must
vary according to the constitution of the patient
and the  causes  giving rise to it.   In all cases,
the horizontal posture and perfect quietude are
indispensable.
  Abortion is likewise applied  to the  product
of  an  untimely  birth.   Abor'tus,  Abor'sus,
Aj'oble'ma, Apob'ole, Ecblo'ma, Amblothrid'ion,
3         ABRUS PRECATORIU3

 Ectro'ma,  Fruc'tus  immatu'rus,  Abortment.
 (F.)   Avorton, Avortin.
   TO ABORT, Abori'ri.  To miscarry.   (F.)
 Avorter.
   ABOR'TIVE, Aborti'vus, Ecbol'ius, Amblo'-
 ticus, Amblothrid'ium, Phthor'ius, Apophthor1'-
 ius,  Ectrot'icus,   Abortifa! dens,  Acyte'ritis,
 Expel'lens,  Phthiroc'tonus,  Phthoroc'tonus,
 Ecbol'icus, Parturient, (q. v.)  Parturifa'cient,
 Ec'bolic.  (F.) Abortif. A medicine to which
 is attributed the  property of causing abortion.
 There is probably no direct agent of the kind.
   ABORTMENT, Abortion.
   ABORTUS, Abortion.
   ABOUCHEMENT, Anastomosis.
   ABOULAZA,  a tree of Madagascar, used,
 according  to Flacourt,  in the practice of the
 country in diseases of the heart.
   ABOUTISSEMENT, Suppuration.
   ABRABAX, Abrasax, Abraxas.   A mystic
 term expressing the number 365, and to which
 the Cabalists attributed miraculous properties.
   ABRACADABRA:  the name of  a Syrian
 Idol, according to Selden.  This word,  when
 pronounced and repeated in a certain form and
 a  certain number  of times,  was supposed  to
 have the power of curing fevers and preventing
 many diseases.  It was figured on amulets and
 worn suspended around  the neck.
            abracadabra
             bracadabra
              racadabra
               acadabra
                C A D A B R A
                 A D A  B R A
                  D A B R A
                   A B R A
                    BRA
                     R A
                     A
   ABRACALAN, A cabalistic term  to which
 the Jews attributed the same virtue  as to the
 word Abracadabra.
   ABRASAX, Abrabax.
   ABRA'SION, Abra'sio, Aposyr'ma, Apoxys'-
 mus, from  abradere, (ab and radere,) ' to rasp.'
 A superficial excoriation, with loss of substance,
 under the form of small shreds, in the mucous
 membrane of the intestines,—(F.) Raclures des
 Boyaux.  Also, an ulceration of the skin, pos-
 sessing similar characters.  According to Vicq
 d'Azyr, the word has been used for the absorp-
 tion of the molecules composing the various
 organs.
   ABRATHAN, Artemisia abrotanum.
   ABRAXAS, Abrabax.
   ABR&VIATION, Abbreviation.
   ABRICOT, Prunus Armeniaca.
   ABROSIA, Abstinence.
   ABROTANUM,  Artemisia  abrotanum—a.
 Cathsum, Artemisia abrotanum—a. Mas, Arte-
 misia abrotanum.
   ABROTONrTES,a,VTonT>/<;,(o!voc,' wine,'
 understood.)  Wine  impregnated  with  Arte-
 misia Abrotanum or Southernwood.
   ABROTONUM, Artemisia abrotanum.
   ABRUPTIO, Abduction.
   ABRUS PRECATO'RIUS, Liquorice Bush,
 Red Bean, Love pea. A small ornamental shrub,
 found from Florida to  Brazil, as  well  as  in
 Egypt  and  the West Indies; Nat.  Ord. Legu-
 minosae.  Sex. Syst. Monadelphia enneandria;
 having beautiful  scarlet  seeds  with a  black 
ABSCESS
14
ABSORPTION
spot.   The roots and leaves are sweet and mu-
cilaginous demulcents.  The seeds of the Ame-
rican kind are considered  to be purgative and
poisonous.
  ABSCESS, from abscedo, (abs, and cedere,)
' I depart,' or ' separate from.'  Absces'sus, Ab-
sces'sio,  Aphiste'sis,  Aposte'ma,   Ecpye'ma,
Ecpye'sis, Reces'sus, Impos'thume.  (F.) Abces,
Depot.  A collection of pus in a cavity, the re-
sult of a  morbid process.  See Pyogenia and
Suppuration.
  The French have various distinctive terms

  ABCkS CHAUD, AIGU,  SOUDAIN,  is
one which follows violent inflammation.
  ABCkS  FROID, CHRONIQUE, SCRO-
FULEUX, one  which  is the  result of chronic
or scrofulous inflammation.
  ABCES PAR CONGESTION, A. diathc-
sique, a symptomatic abscess, one which occurs
in a part at a distance from the inflammation
by  which  it is occasioned: e. g.  a lumbar
abscess ; (q. v.) in which the inflammation may
be in  the lumbar vertebrae, whilst  the pus ex-
hibits itself at the groin.
  Abscess Metastatic, Absces'sus metastat'-
icus,  (F.) Abces metastatique; A.  consecutif,
an abscess,  which forms suddenly, and some-
times without any precursory signs of inflam-
mation, in a part of the body remote from one
in a state of suppuration, and without presenting
a sufficient  reason for its development in the
place  which it occupies.   It  is a consequence
of phlebitis.
  Abscess,  perforating  of the  Lung, see
Lung, perforating abscess of the—a. Psoas,
Lumbar abscess.
  ABSCESSUS CEREBRI, Encephalopyosis—
a. Gangraenescens, Anthrax—a.  Gangrasnosus,
Anthrax—a. Lacteus, Mastodynia apostematosa
—a. Lumborum, Lumbar abscess—a. Mammae,
Mastodynia apostematosa—a.Metastaticus, Ab-
scess, metastatic—a. Nucleatus, Furunculus—a.
Oculi, Hypopyon—a.  Pectoris, Empyema—a.
Pulmonum, Pneumapostema—a. Renalis, Ne-
phrapostasis — a.  Spirituosus,  Aneurism — a.
Thoracis, Empyema—a.  Urinosus, Uraposte-
ma.
  ABSCISSIO  PR^EPUTII, Circumcision.
  ABSCIS'SION, Abscis'io, Abscis'sio, from ab-
scidere or abscindere, ' to cut off,' Apoc'opS,
Apothrau'sis, Diadop€.   Excision  or extirpa-
tion of a part, especially of a soft part.—Fabri-
cius Hildanus.
  Fracture  or injury  of soft parts, with loss
of substance.—Hippocrates.
  Diminution, or loss of voice.—Celsus.
  Sudden and premature  termination of  a dis-
ease.—Galen.
  ABSCONSIO, Sinus.
  ABSENCE  DU  BRUIT  RESPIRA-
 TOIRE,  see Murmur, respiratory.
  ABSINTHI'TES,  axptv9ir^c,  Apsinthi'tes,
Wine impregnated with Absinthium or Worm-
wood.—Dioscorides.
  ABSINTHIUM, (Ph. U. S.,) Artemisia ab-
sinthium—a. Maritimum, Artemisia  maritima
—a.  Ponticum, Artemisia pontica—a. Roma-
num, Artemisia pontica—a. Santonicum, Arte-
misia santonica—a. Vulgare, Artemisia  absin-
thium.
  ABSORB ANT, Absorbent.
  ABSOR'BENT, Absor'bens, from absorbere,
(ab and sorbere,) < to drink, to  suck up.   (F.,
Absorbant.  That which absorbs.
  Absorbent System is the collection ol ves-
sels,  Vasa absorben'tia seu  resorben tta,  and
glands, which concur in the exercise ol absorp-
tion.                              ....   .  .,
  A medicine used for absorbing acidity in the
stomach  and bowels, as magnesia, chalk, &c.
Invertens, Resor'bens, Sat'urans.
  Also, any substance, such as cobweb, sponge,
&c, which, when applied to a bleeding surface,
retains the blood, and forms with it a solid and
adhesive  compound, which arrests  the hemor-
rhage.
  ABSORPTIO,  Absorption —a.   Sanguinis,
Haemorrhophesis.
  ABSORP'TION,  Resorp'tio, Inhala'tio, Im-
bibi"tio, Absorp'tio,  Anar'rhophS, Anarrhophe'-
sis, Catapino'sis, Rhoebde'sis, Catarrhophe'sis,
Catar'rhophS; same etymon.   The function of
absorbent vessels, by virtue of which they take
up substances from without or within the body.
Two  great divisions have been made of this
function.   1. External absorption, or the ab-
sorption  of composition, which obtains from
without the organs  the materials intended for
their composition ; and, 2.  Internal absorption,
or the absorption of decomposition, which takes
up from the organs  the  materials that  have to
be replaced by the exhalants.
  By external absorption is meant not only that
which takes place at the external surface of the
body, but also that of the mucous membranes of
the digestive and respiratory passages.   Hence,
again, the division  of external  absorption into
cutaneous—resorp'tio cuta'?ieaseu cutis,inhala'-
tio cutis—intestinal or digestive, and pzdmonary
or respiratory.
  Internal absorption  is also subdivided into,
1. Molecular or interstitial, nutritive or organic,
which takes up from each  organ the materials
that constitute it, so that the decomposition is
always  in equilibrio with the deposition.  2.
The absorption of recrernentitial secreted fluids,
such as the fluid of  serous membranes, synovia,
&c.  As these are   constantly  exhaled  on sur-
faces  which have no external outlet, they would
augment indefinitely, if absorption did  not re-
move them in the  same proportion as  that in
which they are  deposited.  3. The absorption
of  a  part of the excrementitial fluids, as they
pass over the excretory passages.
   Absorption does not effect the decomposition
of the body  immediately.  It merely prepares
the fluid which has  to be eliminated by the se-
cretory organs.
   The great agents of external absorption are
the veins and chyliferous  vessels;  of internal
absorption, probably the  lymphatics.   In the
chyliferous vessels  and lymphatics the fluid is
always found to possess the same  general pro-
perties.  In them,  therefore, an action of ela-
boration or  selection  must have  taken place.
The  veins, on the  other hand, seem  to exert
no selection.  Any fluid, possessing the neces-
sary  tenuity, passes through the  coats of the
vessel readily by imbibition, and proceeds along
with the torrent of the circulation.   Watery
fluids in this manner enter the blood when they
are taken  into the  stomach.   Substances that
require digestion, on the other  hand, must pass
through  the chyliferous vessels and  thoracic
duct. 
ABSTkME
15
ACAWERIA
   Absorption of Composition, see Absorption
—a. Cutaneous,  see Absorption—a. of Decom-
position, see Absorption—a. Digestive, see Ab-
sorption—a.  External, see  Absorption—a.  of
Excrementitial Secreted Fluids, see Absorption
—a. Internal, see Absorption—a. Intestinal, see
Absorption—a. Interstitial, see Absorption—a.
Molecular, see  Absorption—a. Nutritive, see
Absorption—a.  Organic,  see Absorption—a.
Pulmonary, see  Absorption—a. of Recremen-
titial Secreted Fluids, see Absorption—a. Res-
piratory, see  Absorption.
   ABSTkME, Abstemious.
   ABSTE'MIOUS, Abste'mius, Aoi'nos, from
abs, 'without,'  and temetum, 'wine.'   (F.)
Absteme.   Used by the  ancient  writers,  as
well as by the French, in the sense only of its
roots; one who abstains from wine or fermented
liquors in general.
   ABSTERGENTIA, Detergents.
   ABSTERSIVA, Detergents.
   ABSTERSORIA, Detergents.
   AB'STINENCE, Abstinen'tia, from abs,
' from,' and tenere, ' to hold,' Abros'ia, Asit'ia,
Liman'chia, Limocton'ia, Fasting.  Privation,
usually voluntary, as when we speak of absti-
nence from pleasure, abstinence from drink, &c.
It is more particularly used to signify voluntary
privation of certain articles of food.  Fasting is
a useful remedial agent in certain diseases, par-
ticularly in those of an inflammatory character.
   ABSUS, a kind of cassia—C. Absus—which
grows  in Egypt and  in  India, the  seeds  of
which,  pulverized and mixed with powdered
sugar, have been employed, in form  of a dry
collyrium, in  the endemic ophthalmia of Egypt.
   ABU'LIA;  from a,  'privative,' and  pouXtj,
1 will.'  Loss of the will, or of volition.
   ABU'LICUS; same etymon.  One who has
lost the power of will, or of volition.
   ABUS  DE SOI-MEME, Masturbation.
   ABUTA, Pareira brava.
   ABUTILON CORDA'TUM, Sida abutilon,
Yellow mallow.  An indigenous plant, common
from Canada to Mexico, which resembles com-
mon mallow in its medical virtues, being mu-
cilaginous and demulcent.
   ABVACUA'TIO,  an excessive or  colliqua-
tive evacuation of any kind.
   ACACIA,  (Ph. U. S.)  Acaciae gummi—a.
Catechu, Catechu—a. Germanica,  see Prunus
spinosa—a. Indica,  Tamarindus—a.  Nostras,
see Prunus spinosa—a. Vera, see Acaciae gummi
—a. Zeylonica, Haematoxylon Campechianum.
  ACACIiE  GUMMI, Aca'cia, from  axn,  'a
point,' so called in consequence of its spines, G.
Aca'cia Arab'icce, G. Arab'icum, G.  Acanth'-
inum, G. Leucum, G. Theba'icum, G. Serapio'-
nis, G. Lamac,  G. Senega,  or  Seneca, Gum
Ar'abic.  (F.) Gomme Arabique.   The gum  of
the Mimosa  Nilot'ica,  Aca'cia  vera,  Spina
JEgyptiaca, of Upper Egypt, Nat. Ord. Mimo-
seae.  Sex. Syst. Polygamia Moncecia.   It  is
in irregular pieces, colourless or of a pale yel-
low colour, hard, brittle, of a shining  fracture,
transparent, soluble in water, and insoluble  in
alcohol, s. g.  1.4317.
   It is mucilaginous; but is rarely used, except
in  pharmacy.   Sometimes  it  is administered
alone as a demulcent.
   ACAJOU, Anacardium occidentale.
   ACAM'ATUS, from a. priv., and  y.auvw,  'I
labour.'  This word has been sometimes used
for a good constitution of the body.   According
to Galen, it means that position in which a limb
is intermediate between flexion and extension;
a position which may be long maintained with-
out fatigue.
   ACAMPSIA, Contractura.
   ACANOS, Onopordium acanthium.
   ACANTHA, Vertebral column.   Also, Spi-
nous process of a vertebra.
   ACANTHABOLUS, Acan'thulus, Volsel'la,
from axav9a,' a spine,' and (ixXkw,' I cast out.'
A kind of forceps for removing extraneous sub-
stances from wounds.—Paulus  of iEgina, Fa-
bricius ab Acquapendente, Scultetus, &c.
   ACANTHALZUCA, Echinops.
   ACANTHE FAUSSE, Heracleum spondy-
lium.
   ACANTHIUM, Onopordium acanthium.
   ACANTHULUS, Acanthabolos.
   ACANTHUS MOLLIS,  Same  etymon  as
Acacia, (q. v.) MelamphyVlum, Branca ursi'-
na, Brankur'sine, Bear's Breech.   (F.) Pied
d'ours. This plant is mucilaginous like Althaea,
and is  used as a demulcent.
   ACAPATLI, Piper longum.
   ACAR'DIA, from * priv., and xuqSta, 'the
heart.'  The state  of a foetus without a heart.
   ACARDIOTROPHIA, Heart, atrophy of the.
   ACARICOBA.   The Brazilian name for the
Hydrocot'ylB umbella'tum, used by the Indians
as an aromatic, alexipharmic, and emetic.
   ACARON, Myrica gale.
   ACARP^E, from a. 'privative,' and xaqiros,
' fruit.' A division of the family of cutaneous
diseases by Fuchs, in which there is no " fruit,"
(Germ. Frucht,) or production from the cutane-
ous surface—tubercles,  vesicles or  pustules.
Lentigo, Chloasma, Argyria, and Pityriasis be-
long to it.
   ACARUS, from a privative, and xagyj?,' di-
visible.'  A minute insect, one species of which
has been noticed by several observers, in the
itch,—The Acarus Scabiei, Sarcopte, Ciron.
   Ac'arus Ciro, see Psora—a. Comedonum,
A. Folliculorum.
   Acarus Folliculo'rum, Entozo'on Follicu-
lo'rum, A. Comedo'num, De'modex folliculo'-
rum, Simo'nea folliculo'rum, Steatozo'on fol-
liculo'rum.  An articulated animalcule, disco-
vered in the sebaceous substance of the cuta-
neous follicles.  According to Professor Owen,
it belongs to the Arachnida.
   Acarus Scabiei, Acarus, see Psora.
   ACATALEP'SIA, from * privative, and x«-
TaXa/u.(iavv, ' I  comprehend.'   Uncertainty  in
diagnosis.  Its opposite is Catalepsia.—Galen.
   ACATAP'OSIS, from a privative, and xa-
Tanoa-ie, 'deglutition.'  Incapacity of swallow-
ing.   Vogel has given this name to difficulty of
deglutition.
  ACATASTAT'IC, Acatastat'icus,  from  a
priv., and *a9i<rrri/u.i, 'to determine.'   An epi-
thet  given to fevers, &c, when irregular  in
their periods or symptoms.—Hippocrates.
  ACATHAR'SIA, from a priv., and *«#*!«<-
tw, ' I  purge;' Sordes, Impurities.  Omission
of a purgative.—Foesius.
   ACATSJAVAL'LI, a Malabar plant, which
is  astringent and  aromatic.  A bath of it  is
used in that country in cases of hemicrania.  It
is  supposed to be  the Cassytha filiformis of
Linnaeus.
   ACAWERIA, Ophioxylum serpentinum. 
ACCABLEMENT
16
ACEPHALOCYST
    ACCABLEMENT, Torpor.
    ACCkLERATEUR, Accelerator urinae.
    ACCELERATOR URI'NJE, Bulbo-caver-
 no'sus, Bulbo-uretral—(Ch.)  Ejacidator Se-
 mi'nis, Bulbo-syndesmo-caverneux.  (F.)  Ac-
 celerateur, from ad and celer, ' quick.'  A mus-
 cle of  the penis, which arises, fleshy, from the
 sphincter ani and membranous part of the ureth-
 ra, and tendinous from the crus and beginning
 of the  corpus cavernosum penis.  In its course
 it forms a thin, fleshy layer, the inferior fibres
 of which run more transversely than the supe-
 rior, which descend in an oblique direction; the
 muscles of both sides completely enclosing the
 bulb of the urethra.   It is inserted into its fel-
 low by a tendinous line running longitudinally
 on the  middle of the bulb.   Its use is to propel
 the urine or semen forwards.
   ACCENT, Sonus vocis, from ad and canere,
 cantum, to sing.  Inflection or modification of
 the voice, which consists in raising or dropping
 it on certain syllables.
   The  accent exhibits various alterations in
 disease.
   ACCkS, Paroxysm.
   ACCES'SION. Acces'sio, from  accedo, (ad
 and cedere,) ' I approach.'  The invasion, ap-
 proach, or commencement of a disease.
   ACCESSOIRE, Accessory—a.  dnlongfle-
 chisseur commun des orteils : see Flexor longus
 digitorum  pedis profundus  perforans (accesso-
 rius)—a. de VObturateur  interne, Ischio-tro-
 chanterianus—a. du  pied  d'Hippocampe :  see
 Cornu  ammonis—a.  du Sacro-lombaire :  see
 Sacro-lumbalis.
   ACCESSORIUS FLEXOR LONGUS DIGI-
 TORUM PEDIS; see Flexor longus digitorum
 pedis profundus perforans (accessorius)—a. Pe-
 dis hippocampi;—see Cornu ammonis.
   ACCESSORY, Accesso'rius, (F.) Accessoire,
 Annexe, same etymon.  A  consequence or de-
 pendence on any thing; as accessory ligament,
 muscle, nerve, &c.
   Accessory of the  Parot'id, is a name given
 by Haller to a small gland, which accompanies
 the parotid duct, and which is commonly a mere
 prolongation of the parotid itself.  See Parotid.
   Accessory Sciences to  Medicine are those
 which  do not relate  directly to the science of
 man in  a state of health or disease;  as physics,
 chemistry, &c.
   Accessory of the Par Vagum, Spinal nerve.
   The term accessory is also given to  several
 muscles.
   ACCESSUS, Coition.
   ACCIDENS,  Symptoma — a.  Consecutifs,
 Consecutive phenomena.
   ACCIDENT, Ac'cidens, from accidere, (ad
 and cadere,) 'to happen.'  A casualty; an un-
 foreseen event.  The  French use the term in
 nearly the same  sense as symptom.   It means
 also an  unexpected symptom.
  ACCIDENTAL, adve?iti"tious.  That which
 happens unexpectedly.
   The French give the name Tissus accidentels,
 to those adventitious  textures, that are  the re-
 sult of a morbid process.
  ACCIP'ITER,  Hi'erax,<ltQa$, 'the  hawk,'
from accipere (ad  and capio,) ' to take.'  Me-
nec'ratis Accip'iter.  (F.) Epervier.  A band-
asre applied over the  nose, so called from  its
likeness to the claw of a hawk.
  ACCLI'MATED, Climati assue'tus, (from
 ad and clima.)  A word of recent introduction
 from the French,  which means 'accustomed to

   ACCLIMATEMENT, Acclimation.
   ACCLIMATION, Seasoning.  (F.) Accli-
 macement.  The act of becoming acclimated, or
 accustomed to a climate.
   The constitution of  a person, who  goes  to
 live  in  another and a very different climate,
 usually  experiences  changes,  which are fre-
 quently of  an unfavourable character, and the
 study of which is of considerable importance in
 medicine.
   ACCOM'PANIMENT, Adjun'ction.  (F.)
 Accompagnement, (compagnon, ' an associate.')
 That which is joined to any thing.
   Accompaniment to the cataract  is a whitish,
 viscid substance, which sometimes  surrounds
 the opake crystalline, and remains after the ope-
 ration for  cataract, causing a  secondary cata-
 ract.
   ACCOUCHEE, Puerpera.
   ACCOUCHEMENT, Parturition—a. Labo-
 rious, Dystocia—a. Contre nature, see Presen-
 tation, preternatural—a. Laborieux, Laborious
 labour.
   ACCOUCHEUR, (F.) Adju'tor Partus, Ob-
 stet'ricans,  Obstetri''cius, Maieu'ter, Maieu'tes.
 He  who practises the art of midwifery.  A
 physician-Accoucheur,  a Surgeon-Accoucheur,
 a Man-midwife, &c.
   ACCOUCHEUSE, Midwife.
   ACCOUPLEMENT, Coition.
   ACCOUTUMANCE, Habit.
   ACCRE'TION, Accre'tio, from ad, 'to,' and
 crescere,  'to  increase.' Augmentation;  also,
 increase by juxtaposition.
   ACCROISSEMENT, Increase.
   ACCUSATIO, Indication.
   ACE'DIA, Incu'ria, from  a privative, and
 xrfioc, ' care.'   Want of care, neglect.  Also,
 fatigue.—Hippocrates.
   ACELLA, Axilla.
   ACENINOSUS, Curative.
   ACEOGNOSIA, Pharmacognosia.
   ACEOLOGIA,  Materia Medica.
   ACEPHALIA, see Acephalous.
   ACEPH'ALOBRACHUS, from « privative,
 KivaXri, < head,' and ftoaxitor,' arm.'  A foetus
 without head or arms.
   ACEPH'ALOCHFRUS, from *  privative,
 xtyaXi],  'head,' and  ^s/g,  'hand.'   A  foetus
 without head or hands.
   ACEPHALOCYST, Acephalocyst'is, from a
 privative, xtcpaX,,,' head,' and xvmiq, ' bladder.'
 An hydatiform vesicle,  without head or visible
 organs, ranked amongst the Entozoa, although
 possessed of few animated  characteristics. In
 no organ of  the  body are acephalocysts so fre-
 quently found as in the liver.   Generally it is
 the 'multiple acephalocyst,' A. socia'lis seu
prohf era, which is met with.   At times, how-
 ever, it is the ' solitary acephalocyst,' A. ere-
mi ta seu ster'ilis.
   The acephalocystis endog"e?ia  has  a firm
coat, and is  composed of different layers, which
have numbers of smaller hydatids within them.
and are thrown off from the interior of the p3:
IZ  7   + T*?18.8Pecies has hence been termed
^dogena, to distinguish  it from the A. exog"ena
of ruminant animals, in which the  young vesi-
±1 ^;dJLVel0i?ed £»?  *« exterioJoHhe pa-
rent vesicle.—See Hydatid. 
ACEPHALOGASTER
17
ACETONE
  ACEPWALOGAS'TER, Atho'racoceph'alus,
from at privative, *.i<p*Xri,  'head,' and yaorrjQ,
' the belly.'  A name given to monsters devoid
of head, chest, and abdomen; or to those which
have an abdomen, but no chest or head.
  ACEPHALOS'TOMA,  from  «  privative,
x.t<paXrj, 'head,' and oto/j*, 'mouth.'  An ace-
phalous foetus, at the upper part of which there
is an opening resembling a mouth.
  ACEPHALOTHO'RUS, from «  privative,
KtyaXr],' head,' and 9woa$,' chest,' Apectocepha-
lus.  A monster devoid of head or chest.
  ACEPH'ALOUS, from * priv., and KtyaXri,
' head.'  A monster born devoid of head.  The
condition is called Acepka'lia.
  ACER, Acrid.
  Acer Sacchari'num.  Maple, Sugar Maple.
(F.) krable.  This tree contains a large amount
of sweet sap, whence a considerable quantity of
sugar  may be extracted.   When purified, this
sugar  can scarcely be distinguished from that
obtained from the cane.—See Saccharum.
  ACERATO'SIS, from a privative, and xiq*s,
' horn.'  Defective development of the corneous
tissue.
  ACERB',  Acer'bus, Stryphnos,  from  acer,
'sharp.'  A  savour, or taste,  compounded of
the acid, bitter, and astringent; such as is met
with in unripe fruits, &c.
  ACER'CUS, from a privative, and xspxo?, ' a
tail.'  A  monster devoid of tail.—Gurlt.
  ACE'RIDES,  Acero'des, from a  privative,
and xijgo;, ' wax.'  Plasters  devoid of wax.—
Galen.
  ACERODES, Acerides.
  ACERO'SUS, Achyro'des,  Pithyri'nus, from
ayy^ov, 'chaff.'  Furfur a'ceous.   An epithet
used by  Hippocrates, for  the  coarsest bread,
made of flour not separated from the chaff—
Foesius.
  ACERVULUS  CEREBRI.  See  Pineal
Gland.
  ACES'CENCY,  Acescen'tia, from acescere,
' to grow  sour,' (*ki?, ' a point,' acer, ' sharp.')
A disposition to acidity.  The humourists be-
lieved that the animal humours are susceptible
of this change.
  ACESIA, Cure.
  ACESIS, Curation, Cure, Medicament.
  ACESMA, Medicament.
  ACESMIUS, Curable.
  ACESMUS,  Cure.
  ACESODYNES, Anodyne.
  ACESOPHORUS, Curative.
  ACESTER, Physician.
  ACESTIS, Medicament.
  ACESTOR, Physician.
  ACESTORIA, Medicine.
  ACESTORIS,  Midwife.
  ACESTOS, Curable.
  ACESTRA, Needle.
  ACESTRIA, Midwife.
  ACESTRIS, Midwife.
  ACESTRUM,  Medicament.
  ACETA MEDICATA, Acetica.
  ACETABULA UTERINA, Cotyledons.
  ACETAB'ULUM, from acetum,  ' vinegar,'
because it resembles the  old  vinegar vessel,
oxybaph'ion.  A measure capable of containing
the  eighth part  of a modern  pint.   Athenaeus.
Galen.  See Cotyloid.  According to Castelli,
the  lobes or cotyledons  of  the placentae of ru-
minating animals have been so called.
  Acetabulum, Cotyle, Cotyloid—a. Humeri,
see Glenoid—a. Marinum, Umbilicus marinus.
  ACETA'RIA, same etymon.   A  salad  or
pickle.
  ACETAS, Acetate.
  ACETATE; Ace'tas.  A salt formed by the
union of the acetic acid with an alkaline, earthy,
or metallic base.  The acetates chiefly used in
medicine, are the acetates of ammonia, lead,
potash,  and zinc.
  ACE'TICA, Ace'ta Medica'ta.   (F.) Vinai-
gres M6dicinaux. Pharmaceutical preparations
of vinegar.
  ACE'TICUM ACIDUM, Acidicm Ace'ticum
fortius, A.  A. forte, A. Ace'ticum  purum,
Ace'tum radica'le, Oxos, Ace'tic Acid, Strong
Ace'tous Acid, Acidum Aceto'sum forte, Rad'i-
cal Vin'egar, Spir'itus Ven'eris (when made from
verdigris,) Spirit of Verdigris.  Concentrated
acetic acid, prepared by decomposing an acetate
and receiving the acetic acid by distillation, has
a very pungent and grateful odour, and an acid
and acrid taste.   Its s. g. is about 1.046, and it
is very  volatile.
  It is  stimulant, rubefacient, and escharotic,
and  is  applied to the  nostrils in syncope, as-
phyxia, headache, &c.   It destroys warts.
  An Aromatic Spirit of Vinegar, Ac"idiim
Ace'ticum Camphora'tum, A. aceto'sum campho-
ra!turn, is formed of this strong acid, ^ vj, Cam-
phor, !|ss, Ol. Caryoph. g" xv.
  A strong Acetic Acid was ordered by the
London pharmacopoeia prepared from wood.  It
was called Vinegar of wood, Improved distilled
Vinegar, Pyrolig'neous Acid, Ace'tum  Ligno'-
rum, and its strength was  such, that 87 gr. of
crystallized subcarbonate of soda  should satu-
rate H'O grains of the acid.
  Ac"idum  Ace'ticum  Dilu'tum, A. a. ten'ut,
Ace'tum destilla'tum,  Acidum  ace'ticum, Acid-
um aceto'sum destilla'tum, Acidum  ace'ticum
debil'ius, Distil'led vin'egar,  (F.) Acide An-
tique faible, Vinaigre  distille, is  prepared by
distilling  vinegar,  until seven-eighths  have
passed over. An Acidum aceticum dilutum, Di-
luted acetic acid, is  made by mixing half a pint
of the strong acetic acid with five pints of dis-
tilled water.—Ph.  U. S.  Its  properties are
like those of vinegar.
  Aceticum Martiale, Ferri Acetas.
  ACETONE, from  acetum,  ' vinegar.'   Py-
ro-ace'tic spirit, Pyro-acetic Ether, Mesit'ic Al'-
cohol, Bihydrate of Mesit'ylene;  erroneously
called Naptha and Wood Naptha.  A limpid,
colourless liquid,  having  a peculiarly pene-
trating and slightly empyreumatic  odour.   Its
density  in the liquid state, is almost the same
as that of alcohol, 0.7921.  Its taste is disagree-
able, and analagous to that of peppermint.   It
is miscible in all proportions with water, alco-
hol, and ether.   It  may be prepared by distil-
ling a mixture of two parts of crystallized ace-
tate of lead and one part of quicklime in a salt-
glaze jar (gray-beard,)  the lower part of the jar
being coated with fire-clay; and a bent  glass
tube, half an inch in diameter, adapted to the
mouth by a  cork, so as to  form a distillatory
apparatus.   The jar is supported on the mouth
of a small furnace, by which the lower part
only is  heated to redness, and the  vapours are
conducted into a Liebig's condenser.  The pro-
duct is  repeatedly redistilled  from quicklime,
until its boiling point is constant at 132°. 
ACETOSA  NOSTRAS          ]8
ACHNE
   It has been brought forward as a remedy in
 phthisis pulmonalis;  but evidently with un-
 founded pretensions.   It is an  excitant,  and
 may be serviceable in chronic bronchitis. The
 dose is  ten to forty drops three times a day, di-
 luted with water.
   ACETOSA NOSTRAS, Rumex acetosa—a.
 Pratensis, Rumex acetosa—a. Romana, Rumex
 scutatus—a. Rotundifolia, Rumex scutatus—a.
 Vulgaris, Rumex acetosa.
   ACETOSELLA, Oxalis acetosella.
   ACE'TUM,  o£vg, Oxys,  Ace'tum Vini,  A.
 Britan'nicum, Common Vinegar, Acidum aceto'-
 sum, A'legar, Ace'tum Cerevis'ia, (F.)  Vinai-
 gre; from  axic, ' a point,' acer, ' sharp.'  A li-
 quor  obtained  by  the  acetous  fermentation.
 Vinegar has a pungent odour, and  a pleasant
 acid taste.  One fluid ounce of the Acetum of
 the United States Pharmacopoeia is saturated by
 about 35 grains of  crystallized  bicarbonate of
 soda.  It  is  refrigerant in fevers;  antiseptic,
 and anti-narcotic;  and externally is stimulant
 and discutient.
   Ace'tum Aromat'icum,  Acidum  Ace'ticum
 Aromat'icum, Ace'tum Theriaca'll, A. quatuor
furum,  Thieves' Vinegar, Vinegar of the four
 Thieves, Marseilles Vinegar, (F.) Vinaigre Aro-
 matique, V.  des quatre  voleurs, (Rorismarin
 cacum.  sice, Fol.  Salvia  sing.  §j. Lavand.
flor. sice. ^iv. Caryoph. cont. gss. Acid. Acet.
 Oij. Macerate 7 days, and filter.—Ph. E.)  Odour
 pungent and aromatic.  Used as a perfume.
   Acetum Britannicum, Acetum.
   Ace'tum Canthar'idis, Vinegar of Cantha-
 rides, (Cantharid.  in pulv. t^iij. Acid. acet. f.
 ^V., Acid, pyrolign. f. %xv : Eitphorb. in pulv.
 crass. §ss.  Mix the  acids; add the powders;
 macerate for seven days; strain; express strong-
 ly, and  filter  the liquor.—Ph. E.  The London
 College macerates  cantharid. §ij in acid. acet.
 Oj. for  eight  days;  expresses and strains.)  It
 is used  as a prompt vesicant.
   Ace'tum Col'chici, Vinegar of meadow saf-
 fron.   (Colchic. rad.  contus. §ij ; Acet.  destil-
 lat. Oij ; Alcohol, f. ^j : Ph. U.S.  It may also
 be made by displacement.)  It  is used as a di-
 uretic,  and also in  gout.  Dose f. £ss. to ^iss.
   Acetum Destillatum ; see Aceticum acidum
 —a. Lignorum: see Aceticum acidum—a. Mul-
 sum dulce, Oxyglycus—a. Opii, Guttae Nigrae—
 a. Quatuor furum, Acetum Aromaticum—a.
 Radicale, Aceticum Acidum—a. Rosatum, Ox-
 yrrhodinon.
   Acetum Scill.e, Acidum Ace'ticum Scillit'-
 icum.   Vinegar of Squills, (F.) Vinaigre scilli-
 tique. (Scilla contus. ,^iv; Acet.de still at. Oij;
 Alcohol, f. gj. Ph. U.S. It may also be made by
 displacement.)  Diuretic,expectorant,and eme-
 tic.   Dose f. j^ss togij as adiuretic and expecto-
 rant.
   Acetum Theriacale, Acetum aromaticum.
   ACEYTE DE  SAL. A remedy for bron-
 chocele used in S. America.  Roulin found it to
 contain a portion of iodine.
   ACHACANA.   A species of cactus, in  the
 province of Potosi in Peru. Its root is thick
 and fleshy, and of a conical shape.   It is a good
 edible, and is sold in the markets of the country.
   ACHANACA.   A plant of  the  kingdom of
 Mely in Africa.  It is used by the  natives as
 an antisyphilitic.
   ACHAOVAN, a species of Egyptian chamo-
 mile.—Prosper Alpinus.
  ACHAOVAN-ABIAT. The Egyptian name
of Cineraria maritima,  used in female  dis-
eases.
  ACHAR, Atchar.
  ACHE,  Apium graveolens—a.  des  Mon-
tagues, Ligusticum levisticum.
  ACHEI'LIA, Achi'lia,  from a  priv., and
/e(Aos, ' lip.' A malformation, consisting in a
deficiency of a lip or lips.
  ACHEI'LUS, Achi'lus, same etymon.   One
who is without  lips.
  ACHEIR, Achir, De'manus, from a  priva-
tive, and Xuq, '  hand.'  One devoid of hands.—
Galen.
  ACHEI'RIA, Achi'ria: same etymon.   The
state of being devoid of hands.
  ACHEROIS, Populus.
  ACHIA, Achiar.  A name given in India to
the pickled shoots of the bamboo.
  Achia, Atchar.
  ACHIAR, Achia.
  ACHIC'OLUM,  Achit'olus,  Hidrote'rion,
Suda'rium, Fornix, Tholus, Sudato'Hum.  The
sweating-room  in the ancient bagnios.
  ACHILIA, Acheilia.
  ACHILLE'A AGE'RATUM, Balsami'tafa-
min'ea, Eupato'rium mes'ues, Age'ratum, Cos-
tus horto'rum minor, Maudlin, Maudlin Tan-
sey; (F.) Achillie Visqueuse;  Nat. Ord. Com-
positae;  Sub. Ord. Anthemideae;  Sex. Syst.
Syngenesia Polygamia superflua,—has the same
properties as tansey, bitter and aromatic, and
is used in like affections.
  Achille'a Atra'ta, Herba Gen'ipi veri, (F.)
Achillie Noire, has similar virtues.
  Achille'a Millefo'lium, Achille'a Myrio-
vhyl'lon,  Chrysoc'oma, Millefo'lium,  Chilio-
pkyl'lon, Lumbus Ven'eris, Common Yarrow or
Milfoil.   (F.)  Millefeuille.   The  leaves and
flowers  have an aromatic smell, and a rough,
bitterish, somewhat pungent taste.   They have
been used in dyspepsia, flatulence,  &c.
  Achille'a Ptar'mica,  Pseudo-py'rethrvm,
Py'rethrum sylves'trl, Draco  sylves'tris,  Tar-
chon  sylvestris,  Sternutamento'ria, Dracun'-
cuius Praten'sis, Sneeze-wort, Bastard  Pel'It-
tory, Ptar'mica.  (F.) Herbe a tternuer.  The
roots and  flowers have a  hot, biting taste, ap-
proaching that  of pyrethrum.  Their principal
use is as a masticatory and sialogogue.
  ACHILLEE NOIRE,  Achillea  atrata— a.
Visqueuse, Achillea ageratum.
  ACHILLETS. A beautiful species of barley,
mentioned  by Theophrastus and Galen, called
after Achilles,  a labourer.  The decoction was
used in fevers and jaundice.—Hippocrates.
  ACHIL'LIS  TENDO,  Funis Hippoc'ratis,
Corda seu Chorda Hippoc'ratis, Corda mag-
na, Nervus lotus, (F.) Tendon d'Achille.  The
strong tendon of the gastrocnemii muscles above
the heel: so called, because it was the only vul-
nerable part of Achilles, or because  of its
strength.   See  Tendon.
   ACHILUS,  Acheilus.
   ACHIMBASSI.   An  archiater or chief  of
physicians.  A name given, at Grand Cairo, to
a magistrate who licenses physicians
   ACHIR, Acheir.       * *
   ACHIRIA, Acheiria.
   ACHITOLUS, Achicolum.
   ACHLYS, Caligo.
   ACHMELLA, Spilanthus acmella
   ACHNE. Lint. See Linteum. Aiso,  small 
[9             TO ACIDULATE
                 ACHOLIA                 1

mucous flocculi seen in front of the cornea.—
Hippocrates.
  ACHOL'IA,  from  a privative, and x°M>
1 bile.'  Deficiency in bile.
  ACH'OLUS: same etymon.   One deficient
in bile.
  ACHOR, Porrigo larvalis.
  ACHORES.  A term often  employed by the
ancients to  designate both  crusta lac'tea, and
small superficial ulcerations on the skin of the
face and head.   See Porrigo Larvalis.
  Achores Capitis, Porrigo scutulata.
  ACHORIS'TUS, from « priv., and /wottw,' I
separate.'   Any sign which necessarily accom-
panies a state of health or disease.
  ACHOUROU.  The Caraib name for a spe-
cies of myrtle used in dropsy.
  ACHRAS SAPO'TA.  EINispero.  Avery
abundant  tree  in South America, the  fruit of
which is excellent.  It is astringent.   The
leaves are likewise astringent.   The seeds are
aperient and diuretic.  It belongs to the family
Sapoteae.   Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia.
  ACHROI, Achiomalis'li, Achro''matt,  Achro'-
mi, from * privative, and «£gayta,' colour.'  Pale
individuals.—Hippocrates. It is nearly synony-
mous with  Xsiyai/j.ii, persons without colour;
bloodless.
  ACHROMASIA,  Decoloration.
  ACHROMATI, Achroi.
  ACHROMATTC, Achromat'icus; same  ety-
mon.  A lens so constructed as  to correct the
aberration of refrangibility of common  lenses.
The Crystalline is an achromatic lens.
  ACHROMATISTI, Achroi.
  ACHROMATOP'SIA, Ckromatopsevdop'sia,
Chromatometablep'sia, Par achro'ma, Visvs  de'-
color, Colour blindness,  ldiop'tcy, Dal'tonism,
from a privative, yqmp*,' colour,' and onroneti,
' I see.'  Incapability of distinguishing colours.
A defect situate in the cerebral part of  the vi-
sual organ.   See Acyanoblepsia.
  ACHROMI, Achroi.
  ACHYLO'SIS, from a privative, and %vXoc,
'juice,  chyle.'  Defective chylosis or  forma-
tion of chyle.
  ACHYMO'SIS, from * privative, and %v^t>c,
'juice, chyme.'   Defective chymification.
  ACHYRODES, Acerosus.
  ACHYRON, Furfur.
  ACIA, from ax<c, a point.  A word used by
Celsus,whichhaspuzzledcommentators,—some
believing it  to have meant a needle ; others the
thread; and  others, again, the kind of  suture.
" Ada mollis, non nimis torta."—Celsus, Galen.
(Chifflet thinks it meant the thread.—Antwerp,
1638.)
  ACID,  ACETOUS, STRONG, Aceticum
acidum—a. Aerial, Carbonic acid—a. Antimo-
nious, Antimonium  diaphoreticum—a. Arseni-
ous, Arsenicum album—a. Auric, see Gold—a.
Azotic, Nitric  acid—a.  Benzoic,  Benjamin,
flowers of—a. Boric, Boracic acid—a. Calcare-
ous, Carbonic acid—a. Carbonaceous, Carbonic
acid—a. Carbonous, Oxalic acid—a. Citric, Ci-
tric acid—a. Cyanhydric, Hydrocyanic acid—a.
Cyanohydric, Hydrocyanic  acid—a. Gastric,
Gastric juice.
  Acid, Gallic,Ac"idum Gall'icum. (F.) Acide
Gallique.   This acid is  found in most of the
astringent plants that contain tannic acid of the
kind obtained from galls.  It is in delicate silky
needles, usually somewhat yellowish, inodorous,
and of a harsh, somewhat astringent taste.  It
dissolves in one hundred parts of cold and three
parts of boiling water.   It is very soluble in al-
cohol, and but slightly so in ether.
   It has been highly extolled in internal hemor-
rhage, especially from the urinary organs  and
uterus.  Dose from ten to twenty grains.
   Acid, Hippu'ric, Ac"idum Hippu' ricum,Uro-
ben'zoic acid.  An  acid found  in  the  urine of
graminivorous animals.  It is contained  in hu-
man  urine, especially  after benzoic acid  has
been taken.
   Acid, Hydriod'ic, Ac"idum  Hydriod'icum.
This acid is made by mixing solutions of iodide
of potassium and tartaric acid; filtering the li-
quor to separate the bitartrate of potassa,  and
adding water to make the resulting hydriodic
acid of definite strength.
   It  has  been  used in the same  cases  as the
preparations of iodine in general, but is rarely
employed.
   Acid,  Hydrochloronitric, Nitro-muriatic
acid—a.  Hydrocyanic,  Hydrocyanic  acid—a.
Hydro-sulphuric, Hydrogen,  sulphuretted—a.
Hydrothionic,Hydrogen, sulphuretted—a. Igasu-
ric: see Jatropha curcas—a. of Lemons,  Citric
acid—a. Lithic, Uric acid—a. Dephlogisticated
marine, Chlorine—a. Mephitic,  Carbonic acid
—a. of Milk, Lactic acid—a. Muriatic, see Mu-
riaticum acidum—a  Nitric, see Nitric  acid—a.
Nitro-hydrochloric, Nitro-muriatic acid—a. Ni-
tro-Muriatic, see Nitro-Muriatic Acid—a.  Ni-
trous dephlogisticated, Nitric acid—a. Oxysep-
tonic, Nitric acid—a. Polygalic: see Polygala
senega—a. Prussic, Hydrocyanic acid—a. Py-
roligneous:  see Aceticum acidum—a. Pyrolig-
nic, Pyroligneous acid—a. of Sorrel, Oxalic acid
—a. of  Sugar,  Oxalic  acid—a.  Sulphuric,  see
Sulphuric acid—a.  Tannic, Tannin—a.  Uric,
Uric  acid—a. Urobenzoic, A. Hippuric.
   ACIDE ACkTIQUE FAIBLE, see Aceti-
cum  acidum—a.  Boracique, Boracic  acid—a.
Gallique,  Acid, gallic—a. Hydrocyanique, Hy-
drocyanic acid—a. Hydrosulfurique, Hydro-
gen, sulphuretted—a. Lactique, Lactic acid—a.
Nitrique,  Nitric acid—a. Phosphorique,  Phos-
phoric acid—a. Prussique, Hydrocyanic acid—
a. Sulfureux,  Sulphuric acid—a.  Sulfurique,
Sulphurous acid—a. Stdfurique delaye, Sulphu-
ricum acidum dilutum—a. Tannique, Tannin.
   ACIDITATIO, Acidities.
   ACIDTTIES, Aco'res, Acidita'tio, Ac'idum
morbo'sum,Ac"idumprima'rumvia'rum,Oxytes,
Sordes ac"ida.  (F.) Aigreurs.  Sourness of the
stomach, the result of indigestion, indicated by
acid eructations, &c.   The affection  is very
common in children, and must  be obviated by
absorbents, as magnesia, chalk, &c, and by re-
gulated diet.
   ACIDOLOG'TA, from axis,' a point, a sharp
instrument,' and Xoyoc, ' a description.'   A de-
scription of surgical instruments.
   ACIDS, Ad'ida,  Aco'res,  from  amc,  'a
point,' genitive  axifoc.   Any  liquid, solid  or
gaseous body, possessed of a sour, more or less
caustic taste, and the  principal character of
which is the capability of saturating, wholly or
in part, the alkaline properties of bases.
   Acids, in  general, are refrigerant and anti-
septic.  Their particular uses are pointed  out
under the individual articles.
   To ACID'ULATE.  (F.) Aiguiser,Aciduler.
To render acidulous, or slightly acid. 
ACIDULOUS
20
ACQ3L10S
  ACID'ULOUS, Acid'ulus,Oxo'des, Oxdides.
(F.) Acidule, Aigre, Aigrelet.   Substances are
called  acidulous which possess a sourish taste,
as tamarinds, cream of tartar, &c.
  Acidulous Fruits,  Oranges, gooseber-
ries, &c.
  Acidulous Waters, Aqua acid'ula. Mineral
waters containing carbonic acid gas sufficient to
render them sourish.  See  Waters, mineral.
  Acidulous Water,  Simple, Aqua  Ac"idi
Carbon'ici, (Ph. U. S.) Aqua a'eris fixi, Aqua
acid'ula simplex, Liquor seu Aqua Soda effer-
ves'cens, Aqua Carbona'tis Soda acid'ula, Soda
water,  Mineral water,  (F.) Eau Acidule sim-
ple, is water impregnated with fixed air.
  Water, so impregnated, is cooling, and slight-
ly stimulating.  It is used beneficially in dys-
pepsia, and in cases of vomiting, &c.
  ACIDUM ACETICUM, Aceticum acidum—
a.  Aceticum aromaticum, Acetum aromaticum
—a. Aceticum camphoratum: see Aceticum aci-
dum—a.  Aceticum empyreumaticum, Pyrolig-
neous acid—a.  Aceticum Scilliticum, Acetum
scillae—a. Acetosellae, Oxalic acid—a.  Aceto-
sum, Acetum—a.  Allantoicum, Allantoic acid
—a. Amnicum, Amniotic acid—a.  Arsenico-
sum, Arsenious acid—a. Arseniosum, (Ph. U.
S.) Arsenious acid—a. Azoticum, Nitric acid—
a.  Benzoicum, Benjamin, Flowers of—a. Bo-
racicum, Boracic acid—a. Borussicum, Hydro-
cyanic  acid—a. Carbonicum,  Carbonic acid—
a.  Citricum, Citric acid—a.  Gallicum,  Acid,
gallic—a.  Hydriodicum,  Acid hydriodic—a.
Hydrocarbonicum,  Oxalic acid—a.  Hydrochlo-
ricum,   Muriaticum  acidum—a. Hydrocyani-
cum, Hydrocyanic  acid—a.  Hydrothionicum
liquidum, see Hydrosulphuretted water—a. Ja-
trophicum, see  Jatropha curcas—a. Lacticum,
Lactic  acid—a.  Ligneum,  Pyroligneous acid—
a.  Ligni pyro-oleosum,  Pyroligneous acid—a.
Lithicum,Uric acid—a. Marinum concentratum,
Muriaticum acidum—a. Morbosum, Acidities
—a. Muriaticum, Muriaticum acidum—a. Mu-
riaticum  nitroso-oxygenatum,  Nitro-muriatic
acid—a.  Nitri, Nitric  acid—a. Nitricum, Ni-
tric acid—a. Nitro-Muriaticum, Nitro-muriatic
acid—a. Oxalinum, Oxalic  acid—a. Phosphori-
cum, Phosphoric acid—a.  Primarum viarum,
Acidities—a. Prussicum, Hydrocyanic acid—a.
Pyro-aceticum, Pyroligneous  acid—a. Querci-
tannicum,  Tannin—a.  Sacchari,  Oxalic acid
—a. Saccharinum, Oxalic acid—a.  Salis, Mu-
riaticum acidum—a. Salis culinaris, Muriati-
cum acidum—a. Salis marini, Muriaticum aci-
dum—a.  Septicum,  Nitric acid—a. Succini-
cum, Succinic acid—a.  Sulphuricum, Sulphuric
acid—a.  Sulphuricum alcoolisatum, Elixir aci-
dum Halleri—a. Sulphuricum aromaticum, Sul-
phuric  acid,  aromatic—a. Sulphuricum  dilu-
tum, Sulphuric  acid, diluted—a.  Sulphuris vo-
latile, Sulphurous acid—a. Sulphurosicum, Sul-
phurous acid—a. Tannicum, Tannin—a. Tartari
essentiale, Tartaric acid—a. Tartaricum, Tarta-
ric acid—a. Tartarosum, Tartaric acid—a. Uri-
cum, Uric acid—a. Urolithicum,  Uric acid—
a. Vitriolicum, Sulphuric acid—a. Vitriolicum
aromaticum, Sulphuricum acidum aromaticum—
a. Vitriolicum  alcohole aromaticum, Sulphuri-
cum acidum aromaticum—a. Vitriolicum vino-
sum, Elixir acidum Halleri—a. Zooticum, Hy-
drocyanic acid—a. Zootinicum,  Hydrocyanic
acid.
   ACIDURGIA, Surgery (operative.)
  ACIER, Chalybs.
  ACIES, Chalybs—a. Digitorum manus, Pha-
langes of the fingers—a. Diurna, Hemeralopia.
  ACINE'SIA, Acine'sis, Akine'sta, ImmobiV-
itas,Quies, Requies, Requie'tio,Esych'ia, Erem'-
ia,ivom a privative, and xir^jc, 'motion,' *irtw,
< I move.'  Rest.  Immobility.   Also, the in-
terval between the systole and diastole of the
heart—Parasystole.
  Under the term Acineses, Remberg includes
the paralytic neuroses, or those that are cha-
racterized by defect of motive  power.
  ACINI OF MALPIGHI, Corpora Malpighi-
ana.
  ACINIFORMIS (TUNICA) Choroid, Uvea.
  ACINUS, Ad'inus glandulo'sus, from ac"-
inus, ' a grape-stone.'  A glandiform corpuscle
or granulation.   A fancied termination of a
secretory artery of a gland in a granular body,
in which the secretion is supposed to take place,
and the excretory radicle to arise.   Acini are
the glob'uli arteria'rum  termini of  Nichols.
The term ac"ini glandtdo'si has also been given
to glands, which, like the pancreas, are arranged
as it were in clusters.  See Lobule.
  ACIURGIA, Surgery, (operative.)
  ACLEITROCARDIA, Cyanopathy.
  ACMAS'TICUS, from a%(xn, ' the top,' and
a-Tavi, 'I remain.'   A fever  which preserves an
equal degree of intensity throughout its course.
It is also called Homot'onos. The Greeks gave
it the name of Epacmas'ticos,  and  Syn'ochos,
when it went on increasing,—and Paracmas'ti-
cos, when it decreased.—Galen.
  ACME, Vigor, Cor'yphe, Culmina tio, Status,
Fastig"ium.  The period of a  disease at which
the symptoms are most violent.  ^qxv> IS 'the
commencement;' av*p*.cris, 'the period of in-
crease ;' and ax^»j,' the height.'
  ACMON, Incus.
  ACNE, Acna,Ion'thus varus,Varus,Psydra'-
cia Acne,  Stone Pock, Whelk, Bubucle, (F.)
Dartre pustuleuse disseminie.  A  small pim-
ple or tubercle on the face.—Gorraeus.   Foesius
thinks the word ought to be Acme, and, accord-
ing to Cassius, it is, at all events, derived from
ax,Mi),' vigour;' the disease  affecting those in the
vigour of life, especially.
  Willan and Bateman have adopted the term
in their Nosology of cutaneous diseases, and
placed it  in  the Order, Tubercula.  Acne,
with them, is an eruption of distinct, hard, in-
flamed tubercles, sometimes continuing for a
considerable length of time, and sometimes sup-
purating slowly and partially.  They usually
appear on the forehead, temples and chin; and
are common to both sexes; but the most severe
forms are seen in young men.  They require
but little management, and consist of four vari-
eties; Acne indura'ta, A. simplex, (Haplodcne,)
A. puncta'ta  (Ion'thus varuspuncta'tus, Pune-
ta muco'sa, Comedo'nes or Maggot Pimple,) and
A. rosa'cea.—See Gutta Rosea.
   Acne Rosace a, Gutta rosea—a. of the Throat,
Pharyngitis, follicular.
   ACNES'TIS, from a privative, and xvatir, 'to
scratch.'  The part of the spine which extends,
in quadrupeds, from  between the shoulders to
the loins.  According to Pollux, the middle of
the loins.  The vertebral column.
   ACNESTOS, Cneorum  tricoccum.
   ACOE, Audition, Ear.
   ACCE'LIOS,  from a  privative,  and xoiXia, 
ACOEMETER
21
ACRALEA
' belly.'  Devoid of belly.  One who is so em
ciated as to appear to have no belly.—Galen.
  ACOEM'ETER, Acoumeter.
  ACOEMETRUM, Acoumeter.
  ACOENOSI, Aconusi.
  ACOESIS, Audition.
  ACOGNOSIA, Pharmacognosia.
  ACOLASIA,  Intemperance.
  ACOLOGY, Materia Medica.
  ACONE, Mortar.
  ACONIT a GRANDS FLEURS, Aconitum
cammarum—a. Salutaire, Aconitum anthora.
  ACONITA, see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONITE, Aconitum.
  ACONITlA, see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONITIN, see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONITINE, see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONITIUM, see Aconitum napellus.
  ACONI'TUM, from Ac'oni, a place in Bithy-
nia, where it is  common.  Cynoc'tonon, Par-
dalian'ches, Pardalian'chum, Canici'da, Ac'o
nite, Wolfsbane, Monkshood.  Nat.  Ord. Ra-
nunculaceae.  Sex. Syst. Polyandria Trigynia
  Aconitum, Aconite, in the Pharmacopoeia of
the United States, is the  leaves of Aconitum
Napellus, and A. paniculatum.
  Aconi'tum An'thora.  Aconi'tum Salutif-
erum, An'thora vidga'ris, An'thora, Antith'ora,
Sal'utary  Monkshood, Wholesome  Wolfsbane,
 Yellow helmet flower.  (F.)  Aconit  salutaire.
The root of this variety,  like all  the  rest, is
poisonous.  It is used as a cathartic and anthel-
mintic.  Dose ^ss to ^j.
  Aconi'tum'Cam'marum, A.panicula'tum,(Y.)
 Aconit a grands fleurs, resembles Aconitum
 Napellus in properties.
   Aconi'tum Napel'lus, Napel'lus verus, Aco-
 ni'tum, Common Monkshood or Wolfsbane, A.
 Neomonta'num. (F.)  Chaperon de Maine. The
 leaves are narcotic, sudorific, and deobstruent(?)
 They have been used in chronic rheumatism,
 scrofula, scirrhus, paralysis, amaurosis,&c. The
 active principle is called Aconit'ia, Aconiti'na,
 Aconi'ta, Aconit'ium or Acon'itine.  It has been
 used of late, applied externally, in neuralgic
 cases, iatraleptically and endermically.  Dose
 of the Aconitum, gr. j. to gr. iij.
   Aconitum Neomontanum, A. napellus—a.
 Paniculatum, A.  cammarum.—a. Salutiferum,
 A.  anthora.
   ACONU'SI, Acoen'osi, Acoon'osi, from axsi?,
 'audition,'  and  rova-oq,  'disease.'  Morbi au'-
 rium et audi'tus.  Diseases of the ears and au-
 dition.
   ACOONOSI, Aconusi.
   ACOPIS.  Same etymon as the next.  Pliny
 gives this name to a precious stone, which was
 boiled  in oil and used against weariness.
   ACOPON, from a. privative, and xottoc, 'wea-
 riness.' A remedy against weariness—Foesius,
 Gorraeus, &c.  Ac'opum,—Celsus,  Pliny.  See
 Anagyris.
   ACOPRIA, Constipation.
   ACOPROSIS, Constipation.
    ACOR  BENZOINUS, Benjamin—a. Boraci
 cus, Boracic acid—a. Succineus, Succinic acid
 —e. Sulphuris, Sulphuric acid—a. Tartaricus,
 Tartaric acid.
    ACORE BATARD,  Iris pseudacorus—a.
  Faux,  Iris pseudacorus—a.  Odorant, Acorus
 calamus.
    ACORES, Acids and Acidities
ACOR'IA, from a  privative, and x-gew, 'I
satiate.'  An inordinate or canine appetite.—
Hippocrates.
  ACORI'TES.   A wine made  of  Acorus.—
Dioscorides.
  ACOR'MUS, from  a privative, and xop^oc,
'trunk.'  A monster devoid of a  trunk.—Gurlt.
  ACORN, JUPITER'S, Fagus castanea—a.
Oily, Guilandina moringa—a. Sardinian, Fagus
castanea.
  ACORNS. See Quercus alba.
  ACORUS ADULTERINUS,Iris pseudacorus.
  Ac'orus Cal'amus.  A. Vertis, Cal'amus Aro-
mat'icus, C. Odora'tus, Cal'amus vulga'ris, Ty-
pha Aromat'ica,  Acorus Brazilien'sis, Clava
Rugo'sa, Sweetflag or Ac'oms, Flagroot, Sweet
cane, Myrtle  Flag, Sweet grass, Sweet root,
Sweet rush.  (F.)  Jonc Roseau  ou Canne aro-
matique, Acore odorant.  Nat. Ord. Aroideae;
Acoraceae.  (Lindley.)  Sex. Syst. Hexandria
Monogynia. The rhizoma—Cal'amus (Ph. U. S.)
—is stomachic and carminative, but  is rarely
used.  It is regarded as a good adjuvant to bark
and quinia in intermittents.
  Ac'orus Palustris, Iris pseudacorus—a. Vul-
garis, Iris pseudacorus.
  ACOS, Medicament.
  ACOS'MIA, from  a privative, and xoa^o?,
' order, ornament.'  Disorder,  irregularity in
the critical days, according to Galen,  who uses
the word xotr/ucg for  regularity in those days.
Others, and particularly Pollux, call  bald per-
sons tt.xooft.ot, because they are deprived of-  one
of their most beautiful ornaments.
   ACOUM'ETER,  Acouom'eter,  Acoem'eter,
Acoem'etrnm,Acu'meter,Acusim'eter,(F.)Acou-
mttre, from axovo-, ' I hear,' and finger,' mea-
sure.' An instrument designed by M. Itard for
measuring the degree of hearing.
   ACOUMkTRE, Acoumeter.
   ACOUOPHO'NIA, Copho'nia; from axouto, 'I
hear,' and <pu>vrj, 'voice,'"AuscultatoryPercus'-
 sion."  A  mode of auscultation, in which  the
observer places his ear on the chest, and analy-
 zes the sound produced by percussion.—Donne.
   ACOUS'MA, an imaginary noise.   Depraved
 sense of hearing.
   ACOUS'TIC,  Acus'ticus.  That which  be-
 longs to the ear; as Acoustic nerve, Acoustic
 trumpet, 6rc.
   Acoustic Medicine is one used in diseased
 audition.
   Acous'tics, Actis'tica.  (F.) Acoustique. The
 part of physics which treats of the  theory of
 sounds.   It is also called Phonics.
   ACOUSTIQUE, Acoustics.
   ACQUA BINELLI, Aqua Binellii—a. Broc-
 chieri, Aqua  Brocchierii—a. Monterossi, Aqua
 Binellii—a. di Napoli,  Liquor   arsenicalis—a.
 della Toffana, Liquor arsenicalis.
    ACQUETTA, Liquor arsenicalis.
    ACQUI, MINERAL WATERS OF.  These
 thermal sulphureous  springs are in Pi6mont.
 Their temperature is 167° Fahr.; and they  con-
 tain sulphohydric acid, and chloride of sodium.
    ACQUIRED  DISEASES, Morbi  acquisi'ti,
 Adventitious diseases, M. Adventi'tii, M. epic-
 te'ti. (F.)  Maladies acquises.   Diseases which
 occur after birth, and which are not  dependent
 upon hereditary predisposition.
    ACRAI'PALA, from  a.  privative, and xo«i-
 naXrj, 'drunkenness '  Remedies against the ef-
 fects of a  debauch—Gorraeus.
    ACRA'LEA, from *xy-.?, ' extremity.'  The 
ACROPSILON
                 ACRANIA                «

extreme parts of  the body, as the head, hands,
feet, nose, ears,  &c.—Hippocrates and  Galen.
See Acrea.
  ACRA'NIA, from a privative, and xqa-nor,
 the cranium '  Want of cranium, wholly, or in
part.
  ACRAS SAPOTA, Achras sapota, Sapota.
  ACRA'SIA, from a privative, or ' bad,' and
Koao-tg,  'mixture.'  Intemperance.  Excess  of
any kind.—Hippocrates.
  It has been employed to denote debility, sy-
nonymously with Acratia; but this may have
been a typographical inaccuracy.
  ACRATIA, from  a privative, and xnaroc,
' strength.'  Impotence; weakness, fainting.
  ACRATIS'MA, from a privative, and Kiqar-
iu.ui,' to mix.'  A breakfast, consisting of bread
steeped in  wine, not mixed  with water.—
Galen, Athenaeus.
  ACRATOM'ELI, from nxqaiov,' pure wine,'
and nixi, ' honey.'  Wine mixed with honey.
  ACRATOPOS'IA, from Acratum, and nootc,
' drink.'  The drinking  of pure or unmixed
wine.
  A'CRATUM, axqarov, from a privative, and
xyuroc,  ' strength.'  Unmixed wine,—Acratum
vinum,  Vinum merum.
  ACRATURE'SIS, from Acratia,' weakness,'
and ovqciv, 'urine.'  Inability to void the  urine
from paralysis of the bladder.
  ACRE.   The extremity or tip of the nose.
  A'CREA, Acrote'ria, from axyoc, 'the sum-
mit.'   The  extreme parts of the body, as the
feet, hands, ears,  &c.
  Also  the extreme parts of animals that are
used as  food.  Acroco'lia.
  ACRID, from axgoc, ' a point or summit,' or
from axic,' a point,' Acer.   An  epithet for sub-
stances  which occasion a disagreeable sense  of
irritation or of constriction at  the top  of the
throat.
  Acrid heat, (F.) Chaleur dcre, is one  that
causes a hot tingling sensation at the extremi-
ties of the fingers.
  Acrid Poison,  See Poison.
  Acrids, in Pathology, are certain imaginary
substances, supposed by the humourists to exist
in the humours, and to cause various diseases.
See Acrimony
  ACRIDOPH'AGI, from axqig, ' a locust,' and
<>«yai, ' I eat.'  Locust-eaters.   Acridophagous
tribes are said to exist in Africa.—Strabo.
  ACRIMONY,  Acu'itas,  Acrimo'nia,  from
acer, ' acrid,' axic,' a point.'  Acrimony of the
humours.  An imaginary acrid change of the
blood, lymph, &c, which, by the humourists,
was conceived to  cause many diseases.
  ACRINTA, from « privative, and  xoivu>, ' I
separate.'   A diminution in the quantity, or a
total suspension, of the secretions.
  ACRIS, a sharp bony prominence.  Also the
locust.
  ACRI'SIA,  Acri'sis, from a privative, and
xoio-ic, 'judgment.'  A condition of disease, in
which no judgment can be formed; or in which
an unfavourable opinion must be given.—Hipp.
and Galen.
  ACRISIS, Acrisia.
  ACRITTCAL, Ac'ritos, from  a.  privative,
and *.qimc, 'judgment.'  That which takes place
without any crisis, or which does not foretell a
crisis; as a critical symptom, abscess, &c.
  ACRITOS, Acritical.
  ACRIVIOLA, Tropaeolum majus.
  ACROAMA, Audition.
  ACROASIS, Audition.
  ACROBYS'TIA, Acropos'thia,  from  axqog,
'top,' and  pvw,  'I cover.'  The extremity of
the prepuce.—Hippocrates.  Rufus.
  ACROCHEIR', Acrochir', Acrocheir'on, from
axgof, ' extremity,'and  %nq, 'the hand.'  The
fore arm and hand.  Gorraeus.   Also, the hand.
  ACROCHOR'DON, from axpoc, ' extremity,'
and %oqSt], ' a string.'  A  tumour, which hangs
by a pedicle.  A kind of hard wart, Verru'ca
pens'ilis.—Aetius, Celsus.
  ACROCHORIS'MUS,  from axqog,  'extre-
mity,' and %oqtvu>,' I  dance.'   A kind of dance,
with the ancients, in which the arms and legs
were  violently agitated.
  ACROCOLIA, Acrea.
  ACROCOLIUM, Acromion.
  ACROD'RYA, from axgoc,  ' extremity,' and
dqv;, ' a  tree.'   Autumnal fruits, as nuts, ap-
ples, &c.
  ACRODYNTA, Erythe'ma acrod'ynum, E.
acrodyn'ia, (F.) Acrodynie,  from a-ngog,  'ex-
tremity,' and oSwr,,' pain.'  A painful affection
of the wrists and ankles especially, which ap-
peared at  Paris as an  epidemic,  in 1828 and
1829.   It was  supposed  by some to be rheuma-
tic, by others to be owing to spinal irritation.
  ACROLENION, Olecranon.
  ACROMASTIUM, Nipple.
  ACROMIA, Acromion.
  ACRO'MIAL, Acramia'lis.   Relating to the
Acromion,  (q.  v.)
  Acromial Ar'tery, External Scap'ular, A.
Arte'ria Thorad'ica humera'lis, Artere troisibne
des Thoraciques,—(Ch.) A. Thoracique hume-
rale, arises from the anterior part of the axillary
artery, opposite the upper  edge of the pectoralis
minor.  It divides into two branches: one, su-
perior ;  the other, inferior,—the  branches of
which are distributed to the subclavius, serra-
tus major anticus, first intercostal, deltoid, and
pectoralis  major muscles, as well as to the
shoulder joint, &c.  They anastomose with the
superior scapular, thoracic, and the circumflex
arteries.
  Acromial Vein. Has the same arrangement
as the artery.
  ACRO MIO-CORACOI'DEUS. Belonging to
the acromion and coracoid process.
  The triangular ligament between the acro-
mion and coracoid process of  the scapula is so
called.
  ACRO'MION, Acro'mium,  Acro'mia, Acro'-
mis, from axgoc,' the top,' and uihoc, ' the shoul-
der,' Os  Acro'mii, Humerus  summus, Armus
summus, Mucro-hu'meri,  Rostrum porci'num,
Caput Scap'ula,  Acroco'lium.   The  process
which terminates the spine of the scapula, and
is articulated with the clavicle
  ACROMIS, Acromion.
  ACROMPHALIUM, Acromphalon.
  ACROM'PHALON,  Acrompha Hum,   from
axooc, < the top,' and o,u(paXog, ' the navel.'  The
extremity of the umbilical cord, which remains
attached to the foetus after birth
  ACROMYLE, Patella.
  ACRO-NARCOTIC, See Poison.
  A'CRONYX, from  axooc,  'the summit,' and
o.oH,  the nail.'  Growing in of the nail
  ACROPOSTHIA,  Acrobystia
  ACROPSI'LON, from  axgoc,   'extremity,' 
ACRORIA
23
ACYTERIUS
and \piXoc,' naked.'  The extremity of the glans
penis.
  ACRORIA, Vertex.
  ACRORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus  extre-
mita'tum, from  axgoc, ' extremity,' and  gtvf*.a,
' defluxion, rheumatism.'   Rheumatism  of the
extremities.
  ACROS,  axgoo,  'extremity, top.'   The
strength of the  Athletae, and of diseases; the
prominences  of bones: the extremities  of the
fingers, &c.  See Acrocheir, Acromion,  &c.
  ACROTERIA, Acrea.  See Extremity.
  ACROTERIASIS, Acroteriasmus.
  ACROTERIAS'MUS,  Acroteri'asis,  from
«xgoT»?g(«, 'the extremities;'hence  «x§oT>/gia-
lem, ' to mutilate.'  Amputation of the extre-
mities.
  ACROTHYM'ION, from axqoc,  'top,' and
Svuov,  ' thyme.'  A  kind of  conical, rugous,
bloody wart, compared by Celsus to the flower
of thyme.
  ACROT'ICA, from a^og,  'summit' Dis-
eases affecting  the excernent  functions  of the
external surface of the body.
  Pravity of the fluids or emunctories that open
on  the external surface; without fever or other
internal affection as  a necessary accompani-
 ment.
  The  3d order of the class Eccrit'ica of Good.
  ACROTISMUS, Asphyxia.
   ACT,  Actus, from  actum, past participle of
 agere,  ' to do,' ' a thing done.'  The effective
 exercise of a power or faculty.  The action of
 an  agent.  Acte is used by the French, to signi-
 fy  the  public discussion, which occurs  in sup-
 porting a  thesis:—thus, soutenir  un Acte aux
 t'.coles de Medicine, is, 'to defend a  Thesis  in
 the Schools of Medicine.'
   ACTiE'A  RACEMO'SA, Cimicifuga, (Ph.
 IJ.  S.)  C. racemo'sa, Macro'trys  racemo'sa,
 Bot'rophis Serpenta'ria(?)  Serpenta'ria nigra,
 Black  snakeroot,  Richweed,  Cohosh,  Squaw
 root, Rattleweed, Black Cohosh.  (F,)  Actee a
 grappes,  Serpentaire  noire.   Nat. Ord. Ra-
 nunculaceae.  Sex. Syst.  Polyandria  Pentagy-
 nia.   A  common plant in the United  States.
 The root is astringent;  and, according to  Bar-
 ton, has been successfully used, in the form of
 decoction, as  a gargle in putrid sore throat.  A
 decoction of the root cures the itch.   It  is acro-
 narcotic, and has been used in rheumatism, acute
 and chronic;  chorea, &c.
    Act.e'a Spica'ta, Baneberry, Herb Chris'to-
 pher.  (F.) Herbe St. Christophe.  A perennial
 herbaceous European plant, the root of which
 resembles that of the  black hellebore.  The
 root is cathartic, and sometimes emetic, and in
 overdoses may produce dangerous consequences.
    Acta'a America'na, of which there are  two va-
 rieties, A. alba and A. rubra,—white and red
 '•ohosh, is indigenous in the United States.  It
 lias the same properties as A. spicata.
    ACTE, Sambucus.
    ACTE, Act.
    ACTkE a GRAPPES, Actaea racemosa.
    AC TIF, Active.
    ACTIO, Action, Function.
    ACTION, Ac'tio,Opera'tio,Energi'a,Praxis:
 from agere,  actum,  'to  act.'  Mode in which
 one object influences another.
    The animal actions are those  that occur in
 the animal body: the vital, those that are  es-
 sential to life: the physiological,  those of a
healthy character: the pathological, or morbific,
those that occur in disease, &c.  The ancients
divided the physiological actions into vital, ani-
mal, natteral, sexical, particular, general, &c.
See Function.
  ACTIONES NATURALES, see Function.
  ACTIVE, same etymon.  Dras'ticus, Acti'-
vus, Sthen'icus, Hypersthenlicus.  (F.) Actif.
This adjective is used, in Pathology,  to convey
the idea of superabundant energy or strength.
Active symptoms, e. g. are those of excitement.
In Therapeutics, it  signifies energetic:—as, an
active treatment. The French use the expres-
sion Medecine agissante, in contradistinction to
Mcdecine expectants.  In  Physiology, active
has  a  similar signification, many of the func-
tions being divided into active and passive.
  ACTON.  A village near London, at which
there is a purgative mineral spring, like that at
Epsom.
  ACTUAL.   Same etymon as active.   That
which acts  immediately.  A  term usually re-
stricted  to the red  hot iron, or to heat in any
form;  in contradistinction to the potential or vir-
tual, which is applied to caustics or escharotics.
  ACTUA'RIUS.  Originally a title of dignity
given to the Byzantine physicians.
  ACTUS PARTURITIONIS, Parturition.
  ACUITAS, Acrimony.
  ACULEUS  LIGNEUS, Splinter.
  ACUMETER, Acoumeter.
  A'C\J¥UNCTURE,Ac?(punctu'ra,fromacus,
'a  needle,' and punctura, 'a  puncture.'  A
surgical operation, much in use amongst the
Chinese and  Japanese, which consists  in punc-
turing parts with a very fine needle.  It has
been employed, of late years, in obstinate  rheu-
matic affections, &c, and apparently with suc-
cess.  Acupuncture is likewise a mode of in-
fanticide in some countries; the needle being
forced into the brain through the fontanelles,
or into the spinal marrow, &c.
   ACURGIA, Surgery (operative.)
   ACUS, Needle—a. Capitata, Pin—a.  Inva-
ginata, see Needle—a. Ophthalmica, see Needle
—a. Paracentica,  Trocar—a.  Paracentetica,
Trocar—a. Triquetra vulgaris, Trocar—a. Ve-
neris, Eryngium campestre.
   ACUSIMETER, Acoumeter.
   ACUSIS, Audition.
   ACUSTICA, Acoustics.
   ACUSTICUS, Auditory.
   ACUTE, Acu'tus,o^vg, (axic,'apoint.')  (F.)
Aigu.   A disease which, with a certain degree
of severity, has a rapid progress, and short du-
ration, is said  to be "acute."—Oxynose'ma,
 Oxyn'osos, Oxynu'sos.
   Diseases were formerly subdivided into Mor-
 bi acutis'simi, very acute, or  those  which last
 only three or  four days:  M.  subacutis'simi,
 which continue seven days : and M. subacu'ti,
 or those which last from twenty to forty days.
   The antithesis to acute is  chronic.  Acute,
 when applied  to pain, sound,  cries, &c, means
 sharp.
   ACUTENACULUM, Porte-aiguille.
   ACYANOBLEP'SIA, from *  privative, xv«-
 vog, 'blue,' and  (S\env), 'I  see.'   Defective
 vision, which consists in incapability of distin-
 guishing blue.—Gothe.
   ACYESIS,  Sterilitas.
   ACYRUS, Arnica montana.
   ACYTERIUS, Abortive. 
ADACA
24
ADELPH1XIA
   ADACA.   The  Spharan'thus  hi'dicus, a
 Malabar plant, which is acrid and aromatic.
   ADAC'RYA, from a privative, and danqvee,
 (I weep.'   Defective secretion of tears.
•   ADiEMONIA, Anxiety.
   ADAKO'DIEN.   A   Malabar  plant of the
 family Apocyneae, used in that country in dis-
 eases of the eyes.
   AD'ALI, Lip'pia. A Malabar plant, which
 the Orientals  regard as  an antidote to the bite
 of the naja.
   ADAMAS, Diamant.
   ADAMI'TA,  Adami'tum.   A  very hard,
 white calculus.—Paracelsus.
   The first word has been used for stone in the
 bladder: the second  for lithiasis or the calcu-
 lous condition.
   ADAM'S  APPLE, Pomum Adami.
   ADANSONIA  DIGITATA, Baobab.
   ADAR'CE,  Adar'cion, Adar'cis.  A  concre-
 tion found  about the reeds and  grass in the
 marshy regions of Galatia, and hiding them, as
 it were : hence the name, from u privative, and
 #f§xa>,  ' I see.'  It was formerly in repute for
 cleansing the skin from freckles, &c.
   ADARIGO, Orpiment.
   ADARNECH, Orpiment.
   ADARTICULATIO, Arthrodia.
   AD  CUTEM ABDOMINIS (ARTERIA.)
 The superficial artery of the abdomen,—a branch
 of the  crural  or  femoral, which arises at the
 lower part of Poupart's ligament and ascends
 towards the umbilicus, being distributed to the
 integuments.
   ADDAD.   A Numidian plant.  Bitter  and
 poisonous.
   ADDEPHAG"IA, Adephag"ia, from aSSyr,
 ' much,' and tfayeiv, ' to eat.'  Voraciousness.
 Galen and Hoffman  have  given this  name to
 voracious appetite in children  affected with
 worms. Sauvages refers it to Bulimia.  Also,
 the goddess of gluttony.
   ADDER'S TONGUE, Ophioglossum vulga-
 tum.
   ADDITAMENTUM.   A term once  used
 synonymously with Epiphysis, q. v. It is  now
 restricted to the  prolongation of two  cranial
 sutures, the lambdoidal and squamous.
   Additamentum Coli, Appendix vermiformis
 caeci—a. Necatum, Olecranon—a. ad Sacrolum-
 balem, see Sacro-lumbalis—a. Uncatum ulnae,
 Olecranon—a. Ulnae, Radius.
   ADDUCENS OCULI, Rectus internus oculi.
   ADDUCTEUR DE L'CEIL, Rectus inter-
 nus oculi—a. du Gros orteil, Adductor pollicis
 pedis—a. Premier ou moyen, Adductor  longus
femoris—a. du Pouce, Adductor pollicis manus
—a. Second ou petit,  Adductor brevis—a. Troi-
sieme ou grand, Adductor magnus.
   ADDUCTION, Adduc'tio, from ad, 'to,'
and ducere,' to draw.' Parage-'ge.  The action
by which parts are drawn towards the axis of
the body.
  The muscles which execute this function are
called Adduc'tors.
   ADDUCTOR MEDII DIGITI PEDIS, Pos-
terior medii digiti pedis—a. Oculi, Rectus in-
ternus oculi.
   Adduc'tor Metacar'pi min'imi Dig"iti, Me-
tacar'peus, Car'po-metacar'pens min'imi dig"iti,
is situate between  the adductor and flexor, next
to the metacarpal bone.   It arises, fleshy, from
the unciform process of the os unciforme, and
 from the contiguous part of the annular liga-
 ment of the wrist, and is inserted,  tendinous
 and fleshy, into the fore-part of the metacarpal
 bone of the little finger, from its base to its head.
   Adduc'tor Pol'licis Manus, A. Pol'licis, A.
 ad min'imum dig'itum, Metacar'po-phalan'ge-
 us pol'licis—(Ch.) (F.) Adducteur du pouce. A
 muscle which  arises, fleshy,  from almost the
 whole length  of  the  metacarpal bone of the
 middle finger, and is inserted into the inner part
 of the root of the first bone of the thumb.
   Adduc'tor  Pol'licis   Pedis, Antitk'enar,
 Metatar' so-subphalan'geus pollicis .-(Ch.) Tar-
 so-metatarsi-phalangien du pouce.   (F.) Ad-
 ducteur du gros orteil.  Arises by a long, thin
 tendon, from the  under part  of the os calcis,
 from the os cuboides, os cuneiforme externum,
 and from the root  of the metatarsal bone of the
 second toe.   It is divided into two fleshy por-
 tions, and is inserted into the external sesamoid
 bone, and root of the metatarsal bone of the
 great toe.
   Bichat has given the general name, Adduc'-
 tors, to those of the interosseous muscles of the
 hand or foot, which perform the action of ad-
 duction.
   Adductor Tertii Digiti Pedis, Prior tertii
 digiti pedis.
   Adductors of the thigh.  These are three
 in number,  which have,  by some anatomists,
 been united into one muscle—the Triceps Ad-
 duc'tor Fem'oris.
   1. Adduc'tor longus fem'oris, Adduc'tor fem'-
 oris primus, Triceps  minor, Pu'bio-femora'lis.
 — (Ch.) (F.)  Premier  ou moyen  adducteur.
 Arises by a strong tendon from the upper and
 fore part of the os pubis  and ligament of the
 symphysis, at the  inner side of the pectinalis.
 It runs downwards and outwards, and is insert-
 ed by a broad, flat tendon, into the middle of
 the linea aspera.
  2. Adductor brevis, A. fem'oris secun'dus,
 Triceps secun'dus, Sub-pubio-femora!lis.—(Ch.)
 (F.) Second ou petit Adducteur.  Arises tendi-
 nous from the os pubis, at the side of its sym-
 physis, below and  behind the last muscle.   It
 runs obliquely outwards, and  is inserted by a
 short, flat tendon into the inner and upper part
 of the linea aspera, from a little below the tro-
 chanter minor to the beginning of the insertion
 of the adductor longus.
  3. Adduc'tor magnus,  Adduc'tor  fem'oris
 ter'tius et quartus,  Triceps magnus, Is'chio-
femora'lis—(Ch.)   (F.)  Troisieme  ou grand
 adducteur, is much larger  than either of the
 others.  It arises from the ramus of the pubis,
 from that of the ischium, and from  the tuber
 ischii, and is inserted into  the whole  length of
 the linea aspera.  Near the lower part of the
 linea aspera it is pierced by a kind of oblique,
 fibrous canal, through which the crural artery
 and vein pass.
  ADEC.  The inner man.—Paracelsus.
  ADECTA, Sedatives.
  ADELIPARIA, Polysarcia.
  ADELODAGAM.   A bitter Malabar plant,
used in asthma, catarrh, and gout
  ADELPHIA, see Adelphixia.
  ADELPHIXTA, Adelphix'is; from a&Jtooc,
 brother.'   Consanguinity of parts in health or
disease. Frater'nitas,Fratra'tio. Hippocrates
used the epithet Adcl'phia, for diseases that re-
semble each other. 
ADELPHIXIS
  ADELPHIXIS, Sympathy.
  ADEMONIA, Depression, Nostalgia.
  ADEMOSYNE, Depression, Nostalgia.
  ADEN, aSt]r, 'a gland;' hence Adenalgia,
Adeniform, &c.—See Gland.
  ADENAL'GIA, Adenodyn'ia, from aSr\v, 'a
gland,' and aXyog, ' pain.'  Glandular pain.
  ADENECTOP'IA, from ai,,r, 'a gland,' and
txTonog,' removed from its place.'  Dislocation
of a gland.
  ADENEMPHRAXTS, from a<V, 'a gland,'
and ifopqa^ig,' obstruction.' Glandular obstruc-
tion.
  ADENTFORM,  Adeniform'is,  Adenoi'des,
Adefioid,  from Aden,  'a  gland,' and Forma,
'form  or  resemblance.'   Glandiform, or re-
sembling a gland.
  AD UNITE LYMPHATIQUE, Lymph-
adenitis.
  ADENI'TIS, from aSrjr, 'a gland,' and itis,
a termination  denoting inflammation.  Phleg-
masia adeno'sa seu glandulo'sa. Glandular in-
flammation.
  Adenitis Lymphatica, Lymphadenitis.
  Adeni'tis Mesenter'ica, Mesenteric  Gan-
glio7ii'tis.   Inflammation of  the  mesenteric
glands.
  Adenitis Palpebrarum Contagiosa, see
Ophthalmia.
  ADENOCHIRAPSOLOCIA, from aSV; 'a
gland,' x*'Q> 'tne hand,' anna, 'I lay hold of,'
and Xoyog, 'a description.'   The  doctrine of
curing scrofula or the king's evil by the royal
touch.
  ADENOCHON'DRIUS,from afo,v, 'a gland,'
and /ordqog, ' a cartilage.' Relating to gland
and cartilage,—for example, Arthrophy'ma ade-
nochon'drium, a tumefaction of the glands and
cartilages of joints.
  ADENODYNIA, Adenalgia.
  ADENOGRAPHY,   Adenogri 'phia,   from
aiijv, 'a gland,' and yqutpw, 'I describe.'   That
part of anatomy which describes the glands.
  ADENOID, Adeniform.
  ADENOIDES, Adeniform.
  ADENOL'OGY, 'Adenolog"ia, from a«V> ' a
gland,' and Xoyog,  'a description.'  A treatise
on the glands.
  ADENOMALA'CIA, from  a<V, 'a gland,'
and naXazicc, 'softening.'  Mollescence or soft-
ening of a gland.
  ADENO-MENINGEAL, see  Fever, adeno-
meningeal.
  ADENONCOSIS, Adenophyma.
  ADE'NO-PHARYN'GEUS, from  adr,v,  'a
gland,' and <p«§uy£,' the pharynx.'  Some fleshy
fibres, which pass from the constrictor pharyn-
gis  inferior to the thyroid gland, have received
this name.  Their existence is not constant.
  ADE'NO-PHARYNGI'TIS.   Same etymon.
Inflammation of the tonsils and pharynx.
  ADENOPHTHALMIA, Ophthalmia tarsi.
  ADENOPHY'M A, Adenon'cus, Adenoneo'sis,
from a$t\v, 'a  gland,' and (pv^a, 'a swelling.'
Swelling of a gland, or glandiform  ganglion.
(F.) Glandage. Adenophyma is used by some
to signify a soft glandular swelling;—Adenon-
cus, one of a harder character.—Kraus.
  Adenophyma Inguinalis.   Bubo.
  ADENOSCIR'RHUS, Adenosclero'sis, from
aSr^r,' a gland,' and axtppoc, ' induration.'   Scir-
rhous induration of a gland.
  ADENOSCLEROSIS, Adenoscirrhus.
         3
            ADIANTUM  ALBUM

   ADENOSIS SCROPHULOSA, Scrofula.
   ADENO'SUS, (Absces'sus.)   A hard, glan-
 dular abscess, which suppurates slowly.—M.
 A. Severinus.
   ADENOT'OMY, Adenotom'ia, from adr;v, ' a
 gland,' and rt^ivw, ' I cut.'  Dissection  of the
 glands.
   ADEPHAGIA, Addephagia, Boulimia.
   ADEPS, Adeps Suilla, Oxyn!gium, Pingue'-
 do.   Pig's flare. The fat of the hog.   In the
 Ph. U. S. the prepared fat of Sus  scrofa, free
 from saline matter.
   Adeps Anseri'na, Adeps an'seris or Goose
 grease, (F.) Graisse d'Oie, is  emollient.  It
 has been used as an emetic.
   Adeps Cantharidibus Medicatus, Unguen-
 tum lyttae  medicatum—a. Cortice Daphnes gni-
 dii  medicatus,  Unguentum epispasticum  de
 Daphne gnidio—a. Humanus, Liquamumia—a.
 Hydrargyro medicatus, Unguentum Hydrargyri
 —a. ex Hydrargyro mitius dictum cinereum,
 Unguentum oxidi hydrargyri cinereum—a. Hy-
 drargyri muriate oxygenato medicatus, Unguen-
 tum muriatis hydrargyri oxygenati medicatum
 —a. Hydrargyri nitrate medicatus, Unguentum
 hydrargyri nitratis—a. Hydrargyri oxido rubro
 et plumbi  acetate medicatus, Unguentum oph-
 thalmicum—a. Lauro  medicatus,  Unguentum
 laurinum—a. 0 villi, Sevum—a.  Papavere, hy-
 oscyamo, et  belladonna medicatus, Unguentum
 populeum—a. Sulfure et ammoniae muriate me-
 dicatus, Unguentum  sulphuratum ad scabiem—
 a. Sulfure et  carbonate potassae medicatus, Un-
 guentum sulphuratum alcalinum ad scabiem—
 a. Tartaro stibii medicatus, Unguentum anti-
 monii tartarizati—a.  Oxido zinci medicatus, Un-
 guentum oxidi zinci  impuri.
   Adeps PrjEpara'ta,  Hog's lard,  Barrow's
 grease, Lard, Axunge, Axun'gia, Adeps suil'la
 prcrparata,  A. prapara'ta, Axun'gia porci'na,
 (F.) Graxsse de  Pore, Saindoux, is prepared by
 melting pig's flare,  and  straining  it.  This is
 called rendering the lard.   Lard is emollient,
 but is  chiefly used for forming  ointments and
 plasters.
   ADEPT, Alchymist.
   ADEP'TA MEDICI'NA. Medicine, which
 treated of  diseases contracted by celestial ope-
 rations, or communicated from heaven.
   Adepta  Philosophia, Alchymy.
   ADFLATUS, Afflatus.
   ADH.ERENTIA, Adherence.
   ADH^ESIO, Adherence.
   ADHATO'DA, Justid'ia adhato'da.  The
 Malabar Nut  Tree.   (F.)  Noyer de  Ceylon.
 Used in India for expelling the dead foetus in
 abortion.   The word  is  said to convey this
 meaning in the Ceylonese.
   ABHE'REN CE,Adhe'* ion, Adhare?i'tia,Con-
 cre'tio, Atre'sia, Pros'physis, Proscolle'sis, Ad-
 hce'sio, from adharere, (ad and harere,) ' to
 stick to.'  These words  are usually employed
 synonymously.   The French often  use adhe-
 rence for the state of union, and adhesion for
 the act of adhering.
   ADHESION, Adherence.
   ADHE'SIVE INFLAMMATION is that in-
 flammation which terminates by an adhesion
 between inflamed and separated surfaces.
   Adhe'sive  is also an epithet for certain plas-
 ters, which stick closely to the skin.
   ADIANTUM ALBUM, Asplenium ruta mu-
! raria—a Aureum, Polytrichum. 
ADIAPHORORIS
26
ADYNAMIA
   Adian'tum Capil'lus Ven'eris, from «, pri-
vative, and (Jiati-w, 'to grow wet,'  from the
leaves not being easily  moistened.   Maiden
hair.  Nat. Ord.  Filices.  Sex. Syst. Crypto-
gamia Filices.  (F.) Capillaire de Montpellier.
A European plant, of feeble, aromatic and de-
mulcent properties.  It is used for forming the
Sirop de Capillaire or Capillaire.
   Adian'tum Peda'tum, A.  Canaden'se,  Ca-
pil'lus Canaden! sis, Herba Ven'eris, Filix Ven'-
eris, Canada Maidenhair, American Maiden-
hair, Rockfern, Sweetfern, (F.) Capillaire du
Canada, has the  same properties. Capillaire
was once made  from this.
   Adiantum Rubrum,  Asplenium  trichoma-
noides.
   ADIAPHORO'SIS,  Adiaphore'sis,  from «,
privative, Sia, 'through,' and <j>ogoc,  'a pore.'
Defect or suppression of perspiration,  Adiap-
neus'tia.
   ADIAPH'OROUS, Adiaph'orus, Indiff'erens,
Neutral.  A medicine  which will neither do
harm nor good.
  ADIAPNEUSTIA, Adiaphorosis.
  ADIARRHCE'A, from a, privative, and Siaq-
qbiv, ' to flow.'  Retention of any excretion.—
Hippocrates.
  ADICE, Urtica.
  ADIPATUS, Fatty.
  ADIPEUX, Adipose.
  ADIPOCERA, Adipocire—a. Cetosa, Ceta-
ceum.
  AD'IPOCIRE, Adipoce'ra, from adeps,' fat,'
and cera, ' wax.'  The  base of biliary calculi,
called  also  Chol'esterine, (F.)  Gras des  Ca-
davres, Gras des Cimetiires.  Also,  a  sort of
soap, formed from animal matter under certain
circumstances.  The human body, when it has
been for some  weeks in water, assumes this
appearance; and it has been a subject of legal
inquiry, what length of  time is necessary to
produce it.  This must, of course, depend upon
various circumstances, as climate, season, &c.
  ADIPOCIRE  DE BALEINE, Cetaceum.
   AD'IPOSE, Ad'ipous, Adipo'sus, from adeps,
'fat.'  (F.)  Adipeux.   That which relates to
fat—as Adipose membrane, A.  vessels, &c.   See
Fatty.
   Ad'ipose Sarco'ma of Abernethy, Emphy'-
ma sarco'ma adipo'sum,  is  suetty throughout,
and enclosed in  a thin capsule  of condensed  cel-
lular substance, connected by  means of minute
vessels.  It is  chiefly  found  on the  fore  and
back parts of the trunk.   See  Sarcoma.
   ADIPOSIS.  See Polysarcia,
   Adipo'sis Hepat'ica,  Pimelo'sis hepat'ica,
Fatty  liver, Fatty degeneration  of the liver,
(F.) Degenerescence graisseuse duFoie. Fatty
disease of the liver.
   ADIPOSUS,  Fatty.
   ADIPOUS, Fatty.
   ADIP'SIA,  Dipso'sis  expers.  Absence of
thirst.
   ADIP'SON,  from a,  privative, and tnpa,
1 thirst'   Any substance  which  relieves thirst.
Applied to a decoction  of barley to which oxy-
mel was added.—Hippocrates.
   ADIPSOS, Glycyrrhiza.
   AD'ITUS, 'an entrance,'  'an approach;'
from adere, aditum,  ' to go  to.'  Pros'odos.
The entrance to a canal or duct, as Aditus ad
Aqueedurtum Fallomi.
   ADIULIS'TOS, from a, privative, and SivXuw,
'I run.'  Unstrained wine for pharmaceutical
purposes.—Gorraeus.
  ADJUNCTUM, Accompaniment.
  ADJUTOR PARTUS, Accoucheur.
  AD'JUVANT, Ad'juvans,  from adjuvare,
' to aid.'  A  medicine, introduced into  a  pre-
scription to aid the operation of the principal
ingredient or basis.   Also, whatever  assists in
the removal or prevention of disease.
  ADNASCENTIA, Prosphysis.
  ADNATA  (TUNICA,) Conjunctiva.
  ADNEE (MEMBRANE,) Conjunctiva.
  ADOLES'CENCE, Adolescen'tia, Juven'tus,
JEtas bona, Youth; from adolescere  (ad and
olescere) ' to grow.'  (F.) Jeunesse. The period
between puberty and that at  which  the body
acquires its full development; being, in man,
between the 14th and 25th year; and, in woman,
between the 12th and 21st.
  ADOLES'CENS, Ju'venis, Hebe'tes, Hebe'ter,
Hebe'tor.  A youth.  A young man in the period
of adolescence.
  ADO'LIA.  A Malabar plant, whose leaves,
put in oil, form a liniment, used in facilitating
labour.
  ADOR, Zea mays.
  ADORION, Daucus carota.
  ADOUCISSANT, Demulcent.
  AD PONDUS  OM'NIUM.  The weight of
the  whole.  In a prescription it means, that any
particular ingredient shall equal in weight the
whole of the others.
  ADRA  RIZA, Aristolochia clematitis.
  ADROBO'LON,  from  «^oc,  'great,'  and
|Wcc, 'mass.'  The bdellium of India,  which
is in larger pieces than that of Arabia.
  ADROS, a^oc, 'plump and full.'   Applied
to the habit of body, and also to  the pulse.—
Hippocrates.
  ADSARIA  PALA, Dolichos pruriens.
  ADSPIRATIO, Aspiration, Inspiration.
  ADSTANS, Prostate.
  ADSTITES GLANDULOSI, Prostate.
  ADSTRICTIO, Astriction, Constipation.
  ADSTRICTORIA, Astringents.
  ADSTRINGENTIA,  Astringents.
  ADULAS SO.  The  Justitia bivalvis.  A
small shrub, used in India as a local applica-
tion in gout.
  ADULT AGE, Andri'a, from adolescere,' to
grow to,'  (ad and olere,  olitnm,   'to grow.';
Virility.  The age succeeding  adolescence, ami
preceding  old age.   Adult, Adul'tus, is also
used for one in the adult age.
  ADULTERATIO, Falsification.
  ADUNCATIO UNGUIUM, Onychogrypbo-
sis.
  ADURENS, Caustic.
  ADURION, Rhus coriaria.
  ADUST, Advs'tus, from adurere, (ad an<)
■nrere,) ' to burn.'  The  blood and fluids wen
formerly said to be adust, when there was much
heat in the constitution and but little serum ii
the blood.
  ADUSTIO, Adustion, Burn.
  ADUS'TION, Adus'tio.  State  of the body
described under Adust.   In surgery, it signing
cauterization.
^ADVENTITIOUS DISEASES,  AcquireJ

  ADVENTITIUS, Accidental.
  ADYNAMIA, Impoten'tia; from  «, priva-
tive, and iW^.c, < strength,' Adyna sia, Adf 
ADYNAMIC
27
AkRk
 na'tia. Considerable debility of the vital powers;
 as in  typhus fever.   Some Nosologists  have a
 class of diseases under the name Adynamia,
 Ec'lyses, Morbi asthen'ici.
   Adynamia Virilis, Impotence.
   ADYNAM'IC, Adynam'icus, Hypodynam'ic,
 Hypodynam'icus; same etymon.  Appertaining
 to debility of the vital powers.
   ADYNASIA, Adynamia.
   ADYNATIA, Adynamia.
   ADYNATOCOMIUM, Hospital.
   ADYNATODOCHIUM, Hospital.
   ADYNATOS, Sickly.
   iEDOEA, Genital organs.
   ^Dffi'AGRA, from aiSoia,' genital organs,'
 and ayqa,' seizure.'   Gout in the genitals.
   ^DGEAG'RAPHY, JEdaagraph'ia, from ai-
 iW, 'organs of generation,' and yga<pto, 'I de-
 scribe.' A description of the organs of generation.
   ^DOZAL'OGY,  JEdaalog''ia, from  aiSoia,
 ' the pudendum,' and xoyog,' a description.'   A
 treatise on the organs of generation.
   ^EDOEAT'OMY, JEdaeatom'ia, from  atSoia,
 • the pudendum,' and tjujco, ' I cut.'  Dissection
 of the parts of generation.
   jEDffil'TIS,  Mdceoti'tis, Medei'tis;  from
 cttfua, 'genital organs,' and itis, denoting  in-
 flammation.  Inflammation of the genital organs.
   iEDffiOBLENORRHffiA, Leucorrhcea.
   jEDOZODYNTA, from  a«W, 'genital  or-
 gans,' and oSwtj, ' pain.'  Pain in the genitals.
 Pudendagra (q. v.)
   JEDffiOGARGALUS, Masturbation,  Nym-
 phomania.
   iEDffiOGARGARISMUS, Masturbation,
 Nymphomania.
   iEDffiOMANIA, Nymphomania.
   JETKEON, Inguen.
   iEDCEOPSOPHESIS, ^Edceopsophia.
   .EDCEOPSOPH'IA, Mdaopsophe'sis,  from
 aidoia, 'the pudendum,' and ipoqsir, 'to make
 a noise.'  Emission of wind by the urethra in
 man, by the vagina in woman.—Sauvages and
 Sagar.
   ^Edcsopsophia Uterina, Physometra.
   ^EDOZOTITIS,  ^Edoeitis—ae.  Gangraenosa,
 Colpocace—ae.  Gangraenosa puellarum, Colpo-
 cace infantilis—ae. Gangraenosa puerperarum,
 Colpocace puerperarum.
   iEDCEOT'OME, JEdceotom'ia;  from ardota,
 'genital organs,' and  tom, 'incision.'   Ana-
 tomy or dissection of the genitals.
   iEDOPTOSIS,Hysteroptosis—ae. Uteri, Pro-
 lapsus uteri—as. Uteri inversa, Uterus,  inver-
 sion of the—ae. Uteri retroversa, Retroversio
 uteri—ae.  Vaginae, Prolapsus V.—33. Vesica?,
 Exocyste.
  .rfEEIG'LUCES,  Aeig'luces,  from an, 'al-
 ways,' and yXvxuf, ' sweet.'  A kind of  sweet
 wine or must.—Gorraeus.
  jEGAGROP'ILA, JEgagrop'ili,  from  aiya-
j'^oc,' the  rock goat,' and ntXoc, ' hair,'  Bezoat
'VAllemagne, Pila Dama'rum seu  Rupicapra'-
rum. A ball composed of hairs, found in the sto-
mach of the goat: once used medicinally- Bezoar.
  ^EGEIROS, Populus.
  iEGER, Sick.
  iE'GIAS, jEgis, JEglia, JEgides, from at-;,
•the goat;' why, is not known,  (F.) Aige  or
Aigle.  There is obscurity regarding the pre-
cise meaning of this word.   It was used to de-
signate an ulcer, or speck on the transparent
cornea.—Hippocrates.
   Maitre Jean uses it for a calcareous deposite
 between the conjunctiva and sclerotica.
   JEGIDES, iEgias.
   ^E'GILOPS, An'chilops, An'kylops, from ail;,
 'goat,'  and  un/>, 'the eye.'  An ulcer  at the
 greater angle of the eye, which sometimes does
 not penetrate to the lachrymal sac, but at others
 does, and constitutes  fistula lachrymalis.—Ga-
 len, Celsus, Oribasius, Aetius, Paulus of JEgi-
 na, &c.
   ^EGI'RINON.  An ointment of which the
 fruit or flower of the poplar was an ingredient;
 from aiyci^oc, 'the black poplar.'
   MGLIA, ^Egias.
   iEGOCERAS, Trigonella fcenum.
   ^EGOLETHRON, Ranunculus flammula.
   ^EGONYCHON, Lithospermum officinale.
   ^EGOPHONIA, Egophony.
   .EGOPHONICUS,  Egophonic.
   .EGOPODIUM PODAGRARIA,Ligusticum
 podagraria.
   jEGRIPPA, Agrippa.
   ^EGRITUDO, Disease—ae.  Ventriculi, Vo-
 miting.
   iEGROTATIO, Disease.
   iEGROTUS, Sick.
   ^EGYP'TIA.   An epithet for  several  medi-
 cines,  mentioned by Galen,  Paulas  of JEginz,
 and Myrepsus.
   ^Egyp'tia Moschata, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
   jEgyp'tia Stypte'ria, Aiyii7iT(a  orvmri^ia,
 JEgyptian alum.  Recommended by Hippocr.
   ^Egyp'tia Ul'cera; JEgyptian ulcers.  Ul-
 cers of the fauces and tonsils, described by Are-
 taeus, as  common in Egypt and Syria.
   iEGYPTIACUM,  JEgyp'tion, Mende'sion,
 Mel JEgyptiacum, Phar'macum JEgyptiacum.
 A preparation of vinegar, honey, and verdigris,
 scarcely used now, except by veterinary sur-
 geons  as a detergent.   See Linimentum ^Eru-
 ginis.
   ^EGYPTION, ^gyptiactrm.
   ^EGYPTIUM  MEDICAMENTUM AD
 AURES, Pharmacum  ad aures.
   ^EGYP'TIUS PESSUS: JEgyptian pessary.
 A pessary, composed of honey, turpentine, but-
 ter, oil of lily or of rose, saffron, each one part;
 with sometimes a small  quantity of verdigris.
   AEICHRYSON, Sedum.
   jEIPATHEIA, see  Continent (disease.)
   AEIPATHIA, see Continent (disease.)
   yEMOPTOICA PASSIO, Haemoptysis.
   ^ENEA, Catheter.
   ^EOLECTHYMA, Variola.
   iEOLLION, Varicella.
   ^EOLLIUM, Varicella.
  -(EON, aituv.  The entire age of a  man from
birth till death.—Hippocrates, Galen.  A lso the
spinal marrow.   See Medulla Spinalis.
  ^EONESIS, Fomentation.
   ^ONION, Sedum.
  jEO'RA, from utoiqta, 'I suspend.'  Gesta-
tion, swinging.—Aetius, Celsus, &c.
  .EQUALIS, Equal.
  ^QUA'TOR OCULI.  The line formed by
the union of the upper and under eyelid,  when
they are closed.  It is  below the middle of the
globe.
  .EQUIVOCUS, Equivocal.
  AER Air.
  AERATION OF THE BLOOD, Ha-matosis.
  AERATUS, Carbonated.
  AkRk, Carbonated. 
^REOLUM               28                  ^ETHER
   -EREOLUM, JEreolus, Chalchus.  The sixth
 part of an obolus by weight, consequently about
 2 grains.
   ^E'RESIS, alpine,' the removal of anything.'
 A suffix denoting a  removal or separation, as
 Apharesis, Diarisis, &c.
   AERGIA, Torpor.
   AERIF'EROUS, Aerifer, (F.) A'erifere, from
 aer, ' air,' and ferre,' to carry.'  An epithet for
 tubes which convey air, as the larynx, trachea,
 and bronchia.
   AERIFLUX'US.   The discharge of gas, and
 the fetid emanations from the sick.  Flatulence.
 —Sauvages.
   AERODIAPH'THORA, from aw,' air,' and
 biaQ&opa, 'corruption.' A corrupt state of the air.
   AERO-ENTERECTASIA, Tympanites.
   AEROL'OGY; Aerolog"ia, Aerolog"ice, from
 xr\^, ' air,' and Xoyog, 'a description.' That part
 of physics which treats of the air, its qualities,
 uses, and action on the animal economy.
   AER'OM ANC Y, Aeromanti'a, from a riq, 'air,'
 a.nd ftavrtta,' divination.' An art in judicial as-
 trology, which consists  in the  foretelling,  by
 means of the air or substances found in the  at-
 mosphere.
   AEROMELI, Fraxinus ornus.
   AEROPERITONIE, see Tympanites.
   AEROPHOBIA, from aW, 'air,' and qofog,
 ' fear.'  Dread  of the air.  This  symptom often
 accompanies hydrophobia, (q. v.)  and some-
 times hysteria  and other affections.
   AEROPHOB'ICUS, Aeroph'obus; same ety-
 mon.  One  affected with aerophobia.
   AEROPHOBUS, Aerophobicus.
   AEROPHTHORA, Aerodiaphthora.
   AEROPLEURIE, Pneumothorax.
   AEROSIS, Pneumatosis, Tympanites.
   AEROTHORAX, Pneumothorax.
   ^ERUCA, Cupri subacetas.
   iERU'GINOUS, JErugino'sus, Io'des, from
 JErugo, ' verdigris.'   (F.) kruginevx.   Re-
 sembling verdigris in colour;  as the bile when
 discharged at times from the stomach.
   iERUGO, toe, from as,' copper.'  The rust
 of any  metal,  properly  of  brass.  See Cupri
 Subacetas.
   jErugo Ferri, Ferri subcarbonas—ae. Plum-
 bi, Plumbi subcarbonas.
   MS, Cuprum.
   iESCHOS, otio^oc. Deformity of the body
 generally, or of some part.—Hippocrates.
   iES'CULUS  HIPPOCAS'TANUM,  from
 esca,  'food,' [?] Casta'nea equi'na, Pavi'na,
 Horse-chestnut, Buck-eye.    (F.)  Marronier
 delude.  Nat. Ord. Hippocastaneae.  Sex. Syst.
 Heptandria  Monogynia.  The bark has been
 advised  as  a  substitute for  cinchona.  Both
 bark and fruit are astringent.  Externally, it
 has been employed, like cinchona, in gangrene.
   ^ESECAVUM, Brass.
   ESTATES, Ephelides.
   ^ESTHE'MA, ctiadtH*.*,  gen. *i<r6t1/j.*-toc,  'a
 sensation, a perception.'  See  Sensation and
 Sensibility.   In the plural, asthe'mata, the ap-
 paratuses of the senses.
   ^ESTHEMATOL'OGY,   JEsthematolog"ia;
from aia6r,fjia, and Xoyog, 'a description.'   The
doctrine  of,  or a treatise  on, the senses,  or
on the apparatus of the senses.
   JESTttEMtLTONU'SlfJEstkematorganvnu'-
.-i, from  *io6rj/ia, and rovoot, 'diseases.'  Dis-
eases affecting sensation.
   .ESTHEMATORGANONUSI,  ^Esthemato-
 nusi.
   JE ST HE'S IS,  Aisthe'sis,  from aurSuvc-
 n*t,  ' I feel.'  The faculty  of being affected
 by a  sensation.  Perception.  Sensibility, as
 well as the senses themselves.   See Sense.
   JESTHETERION, Sensorium.
   ^ESTHET'ICA,  from a«r9avop.al, 'I feel.'
 Diseases affecting the sensations.   Dulness, de-
 pravation or abolition of one or more of the ex-
 ternal  organs of  sense.  The  2d  order, class
 Neurotica of Good.
   ^STIVUS, Estival.
   iESTUARIUM, Stove.
   ^ESTUATIO, Ardor, Ebullition, Fermenta-
 tion.
   ^ESTUS, Ardor.
   ^Estus Volat'icus.   Sudden heat, scorching
 or flushing of the face.—Vogel.
   ^ETAS, Age—ae.  Bona, Adolescence—se. De-
 crepita, Decrepitude—ae. Mala, Senectus—ar\
 Provecta, Senectus—ae.  Senilis, Senectus.
   AETHER, Ether, from xi&yq, 'air,' or from
 aifrui, ' I burn.'  Liquor athe'reus.  A volatile
 liquor obtained  by distillation from a mixture
 of alcohol and a concentrated  acid.
   ^Ether Chloricus, Chloroform.
   ^Ether Hydrocyan'icus, JEther Prus'sicus,
 Hydrocyan'ic Etlirr, Hydrocy'anate of E'the-
 rine,  Cyan'uret of  Ethule, (F.) kther hydro-
 cyaniqite, has been  advised in  hooping-cough,
 and where the hydrocyanic acid is indicated.
 Dose, 6 drops.
   JEther Martialis, Tinctura seu Alcohol sul-
 furico-asthereus  ferri—ae. Nitricus alcoolisatus,
 Spiritus Eetheris nitrici—ae. Pyro-aceticus, Ace-
 tone.
   ^Ether SvL,vnu'Ricis,JE.Vitriol'icus, Naph-
 tha Vitrioli, Sulph'uric Ether.  Ether prepared
 from sulphuric ether and alcohol.   (Sp. rectifi-
 cat.; Acid. Sulph. aa ffiiss. Distil  until a hea-
 vier liquid passes over.  Ph.  L.)
   Rectified Ether, JEther rectifica'tus, prepared
 by distilling  12 oz. from a mixture of sulphurk
 ether, f. gxiv, fused potass, gss, and distilled
 water, f. gij, is a limpid,  colourless, very in-
 flammable, volatile liquor; of  a penetrating and
 fragrant odour, and hot pungent taste.  Its s. 2.
 is 0.732.
   It is a diffusible stimulant, narcotic and anti-
 spasmodic, and is externally refrigerant.   Dose
 g«- xxx to f. ^iss.   When'ether is inhaled, it is
 found to be a valuable anaesthetic agent: and is
 employed with  advantage  in  spasmodic affee-
 tions, and in  surgical operations.
   JEther Sulphuricus, of the  Pharmacopoeia of
 the United States, (1842,) is formed from alco-
 hol, Oiv; stdphvrir acid, Oj ; potassa, 7,\]; dis-
 tilled water,  f. *iij, distilling and redistilling
 according to  the process there laid down.
   The Parisian Codex has an JEther ace'ticus,
 an JEther muria'ticus seu hydrochloride, an
 JEther ni'tricus seu nitro'sus,  and an JEther
phosphora'tus. They all possess similar virtues.
   ^Ether Sulphuricus Acidus, Elixir acidum
 Halleri—ae. Sulphuricus cum alcohole, Spiritus
 aetheris sulphurici—ae. Sulphuricus cumalcohok
 aromaticus, Spiritus  aetheris aromaticus.
   ^Ether Terebinthina'tus, Terebinth'inatei
 ether, made by mixing gradually two pounds of
 alcohol, and half a pound of spirit  of turpen-
tine, with  two  pounds  of concentrated nitrU
acid, and distilling one-half the mixture  with 
            jETHEREA herba

 a gentle heat.  Employed externally and inter-
 nally in biliary calculi, rheumatism, &c. Dose
 20 to 40 drops, in honey or yolk of egg.
  A THERE A  HERBA, Eryngium  mariti-
 mum.
  ^ETHE'RE AL, Ethe'real, Ethe'reous, JEthe'-
 reus, (F.) ktheree.   An ethereal tincture, (F.)
 Teinture ethiree, is one formed by the action of
 sulphuric ether, at the ordinary temperature, on
 medicinal substances.   An ethereal oil is a vo-
 latile oil.  See Olea Volatilia.
  ^THERIZATIO, Etherization.
  ^ETHERIZATUS, Etherized.
  iETHEROLEA, Olea volatilia.
  iETHIOP'ICUS LAPIS, Ethiopian stone. A
 stone formerly supposed to be possessed of con-
 siderable virtue.—Oribasius.
  JETmOPIFlCA'T10,JEthiopopoe'sis,JEthi-
 °pis'mus,JEthiopio'sis,fTomJEthiops,a.ndfacere,
 'to  make.'  The mummy-like colouring of the
 skin, induced at times by the use of mercurial
 ointment; and seen in bodies poisoned by arsenic.
  ^ETHIOPIOSIS, ^thiopificatio.
  ^ETHIOPIS, Salvia sclarea.
  ^ETHIOPISMUS, iEthiopificatio.
  ^ETHIOPOPOESIS, ^thiopificatio.
  iETHIOPS,  from at&ta, 'I  burn,'  and o>\p,
 ' countenance.'  A black or burnt countenance.
 The ancients gave this name to certain oxides
 and sulphurets of metals, which were of a black
 colour.
  ^Ethiops  Albus, Albino—ae. Alcalisatus,
 Hydrargyrum cum creta—as. Animal, see Cho-
 roid.
  ^Ethiops Martia'lis,FerriDeutox'ydum ni-
 grum.  The black  deutoxide of iron:  once in
 repute as a tonic.
  -^Ethiops Mineralis, Hydrargyri sulphure-
 tum nigrum—ae. Narcoticus, Hydrargyri sul-
 phuretum nigrum—as. per se, Hydrargyri oxy-
 dum cinereum—ae.  Saccharatus, Hydrargyrum
 saccharatum—ae. Vegetabilis, see Fucus vesicu-
 losa.
  ^ETHOL'ICES, from at$w, ' I burn.'  Fiery
 pustules on the  skin.   Some have considered
 them to have been boils.
  ^ETHU'SA  CYNA'PIUM, Fool's  Parsley,
 (F.) Faux Persil, Petite Cigu'e. Family, Um-
 belliferae.  Sex. Syst.  Pentandria Digynia.  A
 poisonous plant, which has been  mistaken for
 true parsley, producing nausea, vomiting, head-
 ache, giddiness, sopor, and at times, fatal results.
 It resembles conium in its action.
  jEthu'sa Meum, Meum, Men, Spignel, Bald-
 money. (F.) kthuse Meum.   The root has been
 advised as carminative, stomachic, &c.
  jETIOL'OGY, JEtiolog"ia, Etiol'ogy, Aitio-
 log"ia, from  atria,  ' cause,' and koyog,  ' a dis-
 course.'   The doctrine of the causes of disease.
  iETI'TES, from  airot,  'an eagle,' Eagle-
 stone,  Pierre d'Aigle,  Hydrate de tritoxide de
fer.   This stone  was formerly supposed to fa-
 cilitate delivery,  if  bound on  the thigh; and to
 prevent abortion, if bound on the arm.   It was
 also called Lapis Collymus.
  JETOI PHLEBES, Temporal veins.
  iETOLION, Cnidia  grana.
  AFFADISSEMENT, (F.)  from fade, 'in-
 sipid.'  That condition of the digestive function
 in which the appetite  is diminished, the sense
 of taste blunted,  and the action of the stomach
 enfeebled; a state usually accompanied by ge-
 neral languor.
19                AFFUSION

   AFFAIBLISSEMENT, Asthenia.
   AFFAIRES, Menses.
   AFFAISSEMENT, Collapsus.
   AFFECTIO, Affection—a. Arthritica  Cor-
 dis, Cardiagra—a. Hypochondriaca, Hypochon-
 driasis—a. Hysterica, Hysteria—a. Sarmatica,
 Plica—a. Tympanitica, Tympanites.
   AFFECTION, Affec'tio, from aflicio or affee-
 tare (ad and  facere,)  'to move or influence.'
 Any mode in which the mind or body is affected
 or modified.
   AFFECTION TYPHOIDE,see Typhus—
 a. Vaporeuse, Hypochondriasis.
   AFFECTIONES  ANIMI, Affections of the
 mind.
   AFFECTIONS OF THE MIND,  Affec'tus
 seu  Passio'nes seu Affectio'nes  seu Conquas-
 satio'nes seu Confusio'nes seu Turbatio'nes
 seu  Perturbatio'nes an'imi,  (F.) Affections de
 Vame, include not only the different passions, as
 love, hatred, jealousy, &c, but every condition
 of the mind that is accompanied by an agreeable
 or disagreeable feeling,  as  pleasure, fear,  sor-
 row, &c.
   In Pathology, Affection, Pathos, Pathe'ma, is
 synonymous  with disease:  thus  we speak  of a
 pulmonary affection, a calculous affection, &c.
   AFFECTIONS DE L'AME. Affections of
 the mind.
   AFFECTIVE.  That which affects, touches,
 &c.   Gall gives the term affective faculties, (F.)
 Facultes affectives, to functions dependent upon
 the organization of  the brain, comprising the
 sentiments, affections, &c.
 ~ AFFEC TUS, Passion—a. Faucium pes tilens,
 Cynanche maligna—a. Hyderodes,  Hydrops—
 a. Spasmodico-convulsivus labiorum, Neuralgia
 faciei.
   AF'FERENT, Af'ferens, Centrip'etal, from
 affero,(ad and fero, 'to carry,') 'I bring.'  The
 vessels which convey the  lymph to the lym-
 phatic glands, are called afferent.   Also, nerves
 that convey  impressions towards the nervous
 centres—nervi entobanon'tes.
   AF'FION, Of'fium, O'pium,  (q. v.)   The
 Bantamese thus designate an electuary of which
 opium is the basis, and which they use as an
 excitant.
   AFFLA'TUS,  Adfla'tus, Epipno'a, from ad,
 'to,' and flare, 'to blow.'  Any air  that strikes
 the body and produces disease.
   AF'FLUENCE, Afflux, from afftuere, (ad
 and fluere,  'to flow,') 'to flow to.'  A flow  or
 determination of  humours, and  particularly of
 blood, towards any part.
   AFFLUXUS, Fluxion.
   AFFUSIO, Affusion—a. Frigida, see Affu-
 sion—a.  Orbicularis, Placenta.
   AFFU'SION, Affu'sio,  Pros'chysis, Epich'-
 ysis, from ad, 'to,' and fundere, fusum, 'to
 pour.'  The  action of pouring a liquid on any
 body.  Affusions,Rhyptolu'sia, cold and warm,
 are used in different diseases. The cold affusion,
 Affu'sio  seu Perfu'sio frig"ida, is said to have
 been beneficial in  cutting short typhus fever and
 scarlatina, if used during the first  days.   It con-
 sists in placing the patient in a tub, and pouring
 cold water over him; then wiping him dry, and
 putting him to bed.  The only precaution ne-
 cessary,  is, to use it in the state of greatest heat
 and exacerbation; not when chilliness, or topical
 inflammation is present.
2 
AF1UM
30
AGITATION
   AFIUM, Opium.
   AFTER-BIRTH, Secundines.
   AFTER-PAINS, see Pains, labour.
   AGACEMENT, (F.) from axa'Ct tv, 'to sharp-
 en.'  The setting on edge.
   AGACEMENT DES  DENTS.  A disa-
 greeable  sensation experienced when acids are
 placed  in contact with the teeth.   Tooth edge.
 Setting the teeth on edge.
   AGACEMENT DES NERFS.   A slight
 irritation of the system, and particularly of the
 organs of sense and locomotion, corresponding
 nearly to the English Fidgets.
   AGALACTATIO, Agalactia.
   AGALAC'TlA,  Agalax'ia, Agalac'tio,
 Agalacta'tio, Defec'tus lac'tis, Oligoga'lia, Oli-
 gogalactia, from* privative, and yaXa, 'milk.'
 Absence  of milk in the  mammae.
   AGALAXIA, Agalactia.
  AGAL'LOCHUM,from ayaXXo/nat,'to become
 splendid, 'Calambac, Calambouk,Lig'num AgaV-
 lochi veri, Lig'num Al'o'es, L. Aspal'athi, Xylo-
 aloes, Aloes wood.  A  resinous and  very aro-
 matic wood of the East  Indies, from Excacaria
 Agallocha.   Used in making pastils, &c.—Dio-
 scorides,  Oribasius, Paulus.
   AGAMOUS, see Cryptogamous.
   AG'ARIC, Agar'icum. A genus of plants in
 the Linnaean system, some of which are edible,
 others poisonous.  It was so called from Agaria,
 aregionof Sarmatia.—Dioscorides. Among the
 edible varieties of the  Boletus, the following
 are the  chief.   1.  The Agar'icus edu'lis, (F.)
 Agaric  comestible et champignon de couche.  2.
 The Agar'icus odora'tus, (F.) Mousseron. The
 most common poisonous varieties are the Agar'-
 icus  neca'tor,  (F.) Agaric meurtrier: and 2.
 The Agaricus acris, (F.) Agaric dcre; besides
 the Auranite, a sub-genus, which  includes se-
 veral species.   One of the most delicate  is the
 Agaricus  Aurantiaeus,  but care must be taken
 not to confound it with the A. Pseudo-auran-
 tiacus, which is very poisonous.  The A. auran-
 tiaeus is called, in French, Oronge.  See Poi-
 sons, Table of.
  Agaric,  see  Boletus igniarius—a. Blanc,
 Boletus laricis—a. de  Chene, Boletus ignia-
 rius—a. Female,  Boletus igniarius—a. of the
 Oak,  Boletus igniarius—a. Odorant, Boletus
 suaveolens—a.  White, Boletus laricis.
  AGARICUM, Boletus igniarius.
  AGARICUS,  Boletus igniarius — a. Albus,
 Boletus  laricis—a. Aurantiaeus, Amanitae—a.
 Aurantiaeus, Bolites—a. Auriculaeforma, Peziza
 auricula—a. Chirurgorum,  Boletus igniarius—
 a. Pseudo-aurantiacus,  Amanitae—a.  Quercus,
 Boletus igniarius.
  AGATHIS DAMARRA, Pinus damarra.
  AGATHOSMA CRENATUM, Diosma cre-
 nata.
  AGATHOTES CHIRAYITA, Gentiana chi-
 rayita.
  AGA'Vfi AMERICA'NA, American Agave,
 Maguey, from ayavog, 'admirable.'  Nat. Ord.
 Bromeliaceae.    Sex. Syst. Hexandria Mono-
 gynia.  This plant has been considered diuretic
 and antisyphilitic.  The favourite drink of the
 Mexicans—Pulque—is the  fermented juice  of
 this plant.
  AGE, 'yXixi*, Helikia, JEtas;—Of uncertain
etymon.   Period of life.   Time that has elapsed
since birth, &c.  Five ages are often designated
in the life of man.   1. First infancy (Infan'tia;)
 2. Second infancy (Pueri"tia;) 3. Adolescence
 (Adolescen'tia:)  4. The adult age (Viril'itas:)
 5. Old age (Senec'tus.)
   AGENEIOS, Imberbis.
   AGEN'ESIS, from <*. privative, and  ysvia-ig,
 'generation.'  Imperfect development  of any
 part of the body;  as cerebral agenesis, i. e. im-
 perfect development of the brain in the foetus.
   AGENNESIA,  Impotence, Sterilitas.
   AGENNESIS, Impotence.
   AGENT,  Agens, from agere, 'to act.'  Any
 power  which produces, or tends to produce an
 effect on the human body. Morbific agents, (F.)
 Agens morbifiques, are the causes of disease;—
 therapeutical agents, (F.) Agens therapeutiques,
 the means of treating it, &c.
   AGER NATUR.E, Uterus.
   AGERA'SI A, Insenescen'tia,from a privative,
 and YVQ"-?> '°hl age.'   A vigorous and green old
 age..
   AGERATUM, Achillea ageratum.
   AGE'RATUS  LAPIS.   A stone used by
 cobblers  to polish shoes.  It was formerly es-
 teemed discutient and astringent.—Galen,  Ori-
 basius, Paulus.
   AGES, Palm.
   AGEUSIA, Ageustia.
   AGEUS'TIA,  Agheus'tia,  Ageu'sia, Apo-
 geus'tia, Apogeu'sis,  Dyseesthe'sia gustato'ria,
 Parageu'sis, from a. priv., and ytvortg, 'taste.'
 Diminution or loss of taste, Anasthe'sia lingua.
 Sauvages, Cullen.
   AGGLOMERATE, Agglomera'tus, from ag-
 glomerare (ad and glomerare, 'to wind up yarn
 in a ball,') 'to collect together.'  Applied to
 tumours or glands in aggregation.
   AGGLU'TINANT, Agglu'tinans, Collet'icus,
 Glu'tinans, from gluten, 'glue.' (F.) Aggluti-
 nant, Agglutinatif, Glutinatif. Remedies were
 formerly so called, which were considered ca-
 pable of uniting divided parts.—Paulus.
   Plasters are called agglntinants, (F.) agglu-
 tinatifs,  which adhere  strongly  to the skin.
 Certain bandages are likewise so termed. (P.)
 Bandelettes aggl utinatives.
   TO AGGLUTINATE.  The French use the
 word agglutiner, in the sense of'to reunite;'as
 agglutiner les lev res d'une plaie,' to reunite the
 lips of a wound.'
   A GGLUTINA TIF, A gglutinant.
   AGGLUTINATIO, Coition.
   AGGLUTINATION, Colle'sis,Epicolle'sis,
 Proscolle'sis, Glutina'tio, from agglutinare, 'to
 glue together.'  The  first degree of adhesion.
 Also, the action of agglutinants.
   AGGLUTINER, To agglutinate.
   AGGREGATE, Aggrega'tus,  from aggre-
 gare, (ad and gregare,) 'to flock together,' 'to
 assemble together.'   Glands are called aggre-
 gate which are in clusters.   Aggregate pills,
 (F.) Pilules agr'egatives, signified, formerly,
 those which were  believed to contain the  pro-
 perties of a considerable number of medicines,
 and to be able to supply their place.
   AGHEUSTIA, Ageustia.
 uA,?™HAILID  or AGIHA'LID, or AGRA-
 HA LID.  An Egyptian and Ethiopian  shrub,
 similar to the Ximenia.  The Ethiopians use it
 aSrrTumTUT^- Jhe fruit is Purgative.
   AGIHALID, Agiahalid.
   AGISSANT, Active.
   AGITA'TION,  Agita'tio,  Done'sis; from
agere,  to act.'  Constant and fatiguing motion 
AGITATORIUS
31
AGYRIAS
of the body, Tyrbe, Tyrba'sia, Inquies,—or dis-
tressing mental inquietude,—An'imi Agita'tio.
  AGITATORIUS,  Convulsive.
  AGLOS'SIA, from a, privative, and yxu><r<r*,
'the tongue.'  A malformation which consists
in the want of a tongue.
  AGLOSSOS'TOMA, from Aglossia, (q. v.)
and no/**,' mouth.'   A mouth without a tongue.
   AGLOSSOSTOMOG'RAPHY,  Aglossosto-
mogra'pkia, from a, priv., yXwoaa, 'thetongue,'
iTTOfxa, 'the mouth,'  and y§*<peu,  'I describe.'
Description of a mouth without a tongue.—Ro-
land (of Saumur.)
  AGLUTI'TION, Agluti'tio, from * priv., and
glutire, 'to swallow.'  A hybrid  term, desig-
nating impossibility of swallowing.—Linnaeus.
  AGMA, Fracture.
  AGMATOLOG'IA,  from ay/jia, 'fracture,'
and Xoyog, 'a description.'  The doctrine of frac-
tures.  A treatise on fractures.
  AGME, Fracture.
  AGMINA DIGITORUM MANUS, Phalan-
ges of the fingers—a. Membrana, Amnios.
  AGMINATED GLANDS, Peyer's glands.
  AGNA'THIA,from*,priv., andy»afloc,'jaw.'
A malformation which consists in the want  of
the jaw,  especially of the lower.
  AGNINA MEMBRANA, Amnios.
  AGNOIA, from*,priv., and ymoc-xio,'I know.'
State of a patient who does not recognise indi-
viduals.—Hippocrates, Galen, Foesius.
  AGNUS CASTUS, Vitex.
  AGO'GE, aywyt}.   The order or condition  of
a disease,—Hippoc, Galen.  Likewise the state
of the  air.—Hippoc, Galen, Gorraeus, Foesius.
  AGOGUE,  aywyog, 'a leader,' from ayw,  'I
lead or expel.'   Hence Cholagogue, an expeller
of bile; Hydragogue, &c.
  AGOMPHI'ASIS,  Agompho'sis, from *, pri-
vative, and yo/uyoo), 'I nail.'   Looseness of the
teeth.—Gorraeus.  See Gomphiasis.
  AGOMPHOSIS, Agomphiasis.
  AGON, Agony.
  AGONE, Hyoscyamus.
  AGONIA, Sterilitas.
  AGONISMA, Agony.
  AGONISMUS, Agony.
  AGONIS'TICA, from aywr, 'a combat.' The
part of ancient gymnastics, which had reference
to the combats of the Athletae.
  Also, very cold water, given internally, to
calm febrile heat.—Paulus of jEgina.
  AGONIZANS, Psychorages.
  AGONOS, Sterile.
  AG'ONY, Agon'ia, Agon, Agonis'ma, Ago-
nis'mus, Mochlhus, Mogus, Psychorag"ia,Psy-
<-horrhag"ia, An'gor, from <tywv,  ' a combat.'
The last struggle of life.—Galen, Gorraeus, &c.
The agony, which is  of longer or shorter dura-
tion, is characterized  by great  change  in  the
features, gradual abolition of sensation and mo-
tion, loss of voice, dryness or  lividity of the
tongue and lips, rattling in  the throat,  small
and intermittent pulse, and coldness of the ex-
tremities.  This state is not present in those
who die suddenly.  See Facies Hippocratica.
  AGOS'TUS,  fromayu.,'I lead.'  The fore
arm from the elbow to the fingers.  Also, the
palm of the hand.—Gorraeus.  See Palm.
  AGRA, ayqa, from ttyqt w, ' I seize hold of.'
A seizure, as Odontagra, a tooth seizure, tooth-
ache; Chiragra, Podagra, &c.
  AGRAFE DE VALENTIN.  A  kind of
forceps with parallel branches,  employed by
Valentin in the operation for hare lip, to effect
the approximation of the edges of the wound.
   AGRAHALID, Agiahalid.
   AGRkGATIVES PILULES.  See  Aggre-
gate.
   AGRIA, Herpes exedens.
   AGRIAMPELOS, Bryonia alba.
   AGRICOCCIMELEA, Prunus spinosa.
   AGRIFOLIUM,  Ilex aquifolium.
   AG'RIMONY, Eupato'rium,  Caf'al, Lap'-
pula hepat'ica (F.) Aigremoine.  The Agrimo'-
nia Eupato'rium. Cockle-bur, Stickwort. Nat.
Ord. Rosaceae.   Sex. Syst.  Icosandria Digynia.
A  mild astringent  and stomachic.  Dose, in
powder, from h)j to gj.
   Agrimony Hemp, Eupatorium cannabinum.
   AGRIOCASTANUM, Bunium  bulbocasta-
num, Lycoperdon tuber.
   AGRIOCINARA, Sempervivum tectorum.
   AGRIORIGANUM, Origanum majorana.
   AGRIOSELINUM, Smyrnium olusatrum.
   AGRIOTHYM'IA, from ayqto?, 'ferocious,'
and 9v/uog, 'disposition.'  Ferocious insanity.
—Sauvages.
   AGRIPALMA GALLIS, Leonurus cardiaca.
   AGRIPAUME,  Leonurus cardiaca.
   AGRIP'PA,  JEgrip'pa,  from  eeger  partus,
'difficult birth:' or  perhaps from *yqa,  'taking
or seizure,' and ncvc, 'the foot.'  This term has
been given to those  born by the feet.  It is pre-
tended that the family of Agrippa obtained their
name  from  this circumstance.   Parturition
where the feet present  is called  Agrippa par-
tus, Agrippinus partus.
   AGRIPPINUS PARTUS, see Agrippa.
   AGRO DI CEDRO, see Citrus medica.
   AGROSTIS, Bryonia alba.
   AGRUNA, Prunus spinosa.
   AGRYPNIA, Insomnia.
   AGRYPNOCOMA, Coma vigil.
   AGRYPNO'DES, from xyqvnvog, 'sleepless.'
Characterized by sleeplessness, as Febris Agry-
pnodes, a fever  accompanied  with  sleepless-
ness.
   AGRYP'NUS, ayqvnvog, 'sleepless,' 'vigi-
lant.'  Hence Agrypnodes  (Febris,)  fever at-
tended with watching.
  AGUA DE VERUGA, see Verugas.
  AGUARDIENTE, Brandy. See also Spirit.
—a. de Italia, see Spirit.
  A'GUE, from  Gothic agis,  ' trembling.' [?]
Intermittent fever.
  Ague and Fever, Intermittent fever.
  Ague Cake,  Placen'ta febri'lis, Physco'nia
sple'nicum, P. splenica, Splenis  Tumor; (F.)
Gateau febrile.   A visceral obstruction—gene-
rally in the spleen—which follows agues, and
is distinctly felt  by  external examination.  To
a greater or less  degree, it is not  uncommon.
  Ague, Dead, see  Fever,  masked—a.  Dumb,
see Fever,  masked—a. Free,  Laurus sassafras
—a. Leaping, see Leaping  ague—a. Quartan,
Quartan—a. Tertian, Tertian  fever—a. Weed,
Eupatorium perfoliatum.
  AGUL, Alha'gi, the Hedisa'rum alhagi.   A
thorny shrub of Persia and Mesopotamia, which
affords manna.   The leaves are purgative.
  AGY'ION, from a, priv., and  yuior, ' limb.5
Mutilated or wanting limbs.—Hippocr.  Weak,
feeble.—Galen.
  AGYR'IAS, from  ayvqic,' a collection.' Opa-
city of the crystalline.—Aetius, Pare. 
AGYRTA
32
AKOLOGY
  AGYR'TA,  from ayvqic, 'a crowd.'  For-
merly, a stroller who pretended to supernatural
powers.  Subsequently, a  quack or illiterate
pretender.  See Charlatan.
  AGYRTIA,  Charlatanry.
  AHO'RA, from a privative, and 'wqa, 'youth.'
Tardy development of the  organs:—the oppo-
site to Hyperho'ra.
  AHOUAI, Thevetia ahouai.
  AHUSAL, Orpiment.
  AHYPNIA, Insomnia.
  AIDE, (F.) Ad'jutor min'ister. An assistant
to a surgeon in his operations.
  AIDOROMANIA,  Nymphomania.
  AIERSA, Iris Gerrr.anica.
  AIGE, Mgias.
  AIGLE,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.  Near
the city  of this  name,  in Normandy, is  the
chalybeate  spring of Saint Xantin, much used
in the 16th and 17th centuries.
  AIGLE, ,Egias.
  AIGRE, Acidulous.
  AIGRELET, Acidulous.
  AIGREMOINE,  Agrimony.
  AIGREURS, Acidities.
  AIGU, Acute.
  AIGUILLE, Needle—a. a Acupuncture, see
Needle—a. a Appareil, see Needle—a. a Bee de
Lievre, see Needle—a. a Cataracte, see Needle
—a. de Deschamps,  see  Needle—a. Engainee,
see Needle—a. a Fisttde, see Needle—a.  a
Gaine, see  Needle—a. d Ligature, see Needle
a. a Manche, see Needle—a. a Seton, see Needle
—a. a Suture, see Needle.
  AIGUILLON, (F.)  Spina  Helmon'tii.  A
term used  since the time  of Van Helmont to
designate the proximate cause of inflammation.
According  to him, an inflamed part  is in the
same condition as if an oAguillon or thorn were
thrust into  it.
  AIGUISER, to Acidulate.
  AIL, Allium.
  AILE, Ala, Aileron.
  AILERON, (F.) Extre'ma ala seu Pin'nula,
diminutive of (F.) Aile, a wing.  The extremity
of the wing of a bird, to which the great fea-
thers are attached.
  AILERONS DE LA MATRICE.  Three
folds at the base of the broad ligaments of the
uterus, which are occupied by the ovary and its
ligament, the  Fallopian tube, and  the round li-
gament.
  AIMA,  'ixtfjLa, See Haema.
  AIMANT, Magnet.
  AIMATERA, Hepatirrhoea.
  AIMORRHXEA, Haemorrhagia.
  AIMORRHOIS, Haemorrhois.
  AINE, Inguen.
  AIPATHIA, Continent disease.
   AIPI, Jatropha manihot.
  AIPIMA COXERA, Jatropha manihot.
  AIPIPOCA, Jatropha manihot.
  AIR, Aer,  Pneuma, from aw, 'I breathe.'
 Common air, Atmospheric air, (F.) Air atmo-
 spherique,  is an invisible, transparent, inodorous,
 insipid, ponderable, compressible  and elastic
 fluid, which, under the form of the atmosphere,
 surrounds  the earth to the height of 15 or 16
 leagues.
   Air  is  essentially composed of two gases,
 oxygen and nitrogen, in the proportion of 20 of
 the former to *0 of the latter.  Oxygen is the
 vital portion, but  the nitrogen is necessary to
dilute it.  Air also contains a small portion of
carbonic acid gas, and it has always floating in
it aqueous vapour, different terrestrial emana-
tions, &c.  Its  effects  upon  the human body
vary according to its greater or less  density.
temperature, moisture, &c; hence, change ot
air is found  extremely serviceable  in  the pre-
vention and  cure of  certain morbid conditions.
See Climate.
  AIR  ACIDE VITRIOLIQUE, Sulphurous
acid—a. Alcalin, Ammonia—a. Atmosphtrique,

  Air Cells of  the Lungs, Bronchial cells;
see Cellule—a. Dephlogisticated, Oxygen—a.
Empyreal, Oxygen—a. du Feu,  Oxygen—a.
Factitious, Carbonic acid—a. Fixed, Carbonic
acid—a. Gate, Azote—a. Inflammable, Hydro-
gen, Hydrogen carburetted.
  Air Passages, (F.) Votes a'iriennes aerifhes.
The larynx, trachea, bronchia, &c.
  Air, Pure, Oxygen—a. Solid, of Hale, Car-
bonic acid—a. Vicic, Azote—a. Vital,  Oxygen.
  AIRAIN, Bell-metal, Brass.
  AIRE, Areola.
  AIRELLE ANGULEUSE,Vaccinmm myr-
 tillus—a. Ponctu'ee, Vaccinium vitis idaea.
  AIRIGNE, Hook.
  AIRTHREY,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 Airthrey is  situate about two miles  north of
 Stirling, Scotland.  The waters are saline ca-
 thartics ; containing chloride of sodium, chloride
 of  calcium, sulphate of zinc, and  chloride of
 magnesium.
   AISSELLE, Axilla.
   AISTHESIS, iEsthesis.
   AITHOMO'MA, from a.Soc, 'black.'  A
 black condition of all the humours of the eye.
 A. Pare.
   AITIA,  Cause.
   AITIOLOGY, iEtiologia.
   AITION, Cause.
   AIX-LA-CHAPELLE,  MINERAL  WA-
 TERS OF.  Called by the Germans, Aachen.
 A thermal, sulphureous, mineral water, which
 contains, in 10U0 grammes, 28.54 cubic inches
 of sulphohydric acid gas, 18.05 cubic inches of
 carbonic acid gas, 0.1304 grammes of  carbonate
 of lime, 0.0440 grammes of carbonate of mag-
 nesia,  0.5444 grammes  of  carbonate of soda.
 2.3697 grammes of chloride of sodium, 0.2637
 of sulphate of soda, and 0.0705 of silica.  The
 temperature is 134° Fahrenheit.
   The factitious  water of Aix-la-ChapelU.
 A'qua Aqtcisgranen'sis,  (F.) Eau  d'Aix-h-
 Chapelle, is made by  adding pure water f.
 ^xvijss, to  hydro-sulphuretted water f. ^iv, car-
 bonate of soda gr. xx, chloride of sodium gr.
 ix.—Ph. P.
   There are thermal sulphureous springs at
 Aix in Savoy, (98°) and some  thermal springs
 at Aix in Provence (91°.)
   AIZOON, Sempervivum tectorum.
   AJU'GA, A. pyramida'lis,  Consol'ida me'-
 dia, Bu'gula, Upright Bugloss, Middle Con-
 sound.  (F.)  Bugle pyramidale.  This  plant
 is  subastringent and bitter.
    Ajuga Chaiutepitys, Teucrium chamaepitys.
    Aju'ga  Reptans, Bu'gula, Common Bngh
 (F.) Bugle rampante, has similar properties.
    AKATALIS, Juniperus communis.
    AKATERA, Juniperus communis.
    AKINESIA, Acinesia.
    AKOLOGY, Materia Medica. 
ALBUMEN
                   ALA                   3

  ALA, Pinna, Pteryx, 'a wing.'  (F.) Aile.
A term often  used by anatomists for parts
which  project like a wing from the  median
line; as the Ala nasi, Ala of the uterus, &c.
See Axilla  and Pavilion of the Ear.  Also,
Pterygium.
  Ala Extrema, see Aileron.
  ALABAS'TER, Alabas'trum. (Y.)Albatre,
Alabastri'tes.  A variety of compact gypsum;
of which an ointment was once made;—the un-
guen'tum alabastri'num; used as a  discutient.
Alabaster likewise entered into  several denti-
frices.
  ALABASTRITES, Alabaster.
  AL.E INTERN.E  MINORES CLITORI-
DIS, Nymphae—a. Majores, Labia pudendi—a.
Minores,Nymphae—a. Muliebres minores, Nym-
phae—a. Nasi, see Nasus—a. Pudendi muliebris,
Labia  pudendi—a. Pulmonum, see  Pulmo—a.
of the  Uterus,  see  Ala—a. Vespertilionis, see
Uterus.
  ALAITER,  from (F.) lait, 'milk.'  To
suckle.
  ALALIA, Mutitas.
  ALAMBIC,  Alembic.
  ALANFU'TA.   A name given by the Ara-
bians to a vein, situate between the chin and
lower  lip, which  they were  in the habit of
opening in cases of fcetor of the  breath.—Avi-
cenna.
  ALAQUE CA.   The Hindusthanee name of
a  stone, found  in  small, polished  fragments,
which  is considered  efficacious in arresting he-
morrhage when applied externally.  It  is a sul-
phuret of iron.
  ALARES MUSCULI, Pterygoid muscles.
  Ala'res VENiE.   The superficial veins at the
fold of the arm.
  ALA'RIA OSSA.  The wing-like processes
of the sphenoid bone.
  ALARIS, Ala'tus, Aliform'is; from  ala, 'a
wing.'  Wing-shaped, Winged.
  ALATERNUS,  COMMON,  Rhamnus  ala-
ternus.
  ALA'TUS. Pterygo'des, Homo ala'tus.  One
whose scapulae  project backwards like wings.
  ALBADARAN, Aldabaran.   The sesamoid
bone  of the metatarso-phalangal joint of the
great toe.   The Rabbis  and Magicians attri-
buted extraordinary virtues to it.—Arabians.
  ALBAGIAZI, Sacrum.
  ALBAMENTUM, Albumen ovi.
  ALBAN,  SAINT, MINERAL  WATERS
OF.  A French acidulous chalybeate, in the
department of the Loire.
  ALBARAS ALBA,  Lepra alphoides—a.
Nigra, Lepra nigricans.
  ALBAR.ES, Lepra alphoides.
  ALBAROS, Lepra alphoides.
  ALBATRE,  Alabaster.
  ALBEDO UNGUIUM, see Nail.
  ALBIN  D'OZUF, Albumen ovi.
  ALBINISM, see Albino.
  ALBINISMUS, see Albino.
  ALBI'NO. 'White.'  Leuca'thiops,JEthiops
albus,  Dondo, from albus, 'white.'  (F.) Bla-
fard, Negre-blanc.   A Spanish word applied to
individuals  of the human  race  who have the
skin and hair white; the iris very pale, border-
ing on red;  and the eyes so sensible, that they
cannot bear the  light of day.  This condition,
which has been called Leucathio'pia, Alpho'sis
JEthiop'ica, Albino "ts'mus, Albinis'mus, Albin-
ism, Leucopathi'a, is seen more  frequently in
the Negro.  Both sexes are exposed to it;  but
it does not seem to be true, that there are tribes
of Albinos in the interior of Africa.
  ALBINOISMUS, see Albino.
   ALBOR OVI, Albumen ovi.
   AL'BORA.  A  kind of itch or complicated
leprosy.—Paracelsus.
   ALBOT, Crucible.
   ALBOTIM, Terebinthina.
   ALBUGIN'EA, Tu'nica albugin'ea, A. Tes-
tis, Perites'tis,Tu'nica vagina'lis testis propria,
Membra'na capsula'ris testis. (F.) Albuginee,
Tunique albuginee.  A strong, fibrous, and re-
sisting membrane, which immediately  enve-
lops the testicle, and  has, at its upper part,
an  enlargement, called corpus Highmorianum.
From its inner surface it sends off a number of
flat, filiform  prolongations  or  septa, between
which are contained the seminiferous vessels.
Externally, it is covered by the tunica vagina-
lis testis.
  ALBUGINkE, Albuginea, Albugineous.
  ALBUGIN'E0US,^^2^'M'ew5,'white,'from
albus, (F.) Albuginee.  A term applied to tex-
tures, humours, &c, which are perfectly white.
   Albugin'eous Fibre, (F.) Fibre  albuginee.
A name given by Chaussier to what he  consi-
ders one of the four elementary fibres.
   The albugineous fibre is linear, cylindrical,
tenacious, elastic, but little extensible, and of a
shining, satiny appearance.  It always  forms
fasciae or fasciculi, which constitute the tendons,
articular ligaments, and aponeuroses: hence the
name Albugineous membranes, given by Chaus-
sier to the fibrous membranes.
   Gauthier considers  that  the rete mucosum
consists of four layers, to two of which he gives
the names,—membra'na albugin'ea profun'da,
and membra'na albugin'ea superficia'lis, respec-
tively.
   ALBUGINPTIS, (F.) Albuginite.  A term
employed by some authors for inflammation of
the albugineous tissue.  Thus, gout and rheu-
matism are regarded as species of the genus al-
buginitis.
   ALBUGO  OCULORUM, Leucoma—a. Ovi,
Albumen ovi.
   ALBULA, Leucoma.
   ALBUM CANIS, Album graecum—a. Ceti,
Cetaceum.
   Album Gr^ecum,  Cynoc'oprus,  Spo'dium
Graco'rum,  Album Canis, Stercus  Cani'num
Album.  The white dung of the  dog.  It con-
sists almost wholly of phosphate  of lime, from
the bones used as food.  It was formerly ap-
plied as a discutient to the inside of the throat
in quinseys, but is now justly banished from
practice.
   Album Nigrum. The excrement of the mouse.
   Album Oculi, see Sclerotic.
   Album Rhasis.  A white ointment made of
cerusse and  lard,  prescribed by  the  Arabian
physician Rhases.
   ALBU'MENLeitco'ma,Oo7ii'ne,Ozemun,fvom
albus, 'white.' (F.) Albumine.  An immediate
principle of animals and vegetables, which con-
stitutes the chief  part of the white of egg.  It
is found in the serum, chyle, synovia,  serous
fluids, &c.  There is  not  much  difference in
chemical composition  between animal and ve-
getable albumen, fibrin and casein: fibrin alone
appears, however, to be possessed of plastic 
ALBUMINE
34
ALCOHOL
properties.  Also, the white of the eye.  See
Sclerotic.
  Albu'men Ovi, Albu'mor, Albu'go Ovi, Albor
Ovi, Can'didum Ovi, Albu'mefi-, Clare'ta, Ovi
albus liquor, Albumen'tum, Lac avis or white
°f egg, (F.) Blanc d'ceuf, (Old F.) Albin d'asuf,
is used in pharmacy for suspending oils, &c, in
water.  See Ovum.
  ALBUMINE, Albumen.
  ALBUMINURIA.   A hybrid term from
1 Albumen,' and ovqov, 'the urine.'  The condi-
tion of the urine in which it contains albumen,
the presence of which is indicated by its coagu-
lation on the application of adequate heat.
  ALBUMINURORRHEE, Kidney, Bright's
disease of the.
  ALBUMOR, Albumen ovi.
  AL'CAEST,  Al'cahest, Al'chaest,  perhaps
from  (G.)  all,  'all,' and geist,  'spirit.' A
word invented by Paracelsus  to designate a li-
quor, which, according to him, was capable of
removing every kind of swelling.
  The same word was  used by Van Helmont
for a fancied universal  solvent, capable of re-
ducing every body to its elements.
  Alcaest of Glauber is a thick liquor ob-
tained by detonating nitrate of potassa on hot
coals, which transforms it into subcarbonate of
potassa.
  Alcaest of Respour is a mixture of potassa
and oxyd of zinc.
  ALCAHEST, Alcaest.
  ALCAHOL, Alcohol.
  ALCALES'CENCE, Alkales'cence,  Alcales-
een'tia.  The condition in which a fluid becomes
alkaline.
  Alcalescence of the Humours was an old
notion of the humourists.  It can only occur
during the putrid fermentation of animal  mat-
ters, which contain azote, and produce ammo-
nia.   Alcalin'ity is the quality of being  alca-
Iine.
  AL'CALI or Alca'li, Al'kali, from al (Arab.,)
' the,' and kali, the name of the Salso'la Soda,
a plant which contains a large quantity of one
of the principal alkalis—soda. The alkalis are
substances soluble in water, possessing gene-
rally a urinous, acrid, and caustic taste, turning
the syrup of violets green, and restoring to blue
the infusion of litmus, which has been reddened
by acids; reddening the yellow of turmeric, and
having the greatest tendency to unite with acids,
whose character  they  modify, and form  salts
with them.  In medicine we understand by this
term Potassa, Soda, or Ammonia (q. v.)
  Alcali, Caustic, Al'kali  Caus'ticnm.  A
pure alkali. One deprived of its carbonic  acid.
  Alcalis, Fixed,  soda and  potassa; Vola-
tile Alcali, ammonia.
  Alcali Ammoniacum Acetatum, Liquor am-
moniac acetatis—a. Ammoniacum  fluidum, Li-
quor ammoniae—a. Fixum tartarizatum, Potas-
sae tartras—a. Minerale sulphuricum, Soda, sul-
phate of—a. Tartari aceto  saturatum,  Potassae
acetas—a.  Vegetabile  salito dephlogisticatum,
Potassae  murias hyperoxygenatus—a.  Vegeta-
bile tartarizatum, Potassce tartras—a. Vegetabile
vitriolatum, Potassae sulphas—a.  Volatile ace-
tatum, Liquor  ammoniae acetatis—a.  Volatile
aeratum, Ammoniae carbonas—a. Volatile ex
sale  ammoniaco, Ammoniae carbonas.
   ALCALIGENE, Azote.
   ALCALINITY.  See Alkalescence.
  ALCANA, Anchusa officinalis.
  ALCANNA  MAJOR  LATIFOLIA DEN-
TATA, Prinos—a. Orientalis, Lawsonia mer-
mis—a.  Spuria, Anchusa tinctoria —a.  Vera,
Lawsonia inermis.
  ALCEA, Hibiscus abelmoschus—a. iEgyp-
tiaca, Hibiscus  abelmoschus—a. Indica, Hibis-
cus abelmoschus.
  Alce'a Ro'sea, Common hollyhock.  Emol-
lient, like Althaea.
  ALCHACHENGE, Physalis.
  ALCHACHIL, Rosmarinus.
  ALCHAEST, Alcahest.
  ALCHEMIL'LA, said to have been cele-
brated with the Alchemists [?]   A. vulga'ris,
Common Ladies' Mantle, Pes Leo'nis, Leonto-
po'dium (¥.) Pied de Lion.  Formerly in great
repute as an astringent in hemorrhage.
  ALCHEMY, Alchymy.
  ALCHITRAM, see Pinus Sylvestris.
  ALCHITURA, see Pinus Sylvestris.
  ALCHOOL, Alcohol.
  AL'CHYMY, Alchemy, Alchemi'a,Alchimi'a,
Adep'ta Philosoph'ia, from  al, an Arabic par-
ticle, signifying 'superiority, excellence,' and
Chimin,' Chymistry.'  This word was formerly
synonymous with Chymistry; but, from the 7th
century, it has been applied to the mysterious
art of endeavouring  to discover a universal re-
medy, and a mode of transmuting the baser me-
tals  into gold: an operation to which they.gave
the  name  Opus magnum,  and Philosopher's
stone.
  Alchymy has also been called Scien'tia ml
Philosoph'ia Hermet'ica, from an idea that Her-
mes or Mercury was its  inventor.
  Harris  has well defined this chimerical art:
'Ars sine arte, cujus principium est mentiri,me-
dium laborare, et finis mendicare.'
  Al'chymist, Flatua'rius, Adept'.   One pre-
tending to alchymy.
  ALCOCALUM, Cynara scolymus.
  AL'COHOL, Alcohol, Alchool,  Alkol, Alcol,
Alcool,  Alkool.  An Arabic word, formerly
used for an impalpable powder, and signifying
'very subtile, much divided.'  At the present
day  it is applied to highly rectified spirit of
wine:—see Spiritus  rectificatus or  rectified
spirit, distilled from dried subcarbonate of po-
tassa.  In the Ph. U. S. Alcohol is rectified spi-
rit of the specific gravity 0.835.
  Alcohol is an inflammable liquor, lighter than
water, of a warm, acrid taste, colourless, trans-
parent, and of a pungent, aromatic smell.  It is
the product of the  distillation of vinous liquors;
is miscible with water in all proportions, and
is the direct solvent of resins, balsams, &c. Va-
rious other vegetable principles  are soluble in
it, and hence it is  used, in  different states of
concentration, in the preparation of elixirs, tinc-
tures, essences, &c.
  Alcohol acts on the animal body as a power-
ful stimulus: as such, in  a dilute form, it is used
in the prevention and cure of disease.  Its ha-
bitual and inordinate use is the cause of many
serious affections, of a chronic character espe-
cially, as visceral obstructions, dropsy, &c.
  Alcohol ^Ethereus Ferratfs, A. sulfurico-
aethereus fern—a. cum  Aloe perfoliata, Tinc-
tura aloes—a.  Ammonia? ct guaiaci, Tinctura
guaiaci ammoniata—a. Ammoniatum, Spiritus
ammoniae—a. Ammoniatum aromaticum, Spi-
      ammomae aromaticus—a.  Ammoniatum
ritus 
ALCOL
35
ALGEDON
fcetidum,  Spiritus ammoniae fcetidus—a. cum
Aromatibus sulphuricatus, Sulphuricum acidum
aromaticum—a. cum Aromatibus compositus,
Tinctura  cinnamomi composita—a.  Castoria-
turn, Tinctura castorei—a. cum Crotone casca-
rilla, Tinctura cascarillae—.a. Dilutum, Spiritus
tenuior—a. Ferratus, Tinctura  ferri muriatis—
a. cum Sulphate ferri tartarisatus, see Ferrum
tartarizatum—a. cum Guaiaco officinale ammo-
niatus, Tinctura guaiaci ammoniata—a.  Iodii,
Tinctura  Iodinae—a.  cum Opio, Tinctura opii
—a. Sulphuricatum, Elixir acidum Halleri—a.
Sulphuricum, Elixir  acidum Halleri—a. Sul-
phuris, Carbonis sulphuretum—a. Vini, Spiritus
rectificatus.
   ALCOL, Alcohol.
   ALCOL.E, Aphtha.
   ALCOOL, Alcohol—a.Camphrt, Spiritus cam-
phorae.
   ALCOOL AT, Tincture.
   ALCOOLATUM,  Tincture—a.-Antiscorbu-
ticum, Tinctura de cochleariis—a. Carminati-
vum  Sylvii, Tinctura  de Cochleariis—a.  de
Croco  compositum,Tincturade croco composita.
   ALCOOLISER (F.) Formerly, 'to reduce
into an impalpable powder.'  No longer used.
   ALCOOLOMETER,  Areometer.
   ALCORNOQUE (F.) Cortex Alcomoco.  A
bark, but little known and distributed in France,
which  has been considered capable of curing
phthisis.  It  is bitter, tonic, and slightly astrin-
gent.  Dose  of the powder ►) i to 5Jss.
   AL'CYON, Halcyon.   A swallow of Cochin
China, whose nests are gelatinous and very nu-
tritious.  They have been proposed in medicine
as analeptic and aphrodisiac.
   ALCYO'NIUM, Bastard sponge. The ashes
were formerly employed  as dentifrices: they
were believed proper for favouring the growth
of the hair  and the beard,  and were  used  in
Alopecia.
   ALDABARAN, Albadaran.
   ALDER,  AMERICAN, Alnus serratula—a.
Black, Prinos, Rhamnus frangula—a. Euro-
pean, Alnus glutinosa.
   ALE, Cerevisia.
   ALEACAS, Glycyrrhiza.
   ALECOST, Tanacetum balsamita.
   ALECTO'RIUS  LAPIS, Alecto'ria;  from
aXcxrvtq, 'a cock.'  The name of a stone, sup-
posed  to exist in the stomach of the  cock, or,
according to others, in that of  the capon, four
years  old.  Many marvellous properties were
formerly attributed to it, which are as ground-
less as  its existence.  There are no  stones in the
stomach, except what have been swallowed.
   ALEGAR, Acetum.
   ALEHOOF, Glechoma hederacea.
   ALEIMMA, Liniment.
   ALEIPHA, Liniment.
   ALEIPTE'RIUM,  from aXt,q>v, 'I anoint.'
The place in  the ancient gymnasium where the
combatants anointed themselves.
   ALEIP TRON.   Same  etymon.  A box for
containing ointments.
   ALEMA, Farina.
   ALEM'BIC (Arab.) Moorskead, Capitellum,
Capit'ulum, Am'bicus, (F.) Alambic.  A uten-
sil made of  glass, metal, or  earthen ware, and
adapted for  distillation.   It consists of a body
or cucurbit, to which  is attached a head or ca-
pital, and out of this  a beak descends laterally
to be inserted into the receiver.
   ALEM BROTH (Salt.) Sal Alembroth. The
 alchymists designated by this name, and by those
 of Sal  sapien'tia, Sal artis, Sal vita  and S.
 Scien'tia, the product resulting from the subli-
 mation of a mixture of corrosive sublimate and
 sal ammoniac.  It is stimulant, but not em-
 ployed.
   ALESE, (F.) Aleze, Lin'teum,  from aXi%v>,
 ' I preserve.'  A guard.  A cloth arranged in
 several folds, and  placed upon a bed, so as to
 guard it from the lochial or other discharges.
   ALETON, Farina.
   ALETRIS, A. farinosa.
   Al'etris, A. Farino'sa, Stargrass, Starwort,
 Blazing star, Aloe-root, Bitter grass, Black root,
 Unicorn root, Ague root, Ague grass, Devil's bit,
 Mealy starwort, (F.) Aletris Meunier.  Nat.
 Ord. Asphodeleae.  Sex. Syst. Hexandria Mono-
 gynia.  This plant is  an intense and permanent
 bitter, and is used as a tonic and stomachic.  It
 is common in the United States.
   ALEURON, Farina.
   ALEUROTESIS, see Cribration.
   ALEXANDERS, Smyrnium olusatrum.
   ALEXANDRIANTIDOTUSAUREA. See
 Alexandrine.
   ALEX AN'DRINE, Emplas'trum Alexan'dri.
 A garlic plaster, invented by Alexander, con-
 temporary  of Mesue.  Other ancient prepara-
 tions  were  called  'Alexandrine;' as  the Alex-
 an'dri antid'otus aic'rea, used in apoplexy;  the
 Collyr'ium  siccum Alexandri'num, or ' Collyr-
 ium of King Alexander,' mentioned by Aetius.
   AiEXICACUM, Amuletum, Alexipharmic.
   ALEXIPHAR'MIC, Alexiphar'macus, Anti-
phar'macus, Alexica'cus, Caco-alexite'ria, Lexi-
phar'macus, (F.) Alexipharmaque, from aXitar,
 ' to repel,' and (fa^ttanov,' poison.'  A term for-
 merly used  for  medicines which were consi-
 dered proper for expelling from the body vari-
 ous morbific principles, or for  preventing the
 bad effects of poisons  taken inwardly.
   ALEXIPYRETICUS, Febrifuge.
   ALEXIR, Elixir.
   ALEXITE'RIA, Cacalexite'ria, from axtt--
 aadai, ' to assist.'  Originally, alexiterium was
 used  synonymously  with remedy.  In  more
 modern times it has  been applied to a class of
 medicines,  that counteract poisons  placed  in
 contact with the exterior of the body, in con-
 tradistinction to alexipharmic.
   ALEXITERIUM CHLORICUM,  see Disin-
 fection—a. Nitricum,  see Disinfection.
   ALEZE, Al.ese.
   ALFUSA, Tutia.
   ALGALIE, Catheter.
   AL'GAROTH, Algarot, Algaro'thi Pulvis,
Pulvis  AngeVicus,  Ox'idum  seu subm?lrias
 Stib'ii pracipitan'do para'tum, Anlimo'nii Ox'-
 yditm, Ox'idum antimo'nii  Nitro-muriat'icum,
 Ox'idum Stib'ii Ac"ido Muriat'ico oxygena'to
para'tum, Mercu'rius  Vita, Mercu'rius Mortis,
 Flowers  of Antimony,  (F.)  Oxyde  d'Anti-
moine, so called from Victor Algarothi, a Ve-
 ronese physician.  The sub-muriate of protox-
ide of antimony, separated from the muriate of
 antimony by washing away some of its acid.
 It was formerly much used as an emetic, pur-
 gative, and diaphoretic.
   ALGEDON, from  a\yoc,  'pain.'   Violent
 pain about the neck of the bladder, occasionally
 occurring in gonorrhoea.—Cockburn.
   Algedon, Pain. 
ALGEMA
36
ALKERMES
  ALGEMA, Pain.
  ALGESIS,  Pain.
  ALGETICUS, see Algos.
  AL'GIDUS, from algor,' cold.'  That which
is accompanied by coldness.
  Al'gida Febris, F. horrif'ica, F. kor'rida,
F. quer'quera, F. crymo'des, Bry'cetus, Bry'che-
tus.  (F.) Fievre algide, Algid Fever.   A per-
nicious  intermittent, accompanied by icy cold-
ness, which is often fatal in the second or third
paroxysm.
  ALGOR, Rigor.
  ALGOS,  aXyog, 'pain.'  See  Pain.   Hence,
Algelicus,  'painful,' as  Epilep'sia alget'ica.
The  suffix algia has  the same signification as
in Cephalalgia, Pleuralgia, Neuralgia, &c.
  ALGOSPAS'MUS, from  aXyc<,  'pain,' and
ana<r/uog, 'spasm.'   Painful spasm or cramp of
the  muscles.
  ALHAGI, Agul.
  ALHANDAL, see Cucumis colocynthis.
  ALHASEF, Sudamina.
  ALIB1LIS, Nutritious.
  AL'ICA, Halica,  Farina'rium, Chondrus,
from alere, ' to nourish.  A  grain from which
the ancients made their tisanes; supposed, by
some, to have been the Triticum spelta.  At
times, it se*'ms to have meant the tisane itself.
  AL'ICES, from aXttw, 'I sprinkle.'   Spots
which precede the eruption of small pox.
  ALIENATIO, Anomalia—a. Mentis,  Insa-
nity.
  ALIENATION, MENTAL, Insanity.
  ALIENUS, Delirious.
  ALIFORMES  MUSCULI, Pterygoid  mus-
cles.
  ALIFORMIS,  Alaris, Pterygoid.
  ALIGULUS, Confection.
  ALIMA, Aliment.
  ALIMELLJE, Parotid.
  AL'IMENT, Alimen'tum, Alima, Harma'lia,
Nutri'men, Nu'triens,  Sustentaculum, Ciba'-
rium, Broma, Comis'te,  Cibus, Esca, Nutri'tus,
Nutrimen'tum, Sitos, Trophl.  (F.) Aliment,
Nourriture,  from alere,  ' to nourish.'  Food.
Any substance which, if  introduced  into  the
system, is capable of nourishing it and repair-
ing its losses.
  The study of aliments forms one of the most
important branches of hygiene.   They are con-
fined to the organized  kingdom,—the  mineral
affording none.
  As regards the immediate principles which
predominate  in their composition, they have
been classed,  but imperfectly, as follows  :—
            TABLE OF  ALIMENTS.
                 ( Wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, In-
                    dian  corn, potato, sago, p as,
                 f  beans, &c.
                 f Carrot, salsify, beet, turnip, aspa-
                 <  ragus,  cabbage,  lettuce, arti-
                 (  choke, melon, &c.
                 j Sugar, fig,  date,  raisin, apricot.
                 j  &c.
                  Orange,  currant,  eooseberry,
                    cherry, peach, sti awb^rry, rasp-
                    berry, mulberry, prune, pear,
                    apple, sorrel, &c.
                 ( Cocoa, olive, sweet almond,  nut,
                 <  walnut, animal fat, oil,  butter,
                 t  &c.
                  Different kinris of milk, cheese.
                 ( Tendon, aponeurosis,  true skin,
                 <  cellu!ar  texture; very  joung
                 (  animals.
                   Brain, nerve, ejigs, &c.
                   Mesh and blood.
]. Feculaceous.


2. Mucilaginous.

3. Saccharine.


4. Mcidulous.


5. Oleaginous and
     Fatty.
6. Caseous.

7. Gelatinous.

8. Albuminous.
9. Fibrinous.
  Dr. Prout has four great classes—the aqueous,
saccharine, oleaginous, and albuminous .—Dr.
Pereira  twelve;—the aqueous,  mucilaginous
or gummy, saccharine,  amylaceous, ligneous,
pectinaceotis, acidulous, alcoholic, oily or fatty,
proteinaceous, gelatinous, and saline.
  Liebig divides them into two  classes:—the
NITROGENIZED Or PLASTIC ELEMENTS OF  NUTRI-
TION, in which he comprises vegetable  fibrin,
vegetable albumen, vegetable casein, flesh  and
blood; and the non-nitrogenized or elements
of respiration,  in  which  he  comprises, fat,
starch, gum, cane sugar, grape sugar, sugar
of milk, pectin, bassorin,  wine, beer and spirits.
The former alone, in his view are inservient to
the nutrition of organized tissue:  the latter are
burnt in respiration, and  furnish heat.
  ALIMENTARY TUBE, Canal, alimentary.
  ALIMENTATION, Alimenta'tio.  The act
of nourishing.
  ALIMENTUM, Aliment, Pabulum.
  ALIMOS, Glycyrrhiza.
  ALINDE'SIS, from *Xirto/<.*i,  'to be turned
about.'  A  species of exercise, which  consisted
in rolling in the dust, aft3r having been anointed
with oil.—Hippocrates.
  ALIPiE'NOS, Alipa'num, Alipan'tos, from a,
priv. and Xmxvtiv,' to be fat.'   An epithet for-
merly given to every external remedy, devoid
of fat or moisture; such as powders.—Galen.
  ALIPANTOS, Alipaenos.
  ALIP'TA, Alip'tes, from aXuipw, 'I anoint.'
He who anointed the Athletae after bathing.
The  place  where  this  was done was  called
Alipte'rium.
  ALIPTERIUM, see Alipta.
  ALIP'TIC A, same etymon.   The part of an-
cient medicine, which treated of inunction, as
a means of preserving health.
   ALISIER BLANC, Crataegus aria.
   ALISMA, Arnica montana.
   Alis'ma  Planta'go, Water Plantain,  (F.)
Plantain d'Eau. Nat. Ord. Alismaceae. Sex.
Syst.  Hexandria Polygynia.  The fresh  root
is  acrid, and  the  dried leaves will vesicate.
The leaves  have been proposed  as substitutes
for Uva Ursi.
   ALITURA, Nutrition.
   AL'KALE, O'leum Galli'na.  An ancient
pharmaceutical name for pullets'  fat.
   ALKALESCENCE,  Alcalescence.
   ALKALI, see Alcali—a. Ammoniacum caus-
ticum,   Ammonia—a. Ammoniacum spirituo-
sum, Spiritus ammoniae—a. Minerale nitratum,
Soda,  nitrate  of—a.  Minerale phosphoratum,
Soda, phosphate of—a. Minerale salinum, Soda,
muriate of—a. Vegetable, Potash—a. Vegetabile
cum aceto, Potassae acetas—a Vegetabile fixum
causticum,  Potassa fusa—a. Volatile, Ammonia
—a Volatile causticum, Ammonia—a. Volatile,
concrete, Ammoniae carbonas—a. Volatile nitra-
tum, Ammoniae nitras—a. Volatile tartarizatum,
Ammoniae tartras—a. Volatile vitriolatum, Am-
moniae sulphas.
   ALKANET, BASTARD, Lithospermum of-
hcinale—a. Dyer's, Anchusa tinctoria—a. Gar-
den, Anchusa  officinalis—a. Officinal, Anchusa
officinalis.
   ALKAR, Medicament.
   ALKEKENGI, Physalis.
   ALKER'MES, Conf.c'tio Alker'mes, Alcker'-
ZflW^ ce,lebl;ate<l  electuary, composed  of a
multitude of substances.   It was  so called  from 
ALKERVA                37           ALLOTRIOCHETIA
the grains of kermes contained in it.  It was
used as a stimulant.   Also kermes (q. v.)
  ALKERVA, see Ricinus communis.
  ALKITRAN, Cedria.
  ALKOL, Alcohol.
  ALKOOL, Alcohol.
  ALLA, Cerevisia.
  ALLAITEMENT, Lactation.
  ALLAMAN'DA,   A.  Cathar'tica,  Ore'lia
grandiflo'ra,  Galarips,  Echi'nus  scandens,
Apoc"ynum scandens.  A shrub, native  of Gui-
ana, the infusion of whose leaves is said by Lin-
naeus to be useful in colica Pictonum.
  ALLANTODES,  Allantois.
  ALLAN'TOIC ACIT>,Ac"idumallanto'icum.
A peculiar acid, found in the liquor of the allan-
tois of the cow.
  ALLANTOIDES,  Allantois.
  ALLAN'TOIS,  Allantoi'des, Allanto'des,
Membra'na urina'ria, M. seu Tunica Farcimi-
na'lis, M. Intestina'lis, the Allantoid Vesicle,
from aXXag, 'a sausage,' and etiog, 'shape.'  A
sort of elongated bladder, between  the chorion
and amnion  of the foetus, and communicating
with the  bladder  by  the urachus.   It is very
apparent in  quadrupeds, but  not in  the human
species.  The fluid of  the allantois  has been
considered inservient to  the  nutrition  of the
foetus; but our ideas, in  regard to the vesicle in
man, are far from  being determinate.
  ALLANTOTOX'ICUM, from xXXag,  'a sau-
sage, an!  -rofixor, 'a  poison.'   Sausage  poison
(G.) Wurstgift.  The Germans have given this
name to a poison developed in sausages formed
erf" blood and liver.
  ALLELUIA, Oxalis  acetosella.
  ALLE'VIATOR:  from ad, 'to,' and  levare,
'to raise.'   A  soother.   An  instrument for
raising invalids,  invented by Mr. Jenks  of
Rhode Island.  It  consists of two upright posts,
about six feet high, each supported by a pedes-
tal; of two horizontal  bars at the top, rather
longer than a common bedstead; of a windlass
of the  same length, placed six inches below the
upper bar; of a cog-wheel and handle; of linen
belts from six to twelve inches wide; of straps
secured at one end of the windlass;  and  at the
other having hooks attached to corresponding
eyes in the linen belts, and of a head piece made
of netting.  The patient lying on his mattress,
the surgeon passes the linen belts  beneath his
body, attaching them  to the hooks on the ends
of the  straps, and adjusting the whole  at the
proper distance and length, so as to balance the
body exactly, and  then  raises it from the mat-
tress by turning the handle of the windlass.
To  lower the patient again, and replace him on
the mattress, the windlass must be reversed.
  ALLGOOD, Chenopodium bonus Henricus.
  ALLHEAL, Heracleum spondylium.
  ALLIA'CEOUS, Allia'ceus, from  allium,
'garlic'  Belonging  to garlic, as  alliaceous
odour.
  ALLIAIRE, Alliaria.
  ALLIA'RIA, from allium, its smell  resem-
bling garlic.   A. officinalis, Erys'imum allia'-
ria, Jack-in-the-hedge, stinking hedge Mustard,
Hedge  Garlic, Sauce-alone, Hes'peris allidria,
(F.) Alliaire.  This plant has been sometimes
given in humid asthma and dyspnoea.  It is re-
puted to be  diaphoretic, diuretic, and antiscor-
butic.
  The  Parisian  Codex  has a compound syrup
 of alliaria, Sirop d'erysimum compose, which is
 used in hoarseness.
   ALLIGATURA, Fascia, Ligature.
   ALLIOTICUS, Alterative.
   AL'LIUM, from oleo,11 smell.'  A. sati'vum,
 Theriaca rustico'rum,  Ampelop'rasum, Scor'o-
 don,  Scordon,  Garlic,  (F.) Ail.   Nat. Ord.
 Asphodeleae. Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia.
 A native of Sicily, but cultivated for use.  The
 bulbs or cloves, Ag'lithes, have a strong, offen-
 sive,  and penetrating  odour; and  a sweetish,
 biting, and caustic taste.  Internally, garlic is
 stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, emmenagogue
 (?), diaphoretic, and anthelmintic.  Externally,
 it is rubefacient, maturative, and repellent.
   Dose, one to six cloves, swallowed whole, or
 from f. gss to f. gij of the juice.
   Taylor's Remedy for Deafness, a nbstrum,
 appears to consist of garlic, infused in oil of
 almonds, and coloured by alkanet root.
   Allium Ascalonicum, kchalotte.
   Al'lium  Cepa, Common  Onion, Cepul'la,
 Crom'myon, (F.)  Oignon.  Acrid and  stimu-
 lating  and  possessing very little  nutriment.
 Onions have been used as stimulants, diuretics,
 and  anthelmintics.  The  boiled  or  roasted
 onion, as a  cataplasm, is emollient and matu-
 rating.   The fresh root is  rubefacient.   The
 expressed juice is sometimes used in otalgia and
 in rheumatism.
   Allium Gallicum, Portulaca.
  Al'lium Porrum, Porrum, Prasum, irqaaoi,
 the Leek or Porret; (F.) Poireau, Porreau. It
 possesses the same properties as the onion.
  The virtues of the genus Allium depend upon
 an acrid principle, soluble  in  water, alcohol,
 acids, and alkalies.
  Allium Redolens,  Teucrium scordium.
  Al'lium  Victoria'le,  Victoria'lis  longa.
 The root, which, when dried, loses its allia-
 ceous smell  and taste, is said to be efficacious
 in allaying the  abdominal spasms  of pregnant
 women (?)
  ALLOCHET'IA, Allotriochet'ia, from aXXoc,
 ' another,' and %itnr, ' to go to stool.'  The dis-
 charge of extraneous matters from the bowels.
 The discharge of  faeces by an abnormous open-
 ing.
  ALLOCHOOS, Delirious.
  ALLOCHROMA'SIA, from aXXog, 'another,'
 and xqvMia, ' colour.'  A change of colour.
  ALLCEOPATHIA, Allopathy.
  ALLffiOSIS, Alteration.
  ALLCEOTICUS, Alterative.
  ALLOIOSIS, Alteration.
  ALLOIOTICUS, Alterative.
  ALLONGEMENT, Elongation.
  ALLOPATH, Allopathist.
  ALLOPATHES, Allopathic.
  ALLOPATHIC, Allopath'icus,  Allop'athes,
Heteropath'ic, from aXXog, ' another,'and na&og,
' affection.'  Relating to the ordinary method of
medical practice, in contradistinction to the ho-
moeopathic.
  ALLOP'ATHIST, Al'lopath,  same etymon.
One who follows allopathy.
  ALLOPATHY,  Allopathi'a, Allmopathi'a,
Hypenantio'sis, Hypenantio'ma, Cura'tio  con-
trario'rumper contra'ria, same etymon. The op-
posite to homoeopathy.  The ordinary medical
practice.
  ALLOPHASIS, Delirium.
  ALLOTRIOCHETIA, Allochetia. 
ALLOTRIODONTIA            38              ALTERATION
  ALLOTRIODON'TIA, from oJUoto10c, ' fo-
reign,' and o$ovg,' a tooth.'  Transplantation of
teeth.
  ALLOTRIOEC'CRISIS, from aHorotoc, 'fo-
reign,' and ixxqtoig,' separation.'   The separa-
tion of extraneous matters from the body in dis-
ease.
  ALLOTRIOGEUSTIA, Parageusia.
  ALLOTRIOPHAGIA, Malacia.
  ALLOTRIOTEX'IS,  from aXXorqioc,  ' fo-
reign,' and Tfzig,  'parturition.'  The bringing
forth of an abnormous foetus.
  ALLOTRIU'RIA, from aXXorqtog,' foreign,'
and ovqov, ' urine.'   Admixture of foreign mat-
ters with the urine.
  AL'LOTROPISM; from aXXog,1 another,' and
TQonug, 'a turn or change.'  A term recently
introduced into chemistry; the object of which
is to express the property possessed by certain
simple bodies, of assuming different qualities on
being subjected to certain modes of treatment.
Carbon, for example,  furnishes  three  forms—
plumbago, charcoal, and diamond.
  ALLSPICE, see Myrtus pimenta—a; Bush,
Laurus Benzoin—a. Wild, Laurus Benzoin.
  ALLUCINATIO, Hallucination.
  ALLURE, Influenza.
  ALMA, Water.
  ALMARIAB,  see Plumbi  oxydum semivi-
treum.
  ALMEZERION, Cneorum tricoccum.
  ALMOND, Amygdala.
  Almond Bloom.  A liquid cosmetic, formed
of Brazil dust, f,\, water, Oiij; boil and strain;
and add isinglass gvj, grana  sylvestria ^ij, or
cochineal 31J, alum %,\,borax Jjiij; boil  again,
and strain through a fine cloth.
  Almond Cake, see Amygdala—a. of the Ear,
Tonsil—a. Earth, Arachis hypogaea—a.  Paste,
»ee Amygdala—a.  Powder, see  Amygdala—a.
of the Throat, Tonsil.
  ALNUS GLVTmO'SA,Europe'an Alder. A
tree which  grows in Europe, in moist places.
The bark and leaves are astringent and bitter;
and hence are employed in intermittents, and as
a tonic and  astringent.
   Alnus Serrat'ula,  American Alder, has
similar properties.
  Alnus Nigra, Rhamnus frangula.
  ALOCHI'A, from a  privative, and Xox^a,
' lochia.'  Absence of  the lochial discharge.
   ALOEDA'RIUM.  A compound medicine,
containing aloes.—Gorraeus.
   ALOE ROOT, Aletris farinosa.
   AL'OES,  Al'oS,  Fel Natu'ra.  The inspis-
sated juice of the aloe.  Nat. Ord. Asphodeleae.
Sex. Syst.  Hexandria  Monogynia.
   Aloes Caballi'na,  A. Guinien'sis, Horse-
aloes.  Used chiefly for horses.   It is collected
in  Spain and Portugal, and is very coarse.
   Aloes Hepat'ica, A.  vulga'ris, A. Barba-
den'sis, Hepat'ic aloes,Bombay aloes, Barbadoes
aloes, A. vulga'ris extrac'tum,  (F.)  Aloes en
calibasses, A. des Barbades.  This species has
a very  disagreeable odour, and  an  intensely
bitter and nauseous taste.   Properties the same
;is  the last.
   Aloes Sucootori'na, Soc'otrine aloes, Tur-
key aloes, East India  aloes, Aloes lu'cida, A.
Zoctori'nia, A. spiea'ta,A. spica'ta extrac'tum,
A.  extractum,  An'ima  Aloes, is  the best spe-
<ies.  Its odour  is  not unpleasant; taste very
bitter, and  slightly aromatic; colour  reddish-
brown, with a shade of purple; mass hard, fria-
ble;  fracture conchoidal and glossy-; soluble in
dilute alcohol.  Powder of a bright  cinnamon-
yellow colour.  It  is cathartic, warm, and sti-
mulating; emmenagogue, anthelmintic, and sto-
machic.  As a cathartic, it affects the rectum
chiefly.  Dose, as a cathartic, gr. v to 9j in
pill.
  Aloes Wood, Agallochum.
  ALOET'IC, Aloet'icus. A preparation which
contains aloes.
  ALOGOTROPH'IA, from  aAsysc,  'dispro-
portionate,' and jqoipy, 'nutrition.'  Irregular
nutrition.  Used  particularly to  designate the
irregular manner in which the  nutrition  of
bones is operated in rickety individuals.
  ALOPECES, Psoae.
  ALOPE'CIA,from aXonrf, 'afox;' (thisani-
mal being said to be subject  to the affection.)
Capillo'rum deflu'vium, Athrix depi'lis, Pha-
laero'tis, Depila'tio,  Tricho'sis  Athrix, Gan-
gra'na  Alope'eia,  Atrich'ia, Defluvium  sen
Lapsus Pilo'rum, Lipsotrich'ia, Vulpis morbus,
Baldness.  Falling off of the hair;  loss of the
hair.  When this is confined to the crown of
the head, it is called  calvities (q. v.),  although
the terms are often used synonymously.
   Alopecia  Areata, Porrigo  decalvans—a.
Circumscripta, Porrigo decalvans—a. Partialis,
 Porrigo decalvans.
   ALOUCHE, Crataegus aria.
   ALOUCH'I.   The name of a gum procured
 from the canella  alba tree.
   ALOUCHIER,  Crataegus aria.
   ALPAM.  A shrub which grows on the coast
 of Malabar.  Certain parts of this, infused in
 oil,  form an antipsoric ointment.  The juice of
 the leaves, mixed with that of calamus, is em-
 ployed against the  bite of serpents.
   ALPHENIC, Saccharum candidum.
   ALPHITEDON, see Fracture.
   ALPHITON,  a\cpnor,  Polen'ta,  Fari'na.
 Any kind  of meal.  Toasted barley-meal.—
 Hippocrates.  Polenta  means also a food com-
 posed of Indian meal, cheese, &c.  See Farina.
   ALPHON'SIN,  Alphonsinwm.   A kind of
bullet forceps, similar to  a  Porte-crayon, so
 called from the  inventor, Aiphonso Ferri, of
 Naples.—Scultetus.
   ALPHOS, Lepra alphoides.
   ALPHOSIS ^ETHIOPICA, see  Albino.
  ALPINIA CARDAMOMUM,Amomumcar-
 damomum—a. Galanga, Maranta galanga.
   ALPISTE, Phalaris Canadiensis.
   ALSANDERS, Smyrnium olusatrum.
   ALSITCE ME'DIA, from aXa-og, 'a grove,'
 because growing abundantly in the woods.  Mor-
 sus Galli'na, Holos'tenm Alsi'nl,  Mouse-ear,
 Chick-weed,  (F.) Monron des Oiseaux, Morgi-
 line.  This plant, if boiled tender, may be eatei.
 like sp:'inch, and forms an excellent emollient
 poultice.  It was formerly regarded as a vulne-
 rary and detergent.
   ALTAFOR, Camphor.
   ALTER SEXUS, Sex female.
   ALTERANS, Alterative.
   ALTERANT, Alterative.
   ALTERA'TION,4^m'^o,froma/<er,'other,'
 Alloio''sis,Alleeo'sis. This word is used in Franee
 to express a morbid change which supervenes
 in the expression of the countenance (alteration
 de la face,) or in the structure of an organ (al-
 teration organiqne.) or in the  nature of fluids 
ALTERATIVE
39
ALVkOLE
excreted (alteration de Purine, des larmes, du
I ait, &rc)
  Alteration  is also used in an entirely differ-
ent sense, to  express intense thirst in disease.
In this case its etymology is different. It comes
from haleter,  and was formerly written haleter-
ation.
  AL'TERATIVE, Alterans,Alloiot'icus, Al-
laot'icus, Alliot'icus, Immu'tans.   A medicine
considered to be capable of producing a salutary
change  in a disease, but without  exciting any
sensible evacuation.   As medicine improves,
this uncertain class of remedies becomes, of ne-
cessity, diminished in number.
  (F.)  Alterant.   (The French term likewise
means,  that which causes thirst,—Siticulo'sus,
Dipset'icus, as Alterer means both to change, and
to  cause thirst.  S'alterer, is, to  experience a
change  for the worse,—cor rum'pi.)
  ALTERCANGENON, Hyoscyamus.
  ALTERCUM, Hyoscyamus.
  ALTHiE'A, from a\9nr, 'to heal;' A. offi-
cina'lis, Malvavis'cum, Aristaltha'a, Hibis'cus,
 Ibis'chus,Ibis'cha mismalva, Bismolva, Marsh
mallow.  (F.) Guimauvc.  Nat. Ord. Malva-
 ceae.  Sex. Syst. Monadelphia Polyandria.  The
 leaves and root contain much mucilage.   They
 lire emollient and demulcent, and are employed
 wherever medicines, possessing such properties,
 are required.   In the Ph. U. S., Althaea is the
 root of Althaea officinalis.
  ALTHANAIHA, Orpiment.
  ALTHEUS, Physician.
   ALTHEXIS, Curation.
   ALTHOS, Medicament.
   ALTILIBAT, Terebinthina.
   ALU'DEL,  Alu'tel, Vitrum sublimato'rium.
 A hollow sphere of stone, glass, or earthen ware,
 with a  short neck projecting  at each end, by
 means of which one glass might be set upon the
 other.  The  uppermost had no aperture at the
 top.  Aludels were formerly used in the subli-
 mation of various substances.
   ALUM, Symphytum—a. Cataplasm,  Coagu-
 lum aluminosum—a. Egyptian, ^Egyptia styp-
 teria.
  Alum, Roche, Alu'me?i de Rochi, (F.) Alun de
 Roche.  So called from Roccha in Syria, where
 there was a manufactory.  It  is in pieces of the
 size of an almond, covered with a reddish efflo-
 rescence.
  Common Roche Alum, A. Rochi Gallis. Frag-
 ments of common alum, moistened and  shaken
 with prepared bole.   It is white when broken.
   Alum Root, Geranium maculatum, Heuchera
 cortusa—a.  Solution of, compound, Liq. alu-
 minis compos.
   ALU'MEN, (an Arabic  term, alum,) Alum,
 Hyper sulphas alu'mina et Potas'sce, Potas'sa
 iJv'mino-sulphas, Sulphas Alumina Acid'ulus
 *umPotas'sd,Sulphas Alu'mina,Sulphas Kal-
 ico-alumin'icum, Sulphas  alumina'ris,  Super-
 rul'phas alu'mina et potas'sa, Argilla sulphu'-
 rica alcalisa'ta, A. vitriola'ta, Stypte'ria, Su-
 persulphas Argilla alcalisa'tum, Argilla Ka-
 lisulphurica.  (F.)  Alun.
   Alumen Catinum,  Potash of commerce—a.
 Fixum, see  Potash—a. Kinosatum, Pulvis sul-
 phatis  aluminae compositus.
    Alu'men Commu'nk, Common alum, English
 iil.um, Rock  alum, Alumen factl'tium, A. crys-
 ■ tall'innm, A. ru'peum, (F.) Alun d'Angleterre,
 is  the variety usually employed.   It is  in octa-
hedral  crystals, but generally in large, white,
semitransparent masses; has a sweetish, styptic
taste; effloresces in the air, and is soluble in 1G
parts of water at 60°.   It is tonic and astrin-
gent, and as such is used internally and exter-
nally.  Dose, gr. v. to xv.
  Alu'men Exsicca'tum, Alu'me?i ustum,  A.
calcina turn, Sulphas alu'mina fusus, Argil'la
stdpku'rica usta, Burnt alum, dried alum. (F.)
Alun calcink, (Alum melted in an earthen vessel
until ebullition ceases.)  Escharotic.
  Alu'men Roma'num, Roman  alum, A. Ru'ti-
lum, A. Rubrum. (F.) Alun de Rome.  In crys-
tals, which are of a pale red when broken, and
covered with a reddish efflorescence.
  ALUMINA, ACETATE OF, Aluminae Ace-
tas — a. Pura, Argilla pura—a. Sulphate  of,
Aluminae Sulphas.
  ALU'MINiE  ACE'TAS,  Ad'etate of Alu'-
mina.  A deliquescent salt, obtained by the ad-
dition of acetate of lead to sulphate of alumina
and potassa.   It possesses the  same properties
as the sulphate of alumina.
  Alu'min^e at Potassa Hypersulphas,  Alu-
men—a. et Potassae supersulphas, Alumen—a.
Sulphas, Alumen.
  Alu'mina Sulphas, Sidphate of Alu'mina.
Simple sulphate of alumina may be made by the
direct  combination  of alumina and  sulphuric
acid, and contains  30  per cent, of the former,
to 70 per cent,  of the latter.   It  is a deliquescent
salt; and is an excellent antiseptic and detergent
to ulcers.   It  is chiefly used to preserve dead
bodies—a strong solution being  injected into the
arteries.
  Aluminje Sulphas Acidulus cum Potass*,
Alumen—a. Sulphas fusus, Alumen exsiccatum.
  ALUMINE FACTICE,  Argilla pura.
  ALUN, Alumen.
  ALUNSEL, Gutta.
  ALUS, Symphytum.
  ALUSIA, Hallucination—a. Hypochondria-
sis, Hypochondriasis.
  ALUTEL,  Aludel.
  ALVAQUILLA, Psoralea glandulosa.
  ALVARAS NIGRA, Ichthyosis.
  ALVEARIUM, Auditory canal, external.
  ALVE'OLAR.  Alveola'ris, from alveus, ' a
cavity.'  (F.)  Alvtolaire.  That which relates
to the  alveoli.
  Alve'olar  Arches,  (F.)  Arcades  alvlo-
laires, are formed by the margins or borders of
the two jaws, which are hollowed by the Alveoli
(q. v.)
  Alve'olar  Artery, Supra-max'illary  A.,
Artlre sus-maxillaire of Chaussier, arises from
the internal maxillary, descends behind the tu-
berosity of the upper jaw, and gives branches
to  the upper  molar teeth,  gums,  periosteum,
membrane of the maxillary  sinus, and buccina-
tor muscle.
  Alveolar Border, Limbus alveola'ris.  The
part of the jaws, that  is hollowed by the alve-
oli.
  Alve'olar  Membranes  are very fine mem-
branes, situate between the teeth  and alveoli,
and formed by a portion of the sac  or follicle
which enclosed  the tooth before it  pierced the
gum.  By some this membrane has been called
the alveolo-dental periosteum.
   Alve'olar  Vein.  This has a similar distri-
bution with the artery.
   ALVkOLE, Alveolus.
r 
ALVEOLI DENTIS
40
AMBLYAPIHA
  ALVEOLI DENTIS, see Alveolus.
  ALVEOLO-LABIAL, Buccinator.
  ALVE'OLUS, same etymon.  Bo'trion, Bo'-
thrion, Odontobotli! rium, Odontophat'ne,Frena,
Mortariolum, Hol'micos, Prasepiolum, Phatni,
Phat'nion, Prase'pium, Patnt,  Pathne. (F.)
Alveole.  The alveoli are the sockets of the teeth,
Alve'oli dentis, Mania seu Caver'na den'tium,
into which they are, as it were, driven.  Their
size  and shape are  determined  by  the teeth
which they receive, and they are pierced at the
apex by small holes,  which give  passage to the
dental vessels and nerves.
  ALVEUS, Auge—a.  Ampullosus, Recepta-
culum chyli—a. Ampullescens, thoracic  duct—
a. Communis: see Semicircular canals—a. Utri-
culosus: see Semicircular canals.
  ALVI EXCRETIO, Defecation—a. Fluxus
aquosus, Diarrhoea—a. Laxitas, Diarrhcea^-a.
Profluvium, Diarrhcea.
  ALVIDUCUS, Laxative.
  ALVINE, Alvi'nus, from alvus,  'the abdo-
men.'  That which relates to the lower belly,
as alvine dejections, alvine flux,alvine obstruc-
tions (q. v.) &c.
  ALVUM EVACUANS, Cathartic.
  ALVUS,  Abdomen, Uterus — a.  Adstricta,
Constipation—a. Cita, Diarrhoea—a. Dura,Con-
stipatio—a. Renum,  Pelvis of the kidney—a.
Tarda, Constipation—a. Viridis,  Dejection.
  ALYCE, Anxiety.
  AL'YPON, from *, priv., and Xvny,  'pain.'
An acrid, purging plant, described by Matthio-
lus.  By some  it has been supposed to be the
Globularia alypum of botanists.
  ALYSIS, Anxiety.
  ALYSMUS, Anxiety.
  ALYSSUM PLINII, Galium Mollugo.
  ALYSSUS, Antihydrophobic.
  AL'ZIL AT.  In some of the Arabian writers,
a weight  of three grains.— Ruland and John-
son.
  AMABILE,  Lacuna Labii Superioris.
  AMADOU, Boletus igniarius.
  AMADOUVIER, Boletus igniarius.
  AMAIGRISSEMENT, Emaciation.
  AMANDES, see Amygdala.
  AMANITAE, from a privative,  and nana,
' madness:' i. e.' not poisonous.'  A name given,
by the Greeks and Romans, to the edible cham-
pignons.  Amanita forms, at the present day, a
genus, some of which are edible,  others poison-
ous.  Amongst  others, it contains the Agaricus
aurantiaeus and A. pseudo-aurantiacus.
  AMARA DULCIS, Solanum dulcamara.
  AMARACI'NUM. An ancient and esteemed
plaster, containing several aromatics, the mar-
joram, auaqaxoc, in particular.
  AMARACUS, Origanum majorana.
  AMARITIES, Bitterness.
  AMARITUDO, Bitterness.
  AMAROR, Bitterness.
  AMARUCACHU, Polyanthes tuberosa.
  AMA'RUS, Picros,' bitter.' (F.) Amer. The
bitter principle of vegetables  is  the  great na-
tural tonic, and  hence bitters, as they are termed
collectively, belong to the class of tonics.  Se-
veral are used in medicine; the chief are, gen-
tian, quassia, cinchona, calumba,  dog-wood, &c.
  AMASE'SIS, Amasse'sis, from a privative,
and /u.anr]o-ic,' mastication.'  Mastication when
impeded or impracticable.
  AMATORIUM, Lacuna labii  superioris.
  AMATORII. Oblique muscles of the eye.
  AMATORIUM VENEFICIUM, Philter.
  AMATORIUS MUSCULUS, Obliquus supe-
riori oculi.
  AMAURO'SIS, Obfusca'tio, Offusca tio, from
attavqog,' obscure.'  Drop serene, Gutto sere'na,
Catarac'ta nigra, Parop'sis amauro'sis, Immo-
bil'itas papilla, Suffu'sio nigra, Black cat'a-
ract. (F.)  Goutte-sereine,Cataracte noire, Anop-
ticonervie  (Piorry.)   Diminution,  or complete
loss of sight, without any perceptible alteration
in the organization of the eye; generally, per-
haps, owing to  loss of power of the optic nerve
or retina.   Counter-irritants are the most suc-
cessful remedial agents, although the disease is
always very difficult of removal, and generally
totally incurable.
  Amaurosis Dimidiata, Hemiopia—a. Imper-
fecta, Hypo-amaurosis.
  AMAUROTIC, Amaurot'icus; same  ety-
mon.  Affected with  amaurosis.
  Amaurotic Cat's Eye, Galeamauro'sis. A
name given by Beer to  an amaurotic affection,
accompanied by a remarkable change of colour
in the pupil, which presents, apparently in the
fundus of  the  eye, a  lighter tint, yellowish or
brownish  yellow, instead of its natural clear
black.
  AMBARUM, Ambergris—a.  Cineritium,
Ambergris.
  AMBe, from ayflaivw, 'I ascend;' Ambi. A
superficial eminence  on a bone.   Also, an old
surgical machine for reducing dislocations of
the shoulder; the  invention of which is ascribed
to Hippocrates.  It is no longer used.—Hippo-
crates, Scultetus.  See Crista.
  AMBER, Succinum—a. Liquid: see Liquid-
amber styraciflua.
  AM BERGRIS.  Ambra gri' sea, Amlor, Am-
bar, Ambra cinera'cea,  A.  ambrosiaca, Am'bo-
rum, Sue'cinum cine'retim, S. gri'seum, Am'ba-
rum cineri'tium.   A  concrete substance, of the
consistence of wax, cineritious colour  studded
with yellow and blackish spots, and exhaling a
very pleasant odour.  It seems  highly probable
that ambergris is formed in the  intestines of the
whale, and voided with its excrements.  Like
all  aromatic substances, ambergris is slightly
antispasmodic and excitant;  but it  is oftener
employed as a perfume than as a medicine.
  AMBIA.  A  liquid, yellow bitumen, the
smell and virtues of which are  similar to those
of the resin tacamahaca. It is  obtained from a
spring in India.
  AMBICUS, Alembic.
  AMBIDEX'TER, Amphidex'ius, from amh,
' both,' and dexter, ' right.'  One who uses both
hands with equal  facility.  Celsus says  the sur-
geon ought to be enon minus sinistra quamdet-
trd promptus.'  One of the aphorisms of Hippo-
crates says, that a woman is never ambidexter.
This is a mistake.
  AMBIL.EVUS, Ampharisteros.
  AMBITUS   GENITALIS  MULIEBRIS,
"en bulum.
  AMBLOMA, Abortion.
  AMBLOSIS, Abortion.
  AMBLOSMUS, Abortion.
  AMBLOTHRIDION, see Abortion.
  AMBLOTHRIDIUM, Abortive
  AMBLOTICUS, Abortive.
  fS^V^^5' 'obscure.>  Hence,
  AMBLYAPH'IA,  from  a^Xvg,  'obscure/ 
AMBLYOGMOS
41
AMMI
and 'ayy, 'feeling.'  Dulness of the sense of
touch.
  AMBLYOGMOS, Amblyopia.
  AMBLYO'PIA, from arfXvg, ' obscure,'and
vM,  'the eye.'  Amblyos'mos,  Amblyog'mos,
Amplio'pea  (so  called by  some,  according to
Castelli, ob ignorantiam Graca lingua,) Hebe-
tu'do  visits, Feebleness of sight, (F.) Vue fai-
ble.  First degree of Amaurosis.—Hippocrates.
  Amblyopia Crepuscularis, Hemeralopia—
a. Dissitorum, Myopia—a. Meridiana, Nyctalo-
pia—a. Proximorum, Presbytia.
  AMBLYOSMOS, Amblyopia.
  AMBON, aupwr, ' the raised rim of a shield
or dish,' from aufjatvw, 'I ascend.'  The fibro-
cartilaginous  rings or  bourrelets, which  sur-
round  the articular cavities, as the glenoid ca-
vity of the scapula, the acetabulum, &c., have
been so called.—Galen.  See Crista.
  AMBOR, Ambergris.
  AMBRA, Succinum—a. Ambrosiaca, Amber-
gris—a. Cineracea, Ambergris.
  AMBRAGRISEA, Ambergris,
  AMBRE BLANC, Succinum  (album)—a.
Jaune, Succinum.
  AMBRETTE, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
  AMBRO'SIA, from a, privative, and (?ostoc,
' mortal.'   Food which makes immortal, or the
food of immortals.  The  food of the gods.—
Homer.   See also, Chenopodium botrys.
  Ambrosia Elatior,  see A. Trifida.
  Ambro'siaMarit'ima.  A plant which grows
on the shores of the Levant, and has a  pleasant,
bitter and aromatic taste.   It is  given in infu-
sion, as a tonic and antispasmodic,
  Ambro'sia Trif'ida, Horseweed, Richweed,
Horsemint,  Horsecane, Bitterweed.   This  in-
digenous plant is found in low  grounds  and
along  streams, from Canada to  Georgia,  and
west  to Louisiana and  Arkansas.   It is an an-
nual,  and flowers in August and September.
An infusion has been  recommended locally in
mercurial salivation.
  Ambrosia Elatior, Ragweed, is said  by
Dr. R. E. Griffith  to have much  mere deve-
loped sensible properties.
  AMBROSIE  DU  MEXIQUE,  Chenopo-
dium ambrosioides.
  AMBULANCE,  (F.)  from ambulare,  'to
walk.'  A military hospital attached to an army,
and moving along with it.  Also called Hopital
ambulant.
  AMBULANT, (F.) Am'bulans, Ambulati'-
vus, Am'bulative.   A morbid affection is  said
to be  ambulante, when  it skips from one part to
another; as Erisypeles ambidants, &c.  When
blisters are applied successively  on  different
parts  of the body, they are called  Vcsicatoires
ambulant s.
  AMBULATIO", Walking.
  AMBULEIA, Cichorium intybus.
  AM'BULI.  The Brachmanic  name  for an
Indian aquatic herb, which appears  to belong
to the family Lysimachia.   The whole plant
has a  sweet smell.  Its decoction has a very
bitter  taste, and is an excellent febrifuge.   It
is also taken in milk in cases  of vertigo.
  AM'BULO FLATULEN'TUS ET  FURIO'-
SUS, Flatus furio'sus, Vare'ni.  Painful, mo-
bile, and periodical tumours  affecting different
parts, which were once considered as  the effect
of very subtile vapours—Michaelis.  Their na-
ture is by no means clear.
         4
   AMBUSTIO, Burn.
   AMBUTUA, Pareira brava.
   AMBUYA-EMBO.  A very beautiful, creep-
 ing  aristolochia of  Brazil,  the  decoction of
 which is exhibited successfully in obstructions.
 It is also used in fumigation and in baths as a
 tonic.
   AME, Anima.
   AMELI.  A Malabar shrub, belonging to a
 genus unknown.  The decoction of its  leaves
 is said to relieve colic.  Its roots, boiled in oil,
 are used to repel tumours.
   AMELIA, Apathy.
   AMENIA, Amenorrhoea, Emmenagogues.
   AMENOMA'NIA.  A hybrid word, formed
 from the Latin ammnus,' agreeable,' and paria,
 ' mania.'  A gay form of insanity.
   AJVfENORRHCE'A, Paramenia obstructio'-
 nis, Menocryph'ia, Menosta'sia,  Apophrax'is,
 Arrhm'a, Defec'tus seu Reman'sio seu Cessa'tio
 men'sium, Menstrua'tio impedi'ta, Ischome'nia,
 Ame'nia, from a, privative, ^jp,' a month,' and
 gtw, ' I flow.'  Suppression of the menses, (F.)
 Suppression du flux menstruel.  This suppres-
 sion is most commonly symptomatic, and hence
 the chief attention must be paid to the cause.
 Usually, there is an atonic  state of the  system
 generally,  arod  hence chalybeates and  other
 tonics are advisable.
   Two great varieties of Amenorrhoea are com-
 monly reckoned.   1. A. Emansio'nis, Eman'-
 sio men'sium, Menis'chesis, Menos'chesis,  Men-
 strua'tio retenta,  Men'sium  reten'tio,  Reten-
 tion of the menses, when the menses do not ap-
 pear at the usual age: and, 2, Suppres'sio Men'-
 sium, Suppres' sio Menstruatio'nis, Amenorrhea'a
 Suppressio'nis,  Interrup'tio  menstruatio'nis,
 Menstrua'ti/o suppressa, in which the catamenia
 are obstructed in their regular periods of recur-
 rence.  See Emansio Mensium, and Menses.
   Amenorrhea Difficilis, Dysmenorrhoea—
a. Emansionis, see Amenorrhoea—a. Hymenica,
 see Hymenicus—a. Partialis, Dysmenorrhoea—
 a. Supprps=ionis, see Amenorrhoea.
   AMENTIA,  Dementia:  see, also, Fatuitas,
and Idiotism—a. Senilis, Dementia of the  aged.
   AMER, Amarus.
   AMERICANUM  TUBEROSUM, Solanum
 tuberosum.
   AMERTUME, Bitterness.
   AM'ETHYST, Ametkys'tus, from a,  priva-
 tive,  and  /xtQuu), ' I am  drunk.'  A precious
 stone, to which the ancients attributed the pro-
 perty of preventing drunkenness.  It was also
 used as an anti-diarrhceic and absorbent.—Pliny,
 Albertus Magnus.
   AMETH'YSUM, Amethys'tum, (remedium)
 Same etymon as the last.   A remedy for drunk-
 enness.
   AMETRIA,  Intemperance.  Also,  absence
 of the uterus;  from  a, privative, and juj?to«,
 ' the uterus.'
   AMTCULUM, Amnios.
   AMIDUM, Amylum.
   AMIN^EA, Anime.
   AMIN^E'UM VINUM, Amine'an wine, high-
 ly esteemed as a stomachic.  Virgil distinguish-
 es it from the Falernian.—Pliny, Macrobius, &c.
   AMMA, Truss.
   AMMf, Ammi majus, Bishop's weed, A. Vul-
 ga're.  The seeds of this  plant are aromatic
 and pungent.  They are said to be carminative
 and diuretic, and are tonic and stomachic. 
AMMION
42
  Ammi Verum, see Sison ammi—a. des Bou-
tiques, see Sison ammi.
  AMMION, Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum.
  AMMISMUS, Psammismus.
  AMMOCHO'SIA, Ammocko'sis, from a/uftig,
' sand,' and %tut,' I pour.'  Arena'tio.  Putting
the human  body in hot sand, for the cure of
disease.
  AMMO'NIA, Ammo'nia or Ammoni'acalgas,
Volatile al'kali, Alcali am.moni'acum caus'ticum,
A. volat'ile  caus'ticum, Ammo'nia caus'tica, A.
pura, Ammoni'acum, A. catis'ticum, Gas  ammo-
niaca'le, Mephi'tis urino'sa, (F.) Ammoniaque,
Air alcalin, Gaz  ammoniacal.   An  alcali, so
called, because obtained principally by decom-
posing sal ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) by
lime.  This gas is colourless, transparent, elas-
tic, of a  pungent,  characteristic  odour, and an
acrid urinous taste.  It turns the syrup of vio-
lets green, and its  specific character is  0.596.
When inhaled, largely  diluted  with  common
air, it is a powerful irritant.  When  unmixed,
it instantly induces suffocation.
  Ammonia, Acetate,  Solution of, Liquor
ammoniae acetatis—a. Arseniate of, Arseniate
of ammonia—a. Caustica  liquida, Liquor am-
moniae—a. Chlorohydrate of, Ammoniae murias
—a. Citrate of, Ammoniae citras—a. Hydriodate
of, see Iodine—a.  Hydrochlorate of, Ammoniae
murias—a.  Hydrosulphuret of, Ammoniae sul-
phuretum—a. Iodide of, see Iodine—a. Lini-
ment of, strong, Linimentum ammoniae  fortius
—a.  Liquid, Liquor Ammoniae—a.  Muriatica,
Ammoniae murias—a. Nitrata, Ammoniae nitras
—a.  Phosphate  of,  Ammoniae   phosphas—a.
Praeparata, Ammoniae carbonas—a. Pura liquida,
Liquor ammoniae—a.  Solution of, Liquor am-
moniae—a.  Solution of, stronger, Liquor  ammo-
niae fortior—a. Tartrate of, Ammoniae tartras.
  AMMO'NIAC, GUM,  Ammoniacum,  (Ph.
U.  S.) Gum'mi Ammoniacum,  Armoni'acum,
Mato'rium,  (F.)  Ammoniac,  Gomme  ammo-
niaque,  so  called  from  Ammonia in  Lybia,
whence it  is brought.   A gum-resin, the  con-
crete juice of Dore'ma ammoni'acum, of Persia:
a species of a genus allied to Ferula.  It is in
irregular, dry masses and tears, yellow exter-
nally, whitish within.  Its odour is peculiar, and
not ungrateful: taste nauseous, sweet, and bitter.
It forms a white emulsion with  water: is solu-
ble in vinegar; partially  so in alcohol, ether,
and solutions of the alcalies.
  Gum ammoniacum is  expectorant, deobstru-
ent (?) antispasmodic, discutient, and resolvent.
It is  chiefly used, however, in the first capacity,
and in the formation of certain plasters.
  Two varieties are  met  with in the market,
 Gutta ammoni'aci, the best; and Lapis  ammo-
 ni'aci, the more impure.
  AMMONIACiE NITRAS, Ammoniae nitras
—a.  Sulphas, Ammoniae sulphas.
  AMMONIACUM,  Ammonia,  Ammoniac
 Gum—a. Succinatum, Spiritus ammoniae foeti-
 dus—a. Volatile mite, Ammoniae carbonas.
  AMMONITE ACETAS,  Liquor  ammoniae
 acetatis—a. Arsenias, Arseniate  of Ammonia.
   Ammonije Car'bonas,  A. Sulicnr'bonus, A.
 Sesquicar'bonas, Salt of bones, Sal Os'sium, Salt
 of wood-soot, Sal FuVs"inis, Salt of urine, Vola-
 tile Sal Ammoniac,  Baker's salt,  Alcali volat'ile
 a'era'tum, A. volat'ile nmmoniaca'le, A. volul'ile
 ex sale ammonia'co, Ammnni'acum volat'ile viiie,
Ammo'nium carbon'icwn, A.subrarbo'ncum,  Cur-
           AMMONIiE SULPHAS

'bo'nas ammo'nix alkali'nus seu incomple'lus sen
superammoni'acus,  Hypocar'bonas   ammo vix,
Flares salis ammoni'aci, Sal cornu cervi volat ifc,
Sal volat'ilis  salis ammoni'aci, Concrete volatile
alkali, Caibonate or subcurbonate oj  ammonia,
Ammo'nia prseparu'ta, Sal volat'ile, Smelling salt,
(F.) Carbonate  d'ammoniaque, Sel  volatil d'An-
ale'terre, (Ammon. muriat.lhy, Cretsz  Ibiss. Su-
blime.—Ph.  U. S.)  A white,  striated, crys-
talline mass, odour and taste  pungent and am-
moniacal :  soluble in two parts of water: inso-
luble in alcohol: effloresces  in the air.  It is
stimulant,  antacid, diaphoretic,  and antispas-
modic.  Dose, gr. v. to xv.
   Carbonate of ammonia is  at  times used to
form effervescing draughts.   One scruple satu-
rates six fluidrachms of  lemon-juice, twenty-
six  grains  of crystallized tartaric  acid,  and
twenty-six grains of crystallized citric acid.
   Ammonia  Citras,  Citrate  of Ammo'nia.
Made by saturating lemon  or lime juice, or a
solution of citric acid, with carbonate of ammo-
nia.   Dose, f. §ss.
   It may be made extemporaneously, and taken
in an effervescing draught.  Seventeen grains
of citric acid or half a fluidounce  of lemon juice
will be sufficient for thirteen grains of carbo-
nate of ammonia.
   Ammonle Cupro-sulphas, Cuprum ammo-
niatum.
   Ammonia et Ferri  Murias, Ferrum ammo-
niatum—a. Hydrosulphuretum, Liquor fumans
Boylii—a. Hypocarbonas, Ammoniae  Carbonas.
   Ammo'nia Mu'rias, Mu'riate of Ammo'nia,
Hydrochlo'rate  of  Ammo'nia,   Chlorohydrate
of Ammo'nia, Sal  Ammoni'acum,  Sal Ammo-
niac,  Sal  Ammoni'acus, Ammo'nia Muriaf-
ica,  Ammo'nium  Muria'tum,  Hydrochlo'ras
Ammo'nia, Sal Armoni'acum, Salmiac, Fuli-
go Alba Philosopho'rum,Misadir,(F.) Muriatt
d'Ammoniaque.  A saline concrete, formed by
the  combination of  muriatic acid  with  am-
monia.  In Egypt it is manufactured in large
quantities  by subliming  the soot formed by
burning camel's dung—26 pounds of the sooi
yielding 6 pounds.  It is  also prepared, in great
quantities, by adding sulphuric acid to the vola-
tile alkali  obtained from  soot, bones, &c, mix-
ing this with common salt, and subliming.
   Muriate of ammonia is inodorous, but has an
acrid, pungent,  bitterish,  and   urinous  taste,
Three parts  of cold water dissolve one.  Solu-
ble also in 4.5 parts of alcohol.  It is aperient
and diuretic, but seldom  used internally.   Ex-
ternally, it is empfoyed, producing cold during
its solution,  in inflammations, &c.
   Ammo'ni/e Nitras, Nitrate of Ammonia, Al-
kali volat'ile nitra'tum,  Sal ammoni'acus n\-
tro'sfis, Ammo'nia nitra'ta, Nitras ammoni'aca,
Nitrum flammaus, (F.) Nitrate  d'Ammom-
aque.   A salt composed of nitric acid and am-
monia. It  is diuretic and deobstruent. (?)  Ex-
ternally, it is discutient and sialogogue.
   Ammonite Phosphas, Phosphate of Ammo-
nia, (F.) Phosphate d'Ammoniaque.  This salt
has been recommended as an  excitant, diapho-
retic,  and  discutient.   More recently,  it ha?
been proposed as a new remedy  for gout and
rheumatism, as a solvent of uric acid calculus.
and for diseases, acute and chronic, connected
directly with the lithic acid diathesis.
   Ammonia Sesquicarbonas, A. carbonas.
   Ammo'ni/e Sulphas,  Sulphate of Ammo'»i»: 
AMMONIAQUE             43              AMOUREUX
 Sulphas ammoni'aca, Ammo'nium  sulphuri-
 cum, Al'kali volat'ile vitriola'turn, Sal Ammo-
 ni'acum secre'tum  Glauberi,  Sal  secre'tus
 Glauberi,  Vitriolum ammoniaca'le, (F.) Sul-
 phate d'Ammoniaque.   Formed by adding sul-
 phuric acid  either to sal ammoniac or to ammo-
 niacal liquor.  Its properties are like  those of
 the muriate of ammonia.
    Ammo'ni.e Sulphure'tum, Sutphuret of Am-
 mo'nia, Hydrosul'phuret of Ammo'nia, Hydro-
 sulphas Ammoniae, Spir'itus  Begui'ni, Sp. fu-
 tnans Begui'ni,  Sulphure'tum ammoni'acse, Sp.
 salis ammoni'aci sulphura'tus, Liquor ammo'nii
 hydrothiodis, Hydrosulphure'tum Ammo'nicum,
 Hydrarg. ammoniaca'le aquo'sum, Hydrog"eno-
 tulphure'tum  ammoni'acx  liq'uidum, Spir'itus
 sul'phuris volat'ilis,  Hepar  svlphuris  volat'ile,
 Boyle's or  Beguine's fuming  spirit, (F.) Hy-
 drosulphatc  sulfure d Ammoniaque, Liqueur fu-
 mante de Boyle, Sulfure hydrogene d'Ammo-
 niaque,  Hydrosulfure d'Ammoniaque.   Odour
 very fetid ;  taste nauseous and  styptic; colour
 dark yellowish green.   It is reputed to be se-
 dative,  nauseating, emetic, disoxygenizing, (?)
 and has been given in diabetes  and diseases of
 increased excitement.  Dose, gtt- viij. to g"- xx.
    Ammo'ni^e Tartras, Al'kali  volat'ile tarta-
 riza'tum, Sal Ammoni'acum tarta'reum, Tar'-
 tarus ammo'nia, Tartrate of Ammo'nia,  (F.)
 Tartrate d'Ammoniaque.  A salt composed of
 tartaric acid and ammonia.  It is diaphoretic
 and diuretic ;  but not much used.
    AMMONIAQUE, Ammonia—a.  Arseni-
 ate d', Arseniate of ammonia—a. Hydrosulfure
 d', Ammoniae sulphuretum—a. Hydrosulfate
 sulfure d',  Ammoniae  sulphuretum—a.  Li-
 quide, Liquor ammoniae—a. Phosphate  d', Am-
 moniae  phosphas—a.  Sulfure  hydrogine, d',
 Ammoniae sulphuretum.
    AMMONIO-CUPRICUS SUBSULPHAS,
 Cuprum ammoniatum.
    AMMO'NION, from a/uuoc,' sand.'  An an-
 cient collyrium  of great virtues in  many dis-
 eases of the eye, and which was said to remove
 sand from that organ.
.    AMMONIUM ARSENICUM, Arseniate of
 ammonia—a. Carbonicum, Ammoniae carbonas
 —a. Iodide of, see Iodine—a Muriaticum mar-
 tiatum seu martiale,  Ferrum ammoniatum—a.
 Muriatum, Ammoniae murias—a. Subcarbone-
 um, Ammonias carbonas—a. Sulphuricum, Am-
 moniae sulphas.
    AMNA  ALCALIZATA, Water, mineral,
 saline.
    AMNEMOSYNE, Amnesia.
    AMNE'SIA, Amnest'ia, Amnemos'yne, from
 *, privative, and jo^ic, 'memory.'   Moria
 imbec"ilis  amne'sia,  Obliv'io,  Recollectio'uis
 jactu'ra, Dysasthe'sia interna, Debil'itas me-
 mo'ria, Memo'ria dele'ta,  (F.) Perte  de  Mi-
 moire, ' loss of memory.' By some Nosologists,
 amnesia constitutes a genus of diseases.   By
 most, it is  considered  only as a  symptom,
 which may occur in many diseases.
    AMNljSTIA, Amnesia.
    AMNIITIS, Amnitis.
    AMNIOCLEP SIS, from Amnios,  and zXm-
 tta, ' I steal  or take away clandestinely.'   Pre-
 mature  escape of the liquor amnii.
    AMNIORRIKE'A, from amnios, and qw, ' I
 flow.'   A premature discharge of the liquor
 umnii.
    AM'NIOS, Amotion,  Am'nium, Hym'nium,
 Chart a virgin'ea, Armatu'ra, Agni'na membra •
 na, Pellu'cida membra'na, Galea, Scepar'num,
 Indu'' sium,Amic' idum,Membra! nafatuminvol' -
 vens.  The innermost of the enveloping mem-
 branes of the foetus:—so called because first ob-
 served in the sheep, (?) a^voc, 'a sheep.'  It is
 thin,  transparent, perspirable, and  possesses
 many delicate, colourless vessels, which have
 not been injected.  It sends a prolongation, which
 serves as a sheath to the umbilical cord. Its ex-
 ternal surface is feebly united to the chorion by
 cellular and vascular filaments.  Its inner sur-
 face is polished, and is in contact with the body
 of the foetus and the liquor amnii,  (q. v.)
   AMNIOTIC ACID, Ad'idum am'nicum vel
 amniot'icum.  A  peculiar acid, found by Vau-
 quelin and Buniva in the liquor amnii of the cow.
   AMNI'TIS, Amnii''tis, from Amnion and itis,
 inflammation.   Inflammation of the Amnion.
   AMOENOMA'NIA, from  amanus, ' agreea-
 ble,' and  mania. A form of mania in which the
 hallucinations are of an agreeable character.
   AMOME FAUX, Sison amomum.
   AMOMUM CARDAMO'MUM, A. racemo'-
 sum, A. verum, Alpin'ia cardamo'mum, Caro'pi,
 Mato'nia Cardamo'mum, Eletta'ria Cardamo'-
 mum, Cardamo'mum Minus, Lesser or officinal
 Caddamom, Amo'mum repens, (F.) Cardamoms
 de la Cote de Malabar, Cardamome. The seeds
 of this East India plant have an agreeable, aro-
 matic odour,  and a  pungent,  grateful  taste.
 They are carminative and stomachic : but are
 chiefly used to give warmth to other remedies.
 The fruit is called Amomis. Dose, gr. v. to Qj.
   Amomum  Galanga, Maranta G.
   Amomum  Granum Paradi'si, Cardamo'mum
majus, Meleguet'ta,  Mauiguet'ta, Cardamo'-
mum pipera'tum, A. maximum, (F.) Graines
 de Paradis.  Greater  cardamom seeds resem-
 ble the last  in properties. They are extremely
 hot, and not much used.
   Amomum  Pimenta : see Myrtus pimenta—a.
 Zedoaria, Kaempferia rotunda.
   Amomum  Zin'giber,   Zin'giber officinale,
 Zin'giber album, Z.  nigrum, Z. commune,
 Zin'ziber, Ginger, (F.) Gingembre. The whit*
and black ginger,  Zin'ziber fuscum et  album,
are the rhizoma of the  same plant, Zin'giber
officina'le, the difference depending  upon the
 mode of preparing them.
  The odour of ginger is aromatic; taste warm,
aromatic, and acrid.  It yields its virtues to
alcohol, and in a great degree to water.   It is
 carminative, stimulant, and sialogogue.
  Preserved Ginger, Zingib'eris  Radix  Con-
di'ta, Radix Zingib'eris condi'ta ex Indid al-
la'ta,  is  a condiment  which possesses all ths
 virtues of ginger.
   Ginger-Beer  Powders may be formed of
 white sugar, ^j.  and  J}ij. ginger, gr. v. sub-
 carbonate of soda, gr. xxxvj in each blue paper :
acid of tartar, 7)iss in each white  paper,—for
 half a pint of water.
   Oxley's  Concentrated  Essence  of  Jamaiea
 Ginger is a mere solution of ginger in rectified
 spirit.
  AMOR, Love.
  AMORGE, Amurca.
   AMORPHUS, Anhistous, Anideus.
   AMOSTEUS, Osteocolla.
  AMOUR, Love.
  AMOUREUX (muscle.)   Obliquus superior
 oculi. 
AMPAC
44
AMYGDALA
   AMPAC, Amp'acus.   An East  India tree,
 the leaves of which have a strong odour, and
 are used in baths as detergents.  A very odo-
 riferous resin is obtained from it.
   AMPAR, Succinum.
   AMPELOCARPUS, Galium aparine.
   AMPELOPRASUM,  Allium.
   AMPELOS, Vitis vinifera—a. Agria, Bryonia
 alba—a. Idaea, Vaccinium vitis Idaea—a. Oino-
 phoros, Vitis vinifera.
   AMPHAMPHOTERODIOPSIA, Diplopia.
   AMPHARIS'TEROS,  Ambila'vus,  'awk-
 ward;'  from a/j.<pi, and  apioiegog,  'the left.'
 Opposed to ambidexter.
   AMPHEMERINOS, Quotidian.
   AMPHEMERUS, Quotidian.
   AMPHI, *wt, 'both, around, on all  sides.'
 Hence, a prefix in many of the following terms.
   AMPHIAM, Opium.
   AMPHIARTHRO'SIS, from a^t, 'both,'
 and a£&£wctc, ' articulation.'  A mixed  articu-
 lation, in which  the corresponding  surfaces  of
 bones are united in an intimate manner  by an
 intermediate body, which allows, however,  of
 some slight motion.   Such is the junction  of
 the bodies of the vertebra? by means of  the in-
 tervertebral cartilages.   This articulation has
 also been called Diarthrose de Co?itinuite. The
 motion it permits is but slight.
   AMPHIBLESTRODITIS, Retinitis.
   AMPHIBLESTROIDES, Reticular.
   AMPHIBLESTROMALA'CIA,  from  am-
phiblestroi'des (membrana) the retina, and /m-
 xaxiat, ' softening.'  Mollescence  or softening
 of the retina.
   AMPHIBRAN'CHIA, from  *u<pt, 'around,'
 and  feay%ia,  ' the throat.'  Amphibron'chia.
 The  tonsils and neighbouring parts.—Hippoc.
   AMPHICAUSTIS, Vulva.
   AMPHID'EUM, from ay.<pt, ' around,' and
 Seio,  ' I  bind.'  The outermost margin  of the
 cervix uteri; the Labium uteri.
   AMPHIDEXIUS, Ambidexter.
   AMPHIDIARTHRO'SIS,  fromWi,
' about,' and Si*g&£waig, ' a moveable joint.' A
 name given by Winslow  to the temporo-maxil-
 lary  articulation, because, according to that
anatomist, it partakes both of ginglymus and
arthrodia.
   AMPHIESMA CORDIS, Pericardium.
  AMPHIMERINA,  Pertussis—a.  Hectica,

  AMPHIMERINOS, Quotidian.
  AMPHION, Maslach.
  AMPHIPLEX, Perineeum.
  AMPHIPNEUMA, Dyspnoea.
  AMPHISMELA, Knife, double-edged.
  AMPHISMILE, Knife, double-edged.
  AMPHISPHAL'SIS, Circumac'tio,  Circum-
due'tio,  from a^Qi, ' around,' and aqaXXw, ' I
wander.'  The  movement  of  circumduction
used  in reducing luxations.—Hippocrates.
  AMPHODIPLOPIA, see Diplopia.
  AM'PHORA,  per  syncop. for  auyivoqtvg,
from apyt, ' on both sides,' and <t>£g&>, ' I  bear :'
because it had two handles. A liquid measure
among the  ancients,  containing above  7 gal-
lons.  Also  called  Quadrantal,  Cera'mium,
Ceram'nium, Cadus.
  AMPHORIC RESPIRATION,  see Caver-
nous Respiration.
  AMPHOTERODIPLOPIA, see Diplopia.
  AMPHRODIPLOPIA, Diplopia.
   AMPLEXATIO, Coition.
   AMPLEXUS, Coition.
   AMPLIFICATIO, Platynosis.
   AMPLIOPEA, Amblyopia.
   AMPOSIS, Anaposis.
   AMPOULES, Essera.
   AMPULLA, Cavitas elliptica—a. Chylifera
 seu chyli, Receptaculum chyli.
   AMPULLAE, Phlyctaenae.
   AMPUTATION,  Ampicta'tio, from  ampu-
 tare, (am,  ' around,' and putare,) ' to cut off.'
 Apot'ome, Apotom'ia.   The operation of sepa-
 rating by means of a cutting instrument, a limb
 or a part of a limb, or a projecting part, as the
 mamma, penis, &c, from the rest of the body.
 In the case of a tumour, the term excision, re-
 moval, or extirpation, (F.) Resection, is more
 commonly used.
   Amputation, Circular, is  that  in  which
 the integuments and muscles are divided circu-
 larly.
   Amputation, Flap,  (F.) A. a lambeaux,  is
 when one or two flaps are left so as to cover the
 stump, when the limb has been  removed.
   Amputation, Joint, Exarticula'tio, (F.) A.
 dans Particle  ou dans la  contigitite des mem-
 bres, is when the limb is removed at an articu-
 lation.
   Each amputation requires a  different process,
 which is described in works  on operative sur-
 gery.
   AMULET, Amuletum.
   AMULETTE, Amuletum.
   AMULE'TUM, from amoliri, 'to remove.'
 An Amulet,—Periam'ma,  Apotropa'um, Peri-
 ap'ton, Phylacte'rion, Apoteles'ma, Exarte'ma,
 Alexica cum,  Praservati'vum, Probasca'nium,
 Probascan'tium, (F.) Amulette.  Any image or
 substance worn about the  person for the pur-
 pose of preventing disease  or danger.
   AMURCA, Amur'ga, a^opyj;.  The marc or
 grounds remaining after olives have been crushed
 and deprived of their oil.  It  has been used as
 an application to ulcers.
   AMURGA, Amurca.
   AMUSA, Musa Paradisiaca.
  AMYCE, Amycha, Amy'xis.  Excoriation,
 Scarification.
  AMYCHA, Amyce.
  AMYC'TICA,  from  a/uvo-™, 'I  lacerate.'
 Medicines which  stimulate and vellicate  the
 skin.—Caelius Aurelianus.
  AMYDRIASIS,  Mydriasis.
  AMYEL'IA, from a, privative, and pvtXoc,
 'marrow.'  A monstrous  formation, in  which
 there is an absence of spinal marrow.
  AMYG'DALA, same  etymon as Amyctica;
 because there  seem to be  fissures in the shell.
 The Almond,  of which there are two  kinds:
 Amyg'data ama!ra and A.dulces,(E.) Amandes
 douces, and A. ameres, obtained from two va-
 rieties  of Amyg'dalus communis, or A. sati'va,
 a native  of Barbary.  Nat. Ord. Amygdalese.
 Sex. Syst. Icosandria Monogynia.
  The taste of the Amygdala dulcis is soft and
 sweet; that of the A. amara,  bitter.   Both
 yield, by expression, a sweet, bland  oil.  The
 bitter almond contains Prussic acid.   They are
 chiefly used for forming emulsions.
  Amyg'dal/e Placen'ta, Almond Cake, is the
 cake left after the expression  of the oil.  The
ground Almond Cake, Almond Powder, Fari'na 
AMYGDALATUM            45
Amygdala'rum, is used instead of soap for wash-
ing the hands.
  Amyg'daljE Pasta, Almond Paste, a cosme-
tic for softening the skin and preventing chaps,
is made of bitter almonds, blanched, %iv, white
of one egg; rose water, and rectified spirit, equal
parts, or as much as is sufficient.
  Amygdala, Tonsil.  Also, a lobe of the ce-
rebellum,  so called  from its resemblance to an
enlarged tonsil.  This and its fellow of the op-
posite side form the lateral boundaries of the
anterior extremity of the valley, (q. v.) and are
in great part covered by the medulla oblongata.
  AMYGDALATUM, Emulsio Amygdalae.
  AMYGDALE, Tonsil.
  AMYGDALITIS, Cynanche tonsillaris.
  AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS, see Amygdala.
  Amyg'dalus Per'sica.  The Common peach-
tree, (F.) Pecker.  The leaves and flowers have
been considered laxative.   They are bitter and
aromatic,  and  have been given in hsematuria,
nephritis, &c.  The fruit is one of the pleasant
and wholesome summer fruits, when ripe. The
kernels, Amyg'dala Per'sicce, as  well  as the
flowers, contain prussic acid.
  Peach Brandy is distilled from the fruit, and
is much used in the United States.
  Amygdalus, see Amygdala.
  AMYGMOS, Scarification.
  AMYLEON, Amylum.
  A'MYLUM, A'midum,  Fec'ula, Amyleon,
Amyl'ion, from a, priv., and p.vXr], 'a mill,' be-
cause made without a mill. Starch, (F.) Ami-
don, Amylon.  Starch of Wheat, Fari'na, Trit/-
ici fari'na, Fec'ula Amyla'cea, is inodorous and
insipid, white and friable.  It  is insoluble in
cold water and alcohol; but forms with boiling
water a strong, semi-transparent  jelly.  It is
demulcent, and is used as an emollient glyster,
and as the vehicle for opium, when given per
anum.  Starch is met with abundantly in all
the cereal grains, in the stalks of  many of the
palms, in some lichens, and in  many  tuberous
roots, particularly in the bulbs of the orchis.
  Amylum Iodatum,  see Iodine.
  A'MYON, from a, priv., and /^vwv, 'a mus-
cle,' Emuscula'tus. Without muscle.  Applied
to the limbs, when so extenuated that the mus-
cles cannot be distinguished.
  AMYOSIS,  Synezizis.
  AMYRIS COMMIPHORA, see  Bdellium.
  Am'yris Elemif'era, (F.) Balsamier Ele-
mifere.  Nat. Ord. Terebinthaceee.  Sex. Syst.
Octandria Monogynia. The plant whence it has
been supposed Gum  El'emi is obtained.  This
gum or resin is brought from the Spanish East
and West Indies.  Brazilian Elemi, according
to Dr. Royle,  is produced by Idea Icicariba;
Mexican Elemi by Ela'phrium elemif'erum;
and  Manilla  Elemi by Cana'rium commu'ne.
It is softish, transparent, of a pale whitish co-
lour, inclining a little to green, and of a strong,
though not unpleasant smell.   It is only used
in ointments and plasters, and is a digestive.
  Amyris Gileadensis, see A. opobalsamum.
  Am'yris Opobal'samum, (F.) Balsamier de la
Mecque, Bal'sem, Bal'samum.  The plant from
which is obtained the Balsam of Mecca, Bal'-
samum genui'niim antiquo'rum, Balsamela'on,
jEgyptiacnm Bal'samum,  Bal'samum Asiat'i-
cum, B. Juda'icum, B. Syriacmn,  B.  e Mecca,
Cocobal'samum, B. Alpi'ni, Oleum Bal'sami,
OpobaV' samum,Xylobal'samum,Balsamoi Balm
)            ANACL1NTER1UM

of Gilead, (F.) Baume Blanc, B. de Constanti-
nople blanc, B. de Galaad, B. du Grand Caire,
B. Vrai, Terebinthine  de Gilead, T. d'kgypte,
T. du Grand Kaire, T. de Judee.  A  resinous
juice obtained by making incisions injo Amyris
opobal'samum and A. Gileaden'sis of Linnaeus,
Balsamaden'dron Gileaden'se of Kunth.   The
juice of the fruit is called  Carpobal'samum;
that of the wood and branches Xylobalsamum.
It  has the general properties of the milder Te-
rebinthi nates.
   Amyris Tomentosum, Fagara octandra.
   AMYRON, Carthamus tinctorius.
   AMYUS, from a privative, and pvg, 'a mouse,
a muscle.'  Weak or poor in muscle.
   AMYX'IA, from a privative, and ftv$a, 'mu-
cus.'  Deficiency of mucus.
   AMYXIS, Amyce, Scarification.
   ANA, ava, a word which signifies 'of each.'
It is used in prescriptions as well  as a and aa,
its abbreviations.   As a prefix  to words, it
means  ' in,' ' through,' ' upwards,' ' above,' in
opposition to  Cata, (q. v.;) also  'repetition,'
like the English re.  Hence,—
   ANAB'ASIS, from avapaivv,' I ascend.' The
first period of a disease, or  that of increase.—
Galen.  See Augmentation.
   ANABEXIS, Expectoration.
   ANABLEP'SIS,from ura,' again,' and fiXi-nto,
' I  see.'  Restoration to sight.
   ANABOLjE'ON, Anabole'us, from arafiaXXw,
' I cast up.'  An ointment for extracting darts
or other extraneous bodies.
   AN AB'OLE, from ava,' upwards,' and (taXXw,
(I  cast.'  Anago'ge, Anaph'ora, Anacine'ma,
Anacine'sis.  An evacuation upwards.  An act
by which certain  matters are ejected by the
mouth.  In common acceptation it includes, ex-
spuition, expectoration, regurgitation, and vo-
miting.
  AN ABROCElS'MVS,Anabronchis'mus, from
ava,' with,' and (tqoxog, ' a running knot.'  An
operation for  removing the eye-lashes, for ex-
ample, when they irritate the eye, by means of
a hair knotted around them.—Hippocrates, Ga-
len, Celsus, &c.
   ANABRONCHISMUS, Anabrochismus.
   ANABROSIS, Corrosion. Erosion.
   ANACAMPSEROS, Sedum telephium.
   ANACAR'DIUM OCCIDENTA'LE, Cas-
su'vium pomif'erum, Cashew (W. Indies.) (F.)
Ac'ajou. Nat. Ord. Terebinthaceae. Sex. Syst.
Enneandria Monogynia. The Oil of the Cashew
Nut, O'leum Anacar'dii, (F.) Huile d'Acajou,
is an active caustic, and used as  such  in the
countries  where it grows,  especially for  de-
stroying warts, &c.
   Anacardium Orientale, Avicennia tomen-
tosa.
   ANACATHAR'SIS, from  ava, 'upwards,'
and xa&aiqtiv, ' to purge.'  Purgation upwards.
Expectoration, (q. v.)  See, also, Repurgatio.
   Anacatharsis Catarrhalis  Simplex, Ca-
tarrh.
   ANACATHARTICUS, Expectorant.
   ANACESTOS, Incurable.
   ANACHREMPSIS, Exspuition.
   ANACHRON, Soda.
   ANACINEMA, Anabole, Exspuition.
   ANACIlNESIS,  Anabole, Exspuition.
   ANACLASIS, Repercussion.
   ANACLINTE'RIUM, Anaclin'trum, Recu-
bito'rium, from araxXtvw, ' I recline.'   A long 
ANACLINTRUM              46             ANAMNESTIC
chair or seat, so formed, that the person can rest
in a reclining posture.
  ANACLINTRUM, Anaclinterium.
  ANACOLLE'MA, from ava, ' together,' and
xoXXaw, ' I glue.'  A healing medicine.
  Anacollemata, Frontal bandages.
  ANACOLUPPA. A creeping plant of Ma-
labar, the juice of which, mixed with powdered
pepper, passes in India as a cure for epilepsy,
and as  the only remedy for the bite of the  naja.
It is supposed to be Zapa'nia nodiflo'ra.
  ANACOLUTHIE, Incoherence.
  ANACOMIDE, Restauratio.
  ANACONCHYLIASMUS, Gargarism.
  ANACONCHYLISMUS, Gargarism.
  ANACTESIS, Restauratio.
  ANACTIRION, Artemisia.
  ANACYCLEON, Charlatan.
  ANACYCLUS OFFICLNARUM, see An-
themis Pyrethrum—a.  Pyrethrum, Anthemis
pyrethrum.
  ANADESMUS, Fascia.
  ANADIPLO'SIS, from ava,  ' again,' and  d.-
nXow, ' I double.'  Epanadiplo'sis, Epanalep'-
sis, Reduplica'tio.  The  redoubling which oc-
curs in a paroxysm of an intermittent, when its
type is double.—Galen, Alexander of Tralles.
  ANADORA, Ecdora.
  ANAD'OSIS, from avadidu>(M, 'I distribute.'
Purgation upwards, as by vomiting.  Conges-
tion of blood towards the upper parts of the
body.  Anadosis seems also to have occasion-
ally meant chylification, whilst diadosis meant
capillary nutrition.—Hippocrates, Galen.
  ANAD'ROME, from  ava,  ' upwards,' and
(?$e,«u>, ' I run.'  The transport of a humour or
pain from a lower to an upper  part.—Hippocr.
Also, the globus hystericus (q. v.)
  ANjEDCE'US, from av privative, and aiSoia,
'organs of generation.'   A  monster devoid  of
sexual organs.
  AN^EMATOPOIE'SIS, from a, «r, priva-
tive, 'aipa, ' blood,' and noctw, ' I make.'  Im-
peded  or obstructed haematosis.
  AN.EMATO'SIS, from a, *r, privative, and
'*tu*,  ' blood.'   Defective haematosis or prepa-
ration of the blood.
  AN^E'MIA, Exee'mia, Anse'masis, Ankx'-
tnia, Anhaemato'sis, Polyanhse'mia, Ansemo'sis,
Oligemia,  Oligohai'mia, Hypae'mia, (q. v.)
Hydrose'mia, (q. v.) Hydrse'mia, Ane'mia, (F.)
Ancmie, Polyanh'emie,  Hydrohemie, Exsan-
guin'ity,  Bloodlessness: from a, priv. and
'ai/ua, 'blood.'   Privation of  blood;—the op-
posite to plethora (q. v.)  It  is characterized
by  every sign of debility.  Also,  diminished
quantity of  fluids in the capillary vessels :—
•the  opposite to  Hyperemia. — The  essential
character of the blood in anaemia is diminution
in the ratio of red corpuscles.
  ANiE'MIC, Anem'ic, Anadmicus ; same ety-
mon.  Appertaining to  Anaemia,—as an "anae-
mic person;" " anaemic urine."
  AN^EMOCHROUS, from a, a., privative,
ciwa, ' blood,' and %oo«t, 'colour.'  Devoid of
colour, pale.
  ANJEMOSIS, Anaemia.
  AN^EMOT'ROPHY,  Anaemotroph'ia: from
 ot, privative, l*tfta, ' blood,'  and Tgo<p>j,  'nou-
 rishment.' A deficiency of sanguineous nourish-
 rrent.—Prout.
   AN^ESTHE'SIA,  Anatsthdsis,   InsensibiV-
itas, Analge'sia, Parap'sis  expers, (F.) Anes-
thesie:  from a, privative, and atafavo/tai,   1
feel.'  Privation of sensation, and especially of
that of touch, according to some.   It  may  be
general or partial, and is almost always symp-
tomatic.
  Anesthesia  Linguae, Ageustia—a.  Ullac-
toria, Anaemia.
  AN.-ESTHESIS, Anaesthesia.
  ANjESTHETTC,  Anesthet'ic,  Anassthefi-
cus, (F.) Anesthetique ;  same etymon as Anaes-
thesia.  Relating to privation of feeling, as an
"anasthetic agent;" one that prevents feeling,
as chloroform inhaled during  a  surgical opera-
tion.
  ANiESTHISIA, Insensibility.
  ANAGAL'LIS, from ava and yaXd,  ' milk,'
from its power  of coagulating milk. A. arven'-
sis,  A. Phanic"e,a,  Red  Pim'pernel,  Scarlet
Pimpernel.  Nat. Ord. Primulaceae. Sex. Syst.
Pentandria Monogynia.  (F.) Mouron rouge.
A common European plant; a reputed anti-
spasmodic and stomachic.
  Another species—Anagal'lis  cceru'lea is a
mere variety of the above.
  Anagallis Aquatica, Veronica Beccabunga.
  ANAGARGALICTON, Gargarism.
  ANAGARGARISMUS, Gargarism.
  ANAGARGARISTON, Gargarism.
  ANAGLYPHE, Calamus scriptorius.
  ANAGOGE, Anabole, Rejection.
  ANAGRAPHE, Prescription.
  ANAG'YRIS, Anag'yrus, Ac'opon,  Anag1-
yris fa'tida, Stinking Bean Trefoil.   Native
of Italy.   The  leaves  are powerfully purga-
tive.   The juice is said to be diuretic, and the
seeds emetic.—Dioscorides, Paulus.
   ANAGYRUS, Anagyris.
   ANAL, Ana'lis.  That which refers to the
anus;—as Anal region, &c.
  ANAL'DIA,  (F.) Analdie; from a, priva-
tive,  and  aXSnv, ' to grow.'   Defective nutri-
tion.
   ANALEMSIA, Analepsia.
   ANALENTIA, Analepsia.
   ANALEP'SIA, Analep sis, Analen'tia, Ana-
lem'sia,  from ava,  'fresh,' and Xnufavav, 'to
take.'  Restoration to strength after disease.—
Galen.  A kind of sympathetic epilepsy, ori-
ginating from gastric disorder.   See Epilepsy.
   Also, the support given to  a fractured extre-
mity;—Append sio.—Hippocrates.
   ANALEPSIS, Convalescence, Restauratio.
   ANALEP'TICA, Anapsyc'tica, Psychot'ica,
Refecti'va, Reficien'tia, Analeptics, same ety-
mon.  Restorative medicines or food; such as
are adapted to recruit the strength during con-
valescence :—as sago, salep,  tapioca, jelly, &c.
   Analeptic Pills, James's, consist of James's
Powder, Gum Ammoniacum, and Pills of Aloes
and Myrrh, equal parts, with Tincture of Cas-
tor, sufficient to form a mass.
   ANALGE'SIA, Analgia,  from a, priv., and
aXyoc, ' pain.'  Absence of pain both in health
and disease. See Anaesthesia.
   ANALGIA, Analgesia.
   ANALOGOUS TISSUES, see  Tissues.
   ANALOSIS, Atrophy.
   ANALTESIS, Restauratio.
   ANALTHES, Incurable.
   ANAMIRTA COCCULUS, Menispermum
 cocculus—a.  Paniculata, Menispermum  coc-
 culus.
   ANAMNESTIC, Anamnes'ticum, from avt. 
ANANAS
' again,' and ^yao^ai,' I remember.' A medicine
for improving the memory.   See, also, Com-
memorative.
  ANANAS, Bromelia ananas—a. Acostae ova-
tae, &c, Bromelia ananas—a. Americana,  Bro-
melia pinguin—a. Wild, broad-leaved,  Brome-
lia pinguin.
  ANANAZIPTA. A word formerly scrawled
on amulets to charm away disease.
  ANANDRI'A,from a, mv, privative, and av>]q,
' a man.'  Want of manliness.  Impotence in
the male.   The  state and act of emasculation.
  AN ANEO'SIS, Renova'tio; fromava,' again,'
and rtoc, ' new.'  Renovation  or  renewal,—as
of the blood by the chyliferous vessels and lym-
phatics.
  ANAPETI'A, Expan'sio mea'tuum,  from
ava, and 7rtTacu, ' I dilate.'  A state opposite to
the closure of vessels.—Galen.
  ANAPHALANTI'ASIS, Anaphalanto'ma,
from av*.<paX*vriag,' bald.'  Loss  of the hair of
the eyebrows.   Also, baldness in general.
  ANAPHALANTOMA, Anaphalantiasis.
  ANAPHE, Anaphia.
  ANAPH'IA,  Ankaph'ia,  An'aphe, from a,
av, priv., and 'aupr;,' touch.'  Diminution or pri-
vation of the sense of touch.
  ANAPHLASMUS, Masturbation.
  ANAPHONE'SIS, from ava,' high,' and <pmvtj,
' voice.'  Exercise of the voice: vociferation:—.
the act of crying out.   Vocifera'tio, Clamor.
  ANAPHORA, Anabole.
  ANAPHRODIS'IA, from  a, priv.., and A<j>p,o-
Xitti, ' Venus,' Defec'tus Ven'eris.  Absence of
the venereal appetite.   Sometimes used for Im-
potence and Sterility.
  ANAPHROMELI, Mel despumatum.
  ANAP'L ASIS, Anaplasmus,from nvanK^aoto,
' I restore.'  Confirma'tio, Reposi"tio.  Resto-
ration.  Union  or consolidation of a fractured
bone.—Hippocrates.
  ANAPLASMUS, Anaplasis.
  ANAPLAS'TIC, Anaplas'ticus;  same  ety-
mon.   An epithet applied to the art of restoring
lost parts, or the normal shape—as 'Anaplastic
Surgery.'   See  Morioplastice.
  ANAPLERO'SIS, from avaTr^oo,'I fill up.'
Repletion.   That part of surgical therapeutics
whose object is to supply  parts that  are want-
ing.   Also,  Apposition or Prosthesis, (q. v.)
  ANAPLEROTICUS, Incarnans.
  ANAPLEU'SIS, Fluctua'tio, Innata'tio, from
avanXttv, 'to swim above.'   The looseness or
shaking of an exfoliated bone; or of a  carious
or other tooth, &c.—Hippocrates, Paulus.
  ANAPLOSIS, Growth.
  ANAPNEUSIS, Respiration.
  ANAPNOE, Respiration.
  ANAPNOENU'SI; from Anapno'e, ' respira-
tion,' and vovtoc, ' disease.'  Diseases of the re-
spiratory organs.
  ANAPNOMETER, Spirometer.
  ANAPODISIS UTERI, Retroversio Uteri.
  ANAPODISMUSUTERI,RetroversioUteri.
  ANAPODOPHYLLUM CANADENSE, Po-
dophyllum peltatum.
  AN AP'OSIS, Am'posis, from mva,' again,' and
Tr.c-tc, ' drink.'   A recession of humours  from
the circumference to the centre of the body.—
Hippocrates.
  ANAPSE, Auante.
  ANAPSIA, Caecitas.
  ANAPSYCTICA, Analeptica.
7          "ANASTCECHEIOSIS

   ANAPTYSIS, Expectoration.
   ANAPTYXIS, Growth.
   ANARRHEGNU'MINA, from avaqq^yw/a.a.1,
 'I break  out again.'   Fractures  are so called
 when they become disunited; as well as ulcers
 when they break out afiesh.
   ANARRHI'NON, from ava,  ' upwards,' and
 §ti',  'the  nose.'  That which  returns by the
 nose.—Gorraeus.
   According to others, that which issues by the
 skin, from *va, and ptvog, 'the skin.'
   ANARRHINUM, Sternutatory.
   ANARRHOE, Anarrhcea.
  AN ARRHCE'A,Anar'rhoe,Anor'rho'pia,Anas'-
 tasis, from  ava, 'upwards,' and gew, 'I flow.'
 Afflux of fluid towards the upper part of the body.
   ANARRHOPHE, Absorption.
   ANARRHOPHENU'SI;  from Anarrhophe,
 'absorption,' and vovo-og,  'disease.'  Diseases
 of the absorbents.
   ANARRHOPHESIS, Absorption.
   ANARRHOPIA, Anarrhcea.
   ANAR'THRUS, from av, priv., and  aq$$ov,
 ' a joint.'   Without a joint.   One who is so fat,
 that his joints are scarcely perceptible.—Hipp.
   ANASAR'CA, from ava,' through,' anda-*^,
 ' the flesh.'  Anasarch'a, Catasar'ca, Aqua in-
 tercus seu inter  cutem, Hyposar'ca, Hydrops
 cellula'ris totius cor'poris,  H.  Anasar'ca, H.
 inter'cus seu subcuta'neus seu cellulo'sus, Ka-
 tasar'ca,  Episarcid'ium, Hy'deros, Hydaton'-
 cus, Hyderon'cus,  Hydron'cus,  Hydrosar'ca,
 Hydroder'ma, Hydrop'isis vera, Sar'cites, Po-
 lylym'phia, Hyposarcid'ius, Leucophlegma'tia,
 General dropsy,  Dropsy of the cellular mem-
 brane,  (F.) Anasarque.   Commonly,  it be-
 gins to manifest itself by swelling  around the
 ankles; and is characterized by tumefaction of
 the limbs and of the soft parts covering the ab-
 domen, thorax, and even the face, with paleness
 and dryness of the skin, and pitting when any
 of these  (especially the  ankles)  are  pressed
 upon.  Like dropsy in general, Anasarca may
 be active  or passive; and its treatment must be
 regulated  by the rules that are applicable  to
 general dropsy.  At times, the symptoms are
 of an acute character, and the effusion sudden,
 constituting the Dermatoch'ysis, Hydrops Ana-
 sar'ca acu'tus, (Ede'ma calidum, CE. acu'tum,
 CE. febrile of some.   See Hydrops.
  Anasarca  Hystericum, Anathymiasis—a.
 Pulmonum, Hydropneumonia, GSderna of the
 Lungs—a. Serosa, Phlegmatia dolens.
  ANASARCHA, Anasarca.
  ANASARQUE, Anasarca.
  ANASISMUS, Concussion.
  ANASPADIA, see Anaspadiaeus.
  ANASPADIAS, Epispadias, from ava, ' up-
 wards,' and o-jraui, 'I draw.'  One whose ure-
 thra opens on the upper surface of the penis.
  ANASPADISIS, see Anaspadiaeus.
  ANASPADISMUS,  see Anaspadiaeus.
  ANAS'PASIS, Anaspasm'us, from avao-rraai,
 ' I contract.'   Retrac'tio.   Contraction,  espe-
 cially of the bowels.  The condition is called
 Anaspa'dia, Anaspad'isis, and Anaspadis'mus.
 —Hippocrates.
  ANASPASMUS, Anaspasis.
  ANASSA, Bromelia ananas.
  ANASTALTICA, Styptics.
  ANASTASIS, Anarrhcea.  Also, restoration
 from, sickness.  Convalescence.
  ANASTCECHEIO'SIS, from ava, 'again,'and 
ANASTOMOSIS
48
ANAZESJS
 ajot<)ftiov, 'element.'  Re'elementa'tio.   Reso-
 lution of a body or its parts into their elements.
 —Galen.
   ANASTOMO'SIS, from ava,' with,' and o-to-
 f*a, ' a mouth.'  Inoscula'tio seu Reit'nio vaso'-
 rum, Exanastomo'sis, Concur'sus, (F.)Abouche-
 ment.  Communication between two vessels.
 By considering the nerves to  be channels, in
 which a nervous fluid circulates, their commu-
 nication likewise has been called Anastomosis.
 By means of anastomoses, if the course of a fluid
 be arrested in one vessel, it can proceed along
 others.
   Anastomosis Aneurismatica, Telangiecta-
 sia—a. Jacobson's;—see Petrosal ganglion.
   ANASTOMOT'ICS, Anastomot'ica.   Same
 etymon.  Certain medicines were formerly so
 called, which were believed to be capable of
 opening the mouths of vessels:—as aperients,
 diuretics &c«
   AN ASTOMOTICUS MAGNUS,(RAMUS,)
 (F.)  Artere collat6rale interne, A. collaterale du
 coude, is a branch of the brachial artery which
 comes off a little above the elbow, and bestows
 branches to the brachialis internus, to the under
 edge  of the  triceps, and to the muscles, liga-
 ments, &c, about the elbow joint.  See, also,
 Articular arteries of the knee.
   ANASTROPHE UTERI, Inversio uteri.
   ANATASIS, Extension.
   ANATHYMIAMA, Anathymiasis.
   ANATHYMI'ASIS, Anathymi'ama, from
 ava,' upwards,' and &vfta,' fumigation.'   QZde'-
 mafugax, CEde'ma spas'ticuv/s, (Ede'ma hyster'-
 icum, Anasar'ca hyster'icum.   An uncertain
 and transient swelling, said to have been ob-
 served at times in nervous  and  hysterical per-
 sons.  It also means Exhalation, Fumigation,
 and Hypochondriasis, (which see.)
   ANATOLE  UNGUIUM, see Nail.
   ANATOME, Anatomy—a. Animata, Physi-
 ology.
   ANATOMIA,  Anatomy—a. Animalis, Zo-
 otomy—a. Comparata, Zootomy—a. Compara-
 tiva,  Zootomy—a. Viva, Physiology.
   ANATOMIE, Anatomy—«. Chirurgicale,
 se« Anatomy—a. des Regions, see Anatomy.
   ANAT'OMIST, Anatom'icus.  One who oc-
 cupies himself with anatomy.  One versed  in
 Anatomy.
   ANAT'OMY, Anat'oml, Anatom'ia, Prosec'-
 tio, from ava, and rtuvav,  ' to cut,' (F.) Anato-
 mic.  The word A?iatomy properly signifies dis-
 section; but it has been appropriated to the study
 and knowledge of the number, shape, situation,
 structure, and connexion,—in a  word, of all the
 apparent properties of organized bodies.   Ana-
 tomy is the science of organization.  Some have
 given the term  a  still more extended accepta-
 tion,  applying it  to  every mechanical decom-
 position,  even  of  inorganic  bodies.   Thus,
 Crystallography has been termed the Anatomy
 of crystallized minerals.  Anatomy has also been
 called Morphology, Somatology, Somatot'omy,
 Organology, &c.   It assumes different  names
 according as the study is confined to one orga-
 nized being, or to a  species or class of beings.
 Thus, Androt'omy, ox Anthropot'omy, or Anthro-
pog'raphy, or Anthroposomatology,  is the Ana-
 tomy of man:—Zootomy, that of the other spe-
 iies of the animal  kingdom:  and  Vet'erinary
Anat'omy is the anatomy of  domestic animals:
but when  the word is  used  abstractly,  it
 means human Anatomy, and particularly the
 study of the organs in a physiological or healthy
 state.  Physiological Anatomy is occasionally
 used to signify the kind of anatomy which in-
 vestigates structure with a special view to func-
 tion. The Anatomy of the diseased human body
 is called Patholog"ical or Morbid Anatomy, and
 when applied  to  Medical Jurisprudence, Fo-
 ren'sic Anatomy.  Several of the organs possess-
 ing a similarity of structure, and being formed
 of the same tissues, they have been grouped into
 Systems or Genera of Organs; and the study of,
 or acquaintance with, such systems, has been
 called General Anat'omy, Histology,  or Mor-
 phot'omy, whilst the study of each organ in par-
 ticular has been termed Descriptive Anatomy.
 Descriptive Anatomy has been divided into Ske-
 letology which comprises Osteology, and Syn-
 desmol&gy ; and into Sarcology, which is sub-
 divided into Myology, Neurology, Angiol'ogy,
 Adenology, SplancJmology, and Dermology.
 Sur'gical Anat'omy, Medico-Chirurgical Anato-
 my ,Topograph'ical Anat'omy, Re'gional Anat'o-
 my, (F.) Anato>mie Chirurgicale, A. des Regions,
 is the particular and relative study of the bones,
 muscJes, nerves, vessels, &c, with which it is
 indispensable to be acquainted before perform-
 ing operations.  Comparative Anat'omy is the
 comparative study of each organ, with a view
 to an acquaintance with  the modifications of
 its structure in different  animals or in the dif-
 ferent classes of animals.  Transcendent'al or
 Philo-s&ph'icql Anatomy inquires into the mode,
 plan, or model upon which the animal frame or
 organs are formed; and Artificial Anat'omy is
 the art of modelling and representing in wax or
 other substance, the different organs or  diffe-
 rent  parts of the human body, in the sound or
 diseased state.   Phytot'omy is the anatomy of
 vegetables.
  Anatomy,  Artificial, see   Anatomy—a.
 Comparative, see Anatomy, Zootomy—a. De-
 scriptive,  see Anatomy—a. Forensic, see Ana-
 tomy—a.  General, see  Anatomy—a.  Human,
 see Anatomy—a.  of  Man, see  Anatomy—a.
 Medico-chirurgical, see Anatomy—a. Morbid,
 see Anatomy—a. Pathological, see Anatomy—
a. Philosophical, see  Anatomy—a. Physiologi-
 cal, see Anatomy—a. Practical, see Dissection
—a.  Regional, see Anatomy—a.  Surgical, see
 Anatomy—a. Topographical, see Anatomy—a.
 Transcendental, see  Anatomy—a. Veterinary,
 see Anatomy.
  ANATON, Soda.
  ANATREPSIS, Restauratio.
  ANATRESIS, Perforation, Trepanning.
  ANATRIBE, Friction.
  ANATRIPSIS, Friction.
  ANATRIPSOL'OGY, Anatripsolog"ia, Ana-
triptolog"ia,ixomava'cqfajtg,iixict:\on,'andXoyoc,
 ' a discourse.'   A  treatise on friction as  a re-
 medy.
  ANATRIPTOLOGIA,  Anatripsolo^y.
  ANATRON,_Natrum, Soda.     .
  ANAT'ROPE,  from «ia, 'upwards,' and
Tt>tna>, 'I  turn.'  A subversion.   A turning or
 subversion or  inverted action of the stomach,
 characterized by nausea, vomitins, &c—Galen.
 We still speak of the stomach turning a-ainst
 any thing.
  AN AUDI A, Catalepsy, Mutitas.
  ANAXYRIS, Rumex acetosa.
  AN AZESIS, Ebullition. 
              ANAZOTURIA              4

  ANAZOTURIA, see Urine.
  ANCHA, Haunch.
  ANCHILOPS, ^Egilops.
  ANCHORALIS PROCESSUS, Coracoid.
  ANCHU'SA OFFICINALIS, Alca'na, Lin-
gua Bovis, Buglos'sum sylves'tre, Offic"inal or
Garden Alkanet or Bugloss ; Nat. Ord. Boragi-
nese.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.  (F.)
Buglose.  A native of Great Britain.  The herb
was formerly esteemed as a cordial in melan-
cholia and hypochondriasis; but it is now rarely
used.   It is also called Buglos'sa, Buglos'sum
angustifo'lium majus, B. vulga're majus, B.
sativum.
  Anchu'sa Tincto'ria, Alcan'na spu'ria, Dy-
er's Bugloss, Ane'bium,Buglos'sum Tincto'rum,
Lithosper'mum villo'sum, Dyer's AVkanet, (F.)
Orcanette.  A European plant.  The medical
properties are equivocal.   It is used to give a
beautiful red colour to ointments.
  ANCHYLOSIS, Ankylosis.
  ANCISTRON, Hamulus.
  ANCOLIE, Aquilegia vulgaris.
  ANCON, Elbow, Olecranon.
  ANCONAGRA,  Pechyagra.
  ANCONk, Anconeus.
  ANCONE'US, from ayxmv, < the elbow.'  A
term  once applied to every muscle attached to
the olecranon.  Winslow  distinguished four:
—the great, external, internal, and small; the
first three being portions of the  same muscle,
the triceps brachialis.  The last  has, alone, re-
tained the name. It is the Ancone'us minor of
Winslow, the Ancone'us vel Cubita'lis Riola'ni
of Douglass, the Epicondylo-Cubita'lis of Chaus-
sier, the Brevis  Cu'biti, (F.) Ancone, and is si-
tuate  at the upper and back part of the fore-arm.
It arises from the  external condyle  of the os
humeri, and is inserted into the  posterior edge
of the upper third of the ulna.  Its  use is to aid
in the extension  of the  fore-arm.
  Anconeus Externus,  see Triceps extensor
cubiti—a. Internus, see Triceps extensor cubiti
—a. Major, see  Triceps extensor cubiti.
  ANCTE'RES.  Fibula or Clasps, by which
the lips of wounds were formerly kept together.
—Celsus, Galen.
  ANCTERIASMUS, Infibulation.
  ANCU'BITUS, Petrifac'tio.   An affection of
the eye, in which there is a sensation as if sand
were  irritating the organ.
  AN CUN N UEN 'T^E. A name formerly given
to females during menstruation.
  ANCUS, Ankus, from ayxwv, 'the elbow.'
One who cannot extend his arms completely.
  Also the deformity resulting from a luxation
of the humerus or fore-arm.—Hippocrates.
  ANCYLE, Ankylosis.
  ANCYLOBLEPHARON, Ankyloblepharon.
  ANCYLODERE, Torticollis.
  ANCYLODERIS, Torticollis.
  ANCYLODON'TIA, Ankylodontia.
  ANCYLOGLOSSIA, Ankyloglossia.
  ANCYLOMELE, Ankylomele.
  ANCYLOMERISMUS, Ankylomerismus.
  ANCYLOSIS, Ankylosis.
  ANCYLOTOMUS, Ankylotomus.
  ANCYRA, Hook.
  ANCYROID  CAVITY, Digital  cavity.
  ANCYROIDES  PROCESSUS, Coracoid.
  AND A. A tree of Brazil;—Anda Gome'sii,
Joanne'sia princeps. Nat. Ord. Euphorbiaceae.
Sex. Syst. Monoccia Monadelphia.  An oil is
9               ANEGERTICE

 obtained from the seeds by pressure, 50 to 60
 drops of which act as a cathartic.   The fruit is
 an oval nut, containing two seeds.  These have
 the taste of the  chestnut;  but  are strongly ca-
 thartic, and even emetic.  The shell is astrin-
 gent, and used as such in diarrhoea, &c.
   ANDELY,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 Andely is in France,  near  Gysore, and eight
 leagues from Rouen.  The water is cold, and a
 weak chalybeate.  It is used  in chlorosis and
 abdominal obstructions.
   ANDERSON'S PILLS, Pilulae Aloes et Ja-
 lapae.
   ANDIRA INERMIS, Geoffraea  inermis—a.
 Surinamensis, Geoffraea Surinamensis.
   ANDRACHAHARA, Sempervivum  tecto-
 rum.
   ANDRACHNE, Arbutus  unedo, Portulaca.
   ANDRAN ATOM'I A, Andranat'ome,Andro-
 tom'ia, Androt'ome, Anthropot'omy, from avyq,
 genitive avdqog,  ' a man,' and rcuvstv, ' to cut.'
 The anatomy of man.
   ANDRI'A.  Adult age, Manhood.
   Andri'a Mu'lier, Mu'lier Hermaphrodite ica.
 A female hermaphrodite.
   ANDROGEN'IA, from avr;q,  'man,'  and
 yntaic, 'generation.' The procreation of males.
 —Hippocrates.
   ANDROG"YNUS, from avtjq, 'a man,' and
 ywt], 'a woman.'  An hermaphrodite.  An ef-
 feminate person.—Hippocrates.
   ANDROLEPSIA, Conception.
   ANDROMANIA, Nymphomania.
   ANDROMEDA ARBO'REA, Sorrel  Tree,
 Sour Tree, Sour Wood, Elk  Tree, Elk  Wood,
 Sorrel Wood, Sour Leaf, (F.) Andi-ovnedier.  A
 small indigenous tree;  Nat.  Ord. Ericeae, Sex.
 Syst. Decandria Monogynia; found in the Alle-
 ghany Mountains and the hills and valleys di-
 verging from them, as far as the southern limits
 of Georgia and Alabama; but seldom north  of
 Virginia.  The leaves are refrigerant and astrin-
 gent, and have been used to make a kind of le-
 monade, which has been given in fevers.
   Androm'eda Maria'na, Broad-leaved  Moor-
 wort.  A decoction of this American plant  is
 said to have been successfully employed as a
 wash, in a disagreeable  affection,—not uncom-
 mon amongst the slaves in  the southern parts
 of the United States,—called the Toe Itch, and
 Ground Itch.—Barton.
   ANDROPOGON SCHCENANTHUS, Juncus
 odoratus — a. Nardus,  Calamus Alexandrinus,
 Nardus Indica.
   ANDROSACE, Umbilicus marinus—a. Mat-
 thioli, Umbilicus marinus.
   ANDROS^EMUM, Hypericum perforatum.
   ANDROTOMY, Andranatomia.
   ANDRUM.   An East India word, Latinized
 by Kaempfer, signifying a  kind of elephantiasis
 of the  scrotum, endemic in southern Asia.
   ANkANTISSEMENT  (F.), Vir'ium ex-
 tinc'tio.  This word is  often employed hyper-
 bolically, by patients in France, to  signify ex-
 cessive fatigue, debility or syncope.
   ANEBIUM, Anchusa tinctoria.
   ANEBUS, Impuber.
   ANECPYE'TUS,  from av, for avio,, ' with-
 out,' and nvto),' I promote suppuration.'  That
 which does not  suppurate, or  is not likely to
 suppurate.
   ANEGER'TICE, from aviyuqw,' I awaken.'
 The art of resuscitating the apparently dead. 
ANEILEMA
50
ANEURISM
  ANEILE'M A, .4wM7e',«\?,fromav{ j Atrial,'to
be rolled upwards.'  Applied particularly to the
motion of air in the intestines and the tormina
accompanying it.—Hippocrates.
  ANEILESIS, Aneilema.
  ANEMIA, Anaemia.
  ANEMO'NE.  The Wind Flower: from avt-
pog, ' the wind,' because it does not open its
flowers till blown upon by  the wind.
  ANEMONE  DES BOIS, Anemone nemo-
rosa.
  Anemo'ne" Hepat'ica,Hepat'ica nob'ills,Her-
ba Trinita'tis, Hepat'ica or Herb Trinity, He-
pat'icus Flos, Trifo'lium  Hepat'icum, Anem'-
ony.  The plant is a mild astringent and tonic.
Dose Jjj of the powder.  It  may be given in in-
fusion.
  Anemo'nk. Nemoro'sa,  Ranun'cidus  albus,
Wood anem'ony, (F.) Anemone des bois.  The
herb and flowers are poisonous, acrid, and cor-
rosive.  They have been used as rubefacients.
  Anemo'ne Praten'sis, Pulsatilla nigricans.
This plant has similar properties with the last.
It is also called Meadow Anemony, (F.) Pulsa-
tille noire, P. des prts.
  Anemo'ne Pulsatill'la, Pulsatilla vulga'-
ris, Herba ventis,Nola culina'ria,Pasque flower,
(F.) Coquelourde, possesses like properties.
  ANEMON Y, Anemone hepatica—a. Meadow,
Anemone pratensis—a. Wood, Anemone nemorosa.
  ANEMOS, Wind.
  ANENCEPHALIA, see  Anencephalus.
  ANENCEPHALOTROPHIE, from av pri-
vative; iy*.i$aXog, 'the encephalon,' and rqrxpij,
' nourishment.'   Atrophy of the encephalon.
  ANENCEPH'ALUS, from  a  privative, and
evict tpaXoc,' brain.' A monster devoid of brain.
—Bonetus.  G. St. Hilaire.  Also one that has
a part only of the brain;—Paraceph'alus.  The
condition  has  been called Anencephal'ia.   A
weak, silly person.—Hippocrates.
  ANENERGESIA, Debility.
  ANENERGIA, Debility.
  ANENTERONERVIA,  Colic.
  ANEPISCHESIS, Incontinentia.
  ANEPITHYM'IA,  from a priv., and  tntftv-
faia,' desire.'  Many nosologists have used this
word for a loss of the appetites, as of those of
hunger, thirst, venery, &c.
  Anepithymia Chlorosis, Chlorosis.
  ANER, ar-ijn, genitive avisos.   A man.
  ANERETHIS'IA,  Inirritabil'itas, from  a
priv., and tqsStotc,' irritability.'   Defect of ir-
ritability .—Swediaur.
  ANESIS, Remission.
  ANESTHESIE, Anaesthesia.
  ANESTHESIE EXTATIQUE.  The ag-
gregate of phenomena of impaired feeling pro-
duced especially by the manipulations of the
animal magnetizer.—Andral.
  ANESTHETIC, Anaesthetic.
  ANESTHkTIQUE, Anaesthetic.
  ANESON, Anethum.
  ANESUM, Pimpinellaanisum.
  ANET, Anethum.
  ANETH, Anethum graveolens.
  ANE'THUM, Ane'son, Ane'ton,  Ane'thum
Famic'idum, Fcenic'ulum, F. vulga're, F. Dulce*,
Ligus'ticum fat?iic'tdum, Fan'culum, Fe?i?iel or
 Finckle, Mar'athrum, Anet, Sweet Fennel, (F.)
Fenouil ou Anis doux. Nat. Ord. Umbelliferas.
 Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.  The seeds, Pa-
nic'ulum, (Ph. U. S.) have an aromatic odour,
and warm sweetish taste.   They are carmina-
tive.   The  oil—Oleum Fccnic'uli—is officinal
in the Ph. U. S.  The root is said to be pecto-
ral and diuretic.
   Anethum Fceniculum, Anethum.
   Ane'thum Graveolens,  Anethum, A. hor-
ten'se, Dill, (F.) Aneth, Fenouil puant.  A na-
tive of the south of Europe.   The seeds are sti-
mulant and carminative.   Dose, gr. xv to gj.
   Oleum Ane'thi, Oil of Dill, (F.) Huile d''Aneth,
possesses the carminative properties of the plant.
   ANETICUS, Anodyne.
   ANETON, Anethum.
   ANETUS, Intermittent fever—a. Quartanus,
Quartan—a. Quotidianus, Quotidian—a. Tertia-
nus,  Tertian fever.
   AN'EURISM, Aneurys'ma,  Aneurys'mns,
Aneuris'ma, Cedma, from avevqwsn, 'to dilate
or distend.'  Dilata'tio Arteria rum, Ecta'sia,
Emboris'ma, Exangi'a aneuris'ma,  Arterieu-
rys'ma, Artereurys'ma, Hamatoce'le arteria! sa,
Absces' s u s spirituo' sus, Arteriec' tasi s ,(¥ .)Ane'v-
rysme, Aneurysme.  Properly, Aneurism  sig-
nifies a tumour, produced by the dilatation of an
artery; but it bas  been extended to various le-
sions of arteries, as well as to dilatations of the
heart.
   There  are various  kinds of aneurism.  The
following are the chief.
   I.  When the blood, which forms the tumour,
is enclosed within the  dilated coats of the arte-
ry.  This is the true aneurism, Aneurys'ma va-
rum, Hernia Arteria!rum, (F.) Anevrysme vrai.
   II. When  the blood has  escaped  from the
opened artery, it is called spurious or false an-
eurism, Aneuris'ma spu'rium, Ruptzc'ra Arte -
ria,Arteriorrhex'i's, A rteriodial' y sis, Ecchymo'-
ma arterio'sum, (F.)  Anevrysme faux.  The
latter is divided into three varieties.
   1. The diffused false  aneurism, (F.) Anev-
rysme  faux, primitif,  diffus, noncirconscrit ou
par infiltration, which occurs immediately after
the division or rupture  of an artery, and consist?
of an extravasation of blood into the cellular
texture of the part.
   2. The circumscribed false aneurism, (F.)A.
faux consecutif, circonscrit ou par epanchemevi,
enkyste  ou  sacciforme, tnmeur hrmorrkagiah
circonscrite, in which the blood issues from the
vessel some time after the receipt of the wound,
and  forms  itself a sac in the neighbouring cel-
lular membrane.
   3. The An'eurism  by  Anastomo'sis, or Var-
icose Au'eurism, PhlebarteriodiaVysis, Aneu-
rys'ma veno'so-arterio'sum,  A. varied sum, (E.)
Anevrysme'par anastomose ou variqueux, A.par
erosion, A. de Pott, A. des plus petites arthes,
which arises from the simultaneous wounding of
an artery and vein;—the arterial blood passing
into the vein, and producing a varicose state of it.
   III. Mixed Aneurism, (F.) Anevrysme mixte,
is that which arises from the dilatation of one
or two of the coats, with division or rupture of
the  other.   Some authors  have made two va-
rieties of this.
   1. Mixed external Anenrism,wheTe the inter-
nal and  middle coats are ruptured, and the cel-
lular is dilated.
   2. Mixed internal  Aneurism, in which the
internal  coat is dilated, and protrudes, like  a
hernial  sac, through  the ruptured middle and
outer coats.  This variety has been called Aneu-
 rys'ma Her'niam Arte'ria sistens. 
ANEURISMAL              51              ANGEIOLOGY
  Aneurisms have been likewise termed trau-
matic and spontaneous, according as they may
have been  caused by a wound, or have  origi-
nated spontaneously.  They have also been di-
vided into internal and external.
  The  internal  aneurisms are situate  in the
great splanchnic cavities, and  occur  in  the
heart and great vessels of the chest, abdomen,
&c.  Their diagnosis is difficult, and they are
often inaccessible to surgical  treatment.
  The  external  aneurisms are situate  at the
exterior of the head, neck, and limbs, and are
distinctly pulsatory.
  Aneurisms, especially the internal, may be
combated by a debilitant treatment, on the plan
of Valsalva, which consists in repeated blood-
letting, with food  enough merely  to  support
life.  In external aneurism,  the artery can be
obliterated.  This is usually done by applying
a ligature above the aneurismal tumour.
  Aneurism, Dissecting, is  one in which, ow-
ing to rupture of the inner and middle coats of
an artery, the blood makes itself a channel be-
tween  these coats and the outer coat.
  In many cases, the lesion  appears to consist
in a separation of the lamina of the middle coat,
between which the blood forms itself a channel.
  Aneurisms of the Heart, Cardion'chi, Car-
dieurys'ma, (F.) Anevrysmes du cteur, have
been divided into active and passive.   The for-
mer can scarcely be esteemed  aneurisms, as
they most commonly consist of increased thick-
ness of the  parietes of the heart, which dimi-
nishes  its cavity instead of increasing it.  The
term Hypertrophy of the heart,  (q. v.) better
indicates their  character.   Passive aneurism,
Cardier'tasis, on the contrary, is attended with
extenuation of the  parietes of the organ, and
enlargement of the cavities. The physical signs
of dilatation of  the heart are the following:—
The action of the heart is not visible, and no
impulse is  conveyed to the hand.  On percus-
sion, there  is a loss of resonance over a larger
surface than usual, but the dulness is much less
intense than that which accompanies  hypertro-
phy.   On auscultation, the action of the heart
is only slightly felt, and communicates at once
the impression of its diminished power.  The
impulse is feebler than usual.  Both sounds are
widely transmitted over the thorax, and are not
much fainter at a distance from their point of
origin.
  Partial ox true aneurism of the heart—Car-
diec'tasis partia'lis, Aneurys'ma consecuti'vum
cordis, is sometimes seen,—rarely, however.
  The  name Aneurism of the Valves of the heart
has been given to pouch-like projections of the
valves  into the auricles.
  Aneurism by Anastomosis, see Aneurism—
a. External, see Aneurism—a. False, see Aneu-
rism—a. False, circumscribed, see Aneurism—
a. False, diffused, see  Aneurism—a. Internal,
see Aneurism—a.  Mixed, see Aneurism—a.
Mixed, external,  see Aneurism—a. Mixed, in-
ternal, see Aneurism—a. Spontaneous, see Aneu-
rism— a.  Spurious,  see Aneurism—a. Trau-
matic,  see  Aneurism—a. True,  see Aneurism
—a. Varicose, see Aneurism.
  ANEURIS'MAL,  Aneurys'mal, Aneuris-
mat'ic, Aneurysmat'icus, Aneurisma'lis.  That
which  belongs to Aneurism.
  Aneurismal Sac or Cyst, (F.) Sac ou Kyste
anevrysmal, is a sort of pouch, formed  by the
dilatation of the coats of an artery, in which the
blood, forming the  aneurismal  tumour, is con-
tained.
   ANEURISMATIC, Aneurismal.
   ANEURYSM, Aneurism.
   ANEURYSMA,  Aneurism—a. Herniam ar-
teriae sistens, see Aneurism—a.  Spurium, see
Aneurism—a. Varicosum, see Aneurism—a. Ve-
noso-arteriosum, see Aneurism—a. Verum, see
Aneurism.
   ANEURYSME, Aneurism.
   ANEURYSMUS, Aneurism,  Dilatation.
   ANkVRYSME, Aneurism—a. de  I'Aorte,
Aorteurysma—a. Circonscrit, see Aneurism—
a. de Pott, see Aneurism—a. des Plus petites
arteres, see Aneurism—a. Diffus, see Aneurism
— a. Enkyste, see Aneurism—a.  Faux,  see
Aneurism—a. Faux consecutif, see  Aneurism
—a. Mixte, see Aneurism—a. par Anastomose,
see Aneurism—a. par kpanchement,  see Aneu-
rism—a. par krosion, see Aneurism—a. par In-
filtration,see Aneurism—a. Primitif, see Aneu-
rism—a. Sacciforme, see Aneurism—a.  Vari-
queux, see Aneurism—a. Vrai,  see Aneurism.
   ANFION, Maslach.
   ANFRA C TUOSITE S  CkRkBRALES,
Anfractuosities, cerebral—a. Ethmo'idales,  see
Anfractuosity.
   ANFRACTUOS'ITY,  Anfrac'tus,  Gyrus,
from am, 'around,' and ftangere, fractum, 'to
break.'  A groove or furrow.  Used in anatomy
to signify sinuous depressions or sulci, of great-
er or less depth, like those which separate the
convolutions of  the  brain  from each other.
These
   Anfractuosities,  Cerebral, Anfrac'tus
Cerebri,  Gyri Cerebri,  Intestin'ula Cer'ebri,
(F.) Anfractuosites Cerebrales, axe always nar-
row, and deeper at the upper surface of the
brain than at its base;  and are lined  by a  pro-
longation of the pia mater.
   The  Ethmoid  Cells are,  sometimes, called
An fractuosites ethmoidales.
   ANFRACTUS,  Anfractuosity—a. Cerebri,
Anfractuosities (cerebral.)
   ANGECTASIA, Angiectasis.
   ANGEIAL, Vascular.
   ANGEIECTASIA, Angiectasis.
   ANGEIECTASIS, Angiectasis.
   ANGEIOG'RAPHY,  Angiography, Angci-
ograph'ia, fxom xyyiior, 'a vessel,' and y£*<ft;,
' a description.'   The anatomy of the vessels.
   A NGEIOHYDROG'RAPHY, Angiohydrog-
raphy,  Angeiondrog'raphy, Angeiohydrogra' -
phia, Hydrangiograph'ia, from  ctyyttov, 'a ves-
sel,' Wu>£, ' water,' and y^ttpw, ' I describe.'  A
treatise on the lymphatics.
   ANGEIOHYDROT'OMY,4w3-i-o/*y«?ro*Wz/,
Angeiondrot'omy, Angeiohydrotom!ia, Hydran-
gioiom'ia, from ayyuov, 'a vessel,' 'vdwq, 'wa-
ter,' and  Tfjitvsiv, 'to cut.'  Dissection of the
lymphatics.
   ANGEIOLEUCI'TIS, Angioleuci'tis, Lym-
phangei'tis, Lymphangi'tis, Lymphangioi'tis,
Hydrangei'tis, Lymphi'tis, Lymphiati'tis, In-
flamma'tio vaso'rum lymphatico'rum, from ay-
ynov, 'a vessel,' a.fu*oc, 'white,' and  itis, in-
flammation.  (F.) Inflammation des  vaisseavx
lymphatiques ou des tissus blancs.  Inflamma-
tion of the lymphatics : lymphatic or  scrofulous
inflammation.
   ANGEIOL'OGY, Angiol'ogy, Angeiolog'ia,
from ayyuov,' a vessel,' and \oyoc, 'adiscourse.' 
ANGEIOMALACIA            52                 ANGINA
A discourse on the vessels.  The anatomy of
the vessels.  It includes Arteriol'ogy, Phlebol'-
ogy, and AngeiohydroVogy.
  ANGEIOMALA'CIA, Angiomala'cia; from
uyyuov, 'a vessel,' and paXctxia,  'softening.'
Mollescence or softening of vessels.
  ANGEIOMYCES, Hsematodes fungus.
  ANGEION, Vessel.
  ANGEIONDROGRAPHY,Angeiohydrogra-
phy-
  ANGEIONDROTOMY, Angeiohydrotomy.
  ANGEIONOSUS, Angeiopathia.
  ANGEIONUSUS, Angeiopathia.
  ANGEIOP ATHP A, Angiopathi'a, Angeion'-
osus, Angeionu'sus, Angio'sis, from ayytiov, a
vessel,' and n*8oc, ' a disease.'   Disease of the
vessels*
  ANGEIOPLEROSIS, Plethora.
  ANGEIOPYRA, Synocha.
  ANGEIORRHAGIA, Haemorrhagia activa.
  ANGEIORRHffi'A, (F.) Angeiorrhee; from
ayytioi, 'a vessel,' and §ea>,  'I flow.'  Passive
hemorrhage.
  ANGEIOSIS, Angiosis.
  ANGEIOSTEGNOSIS, Angiemphraxis.
  ANGEIOSTENOSIS, Angiemphraxis.
  ANGEIOSTEO'SIS, Angiostd'sis, from  *y-
yrtov,  'a vessel,'  and  o<ntw<rtc,  'ossification.'
Ossification of vessels.
  ANGEIOSTROPHE, see Torsion.
  ANGEIOTELECTASIA, Telangiectasia.
  ANGEIOT'OMY, Angiot'omy, Angeiotom'ia,
from ayyeiov, 'a vessel,' and ifpiir, 'to cut.'
Dissection of the vessels.
  ANGEI'TIS, Angiitis, Angioi'tis,  Infiam-
ma'tio  vaso'rum,  (F.) Angeite.  Inflammation
of vessels  in general.
  ANGEL'ICA,  Angelica  Archangel'ica, A.
Hispa'na,  Garden Angelica, (F.)  Angelique,
Racine de Saint  Esprit.  So called from its
supposed angelic virtues.  Nat.  Ord. Umbelli-
ferae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.  Native
of Lapland. The roots, stalk, leaves, and seed
are aromatic and carminative.  A sweetmeat
is made of the root, which is agreeable.
  Angel'ica Atropurpu'rea, Angelica (Ph.
U.  S.), Masterwort.   An indigenous  species,
growing over  the  whole of the  United States,
and admitted into the secondary list of the Phar-
macopoeia of the United States.  Virtues, same
as those of the Angelica of Europe.
  Angel'ica Sylves'tris, A. sati'va, Wild An-
gel'ica, (F.) Angelique sauvage.  Possesses si-
milar properties to the last, but in an inferior
degree.  The  seeds, powdered and put into the
hair, are used  to destroy lice.
  Angelica Sylvestris, Ligusticum podagra-
ria—a. Tree, Aralia spinosa.
  ANGELI'N^E  CORTEX.  The  bark of  a
Grenada tree,  which has been recommended as
anthelmintic and cathartic.
  ANGkLIQUE, Angelica—a. Sauvage,  An-
gelica sylvestris.
  ANGELOC ACOS, Myrobalanus.
   ANGEMPHRAXIS, Angiemphraxis.
   ANGIDIECTASIA, Trichangiectasia.
   ANGIDIOSPONGUS, Hsmatodes fungus.
   ANGIEMPHRAXIS,  Angemphrax'is,  An-
geiosteno'sis, Angeiostegno'sis, from ayytiov,' a
vessel,' and t/uppa^ig, ' obstruction.'  Obstruc-
tion of vessels.
   ANGIECTASIA VENOSA,  Varix.
   ANGIECTASIS, Angeiecta'sia, Angecta' sia,
Angieurys'ma, from ayytiov, 'a  vessel,'  arid
«Ta*.f, 'dilatation.'  Any dilatation of vessels.
—Griife and Alibert.  Telangiectasia, (q. V.)
  ANGIEURYSMA, Angiectasis.
  ANGIITE, Inflammation, Angeitis.
  ANGIITIS, Angeitis.                  .
  ANGI'NA,  Febris  Angino'sa,  Isthmitis,
Quinsey or Sore Throat; from angere, ' to suf-
focate.'   Inflammation of the supra-diaphrag-
matic portion  of the alimentary canal, and of
the air passages.  The  Latin writers  applied
the term to every  disease in which deglutition
or respiration, separately or united, was effected,
provided that such  affection was above the sto-
mach and lungs.—Boerhaave speaks of  the an-
gina of the moribund, which is nothing more
than the dysphagia or difficult deglutition pre-
ceding death.  See Cynanche.
  Angina  Aphthosa,  Aphthae—a. Aquosa,
ffidema of the  glottis—a.  Bronchialis, Bron-
chitis—a.  Canina, Cynanche  trachealis—a.
Cordis, Angina pectoris—a. cum Tumore, Cy-
nanche  tonsillaris—a. Epidemica, Cynanche
maligna—a. Epiglottidea, Epiglottitis—a. Ery-
sipelatosa,  Erythranche — a.  Exudatoria,  Cy-
nanche trachealis—a. Externa, Cynanche paro-
tides—a. Faucium, Isthmitis—a. Faucium Ma-
ligna, Cynanche maligna—a. Gangrenosa, Cy-
nanche  maligna— a. Humida, Cynanche  tra-
chealis—a. Inflammatoria, Cynanche, Cynanche
trachealis—a. Laryngea, Laryngitis—a. Laryn-
gea QEdematosa, OEdema of the glottis—a. Lin-
guaria, Glossitis—a. Maligna, Angina pellicu-
laris, Cynanche maligna, Pharyngitis, diphthe-
ritic—a. Maxillaris,  Cynanche parotidaea— a.
Membranacea, Cynanche trachealis—a. Mitis,
Isthmitis.
  Angi'na Nasa'lis, Nasi'tis posti'ca.  An in-
flammation of the posterior portion of the Schnei-
derian membrane lining the nose. Also, Coryza,
(q. v.)
  Angi'na OEdemato'sa, (F.) Angine  cedema-
teuse, (Edeme de  la  Glotte.  An  cedematous
swelling of the  glottis;  the  effect of  chronic
cynanche laryngea. See CEdema of the  Glottis.
  Angina  Palatina, Hyperoitis—a. Paralyti-
ca, Pharyngoplegia—a. Parotidaea  Externa, Cy-
nanche parotidaea.
  Angi'na Pec'toris, A. cordis,  Sternal gia,
Asthma spas'tico-arthrit'icum incon'stans, Asth-
ma diaphragmat'icum, Arthritis  diaphragma-
tica, Orthopna'a cardi'aca, Sternodyn'ia syn-
cop'tica et palpitans,  S. syncopa'lis, Cardiog'-
mus cordis sinis'tri, Astheni'a pectora'lis ,Angor
pec'toris,  Stenocar'dia, Diaphragmat'ic gout,
Asthma convulsi'vum,Asthma arthrit'icum,Car-
dioneuralgia,  Neuralgia  brachiothorac"ica,
Hyperesthesia  plexus  cardi'aci,  A. dolorif-
icum, Syn'cope angino'sa seu angens, Cardiod'-
yne spasmod'ica  intermit'tens,  Pnigopho'bia,
Prunella, S7ispir'ium cardi'acum, Pneumonal-
gia, Suff'ocative Breast-pang, (F.) Angine de
Poitrine, Nevrose du Caur.  A  disease, the
precise pathology  of which is not known.  The
principal symptoms are, violent pain about the
sternum, extending towards the arms;  anxiety,
dyspnoea, and sense of suffocation.  It  is an af-
fection of  great danger, and is often connected
 with ossification,  or  other morbid affection of
 the heart.  It appears to  be neuropathic, and
 has been termed Neuralgia of the Heart.  Some,
 however, employ  this last term for an acutely
 painful  intermittent  affection  of the  heart 
ANGINE GUTTURALE
53
ANGLE
which seems  to  differ  from  angina  pectoris
more in regard to the small number  of parts
which are drawn into morbid consent with the
affected cardiac nerves, than in regard either to
its nature  or appropriate treatment.  The most
powerful stimulating and narcotic antispasmo-
dics are required during the paroxysm.
  Angi'na PEL.i,icvL,A.'B.is,A.malig'na,Diphthe-
ri'tis (q. v.) of the  throat.  A name given to
those inflammations about the throat, in which
exudations or false membranes are thrown out,
during the phlogosis of the mucous membranes.
Aphtha,  Tracheitis, when accompanied with
the membraniform  exudation, are, with some,
examples  of diphtheritic inflammation.
  Angina Perniciosa, Cynanche trachealis—
a. Pestilentialis,  Pharyngitis, diphtheritic—a.
Polyposa, Cynanche trachealis—a.  Polyposa
seu  membranacea,  Cynanche  trachealis—a.
Pseudo-membranosa, Pharyngitis, diphtheritic
—a. Pulposa,  Cynanche trachealis—a.  Sangui-
nea, Cynanche tonsillaris.
  Angina Sicca, (F.) Angine seche, is a chro-
nic inflammation of the pharynx, with a dis-
tressing sense of dryness  and heat,  in  chronic
diseases of the stomach and lungs.   See Pae-
danchone.
  Angina Simplex, Isthmitis.
  Angina Squirro'sa,(F.) Angine squirreuse,
consists in difficulty of deglutition, caused  by
scirrhous  disorganization  of  the pharynx  or
oesophagus, or by enlarged tonsils.
  Angina Strangulatoria, Cynanche trache-
alis—a.  Strepitosa, Cynanche  trachealis—a.
Suffbcatoria,  Cynanche  trachealis—a.  Syno-
chalis,  Cynanche tonsillaris—a. Thyreoidea,
Thyreoitis—a. Tonsillaris, Cynanche tonsillaris
—a. Trachealis, Cynanche trachealis—a. Ulce-
rosa, Cynanche maligna—a. Uvularis,  Staphy-
loedema,  Uvulitis—a. Vera et Legitima, Cy-
nanche tonsillaris.
  ANGINE  GUTTURALE, Cynanche ton-
sillaris—a. Laryngee, Laryngitis—a. Laryngee
et tr ache ale, Cynanche trachealis—a. Laryngee
ademateuse, CEdema of the glottis—a. QZsopha-
gienne, Oesophagitis—a. Pharyngee, Cynanche
parotidaea—a. de Poitrine, Angina pectoris—a.
Seche, Angina sicca—a. Simple, Isthmitis—a.
Squirreuse, Angina  Squirrosa—a. Tonsillaire,
Cynanche tonsillaris.
  ANGINEUX, Anginosa.
  ANGINO'SA, (F.) Angineux.  That which
is accompanied with angina; as Scarlatina an-
gino'sa.
  ANGIOCARDI'TIS, from ayyuov, 'a vessel,'
and carditis, ' inflammation of the heart.'  In-
flammation of the heart and great vessels.
  ANGIOGRAPHY, Angiography.
  ANGIOHEMIE, Hyperemia.
  ANGIOHYDROGRAPHY,Angeiohydrogra-
phy.
  ANGIOHYDROTOMY, Angeiohydrotomy.
  ANGIOITIS, Angeitis.
  ANGIOLEUCITlS, Angeioleucitis.
  ANGIOLOGY, Angeiology.
  ANGIOMALACIA, Angeiomalacia.
  ANGIOMYCES, Haematodes fungus.
  ANGIONOSUS, Angeiopathia.
  ANGIONUSUS, Angeiopathia.
  ANGIOPATHIA, Angeiopathia.
  ANfUOPLEROSIS, Plethora.
  ANGIOPYRA, Synocha.
  ANGIO'SIS, from ayytiov, 'a vessel.' An-
geio'sis, Angeiopathia, (q. v.)  Under this term
Alibert includes every disease of the blood ves-
sels.
  ANGIOSTEGNOSIS, Angiemphraxis.
  ANGIOSTENOSIS, Angiemphraxis.
  ANGIOSTOSIS, Angeiostosis.
  ANGIOSTROPHE, See Torsion.
  ANGIOTELECTASIA, Telangiectasia.
  AXGIOTEN'IC,  Angeioten'ic, Angioten'i-
cus seu Angeioten'icus, from  etyyuov, 'a ves-
sel,' and Tfivtiv, 'to extend.'  An epithet given
to inflammatory  fever, owing to  its action
seeming to be chiefly exerted  on  the vascular
system.
  ANGIOTOMY, Angeiotomy.
  ANGLE, An'gulus, from nyxvXoc, 'a hook.'
The s^pace between two  lines which meet in a
point.
  Angle, Fa'cial, pointed  out by Camper, is
formed by the union of two lines, one of which
is drawn from the most prominent part of the
forehead to the alveolar edge of the upper jaw,
opposite the incisor teeth, and the other from
the meatus  auditorius externus to the same
point of the jaw. According to the size of the an-
gle it has been attempted to appreciate the respec-
tive proportions of the cranium and face, and, to
a certain extent,  the  degree of intelligence of
individuals and of animals.  In the white  va-
rieties of the species, this  angle  is generally
80°; in the negro not  more than 70°, and some-
times only 65°.  As  we descend  the  scale of
animals, the angle becomes less and less;  un-
til, in fishes,  it nearly or entirely disappears.
Animals which have the snout  long, and facial
angle small,  such as  the  snipe, crane, stork,
&c, are proverbially  foolish, at least they are
so esteemed;  whilst intelligence is ascribed to
those  in which the angle is more largely deve-
loped, as the  elephant and the  owl.  In these
last animals, however, the large facial angle is
caused by the size of the frontal  sinuses:—so
that this mode of appreciating the size of the
brain is very inexact,  and cannot be depended
upon.
  The following is a table of the angle in man
and certain animals:
Man
Sapajou
Orang-Utang
Guenon
Mandrill
Coati -
Pole-cat
Pug-dog  -
Mastiff -
Hare  -
Ram
Horse
FACIAL ANGLES.
                               from 65° to F">°
                                        Go
                                    56 to 5-1
                  .....       57
                                    30 to 4-2
                  .....       2S
                                        31
                  .....       35
                                        41
                  .....       3(1
                                        30
                                        23
  Angle, Occipital, of Daubenton, is formed
by a line drawn from  the  posterior margin of
the foramen magnum to the inferior margin of
the orbit, and another drawn from the top of
the head to the space between  the occipital
condyles. In man, these condyles, as well as the
foramen  magnum, are  so  situate,  that a line
drawn perpendicular to them would be a con-
tinuation of the spine;  but in animals they are
placed more or less obliquely; and  the perpen-
dicular is necessarily thrown farther forward,
and the angle rendered more  acute.
  Angle, Optic, (F.) Angle  opt> que, is the
angle formed by  two  lines, which shave the
extremities of an object, and meet at the centre
of the pupil. 
ANGOISSE
54
ANIMAL
 The
, and
  ANGOISSE, Angor.
  ANGOLAM.   A  very tall  Malabar tree,
which possesses vermifuge properties.      ^
  AN'GONE, Prafoca'tio Fau'cium sou Uteri -
na seu Matri'cis, Strangula'tio uterlna, Suffo-
ca'tio uterlna seu hyster'ica, Globus hysteri-
cus, Orthopnea hysterica, Dysphagia globo-
sa, D. hyster'ica, Nervous Quinsey.  A ieeling
of strangulation, with dread of suffocation,  it
is common in hysterical females, and is accom-
panied with a sensation as if a ball arose from
the abdomen to the throat.
   ANGOR, Anguish, (F.) Angoisse. Extreme
anxiety, accompanied with painful  constriction
at the epigastrium, and often with palpitation
and oppression.   It is frequently an unfavoura-
ble symptom.
   Angor, Agony, Orthopncea—a.  Faucium,
Isthmitis—a. Pectoris, Angina pectoris.
   ANGOS, Bubo, Uterus, Vessel.
   ANGOURION, Cucumis sativus.
   ANGUIS,  Serpent.
   ANGUISH, Angor.
   Anguish,  Febrile, Angor  Febri'hs.
 combination  of weariness, pain, anxiety
 weakness  affecting the head and neck,  which
 is so generally  observed at the commencement
 of fever.
   ANGULAIRE DE LOMOPLATE,  Le-
 vator scapulae.
   ANGULAR,  Angula'ris,  from  angnlus,
 ' an angle,' (F.) Angulaire.  That  which re-
 lates to an angle.
   Angular  Artery and Vein.  A name given,
 1. to the termination of the facial artery and
 vein, because they pass by the greater angle of
 the eye;  and, 2. to  the facial artery and vein
 themselves, because they pass under the angle
 of the jaw.  See Facial.
   Angular  Nerve  is a filament furnished by
 the inferior  maxillary, which passes near the
  greater angle of the  eye.
    Angular  Processes of the frontal bone are
  *eated  near the angles of the eyes.  See Orbitar.
    ANGULARIS, Levator scapulae.
    ANGULI-SCAPULO-HUMkRAL, Teres
  major.
    ANGULUS OCULARIS, Canthus.
    ANGURIA, Cucurbita citrullus.
    ANGUSTATIO,   Arctatio—a.  Cordis, Sys-
  tole—a. Intestini recti vel ani, Stricture of the
  rectum.
    ANGUS'TIA, Angusta'tio,   Stenochd ria.
  Anxiety, narrowness, strait, constriction.
    Angustia Abdominalis, Pelvis, (Brim)—a.
  Perinsralis, Pelvis (Outlet.)
    ANGUSTURA, Cusparia febrifuga—a. Spu-
  ria, Brucea antidysenterica.
    ANGUSTUItE,  FAUSSE,  Brucea antidy-
  senterica—a. Ferrugineu.se. Brucea anti-dysen-
  terica—a. Vraie, Cusparia febrifuga.
    ANH.EMATOSIA, Asphyxia, Anremia.
    ANHjEMIA, Anaemia.
    ANHAPHIA, Anaphia.
    ANHELA'TIO, from anhelo, ' I pant.'  An-
  hel'itus,  Aas'mus,  Panting,  Anhelation, (F.)
  Essouflement.   Short and rapid breathing. See
  Dyspnoea.
    Anhelatio is sometimes employed  synony-
  mously with asthma.
    ANHELITUS, Breath.
    ANHIS'TOUS,  from a, av, privative, and
  'icttoc, ' organic texture,' ' anorganic.' Amor-
phus.  The tunica decidua uteri is termed by
Velpeau the anhistous membrane.
  ANHUIBA, Laurus sassafras.
  ANICE'TON, Anice'tum, Mesia'mum, from
a, privative, and vty.r„' victory,'' invincible.'  A
plaster much extolled by the ancients in cases
of achores.  It was formed of litharge, cerusse,
thus, alum, turpentine, white pepper, and oiL
  ANI'DEUS, from  av, privative,  and ekJoc,
'shape.' Amorphus. A monster devoid of shape.
—J. G. St. Hilaire.
  ANIDRO'SIS, from a, privative,  and 'iSpvn,
'sweat.' Sudo'ris md'litas vel priva'tio.  Ab-
sence of sweat.  Deficiency of perspiration.—
Hippocrates.
  ANILEMA, Borborygmus, Tormina.
  ANILESIS, Borborygmus, Tormina.
  ANILITAS, see  Dementia.
  ANTMA, An'imus,  Mens, Psyche.   The
mind,  breath, &c,  from art/**',  'wind  or
breath.' (F.)  Jme.  The principle  of the in-
tellectual and moral manifestations.   Also, the
principle  of  life:—the life  of plants  being
termed An'ima vegetati'va,(E' .)Ame vegetative;
that of man, An'ima  sensiti'va, (F.) Ame sen-
sitive.
  The Anima of Stahl, An'ima Stahlia'na, was
a fancied intelligent  principle, which he sup-
posed to preside over the phenomena of life,—
like the Archaeus of Van Helmont.
   Under  the  term Anima mundi, the ancient
philosophers  meant a universal Spirit, which
 they supposed spread over every part of the
 universe.
   The precise seat of the mind in  the brain has
 given rise to many speculations.   The point ii
 unsettled.
   With the ancient chemists, Anima meant the
 active principle of a drug  separated by some
 chemical management.
   Anima Aloes : see Aloes—a. Articulorum,
 Hermodactylus—a. Hepatis, Ferri sulphas—a.
 Pulmonum, Crocus—a. Rhei, Infusum rhei—a.
 Stahl iana, see Anima.
   ANIMAL, Zo'dn, Com-.  A  name given  to
 every animated  being.  The greater part  of
 animals have the power  of  locomotion; some
 can merely execute partial movements, such as
 contraction and  dilatation.  In other respecfa
 it is often a  matter  of difficulty  to determine
 what is an animal characteristic.  The study of
 animals is  called Zoology.
   An'imal, (adjective,) Anima.'lis.  That which
  concerns, or belongs to, an animal.
   Animal Heat, Color anima'lis, C. nati'vu*.
  Cal'idum anima'le, C. inna'tum, Biolych'nion.
  Flam'mula vita'lis,  Therma  em'phytnm, Ther-
  mum em'phytum, Ignis anima'lis seu natura-
  lis seu  vita'lis,  (F.) Chaleur  animate, is thp
  caloric constantly  formed  by the body of ;i
  living animal, by virtue of which  it pro-serve.-'
  nearly the same temperature, whatever maybe
  that of the medium in  which it is placed. This
  formation  seems to take place  over the whole
  of  the body, and to be connected with the  ac-
  tion of nutrition.
    The following are the natural temperatures ol
  certain animals; that of man being  98° or 100°.
       Animals.
  Arctic Fnx.......................
  A rc t i c Wo 1 f,............................" \ V
  Pqnirrel...............................'•'•'■ \
  Hare.........................           -t
  Whale..........................'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 5
  Arctomye citillus, mi/—in summer,.........
Temperaturr*
___   107
105
104
103 
ANIMALCULA
55
ANKYLODONTIA
■1
• I
. )■ 100 to 103
• I
•J
     Animals.                     Temperature.
       Do.       when torpid.............  SO to 84
Goat,......................................   103
Bat, in summer,..........................)   ,„„
Musk,...................................j   102
Marmuta bobac,—Bobac,....................101 or 102
House mouse,............................   101
Arctomys munnota, marmot,—in summer,... 101 or 102
       Do.         when torpid,..........   43
Rabbit.....................................100 to 104
I'olar Bear,...............................   ]0U
Dog.................................
Cat................................
Swine,............................
Sheep,............................,
Ox,...............................
Guinea-pig,...............................', ]00 to 102
Arctomys tlis,.............................    99
Shrew,....".................................    og
Y oung wolf,...............................    90
Fringilla arnica, Arctic finch,.............7   ...
Eubecola, redbreast........................3
Fringilla linaria, lesser red poll,.............110 or 111
Falco palumbaiius,goshawk,..............»
Caprimulgus  Europjeus, European  goat- V   100
 sucker,.................................)
Bmberiza nivalis, snow-bunting,.............109 to 110
Falco lanarius, tanner...................."|
Fringilla carduelis, goldfinch,..............I
Corvus  curax, raven,......................J-
Turdus, thrush, (of Ceylon )..............|
Tetrao perdrix, partridge..................J
Anas clypeata, shovcler,..................)
Tringa  pugnax, ruffe......................  1
Scolopa.v limosa, lesser godwit,.............|
Tetrao tetrix,grouse,....................1
Fringill.i biumalis, winterfinch,............f
Loxia pyrrhula,- •......................I
Falco nisus, sparrowhawk,................
Vultur  bHrbatus,.........................J
Anser pulchricollis,......................\
Oolymbos auritus,  dusky grebe..............f
Tringa  vanellus, lapwing, (wounded,)___ (
Telrao lagopus, ptarmigan,................)
Fringilla domeslica, house sparrow,...........107 to 111
Arix passenna, little owl..................")
Heematopus ostrnlegus, sea-pie,...........j
Anas penelope, widgeon,..................j-
Anas strepera.g-aduiaZ/,...................|
1'elecanus carbo,.........................J
Falco ossifragus, sea-eagle,................\
Fulica atra, coot,........................\
Anas acuta, pintail-duck,...........•.....)
Falco milvus, kite,  (wounded,)............j
Merops apiaster, bee-eater,................j
Goose,............................
Hen...............................
Dove,.............................
Duck,...........................
Ardea stellaris,....................
Falco albicollis,...................
Picus major,.....................
Coasus  ligniperda,.........................  89 to 91
Shark......................................    83
Torpedo niarmorata........................    74

   Animal Kingdom, (F.) Regne Animal, com-
prises  all animated beings.
   Animal Magnetism, see Magnetism, animal.
   ANIMALCULA  SEMINALIA,  Sperma-
tozoa—a. Spermatica, Spermatozoa.
   ANIMAL'CULE,  Animalculum;  diminu-
tive of animal.   A small animal.  An animal
well seen only by means of the microscope.
   ANIMAL'CULIST, An'imalist.  One  who
attempts to  explain different physiological or
pathological  phenomena by  means of  animal-
cules.
   ANIMALCULUM, Animalcule.
   ANIMALIST, Animalculist.
   ANIM AL'IT Y, Animal'itas.  Qualities which
distinguish that which is animated.  That which
constitutes the animal.
   ANIMALIZA'TION,  Animalisa'tio.   The
transformation of the nutritive parts  of  food
into the living  substance of the  body to be
nourished.
   To  AN'IMATE, Anima'H.   To  unite  the
109
108
107
106
105
104
103 to 107
103
living principle with an organized body.   The
French use it in the sense of,—to excite or ren-
der active; as, animer un visicatoire: to excite
a blister to suppurate. „
  ANIMATIO FCETUS, see Quickening.
  ANIMA'TION,  Zoo'sis,  Anima'tio,  from
anima, ' the soul or mind.'  The act  of ani-
mating.   The state of being enlivened.
  Animation, Suspended, Asphyxia.
  AN'IME,  Gum an'ime, Amina'a, Can'camy,
Gummi an'ime, Can'camum.  A  resin obtained
from the trunk of Hymena'a cour'baril.  It has
been given as a cephalic and uterine.  It is not
used.  The plant is also called Cour'baril.
  ANIME,  (F.) An  epithet applied to the
countenance, when florid, in health or disease.
  ANIMELLiE, Parotid.
  ANIMI CASUS  SUBITUS,  Syncope—a.
Deliquium, Syncope—a. Pathemata, Passions.
  AN'IMIST,  from an'ima, 'the  soul.'   One
who, following the example  of Stahl, refers all
the phenomena of the animal  economy to the
soul.
  The soul, according to Stahl, is  the immediate
and  intelligent agent of every movement, and
of every material change in the body.   Stahl
therefore  concluded, that disease was nothing
more than a disturbance or disorder in the go-
vernment of the economy, or an effort by which
the soul, attentive to every morbific cause, en-
deavoured to expel whatever might be derang-
ing the habitual order of health.
  ANIMUS, Anima, Breath.
  ANIS, Pimpinella anisum—a. Aigre, Cumi-
num Cyminum—a. de la Chine, Illicium anisa-
tum—a.  Doux, Anethum—a. ktoile, Illicium
anisatum.
  ANISA'TUM, from Anisum, 'Anise.'  A sort
of medicated wine, formerly prepared with ho-
ney, wine of Ascaion, and aniseed.
  ANISCALPTOR, Latissimus  dorsi.
  ANISE, Pimpinella anisum—a.  Star, Illici-
um anisatum, I. Floridanum—a.  Tree, Florida,
Illicium  Floridanum—a.  Tree,  yellow-flow-
ered, Illicium anisatum.
  ANISEED, see Pimpinella anisum.
  ANISI SEMINA, see Pimpinella anisum.
  ANISOS'THENES,  Inaqua'li rob'ore pol-
lens. That which is unequal in strength: from
a, priv., to-og, ' equal,' and  n^irog, ' strength.'
An epithet applied particularly to the  muscu-
lar contractility, which,  in  the  sick, is some-
times augmented in certain muscles only,—in
the flexors, for example.
  ANISOT'ACHYS,froma,priv.,ktoc, 'equal,-
and ra/fc, 'quick.'  An epithet  for the pulse,
when quick and unequal.—Gorraeus.
  ANISUM, Pimpinella anisum—a. Africanuni
frutescens, Bubon  Galbanum—a.  Fruticosun;
galbaniferum, Bubon galbanum—a. Sinense, Il-
licium anisatum—a.  Stellatum,  Illicium ani-
satum.
  ANKLE, Astragalus, Malleolus.
  ANKUS, Ancus.
  ANKYLOBLEPH'ARO~N,Ancylobleph'aron,
Palpebrarum coalitus, from uyy.vXi], ' contrac-
tion,'and ^At^apov, 'eyelid.'   A preternatural
union between the free edges of the eyelids.
Likewise called Symbleph'aron, Symblepharo'-
sis, and Pros'physis.
  Also, union between the eyelids and globe of
the eye.—Aetius.
  ANKYLODON'TIAjfromayxi'Xo;, 'crooked,' 
             ANKYLOGLOSSIA            56

 and cj'cus, 'a tooth.'  An irregular position of
 the teeth in the jaws.
   ANKYLOGLOS'SIA, Aneyloglos'sia, Con-
 cre'tio  lingual,  from  ayxvXog,  'crooked,'  or
 'contracted,' and  yXuxre-a, 'the tongue.'  Im-
 peded motion  of the tongue in consequence of
 adhesion between  its margins and the gums; or
 in consequence of  the shortness of the fraenum :
 the  latter affection constituting  Tongue-tie,
 Olopho'uia linguae frcena'ta.  It merely  re-
 quires the fraenum  to be divided with a pair of
 scissors.
   ANKYLOGLOSSOT'OMUM, from ankylo-
 glossia, ' tongue-tie,' andro^, ' incision.'  An
 instrument used in the operation for tongue-tie.
   ANKYLOME'LE, Ancylome'le, from ayxu-
 Xoc, ' crooked,' and ur^rj, 'a probe.' A curved
 probe.—Galen.
   ANKYLOMERIS'MUS,  Ancylomeris'mus,
 from  *yx.vXri,  'a   contraction,' and ftiqog,  'a
 part.'   Morbid adhesion between parts.
   ANKYLOPS, ^gilops.
   ANKYLO'SIS, Ancylo'sis, Anchylo'sis, An'-
 cyle, Stiff Joint, from ayxuhog, ' crooked.' An
 affection,  in which there is  great difficulty or
 even impossibility of moving a diarthrodial  ar-
 ticulation.  It is  so called, because the limb
 commonly remains  in  a  constant  state  of
 flexion.  Anchylosis is  said to be complete or
 true, when there  is an  intimate adhesion be-
 tween the synovial surfaces  with union of the
 articular extremities of the bones.   In the in-
 complete or false anchylosis, there is  obscure
 motion, but the fibrous parts around the joint
 are more  or less stiff and thickened.   In the
 treatment of this last  state, the joint must  be
 gently and gradually  exercised;'and oily, re-
 laxing applications be assiduously employed.
  Ankylosis  Spuria, Rigiditas articulorum.
  ANKYLOT'OMUS, Ancylot'omus, from ay-
xvXog, 'crooked,' and rtuveiv,  'to  cut.'  Any
kind of curved knife.—Paulus.  An instrument
for dividing the fraenum lingua?.—Scultetus.
  ANNEAU, Ring— a.  Crural, Crural canal
 —a. Diaphragmatique,  Diaphragmatic ring—
 a. Femoral, Crural canal—a. Inguinal, Ingui-
 nal ring—a. Ombilical, Umbilical ring.
  ANNEXE, Accessory, Appendix.
  ANNI CRITICI, Climacterici (anni)—a.De-
 cretorii, Climacterici  (anni)—a. Fatales, Cli-
macterici  (anni)—a.  Genethliaci, Climacterici
 (anni)—a.  Gradarii,  Climacterici  (anni)—a.
Hebdomadici, Climacterici (anni)—a.  Heroici
 Climacterici (anni)—a. Natalitii, Climacterici
 (anni) — a. Scalares, Climacterici  (anni)—a.
 Scansiles, Climacterici (anni.)
  ANNOTA'TIO,  Episma'sia.   Under this
 term some have included the preludes to an  at-
tack of intermittent fever—as yawning, stretch-
 ing, somnolency, chilliness, &c.
  ANNOTTO, see Terra Orleana.
  ANNUAL  DISEASES, Morbi  an'nui, M.
 anniversa'rii, (F.) Maladies annuelles. A name
 given, by  some, to  diseases which recur every
 year about the same period.   Febris  annua
 (F.) Fievre annuelle, is a term used for a fan-
 cied intermittent of this type.
  ANNUENS, Rectus capitis internus minor
   ANNUIT"IO, Nodding, from ad, ' to,' and
 nutus, ' a nod.'  A gesture denoting assent in
 most countries.  Also, the state of somnolency,
 when the individual is in the erect or sitting
 posture, with the  head  unsupported, in which
ANNULUS
 the power of volition over the extensor muscles
 of the head is lost, and the head drops forward.
   AN'NULAR, Annula'ris, Cricoi'des, (annus,
 'a circle.')  Any thing  relating to a ring, or
 which has the shape or fulfils the functions of
 a ring; from annulus, 'a ring,' itself.
   Annular  Finger, Ring Finger, Dig'itus
 annula'ris, Param'esos.  The fourth finger, so
 called from the wedding-ring being worn thereon.
   Annular Ganglion, see Ciliary ligament.
   Annular  Lig'ament,  Transverse ligament,
 Cru'cial ligament.  A strong ligamentous band
 which arches across the area of the ring of the
 atlas, from a rough tubercle upon the inner sur-
 face of one articular process, to a similar tuber-
 cle on the other.  It serves to retain the odon-
 toid process of the axis in connexion with the
 anterior arch of the atlas.
   An'nular Lig'ament of the Ra'dius, is a
 very strong  fibro-cartilaginous  band,  which
 forms, with  the lesser sigmoid  cavity  of  the
 cubitus,  a kind of ring in which  the head of
 the radius turns with facility.
   An'nular  Lig'aments of the Carpus, Ar-
 millce manus membrano'ste, are two in number.
   The one, anterior, is a broad, fibrous, quadrila-
 teral band, extending transversely before  the
 carpus, and forming  the  gutter, made by  the
 wrist, into a canal.  It is attached, externally,
 to the trapezium and scaphoides; and internally
 to the os pisiforme and process of the unciforme.
 It keeps the tendons of the flexor muscles, me-
 dian nerve, &c, applied  against the carpus.
   The posterior ligament is situate transversely
 behind the joint of the hand, and covers the
 sheaths of the tendons, which  pass  to the back
 of the hand.  Its fibres are white and shining,
 and are attached, externally, to the inferior and
 outer part of the radius; internally, to the ulna
 and os pisiforme.
 _  An'nular Lig'aments of the Tarsus are two
 in number.  The anterior is quadrilateral, and
 extends transversely above the instep.   It is
 attached to the superior  depression of the os
 calcis, and to  the  malleolus internus.  It em-
 braces the tendons of the  extensor  muscles of
 the toes, the tibialis anticus, and peroneus ami-
 cus.  The internal is broader than the .last.  It
 descends  from the malleolus  internus to the
 posterior  and  inner  part of the os calcis, with
 which it  forms  a  kind of canal, enclosing the
 sheaths of the tendons of the tibialis posticus
flexor longus digitorum pedis, and F. longus
 polhcis pedis, as well as the plantar vessels and
 nerves.
   Annular Vein,  Vena annula'ris,  is situate
 between the annular finger and the little finger.
 Aetius recommends it to be opened in diseases
 of the spleen.
   ANNULARIS, Cricoid: see Digitus-a. Ani,
 sphincter am.
   ANNULI CARTILAGINEI, see Trachea-
 a. Cartilagmosi Trachea?,  see Trachea
   annuli.tendino-phalTngiens,
 Lumbricales manus.
 Tn^nTLUS'DaCAS!]S'Vulva-a-Abdominis,
 a  gr.iilrng~r rlbldu^see Ciliar7(oody)-
 a.  Cellulosus,  Ciliary ligament-a.  Ciliaris,

 fossT7,  Srmerra-F°SSffi °Valis:  s*e  Ovalis
 fossa-a.  Gangliformis,  see  Ciliary (body)-
 UmbS'     PeS Clr,crlnatus-a. Umbilica is,
 Umbihca  ring-a.  Ventriculi,  Pyforus-a
 Vieussenn, see Ovalis fossa.        y 
ANO                   57             ANTAGONISM
  ANO, nvw.  A prefix denoting ' above, up.'
  ANOCHI'LUS, from avu>,' above,' and/E(A.o?,
' lip.'  The  upper lip.  Also, one who has a
large upper lip.
  ANOCffiLIA, Stomach.
  ANO'DIA, from av, priv.  and wStj, 'song.'
An unconnected or dissonant mode of speech.
  ANODIN, Anodyne.
  ANODINTA, from a, av, privative, and adiv,
' a labour pain.'   Absence of labour pains.
  ANOD'MIA, Anosmia.
  ANODUS, Edentulus.
  AN'ODYNE, Anod'ynus, Antod'ynus, Antid'-
ynous  (improperly,)' Paregor'icus,  Anet'icus,
AntaVgicus, Acesod'ynes, (F.) Anodin ou Ano-
dyn, from a, av, privative, and o^wrj, 'pain.'
Anodynes are those  medicines  which relieve
pain, or cause it to cease; as opium, belladonna,
&c.  They act  by blunting  the sensibility of
the  brain, so that it does not appreciate  the
morbid sensation.
   ANODYNTA, Indolen'tia.  Cessation or ab-
sence of pain.  Vogel has given this name to a
genus of diseases, characterized  by a cessation
of pain, and the  exasperation of other symp-
toms; as we see in gangrene.
   ANODYNUM MINERALE, Potassse nitras
sulphatis paucillo  mixtus.
   ANGS'A, from a,privative, and voig, 'mind.'
Delirium, imbecility.  See Dementia and Idiot-
ism.
   ANOMAL, Anomalous.
   ANOMALES, Anomalous.
   ANOMA'LIA, from av, privative,and tuaXos,
'regular.'   Abnor'mitas, Alienatio.  Anomaly,
 irregularity.   In  Pathology, anomaly means
 something unusual in the symptoms proper to
 a disease.
   Anomalia Nervorum, Nervous diathesis.
   ANOMALOTROPHIES, from   av priva-
 tive, ouaXog,  'regular,' and tod<?>;,  'nourish-
 ment.'  A  class of diseases, which  consist in
 modifications in the nutrition of organs.—Gen-
 drin.
   ANOM'ALOUS, Anom'alns, Anom'ales; the
 same etymon.  Irregular; contrary to rule. (F.)
 Anomal.   In Medicine, a disease is  called ano-
 malous, in whose symptoms or progress there
 is something unusual. Affections are also called
 anomalous, which cannot be referred to  any
 known species.
   ANOMALUS,  Irregular.
   ANOMMATUS, Anophthalmus.
   ANOMOCEPH'ALUS, from a priv., vopoc,
 ' rule,' and *£<pax>/, ' head.'   One whose head is
 deformed.—Geoffroi Saint-Hilaire.
   ANOM'PHALUS, from av, priv.,and o^epaxo?,
 'the navel.'  One devoid of navel.   Many wri-
 ters have endeavoured to show that Adam and
 Eve must have been atto^nXoi, as they could
 not have had umbilical vessels.
   ANO'NA TRIPET'ALA.  A tree of the fa-
 mily  Anoneae or Anonaceae; Sex. Syst. Poly-
 andria polygynia, from fifteen  to  twenty feet
 high, native of South America, which bears a
 delicious fruit called Chirimoya. Both the fruit
 and flowers emit  a fine fragrance, which, when
 the tree is covered with blossom, is almost
 overpowering.—Tschudi.
    ANONIS, Ononis.
    ANONYME, Innominatum.
    ANON'YMOUS, Anon'ymus, Innomina'tus,
(F.) Anonyme, from av privative, and ovopa,
'name.'  That which has no name.
  The word has been applied to many parts of
the body:—to the Anonymous bone or Os inno-
minatum :—the Anonymous foramen or Fora-
men innominatum, &c
  ANOPHRESIA, Anosmia.
  ANOPHTHAL'MUS, Anom'matus, from av
privative, and ocpdaXfiog, 'an eye.' A monster
devoid of eyes.
  ANOPSIA, from av priv., and orfr, ' the eye.'
A case of monstrosity in  which  the  eye and
orbit are wanting.
  ANOPTICONERVIE, Amaurosis.
  ANOR'CHIDES, from  av priv., and ooXtg,
'a testicle.'  They who are without testicles.
—Fortunatus  Fidelis.
  ANOREX'IA, from av priv., and oqt^ig, ' ap-
petite.'   Inappeten'tia,  Limo'sis  expers, (F.)
Perte d'appetit.   Absence of appetite, without
loathing.   Anorexia or want of appetite  is
symptomatic of most diseases.  Also, Indiges-
tion, Dyspepsia (q. v.)
   Anorexia Exhausto'rum, Frigidity of the
stomach—a. Mirabilis, Fasting.
   ANORGANIC, see Anhistous, and Inorganic.
   ANORMAL, Abnormous.
   ANOS'IA, from a priv., and vooog,' disease.'
Health.  Freedom from disease.
   ANOS'MIA,  from a  privative, and  oa/^tj,
' odour.'  Loss of  smell.   Diminution of the
sense of  smell.   Called,  also,  Anosphre'sia,
Anosphra'sia, Anophre'sia, Paros'mia, Anod'-
mia,  Anosmo'sia, 01/ actus amis'sio, O. defic"-
iens,  Dysasthe'sia  olfacto!ria, Anasthe'sia ol-
facto'ria,  Odora'tus deper'ditus, (F.) Perte de
I'Odorat.
   ANOSMOSIA, Anosmia.
   ANOSPHRASIA, Anosmia.
   ANOSPHRESIA, Anosmia.
   ANSE (F.,) Ansa (L.,) signifies, properly, the
handle of certain vessels,  usually of an arched
form.  By analogy, it  has been applied to that
which is curved in the form of such handle.
Thus, the  French speak of Anse  intestinale to
signify a  portion of intestine, supported  by its
mesentery, and describing a curved line:—also.
of Anse nerreuse, Anse anastomotique, &c.
   Anse de fil is used, in Surgery,  to designate a
 thread, curved in the form of an Anse.
   ANSERINA, Potentilla anserina.
   ANSERINE, Chenopodium ambrosioides—
 a. Anthelmintique, Chenopodium anthelminti-
 cum—a. Bon Henri, Chenopodium Bonus Hen-
 ricus—a. Botrys,  Chenopodium Botrys—a.
 Fe'tide, Chenopodium  vulvaria—a. Vermifuge,
 Chenopodium anthelminticum.
   ANT AC"IDS, Anti-acids, Antiac"ida, Inver-
 ten'tia, from anti, ' against,' and acida, '  acids.'
 Remedies which  obviate acidity in the stomach.
 They are chemical agents, and act by neutral-
 izing the acid.   Those chiefly used are ammo-
 nia, calcis carbonas, calx, magnesia, magnesias
 carbonas,  potassa, potassae bicarbonas, p. car-
 bonas, sodas bicarbonas, and s. carbonas.  They
 are, of course, only palliatives, removing that
 which  exists, not preventing the formation of
 more.
    ANTAG'ONISM, Antagonis'mus, Antis'ta-
 sis, from av-rt,' against,' and aywiittiv,' to act.-'
 Action in an opposite direction.  It applies to
 the action of muscles which act  in a  contrary
 direction to others.  In estimating the force of 
ANTAGONIST
58
ANTHEMIS COTULA
the muscles, this antagonism must be attended
to.
  ANTAGONIST, Antagonist.   A  muscle
whose action produces an effect contrary to that
of another muscle. Every muscle has its anta-
gonist, because there is no motion in one direc-
tion without a capability of it in.another.
  ANTALGICUS, Anodyne.
  ANTAPHRODIS'IAC  and  ANTAPHRO-
DIT'IC, Antaphrodisiacus, Anterot'icus, from
itvri, 'against,' and axfjqoSiotaxog, 'aphrodisiac'
A substance capable of blunting the venereal
appetite.
  ANTAPOD'OSIS, from avranoot^u, ' I re-
turn in exchange.'  The succession and  return
of the febrile periods.—Hippocrates.
  ANTAPOPLECTICUS, Antiapoplectic.
  ANTARTHRITIC, Antiarthritic.
  ANTASTHENICUS, Tonic.
  ANTASTHMATICUS, Antiasthmatic.
  ANT ATROPHIC, Antatroph'icus, Antat'ro-
phus, Antiatroph'icus, from avn, ' against,' and
arqoopia,' atrophy.'  A remedy opposed to atro-
phy or consumption.
  ANTEBRACHIAL, see Antibrachial.
  ANTECENDEN'TIA.   The precursory  or
warning symptoms of a disease.
  ANTELA'BIA, Prockei'la, from ante, ' be-
fore,' and labia, ' the lips.'  The extremity of
the lips.
  ANTELOPE, Antilopus.
  ANTEMBALLOMENUM, Succedaneum.
  ANTEM'BASIS, from  avn, and tu(iaivo>, 'I
enter.'  Mu'tuus ingres'sus.   The mutual re-
ception of bones.—Galen.
  ANTEMETIC, Antiemetic.
  ANTENDEIXIS, Counter-indication.
  ANTENDIXIS, Counter-indication.
  ANTENEAS'MUS, from avn,' against,' and
reav, ' audacious.' One furious against himself.
Mania, in which the  patient attempts his own
1 ife.—Zacchias.
  ANTENNA'RIA DIOI'CA, Gnapha'lium
Dioicum,  Hispid'ula,  Pes cati, Elich'rysum
monta'num, Catsfoot, (F.) Pied de chat.   A
common European plant, which has been advised
in hemorrhage, diarrhoea, &c.
  ANTEPHIALTIC, Antiephialtic.
  ANTEPILEPTIC, Antiepileptic.
  ANTEPONENS, Anticipating.
  ANT ERE LSI S, from am, 'against,' and
soetdu), ' I support.'  The resistance—the soli-
dity—of bones.—Hippocrates.
  ANTERIEUR DU MARTEAU, Laxator
tympani—a. de I'Oreille, Anterior auris.
  ANTE'RIOR, Amicus, from ante, 'before.'
Situate before.  Great confusion has prevailed
with anatomists in the use of  the terms before,
behind,  &c.  Generally, the word  anterior is
applied  to parts situate before the median line,
the body being in the erect posture, with the
face and palms of the hands turned forwards;
and the feet applied longitudinally together.
  Ante'rior Av'ris (Muscle,) Auricula'ris an-
terior, At'trahens auric'ulam, (F.) Auriculaire
anterieur, Anterieur de Voreille, Zygomato-ori-
e.ulaire.  A small  muscle, passing from the pos-
terior part of the zygoma to the helix. Use. To
draw the ear forwards and upwards.
  Anterior Mallei, Laxator tympani.
  ANTEROTICUS, Antaphrodisiac.
  ANTEUPHORBIUM, Cacaliaanteuphor-
bium.
  ANTEVER'SION, Antever'sio, Antrover'sio,
from ante, 'before,' and vertere, versum, 'to
turn.'  Displacement of the  uterus, in which
the fundus is turned towards  the pubes, whilst
its orifice is  towards the sacrum.   It  may be
caused by extraordinary size of the pelvis, pres-
sure of the viscera  on the  uterus, &c; and is
recognised by examination  per vaginam.   See
Retroversio uteri.
  ANTH^EMOPTYICUS,  Antihamoptyicus,
from avn, 'against,' and haemoptysis, 'spitting
of blood.' Against spitting of  blood.  A remedy
for spitting of blood—antihamoptyicum (reme-
dium.)
  ANTH^EMORRHAGICUS,  Antihemorrha-
gic.
  ANTHECTICUS, Antihectic.
  ANTHELITRAGUS, (F.) Anthelitragien.
One of the proper muscles of the pavilion of
the ear.
  ANT'HELIX, Anti-helix, from atn,' before,'
and eeXt£, ' the helix.' An eminence on  the car-
tilage of  the ear, in front of the helix, and ex-
tending from the concha to the groove of tha
helix, where it bifurcates.
  ANTHELMINTIC, Antihelmin'ticus, Anti-
scolicus,Anthelmin'thicus,Antiscolet'icus,Hel-
min'thicus, Helminthagogus,  Antivermino'sus,
Vermifugus, Ver'mifuge, from am,  'against,'
and 'iXutvg, 'a worm.' A remedy which de-
stroys or expels worms, or prevents their for-
mation and development.   The chief anthel-
mintics are, the Chenopodium, Mucu'na, Oleum
animale Dippelii, Oleum Terebinthinae, Sodii
Chloridum, Spigelia, and Pulvis Stanni.  Stv
Worms.
  ANTHEMA ERUPTIO, Exanthem.
  ANTHEMIS COT'ULA, from  arfow, 'I
flower.'  Cot'ula, C. fa'tida,  Cota, Cynan'the-
mis, Chamame'lum fa'tidum, An'themis Nove-
boracen'sis, Chamomilla spu'ria,  Mayflower,
Mayweed, Stinking  Chamomile, Wild  Cham-
omile,  Dog's fennel,  Dilly,  Dilweed, Field-
weed, Pissweed. Nat. Ord.  Composite Corym-
biferas. Sex.  Syst. Syngenesia Superflua.  (F.)
Maroute, Camomillef'etide, Camomille puante.
This plant has a very disagreeable smell: and
the leaves have a strong, acrid, bitterish taste.
It is reputed to have been useful in hysterica!
affections.
  An'themis No'bilis, Chamame'lum,  Chamt-
ma'lum No'bil?, Chamomilla  Roma'na, Euan'-
themon, An'themis, Chamame'lum  odora'tum,
Leucan'themum, Matricaria, (F.)  Camomilb
Romaine. The leaves and flowers.—Anthemis,
Ph. U. S.—have a strong smell, and bitter,
nauseous taste.  The flowers  are chiefly used.
They  possess tonic and stomachic properties,
and are much given as a pleasant and cheap
bitter.  A simple infusion is  taken to produce,
or to  assist  vomiting.  Externally, they arc
often used in  fomentations.
  The O'leum Anthem'idis possesses the aro-
matic properties of the plant,  but not the bitter
and  tonic.   Consequently,  the  ' Chamomile
Drops,' as sold by the druggists, must be devoid
of the latter qualities.   They are made by add-
ing Ol. anthem, f. gj. to Sp.  vini rectif. Oj.
  Anthemis Noveboracensis, A. Cotula.
  An'themis  Py'rethrum, Py'rethrum, Ana-
cyc'lus pyrethrum,  Pyrethrum verum, Buph-
thal'mum Cre'ti cum, Denta'ria,Herba saliva'ris,
Pes Alexandra'mis, Spanish Chamomile, Pelli- 
ANTHERA
59           ANTHROPOMETRY
 tory of Spain, (F.) Pyrlthre, Racine salivaire,
 Pied d'Alexandre.   The root is hot and acrid,
 its acrimony residing  in a resinous principle.
 It is never used except as a  masticatory in
 toothache, rheumatism of the face, paralysis of
 the tongue, &c.  It acts as a  powerful sialo-
 gogue.
   The  Pellitory of the shops  in  Germany is
 said to be derived from Anacyc'lus officina'rum;
 a  plant  cultivated  in  Thuringia for medicinal
 purposes.
   An'themis  Tincto'ria, Buphthalmi Herba,
 Dyer's Chamomile, a European plant, has a
 bitter and astringent taste, and has been regarded
 stomachic and vulnerary.  (F.) Camomille des
 Teinturiers, (Eil de Bceuf.
   ANTHE'RA, from av6^og, ' florid,' so called
 from its florid colour.   A remedy compounded
 of several substances, myrrh,  sandarac, alum,
 saffron,  &c.  It was  used  under the  form of
 liniment, collyrium, electuary, and powder.—
 Celsus, Galen.
   ANTHEREON, Mentum.
   ANTHORA, Aconitum anthora—a.Vulgaris,
 Aconitum anthora.
   ANTHORIS'MA, from am, ' against,' and
 opiaitia, 'boundary.'  Tumor diffit'sus.  A tu-
 mor without any defined margin.
   ANTHOS:  see  Rosmarinus—a.  Sylvestris,
 Ledum sylvestre.
   ANTHRA'CIA, from av^oaf, ' coal.'  Car-
 bun'cular Exan'them.  An eruption of tumours,
 imperfectly suppurating, with indurated edges,
 and, for the most part, a sordid and sanious core.
 A genus in the order  Exanthematica,  class
 Hamatica of Good, and including Plague and
 Yaws.
   Anthracia, Anthracosis—a. Pestis, Plague
 —a. Rubula, Frambcesia.
   ANTHRACION, see Anthrax.
   AN'THRACOID, Anthraco'des, from «v^oa£,
 ' coal,' and tiSog,' resemblance.'  (F.) Charbon-
 neux.   As black as coal.  Accompanied by, or
 resembling anthrax.
   ANTHRACOMA, Anthrax.
   ANTHRACONECROSIS, see Sphacelus.
   ANTHRACOPHLYCTIS, see Anthrax.
  ANTHRACOSIA, Anthrax.
  ANTHRACO'SIS, Anthra'cia, Carbo Palpe-
 brarum, from av&qaiz,  'a coal.'  A species of
 carbuncle, which attacks the eyelids and globe
 of the  eye.—Paulus of ^Egina.  Also, a car-
 buncle of any kind.  It has been used recently
 for the " black lung of coal miners," which is
 induced by carbonaceous accumulation in the
 lungs.  When ulceration results from this cause,
 black phthisis,  (F.) Phthisic avec  Mclanose,
 exists.   See Melanosis.
  Anthracosis Pulmonum, see Melanosis.
  ANTHRACOTYPHUS, Plague.
  ANTHRAKOK'ALI,  from  a.^a?,  'coal,'
and kali, ' potassa.'   An  article introduced as
a remedy in cutaneous diseases.  It is formed
 by dissolving carbonate of potassa in 10 or 12
 parts of boiling water,  and adding as much
 slacked lime as will separate the potassa.  The
 filtered  liquor is placed on  the  fire in an iron
 vessel, and suffered  to  evaporate, until  neither
 froth nor effervescence occurs,  and the liquid
 presents a smooth surface like oil.  To  this,
 levigated  coal is added  in the proportion of 160
 grammes to 192 grammes of potassa. The mix-
 ture  is  stirred, and removed from the fire, and
 the stirring is continued, until a black homoge-
 neous powder results.   A sulphuretted anthra-
 kokali is made by mixing accurately 16 grammes
 of sulphur  with the coal, and dissolving  the
 mixture in the potassa as directed above.   The
 dose of the simple and sulphuretted preparations
 is about two grains three times a day.
   ANTHRAX, ai floa£,' a coal,' An'trax, Carbo,
 Rubi'nus verus, Codesella, Erythe'ma gangre-
 nosum, Grantris'tum, Pruna, Per'sicus Ignis,
 Pyra, Granatris'tum, Phyma anthrax, Erythe'-
 ma anthrax,  Carbun'culus, Anthroco'sia, An-
 throco'ma, Absces'sus gangranes'cens, A. gan-
 grano'sus, Furun'culus malig'nus, F. gangra-
 no'sus, Carbuncle, (F.) Charbon. An inflamma-
 tion,   essentially gangrenous, of the cellular
 membrane and skin, which may arise from an
 internal or external cause.  In the  latter  case
 it is called,  Anthra'cion, Vesic'ula gangranes'-
 cen*, Anthracophlyc'tis, Pustule maligne; Bou-
 ton d'Alep,  Feu Persique (Persian Fire), Mal-
 vat, Bouton malin, Puce maligne, and is cha-
 racterized at the outset  by a vesication or bleb
 filled with a sero-sanguinolent fluid, under which
 a small induration is formed, surrounded by an
 areolar inflammation, which  becomes gangre-
 nous.  It has been thought by some to be in-
 duced altogether by contact with the matter of
 the carbuncle of animals, or  of the  exuviae of
 bodies of such as had died of the disease.   But
 it is now known to arise primarily in the human
 subject.
   Anthrax is a malignant boil, and its treat-
 ment is similar to that which is required in
 cases of gangrene attacking a part.
   Anthrax Pulmonum, Necropneumonia.
   ANTHRISCUS CEREFOLIUM,  Scandix
 cerefolium.
   ANTHROPE, Cutis.
   ANTHROPIAT'RICA (MEDICINA,) from
 av&qvmog, 'man,' and tarqog, 'a physician.J  Me-
 dicine applied  to man  in contradistinction to
 animals.
   ANTHROPOCHEMIA,Chymistry(human.)
   ANTHROPOCHYMY, Chymistry (human.)
  ANTHROPOGEN'IA,^^™^™'^,^-
 thropog'eny, from -tvVnvmog, 'man,'and ytvcoig,
 ' generation.'   The knowledge, or  study, or
 phenomena of human generation.
  ANTHROPOG'RAPHY, Anthropograph'ia,
 from avdqwnog,' man,' and yqntpyj, 'a description.'
 Anthropology (q.  v.)   A  description  of the
 human body,.
  ANTHROPOL'ITHUS,from«..<3oo.7roc,'man,'
 and X.r&oc, 'a stone.'  The petrifaction of the
 human body or of any  of its parts.  Morbid
 concretions in the human body.
  ANTHROPOL'OGY,  Anthropolog'ia, from
ttvSqojTiog, ' man,' and Xoyog, ' a discourse.'  A
 treatise on man.  By some, this word is  used
for the science of the structure  and functions of
the human body.  Frequently, it  is employed
 synonymously with Natural History and Phy-
 siology of man.
  ANTHROPOMAGNETISMUS, Magnetism.
animal.
  ANTHROPOMANCY, Anthropomanti'a,
from ai,9pto7rcf, 'a man,'and /uetvTtm, 'divina-
tion.'   Divination by inspecting the entrails oi
a dead man.
  ANTHROPOM'ETRY, from. av9ianog,  'a
man/  and utr^ot,  'measure.'  Measurement 
          ANTHROPOMORPHU S

of the dimensions of the different parts of the
human body.
  ANTHROPOMORPHUS,  Atropa  mandra-
gora.
  ANTHROPOPH'AGVS,(¥.)Anthropophage,
from <*v&£ot7rc(, ' a man,' and <p*.ya>, ' I eat.'  A
name given to one who eats his own species.
  ANTHROPOPH'AGY, Anthropopha'gia,
same etymon.  The custom of eating human
flesh.  A disease in which there is great desire
to eat it.
  ANTHROPOS, Homo.
  ANTHROPOSCOPIA,  Physiognomy.
  ANTHROPOTOMY, Andranatomia.
  ANTHUS, Flos.
  ANTHYPNOT'IC, Anthypnot'icus,Antihyp-
twlic, from *v<n, ' against,' and 'unvwrixo;,' stu-
pefying.'  A  remedy for stupor.
  ANTHYPOCHON'DRIAC,   Anthypochon-
dri'acus, from avri, ' against,' and 'u-roxovS^a-
xu?,  ' hypochondriac'  A remedy  for hypo-
chondriasis.
  ANT}lYSTER'IC,Antihyster'ic,Antihyster'-
icus, from avn,' against,' and 'uo-Tsoa, ' the ute-
rus.'  A remedy for hysteria.
  ANTI, avn, as a prefix, in composition, gene-
rally means ' opposition.'
   ANTIADES, Tonsils.
   ANTIADITIS, Cynanche tonsillaris.
  ANTIADON'CUS,  from avna&c,  'the ton-
sils,' and  oyim, 'tumour.'  A swelling of the
tonsils.—Swediaur.  Antlager  has  a similar
meaning.
   Antiadoncus Inflammatorius,  Cynanche
 tonsillaris.
   A N TIA P 0 P L E C'TIC, Antiapoplec'ticus,
Antapoplec'ticus,   Apoplec'ticus, from   avn,
'against,' and  <w»t^^w, 'apoplexy.'  A  re-
 medy for  apoplexy.
   ANTIARIS  TOXICARIA, see Upas.
   ANTIARTHRIT'IC, Antarthrit'ic, Antiar-
t.hrit'icus, Antipodag'ric,  from  avn,  ' against,'
 and ttq&qinc, 'the gout,' (F.) Antigoutteux. A
 remedy for gout.
   ANTIASTHEN'IC, Antiasthen'icus,  from
 awi, 'against,' and ao-^fV^a, ' debility.'   A re-
 medy for debility.
   ANTIASTHMATIC, Antiasthmat'icus,An-
 tasthmat'icus, from ctvr;,  ' against,' and ao&/j.*,
 ' asthma.' A remedy for asthma.
   ANTIATROPHICUS, Antatrophic.
   ANTIBALLOMENUM, Succedaneum.
   ANTIBDELLA, Antlia sanguisuga.
   ANTIBRA'CHIAL, Antibrachiaiis.   That
 which concerns the fore arm.  Bichat.  J. Clo-
 quet suggests that the word  should be written
 antebrachial, from ante,' before,' and brachium,
 ' the arm:'—as antebrachial region, antebrachial
 aponeurosis, &c
   Antebrachial  Aponeuro'sis, (F.) Aponev-
 rose antebrachiale, is  a portion of the aponeu-
 rotic sheath which envelops the whole of the
 upper limb.  It arises from the brachial aponeu-
 rosis, from a fibrous expansion of the tendon of
 the biceps  muscle, from the epicondyle,  epi-
 trochlea, and, behind, from  the tendon of the
 triceps brachialis. Within, it is inserted  into
 the cubitus, &c; and,  below, is  confounded
 with the two annular ligaments of the carpus.
 It is covered by the skin, by veins, lymphatics,
 and by filaments of superficial nerves; it covers
 the muscles of the fore-arm, adheres to them,
60              ANTIEMETIC

  and sends between them several fibrous septa,
  which serve them for points of insertion.
    ANTIBRACHIUM, Forearm.
    ANTIBRO'MIC, Antibro'micus, from avn,
  'against,' and ft»,,oc, 'fcetor.'  An agent that
  destroys  offensive  odours—as the  chloride ol
  zinc, simple sulphate of alumina, &c.
    ANTIC ACHE.CTIC, Anticachec'tictis,Anti-
  cacochym'ic, from avn, ' against,' and xa^ia,
  ' cachexy.'  A remedy against cachexy.
    ANTICACOCHYMIC,  Anticachectic.
    ANTICAN'CEROUS, Anticancer o'sus, An-
  ticancro'sus,Anticarcinom'atous,Antiscir'rhous,
  from avn,  'against,' and  xaqxivwpa, 'cancer,5
  carcinoma.  Opposed to cancer.
    ANTICANCROSUS,  Anticancerous.
    ANTICARCINOMATOUS,  Anticancerous.
    ANTICARDIUM, Fossette du caur, Scrobi-
  culus cordis.
    ANTIC AT AR'RHAL, Anticatarrha'lis, An-
  ticatarrhoicus, from avn,' against,' and y.urxqqog,
  ' catarrh.'  A remedy for catarrh.
    ANTICAUSOD'IC, Anticausot'ic, Anticau-
  sod'icus, from avn, ' against,' and  xctvoog, ' a
  burning fever.'  A remedy  for causus or  in-
  flammatory fever.
    ANTICAUSOTIC, Anticausodic.
    ANTICHEIR, Pollex, see Digitus.
    ANTICHffiRADICUS, Antiscrofulous.
    ANTICHOLERICA, Sophora heptaphylla.
    ANTICIPATING,  Antic"ipans,  Antepo'-
  nens, Prolept'icus.  A periodical phenomenon
  recurring at progressively  shorter  intervals.
  An anticipating intermittent is one in which
  the intervals between the paroxysms  become
  progressively less.
    ANTICNEMIUM, Shin.
    ANTICCEUR, Scrobiculus cordis.
    ANTICOLTC,  Anticolicus,   from avn,
  ' against,' and xovUko?, ' the colic'  That which
  is opposed to colic.
     ANTICOMMA, Contre-coup.
     ANTICOPE, Contre-coup.
     ANTICRUSIS, Contre-coup.
     ANTICRUSMA,  Contre-coup.
     ANTICUS, Anterior.
     ANTIDARTREUX, Antiherpetic
     ANTIDEIXIS, Counter-indication.
     ANTIDIARRHffi'IC, Antidiarrhm'icus.  A
   remedy for diarrhoea.  Opposed to diarrhoea.
     ANTID'INIC, Antidin'icus, Din'icus, from
   avn, ' against,'  and  Stvog, ' vertigo.'   Opposed
   to vertigo.
     AN'TIHOTAE,A?itidota'lis, same etymon as
   antidote (q. v.)  Relating to an antidote;  pos-
   sessed of the powers of an antidote.
     ANTIDOTA'RIUM, from avnoo-rov, 'an an-
   tidote.'  A dispensatory  (q. v.)  A pharmaco-
   poeia or formulary.
     AN'TIDOTE,^4«ifi<f'o?«w,fromavT/,'against,'
   and dtSwui, ' I give.'  Originally this word sig-
   nified an internal remedy.  It  is now used sy-
   nonymously with counter-poison, Antiphar'ma-
   cum, and signifies any remedy  capable of com-
   bating the effect of poisons.
     ANTIDOTUM HERACLIDIS, Enneaphar-
   macos—a. Mithridatium, Mithridate
     ANTIDYNAMICA, Debilitants.
     ANTIDYNOUS, Anodyne.
     ANTIDYSENTER'IC,   Antidysenter'icus,
    from avn, 'against,' JW, 'with difficulty,'and
    tvrtoov, ' intestine.'  Opposed to dysentery.
     ANTIEMETIC, Antemet'ic, Antiemct'icus, 
ANTIEPHIALTIC            61        ANTIMONII (BUTYRUM)
 from avr»,' against,' and tuniKOt,< emetic' A
 remedy for vomiting.
   ANTIEPHIAL'TIC or ANTEPHIAL'TIC,
 Antiephial'ticus, from avn,  ' against,' and «?i-
 ttXrtc, ' nightmare.'  A remedy for nightmare.
   ANTIEPILEP'TIC or ANTEPILEP'TIC,
 Antiepilep'ticus, from avr/,  ' against,' and tnt-
 \tj\pta, ' epilepsy.'  A remedy for epilepsy.
   ANTIFEBRILIS, Febrifuge.
   ANTIGALAC'TIC, Antigalac'tieus,  Anti-
 lac'teus, from avn, ' against,' and ya^a, ' milk.'
 (F.) Antilaiteux.   Opposed to the secretion of
 milk, or to diseases caused by the milk.
   ANTIG'ONI  COLLYR'IUM  NIGRUM,
 Black collyrium of Antig'onus.   It was com-
 posed of cadmia,  antimony, pepper, verdigris,
 gum Arabic, and water.
   ANTIGUA, see West Indies.
   ANTIH^EMOPTYICUS, AnthaBmoptyicus.
   ANTIHEC'TIC, Antithec'ticus,Anthec'ticus,
 from av-n, 'against,' and 'e£i?, ' habit of body.'
 The Antihec'ticum Pote'rii is the white oxyd
 of antimony;  also called Diaphoret'ieum Jo-
 via'le.
   ANTIHELIX,  Anthelix.
   ANTIHELMINTICUS, Anthelmintic.
   ANT mEMORRRAG"IC, Antihamorrhag"-
 icus, Anthamorrhag'icus; from avn, 'against,'
 and la.itA.%qqayia, 'hemorrhage.'  That which is
 against  hemorrhage; an  antihemorrhagic  re-
 medy.
   ANTIHEMORRHOID'AL, Antihamorrhoi-
 da'lis, from avn, 'against,'and 'ai^oggoKJef,'he-
 morrhoids.'   A remedy for hemorrhoids.
   ANTIHERPET'IC,  Antiherpet'icus,  from
 avn, 'against,' and 'eqntg, 'herpes.'  (F.) An-
 tidartreux.  A remedy for herpes.
   ANTIHYDROPHOB'IC,  Antihydrophob'i-
 cus, Antylis'sus, Alys'sus, from avn, 'against,'
 'udiog, 'water,' and <po{iog, 'dread.'  A remedy
 for  hydrophobia.
   ANTIHYDROP'IC,  Antikydrop'icus,  Hy-
 drop'icus,  from  avn,  'against,'  and 'udqoxfj,
. 'dropsy.'   A remedy for dropsy.
   ANTIHYPNOTIC, Anthypnotic
   ANTIHYSTERIC, Antihysteric
   ANTI-ICTERIC,  Anti-dcter'icus, Icter'icus,
 from avn,'against,' and txxiqog, 'jaundice.'  A
 remedy for jaundice.
   ANTI-IMPETIGENES,  SOLOMON'S, see
 Liquor Hydrargyri oxymuriatis.
   ANTILABIUM, Prolabium.
   ANTILACTEUS, Antigalactic
   ANTILAITEUX, Antigalactic.
   ANTILEP'SIS, Apprehen'sio, from avTiXay.-
 $a.va>, ' I take hold of.'  The mode of attaching
 a bandage over a diseased part, by fixing it upon
 the sound  parts.—Hippocrates.  The  mode of
 securing bandages, &c, from slipping.  Treat-
 ment by revulsion or derivation, (q. v.)
   ANTILETRAR'GIC, Antilethar'gicus, fxorn
 am, 'against,' and Xtfi^ymog, 'affected with
 lethargy.'  A remedy for lethargy.
   ANTILITH'ICS,  Antilith'ica,  from avn,
 'against,'  and  Xidog, 'a stone.'  A substance
 that prevents  the formation of calculi in the
 urinary organs.
   The chief antilithics—according as the calculi
 are lithic acid or phosphatic—are alkalies or
 acids; with revellents, especially change of air;
 tonics,  as  the diosma  crenata,  (?) and  uva
 ursi. (?)
   ANTILLY, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A
celebrated  French  medicinal  spring, near
Meaux, in France.   The waters have not been
analyzed; but astonishing and  chimerical ef-
fects have been ascribed to them.
  ANTILOBIUM, Antitragus, Tragus.
  ANTILOI'MIC,  Antilolmicus, Antilce'mic,
Antipestilentia'lis,  from  avn,  'against,' and
Xoi/uioc, 'the plague.'  A remedy for the plague.
  ANTIL'OPUS. The An'telope. (F.) Gazelle.
An African animal, whose hoofs and horns were
formerly given in hysteric and epileptic cases.
  ANTILYSSUS, Antihydrophobic
  ANTIMEL'ANCHOLIC,   Antimelanchol'i-
cus, from avn, 'against,' and /usXay^oXta., 'me-
lancholy.'  A remedy for melancholy.
  ANTIMEPHIT'IC,  Antimephit'icus, from
avn, 'against,' and mephitic (q. v.)  A remedy
against mephitic or deleterious gases.
  ANTIMOINE, Antimonium—*. Beurre d\
Antimonium  muriatum—a. Chlorure d', Anti-
monium muriatum— a. Oxide d', Algaroth—a.
Oxide  blanc d', Antimonium diaphoreticum—a.
Soufre dore d', Antimonii sulphuretum praeci-
pitatum—a. Sidfure d', Antimonium—a. Sul-
fure hydrosulphure rouge d', Antimonii sulphu-
retum rubrum—a. Verre d', Antimonii vitrum.
  ANTIMO'NIAL,  Antimonia'lis, Stibia'lis,
from antimonium, 'antimony.'  A composition
into which antimony enters.   A preparation of
antimony.
  Antimo'nial Powder, Pulvis antimonia'lis,
Ox'idum antimo'?iii cum phos'phate calcis, Phos-
phas calcis stibia'tus, P. Calcicum stibia'tum,
Pulvis Jame'sii, Pulvis  stibia'tus, Pulvis  de
phos'phate calcis et stib'ii compos'itus, Factitious
James's Powder, Schwanberg's Fever Powder,
Chenevix's Antimonial Powder,  (F.) Poudre
antimoniale composee ou de James.  A peroxide
of antimony combined with phosphate of lime.
(Take  of common sulphuret of antimony,  Ibj;
hartshorn shavings, HSij.   Roast in an iron pot,
until they form  a gray powder.  Put this into
a long pot,  with a small hole in  the cover.
Keep it in a red heat for two hours, and grind
to a fine  powder.)   This  preparation has long
been esteemed as a febrifuge:  but it is extremely
uncertain in its action.  The ordinary dose is 6
or 8 grains.
  ANTIMONIALE CAUSTICUM, Antimo-
nium muriatum.
  ANTIMONIATUM SULPHUR, Antimonii
sulphuretum  praecipitatum—a. Tartar, Antimo-
nium tartarizatum.
  ANTIMONII (BUTYRUM,)  Antimonium
muriatum—a. Calx, Antimonium diaphoreticum
—a. Cerussa, Antimonium  diaphoreticum—a.
et Potassae tartras, (Ph. U. S.) Antimonium tar-
tarizatum—a. Murias, Antimonium muriatum—
a. Oleum, Antimonium muriatum—a. Oxydulum
hydrosulphuratum aurantiacum, Antimonii sul-
phuretum praecipitatum—a. Oxydum, Algaroth
—a. Oxydum auratum, Antimonii sulphuratum
praecipitatum—a. Oxidum nitro-muriaticum, Al-
garoth—a. Oxydum  cum sulphure vitrifactum.
Antimonii vitrum—a. Oxydum sulphuretum vi-
trifactum, Antimonii vitrum—a. Oxysulphure-
tum, A. sulphuretum praecipitatum—a. Potassio-
tartras, Antimonium tartarizatum—a. Regulus
medicinalis,  Antimonium medicinale—a.  Sal.
 Antimonium tartarizatum—a. Sulphur auratum,
 Antimonii sulphuretum praecipitatum—a.  Sul-
 phur praecipitatum, Antimonii sulphuretum prae-
I cipitatum—a. Sulphuretum, Antimonium —a. 
           ANTIMONIOUS ACID          62

 Tartras, Antimonium tartarizatum—a. Tartras
 et  Potassae, Antimonium tartarizatum—a. Vi-
 trum hyacinthinum, Antimonii vitrum.
   Antimo'nii  Sulphure'tum  Precipita'tum,
 Sulphur antimonia'tum,Hydrosulphure'tum sti-
 hio'sum cum sul'phurS, Oxo'des stib'ii sulphura'-
 tum, Oxyd'ulum antimo'nii hydrosulphura'tum
 aura?iti'acum,  Ox'ydum aura'tum  antimo'nii,
 Sulphure'tum stib'ii oxydula'ti, Hydrosulfu-
 re'turn lu'teum ox'ydi stib'ii sulfura'ti, Sulphur
 antimo'nii pracipita'turn, Sulphur aura'tum an-
 timo'nii, Golden Sulphur of Antimony.
   Antimo'nii Sulphure'tum Pracipitatum, A.
 Oxysulphuretum, (F.) Soufre dore d'Antimoine,
 of the London Pharmacopoeia, is nearly the same
 as the old Kermes Mineral.  It is a powder of
 an  orange  colour, of a metallic, styptic  taste.
 It is emetic, diaphoretic, and cathartic, accord-
 ing to the dose;  and has been chiefly used in
 chronic rheumatism, and in cutaneous affections.
 Dose, gr. j. to gr. iv.
  Antimonii Sulphuretum Pracipitatum of the
 United States  Pharmacopoeia,  (1842,) is made
 by boiling together Sulphuret of Antimony, in
 fine powder, Solution of Potassa, and distilled
 water; straining the liquor while hot, and drop-
 ping into it Diluted Sulphuric Acid  so long as
 it produces a precipitate.
  Antimo'nii   Sulphure'tum  Rubrum,  Red
 Sulphuret of An'timony,  Hydrosulfure'tum
 stib'ii rubrum, Sub-hydro sulfas stib'ii, Hydro-
 sulphure'tum rubrum stib'ii sulphura'ti, Pulvis
 Carthusiano'rum, Kermes mineral, (F.) Hy-
 drosidfure rouge d'Antimoine sidfure, Vermil-
 ion de Provence.   Properties the same  as  the
 last.   Dose, gr. j. to gr. iv.
  Antimo'nii Vitrum, Glass of Antimony, An-
 timo'nii  ox'ydum  sidphure'tum  vitrifac'tum,
 Ox ydum  stib'ii  semivit'reum, Antimo'nium
 vitrifac'tum, Ox'idum antimo'nii cum sul'phure
 vitrifac'tum, Vitrum stib'ii, Antimo'nii vitrum
 hyacin' thinum, Oxyd'ulum stib'ii vitrea'tum,
 (F.) Verre d'Antimoine.  (Formed by roasting
 powdered common antimony in a shallow ves-
 sel, over a gentle fire, till it  is  of  a  whitish
 siray colour, and emits no fumes in a red heat;
 then melting it, on a quick fire, into a clean,
 brownish-red glass.)  It has been used for pre-
 paring the tartarized antimony and antimonial
 wine.
  ANTIMONIOUS ACID, Antimonium dia-
 phoreticum.
  ANTIMO'NIUM, from  avm, 'against,' and
 fjt.ovog, 'alone;' i.  e. not found alone:  or accord-
 ing to others, from avn, 'against,' and  moine,
 • a monk;' because, it is asserted, certain monks
 suffered much from it.   Stibi, Stib'ium, Reg'u-
 las Antimo'nii, Minera'lium, Gynace'um,Mag-
 ne'sia Satur'ni, Marcasi'ta plum'bea, Platyoph-
 thal'mon, Stim'mi, Aurum  lepro'sum, Antimo'-
 nium crudum, Antimo'nii  sulphure'tum, Sul-
 phure'tum  stib'ii  nigrum, Common Antimony,
 Sulphuret  of  Antimony, (F.) Antimoine, Sul-
fure d'Antimoine.   Sulphuret  of antimony is
 the ore from which all the preparations of anti-
 mony are formed.   In Pharmacy, it  is the na-
 tive sesquisulphuret of antimony, purified by
 fusion.  When prepared for medical use, by
 trituration and levigation, it forms a powder of
 a black, or bluish gray colour, which is insolu-
 ble.   It is slightly diaphoretic and alterative,
 and has been used in chronic rheumatism, cuta-
neous diseases, &c.
ANTIMONIUM
   Antimonium Calcinatum, Antimonium dia-
phoreticum.                        .
   Antimo'nium Diaphoret'icum, Diaphoretic
Antimony, Antimo'nious Acid, Min'eral Bez'-
oard, Antimo'nium Calcina'tum, Mineral Dia-
phoret'ic,  Matiere  perlee  de kerkring, Per-
oxide of Antimony, Calx Antimo'nii, Antimo'-
nium diaphoret'icum  lotum,  Cerus'sa Antimo'-
nii,  Calx  Antimo'nii  elo'ta,  Oxo'des  stib'ii
album, Ox'idum stibio'sum, Deutoxide of An'ti-
mony, Ox'idum stib'ii  album median'te  nitro
confectum, (F.) Oxide blane d'Antimoine pre-
pare par le moyen du  nitre.  (Common anti-
mony, Ibj ;  purified nitre, Ibiij.—Throw it  by
spoonfuls into a red hot crucible;  powder and
wash.   The  flowers  that  stick to the side of
the crucible must be carefully separated, other-
wise  they  render it  emetic.)   Dose, gr. x to
XXX.
   Antimonium Emeticum, A. tartarizatum.
   Antimo'nium Medicina'le, Reg'ulus Anti-
mo'nii Medicina'lis,  Medicinal Reg'ulus  of
Antimony.  (Antimon.  sulphur.  §v. Potass.
subcarb. £i. Sodii chlorid.  ^iv.  Powder, mix,
and melt.  When cold, separate the scoriae at
top, powder the mass, and wash it well.)  It
is  conceived to be more  active than common
antimony.
   Antimo'nium  Muria'tum, Antimo'nii Mu'-
rias,  Chlor'uret of An'timony, Chlorure'ium.
stib'ii, Spuma trium draco'num, Deuto-murias
stib'ii sublima'tus,  Blotter  of Antimoiiy, Mu-
riate of Antimony, Chloride of Antimony, Bu-
ty'rum Antimo'nii, O'leum Antimo'nii, Buty'-
rum stib'ii, Caus'ticum  antimonia,'le; Antimo-
nium sali'tum, (F.) Chlorure d'Antimoine,
Beurre d'Antimoine.  (Common antimony and
corrosive sublimate, of each equal  parts : grind
together, and distil in a wide-necked retort, and
let the  butyraceous matter  that  comes over,
run, in a moist place, to a liquid oil.) A caustic,
but not much used as such.  Sometimes taken
as poison.
   Antimonium Salitum,  Antimonium  muria-
tum.
   Antimo'nium Tartariza'tum, Tartris Anti-
mo'nii, Tartar Antimonia'turn, Sal Antimo'nii,
Tartras Potas'sa stibio'sus seu stibia'lis, Tar-
tris lixiv'ia stibia'tus, Deuto-tartras potas'sa
et  stib'ii, Tar'tarus emet'icus, Tar'tarum emel-
icum, Tartras antimo'nii,  Tartras Antimo'nii
et  Potassa,  Antimo'nii et  Potassa  Tartras
(Ph. TJ.  S.), Antimo'nii potas'sio-tartras, Anti-
mo'nium emeticum,Tar'tarized An'timony, Tar-
trate of An'timony and  potas'sa, Potassio-tar-
trate  of Antimony,  Emetic Tartar,  Tartar
Emetic, (F.) Tartre stibie,  Tartre  kmetique,
Emetique; in some  parts of the United States,
vulgarly and improperly called Tartar: (Made
by digesting  sulphuret  of  antimony in a mix-
ture of nitric and muriatic acids with the aid of
heat;  filtering the Mquor,  and pouring it into
water: freeing the precipitate from acid,  by
washing and drying it;  adding this powder to
bitartrate of potassa in boiling distilled water;
boiling for an hour, and after  filtering the liquor
while hot setting it aside  to crystallize.__Ph.
U. S.)  Tartarized antimony is emetic, some-
times cathartic and diaphoretic.  Externally it
is  rubefacient.  Dose, as  an emetic, gr. i.'to
gr. iv. in solution : as a diaphoretic, gr  one-
sixteenth to gr. one-quarter.
   The empirical preparation, called Norris's 
ANTIMONY, BUTTER OF        63            ANTIRACHITIC
Drops, consists of a solution of tartarized anti-
mony in rectified spirits, disguised by the addi-
tion of some vegetable colouring matter.
  Antimonium Vitrifactum,  Antimonii  vi-
trum.
  ANTIMONY,  BUTTER  OF, Antimo-
nium  muriatum — a. Chloride  of, Antimo-
nium  muriatum — a. Chloruret  of, Antimo-
nium  muriatum—a. Deutoxide of, Antimonium
diaphoreticum — a. Flowers of, Algaroth—a.
Glass of, Antimonii vitrum—a.  Golden  sulphur
of,  Antimonii  sulphuretum praecipitatum—a.
Medicinal, regulus of, Antimonium  medicinale
—a. Muriate  of,  Antimonium muriatum—a.
Peroxide of, Antimonium diaphoreticum—a. Po-
tassio-tartrate of, Antimonium tartarizatum—
a. Submuriate  of, Protoxide of,  Algaroth—a.
Sulphuret of,  red, Antimonii sulphuretum  ru-
brum^-a. Tartarized, Antimonium tartarizatum
—a. Vegetable, Eupatorium perfoliatum.
  Antimony and Potassa, Tartrate of, An-
timonium tartarizatum.
  ANTINEPHRIT'IC, Antinephret'ic, Antine-
phret'icus, from avn, 'against,'  and veipqing,
' nephritis.'  A remedy for inflammation of the
kidney.
  ANTINEUROPATHIC, Nervine.
  ANTINEUROTIC, Nervine.
  ANTI'OCHI HI'ERA.  A  preparation  ex-
tolled by the ancients, in  melancholy, hydro-
phobia, epilepsy, &c  It was  formed  of ger-
mander,  agaric, pulp of colocynth, Arabian
stcechas, opoponax, sagapenum, parsley, aristo-
lochia,white pepper, cinnamon, lavender, myrrh,
honey, &c.
  Anti'ochi Theriaca.  A theriac employed
by Antiochus against every kind of poison.  It
was composed of thyme, opoponax,  millet, tre-
foil, fennel, aniseed, nigella sativa, &c.
  ANTIODONTAL'GIC,  Antodontal'gic, An-
todontalgicus, Odontalgic, Odontic, Antiodon-
talgicus, from xm, 'against,' and oSotraXyia,
 "toothache.'   A remedy for toothache.
   ANTIORGAS'TIC,  Antiorgas'ticus,  from
 avrt,cagainst,' and oqyao), ' I desire vehement-
 ly.' A remedy for orgasm or erethism, and for
 irritation in general.
  ANTIPARALYT'IC, Antiparalylicus, from
 avn, 'against,' and 7ragaP.uo/c, 'palsy.'  Op-
 posed to palsy.
  ANTIPARASITIC, Antiparasiticus, An-
 tiphtheiriacus, Phthi'rius, Parasiticide; from
 avn,'against,'and7ruqao-nog, 'aparasite'(q.v.)
 An agent that destroys  parasites, as the differ-
 ent vermin that infest the body.  The chief an-
 tiparasitics are Cocculus, Staphisagria, Vera-
 trum album, and certain of the mercurial prepa-
 rations.
  ANTIPARASTATITIS, from avn, 'oppo-
 site,'and 7ragac-TuT»;c, 'the epididymis;' also,
 ' the prostate,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of Cowper's  glands.
  ANTIPATHI'A, from  avn, 'against,'  and
 rra6r.(, ' passion, affection.'  Aversion.  A  na-
 tural repugnance to any person or thing.
   ANTIPATHIC,  Antipath'icus,  (F.)  Anti-
 pathique.  Belonging to antipathy.  Opposite,
 contrary,—as humeurs antipathiques; humours
 opposed  to each other. Also, palliative, (q. v.)
   ANTIP'ATRI THERIACA, Theriac of An-
 tip'ater.  A farrago of more than  40 articles:
 used  as an antidote against the bites of serpents.
   ANTIPERIOD'IC, Antiperiod'icus, from
avn, ' against,' and irt^ioSog, ' period.' A reme-
dy which possesses the power of arresting mor-
bid periodical movements;—e.  g. the sulphate
of quinia in intermitterits.
  ANTIPERISTALTIC,  Antiperistaltics,
Antivermic'ular, from avn, ' against,'  and nt-
gtc-nxXu), 'I contract.'  An inverted action oi
the intestinal tube.
  ANTIPERIS'TASIS, from  avn, 'against,'
and  TTfoio-Taoic,  ' reunion,  aggregation.'   A
union of opposite circumstances: the action of
two contrary qualities, one of which augments
the force of the other.  The peripateticians as-
serted, that it is by Antiperistasis, that fire is
hotter in winter than in summer.  Theophras-
tus attributes the cause,  which  renders man
more vigorous, and makes him digest more
readily in winter, to the augmentation of heat
caused by Antiperistasis.
  ANTIPERWUS, from avn,  'against,' and
Pernio,' a chilblain.'   A remedy against chil-
blains;—as Unguen'tum antiper'nium, an oint-
ment for chilblains.
  ANTIPERTUSSIS, see Zinci sulphas.
  ANTIPESTILENTIALIS, Antiloimic
  ANTIPHARMACUS, Alexipharmic.
  ANTIPHLOGISTIC,    Antiphlogis'ticus,
from avn,' against,' and ipXcyvi, ' I burn.'   Op-
posed to inflammation ;—as Antiphlogistic re-
medies, A. regimen, &c
  ANTIPHTHEIRIACA, Antiphthiri'aca,
from avn,' against,' and ipdei^muy,' I am lousy.'
A remedy which is used to destroy lice.
  ANTIPHTHIS'IC AL, Antiphthis'icus, from
am, 'against,' and <p$io-ig,' consumption.' Op-
posed to phthisis.
  ANTIPHYSICA, Carminatives.
  ANTIPHYS'ICAL, Antiphys'icus, from av-
xt, 'against,' and  <pvo-ew, 'I blow.'  Anexpeller
of wind : a carminative, (q. v.)
  It has also been used for any thing preter-
natural; here,  the derivation  is from  avn,
' against,' and  <?vo-ig, ' nature.'   The French
sometimes say, ' Un gout antiphysique.'
  ANTIPLEURIT'IC, Antipleuret'icus, Anti-
pleuret'ic, from avn,  'against,' and nXivqmg,
'pleurisy.'  Opposed to pleurisy.
  ANTIPNEUMON'IC,   Antipneumon'icus,
from avn, ' against,' and wivfiovta, ' disease or
inflammation of the lungs.'  A remedy for dis-
ease or inflammation of the lungs.
  ANTIPODAGRIC, Antiarthritic
   ANTIPRAX'IS, from am, 'against,' and
nqae-ao), ' I act.'  A contrary state of different
parts in the same patient: e. g. an increase qf
heat in one organ, and diminution in another.
   ANTIPSOR'IC,  Antipso'ricus,  Antisca'bi-
ous, from avn,' against,' and \po>qa, ' the  itch.'
(F.) Antigaleux.  Opposed to the itch.
   ANTIPUTRID, Antiseptic.
   ANTIPY'IC,   Antipy'icus,  from  avn,
'against,' and wot, ' pus.'  Opposed to suppu-
ration.
   ANTIPYRETIC, Febrifuge.
   ANTIPYROT'IC, A?uipyroticus, from avn,
' against,' and nuq,' fire.'  Opposed to burns or
to pyrosis.
   ANTIQUARTANA'RIUM, Antiquar'tium.
A remedy formerly used against quartan fever.
   ANTIQUUS, Chronic.
   ANTIRHACHIT'IC, Antirhachilicus, from
avn, 'against,' and rachitis.   Opposed to ra-
chitis, or rickets. 
ANTIRHEUMATIC
64
ANUS
   ANTIRHEUMATIC,  Antirrheumalicus;
 from avn,' against,' and giu/"a,' rheumatism.'
 A remedy for rheumatism.
   ANTIRHI'NUM  LINA'RIA,  Lina'ria, L.
 vulga'ris, Osy'ris,  Urina'ria, Common  Toad
 Flax, (F.) Linaire.  The leaves have a bitter-
 ish taste.  They are reputed to be diuretic and
 cathartic.   An  ointment made from them has
 been extolled in hemorrhoids.
   Antirhi'num Elati'nf, Elati'ne, Fluellen or
 Female Speedwell, was formerly used against
 scurvy and old ulcerations.
   ANTISCABIOUS, Antipsoric
   ANTISCIRRHOUS, Anticancerous.
   ANTISCOLETICUS, Anthelmintic.
   ANTISCOLICUS, Anthelmintic.
   ANTISCORBUTIC, Antiscorbu'ticus, from
 avn,  ' against,'  and  scorbutus,  ' the  scurvy.'
 Opposed to scurvy.
  A N TISC RO F 'ULO U S, Antiscrofulo'sus,
 Antistru'mosus, Anticharad'icus.  Opposed to
 scrofula.
  ANTISEPTIC, Antisep'ticus, Antipu'trid,
 from avn, 'against,'  and a-nn-io*,  'putrid.' An-
 tiputredino'sus. Opposed to putrefaction. The
 chief antiseptics, internally  or externally em-
 ployed, are Acidum Muriaticum, Acidum Ni-
 tricum, Acidum  Sulphuricum, Alumina sul-
phas, Carbo  Ligni,  Calx chlorinata, Chlori-
 num, Cinchona and its active principles, Crea-
 sote, Dauci Radix, Fermentum Cerevisia, Soda
 Chlorinata,  and Zinci chloridum.
  A'NTl^>\KL'AGOG\]E,,Antisialagogus,An-
 tisi'olus, from avn, ' against,' and  atetXov, ' sa-
 liva.' A remedy against ptyalism.
  ANTISPASIS, Derivation, Revulsion.
  ANTISPASMODIC, Antispasmod'icus, An-
 tispas'ticus, from avrt, against,'  and cmaot, ' I
 contract.'  Opposed  to spasm.   The whole
 operation of antispasmodics is probably revul-
 sive.   The following are the chief  reputed an-
 tispasmodics.  JEther Sulphuricus, Asafatida,
 Castoreum, Dracontium,Moschus, Oleum Ani-
 mate Dippelii and Valeriana—with the mental
 antispasmodics,  abstraction, powerful  emo-
tions, fear, &c  Of direct antispasmodics, we
have not an example.
  ANTISPASTICUS, Antispasmodic, Deriva-
 tive.
  ANTISTASIS, Antagonism.
  ANTISTERIG'MA,   from am,  'against,'
 and  axtftvyuu, 'a support.'  A  fulcrum, sup-
 port,  crutch.—Hippocrates.
  ANTISTER'NUM, from am, ' against,' and
 s-Tf^iov,' the sternum.'  The back.—Rufus.
  ANTISTRUMOUS,  Antiscrofulous.
  ANTISYPHILIT'IC, Antisyphiliticus,
from avri, 'against,' and syphilis, 'the vene-
real  disease.'  Opposed to the  venereal dis-
 ease.
  ANTITASIS, Counter-extension.
  ANTITHENAR, Opponens pollicis, Adduc-
tor pollicis pedis.
  ANTITHERMA,  Refrigerants.
  ANTITHORA, Aconitum anthora.
  ANTITRAG'ICUS, Antitra'geus, (F.) Mus-
cle de I'Antitragus, M. antitragien__(Ch.)
Belonging to the antitragus.  A  small muscle
is so called, the existence of which  is not con-
stant.  It occupies the space between the anti-
tragus and anthelix.
  ANTITRAGIEN, Antitragicus.
  ANTIT'RAGUS, from am, 'opposite to,'
 andrqxyog,'thetragus.' Antilo'bium,Oblo'bium,
 A conical eminence on the pavilion of the ear,
 opposite the tragus.
   ANTITYP IA, from am,' against,' and xvtt-
 tuj, 'I strike.'   Resistance.  Hardness.  Re-
 percussion.
   ANTIVENE'REAL,  Antivene'reus,  from
 avn,' against,' and Venus, 'Venus.'  The same
 as Antisyphilitic Formerly it was used  sy-
 nonymously with Antaphrodisiac
   ANTIVERMICULAR, Antiperistaltic.
   ANTIVERMINOSUS, Anthelmintic
   ANT'LIA or  ANTLI'A,  from  uvtXhv, 'to
 pump out.'  A syringe; a pump.  Hence, Ant-
 lia lac'tea, Lactisu'gium, a breast-pump; and
 Antlia sanguisu'ga, Antibdella, Hiru'do artifi-
 cia'lis, the exhausting syringe used in cupping.
   Antlia Gastric a, Stomach-pump.
   ANTODONTALGIC, Antiodontalgic
   ANTODYNUS, Anodyne.
   ANTRAX, Anthrax.
  ANTRE, Antrum—a. d'Hyghmore, Antrum
 of Highmore.
  ANTROVERSIO, Anteversio.
  ANTRUM, 'A cavern,'  Cavern'a  (q. v.)
 Bar'athrum, (F.) Autre.  A name given to
 certain cavities in bones, the  entrance to which
 is smaller than the bottom.
  Antrum Auris, Tympanum—a. Buccinosum.
 Cochlea, Labyrinth—a. Dentale, see Tooth—a.
 Pylori, see Stomach.
  Antrum of Highmore, Antrum Highmoria'-
num,  Antrum Gence, Antrum maxilla're,  vel
maxilla superio'ris, Genyan!trum, Max!illary
Sinus, Sinus Gena pituita'rins,  (F.)  Antrr
d'Hyghmore, Sinus Maxillaire.  A deep ca-
vity in the substance of the superior maxillary
bone communicating with the middle meatus of
the nose.  It is lined by a prolongation  of the
Schneiderian membrane.
  ANULUS, Fossette.
  ANURESIS, Ischuria.
  ANURIA, Ischuria.
  ANUS, 'a circle,' Podex,  Potex, Mol'yne,
Molyn'ie, Dactyl'ios, Cath'edra, Cyr'ceon, Cys'-
saros,  Cysthos, Aph'edra,  Aph'edron, Hedra,
Proctos, Arciios,  Sedes, Cuius.  The circular
opening situate at the inferior extremity of the
rectum, by which the  excrement is expelled.
The funelament.   The seat, (F.) Siege.  The
body.   The seat.
  Anus also signifies the anterior orifice of th"
Aqued?ict of Sylvius.   By some,  this  Anus,
called also Fora'men commu'ne poste'rius, has
been supposed to form a communication be-
tween the back part of  the  third ventricle and
the lateral ventricles.   It is  closed up, how-
ever, by the tela choroidea, and also by the for-
nix, which is intimately connected with this.
The foramen is situate between the commissu-
ra mollis of the  optic  thalami and the  pineal
gland.
  Anus, Artificial.   An  opening made arti-
ficially, to supply the natural  anus.   The term
is often  used  to  include preternatural anus,
(q.  v.)
  Anus,  Contracted, (F.) Anus  retreci.  A
state of the anus when, from some cause  it is
constricted.
  Anus,  Imperforate.  A  malformation in
which there is no natural anus.  See Atresia
ani adnata.
  Anus,  Preternat'ural, (F.) Anus  contre 
ANXIETY                 65            APHASSOMENOS
  nature, A. anormal.  An  accidental opening
  which gives issue to the  whole or to a part  of
  the faeces.  It may be owing to a wound, or,
  which is most common, to  gangrene  attacking
  the intestine in a hernial sac.
    This term is also employed, as well as Anus
  devie, devious anus, to the case where the anus
  instead of being in its natural  situation, is  in
  some neighbouring cavity, as the bladder, va-
  gina, &c
    ANXIETY, Anxi'etas, Anxi'etude, Adamo'-
  nta, Dyspho'ria anxi'etas, Alys'mus, Al'yce,
  Alysis, Ase, from  angere,  Gr. ay^uv,  'to
  strangle, to suffocate.'  A state  of restlessness
  and agitation, with general indisposition, and a
  distressing  sense of oppression  at the  epigas-
  trium.  Inquietude, anxiety, and anguish, re-
  present degrees of the same  condition.
    ANYPNIA, Insomnia.
    AOCHLE'SIA, from a, priv. and o^o?, 'dis-
  turbance.5  Tranquillity.   Calmness.
    AORTA, Arte'ria magna, A.  crassa, A.
  max'ima, (F.) Aorte. This  name was given
  by Aristotle to the chief artery of the  body.   It
  may have been  derived from  aoqrtopiai, 'I am
  suspended,' as it seems to be suspended from
  the heart;  or from  a>;o,  'air,'  and  njpiw, 'I
  keep,' because it was supposed to contain  air.
  It is probable that Hippocrates meant  by aoQTat
  the bronchia and  their   ramifications.   The
  aorta is the common trunk  of the arteries of
  the body.  It arises  from the left ventricle of
  the heart, about opposite to the fifth dorsal ver-
  tebra, passes upwards (ascending Aorta,) forms
  the great arch of the Aorta, and descends along
  the left of the spine (descending Aorta,) until
  it reaches the middle of the fourth or fifth lum-
  bar vertebra, where it bifurcates, to give origin
  to the common iliacs.  The aorta is sometimes
  divided  into the  Thoracic  or pectoral, and  the
  Abdominal.   For the arteries which arise from
 it, &c, see Artery.
   AORTEURYS'MA, from  a^rn, 'the aorta,'
 and tuqvg,' dilated.'   Aneurism  of the  Aorta,
 (F.) Anevrysme  de I'Aorte, Aortiectasie.   By
 carefully auscultating over the dorsal vertebrae,
 a bellows' sound, with a deep and not always
 perceptible impulse, may be detected.
   AORTIC, Aor'ticus. Relating to the Aorta.
 The Aortic ventricle, (F.) Ventricle Aortiejue,
 is  the left ventricle.  The  Aortic valves axe
 the sigmoid valves at  the origin  of the Aorta,
 &c
   AORTIECTASIE, Aorteurysma.
   AORTI'TIS,  Inflamma'tio  Aor'ta,  from
 Aorta, and itis,  denoting  inflammation.  In-
 flammation of the aorta.
   AORTRA, Aortron, aeqrga, eitqTpsv.  A lobe
 of the lungs.—Hippocrates.
   AO TUS,  from  a, privative,  and  ovg,  'an
 ear.'   A monster devoid of ears.   Gurlt.
  APAG'MA, Apoclas'ma, Apocecaulis'menon,
 from a-nro, 'from,' and ayw, 'I remove.'  Separa-
 tion, abduction, (q. v.)  Separation of a frac-
 tured bone.—Galenus, Foesius.
  APAGOGE, Defecation, Inductio.
  APALACHINE,Ilexvomitoria— a.aFeuilles
de Prunier, Prinos—a. Gallis, Ilex vomitoria.
  APAL'LAGE,  Apallax'is,  from anaXxria,
' I change.'   Mutation, change.  It is generally
taken in a good sense, and  means the change
from disease to health.—Hippocrates.
  AP ALL AXIS, Apallage.
    APALOT'ICA, from  anaxottc,  'softness,
  tenderness.'  Fortuitous lesions or deformities
  affecting the soft parts.  The first order in the
  class Tychica, of Good.
    APANTHESIS, Apanthismus.
    APANTHIS'MUS, Apanthe'sis, from ant.
  ' from,' and *v6sa>,' I flower.'  The obliteration
  of parts previously inservient to useful pur-
  poses, as of  the ductus venosus and ductus ar-
  teriosus, which are essential to foetal existence,
  but are  subsequently unnecessary.   See, also,
  Stuprum.
    APANTHRO'PIA, from  *no,  'from,' and
  av^cuToc, ' man.'   Detestation of  man;  desire
  for solitude.—Hippocrates.  One of the symp-
  toms of hypochondriasis.
    APAPHRISMOS, Despumation.
    APARACH'YTUM VINUM, from a, priv.,
  and napx-xvui, ' I pour over.'  The purest wine:
  that which has not been mixed with sea-water.
  —Galen.
    APARINE, Galium aparine.
    APARTHROSIS, Diarthrosis.
    AP'ATHY, Apathi'a, Amelia, from a, priva-
  tive, and Tratfoc,' affection.'  (F.) Apatkie. Ac-
  cidental suspension of the  moral feelings.  It
  takes place in very severe diseases, particularly
  in malignant fevers.
    APECHE'MA, from a.no, 'from,'  and v/oc,
  'sound.'   Properly  the  action of reflecting
  sound.  In medicine, it  is synonymous with
  the Latin Contrafissura, a counter-fissure, a
  counter-blow.—Gorraeus, Celsus.
    APECTOCEPHALUS, Acephalothorus.
    &PEE'EA,Appella,Leipoder'mos,Recuti'tus,
  from a, priv., and pellis, ' skin.'   One whose
  prepuce does  not  cover  the glans.—Galenus,
  Linnaeus, Vogel.   Retraction  or smallness of
  any other soft appendage.—Sagar.   One who is
  circumcised.
    APEPSIA, Dyspepsia.
    APE'RIENT, Ape'riens, Aperiti'vus,  from
 aperire, (ad and pario,) ' to open.'  Res'erans.
 A  laxative, (q. v.)  (F.) Aperitif.   A medicine
 which gently opens the bowels. The term had
 formerly a much more extensive signification,
 and, like Catalyt'icum, was given to a substance
 supposed to have the power of opening any of
 the passages,  and even the blood-vessels.
   APERIS'TATON, Aperis'tatum,from a, pri-
 vative, and nf^iarij/u.!, 'I surround.'  An epithet
 for an ulcer not dangerous nor considerable, nor
 surrounded by inflammation.
   APERITIF, Aperient.
   APERITIVUS, Aperient.
   APERTOR OCULI, Levator palpebrse supe-
 rioris.
   APERTO'RIUM, from aperio, ' I open.'  An
 instrument for dilating the os uteri during la-
 bour.
  APERTURA, Mouth-a.  Anterior ventriculi
 tertii cerebri, Vulva (cerebri)—a. Pelvis supe-
 rior, see Pelvis.
  APEUTHYSMENOS, Rectum.
  APEX, Mucro.   The point or extremity of
 a part:—as the apex of the tongue, nose, &c.
  Ai>ex Lingua, Proglossis.
  APtLERESIS, Apheresis, Extirpation.
  APHALANGI'ASIS, from a,' intensive,' and
 tpxXiyi, 'phalanx,' (q. v.)  The fourth  stage of
 Oriental leprosy, which is recognised chiefly by
a gangrenous condition of the fingers.
  APHASSOM'ENOS, from a<p*c-<rw, 'I touch, 
APHEDRA
AP1UM  GRAVEOLENS
I feel.'  The touching of the  parts of genera-
tion of the female  as a means of diagnosis.—
Hippocrates.   See Esaphe.
  APHEDRA, Anus.
  APHEDRIA, Menses.
  APHEDRON, Anus.
  APHELI'A, oKpcXtjg, 'simple.'  Simplicity.
The simple manners of the  sect of Methodists
in teaching and practising medicine.
  APHELX'IA,  from  aipJlxo,  'I  abstract.'
Voluntary inactivity of the whole or the greater
part of the external senses  to the impressions
of surrounding objects,  during wakefulness.
Revery, (F.) Reverie.   Dr.  Good has intro-
duced this into his Nosology, as well as Aphelx'-
ia socors or absence of mitid—A. inten'ta or ab-
straction of mind: and A.otio'sa, Stu'dium ina'-
niybrown study or listless musing.
  APHEPSEMA, Decoction.
  APHEPSIS, Decoction.
  APHE'RESIS, Apha'resis,  from apa/oto>, 'I
take away.'   An operation  by which any part
of the body is separated from  the other.  Hip-
pocrates, according to Foesius, uses the expres-
sion Apha'resis Sanguinis for excessive hemor-
rhage; and Sennertus, to  express the condition
of an animal deprived  both of the faculties of
the mind and of the mind  itself.
  APH'ESIS, from a.<piriut, ' I relax.'   A remis-
sion (q. v.)   This word  expresses sometimes
the diminution or cessation  of a disease;  at
others, languor and debility of the lower extre-
mities.  See  Languor, and Remission.
  APHIL AN'THROPY, Aphilanthro'pia, from
a, privative, iptXius, 'I love,' and avdqumog, ' a
man.'  Dislike to man.  Love of solitude.  Vo-
gel has given this name  to the first degree of
melancholy.
  APHISTESIS, Abscess.
  APHODEUMA, Excrement.
  APHODUS, Excrement.
  APHONETUS, Aphonus.
  APHO'NIA, Liga'tio lingua, Loque'la abol'-
ita, De fee'tus loque'la, Dyspho'nia,  q. v., (of
some,) Aph'ony, (F.) Aphonie, Perte de la Voix,
from  a, privative,  and ipwvr],  'voice.'  Priva-
tion of voice, or of the sounds that ought to be
produced in the glottis.   When aphonia forms
part of catarrh or of ' cold,' it is commonly of
but little consequence;  but  when  produced by
causes acting on the nervous  system, as by
some  powerful emotion, or without any appre-
ciable lesion of the vocal apparatus, it  fre-
quently resists all remedies.
  Aphonia, Catalepsy—a.  Surdorum, Mutitas
Surdorum.
  APHONICUS, Aphonus.
  APHO'NUS, Apho'nicus, Apho'netus; same
etymon.  Relating to aphonia.
  APHONY, Aphonia.
  APHORIA, Sterilitas.
  APHORICUS, Sterile.
  APHORUS, Sterile.
  APHOR'ME,  atfosM'/j  'occasion.'   The ex-
ternal and manifest  cause  of any thing.  The
occasional cause of a disease.—Hippocrates.
  APHRO'DES, 'frothy,' from aWcc, 'foam,'
and siiJof,  ' resemblance.'  Applied to the blood
and the excrements.—Hippocrates.
  APHRODISIA, Coition,  Puberty.
  APHRODIS'IAC, Aphrodisiacus, from A908-
Strr], ' Venus.' (F.) Aphrodisiae/ue.   Medicine
or food believed to be capable of exciting to the
pleasures of love;  as ginger, cantharides, &c.
They are generally stimulants.
  APHRODISIACUS, Venereal.
  APHRODISIASMUS, Coition.
  APHRODISIOG'RAPHY,  from   A(pqoSirth
'Venus,' and yqa<pt», 'I describe.'   Etymolo-
gically, this term  means a description of the
pleasures of love, but it has been placed at the
head of a work describing the venereal disease.
  APHROG'ALA,from ampog, 'foam,'and yaXa,
'milk.'  Lac spumo'sum.  A name  formerly
given to milk rendered frothy by agitation.
  APHRONIA, Apoplexy.
  APHRONITRUM, Natrum, Soda.
  APHROSYNE, Delirium, Insanity.
  APHTHyE, Aphta, Aptha, from a-rxa, 'I
inflame.'  Thrush or sore mouth, Aphtha lac-
tu'cimen,  A. Infantum, Lactu'cimen, Lactu-
cim'ina,Al'cola,Lactu'mina,Em'phlysisaphtlia,
Ulcera serpen'tia Oris,Pus'tula oris, Febris apk-
tko'sa, Angi'na  aphtho'sa, Vesic'ula gingiva'-
rum,  Typhus aphthoideus, Stomatitis exsuda-
tlva, S. vesiculosa infan'tum, Stomap'yra, S.
aphtha, Prunella, White Thrush, Milk Thrush.
Aphthae consist of roundish, pearl-coloured ve-
sicles, confined  to the lips, mouth,  and intes-
tinal canal, and generally terminating  in curd-
like sloughs.  In France, the Aphthae of chil-
dren, Aphthes des enfans, is  called Muguet,
Millet, BIan diet, Catarrhe buccal and Stomatite
crimense pultacee, Pultaceous Inflammation of
the Mouth; and generally receives two divisions
—the  mild  or discreet, (F.) Muguet benin ou
discret, and the malignant, (F.)  Muguet matin
ou  confluent,  the  Black Thrush.    Common
Thrush is a disease of no consequence, requi-
ring merely the use of absorbent laxatives.  The
malignant variety, which is rare, is of a more
serious character, and is accompanied with ty-
phoid  symptoms.
  Apiithe Adultorum, Stomatitis, aphthous—
a.  Praeputii, Herpes  praeputii—a.   Serpentes,
Cancer aquaticus.
  APHTHE GANGRkNEUX, Cancer aquati-
cus.
  APHTHES DES ENFANS, Aphtha;.
  APHTHEUX,  Aphthous.
  APHTHO'DES,  Aphlhdides,  Aphthoideus,
from  aphtha, and  ttHog, ' resemblance.'  Aph-
thous-like.  Resembling aphthae.
  APHTHOUS, Aphtho'sus, (F.)  Aphtheitx.
Belonging  to aphthae;  complicated with aph-
thae;  as Aphthous Fever.
  APIASTRUM,  Melissa.
  APICES CRURUM MEDULLA OBLON-
GATA, Corpora striata—a. Digitorum, Pupulae.
  APILEPSIA, Apoplexy.
   APIONTA,  see Excretion.
   APIOS, Pyrus communis.
   APIS, Bee.
   API'TES, from *mov, 'a pear.' Perry.—Gor-
raeus.
   A'PIUM GRAVEOLENS, Apium, Pallida'-
pium.,Bellnum, Smallage, (F.) Ache.  Nat. Ord.
Umbelliferae.  Sex.  Syst.  Pentandria Digynia.
The  plants, roots, and seeds are aperient and
carminative.  Selery is a variety of this.
   Apium Petr^eum, Bubon Macedonicum.
   Apium  Petroseli'num,  Apium  Horten'sl,
 Eleoseli'num  (?),  Grielum,  Petroseli'num  or
 Common Parsley, (F.) Persil.   The root—P«-
troselinum, (Ph. U. S.)—and seeds are diuretic
 and aperient. 
APLASTIC
67
APOMYLENAS
  APLAS'TIC, Aplas'ticus, from a, privative,
and vXao-o-o), ' I form.'   That which is not capa-
ble of forming; that which  does not serve to
form, or is not organizable.
  Aplastic Element; one which is unsuscep-
tible of any farther  amount of organization.—
Gerber.
  APLESTIA, Ingluvies, Intemperance.
  APLEU'ROS, from a, privative, and n-Xtvqoc,
'a rib.!  One without ribs.—Hippocrates. Galen.
  APLOT'OMY, Aplotom'ia, from mnXooc,( sim-
ple,' and xiuvce, ' I cut.'   A simple incision.
  APNEUSTIA, Apnoea, Asphyxia.
  APNQZ'A, from a, privative, and mtu, 'I re-
spire.'  Asphyx'ia, Apneus'tia.  Absence of re-
spiration, Respira'tio abolita, or insensible re-
spiration.   Also, Orthopnoea, (q. v.)
  Apnoea  Infantum,  Asthma Thymicum.
  APNCEASPHYXIA, Asphyxia.
  APNUS, a-rvoog, same  etymon.  One devoid
of respiration.  An epithet applied by authors
to cases in which the respiration is so small and
slow, that it seems suspended.—Castelli.  It is
probable, however, that the  word was always
applied to the patient, not to the disease.
  APO, a.7ro, a prefix, denoting 'from, of, off,
out.'   Hence—
  APOBAMMA, Embamma.
  APOBAINON, Eventus.
  APOBESOMENON, Eventus.
  APOBIOSIS, Death.
  APOBLEMA, Abortion.
  APOBOLE, Abortion.
  APOBRASMA, Furfur.
  APOCAPNISMUS, Fumigation.
  APOCATASTASIS,  Considentia,  Restau-
ratio.
   APOCATHARSIS, Catharsis.
  APOCATHARTICUS, Cathartic.
  APOCECAULISMENON, Apagma.
  APOCENO'SIS, Aposceno'sis,fxom ttrco,' out,'
and xivuo-is,' evacuation.'  A partial evacuation,
according  to some, in opposition to Cenosis,
which signifies a  general evacuation.—Cullen
and Swediaur apply it to  morbid fluxes.
  Apocenosis, Abevacuatio—a. Diabetes melli-
tus, Diabetes—a. Ptyalismus mellitus, see Sali-
vation—a. Vomitus pyrosis, Pyrosis.
  APOCHOREON, Excrement.
  APOCHREMMA, Sputum.
  APOCHREMPSIS, Exspuition.
  APOCH'YMA,  from a/rs^o.,  'I pour out.'
A sort of tar, obtained from old ships; which is
impregnated with  chloride of sodium.  It was
used as a discutient  of tumours.—Aetius, Pau-
lus, Gorraeus.
  APOCIN GOBE-MOUCHE, Apocynum an-
drosaemifolium.
  APOCLASMA, Abduction, Apagma.
  APOCLEISIS, Asitia,  Disgust.
  APOCOPE, from ttiro,  and xonrtiv, 'to cut.'
Abscission, (q. v.)   A wound with loss of sub-
stance.  Fracture with loss of part of the bone.
Amputation.
  APOCOPUS, Castratus.
  APOCRISIS, Contagion, Excrement, Secre-
tion.
  APOCROUS'TIC,  Apocrous'tica  seu Apo-
crtis'tica, (remed'ia,) from ot.no,' out,' and xqovw,
' I push.'   An astringent  and repellent, (q. v.)
—Galenus.
  APOCRUSTICA, Apocroustic.
  APOCYESIS, Parturition.
  APOCYNUM ANDROSAMIFO'LIUM,
from arro, and xuuv, ' a dog,' because esteemed,
of old, to be fatal to dogs.  Dog's Bane, Bitter
Dog's Bane, Milkweed, Bitterroot, Honeybloom,
Catchfly, Flytrap,  Ip'ecac, (F.) Apoci?i  gobe-
mouche,A.amer. Nat. Ord.  Apocyneae. Sex.
Syst.  Pentandria Digynia.   The  root of this
plant is found from Canada to Carolina. Thirty
grains evacuate the stomach as effectually as
two-thirds  of the amount of Ipecacuanha, by
which name it is known in various parts of the
eastern states.  It is  in the secondary list of
the Pharmacopoeia of the United States.
  Apoc"ynum  Cannab'inum,  Indian Hemp.
This American plant possesses emetic, cathar-
tic,  diaphoretic  and  diuretic  properties, and
has  been strongly recommended  in  dropsy.
It has been given in decoction,—gij of the root
boiled in three pints of water to two.  A wine-
glassful for a dose.
  Apocynum Nov^e Anglic Hirsutum, Ascle-
pias tuberosa—a. Orange, Asclepias tuberosai—
a. Scandens, Allamanda.
  APODACRYT'ICUS, Delachrymati'vus,
from  a.7ro,  'from,'  and day.ovo>, 'I  weep.'  A
substance, supposed to occasion a flow of the
tears, and  then  to arrest them.—Columella,
Pliny, Galenus.
  APODEMIALGIA, Nostalgia.
  APOD'IA, from a, privative, and  ncvc,  ' a
foot.'  Want of feet; hence Apous or Apus, one
who has no feet.
  APODYTE'RIUM, Coniste'rium, Spoliato'-
rium, Spolia'rium,  from arr^Sva, 'I strip off.'
The ante-room, where  the  bathers  stripped
themselves in the ancient Gymnasia.
  APOGALACTISMUS, Weaning.
  APOGALACTOS, Exuber.
  APOGEUSIS, Ageustia.
  APOGEUSTIA, Ageustia.
  APOGLAUCOSIS, Glaucosis.
  APOGON, Imberbis.
  APOG'ONUM, from ano, and  yivouai, 'I
exist.'  A living foetus in utero.—Hippocrates.
  APOLEPISIS, Desquamation.
  APOLEPISMUS, Desquamation.
  APOLEP'SIS, Apolep'sia, Apolip'sis,  from
anoXa/ifavot, 'I retain.'   Retention,  suppres-
sion.—;Hippocrates.   Asphyxia.
  APOLEX'IS, from anoX^yo^,  ' I cease.'  Old
age, decrepitude.
  APOLINO'SIS, from ano, and Xivcv, 'a flaxen
thread.'  The  mode of operating for fistula in
ano, by means of a thread of Hom-olhion or Li-
num crudum.—Hippocrates, Paulus.
  APOLIPSIS, Apolepsis.
  APOLLINARIS ALTERCUM,  Hyoscya-
mus.
  APOLUTICA, Cicatrisantia.
  APOLYS'IA,  Apolysis,  from  ttnoXw,  'I
loosen.'  Solution.   Relaxation.. Debility of
the  limbs or looseness of bandages.—Erotian.
Expulsion of the foetus  and  its dependencies.
Termination of a disease.—Hippocrates, Galen.
  APOMATHE'MA, Apomalhe'sis, from ano,
and/ua\9a.vu, ' I learn.' Forgetfulness of things
taught.—Hippocrates.
  APOM'ELI, from avo, 'of,'  and /utXi, 'ho-
ney.'   An oxymel (q. v.) or decoction made of
honey.—Galen, Aetius, Paulus, &c
  APOMEXIS, Munctio.
  APOMYLE'NAS,  from  unopvU*!**,  'I
make a wry mouth.'  One who pushes his lips 
APOMYTHOSIS
68
APOPLEXIA
forwards,  pressing  them against each other.
Occasionally a  symptom of nervous fever.—
Galen, Erotian.
  APOMYTHO'SIS, from *nonv*<ru, ' I snore.'
A disease in which there is stertor.—Sauvages,
Sagar.
  APOMYXIA, Nasal mucus.
  APONEUROG'RAPHY,  Aponeurogra'phia,
from avovtxjqaso-i;, an ' aponeurosis,' and yqtipt},
' a description.'  A  description of the Aponeu-
roses.
  APONEUROL'OGY, Aponeurolog'ia, from
anovEvqao-n,' an aponeurosis,' and Xoyos, ' a dis-
course.'  Aponeurosiology.  The Anatomy of
the Aponeuroses.
  APONEUROSIOLOGY, Aponeurology.
  APONEURO'SIS, Aponevro'sis, from  ano,
'from,' and v«upov,  'a nerve.'   Pronerva'tio,
Denerva'tio, Enerva'tio,  Expan'sio nervo'sa,
(F.) Aponeurose, Aponevrose.   The  ancients
called every white part vtvqov, and regarded the
Aponeurosis as a  nervous  expansion.   The
Aponeuroses  are white, shining membranes,
very  resisting, and composed of fibres inter-
laced.  Some are continuous with the muscular
fibres, and differ only from tendons by their flat
form.  They are called Aponeuroses  of inser-
tion, (F.) Aponevroses  d'inseition, when  they
are at the extremities of muscles, and attach
them to the bone;—Aponeuroses of intersection,
(F.) Aponevroses d'intersection, if they inter-
rupt the continuity of the muscle, and are con-
tinuous on  both sides  with muscular fibres.
Others surround the muscle, and  prevent its
displacement: they are called enveloping Apo-
neuroses, (F.) Aponevroses d'enveloppe.
  Aponeurosis, Fascia—a. Crural, Fascia lata
—a.  Femoral,  Fascia  lata—a.  Iliac,  Fascia
iliaca.
  APONEUROSITIS, from aponeurosis, and
itis,  ' denoting  inflammation.'   Inflammation
of an aponeurosis.
  APONEUROTIC, Aponeuroticus.   What
relates to Aponeuroses :—thus, we say Aponeu-
rotic expansion, Aponeurotic muscle, &c
  APONEUROT'OMY, Aponeurotom'ia,  from
etTrovtv^uaig,' aponeurosis,' and Tipuai, ' I  cut.'
Anatomy of aponeuroses.
  Aponeurotomy has, also, been proposed for the
division, (debridement) of filaments, &c in apo-
neurotic openings, and for the section of fasciae.
  APONEVROSE PEDIEUSE, see Pedal
Aponeurosis—a. Superficielle de VAbdomen et
de  la Cuisse, Fascia superficialis.
   APONEVROSIS, Aponeurosis.
  APON'IA,  from  a,  privative, and  novo;,
' pain.'  Freedom from pain.
   APONIPSIS, Ablution.
   APOP AlA\.E"S\S:,Apopal'sis,homrtno7ntXX6o,
' I  throw off.'  Expulsion.  Protrusion.—Hip-
pocrates.  Also, Abortion, (q. v.)
   APOPATE'MA,Apop'athos,Apop'atus. The
excrement, and the  place where it is deposited.
—Dioscorides, Erotian.
   APOPEDASIS, Luxation.
   APOPHLEGMATISANS   PER  NARES,
 Errhine—a. per Os, Sialogogue.
   APOPHLEGMATISAN'TIA, Apophlegma-
tison'ta, Apophlegmatis'mi, from a wo, 'out,'
and tpXty/ua, 'phlegm.'  Medicines which faci-
 litate the upward expulsion of mucus from the
 mucous membrane  of the digestive or air pas-
 sages; as gargles, masticatories, &c
  APOPHLEG'MATISM, Apophlegmatis mus.
The action of Apophlegmatisantia.—Galen.
  APOPHLEGMATISMI,  Apophlegmatisan-
tia.
  APOPH'RADES, from awo-pgac,  ' unlucky.
An epithet applied to  unlucky days, (dies ne-
fandi.)  Days  on which a  favourable change
is not expected to occur in a disease.—A. Lau-
rentius.
  APOPHRAXIS, Amenorrhoea.
  APOPHTHARMA, Apoph'thora, from anc,
and  q>$nqu, ' I  corrupt.'  Abortion, as well as
a medicine to procure abortion.
  APOPHTHORA, Abortion.
  APOPHTHORIUS, Abortive.
  APOPHY ADES, from ano, 'from,' and <pw,
' I spring.'  The ramifications of veins and ar-
teries.—Hippocrates.
  APOPHYSE BASILAIRE, Basilary pro-
cess—a. Engatnante ou vaginale, Vaginal pro-
cess—a. Pyramidale, see Temporal Bone—a.
Petre'e, see Temporal Bone.
  APOPHYSES kPINEUSES, Spinous pro-
cesses of the vertebrae.
  APOPH'YSIS, from  ano, ' from,' and 9,,*,
' I  rise,'  Ec'physis,  Proces'sus, Appendix, A
process of a bone, Prominen'tia ossis contin'ua.
When the apophysis is  yet  separated from the
body of the bone by intervening cartilage, it is
called Epiphysis.  The  apophyses or processes
are, at times, distinguished by epithets, expres-
sive of their form : as A. styloid, A.  coracoid,
&c  Others are not  preceded  by the word
apophysis; as Trochanter, Tuberosity, &c.
  Apoph'ysis of Ingras'sias is a term applied
to the lesser ala of the sphenoid bone.
  Apophysis of Rau, Grele apophyse du Mair-
teau:  see Malleus.
  Apophysis Zygomatica, Zygomatic process.
  APOPIES'MA, from  cnro-ristu, 'I compress.'
 Hippocrates uses the  term to signify  a fancied
 expression or forcing out of  humours by the
 application of  bandages in  wounds and frac-

  APOPLANESIS, Error loci.
  APOPLECTIC, Apoplec'ticus.   Referring
 to Apoplexy.  This word has various significa-
 tions.  It is applied,  1. To  individuals labour-
 ing under apoplexy: 2.  To remedies proper for
 combating apoplexy: 3. To  the constitution,
 temperament, or make, Archite.ctu'ra apoplec-
 tica, Hab'itus apoplec'ticus, which  predisposes
 to  it,  and, 4. To the symptoms which charac-
 terize apoplexy; as Apoplectic sleep, A', stroke,
 (q.  v.) A. stertor, &c.  The jugular veins have
 also, by  some, been called Apoplectic veins,
 Vena apoplec tica.
   Apoplectic Cell.  The  cavity remaining in
 the encephalon, after the effusion of a clot into it.
   APOPLECTICUS,   Antiapoplectic,  Apo-
 plectic.
   APOPLEXIA,  Apoplexy—a.  Catalepsia,
 Catalepsia—a.  Cerebralis,  see  Apoplexy—a.
 Cerebri,  see  Apoplexy—a. Cordis, Hsemocar-
 diorrhagia—a. Hydrocephalica,  Hydrocephalus
 internus—a. Hepatica,  Hepatorrhagia—a. Me-
 dullaris,  Apoplexia myelitica—a.  Meningaea,
 Apoplexy, meningeal.
   Apoplexia Myelit'ica;  A. Medulla'ris, A.
 Spina'lis, A. Rachia'lis, Hcemor'rhachis, My-
 elorrhagia,  Myelapoplex'ia,  (F.) Apoplexu
 de laMoelle epiniere, Hemorrhagic de la Mo-
 'tile epiniere, Hemato^nyelie,Hemo-myelorrha- 
APOPLEXIE CAPILLAIRE       69
APOSTAXIS
gie,  He'matorrhachis.   Hemorrhage into the
spinal marrow.
  Apoplexia  Nervosa, Apoplexy, nervous—
a. Nervosa traumatica, Concussion of the brain
—a. Pituitosa, see Apoplexy—a.  Pulmonalis,
see Haemoptysis—a. Pulmonum, see  Haemop-
tysis—a.  Renalis,  Apoplexy, renal—a. Rha-
chialis, A. myelitica—a.  Sanguinea, see Apo-
plexy—a.  Serosa, see  Apoplexy—a. Simplex,
Apoplexy, nervous—a. Spasmodica, Apoplexy,
nervous—a. Spinal, Apoplexia  myelitica—a.
Temulenta, see Temulentia.
  APOPLEXIE  CAPILLAIRE, Mollities
cerebri—a. Cerebrate,  Apoplexy, Hemorrhagic
cerebrate.
  APOPLEXIE FOUD ROY ANTE,' Thun-
dering Apoplexy.'  A form of apoplexy, which
is intense and rapidly fatal.
  APOPLEXIE  MENINGkE, Apoplexy,
meningeal—a. De la  Mo'elle kpiniere, Apo-
plexy, spinal.
  AP'OPLEXY, Apoplex'ia, from airon\tjttsiv,
' to strike with violence.'   At the present day,
the term apoplexy is employed by many writers
to signify interstitial hemorrhage, (F.) Hemor-
rhage interstitielle, or every effusion of blood,
which  occurs suddenly into the substance of
an organ or tissue.  Hence, we  speak of cere-
bral apoplexy, pulmonary apoplexy, &c &c.
Formerly it was  always—and still is by many
—used in an entirely symptomatic sense,  to
signify, in other words, the  train of phenome-
na, which characterize  cerebral apoplexy.  This
disease, Hamorrha'gia Cer'ebri,  Aphro'nia, Ca-
ms Apoplex'ia,  Coma Apoplex'ia, Apoplex'ia
 cer'ebri sanguin'ea, A. cerebra!lis, Encephalor-
 rhag'ia,  San'guinis  ictus,  Hamatenceph'a-
lum, Pulpez'ia, Sidera'tio,  Apilepsia, Morbus
 aiton'itus,  Gutta,  Theople'gia,  Theoplex'ia,
 (F.)  Apoplexie,   A.  cerebrate, Hematoence-
phalie, Coup  de  sang, is  characterized by di-
 minution, or loss of sensation and mental ma-
 nifestation ; by the cessation, more or less com-
 plete, of motion ;  and by a comatose  state,—
 circulation and respiration continuing. It gene-
 rally consists in pressure upon the brain; either
 from turgescence of vessels, or from extravasa-
 tion of blood;  hence the terms Hamenceph'alus,
 Hemorrhage cerebrate, and  Hemoencephalor-
 rhagie, applied to it by some. The general prog-
 nosis is unfavourable;  especially when it occurs
 after the age of 35.  When Apoplexy is accom-
 panied with a hard, full pulse, and flushed coun-
 tenance, it is  called Apoplexia sanguin'ea, Ca-
 taph'ora coma; when  with  a  feeble pulse and
 pale countenance, and evidences of serous effu-
 sion,  Apoplex'ia sero'sa,  A. pituito'sa, Serous
 Apoplexy,  Cataph'ora hydrocephalica, Ence-
 phaloch'ysis seni'lis, Hydroceph'alus acu'tus se-
 num, Hydroencephalorrhee, (Piorry,) Hydropi-
 sie cerebrale suraigue, Hydrorrhagie.
   In Nervous Apoplexy, Avoplex'ia nervo'sa seu
 spasmod'ica, A. simplex, simple apoplexy, no le-
 sion whatever may be perceptible on dissection,
 although the patient may have died under all the
 phenomena that are characteristic of apoplexy.
   Apoplexy  of  the  Heart,  Haemo-cardior-
 rhagia.
   Apoplexy, Meninge'al, Apoplex'ia menin-
 ga'a, (F.) Apoplexie  meningee, Hemorrhagie
 me'ningee.  Hemorrhage from the meninges of
 the brain or spinal marrow—generally into the
 great cavity of the arachnoid.
  Apoplexy, Nervous, see Apoplexy—a. Pul-
monary, see Haemoptysis—a. Simple, A. Ner-
vous.
  Apoplexy, Renal, Apoplex'ia rena'lis.  A
condition of the kidney, characterized by knotty,
irregular, tuberculated eminences, some  of a
deep black colour.  Effusion of blood into the
substance of the kidney.
  Apoplexy, Serous,  see Apoplexy—a.  Spi-
nal, Apoplexia myelitica.
  APOPNEUSIS, Exhalatio.
  APOPNIXIS, Suffocation.
  APOPNOE,  Exspiratio.
  APOPNOZA, Exspiratio.
  APOPSYCHrA, Syncope.
  APOPTO'SIS,from anonmtio, 'I fall down.5
A relaxation of bandages.—Erotian.
  APORRHOE, Aporrhcea.
  APORRHffi  A, Apor'rhoe, Apor'rhysis, De-
flu'vium, from aTroqqta,' I  flow from.' An ema-
nation, effluvium, contagion, (q. v.)—Moschion.
A falling off of the hair, according to some.
  APOR'RHYSIS, Aporrhcea.
  APOSCEM'MA, Aposcep' sis, from aTroo-nrj-xw,
' I lie down, I direct myself towards.'  Afflux
of fluids towards a part.  Metastasis.  The first
word has been applied to the excrements.—
Hippocrates, Galen.
  APOSCENOSIS, Apocenosis.
  APOSCEPARNIS'MUS,  Deascia'tio,  from
a7io and rxnra^vov,' a hatchet.'  Wound of the
cranium, by a  cutting instrument, in which a
piece of the bone has been cut out, as  with a
hatchet.—Gorraeus.
  APOSCEPSIS, Aposcemma.
  APOS'CHASIS, Aposchas'mus, from anoa-
^atai, ' I scarify.'  Scarification.   A slight su-
perficial incision in the skin.   Also, blood-let-
ting.—Hippocrates.
  APOS'IA, Sitis defec'tus, from a, privative,
and iroatc, 'drink.'  Want of thirst, absence of
desire for liquids.
  APOSI'TIA, from a«, 'from,' and <rncs,
'food.' Aversion for food.—Galen. See Disgust.
  APOS1T 1C,Aposificus; the same etymology.
 Any substance  which destroys the appetite, or
suspends hunger.
  APOSPAS'MA, from arroo-naui, ' I tear or la-
cerate.'  (F.) Arrachement (q. v.) A solution
of continuity, especially of a ligament. Rhegma
ligamenta're~, Lacera'tio ligamenta'ria.
  APOSPHACEL'ISIS,Aposphacelis'mtis,fxom
 *tto, and <r?axf Xoq,' mortification.' Gangrene in
 wounds and fractures, owing to the bandages
 being too tight.—Hippocrates.
  APOSPHINX'IS, oino<TOfiy%u;,  constriction,
 compression.  The action  of a tight bandage.—
 Hippocrates.
  APOSPONGIS'MUS, the act of sponging for
 any purpose.—Gorraeus.
  APOSTALAG'MA, Apostag'ma, from ano,
 'from,' and araXatw, 'I  drop.'  The  ancient
 name for the saccharine liquor which flows from
 grapes when not yet pressed.
  APOS'TASIS, from a-iro, and la-rri/n,' I stop.'
 The ancients had different significations for this
 word.  It was  most commonly used for an ab-
 scess.  The separation of a fragment  of bone
 by fracture.  Removal of disease by some  ex-
 cretion, &c.
  APOSTAX'IS, from   anoo-ntlv,  'I  distil
 from.'   The defluxion of any humour,  as of
 blood from the nose.—Hippocr.  Staxis (q. v.) 
APOSTEMA
70     APPAREILS DE FORMATION
   APOSTE'MA, from avo, 'from,' and io-t^u,
 'I settle,' ox fxom atpio-Ttjpn,  'I recede from.'
 This word is used by the ancients somewhat
 vaguely.  It meant an affection in which parts,
 previously in contact, are separated from each
 other by a fluid collected between them.  The
 moderns regard it as synonymous with Abscess,
 (q. v.)  Some, even of the moderns,  have  ap-
 plied it to any watery tumour, and  even to tu-
 mours in general.
   Apostema  Cerebri, Encephalopyosis—a.
 Empyema, Empyema—a. Parulis,  Parulis—a.
 Phalangum, Fourche—a. Psoaticum,  Lumbar
 abscess.
   APOSTERIG MA, from avoc-rtjoitw, ' I sup-
 port.'  Any thing that supports   a  diseased
 part, as a cushion, a pillow, &c—Galen.   A
 deep-seated and inveterate disease of the intes-
 tines.—Hippocrates.
   APOS'THlA, Leipoder'mia, from  a priva-
 tive, and mo&ta, 'prepuce.'  Want of prepuce.
   APOSTOLO'RUM  UNGUEN'TUM, Do-
 decaphar'macum, Ointment of the Apostles.  So
 called, because as many solid ingredients entered
 into its composition as there were apostles.   It
 contained several resins and gum resins, yellow
 wax, oil, vinegar, verdigris, &c, and  was for-
 merly employed as a vulnerary.
   APOS'TROPHE, from xno, and  <noS(po., 'I
 turn.'   An aversion or disgust for food.—Pau-
 lus.  Also, the direction of humours  towards
 other parts.
   APOSYRMA, Abrasion, Desquamation.
   APOTELES'MA, from  arro,  and  nXta-pta,
 ' completion.'  The result or termination of a
 disease.  See, also, Amuletum.
   APOTHANASIA, see Death.
   APOTHE'CA, Pharmace'um, Pharmacopo'-
 lium, from ano, and viBr^t, 'to  place.'  Any
 place where things are  kept, and therefore ' a
 shop,' and particularly a wine cellar.  A place
 or  vessel wherein  medicines  are kept.   See
 Pharmacopolium.
   APOTHECARIES' HALL.  The  Hall  of
 the Corporation or  Society of Apothecaries of
 London, where medicines are prepared  and sold
 under their direction, &c.  This  Company ob-
 tained  a charter of incorporation in  the 15th
 year of James the  First.  No  general practi-
 tioner  can establish himself  in  England  or
 Wales, without having obtained a license from
 the Court of Examiners of the Company.
   APOTH'ECARY, Apotheca'rius, Dispensa'-
 tor, Pharmacopo'la, Pigmenta'rius, Pharmaco-
pw.'us,  Pharmdceus, Pharmaceu'ta, Rhizot'o-
 mus, Myropo'les, Myropo'lus,Pharmacter,Phar-
 macur'gcus, Pharmacur'gus, Pharmaceu'list,
 »ame derivation, (F.) Apothicaire, Pharma-
 aien, Pharmacopole.  In every country except
 Great Britain, it means one who sells drugs,
makes  up  prescriptions,  &c.  In addition  to
these offices, which, indeed, they rarely exer-
 cise, except in the case of their own patients,
the Apothecaries in England form a privileged
class of practitioners—a kind of sub-physician.
   APOTEERAPEI'A, Apotherapi'a, Apolkera-
veu'sts, from unt-Q-t^iTTivu-i, (otvc and ^tyuTfuoi )
' 1  cure.'  A perfect cure.—Hippocr.   In the
ancient  Gymnastics, it meant  the last part of
the  exercises:—the friction,  inunction, and
bathing, for the purpose of obviating fatigue, or
curing disease.—Galen, Gorraeus.
   APOTHERAPEUSIS, Apotherapaia.
   APOTHER'MUM, from  arro, and  Stqpr,,
 'heat.'  A pickle  made  of mustard, oil, and
 vinegar.—Galen.
   APOTH'ESIS, from anori&r,iit,' I replace.'
 The position proper to be given to a fractured
 limb, after reduction.
   APOTHICAIRE, Apothecary.
   APOTHICAIRERIE, (F.) from anod^,
 ' a warehouse, shop.'  The same  as Apotheca;
 also, a gallipot.
   APOTHLIM'MA,  from  avo,  and  9Xi(lm, 'I
 press from.'  Anciently, the dregs, and some-
 times .the expressed juice, Succus expres'sus, of
 plants.—Gorraeus.
   APOTHRAU'SIS, from a™^*vw,'I break.'
 Fracture  of a  bone, with spicula remaining.
 Extraction of a spiculum  of bone.—Gorraeus.
 Also, Abscission, (q. v.)
   APOTILMOS, Evulsion.
   APOT'OKOS, from ano, and <mn», 'I bring
 forth.'  An abortive foetus.—Hippocrates.
   APOTOME, Amputation.
   APOTOMIA, Amputation.
   APOTROP^EUM, Amuletum.
   APOTROPE, Aversion. Also, deviation—as
 of a limb—Parat'rope.
   APOXYSMUS, Abrasion.
   APOZEM, Decoction.
   APOZESIS, Decoction.
   APPARA'TUS, Parasceu'e, from ad and pa-
 rare, 'to prepare.'   This word signifies a col-
 lection  of instruments, &c,  for any operation
 whatever.  (F.) Appareil.
   In surgery it means the methodical  arrange-
 ment of all the instruments and objects neces-
 sary for an operation  or dressing.  By exten-
 sion, the French give the name Appareil, Ca-p-
 sa chirur'gca, to the case or drawers in whkh
 the apparatus is arranged.
   Apparatus has likewise been applied to the
 different modes of operating for the stone.—See
 Lithotomy.
   In Physiology, Apparatus  (Appareil) is ap-
 plied  to  a collection  of organs,  all of which
 work towards the same end.  A system of or-
gans comprehends all those formed of a similar
 texture.   An apparatus often comprehends or-
 gans of very different  nature.  In the former,
 there is analogy of structure; in the latter, ana-
 logy of function.
   Apparatus Altus, see Lithotomy.
   Apparatus Immov'able, (F.)Appareil immo-
 bile, Immovable Bandage, Permanent Bandag'.
 An apparatus for fractures, which is generally
formed by wetting the bandages  in some sub-
 stance, as  starch or  dextrin, which  becomes
 solid, and  retains the parts in situ.
   Apparatus Lateralis,  see  Lithotomy—a.
 Major, see  Lithotomy—a.  Minor, see  Litho-
 tomy.
   APPAREIL, Apparatus, Bolder—a. Grand.
see Lithotomy—a.  Haut, see  Lithotomy—*.
Immobile, Apparatus, immovable—a.  Lateral-
isi, see  Lithotomy—a. Petit, see  Lithotomy—
a. Pigmental, Pigmental apparatus.
  APPAREILS  DE FORMATION, (F.)
 Gall admits, in the brain, two kinds of fibres:
 the one, divergent, proceeding from the cerebral
 peduncles to the convolutions, and constituting
 what he calls appareils de formation: the other,
 convergent, and proceeding from the convolu-
 tions to the centre of the  organ, constituting
 what he calls appareils de reunion.  The first, 
APPAUVRI              71              APYROMELE
as a whole, form the organs of the mental  fa-
culties : the latter are commissures, which unite
parts of the organ that are double and in pairs.
  APPAUVRI, Impoverished.
  APPENDICE,  Appendix—a. Cacal, Ap-
pendix vermiformis  caeci—a. Digtal,  Appen-
dix vermiformis caeci—a.Sous-sternale, Xiphoid
cartilage—a. Sus-spheno'idale  du cerveau,  Pi-
tuitary gland—a. Xipho'ide, Xiphoid cartilage.
  Appendices  Coli  Adiposje, Appendiculae
epiploicae—a. kpipldiques,  Appendiculae  epi-
pdoicae.
  APPENDICULACEREBRI,Pituitarygland
—a. Vermiformis caeci, see Appendix—a. Epi-
ploica, Epiploic appendage.
  APPENDICULAE PINGUEDINO'S,E,.E>'-
ploic appendages (q. v.) Appendic'ula Epiplo'-
ica, Appen'dices coli adipo'sa, Omen'tula, (F.)
Appendices Epiplo'iques.   Prolongations of  the
peritoneum beyond the surface of the great in-
testine, which are analogous in texture and  ar-
rangement to omenta.
   APPEN'DIX,  Epiph'ysis, from appendere,
(ad and pendere,  'to hang,')  'to hang from.'
Any part that adheres to an organ or is conti-
nuous with it:—seeming as if added to  it.   An
appendage, an apophysis, (q. v.) (F.)Appendice,
Annexe.
   Appen'dix Vermifor'mis, Appendic'ula Ver-
imfor'mis Ca'ci, Tubus Vermicula'ris  Caci,Ec'-
jthyas, Additamen'tum Coli, Appen'dix Caci,
(F.) Appendice vermiforme, A. cacal oudigital.
A vermicular process, the size of a goose-quill,
which hangs from the intestinum caecum.   Its
functions are unknown.
   Appendix Cerebri, Pituitary gland—a. ad
Cerebrum, Cerebellum—a. Cutanea  Septi Na-
rium, Statica septi Narium—a. to the Epididy-
mis, Vasculum aberrans—a. Ventriculi, Duode-
num.
   APPENSIO, see Analeptia.
   AP'PETENCE, Appeten'tia, from appetere,
(ad&nd petere,)' to desire.'  An ardent, passion-
ate desire for any object.
   APPETIT PERTE  D', Anorexia.
   AP'PETITE, Appetltus, Appeten'tia, Appe-
tl'tia,  (ad  and petere,)  ' to  seek,' Cupi'do,
Orex'is, Orme:  same etymology as the last.
An internal  sensation, which warns  us of  the
necessity of exerting certain  functions, espe-
cially those of digestion and generation.   In the
latter case it is called venereal appetite, (F.)
Appetit venerien: in the former, simply appe-
tite, (F.) Appetit ou Appetition.  If  the desire
l'or food, occasioned by a real want, be carried
to a certain  extent, it is called hunger, when
solid  food is concerned;  thirst,  when liquid.
Appetite and hunger ought  not, however, to be
employed synonymously: they are different de-
crees of the same want.  Hunger is an imperious
desire: it cannot be provoked, like the appetite.
It is always allayed by eating: but not so  the
appetite; for, at times, it may be excited in this
manner.  They  are very generally, however,
used synonymously.
   Appetite, Morbid, Limosis.
   APPETITUS CANINUS, Boulimia—a. De-
ficiens, Dysorexia.
   APPLE, ADAM'S, Pomum Adami—a. Bitter,
Hucumis colocynthis—a. Curassoa, Aurantium
curassaventium—a. Eye, see Melon—a. May,
Podophyllum peltatum—a.  R.oot, Euphorbia co-
rollata—a. Tree, Pyrus malus.
  APPLICA'TA, from applicare, (ad and pli-
care, ' to fold,') ' to apply.'  A word, unneces-
sarily introduced into medical language, to ex-
press the objects which are applied immediately
to the surface of the body, as clothes, cosmetics,
baths, &c—Halle.
  APPLIC A'TWN,Applica'tio, (same etymon,)
in a moral  signification, is  synonymous  with
Attention.  Also, the act of applying one thing
to another; as the application of an apparatus,
of a bandage, blister, &c.
  APPREHEN'SIO, from ad and prehendere,
' to take.'  This word  is  employed in various
senses.  It means catalepsy, (q. v.) or catocha.
—Paul  Zacchias.  A kind of bandage for se-
curing any part.  Also, a therapeutical indica-
tion.
  APPROCHE, Coition.
  APPROXIMATION, Approxima'tio,  from
ad  and  proximus, 'nearest.'  Ettmuller  gave
this name to a pretended method of curing dis-
ease, by making  it pass from man into  some
animal  or vegetable, by the aid of immediate
contact.
  APRACTA, from a, priv., and ■n-^no-o-m, 'I
act.'  Without action.   An epithet for the
parts of generation, when unfit for copulation or
generation.
  APRICATIO, Isolation.
  APRICOT, Prunus Armeniaca.
  APROCTUS, see Atretus.
  APROSO'PIA, Triocephal'ia,  from a, priv.,
and npoa-omov, ' the face.'  A malformation,
which consists in  the face being deficient.
  APROSOPUS,  Microprosopus.
  APSINTHIA'TUM, from a.xptv&tov, 'worm-
wood.'  A sort of drink made of wormwood.-

  APSINTHITES, Absinthites.
  APSYCHIA, Syncope.
  APSYXIA, Syncope.
  APTH.E, Aphthae.
  APTYS'TOS, from  a,  priv., and «-tu»,  'I
spit.'  Devoid of expectoration.   An epithet
given to certain pleurisies,  in which  there is
no expectoration.—Hippocrates.
  APUS, see Apodia.
  APY'ETOS, from a   priv., and wuov, 'pus.'
An external affection,  which does not end in
suppuration.
  APYIQUE, Apyos.
  AP'YOS, from a, priv., and ttuov, 'pus,' (F.)
Apyique.  That which does  not afford pus.
  APYRECTIC, Apyretic
  APYRENOMELE, Apyromele.
  APYRET'IC, Apyreticus, Apyrec'tic,  Apy-
rec'ticus, Apyr'etus, from a, priv., and  nvij,
' fire, fever.'   Without  fever.  This epithet is
given to days in which there is no paroxysm
of a disease, as in the case of an intermittent;
as well as to some local affections which do not
induce fever.  Urticaria is sometimes called an
apyretic exanthem.
  APYREX'IA.  The  same etymology.  Ab-
sence of fever; Dialem'ma, Dialeip'sis,  Dia-
lip'sis,  Tempus intercalate, Ii/terrallum, In-
termix sio.  Apyrexia is the condition of an in-
termittent fever between the paroxysms: the
duration of the apyrexia, consequently, depends
on the type of the intermittent.   Occasionally,
the term has been applied to the cessation of
the febrile condition in  acute diseases.
  APYROME'LE, Apyrenome'le, from a, priv., 
AQUA
72            AQU.E ACIDULiE
/Tio»;v, 'a nut,' and why,  'a sound.'  A sound
or piobe, without a button  or nut.  It is  the
Melo'tis, Specillum auricula'rium or Auricular
sound of Galen.
  AQUA, Water—a. Acidi carbonici, Acidu-
lous water—a. Acidula hydrosulphurata, Na-
ples water (factitious)—a. Aeris fixi, Acidulous
water (simple)—a. Alkalina oxymuriatica, Eau
de Javelle—a. Aluminis compositus, Liquor, a.
c.—a. Aluminosa Bateana, Liq. aluminis com-
positus—a. Ammoniae,  Liquor  ammoniae—a.
Acetatis ammoniae,  Liquor ammoniae acetatis—
a. Ammoniae  carbonatis, Liquor ammoniae sub-
carbonatis—a. Ammoniae  caustica, Liquor am-
moniae—a. Amnii, Liquor Amnii.
  Aqua Amygdala'rum  Concentra'ta, (F.)
Eau d'Amandes  ameres,  Water  of bitter  al-
monds.   Made by bruising well two pounds of
bitter almonds;  adding, whilst triturating,  ten
pounds of spring water, and four pounds of al-
cohol, letting the mixture  rest in a well-closed
vessel, and then distilling two  pounds.  Used
instead of the Aqua Laurocerasi, and the Hydro-
cyanic acid.
  Aqua Anisi Fortis, Spiritus anisi—a. Aquis-
granensis, see Aix-la-Chapelle—a. Auditoria,
Cotunnius, Liquor of—a.  Aurantii, see Citrus
aurantium—a. Balsamica arterialis, Aqua Binelli
— a. Bareginensis, Bareges  water—a. Barytae
Muriatis, see Baryta, muriate of—a. Bellilucana,
Balaruc waters—a. Benedicta, Liquor  calcis—
a. Benedicta composita, Liquor calcis composi-
tus—a. Benedicta Rulandi, Vinum antimonii tar-
tarizati.
  Aqua  Binel'lii,  Aequo Binelli,  A. Monte-
rossi, Aqua Balsam'ica arteria'lis, (F.) Eau
de Binelli, Eau  de  Monterossi.   A celebrated
Italian haemostatic,  invented by one  Binelli.
Its composition is unknown, but its virtues have
been  ascribed to creasote; although there is
reason for believing it to possess no more ac-
tivity than cold water.
  Aqua BRoccHiE'Rii^cgwa Brocchieti, Broc-
chieri water,  (F.) Eau  de Brocchieri, Eau
styptique  de  Brocchieri.  A supposed  styptic,
which made much noise at  Paris at one time.
It is  devoid of efficacy.   Dr. Paris found  no-
thing in it but water perfumed by  some vege-
table essence.
   Aqua   Borvonensis,   Bourbonne-les-Bains,
mineral waters of—a. Bristoliensis,  Bristol wa-
ter—a. Calcariae ustae, Liquor calcis—a. Calcis,
Liquor calcis—a. Calcis composita, Liquor cal-
cis compositus—a. Camphorae, Mistura cam-
phorae—a. Camphorata, Bates's, see Cupri sul-
phas—a.  Carbonatis  sodae  acidula, Acidulous
water, simple—a. Catapultarum, Arquebusade
eau d'—a. Chlorini, see Chlorine.
   Aqua Cinnamo'mi, Cinnamon  Water.   Dis-
tilled water of Cinnamon  Bark.  Prepared also
in the following manner.   Ol. Cinnam. f. £ss;
Magnes.  Carbon. ^ss: Aq. destillat. Oij.  Rub
the oil and carbonate of magnesia; add the wa-
ter gradually and filter. (Ph. U. S.)
   Aqua Cinnamomi Fortis, Spiritus Cinna-
momi—a. Colcestrensis, Colchester, mineral
waters of—a. Cupri ammoniata, Liquor c. a.—
a. Cupri vitriolati composita, Liquor cupri sul-
phatis composita—a. inter Cutem,  Anasarca—
a. Destillata, Water, distilled—a.  Florum au-
rantii, see Citrus  aurantium—a.  Fluviatilis,
Water, river.
   Aqua Fcenic'uli, Fennel Water.  Th«  dis-
tilled water of fennel seed. It may be prepared
also like the aqua cinnamomi.
  Aqua  Fontana, Water, spring—a.  Fortis,
Nitric  acid—a. Hepatica, Hydrosulphuretted
water—a. Hordeata, Decoctum hordei—a.  In-
tercus, Anasarca—a. inter Cutem, Anasarca—
a. Juniperi composita, Spiritus juniperi  compo-
situs—a. Kali, Liquor potassae subcarbonatis—
a. Kali caustici, Liquor potassae—a. Kali prae-
parati, Liquor potassae  subcarbonatis—a. Kali
puri, Liquor potassae—a.  Kali subcarbonatis,
Liquor potassae  subcarbonatis—a. Labyrinthi,
Cotunnius, liquor of—a. Lactis, Serum lactis—
a. ex Lacu, Water, lake—a. Lithargyri acetati
composita, Liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus—
a. Luciae, Spiritus ammoniae succinatus—a. Ma-
rina, Water, sea—a. Medicata, Water, mineral.
  Aqua Mentha Piperi't^, Peppermint Wa-
ter.  The  distilled water of peppermint.  It
may be prepared like the aqua cinnamomi.
  Aqua Mentha Piperitidis Spirituosa, Spi-
ritus menthae piperitae—a. Menthae viridis, Spear-
mint water; see Aqua menthae piperitae—a. Men-
thae vulgaris spirituosa, Spiritus menthae viridis
—a.  Mineralis,  Water, mineral—a.  Mirabilis,
Spiritus pimentae—a.  Mulsa, Hydromeli—a.
Natri Oxymuriatici, Liquor sodae chlorinatae—
a.  Neapolitana,  Naples water (factitious)—a.
Nephritica, Spiritus myristicss—a. Nivata, Wa-
ter, snow—a. Nucis moschate, Spiritus  myri9-
ticae—a.  Ophthalmica,  Liquor zinci sulphatis
cum camphora—a. Paludosa, Water, marsh—a.
Pericardii, see Pericardium—-a. Picea, see Pinus
sylvestris—a. Picis, see  Pinus sylvestris—a.
Pluvialis, Water, rain—a. Potassae, Liquor po-
tassae—a.  Pulegii spirituosa, Spiritus pulegii—
a.  Putealis, Water, well — a. Rabelii, Elixir
acidum Halleri—a. Raphani composita, Spiritus
armoraciae compositus—a. Regia, Nitro-muri-
atic acid.
  Aqua   Ros^e, Rose  Water, Rhodostag'ma,
(Ros. centifol. ftviij: Aqua, cong. ij. M. Distil
a gallon—Ph. U. S.)
  Aqua Salubris, Water, mineral—a. Sappha-
rina, Liquor cupri ammoniata—a. Saturni, Li-
quor plumbi subacetatis dilutus—a. Sclopetaria,
Arquebusade eau d'—a. Seminum anisi  compo-
sita, Spiritus  anisi—a. Seminum carui fortis,
Spiritus carui—a. Sodae effervescens, Acidulous
water, simple—a.  Soteria, Water, mineral—a.
Stygia, Nitro-muriatic acid—a. Styptica, Liquor
cupri sulphatis  composita—a. Sulphurata sim-
plex, Hydrosulphuretted  water—a.  Sulphureti
ammoniae, Liquor fumans Boylii—a. Thediana,
Arquebusade eau d'—a. Theriacalis Bezoardica,
Chylostagma diaphoreticum Mindereri—a. To-
fana.  Liquor arsenicalis—a.  Traumatica The-
denii, Arquebusade eau d'—a. Vegeto-mineralis,
Liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus—a. Viciensis,
Vichy water—a. Vitriolica camphorata, Liquor
zinci sulphatis  cum  camphora—a. Vitriolica
caerulea, Solutio sulphatis cupri  composita—a.
Vulneraria, Arepiebusade eau d'—a.  Zinci vitri-
olati cum camphora, Liquor zinci sulphatis cum
camphora.
   AQU^ ACIDULA, Acidulous  waters—a.
Badiguae, Bath,  Mineral waters of—a.  Badizaa,
Bath, Mineral  waters  of—a. Bathoniae, Bath,
Mineral waters of—a. Buxtonienses,  Buxton,
Mineral waters of—a. Cantuarienses,  Canter-
bury waters of—a. Chalybeatae, Waters, mine-
ral, chalybeate.
   Aqtve  Destilla't^e, Distilled Waters,  By- 
AQUAEDUCTUS             73
drola'ta, (F.) Hydrolats.  These are made by
putting  vegetable  substances, as roses, mint,
pennyroyal, &c, into a still with water, and
drawing off as much as is found to possess the
aromatic properties of the plant.  To every gal-
lon of the distilled water, 5 oz. of spirit should
be added to preserve it.   The simple distilled
waters are sometimes called Aqua stillatit'ia
sim'plices:  the  spirituous,  Aqua stillatit'ia
spirituo'sa, but more commonly Spir'itus.
  AqU;e Martiales, Waters, mineral, chaly-
beate—a. Minerales acidulae, Waters, mineral,
gazeous—a. Minerales ferruginosae, Waters, mi-
neral, chalybeate—a. Minerales sulphureae, Wa-
ters, mineral, sulphureous—a. Stillatitiae, Aquae
destillatae—a. Solis, Bath mineral waters.
  AQUAEDUCTUS,  Aq'ueduct, from aqua,
'water,' and ducere, ductum, 'to lead.'  (F.)
Aqueduc.  Properly, a canal  for conducting
water from one  place to another.  Anatomists
have used it to designate certain canals.
  Aqueductus  Cerebri, Infundibulum of  the
brain—a. Cotunnii, Aquaeductus vestibuli.
  Aqukduc'tus CoCH'LEiE,  (F.) Aqueduc  du
Limacon;—a very narrow canal, which proceeds
from the tympanic scala  of the cochlea to  the
posterior edge of the pars  petrosa.
  Aqu.kduc'tus Fallo'pii,  Canal spiro'ide de
I'os temporal of Chaussier, (F.) Aqueduc de Fal-
lope.  A canal in the pars petrosa of the temporal
bone, which extends from the  meatus  audito-
rius internus to  the foramen stylo-mastoideum,
and gives  passage to  the facial nerve.  The
opening  into this aqueduct is  called  Hia'tus
Fallo'pii.
  Aqujeduc'tus Syl'vii, (F.) Aqueduc de Syl-
vius, Iter  ad  quartum ventric'ulum, Cana'lis
me'dius, Canal intermediate des ventricules of
Chaussier.   A canal forming a communication
between the third and fourth ventricles of  the
brain.
  Aqujeduc'tus Vestib'uli, Aquaductus Co-
tun'nii,  (F.) Aqueduc  du vestibule  ou Aque-
duc de Cotugno.   This begins in the vestibule,
near the common orifice of the two semicircular
canals, and opens at the posterior surface of the
pars petrosa.
  AQUALICULUS,  from aqualis,  'a water-
pot.'  That part of the abdomen which  extends
from the umbilicus to the pubes.  See Hypo-
gastrium.  It has also been applied to  the sto-
mach or intestinal canal.
  AQUAS'TER.  A word used, by Paracelsus,
to express  the  visions or  hallucinations of  pa-
tients.
  AQUEDUC, Aqueduct—a.  de  Cotugno,
Aquaeductus vestibuli—a. de Fallope, Aquae-
ductus Fallopii—a. du Limacon, Aquaeductus
cochleae—a. de  Sylvius, Aquaeductus Sylvii—
a. du Vestibule,  Aquaeductus vestibuli.
  AQUEDUCT, Aquaeductus.
  A'QUEOUS, A'queus, Aquo'sus, Hydato'des,
Hydro'des, from aqua, 'water,' (F.) Aqueux.
Watery.  The  absorbents or lymphatics are
sometimes  called, in France, Conduits  ou Ca-
naux aqueux.
  Aqueous Humour of the Eye, Humor aquo'-
sus, Albugin'eous humour,  Ooeldes, Oo'des,Hy-
datoi'des, Hydato'des, Ova'tus seu Ovifor'mis
humor,  (F.)Humeur aqueuse.  The limpid fluid
which fills the  two chambers of the  eye, from
the cornea  to the crystalline, and which is, con-
sequently,  in contact with the two surfaces of
         6
      ARABS, MEDICINE OF THE

the iris.  Quantity, 5 or 6 grains: s. g. 1.0003.
It contains gelatin, albumen, chloride of sodi-
um, and phosphate of lime  in small quantity;
and is enveloped in a fine membrane:—the mem-
brane of the aqueous humour—Tunica propria
seu Vag'na humo'ris a'quei  seu Membra'na
Demuria'na seu Descemetii, Membrane of De-
mours or of Descemet; although these last terms
are by some appropriated to a third layer of the
cornea.
  AQUEUS, Aqueous.
  AQUIDUCA, Hydragogues.
  AQUIFOLIUM, Ilex aquifolium—a. Foliis
deciduis, Prinos.
  AQUILA, Hydrargyri submurias, Sulphur.
  The alchymists used this  word for sublimed
sal ammoniac,  precipitated mercury, arsenic,
sulphur, and the philosopher's stone.  See Hy-
drargyri Submurias, and Sulphur.
  Aq'uila  Ccelest'is ;  a sort of panacea, of
which mercury was a constituent.
  Aq'uila  Lach'rymje; a liquor prepared from
several  ingredients, especially from calomel.
  Aq'uila  Philosopho'rum.  The alchymists,
whose terms were always mysterious, called
mercury thus, when reduced to its original form.
  Aq'uila  Ven'eris;  an ancient preparation,
made by subliming verdigris and sal ammoniac.
  AQUIL^E VEN.E, Temporal veins.
  AQUILE'GIA  VULGA'RIS,  Common  Co-
lombine or Columbine, (F.) Ancolie.  The seeds,
herb, and flowers were formerly used in jaun-
dice and cutaneous diseases.  They are still
retained in  many of the Pharmacopoeias of con-
tinental Europe.
  AQUO-CAPSULITIS, Aqua-membranitis.
  AQUO-MEMBRANI'TIS,  Keratoirltis,
Aepiocapsuli'tis.  Inflammation of the anterior
chamber of the eye.   A  badly compounded
term, denoting  inflammation of the  capsule or
membrane  of the aqueous humour.
  AQUULA,  Ceratocele, Hydatid, Hydroa—
a. Acustica, Cotunnius, liquor of.
  Aquula  seu Aqua Morgagnii. The minute
portion  of water, which escapes when an open-
ing is made into the capsule of the crystalline.
  ARA PARVA, a small altar;—a kind of
bandage invented  by  Sostratus,  which repre-
sents the corners of an altar.—Galen.
  AR'ABE; a wound, a blow.—Erotian.
  ARAB'ICA  ANTID OTUS  HEPAT'ICA,
Ar'abic  Hepatic An'tidote.  A powder, com-
posed of myrrh, costus,  white pepper, &c  It
was administered in new wine.
  ARAB'ICUS LAPIS.  A sort of white mar-
ble analogous  to  alabaster, found  in Arabia.
It was  regarded as absorbent and desiccative,
and was employed in hemorrhoids.
  AR'ABIS MALAG'MA.   An antiscrofulous
medicine, composed of  myrrh, olibanum, wax,
sal  ammoniac, iron pyrites,  &c.—Celsus.
  AR'ABS, MEDICINE OF THE.   The Ara-
bians kept the torch of medical science illumi-
nated during a  dark period  of the middle ages.
Before the year of the Hegira, they had  schools
of medicine; but these were most  flourishing
during the 10th, 11th, and 12th centuries.  The
chief additions  made by them to medical  sci-
ence were in the departments of pharmacy and
in the description of diseases.  Their principal
writers  were Avicenna, Serapion,  Averrhoes,
Hali  Abbas, Moses  Maimonides,  Avenzoar,
Rhazes, Albucasis, &c 
ARACACHA
74          ARBUTUS, TRAILING
    ARACACHA, Conium moschatum.
    AR'ACHIS HYPOGE'A, Ground nut, Pea
  nut,  Earth almond,  (S.) Mane;  erroneously
  called Pistachio nut, in the South; Pindars of
  the West Indies.  Cultivated  in the Southern
  States.   The seeds are oily and are eaten.   A
  kind of inferior chocolate may be made of them.
    ARACH'NE,  aqaxvri,  ' a spider, a cobweb.'
  Hence—
    ARACHNI'TIS, Arachnoiditis,  Arachno-
  dei'tis, Inflammation of the Arachnoid.   A va-
  riety  of phrenitis; which see.
    ARACHNODEITIS, Arachnitis.
    ARACHNOID CANAL, see Canal, arach-
  noid.
    Arachnoid of the Eye.  The lining mem-
  brane of a cavity, supposed by some to  exist
  between the sclerotic and choroid.
    Arach'noid Membrane,  Meninx Me'dia,
 Arachno'ideus, Arachno'des,  from aqaxvri,  ' a
 cobweb,' and ttoog, 'form, resemblance;' Tu'-
 nica ara'nea, Arachno'des, T. crystal'Una, Me-
 nin'gion.  A name given to several membranes,
 which, by their extreme thinness, resemble spi-
 der-webs.—Celsus  and Galen  called  thus the
 membrane of the vitreous humour,—the tunica
 hyaloidea.  The moderns use it now for one of
 the membranes of the brain,  situate between
 the dura mater and pia mater.   It is a  serous
 membrane, and composed of  two layers; the
 external being confounded, in  the greater part
 of its  extent, with the dura mater, and, like it,
 lining the interior of the cranium and spinal ca-
 nal; the  other being extended  over the brain,
 from which it  is separated by the pia mater,
 without passing  into the sinuosities, between
 the convolutions, and penetrating into the inte-
 rior of the brain by an opening at its  posterior
 part under the corpus callosum.  It forms a part
 of the investing  sheath of the  nerves, as they
 pass from the encephalic cavities.   Its chief
 uses seem to be;—to  envelop, and, in  some
 measure, protect the brain, and  to  secrete  a
 fluid for the purpose of keeping it in a state
 best adapted for  the proper performance of its
 functions.
   ARACHNOIDITIS, Arachnitis.
   ARACK', Arrack'; (East Indian.)  A  spiri-
 tuous liquor made in India in various ways, of-
 ten from rice, sometimes from sugar fermented
 along with the juice of the cocoa nut; frequently
 from toddy, the juice which flows from the co-
 coa nut  tree by incision,  and from other  sub-
 stances.   It is a strong, heating spirit.
   Arack, Mock,  is made by adding Qij of Ben-
 zoic acid to a  quart of rum.   The celebrated
 Vauxhall punch is made with such arack.
   ARACOUCHINI, Icica aracouchini.
   ARACUS AROMATICUS, Vanilla.
   AR'ADOS, from aqaSw, 'I  am turbulent.'
 The agitation excited  in  the stomach by the
 coction of aliments of different nature.—Hip-
 pocrates.  Likewise, the  motion produced by
 cathartics.
   AR^EOMA, Interstice.
   ARAEOMETER, Areometer.
   AR/EOT'ICA, from aqaiow,' I rarefy.'   Me-
dicines supposed to have the quality of rarefy-
ing the humours.  See Rarefaciens.
  ARAKI, see Spirit.
  ARALIA CANADENSIS, Panax quinquefo-
lium.
   Ara'lia His'pida, Dwarf Elder, is said to be
 diuretic, and has  been recommended, in decoc-
 tion, in dropsy*
   Ara'lia Nudicau'lis,  Nardus America'nus,
 Small Spikenard, Wild Liq'uorice, Sweet root,
 False Sarsaparilla,(E.)Petit nard.  This Ame-
 rican plant is said to be a mild  stimulant and
 diaphoretic,  and has been  recommended as a
 substitute  for the sarsaparilla.  It is used, also,
 as a tonic.  It is in the secondary list of the
 Pharmacopoeia of the United States.
   Ara'lia Racemo'sa,  American Spikenard,
 has the same properties as A. Nudicaulis.
   Ara'lia Spino'sa, Angel'ica  Tree,  Prickly
 Ash, Toothach  Tree, Spikenard  Tree, Prickly
 Elder, Shotbush, Pigeon  Tree.   Its properties
 are not  clear.  The berries, and a tincture of
 them have been employed, it is  said,  success-
 fully in toothach.  A spirituous infusion  has
 also been used in colic.
   ARANEA, Araneae  Tela—a. Tarentula, see
 Tarentula.
   ARA'NEaE TELA, Ara'nea, Ara'neum, Cob-
 web, (F.)  Toile d'Araignce.  Formerly, this
 substance was much  employed,  and supposed
 to  possess extraordinary  virtues,  especially
 when applied to the wrists.  It  has been re-
 cently used again in intermittents.  The spider
 itself, softened into a plaster and  applied to the
 forehead and  temples, is said by Dioscorides to
 prevent ague.  Cobweb is a mechanical styptic,
 and is so applied, externally, at times.
   ARANEO'SA URI'NA.  A term applied to
 the urine when loaded with  filaments, like cob-
 webs.
   ARANEO'SUS  PULSUS; a term employed
 to express  extreme weakness of  pulse; when
 the movements resemble those of  a delicate net
 raised by the wind.
   ARANEUM, Araneae Tela.
   Ara'neum Ulcus, Astakillos.  A name given
 by Paracelsus to a malignant, gangrenous ulcer,
 extending from the feet to the legs.
   ARARA, Myrobalanus  citrina.
   ARASCON, Nymphomania, Satyriasis.
   ARATRUM, Vomer.
   ARAUCARIA  DOMBEYI, Dombeya ex-
 celsa.
   ARBOR BENIVI, Benjamin—a. Indica, Lau-
 rus cassia—a. Maris, Coral—a. Thurifera, Ju-
 niperus Lycia—a. Uteri Vivificans, Palmae uteri
 plicatae.
   Arbor Vitje, (F.) Arbre de vie.   A name
 given to an arborescent  appearance, observed
 on cutting  the cerebellum longitudinally; and
 which results  from the particular arrangement
 of the white  substance with the cineritious.
 Also, the Thuya occidentalis, (q.  v.)
  Arbor Vitje  of the Uterus,  Palmae uteri
 plicatae.
  AR'BORES. A morbid alteration of the skin,
which precedes its  ulceration.   Ruland.
  ARBOUSIER, Arbutus unedo.
  ARBRE DE VIE,  Arbor Vitae
  ARBUSCULA GUMMIFERA BRAZILI-
ENSIS,  Hypericum bacciferum.
  ARBUTUS, TRAILING, A. Uva ursi.
  Ar'butus Uva Ursi, Arctostaph'ylos, Uva
Ursi Fo'lia.  Nat. Ord. Ericeae.  Sex. Syst.
Decandna Monogynia,  (F.) Busserolle ou Rai-
sind Ours. The\eaves—(UvaUrsi,Ph.V.S.)—
of this plant are tonic and astringent, and have 
ARC
been employed chiefly, in diseases of the uri-
nary organs.   Dose of powder from gr. xv. to
J5ss. The English names are Trailing Arbutus,
Bear's Whortleberry, or Bearberry, Mountain-
box, Redberry, Upland Cranberry, Foxberry,
Checkerberry.
  Ar'butus Une'do, Andrach'ne~,Une'do,Une'do
papyra'cea, xo^aqog, (F.)  Arbousier.  A decoc-
tion of the leaves  is astringent, and has been
used in diarrhoea.
  ARC, Arch, Arcus.  Any part of the body
resembling an arch in form; as the Arch of the
colon, (F.) Arc du colon,—the transverse por-
tion of that intestine:—Arch of the Aorta, Arcus
aor'ta, (F.) Crosse de VAorte, &c, the  turn
which the aorta takes in the thorax.
  ARCA  ARCANORUM,  Hydrargyrum—a.
Cordis, Pericardium.
  ARCADE ANAS TOMO TIQUE,Archanas-
tomotic—a. Crurale, Crural arch—a. Inguinale,
Crural arch—a. Orbitaire, Orbitar arch—a. Pu-
bienne, Pubic arch—a. Zygomatique, Zygomatic
arch.
  ARCADES DENTAIRES,  Dental arches
—a. Palmaires, Palmar arches.
  ARCADI-TE MP O R O-MAXILLAIRE,
Temporalis.
  ARCaE'US  or ARCffi'US, BALSAM OF,
(F.) Baume d'Arcaus.  A kind of soft ointment
used in sores, contusions, &c  It  is made  by
melting two parts of mutton suet, one  part of
hog's lard: of turpentine and rosin, each  one
part and a half: straining and agitating till cold.
  ARCANSON, Colophonia.
  ARC A'NUM, from area, 'a chest.'  A secret,
a nostrum, (F.) Arcane.  A remedy whose com-
position is kept secret; but which is reputed to
possess great efficacy.
  Arcanum Corallinum, Hydrargyri nitrico-
oxydum—a. Duplicatum, Potassae sulphas—a.
Tartari, Potassae acetas.
  ARCATOS, Meros.
  ARCEAU,  Arculus, Cradle.
  ARCEUTHOS, Juniperus communis.
  ARCH, AN kSTOMOT'lC,(E.) Arcade anas-
tomotique,  is the union of two vessels, which
anastomose by describing a  curved line.  The
vessels of the  mesentery anastomose  in  this
manner.
  Arch of the Aorta,  see Aorta—a. Crural,
see Crural arch—a. Femoral, see Crural arch—
a. Gluteal, see  Gluteal aponeurosis—a. Inguinal,
see Crural arch—a. Orbital, see Orbitar arch—
a. of the Palate, see Palate bone—a. of the Pubis,
see Pubic arch—a. Subpubic, see  Subpubic arch
—a. Superciliary, see  Superciliary arches—a.
Zygomatic, see Zygomatic arch.
  Arches of  the Palate.  These are two in
number on each side of ths throat, one of which
is termed anterior, the other posterior.
  The anterior arch arises from the middle of
the velum palati, at the  side of  the uvula, and
is fixed to the  edge of the base of the tongue.
  The posterior arch has its origin, likewise,
from  the side of the uvula, and passes down-
wards to be inserted into the side of the pha-
rynx.  The anterior arch contains the circum-
flexus palati,  and  forms  the isthmus faucium.
The posterior arch has, within  it, the  levator
palati, and between the arches are the tonsils.
  ARCH.E'US, Arche'us, from a^f* 'com-
mencement,' (F.) Archie.  A word invented by
Basil   Valentine, and afterwards  adopted  by
>             ARCHOSYRINX

 Paracelsus and Van Helmont.  The latter used
 it for the internal principle of our motions and
 actions.  This archaeus, according to Van Hel-
 mont, is an immaterial principle, existing in
 the seed  prior to fecundation,  and presiding
 over the development of the body, and over all
 organic phenomena.    Besides this chief ar-
 chaeus, whose  seat Van Helmont  placed in the
 upper orifice of the stomach, he admitted seve-
 ral of a subordinate character, which had to
 execute its  orders; one, for instance, in  each
 organ, to  preside over its  functions;  each of
 them being subject  to anger, caprice, terror,
 and every human failing.
  ARCHANGEL NEW,MINERAL SPRINGS.
 About twenty miles to the north of New Arch-
 angel, Sitka Island,  on the  N.  W. coast of
 North America, are some thermal sulphureous
 waters, the  temperature of  one of which is up-
 wards of 153° of Fahr.  They are much cele-
 brated.—Sir Geo. Simpson.
   ARCHANGELICA, Lamium album.
   ARCHE, aqxi, Init'ium, Princip'ium,  Pri-
 mor'dium, Ori'go, Inva'sio.  The first attack
 of a disorder.
   ARCHECPTOMA, Proctocele.
   ARCHkE,  Archaeus.
   ARCHELL, CANARY, Lichen roccella.
   ARCHELOCIA,  from  aqXn>  'beginning,'
 and Xoyog, i a discourse.'  A treatise on funda-
 mental principles;—of medicine, for example.
   ARCHEN'DA.  A powder of the leaves of
 the ligustrum, used by the ^Egyptians after
 bathing, to obviate the  unpleasant odour of the
 feet.—Prosper Alpinus.
  . ARCHIA'TER, Archia'trus, Protomed'icus,
 Protia'tros, from aqxn, ' authority,' and taxqog,
 ' physician.'  The original  signification of this
 word is a matter of  dispute.  Some consider,
 with Mercurialis, that it meant physician  to a
 prince, king,  emperor, &c: others, with C.
 Hoffman, apply it to every  physician who, by
 his situation,  is  raised above his colleagues.
 The former opinion seems to have prevailed,—
 Archiatre des Rois de France being applied to
 the chief physician to the kings of France.
   ARCHIG"ENI  MORBI.  Acute diseases;
 because they  hold the first rank: from aqxi,
 'beginning,' and yirouai, <I am.'
   ARCHIMAGIA, Chymistry.
   ARCHINGEAY,MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Archingeay is situate in France, three leagues
 from St. Jean d'Angely. The waters are prized
 in all diseases.  They seem to contain carbo-
 nate of lime, a little  chloride of sodium, carbo-
 nate of iron, and some bitumen.
   ARCHITECTURA APOPLECTIC A, Apo-
 plectic make.
   ARCHITIS, Proctitis, Rectitis.
   ARCHOCELE, Proctocele.
   ARCHOPTOMA, Proctocele.
   ARCHOPTOSIS,  Proctocele.
   ARCHORRHA'GIA, from aqXoc,  ' the anus,'
 and gEa, ' I flow.'  Archorrha'a.   Hemorrhage
 from the anus.
   ARCHORRHOZA, Archorrhagia.
   ARCHOS, Arcus,  Rectum.
   ARCHOSTEGNOMA, Stricture of the  Rec-
 tum.
   ARCHOSTEGNOSIS, Stricture of the  Rec-
 tum.
   ARCHOSTENOSIS, Stricture of the Rectum.
   ARCHOSYRINX, Fistula in ano. 
ARCIFORM
76
AREOMETER
  AR'CIFORM, Arcifor'mis, from arx, arcis,
'a top or ridge,' and forma, 'shape.'   An epi-
thet  given to certain fibres of the  anterior py-
ramids of the medulla oblongata, which take a
curved course around the inferior extremity of
each corpus olivare and ascend towards the ce-
rebellum.
  ARCTA'TIO, Arctitu'do, from arcto,'I make
narrow;' Angusta'tio.  Contraction, (F.)Retre-
oissement, of  a natural opening or of a canal,
and especially of the vulva, of the orifice of the
uterus, or of the intestinal canal. Constipation,
(q. v.)   Reunion  by suture or infibulation.—
Scribonius Largus, Paul Zacchias, &c
  ARCTITUDO, Arctatio.
  ARCTIUM LAPPA.  The root and  seed
of the  Clit-bur, Barda'na, Arctium, I'laphis,
Lappa glabra, Lappa major, L. persona'ta, Per-
sola'ta, Persolla'ta,  Persolu'ta, Burdock,  (F.)
Bardane, Glouteron.   Nat. Ord. Compositae.
Sex. Syst. Syngenesia aequalis.  Root diuretic:
seed cathartic.  It has been used  in decoction
in diseases of the skin and in syphilis.
  ARCTOSTAPHYLUS, Arbutus uva ursi.
  ARCTU'RA, from arcto,' I straighten.'  The
effects of a nail grown into the flesh, Arctu'ra
unguis.—See Onychogryphosis.
  Arctura Unguium.   The growing in or in-
version of the nails.  See Onychogryphosis.
  ARCU A'TIO, Concava'tio.  An anterior gib-
bosity or projection  of the sternum.
  ARCUEIL, MINERAL WATERS OF. Ar-
cueil is about one league south of  Paris.  The
water contains carbonic acid, carbonate of lime,
sulphate of lime, chloride of sodium, and some
deliquescent salts.
  A celebrated society held its meetings at this
village, of which Berthollet, Humboldt,  La
Place, &c, were members.
  ARCULA  CORDIS, Pericardium.
  ARCULaE.  The Orbitar Fossae: notXtStg.
—Rufus of Ephesus.
  ARCULUS, diminutive of arcus, 'an arch.'
A small arch; a cradle, (q. v.) (F.) Arceau, Ar-
chet.  A semicircular box or  basket used for
preventing the bed-clothes from coming in con-
tact with injured or diseased parts.  An ordi-
nance of the  Grand Duke of Tuscany forbade
mothers to sleep with an infant near them, un-
less  it was put under a solid cradle.
  ARCUS  MEDULLARIS, Fornix—a. Seni-
lis, Gerotoxon—a. Subpubicus, Subpubic  arch
—a. Superciliaris, Superciliary arches—a. Un-
guium, see Nail—a. Zygomaticus, Zygomatic
arch.
  ARDALOS, Excrement.
  ARDAS, Excrement.
  ARDENT, ardens, from ardere, ' to burn.'
  Ardent Fever, (F.) Fievre ardente.  The
Causus, Synocha, or inflammatory fever.
  Ardent or Inflamed Eyes, (F.) Yeux ar-
dens.  The  eyes  are  so called when they are
injected red.
  Ardent Urine, (F.) Urine ardente.  Urine
of a  deep red.
  ARDESIA HIBERNICA, Hibernicus lapis.
  ARDEUR, Ardor—a. du Cceur, Cardialgia
—a. d'Estomac, Ardor ventriculi, Pyrosis—a.
de la Fievre, Ardor Febrilis—a. d'Urine, Ardor
Urinae.
  AR'DOR, (F.) Ardeur.  Heat, (q. v.) A feel-
ing of burning, of violent heat; JEstus, JEstu-
a'tio, Causo'ma.
  Ardor Febri'lis, (F.) Ardeur de la Fib>re.
The hot period of fever.
  Ardor Stomachi, Pyrosis.
  Ardor  Uri'nje,  (F.)  Ardeur d'Urine.   A
scalding sensation occasioned by the urine m
passing over the inflamed mucous membrane of
the urethra, or over the neck of the bladder.
  Ardor Venereus, Heat.
  Ardor Ventric'uli, Ebullil'io  Stom'achi,
(F.) Ardeur d'Estomac.  Heartburn.  See Car-
dialgia and Pyrosis.
  A'REA,' a  void place.'  A Latin word used
by some authors to designate a variety of Alo-
pecia,  in which the hair changes colour,  but
does not fall off; also, Porrigo decalvans, (q. v.)
  ARE'CA.  The fruit, Are'ca nut,Betel nut,oi
Are'ca Catechu, Caun'ga; Nat. Ord. Palmae;
Sex. Syst. Monoecia Monadelphia; (F.) Aree,
is astringent and tonic, and enters into the com-
position of the Betel, the  great masticatory of
the Orientals.
  AREFACTION, Arefac'tio, hqavoig, from
arefacere, ' to  make dry,' (arere, ' to dry,' and
facere,' to make.')  The process of drying sub-
stances, prior  to pulverization.
  ARENA, see Gravel.
  ARENAMEN, Bole Armenian.
  ARENA'TIO, Chosis, Sand or Earth Bath;
from arena, 'sand;' Saburra'tio.  The appli-
cation  of hot sand to the body.  Pedilu'via of
sand were formerly used in Ascites.
  ARENO'SA URI'NA, Sandy Urine.  Urine
when it deposits a sandy sediment.
  ARENO'SUS, Sabulous, (q. v.)   Also, one
who passes sandy urine.
  ARENULA, see Gravel.
  ARE'OLA.  A diminutive of Area.  Ana-
tomists understand  by Areola, the  interstices
between the fibres composing organs; or those
existing between laminae, or  between vessels
which  interlace with each other.
  Areola is, also, applied to the coloured cir-
cle Halo, Halos, which surrounds the nipple;
Are'ola papilla!'ris, and which becomes  much
darker during  pregnancy;  as well as to the cir-
cle  surrounding certain vesicles, pustules, &c,
as the  pustules of the small-pox, the  vaccine
vesicle, &c Chaussier,  in  such cases, recom-
mends  the word Aure'ola, (F.) Aureole, Aire.
  Areola Papillaris, see Areola.
  ARE'OLAR, Areola'ris. Appertaining to an
areola.
  Areolar Exhalations are those recremen-
titial secretions, which are effected within  the
organs of sense, or in parenchymatous struc-
tures,—as the  aqueous, crystalline and vitreous
humours, &c
  Areolar Tissue, Cellular Tissue.
  AREOM'ETER, Araom'eter,  Gravim'eter,
Alcoolom'eter,  Aerostatic Balance, from aqaiog,
' light,' and fitxqov, ' measure:' i. e. ' measure
of lightness.'   An instrument, so  called,  be-
cause first employed to take the specific gravity
of fluids lighter than water.  The Areometer of
Beaume, which is the most used in Pharmacy,
particularly in France, consists of  a tube of
glass, largely  expanded towards its inferior ex-
tremity, and  terminating, below, by a small
ball, containing mercury or lead, which serves
it as a balance, so  that it  may remain upright
in the fluid.   This tube is furnished  with a
graduated scale.   If the fluid into which  the
Areometer is  plunged be heavier  than water, 
ARES
77
ARGENTUM
the instrument rises: if lighter, it sinks.  There
are various Areometers, as those of the Dutch,
of Fahrenheit, Nicholson, &c   The Areometer
is  also called  Hydrom'eter,  (F.)  Areometre,
Pise-liqueur.

SCALE  OF THE  AREOMETER WITH  CORRESPOND-
           ING SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES.
    1. Ascending Scale for light liquids.
                  Beaume.
Scale of
Beaume.
66
60
50
48
42
40
36
33
32
30

26

25
23

Id.
22

Id.
20
13
13
12
11
10
Specific
Grav'ts.
715
742
782
792
819)
827)
847
863
868
878
 906
 915

 Id. '
 923'

 Id. ;
 935 '
 948 '
 980
 986
 993
1000
Substances.
Pure hydrocyanic acid.— Gay  Lus-
  sac.
Very pure sulphuric ether.
The same concentrated.

Equal parts of alcohol, and ether.
Very pure alcohol for pharmaceuti-
  cal purposes.
Pure alcohol.  Naphtha.
Alcohol of commerce.
Essential oil of turpentine.

Hydrocyanic  acid of Scheele  and
  pure hydrocyanic acid, mixed with
  an equal portion of water.  (Ro-
  biqutt.)
Acetic ether.
Nitric ether.
Muriatic ether.
Liquid ammonia.
Olive oil.

Brandy.

Burgundy wine.

Bordeaux wine.
Distilled water.
2. Descending Scale for heavy liquids.
               (Dutch.)
Scale of	Specific
Beaume.	Grav'ts.
0	1000
1	1007') 1009 j
2	1014
V	1032
iV	1075 7 10913
12	
20	1161
21	1180)
25	1210 (
30	1261
35	1321 |
40	1384;
41	1398 >
45	1454 )
Id.	Id.
50	15!2
60	1714
66	1847
70	1946
Substances.
Common distilled water.
Distilled vinegar.
Common vinegar.
Cow's milk.

Concentrated acetic acid.


Liquid hydrochloric acid.
Boiling syrup.
Cold syrup.
Common nitric acid.

Concentrated nitric acid.

Phosphoric acid for medical use.
Very concentrated sulphuric acid.
Very concentrated phosphoric acid.
  ARES.  A term invented  by Paracelsus to
designate the  principle on which depends the
form of mercury, sulphur, and salt.   These the
alchymists regarded  as the three bodies that
give birthjo every other.
  AR'ETE, a^irrj,' virtue.'  Mental or corpo-
real vigour.—Hippocrates.
  A'REUS.   A pessary mentioned by Paulus
of iEgina.
  AR'GEMA, Ar'gemon, Argemus, from agyo?,
' white.'  Fos'sula, (F.) Encavure.   A white
spot or  ulceration of the eye.—Hippocrates.
See Leucoma.
  ARGEM'ONE MEXIC A'NA, Thorn Poppy.
Prickly  Poppy, Yellow Thistle.  A native of
Mexico, but naturalized in most parts  of  the
world.   Nat. Ord. Papaveracese.   Sex. Syst.
Polyandria  Monogynia.   The juice resembles
gamboge, and has been used as a hydragogue.
The seeds are employed in the West Indies as
a  substitute for ipecacuanha.  They are  also
used as a cathartic.
  ARGENSON,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
A chalybeate situate at Argenson in Dauphiny:
used in cases of obstruction, jaundice, &c
  ARGENT, Argentum—a. Chlorure d',  see
Argentum—a. Cyanure  d', see Argentum—a.
et d'Ammoniaque, chlorure d', see Argentum—
a. Iodure d', see Argentum—a. Oxide d',  see
Argentum.
  ARGENTERIA, Potentilla anserina.
  ARGENTI CHLORIDUM, see  Argentum
—a. et Ammoniae chloridum, see Argentum—
a. et Ammoniae chloruretum, see Argentum—
a. et Ammoniae chloruretum, see Argentum—a.
Cyanidum, see Argentum—a. Cyanuretum, see
Argentum—a. Iodidum,  see  Argentum—a. Io-
duretum, see Argentum.
  Argen'ti Nitras, Argen'tum Nitra'tum, Sal
argen'ti, Argentum Nit'ricum, (F.) Nitrate d!Ar-
gent, Azotate d'Argent, Nitrate of Silver. This
preparation is sometimes kept in crystals, the
Nitras  Argen'ti in crystallos concre'tus, Ni-
trate d'Argent crystallise of the Codex of Paris.
Lunapotab'ilis, Cry stalli Lunse, Argen'tum nit'-
ricum crystallisa'tum, Nitras argenti crystal-
linus, Nitrum luna'rB, Hydragogum Boy'lei.
Generally, however, it is in the fused state: and
it is this which is admitted  into most Pharma-
copoeias, and which, besides the name Nitras
Argenti,  is called Ni'tras  argen'ti  fusus,
Caus'ticum luna're, Lapis inferna'lis, Argen'-
tum nit'ricum fusum, and lunar caustic, (F.)
Nitrate d'argent fondu, Pierre in female.
  In the Pharmacopoeia of  the United States,
it is directed to be  prepared as follows: Take
of silver, in small pieces, ,^j.; nitric  acid, f. :5V.
distilled water, f. |jij.   Mix the acid with  the
water, and  dissolve the  silver in the mixture
in a sand bath; then gradually increase the heat,
so that the resulting salt may be dried.   Melt
this  in a crucible over a gentle fire, and con-
tinue the heat until ebullition ceases; then im-
mediately pour it into  suitable moulds.
  The virtues of nitrate of silver are tonic, and
escharotic  It is given in chorea, epilepsy, &c;
locally, it is used  in various cases as an escha-
rotic.  Dose, gr. 1-8  to gr. 1-4 in  pill, three
times a  day.
  When silver is  combined with iodine, it is
said to have the same effect as the nitrate, and
not to produce the slate colour of the surface,
which is apt to follow the protracted use of the
latter.
  Argenti  Oxidum, see Argentum.
  ANGENTINE, Potentilla anserina.
  ARGEN'TUM, Ar'gyrus, from aqyog,' white.'
Silver,  Luna, Dia'na, (F.) Argent.  A solid
metal of a  shining white appearance; insipid;
inodorous; highly sonorous;  malleable and duo-
tile ; somewhat hard; crystallizable  in triangu-
lar pyramids; fusible a little above a red heat,
and volatizable;  s.  g. 10.4.   Not used at all in
medicine, unless  in some places for silvering 
ARGILE OCHREUSE pJLE      78             ARISTOLOCHIA
pills.  Silver Leaf, Argen'tum folia'tum, is
the state in which it is used for this purpose.
  Argentum Divi'sum, metallic silver, in very
fine powder, has been recommended internally
in syphilis.
  The Chloride (Argen'ti chlo'ridum, Argen'-
tum muriaticum, A. chlora'tum,  A. sali'tum,
Chlorure'tum Argen'ti, Chlor'uret or Mu'riate
of Silver, (F.) Chlorure d'Argent;) the Cya-
nuret; the Iodide (Argen'ti Io'didum, Argen'-
tum loda'tum, lodure'tum Argen'ti, lod'uret of
Silvery (F.) Iodure d'Argent;) the Oxide (Ar-
gen'ti ox'idum, Argen'tum oxyda'tum, (F'.) Ox-
ide d'Argent, and the Chloride of Ammonia and
Silver (Argen'ti et Ammo'nia chlo'ridum, Ar-
gen'tum muriat'icum ammonia'tum,  Chlorure'-
tum Argen'ti et Ammo'nia, Chlo'ruret of Silver
and Ammonia, Ammonio-chloride of Silver, (F.)
Chlorure d'Argent et d'Ammoniaque, have been
used in syphilis.  At first, these different pre-
parations were administered iatraleptically on
the gums; the chloride, the cyanide and the io-
dide in the dose of l-12th of a grain; the chloride
of silver and ammonia in  the dose of J -14th of a
grain, and the oxide of silver and divided silver
in the dose of l-8th and l-4th of a grain.  M.
Serre,  of Montpellier, who made many trials
with them, soon found that these doses were too
small; he therefore raised that of the chloride
to 1-1 Oth, and of the  iodide to l-8th of a grain,
without any inconvenience resulting.  The dose
of the other preparations was likewise increased
in a similar ratio.  M. Serre extols  the prepa-
rations of silver—used internally as well as
iatraleptically—as antisyphilitics, but they are
not to  be depended upon.
  The Cyanuret or Cyanide of Silver, Argen'ti
Cyanure'tum, A. Cyan'idum, Argen'tum cyano-
gena'tum, (F.) Cyanure d'argent,  is thus di-
rected to be prepared in  the Ph. U. S. (1842.)
Argent. Nit.  ^xv. Acid Hydrocyan. Aq. destil-
lat. aa Oj.  Having dissolved the nitrate of sil-
ver in the water, add the  hydrocyanic  acid, and
mix them.  Wash the precipitate with distilled
water and dry it.
   Argentum Chloratum, see Argentum—a.
Cyanogenatum, see Argentum—a. Fugitivum,
Hydrargyrum—a. Fusum,  Hydrargyrum—a.
Iodatum, see Argentum—a. Liquidum, Hydrar-
gyrum—a. Mobile,  Hydrargyrum—a. Muriati-
cum, see Argentum—a. Muriaticum Ammonia-
tum, see Argentum—a. Oxydatum, see Argen-
tum—a. Salitum, see Argentum—a. Vivum,
Hydrargyrum.
   ARGILE OCHREUSE PALE, Bolus Alba.
   ARGILLA BOLUS FLAVA, Terra Lemnia
—a. Bolus rubra, Bole Armenian—a. Ferruginea
Rubra, Bole Armenian—a. Kalisulphurica, Alu-
men—a. Pallida, Bolus alba.
   Argilla Pura, Terra Alu'minis, T. bola'ris
seu arglla!cea pura, pure Argl or Alumina,
Alumine factice.  This substance, which is pre-
pared  by  drying  alum  and exposing  it, for
twenty or  twenty-five minutes, to a  red heat,
until the sulphuric acid  is driven off, has been
recommended in indigestion as antacid, as well
as in vomiting and diarrhoea accompanied with
acidity.  The dose to a very young child is from
^ss to ^j.; to older children from 5jj to ^ij.
   Argilla Sulphurica Alcalisata, Alumen
—a. Sulphurica usta, Alumen exsiccatum—a.
Supersulphas alcalisatum,  Alumen—a. Vitrio-
lata, Alumen.
  ARGOL, RED, Potassae supertartras impurua
—a. White, Potassae supertartras impurus.
  ARGUMENTUM  INTEGRITATIb,  liy-
men.                               ,   rp,
  ARGY'RIA, from  agyvqo?, ' S1lver'    \ne
discoloration of the skin occasioned by tne in-
ternal use of nitrate of silver.
  ARGYROCHvETA, Matricaria.
  ARGYROPH'ORA, from aqyvqog, 'silver,
and <pt0to,' I bear.'  A name given, by Myrep-
sus,  to an antidote which he  regarded  as  ex-
tremely precious.
  ARGYROTROPHEMA, Blancmanger.
  ARGYRUS, Argentum.
  ARHEUMAT'IC, Arheumaticus, from o pri-
vative, and qtvua,' fluxion or rheumatism.'  One
without fluxion or rheumatism.
  ARIA, Crataegus aria.
  ARICI'NA, Cus'conin, Cusco-cinchonia, so
called from Arica  in South America, the place
where it is shipped.  An alkali, found in Cusco
Bark, which is very similar in many of its pro-
perties to Cinchonia.  Cuzco was the ancient
residence of the Incas.
  ARICYMON, aqixv^ov,  from aqi, an inten-
sive particle, and xvttv, ' to conceive.' A name
given to a female who conceives readily.—Hip-
pocrates.
  ARIDE'NA.  A Latin word employed to de-
signate  the leanness of any part.—Ettmuller,
Sauvages.
  ARID'ITY,  Arid'itas, (F.) Aridite, from
arere,  'to dry.'   The French use the word
Aridite to  express the dryness of any  organ,
and particularly of the skin and tongue, when
such dryness is so gTeat as to render the organ
rough to the touch.  Aridite  also means  the
lanuginous appearance of the hair  in some dis-
eases in which they seem covered with dust.
  ARIDU'RA.  Wasting or emaciation of the
whole or of any part of the body.—Marasmus,
Atrophy, (q. v.)
  Aridura Cordis, Heart, atrophy of the.
  ARIKA, see Spirit.
  ARISTALTH^A, Althaea.
  ARISTOLOCHI'A, from  ag/ri-oc,  'very
good,' and xoyua,  ' parturition;' so called, be-
cause the different varieties were supposed to
aid  parturition.  Birthwort, (F.) Aristoloche.
Several varieties were once in use.
  Aristolochi'a  Clemati'tis,  Aristolochi'a
Vulga'ris,  Adra Riza,  Aristolochi'a  ten'uis,
(F.) Aristoloche ordinaire, Upright Birthwort.
The root has  been considered stimulant  and
emmenagogue, and as such has  been used in
amenorrhoea, chlorosis, and cachexia.
  Aristolochia Fabacea, Fumaria bulbosa.
  Aristolochi'a Longa  and A. Rotun'da, (F.)
Aristoloche longue et ronde, Long and round
Birthwort.  Virtues the same as the preceding.
  Aristolochi'a  Pistolochi'a,   Pistolochi'a,
Aristolochi'a polyrrhi'za.  This variety has an
aromatic odour, and an acrid and bitter taste.
(F.) Aristoloche cre'nelie.
  Aristolochi'a  Serpenta'ria, Serpenta'ria,
Vipera'ria,  Viperi'na Virginia'na, Colubri'na
Virginia'na, Contrayer'va Virginia'na, S. Vir-
gnia'na, (F.) Serpentaire et Aristoloche  ser-
pent aire de Virginie, Coluvrine de Virginie, Vir-
ginia Snakeroot, Snakeroot Birthwort, Snake-
weed,   Snagrel.   Virtues—tonic, stimulant;
and, as such,  employed in debility, intermit-
tents, &c. 
             ARISTOLOCHIC             7

  Aristolochi'a Triloba'ta, (F.) Aristoloche
trilobee.  A plant of Surinam and Jamaica;
possessing the general virtues of the Aristolo-
chiae.  The other varieties  of  Aristolochia
have similar properties.
  ARISTOLOCH'IC, Aristoloch'icus.   Same
etymology.  An old term  for remedies  sup-
posed to have the property of promoting the
flow of the lochia—Hippocrates, Theophrastus,
Dioscorides, &c
  ARIS'TON MAGNUM and ARISTON PAR-
VUM.  These names were formerly given to
pharmaceutical  preparations, used in phthisis,
tormina, and fever.—Avicenna.
  ARISTOPHANEI'ON.   A sort of emollient
plaster, prepared with four pounds of pitch, two
of apochyma, one of wax, an ounce of opopo-
nax, and half a pint of vinegar.—Gorraeus. Not
jised.
  ARKANSAS, MINERAL WATERS OF.
About 5 miles  from the Washita river,  and
about a quarter of a degree  north  of the Lou-
isiana line, there are 70 of those springs. They
are thermal, upwards of 100° Fahrenheit, and
are employed in rheumatism, cutaneous affec-
tions, &c
  ARLADA, Realgar.
  ARLES, MINERAL WATERS OF. Ther-
mal sulphureous springs in  the department of
Pyrenees Orientales, France.  Their tempera-
ture is 103° to 145° of Fahr., and they contain
sulphohydric acid.
  ARM, Brachium.
  ARMA, Penis—a. Ventris, Penis.
  ARMAMENTARIUM, Arsenal—a. Chirur-
gicum, see Arsenal.
  ARMATORY UNGUENT, Hoplochrysma.
  ARMATURA, Amnios.
  ARME, ao^jj, from aqw, 'I adapt.' Any phy-
siological  or  mechanical junction or union of
parts.—Hesychius.  A suture, as of the cra-
nium.—Gaien.
  ARMENIACAMALUS.  The Apricot.  See
Prunus.
  ARMENIAN STONE, Melochites.
  ARMENITES, Melochites.
  ARMILLJE  MANUS   MEMBRANOSiE,
Annular ligaments of the carpus.
  ARMOISEBLANCHE,Axtemisianur>estiis
—a.Commune, A rtemisia vulgaris—a.Estragon,
Artemisia dracunculus—a. Ordinaire, Artemi-
sia vulgaris.
  ARMONIACUM, Ammoniac, gum.
  ARMORA'CIA. In the Pharmacopoeia of the
United States, the fresh root of the Cochlearia
armoracia.
  ARMOUR, Condom.
  ARMURE DES JAMBES, see Cornu am-
monis.
  ARMUS, Humerus—a. Summus, Acromion.
  AR'NICA MONTA'NA.   Derivation uncer-
tain.   Arnica, Leopard's Bane,  Doron'icum
German'icum,  Alis'ma,  Ac"yrus,  Diuret'ica,
Arnica  Plauen'sis, Panace'a lapso'rum, Ptar'-
mica monta'na, Caltha seu Calen'dula Alpi'na,
(F.) Arnique, Betoine  des  Montagues, Tabac
des Vosges, Tabac ou Betoine des Savoyards,
Doronic d'Allemagne.   Sex. Syst. Syngenesia
Polygamia superflua.  Nat. Ord. Synanthereae.
The plant  and flower are considered, or have
been  considered, narcotic, stimulant, emmena-
gogue, &c; and,  as such have been given in
amaurosis, paralysis,  all  nervous affections,
>          ARRIERES  NARINES

rheumatism,  gout, chlorosis, &c   Dose, gr. v
to x in  powder.  In large  doses, it is delete-
rious.
   Arnica Spuria,  Inula dysenterica—a. Sue-
densis, Inula dysenterica.
   ARNOGLOSSUM, Plantago.
   ARO'MA, Ar'tyma, ' perfume:' (aqi, ' very,'
and oopr] or  ody.ti, ' odour.')  Spir'itus Rector,
(F.) Arome.  The odorous part of plants.   An
emanation—frequently imponderable, from bo-
dies—which acts on the  organ of smell, and va-
ries with the body exhaling it.
   AROMATIC, Aromaticus, (F.) Aromate.
Any odoriferous substance  obtained from the
vegetable kingdom, which contains much vola-
tile oil, or a light and expansible resin.  Aro-
matics are used  in perfumes, in seasoning, and
embalming.   In medicine they are employed
as stimulants.  Ginger, cinnamon, cardamoms,
mint, &c, belong to this class.
   AROMATOPO'LA, from aoa>,ua,' an odour,'
and nonXita, ' I seH.'  An apothecary or drug-
gist.  One who sells spices.
   AROPH.   A barbarous word, which had va-
rious significations with the  ancients.  Para-
celsus employed it to designate a lithontriptic
remedy.  The mandragora, according to some.
Also, a mixture  of bread, saffron and  wine.—
Van Helmont.
   Aroph Paracelsi, Ferrum ammoniatum.
   ARQUEBUSADE EAU D', Aqua traumat-
ica Thede'nii, Aqua Thedia'na, Aqua sclopeta'-
ria,  Aqua vulnera'ria,  Aqua catapulta!rum,
Mistu'ra vulnera'ria ac"ida.  A sort of vulne-
rary water, distilled from a farrago of aromatic
plants.  (Rosemary Biss, millefoil, thyme, each
tbss.  Proof spirit 2 gallons—distil a gallon.
This is one form.)
   ARRABON, Arraphon.
   ARRACHEMENT, (F.) from arracher, 'to
tear out,' Apospas'ma, Abrup'tio, Avulsio. Act
of separating a  part of  the body by tearing it
from the bonds connecting it with others. Evul-
sion (q. v.)   Laceration (q. v.)
   Arrachement is applied to certain operations,
as to the extraction of a tooth, the extirpation
of a polypus, &C.
   ARRACK, Arack. See Spirit.
   AR'RAPHON, Ar'rabon, from  a, priv.  and
qaytj, 'a suture,'—'without suture.'  A term
applied to the cranium when it presents no su-

   ARRECTIO, Erection.
   ARREPTIO,  Insanity.
   ARRESTA BOVIS, Ononis spinosa.
   ARRET D'HILDAN, Remora Hildani.
   ARRETE-BGJUF, Ononis spinosa.
   ARRHffiA, from a,  privative, and qeta, 'I
flow.'   The  suppression of any flux. Ame-
norrhoea, (q. v.)
   ARRHOSTEMA, Disease.
   ARRHOSTENIA, Disease.
   ARRHOSTIA, Disease, Infirmity.
   ARRHYTHMUS, Cacorrhythmus.
   ARRIkRE-BOUCHE, Phaxynx—a.-Dent,
See Dentition—a.-Faix,  Secundines.
   ARR1ERE-GOUT, (F.) ' after taste.'  The
taste  left by certain bodies in the mouth for
some time after they have been  swallowed,
owing probably to the  papilla? of the mouth
having imbibed the savoury substance.
   ARRIERES  NARINES,  Nares, poste-
 rior. 
ARSENICUM ALBUM
                ARROCHE               I

   ARROCHE, Atriplex hortensis—a. Puant,
 Chenopodium vulvaria.
   ARROSEMENT, Aspersion.
   ARROW POISON.  This differs with dif-
 ferent tribes of Indians.   By some, the  poison
 capsicum, and infusions of a strong  kind of to-
 bacco, and of euphorbiaceae are mixed together,
 with the poisonous emmet, and the teeth of the
 formidable serpent, called by the Peruvian In-
 dians Miuamaru or Jergon,—Lachesis picta of
 Tschudi.
   ARROW  ROOT, Fec'ula  Maran'ta.  The
 fecula of the rhizoma of Maran'ta Arundina'cea,
 which, like  all feculae, is emollient  and nutri-
 tive, when prepared with water, milk, &c
   Dr.  Carson has shown, that Florida  arrow-
 root is derived from Za'mia integrifo'lia or Z.
pu'mila, Sugar pine; Bermu'da arrow root being
 obtained from  Maranta arundinacea. Florida
 arrow root  as  well as the farina is known  in
 the Southern States under the name Coonti  or
 Coontie.
   Arrow Root, Brazilian.   The fecula  of
 Jatropha Manihot.
   Arrow Root,  Common, see  Solanum tube-
 rosum.
   Arrow Root, East Indian.  The fecula  of
 the tubers of Curcuma angustifolia or narrow-
 leaved Turmeric.
   Arrow Root, English, Arrow root, common.
   ARS CABALISTIC A,  Cabal—a. Chymia-
 trica, Chymiatria—a. Clysmatica nova, Infusion
 of medicines—a. Coquinaria,  Culinary art—a.
 Cosmetica,  Cosmetics—a. Culinaria, Culinary
 art—a. Empirica, Empiricism—a. Hermetica,
 Chymistry—a. Homoeopathica, Homoeopathy—
 a. Hydriatrica, Hydrosudotherapeia—a. Infuso-
 ria, Infusion of medicines—a. Machaonia,  Me-
 dicina—a. Majorum,  Chymistry—a. Medica,
 Medicina—a. Obstetricia, Obstetrics — a. Sa-
 nandi, Art, healing—a. Separatoria,  Chymistry
 —a. Spagirica, Chymistry—a. Veterinaria, Ve-
 terinary Art—a. Zoiatrica, Veterinary Art.
   ARSALTOS, Asphaltum.
   ARSATUM, Nymphomania.
   ARSENAL (F.) Chirapothe'ca,  Armamen-
 ta'rium, A. chirur'gicum.   A  collection of sur-
 gical instruments.  A work  containing a de-
 scription of surgical instruments.
   ARSEN'IATE, Arsen'ias.   A  salt formed
 by a combination of arsenic acid with a salifi-
 able base.
   Arseniate  of  Ammonia, Arsen'ias Ammo-
 nia, Ammo'nium Arsen'icum, (F.)  Arseniate
 d'Ammoniaque. This preparation is highly ex-
 tolled  in cutaneous diseases.  A  grain  of the
 salt may be dissolved  in an ounce of distilled
 water, and 20 to 25  drops be commenced with
 as a dose.
   Arseniate of Iron, Arsen'ias Ferri, Ferrum
Arsenia'tum, F. Arsen'icum oxydula'tum, (F.)
Arseniate de Fer.  This preparation has been
applied externally  to  cancerous  ulcers.  An
ointment may be made of t^ss of the arseniate,
prij of the phosphate of iron, and ^vj  of sperma-
ceti ointment. The arseniate has also been given
internally in cancerous affections, in the dose
of one-sixteenth of a grain.
   Arseniate of  Protox'ide of  Potas'sium,
Proto-arsen'iate of Potas'sium, Arsen'iate of
Potassa, Arsen'ias Potassa, Arsenias Kali.  Pro-
perties the same as those of arsenious acid.
  AR'SENIC, Arsen'icum.  A solid metal;  of a
steel-gray colour; granular texture; very brit-
tle;  volatilizing before melting; very combus-
tible and acidifiable.   It is not dangerous of it-
self, and only becomes so, by virtue of the fa-
cility with which it absorbs oxygen.
  ARSENIC BLANC, Arsenicum album.
  Arsenic, Iodide of, Arsen'ici lo'didum, A.
lodure'tum, Arsen'icum  loda'tum.  1 his pre-
paration, applied externally, has been highly ex-
tolled by Biett in various cutaneous affections.
The ointment he  uses  contains three grains of
iodide to § j of lard.
  Arsenic, Oxide of, Arsenicum  album—a.
Oxide of, White,  Arsenicum album—a.  White,
Arsenicum album.
  Arsenic and Mercury, Iodide of, Hydrar'-
gyri et  Arsen'ici lo'didum, Double  I'odide of
Mer'cury and Ar'senic, Iodo-ars'enite of Mer'-
cury.  A compound, which has been proposed
as more efficacious than either the iodide of ar-
senic or the iodide of  mercury.  It is made by
triturating 6.0b grains of metallic arsenic; 14.82
grains of mercury; 49 of iodine, with a fluidrachm
of alcohol, until the mass has become dry, and
from being deep  brown has become pale red.
Eight ounces of distilled water are poured on,
and  after  trituration for a few moments, the
whole is transferred to a flask; half a drachm
of hydriodic acid, prepared by the acidification
of two grains of  iodine is added, and the  mix-
ture is boiled for a few moments.  When the
solution is cold, make the mixture up to f. § viij
with distilled water.  This is called by Mr.
Donovan, the proposer, Liquor Arsen'ici et Hy-
drargyri  Io'didi, each drachm of  which by
measure consists  of  water gj, arsenious acid
gr. l-8th;  peroxide of mercury gr. l-4th, iodine
converted into hydriodic acid gr. 3-4ths.  The
dose of this, Donovan's  Solution, is from trt^.
xv to f. ^ss two or three times a day.
  It has been used successfully in  inveterate
cutaneous diseases.
  ARSEN'ICAL  PASTE,(F.)Pate Arsenicale.
This application  to cancers  is formed of 70
parts of cinnabar, 22 of dragon's blood, and 8
of arsenious acid; made into a paste with sa-
liva, when about  to be applied.
  ARSENICI IODIDUM, Arsenic, Iodide of—
a. Ioduretum, Arsenic, Iodide of.
  ARSENICISMUS, Intoxica'tio Arsenica'lis.
Poisoning by arsenic.
  ARSEN'ICUM ALBUM;  White  Ar'senic,
Oxide of Ar'senic, Ratsbane, Arsen'ici ox'ydum
album, Calx Arsen'ici alba, Ac"idum Arsenica -
sum, A. Arsenio'sum  (Ph. U. S.) Arsen'ious
acid, White oxide  of arsenic, (F.) Arsenic blanc.
An  acid which is met with in commerce, in
compact, white,  heavy, fragile, masses;  of a
vitreous  aspect,  opake,  and covered with a
white dust:  of an acrid and  nauseous taste;
without smell when cold; volatilizable by heat,
and  exhaling  the  odour  of garlic: soluble in
water, alcohol and oil; cr-ystallizable in regu-
lar  octahedrons.   It is this that is meant by
the name Arsenic, as commonly used.
  Arsen'icum Album  Sublima'tum, Sublimed
Oxide of Arsenic, is the one  employed in me-
dicine.   It is tonic and  escharotic, and  is the
most virulent of  mineral poisons.  It is  used
in intermittents, periodical headachs, neuroses,
&c  Dose, gr. one-tenth to one-eighth in pill.
See Poisons,  Table of.
  Arsenicum Iodatum, Arsenic, Iodide of. 
ARSENIS  POTASSAE           81
ARTERE
   Arsenicum Rubrum Factitium, Realgar.
   ARSENIS POTASSAE, Arsenite of protox-
 ide  of potassium—a.  Potassae  aquosus, Liquor
 arsenicalis—a. Potassae  liquidus, Liquor arse-
 nicalis.
   AR'SENITE, Ar'senis.  A salt, formed by a
 combination of  the arsenious acid with a salifi-
 able base.
   Ar'senite  of  Protox'ide  of  Potas'sium,
 Proto-ar'senite of Potas'sium,  Ar'senite of Po-
 tassa, Ar'senis Potassa.  An  uncrystallizable
 and colourless salt, which forms the basis of
 the  liquor arsenicalis, which see.
   ARSE-SMART, Persicaria—a. Biting, Poly-
 gonum hydropiper.
   ART, HEALING, Ars Sanan'di, Medici'na,
 (q. v.)  The appropriate application of the pre-
 cepts of the best physicians, and of the results
 of experience to the treatment of disease.
   Art, Veterinary,  Veterinary art.
   ART ABE, aoTajSi;.   Name  of a measure for
 dry substances, in use with the ancients, equal
 at times, to 5 modii: at others, to 3; and  at
 others, again, to 7.—Galen.
   ARTANTHE ELONGATA, see Matico.
   AR'TELSHEIM, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 These  German  waters  have  been much  re-
 commended in  hysteria, gout,  palsy,  &c
 Their physical or chemical properties have not
 been described.
   ARTEMIS'IA, Anacti'rion. Called after a
 queen of  the name, who first employed it; or
 from Afrf^if,  ' Diana;' because it was formerly
 used in diseases of women, over whom she pre-
 sided.  The Gauls called it Bricumum.
   Artemis'ia Abrot'anum, Abrotanum, Abrot-
 onnim, Abrotanum Cathsum, Abrot'anum mas,
 Abrathan, South'ernwood,Oldman, (F.) Aurone,
 Aurone male, Aurone  des jardins,  Garderobe,
 Citronelle.  Supposed to be possessed of stimu-
 lant properties.
   Oil of Southernwood,  O'leum Abrotani, (F.)
 Huile d'Aurone, possesses the aromatic proper-
 ties  of the plant.
   Artemis'ia Absin'thium, Absin'thium, Ab-
 siitthium vidga'rB, Apin'thium, Barypi'cron,
 Common  Wormwood,  (F.) Absinthe.  Proper-
 ties  :—tonic and  anthelmintic.   The  Oil  of
 Wormwood, O'leum Absin'thii, (F.) Huile d'Ab-
 sinthe, contains the aromatic virtues of the plant.
   Artemisia  Botrys,  Chenopodium  ambro-
 sioides.
   Artemis'ia  Campes'tris, Field Southem-
 vmod, (F.) Aurone des  Champs. This possesses
 the same properties as A. Abrot'anum.
   Artemisia Chenopodium, Chenopodium bo-
 trys.
   Artemisia Chinensis, A. In'dica, A. Moxa.
 From this the  Chinese form their moxas.
   Artemis'ia  Dracun'culus,  Tar'agon, (F.)
 Armoise estragon.  Virtues:—the same  as the
 last.
   Artemis'ia  Glacia'lis or Silky Wormwood;
   Artemisia Indica,  Artemisia Chinensis,  A.
 santonica;
   Artemis'ia Marit'ima, Absin'thium Marit-
imum,Sea Wormwood,Maritime Southernwood;
   Artemisia Moxa, A.  Chinensis;
 and
   Artemis'ia  Pon'tica,  A. Roma'na,  Absin-
thium Pon'ticum seu Roma'num,Roman Worm-
wood, Lesser Wormwood, possess like virtues;
 —as well as
   Artemis'ia Rupes'tris, CreepingWormwood,
 Gen'ipi album, (F.) Armoise blanc, Genipi blane.
 This variety has aromatic virtues, and is  used
 in intermittents, and in amenorrhoea.
   Artemis'ia Santon'ica, Santon'icum, Arte-
 mis'ia contra, Semen contra Vermes, Semen con-
 tra, S. Zedoa'ria, Canni Herba, Chamacedris,
 Chamacyparis'sus, Semen Cina, Hagosper'-
 mum, Sanctum Semen, Absin'thium Santon'-
 icum, Sementi'na, Xantoli'na, Scheba Ar'abum,
 Artemis'ia Juda'ica, Sina  seu Cina Levan'tica,
 Wormseed, Tartarian Southernwood, (F.)  Bar-
 botine.   Virtues:—anthelmintic and stimulant.
 Dose, gr. x. to £j in powder.
   Artemis'ia Vulga'ris,  Artemis'ia rubra et
 alba, Cingulum Sancti Joan'nis, Mater Herbal-
 rum, Berenisecum, Bubastecor'dium, Canapaf-
 cia, Mugwort, (F.) Armoise ordinaire, A. Com-
 mune, Herbe de  Saint Jean.  This, as well as
 some other varieties, possesses the general tonic
 virtues of the  Artemisiae.  The Artemisia vul-
 garis has been highly extolled by the Germans
 in  cases of epilepsy.   Dose of the powder in
 the 24 hours from gss to £j.
   ARTERE, Artery—a. Brachial, Brachial ar-
 tery—a. Brachio-cephalique, Innominata arteria
 —a. Bronchique, Bronchial artery—a. Ciliaire,
 Ciliary artery—a. Clitorienne: see Clitoris—a.
 Cascale:  see Colic arteries—a. Collaterale du
 coude, Anastomoticus  magnus  ramus—a.  Col-
 laterale externe,  Arteria profunda humeri—a.
 Collaterale interne, Anastomoticus magnus ra-
 mus—a. Coronaire des lev res, Labial artery—a.
 Coronaire Stomachique, Coronary  artery—a.
 Crurale, Crural artery—a. Deuxieme des thora-
 ciques, Arteria  thoracica externa inferior—a.
 kpineuse, Meningeal artery, middle—a. Femo-
 ropoplitee, Ischiatic artery—a. Fessilre, Gluteal
 artery—a. Gastrique droite, petite, Pyloric ar-
 tery—a. Gutturo-maxillaire, Maxillary artery,
 internal—a. Honteuse externe, Pudic, external,.
 artery—a. Honteuse interne, Pudic, internal, ar-
 tery—a. Humerale profonde, Arteria profunda
 humeri—a. Iliaque primitive, Iliac artery—a.
 Innominee, Innominata arteria—a. Irienne, Ci-
 liary artery—a. Ischio-penienne: see Pudic, in-
 ternal, artery—a. Mediane anterieure, Spinal
 artery,  anterior—a.  Mediane  posterieure du
 rachis, Spinal artery, posterior—a. Meninges
 moyenne, Meningeal artery, middle—a. Menton-
 niere,Mental foramen—a. Mesocephalique, Basi-
 lary artery—a. Mesocolique: see Colic artery—
 a. Muscrdaire du bras, Arteria profunda humeri
 —a. Musctdaire du bras,grande: see Collateral
 arteries of the arm—a. Musculaire grande de la
 cuisse, Arteria profunda femoris—a. Opistho-
gastrique, Coeliac artery—a.  Orbitaire, Oph-
 thalmic artery—a. de I'Ovaire, Spermatic arte-
 ry—a. Pelvi-crurale, Crural artery—a. Pelvi-
 crurale, Iliac artery—a. Pelvienne, Hypogastric
 artery—a. Premiere des tho raciqnes, Arteria tho-
 racica externa  superior—a. Radio-carpienns
transversale palmaire, Radio-carpal artery—a.
Scrotale, Pudic, external, artery—a.  Sous-cla-
vitre, Subclavian artery—a. Sous-pubio-femo-
rale, Obturator artery—a. Sous-pubienne,Pudic,
internal, artery—a. Sous-sternal,Mammaxy, in-
ternal—a. Sph'tno-epineuse, Meningeal artery,
middle—a. Stomogastrique, Coronary artery—
a. Sus-carpien?ie,see Sus-carpien—a. Sus-maz-
illaire, Alveolar artery—a. Sus-maxillaire,Ti\ic-
cal  artery—a. Sus-Metatarsienne, Metatarsal
artery—a. Sus-pubienne, Epigastric artery—a. 
ARTERL.
82
ARTERY
Testiculaire, Spermatic artery—a.  Thoracique
humerale, Acromial artery—a. Trachelocervical,
see Cerebral arteries—a. Trockanterienne, Cir-
cumflex artery of the thigh—a.  Troisieme des
thoraciques, Acromial artery—a. Tympanique,
Auditory artery, external—a. Uviale, see Cili-
ary artery—a. Vulvaire, Pudic, external, artery.
  ARTERIA, Artery—a.  Ad  Cutem Abdo-
minis, see Ad Cutem abdominis, (arteria)—a.
Anonyma, Innominata artery—a. Aspera, Tra-
chea—a. Cerebralis, Carotid, internal—a. Cer-
vicalis, Basilary  artery—a.  Coronaria dextra,
Pyloric artery—a.  Crassa, Aorta—a. Externa
cubiti, Radial artery—a. Dorsalis metacarpi,
Metacarpal  artery—a. Durae matris media max-
ima, Meningeal artery, middle—a. Encephalica,
Carotid,  internal—a. Gastrica  superior, Coro-
nary artery—a.  Ilio-colica: see Colic arteries
—a. Iliaca interna, Hypogastric artery—a. Ili-
aca posterior, Hypogastric  artery—a. Magna,
Aorta—a. Magna pollicis, Princeps pollicis—a.
Malleolaris externa: see  Tibial  arteries—a.
Malleolaris interna: see Tibial arteries—a.Mam-
maria externa, A.  Thoracica externa, inferior
—a. Maxima, Aorta—a. Media anastomotica:
see Colic arteries—a. Meningaea media, Menin-
geal artery, middle—a.  Muscularis femoris, A.
Profunda femoris—a. Pharyngea suprema, Pte-
rygoid artery—a.  Profunda cerebri: see Cere-
bral arteries—a. Pudenda communis, Pudic, in-
ternal, artery—a. Pudica,  Pudic,  internal,  ar-
tery—a. Ramulus ductus Pterygoidei, Pterygoid
artery—a.  Spheno-spinosa, Meningeal  artery,
middle—a.  Spinalis, A. Profunda humeri—a.
Sternalis, Mammary, internal—a. Supra-orbi-
talis, Frontal artery—a.  Sylviana: see Cerebral
arteries—a. Thoracica axillaris vel alaris, Sca-
pular artery, inferior—a. Thoracica humeralis,
Acromial artery—a. Transversalis colli:  see
Cerebral arteries—a.  Transversalis humeri,
Scapular artery, superior—a. Ulnaris, Cubital
artery—a. Uterinahypogastrica, Uterine artery
—a. Vasta  posterior, A. Profunda femoris.
   ARTE'RIAC, Arteri'acus.  A medicine pre-
cribed in diseases of the windpipe.  Also arte-
rial, (q. v.)
   ARTE'RIiE ADIPO'S^E. The arteries which
secrete the  fat about the kidneys are sometimes
so called. They are ramifications of the capsular,
diaphragmatic, renal, and spermatic arteries.
   Arteria Apoplectics:, Carotids—a. Capi-
tales, Carotids—a. Ciliares, Ciliary arteries—a.
 Corporis callosi cerebri, Mesolobar arteries—a.
 Jugulares, Carotids—a.  Lethargicae, Carotids—
 a.  Mesolobicae,  Mesolobar  arteries—a. Prae-
 parantes,   Spermatic  arteries—a. Somniferae,
 Carotids—a. Soporales, Carotids—a. Soporariae,
 Carotids—a. Venosae, Pulmonary veins.
   ARTE'RIAL, Arteri'acus, Arterio'sus.  Be-
 longing to arteries.
   Arterial  Blood, (F.) Sang artiriel.   Red
 blood is so called because contained in the arte-
 ries.  The pulmonary veins, however, also  con-
 tain red blood:  hence the name arterial veins,
 (F.) Veines artirielles,  applied to them.
   Arte'rialDuct, Cana'lis arterio'sus,Ductus
 arterio'sus, D. Botalli, (F.) Canal artiriel, C.
 Pulmo-aortique, is the portion of the pulmonary
 artery which terminates  in the  aorta  in the
 foetus.  When this duct  is  obliterated after
 birth, it is called Arte'rial Ligament, (F.) Liga-
 ment artiriel.
   Arterial System includes  all the arteries,
Pia,
has
from their origin in the heart to their termina-
tion in the organs.   See Vascular System.
  ARTERIALIZATION OF THE  BLOOD,
Haematosis.
  ARTERIARCTIE, from a?T>,fi«,  'artery,'
and arcto, 'I straiten.'  Contraction of an artery.
  ARTERIECTASIS, Aneurism.
  ARTERIECTOP'IA, from a?™o/a,' artery,'
and vktoxoc, ' out of  place.'  Dislocation of an
artery.
  ARTERIEURYSMA, Aneurism.
  ARTERIITIS, Arteritis.
  ARTERIODIALYSIS, see Aneurism.
  ARTERIOG'RAPHY, Arteriogra'phia: from
a^T»fia,' artery,' and ypx.Q»,' a description.'  A
description of the arteries.
  ARTERIOLA.  A small artery.
  ARTERIOL'OGY, Arteriolog'ia; from agr*-
gta, ' artery,' and \oytc, ' a discourse.'   A trea-
tise on the arteries.
  ARTE'RIO-PITU'ITOUS.   An  epithet ap-
plied to vessels  which creep along the interior
of the nostrils.—Ruysch.
  ARTERIORRHEXIS, see Aneurism.
  ARTERIOS'ITAS, fxom Arteria, 'an artery.'
A condition of the blood in which it preserves
in the veins the arterial  character.—The oppo-
site to Venositas.
  Arteriositas Sanguinis, Praedominium san-
guinis arteriosi.
  ARTERIOSTEIE, from afrnpi*,  'artery,'
and oa-Tiov, 'a bone.'  Ossification of an artery
—Piorry.
  ARTERIOT'OMY, Arteriotom'ia, from «§t»-
     an artery,' and nptva, ' I cut.'  This word
     been used  for  the  dissection of  arteries.
Most commonly, however, it means a surgical
operation, which consists in opening an artery,
to draw  blood from  it.   Arteriotomy  is chiefly
used  in  inflammatory affections of the head,
when the blood is generally obtained  from the
temporal artery.  See Blood-letting.
  ARTERI'TlS, Arterii'tis, Inflamma'tio Arte-
ria'rum, (F.) Arterite, Inflammation des arteres;
from a^Ti}e,ia, 'an artery,' and itis, a  termina-
tion denoting inflammation.  Inflammation of
an  artery.   Inflammation  of the inner coat of
the artery is termed Endo-arteri'tis, or Endo-
narteri'tis; of the outer, Exo-arteri'tis or Ex-
art er i 'tis.
   AR'TERY, Arte'ria,  (F.) Arthe,  from  «*$,
'air,' and xr^nv, ' to preserve,' quasi, 'recepta-
 cle of air,' because the ancients believed that it
 contained  air.   They, at first, gave  the name
 Artery to the trachea, aerti^ia Tga/£ia, because
 it  is filled with air; and afterwards  they used
 the same term for the  arteries,  properly so
 called, probably because they commonly found
 them empty in the  dead body.   We  find, also,
 <j>\s/*£c to designate the arteries, called by the La-
 tins Vena mican'tes pulsat'iles.  Arteries, with
 the moderns, signify that order of vessels, which
 arise from the two ventricles of the  heart, and
 have valves only at their origin.   They are cy-
 lindrical, firm, and elastic canals; of  a yellow-
 ish white colour; little dilatable; easily lace-
 rable; and formed,  1. Of an external, laminated
 or cellular membrane, of a dense and close cha-
 racter.  2. Of a middle  coat composed of fibres,
 which does not, however, contract on the appli-
 cation of the galvanic  stimulus; and 3. Of an
  inner coat, which  is thin, diaphanous, reddish,
 and polished. 
ARTERY
83
ARTERY
   The use of the arteries  is to carry the blood
from the heart to the various parts of the sys-
tem.   It will be  obvious, however,  that they
cannot all convey arterial blood.   The  pulmo-
nary artery, for example,  is destined  to  convey
the venous blood to the lungs, there to be con-
verted into arterial; whilst the pulmonary veins
convey arterial blood back to the heart.

table of the principal arteries of the body.
   All the other arteries take their rise from the
Pulmonary Artery, or the  Aorta: and  the names
generally indicate  the parts  to which they are
distributed.
            I.  Arteria  Pulmonaris.
   The Pulmonary Artery arises from the right
ventricle, and soon divides into a right and left
branch, one of which is distributed to each lung.

              II. Arteria  Aorta.
   The Aorta arises from the left ventricle.  It is
the  common trunk of the  arteries  of  the body,
and may be divided into five portions.

a. Arteries furnished by the Aorta  at its origin.
      1. A. Cardiaca or coronaria anterior.
      2. A. Cardiaca or coronaria posterior.

b. Arteries furnished by the Aorta at its  arch.
   The arch of the Aorta  gives off, to the left,
two considerable trunks—the Arteria carotidea
primitiva, and A. subclavia; and, to the  right, a
single trunk, which is larger—the A. innomi-
nata, or Brachio-cephalica, which divides into
the primitive carotid and subclavian.

A. Arteria Caro- j Dividesinto A.Carotideaexterna,
   tide a primitiva. j   A. Carotidea interna.
         f Furnishes, 1, A. Thyroidea superior.
            2. A. lingual/*, which gives offthe A. dorsa-
                lis lingute and A. sublingualis
         i   3. A. facialis  or  A.  Maxillaris  externa,
                 which furnishes  the A. palaiina infe-
                 rior, the A. submentalis, and A. coro-
                 naria superior and inferior.
            4. A. occipitalis, which gives offthe A.mas-
                 toidea posterior.
            5. A. auricvlaris posterior, which gives off
                 A. stylo-mastoidea.
         (  6. A  pharynpea inferior.
   The external carotid ultimately divides into  the tem-
poral artery and iniernal maxillary.
   1.  A.
 Tempo-
  ralis.
         { Furnishes 13 branches, viz. A meningea media,
a.A.Ca- I
rotidea  •
externa,
Furnishes A. transversalis faciei, A. auricula-
  ris anterior, and A. temporalis media.
  2. A.
Maxilla-
ris inter
  na.
b. A.Ca-
rotidea <{
interna. |

        I
 B. Ar
 TERIA
SOECLA-
  VIA.
    A. dentaris infrior, A. temporalis profunda
    posterior, A. masseterina, A. pterygoidca, A.
' ^  bucralis. A. temporalis profunda anterior, A.
  I  alceolaris; A. suborbital is. A. vidiana, A.
  |  pterygopalatina or phnnjngea  superior, A.
  [  palatina superior, and A. sphenopalatina.
  ("Furnishes, 1. A. ophthnlmicn, which gives off
  |  A. lachrymalis,  A. centralis retime, A. su-
    praorbitaria vel supeiciliaris, A. ciliare-pos-
  I  teriores, A. ciliaies  longse, A. muscularis
    superior et inferior, A. ethmoidalis posterior
    et anterior, A. palpebralis superior et infe.
    rior, A. nasalis, and  A frontalis. 2. A. com.
    municans,  IVillesii. 3. A. clioroidea. A.A.cu
    rebralis anterior.  5.  A. cerebralis media.
  f Furnishes, 1. A. verlebralia, which gives off
  j  A. spinalis anterior  et posterior, A. cere-
  I  bellosa  inferior, and forms—by unitins it-
  |  self with that of the opposite  side—the A.
  I  basilaris, divided into A. cerebellosa supe-
  I  rioi and A. cerebralis posterior.  0. A. thy-
  I  roidea inferior, which gives off A. cerviralis
 {  ascendens. 3. A. mammaria interna, which
    gives offthe A. niediastina anterior and A.
    diaphragmatica superior. 4. A. intercostalis
    suprrior.  5. A. cervicalis transveria.  6. A
    scapularis superior. 7. A. ccrvitalis posterior
    vel profunda.  Farther on,  the subclavian
    artery continues its progress under the name
  (  A. axillaris.
A. Axil-
 laris.
A. Bra-
chialis.
1. A.Ra-
 dialis.
2. A. Cu-
 bitalis.
         Furnishes, 1. A. acromialis.  2. A. thoracica
           superior.   3. A. thoracica inferior vel longa
           vel mammaria externa.  4. A. scapularis infe-
           rior vel communis. 5.  A. circumfiexa poste-
           rior.   6. A. circumfiexa anterior. Farther on,
           the axillary artery continues under  the
           name A. brachialis.
         Furnishes A. humeralis profunda or collatera-
           lis externa. 2.  A. eollateralis interna.  It
           afterwaids divides into the radial and cu-
           biial arteries.
         Gives off A. recurrens  radialis,  A. dorsalis
           carpi, A. dorsalis mitacarpi, A. dorsalis pol-
           licis, and terminates in forming the Arcus
           pnlmuris profundus.
         Gives off A. recurrens cvbitalis anterior  and
           posterior .-  A.  intcrossea anterior and poste-
           rior, which latter furnishes A. recurrensra-
           dialis posterior.   It terminates in forming
        ,'   the superficial palmar  arch, which gives off
        [  A. Co Hater ales digitorum.

c. Arteries given off by the Aorta in the  Thorax.

        f  1. A. Bronckica, dextra et sinistra.
  ™.     |   2. A. asophagaa (to the number of four, five,
  #  >  )      ol s,x->
arteries ^   3. rf. mediastinal posteriores.
  are'   |   4. A. intercostales inferiores vel Aorlica (to
        (      the number of eight, nine, or ten.)

d. Arteries furnished by the Aorta in the Abdo-
                      men.

 These  I   1.  The A.  diaphragmatica vel phrenica,dex-
branches-.
tra et sinistra.
        (Which divides into three branches, 1. A. co-
        |   ronaria ventriculi.  2.  A Hepatica- whith
 2. A.  J   gives off A. pylorica. A. gastro-epiploica
Cteliaca-]   dextra and A. cystica;  and, lastly,  the A.
        |   splenica, which gives off A. gastro-epiploica
        [   sinistra and Vasa brevia.
       ! Which gives off at its concavity the A. colica
           dextra superior, media et inferior, and at its
           convex part from 15  to 20 Rami intesti-
           nales.
Which gives off A. colica superior media, and
  inferior, and dividesinto A. hamorrhoidalea
  superiores.
 3. A.
Mesen-
 terica
super, or-
 4. A.
Mescn-
terica
inferior.
5.  The .1. Capsulares media (to the number of two on
  each side.)
6.  A Renales or Emulgentes.
7.  A. SpermatictB.
8.  A. Lumbares (to the number of four or five on each
  side.)

e. Arteries resulting from  the Bifurcation of
                    the Aorta.
  The Aorta, a little above its Bifurcation, gives offthe
A. sacra media, and divides into A. iliaca primitiva.
A.Iliacai pivides into A. Ilioca interna  andA.Iliaca
pnmiti- ■'  externa,
  va.   f
          Furnishes, 1. A. ilio-lumbaris. 2. A. sacra la-
           teralis. 3. A glntea or iliacaposterior.  4.
           A. umbilicalis. 5. A. vesicalis.  6. A. obtu-
           ratorea.  7. A. hamorrhoidea media.  8. A.
           vterina. 9. A. vaginalis.  10. A. ischiatica.
           11.  A. pudenda interna, which gives off the
           A. hemorrhoidales inferiores, A.  of the sep-
           tum, A.  transversa perinea, A. corporis ca-
           vernosa, and A. dorsalis penis.
          Furnishes 1. A. epigastrica. 2. A. iliaca ante-
           rior or circumfiexa thi.and is continued af-
           terwards under the name of Crural Artery.
          Furnishes, 1. A subevtanea abduminalis. 2. A.
           pudenda superjicialis and profunda.  3. A.
           muscularis superjicialis.  4. A. muscularis
           profunda, which gives offthe A. circumfiexa
           externa and  interna,  and ihe three Perfo-
           rantes, distinguished into superior, middle,
           and  inferior. Farther on, the crural artery
           continues under the name A. Poplitica.
         Furnishes, 1. A. Articulans s iperiores, inter-
           na, media, et externa.  2. A. gemella.  3. A.
           Articvlares  inferiores, interna  et  externa.
           4. A. tibialis antica, which at the foot, takes
           the name, A. dorsalis tarsi, and gives off the
           tarsal and metatarsal arteries.  In  the leg,
           the  popliteal artery divides into the pero-
           neal and posterior tibial.
1. A. Pe-( Divides into A. peronaa antica and A. perOTuza
ronaa.   \  postica.
a.  A. II
iaca in- ■!
terna.
b. A. II- i :
iaca ex-<
terna    f
A.Cru
ralis.
A. Pop
litrea.
< 
ARTERY
84
ARTHROSIA
2. A. Ti
 bialis
postica.
        Divides into A. plantaris interna an&A.plan-
          taris externa. The latter, by anastomosing
          with the A. dorsalis tarsi, forms the plantar
       1  arch,  whence arise Rami superiures or per-
          forates postici, R. Inferiores postici etanli-
          ci, which give off Rami perforantes antici.

  Artery,  Angular, Facial artery—a.  Ar-
ticular, Circumflex  artery—a. Brachiocepha-
lic, Innominata arteria—a. Central  of the re-
tina, Central artery of the retina—a. Central
of Zinn, Central artery of the retina—a.  Ce-
phalic, Carotid—a.  Cerebral posterior, Verte-
bral—a. Cervico-scapular, see Cervical arteries
—a. Coronary of the lips, Labial artery—a. Cro-
taphite, Temporal artery—a. Fibular, Peroneal
artery—a. Gastric inferior, Gastro-epiploic ar-
tery—a.  Gastro-hepatic,  see  Gastro-epiploic
artery—a. Genital, Pudic (internal) artery—a.
Guttural inferior, Thyroideal  A. inferior—a.
Guttural superior, Thyroideal  A. superior—a.
Humeral,  Brachial artery—a.  Iliac posterior,
Gluteal artery—a. Iliaco-muscular, Ileo-lumbar
artery—a. Labial, Facial artery—a. Laryngeal
superior, Thyroideal artery superior—a. Maxil-
lary internal, Facial artery—a. Median of the sa-
crum, Sacral artery, anterior—a. Nasal, lateral,
large, Spheno-palatine artery—a. Palato-labial,
Facial artery—a. Pericephalic, Carotid (exter-
nal)—a. Pharyngeal, superior, Pterygo-palatine
artery—a. Phrenic, Diaphragmatic artery—a.
Posterior of the brain, see Cerebral arteries—a.
External scapular, Acromial artery—a. Spinal,
Meningeal artery, middle—a. Subclavian right,
Innominata  arteria—a. Subscapular, Scapular
artery, inferior—a. Superficial of the abdomen,
Ad cutem abdominis (arteria)—a. Supramaxil-
lary, Alveolar artery—a. Suprarenal, Capsular
artery—a. Thoracic, internal, Mammary inter-
nal—a. Urethro-bulbar,  Transverse  perineal
artery—a. Vesico-prostatic, Vesical artery—a.
Vidian, Pterygoid artery.
  ARTETIS'CUS;  fromartus, 'a limb.'   One
who has lost a limb.
  ARTEURYSMA,  Aneurism.
  ARTHANI'TA,  from  agret, 'bread:'  the
Cyc'lamen or Sowbread. It was formerly made
into ointment,  Unguen'tum Arthani'ta, with
many other substances, and was employed  as a
purgative, being rubbed on the  abdomen.
  Arthanita Cyclamen, Cyclamen.
  ARTHETICA, Teucrium chamaepitys.
  ARTHRAGRA,  Gout—a. Anomala, Gout,
anomalous—a. Genuina, Gout,  regular—a.  Le-
gitima,  Gout, regular—a.  Normalis, Gout,  re-
gular—a.  Vera, Gout, regular.
  ARTHRALGIA, Arthrodynia, Gout.
  ARTHRELCO'SIS,  from a?9gov, ' a joint,'
and Wuc-i?, ' ulceration.'  Ulceration of a joint.
  ARTHREMBOLE'SIS, same etymon as the
next.   The reduction of a fracture or luxation.
  ARTHREM'BOLUS, from agSgov, 'a joint,'
tr,  'in,'and (inXXw, 'I cast.'   An ancient in-
strument used in the reduction  of dislocations.
  ARTHRETICA, Teucrium  chamaepitys.
  ARTHRITTC, Arthrilicus, from ag9$ov, 'a
joint.'   (F.)  Arthritique,  Goutteux.  That
which relates to gout or arthritis, as arthritic
symptoms, &c
  ARTHRITICUS VERUS, Gout.
  ARTHRITIS,  Gout, Arthrophlogosis,  Ar-
throsia—a.  Aberrans, Gout  (wandering)—a.
Acuta, Gout (regular)—a. Arthrodynia, Rheu-
matism, chronic—a. Asthenica, Gout (atonic)
—a. Atonic, Gout (atonic)—a. Diaphragmatica,
Angina Pectoris—a. Erratica, Gout (wandering)
—a. Hydrarthros, Hydrarthrus—a. Inflammato-
ria, Gout (regular)—a. Juvenilis, see Rheuma-
tism, acute—a. Maxillaris, Siagonagra—a. No-
dosa, Gout (with nodosities)—a. Planetica, Gout
(wandering)—a. Podagra, Gout—a. Rheumatica,
see Rheumatism,acute—a.Rheumatismus, Rheu-
matism, acute—a. Retrograda, Gout (retrograde.)
  ARTHROC'ACE,  from  apdgov,  'a joint,'
and  xaxoc,  ' bad.'   Disease  of the joints; and
especially caries of the articular surfaces. Spi-
na ventosa, (q. v.)
  Arthrocace Coxarum, Coxarum morbus.
  ARTHROCACOLOG"IA, from arthrocacia,
—according, to Rust, a chronic  disease of the
joints; and Xoyog, ' a description.' The doctrine
of chronic diseases of the joints.
  ARTHROCARCINO'MA, from  «p»»w, 'a
joint,' and xapM-iupa, ' cancer.'   Cancer of the
joints.
  ARTHROCHONDRI'TIS,  from  ap*fov, 'a
joint,' yiiSpoc, ' a cartilage,' and itis, denoting
inflammation.   Inflammation of the  cartilages
and joints.
  ARTHRO'DIA, from 'aq&pov, ' a joint,' Ad-
articula'tio.  A  moveable joint, formed by the
head of a bone applied to the surface of a shal-
low socket, so that it can execute movements
in every direction.  Arthrodium is ' a small
joint:' diminutive of Arthrodia.
  ARTHRODYNIA, Arthronalgia, Arthral-
gia,   from  agtfpov, ' articulation,'  and oSwy,
' pain.'   Articular  pain.  Pain  in the  joints.
See Rheumatism, chronic.
  Arthrodynia Podagrica, Gout.
  ARTHROL'OGY, Arthrolog'ia, from a«ty*v,
'a joint,' and Xoyoc, ' a description.'  A descrip-
tion of the joints.   The anatomy of the joints.
  ARTHROM'BOLE, fxomapSgov, and p*XXw,
' I cast.'  Coaptation, reduction.  Reduction
of a luxated or fractured bone.
  ARTHROMENINGITIS,   Meningarthro-
cace.
  ARTHRON, ' a joint.'  The ancients  used
the word Arthron, for the articulation of bones
with  motion,  in  opposition to Symphysis or
articulation without motion.
  ARTHRONALGIA, Arthrodynia.
  ARTHRON'CUS, Arthrophy'ma;  from at-
9pov,' a joint,' and oyxog,' a  swelling.'  Tume-
faction of a joint.
  ARTHRONEMPYESIS,  Arthropyosis.
  ARTHROPHLOGO'SIS,  from «€3gov, 'a
joint,' and <pXcyw, ' I burn;' Arthri'tis, Ostar-
thro'sis.  Inflammation of the joints.
  ARTHROPHYMA ADENOCHONDRIUM,
see Adenochondrius.
  ARTHROPYO'SIS,  Arthronempye'sis,  from
agSgov,  ' a joint,' and  nvov, < pus.'   Suppura-
tion or abscess of the joints.
  ARTHRO-RHEUMATISMUS, Rheumatism
(acute.)
  ARTHRO'SIA, from agdpota, 'I articulate.'
Arthritis, (of some.)   Inflammation,  mostly
confined  to the joints;  severely  painful; occa-
sionally extending to the surrounding muscles.
A genus of diseases in the Nosology of Good,
including Rheumatism, Gout, Articular  inflam-
mation, Joint-ache, &c
  Arthrosia  Acuta, Rheumatism, acute—a.
Chronica, Rheumatism, chronic—a. Lumborum,
Lumbago—a.  Podagra, Gout—a. Podagra com-
phcata, Gout (retrograde)—a. Podagra larvata, 
               ARTHROSIS               8

Gout (atonic)—a. Podagra regularis, Gout (re-
gular.)
  ARTHROSIS, Articulation.
  ARTHROSPON'GUS, from aotyov, < a joint,'
and o-rcoyyos, 'a sponge.'   A white, fungous tu-
mour of the joints.
  ARTHROTRAU'MA, from ap9Qo*,' a joint,'
and Tpa.viJ.x,' a wound.'  A wound of a joint.
  ARTIA.  According  to some,  this word is
synonymous with agxiigta; others use it syno-
nymously with Trachea.
  ARTICHAUT,  Cynara scolymus.
  ARTICHOKE, Cynara scolymus.
  ARTICLE, Articulation.
  ARTICOCALUS, Cynara scolymus.
  ARTICULAR,  Articula'ris:  from artus,
'a  joint;'  articulus,  'a small joint.'  That
which relates  to the articulations;—as the ar-
ticular capsules, &c.
  Artic'ular Ar'teries of the  knee arise
from  the popliteal artery,  and surround  the
tibio-femoral articulation. Although of a small
size, they are important, as  they furnish blood
to the lower extremity after the  operation for
popliteal aneurism.   They 'are  distinguished
into superior and inferior.  The superior arti-
cular arteries, popliteal  articular  arteries, are
commonly three in number: one  of which is
internal, another external, and another middle,
the az'ygous  artic'ular.  The first, Ramus
a-nastomot'icus magnus, anastomoses by one
branch with the external circumflex; and by
another  with the  external  superior articular.
The second anastomoses  with the external cir-
cumflex, the  superior internal articular, and
the inferior external articular;  and the third is
distributed within the  joint.  The inferior ar-
ticular arteries are two in number: an internal
and external.   The former  anastomoses with
the internal superior articular and the external
inferior articular. The latter anastomoses with
the recurrent  branch of the anterior tibial, and
the external superior  articular.  To each arti-
cular artery there is an articular nerve.
  Artic'ular Facettes' are  the contiguous
surfaces, by means  of  which the  bones are ar-
ticulated.
  Artic'ular Veins  of the knee follow  the
same course as the arteries.
  ARTICULATIO,  Articulation—a.  Artifi-
cialis, Pseudarthrosis—a. Notha, Pseudarthro-
sis.
  ARTICULA'TION, Joint, Articula'tio, Ar-
throsis,  Assartkro'sis,  Artic'ulus  Junctu'ra,
Cola, Conjunc'tio, Nodus, Commissu'ra, Com-
pa'ges, Syntax'is, Har'mus, Vertic'ula, Vertic'u-
lus, Vertic'idum,  (F.)  Articulation, Article.
Same etymon. The union of bones with each
other, as well as the kind of union.

          table of articulations.
  Articulations are  generally divided into Diar-
throses or moveable articulations, and Synar-
throses or immoveable.
            f 1. Amphiarthrosis.
              2. Diarthrosis, orbicu- j Enarthrosis.
Diarthroses.  ■{     lar vague.       ( Arthrodia.
            I  3. Alternative or Ginglymus, which
            (     admits of varieties.
            t  1. Suture.
Synarthroses.    | SoTpSs.
            ' 4. Schindylesis,
  The articulations are subject to a number of
i                  ARUM

diseases, which are generally somewhat severe.
These may be  physical, as wounds,  sprains,
luxations, &c.;  or they may be organic, as an-
kyloses, extraneous bodies, caries, rheumatism,
gout, hydrarthroses, arthropuosis, &c
   Articulation means also the combination of
letters which constitute words.  See Voice.
   Articulation, False, Pseudarthro'sis, Ar-
tic'ulus fals7is, (F.) A. fausse, A. accidentelle,
A. contre nature, A. anormale.  A false joint,
formed between  fragments of bone, that have
remained ununited; or between a luxated bone
and the surrounding parts.
   AR TICULA TION EN CHARNlkRE, Gin-
glymus—a. de la Hanche, Coxo-femoral articu-
lation.
   ARTICULI DIGITORUM MANUS, Pha-
langes of the fingers—a.  Digitorum pedis, Pha-
langes of the toes.
   ARTICULO  MORTIS, see Psychorages—a.
Spinalis, Semispinalis colli.
   ARTIFICIAL, Artificia'lis, (F.) Artificiel;
from ars, artis,  ' art,' and facere,  ' to make.'
That which is formed by art.
   Artificial Eyes are usually made of enamel,
and represent a sort of hollow hemisphere, which
is applied beneath the eyelids, when the eye is
lost.
   Artificial Teeth are teeth made of ivory,
porcelain, &c
   PlkCES  D'AJYATOMIE ARTIFICIELLES
axe preparations of anatomy, modelled in wax,
plaster, paper, &c.
   ARTISCOCCUS L.EVIS, Cynara scolymus.
   ARTIS'CUS, from agroc,' bread.'  See Tro-
chiscus. A troch of the shape of a small loaf.
Also, and especially, a troch made of vipers.
   ARTOCAR'PUS. The Bread-fruit Tree, (F.)
Jaquier.  A Polynesian  tree, so called because
the fruit, which is milky, and juicy,  supplies
the place of bread to the  inhabitants.  It grows
to the height of 40 feet.
   Artocarpus Integrifolia, Caoutchouc
   ARTOC'REAS,  from  agroc,  'bread,' and
Kgia;,' flesh.'  A kind of nourishing food made
of various aliments boiled together.—Galen.
   ARTOG'ALA, from agroc, 'bread,' and ya\a,
'milk.'  An alimentary preparation of bread
and milk.  A poultice.
   ARTOM'ELI, from agroc, 'bread,' and puu,
' honey.'  A cataplasm of bread and honey.—
Galen.
   ARTUS,  Membrum.
   ARTYMA, Aroma,  Condiment.
   ARUM, A. maculatum, and A. triphyllum—
a. Americanum betae foliis, Dracontium fceti-
dum.
   Arum Dracun'culus, Dracun'adus  poly-
phyllus, Colubrlna Dracon'tia, Erva de Sancta
Maria, Gig'arus serpenta'ria, Arum polyphyl-
lum, Serpenta'ria Gallo'rum.  Family, Aroideas.
Sex. Syst. Moncecia Polyandria. The roots and
leaves are very acrimonious.  The plant resem-
bles the A. macula'tum in its properties.
   Arum Esculen'tum, Cala'dium esculen'tum,
Taro, Kalo. The foliage  and roots possess acrid
qualities, which are dissipated by baking or boil-
ing ; in which form it is used as food by  the peo-
ple of Madeira, the Polynesians, &c
   Arum Macula'tum, Arum (of the older wri-
ters)  Cuclcow Pint, Barba Aaro'nis, Serpenta'-
ria minor, Zin'giber German! i cum, S acer do s pe-
nis, Wake Robin, Priest's pintle, (F.) Gouet, 
ARUMARI
86
ASCARIS
Pied de Veau.  The fresh root is stimulant in-
ternally.  Dose, ^j. of the dried root.   Exter-
nally, it is very acrid.  From the root of  this
Arum  a  starch  is  prepared, which  is called
Portland Island Sago, Gersa serpenta'ria, Ce-
rus'sa serpenta'ria, Fec'ula ari macula'ti.
  Arum, Three-leaved, Arum triphyllum.
  Arum Triphyl'lum, Three-leaved arum, (F.)
Pied-de Veau triphylle, Indian Turnip, Dragon
Root, Dragon Turnip, Pepper Turnip. This
plant grows all over the United States, and is
received into the Pharmacopoeia under the title
Arum.  The recent root, or Cormus—Arum,
(Ph. U. S.)—is very acrimonious, and has been
employed in asthma, croup, and hooping-cough.
Boiled in lard, it has been used in tinea capitis,
and in  milk in consumption.
  ARUMARI, Caramata.
  ARUNDO BAMBOS, Bamboo—a.  Brachii
major, Ulna—a. Brachii minor, Radius—a. In-
dica, Sagittarium alexipharmacum—a. Major,
Tibia—a. Minor, Fibula—a. Saccharifera, see
Saccharum.
  ARVA, Ava.
  ARVUM, Vulva—a. Naturae, Uterus.
  ARY-ARYTENOID.EUS, Arytenoidaeus—
a.-Epiglotticus, Arytaeno-epiglotticus.
  ARYT^E'NA, aovrwa, 'a ladle.'  Hence,
  ARYT^E NO-EPIGLOT'TICUS, Aryta'no-
epiglottida'us, Ary-epiglotticus.  That which
belongs to the arytenoid cartilages and epiglottis.
Winslow gives this name to  small, fleshy fasci-
culi, which  are  attached, at one extremity, to
the arytenoid cartilages, and, by the other, to
the free edge of the epiglottis.   These fibres do
not always exist.  They form part of the  ary-
tenoid muscle of modern anatomists.
  AR'YTENOID, Arytanoi' des,Arytenoida'us,
from  agwraiva,  ' a  ladle,' and  uSo;,  ' shape.
Ladle-shaped.
  Arytenoid Car'tilages,  Cartilag'ines  ary-
tenoi'des, C. guttura'les, C. Gutturi'na, C.gut-
turifor'mes, C. triq'uetra, Guttur'nia, are  two
cartilages of  the larynx, situate posteriorly
above the cricoid, and which, by approximation,
diminish the aperture of the  glottis.  Their
upper extremities or cornua are turned towards
each other, and are now and then found loose,
in the form of appendices, which are considered,
by  some,  as distinct cartilages,  and termed
cuneiform  or tuberculated Cartilages  or  Cor-
nic'ula Laryn'gs.
  Arytenoid Glands, Glan'dula Arytenoids a,
are small, glandular, whitish bodies, situate an-
terior  to the  A. cartilages.  They pour out  a
mucous fluid to lubricate the larynx.
  ARYTENOID^E'US, (F.) Arytenoidien. A
small muscle, which passes  from one arytenoid
cartilage to the other, by its contraction brings
them together, and diminishes the aperture of
the glottis.   Winslow divided the muscle  into
three portions;—the  Arytenoida'us  transver'-
sus, or Ary-arytenoida'us, and two  Arytenoi-
da'i obli'qui.
  ARYTH'M, Aryth'mus, from  a, privative,
and ovQ.uoc,  'rhythm,' 'measure.' Irregular.
This word is applied  chiefly to the pulse.
  ASA, Asafcetida.  See Assa.
  ASAFffi'TIDA,Assafce tida,Stercusdiab'oli,
 Cibus Deo'rum, Asa, Devils dung, Food of the
 Gods.  A  gum  resin—the concrete  juice  of
Fer'ula Assafce'tida, Narthex Assafa'tida.   Or-
der, Umbelliferae.  It is  in  small  masses  of  a
whitish, reddish, and violet hue, adhering toge-
ther.   Taste bitter and subacrid: smell msup-
portably alliaceous.  The Asiatics use  it regu-
larly as a condiment.
  Its medical properties are antispasmodic, sti-
mulant, and anthelmintic.   Dose, gr. v. to xx,
in pill.
  ASAGR^EA  OFFICINALIS, see Veratrina.
  AS'APES, 'crude,' Asep'ton.  A  term ap-
plied to the sputa, or  to other matters evacu-
ated, which do not give signs of coction.
  ASAPH'ATUM, from a, privative, and oa<?r)e,
' clear.'  This term has been applied to collec-
tions  in  the sebaceous follicles  of  the  skin,
which  may be  pressed out  like little  worms,
with a black head.  See  Acne.
  ASAPHFA,  from a, privative, and a-aiptfe,
'clear.'  Dyspho'nia  immodula'ta  palati'na,
Parapho'nia guttura lis; P. palati'na.  Defec-
tive articulation, dependent upon diseased pa-
late.—Hippocrates, Vogel.
  ASARABACCA, Asarum—a. Broad-leaved,
Asarum Canadense.
  ASAR'CON, from a, privative,  and  catf,
'flesh.'  Devoid  of flesh.   Aristotle uses the
term for the head when it is but  little fleshy,
compared with the chest and abdomen.
  ASARET, Asarum—a. du Canada,  Asarum
Canadense.
  ASARI'TES, from acagov,'the asarum.'  A
diuretic wine, of  which asarum was an ingre-
dient.—Dioscorides.
  ASARUM, from a, privative, and tcciquv, ' to
adorn:' because not  admitted  into the ancient
coronal wreaths;  As'arum Europa'um,  Nardus
Montana,   Nardus  Rust'ica,  Az'arum,  (F.)
Asaret ou Cabaret, Oreille d'homme, Oreillette,
Girard-Roussin,  Nard Sauvage.  Fam. Aroi-
deae.   Sex. Syst. Dodecandria  Monogynia.
The plant, used  in medicine, is the As'arum
Europa'um, Asarabac'ca, and of this the leaves.
They are  emetic, cathartic, and errhine, but
are hardly ever employed,  except for  the last
purpose.
  Asarum  Canaden'se, A. Carolinia'num, Ca-
nada Snakeroot,  Wild  Gi?iger, Colt's  Foot,
Broadleaf Asarabacca, Indian Ginger, Heart
Snakeroot, (F.) Asaret du  Canada.  The root
Asfarum, (Ph.  U. S.) is used as a substitute for
ginger, and is said to act as a warm stimulant
and diaphoretic.
  Asarum  Carolinianum, A. Canadense.
  ASBESTOS SCALL,  see  Eczema of the
hairy scalp.
  ASCAIN, MINERAL WATERS OF.  As-
cain is a village, situate about a league from
St. Jean-de-Luz,  in France.  The water is a
cold chalybeate.
  ASCARDAMYC'TES, from a, privative, and
o-Kaofiapivxrv, 'I  twinkle the  eyes.'  One who
stares with fixed eyes, and  without moving  the
eyelids.—Hippocrates.
  ASCARICIDA ANTHELMINTICA, Ver-
nonia anthelmintica.
    ASCARIDE   LUMBRICOIDE,  Ascaris
lumbricoides—a. Vermiculaire, Ascaris venni-
 cularis.
   AS'CARIS, pi.  ASCAR'IDES,  from aox«-
?'C&>,'I  leap.'  A  genus of intestinal worms,
characterized by a long, cylindrical body, ex-
tenuated at the extremities; and having a mouth
 furnished  with three tubercles, from  which a 
ASCELES
87
ASITIA
very short tube is sometimes seen issuing. For-
merly, there  were reckoned two varieties of
the Ascaris—the As'caris lumbricoi'des, Lum-
bri'cus, L. teres hom'inis, Scolex, As'caris gigas
liom'inis,  (F.) Lombricoide, Ascaride  lombri-
tdide, Lombric, L.  Teres, or long round worm;
and the As'caris Vermicula'ris — the Ascaris
proper—the thread  worm or maw worm.   The
former is alone included under the genus, at
present—a new genus having been formed of
the A. vermicularis, under  the  name Oxyuris.
It is the Oxyu'ris vermicula'ris, (F.) Ascaride,
A. vermiculaire, Oxyure vermiculaire.
  A new species of entozoa has been found by
Dr. Bellingham, the As'caris ala'ta.
  Ascaris Alata, see  Ascaris—a. Trichuria,
Trichocephalus.
   AS'CELES, As'keles, Carens cru'ribus, from
a, privative,  and o-kiko;, ' a leg.'  One who has
no legs.
   ASCELLA, Axilla.
   ASCEN'DENS,  from  ascendere, (ad  and
scandere,)  ' to ascend.'  (F.) Ascendant.  Parts
axe thus called, which are supposed to  arise
in a region lower than  that where they termi-
nate.  Thus, Aorta ascendens is the aorta from
its origin  to the arch:  Vena cava ascendens,
the  large  vein which  carries  the  blood  from
the inferior parts to the heart:  Obliquus ascen-
dens (muscle,) the lesser oblique muscle of the
abdomen, &c
   ASCEN'SUS  MORBI.   The period of in-
crease of a disease.
   ASCESIS, Exercise.
   ASCHIL,  Scilla.
   ASCHISTODAC'TYLUS, Syndac'tylus:
from a, privative, o-xirrog, ' cleft;' and daxrvKog,
' a finger.'   A monster whose fingers are not
separated from one another.—Gurlt.
   AS'CIA, AxinS, 'an axe,' Scepar'nos,  Dol-
tdira, Fas'cia spira'lis.  Name of a bandage men-
tioned by  Hippocrates  and Galen,  and  figured
by Scultetus, in the shape of an axe or hatchet.
—Galen.   See Doloire.
   ASCILLA, Axilla.
   ASCI'TES, from ao-xoc, ' a bottle -.'—Aski'tes,
 Hydroce'lS Peritona'i, Hydrops Abdom'inis, H.
Ascites,Hydrogas'ter, Hydrocm'lia, Hydre'trum,
 Ascli'tes, Calioch'ysis, Dropsy of the lower belly,
 Dropsy of the Peritone'um, (F.) Ascite, Hydro-
piritonie, Hydropisie du Bas-ventre.  A collec-
tion of serous fluid in  the  abdomen.  Ascites
 proper is dropsy of the  peritoneum; and is cha-
 racterized by increased size of the abdomen,
 by fluctuation and the  general signs of dropsy.
 Tt is rarely a primary disease;  but  it is always
 dangerous, and  but little susceptible of  cure.
 Most generally, it is owing to obstructed circu-
 lation in some of the viscera, or to excitement
 of the vessels of the abdominal  organs.   The
 treatment is essentially  the  same  as  that  of
 other  dropsies.   Paracentesis, when  had re-
 course to,  can only be regarded as a palliative.
   Dropsy  of the peritoneum may also be sac-
 cated or  in  cysts,  and occasionally the  fluid
 accumulates exterior to the peritoneum, Hydre-
pigas'trium. When in cysts it is  termed Hy-
 0rocys'tis, Hydrops abdom'inis  sacca'tus, H.
 eys'ticus and Ascites sacca'tus.
   Ascites Hepato-Cysticus, Turgescentia ve-
 Biculae felleae—a. Ovarii, Hydrops ovarii—a. Pu-
 rulentus,  Pyochezia—a. Saccatus, see Ascites,
 Hydroarion, and Hydrops ovarii.
  ASCLkPIADE, Asclepias vincetoxicum.
  ASCLE'PIAS ASTHMAT'ICA, (F.) Ipeca-
cuanha  blanc de Pile de France.  A creeping
plant of the Isle of France, regarded as a spe-
cific in asthma.
  Asclepias Curassav'ica.  The leaves are
emetic in the dose of one or two scruples.  It
is the Ipecacuanha blanc of St. Domingo.
  Asclepias Decum'bens, the root.  Escharo-
tic, cathartic, sudorific, diuretic.
  Asclepias, Flesh-coloured, A. Incarnata.
  Asclepias Gigante'a.  The milky juice is
very caustic.   It  is used in Malabar  against
herpes; and mixed with oil,  in  gout.   See
Mudar.
  Ascle'pias  Incarna'ta, Flesh-coloured  as-
clepias.   The root of this plant, which grows
in all parts of the  United States, has the same
virtues as the A. Syriaca.
  Asclepias Proc"era(2) Beidclossar; Beidel-
sar.  An Egyptian plant, the leaves of which
are made  into a plaster, and applied to indolent
tumours.   The milky juice is caustic, and is
used as such.
  Asclepias Pseudosarsa, Hemidesmus  Indi-
cus.
  Asclepias Syriaca, Common Silkweed, Milk
Weed, (F.) Herbe  a la  houette.  The  cortical
part of the root has been given, in powder, in
asthmatic  and  pulmonic affections in general,
and, it is  said, with success.
  Ascle'pias Tubero'sa, Butterfly Weed,Pleu-
risy Root, Flux Root, Wind Root, White  Root,
Orange  Swallow  Root, Silk  Weed,  Canada
Root,  Orange  Apoc"ynum,  Tuberous  Rooted
Swallow Wort. Nat. Ord. Asclepiadeae.  Sex.
Syst. Pentandria Digynia.   Said to have been
first recommended by the Asclepiades.  In Vir-
ginia and the Carolinas, the root of this plant has
been long celebrated as  a remedy in pneumonic
affections.  It  is sudorific, and the powder acts
as a mild purgative.  Its chief powers  are said
to  be  expectorant, diaphoretic, and  febrifuge.
It is occasionally given to  relieve pains of the
stomach from flatulence and indigestion.
   Asclepias Vincetox'icum, Cynan'chum Vin-
cetox'icum, Vincetox'icum,  Apod'ynum Nova
An'glia hirsutum, &c, Swallow Wort, White
Swallow  Wort, (F.) Asclepiade, Dompte-venin.
   The root is said to be stimulant, diuretic, and
emmenagogue, but is hardly ever used.   It is
called also, Hirundina!ria.
   ASCLEPIASMUS, Haemorrhois.
   ASCLITES, Ascites.
   ASCO'MA, from x<tmc, ' a bottle.'  The emi-
nence of the pubes at the period of puberty in
females.—Rufus of Ephesus.
   ASE, Anxiety.
   ASELLI, Onisci aselli.
   ASELLUS, Oniscus.
   ASE'MA CRISIS, xgitnc ao-tipa., from «,  pri-
 vative, and <rrtfjLa, 'a sign.'  A crisis occurring
 unexpectedly and  without the ordinary precur-
 sory signs.
   ASEPTON, Asapes.
   ASH, BITTER, Quassia-a. Tree, Fraxinus
 excelsior—a. Mountain, Sorbus acuparia—a.
 Prickly,  Aralia spinosa,  Xanthoxylum  clava
 Herculis—a.  Prickly, shrubby,  Xanthoxylum
 fraxineum.
   ASITTA, from  a, privative, and c/toc, 'food.'
 Abstinence from food. Want of appetite,—Fas-
 tid'ium cibo'rum, Apoclei'sis. 
                 ASJAGAN                !

   ASJAGAN, As'jogam.  An Indian tree, the
 juice of whose  leaves, mixed with powdered
 cumin seeds, is employed in India in colic.
   ASJOGAM, Asjagan.
   ASKELES, Asceles.
   ASKITES, Ascites.
   ASO'DES,  Asso'des, from  act], 'disgust,'
 ' satiety.'  A  fever accompanied with anxiety
 and nausea; Fe'bris aso'des vel azo'des.
   ASPALASO'MUS, from an-na\a\, 'a mole,'
 and o-oijua, 'body.'  A  genus  of  monsters  in
 which there is imperfect  development of the
 eyes.—I. G. St.  Hilaire.
   ASPALTUM, Asphaltum.
   ASPARAGINE, see Asparagus.
   ASPARAGUS, Aspar'agus officinalis, Com-
 mon Asparagus, Spar' agus, Spedagus, Spar-
 row Grass, Grass.   Nat.  Ord.  Asphodeleaj.
 Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia.  Aspar'agi
 officinaHis Turio'nes, (F.) Asperge.  The fresh
 roots are diuretic, perhaps owing to the imme-
 diate crystallizable principle, Asparagine.  The
 young shoots are a well known and esteemed
 vegetable diet.   They communicate a peculiar
 odour to the urine.  A syrup made of the young
 shoots and an extract of the roots has been re-
 commended as a sedative in heart affections.
   ASPA'SIA.  A ball  of  wood soaked in an
 infusion of galls, and used by females for c*on-
 stringing the vagina.
   ASPEN, AMERICAN, Populus tremuloides
 —a. European, Populus tremula.
   ASPERA ARTERIA, Trachea.
   ASPERGE, Asparagus.
   ASPERITAS  ARTERIyE ASPERiE, Rau-
 cedo.
   AS PER ITkDES PAUPlkRES, Trachoma.
   ASPERITY, Asper'itas, roughness.  Aspe-
 rities are inequalities on the  surfaces of bones,
 which often serve for the  insertion of fibrous
 organs.
   ASPERMATIA, Aspermatismus.
   ASPERMATIS'MUS, Asper'mia, Asperma'-
 tia, from a,  privative, and o-xiO^a., ' sperm.'
 Reflux of sperm from the urethra into the blad-
 der, during the venereal orgasm.
   ASPERMIA, Aspermatismus.
   ASPERSIO, Catapasma, Fomentation.
   ASPER'SION, Asper'sio, from aspergere (ad
 and spargere,) (F.) Arrosement.  Act of sprink-
 ling or pouring a liquid guttatim over a wound,
 ulcer, &c
   ASPERULA, Galium aparine.
   Asper'ula Odora'ta, Matrisylva, Hepat'ica
 stella'ta, (F.) Aspirule odorante ou Muguet des
 bois, Hipatique etoilee.   Fam. Rubiaceae. Sex.
 Syst.  Tetrandria Monogynia.   Sweet-scented
 Wood-roof.  Said to be diuretic,  deobstruent,
tonic, and vulnerary.
   ASPkRULE ODORANTE, Asperula odo-
 rata.
  ASPHALTI'TES,  Nephrites,   Nephritis,
 Prima Vertebra  lumba'ria,  same  etymon as
 asphaltum. A name given by some to the last
 lumbar vertebra.—Gorraeus.
   ASPHAL'TUM, Nep'ta,  Arsal'tos, AspaV-
 tum, from ao-faKi^ttv, 'to  strengthen.'  With
 the Greeks, this word signified any kind of bi-
 tumen.  It is now restricted chiefly to the Bi-
 tu'men of Judjea, B. Juda'icum, A. solidum,
 Jew's Pitch,  or  Karabl of Sodom, (F.) As-
phalte.  It is  solid, friable, vitreous, black,
shining, inflammable, and of a fetid smell.  An
3               ASPIRATIO

 oil is obtained from it by distillation.  It enters
 into the composition of certain ointments  and
 plasters.
   It is  collected on the surface of the water of
 the Dead  Sea or Lake Asphaltites, in Judaea.
   ASPHARINE, Galium aparine.
   ASPHOD'ELUS RAMO'SUS, Asphodelus,
 A. Albus, A. Maris, Has'tula Regs, (F.)  Lis
 asphodlle.  The bulbs of this southern Euro-
 pean plant have an acrimony which they los*e
 in boiling water.   They contain a fecula with
 which  bread has been made, and  have been
 considered diuretic.  They have been used as a
 succedaneum for the squill.
   ASPHYX'IA,from a,priv.,and o-yvStg, 'pulse,'
 Defec'tus Pulsus, Acrotis'mus, Sidera'tio, Sy-
 dera'tio.  For a long time, Asphyxia was con-
 fined to the sense of ' suspension of circulation
 or Syncope,' (q. v.)   It now  generally means
 suspended animation, produced by the noncon-
 version of the venous blood of the lungs into
 arterial blood, Apnce'a,  (q.  v.)  Apneus'tia,
 Apnaeasphyx'ia, Anhamato'sia, Ec'lysis pneu-
 mo-cardi'aca.   Owing to the supply of air  be-
 ing cut  off, the unchanged  venous blood  of  the
 pulmonary artery passes into the  minute radi-
 cles of  the pulmonary veins, but their peculiar
 excitability requiring arterial blood to  excite
 them, stagnation takes place in the  pulmonary
 radicles, and death occurs  chiefly from this
 cause,—not owing  to venous  blood being dis-
 tributed through the system, and 'poisoning' it,
 as was  the idea of Bichat.  Carus asphyx'ia,
 Mors appa'rens, Mors putati'va, Pseudothan'-
 atos, Apparent  death, (F.) Mort apparente, is
 characterized by suspension of respiration, of
 the cerebral functions, &c.  Several varieties
 of Asphyxia have been designated.
  1. Asphyx'ia of  the New Born, A. neona-
 torum.    This is  often dependent upon  the
 feeble condition of the infant, not permitting
 respiration to be established.
  2. Asphyx'ia by Noxious Inhala'tion  or
 inhalation of gases, some of  which cause death
 by producing a spasmodic closure of the glottis:
 others by the want  of oxygen, and  others ape
 positively deleterious or poisonous.
  3. Asphyx'ia by Strangula'tion or Suffo-
 ca'tion;  produced by mechanical impediment to
 respiration, as in strangulation.
  4. Asphyx'ia by Submer'sion, A. by drown-
ing, A. Immerso'rum, as occurs in the drowned,
 who perish in consequence  of the  medium  in
 which they are  plunged, being unfit for respira-
 tion.  See Submersion.
  Mr. Chevalier has used the term  Asphyx'ia
 Idiopath'ica, for fatal syncope owing to relaxa-
 tion of the heart.  See Suffocation.
  Asphyxia Immersorum, A. by submersion—
 a. Local:—see  Gangrene—a. Neonatorum,  A.
 of the new-born—a. Pestilenta:—see Cholera
—a. Pestilential:—see Cholera.
  ASPHYXIE DES  PARTIES, Gangrene-
 a. Lente des nouveau-nis, Induration of the cel-
 lular tissue.
  ASPHYXTED, Asphyxiated, same etymon.
 In a state  of asphyxia.
  ASPIC, Aspis; also, Lavendula.
  ASPIDISCOS, Sphincter ani externus.
  ASPIDIUM CORIACEUM, Calagualaeradix
 —a. Filix foemina, Asplenium  filix fcemina-—a.
 Filix mas, Polypodium filix mas.
  ASPIRATIO, Inspiration. 
ASPIRATION
89
ASTHMA
  ASPIRATION, Adspira'tio,Aspira'tio,from
aspirare (ad and  spirare) 'to breathe.'  The
French sometimes use the term synonymously
with inspiration.  It also means the act of at-
tracting or sucking like a pump.  Imbibition,
(q.  v.)  Also, the pronunciation of a vowel
with a full breath.
  ASPIS,  ao-.Ttc.  A name given by  the  an-
cients to a venomous serpent—the JEgyptian
viper of Lacepede, (F.) Aspic.   Its bite is very
dangerous, and it is supposed to have been the
reptile, which Cleopatra used for her  destruc-
tion.
  ASPLE'NIUM,from a, priv., and o-rx^'the
spleen.'  Spleenwort, Miltwaste.
  Asple'nium Cet'erach, Doradil'la, Blech-
num  squamo' sum,  Scolopen' dria,  Athyr'ion,
Cet'erach  officinal rum, (F.) Doradille.  Sup-
posed to be  subastringent and  mucilaginous,
and  has been recommended as a pectoral.  It
has also been given in calculous cases.
  Asple'nium  Filix Fos'mina, Polypo'dium
filixfamino, Aspidium filix famino, Athydium
filix foemina, Female fern, (F.) Fougere fe-
melle.   The  root of this plant resembles that
of the male fern, and is said to possess similar
anthelmintic  virtues.  The name female fern
is also given  to the Pteris aquilina, (q. v.)
  Asple'nium Ruta Mura'ria,  A.  mura'lS,
Paronychia, Wallrue, White Maidenhair, Tent-
wort, Adian'tum album, Ruta mura'ria, Salvia
Vita, (F.) Rue des murailles, Sauve-vie. Used
in the same cases as the last.
  Asple'nium Scolopen'drium, Scolopendrium
oflicina'rum, Scolopen'dra, Scolopen' dria, Hart's
Tongue, Spleenwort, Phylli'tis,  Lingua  cer-
vi 'na, Blechnutn lignifo'Hum, (F.) Scolopendre,
Langue de cerf.   Properties like the last.
  Asple'nium Trichomanoi'des, A. Trichom'-
anes, Calliphyl'um, Trichom!'anes, Adian'tum
rubrum, Common Maidenhair, Po/yt'ricum com-
mu'?ie, (F.) Polytric.  Properties like the last.
  ASPREDO, Trachoma—a. Miliacea, Miliary
fever.
  ASPRELE, Hippuris vulgaris.
  ASS A DOUX, Benjamin—a. Dulcis, Benja-
min—a. Odorata, Benjamin.
  ASSABA.   A Guinea shrub whose leaves are
considered capable of dispersing buboes.
  ASSAFffiTIDA, Asafoetida.
  ASSAIERET.  A compound of bitter, sto-
machic, and purgative medicines in the form of
pill.—Avicenna.
  ASSAISONNEMENT, Condiment.
  ASSAKUR, Saccharum.
  ASSALA, see Myristica moschata.
  ASSARTHROSIS, Articulation.
  ASSA'TIO, Opte'sis.  The boiling  of food
or medicines in their  own juice, without the
addition of any liquid.   Various kinds of cook-
ing by heat.—Galen.
  ASSELLA, Axilla.
  AS'SERAC, Assis.  A preparation of opium
or  of some narcotic, used by the Turks as an

  ASSERCULUM,  Splint.
  ASSERVATION, Conservation.
  AS'SIDENS,  from ad, 'to,'  and  sedere, 'to
be seated.'  That which accompanies or is con-
comitant.  An epithet applied to the accessory
symptoms, Assiden'tia signa, and general phe-
nomena of disease.
  ASSIDENTIA SIGNA, see Assidens.
  ASSIMILATION,  Assimila'tio, Simila'tio,
Appropria'tio, Exomoio'sis, Homoio'sis, Threp-
sis, Threp'ticB: from assimilare, (ad and simi-
lare,) 'to render  similar.'  The act by which
living bodies appropriate  and transform into
their own substance, matters with which they
may be  placed in contact. In man, assimila-
tion is a function of nutrition.
  ASSIS, Asserac
  AS'SIUS LAPIS, A'sius Lapis.   A sort  of
stone or earth found near the town of  Assa  in
the Troad, which had the property of destroying
proud flesh.
  ASSODES, Asodes.
  ASSOUPISSEMENT, Somnolency.
  ASSOURON, see Myrtus Pimenta.
  ASSUETUDO, Habit.
  ASSULA, Splint.
  ASSULTUS, Attack.
  ASSUMPTIO, Prehension.
  ASTACI  FLUVIATILIS  CONCREMEN-
TA,  Cancrorum chelae.
  ASTACUS FLUVIATILIS, Crab.
  ASTAKILLOS, Araneum ulcus.
  ASTARZOF.   An  ointment,  composed  of
litharge, frog's spawn, &c  Also, camphor dis-
solved in rose water.—Paracelsus.
  ASTASIA, Dysphoria.
  ASTER ATTICUS,  Bubonium—a. Ingui-
nalis, Eryngium campestre.
  ASTE'RIA  GEMMA,  Aste'rius, Astroi'tes,
As'trios, Astrob'olus.  The ancients attributed
imaginary virtues to this  stone,—that of dis-
persing  Navi Materni, for example.
  ASTHENES, Infirm.
  ASTHENI'A, Vis imminu'ta, from a, priv.,
and vdivoc, 'force," strength.' Want of strength,
debility, (q. v.) (F.)Affaiblissement. Infirmity,
(q. v.)   A word used in this sense by Galen,
and  employed, especially by Brown, to de-
signate debility of  the whole economy, or di-
minution of the vital forces.   He distinguished
it into direct and indirect:  the former proceed-
ing from diminution of stimuli; the latter from
exhaustion of incitability by the abuse of stimuli.
  Asthenia Deglutitionis, Pharyngoplegia—
a. Pectoralis, Angina pectoris.
  ASTHENICOPYRA, Fever, adynamic.
  ASTHENICOPYRETUS, Fever, adynamic.
  ASTHENO'PIA,  Debil'itas visus, (F.) Af-
faiblissement de la  Vue, from a, priv., o-Qtvo;,
'strength,' and uxp, 'the  eye.'   Weakness  of
sight; Weak-sightedness.
  ASTHENOPYR A, Fever, adynamic,Typhus.
  ASTHENOPYRETUS, Fever, adynamic.
  ASTHMA,  from ao-6ua, 'laborious breath-
ing ;' from aa, ' I respire.'  A. spas'ticum adul-
to'rum,  A. Senio'rum, A. Convulsi'vum,  A.
spas'ticum intermit'tens,  Dyspna'a et orthop-
nm'a  convulsi'va, Malum Cadu'cum  pulmo'-
num, Broken-windedness, Nervous asthma, (F.)
Asthme,  A. nerveux.  Difficulty  of breathing,
recurring at  intervals, accompanied  with a
wheezing sound and sense of constriction in the
chest; cough and expectoration.
  Asthma is a chronic disease, and not curable
with facility.  Excitant and narcotic antispas-
modics are required.
  There are  no  pathognomonic physical signs
of asthma.  In some  cases, the  respiration is
universally puerile during the attack.  In the
spasmodic form, the respiratory murmur is very
feeble or absent during the fit j and in all forms 
                 ASTHMA                S

 percussion  elicits a  clear  pulmonary sound.
 The disease generally consists in some source
 of irritation, and occasionally, perhaps, in pa-
 ralysis of the pneumogastric nerves;  more fre-
 quently of the former—all the phenomena indi-
 cating constriction of the smaller bronchial ra-
 mifications.  The treatment is one that relieves
 spasmodic action—narcotics, counter-irritants,
 change of air, &c
   Asthma Acu'tum,  of Millar,  A. spas'ticum
 infan'tum, Cynan! che, trachealis spasmod'ica,
 (F.)Asthme aigu. Probably spasmodic croup.(?)
 See Asthma Thymicum.
   Asthma Aerium, Pneumothorax—a. Aerium
 ab Emphysemate Pulmonum, Emphysema of
 the Lungs—a. Arthriticum, Angina pectoris.
   Asthma, Car'diac. Dyspnoea dependent upon
 disease of the heart.
   Asthma Convulsivum,  Angina pectoris—a.
 Diaphragmaticum, Angina pectoris—a. Dolori-
 ficum, Angina pectoris—a. Emphysematicum,
 Pneumothorax.
   Asthma,  Grinders',  Grinders'  Rot.  The
 aggregate of functional phenomena, induced by
 the inhalation of particles thrown off during the
 operation of grinding metallic instruments, &c.
 The structural changes induced are enlargement
 of the bronchial tubes, expansion of the pulmo-
 nary tissue, and phthisis.
   Asthma  Gypseum, A.   pulverulentum—a.
 Hay, Fever, hay.
   Asthma Hu'midum, Humid,Common,ox Spit-
 ting asthma, is when the disease is accompanied
 with expectoration.  It is  also called A. humo-
 ra'lS, A. flatulen'tum, A. pneumon'icum, Blen-
 notho'rax chron'icus, &c.
   Asthma Infantum, Cynanche  trachealis—a.
 Infantum  Spasmodicum,  A. Thymicum — a.
 Koppian, A. Thymicum—a. Laryngeum Infan-
 tum, A. Thymicum—a. Montanum, A. pulve-
 rulentum—a. Nocturnum,  Incubus.
   Asthma Pulverulen'tum, A. gyp'seum, A.
 monta'num.   The variety  of asthma  to which
 millers, bakers, grinders and others are subject.
   Asthma Siccum,  so called when the  parox-
 ysm is sudden, violent, and of short duration;
 cough slight, and expectoration  scanty; spas-
 modic constriction.
   Asthma SpasticO-Arthriticum Inconstans,
 Angina pectoris—a. Spasticum  Infantum, A.
 Thymicum.
   Asthma Thy'micum, A.  T. Kop'pii, A. spas'-
 ticum infan'tum, A. infantum spasmod'icum,
 Thymasth!ma, Cynan!che. trachealis spasmod'-
 ica, Spasmus glot'tidis, Asthma larynge'um in-
fan'tum, A.intermit'tens infan'tum, A.Dentien'-
 tium, A. period'icum acu'tum, Koppian Asthma,
 Thymic Asthma, Laryngis'mus strid'ulus, Ap-
 na'a infan'tum, Spasm of the larynx, Spasm
 of the glottis, Croup-like inspiration of infants,
 Child-crowing,Spasmodic croup,Pseudo-croup,
 Spu'rious croup,  Cer'ebral croup, Suffocating
 nervous catarrh,  (F.) Laryngte striduleuse,
 Faux Croup, Pseudo-croup nerveux, Spasme
 de la Glotte  et du Thorax.  A  disease of in-
 fants, characterized by suspension of respiration
 at intervals; great difficulty of breathing, espe-
 cially on waking, swallowing, or crying, end-
 ing often  in a  fit of suffocation, with convul-
sions.  The  pathology of the disease  has been
 supposed to consist in an  enlargement of the
thymus gland,(?)  or of the glands of the neck
pressing on  the pneumogastric   nerves.  The
              ASTRINGENTS

 ear, on  auscultation, at a  distance from the
 chest, detects an incomplete, acute, hissing in-
 spiration, or rather cry;  whilst the expiration
 and voice are croupal, both at the accession and
 termination of the paroxysm.  The heart's ac-
 tion has been observed to be distinct and feeble.
   These symptoms are often accompanied by
 rigidity of the fingers and toes; the thumb be-
 ing frequently drawn forcibly into the palm of
 the clenched hand, whence the name Carpo-
 pedal  spasm, (q. v.) applied, at times, to the
 disease.
   Asthma Uteri, Hysteria—a. Weed, Lobelia
 inflata.
   ASTHMATIC, Asthmat'ieus,Pnoocolyt'icus.
 One affected with asthma.  Relating to asthma.
   ASTHME AIGU, Asthma acutum—a. Ner-
 veux, Asthma.
   AS'TOMUS, from a, privative, and o-roiia,
 'a mouth.' One without a mouth. Pliny speaks
 of a people in India without mouths, who  live
 anhelatu et odore !
   AS TR AG ALE COL D', Collum  astragali.
   ASTRAGALUS,  Talus, the Ankle, Qua'-
 trio,  Quar'tio, Quater'nio,  Diab'ebos, Peza,
 Cavic'ula,  Cavilla,  Tetro'ros,  As'trion, Qs
 Ballista, from ao-rpxyahoc, 'a die,' which/it
 has been  considered to resemble.(?)  A s^Kort
 bone  situate at the superior and middle  part
 of  the tarsus, where  it is  articulated  with
 the tibia.  It  is the ankle bone, sling bone, or
first bone of the foot.   The anterior surface  is
 convex, and has a well-marked prominence,
 supported by a kind of  neck, and  hence has
 been called the head of the Astragalus.   The
 astragalus is developed by two points of ossifi-
 cation.
   Astrag'alus  Exs'capus,  Stemless Milk-
 vetch, (F.) Astragale  a  gousses velus. Nat.
 Ord. Leguminosae.  Sex. Syst. Diadelphia De-
 candria.   The root is said to have cured con-
 firmed syphilis.
   Astragalus Tragacanthus,  see  Traga-
 canth.
   Astrag'alus Verus,  Spina hirci,  Astrag'-
 alus aculea'tus, Goat's thorn, Milk-vetch.   The
 plant  which affords Gum Trag'acanth.   See
 Tragacantha.
   ASTRANTIA, Imperatoria.
   AS'TRAPE, Corusca'tio, Fulgui, Fulmem,
 Lightning.  Galen reckons it amongst the re-
 mote causes of epilepsy.
   ASTRICTION, Astric'tio,Stypsis, Adstrie'-
 tio, Constric'tio, from astriugerc, (ad and strin-
gere,) ' to constringe.'  Action of an astringent
 substance on the animal economy.
   ASTRICTORIA, Astringents.
   ASTRINGENT ROOT, Comptonia aspleni-
 folia.
   ASTRINGENTS, Astringen'tia, Adstricto'-
 ria, Adstringen'tia,  Stryphna,  Catastal'tica,
 Constringen'tia,   Contrahen'tia,  Stegndtica,
 Syncrit'ica, Astricto'ria.  Same etymon.   Me-
 dicines which have the property of constring-
 ing the organic textures.  External astringents
 are called Styptics.
   The following are the chief astringents :  Aci-
 dum Sulphuricum, A. Tannicum, Alumen, Ar-
 genti  Nitras, Catechu, Cupri  Sulphas, Tinct.
 Ferri Chloridi,  Liquor  Ferri Nitratis, Ferri
 Sulphas, Gallae, Haematoxylon, Kino, Krameria,
 Liquor Calcis, Plumbi Acetas, Quercus Alba,
 Quercus Tinctoria, Zinci Sulphas, Creasoton.
0 
ASTRION
91
ATHLETA
  ASTRION, Astragalus.
  ASTRIOS, Asteria gemma.
  AS'TROBLES,  from  uotqov, 'a star,' and
ffaxxw, ' I strike.'  One struck by the stars (si-
dera'tus.)  One who is in a state of sideration
—in an apoplectic state.—Gorraeus.
  ASTROBOLIS'MUS,  Heli'asis, Helio'sis;
same etymology.  Sidera'tion or action of the
stars on a person.   Apoplexy.—Theophrastus,
Gorraeus.
  ASTROBOLOS, Asteria gemma.
  ASTROITIS, Asteria gemma.
  ASTROL'OGY, Astrolog"ia, from a.<rxoov,' a
star,' and \oyos,  ' a discourse.'  The art of di-
vining by inspecting the  stars.  This was for-
merly considered to be a part of medicine; and
was called Judicial Astrology, to distinguish
it from astronomy.
  ASTRON'OMY, Astronom'ia, from aargoy,' a
star,' and  vo^r, 'a law,' 'rule.'  A science
which makes known the heavenly phenomena,
and the laws that govern them.   Hippocrates
places this and astrology amongst the necessary
studies of a physician.
  ASTYPHIA,  Impotence.
  ASTYSIA, Impotence.
  ASUAR, Myrobalanus Indica.
  ASULCI,  Lapis lazuli.
  ASYNODIA, Impotence.
  ATACTOS, Erratic.
  ATARACTAPOIE'SIA, Ataractopoe'sia,
from a, privative, Tagaxi-os, 'troubled,'  and
8-ohj», 'to make.'  Intrepidity, firmness; a qua-
lity of which, according  to  Hippocrates, the
physician ought to be possessed in the highest
degree.
  ATARAX'IA, from a, privative, and ragzhc,
' trouble,'' emotion.'  Moral tranquillity, peace
of mind.
  AT'AVISM;  from Atavus,  'an old grand-
sire or  ancestor,  indefinitely.'  The  case  in
which an anomaly or disease, existing in a fa-
mily, is lost in one generation and reappears in
the following.
  ATAX'IA, from a, privative, and ra%ie, 'or-
der.' Disorder, irregularity.  Hippocrates em-
ploys the word in its most extensive  accepta-
tion.  Galen  applies it, especially, to irregu-
larity of pulse; and Sydenham speaks of Ataxia
Spirituum for disorder of the nervous system.
Ataxia, now, usually means  the state of disor-
der that characterizes  nervous fevers, and the
nervous condition.
  Ataxia Spirituum, Nervous diathesis. See
Ataxia.
  ATAX'IC,  Atax'icus; same etymon.  Having
the  characters of ataxia.
  ATCHA R, A'chia, Achar.  A condiment used
in India. It is formed of green fruits of various
kinds,—garlic, ginger, mustard, and pimento,
pickled in vinegar.
  ATECNIA, Sterilitas.
  ATELECTASIS; from artlne,  'imperfect,
defective,' and exTa<r/c, 'dilatation.'  Imperfect
expansion or  dilatation; as in
  Atelectasis Pulmo'num, Pneumonatelec'ta-
sis.  Imperfect expansion of the lungs at birth,
from *te\»c, ' imperfect,'  and if.xa.a-ig,  ' dilata-
tion.'  Giving rise to Cyano'sis pulmona'lis.
  AT'ELES,axtXrig, 'imperfect,' defective.'—
Hence,
  A TELOCHEl'Ll A, from axtXtjc,' imperfect,'
 and xulog, < lip.'  A malformation which con-
 sists in an imperfect development of the lip.
   ATELOENCEPHAL'IA, from *mw,  'im-
 perfect,' and tyxtpa/iov, ' the encephalon.'  State
 of imperfect development of the brain.—Andral.
   ATELOGLOS'Sl A, from axtX»c, ' imperfect,'
 and yXaooa., 'tongue.'  A  malformation which
 consists in an  imperfect development of the
 tongue.
   ATELOGNATHIA, from art^c,  'imper-
 fect,' and yva6og,  ' the jaw.'  A  malformation
 which consists in an imperfect development of
 the jaw.
   ATELOMYELTA, from axiX^,' imperfect,'
 and pvtXoc, ' marrow.'  State of imperfect de-
 velopment of the spinal marrow.—Beclard.
   ATELOPROSO'PIA, from axtXyg,  ' imper-
 fect,' and ngoo-anov, 'the face.'   A malforma-
 tion which consists in imperfect development

   ATELORACHIDIA, Hydrorachis.
   ATELOSTOMTA, from aT£x»f,' imperfect,3
 and OTOjxa, ' mouth.'  One whose mouth is im-
 perfectly developed.
   ATER SUCCUS, Atrabilis.
   ATHAMAN'TA, from Athamas, a  place  in
 Thessaly. A genus of plants.
   Athaman'ta  Aureoseli'num,  Oreoseli'num,
 Seli'num oreoseli'num, Black Mountain Pars-
 ley, (F.) Persil de Montague.  The plant, seed
 and roots are aromatic.  It has been considered
 attenuant, aperient, deobstruent,  and lithon-
 triptic The distilled oil has been used in tooth-
 ache.
   Athaman'ta Creten'sis seu Cret'ica, Dau-
 cus Creticus; D. Candia'nus, Myrrhis an'nua,
 Candy  Carrot.  The  seeds of this plant are
 acrid and aromatic.  They have  been used as
 carminatives and diuretics.
   ATHANASIA, Tanacetum.
   Athana'sia, from a, privative, and  9*.vaTog,
 ' death.'  An antidote for diseases of the liver,
 jaundice,  gravel, &c   It consisted of saffron,
 cinnamon, lavender, cassia, myrrh, juncus odo-
 ratus, honey, &c,  and was esteemed to be su-
 dorific.
   ATHARA, Athera.
   ATHELAS'MUS,  from a, privative,  and
 StjXn, 'a breast or nipple.'   Impracticability of
 giving suck;  from want of nipple or otherwise.
   ATHELXIS, Sucking.
   ATHE'NA.   Name of  a  plaster,  recom-
 mended by Asclepiades, and composed of oxide
 of copper, sublimed oxide of zinc, sal ammoniac,
 verdigris, gall nuts, and a  variety of  resinous
 and other ingredients.—Oribasius, Aetius, and
 P. JEgineta.
   ATHENIO'NIS CATAPO'TIUM.   A pill,
 composed of myrrh, pepper, castor, and opium;
 used to  allay  coughing.—Celsus.
   ATHE'RA, Atha'ra, from abi\p, 'an ear of
 corn.'   A kind of pap for children: also, a kind
 of liniment.—Dioscorides, Pliny.
  ATHERAPEUTUS, Incurable,
  ATHEROMA, from a^ga, 'pap or pulp.'
 Emphy'ma encys'tis  atkero'ma,   Mbllus'cum,
 (q. v.) Pulta'tio.  A tumour formed by a cyst
 containing matter like pap or Bouillie.
  ATHEROMATOUS,    Atheromatoses.
 Having the nature of Atheroma.
  ATHLE'TA, from a»Xoc, 'combat.'  Athleta?
were men who exercised themselves in combat
at the public festivals.—Vitruvius* 
ATHLETIC
92          ATRIPLEX FffiTIDA
  ATHLETIC, Athlelicus; concerning Atk-
leta.  Strong in muscular powers.—Foesius.
  ATHORACOCEPHALUS, Acephalogaster.
  ATHRIX, Atrichus; from a, privative, and
t)/><£, tpi^c,  'hair.'  Bald.  One  who has  lost
his hair.
  Athrix Depilis, Alopecia.
  ATHYM'IA, An'imi  defec'tus et anxi'etas,
An'imi demis'sio, Tristit'ia, Mceror, LypS, fxom
a, priv., and Sv^oc, 'heart,' 'courage.'  Des-
pondency.   The prostration of spirits often ob-
servable in  the sick.—Hippocrates.  Melan-
choly.—Swediaur.   See Panophobia.
  Athymia  Pleonectica, see Pleonectica.
  ATHYRION, Asplenium ceterach.
  ATHYRIUM FILIX FffiMINA, Asplenium
filix fcemina—a. Filix  mas, Polypodium filix
mas.
  ATLANTION, Atlas.
  ATLAS, Atlan'tion, from axXaw, ' I sustain.'
The first cervical ver'tebra;  so called, from its
supporting the  whole weight of the head, as
Atlas is said to  have supported the globe  on his
shoulders.   Chaussier calls  it Atloid.   This
vertebra in no respect resembles the others.  It
is a kind  of irregular ring, into which, ante-
riorly, the processus dentatus of the second ver-
tebra is received.  Posteriorly, it gives passage
to the medulla spinalis.
  ATLOID'O-AXOID,  (F.) Atlo'ido-axdidien.
Relating to both the Atlas and the Axis or Ver-
tebra Dentata.
  Atloido-axoid Articulation.  The articu-
lation between the first two cervical vertebrae.
  Atloido-axoid Lig'aments.  These are  two
in number;  one anterior and another posterior,
passing between the two vertebrae.
  ATLOID'O-OCCIP'ITAL.  Relating to the
atlas and occiput.   The Atloido-occip'ital  Ar-
ticula'tion is formed by the condyles of the oc-
cipital bone  and the superior articular surfaces
of the Atlas. The Atloido-occipital muscle is
the Rectus capitis posticus minor.
  ATLOIDO-SOUS-MASTOIDIEN,  Obli-
quus superior oculi—a. Sous-occipitale, Rectus
capitis lateralis.
  ATMIATRI'A, Atmidiat'ricB, from  axuog,
' vapour,' and taxptia, ' treatment.'   Treatment
of diseases by fumigation.
  ATMIDIATRICE, Atmiatria.
  ATMISTERION, Vaporarium.
  ATMOS,  Breath.
  AT'MOSPHERE, Atmospha'ra, from  axuog,
• vapour,'  and oipai^a, 'a sphere:'—as it were,
Sphere of vapours.  The atmosphere is a sphe-
rical mass of air, surrounding the earth in every
part; the height of which is estimated at 15 or
16 leagues.   It presses on the surface  of the
earth, and this  pressure has, necessarily sensi-
ble effects on organized bodies.  The surface
of the human body being reckoned at 15  square
feet, it  is computed that a pressure of  33,000
pounds or more exists under ordinary circum-
stances ; and this pressure cannot be increased
or diminished  materially,  without  modifying
the circulation and all the functions.
  ATMOSPHERIZATION, Haematosis.
  ATOCIA, Sterilitas.
  ATOL'MIA, from «, priv., and xoXpa,' con-
fidence.'  Want of confidence; discouragement.
A state of mind, unfavourable to health, and in-
jurious in disease.   It is the antithesis of Eu-
tolmia.
  ATONIA, Atony—a. Ventriculi, Gasteras-
thenia.
  AT'ONY, Aton'ia, Infir'mitas et Remis'sio
vi'rium, Languor, Lax'itas, from a, priv., and
xovog, 'tone,' 'force.'  Want of tone.  Weak-
ness of every organ, and particularly of those
that are contractile.  Violent gastritis has been
described by Scribonius Largus under a similar
name, arovov, At'onon.
  ATR ABIL'I ARY, Atrabilious, Atrabilia'ris,
Atrabilio'sus, fxomater, 'black,' and bills,' bile.'
An epithet given by the ancients to the melan-
cholic and hypochondriac, because they believed
the Atrabilis to predominate in such.
  Atrabiliary Capsules, Arteries and Veins.
The renal capsules, arteries and veins;  the for-
mation of Atrabilis having been attributed to
them.
  ATRABI'LIS,  same  etymon.  Ater succus,
Black Bile or melancholy.  According to the
ancients, a thick, black, acrid humour, secreted,
in the opinion of some, by the pancreas; in that
of others, by the supra-renal capsules.  Hippo-
crates, Galen, Aetius, and others ascribe  great
influence to the Atrabilis in the production of
hypochondriasis, melancholy, and mania. There
is really no such humour.  It was an imaginary
creation.—Aretaeus, Rufus of Ephesus,  &c.
  ATRACHELOCEPH'ALUS, from a, priv.,
xpax^Xog, 'neck,' and xtipaXrj, 'head.'   A mon-
ster whose neck is partially or wholly deficient.
  ATRACHE'LUS.  Same etymon. One who
is very short-necked.—Galen.
  ATRACTYLIS GUMMIF'ERA, Car'duus
plneus, IxinS, Gummy-rooted Atractylis, Pine
Thistle.   The  root, when wounded, yields a
milky, viscid juice, which concretes into tena-
cious masses, and is said to be chewed with the
same views as mastich.
  ATRAGENE, Clematis vitalba.
  ATRAMEN'TUM, A. Suto'rium, Ink,  Cat-
can'thon,  (F.) Encre.   It has been advised as
an astringent, and as an external application in
herpetic affections.
  Atramentum Sutorium, Ferri sulphas.
  ATRAPHAXIS, Atriplex.
  ATRESIA, Adherence, Imperforation.
  Atre'sia Ani Adna'ta, Anus Imperforatus,
Imperfora'tio ani, (F.) Imperforation de I'anus.
Congenital imperforation of the intestinal canal.
  ATRETISMUS, Imperforation.
  ATRETOCEPH'ALUS, from ar/woc, ■« im-
perforate,' and xt(pax», 'head.'   A monster, in
which some  of the  natural  apertures of the
head are wanting.—Gurlt.
  ATRETOCOR'MUS, from a^roc,  'imper-
forate,' and xo^/uoc, 'trunk.'  A  monster in
which the natural apertures  of the trunk are
wanting.—Gurlt.
   ATRE'TUS, from a,  priv., and roao>,' 1 per-
forate.' Imperforatus, Imperforate. One whose
anus, (aproc'tus,) or parts of generation are im-
perforate.
   AT'RICES.  Small tumours, which appear
occasionally around the anus.   Some commen-
tators consider the  word to  be synonymous
with condylomata.—Forestus.
   ATRICHIA, Alopecia.
   ATRICHUS, Athrix.
   AT'RICI.  Small sinuses  in the vicinity of
the anus,  not penetrating the rectum.
   ATRIPLEX FCETIDA, Chenopodium vul-
varia. 
ATRIUM CORDIS  DEXTER       93
AUBE-VIGNE
  At'riplex Horten'sis, A. Sati'va,  (F.) Ar-
roche, Bonne Dame.  The herb and seed of this
plant have been exhibited as antiscorbutics.
  At'riplex  al'imus, A. Portulacoi'des, and A.
Patula, axe used as pickles, and have similar
properties.
  At'riplex Odorata, Chenopodium botrys—
a. Olida, Chenopodium vulvaria.
  ATRIUM CORDIS  DEXTER, Sinus dexter
cordis—a. Cordis sinistrum, Sinus pulmonalis—
a. Vaginae, Vestibulum.
  AT'ROPA, from Atoos-oj, < immutable,' 'the
goddess of  destiny;' so called  from its fatal
effects.
  Atropa Belladon'na, Belladon'na, Deadly
Nightshade, Sola'num letha'lS, Sola'num mani'-
acum, S. Furio'sum, Sola'num melanocer'asus,
(F.) Belladone, Morelle furieuse, Belle Dame.
Nat. Ord. Solaneae. Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Mo-
nogynia.   The leaves—Belladonna (Ph. U. S.)
are  powerfully narcotic, and also diaphoretic,
and diuretic. They are occasionally used where
narcotics are indicated.  Sprinkling  the pow-
dered leaves over cancerous sores  has been
found to allay the pain;  and the leaves form a
good poultice.  Dose, gr. \ to gr. j. of the pow-
dered leaves.
   Atropa  Mandrag'ora, Mandrag'ora, Cir-
ca1 a,  Anthropomorph'us,   Malum  terres'trS,
 Mandrake.  The boiled root has been used in
the  form of poultice in indolent swellings.
   ATROPHIA,  Tabes—a.  Ablactatorum,
 Brash, weaning—a. Cordis,  Heart, atrophy of
 the—a. Glandularis, Tabes mesenterica—a. In-
 fantum, Tabes  mesenterica—a.  Intestinorum,
 Enteratrophia.
   Atrophia Lactan'tium, Tabes nutri'cum seu
 lac'tea.  The atrophy of nursing women.
   Atrophia Mesenterica, Tabes mesenterica.
   ATROPHIE,  Atrophy—a.  Misenterique,
 Tabes mesenterica.
   AT'ROPHIED, see Atrophy.
   AT'ROPHY,  Maras'mus Atro'phia, Atro-
 phia,  Maras'mus, Ma'cies, Contabescen'tia,
 Tabes, Marco'res, Analo'sis, from a,  privative,
 and rpo<ptj,  'nourishment.' (F'.)  Atrophic, Des-
 sechement.  Progressive and morbid  diminu-
 tion in the bulk of the whole body or of a part.
 Atrophy is generally symptomatic. Any tissue
 or organ thus affected is said to  be atrophied.
   Atrophy of the Heart, see Heart, atrophy
 of the.
   AT'ROPINE, Atropi'na, Atro'pia,  Atro'pi-
 um, Atropi'num, (F.)  Atropine.  The active
 principle of Atropa Belladonna, separated by
 Brandes, by a process  similar to that for  pro-
 curing morphia.
   ATTACHE, Insertion.
   ATTACK, Insul'tus,  Assul'tus, Irrep'tio,
 Inva'sio,  Eis'boll, Lepsis,  (F.) Attaque.   A
 sudden attack, invasion or onset of a disease.
 A seizure.
   ATTAGAS, Attagen.
   AT'TAGEN, Attagas, the Fran'colin.  Ce-
 lebrated with the ancients  both as food and
 medicine.—Martial, Aristophanes.
   ATTANCOURT,  MINERAL  WATERS
 OF.  A mineral water in France at Attancourt,
 in Champagne; about 3 leagues north of Join-
 ville. The water is a chalybeate, and contains
 sulphate of lime. In large doses it is purgative.
   ATTAQUE, Attack—a. des Nerfs, Nervous
 attack.
  A TTELLE, Splint.
  ATTENOTING,  MINERAL  WATERS
OF, in Bavaria.  The water contains carbonic
acid, carbonates of lime and soda, sulphates of
lime and magnesia, chloride of sodium, iron,
and alum.   It  is much used in skin diseases,
fistula, old ulcers, calculi, and hemorrhoids.
  ATTEN'U ANTS, Attenuan'tia, Leptun'tica,
(F.) Leptontiques, from tenuis, 'thin.'   Medi-
cines which augment  the  fluidity of the hu-
mours.
  ATTIRANT, Attrahent.
  ATTITUDE, Situs Cor'poris.  Low Latin,
aptitudo; from Latin aptare,' to fit.' Situation,
position of  the body.   The  attitudes are the
different postures which man is capable of as-
suming.  In General  Pathology, the attitude
will often enable the physician  to pronounce at
once upon the character of a disease, or  it will
aid him materially in his judgment.   In St.
Vitus's dance, in fractures, luxations, &c, it is
the great index.  It will also indicate the de-
gree of nervous or cerebral power; hence the
sinking down in bed is an evidence of great ce-
rebral debility in fever.  The position of a pa-
tient during an operation is also an interesting
subject of attention to the surgeon.
  ATTOL'LENS AUREM, Attol'lens Auric'-
ulce, Leva1 tor Auris, Supe'rior Auris, Attol'lens
Auric'ulam, Auricula'ris supe'rior, (F.) Auri-
culaire superieur, Temporo-auriculaire.  A mus-
cle of the ear, which arises, thin, broad, and
tendinous, from the tendon of the occipito-fron-
talis, and is inserted into the upper part of the
ear, opposite to the anti-helix.   It raises the ear.
  Attollens Oculi,  Rectus superior oculi—a.
Oculum, Rectus superior oculi.
  ATTOUCHEMENT, Masturbation.
  ATTRACTION OF AGGREGATION, Co-
hesion, force of.
  ATTRACTIVUM, see Magnet.
  ATTRACTIVUS, Attrahent.
  ATTRACTORIUS, Attrahent.
  ATTRAHENS  AURICULAM,  Anterior
auris.
  ATTRAHENT,  Attrahens, Attracti'vus,
Attracto'rius,   from  ad, ' to,'  and  traho,  ' I
draw.' (F.) Attractif, Attirant.  Remedies are
so called, which attract fluids  to the parts  to
which  they are applied,  as blisters,  rubefa-
ClGfltS &C
   ATTRAPE-LOURDAUT,(Y.) A bistoury
invented  by  a French surgeon, called Bien-
naise, and used in the operation for hernia. See
Bistouri cache.
   ATTRITA, Chafing.
   ATTRITIO, Attrition,  Chafing.
   ATTRI'TION, Attrl'tio, Ecthlim'ma, from
ad, and terere, 'to bruise.'  Friction or bruising.
 Chafing.—Galen.  Also, a kind of cardialgia.—
 Sennertus.  Likewise, a violent contusion.
   ATTRITUS, Chafing.
   ATYP'IC,  Atyp'icus, Alypos, from  a, pri-
 vative, and tujtoc, ' type.'   That which has no
 type.  Irregular.  Chiefly  applied to an irregu-
 lar intermittent,—Febris atypica.
   ATYPOS, Erratic.
   AUANSIS, Drying.
   AUANTE, Anap'se, from avavo-ic,' desicca-
 tion.'  Hippocrates gave  this  name to a dis-
 ease,  the  principal symptom  of which was
 emaciation.  Atrophy.
   AUBE-VIGNE, Clematis vitalba. 
AUBkPINE
94          AURI CHLORETUM
   AUBkPINE, Mespilus oxyacantha.
   AUBERGINE, Solanum Melongena.
   AUBIFOIN, Cyanus segetum.
   AUCHEN, Collum.
   AUCHENORRHEUMA, Torticollis.
   AUCHETICUS,  from «/*«»,  'the  neck.'
One affected with stiff neck or torticollis.
   AUDE, Voice.
   AUDINAC,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Audinac  is situate  in the department of Ar-
riege,  France.   The water  contains a small
quantity  of sulphohydric acid, carbonic acid,
sulphates of lime and magnesia, carbonates  of
lime and  iron, and  a  bituminous substance.
Temp. 67° Fahr.   It is much used in chronic
rheumatism, herpes, scrofulous diseases, &c
   AUDIT"ION, from audire, ' to hear;' Ac'oe,
Audit"io, Audi'tus, A'coS, Acro'ama, Acro'asis,
Acoe'sis, Acu'sis.   Hearing.   The act of hear-
ing. The sensation arising from an impression
made on the auditory nerves  by the vibrations
of the air, produced by  a sonorous body.  The
physiology of Audition is obscure.  It probably
takes place :—1. By the vibrations being com-
municated from the membrana tympani along
the chain of small bones to the membrane of the
foramen ovale.  2.  By means of the air  in the
cavity of the tympanum, the membrane of the
foramen rotundum  is agitated.  3. The trans-
mission may be made by means of the bony pa-
rietes.  In these three ways the vibrations pro-
duced by a sonorous body may reach the audi-
tory nerve. Audition may be active or passive:
hence the difference between listening and sim-
ply hearing.
  AXJ'DITORY, Audito'rius,Auditi'vus,Acus'-
ticus.  That which relates to audition.
   Auditory Arteries  and Veins, are vessels
which enter the auditory canals, and are,  like
them, distinguished into internal and external.
The external auditory artery, A. Tympanique—
(Ch.) is given off by the styloid, a branch  of
the external carotid : the internal is a branch of
the basilary artery, which accompanies the au-
ditory nerve, and is distributed to it.  The Au-
ditory Veins empty into the internal and exter-
nal jugulars.
  Auditory Canal, External, Mea'tus audi-
to'rius exter'nus, Alvea'rium, Scapha, Scaphus,
(F.) Conduit auditif externe, Conduit auricu-
laire, commences at the bottom of the concha,
at the Fora'men auditi'vum  exter'num, passes
inwards, forwards, and a little downwards, and
terminates  at the membrana tympani.   It  is
partly cartilaginous, partly osseous, and partly
fibrous.
  Auditory Canal, Internal, Mea'tus audito'-
rius inter'nus,Porus~seu. Sinus acus'ticus,Cyar,
(F.) Conduit auditif interne, C. labyrinthique,
is situate in the posterior surface of the pars pe-
trosa of the temporal bone.  From the Fora'men
auditi'vum inter'num, where it commences, it
passes forwards and outwards, and terminates
by a kind of cul-de-sac, mac'ula cribro'sa, perfo-
rated by many holes, one of which is the orifice
of the Aquaeductus Fallopii; and the others com-
municate with the labyrinth.
  Auditory Nerve, Nerf labyrinthique—(Ch.)
is the Portio Mollis of the  seventh pair.   It
arises from the corpus restiforme, from the floor
of the fourth ventricle,  and by means of white
striae, from the sides of the calamus scriptorius.
As it leaves the encephalon, it forms a flattened
cord, and proceeds with the facial nerve through
the foramen auditivum internum, and as far as
the bottom  of the meatus, where it separates
from the facial and divides into two branches,
one going to the cochlea; the other  to the ves-
tibule and semi-circular canals.
  AUGE, Al'veus.  Some of the older  anato-
mists gave this name to a reservoir, into which
liquids flow in an interrupted manner, so that it
is alternately full and empty.   Such are the
ventricles and auricles of the heart.
  AUGMENTATION, from  augere,  'to in-
crease;' Augmen'tum, Increme?ttum,Anab'asis,
Auc'tio, Auxis,Pr ogres'sio, Progres'sus, Auxe'-
sis.  The stage of a disease in which the symp-
toms go on increasing.
  AULISCUS, Canula.  See Fistula.
  AULOS, Canula, Fistula.  See Vagina, and
Foramen.
  AUMALE,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Aumale is a town of Upper Normandy, in the
country of Caux.  Several  springs of ferrugi-
nous mineral waters  are found  there, whose
odour is penetrating, and taste rough and astrin-
gent.   They are tonic, and employed in debility
of the viscera, &c
  AUNE NOIR, Rhamnus frangula.
  AUNkE,  Inula helenium—a. Dysenterique,
Inula dysenterica.
  AURA, Pno'e.  A vapour or emanation from
any body, surrounding it like  an atmosphere.
Van  Heimont regarded the vital  principle  as
a gas and volatile spirit, which_he called Aura
vitalis.
  In Pathology,  Aura means the  sensation  of
a light vapour, which, in some diseases, appears
to set out from the trunk or limbs; and to rise,
towards the head.  This feeling has  been found
to precede attacks of epilepsy and hysteria, and
hence it has  been called Aura  Epilep'tica, and
A. hyster'ica.
  Aura  San'guinis.  The  odour exhaled by
blood newly drawn.  See Gaz Sanguinis.
  Aura  Sem'inis  or  A. semina'lis, Spir'itus
genital lis; — A  volatile principle  fancied, to
exist in the sperm, and regarded by some as the
fecundating agent.   Such is not the case.
  Aura Vitalis, Vital principle.
  AURANCUM, see Ovum.
  AURANITE, see Agaric.
  AURANTIA  CURASSAVENTlA,Cwra.»-
so'a  apples  or  oranges.  Immature oranges,
checked, by  accident,  in their  growth.  They
are a grateful, aromatic bitter, devoid of acidity.
Infused in wine  or brandy they make  a good
stomachic.  They are also used for issue peas.
  Aurantia Curassavica, see Citrus  auran-
tium—a. Poma, see Citrus aurantium.
  Aurantii  Cortex, see Citrus aurantium.
  AURANTIUM, Citrus aurantium.
  AURELIANA CANADENSIS, Panax quin-
quefolium.
  AUREOLA, Areola.
  AURI CHLORETUM CUM CHLORETO
NATRII, see Gold—a. Chloridum, Gold, muri-
ate of—a. Chloretum, Gold, muriate of—a. Cy-
anidum, see  Gold—a. Cyanuretum,  see Gold—
a. Iodidum, see   Gold—a. Ioduretum, see Gold
—a. et Natri chloruretum, see Gold—a. Murias,
Gold, muriate of—a. Nitro-murias, see  Gold—
a. Oxidum,  see  Gold—a.  Terchloridum, see
Gold—a. Tercyanidum, see Gold—a. Teroxidum,
see Gold. 
AURICHALCUM
   AURICHALCUM, Brass.
   AURICLE, Auric'ula,(F.) Auricule, Oricule.
Diminutive of auris, an ear.   The auricle of
the ear.   See Pavilion.
   Auricles of the Heart,  Cavita'tes innomi-
ua'ta, (F.) Oreillcttes,  are  two cavities;  one
right, the other left, each communicating with
the ventricle of its side.  These two cavities
receive the blood from every part of the body.
Into the  right auricle, the two  venae cavae  and
coronary vein open: into the left, the four pul-
monary veins.  Chaussier calls the former the
Sinus of the Vena Cava:—the latter, the Si?ius
of the Pulmonary Veins.  See Sinus.
   Auricula Jud^e, Peziza auricula—a.  Muris,
Hieracium Pilosella—a. Muris major,  Hiera-
cium murorum.
   AURICULAIRE,  see Digitus —a.  Poste-
rieur, Retrahens auris—a. Superieur, Attollens
aurem.
   AURICULAR, Auricula'ris,Oric'ular,fxom
auricula, 'the  ear.'  That  which belongs  to
the ear, especially to the external ear.
   Auric'ular  Ar'teries and Veins,  Oricu-
laires—(Ch.),  are divided  into anterior and
posterior.  The anterior are of indeterminate
number.  They arise from the temporal artery,
and  are  distributed to  the  meatus auditorius
externus, and to the pavilion of the ear. The
posterior auricular is given off by the external
carotid, from  which it  separates in  the sub-
stance of the parotid  gland.   When it reaches
the inferior part of the pavilion of the ear it bi-
furcates ;  one of its branches being  distributed
to the inner surface of  the pavilion, the other
passing over the  mastoid process, and being
distributed to the temporal and posterior auris
muscles,  &c   Before its bifurcation it gives
off the stylo-mastoid artery.   The Anterior and
Posterior Auricular Veins open into the tem-
poral and external jugular.
   Auricular Finger,  (F.) Doigt auriculaire,
is the little finger, so called because, owing to
its size, it can be more  readily introduced into
the meatus auditorius.
   Auricular Nerves are several.   1. The au-
ricular branch, Zygomato-aurieular, is  one of
the ascending branches  of the cervical plexus.
It ramifies and  spreads over  the two surfaces
of the pavilion.   2. The auricular or superfi-
cial  temporal,  Temporal-cutaneous—(Ch.) is
given  off from the inferior maxillary.   It as-
cends between the condyle of the jaw and  the
meatus  auditorius externus,  sends  numerous
filaments to the meatus and pavilion, and di-
vides into two twigs,  which  accompany  the
branches of the  temporal artery, and are dis-
tributed to the integuments of the head.  There
is also a posterior auricular furnished  by the

  AURICULARIS   ANTERIOR, Anterior
auris—a. Superior, Attollens aurem.
  AURICULE, Auricle, Pavilion of the ear.
  AURICULO-VENTRICULAR, Auric'ulo-
ventricula'ris.  That which belongs to the au-
ricles and ventricles of  the  heart.  The com-
munications between the auricles and ventri-
cles are so called.   The Tricuspid and Mitral
Valves are auriculo-ventricular valves.
  AURI'GA.   A  species of bandage for  the
ribs, described by Galen.  See, also, Liver.
  AURIGO, Icterus—a. Neophytorum, Icterus
Infantum.
                AUTARCIA

  AURIPIGMENTUM,Orpiment—a. Rubrum,
Realgar.
  AURIS, Ear.
  AURISCALPIUM, Earpick.
  AURISCOP'IUM, Au'riscope,  from  auris,
'the ear,' and ezovw, 'I view.'  An instru-
ment for exploring the ear.
  AURIST, Otia'ter, Otia'trus, from auris, 'the
ear.'   One who  occupies himself chiefly with
the diseases of the ear and their treatment.
  AURIUM   FLUCTUATIO,  Bombus —a.
Marmorata, Cerumen—a. Sibilus, Bombus—a.
Sonitus, Bombus—a. Sordes,  Cerumen—a. Su-
surrus, Bombus.
  AURONE, Artemisia  abrotanum—a.  des
Champs, Artemisia campestris—a. des Jardins,
Artemisia abrotanum—a. Male, Artemisia ab-
rotanum.
  AURUGO, Icterus.
  AURUM,  'Gold,' (q. v.)—a.  Chloratum,
Gold, muriate of—a.  Chloratum  natronatum,
see Gold—a. Foliatum, Gold  leaf—a. in Libel-
lis, Gold leaf—a. Leprosum,  Antimonium—a.
Limatum, see Gold—a. Muriaticum, Gold, mu-
riate of—a. Muriaticum, see Gold—a. Muriati-
cum natronatum, see Gold.
  Aurum Musi'vum, Aurum Mosa'icum, Sulph'-
uret of Tin, Deutosulphuret or persulphuret of
tin.  (Quicksilver, tin, sulphur, sal ammoniac,
a§, equal parts.  The tin being first melted, the
quicksilver is poured into it, and then the whole
are ground together, and sublimed in a bolt-
head.   The aurum musivum lies  at the bot-
tom.)  It  is used  in some  empirical prepara-
tions.
  Aurum Oxydatum, see Gold—a. Oxydulatum
muriaticum, Gold, muriate of—a. Nitro-rhuria-
ticum, see Gold—a. Salitum,  Gold, muriate of.
  AUSCULTATE, TO; from auscultare, 'to
listen.' To practise auscultation, (q.v.)  'To
auscult' is at times used with the same signifi-
cation.
 AUSCULTATION, Ausculta'tio, Echos'copl,
act of  listening.   Buisson has used it synony-
mously with listening. Laennec introduced aus-
cultation to appreciate the different sounds,which
can be heard in the chest, and in the diagnosis of
diseases of the heart, lungs, &c  This may be
done by the aid of an instrument  called a ste-
thoscope (q. v.), one extremity of which is ap-
plied to the ear, the  other to the chest of the
patient.  This mode of examination is called
Mediate Auscultation, (F.) Auscultation midi-
ate,—the application of the ear to the chest be-
ing immediate auscultation.
  The act of  exploring the chest is called Ste-
thoscop'ia, and Thoracoscop'ia; of the abdomen,
Abdominoscop'ia, (q. v.)
  AUSCULTATORY, Auscultato'rius; Aus-
ctd'tic, (with some.)   Belonging or having re-
lation to auscultation.
  Auscultatory  Percussion, see Acouopho-
nia.
  AUSTERE', Auste'rus.  Substances  which
produce a  high degree of acerb impression on
the organs of taste.
  AUSTRUCHE, Imperatoria.
  AUTALGIA DOLOROSA,Neuralgia,facial,
Pleurodynia—a.  Pruriginosa,  Itching—a. Ver-
tigo, Vertigo.
  AUTARCI'A,  from  avxog, 'himself,'  and
ap*re),  ' I am satisfied.'  Moral tranquillity.—
Galen. 
               AUTEMESIA              S

   AUTEMES'IA,froma«Tos, 'self,' and t/uto-ic,
 i vomiting.'  Spontaneous or idiopathic vomit-
 ing.—Alibert.
   AUTEMPRESMUS, Combustion, human.
   AUTHE'MERON.  A medicine which cures
 on the  day of its exhibition; from Avxog, 'the
 same,' and hjutQa, 'day.'
   AUTHYGIANSIS, Vis medicatrix naturae.
   AUTOCHIR,  Autochi'rus,  Suici'da,  from
 avXK, 'himself,' and x*lQ> 'hand.'  One who has
 committed suicide.  A self-murderer or suicide.
   AUTOCHIRIA, Suicide.
   AUTOCINE'SIS, Motus volunta'rius, from
 anjof, 'self,' and %ai\oi<, 'motion.'  Voluntary
 motion.
   AUTOCRASY, Autocratta, Autocrato'ria,
 from awoc, 'himself,' and xoa-roc, 'strength.'
 Independent force.  Action of the vital princi-
 ple, or  of the instinctive powers towards the
 preservation of the individual.   See Vis Medi-
 catrix Naturae.  Also, the-vital principle.
   AUTOCRATIA, Autocrasy, Vis medicatrix
 naturae.
   AUTOCRATORIA,  Autocrasy—a. Physia-
 trice, Vis medicatrix naturae.
   AUTOCTONIA, Suicide.
   AUTOGONIA, Generation,  equivocal.
   AUTOLITHOT'OMUS, from  avrot, 'him-
 self,' Xi&os, 'a stone,' and repivtiv, 'to cut.' One
 who operates upon himself for  the stone.
   AUTOMAT'IC, Automalicus, Autom'atus,
 from a.vTcparog,  'spontaneous.'  That  which
 acts of itself.   Those  movements are  called
 automatic, which the patient executes without
 any object; apparently without volition being
 exercised;—involuntary  motions, motus auto-
 mated  seu autom'ati seu involunta'rii.
   AUTOMNALE, Autumnal.
   AUTONOMIA, Vis medicatrix naturae. The
 word Autonomia  is occasionally employed by
 the French and Germans for the peculiar me-
 chanism of an organized body.  Thus, although
 individuals of the same  species may differ in
 outward conformation, their mechanism or in-
 stinctive laws,  (Autonomia,) may be  the same.
   AUTONYCTOBATIA, Somnambulism.
   AUTOPEP'SIA, from avrog, ' self,' and *»--
 tw,  ' I  concoct.'  Self-digestion,—as  of the
 stomach after death.
   AUTOPHIA, Autopsia.
   AUTOPHONIA, (F.) Retentissement auto-
 phonique, from auroc,' self,'  and q>ov^, ' voice.'
 An auscultatory sign pointed out by  M. Hour-
 mann, which consists in noting the  character
 of the observer's own voice, while he speaks
 with his head placed  close  to the patient's
 chest.  The voice, it is alleged, will be modi-
 fied by the condition of the  subjacent  organs.
 The resonance, thus heard, he terms retentisse-
 me?it autophonique.
   Autophonia, Suicide.
   AUTOPHOSPHORUS, Phosphorus.
   AUTOPLASTICE, Morioplastice.
   AUTOPLASTY, Morioplastice.
   AUTOP'SIA,  Au'topsy;  from zvxie, 'him-
 self,' and cxp,c, ' vision.'  Autoph'ia, Autoscop'-
 ia.  Attentive  examination by one's  self.  Im-
 properly used occasionally for  the following :
   Autop'sia Cadaver'ica,  (F.) Autopsie ou
 Ouverture cadaverique. Attentive examination
 after death, Examination post mortem, Sectio
 Cadav'eris, Dissection, Nec'roscopy, Necropsy,
. Neoroscop'ia,  Necrop'sia, Necrop'sis,—prac-
                  AVENA

tised for the purpose of investigating the causes
and seat of an affection of which a person may
have died, &c                        r .
  Autopsia Cadaver'ica Lega'lis, Sec tio ca-
dav'eris legalis, Obduc'tio,  is the examination
after death for medico-legal purposes.
  AUTOPYROS, Syncomistos.
  AUTOSCOPIA, Autopsia.
  AU'TOSITE, from uvrcc, ' self,' and <r,xo;,
'nourishment.'   A  single monster, capable of
deriving nourishment  from its own proper or-
gans, in contradistinction to Omphalosite, (q.v.)
  AUTOTHERAPIA, Vis medicatrix naturae.
  AUTUMN, Autum'nus, Phthiropdron, (F.)
Automne.   One of the seasons of the year, be-
tween  the  23d  of September and  the 21st of
December.  In all  climates,  the  Autumn  or
Fall is liable to disease; a combination of local
and atmospheric causes being then  present, fa-
vourable to its production.
  AUPUM'NAL; Autumna'lis, (F.)  Autom-
nale.   Relating  to  Autumn;  as  Autumnal
Fruits, Autumnal Fevers, &c.
  Autumnal Fever, generally assumes a bi-
lious aspect.  Those of the intermittent  kind
are much  more obstinate than when  they ap-
pear in the spring.
  AUXESIS, Augmentation, Increase.
  AUXIL'IARY, Auxilia'ris, from auxilium,
'aid.'  (F.) Auxiliare.  That which assists, or
from which assistance is obtained.
  Auxiliary Medicine  is one which assists
the principal medicine or basis.  It is synony-
mous with  Adjuvant.
  Auxiliary Muscles are those which concur
in the same movement.  Some anatomists have
applied the term to several ligaments, as well
as to the fleshy  fibres, which hang from the sa-
cro-spinalis muscle.
  AUXILIUM, Juvans, Medicament.
  AUXIS,  Augmentation, Increase.
  AVA, Arva,  Kava.  An intoxicating narco-
tic drink made by chewing the Piper methisti-
cum.   It is much used by the Polynesians.
  AVAILLES, WATERS OF.  A small vil-
lage in France,  13 leagues S. S. E. of  Poitiers,
at which there is  a cold saline chalybeate.  It
contains chlorides of sodium and calcium, sul-
phate and subcarbonate of soda, iron, &c
  AVANT-BOUCHE, (F.) Os antlcum.  This
name has been  applied by some to the mouth,
properly so called—in contradistinction to the
Arriere bouche or Pharynx.
  AVANT-BRAS, Forearm.
  AVANT-CCEUR, Scrobiculus cordis.
  AVANT-GOUT, (F.) Prxgusta'tio ; a fore-
taste;  praegustation.
   AVANT-MAIN, (Y.)Adver'sa Manus. The
inside of the hand, when extended.
   AVANT-PIED, (F.)  The  most advanced
part of the  foot.
  AVANT-POIGNET, (F.) The anterior part
of the wrist.
  AVELINE, Corylus avellana (nut.)
   AVELLANA  CATHARTICA,  Jatropha
curcas.
   AVE'NA, Oats, Bromos. The seeds of Ave'-
na sati'va.  Nat. Ord. Gramineae.  Sex.  Syst.
Triandna  Digynia.  (F.) Avoine.  Oats are
used as food for man, in some parts, particular-
ly ln  ,the  • N<^rth of England  and  Scotland.
When  deprived of the husks they form Groats,
(q. v.)  Reduced to  meal,—Ave?ix  Fari'na'
6 
AVENiE  FARINA
 Oatmeal—they are applied as cataplasms to pro-
 mote suppuration.  The dry meal is sprinkled
 »ver erysipelatous parts.
   Avena Excorticata, Groats.
   AVENGE FARINA, see Avena.
   AVENHEIM,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 Avenheim is  three leagues  from  Strasburg:
 near it is an aperient mineral water.
   AVENNES, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 Avennes is a village in the department of He-
 tault in France : near it is a saline spring, the
 temperature of which rises to 84° Fahrenheit.
   AVENS,  COMMON,   Geum   urbanum—a.
 Water,  Geum rivale—a. White, Geum Virgi-
 nianum.
   AVERICH, Sulphur.
   AVERRHO'A  BILIM'BI, Bilim'bi, Bilim-
 bing teres.  An Indian tree, which  has a fruit
 that is too acid to  be eaten alone.   It is used
 as a condiment, and in the form  of  syrup as a
 refrigerant.
   Averrho'a Caram'bola, called after Aver-
 rhoes;  Malum  Co'en'sS,  Prunum  stella'tum,
 Tam'ara, Conga, Caram'bolo.  An Indian tree,
 whose  fruits  are  agreeably acid.  The bark,
 bruised, is  employed as a cataplasm, and  its
 fruit is used as a refrigerant in bilious fever and
 dysentery.
   AVER'SION, Aver'sio, Apotrope; from aver-
 tere, (a and vertere) ' to turn from.'   Extreme
 repugnance for any thing whatever.
   AVERSION, (F.) also means, in therapeu-
 tics,  the action of medicines which turn the
 afflux of fluids from one organ, and direct them
 to others; being synonymous with  counter-ir-
 ritation, or rather revulsion or derivation.
   AVERTIN, (F.)  A disease  of  the mind,
 which, according to Lavoisien, renders the pa-
 tient obstinate and furious.
   AVEUGLE, Caecus.
   AVEUGLEMENT, Caecitas—a. de Jour,
 Nyctalopia—a. de Nuit, Hemeralopia.
   AVICEN'NIA TOMENTO'SA, called after
 Avicenna. The plant which affords the Malac'-
 ca Bean or Anacar'dium Orientd'le of the Phar-
 macopoeias,  Semecar'pus Anacar'dium.  The
 oil drawn from the  bark of the fruit  is a corro-
 sive, and active vesicatory, but it is  not used.
   AVICULA CIPRIA, Pastil—a.  Margariti-
 fera, see Pearl.
   AVOIN, Avena.
   AVORTEMENT, Abortion.
   AVORTER, to Abort.
   AVORTIN, Abortion.
   AVORTON, Abortion.
   AVULSIO, Arrachement.
   AVULSION, Evulsion.
   AX, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Ax is a
 small town in the department  of  Arriege,
 France;  where there are  several sulphurous
 springs, the temperature of which varies from
 77° to 162° of Fahrenheit.
  AXE, Axis—a. de I'GZil, Axis of  the eye.
   AX'EA COMMISSU'RA,  Trochoi'des.  A
 pivot-joint.  See Trochoid.
   AXIL'LA,  Ala, Ascella, Assel'la,  Ascil'la,
 Acella,  Cordis emuncto'rium, Mall,  Hypo'mia,
 Fovea axdldris,  Mas'chalS, Mas'chalis, (F.)
 Aisselle.  The cavity beneath the junction of
 the arm with the  shoulder; the  armpit; (F.)
 Creux de I'Aisselle.  It is bounded, anteriorly,
by a portion of the pectoralis major; posteri-
orly,  by the latissimus dorsi.   It is covered
7            AZOODYNAMIA

 with hair, contains much cellular membrane,
 lymphatic ganglions,  important  vessels  and
 nerves, and numerous sebaceous follicles, fur-
 nishing an odorous secretion.  In consequence
 of such secretion, the ancients called it emunc-
 to'rium cordis.
  AX'ILLARY,  Maschalix'ns, (F.) Axil-
 laire,  from axilla, ' the armpit.'  Belonging
 to the armpit.
  Axillary Artery,  Arte'ria axillaris;  a
 continuation of the subclavian, extending from
 the passage of the latter between the scaleni
 muscles as far as the insertion of the pectoralis
 major, when it takes the name of Brachial.
  Axillary Glands  are  lymphatic  glands
 seated in the armpit;  into which the lymphatic
 glands of the upper extremity open.
  Axillary Nerve, Scap'ulo-hu'meral (Ch.),
 Nerf circonflexe, Articular nerve; arises  from
 the posterior part of the brachial plexus, particu-
 larly from the  last two cervical pairs and the
 first dorsal.  It is chiefly  distributed to the
 posterior margin of the deltoid.
  Axillary Vein, Vena Axilla'ris, Vena Suba-
 la'ris.  This vein corresponds with the artery;
 anterior to which it  is situate.   It is a conti-
 nuation of the brachial veins; and, at its ter-
 mination, assumes the name Subclavian.
  AXINE, Ascia.
  AXIRNACH. An Arabic word, used by Al-
 bucasis to designate a fatty tumour of the up-
 per eyelid, observed particularly in children.
  AXIS, Axon, (F.)  Axe.   A right line which
 passes through the centre of a body.
  Axis, Cerebro-Spinal, see  Encephalon—a.
 of the Cochlea, Modiolus—a. Cceliac, Cceliac
 artery.
  Axis of the  Eye,  (F.) Axe de  Vail, called
 also, Visual Axis and  Optic  Axis, is a right
 line, which falls perpendicularly on the  eye,
 and passes through the centre of the pupil.
  Axis, is also the second vertebra of the neck,
 Axon,  Epistropheus, Epis'trophus,  Mascha-
 lister: the Ver'tebra Denta'ta, (F.) Essieu.  So
 called, because  it forms a kind of axis on which
 the head moves.  Chaussieur calls it Axo'ide,
 from aj-uv,' axis,' and aSoc,' shape.'
  AXOIDE, Axis—a. Occipitale, Rectus ca-
 pitis posticus major.
  AXOID'O-ATLOID'EUS.   What  refers to
 both the axis and atlas, as Axoido-atloidean ar-
 ticulation.
  The lesions of the  Axoido-atloidean,  are, 1.
 Fracture of the Processus Denta'tus.  2. Rup-
 ture of the odontoid ligament, and consequently
 passage and pressure of the  process behind the
 transverse ligament: and, 3. The simultaneous
 rupture of the  odontoid and  transverse  liga-
 ments.  These different accidents are fatal.
  AXOIDO-ATLOIDIEN, Obliquus inferior
 capitis.
  AXON, Axis.
  AXUNGE, Adeps praeparata.
  AXUNGIA, Pinguedo—a. de Mumia, Mar-
 row—a. Articularis,   Synovia—a.  Porcina,
 Adeps  praeparata.
  AYPNIA, Insomnia.
  AZARNET,  Orpiment.
  AZARUM, Asarum.
  AZEDARACH, Melia Azedarach.
  AZEDARACHA AMffiNA, Melia Azeda-
 rach.
  AZOODYNA'MIA,from a, priv., t*n, 'life/ 
AZORES, CLIMATE OF         98    BADEN, MINERAL WATERS OF
and dwells, 'strength.'  Privation or diminu-
tion of the vital powers.
  AZ ORES, CLIMATE OF.   The Azores or
Western Islands are  said to afford one of the
best examples of a mild,  humid, equable cli-
mate to be met with in the northern hemisphere.
It is slightly colder and moister than that of
Madeira, but even more  equable.  Sir  James
Clark thinks, that a change from Azores to
Madeira, and from thence to Teneriffe—one of
the Canaries—would prove more beneficial to
the phthisical valetudinarian than a residence
during the whole winter  in any one of these j
islands.
  AZOTATE D'ARGENT, Argenti nitras.
  A'ZOTE, Azo'tum, from a, priv., and Cf"?,
' life.'   A'zote or Nitrogen, Alcaligene, Gas I
azo'ticum, Nitrogen'ium,  (F.)  Azote,  Nitro-
gene, Air gate, Air vicie, is a gas which is un-
fit for respiration.  It is not positively delete- I
rious, but proves  fatal, owing to the want of
oxygen.  It is one of the constituents of atmo-
spheric air, and is a distinguishing principle of
animals.  Vegetables  have  it  not  generally
diffused, whilst  it is met with in most animal
substances.  It has been variously called, phlo-
gistic air, vitiated air, &c; has been  looked
upon as sedative, and recommended to  be re-
spired, when properly diluted, in diseases of the
chest.
  Azote, Protoxide  of,  Nitrogen, gaseous
oxide of.
  AZOTED, Nitrogenized.
  AZOTENkSES,  from  azote,  and  voaog,'
'disease.'  Diseases fancied to  be occasioned
by the predominance of azote in the body.—
Baumes.                                   j
  AZOTIZED, Nitrogenized.
  AZOTURIA, see Urine.
  AZUR, Coral, Smalt.
  AZU'RIUM.  A compound of two parts of
mercury, one-third of sulphur, and one-fourth
of sal ammoniac.—Albert the Great.
  AZ'YGES,  Az'ygos,  Az'ygous,  sine  pari,
from  a,  priv., and tvyoc, ' equal.'  Unequal.
The sphenoid  bone, because it has no fellow.
Also, a process, Proces'sus Az'yges, Rostrum
sphendida'll, projecting from under the middle
and forepart of this bone.
  AZYGOS GANGLION, see  Trisplanchnic
Nerve.
  Azygous Articular Artery,  see Articu-
lar arteries of the skull.
  Azygous Muscle,  Azygos  U'vula,  is the
small muscle  which occupies the substance of
the uvula.—Morgagni. The name is, however,
inappropriate, as there are two distinct fascicu-
li, placed along side each other, forming the
Pal'ato-stayhyli'ni, Staphyli'ni or  Epistaphy-
li'ni muscles, Staphyli'ni  me'dii of Winslow.
   Azygous Vein,  Vena Azygos,  Veine  Pre-
lombo-thoracique—(Ch.) Vena sine pari, Vena
pari carens, (F.) Veine sans Paire.  This vein
was so called by Galen.   It forms  a communi-
cation between the V. cava inferior and  V. ca-
va superior, permitting the blood to pass freely
between  the two.  It rises from the vena cava
inferior,  or from one of  the lumbar or renal
veins, passes through the diaphragm, ascends
along the spine to  the right of the aorta and
thoracic  duct, and opens into the V. cava supe-
rior, where it penetrates the pericardium.  On
the left side, the semi-az'ygos, Left bron'chial
or left superior intercos'tal vein,  Vena demi-
azygos, V. hemiaz'yga, Veine petite prelombo-
thoracique—(Ch.) presents,in miniature, nearly
the same arrangement.
  AZYMIA HUMORUM, Crudity of the hu-
mours.
  AZ'YMUS, from a, priv., and tvur\, 'leaven.'
Azymous  bread is  unfermented,  unleavened
bread.—Galen.
B.
  BABEURRE, Buttermilk.
  BABILLEMENT, Loquacity.
  BABUZICARIUS, Incubus.
  BACARIS, Bach'aris.  A name given  by
the ancients to an ointment described by Galen
under the name  Ointment of Lydia.  It was
sometimes employed in diseases of the womb.
—Hippocrates.
  BACC^E BERMUDENSES, Sapindus sapo-
naria—b. seu Grana actes, see  Sambucus ebu-
lus—b. Myrtillorum, see  Vaccinium myrtillus
—b. Norlandicae, Rubus arcticus—b. Piscato-
riae, see Menispermum cocculus.
  BACCAR, Bac'caris, Bac'charis.   An herb
used by  the  ancients  in their garlands, to
destroy enchantment.   Perhaps the Digitalis
purpurea (q. v.)  Some authors have errone-
ously thought it to be the Asarum.
  BACCHARIS, Baccar.
  BACCHI'A, from Bacchus, 'wine.'  A name
applied to the red or pimpled face of the drunk-
ard.   See Gutta rosea.
  BACCHICA, Hedera helix.
  BACHARIS, Bacaris.
  BACHELOR'S BUTTONS,  see  Strychnos
nux vomica.
  BACHER'S TONIC PILLS, Pilula; ex Hel-
leboro et Myrrha.
  BACILE, Crithmum maritimum.
  BACIL'LUM, Bacillus, Bac'ulus, Bac'cuius:
' a stick.'  This name has been applied to a
kind of troch, composed  of expectorants, and
having the shape of a stick.  Also, a  supposi-
tory.   Bacillum was used by the ancient che-
mists for several instruments of iron.
  BACKACHE ROOT,  Liatris.
  BACKSTROKE  OF  THE  HEART,  Im-
pulse, diastolic.
  BACOVE, Musa  sapientum.
  BACULUS, Bacillum.
  BADEN, MINERAL  WATERS OF.  Ba-
den is a town  six  miles from Vienna.  Here
are 12 springs, containing  carbonates  of lime
and magnesia; sulphates of lime, and magnesia,
and soda; and chlorides of sodium and aluminum.
The water  is used in diseases of the skin, rheu-
matism, &c.  There are two other towns of
the same name; one in Suabia, and the other in
Switzerland, about 12 miles from Zurich, where 
BADIAGA
99          BALLOTA FGETIDA
 are mineral springs.  The waters of the last two
 are thermal sulphureous.
   BADIAGA.  A kind of sponge, sold in Rus-
 sia, the powder of which is said to take away
 the livid marks from blows and bruises in a few
 hours.  Its nature is not understood.
   BADIANE, Illicium anisatum.
   BADISIS, Walking.
   BADUKKA, Capparis badukka.
   BAGEDIA, Pound.
   BAGNERES-ADOUR, MINERAL  WA-
 TERS OF.  Bagneres-Adour is a small town
 in the department of  the  Hautes  Pyrenees,
 having a great number of mineral springs; some,
 cold chalybeates; others, thermal  salines; but
 the greatest part sulphureous and warm.
   BAGNERES DE LUCHON is a small town
 in the department of Haute  Garonne, on the
 frontiers of Spain.  It has been for a long time
 famous for its numerous sulphureous  springs,
 the temperature of which is from  69° to 148°,
 of Fahrenheit.
   BAGNIGGE WELLS.  A saline  mineral
 spring in London, resembling the Epsom.
   BAGNIO, Baignoire.
   BAGNOLES, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 Bagnoles is a village in the department of Orne.
 The water resembles that of  the Bagneres de
 Luchon.
   BAGNOLS, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 Bagnols is  a village, two leagues from Mende,
 in the department of Lozere.  The waters are
 hydrosulphurous and thermal:  109° Fahrenheit.
   BAGOAS, Castratus.
   BAGUENAUDIER, Colutea arborescens.
   BAHAMA ISLANDS, CLIMATE OF.  The
 climate of  the Bahamas is not considered to be
 well  adapted for consumptive patients, on ac-
 count of the rapid alternations of temperature,
 and the prevalence of winds, often of a  dry,
 cold character. Still, the phthisical valetudina-
 rians from  most portions of the United States
 might derive advantage from a residence there
 during the winter months. The accommoda-
 tions are not, however, good, or numerous.
   BAHEL, Colum'nea longifo'lia.  A labiated
 plant of Malabar, whose leaves, bruised, are ap-
 plied  as cataplasms to suppurating tumours.
  Bahel Schulli, Genista spinosa Indica.
  BAIGNEUR, Bather.
  BAIGNOIR E,(F.) Baptiste'rium, a Bathing
tub, Bagnio, So'lium, Pisci'na.  The vessel or
place in  which bathing is performed.  Baig-
noire  oculaire, an eye-bath,—a small vessel for
bathing the eyes.
  BAILLEMENT, Yawning.
  BAILLON, Speculum oris.
  BAIN, Bath—J. Chaud, Bath, hot—b. klec-
trique, Bath, electric, see Electricity—b. Entier,
Bath, general—b. de Fauteuil,  Bath,  hip—b.
Frais, Bath, tepid—b. Froid, Bath, cold—b. Ma-
rie, Bath, water—b. Medicinal, Bath, medicated
—b. de Pied, Bath, foot, Pediluvium—b. de Sa-
ble, Bath, sand—b. de Siege, Bath, hip—b. Tem-
pire,  Bath, tepid, B. Temperate—b. de  Tete,
Bath,head—b. Ti'ede,Bath, tepid—b. Trhfroid,
Bath, cold—b. de Vapeur, Bath, vapour.
  BAINS, MINERAL WATERS OF. These
are situate at Plombieres, department of the
Vosges.  They are said to be saline  and ther-
mal by some; others deny them any medical
properties.
  BALAMPULLI, Tamarindus.
   BALANCE, AREOSTATIC, Aerometer.
   BALANDA, Fagus Sylvatica.
   BALANEUM, Bath.
   BALANISMUS, Suppository.
   BALANITIS, Gonorrhoea spuria.
   BALANOBLENNORRHCEA,   Gonorrhoea
 spuria.
   BALANOCASTANUM, Bunium Bulbocas-
 tanum.
   BALANORRHOZA, Gonorrhoea spuria.
   BA'LANUS, (laXavog, 'glans,'  'an acorn.'
 The glans penis.   Hence, Balanoblennorrhce'a,
 Blennorrhea of the glans; and  Balanitis, In-
 flammation  of  the glans.    Suppositories and
 pessaries were, also, so called.
   Balanos Phcsnicos, Date.
   Balanus,  Glans,  Suppository—b.  Myrep-
 sica, Guilandina moringa.
   BALARUC, MINERAL WATERS OF. Ba-
 laruc is a town in the department  of Herault,
 in France.  The  waters are saline and ther-
 mal.   They contain carbonic acid, carbonate
 of lime, carbonate  of magnesia, chlorides of so-
 dium,  calcium, and  magnesium,  sulphate of
 lime, and a little  iron.  They  are considered
 tonic,  and are largely used.  Their tempera-
 ture is about 118° Fahrenheit.
   Balaruc  Water,  Factitious, (F.) Eau de
 Balaruc; Aqua Belliluca'na, is made of simple
 acidulous water (containing  twice  its  bulk of
 carbonic acid) f. §xxss; chloride of sodium, ^iss;
 chloride of calcium, gr. xviij; chloride of mag-
 nesium, gr. 56; carbonate of magnesia, gr. j.
   BALATRO, Bambalio.
   BALAUSTINE  FLOWERS, see Punica gra-
 natum.
   BALBIS, paXfitg, 'a foundation.'  Any ob-
 long cavity.—Galen.   Hippocrates, in his trea-
 tise on the joints,  gives the  name  Balbito'des
 to the olecranon cavity of the humerus.
   BALBUS, (F.)  Begue.  One  habitually af-
 fected  with stammering.  A  stammerer.
   BALBUTIES,.Psellis'mus, Psellotes, Bla'-
 sitas, Baryglos'sia, Dysla'lia, Mogila'lia, Is-
 chopho'nia, Battaris'mus, Bamba'lia, Hasita'-
 tio, Loque'la bla'sa, (F.) Balbutiement,  Be-
gaiement.   Stammering, St.  Vitus's Dance of
 the Voice.   Also, vicious and incomplete pro-
 nunciation,  in which almost all  the  conso-
 nants are replaced by the  letters B  and L.
 Traulis'mus.
  BALCHUS, Bdellium.
  BALD, Athrix.
  BALDMONEY,  ^Ethusa meum.
  BALDNESS, Alopecia, Calvities—b. Limit-
 ed, Porrigo decalvans—b. Partial, Porrigo de-
 calvans.
  BALENAS, Leviathan penis.
  BALIMBAGO, Hibiscus populeus.
  BALINEATOR, Bather.
  BALINEUM, Bath.
  BALL, Pila.
  BALLISMUS, Chorea.
   BALLISTA, Astragalus.
  BALLONNEMENT, Tympanites.
  BAL'LOT AF(E'TIJ) A,Marru'biumnigrum,
Black Horehound,  Stinking H., (F.) Marrube
noir.   This plant is esteemed to be antispas-
modic, resolvent, and detersive.(?)
  Ballota Lana'ta, Leonu'rus lana'tus.  A
plant of the Nat. Family, Labiatae,  Sex. Syst.
Didynamia  Gymnospermia,  which grows  in
Siberia.  The whole plant, with the exception 
BALLOTTEMENT
100
BALSAM OF GENEVIEVE
of the root, has recently been recommended in
dropsy, and in rheumatism and gout, as a diu-
retic.  It is usually given in decoction (gss to
§j, to f. ^viij of water.)
  BALLOTTEMENT, (F.) Agita'tion, Suc-
cus'sion, Mouvement de Ballottement,Repercus'-
sion, means the motion impressed on the foetus
in utero, by alternately pressing the uterus by
means of the index finger of one hand  intro-
duced into the vagina; the other hand being ap-
plied  on the  abdomen.  It is one of the least
equivocal signs of pregnancy.
  BALLSTON SPA.  This village is situate
in Saratoga  County, New York.  The spring
Sans Souci belongs  to the class of Acidulous
Chalybeates.   It contains  iodide  of  sodium.
There is  also  a sulphur spring.
  BALM, Melissa—b. Apple, Momordica bal-
samina—b. Bastard, Melitis Melissophyllum—
b. of Gilead,  Solomon's, see Tinctura cardamo-
mi—b. of Gilead tree, Dracocephalum  Cana-
riense—b.  Indian,  Trillium  latifolium — b.
Mountain, Monarda  coccinea—b. Red, Monarda
coccinea—b.  Stinking, Hedeoma.
  BALNEA  CCENOSA, Boue des eaux.
  BALNEARIUM, Hypocaustum.
   BALNEARIUS, Bather.
  BALNEATOR, Bather.
  BALNEOG'RAPHY,  Balneograph'ia, from
(SaXavtiov, 'a  bath,' and yoa^jj, 'a description.'
A description of baths.
   BALNEOL'OGY, Balneolog"ia, from (iaX-j-
rnov,'a  bath,'and  Xzyoc, 'a description.'  A
treatise on baths.
   BALNEOTHERAPI'A, from |?a?.*v*,ov,  'a
bath,' and 8tg*?rs<a, 'treatment.'  Treatment
of disease by baths.
   BALNEUM, Bath—b. Acidum, Bath, acid—
b. Alkalinum,  Bath, alkaline—b. Animale,
Bath, animal—b. Antipsoricum,  Bath, antip-
soric—b. Anti-syphiliticum, Bath, antisyphi-
litic—b. Arenae,  Bath, sand—b. Gelatinosum,
Bath, gelatinous—b. Mariae, Bath, water—b.
Medicatum, Bath, medicated.
   BALSAM, Bal'samum,   (q. v.)  Bol'eson,
Bel'eson, (F.) Baume.  This name is given to
natural vegetable substances, concrete or liquid,
but  very odorous,  bitter, and piquant: com-
posed of resin, benzoic acid, and sometimes of
an essential  oil;—which allow benzoic acid to
be disengaged by the action of heat; readily
dissolve in volatile oil, alcohol, and ether; and,
when treated with alcalis, afford a soluble ben-
zoate, and throw down  resin.  We  know of
only five balsams:—those of Peru, and Tolu,
Benzoin, solid Styrax or  Storax, and  liquid
Styrax.  (See those different words.) There are,
however, many  pharmaceutical  preparations
and resinous substances, possessed of a balsamic
smell, to which  the name balsam  has been
given; but they differ essentially  in  composi-
tion and properties: hence the distinction of
balsams into natural and artificial.  The natu-
ral balsams include the five before mentioned;
the artificial the remainder.
   Balsam, Acous'tic, Bal'samum Aeous'ticum,
(F.) Baume  acoustique.   A mixture of fixed
and essential oils, sulphur, and tinctures of
fetid gums.   Used  in cases of atonic deafness,
 dropped into the ear.  The acoustic balsam of
 Dr. Hugh Smith  is made  by mixing three
 drachms of ox-gall, with one drachm of balsam
 of Peru.
  Balsam, American, see Myroxylon Peruife-
rum—b.  Anodyne, Bates's,  Linimentum  sa-
ponis et opii.                        a    ,  ,
  Balsam Apoplec'tic,  Bal'samum Apopled-
ticum, (F.) Baume apoplectique.  A medicine,
composed of several balsams properly so called,
resins, and volatile oils.   It is of a stiff consist-
ence, is worn in ivory boxes about the person,
and is smelled at in headachs, &c.
  Balsam Apple, Momordica balsamina.
  Balsam of Arccs'us, Bal'samum Arcai, Un-
guen'ttim Elemi,  (F.) Baume  d'Arcaus.  A
soft ointment; sometimes employed in wounds,
ulcers, &c.   It is  made  by melting, with a
gentle heat,  two parts of mutton suet, one of
lard, one and a half of turpentine, and as much
resin.
  Balsam Canada, see Pinus balsamea—b. Ca-
nary, Dracocephalum Canariense—b. Capivi,
Copaiba.
  Balsam of  Carpa'thia, Bal'samum  Car-
path'icum, (F.) Baume de Carpathie.  The re-
sin of the Pinus Cembra, (q. v.) a tree, which
grows in Switzerland, Libya, and the Krapac
mountains in Hungary.
  Balsam,  Chalyb'eate, Bal'samum Chaly-
bea'tum,  (F.) Baume d'acier ou d'aiguilles. A
mixture of nitrate of iron, alcohol, and oil, pre-  ■
pared by dissolving needles in nitric acid. It
was formerly employed in frictions in pains of
the joints.
  Balsam,  Commander's, Tinctura  benzoini
composita—b. for Cuts, Tinctura benzoini com-
posita.
  Balsam, Cordial, of  Senner'tus, Bal'sa-
mum Cordia'lB Senner'ti, (F.)  Baume cordiale
de Sennert.   A stimulant medicine, composed
of the essential oils of citron,  cloves, and cin-
namon, of musk, and ambergris. Dose, 6 to 15
drops.
  Balsam of Fierabras.  A  celebrated  Spa-
nish vulnerary balsam, mentioned by Cervantes;
the composition of which was oil, rosemary, salt
and wine. (?)
  Balsam,  Spir'ituous,  of  Fioraventi, Bal'-
samum Fioraven'ti spirituo'sum, (F.) Baume de
Fioraventi  spiritueux.   Different  products of
the distillation of resinous and balsamic sub-
stances, and  of a number of aromatic substances,
previously macerated in alcohol, have been thus
called.   The Spirituous Balsam of Fioraventi,
the only one  now used  in friction, in chronic
rheumatism, is the first product of the distilla-
tion from a  sand-bath.  It is entirely alcoholic.
The  Oily Balsam of Fioraventi is obtained by
removing the  residue, and  distilling it  in an
iron vessel,  at a white heat.  It has the appear-
ance of a citrine-coloured oil.  The Black Bal-
sam  of  Fioraventi is the black oil, obtained
when the temperature is sufficient to carbonize
the substances in the cucurbit.
   Balsam of Fir, see Pinus balsamea.
   Balsam of  Fourcroy or of Laborde,  (F.)
Baume de Fourcroy ou de Laborde.  A kind of
liniment composed of aromatic plants, balsams,
resins, aloes, turpentine, theriac, and olive oil.
Used in chaps of the skin and nipples.
   Balsam,  Friar's, Tinctura  benzoini compo-
 sita.
   Balsam of Genevieve, (F.) Baume de Gene-
 vieve.   An ointment composed of  wax, turpen-
 tine, oil, red  saunders, and camphor.  Used  in
 contused wounds, gangrene, &c. 
BALSAM OF HONEY          10:
  Balsam  of  Honey (Hill's.)   A  tincture
made of tolu, honey (aa Bj) and spirit,(a gallon.)
A pectoral, used in coughs.   The committee of
the New York College of Pharmacy recommend
the  following formula:—(Gum Benzoin  %v,
Bals. Tolut.  §j,  Mellis, §viij, Alcohol Oiij—
digest for 10 days and filter.) See Mel.
  Balsam of Horehound (Ford's.)  A tinc-
ture  of horehound, liquorice-root, camphor, opi-
um, benzoin,  dried squills, oil of aniseed, and
honey. It has the same properties as the above.
See Marrubium.
  Balsam, Hungarian, see Pinus mughos.
  Balsam, Hypnot'ic, Bal'samum Hypnot'i-
cum, (F.) Baume Hypnotique.  A preparation
of which opium, hyoscyamus, camphor, and
some other sedative substances  form the basis.
It is used externally  in friction, to  provoke
sleep.
  Balsam, Hyster'ic, Bal'samum Hyster'icum,
(F.) Baume  Hysterique.  A preparation made
of opium, aloes, asafcetida, castor, distilled oils
of rue, amber, &c.   It is held to the nose, ap-
plied to the navel, or rubbed on the hypogas-
trium in hysterical cases.
  Balsam, Indian, see Myroxylon peruiferum.
  Balsam  of Leictoure of Condom  or Vin-
ceguere, Bal'samum Lectoren'se.  A  strongly
stimulant and aromatic mixture of camphor,
saffron, musk, and ambergris, dissolved in es-
sential oils.  The ancients burnt it for the pur-
pose of purifying the air of a chamber, when
infested with a disagreeable odour.
  Balsam  of Life of Hoff'man,  Bal'samum
Vita Hoffman'ni, (F.) Baume de Vie d'Hoffman.
A tincture, composed of essential oils  and am-
bergris, employed internally and externally as
a stimulant.   A mixture of essential oils with-
out alcohol constitutes the Saxon Balsam, Bal'-
samum apoplec'ticum, B. aromat'icum, B. ce-
phalicum, B.  Saxon'icum,  B. nervlnum, B.
Scherzeri, B. Stomach'icum.   Employed in
friction as a stimulant.
  Balsam  of Life,  Decoctum aloes composi-
tum—b. of  Life, Turlington's, see Tinctura
benzoini composita.
  Balsam of Locatel'li or Lucatel'li, Bal'-
samum Lucatel'li, (F.) Baume de Lucatel.  A
sort  of ointment, composed of wax, oil, turpen-
tine, sherry, and balsam of Peru, coloured with
red saunders. It was once administered in pul-
monary consumption.
  Balsam of Mecca, see Amyris opobalsamum
—b. Mexican, see Myroxylon Peruiferum—b.
Natural, see Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  Balsam, Green, of Metz, Bal'samum Vir'ide
Meten'sium,  Bal'samum Vir'idl,  (F.) Baume
vert  de Metz, Baume de Feuillet, Huile verte,
O'leum ox'ydi cupri vir'idl.  This  is composed
of several  fixed oils, holding, in solution, sub-
carbonate of  copper, sulphate of zinc, turpen-
tine, aloes, and the essential oils of cloves and
juniper.  It  is green and caustic, and is em-
ployed to hasten the cicatrization of atonic ul-
cers.
  Balsam, Nephrit'ic, of Fuller, Bal'samum
Nephreticum Fulleri.  A liquid medicine, com-
posed of oils, resins, and balsams, which have
experienced an incipient state of carbonization
from concentrated sulphuric acid.  It was given
in the dose of 15  to  30 drops  in certain affec-
tions of the kidneys.
  Balsam, Nervous, Bal'samum  Nervi'num,
1         BALSAM, TRANQUIL

(F.) Baume nervin ou nerval.  A kind of oint-
ment, composed of fatty bodies, volatile oils,
balsam of Peru, camphor, &c  It is employed
in friction in cases of sprains and rheumatic
pains.
  Balsam, Paralyt'ic,  of Mynsicht.  A sort
of liniment or soft mixture of the essential oils
of different  aromatic plants, oils of turpentine
and amber.—Lemery.
  Balsam of Parei'ra brava, Bal'samum Pa-
rei'ra brava.   A soft mixture of balsam, resin,
muriate of ammonia, and powder of the root of
Pareira brava.   It is given internally, to excite
the urinary  secretion.
  Balsam, Peruvian, see Myroxylon  Peruife-
rum—b. of  Peru, red, see Toluifera balsamum
—b. of Peru, white, see Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  Balsam of Rackasi'ra or of Rakasi'ri.  This
substance is of a yellowish-brown colour; semi-
transparent; fragile, when  dry, but  softening
by heat;  adhering to the teeth, when  chewed.
It has a smell similar to that of the Balsam of
Tolu, and is slightly bitter.   It is brought from
India in  gourd  shells, and has been employed
in diseases of the urinary organs, especially .in
gonorrhoea.
  Balsam, Riga. Prepared  from the shoots of
the  Scotch  Fir, macerated  in spirit of wine.
Internally, stimulant and diuretic; externally, a
vulnerary.  See Pinus Cembra.
  Balsam of Saturn, Bal'samum Satur'ni.  A
solution of acetate of lead in spirit of turpen-
tine, concentrated by evaporation; and to which
camphor has been added. This balsam was ap-
plied to hasten the cicatrization of wounds.
  Balsam of the Samar'itan, (F.) Baume du
Samaritain.  A sort of liniment, prepared by
boiling together, at a gentle heat,  equal parts
of wine and oil. It  is  said  to have  been the
ointment used by the Samaritan of the Gospel
to cure a patient covered with ulcers.
  Balsam, Saxon, Balsam of Life of Hoffmann.
  Balsam of Sulphur, Bal'samum Sulphuris,
(F.) Baume de  Soufre.   A solution of sulphur
in oil.—B. sulph. anisa'tum, (F.) B. de Soufre
anise.  A solution of sulphur in essential oil of
aniseed;  given  as a  carminative.—B. Sulph.
succina'tum, (F.) B. de Soufre succine.  A so-
lution of sulphur in oil of amber.—B. Sulphuris
terebintkina'tum, Common Dutch Drops, (F.)
B. de soufre tirebinthini.   A solution of sul-
phur in essential oil of turpentine, administered
as a diuretic.—The Balsam of Sulphur o/Ru-
land is a solution of sulphur  in linseed oil or
nut oil.
  Balsam of Sym'pathy, Balsamum Sympath-
icum, (F.) Baume de Sympathie.  A balsam,
used in the days when  sympathetic influence
was strongly believed in. It was composed of
the raspings of a human skull, blood, and human
fat, and was applied to the  instrument which
had inflicted the wound.
  Balsam, Thibaut's.   A tincture of myrrh,
aloes, dragon's blood, flowers of St. John's wort,
and Chio turpentine.   Internally, diuretic; ex-
ternally, vulnerary.
  Balsam of Tolu, see  Toluifera Balsamum.
  Balsam, Tranquil. Bal'samum tranquillum,
(F.) B. tranquille. A liquid medicine employed,
externally, in the shape of friction: it is pre-
pared by  macerating and boiling, in olive oil,
narcotic  and  poisonous plants,—belladonna,
mandragora, hyoscyamus, &c—and afterwards 
BALSAMADENDRON         102
BANDAGE
 infusing, in the filtered decoction, different aro-
 matic plants.  It was employed as an anodyne.
   Balsam,  Turkey, Dracocephalum  Canari-
 ense.
   Balsam of Tur'pentine, Dutch Drops, Bal'-
 samum  Terebin'tkina.  Obtained by distilling
 oil of turpentine  in  a glass retort, until a red
 balsam is left.  It possesses the properties of
 the turpentines.
   Balsam, Vervain's, Tinctura Benzoini com-
 posita.
   Balsam, Vul'nerary, of Mindere'rus, Bal'-
 samum vulnera'rium Mindere'ri, (F.) B. vulne-
 raire de  Minderer.   A kind of liniment, com-
 posed of turpentine, resin elemi, oil of St. John's
 wort, and wax.  Employed in friction, and as
 a dressing to wounds.
   Balsam Weed, Impatiens fulva.
   Balsam, Wound,  Tinctura  Benzoini  com-
 posita.
   BALSAMADENDRON   GILEADENSE,
 Amyris  Gileadensis—b. Myrrha, see Myrrha.
   BALSAMEL^EON, Myroxylon Peruiferum.
   BALSAM'IC, Balsam'ieus, from (tx-hrctpiov,
 ' balsam.'  Possessing the qualities of balsams.
 Balsamic odour :—a sweet, faint, and slightly
 nauseous smell.   Balsamic substance;—one
 resembling the balsams in property.
   BALSAMIER ELkMIFERE, Amyris ele-
 mifera—b. de la Mecque,  Amyris  opobalsa-
 mura.
   BALSAMINA, Momordica balsamina.
   BALSAMINE, Momordica balsamina.
   BALSAMITA FffiMINEA, Achillea agera-
 tum—b.  Mas, Tanacetum balsamita.
   Balsami'ta  Suav'eolens, B.  odora'ta, B.
 maris, Mentha Saracen'ica, M. Roma'na. Fam.
 Compositae Corymbiferae.   Sex.  Syst.  Synge-
 nesia Polygamia superflua.   A plant, common
 in the south of France, and cultivated  in  the
 gardens;  where it bears the  names Menthecoq,
 Grand baume, Batime des Jardins.  Its smell
 is strong and aromatic, and taste hot.  It is
 used for the  same purposes as the tansey, i. e.
 as a stimulant, vermifuge, &c
   Balsamita Suaveolens,  Tanacetum balsa-
 mita.
   BALSAMO-SACCHARUM,  Elaeo-Saccha-
 rum.
   BALSAMUM, see Balsam, Amyris opobal-
 samum—b. ^Egyptiacum, see Amyris opobal-
 samum—b. Album, see Myroxylon Peruiferum
 —b. Alpini, DracocephalumCanariense—b. Al-
 pini, see Amyris opobalsamum—b. Anodynum,
 Linimentum saponis et opii—b. Apoplecticum,
 Balsam of life of Hoffmann—b. Aromaticum,
 Balsam of life of Hoffmann—b. Asiaticum, see
 Amyris opobalsamum—b. Braziliense, Copaiba
 —b. Calaba, see Fagara  octandra—b. Catholi-
 cum, Tinctura benzoini composita—b. Cepha-
 licam, Balsam of life of Hoffmann—b. Copaibae,
 Copaiba—b. Genuinum antiquorum, see  Amy-
 ris opobalsamum—b.Hyperici simplex, see Hy-
 pericum perforatum—b. Judaicum, see Amyris
 opobalsamum—b. Libani, see Pinus cembra—
 b. Marias, see  Fagara octandra—b. e Mecca, see
 Amyris opobalsamum—b. Mercuriale, Unguen-
tum hydrargyri nitratis—b. Nervinum, Balsam
of life of Hoffmann—b. Opodeldoc, Linimentum
saponis camphoratum—b. Ophthalmicum ru-
brum, Unguentum hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi—
b. Persicum, Tinctura benzoini composita—b.
Peruanum, see Myroxylon Peruiferum—b. Sa-
 turninum, Unguentum  plumbi superacetatis—
 b. Scherzeri, Balsam of life of Hoffmann—b.
 Stomachicum, Balsam of life of Hoffmann—b.
 Styracis, Styrax—b. Styracis  benzoini, Benja-
 min—b.  Succini,  see Succinum—b. Sulphuris
 Barbadense, Petroleum sulphuratum—b. Sul-
 phuris simplex, Oleum  sulphuratum—b. Syria-
 cum, see Amyris opobalsamum—b. Tolutanum,
 see  Toluifera  balsamum—b.  Traumaticum,
 Tinctura benzoini composita—b. Universale,
 Unguentum  plumbi superacetatis—b. Viride,
 Balsam, green, of Metz; see Fagara octandra.
   BALSEM, Amyris opobalsamum.
   BAMBA, Bamboo.
   BAMBALIA, Balbuties.
   BAMBA'LIO,  Bam'balo,  Bala'tro,  from
 0a/.ifizivu>, 'I speak inarticulately.'  One  who
 stammers or lisps, or utters inarticulate sounds.
 According to Krause, one  who speaks as if he
 had pap in his mouth, or as if the tongue were
 paralyzed.
   BAMBOO,  (F.) Bambou, Bambu.  Fam.
 Gramineae.   Sex.  Syst. Hexandria Monogy-
 nia.   The young shoots of  Bambos  arundina'-
 cea or Arun'do bambos,  and of Bambos verticil-
 la'ta, contain a saccharine pith, of which the
 people of both the Indies are very fond.  They
 are sometimes made into a  pickle.
   BAMBOS ARUNDINACEA, Bamboo—b.
 Verticillata, Bamboo.
   BAMIX MOSCHATA,  Hibiscus abelmos-
 chus.
   BAMMA, from  fiwrw, 'I plunge,' 'a paint;
 a  dye.'  Anciently, liquids were so called, in
 which certain bodies were  plunged, to moisten
 or soften them.  In the case of tea, for instance,
 into which bread is dipped, the  tea would be
 the bamma.
   BANANA, Musa sapientum.
   BANANIER, Musa sapientum.
   BANAUSIA, Charlatanry.
   BANC D'HIPPOCRATE, Bathron.
   BANCAL, (F.) One who has deformed legs.
 It includes the valgus,  compernis, and varus,
 which see.
   BANCROCHE, (F.) A vulgar epithet for
 a rickety individual.
   BAN'DAGE, Desma,Syndes'mus, Hypodes'-
 mis, Hypodesma, Hypodes'mus, (the last three
 signify properly an under bandage.)  A binder,
 from  Sax. bindan, 'to bind.' This word, with
 the French, is generally used to express  the
 methodical application of rollers, compresses,
 &c, Ban'daging, Syn'desis, to fix an apparatus
 upon any part,—corresponding to the words de-
 liga'tio, fascia'tio, fascia'rum applica'tio, epid'-
 esis.   With  us the noun is usually applied to
 the result  of the application, or to the bandage
 itself;—a  sense  in which the  French employ
 the word Bande.  Bandages are simple or com-
pound.  The simple bandage  is  equal, if the
 turns  are applied circularly above each other;
 unequal, if the turns are  not accurately applied
 upon each other.  If each turn of the bandage
 be only covered  one third, it forms the doloire
of the French; if the edges touch  only slightly,
 it is the mousse; if the turns are very oblique
and separated, it is the spiral or creeping, (F.)
rampant; if folded upon each other, it is termed
the reversed, (F.) renversi.  By uniting various
kinds of bandaging, we have the compound; and
these compound bandages have received various
names expressive of their figure, or of the parts 
BANDAGE
103
BAOBAB
to which they are applied, as capistrum, spica,
&c.   Bandages are  divided, also, as  regards
their  uses, into uniting, dividing, retaining,
expelling, compressing, cj-e.
  Bandage or Roller, Fas'cia, (q.v.)  Ta'nia,
Epides'mos, Vin'crdum, the Bande of the French
is  derived from (G.) bind en,'to bind.'  It
may be made of linen, flannel, or  other  stuff
capable of offering a certain resistance.   The
two extremities of a bandage are called tails,
(F.) chefs, and the  rolled part is termed its
head,  (F.) globe.  If rolled at both extremities,
it is called a  double-headed roller or bandage,
(F.) Bande a deux globes.
  Bandage, Body, Manti'll, (F.) Bandage de
Corps, is  used for fixing dressings, &c to the
trunk.  It is formed of a towel, napkin, or some
large  compress, folded three or four times; the
extremities of which are  fastened by  pins.
This  is again fixed by means of the scapulary
bandage, which  is nothing more  than  an ordi-
nary bandage, stitched to the anterior and  mid-
dle part of the napkin, passing over the clavi-
cles and behind the head, to be attached to the
back  part of the napkin.
  Bandage, Compressing, or Roller, Fascia
compressi'va  seu convolu'ta, (F.) Bandage  com-
pressif ou route, is the simple roller with one
head;  and is  employed in cases of  ulcers, va-
rices, &c of the limbs.  Whenever this roller
is applied to  the lower part of the limbs,  it is
carried upwards by the doloire  and  reversed
methods above described.
   Bandage Divisif, Dividing bandage—b. en
Doloire, Doloire.
   Bandage, Eighteen-tailed, Fas'cia octod'-
ecim capit'ibus (F.) Bandage a dix huit chefs.
This  bandage is made of a longitudinal portion
of a common roller;  and  with a sufficient num-
ber of transverse  pieces or  tails, to cover as
much of the  part as  is requisite.  It is a  very
useful bandage, inasmuch as it can be undone
without disturbing the part.
   Bandage, Galen's, or B. for the Poor, Fas'-
cia Gale'ni seu  Pau'perum,  (F.) Bandage de
Galien ou des Pauvres, Ga'lea, is a kind of cu-
eullus or  hood, (F.) Couvrechef, divided  into
three parts on each side; and of which Galen
has given a description.  See Cancer Galeni.
   Bandage,  Hernial,  see  Truss—b. Immo-
vable, Apparatus, immovable.
   Bandage, In'guinal, Fas'cia inguina'lis.  A
bandage for  keeping dressings applied to the
groin.  It consists of a cincture, to which is
attached  a triangular compress, adapted for
covering  the  groin.  To the lower extremity
of this, one or two bandages are attached, which
pass under the thigh, and are fixed to the  pos-
terior part of the cincture.  This bandage may
be either  simple or double.
   Other bandages will be found described un-
der their various names.
   Bandage,  Permanent, Apparatus,  immova-
ble—b. of the Poor, see Cancer Galeni;  and
Bandage,  Galen's.
   Bandage of  separate  Strips, or B. of
Sculte'tus, Fas'cia fasclolis separa'tim  dis-
pos'itis seu Sculte'ti, (F.) Bandage  a bande-
lettes separies ou de Scultet.  This is formed
of linen strips, each capable of surrounding  once
and a half the  part to which they have to be
applied, and  placed  upon each other, so as to
cover successively one-third of  their width.
It is  used chiefly for fractures, requiring fre-
quent dressing.
  Bandage, Under, Hypodesmis—b. Unissant,
Uniting bandage.
  BANDAGING, see Bandage—b.  Doctrine
of, Desmaturgia.
  BAN'DAGIST.  One whose business it is to
make bandages, and especially those for hernia.
  BANDE, Bandage.  The  word Bande, in
anatomy,  is  used by the French for various
narrow, flat, and elongated expansions.  Band*
d'Heliodore, is a kind of bandage for supporting
the mammae.
  BANDEAU, (F.)  A kind of simple ban-
dage, which consists of a piece of cloth, folded
four times, and applied round  the head.   There
is also the Bandeau ou Mouchoir en triangle or
triangular  bandage,  a  kind  of couvrechef
(which see,) made of a square piece of cloth, or
of a handkerchief, folded diagonally, and ap-
plied  round the head.
  BANDELETTE,(F.) Diminutive of Bande,
Fasciola,  Taniola, Vitta; a  narrow bandage,
strip or fillet. Also Taenia semicircularis (q. v.)
  BANDELETTES AGGLUTINATIVES,
small strips, covered with a glutinous plaster.
Vitta agglutinan'tes.  See Agglutinant.
  BANDELETTES   DECOUPEES,  are
strips  of linen, notched on one edge, and co-
vered, on  one side, with ointment.   They are
applied to wounds to prevent the lint  from
sticking, and the laceration of the cicatrix.
   BANDELETTE  SEMICIRCULAIRE,
Taenia semicircularis—b. des  Comes d'ammon,
Corpus fimbriatum—b. des  kminences pyri-
formes, Taenia semicircularis—b. de I'Hippo-
campe, Corpora fimbriata.
  BANDURA, Nepentha destillatoria.
  BANDY-LEGGED, Cnemoscoliosis.
  BANEBERRY, Actaea spicata.
  BANGUE, Bangi or  Beng, Indian  hemp,
Gunjah, Hachisch.  Adanson believes this to
be the Nepenthes of the ancients, Can'nobis In'-
dica,  (F.) Chanvre Indien, probably identical
with C. sativa.  Family, Urticeae. Sex. Syst.
Dicecia Pentandria.  Its leaves and flowers are
narcotic and astringent.   They are chewed and
smoked.   Its seeds, mixed  with opium, areca,
and sugar, produce a kind of intoxication, and
are used for this purpose by the people of In-
dia.  An alcoholic extract of the plant has been
used  in India, and since then in Europe and in
this country as a narcotic, and anti-convulsive,
in the dose of from half a grain to ten or more.
It requires, however, great caution in its ad-
ministration.  See Gunjah and Churrus.
  BANICA, Pastinaca sativa.
  BANILAS, Vanilla.
  BANILLA, Vanilla.
  BANILLOES, Vanilla.
  BANISTE'RIA ANGULO'SA. This plant,
in Brazil and the Antilles, passes for a power-
ful sudorific, and  an antidote to the  poison of
serpents.
  BANNIERES, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Bannieres is a village in Quercy, diocess of Ca-
hors,  France.   The waters  are probably chaly-
beate.  They are celebrated  in  amenorrhoea,
cachexia, jaundice, &c
  BA'OBAB.  The Adanso'nia  digita'ta, of
Africa;  Nat.  Ord. Bombaceae;  one  of the
largest productions of the vegetable  kingdom.
Its fruit is called, in the country, Pain de singe. 
BAPTISIA  TINCTORIA         104   BARRE, MINERAL WATERS  OF
  The pulp is sourish, and agreeable to eat: and
  a  refreshing drink is made from it, which is
  used  in  fevers.   Prospero Alpini and  Dr. L.
  Frank think that the Terra Lemnia was pre-
  pared, in Egypt, from the pulp.   All the parts
  of the Baobab abound in mucilage.
    BAPTISIA TINCTORIA, Sophora  tincto-
  ria.
    BAPTISTERIUM, Baignoire.
   BARAQUETTE,  (F.)  A name given by
  Rasous, physician at  Nimes in France, to a ca-
  tarrhal epidemy, which occurred there in 1761.
  See Influenza.
   BARATHRON, Juniperus sabina.
   BARATHRUM, Antrum.
   BARBA, Beard—b. Aaronis, Arum macula-
  tum—b. Caprae, Spiraea ulmaria—b. Jovis, Sem-
  pervivum tectorum.
   BARBADOES, see West Indies—b. Leg, see
  Elephantiasis.
   BARBAREA, Erysimum Barbarea.
   BARBAROS'SiE  PIL'ULiE,  Barbarossa's
 Pills.  An ancient composition of quicksilver,
 rhubarb, diagridium, musk, &c  It was the
 first internal mercurial  medicine, which ob-
 tained any real credit.
   BARBE, Beard—b. de Bouc, Tragopogon.
   BARBEAU, Cyanus segetum.
   BARBER-CHIRUR'GEONS.   A  Corpora-
 tion of London, instituted by king Edward IV.
 The barbers were separated from the surgeons,
 by 18 Geo. II., c. 15;  and  the latter were
 erected into a Royal College of Surgeons at the
 commencement of the present century.
   BARBERIE,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 These mineral waters are half a league from
 Nantes.   They contain carbonic acid, chlorides
 of magnesium and sodium, sulphate of magnesia,
 carbonates of magnesia, lime, and iron.  They
 are used as chalybeates.
  BARBERRY, Oxycantha Galeni—b. Ameri-
 can, see Oxycantha Galeni.
  BARBIERS.  A variety of paralysis chiefly
 prevalent in India, and by many considered to
 be  the same as Beriberi (q. v.)   Beriberi is
 commonly an acute disease.  Barbiers is gene-
 rally chronic.
  BARBITIUM,  Beard.
  BARBOTINE, Artemisia Santonica.
  BARBULA CAPRINA, Spiraea ulmaria.
  BARCLAY'S ANTIBILIOUS  PILLS, Pi-
 lulae antibiliosae.
  BARDADIA, Pound.
  BARD ANA, Arctium lappa—b. Minor, Xan-
 thium.
  BARDANE PETITE, Xanthium.
  BAREGES,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 Bareges is a village in the department of Hautes
 Pyrenees, near which  are  several  springs.
 They are sulphureous and thermal,  the heat
 varying from 85°  to 112° Fahrenheit.   They
 contain chlorides  of  magnesium and  sodium,
 sulphates of magnesia and lime,  carbonates of
 lime, sulphur, &c   These springs have long en-
joyed a high reputation, and are daily advised
 in cutaneous and scrofulous affections, &c
  Factitious Bareges Water, Aqua Baregi-
 nen'sis, (F.) Eau  de Bariges, is made by add-
ing, hydrosulphuretted water, f.  ^iv, to pure
 water,  f. ^xvijss,  carbonate of soda, gr. xvj,
 chloride of sodium, gr. ss. Bottle closely.
  BARGADA, Convolvulus pes capriae.
  BARIGLIA, Soda.
   BARII CHLORIDUM, Baryta, muriate of
 —b. Iodidum, Baryta, hydriodate of.
   BARILLA, Soda—b. Alicant, Soda—b. Car-
 thagena, Soda—b. Turkey, Soda.
   BARILLOR, Soda.
   BARIUM, Ba'ryum, Pluto'nium, from (iapvg,
 ' heavy.'  The metallic base of baryta, so called
 from the great density of its compounds.
   Barium, Chloride of, Baryta, muriate of—
 b. Chlorure de, Baryta, muriate of—b. Iodide of,
 Baryta, hydriodate of—b. Protoxide of, Baryta.
   BARK, Cinchona—b. Bitter,  Pinckneya pu-
 bens—b. Calisaya, Cinchonas cordifoliae cortex
 —b. Caribaean, Cinchonae  Caribaeae cortex—b.
 Carthagena, see Cinchona—b. Crown, Cinchona
 lancifoliae cortex—b. Elk, Magnolia glauca—b.
 Essential salt of, see Cinchona — b. Florida,
 Pinckneya pubens—b. Georgia, Pinckneya pu-
 bens—b. Gray, see Cinchona—b. Huanuco, see
 Cinchona—b. Indian, Magnolia  glauca—b. Je-
 suit's, Cinchona—b. Loxa, Cinchonae lancifoliae
 cortex—b. Pale, Cinchonae lancifoliae cortex—
 b. Maracaybo, see Cinchona—b. Peruvian, Cin-
 chona—b. Pitaya, Cinchonae  Caribasae cortex—
 b. Red, Cinchonae oblongifolias cortex—b. Saint
 Lucia,  Cinchona?  Caribaeae  cortex—b. Santa
 Martha, see Cinchona—b. Silver, see Cinchona
 —b. Yellow, Cinchonae cordifoliae cortex.
   BARLERIA  BUXIFOLIA, Cara schulli.
   BARLEY, PEARL, see Hordeum—b. Scotch,
 Hordeum.
   BARM, Yest.
   BARNET, MINERAL WATERS OF. Bar-
 net is not far from London.  The water is of a
 purging quality, like that of Epsom, and about
 half the strength.
  BAROMACROM'F,TER,Padobaromacrom'-
 eter, Padorn'eter, from /?aoof, ' weight,' paxqot,
 ' long,' and /zexoov, ' measure.' An instrument
 invented  by Stein to indicate the length and
 weight of a new-born infant.
  BAROM'ETER, Baroscop'ium, Ba'roscope,
 from ftuooc, 'weight,' and /uttxoot,  'measure.'
 (F.) Barometre.  An instrument which mea-
 sures the weight of the air.  A  certain degree
 of density in this medium is necessary for health.
 When we ascend high mountains  great inconve-
 nience is experienced, owing  to the diminished
 density.   Changes of this  character are indi-
 dicated by the Barometer or weather-glass.
  BA'ROS, |S*poc,  ' heaviness.'  Employed  by
 the Greek physicians to  designate the feeling
 of lassitude and  heaviness observable  in many
 diseases.—Hippocrates, Galen.
  BAROSCOPE, Barometer.
  BAROSMA CRENATA, Diosma crenata.
  BAROTES  SALITUS, Baryta, muriate of.
  BARRAS, see Pinus sylvestris.
  BARRE, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Barre
 is a  small town, six  leagues from Strasburg.
 The  waters are thermal,  and  contain  much
 iron, calcareous  salt, &c.  They are diuretic
and tonic.
  BARRE (F.) Barrure,  Vara, 'a bar.'  A
projection or prolongation of the symphysis pu-
bis :—a deformity rendering delivery difficult.
  BARRkE (F.)  A term applied, in France,
to a  female whose pelvis  has the deformity de-
scribed under Barre.
  BARREES, (DENTS.)   The molar teeth,
when the roots are  spread or tortuous, so that
they cannot be extracted without  being broken; 
BARREL OF THE EAR         105                BASILIC
or without a portion of the alveolar arch being
removed.
  BARREL OF THE EAR, Tympanum.
  BARRENNESS,  Sterilitas.
  BARROS, Terra  Portugallica.
  BARRURE, Barre.
  BARYCOCCALON, Datura stramonium.
  BARYCOITA, Baryecoia.
  BARYECOI'A, Bar-ycoi'ta, Bradyecoi'a, Pa-
racusia obtu'sa, Disecoi'o, Dysecce'a, Audltus
diffic"ilis, Obaudi"tio, Obaudi'tns, A. gravis,
A. imminu'tus, Hypocopho'sis, Hypochyro'sis,
(F.) Durete d'Oreille, from (Sapuc, ' heavy,' and
axor\, 'hearing.'  Hardness of hearing,  incom-
plete deafness.   See Cophosis, and Deafness.
   BARYGLOSSIA, Balbuties.
   BARYGLOSSIA, Baryphonia.
   BARYI HYDRAS IODATI, Baryte, hydrio-
date of.
   BARYLALIA, Baryphonia.
   BARYOD'YNE, from ^mv?, 'heavy,' and
odi/vf?, ' pain.'   A dull, heavy pain.
   BARYPHO'NIA, Baryglos'sia,  Baryla'lia,
Loqwe'la impedi'ta, from  p*gvg,  'heavy,' and
<pioYri, 'voice.'  Difficulty of voice  or speech.
   BARYPICRON, Artemisia abrotanum.
   BARYSOMATIA, Polysarcia adiposa.
   BARYSOMATICA, Polysarcia  adiposa.
   BARYTA, from |*aguc,  ' heavy,' Terra pon-
dero'sa, Bary'tes, Protox'ide of Ba'rium, Heavy
Earth, Ponderous  Earth, (F.)  Baryte, Barite,
Terre pesante.  This  earth and  its  soluble salts
are all  highly  corrosive poisons.   It is never
employed in medicine in the pure state.  When
externally  applied, it is  caustic,  like potassa
and soda.
   Bary'ta, Car'bonate of,Bary'ta Car'bonas,
(F.) Carbonate de  Baryte, is only used offici-
nally to obtain the  muriate.
   BARYTA,HYDRl'ODATEOF,2?«>'y£<2Hy<f«:W/Z.S,
Baryta Hydriod'ica, Hydras Baryi loda'ti, (in
the dry state,—Iodide of Barium, Barii lod'i-
dum, B. loda'tum,) has been given  in scrofulous
and similar morbid conditions.   It may be ad-
ministered internally in  the dose of one-eighth
of a grain three or four times a day, and be ap-
plied externally to  scrofulous swellings, in the
form of ointment, (gr. iv. to §j of  lard.)
   Baryta  Hydriodica,  Baryta, hydriodate  of.
   Baryta, Mu'riate or Hydrochlo'rate of,
Bary'ta mu'rias, Chlo'ride of Ba'rium, Ba'rii
Chlo'ridum (Ph. U. S.) Chlo'ruret of Ba'rium,
Terra pondero'sa sali'ta seu muria'ta, Sal muri-
at'icum barot'icum, Baro'tes sali'tus, (F.) Chlo-
rure de barium, is the combination  chiefly used.
The Muriate of Baryta may be formed as fol-
lows: Baryt. Carbon., in fragments, lb j. Acid.
Muriat. f. ;|xij. Aqua, Oiij.  Mix the acid with
the water, and  gradually add the Carbonate of
Baryta.  Toward the close of the effervescence,
apply a gentle  heat, and, when the action has
ceased, filter the liquor, and boil it  down so that
crystals may form as  it cools.  Ph. U. S.
   It is given in the  form of the Solu'tio Muria'-
tis Baryta, Liquor Barii Chlo'ridi, Aqua bary'-
ta muria'tis,(F.) SolutiondeMuriatedeBaryte,
(Muriate of Baryta, one part;  distilled water,
three parts,) and is employed in scrofulous cases,
worms, and cutaneous diseases.   Externally, to
fungous ulcers and to  specks on the cornea.
   BarytjE Carbonas, Baryta (Carbonate)—b.
Hydriodas, Baryta, hydriodate  of—b. Murias,
Baryta, muriate of.
         8
  BARYTE, Baryta—b. Carbonate de, Baryta,
Carbonate of.
  BARYTHMIA, Melancholy.
  BARYUM, see Barium.
  BAS-FOND, see Urinary Bladder.
  BAS-LASSk, Stocking, laced.
  BAS VENTRE, Abdomen.
  BASAAL.  The name of an Indian tree, the
decoction of whose leaves, in water, with gin-
ger, is used as a gargle in diseases of the fauces.
The kernels of the fruit are vermifuge.
  BASANASTRA'GALA, from (iaoavog, 'tor-
ture,' and aoxoctyakog, 'the astragalus.'  Pain
in the ankle joint; gout in the foot.
  BASANIS'MOS, from flao-aviteiv,' to explore.'
'A touch-stone.'  Investigation or examination.
—Hippocrates, Galen.
  BASE, Basis, from /Sairw,  'I  proceed,'-'I
rest,'' I support myself.'  That which serves as
a foundation or  support.  That which enters,
as a principal matter, into a mixture or combi-
nation.   In anatomy, it is employed in the for-
mer sense, as Base of the Cranium, Base of the
Brain—Basis seu Pavimen'tum cere'bri;  Base
of a Process, Sf-c, Base of the heart—Basis vel
coro'na cordis.   In the art of prescribing, Basis
is the chief substance  which enters into a com-
pound formula.
  BASEMENT MEMBRANE, see Membrane,
basement.
  BASIATIO, Coition.
  BASIATOR, Orbicularis oris.
  BASIL, BUSH, Ocymum caryophyllatum—
b. Citron,  Ocymum  basilicum—b.  Common,
Ocymum basilicum—b. Small, Ocymum caryo-
phyllatum—b. Wild,  Chenopodium vulgare—
b. Wild, Cunila  mariana.
  BAS'ILAR, Basila'ris, Bas'ilary, (F.) Basi-
laire.  That which belongs to the  base, from
l?*<ric, 'base.'  This name has been  given  to
several parts, which seem to serve as bases to
others.   The sacrum  and sphenoid  have been
hence so called.
  Basilar Artery, A. basila'ris, A. cervica'-
lis, (F.) Artere ou Tronc basilaire, A. mesocc-
phalique (Ch.)  The union of the two vertebral
arteries.  It ascends along the middle groove
on the inferior surface of the tuber, and is sup-
ported, beneath, by the Fossa basilaris. It ter-
minates in the posterior cerebral arteries.
  Basilar  Fossa, (F.) Gouttiere ou Fosse ba-
silaire, is the upper surface of the basilary pro-
cess,—so called  because it is channeled like a
Fossa or Gutter.  The  Tuber annulare  rests
upon it.
  Basilar Process, Proces'sus basila'ris ossis
occip'itis, P. cuneifor'mis ossis occip'itis, (F.)
Apophyse Basilaire, Prolongement sous-occi-
pital, Cu'neiform Process, is  the bony projec-
tion, formed by the inferior angle of the os oc-
cipitis, which is  articulated with the sphenoid.
  Basilar Sinus, Sinus transversus.
  Basilar Surface, (F.) Surface Basilaire, is
the inferior surface of the process.  It is covered
by the mucous membrane of the pharynx.
  Basilar  Vertebra.  The  last vertebra  of
the  loins.
  BASIL'IC,Basilicus,fxomf}a<nXixog,' royal.'
This name was given, by the ancients, to  parts
which they conceived  to play an important r6le
in the animal economy.
  Basilic Vein, Vena Basilica, V.  Cu'biti in- 
          BASILIC COMMUN          11

te'rior, (F.) Veine Basilique, Veine cubitale cu-
tanie of Chaussier.  This vein is one of those
on which the operation of blood-letting is per-
formed.  It is situate at the internal part of the
fold of the elbow, in front of the humeral arte-
ry, and is formed by the anterior and posterior
cubital veins, and  by the median basilic.  It
terminates, in the arm-pit, in the axillary vein.
The ancients thought, that the basilic of the
right arm had some  connexion with the liver,
and hence they called it hepatic.   The vein of
the left arm, for a similar reason, they called
splenic.  The Median Basilic  Vein, (F.) Veine
mediane basilique, is one of the branches of the
preceding vein.  It joins the median cephalic at
an acute angle, or rather by a transverse branch,
and receives some  branches of the deep radial
and cubital veins, and a considerable  subcuta-
neous vein—the common median.
  BASILIC COMMUN, Ocymum basilicum
—b. Sauvage, grand, Chenopodium vulgare.
  BASIL'ICON, Basilicum.  ' Royal,' or of
great virtue.   An  ointment, composed of yel-
low  wax, black pitch, and resin, of each one
part, olive oil, four parts.  Hence it was called
Unguen'tum Tetraphar'macum, (xixoaipapfiaxa,
' four drugs.')—Celsus.   Scribonius Largus.
  Basilicon, Basilicum, of the Parisian Codex,
is  the Onguent de Poix et de Cire.  In most
Pharmacopoeias, it is represented by  the Un-
guen'tum or Cera'tum Resi'na.  It is used as
a stimulating ointment.   See Ceratum Resinae,
and Unguentum Resinae Nigrae.
  BASILICUM, Basilicon, Ocymum Basilicum
—b. Citratum, Ocymum basilicum—b. Majus,
Ocymum basilicum.
  BASILISCUS, Syphilis.
   BASIO-CERATO-CHONDRO-GLOSSUS,
Hyoglossus.
  BA'SIO-CER'ATO-GLOSSUS, from  (Saaig,
'base,' xcoag, 'cornu,'  and yXwaoa,  'tongue.'
A  name  given  to a part of  the  hyoglossus,
which i3 inserted into the cornu of the os hy-
oides and base of the tongue.
  BASIOCESTRUM, from  (iaa-ic, 'the  base,'
and xeo-rpa, ' a dart.'  An instrument for open-
ing the head of the foetus in utero, invented by
Mesler, a German.
  BA'SIO-GLOS'SUS, Hypseloglos'sus, Hyo-
basioglossus, Ypseloglos'sus, from (iaoic,' base,'
and yXoxrtr*,  'the  tongue.'  A name formerly
given to the portion of the hyoglossus which is
inserted into the base of the os hyoides.—Rio-
Ian, Thomas Bartholine.   See  Lingual Muscle.
  BASIO PHARYNG^E'US, from pan?, < base,'
and tpagvyi,  'the pharynx.'  A name given to
some fibres of the constrictor pharyngis medius.
—Winslow.
  BASIS, See  Prescription—b. Cerebri, Base
of the Brain—b. Cordis, Radix cordis—b. Cor-
poris, Sole.
  BASSI-COL'ICA. Name of a medicine com-
posed of  aromatics and  honey.—Scribonius
Largus.
  BASS IN,  Pelvis—b.  Oculaire, Scaphium
oculare.
  BASSINER, to foment.
  BASSINET, Pelvis of the  kidney, Ranun-
culus bulbosus.
  BASSWOOD, Tilia.
  BATA, Musa Paradisiaca.
  BATABAS, Solanum tuberosum.
                   BATH

  BATATAS.  The inhabitants of Peru gave
this appellation to several tuberous roots, espe-
cially to the Convolvulus  Batatas,  or Sweet
Potato,  (q. v.)  Our word, Potato, comes from
this.
  BATEMAN'S  PECTORAL  DROPS, see
Pectoral Drops, Bateman's.
  BATERION, Bathron.
  BATES'S ANODYNE BALSAM, Linimen-
tum saponis et opii.
  BATH, Anglo-Saxon, baS, Balneum, Bala-
ne'um, Baline'um, Loutron, (F.) Bain.   Im-
mersion, or stay, for a longer or shorter dura-
tion, of the whole or a part of the body, in some
medium, as water.  Act of plunging into a li-
quid, sand, or other substance, in which it  is
the custom to bathe.   Also, the vessel in which
the water is put for bathing.  Also, a public or
private establishment for bathing.
  In Pharmacy, a vessel,  placed over a fire,
and filled with  any substance, into which ano-
ther vessel is placed, containing matters for di-
gestion, evaporation, or distillation.
  Bath, Acid, Balneum ac"idum (Acid, muri-
at. ftij: Aqua, cong. lxvi.  One half,  one third,
or one fourth the quantity of acid is  more fre-
quently employed.)
  Bath, Air, Hot, see Bath, hot—b. Air, warm,
see Bath, hot.
  Bath, Alkaline, Balneum alkali'num. This
may be made of half a pound or a pound of
pearlash or of carbonate of soda,  to  sixty-six
gallons of water.
  Bath, Animal,  Balneum Anima'le, consists
in wrapping an animal recently  killed, or its
skin, around the body, or some part of it.
  Bath, Antipsor'ic, Balneum antipso'ricujn.
Recommended in cases of itch and other cuta-
neous diseases.  (Potass, sulphuret.giv. Aqua,
cong. lx.)
  Bath, Antisyphilit'ic, Balneum antisyphi-
liticum, Mercu'rial bath.  Made by dissolving
from two drachms  to an ounce of the corrosive
chloride of mercury in sixty gallons of water.
  Bath, Cold, see  Bath,  hot—b.  Cool, see
Bath, hot.
  Bath, Dry, is one made of ashes, salt, sand,
&c.  The ancients used these frequently for
therapeutical purposes.
  Bath, Earth, Arenatio.
  Bath, Elec'tric, (F.) Bain 'electrique, con-
sists in placing the person  upon an insulated
stool, communicating, by a  metallic wire, with
the principal conductor of the electrical ma-
chine in action.  The Electric Bath  produces
general  excitement of  all  the functions,  and
especially of the circulation and secretions.—
See Electricity.
  Bath, Foot, Pedilu'vium, (F.) Bain de Pied,
a bath for the feet.
  Bath, Gelat'inous, Balneum gelatino'sum.
Made by dissolving two pounds of gelatin in a
gallon of water.
  Bath, General, (F.) Bain Entitr, is one, in
which the whole  body is plunged, except the
head; in contradistinction to the partial bath,
Merobalane'um, Merobalneum.
  Bath, Half, Semicu'pium, (q. v.) Excathis'-
ma, (q. v.)  Inces'sio, Inces'sus, is one adapted
for half the body.  One, for receiving only the
hips or extremities, is also so called.
  Bath, Hand, Manulu'vium, (F'.)  Bain de
Main ou Manuluve, is a bath for the hands.
)G 
BATH, MINERAL WATERS OF     107
BAUME
   Bath,  Head,  Capitilu'vium  (F.)  Bain de
 'Pete ou Capitiluve, a bath for the head.
   Bath, Hip, Coxalu'vium, (F.) Bain de Fau-
 teuil, Bain de Siege, is one in which the lower
 part of the trunk and upper part of the thighs
 are immersed.
   Bath, Hot, Balneum Calidum, Zestolu'sia,
 (F.) Bain chaud, is a bath, the temperature of
 which is  98° and upwards; the Warm Bath,
 from 92°  to 98°; the  Tepid  Bath, (F.) Bain
 Tilde, Balneum tep'idum, from 85° to 92°; the
 Temperate Bath, (F.) Bain Tempere, from
 75° to 85°; the Cool Bath,  (F.)  Bain frais,
 from 60°  to 75°; the  Cold  Bath, Balneum
frig"idum, Frigida'rium, (F.) Bainfroid, Bain
 tres froid, (of some,) from 30° to 60°; and the
 Vapour Bath, Balneum vapo'ris, (F.) Bain de
 Vapeur, ktuve Humide, from 100°  to 130°, and
 upwards.   See  Vaporarium.   A  Warm  Air
 Bath, or Hot Air Bath, consists of air the
 temperature of which is raised.
   Bath,  Med'icated,  Balneum Medica'tum,
 (F.) Bain midicinal, is a bath, formed of decoc-
 tions or infusions of vegetable substances, or of
 any  ingredient,  introduced into the water for
 therapeutical purposes.
   Bath, Mercurial,  Bath, antisyphilitic—b.
 Nitro-muriatic acid, Scott's acid bath.
   Bath, Sand, Balneum Are'na, (F.) Bain de
 Sable, consists of a vessel filled with sand, and
 placed over the fire.  Into this vessel, the one
 is put which contains the substance to be eva-
 porated.   See Psammismus.
   Bath, Sea Water, Balneum Mar'ia, (F.)
 Bain Marie, consists of a vessel filled with boil-
 ing sea water, or salt water, in which the ves-
 sel is placed, that contains the substance to be
 evaporated.  Bain Marie, is,  however, at the
 present day employed for any form of water
 bath.
   Bath, Shower, Implu'vium, is one in which
 the water is made to fall like a shower on the
 body.  See Douche.
   Bath, Steam, may be formed by  introducing
 steam  into a properly closed vessel in place of
 water, as in the water bath.
   Bath, Temperate,  see Bath, hot—b. Tepid,
 see Bath, hot—b. Vapour, see Bath, hot, and
 Vaporarium—b. Warm, see Bath, hot.
   Bathing is much employed  in the treatment
 of disease.  The cold bath, especially the cold
 sea bath, is a sedative and indirect tonic :  the
 warm bath is a relaxant;  and the hot bath a
 stimulant.
   The regular use of the bath is extremely con-
ducive to health; but if too much indulged in, it
is apt to produce injurious effects.
   BATH, MINERAL WATERS  OF, Aqua
Batho'nia vel Bad'iza, Aqtia Solis, AquaBad'-
igua.  Celebrated thermal springs at  Bath, in
England.   They  contain but little impregna-
tion, and are chiefly indebted to their tempera-
ture, from 112° to 117° Fahrenheit,  for their
utility.  The main ingredients are  sulphate of
lime, chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, car-
bonate of lime, protoxide of iron, free carbonic
acid and azote.
   These waters are employed  in the most hete-
rogeneous cases; and are serviceable where the
simple thermal springs are  indicated, as in rheu-
matism, paralysis, &c
   BATHER,Same etymon; Balnea'rius,Bali-
 nea'tor, Balnea'tor,  (F.) Baigneur.  One who
 bathes.   Anciently, the  name  was given  to
 those that administered baths to the diseased,—
 the ktuvistes of the  French.
   BATHMIS, Bathmus, 'base, support.'  The
 cavity of a bone, which receives the eminence
 of another; and especially the two Fossettes at
 the inferior extremity of  the  humerus  into
 which the processes of the ulna are received,
 during the flexion and extension of the forearm.
   BATHRON, Bathrum Hippoc'ratis, Scam-
 num Hippoc'ratis (q. v.)  Bate'rion, 'a step, a
 ladder.'  (F.) Banc  d'Hippocrate.   An  in-
 strument, used for the extension of a limb, in
 cases of fracture or luxation.   The description
 of it is found in Galen, Oribasius, and Sculte-
 tus, with a figure.
   BATHRUM HIPPOCRATIS, Bathron.
   BATIA, Retort.
   BATISSE, MINERAL  WATERS OF.  Ba-
 tisse is  three leagues from Clermont in France.
 The water is tepid, and contains subcarbonate
 and sulphate of soda, sulphates of lime and iron,
 muriate of magnesia, and carbonate of lime.
   BATOS, Rubus Idaeus.
   BATRACHUS, Ranula.
   BATTALISM'US, Battaris'mus, from /Sa-r-
 rattiv,' to stammer.'  Balbuties (q. v.)  Stam-
 mering  with incapacity to pronounce the R.
   BATT'ALUS, Bat'tarus, same etymon.  A
 stammerer, a stutterer.
   BATTARISMUS, Battalismus.
   BATTARUS, Battalus.
   BATTATA  VIRGINIANA, Solanum tube-
 rosum.
   BATTEMENS DOUBLES, see Bruit du
 Caur fatal.
   BATTEMENT, Pulsation.
   BAUDRICOURT, MINERAL  WATERS
 OF.  Baudricourt is a town of France, two
 leagues  and a half from Mirecourt.  The wa-
 ters are sulphureous.
   BAUDRUCHES, Condom.
   BAUHIN, VALVE OF,  Valve ©/Tulpius, Y.
 o/Fallopius, F.o/Varolius, Ileo-ceecal Valve,
 Ileo-colic Valve, Val'vula Uei, Valvula Coli, V.
 Caci, Oper'eulum Ilei, Sphincter Ilei.  This
 name is given to the  valve situate transversely
 at the place where the ileum opens into the
 ccecum, and which Bauhin says he discovered
 at Paris, in 1759.   It had, however, been pre-
 viously described by  several anatomists; as by
 Vidus Vidius, Postius, &c
   BAUME, Balsam—b. d'Acier, Balsam, cha-
 lybeate—b. Aromatique, Balsam,  aromatic—b.
 d'Aiguilles, Balsam, chalybeate—b. Apoplee-
 tique, Balsam, apoplectic—b.d'Arcaus, Axaeus,
 balsam  of; see, also,  Balsam of Arcaeus—b.
 d'Arc&us, Unguentum  elemi  compositum—b.
 Benjoin, Benjamin—b. Blanc,  see Amyris
 Opobalsamum—b. du Bresil,  Copaiba—b. de
 Canada, see Pinus balsamea—b. de Cannelle,
 Laurus cinnamonrum—b. de Carpathie, Balsam
 of Carpathia—b. de Carthagene, see Toluifera
 balsamum—b. de  Constantinople  blanc,  see
 Amyris  opobalsamum—b. de Copahu, Copaiba
—b. Cordiale de Sennerte, Balsam, cordial, of
 Sennertus—b. d'Eau  a feuilles ridees, Mentha
 crispa—b. de  Feuillet, Balsam, green, of Metz
—b. de Fioraventi spiritueuse, Balsam, spiritu- 
BAURAC
108
BEDEGAR
 ous, of Fioraventi—b. de Fourcroy ou de  La-
 borde, Balsam of Fourcroy or Laborde—b. de
 Galaad, see Amyris opobalsamum—b. de Gene-
 vieve, Balsam of Genevieve—b. Grand, Tana-
 cetum balsamita—b. du Grand Caire, see Amy-
 ris opobalsamum—A. Hypnotique, Balsam, hyp-
 notic—*. Hysterique,  Balsam, hysteric—b. des
 Jardins, Mentha viridis—b. de Lucatel, Balsam,
 Lucatelli's—b. Nervin, Balsam, nervous—b.de
 Perou, see Myroxylon Peruiferum—b. du  Sa-
 maritain, Balsam of the Samaritan—b. Saxon,
 Balsam, Saxon—b. de Soufre, Balsam of  sul-
 fur—b. de Sympathie, Balsam of sympathy—b.
 Tranquille, Balsam, tranquil—b. de Tolu,  see
 Toluifera balsamum—b. de Vanille, Vanilla—
 b. Vert, see Fagara octandra—b. Vert de Metz,
 Balsam, green, of Metz—b. de Vie d'Hoffmann,
 Balsam of Life, of Hoffmann—b. de Vie de  Le-
 lihvre, Tinctura  aloes composita—b. Vrai, see
 Amyris  opobalsamum—b. Vulneraire de Min-
 derer, Balsam, vulnerary, of Mindererus.
   BAURAC, (Arab.)  Nitre, or salt in general.
 From this word  comes Borax.
   BAURIN, MINERAL WATERS OF. Bau-
 rin is a village four leagues from Roye, depart-
 ment of Somme.   The waters are strongly cha-
 lybeate.
   BAVE, (F.) Saliva ex ore fluens, Spuma,
 Humor Sallvus. Frothy, thick, viscid saliva,
 issuing from the mouth.  This driveling, or,
 slavering, (q. v.) we see in children, old peo-
 ple, &c  The term is, also, applied to  the
 frothy liquid, which flows from the mouth of
 rabid animals.  Sauvages uses it synonymously
 with salivation.
   BAY, CASTOR, Magnolia glauca—b. Rose,
 Rhododendron chrysanthemum—b. Sweet, Lau-
 rus—b. White, Magnolia glauca and M. macro-
 phylla.
   BDALSIS, Sucking.
   BDELLA, Hirudo.
   BDEL"LIUM, Myrrhaimperfec'ta, Bolchon,
 Madeleon, Balchus.   A gum-resin, brought
 from the Levant and India, and supposed to be
 obtained from a species of Amyris, little known.
 It is solid, brittle, of a deep brown colour, of
 an acrid and bitter taste, and sweet odour.  It
 was much vaunted by the ancients, but is now
 little  employed.  Two different gum-resins
 have been in the shops distinguished by  the
 names  Indian and  African  bdellium.   Dr.
 Royle was informed that the former was ob-
 tained from Am'yris Commiph'ora, growing in
 India and Madagascar.  The  latter is said to
 be from Heudelo'tia Africa'na, which grows in
 Senegal.
   BDELLOM'ETER, from faXX*., 'a leech,5
 and ;ttTg«v,  'measure.'  An instrument, pro-
 posed as a substitute for the leech; inasmuch as
 we can tell  the quantity of blood obtained by
 it, whilst we cannot by the leech.   It consists
 of a cupping-glass, to which  a scarificator and
 exhausting syringe are attached.
   BDELLUS, Fart.
  BDELYGMIA, Fart.
  BDELYGMUS, Fart.
  BDESMA, Flatulence.
  BDOLUS, Fart.
  BEAD TREE, Melia Azedarach.
  BEAN, CARTHAGENA, Habilla  de  Car-
thagena—b. Egyptian,  Nymphaea nelumbo—b
French, Phaseolus vulgaris—b. Garden, com
mon, Vicia faba—b. Kidney, Phaseolus vulga
 ris—b. Malacca, Avicennia tomentosa—b. Pon-
 tic, Nymphaea nelumbo—b. Red, Abrus preca-
 torius—b. Sacred, Nelumbium luteum—b. St.
 Ignatius's, Ignatia amara—b. Trefoil tree, see
 Cytisine.
   BEAN TREE, WHITE, Crataegus aria.
   BEARBERRY, Arbutus uva ursi.
   BEARD, Barba, Pogon, Genei'on, Barbi'ti-
 um, (F.) Barbe. The hair which covers a part of
 the cheeks, the lips, and chin of the male sex,
 at the age of puberty.
   BEAR'S BREECH, Acanthus  mollis—b.
 Foot, Helleborus fcetidus—b. Fright, Heptallon
 graveolens—b.  Whortleberry, Arbutus  uva
 ursi.
   BEARWEED, Veratrum viride.
   BEASTINGS, Colostrum.
   BEATING OF THE HEART, see Heart.
   BEAUGENCY, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Beaugency is a quarter of a  league from Or-
 leans.  The  waters  contain  subcarbonate of
 soda, iron, magnesia, and lime.  They are tonic
 and aperient.
   BEAUMONT ROOT, Gillenia trifoliata.
   BEAUVAIS, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 These waters are chalybeate.   Beauvais is in
 Picardie.
   BEAVER, Castor fiber—b. Wood, Magnolia
 glauca—b. Tree, Magnolia macrophylla.
   BEBEERIA, see Bebeeru.
   BEBEERINE, see Bebeeru.
   BEBEERU,  Sipeeri. A tree of British Gui-
 ana, which yields two alkalies—Bebeerin,  Be-
 beeri'na, Bebee'ria, and Sipeerine;  and in  its
 properties resembles the Cinchona.  It has been
 referred to Noctan'dra Rodiei.  The timber of
 the tree is known to ship builders by the name
greenheart.  The Sulphate of Bebeerin has been
 employed in intermittents.
  BEC, (F.) Rostrum, (q. v.) Beak.  This name
 has been applied to various parts.
  BEC CORACOIDIEN,(F'.) Cor'acoidbeak,
 is the  end of the coracoid  process.   Bee de la
plume a ecrire, (F.) Beak of the Calamus Scrip-
to'rius, is a small cavity at the superior part of
 the medulla oblongata, which forms part of the
4th ventricle.
  BECDE CUILLER, Ham'ulus.  An instru-
 ment used for the extraction of balls.  It con-
sists of an iron rod, 7 or 8 inches long, having
at one  extremity a small cavity, into which the
ball is received to be  drawn outwards.  See
Cochleariformis.
  BEC DE GRUE MUSQUE, Geranium Mos-
chatum—b. de Grue Robertin, Geranium Ro-
bertianum—b. de Lievre, Harelip.
  BEC (Le,) MINERAL WATERS OF.  Bee
is six  leagues from Rouen in Normandy.  The
water is strongly chalybeate.
  BECCABUNGA, Veronica Beccabunga.
  BECHJESTHE'SIS, from fy%, 'cough,' and
aia&rptc, ' sensation.' The excitement or desire
to cough.
  BECHIA, Tussis.
  BECHIAS, Tussis.
  BE'CHIC,  Be'chica,  Becha,  Bec'chica, Be'-
chita, from pn\, 'cough,' (F.) Bichique.  Me-
dicines adapted for allaying cough
  BECHITA, Bechic
  BECHIUM, Tussilago.
  BECHORTHOPNCEA, Pertussis.
  BECUIBA, Ibicuiba.
  BED'EGAR,  Bedeguar, Bedeguard; Span'- 
BEDFORD, MINERAL WATERS OF  109
BENEDICTUM
gia Cynos'bati, Fungus Rosa'rum, F. Cynos'-
bati, (F.) Pomme mousseuse, kponge d'eglan-
tier.  An excrescence, which makes its appear-
ance on different species of wild roses, and which
is produced by the puncture of a small insect,—
the Cynips Rosa.  It was formerly employed
as a lithontriptic and vermifuge, but is not now
used.   It was slightly astringent.
  BEDFORD,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Bedford is a village, situate on the great West-
ern Turnpike road from  Philadelphia to Pitts-
burg,  a few miles east of the chief elevation of
the Alleghany mountains.   There are  various
springs, saline, chalybeate and sulphureous.—
The  most  celebrated contains carbonic acid,
sulphate of magnesia, chlorides  of sodium  and
calcium, and carbonate of iron.
   BEDSTRAW, Galium verum—b.  Ladies,
greater, Galium mollugo, Galium verum.
  BEE, Sax.heo. Apis, Melis'sa, Melitta, (F.)
Abeille.  This insect was formerly exhibited,
when dried and powdered, as a diuretic.
   BEEBREAD, Propolis.
   BEECH, Fagus sylvatica—b. Drop, Oroban-
che Virginiana—b. Albany,  Pterospora Andro-
medea—b. Mast, see  Fagus sylvatica.
   BEER, Cerevisia—b. Pipsissewa, see Pyrola
umbellata.
   BEET, Beta.
   BEGAIEMENT, Balbuties.
   BEGMA, fay/**, according to some Bregma,
fariyf&a, fxom ptjo-o-tiv ox (iQjjcr at iv, 'to expectorate
after coughing.' Coughing;  also, the sputum or
expectorated matter.—Hippocrates.
   BEGO'NIA.  The Begonia grandiflo'ra and
B. tomento'sa have astringent roots, which are
used in Peru in cases of hemorrhage,  scurvy,
low fevers, &c
   BkGUE, Balbus.
   BEHEN ABIAD, Centaurea behen—b. Al-
bum,  Centaurea behen—b. Officinarum, Cucu-
balus behen—b. Rouge, Statice limonium.
   BEHMEN ACKMAR, Statice limonium.
   BEIAHALALEN, Sempervivum tectorum.
   BEIDELSAR, Asclepias procera.
   BEJUIO, Habilla de Carthagena.
   BELA-AYE  or BE-LAHE.  A tonic  and
astringent bark of a Madagascar tree.  Du-pe-
tit-Thouars and Sonnerat think it may be sub-
stituted for the Simarouba.
   BELADAMBOC.  A species of convolvulus
of the Malabar coast, which contains an acrid
milky juice.  From this a liniment is formed
with  oil and ginger,  which is used against the
bites  of rabid animals.
   BE-LAHE, Bela-aye.
   BELA-MODAGAM.  A kind of Scavola of
the Malabar coast, the leaves of which are con-
sidered diuretic and emmenagogue.
   BELANDRE,  (F.)  A  litter, surrounded
with  curtains, in which patients  are sometimes
carried to hospitals.
   BELCHING, Eructation.
   BELEMNOID, Belenoid.
   BELEMNOIDES PROCESSUS, Styloid pro-
C6SSGS.
   BEL'ENOID, BEL'ONOID, BEL'EMNOID
or BEL'OID, Belenoi'des or Belemnoi'des Pro-
cessus, from /?« Xoc, 'an arrow,' and tiSog, 'shape.'
This  name has been  given to the styloid  pro-
cesses in general—Processus belenoi'des.
   BELESON, Baham, Mussaenda frondosa.
   BELILLA, Mussaenda frondosa.
  BELINUM, Apium Graveolens.
  BELI OCULUS, Belloculus.
  BELL,  CANTERBURY,  Campanula  tra-
chelium.
  BELLADON'NA, in  the  Pharmacopoeia of
the United States, is the officinal name of the
leaves of Atropa Belladonna, (q. v.)
  BELLE DAME, Atropa belladonna.
  BELLEGU, Myrobalanus.
  BELLEREGI, Myrobalanus.
  BELLESME, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Bellesme is about three leagues from Montagne
in France.  The waters are chalybeate.
  BELLEY, MINERAL WATERS OF.  The
waters at Belley, department of Ain, in France,
are saline aperients.
  BELLIDOIDES,  Chrysanthemum  leucan-
themum.
  BELLIS, Bellus ('pretty,') B. peren'nis,B.
minor, Bruisewort,  Common Daisy, (F.) Pa-
querette vivace, petite Marguerite.  The leaves
and flowers  are rather  acrid.  They were, at
one time, considered to cure different species of
wounds.  It is called also Sym'phytum min'-
imum.
  Bellis Major, Chrysanthemum leucanthe-
mum.
  BELL  METAL,  Calcocos,  (F.)  Airain,
Metal des cloches.  An alloy of copper, zinc,
tin, and a small quantity of antimony, used for
making bells.  The mortars of the apothecary
are often formed  of this  material.   They re-
quire to be kept clean, to avoid the formation
of verdigris.
  BELLOCULUS, Beli Oc'ulus.  A kind of
gem, which the  Assyrians  considered effica-
cious in the cure of many diseases.  They ima-
gined that the figure of an eye could be seen in
it, and hence its name, Bel's Eye.
   BELLON, Colic, metallic.
   BELLOTAS, see Ilex major.
   BELLOWS' SOUND, Bruit  de souffiet—b.
Encephalic, see Bruit de soufflet—b. Placental,
Bruit placentaire.
   BELLUS, Bellis.
   BELLY-ACHE, Colica—b. Dry, Colic, me-
tallic—b. Root, Angelica lucida.
   BELLY-BAND, Belt, Russian.
   BELMUSCHUS, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
   BELNILEG, Myrobalanus.
   BELOID, Belenoid.
   BELOIDES PROCESSUS,Styloidprocesses.
   BELONE, Needle.
   BELONODES, Styloid.
   BELONOID, Belenoid.
   BEL'S EYE, Belloculus.
   BELT, RUSSIAN, Ventra'U, vulgarly, Bel-
ly-band, Abdominal supporter.   A broad ban-
dage applied to the abdomen, so as to support,
and make methodical pressure upon it.
   BELUL'CUM,  from fieXog,  'a  dart,'  and
ctXx.a>, 'I draw out.'  An  instrument  used for
extracting darts or arrows.  Many instruments
of this kind have been noticed by surgeons.—
Ambrose Pare, Fabricius ab Acquapendente.
   BELZOE, Benjamin.
   BELZOIM, Benjamin.
   BELZOINUM, Benjamin.
   BEN, Guilandina  moringa—b. of  Judaea,
Benjamin—b. Nut, Guilandina moringa.
   BENATH, Pustule.
   BENEDICTUM  LAXATIVUM, Confectio
sennae. 
BkNkFICE
110
BETA
   BklTkFICE DE LA NATURE, Benefi-
 cium naturae—b. de Ventre, see Beneficium na-
 turae.
   BENEFIC'IUM NATU'RiE, (F.) Benefice
 de la nature.  This term is used by the French
 pathologists, for cases, in which diseases have
 got  well without medical  treatment.  With
 them, Binifice de nature, or  B. de ventre, is
 synonymous also  with Alvi  Proflu'vium;—a
 spontaneous diarrhoea, often  acting  favourably
 either in the prevention or cure of disease.
   BENEL, Croton racemosum.
   BENEOLENS,  from  bene,  'well,'  and
 olere,  'to  smell.'   Euo'des, Suaveolens.   A
 sweet-scented medicine, as gums, &c.
   BENG, Bangue.
   BENGALE INDORUM, Cassumuniar.
   BENGAL ROOT, Cassumuniar.
   BENGI, Hyoscyamus.
   BENIGN', Benig'nus, Eueth'es, (F.) Binin,
 Binigne.  Diseases of a mild  character are so
 called: as  well  as medicines  whose action is
 not violent, as a Benign Fever, Febris benig'na
 impu'tris, &c
   BENIN, Benign.
   BEN'JAMIN, Ben'zoin, Benzo'inum, (Ph.
 U. S.) Benzo'inum verum, Benzo'inum, Assa
 odora'ta, Benjui, Benjuin, Assa dulcis, Ben'-
 jaoy, Benjo'inum, Belzol, Belzoim, Ben'zol,
 Sty'racis Benzo'ini  Bal'samum, Liquor Cyre-
 ni'acus, Croton  Benzol,  Ben of Juda'a, Acor
 Benzo'inus, Sal Ad'idum seu essentials  seu
 volat'ileBenzoes,(F'.) Benjoin, Baume Benjoin,
 Assa doux.   A resinous, dry, brittle substance,
 obtained from Styrax Benzoin, Arbor Benivi,
 of Sumatra.  The odour is extremely fragrant,
 and  taste slightly aromatic.   It is  principally
 used for the preparation  of the  acid which it
 contains.  It is  also  employed in some vulne-
 rary tinctures, and as an expectorant.  Benzoic
 Acid, Ad'idum Benzo'icum, is obtained from it
 by sublimation.   The purest  Benjamin is  in
 amygdaloid masses: hence called (F.) Benjoin
 aanygdalo'ide.
  Ben'jamin,  Flowers  of,  Benzo'ic  Acid,
 Ac"idum Benzo'icum, Flores Benzoes, Flores
 Benzo'ini, Ac"idum Benzo'icum  per sublima-
 tio'nem, (F.) Acide Benzoique.  This acid ex-
 ists in  all the balsams, but chiefly in Benzoin,
 from which  it is obtained by sublimation.   It
 is in vanilla,  canella, the urine of infants,
 and of herbivorous animals.  Its  odour is aro-
 matic and fragrant; taste hot, slightly acidulous,
 and agreeable.  The crystals consist of white,
 satiny  flakes, slightly ductile.  It is  probably
 stimulant; and has been used, as such, in chronic
 catarrh; but it has little efficacy.
  BENJAOY, Benjamin.
  BENJOINUM, Benjamin.
  BENJUI, Benjamin.
  BEN MOENJA.   A  Malabar  tree.  An
alexipharmic decoction is made of its roots, in
the country, which is much praised in cases of
malignant  fever.  Its bark, boiled with Cala-
mus  aromaticus  and  salt, forms  a  decoction
 used in bites of poisonous serpents.
  BENNE, Sesamum orientale.
  BENNET, HERB, Geum urbanum and  G.
Virginianum.
  BENOITE, Geum urbanum—b. Aquatique,
Geum rivale— b. des Ruisseaux,  Geum rivale
—b. de Virginie, Geum Virginianum.
   BENZOE, Benjamin.
   BENZOENIL, Vanilla.
   BENZOIN,  Benjamin—b. Odoriferum, Lau-
 rus Benzoin.
   BERBERINE, see Oxycantha Galeni.
   BERBERIS, Oxycantha  Galeni—b.  Cana-
 densis, see Oxycantha Galeni.
   BERCE, Heracleum spondylium.
   BERENDAROS, Ocymum basilicum.
   BERENICE, Succinum.
   BERENICIUM, Potassae  nitras.
   BERENISECUM,  Artemisia vulgaris.
   BERGAMOTE,  Bergamot'ta,  (F.) Berga-
 motte.  A small orange, of a very agreeable
 taste; and peculiar odour.  From  its bark an
 oil, Oleum Berga'mii, (Ph. U. S.) is obtained,
 which is much employed as  a perfume, and
 sometimes in medicine.
   BER'IBERI, Beribe'ria, Syn'clonus  Beribe'-
 ria, Indosyn'clonus, Paralysis Ber'iberi, from
 beri in the Singhalese language, which signifies
 'weakness;' therefore, beriberi, 'great weak-
 ness.'  This word is also said to  be Hindu-
 sthanee, and to mean a sheep.—Bontius.  Beri-
 beri is an Indian disease, little known in Eu-
 rope.  It consists in debility and  tremors of
 the limbs,—sometimes,  indeed, of  the whole
 body; with painful numbness  of the  affected
 parts, &c:—the patient walking doubled; and
 imitating the movements of  sheep!   Some au-
 thors have esteemed it rheumatic; others, para-
 lytic ; others, to be a kind of chorea.  It is, al-
 most always, incurable;  is rarely fatal; and is
 treated by exercise, stimulant frictions, sudori-
 fics, &c  It is  sometimes called Bar'biers, but
 this would seem to be a different disease.
   BERICOCCE, Prunus  armeniaca.
   BERLE NODIFLORE, Sium.
   BERLUE, Metamorphopsia.
   BERMU'DAS, CLIMATE OF. Pulmonary
 invalids are occasionally sent to Bermuda, but
 the principal objection to a winter  residence
 there, is the prevalence of strong winds;  espe-
 cially  of  the dry, sharp, and cold north-west
 winds, during the winter and spring.   Still, it
 affords a good winter retreat for the  phthisical,
 from any part  of the United States, provided
 due care be selected in choosing a suitable lo-
 cality.  The neighbourhood of Hamilton has
 been strongly recommended with this view.
   BERNARD THE  HERMIT, Cancellus.
   BERRIES, INDIAN, see Menispermum coc-
 culus—b.  Turkey, yellow, see Piper cubeba.
   BERS.   A sort of electuary, composed of
 pepper, seed of the white hyoscyamus, opium,
 eupborbium, saffron, &c   The Egyptians used
 it  as an excitant.—Prospero Alpini,
   BERU, MINERAL WATERS OF. Beruisin
 Champagne, France.   The waters are slightly
 chalybeate.
   BESASA, Ruta.
   BESICLES, Spectacles.
   BESOIN, Want—b. de Respirer, see Want
—b. de la Vie, Necessary of life.
   BESSANEM.  A word used by  Avicenna,
for redness of the skin,  limbs, and  face, pro-
duced by the action of cold.
   BESSON,     )Q   _
  BESSONNE, S    Gemellus-
  BETA.  The Beet, Sic'ula, (F.) Bette, Bet-
terave. Family, Chenopodeae.  Sex. Syst. Pen-
tandria Digynia.  A genus of plants, of which
 the following are the  chief varieties. 
BETEL                  11]
  Beta Hy'brida, Root of Scarcity.  Root red,
outside; white, within.  Very nutritive; yields
sugar.
  Beta Vulga'ris  Alba, White  Beet.   The
root yields sugar, and the leaves are eaten as a
substitute for spinach.
  Beta Vulga'ris Rubra, Red Beet. Root red
and nutritive;  yields a small quantity of sugar.
  BETEL, Piper Betel.  A species of  pepper,
cultivated in several parts of India.  The In-
dians are  in the habit of chewing the leaves
with lime and areca;  and they give the name
Betel to this preparation.  It is used in all the
equatorial countries of Asia.  Betel is said  to
be tonic and astringent.  It is also called Bette,
Betre, Betle.   See Areca.
  BETHROOT, Trillium latifolium—b. Broad-
leaf, Trillium  latifolium.
  BkTISE, Dementia.
  BkTOINE, Betonica officinalis—J. des Mon-
tagues, Arnica montana—b. des  Savoyards,
Arnica montana.
  BkTON, Colostrum.
  BETONICA AQUATIC A,  Scrophularia
aquatica.
  Beton'ica  Officina'lis, Cestron, Beton'ica
purpu'rea, Veton'ica Cordi, &c, Betony, Wood
Betony, Psychot'rophum,  Veronica purpu'rea,
(F.) Betoine, Family,Labiatas. Sex.Syst. Didy-
namia  Gymnospermia.  Betony was in much
esteem  amongst the ancients, who employed
the flowers and leaves, in decoction, in gout,
sciatica, cephalalgia,  &c.   It was so called,
according to Pliny,  from  being  in great repute
among the Vettones, or  Bettones, an  ancient
people of Spain. Antonius Musa is  said to have
written a volume in praise of it; recommending
it in no less than 47 different diseases.  It has,
however, little or no virtue.  The leaves are
said to be aperient, and the root emetic.
  Betonica Pauli,  Veronica.
  BETONY,  Betonica  officinalis—b.  Paul's,
Lycopus Virginicus—b.  Water, Scrophularia
aquatica—b. Wood,  Betonica officinalis.
  BETRE, Betel.
  BETTE, Beta.
  BETTERAVE,  Beta.
  BET'ULA ALBA.  The Birch, (F.) Bou-
teau commun.   The young leaves  are slightly
odorous, astringent, and bitter.  They are ap-
plied to wounds and ulcers.  They have been
regarded as antiscorbutic  and  anthelmintic.
The tree furnishes a saccharine juice, which  is
considered antiscorbutic and diuretic.
  Betula Lenta, Sweet  Birch, Black Birch,
Cherry  Birch, Mountain  Mahogany,  is an
American species, the bark and leaves of which
have the smell and taste of Gaultheria procum-
bens.  An infusion is sometimes made of them,
and used as an excitant and diaphoretic.   The
volatile oil  is  nearly if  not wholly identical
with that of Gaultheria.
  BEURRE,  Butter—b. de Bambouc, Butter
of bambouc—b. de Cacao, Butter of cacao—b.
de Coco, Butter of cocoa—b. Vegitale, Persea
gatissima.
  BEUVRIGNY, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Beuvrigny is in the  vicinity of Bayeux in Nor-
mandy.  The  water is chalybeate.
  BkVUE, Diplopia.
  BEX, Tussis—b.  Convulsiva, Pertussis—b.
Humida,  Expectoration—b.  Theriodes,  Per-
tussis.
1            BEZOARDICUM

   BEXIS, Tussis.
   BEXU'GO.  Under this name,  a purgative
 root  was  formerly introduced into ^Europe
 from Peru.  It is supposed to have been the
 root of a Hippocratea.
   BEZ'OAR, Bez'aar, Bez'ehard, Pa'zahar,
 from Persian Pa, ' against,' and zahar,  ' poi-
 son.'  Lapis Bezoar'dicus, Calculus Bez'oar,
 Enterolithus Bezoar'dus, Bezoard.  A calcu-
 lous  concretion,  found in  the stomach, intes-
 tines, and bladder of animals.   Wonderful vir-
 tues were formerly attributed to these Bezoars.
 There were two great varieties:  the Bez'oar
 orienta'le,   An'imal  Bezoar'ticum orienta'le,
 formed in the fourth stomach of the gazelle of
 India (Gazella In'dica, or rather Antil'opl cer-
 vica'pra:)  and the Bez'oar occidenta'll, Animal
 Bezoar'ticum occidenta'll, found in the fourth
 stomach of the wild goat or  chamois of Peru.
 These substances were esteemed to be power-
 ful alexipharmics; but the former was the more
 valued.  It was believed, that  no  poison, and
 no eruptive, pestilential, or putrid disease could
 resist its influence. As so many virtues  were
 ascribed to it,  other animal concretions  were
 substituted for it; and factitious Bezoards were
 made of crab's eyes  and claws,  bruised and
 mixed with musk, ambergris, &c.
   Bez'oar Bovi'num, (F.)  Bizoard de Bceuf,
 Bezoard of the beef.  A concretion formed in
 the fourth  stomach of beeves;  also, a biliary
 calculus found in the gall-bladder.
   Bezoar  Equinum, Bezoard of the horse—b.
 Hystricis, Bezoard of the Indian porcupine.
   Bez'oard of Cayman. This was once much
 prized. It is now unknown.
   BEZOARD  d'ALLEMAGNE,  iEgagro-
 phila.
   Bez'oard of the Chamois, Horse, Bezoar
 equi'num, Hippol'ithus, &c, exhibits its origin
 in the name.
   Bez'oard of  the Indian Por'cupine, Bez'-
 oar Hys'tricis, Lapis  Porci'nus, Lapis Malu-
 cen'sis, Petro del  Porco, (F.) Bizoard de  Pore
 Epic, was formerly the dearest of  all the Be-
 zoards, and was  sold  at an enormous price in
 Spain and Portugal.
   Bez'oard Mineral, Antimonium diaphoreti-
 cum—b. Vegetable, see Calappite.
   BEZOAR'DIC, Bezoar'dicus, (F.) Bizoar-
 dique;  concerning the  bezoard.   Bezoardic
 medicines  are those supposed  to  possess the
 same properties with the bezoard; as antidotes,
 alexiteria, alexipharmics, cordials.
   BEZOARDICA RADIX, Dorstenia contra-
 yerva.
   BEZOAR'DICUM SATUR'NI.  A pharma-
 ceutical preparation, regarded by the ancients
 as antihysteric   It was formed of  protoxide of
 lead,  butter of antimony, and nitric acid.
   Bezoar'dicum  Huma'num.   Urinary calculi
 were formerly  employed under this name as
 powerful alexipharmics.
   Bezoar'dicum Jovia'lf..  A sort of greenish
 powder, used as a diaphoretic,  and formed of
 antimony, tin, mercury, and nitric  acid.
   Bezoar'dicum  Luna're.  A medicine  for-
 merly regarded as a specific in epilepsy, con-
 vulsions, megrim, &c.   It was prepared of ni-
 trate  of silver, and butter of antimony.
   Bezoar'dicum  Martia'le.   A  tonic  medi-
 cine,  used by the  ancients in diarrhoea.  It was 
BI
112
BILE
prepared from the tritoxide of iron and butter
of antimony.
  Bezoar'dicum Mercuria'lb.  A  medicine,
formerly vaunted as an antisyphilitic, and pre-
pared from the mild chloride of mercury, but-
ter of antimony, and nitric acid.
  Bezoar'dicum Minera'le;  the  deutoxide of
antimony;  so  called, because its properties
were supposed to resemble those of animal be-
zoard.
  Bezoar'dicum Sola're1.   A diaphoretic me-
dicine, prepared of gold filings, nitric acid, and
butter of antimony.
  Bezoar'dicum Ven'eris.  A pharmaceutical
preparation, formerly employed in lepra, dis-
eases of the brain, &c; and which was made
from filings of copper, butter of antimony, and
nitric acid.
  BI, as  a prefix to words, has the same signi-
fication as Di.
  BIAIOTHANATI, Biothanati.
  BIBITORIUS, Rectus internus oculi.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY,MEDICAL, from|J«/Moc,
' a book,' and yoa<pa>, ' I describe.'   Skill in the
knowledge of medical books.  The most distin-
guished medical biographers have  been: J. A.
Van der Linden, Amstelod. 1662,  8vo. (L.)
M. Lipenius, Francf. ad Mcen.  1079, fol. (L.)
G. A. Mercklein, Norimb.  1686,  (L.) J. J.
Manget, Genev. 1095 to 1731, (L.)Tarin (ana-
tomical,) Paris, 1753, (F.)  A. von  Haller,
Zurich, 1774, &c. (L.)  Vigiliis  von Creut-
zenheld  (surgical,)  Vindob. 1781, (L.)  C. G.
Kuhn, Lips. 1794,  (L.)  C. L. Schweickard
(anat., phys., and legal medicine,)  Stuttgard,
1796 to IbOO, (L.)  G. G. Ploucquet, Tubing.
1808 to 1814, (L.) C.F.Burdach, Gotha, 1810
to 1821.  (G.) J. S. Ersch, (since 1750,) Leipz.
1822, (G.) Th. Ch. Fr. Enslin, (of Germany,
since  1750,) Berlin, 1826, (G.)  J. B. Mont-
falcon, Paris, 1827, (F.)   J. Forbes, M. D.,
F. R. S., London, 1835.  A.  C. P. Callisen,
Copenhagen,  J 845, (G.)
  BICAUDALIS, Retrahens  auris.
  BICAUDATUS, Cauda'tus, 'double-tailed.'
A monster having two tails.
  BICEPHA'LIUM, Dicepha'lium.  A hybrid
word,  from bi  and  x.«p*Xt!, ' head.'   Sauvages
applies this epithet to a very large sarcoma  on
the head, which seems to form a double head.
  BICEPHALUS, Dicephalus.
  BICEPS, from bis,' twice/ and caput,' head.'
That which  has two heads.   This name has
been  particularly given to two muscles; one
belonging to  the arm, the other to the thigh.
  Biceps Exter'nus,  Mus'culus.  The long
portion of the Triceps Brachia'lis.—Douglas.
  Biceps Flexor Cruris,  Biceps Cruris, Bi-
ceps,  (F.) Biceps Crural, Biceps Fem'oris, Is'-
chio-fem'oro pironier—(Ch.)  A muscle on the
posterior part of the thigh;  one  head arising
fYom  the tuberosity  of the ischium, and the
other from a  great part of the linea aspera.  It
is inserted into the top of the fibula.   It serves
to bend the leg on the thigh.
   Biceps Flexor Cu'biti,  Biceps  Bra'chii,
Cor'aco-radia'lis, Biceps, Biceps manus, Bi-
ceps  inter1 nus, Biceps inter'mis hu'meri, (F.)
Scapulo-radial. (Ch.,)—Biceps Brachial.  A
muscle,  situate at the anterior and internal part
of the arm; extending from the edge of the gle-
noid  cavity and from the top of the  coracoid
process  to the tuberosity of the radius.   It
bends the fore-arm upon the arm.
  BICHE DE MER, Sea Slug.  A mollus-
cous animal belonging to the genus Holothuria,
which is  caught  amongst the  islands of the
Feejee group, New Guinea, &c, and when pre-
pared finds a ready sale in China, where it is
used as an ingredient in rich soups.
  BICHET, Terra Orleana.
  BICHICH'IiE.   Pectoral  medicines, com-
posed of liquorice juice, sugar, blanched al-
monds, &c—Rhazes.
  BICHIOS, Dracunculus.
  BICHO, Dracunculus—b. di Culo, Procto-
cace.
  BICHOS.  A Portuguese name for the worms
that get under the toes of people in the Indies;
and which are  destroyed by the oil of the cash-
ew nut.
  BICIP'ITAL, from biceps (bis and eaput)
' two-headed.'   Relating to the biceps.
  Bicip'ital Groove, (F.) Coulisse  ou Gout-
tiere bicipitale, Coulisse humerale, (Ch.,) is a
longitudinal groove, situate between  the tube-
rosities of the os humeri, which lodges the long
head of the biceps.
  Bicip'ital Tu'bercle, Bicipital tuberosity,
(F.) Tuberositi bicipitale;—a prominence near
the upper extremity of the radius,  to which the
tendon of the biceps is attached.
  BICORNE RUDE, Ditrachyceros.
  BICUS'PID,Bicuspida'tus,from bis,'twice,'
and  cuspis,  ' a spear.'  That which has two
points or tubercles.
  Bicus'pid Teeth, Dentes Bicuspida'ti, (F.)
Dents bicuspidies, the small  molares.   See
Molar.
  BIECHO, Bische.
  BlkRE, Cerevisia.
  BIESTINGS, Colustrum.
  BIFEMOR O-CALCANIEN, Gastrocnemii.
  BIFURCATION,  Bifurca'tio,  from  bis,
' twice,'  and furca, ' a fork.'  Division of  a
trunk into two branches; as the bifurcation of
the trachea, aorta, &c
  BIGASTER, Digastricus.
  BIG BLOOM, Magnolia macrophylla.
  BIGEMINAL  BODIES,  Quadrigemina tu-
bercula.
  BIGGAR.  A disease of Bengal,  remarka-
ble for the intensity and danger of the cerebral
symptoms.—Twining.
  BIG-LEAF, Magnolia macrophylla.
  BIGLES, see Strabismus.
  BIGNONIA CATALPA, Catalpa.
  Bigno'nia  In'dica.   The leaves are  em-
ployed in India, as emollients, to ulcers.
  BIJON, see Pinus sylvestris.
  BILAZAY, MINERAL WATERS OF. Bi-
lazay is a town in France,  two  leagues from
Thouar,  department of  Deux Sevres,  near
which is a thermal sulphureous spring.  Tem-
perature about 77° Fahrenheit.
  BILBERRY, Vaccinium myrtillus— b. Red,
Vaccinium vitis idaea.
  BILE, Bills, Fel, Chol'os,  Choll,  (F.) Bile,
Fiel.  A  yellow, greenish, viscid, bitter, nau-
seous fluid, secreted by the liver.   It is distin-
guished into hepat'ic  and  cystic;  according as
it flows immediately into  the duodenum from
the liver or from the gall-bladder. It contains,
according to Muratori, water, a peculiar fatty
matter, colouring matter, (Cholepyr'rhin or Bi- 
                 BILIARY                1

lipha'in,)  cholesterin  combined with soda;
picromel or  bilin;  extract  of flesh, mucus;
soda, phosphate of soda; phosphate of lime, and
chloride of sodium.
  The use of the bile is to  remove  from the
body superfluous hydro-carbon; and it is  pro-
bably inservient to useful purposes in digestion.
  Bile, Furunculus—b. Black, Atrabilis—b.de
Bceuf, see Bile—b. Repandue, Icterus.
  Bile  of the Bear, Gall  of the Bear, Fel
Ursi, was thought to be antiepileptic; and that
of the Eel, Fel anguil'la, to facilitate labour.
  Bile  of the Ox, Gall of the Ox,  Ox Gall,
Fel Tauri, Fel Bovis, F. Bovi'num, (F.) Bile
de Bauf, was once reputed cosmetic and deter-
gent, anti-otalgic and emmenagogue;  as well
as to possess the power of facilitating labour.
It has also been given as a bitter stomachic and
anthelmintic; and recently, as a tonic and laxa-
tive, in cases of deficiency of the biliary secre-
tion.
  BIL'IARY, Bilia'ris, Bilia'rius,  Felleus.
That which relates to bile.
  Bil'iary Appara'tus,  B. organs, B. pas-
sages.  The collection of parts that concur  in
the secretion and excretion  of  bile:—viz. the
liver, pori biliarii  or tubuli biliferi; hepatic,
cystic, and choledoch ducts and gall-bladder.
   Bil'iary Concre'tions are concretions found
in some parts of the biliary apparatus.
   Biliary Ducts, Pori biliarii.
   BILIEUX, Bilious.
   BILIMBI, Averrhoa bilimbi.
   BILIMBING TERES, Averrhoa bilimbi.
   BILIN,  Picromel.
  BIL'IOUS, Bilio'sus, Cholictis,  Cholius,
Frliu'eus,  Epich'olos,  Picroch'olos,  Felleus,
(F.) Bilieux.  That which relates to bile, con-
tains bile,  or is produced by bile.  An epithet
given  to  certain  constitutions  and  diseases,
which are believed to be the effect  of supera-
bundance of  the biliary  secretion;  as Bilious
temperament, B. symptoms, B. fever.
   BILIPHiEIN, see Bile.
   BILIS FLUXIO, Cholera morbus.
   BILIVERD'IN, from Bills, 'bile,'  and viri-
dis, ' green.'  On adding an  acid to a solution
of the yellow colouring  matter of bile, a pre-
cipitate of green  flocculi takes place, which
possesses all the properties  of  chlorophyll,  or
the green colouring matter of leaves.   This  is
the biliverdin of Berzelius.
   BILUMBI BITING-BING, Malus Indica.
  BI'MANUS, from bis and manus, 'a hand.'
One that has  two hands.  A term applied only
to man,  because  he is the sole mammiferous
animal that possesses two perfect hands.
  BINDER, Bandage.
  BINDWEED, Polygonum aviculare—b. Fid-
dle-leaved, Convolvulus panduratus—b. Great,
Convolvulus sepium—b. Lavender-leaved, Con-
volvulus Cantabrica—b. Sea, Convolvulus solda-
nella—b. Virginian, Convolvulus panduratus.
  BINKOHUMBA, Phyllanthus urinaria.
  BlNOC'UlAJ$,Bin'ocle,DiophthalmicaFas'-
cia, Oc'ulis duplex, fxom bis, 'twice,'and oculus,
'an eye.'  (F.) (Eil double.  A bandage applied
over both  eyes.  It was, also, formerly called
Diophthal'mus.
  BIN'SICA.  Disorder of the mind.   Accord-
ing to Van Helmont, an atrophy of the organ
of imagination.
3                BISMUTH

   BIOCHYMIA, Chymistry, vital.
   JSIODY'N AM'ICS,Biody?iam'ica,Biodynam'-
icl,  Biosoph'ia,from (iiog,  'life,' and Swauig,
' power,'' force.'  The doctrine of the vital ac-
tivity, or forces.
   BIOGAMIA, Magnetism, animal.
   BIOLOGY, Physiology.
   BIOLYCHNION, Animal heat.
   BIOLYCH'NIUM,  from  (iiog, 'life,' and
Jtvjp'iov, 'a lamp.'  Innate heat, vital  heat.
Lych'nium,Lychnid'ium, Thermum em'phytum,
FlammdseuFlam'mulavita'lis seu cordis.  Also,
a secret preparation of which Beguin and Bur-
grave make mention.
   BIOMAGNETISMUS, Magnetism, animal.
   BIOPHiENOMONELOGlA, Physiology.
   BIOS, (itog.   Life, (q. v.)  Also, what is ne-
cessary for the preservation of life.
   BIOSOPHIA, Biodynamics.
   BIOTE, Life.
   BIOTHAN'ATI, Biaiothan'ati, from (iiog,
' life,' and ftavaxog, ' death.' Those who  die of
a violent death, very suddenly,  or as if  there
was no  space between life and death.
   BIOTICS, Physiology.
   BIOTOMIA, Vivisection.
   BIPARIETAL  SUTURE, Sagittal suture.
   BIR,  Thorax.
   BIRA, Cerevisia.
   BIRCH, Betula alba—b. Black, Betula lenta
—b. Cherry,  Betula lenta—b.  Sweet, Betula
lenta.
   BIRTH, CROSS, Presentation, preternatural.
   BIRTHWORT, Aristolochia—b. Snakeroot,
Aristolochia serpentaria.
   BISCHE, Biecho.  A malignant kind of dy-
sentery, which often prevails in the island of
Trinidad.
   BIS'CUIT,  Biscoc'tus, 'twice baked.'  A
kind of  dry, hard bread, or cake, which is va-
riously made; and, when without eggs or butter,
is easy  of digestion.   It was formerly  called
Dipyri'tes, and Di'pyros.
   B1SERMAS, Salvia sclarea.
   BISFERIENS, Dicrotus.
   BISHOP'S WEED, Ammi.
   BISLINGUA, Ruscus hypoglossum.
   BISMALVA, Althaea.
   BISMUTH, Bismu'thum, Wismu'thum, Reg'-
ulus of Bis'muth, Marcasi'ta, Tin glass, (F.)
ktain gris, E. de Glace.   A metal, in spicular
plates, of a yellowish-white colour; s. gr. 9.822;
fusible at 400° Fahrenheit, and volatilizable at
a high temperature.  It is used only in the pre-
paration of the subnitrate.
   Bismuth, Oxyd of, Bismuth, Subnitrate of—
b. Regulus of,  Bismuth.
   Bismuth, Subni'trate of, Marcasi'ta alba,
Plumbum cine'reum, Magiste'rium Marcasi'ta
seu Bismuthi,  Bismu'thum Nit'ricum, B. Sub-
nitricum, Nitras Subbismu'thicum, Nitras Bis-
muthi, Calx Vismu'thi, Bismu'thum oxydula'-
lum album, Oxyd of Bismuth, Mag"istery of
Bismuth, Pearl White, Spanish White, (F.)
Sousnitrate de bismuth, Oxide  blanc de B.,
Blanc de fard, Blanc de perle.  (Bismuth, in
frustulis, ^j. Acid.nitric. f. ,^iss. Aq. destill.
q.  s. Mix a fluidounce of distilled water with
the nitric acid, and dissolve the bismuth in the
mixture.  When the solution is complete, pour
the clear  liquor into  three pints of  distilled
water, and set the mixture by, that the powder
may subside.   Lastly, having poured off the 
BISMUTHI NITRAS           114
BLAFARD
supernatant fluid, wash the subnitrate of Bismuth
with distilled water, wrap it in bibulous paper,
and dry it with a gentle heat.  Ph. U. S.)   It
is considered to be tonic and antispasmodic, and
has been chiefly used in gastrodynia.
  BISMUTHI NITRAS,Bismuth, Subnitrate of.
  BISMUTHUM, Bismuth—b. Nitricum, Bis-
muth,  subnitrate of—b.  Oxydulatum Album,
Bismuth, subnitrate of—b. Subnitricum, Bis-
muth, subnitrate of.
  BISPIRUS, Dipnoos.
  BISSUS.  The silky filaments which fix the
Pinna Marina to the rocks.  In Italy and Cor-
sica, clothes are made of these, which are con-
sidered to favour perspiration, and are recom-
mended to be worn next the skin in rheuma-
tism, gout, &c—See Byssus.
  BISTORT,  OFFICINAL, Polygonum bis-
torta.
  BISTORT A, Polygonum bistorta.
  BISTORTIER,(F.)  A name given, by the
Pharmacien, to a long wooden pestle used  for
reducing soft substances to powder, and in the
preparation of electuaries.
  BIS TOURI,(F.) Pistorien'sisgla'dius,Scal-
pellus, Scalpeum,  Bistoury.  A  small cut-
ting-knife, used in surgery,—so called, accord-
ing to Huet, from the  town of Pistori, which
was formerly celebrated for the manufacture
of those instruments.  A  bistoury has the form
of a small knife, and is  composed of a blade and
handle.  The  blade, which is  most commonly
movable in the handle, may be fixed by a but-
ton, spring, &c.  When fixed in the handle, the
bistouri is called by the French, B. a lame fixe
ou dormante.
  The chief bistouries  are:—1. The straight
B. (F.) B. droit, in which the blade and cutting
edge are straight,  the point  being fine, round,
or square.  2. The convex B. (F.) B. convexe;
the blade of which is  convex at the cutting
edge, concave at the back.   3. The concave
B. (F.) B. concave; the blade  of which is con-
cave at its edge, and convex at the back.   4.
blunt-pointed B. (F.) B. boutonni ; the blade
of which has a button at its extremity.  5. The
blunt or probe-pointed Bistouri of Pott;
concave at its cutting edge, and its point blunt;
so that it can be carried on the palmar surface
of the index finger, to  divide  the stricture, in
strangulated  hernia.    Sir Astley Cooper has
recommended a useful modification of this, to
avoid wounding the intestine, should it come in
contact with the edge  of the knife.  His Bis-
touri has an edge of not more  than eight lines
in length, situate about  five lines from the point.
6. Bistouri a la lime, (F.) is a straight Bis-
toury ; the blade fixed in  the handle, the extre-
mity with a button, and the  edge made with a
file. It is chiefly used for dilating parts.  7. Bis-
touri royal, (F.)  A Bistouri used in opeiating
upon Louis XIV., for fistula in ano.  8. Bistouri
gastrique,  (F.)   A complicated instrument,
invented by Morand, for dilating wounds of the
abdomen.  9. Bistouri  cache, B. hemiaire
ou  Attrape-lourdaud de Biennaise, Forceps de-
cepto'ria.  A curved bistouri, the blade of which
is placed in a canula, whence it issues on press-
ing a spring.
   The word Bistouri is used by the French, at
times, where we would employ knife.
   BIT NOBEN,  Salt  of Bitu'men,  Padnoon,
Soucherloon, Khala  mimuc.   A white, saline
substance, which is a Hindoo preparation of
great  antiquity, and has been supposed to be
the Sal asphaltltes  and Sal Sodome'nus of the
ancients.  It is used by the Hindoo in the  pre-
vention or cure of almost all diseases.
  BITHNIMAL'CA, Gas'teranax.  Two un-
meaning  words, used  by Dolaeus, to designate
an active principle supposed to have its seat in the
stomach, and to preside over chymification, &c.
  BITIOS DE KIS, Proctocace.
  BITTER, Amarus—b. Bark, Pinckneya pu-
bens—b. Bloom,  Chironia angularis—b. Holy,
Hiera picra—b. Redberry, Cornus  Florida—b.
Root,  Apocynum androsaemifolium, Gentiana
Catesbaei, Menyanthes verna—b. Sweet night-
shade, Solanum Dulcamarai—b. Sweet vine, So-
lanum Dulcamara.
  BITTERNESS, Amaritu'do, Amarities,Am-
a'ror,Pi'cria,(F.) Amertume. A particular taste,
which belongs to many substances.  In some
diseases there is a sense of bitterness felt in the
mouth.
  BITTERS,  COLUMBO, Tinctura Calumbaa
—b. Spirit,  Tinctura gentianae composita—b.
Wine, Vinum gentians compositum.
  BITTERSWEET,  Solanum dulcamara.
  BITTERWEED, Ambrosia trifida.
  BITTERWOOD  TREE, Quassia.
  BITTOS.  A disease,  in  which  the chief
symptom is an acute pain in the anus.—Chomel.
  BITUMEN, GLUTINOUS, Pissasphaltum-
b. Judaicum, Asphaltum—b. of Judea, Asphal-
tum—b. Petroleum, Petrolaeum—b. Malta, Piss-
asphaltum—b. Salt  of, Bitnoben—b. Solidum,
Asphaltum.
  BI VENTER, Digastricus—b. Cervicis, Corn-
plexus musculus—b. Maxillae, Digastricus.
  BIVENTRAL LOBE OF THE CEREBEL-
LUM, see Lobe, biventral.
  BIXA ORLEANA, Terra Orleana.
  BLABE, Wound.
  BLACCIiE, Rubeola.
  BLACIA, Debility.
  BLACKBERRY,  AMERICAN, see Rubus
fruticosus—b. High  or standing, see Rubus fruti-
cosus.
  BLACK  DOSE, see Infusum  Sennae com-
positum.
  BLACK  DRAUGHT,  see  Infusum  Senna:
compositum.
  BLACK  DROP,  Guttae nigra.
  BLACK ROOT,  Aletris farinosa, Leptandria
purpurea.
  BLACKWATER,  Pyrosis.
  BLADDER, IRRITABLE, Cysterethismus.
  BLADUM, BU.
  BL^SITAS, Balbuties.
   Bl^'sitas, Blasa lingua. Some authors have
used this word as synonymous with stammering.
See  Balbuties.  Sauvages understands  by it a
defect in pronunciation, which consists in sub-
stituting soft consonants for those that are hard;
as the z  for  s, the d for t, the s for g and j, &c.
Also,  Lisping, Traulis'mus,  Trau'lotes,  (F.)
Blesite, Ble (parler.)
   BL.ESOPODES, see Kyllosis.
   BL^SOPUS, see Kyllosis.
   BLiESUS.  A  distortion; especially the out-
ward distortion of the legs.  Also, a stammerer.
   BLAFARD,(F.) Pal lidus,Pallid'ulus. This
epithet is sometimes given to the skin, when
pale and dull; but,  most frequently, to  the flesh
of a wound, when it has lost its colour, and be- 
BLANC DE BALEINE        115            BLENNORRHCEA
come white. The word is, also, sometimes used
synonymously with Albino, (q. v.)
  BLANC DE BALEINE, Cetaceum—b. de
Ford, Bismuth, subnitrate of—b. de I'CEil, Scle-
rotic—b. d'QUuf, Albumen ovi—b. de Perle, Bis-
muth, subnitrate of.
  BLANC MANGER, (F.) Cibus albus, Leu-
ropha'gium, Leucoph'agum,  Argyrotrophe'ma.
An animal jelly, so called on account of its
colour,  combined  with an emulsion of sweet
almonds, to which sugar has been  added, and
some aromatic.  It is sometimes prescribed as a
nutrient in convalescence and chronic diseases.
  BLANC-RAISIN, Blanc Rhazis.
  BLANC RHAZIS, Blanc-raisin.   An oint-
ment composed  of  cerussa, white  wax, and
olive oil.
  BLANCA, Plumbi subcarbonas.
  TO BLANCH,from (F.)blanchir,'to whiten,
to bleach.'   To deprive of the outer rind; as ' to
blanch almonds;' i. e. to peel them.
  BLANCHET,(F.) Ablanket. Atermgiven,
by  the French  Pharmaciens, to the woollen
strainer through which  they filter  syrup and
other thick fluids.  See, also, Aphthae.
  BLANCNON  ORIBASII, Polypodium filix
mas.
  BLAS.   An unmeaning term, invented  by
Van Helmont to designate a kind of movement
in the body; at times, local,—at others, under
extraneous influence.  Thus, he speaks of the
Bias meteoros of the heavenly bodies, and the
Bias huma'num, that which operates in man.
  BLASk, (F.) An  epithet given to one whom
the abuse of enjoyment has prevented from any
longer deriving satisfaction or pleasure from it.
  BLASTE'MA, Blaste'sis, from (thanava,,' I
bud.' A germ, (q. v.) The sense of this word,
which is often used by Hippocrates, is obscure.
Castelli thinks it means the eruption of  some
morbific principle at the surface of the body.
Also, the  matrix or  general formative element
of tissues.
  BLASTODERMA, see Molecule.
  BLATTA BYZANTIA, Unguis odora'tus,
(F.) Blatte de Byzance.  This name seems, for-
merly, to have been  given to a marine produc-
tion from  some of the Conchylia.  It had an
agreeable  smell, a reddish tint,  and the shape
of a nail.  It was prescribed in epilepsy, hyste-
ria, and hepatic obstructions.  Rondelet affirms
that it was the production of the shell-fish mu-
rex or purpura; and  that the name Blatta  is de-
rived from the Greek (iXurroc, 'purple.'
  BLAVELLE, Centaurea cyanus.
  BLAVEOLE, Centaurea cyanus.
  BLAVEROLLE,  Centaurea cyanus.
  BLAZING-STAR, Liatris.
  BLk, Bladum.   This  word  answers, in
France, to the  word  Corn (q. v.) in  England;
i. e. any kind  of grain employed for  making
bread.   Wheat being most commonly used for
this purpose, Ble is sometimes restricted to this.
Bli miteil  is a mixture of wheat and rye.
  BLk  CORNU, Ergot—b. d'Espagne,  Zea
mays—b. d'Italic, Zea Mays—b.  Noir, Polygo-
num fagopyrum—b. de Turquie, Zea Mays.
  BLk (PARLER,) Bhesitas.
  BLEABERRY, Vaccinium myrtillus.
  BLEACHING LIQUID, Eau de javelle.
  BLEAR  EYE, Lippitudo.
  BLEB, Bulla.
  BLECHNON, Polypodium filix mas.
  BLECHNUM LIGNIFOLIUM, Asplenium
 Scolopendrium—b. Squamosum j Asplenium ce-

  BLECHROPYRA, see Blechros.
  BLECHROPYRUS, Typhus mitior.
  BLECHROS, pXr,XQoc,'weak, feeble, slow.'
 An epithet, applied to different affections, and
 particularly to fevers.   Hence Blechrop'yra,
 'a  slow fever:'  Blechrosphyg'mia,  'a  slow
 pulse.'
  BLECHROSPHYGMIA, see Blechros.
  BLED, Corn.
  BLEEDING, Bloodletting, Haemorrhagia.
  BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE, Epistaxis
 —b. Heart, Cypripedium luteum.
  BLkME, (F.)  This  word has  nearly the
 same signification as Blafard. Generally, how-
 ever, it includes, also, emaciation of the coun-
 tenance.
  BLENNA, Mucus—b. Narium, Nasal mucus.
  BLENNADENITIS,  from /S^wa,'mucus,'
 aSr,v, 'a gland,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of mucous  follicles.
  BLENNELYT'RIA, from (?x*rra,  'mucus,5
 and txuToov, 'a sheath.'   A discharge of mucus
 from the vagina. Leucorrhoea, (q. v.)—Alibert.
  BLENNEM'ESIS.  Blenndem'esis, Vom'itus
 pituito'sus, from (iXtwa, 'mucus,' and tp.t<ric,
 'vomiting.'  Vomiting of mucus.
  BLENNENTERIA, Dysentery.
  BLENNISTH'MIA, from (iXtwa,  'mucus,'
 and  icr^oc, 'the gullet.'  Increased flow of
 mucus from the pharynx and larynx.—Alibert.
  BLENNOCHEZIA, Diarrhoea, mucous.
  BLENNOCYSTIDES, Bursas mucosae.
  BLENNODES, Muciform.
  BLENNOEMESIS, Blennemesis.
  BLENNOG"ENOUS, Blennog"enus, Mucif-
 ic, Mucif'icus, from pXtvva, ' mucus,' and ytraw,
 'I form.'  Forming or generating mucus.  Bre-
 schet and Roussel de Vauzeme describe an ap-
 paratus  of this kind for the secretion of the mu-
 cous matter that constitutes the cuticle,  com-
 posed of a glandular parenchyma or organ of se-
 cretion situate in the substance of the true skin,
 and of excretory ducts, which issue from the
 organ, and deposite the mucous matter between
 the papillae.
  BLENNOIDES, Muciform.
  BLENNOIDEUS, Muciform.
  BLENNOPHTHALMIA,  Ophthalmia, (pu-
 rulent.)
  BLENNOPTYSIS,from (iXm*,and vxvct, 'I
 spit.' Expectoration of mucus. Catarrh (q. v.)
  BLENNOP'YRA,.BlennojM/'ria, from /Sxtwa,
 and 71 up, 'fire.'  Alibert has classed, under this
 head, various  fevers with mucous complica-
 tions; as Mesenteric fever,  Adeno-meningeal
fever, &c
  BLENNORRHAGIA,  Gonorrhoea—b. Geni-
 talium, Leucorrhoea—b. Notha, Gonorrhoea spu-
 ria—b. Spuria, Gonorrhoea spuria.
  BLENNORRHAGIC EPIDIDYMITIS, Her-
 nia humoralis.
  BLENNORRHAGIE  FAUSSE,  Gonor-
 rhoea spuria—b. du Gland, Gonorrhoea spuria.
  BLENNORRHINIA, Coryza.
  BLENNORRHEA, Blennorrho'e, Blennor-
rhag' 'ia,Phlegmorrhce' a,Phlegmorrhag"ia,fxom
pXevv*, 'mucus,' and ptw, 'I flow.'   Inordinate
secretion and discharge of mucus.   Also, Go-
norrhoea.
  Blennorrhcsa Chronica, (gleet,) see Go- 
BLENNOSES
116
BLOOD
norrhoea—b. Genitalium, Leucorrhoea—b. Lu-
odes, Gonorrhoea impura—b. Nasalis, Coryza—
b. Oculi, see Ophthalmia—b. Oculi gonorrhoica,
see Ophthalmia—b. Oculi  neonatorum, see
Ophthalmia—b. Oculi purulenta, see Ophthal-
mia—b. Urethralis,  Gonorrhoea—b. Urinalis,
Cystorrhcea—b.  Ventriculi,  Gastrorrhcea—b.
Vesicas, Cystorrhcea.
  BLENNO'SES, from pXtwa, 'mucus.'  Af-
fections of the mucous membranes.—Alibert.
  BLENNOTHORAX, Catarrh, Peripneumo-
nia notha—b. Chronicus, Asthma humidum.
  BLENNOTORRHGEA, Otirrhoea.
  BLENNURETHRIA, Gonorrhoea.
  BLENNURIA, Cystorrhcea.
  BLEPHARADENITIS, Ophthalmia Tarsi.
  BLE PHARANTHRACO'SI S, Blepharitis
gangrano'sa, Carbuncula'tio Oc'uli.  Gangre-
nous inflammation of the eyelids.
  BLEPHARELOSIS,  Entropion.
  BLEPHARIDES, Cilia.
  BLEPHARIDOPLASTICE,  Blepharoplas-
tice.
  BLEPHARISMUS, Nictation.
  BLEPHARITIS, Ophthalmia  tarsi—b. Gan-
graenosa, Blepharanthracosis.
  BLEPHAROBLENNORRHCEA,  Ophthal-
mia, purulent.
  BLEPH'ARO-CONJUNCTIVITIS, Bleph-
arosyndesmltis, from fiXiqagw,' an eyelid,' and
conjunctiva.  Ophthalmia affecting the con-
junctiva and eyelids.
  BLEPHARODYSCHRCE'A, from /?xe9*osv,
the 'eyelid,' dug, 'with difficulty,' and  xQoa>
'colour.'  Discoloration of the eyelid.  Naevus
of the eyelid.—Von Ammon.
  BLEPHAR02DEMA AQUOSUM,  Hydro-
blepharon.
  BLEPHARON, Palpebra—b. Atoniaton, Ble-
pharoptosis.
  BLEPHARONCO'SIS, Blepharon'cus, Ble-
pharophy'ma, Palpebrarum T?imor, from (iXiq-
apov, 'eyelid,' and oyxog, ' tumour.'   A tumour
on the eyelid.
  BLEPHARONCUS,  Blepharoncosis.
  BLEPHAROPHTHALMIA, Ophthalmia
tarsi—b. Neonatorum, see Ophthalmia—b. Pu-
rulenta, Blepharopyorrhcea.
   BLEPHAROPHTHALMITIS  GLANDU-
LOSA, Ophthalmia, purulent, of infants.
   BLEPHAROPHYMA, Blepharoncosis.
   BLEPHAROPLASTICE, Blepharidoplas'-
ticl, Insl'tio Cilio'rum,from (iXitpapov, 'the eye-
lid,'and rxao-Tixof, 'forming,"formative.' The
formation of a new eyelid.
   BLEPHAROPLEGIA, Blepharoptosis.
   BLEPHAROPTO'SIS, Blepharople'gia, Ca-
sus palpebra superio'ris, Delap'sus palpebra,
Prolap'sus  palpebra,  Propto'sis  palpebra,
Pto'sis palpebra, Atoniaton blepharon, from
(fxiipaoov,  'the eyelid,' and nruxjie, 'fall.'   A
falling down of the upper eyelid over the eye,
caused by a paralysis of the Levator palpebra
superioris  muscle.  This paralysis is an unfa-
vourable symptom, as it is generally connected
with a state of the brain favouring apoplexy or
palsy.
   Blepharoptosis Ectropium,  Ectropium—b.
Entropion, Entropion.
  BLEPHAROPYORRHffi'A,J5/e^aro^(z/'-
mia purulen'ta,Pyorrhai'a palpebra, from |Sx£<p-
 apor, 'eyelid;' nvov, 'pus,' and §tu>, 'I  flow.'
 Secretion of pus from the eyelids.
  BLEPHARORRHffi'A, from (iXtcpaoov, 'eye-
lid,' and gsto,' I flow.'   A discharge of mucus
from the eyelids.
  BLEPHAROSPAS'MUS:  from  (iXtyaoor,
'eyelid,' and o/rao-^o?, 'spasm.'  A spasmodic
action of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle.
  BLEPHARO-SYNDESMITIS,  Blepharo-
conjunctivitis.
  BLEPHAROTIS,Ophthalmia tarsi—b.Glan-
dularis contagiosa, see Ophthalmia.
  BLEPHAROTITIS, Ophthalmia tarsi.
  BLEPHAROTOSIS, Ectropium.
  BLEPHAROXYSTUM, Blepharoxys'triem,
from (iXtqagov,' eyelid,' and tvo,' I scrape.' An
instrument used, by the ancients, for removing
callosities, which made their appearance in the
affection  called, by  the Greeks, xoax®/**'—
Paulus of iEgina, Gorraeus.
  BLkSITk, Blaesitas.
  BLESSURE, Abortion, Wound.
  BLESTRIS'MUS.  Restlessness of the sick.
—Hippocrates.
  BLETA.   A word, used by Paracelsus for
white or  milky urine,  arising from diseased
kidneys.   Biota alba has the same meaning.
  BLEU  DE PRUSSE, Prussian blue.
  BLEVILLE, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Bleville is a village about two miles from Havre,
The waters are acidulous chalybeates.
  BLIGHT  IN THE  EYE, Ophthalmia, ca-
tarrhal.
  BLINDNESS, Caecitas—b.  Colour, Achro-
matopsia.
  BLISTER, Vesicato'rium,Emplas'trum Vesi-
cato'rium, Emplas'trum Lytta, Epispas'ticim,
from Vesica,  'a bladder,' (F.) Visicatoire, Ve-
sicant.  Any substance which, when applied
to the skin, irritates  it, and occasions a serous
secretion, raising the epidermis, and inducing a
vesicle.  Various  articles produce this effect,
as cantharides, mustard, garou,  euphorbium,
garlic, ammonia,  6rc.   Blisters  are used as
counter-irritants.   By exciting a disease artifi-
cially on  the surface, we can often  remove
another which may be  at the time existing in-
ternally.  A perpetual blister is one that is
kept open for a  longer  or  a shorter time by
means of appropriate dressings.
  Blister or vesication also means the vesicle
produced by vesicatories.
  BLISTERING FLY, Cantharis—b. Tissue,
Sparadrapum vesicatorium.
  BLISTERWEED, Ranunculus acris.
  BLITUM AMERICANUM, Phytolacca de-
candra.
  BLOOD,  Anglo Saxon, blob,  from blefcan,
'to bleed.'  Sanguis, Cruor, Lapis anima'lis,
Hama, 'ai^ia,  (F.) Sang.   An  animal  fluid
formed chiefly from  the  chyle; acquiring im-
portant properties during respiration;  entering
every organ  through  the  circulation; distri-
buting the nutritive principles to every texture,
and the source of every secretion.  The blood
is white in  the molluscous and  inferior ani-
mals, which have been, hence, called white-
blooded,  to   distinguish them from  the red-
blooded; which class  includes the mammalia,
birds, reptiles, and  fishes.   Human  blood  is
composed of water, albumen, fibrin, an animal
colouring substance, a little fatty matter—hat-
matela'um, and different salts; as chlorides  of
potassium and sodium, phosphate of lime, sub-
carbonate of soda, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, 
BLOOD
117
BLOOD-LETTING
and lactate of soda, united with an animal mat-
ter.  Arterial blood is of a florid red colour,
strong  smell, temp. 100°; s. g. 1.049.  Venous
blood is of a brownish  red: temp.  98°; s. g.
1.051.   This difference in colour has given oc-
casion  to the first being  called red blood;  the
latter black.  The former which is distributed
from the heart, is nearly the same through  its
whole  extent: the latter is the remains of the
arterial blood after the different elements have
been taken from it in nutrition, and probably
differs  in composition.   It  likewise contains
different substances  absorbed.   Venous blood,
taken from a vessel and left to itself, becomes
solid, and separates  into two distinct parts,—
the  serum or watery, supernatant  fluid;  and
the  cruor,  coag'ulum,  crass amen'turn,  hepar
seu  placen'ta san'guinis, placen'ta cruo'ris,
in'sula, thrombus, or clot. The serum is chiefly
water, holding  albumen in solution and  the
salts of the blood.   The clot contains the fibrin,
colouring matter—kamatosin, (q. v.) a little
serum, and a small  quantity of salts.  M.  Le-
canu found the blood to be composed—in 1000
parts—of water,  785.590;  albumen,  69.415;
fibrin; 3.565; colouring matter, 119.626; crys-
tallizable  fatty matter,  4.300;  oily  matter,
2.270; extractive matter soluble in alcohol and
water, 1.920; albumen  combined with soda,
2.010; chlorides of sodium and potassium;  al-
kaline phosphates, sulphates, and subcarbonates,
7.304;  subcarbonate of  lime  and  magnesia,
phosphate of lime, magnesia and iron, peroxide
of iron, 1.414; loss, 2.586.  The four principal
components of the blood are  fibrin, albumen,
corpuscles, and saline matter.   In  the  circu-
lating blood they are thus combined—
 .,,    '    f In solution  forming Liquor San-
Salts™"'  Sguinis'
   Red Corpuscles—suspended  in the  Liquor
Sanguinis.
   In coagulated blood they are thus combined,
Fibrin,         ) Forming  the crassamentum
Red Corpuscles, $ or clot.
Albumen, ) Remaining   in  solution, forming
Salts,     5 serum.
   The following table exhibits the computa-
tions of different physiologists regarding  the
weight of the circulating  fluid—arterial  and
venous.

Harvey,       (
Lister,         I                             o
Moulins,      ].........................
Abilguard,     (_
Blumenbach,   C
Lobb,         1.........................10
Lower,       (
Sprengel,.........................10 to 15
Muller and Burdach,......................20
Quesnai,................................27
F. Hoffmann,............................28
Haller,.............................28 to 30
Young,..................................40
Hamberger................................80
Keill,...................................100

   The proportion of arterial blood to venous is
about 4 to 9.
   Much attention has been  paid to the vary-
ing  condition of the blood  in disease.  The
average proportion of each of the organic ele-
ments  in 1000 parts  of healthy blood is as  fol-
lows, according to Lecanu, and MM. Andral,
and Gavarret:—fibrin, 3;  red corpuscles, 127 ;
solid matter of the serum, 80:  water, 790.
  Dried human blood was, at  one time, consi-
dered to be  antiepileptic;  that of the goat,
dried, Sanguis hirci sicca'tus,  sudorific, and
antipleuretic
  Blood, Arterial, see  Blood—b. Black, see
Blood—b. Black,  Vascular system of, see Vas-
cular—b.   Casein,  Globulin—b.   Corpuscles,
Globules of the blood—b. Disks, Globules  of
the blood—b.  Dried, see Blood—b. Loss of,
Haemorrhagia—b. Red, see Blood—b. Red, sys-
tem of,  see Vascular—b.  Spitting of, Haemop-
tysis—b. Venous, see Blood—b. Vomiting of,
Haematemesis—b. White, Lymph.
  BLOODLESSNESS, Anaemia.
  BLOOD-LETTING, Missio seu Detrac'tio
San'guinis, Hamax'is, Cataschas'mus,  Bleed-
ing, (F.) Saign'ee.   A discharge of a  certain
quantity of blood produced  by art: an  opera-
tion which consists  in making an opening into
a vessel to  draw blood from it. When practised
on an artery, it  is  called Arteriotomy; on a
vein, Phlebotomy,  Venasec'tio, Venesee'tion;
and on the  capillary vessels, local or capillary,
in contradistinction to the  former, which  is
termed  general.   Blood-letting is  used both
during the  existence of a disease, as in inflam-
mation, and in the way of prophylaxis.  It  is
employed to fulfil various indications.   1. To
diminish the actual  mass  of blood;—when it is
termed, by the French pathologists, Saignie
evacuative. In such  case, fluids ought  not  to
be  allowed too freely afterwards.  2. To di-
minish the  turgescence in  any particular organ
—( (F.) Saignie revulsive, Revulsive blood-
letting  or  bleeding,  Venasec'tio  revulso'ria,
when performed  far  from the part affected;
and Saignie  derivative,  when near.)   3. To
diminish the  consistence of the blood,  ( (F.)
Saignie spoliative.)  The immediate effects of
blood-letting  are: diminution  of the  mass  of
blood and  of heat;  retardation of  the  pulse,
and  sometimes syncope.   Blood-letting from
the  veins—phlebotomy,  is  practised  on the
subcutaneous veins  of the neck,  the face, the
fore-arm, and the leg; sometimes on those  of
the hand  or  foot.  The   necessary apparatus
consists of  a bandage  or riband, a compress  of
rag, and a lancet or phleam.
  The veins selected for  the operation, are,  1.
In the fold of the  arm, five ;—the cephalic, ba-
silic, the two median, and the anterior cubital.
2. In the hand, the  cephalic and salvatella.  3.
In the foot, the great and little saphena.   4. In
the neck, the external  jugular.   5. In the fore-
head, the frontal.   6.  In  the mouth, the ranine.
The operation of phlebotomy in  the limbs  is
performed by tying a circular  bandage round
the limb, in order that the subcutaneous veins
may become turgid, by the course of the blood
being obstructed:  the bandage not being  so
tight, however, as to  compress the arteries  of
the limb.   A puncture is  made into the vein,
and the  desired quantity allowed to flow.   The
ligature is  now removed, and a compress and
retaining bandage applied.   Capillary or local
blood-letting is practised on the skin or mucous
membranes, by means of leeches, the lancet,  or
cupping.
  Bloodletting, Capillary, see Bloodletting
—b. Derivative, see Bloodletting—b. Evacua- 
BLOOD-LIKE              118            BOLETUS ALBUS
tive, see Bloodletting—b. General,  see Blood-
letting—b. Local, see  Bloodletting—b. Revul-
sive, see Bloodletting—b. Spoliative, see Blood-
letting.
  BLOODLIKE, Sanguine.
  BLOODROOT, Sanguinaria Canadensis.
  BLOODSTONE, Hematites.
  BLOOD VESICLE, Globule of the blood.
  BLOOD VESSEL, (F.) Vaisseau sanguin.
A vessel destined to contain and convey blood.
  Blood   Vessel, breaking, bursting, rup-
turing of a.—Haemorrhagia.
  BLOOD WORT, Sanguinaria Canadensis.
  BLOODY,Sanguineus, Cruen'tus,Sanguin -
eous, (F.) Sanguin.  Having the character of
blood.  Relating to blood.  See Sanguine.
  BLOOM, HONEY, Apocynum androsaemifo-
lium.
  BLOTA ALBA, Bleta.
  BLOW, Ictus, Plegl, (F.) Coup.  Effect pro-
duced by  one body striking another.  The im-
pression made by any body, which strikes us or
against which we strike;—a common cause of
wounds, contusions, fractures, &c
  BLOWING SOUND, Bruit de Sotijfle.
  BLUE-BELLS, Gentiana catesbaei.
  BLUE-BERRY, Caulophyllum thalictroides,
Lantana.
  BLUE BOTTLE, Centaurea cyanus, Cyanus
segetum.
  BLUE STONE, Cupri sulphas.
  BLUET DES MOISSONS, Cyanus sege-
tum.
  BLUSH, CUTANEOUS, see Efflorescence.
  BOA, Boia. An eruption of red, ichorous pim-
ples.  Pliny. See, also,  Hidroa and Sudamina.
  Boa  Upas, Upas.
  BOiE, Syphilis.
  BOBERRI, Curcuma longa.
  BOCHIUM, Bronchocele.
  BOCIUM, Bronchocele.
  BOOKLET,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
The springs of Bocklet in Bavaria are acidu-
lous chalybeates.
  BODY,  Corpus,  Soma, (F.) Corps:  from
boden, the 'fundus or bottom.' (?)  The human
body is the  collection of organs, which com-
pose the frame.  At times,  however, body is
used synonymously with trunk.  We say, also,
body of the femur, of the sphenoid, &c, to de-
signate the  shaft or middle portion of those
bones;  body of the uterus, &c.  Also, the rec-
tum.
  Body, Coming down of the, Proctocele.
  BODY-SNATCHER,  Resurrectionist.
  BOE, Cry.
  BOELLI, Intestines.
  BOETHEMA, Medicament.
  BOG-BEAN, Menyanthes trifoliata.
  BOHON UPAS, Upas.
  BOIA, Boa.
  BOIL,  Furunculus—b. Gum,  Parulis—b.
Malignant, see  Furunculus—b.  Wasp's nest,
see Furunculus.
  BOIS   DE CAMPkCHE, Haematoxylum
Campechianum—b. de  Chypre, Rhodium  lig-
num—b.  de Couleuvre,  see  Strychnos—b.  de
Marais,   Cephalanthus  occidentalis — b.  de
Plomb, Dirca palustris—b. Puant, Prunus pa-
<jus—b. de Rose, Rhodium lignum—b. de  Sap-
pan, Caesalpinia sappan—b. Sudorifique, Wood,
sudorific.
  BOISSE, MINERAL  WATERS OF. These
waters are situate about half a league from Fon-
tenay-le-Compte in France.  They are purgative,
and seem to contain carbonate and sulphate of
lime and chloride  of sodium.
  BOISSON, Drink.
  BOITE, (F.) A box or case, Capsa, Pyxis.
An apparatus for  the reception of any matters
which it may  be desirable to^  preserve.  In
Surgery and Anatomy, Boites  a  dissection, B.
a amputation, B.  a tripan,  B. a cataracte, &c,
mean the cases  in which these various instru-
ments are  kept.  Boite du Crane is the bony
case which receives the brain.  Boite is, also,
the portion of the stem of the trephine, which
receives the pyramid or centrepin.  Boite de
Petit is a machine, invented by M. Petit to re-
tain the fractured portions of bone in  apposi-
tion, when the leg has been fractured in a com-
plicated manner.  Boite is, also, a kind of case
put before an  artificial  anus to receive the
laeces, which are  continually being discharged.
The vulgar, in France, give the name Boite to
various articulations,—B. de genou, B. de  la
hanche; "knee-joint, Hip-joint."
  BOITEMENT,  Claudication.
  BOITIER, (F.) Appareil, Cap'sida unguen-
ta'ria, Capsa'rium.   A Dressing-case.  A box,
containing salves  and different apparatus, used
more particularly by the dressers in hospitals.
  BOL, Bolus—b. d'Arm&nie, Bole, Armenian
—b. Blanc, Bolus alba.
  BOLA, Myrrha.
  BOLCHON, Bdellium.
  BOLE, Bolus, (F.) Bol, Terre bolaire, meant,
with the older writers, argillaceous earth, used
as an absorbent and alexipharmic.  The various
boles had different  forms given  to them, and
were  stamped, as  in the following:
  Bole Arme'nian, Bole Arme'niac, B. Ar'me-
nic, Argilla ferrugin'ea rubra, A. Bolus rubra,
Si?iapi'sis, Arena'men, Bolus Orientalis, Bolus
Armeniaca, B.  Arme'nia, B. rubra,  (F.) Bol
d'Armenie.  A red, clayey earth, found not
only in  Armenia, but in several  countries  of
Europe,—in Tuscany, Silesia,  France, &c.  It
was once esteemed a tonic  and astringent, and
was applied as a styptic.  It is now, scarcely, if
ever, used.  It consists of argil, mixed with
lime and iron.
  BOLESIS, Coral.
  BOLESON, Balsam.
  BOLET ODORANT, Daedalia suaveolens.
  BOLETUS ALBUS, Boletus laricis.
  Bole'tus Esculen'tus, (F.) Morelle.   An
eatable mushroom, found in the woods in Eu-
rope, and much admired by Gastronomes.  It
was formerly esteemed to be aphrodisiac.
  Bole'tus Ignia'rius.   The systematic name
for the Ag'aric,  Agar'icus, Agaricum of the
Pharmacopoeias.    Agar'icus   Chirurgo'rum,
Agar'icus  Quercus, Is'ca, Bole'tus  Ungula1-
tus, Spunk, Am'adou, Punk, Fungus  Ignia'-
rius, Fungus  Querci'nus, Agaric of the Oak,
Touchwood, Touchwood Boletus,Female Agaric,
Tinder, (F.) Agaric de cheque,  Amadouvier. It
was formerly much used by surgeons as a styp-
tic
  Bole'tus Lar'icis, B. Larici'nus, Fun'gn*
Lar'icis,Polyp'orus officinalis, Agar'icus albus,
A.  Albus  op'timus,  B. purgaus, B. albus,
While Agaric, (F.) Agaric blanc. On the con-
tinent of Europe  it has been given as a cathar- 
BO LI MARTIS
119
BONE NIPPERS
tic  and emetic, as well  as  to moderate  the
sweats  in  phthisis.—De Haen.  Externally,
styptic.
  Boletus Purgans, Boletus laricis—b. Salicis,
Daedalea suaveolens.
  Bole'tus Suaveolens, Fungus salicis, Fun-
gus  albus  salig'neus,  Dadale'a  suav'eolens,
(F.) Agaric  odorant.  It has been  used in
phthisis pulmonalis, and  asthma, in  powder.
Dose, from pjss to gij.
  Boletus Touchwood, Boletus igniarius.
  BO LI MARTIS, Ferrum tartarisatum.
  BOLISMOS, Boulimia.
  BOLITES.   The  mushroom;  perhaps  the
Agar'icus  Aurantiaeus.—Pliny, Martial,  Seu-
tonius, Galen.  It was so called, in consequence
of its shape,—from Bolus.
  BOLUS, fiuiXog, a morsel, a mouthful, a bole,
(q. v.,) (F.) Bol.   A pharmaceutical  prepara-
tion, having  a pilular shape, but larger; capa-
ble, however, of being swallowed as a pill.
  Bolus Alba, Terra Sigilla'ta, Argilla pal-
lid'ior: called sigilla'ta, from being commonly
made  into small   cakes  or  flat  masses,  and
stamped or sealed  with  certain  impressions.
(F.) Bol blanc, Terre sigillie, Argile  ochreuse
pale.  It was used like the Bolus Armenia, and
was brought from Etruria.  See Terra.
  Bolus,  Alimen'tary,  Bolus alime?ita'rius.
The bole formed by the food, after it has under-
gone mastication and insalivation in the mouth;
and been collected upon the tongue prior to de-
glutition.
  Bolus Orienta'lis.  A kind of bolar earth,
only distinguished from Bole Armenian in be-
ing  brought  from  Constantinople.   See Bole,
Armenian.
  Bolus Rubra, Bole, Armenian.
  BOMA'REA SALSIL'LA.   The inhabitants
of  Chili use this plant as a  sudorific.   It is
given in infusion in cutaneous diseases.
  BOMBAX, Gossypium.
  BOMBEMENT, Bombus.
  BOMBUS, Au'rium fluctua'tio, A. sib'ilus,
A.  son'itus, A. susur'rus, (F.) Bombement. A
kind of ringing or  buzzing in the ears;—cha-
racterized, according to Sauvages, by the per-
ception of blows or beating repeated at certain
intervals.   Also,  Borborygmus.  See Flatu-
lence, and  Tinnitus Aurium.
  BOMBYX MORI, see Sericum.
  BON, Coffea Arabica.
  BONA,  Phaseolus vulgaris.
  BONDUE, Gymnocladus Canadensis.
  BONE, Os, Osteon, Os'teum, (F.) Os, Saxon,
ban.  The bones are the solid and hard parts,
which form the basis of the bodies of  animals,
of the superior classes;  and the union of which
constitutes the skeleton.   The human body has,
at the adult  age, 208 bones, without including
the 32 teeth,  the ossa Wormiana, and  the sesa-
moid bones.  Anatomists divide them,  from
their shape,  into 1. Long bones,  which form
part of the  limbs, and  represent  columns for
supporting the weight of the body, or levers of
different kinds for the muscles to act upon.  2.
Flat Bones, which form the parietes of splanch-
nic cavities; and, 3. Short Bones, met with in
parts of the body where solidity and some mo-
bility are necessary.  Bones are formed of two
different textures;  spongy and compact.  They
afford, on analysis,  much  phosphate and carbo-
nate of lime, a little phosphate of  magnesia,
phosphate of ammonia, oxides of iron and man-
ganese, some  traces of alumina and silica, gela-
tin, fat, and water.   The uses of the bones are
mentioned under each bone.   They give shape
to the body, contain and defend the viscera,
and act as levers to the muscles.
Bones of
  the
 Head.
 TABLE OF THE BONES.
            fFrontal,...........1

Bones of the   p. •  ., j..........
Cranium or < rr>     V" ......„
   Rk.JI     i Temporal,.........2
Skull.
Bones of the
  Face.
  Denies
    or
  Teeth.
Bone of the
  Tongue.
|  Ethmoid,..........1
1^ Sphenoid,........1
f Superior Maxillary,.. 2
|  Jugal or Cheek,.. ..2
  Nasal,............2
J  Lachrymal,........2
j  Palatine,..........2
  Inferior Spongy,... .2
  Vomer............1
(^Inferior  Maxillary,. . 1
C Incisores,..........b
<  Cuspidati,.........4
  Molares,.'.........20
j Hyoid,
1
Bones of
  the
 Trunk.
Bones of the
   Ear.
Vertebrx.
Bones of
the Up-
 per Ex-
tremity.
  The Thorax.
[The Pelvis.
f The Shoulder
 The Arm.
   Forearm.
    r
Bones of
  the
 Lower
 Extre-
 mity.
             f Malleus,..........2
             j Incus,-...........2
             j Orbiculare,........2
             l_ Stapes,...........2
             C Cervical,...........7
             } Dorsal,..........12
             (_ Lumbar,.........5
Sacrum,.........................1
Os Coccygis,....................1
             S Sternum,...........1
             (Ribs,.....-.......24
              Innominatum,-......2
             ( Clavicle,..........2
             \ Scapula,..........2
              Humerus,..........2
             (Ulna,.............2
             ( Radius............2
             "JNaviculare,.........2
              Lunare,...........2
              Cuneiforme,........2
             j Orbiculare,........2
             j Trapezium,.........2
              Trapezoides,  .......2
             | Magnum.......... .2
             |_ Unciforme,........2
    Metacarpus,..................10
   ^Phalanges,................28
              Femur............2
              Patella,......,____2
              Tibia,............2
              Fibula,............2
             f Calcis Os.........2
     Tarsus  | Astragalus,:........2
             ■{ Cuboides,..........2
             j JNaviculare,.......2
             (^ Cuneiforme,........6
    Metatarsus,................10
   {Phalanges,.................28
                        Total, 240
   Carpus
     or
■{  Wrist.
f The Tldgll

   The Leg:

    (
^ {  Instep.
  Bone,  Back, Vertebral column—b.  Blade,
Scapula—b. Boat-like,Os scaphoides—b.Breast,
Sternum—b. Haunch, Ilion—b. Share, Pubis—
b. Splinter, Fibula.
  Bone Nippers, Osteul'cum,  Tenac'ula, from
teneo, ' I  hold.'  (F.)  Tenaille incisive.  An
instrument used for cutting off splinters and 
BONEBINDER
120
BOTANE
  cartilages.  It is a kind of forceps, the handles
  of which are strong, and the edges, which touch
  each other, cutting.
    BONEBINDER, Osteocolla.
    BONES, BRITTLENESS  OF THE, Fragi-
  litas ossium—b. Friability of the, Fragilitas os-
  sium—b. Salt of, Ammoniae carbonas—b. Soft-
  ening of the, Mollities ossium.
    BONESET, Eupatorium perfoliatum.
    BONIFACIA, Ruscus hypoglossum.
    BONNE DAME, Atriplex hortensis.
    BONNES,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
  Bonnes is a village six leagues from Pau, in the
  department Basses Pyrinies, France.  Here
  are several thermal springs.  They were cele-
  brated as early as the time of Francis I., under
  the name Eaux d'Arquebusade.  They contain
  chlorides of sodium and magnesium, sulphates
  of magnesia and lime, sulphur, and silica.  The
  temperature is from 78° to 98° Fahrenheit.
    The factitious Eau de Bonnes is  made of
  Hydrosulphuretted water,  f. §iv: pure water,
  Oj and f. ^ss; chloride of sodium, 30 grains;
  sulphate of magnesia, 1 grain.
   BONNET, Reticulum.
   BONNET A DEUX  GLOBES,  Bonnet
  d'Hippocrate.
   BONNET D'HIPPOCRATE, Cap of Hip-
 poc'rates, Mitra Hippocratica, Fas'cia capita'lis,
 Pi'leus Hippocraticus. A kind of bandage, the
 invention of which is  ascribed to Hippocrates.
 It consists of a double-headed roller, passed over
 the head so as to envelop it like a cap.   The
 French, also, name it, Bonnet a deux globes,
  Capeline de la tP.te.
   BONNY CLABBER,  from Irish, baine,
 ' milk,' and clabar,' mire.'  Sour" milk.
   BONPLANDIA TRIFOLIATA, Cusparia
 febrifuga.
   BONUS  GENIUS,  Peucedanum—b. Henri-
 cus, Chenopodium bonus Henricus.
   BONY, Osseous.
   BOON UPAS, Upas.
   BOONA, Phaseolus  vulgaris.
   BORACIC ACID, Ac"idum  Borac"icum,
 Sal sedati'vus  Homber'gi, Boric Acid, (F.)
 Acide boracique.  An acid obtained from Borax,
 which was  once  looked upon  as sedative.  It
 was also called Acor Borac"icus, Sal  vitrioli
 narcolicum, Sal volat'ile Bora'cis, and Flores
 Bora'cis.
   BORAGE, Borago officinalis.
   BORA'GO OFFICINALIS, Buglos'sum ve-
 rum, Bug. latifo'lium, Borra'go, Corra'go, Bo-
 rago horten'sis, Borage., (F.) Bourrache.  Nat.
 Ord.  Boragineae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Mono-
 gynia.  The leaves and flowers have been con-
 sidered aperient.
   BORAS SUPERSODICUS,  Borax.
   BORATHRON, Juniperus Sabina.
   BORAX, Boras Soda, Soda Bibo'ras, Subbo-
ras Soda, Boras supersalurus soda, Soda Bo-
raxa'ta,Chrysocolla,Capis'trumauri,Subborate
ofprotox'ide of So'dium,Subprotobo'rate of Sodi-
um, Boras Soda  alcales'cens  seu  alcali'num,
Boras super so'dicus, Borax Ven'etus, Subbo'ras
Na'tricum,Borax'trion,Nitrum factl'tium, &c. ;
Subbo'rate or Biborate of Soda, Borate of Soda,
(F.) Borate ou Sous-borate  de Sonde,  Borate :
sursature de soude.  It is found in an  impure
state  in Thibet and Persia.  It is inodorous; '.
taste  cool, and somewhat alkaline; soluble in
  12 parts of water. Borax is seldom used except
.  as a lotion in aphthae.
    Borate of Mercury has been recommended
  as an antisyphilitic
    BORAXTRION, Borax.
    BORBORUS, Fimus.
    BORBORYG'MUS, from (ioQpoQvtu, 'I make
  a  dull noise.'  Murmur seu Bombus seu Motus
  Intestino'rum, Anile'ma, Anile'sis, Calopsoph'-
  ia, Intona'tio  intestina'lis, Murmur ventris
  seu intestina'le, (F.)  Gargouillement, Grouille-
  ment d'Entrailles.  The  noise made by flatus
  in the intestines. This happens often in health,
  especially in nervous  individuals.
    BORD (F.) Margo, Edge, Margin.  Anato-
  mists have so named the boundaries of an or-
  gan. Thus, the bones, muscles, &c. have bords
  as well as bodies.  The ' free edge,' bord libre,
  is one not connected  with any part;  the 'ad-
  hering edge,'  bord adhirent, one that is con-
  nected ; and the bord  articulaire, or ' articular
  margin, or edge,' that which is joined to another
  bone.
    BORD CILIAIRE, Ciliary margin.
    BORDEAUX, MINERAL WATERS OF.
  Near this great city, in the south-west of France,
  is  a saline, chalybeate spring.  It contains ox-
  ide of iron, carbonate and sulphate of lime, chlo-
  rides of sodium and calcium, subcarbonate of
  soda, and sulphate of magnesia.
    BORE, Boron.
    BORGNE, (F.) Codes, Unoc'ulus, Luscus,
 Luscio'sus.  One who  has  only one eye, or sees
 only with one.   The word has  been used, figu-
 ratively, for blind, in surgery and anatomy. See
 Caecus.
   BORIUM, Boron.
   BORON, Bo'rium, (F.) Bore.  A simple sub-
 stance, the basis of boracic acid; obtained; by
 heating  potassium with boracic  acid, as a dark
 olive-coloured powder, devoid of taste and smell.
 Heated in the air or in oxygen, it is converted
 into boracic acid.
   BOR'OSAIL, Zael.   Ethiopian names for a
 disease, very common  there, which  attacks the
 organs of generation, and appears to have con-
 siderable analogy with syphilis.
   BORRAGO, Borago officinalis.
   BORRI, Curcuma longa.
   BORRIBERRI, Curcuma longa.
   BORSE, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Borse
 is a village in Beam.   The waters  are chaly-
 beate.
   BO'S A.  An  ^Egyptian name for a mass,
 made of  the  meal of  darnel, hemp-seed, and
 water.   It is  inebriating.—Prospero Alpini.
   BOSOM, see Mamma.
   BOSSA, Plague token.
  BOSSE, Hump, Protuberance—b. Nasale,
 Nasal protuberance.
  BOSWELLIA  SERRATA, see  Juniperus
 lycia.
  BOTAL  FORA'MEN,  Fora'men Bota'li;
 the Fora'men  ova'll, (F.)  Trou de  Botal.   A
 large opening which exists in the foetus in the
 partition between the two auricles of the heart;
 and by means of which the blood passes from
 one to the other.  Its discovery is generally
 attributed  to Leonard  Botallus, Botal or Bo-
 talli, who wrote in» 1562.   It was  spoken of,
 however, by Vesalius,  and even by Galen.
  BOTANE, Herb. 
BOTANIQUE MkDICALE       121
BOULIMIA
  BO TANIQUE MkDICALE, Botany, medi-
cal.
  BOT'ANY, MED'ICAL, Botan'ica Med'ica,
Medici'na Botan'ica, Phytolog"ia med'ica; from
poxavT],' an herb,' (F.) Botanique Medicate.  The
knowledge of the  properties,  characters,  &c,
of those vegetables which are .used in medicine.
  BOTAR'GO, (F.) Botargue.  A preparation
made in Italy and the south  of France, with
the eggs and blood of the Mugilceph'alus  or
Mullet; strongly salted, after it has become pu-
trescent.  It is used as a condiment.
  BOTARGUE, Botargo.
  BOTHOR. An Arabic term  for abscess  in
the nares.  It means, also, a tumour in general;
especially those which are without solution of
continuity.
  BOTHRIOCEPH'ALUS, Botrioceph'alus lo-
tus, Bothrioceph'alum, Botrioceph'alus, from
(io@giov,  'a small pit,' and xiyaXrj,'head,' Tx'nia
lata, T. vtdga'ris, Lumbrlcus latus, Plate'a, T.
os'culis lateral'ibus gem'inis, T.grisea, T.mem-
brana'cea, T. tenella, T. denta'ta,  T. huma'na
iner'mis, Halysis  membrana'cea, T. prima,  T.
os'culis lateralibus solita'riis, T. aceph'ala,  T.
osculis  superficialibus, T. a anneaux courts, T.
non armi,  Ver  solitaire, Broad Tape worm.
Common in Switzerland, Russia, and some parts
of France.   It inhabits the intestines of man,
and  extends to an enormous length.  A broken
specimen has been obtained 60  yards long.—
Goeze.
  BOTH'RION, Both'rium, from (ii»qog,' a pit,
cavity,' &c.  An alveolus, (q. v.) or small fossa.
A small deep ulcer on the cornea.—Galen, Pau-
lus of iEgina.  See Fossette.
  BOTHRIUM, Bothrion, Fossette.
  BOTHROS, Fovea.
  BOTIN, Terebinthina.
  BOTIUM, Bronchocele.
  BOTOTHINUM. An obscure term, used by
Paracelsus to denote the most striking symp-
tom of a disease:—the  Flos morbi.
  BOTOU, Pareira brava.
  BOTRIOCEPHALUS, Bothriocephalus.
  BOTRION, Alveolus.
  BOTROPHIS SERPENTARIA,Actasarace-
mosa.
  BOTRYS,  Chenopodium botrys, see Vitis
vinifera—b. Ambroisioides, Chenopodium am-
brosioides—b. Americana,  Chenopodium am-
brosioides—b. Anthelminticum, Chenopodium
anthelminticum—b. Mexicana, Chenopodium
ambrosioides.
  BO TTINE, (F.) A thin boot or buskin,0'crea
le'vior.  An instrument, which resembles a small
boot, furnished with springs, straps, buckles,
&c, and used to obviate distortions of the lower
extremities in children.
  BOTTLE NOSE, Gutta rosea.
  BOUBALIOS, Momordica elaterium, Vulva.
  BOUBON, Bubo.
  BOUCAGE MAJEUR, Pimpinella magna—
b. Mineur, Pimpinella saxifraga—b. Petit, Pim-
pinella  saxifraga.
  BOUCHE, Mouth.
  BOUCLEMENT, Infibulation.
  BOUES  DES EAUX,(F.)BonesMinirales.
Balnea Casno'sa.  The mud or swamp, formed
near mineral springs; impregnated  with the
substances contained in such springs, and con-
sequently possessing similar properties.  The
Boues are applied generally and topically, in
         9
France, at the springs of St. Amand, Bagneres
de Luchon,  Bagnols,  Bareges;  in  the  United
States, at the White Sulphur in Virginia, &c
  BOUES MINERALES, Boues des eaux.
  BOUFFE, (F.)  The small eminence, formed
by the junction of the two lips.—Dulaurens.
  BOUFFISSURE, Puffiness.
  BOUGIE, (F.)   A wax candle:  Candel'ula,
Cande'la, C. ce'rea, Cande'la medica'ta, Ce'reum
medica'tum,  Cereolus  Chirurgo'rum,  Da'dion,
Specil'lum ce'reum,  Virga ce'rea, Cereolus.  A
flexible cylinder, variable in size, to be intro-
duced into the urethra, oesophagus, rectum, &c.
for  the purpose of dilating these canals, when
contracted.   A Simple Bougie is composed of
solid and insoluble substances; as plaster, elas-
tic gum, catgut, &c  It acts of course only me-
chanically .
  Bougie, Medicated, (F.) B. Midicamenteuse,
has the addition of some escharotic or other sub-
stance to destroy the obstacle; as in the Caus-
tic Bougie, which has  a small portion of Lunar
Caustic or Common Caustic inserted in its ex-
tremity.  Ducamp has recommended a Bougie,
which swells out  near  its extremity,  for the
better  dilating of the urethia... This he calls
B. a ventre.   The metallic Bougie, invented by
Smyth, is  a  composition of metal,  allowing of
great flexibility; and  a  hollow Bougie  is one,
with a channel running  through it, to be used
in the  same  manner as  the catheter, or other-
wise.
  BOUILLIE (F.),Pultic'ula, Pap, from (F.)
bouillir, ' to  boil.'  Flour, beaten and boiled
with milk.   It is a common food for infants.
  BOUILLON, (F.) from bouillir,  'to boil,'
Jus, Sorbil'io. A liquid food, made by  boiling
the  flesh of animals in water.  The osmazome,
gelatin, and soluble salts dissolve; the fat melts,
and the albumen coagulates.  Bouillon  is nou-
rishing, owing to the gelatin and osmazome.
The Jus de Viande is a very concentrated Bouil-
lon, prepared of beef,  mutton, veal, &c.
  BOUILLON, in common language, in France,
means a round fleshy excrescence, sometimes
seen in the centre of a venereal ulcer.
  BOUILLON BLANC, Verbascum nigrum.
  BOUILLONS MEDICINAUXou PHAR-
MACEUTIQUES, Medicinal or Pharmaceutic
Bouillons, contain infusions or decoctions of me-
dicinal herbs.  The Bouillon aux herbes is ge-
nerally composed of sorrel or beet.
  BOUILLON d'OS, (F.) Bouillon from bones,
is obtained  by treating bones  with muriatic
acid, in order to dissolve the earthy parts. The
gelatin, which remains,  is then boiled  with a
little meat and vegetables.—D'Arcet.  Bouil-
lon, however, can be  easily obtained from the
bones of roast meat by simple coction.
  BOUILLONNEMENT, Ebullition.
  BOUIS, Buxus.
  BOULE D'ACIER, Ferrum tartarizatum—
b. de Mars,  Ferrum tartarizatum—b. de  Mol-
sheim, Ferrum tartarizatum—b. de Nancy, Fer-
rum tartarizatum.
  BOULEAU COMMUN, Betula alba.
  BOULIM'IA, Bulim'ia, Bulim'ius, Bu'li-
mus, Bou'limos, Bulimiasis, Bolismos,  Eclim'-
ia, Fames cani'na, Appeti'tus caninus, Appe-
ten'tia cani'na, Adephagia, Cynorex'ia, Orox'-
is cyno'des. Uupi'un. Bupci'na, Phaga'na, Pha-
gedena, Fames  Bovlna,  F.  Lupi'na,  from
(iovt, ' an ox,' and Xi^oc, ' hunger;' or from ;?«, 
BOULIMIE
122
BRACHIAL
 augmentative particle, and m/mc, ' hunger,' (F.)
 Boulimie, Faim canine,  F. divorante,  Poly-
 phagie.   An almost insatiable hunger.   A ca-
 nine appetite.  It is sometimes seen in hysteria
 and  pregnancy; rarely under  other circum-
 stances.
   BOULIMIE, Boulimia.
   BOULOGNE, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 Boulogne is in the department of Pas-de-Calais,
 France.   The waters are  chalybeate.
   BOUQUET  ANATOMIQUE DE  RIO-
 LAN, (F.) from bouquet, a collection of flow-
 ers or other substances tied together.  A name
 given, by some  anatomists, to the collection of
 ligaments and muscles, inserted into the styloid
 process of the temporal bone.
   Bouquet Fever, Dengue.
   BOURBILLON, see Furunculus (core.)
   BOURBON-LANCY, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.  Bourbon-Lancy is a small village in the
 department  of  Saone-et-Loire, France;  where
 there are thermal saline springs, containing car-
 bonic acid, chloride of sodium, and sulphate of
 soda, chloride  of calcium, carbonate  of  lime,
 iron, and silica.  Their heat  is from 106°  to
 135° Fahrenheit.
   BOURBON   L'ARCHAMBAUT,  MINE-
 RAL WATERS OF.  This town is in the de-
 partment of the Allier, six  leagues west from
 Moulins, and has been long celebrated for its
 thermal chalybeate waters.  They contain sul-
 phohydric acid, sulphate of soda, magnesia, and
 lime, carbonate of iron, and silica.  Their tem-
 perature varies between 136° and 145° Fahren-
 heit.
   BOURBONNE-LES-BAINS,  MINERAL
 WATERS  OF.   These springs are  seven
 leagues from Langres,  department of Haute-
 Marne, France.   They are thermal and saline,
 and  have been  long celebrated.  Temperature
 from 106° to 133° Fahrenheit.   The Factitious
 water, (F.) Eau de Bourbonne-les-Bains, Aqua
 Borvonen'sis, is composed of water, containing
 twice its bulk of carbonic  acid, f. ^xxss;  chlo-
 ride of sodium, f. gj, chloride of calcium, gr. x.
 &c.
   BOURBOULE, MINERAL WATERS OF
 A village near  Mount d'Or, where there are
 two thermal saline springs.
   BOURDAINE, Rhanmus frangula.
   BOURDONNEMENT, Tinnitus aurium.
   BOURDONNET, Pulvillus,P. e linameil-
 tis confec'tus,  P. rotun'dus, Dossil.   A term
 in French  surgery  for charpie rolled into  a
 small mass  of  an olive shape, which is used
 for plugging wounds, absorbing the discharge,
 and  preventing the  union  of their edges.  In
 eases of  deep  and penetrating wounds,  as of
 the abdomen or  chest, a thread is attached to
 them by which they may be readily withdrawn,
 and be prevented from  passing altogether into
 those cavities.
   BOURGENE, Rhamnus frangula.'
   BOURGEON,  Granulation, Papula—b.
 Charnu, Granulation.
   BOURGEONS, Gutta rosea.
   BOURRACHE, Borago officinalis.
   BOURRELET, (F.) A Pad, a Border.  A
 fibro-cartilaginous border, which surrounds cer-
tain articular cavities, such as the glenoid ca-
 vity of the scapula and the acetabulum; and
by which the depth of those cavities is  aug
mented.
   BOURRELET ROULk, Cornu ammonis.
   BOURSES, (LES,) Scrotum.
   BOURSOUFLURE, Puffiness.
   BOUTON, Papula—b. d'Alep, see Anthrax
 —b. Matin, see Anthrax—b. d'Or,  Ranunculus
 acris.
   BOUTONNlkRE, (F.)  Fissu'ra, Incis'io.
 A small incision made into the urethra to extract
 a calculus from the canal, when it  is too large
 to be discharged.
   Also, a small incision or  puncture, made in
 the peritoneum, or  above the pubis, to pene-
 trate the bladder in certain cases of retention
 of urine.
   BO VAC HE VO, Datura sanguinea.
   BOVILLiE, Rubeola.
   BOVISTA, Lycoperdon.
   BOWEL, Intestine.
   BOWLEGGED, see Cnemoscoliosis.
   BOWMAN'S ROOT, Euphorbia corollata,
 Gillenia trifoliata, Leptandria purpurea.
   BOXBERRY, Gaultheria.
   BOX, MOUNTAIN, Arbutus uva ursi.
   BOX TREE, Buxus, Cornus Florida.
   BOXWOOD, Cornus Florida.
   BOYAU, Intestine.
   BRABYLON, Prunum Damascenum.
   BRACHERIOLUM, Truss.
   BRACHERIUM, Truss.
   BRACHIiEUS, Brachial—b. Internus, Bra-
 chialis anterior.
   BRA'CHIAL, Brachia'lis, Brachia'us, from
 Brachium,' the arm.'  What belongs to the arm.
   Brachial Aponeuro'sis.  An aponeurosis,
 formed particularly by expansions  of the ten-
 dons of  the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major,
 and  deltoides muscles,  and  which  completely
 envelops the muscles  of the arm.
   Brachial Artery, Arte'ria brachia'lis,Hu'-
 meral Artery, (F.) Artere  ou Tronc brachial.
 The artery, which extends from  the axilla to
 the  bend of the elbow; where it divides into
 A. cubit alls and A. radialis.   It passes along
 the internal edge of the biceps, behind the me-
 dian  nerve and between the  accompanying
 veins.   Under the name Brachial  Artery, M.
 Chaussier includes the subclavian, axillary, and
 humeral, the last being the brachial proper.
   Brachial Muscle, Anterior,  Mus'culus
 Brachia'lis Ante'rior,  Brachia'lis internus,  B.
 anti'cus, Brachia'us, Brachia'us internus, (F.)
 Muscle  brachial  interne,  Humiro-cubital—
 (Ch.)  This muscle is situate at the anterior
 and inferior part of the arm, and before the el-
 bow-joint.  It arises, fleshy, from the middle
 of the os humeri, and  is inserted into the coro-
 noid process of the ulna.  Use.   To bend the
 forearm.
   Brachial  Plexus,  Plexus Brachia'lis, is a
 nervous  plexus,  formed by  the  interlacing of
 the anterior branches  of the four last cervical
 pairs and the first  dorsal.  It is deeply seated
 in the hollow of  the axilla, and extends  as far
 as the inferior and lateral part of the neck.  It
 gives off the thoracic  nerves, supra and infrn.
 scapular, and the brachial (which  are  six in
 number,) the axillary, cutaneous, musculocu-
taneous,  radial, cubital, and median.
  Brachial Veins are two in number, and ac-
company the artery,  frequently anastomosing
with each other:  they terminate in the axillary.
Under the term  Brachial Vein, Chaussier in-
cludes the humeral, axillary, and subclavian. 
BRACHIALE
123
BRASEGUR
  BRACHIALE, Carpus.
  BRACHIALIS, Brachial—b. Anticus, Bra-
chial muscle—b. Externus,  see Triceps exten-
sor cubiti—b. Internus, Brachial muscle.
  BRACHIERIUM, Truss.
  BRACHILE, Truss.
  BRACHIOCEPHALIC  ARTERY, Inno-
minata arteria—b. Veins, Innominatae venae.
  BRA'CHIO-CUBITAL,  Brachio-cubita'lis.
That which belongs both to the arm and cubitus.
This name has been given to the internal late-
ral ligament at the  elbow-joint;  because it is
attached to the  os brachii or os humeri and to
the cubitus or ulna.
  BRACHIOCYLLO'SIS, from /J£«*«»r, < the
arm,' and *.vK\wo-ig, 'the act of making crooked.'
Curvature of the arm inwards.  Paralysis or
loss of power from curvature  of the arm.
  BRACHION, Brachium.
  BRACHION'CUS, from feaXio>v,  'the arm,'
and oyxog, ' a swelling.'   A tumour of the arm.
  BRACHIO-RADIAL, Brachio-radia'lis.
That which belongs to the brachium and radius.
This name has  been applied to the external la-
teral ligament of the elbow-joint, because it is
attached to the  humerus and to the radius.  See
Supinator radii longus.
   BRACHIORRHEU'MA,    Rheumatis'mus
bra'chii, from pgaxiwv, 'the arm,' and giu/x*, 'de-
fluxion, rheumatism.' Rheumatism of the arm.
   BRACHIROLUM, Truss.
   BRA'CHIUM, Bra'chion,  Lacer'tus, (F.)
Bras, the arm.   The arm from the shoulder to
the wrist, or the part between the shoulder and
elbow.   See Humeri Os.
   Brachium Movens  Quartus,  Latissimus
dorsi.
   BRACHUNA, Nymphomania, Satyriasis.
   BRACHYAU'CHEN, from pp*%v<> ' short>'
and  av%»v, 'neck.'  One who has a short neck.
   BRACHYCHRO'NIUS,from/Sea;^<;, 'short,'
and  XQ6v°c> ' time.'   That which continues but
a short time. A term applied to diseases which
are of short duration.—Galen.
   BRACHYGNATHUS, from (lpa%vg,' short,'
and yva.6og, the ' under jaw.'  A monster with
too short an under jaw.—Gurlt.
   BRACHYNSIS, Abbreviation.
   BRACHYPNCEA, Dyspnoea.
   BRACHYP'OTI, from (igaxvg, 'short,'  and
Toxtjc, ' drinker.'  They who drink little, or
who drink rarely.   Hippoc, Galen,  Foesius.
   BRACHYRHYN'CHUS:  from  doaXw,
• short,' and £"yx°s> ' snout.'  A monster with
too short a nose.
   BRACHYSMOS, Abbreviation.
   BRACING, Corroborant.
   BRADY^ESTHE'SIA, from #aM, 'diffi-
cult,' and xttr6rl(ric, ' sensation.'  Impaired sen-
sation.
   BRADYBOLIS'MUS, Bradyspermatismns.
   BRADYECOIA, Deafness.
   BRADYLOG"IA, Dysla'lia; from  PqxSvc,
' difficult,' and Kyog,' a discourse.'  Difficulty
of speech.
   BRADYMASE'SIS, Bradymasse'sis, impro-
 perly Bradymaste'sis, Manduca'tio  diffic"ilis,
from (ioaSvi;,' difficult,' and paa-rpig,' mastica-
 tion.'   Difficult mastication.  See Dysmasesis.
   BRADYMASTESIS, Bradymasesis.
   BRADYPEP'SIA, Tarda cibo'rum concoc'tio,
 from (ipafoc, ' slow,' and  ntmn,  ' I digest.'
 Slow digestion.—Galen. See Dyspepsia.
  BRADYSPERMATIS'MUS,   Bradybolis'-
mus,  Ejacula'tio sem'inis impedlta, Dysper-
matis'mus, from pg*3vg, ' slow,' and  oncqua,
' sperm.' A slow emission of sperm.
  BRADYSU'RIA, Tenes'mus  vesica,  (F.)
 Tinesme visical, from (igafuc, ' difficult,' and
ovquv, ' to pass the urine.'  Painful evacuation
of the urine, with perpetual  desire to  void it.
Dysuria (q. v.)
  BRADYTOCIA, Dystocia.
  BRAG'GET, Braggart, Bragwort.  A name
formerly applied to a tisan of honey and water.
 See Hydromeli.
  BRAI, LIQUIDE, see Pinus sylvestris—b.
 Sec, Colophonia.
  BRAIN, Cerebrum—b. Little, Cerebellum.
  BRAINE, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Braine is a small village, three leagues from
 Soissons, France, which has purgative waters
 similar to those  of Passy.
  BRAKE,  COMMON, Pteris  Aquilina—b.
 Rock, Polypodium vulgare—b. Root,  Polypo-
 dium vulgare.
  BRAMBLE, AMERICAN HAIRY, see Ru-
 bus  fruticosus—b. Common,  Rubus  frutico-
 sus.
  BRAN, Furfur.
  BRANC-URSINE BATARDE, Heracle-
 um spondylium.
  BRANCA URSINA,  Acanthus mollis—b.
 Germanica, Heracleum spondylium.
  BRANCH,  from (F.) Branche,  originally
 probably  from (igaxiov, 'an arm,'(?)  because
 branches of trees, &c, go off like arms.  A term
 applied, generally, to  the principal division of
 an artery or  nerve.   The word is commonly
 used  synonymously with Ramus ; but  often,
 with the  French, Branche signifies the great
 division;—Rameau, Lat. Ramus, the  division
 of the branches; and Ramuscules, Lat. Ramus-
 c-uli, the divisions of these last.
  The French, also, speak of the branches  of
 the pubis, for the Rami  of that bone, branches
 of the ischium, for the rami of the ischium, &c
  BRANCHES DE  LA MOELLE ALLON-
 GkE (PETITES) Corpora restiformia.
  BRANCHI, Brancha. Swellings of the ton-
 sils,  or  parotid, according  to  some;—of the
 thyroid gland, according to others.
  BRANCHUS, ppayxcc, Rauce'do (q. v.)  A
 catarrhal affection of the mucous membrane of
 the fauces, trachea, &c—Galen.  Hoarseness.
  BRANCI, Cynanche tonsillaris.
  BRANCIA, Vitrum.
  BRANDY.    (G.)  Branntwein,   Dutch,
 Brandwijn,  'burnt wine.'  Vinum adus'-
 tum seu  crem'atum, Aqua Vita, (F.)  Eau  d*
 vie, (S.) Aguardiente.  The first  liquid pro-
 duct  obtained by distilling wine.  It  is com-
 posed of water,  alcohol, and an aromatic oily
 matter, which gives it its flavour.  Brandy is
 a powerful and diffusible stimulant, and as such
 is used in medicine.  It has been also called
 Liquor Aquile'gius.   See Spirit.
  Brandy, Apple, see Pyrus malus.
  BRANKS, Cynanche parotidaea.
  BRANKURSINE, Acanthus mollis.
  BRANNTWEIN,  Brandy.
  BRAS, Brachium—b. du  Cervelet, Corpora
 restiformia.
  BRASEGUR,  MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Brasegur  is a place in the diocess of  Rhodez,
, where there are cathartic waters. 
BRASENIA
124
BRICUMUM
  BRASENIA, B. Hydropeltis.
  Brase'nia Hydropel'tis, Brase'nia, Gelat'i-
na aquatica, Frogleaf, Little Water Lily, Wa-
ter Jelly, Deerfood. An indigenous plant, Nat.
Ord. Ranunculaceae, Sex. Syst. Polyandria Po-
lygynia, flourishing from Carolina to Kentucky
and Florida; and covering the surface of ponds,
marshes, &c.  The fresh leaves are mucilagi-
nous, and have  been used in  pulmonary com-
plaints, dysentery, &c, like Cetraria.
  BRASH,  WATER, Pyrosis.
  Brash,  Weaning, Atroph'ia Ablactato'rum.
A severe form  of diarrhoea, which supervenes
at times on weaning. The Maladie de Cruveil-
heir appears to be a similar affection.
  BRASILETTO, see Caesalpinia.
  BRASIUM, Malt.
  BRASMOS, Fermentation.
  BRASS, Sax. briar, Welsh,  pres.  Aurichal-
eum, Orichalcum, JEsecavum, Chrysochalcos,
(F.) Airain. A yellow metal, formed by mix-
ing copper with calamine.  The same general
remarks apply to it as to copper.  See Cuprum.
  BRAS'SICA, Crambl, xoa/upt], Bras'sica ole-
ra'cea: B. capita'ta seu cuma'na of the old Ro-
mans.  The Cabbage, (F.) Chou potager, Fa-
mily, Cruciferae. Sex. Syst. Tetradynamia Sili-
quosa.  Cato wrote a book on its virtues.  It is
a vegetable by  no means easy of digestion
when boiled; when raw, it appears to be more
digestible.  When forming  a solid  globular
mass, like a head, it is the B. Capita'ta, (F.)
Chou-Cabus, Chou Pommi.
  Brassica Canina, Mercurialis perennis.
  Bras'sica Eru'ca, Eru'ca, Garden Rocket,
Roman Rocket, &c. (F.) Chou Roquette, Ro-
quette.  This was considered by the Romans,
an  aphrodisiac,—Columella.   The  seeds were
ordinarily used.
  Bras'sica Flor'ida,—Bras'sica Pompeia'na
of the ancients—the Cauliflower, Caulis Flo-
rida, (F.) Chou-fleur, is a more tender and di-
 gestible variety.
  The Broc'coli, B. Sabellica of the Romans,
B. Ital'ica,  belongs to this variety.
   Brassica Marina, Convolvulus soldanella—
b. Pompeiana, Brassica Florida.
   Bras'sica Napus,  Napus  Sylvestris, Bu-
 uias, Rape, (F.) Navette.  The seed  yields a
 quantity of  oil.
   Brassica Nigra, Sinapis nigra.
   Bras'sica Rapa, Rapa rotun'da, Rapum ma-
jus, Rapa  napus, Turnip, (F.) Chou navet,
 Navet, Rave.  The turnip is  liable to the same
 objection (but to a less extent) as the cabbage.
   BRATriU, Juniperus sabina.
   BRATHYS, Juniperus sabina.
   BRAYER,  Truss.
   BRAYERA ANTHELMINTICA, Hagenia
 Abyssinica.
   BRAZIL WOOD, Caesalpinia echinata.
   BREAD, see Triticum.
   Bread, Gluten. Bread made of wheat dough
 deprived of the chief portion of its starch by
 washing.   Bread, made of gluten only, cannot
 be eaten on account of its hardness and tough-
 ness ; hence, one fifth of the normal quantity of
 starch is allowed to remain, and  in this form
 the bread is said to be tolerably light, eatable,
 and moderately agreeable.
   Bread, Household, Syncomistos.
   BREAD-FRUIT TREE,  Artocarpus.
  BREAST, Thorax, Mamma—b. Abscess of
the, Mastodynia apostematosa.
  BREAST-GLASS, Milk-glass.  A glass ap-
plied  to the nipple to  receive the milk when
secreted copiously by the mamma.
  BREAST-PANG, SUFFOCATIVE, Angina
pectoris.
  BREAST-PUMP, Antlia lactea.
  BREATH, Sax. bnaSe, Hal'itus, Anhelitus,
An'imus, Spir'itus, Almos, (F.) Haleine.  The
air expelled from the chest, at each expiration.
It requires to be studied in the diagnosis of tho-
racic  diseases especially.
  Breath, Offensive; Fator Oris, Cacosto-
matosphre'sia, Hal'itus oris fa'tidus, OzE.  An
offensive condition, which is usually  dependent
upon carious teeth, or  some faulty state of the
secreti6ns  of the  air passages.   The internal
use of the  chlorides may be advantageous.
   Breath, Short, Dyspnoea.
   BREATHING, DIFFICULTY OF, Dysp-
noea.
   BRECHET, (F.) The  Brisket.  This name
is given in some parts of France to the carti-
lago  ensiformis, and sometimes to the sternum
itself.
   BRECHMA, Bregma.
   BRECHMUS, Bregma.
   BRkDISSURE,(F'.) Trismus Capistra'tus.
 Incapacity of opening the mouth, in consequence
 of preternatural adhesion  between the internal
 part  of the cheek and  gums; often occasioned
 by the abuse of mercury.
   BREDOUILLEMENT,  (F.) Tituban'tia.
 A precipitate and indistinct mode of utterance,
 in which a part only of the words is pronounced,
 and several of the syllables viciously changed.
 This defect is analogous to stuttering, but dif-
 fers from it in being dependent on too great ra-
 pidity of speech; whilst  stuttering  is charac-
 terized by continual hesitation, and frequent re-
 petition of the same syllables.
   BREGMA,  Brechma, Brechmus,  from  (lot-
 Xtiv, 'to  sprinkle;' Fontanella, (q. v.) Sin'-
 ciput (q. v.)   The  top of the head was thus
 called, because it was believed to be humid in
 infants; and, according to some, because it was
 conceived to correspond to the most humid part
 of the brain.
   BRENNING,  Burning.
   BREPHOCTONON, Conyza squarrosa.
   BREPHOTROPHE'UM,  Ecthelobrephotro-
 phe'um, from (igiyoc,  'a  new born  child,' and
 Tgofeiv, 'to nourish.'  A foundling hospital.
   BRkSILLET, Caesalpinia sappan.
   BREVIA VASA, Short Vessels.  This name
 has been given to several branches of the sple-
 nic arteries and veins, which are distributed to
 the great  cul-de-sac of the stomach.
   BREVIS CUBITI, see Anconeus.
   BRICK, (F.) Brique.   Hot bricks are some-
 times used to apply  heat to a  part, as to the
 abdomen in colic, or after the operation for po-
 pliteal aneurism; or, reduced to very fine pow-
 der, and  mixed with  fat, as an  application to
 herpetic and psoric affections.
   Bricks, Forna'cea  Testa  or Tiles, were for-
 merly bruised in vinegar, and  the  liquid was
 used as a specific  in cutaneous affections.  They
 entered, also, into a cerate used for scrofulous
 humours,  &c.  To the  Terra Forno'cum, or
 Brick earth, the same virtues were  assigned.
    BRICUMUM, Artemisia. 
BRIDE
125
BRONCHIA
  BRIDE, (F.) A bridle.  Fra'nulum, Reti-
naculum.  This term is given, in the plural,
to  membranous filaments, which are  found
within abscesses or  deep-seated wounds, and
which prevent the  exit of pus.  The term is,
also, applied to preternatural adhesions, which
occur in cicatrices of the skin, in  the urethra,
or in inflamed serous or synovial membranes.
  BRIER, WILD, Rosa canina.
  BRIGHT'S DISEASE OF THE KIDNEY,
see Kidney, Bright's  disease of th?.
  BRIGHTON,  CLIMATE OF.   The  air of
this fashionable watering place, on the  south
coast of  England, is  dry, elastic, and bracing.
According to Sir James Clark, its climate ap-
pears to the greatest  advantage in  the autumn
and early part of the winter;  when it is  some-
what milder and more steady than that of Has-
tings.  Accordingly, it is adapted for all cases
in which a dry and mild air at this season of
the  year  proves  beneficial.  In  the  spring
months,  owing to  the prevalence of, and its
exposure to, north-east  winds, the climate is
cold, harsh, and exciting to the delicate.   It is
well adapted for convalescents, and for all who
require a dry and bracing sea air.
   BRIMSTONE, Sulphur.
   BRINE, Muria.
   BRINTON ROOT, Leptandria purpurea.
   BRION, Corallina.
   BRIQUE, Brick.
   BRIQUEBEC, MINERAL WATERS OF.
This town  is three leagues from Cherbourg, in
France.  The water  contains chloride of iron.
   BRISE-PIERRE ARTICULk, (F.)  An
instrument invented  by Jacobson  for crushing
the stone in the bladder.
   BRISTOL  HOT WELL, Bristolien'sis  Aqua.
Bristol is about thirteen miles from Bath, in
England.  The water is an almost pure ther-
mal;  slightly acidulated.  It contains chlorides
of magnesium and sodium, sulphate of soda,
sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime, carbonic
acid, oxygen and azote.  Temperature,  74°
Fah.   The Hot  Well has been long celebrated.
Its action is like that of the thermal waters in
general.  The climate of Bristol is mild, and
hence the water has been celebrated for the
cure of incipient pulmonary consumption.  See
Clifton.
   BRIZOCERAS, Ergot.
   BROAD, Sax. bnafc, Lotus, (F.) Large. Any
body is so termed whose transverse extent is
considerable  compared with its length.  The
Broad Bones, such as the frontal, parietal, occi-
pital,  iliac,  aid  in  forming  the  parietes of
splanchnic cavities.  Broad Muscles generally
occupy the parietes of cavities, and especially
those of the chest  and abdomen.  The epithet
has also been applied to other parts—as  to the
broad ligaments of the womb, &c
   BROCCOLI, Brassica sabellica.
   BROCHOS, Pgoprpc, Laqueus, (q. v.) A ban-
dage.
   BROCHTHUS, (i(>ox9o<, Gula.   The throat.
Also, a kind  of small drinking vessel.—Hipp.
   BROCHUS, (fgoXog.  This  name has been
given to one who  has a very prominent  upper
lip.—Castelli.  According to others, it  means
one whose teeth project in front of the mouth.
   BRO'DIUM.  A synonym of Jus or Jus'cu-
lum.   Broth, or the  liquor in which any thing
is boiled.  Bro'dium salis—a decoction of salt.
  BROIEMENT, see Cataract.
  BROKEN DOSES, see Doses, broken.
  BROKEN-WINDEDNESS, Asthma.
  BROMA,  Aliment, Bromine.
  BROMATOECCRISIS, Lientery.
  B R 0 M ATOG'RAPH Y,  Bromatograph'ia,
Bromog'raphy,  Bromograph'ia,  from  (iqay-a,
'food,'  and yqayn, 'a description.'   A descrip-
tion of aliments.
  BROMATOL'OGY, Bromatolog"ia, Sitiol'-
ogy, from jSgoua,'food,'and xoyoj,'a discourse.'
A treatise on food.
  BROME, Bromine.
  BROMELIA ANA'NAS, called after Olaus
Bromel, a   Swede.  Car'duus  Brazilia'nus,
Ana'nas acosta ova'ta seu aculea'tus, Anas'sa,
Capa-Isiak'ka,  Ana'nas,  or Pine Apple.   A
West India tree, which produces the most de-
licious  of fruits.
  Brome'lia Pinguin, Ana'nas   America'na,
Pinguin, Broad-leaved wild Ana'nas, &c  The
West India  plant, which affords the Pinguin
fruit.  The fruit is refrigerant, and the juice,
when ripe, very austere.  It is used to acidu-
late punch.  A wine is made from  the Pinguin,
which is very intoxicating, and has a good fla-
vour.
  BROMIDE  OF  IRON, see Bromine—b. of
Mercury, see Bromine—b. of Potassium,  see
Bromine.
  BROMIDRO'SIS, from (igwuog, 'stench,' and
hdgwg,  'sweat.'  Offensive sweat.
  BROMINE,  Bro'minum, Bromin'ium, Bro-
ma, Bromin' eum,Bro'mium,Bro'mina,Bromum,
Mu'rina, Muride, Brome.  A simple body, of a
very volatile nature, and  highly offensive and
suffocating odour, whence its name, from  /Spco-
fioc,' a stench.'  It is met with chiefly in sea-
water,  and in  many animal and vegetable bo-
dies that live  therein.  It  has likewise been
found in many mineral waters of this and other
countries.  In its chemical relations, it may be
placed between chlorine and iodine.  With ox-
ygen it forms  an acid, the Bromic, and with
hydrogen another—the Hydrobromic.
  Pure Bromine, Bromide of Iron, (dose gr,
i or ij) and Bromide of Potassium, Hydrobro-
mate of Potassa, (F.) Bromure de potassium,
(dose gr. iv  to viij in the  day,) have been  used
medicinally, and chiefly in scrofulosis,—inter-
nally, as well as applied externally.  Bromine
may be dissolved in forty parts of distilled wa-
ter, and six drops be commenced with as a dose.
Bromides of Mercury (Hydrar'gyriBro 'mida)
have been given in syphilis.  The protobromidt
and the bibromide are analagous in composition
and  medicinal  properties to the corresponding
iodides of mercury.
  BROMOGRAPHY, Bromatography.
  BROMOS, fiqapiog.  One of the  cerealia, sup-
posed, by some, to be oats.  See Avena.
  BROMOSUS, Fetid.
  BRONCHES, Bronchia—b. Ganglions lym-
phatiques des, Bronchial  glands.
  BRON'CHIA, Bron'chia, Bronchi, from (igoy-
Xo;, 'the  throat.'  The Latins used the  term
Bronchus, for the whole of the trachea; whilst
they called its  ramifications Bronchia.  Bron-
chia, Bronchia, and Bronchi, (F.) Bronches,
now mean the two tubes, with their ramifica-
tions, which arise from the bifurcation of the
trachea, and carry air  into the lungs,—Can!-
nula pulmo'num. 
BRONCHIAL
126           BRONCHORRHCEA
  Bronchia,  Dilatation  of the,  Dilated
Bronchia.  The physical signs of this condition
are the following:—Percussion usually clear,
but not unfrequently less  so than natural, al-
though very seldom quite  dull.  Auscultation
detects coarse mucous or gurgling rhonchi, in-
creased by the cough, combined with, or  re-
placed by, bronchial or  cavernous respiration,
which is often effected as if by a sudden puff or
whiff. The resonance of the voice is increased,
but it seldom amounts to perfect pectoriloquy.
The most common situations for dilated bron-
chia are the scapular, mammary, or lateral re-
gions.  They are almost always confined to one
side.
  Bronchia, Obliteration,  or  Compression
of the.  The  inspiratory murmur on ausculta-
tion  is weaker or wholly suppressed over a li-
mited portion of the chest;  the expiration is ge-
nerally more  distinct  and prolonged: all  the
other conditions are natural.
  BRON'CHIAL,  Bronchic,  Bronchia'lis,
Bron'chicus.   That which relates to the bron-
chia.
  Bronchial  Arteries,  (F.) Artlres Bron-
chiques.   These are generally two in number,
one going to each lung.  They arise from the
thoracic aorta, and accompany the  bronchia in
all their ramifications.
  Bron'chial  Cells, (F.) Cellules bronchiques.
The Air-cells; the terminations of the bronchia.
  Bronchial  Cough, (F.)  Toux  bronchique,
T. tubaire.  This generally accompanies bron-
chial respiration.   They both indicate obstruc-
tion to the entrance of air  into the  air-cells.
  Bron'chial  Glands, Glan'dula Vesalia'na,
glands of Vesa'lius, (F.) Glandes bronchiques
ou Ganglions  lymphatiques des  bronches, axe
numerous glands of an ovoid shape; of a red-
dish hue in the infant, and  subsequently brown
and black, seated in the course of the bronchia.
Their functions are unknown. The bronchial
glands may be presumed to be affected by scro-
fulosis,  when, in addition  to the  existence of
tumours in the neck, percussion  gives a  dull
sound under the upper and central  part of the
sternum, whilst there is no appreciable lesion
of the lungs.
  Bron'chial  Nerves, (F.) Nerfs Bronchiques,
are furnished by the two pulmonary plexuses.
  Bronchial Phthisis,  see Phthisis bronchial
—b. Respiration, see Murmur, respiratory.
  Bron'chial Veins arise from the last  divi-
sions of the arteries of the same name, and pass,
on the right side, into the vena azygos; on the
left, into the superior intercostal.
  BRONCHIC, Bronchial.
  BRONCHIECTASIS, Dilata'tio bronchio'-
rum, from (ipoyxoc, ' a bronchus,'  and iy-took,
' dilatation.'  Dilatation of one or more bron-
chial tubes.
  BRONCHITIS, Bronchitis.
  BRONCHITE  CONVULSIVE, Pertussis.
  BRONCHITIS, Bronchiltis,  Inflarwma'tio
hronchio'rum,  Catar'rhus Pulmo'num, C. bron-
rhio'rum,  Pleurltis hu'mida, P.  bronchia'lis,
Bronchos'tasis, Pulmonary  Catarrh, Angi'na
bronchialis, (F.)  Inflammation des Bronches.
Inflammation  of the lining  membrane of  the
bronchial tubes.  This is always  more or  less
present in cases of pulmonary catarrh ; and is
accompanied by cough,  mucous expectoration,
dyspnoea,  and  more or less uneasiness in breath-
ing.  The acute form is accompanied with all
the signs of internal inflammation, and requires
the employment of antiphlogistics followed by
revulsives.  The chronic form,, Tussis senilis,
Catar'rhus senilis, Rheuma catarrka'lB, Perip-
neumo'nia notha (q.  v.) Bronchorrha'a acu'ta,
Winter cough, Chronic Catarrh, may be con-
founded with phthisis ; from which it must be
distinguished mainly by the absence  of hectic
fever and of the physical signs that are charac-
teristic of the latter, as well as by the  nature
of the expectoration, which  is generally mu-
cous, although at times muco-purulent.  When
the expectoration is little or none, the bronchi-
tis is said to be dry, dry catarrh, (F.)  Catarrhe
Sec.
  When bronchitis affects the smaller tubes, it
is   termed  capillary bronchitis,  bronchitis
capilla'ris,  bronchoc'acl infantilis  (?), and is
often fatal to  children.
  Bronchitis,  Catarrh—b.  Asthenica,  Perip-
neumonia notha—b. Capillary, see Bronchitis—
b.   Convulsiva,  Pertussis—b.  Membranacea,
Polypus bronchialis—b. Plastic, Polypus bron-
chialis—b. Pseudomembranous, Polypus  bron-
chialis—b.  Summer,  Fever, hay.
  BRONCHIUS, Sterno-thyroideus.
  BRONCHLEMMITIS, Polypus bronchialis.
  BRONCHOCACE, Peripneumonia  notha—
b.  Infantilis, see Bronchitis.
  BRONCHO-CATARRHUS, Catarrh.
  BRONCHOCE'LE,  from pqoyXog,  ' a bron-
chus,' and xrt\ij, ' tumour.' An inaccurate name
for the affection which is called, also, Bo'chium,
Botium, Hernia  gut'turis, Guttur tu'midum
seu globo'sum,  Trachelophy'ma,  Hernia gut-
tura'lis, Thyroce'll,  Thyreoce'll,  Tracheoce'll,
Thyrempkrax'is, Thyreophrax'ia, Thyreon'cus,
Thyron'cus,  Deiron'cus,  Deron'cus, Thyro-
phrax'ia, Gossum, Go'tium,  Exechebron'chus,
Gongro'na, Struma,  Glans, Bo'cium, Her'nia
bronchia'lis, Tracheloce'll, Tuber  gutturo'sum,
Gutte'ria, dec, the Derbyshire neck, Swelled
neck,  Wen, Goitre,  Sec, (F.) Goitre, Gouetre,
Hypertrophic du Corps Thyroide, Grosse Gorge,
Gros Cou.  This is no rupture, but consists of
an  enlargement of the thyroid gland.   It  is
common at the base of lofty mountains in every
part of the world;  and has been supposed to be
owing to the  drinking of snow-water, but it
occurs where there is  no snow.  The tumour
is  sometimes very extensive.  Iodine  has great
power over it, and will generally occasion its
absorption, when the case has not been of such
duration as to have  ended in  a cartilaginous
condition.
   BRONCHOCEPHALITIS, Pertussis.
   BRONCHOPHONY, Resonance.
   BRONCHOPLASTIC,  Bronchoplas'ticus;
from (iqoyx<>g,' a bronchus,'and nXuaoi",' I form.'
An epithet given  to the operation for  closing
fistulas in the trachea.
   BRONCHOPNEUMONIA, from pqoy/o?, 'a
bronchus,'  and Pneumonia.  Inflammation of
the bronchia and lungs.
   BRONCHORRHA'A,  (F.)  Bronchorrhee,
Catarrhe pituiteux, Phlegmorrhagie pulmonaire,
Flux bronchique, from (iqoyXog, 'bronchus,'and
p«u>, 'I flow.'  An increased secretion of mucus
from the air passages, accompanied or not by
inflammation:—a gleet (q. v.) as it were, of the
pulmonary mucous membrane.
   Bronchorrhcea Acuta, Bronchitis (chronic.) 
BRONCHOSTASIS             127             BRUIT DE RAPE
  BRONCHOSTASIS, Bronchitis.
  BRONCIIOTOME,  Broncholomus, from
(loay%og, and xi^tnv,' to cut.'  A kind of lancet,
with a blunt  and rounded point, mounted on a
handle, and fitted to a canula, which passes in
along with it, and is  allowed to remain in the
opening made in the trachea.
  BRONCHOT'OMY,BrowcAo*om'ta,(F.)Ero«-
chotomie.  Same etymology.   A surgical ope-
ration, which consists in making  an opening
either into the trachea, (Tracheotomy:) into the
larynx, (Laryngot'omy:) or into both, ( Tracheo-
laryngot'omy,) to extract foreign bodies or to
permit the passage of air to the lungs.  These
different parts are divided transversely or ver-
tically, according to circumstances.
  BRONCHUS, Trachea.
  BROOKLIME, Veronica beccabunga.
  BROOM, Sophora tinctoria, Spartium scopa-
rium—b. Butcher's,  Ruscus—b. Clover, So-
phora tinctoria—b. Indigo, Sophora tinctoria—
b.  Rape, of Virginia, Orobanche Virginiana—
b. Spanish, Spartium junceum—b. Yellow, So-
phora tinctoria.
  BROSSARDIERE,  MINERAL WATERS
OF.  Brossardiere is a chateau in  Bas-Poitou,
France.  The waters contain carbonates of iron
and lime, chloride of sodium, and  sulphate of
lime.  They are aperient.
  BROSSE, Brush.
  BROUILLARD, Caligo.
  BROUS'SAIST.  One who is a believer  in,
and professor of, the physiological and patholo-
gical opinions of Broussais.  The system itself
was  called  Broussaism  or  the Physiological
Doctrine.
  BROW, Front—b. Ague, Neuralgia fronta-
lis.
  BROWN  RED, Colcothar.
  BROWN'IAN, Browno'nian, Bruno'nian.
Relating to the system or opinions of John Brown.
   BROWNISM, Bru'nonism, Bruno'nianism.
The doctrines of Brown.
  BROWNIST, Browno'nian, Bruno'nian.   A
 follower of the  system of Brown.
  BRU'CEA ANTI-DYSENTER'ICA. Called
after Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller.  B. fer-
rugin'ea,Angustu'ra spu'ria,(F. )Fausse Angus-
ture, A. Ferrugineuse. The systematic name of
the plant whence is obtained the false Angus-
tura Bark.   It affords Brucia.
  BRUCIA, Brucine.
  BRUCINE,  Bru'cia,  Bructna, Bruclnum,
Bru'cium,Pseudangusturlnum, Vom'iciue.  An
organic, salifiable base, discovered in the false
Angustura—Brucea  anti-dysenter'ica, and  ob-
tained from Strychnos nux vom'ica.  It is of a
pearly white;  crystallizes  in oblique prisms
with a parallelogrammatic base; is very bitter,
slightly acrid and styptic, and soluble in water,
but more so in alcohol.  Brucia is a less active
poison than strychnia.   It resembles it, how-
ever, and may be used as a substitute for it and
for the extract  of nux vomica.  Dose, half a
grain.
   BRUCKENAU, MINERAL WATERS OF.
These springs are in Bavaria, and  contain car-
bonic acid and iron.
   BRUCOURT, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 Brucourt is three leagues and a half from Caen
 in  Normandy.  The waters contain  carbonic
acid, chloride of sodium, and sulphate of soda,
 much sulphate of lime, &c.
  BRUISE, Contusion.
  BRUISEWORT, Bellis saponaria.
  BRUISSEMENT,  (F.)  Frem'itus.  This
word has much the same signification as Bour-
donnement, (q. v.) as well as Bruit.
  BRUIT, (F.) 'Sound,' (q. v.)  A French
term applied to various sounds heard on per-
cussion and auscultation, viz.
  BRUIT DE CRAQUEMENT, B. de Tirail-
lement, Bruit de cuir neuf, ' sound of crackling,
or bursting, or of  new leather.'   A sound pro-
duced by the friction of the pericardium, when
dried and roughened by inflammation.
  BRUIT DU CCEUR  FCETAL, Battemens
doubles; Double bruit du Caur duFatus.  The
pulsations of the foetal heart heard in auscultation
in the latter half of utero-gestation.
  BRUIT DE CUIR NEUF, Bruit de craque-
ment.
  BRUIT DE DIABLE,Ronflementde Diable,
Bruit de souffle a double courant, ' noise of the
diable or humming-top.' Venous Hum.  A high
degree of Bruit de soujfiet, heard on auscultating
the arteries.  It denotes an impoverished state
of the blood.
  BRUIT DOUBLE DU CCEUR DU FCE-
TUS, Bruit du Cceur fatal—b. de Frolement,

  BRUIT DE FROTTEMENT ASCEN-
DANT ET DESCENDANT, ' Sound of fric-
tion of ascent and descent.'   Sounds  produced
by the rubbing of the lung against the parietes
of the chest, as it rises and falls during inspira-
tion and expiration. They are distinctly heard in
pleuritis, when the  pleura has become rough-
ened by the disease.  Friction sounds or  To-
and-fro sounds axe  also heard in  pericarditis
and peritonitis.
  BRUIT HUMORIQUE, B. Hydropneuma-
tique.  The sound afforded on percussion when
organs are filled with liquid and air.
  BRUIT HYDROPNEUMATIQUE, Bruit
humorique.
  BRUIT MUSCULALRE.  The sound ac-
companying the first sound of the heart, referred
by some to muscular contraction.  Called, also,
Bruit rotatoire, in  consequence  of its having
been thought to resemble the rumbling of dis-
tant wheels.
   BRUIT MUSICAL, Sifflement moduli.
  BR UIT D E PAR CHEMIN.  ' Parchment
tone.'  A sound as if produced by two  sheets
of parchment applied to each other.  It is said
to be produced by thickening and rigidity of the
valves of the heart.
  BRUIT PLACENTAIRE, B. de  soufflct
placentaire, B. uterin, Souffle ut'erin, Souffle
placentaire, Placental bellows' sound,  Utero-
placental murmur, Uterine murmur.  The bel-
lows' sound heard on auscultating over the site
of the placenta in a pregnant female.  It does
not appear to be owing to the placental vessels:
but to the uterine tumour  pressing upon the
large vessels of the mother.
   BRUIT DE PO T FkLk;' Sound of a cracked
vessel.'   This sound  is  heard on percussion,
when a cavern in the lungs is filled with air,
and has a narrow outlet.
  BRUIT DE RACLEMENT,' Sound of scra-
ping.'  A sound  produced by the scraping  ot
hard, solid membranes, as  the pericardium,
against each other.
   BRUIT DE RAPE,  ' Sound of a rasp.5  A 
BRUIT ROTATOIRE          128
BUBO
 sound heard  during the  contraction of either
 the auricles or ventricles.  It is constant; and
 the contraction of the  cavity is more prolonged
 than natural, and emits a hard, rough, and—as
 it were—stifled sound.
   It indicates contraction of the valvular ori-
 fices by cartilaginous deposits, or  ossification,
 and is better heard near the apex of the heart,
 if the auriculo-ventricular valves be concerned,
 —near the base if the semilunar valves be the
 seat of the disease.
   BRUIT ROTATOIRE, Bruit musculaire.
   BRUIT  DE  SCIE,  or  'saw-sound,' and
 Bruit de lime a. bois, or ' file-sound,' resemble
 the Bruit de Rape, (q. v.)
   BRUIT DE SOUFFLE a DOUBLE COU-
 RANT, Bruit de Diable.
   BRUIT DE SOUFFLET, Bruit de Souffle,
 ' bellows' sound,' ' blowing  sound.'  A sound
 like that of a bellows, heard occasionally by the
 ear applied to the chest during the  contraction
 of the ventricles, auricles, or large arteries.  It
 coexists with affections  of  the  heart, but is
 heard, also, without any disease in  that organ,
 —whenever, indeed, an artery is compressed.
 An Encephalic bellows' sound, has been described
 by Drs.  Fisher and Whitney.  It is heard on ap-
 plying the ear to the occiput or to the top of the
 head; and is considered to indicate turgescence
 of  vessels, or inflammation.  When such tur-
 gescence exists, the  vessels  are compressed,
 and the compression gives rise to the sound in
 question.
  BRU1TDE SOUFFLETPLACENTAIRE,
 Bruit placentaire—b. de Tiraillement, Bruit de
 craquement.
  BRUIT DE TAFFETAS.  ' Sound of Taf-
 feta.'  'Sarcenet sound.'   A respiratory sound
 so named, by M. Grisolle, from its  resembling
 the  sound caused by the  tearing of a piece of
 taffeta;  and which he  considers to indicate he-
 patization of the lung  limited to the surface in
 pneumonia.
  BRUIT TYMPANIQUE,'Tymnanic sound.'
 The clear sound afforded by percussing the sto-
 mach and intestines when containing air.
  BRUIT UTERIN,  B. placentaire.
  BRULURE, Burn.
  BRUNELLE, Prunella.
  BRUNNER'S  GLANDS,  Brunneri  Glan'-
 dida, Glandula solita'ria,  Solitary glands,
 Solitary  follicles, Second  pan'creas.  Mucipa-
 rous follicles of a small size, seated between the
 mucous  and  muscular coats of the stomach,
 along the two curvatures of that organ, and  in
 the small intestines, especially the duodenum;
 so called from their discovery having been ge-
 nerally attributed to  Brunner.   The solitary
 intestinal follicles are usually known, at the
 present day, as the glands  of Brunner, although
 Brunner  restricted the latter term to the glands
 of the duodenum.
  BRUNONIAN, Brownian.
  BRUNONIANISM, Brownism.
  BRUNUS, Erysipelas.
  BRUSCUS, Ruscus.
  BRUSH,  Scop'ula,  (F.) Brosse.  A  well
known instrument, used in medicine chiefly for
the following purposes.  1. To clean the teeth.
2. To remove the saw-dust, which  adheres to
the  teeth of the trephine, during the operation
of trephining.  3. To  rub the surface of the
body, for the purpose of exciting the skin, and
 favouring transpiration.  Westring, a  Swedish
 physician, has  recommended metallic brushes
 for the purpose of conveying  galvanism to a
 part.   These brushes consist of a plate of ebony
 fitted to another of gold, in which threads of the
 same  metal are fixed;—the brush being  con-
 nected with one of the poles of the galvanic pile.
   Brush, Stomach, Excutia ventriculi.
   BRUT A, Juniperus sabina.
   BRUTIA.   A sort  of thick pitch, obtained
 from  Brutia in Italy.   From  the  Fix Brutia
 was obtained the O'leum Piclnum.
   Brutia, Instinct.
   BRUTINO, Terebinthina.
   BRUXANELI.   A Malabar tree,' the bark
 and leaves of which have a strong smell, and
 are astringent.   On the coast of Malabar, its
 juice, mixed' with butter, is applied to boils.
 Its bark is esteemed to be diuretic, and its roots
 anti-arthritic
   BRUYERE  VULGAIRE, Erica vulgaris.
   BRUYERES, MINERAL WATERS OF-
 Bruyeres  is a small village, 7^ leagues from
 Luneville.  The waters are acidulous and cha-
 lybeate.
   BRYCETOS, see Algidus.
   BRYCHETHMOS, Rugitus.
   BRYCHETOS, see Algidus.
   BRYGMA, Brygmus, Trisis, Prisis, Pris-
 mus,  Odontoprisis, Stridor Den'tium,  (F.)
 Giincement des  Dents, (q. v.)  Grinding of the
 teeth.   A  common symptom in children of gas-
 tric or other  derangement, but often present
 when there is no reason to suspect any.
   BRYO'NIA  ALBA;  White  Bry'ony, Vitis
 alba sylves'tris, Agros'tis, Agriam'pelos, Am'pe-
 los a'gria,  Archeos'tris, Echetro'sis, Bryo'nia
 as'pera, Cedros'tis, Chelido'nium,  Labrus'ca,
 Melo'thrum, Ophrostaph'ylon, Psilo'thrum, Bry-
 onia Diotca.  Nat. Ord. Cucurbitaceae. Sex.
 Syst. MonceciaMonadelphia. (F.) Coideuvrie,
 Vigne  vierge, V. blanche.   The root is large
 and succulent, and has an acrid, bitter, and dis-
 agreeable taste.   It is a drastic cathartic.  Ex-
 ternally, it has  been applied, in form of cata-
 plasm,  in gout.  When repeatedly washed, a
 good starch is  obtained from it.   The active
 principle has been separated from it, and called
 Bry'onine.
   Bryonia Mechoacanna Nigricans, Convol-
 vulus jalapa—b. Peruviana, Convolvulus jalapa.
   BRYONINE,  see Bryonia alba.
   BRYTIA, Marc of grapes.
   BRYTON, Cerevisia.
   BTJ, (iov, abbreviation of (iovg,' an ox;' in com-
 position expresses,' excess, greatness.'  Hence
 Bulimus, Buphthalmia, &c
   BUBASTECORDIUM, Artemisia vulgaris.
   BUBE, Pustule.
   BUBO, (itv(!viv, Pano'chia,,Panus inguina'lis,
 Adenophy'ma inguinalis, Bubonopa'nus, Bubo-
 non'cus, Bubon!cits, Cambu'ca, Angus, Bonbon,
 Codoce'll,Codoscel'la,(F.) Bubon, Poulain. In
 the works of Hippocrates and Galen, this word
sometimessignifiesthegroin—Zw5-Me?j; at others,
the inguinal glands; and at others, again, swell-
 ing or inflammation of these  parts.  The mo-
derns apply the term to an inflammatory tumour
seated  in the groin or axilla, and  they generally
distinguish, 1.  Simple  or  sympathetic  Bubo,
which is independent of any virus  in the eco-
nomy. _ 2. Venereal Bubo, (F.) Bubon vinerien,
which is occasioned by the venereal virus.   3. 
BUBON
129
BUCKWHEAT
Pestilential Bubo,  or  B. symptomatic  of the
Plague.  The  last two have  by some been
called malignant Bubo, (F.) Bubon malin.
  Primary Bubo, (F.) Bubon primitif, shows
itself with the  first symptoms of syphilis:  the
consecutive not till afterwards.
  BUBON,  Bubo, Inguen—b. Gummiferum,
3ee Ammoniac  gum.
  Bubon  Gal'banum.   The systematic name
of a  plant which has been supposed to afford
the galbanum.    Meto'pion, Mato'rium.  The
plant is also called Fer'ula Africa'na, Oreoseli'-
num  Africa'num, Anisum frutico'sum galba-
nif'erum, Anisum Africa'num frutes'cens, Sell -
uum  Galbanum, The  long-leaved or  lovage-
leaved  Gal'banum.  Nat.  Ord. Umbelliferae.
The plant can scarcely, however, be considered
to be  determined.  Galbanum is the gummi-re-
sinous juice of  this tree.  Its odour is fetid, and
taste  bitter and  acrid:  the agglutinated tears
are of a white  colour, on a ground of reddish-
brown.  It forms an emulsion, when triturated
with  water, and is  soluble in proof spirit of
wine, and vinegar: s. g. 1.212.  It has been
given as an antispasmodic, and expectorant, in
pill or emulsion. Dose, from gr. 10 to 60.  Ex-
ternally, it is applied as a cataplasm.
  Bubon  Macedon'icum, Petroseli'num Mace-
don'icum, A'pium petra'um, Petra'pium, (F.)
Persil de  Macidoine,  Macedo'nian Parsley.
Its  properties are similar to those of  common
parsley,  but  weaker and less  grateful.   The
seeds  are an ingredient in the celebrated com-
pounds, Mithridate and Theriac.
  BUBONA, Nipple.
  BUBONALGIA,  from 0ov(im; 'the groin,'
and aXyoc, 'pain.'  Pain in  the groin.
  BUBONCUS, Bubo.
  BUBO'NIUM, Aster Adticus, Golden Star-
wort.   A plant anciently supposed to be  effi-
cacious in  diseases  of the groin, from povfiwr,
' the groin.'
  BUBONOCE'LE, from pov(iwv, 'the groin,'
and x>;X>;, ' tumour,' ' rupture.'  Her'nia ingui-
na'lis, (F.) Hernie  inguinale-, In'guinal Her-
nia, or Rupture of the Groin.   Some surgeons
have confined this term to hernia when limited
to the groin, and have called the same affection,
when it has descended to the scrotum, Oscheo-
■ e'le, or Scrotal Hernia.  The rupture  passes
through the  abdominal ring:  and, in  conse-
quence of the greater size of the opening in the
male,  it is more frequent in the male sex.
  BUBONONCUS,-Bubo.
  BUBO.XOPANUS, Bubo.
  BUBONOREX'IS, from (iov(la>v, 'the groin,'
and oijiig,  'a rupture.'  A name given to bubo-
nocele when accompanied with a division of the
peritoneum, or  when, in other words, it is de-
void of a sac.
  BUBON'ULUS, Bubun'culus. A diminutive
of Bubo, (q.  v.)  A painful  swelling of the
lymphatics of the penis, extending along  the
dorsum of that organ to the  groin.  It is an oc-
casional accompaniment of gonorrhoea.
  BUBUKLE.   A  word used by  Shakspeare
for a red pimple on the nose.
  BUBUNCULUS, Bubonulus.
  BUCAROS, Terra Portugallica.
  BUCCA, Gnathos.  The  mouth. The cheek
and hollow of the cheek.  Also, the vulva.
  BUCCAC'RATON, from Bucca, and xoau>,
 'I mix.'  A morsel of bread sopped  in wine,
 which served of old for a breakfast.—Linden.
   BUCCAL,  Bucca'lis,  from  Bucca, 'the
 mouth,'  or  rather 'the cheek.'  That which
 concerns the mouth, and especially the cheek.
   Buccal  Artery,  A. Sus-maxillaire, (Ch.)
 arises from'the internal maxillary or from some
 of its branches, as the Temporalis profunda an-
 tica, or the Alveolar.  It distributes its branches
 to the buccinator muscle, and to the buccal
 membrane.
   Buccal  Glands, Molar Glands.   Mucous
 follicles, seated in the buccal membrane, oppo-
 site  the  molar teeth.  They secrete  a viscid
 humour, which mixes with the saliva, and  lu-
 bricates the mouth.
   Buccal Membrane, (F.) Membrane  Buccale.
 The mucous membrane,  which lines  the inte-
 rior of the mouth.
   Buccal Nerve, or Buccina'tor Nerve,Bucco*
 labial—(Ch.,) is given off by the inferior maxil-
 lary.   It sends its branches to  the cheek, and
 especially to the buccinator muscle.
  Buccal Vein follows the artery.
  BUC'CEA,  Buccel'la.    The fleshy excres-
 cence  of nasal polypus,  so called because  it
 was believed to proceed from the mouth.— Para-
 celsus.  Also, a mouthful.
  BUCCELATON, Buccela'tus.   A  loaf-
 shaped  cathartic medicine;  made  chiefly of
 scammony.—Aetius, Paulus of iEgina.
  BUCCELLATIO.  A mode of arresting he-
 morrhage, by applying a  pledget of lint to the
 bleeding vessel.—Avicenna, Fallopius.
  BUCCINA, Turbinated bones.
  BUCCINATOR, from buccinare, ' to sound
 the trumpet.'   The  Buccina'tor Muscle, Re-
 trac'tor An'guli  Oris, Bucco-Alviolo-maxil-
 laire,  Alveolo-labial—(Ch.,) Manso'Hus,  is
 situate in the substance of  the cheeks.  It ex-
 tends between the  posterior portions of the al-
 veolar arches of the two jaws and the commis-
 sure of the lips, which it  draws backward.  It
 assists in mastication, by pushing the food back
 towards the teeth; and,  if the  cheeks be dis-
 tended by air, its contraction forces it out.
  BUCCO.  One who is blub-cheeked, or wide-
 mouthed.
  BUCCO-ALVEOLO-MAXILLAIRE, Buc-
 cinator.
  BUCCO-LABIAL NERVE, Buccal  nerve.
  BUCCO-PHARYNGE'AL,  Bucco-Pharyn-
ge'us, (F.) Bucco-Pharyngien.   Belonging  to
 the mouth and pharynx.  The Bucco-pharyn-
ge'al Aponeurosis or Intermax'illary Lig'ament,
 extends from the internal ala of the pterygoid
 process to the posterior  part of the lower alveo-
 lar arch, and affords attachment, anteriorly, to
 the buccinator, and posteriorly to the constric-
 tor pharyngis superior.
  BUC'CULA, from Bucca, 'the mouth.'  A
 small mouth.   The  fleshy part beneath  the
 chin.—Bartholine.
  BUCERAS, Trigonella foenum.
  BUCHU  LEAVES, Diosma crenata.
  BUCKBEAN,  Menyanthes  trifoliata — b.
 American, Menyanthes verna.
  BUCKET FEVER, Dengue.
  BUCKEYE, ^Esculus hippocastanum.
  BUCKHO, Diosma crenata.   ..
  BUCKTHORN, PURGING, Rhamnus.
  BUCKWHEAT, Polygonum fagopyrum—b.
Plant, eastern, Polygonum divaricatum. 
BUCNEMIA
130   BUPLEURUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM
  BUCNEMIA, see Elephantiasis—b. Tropica,
see Elephantiasis.
  BUCTON, Hymen.
  BUFF, INFLAMMATORY, Corium phlo-
gisticum.
  BUFFY COAT, Corium phlogisticum.
  BUG, (BED,) Cimex.
  BUGANTIA, Chilblain.
  BUG'GERY, Sod'omy,  Sodom'ia,  Co'itus
Sodomit'ieus, (I.) Bugarone.  Said  to have
been introduced by the Bulgarians.  A carnal
copulation against nature, as of a man or woman
with any animal; or of a man with a man, or a
man  unnaturally with  a woman.  The  unna-
tural crime.
  BUGLE, Prunella—b. Common, Ajuga rep-
tans— b.  Pyramidale, Ajuga—b. Rampante,
Ajuga reptans—b. Water, Lycopus Virginicus
—b. Weed, Lycopus.
  BUGLOSE, Anchusa officinalis.
  BUGLOSS,  DYER'S, Anchusa  tinctoria—b.
Garden, Anchusa officinalis—b. Upright, Ajuga.
  BUGLOSSA, Anchusa officinalis.
  BUGLOSSUM  ANGUSTIFOLIUM  MA-
JUS, Anchusa  officinalis—b. Latifolium, Bora-
go officinalis—b. Sativum, Anchusa officinalis
—b. Sylvestris, Anchusa officinalis—b. Tincto-
rum, Anchusa tinctoria—b. Verum,  Boracic
acid—b. Vulgare majus, Anchusa officinalis.
  BUGRANDE kPINEUSE,Ononis spinosa.
  BUGRANE, Ononis spinosa—b.des Champs,
Ononis arvensis.
  BUGULA, Ajuga.
  BUIS, Buxus.
  BUISARD, MINERAL WATERS OF. Bui-
sard is two  leagues from Chateau-Thierry, in
France.  The  water contains chloride of cal-
cium and carbonate of lime.
  BULB, Bulbus, (F.) Bulbe.  A name, given
by anatomists  to different parts which resem-
ble, in shape, certain bulbous roots. The Bulb
of the Aorta is the great sinus  of the Aorta.
Bulb of a Tooth;  the vascular and nervous pa-
pilla contained in the  cavity of a tooth.  The
Bulb or Root of the Hair  is the part whence
the hair originates.  The Bulb of the Urethra
is the dilated portion formed by the commence-
ment of the Corpus  spongiosum towards the
root of the  penis.  We  say, also, Bulb,  for
Globe, of the eye.
  Bulb of  the Eye, see  Eye—b. Rachidian,
see Medulla oblongata.
  BULBE, Bulb—b. de  la Voute  a trois  Pi-
liers, Mamillary tubercles.
  BULBI PRIORUM CRURUM FORNICIS,
Mamillary tubercles.
  BULBOCASTANEUM,  Bunium  bulbocas-
tanum.
  BULBO-CAVERNOSUS, Accelerator urinas
—b. Syndesmo-caverneux, Accelerator urinae—
b. Uretral, Accelerator urinae.
  BULBONACH, Lunaria rediviva.
  BULBUS, Bulb.
  Bulbus Esculen'tus.  The Es'culent Bulb:
a particular kind, so  denominated by the  an-
cients.  It is  supposed  to have been the Cepa
Ascalon!ica.—Dioscorides, Celsus, Pliny, &c.
  Bulbus Oculi, see Eye—b. Pili, see Hair.
  Bulbus Vomito'rius.   A plant, said by Dios-
corides to be emetic and  diuretic.   It is the
Musk-grape flower, according to Ray,— the
Hyacinthus Muscari.
  BULGA, Vulva.
  BULIMIA, Boulimia.
  BU'LITHOS, from p»vt,' an ox,' and Xi9og,
'a stone.'  A bezoar or stone, found in the kid-
neys, gall-bladder, or urinary bladder of an ox
or cow.
  BULLA, (F.) Btille.   A Bleb.  A portion
of the  cuticle, detached  from the skin by the
interposition of a transparent, watery  fluid. It
forms the 4th order in Willan's and Bateman's
arrangement of cutaneous diseases, and includes
erysipelas,  pemphigus,  and pompholyx.  By
some, Bulla has been used synonymously with
Pemphigus,  (q. v.)  See, also, Hydatid.
  BULLACE PLUM, Prunus invitia.
  BULLJE ROTUNDA CERVICIS UTERI,
Nabothi glandulae.
  BULL-FISTS, Lycoperdon.
  BUMELLIA, Fraxinus excelsior.
  BUNA, Coffea Arabica.
  BUNDURH, Corylus avellana.
  BUNIAS, Brassica napus.
  B\J'~NlOID,Bunioldes,Na'piform;  fxomjiov-
kov,'a turnip,'and eidog, 'resemblance.'  An
epithet for a form of cancer, bearing  some re-
semblance to a turnip.
  BUNION, Bunyon.
  BUNITES VINUM.   A wine, made by in-
fusing the Bunium in must.   It  is stomachic,
but scarcely ever used.
  BU'NIUM BULBOCASTANUM,  (lovm,v,so
called, it has been  supposed, from growing on
hills, from (towcc, 'a hill.'  Balanocas'tanwm.
The systematic name of a plant, whose root is
called  Pig-nut, (q. v.)   Agriocas'tanum, Nu'-
cula terres'tris, Bulbocasta'neum, Bulbocas'-
tanum majus et minus, Earth-nut, Hawk-nut,
Kipper-nut, (F.) Terre-noix.  The root is tube-
rous, and is eaten raw or roasted.   It has been
supposed to be of use in strangury. It is not em-
ployed in medicine.
  BUNNIAN, Bunyon.
  BUN'YON, Bun'ion, Bun'nian, from |?&u»oc,
'an eminence.' (?) An enlargement and in-
flammation of the bursa mucosa at the inside
of the ball of the great toe.
  BUOPHTHALMIA, Buphthalmia.
  BUPEINA, Boulimia.
  BUPHTHALMI HERBA, Anthemis  tinc-
toria.
  BUPHTHAL'MIA, Buophtkalmia, Buph-
thalmos, Elephantom!ma, from  $ovq, 'an ox,'
and oq>9a\/jt.oc,  'an eye.' Ox-eye.  Under this
name, the generality of authors have designated
the first stage of hydrophthalmia.   Others, with
Sabatier, mean, by it,  turgescence of the vi-
treous humour, which, by pushing  the iris for-
wards, forms around the crystalline a sort of
border.
  BUPHTHALMUM CRETICUM, Anthemis
Pyrethrum—b.  Majus,  Chrysanthemum leu-
canthemum.
   BUPHTHALMUS,  Hydrophthalmia,  Sem-
pervivum tectorum.
   BUPINA, Boulimia.
   BUPLEUROIDES,   Bupleurum  rotundifo-
 lium.
   BUPLEU'RUM ROTUNDIFO'LIUM, Bu-
pleu'ron, Bupleuroi'des, from (iov,  augmenta-
 tive, and nXevoov, 'side,' (F.) Buplivre, Perce-
feuille, Round-leaved Hare's Ear, Thorowwax.
 The herb and seeds are slightly aromatic.   It
 was  formerly celebrated for curing ruptures, 
BUPLkVRE
131
BUTUA
 being made  into a cataplasm  with wine and
 oatmeal.
   BUPLkVRE, Bupleurum rotundifolium.
   BURAC.  Borax.  Also, any kind  of  salt.
 (Arabic.)
   BURDOCK, Arctium lappa—b. Lesser, Xan-
 thium.
   BURIS.  Hernia, accompanied by scirrhous
 tumefaction; or, perhaps, a  scirrhous tumour
 only.—Avicenna.
   BURN.   Sax. bennan or byrnan,  'to burn
 or bren.'  Us'tio, Ambus'tio, Adus'tio, Tresis
 Causis, Erythe'ma Ambus'tio, Causis, Encau'-
 sis, Pyricaus'tum, Combustu'ra, Catacau'ma,
 Combus'tio,  (F.)  Brulure.  An  injury  pro-
 duced by the action of too great  heat on the
 body.  Burns  are of greater or less extent,
 from the simple irritation of  the integument to
 the complete destruction of the part.  The con-
 sequences are more or less severe^ according to
 the extent  of  injury, and the part affected.
 Burns of the abdomen, when apparently doing
 well, are sometimes followed by fatal results.
 Their treatment varies,—at times, the antiphlo-
 gistic being  required;   at  others,  one more
 stimulating.
   BURNEA, see Pinus Sylvestris.
   BURNETT'S DISINFECTING  LIQUID.
 A solution of chloride of zinc, first used by Sir
 William Burnett for  preserving timber,  can-
 vass, &c, from dry rot, mildew, &c, and after-
 wards as an antibromic and antiseptic, espe-
 cially in the case of dead bodies.
   BURNING, Brenning.  A disease mentioned
 by old historians, from which authors have un-
 successfully endeavoured to demonstrate the an-
 tiquity of syphilis.—Parr.
   BURRHI SPIR'ITUS MATRICA'LIS.  The
 Spirit of Burrhus for diseases of the Womb.
 It is  prepared  by digesting,  in alcohol, equal
 parts of myrrh, olibanum, and  mastic.  Boer-
 haave frequently prescribed it.
   BURSA CORDIS, Pericardium—b. Testium,
 Scrotum—b. Virilis, Scrotum.
   BURSiE  MUCO'S^E, Bursa muco'sa vesi-
 culates, Bursa seu Cap'sula synovia'les, Blen-
 nocys'tides, Sacci muco'si, Vesica unguino'sce
 ten'dinum, Synovial Crypts  or Follicles, (F.)
 Bourses Synoviales.  Small membranous sacs,
 situate about the joints, particularly about the
 large ones of the upper and lower extremities,
 and, for the most part, lying under the tendons.
 They are naturally filled with  an  oily kind of
 fluid, the use of which is to lubricate surfaces
 over which the tendons play.   In consequence
 of bruises or  sprains, this  fluid sometimes col-
 lects to a great extent.  The bursas are, gene-
 rally, either  of a roundish or oval form, and
 they have been arranged under two classes, the
 spherical and the vaginal.
   Bursk Synoviales, Bursa?  mucosae.
   BURSALIS, Obturator internus.
   BURSE'RA  GUMMIF'ERA,  Terebinth'us
 gummif'era, Jamaica Bark Tree.   A resin ex-
 udes from this tree, which is  solid externally,
 as met with in the shops; softish internally; of
 a vitreous fracture;  transparent; of a pale yel-
 low colour; turpentine smell, and  sweet, per-
 fumed taste.   It has  been used like balsams
and turpentines in general, and is  called, by
the French, Cachibou, Chibou,  and Resine de
 Go mart.
  BURSULA, Scrotum.
   BURTHISTLE, Xanthium.
   BURWEED, Xanthium.
   BURWORT, Ranunculus acris.
   BUSSANG, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 Bussang is a village in the  department of Vos-
 ges, France.  The waters are acidulous chaly-
 beates.
   BUSSEROLLE, Arbutus uva ursi.
   BUS'SII  SPIR'ITUS BEZOARTICUS, Be-
 zoar'dic Spirit of Bussius.  A preparation,
 regarded as sudorific,  diuretic, and antispasmo-
 dic;  obtained  by distilling subcarbonate and
 muriate of  ammonia, amber, oil of cedar or
 juniper, &c.
   BUTE, ISLAND OF, CLIMATE OF. This
 island is in the Frith  of Clyde, about 18 miles
 below  Greenock.  The climate  is mild and
 equable, but rather moist; and, as a winter re-
 sidence, it holds out advantages for those only
 that appear  to demand such a condition of the
 atmosphere.   The  climate resembles, in cha-
 racter, that of the S. W. of England and France,
 and the channel islands; although its tempera-
 ture is lower.
   BU'TEA FRONDO'SA, see Kino.  A tree,
 common in Bengal, and in  the mountainous
 parts of India; Nat.  Ord.  Leguminosas; from
 which gum butea flows. Dr. Pereira found this
 gum  to be identical with a specimen marked
gummi rubrum astringens—the gomme astrin-
gent e de Gambie of M. Guibourt.   By some this
 gum has been confounded with kino.
   BUTIGA, Gutta rosea.
   BUTOMON, Iris pseudacorus.
   BUTTER,  from ftovrvpov, itself  from (love,
 ' ox,' and tv^oc, ' any thing coagulated.'  Buty'-
 rum, Pice'rioii, (F.)  Beurre.  A sort of con-
 crete oil, obtained from the cream that forms
 on the surface of the  milk furnished by the fe-
 males of the mammalia; especially by the cow
 and the goat.  Fresh  butter is very  nutritious,
 whilst the rancid is  irritating.   The ancient
 chemists gave the name Butter to many  of the
 metallic chlorides.  It has also been applied to
 vegetable substances,  which resemble, in some
 respects, the butter obtained from milk.
   Butter of Bambouc or ~B ambuc,(F.) Beurre
 de Bambouc ou Bambuk.  A  vegetable oil ob-
 tained from a species of almond, and used in
 Senegal in neuralgic and rheumatismal pains.
   Butter of Ca'cao,  Oil of Ca'cao, Oleum Ca-
 cao spissa'tum, O. Theobro'ma  Cacao expres'-
 sum, (F.) Beurre de Cacao, Huile de  Cacao. A
fat substance, of a sweet and agreeable taste,
obtained from the Theobroma caeao, or choco-
 late nut.
   Butter of Cocoa, (F.) Beurre de Coco.  A
fatty, concrete substance, which separates from
the milk of  the  cocoa nut.  It is  sweet and
agreeable.
   BUTTERBUR, Tussilago petasites.
   BUTTERCUPS, Ranunculus acris.
   BUTTERFLY-WEED, Asclepias tuberosa.
   BUTTERMILK,  (F.) Babeurre, La.it de
Beurre.  The thin, sour milk, separated from
the cream by churning. It  contains caseum
and a little  butter. It is a  refreshing drink
when newly made.
  BUTTERWORT, Pinguicola vulgaris.
  BUTTONBUSH, Cephalanthus occidentalis.
  BUTTONWOOD SHRUB, Cephalanthus oc-
cidentalis.
  BUTUA,  Pareira brava. 
               BUTYRUM               1

  BUTYRUM, Butter—b. Amygdalarum dul-
cium, Confection (almond)—b.  Saturni, Un-
guentum plumbi superacetatis—b. Zinci, Zinci
chloridum.
  BUVEUR, Rectus internus oculi.
  BUXTON, MINERAL WATERS OF, Bux-
tonien'ses Aqua.  Buxton is a village in Der-
byshire.  The springs are thermal, and about
82° Fahrenheit. They contain sulphate of soda,
chloride of calcium, chloride of  sodium, chlo-
ride of magnesium, carbonate of lime, carbonic
acid, and azote.   They are  used in cases in
which thermal springs, in general, are recom-
mended.  They contain little or no mineral im-
pregnation.
  BUXUS, Buxus sempervlrens.   The Box-
tree, (F.) Buis ou Bonis.  The leaves are bit-
ter  and aromatic, and,  as  such, have been used
in medicine, in cases of worms, dyspepsia, &c,
in the form of decoction.  They are sometimes,
also, added to beer.  The seed was anciently
called Carthe'gon.
  BYNE, Malt.
  C. This letter in the chemical alphabet sig-
nifies nitre.   It is also sometimes used in pre-
scriptions for calx.
  CAA-AP'IA, Dorste'nia Brazilien'sis.  The
root, according to Piso, is employed as emetic
and anti-diarrhosic
  CAA-ATAY'A.  A plant of Brazil, supposed
to be a  species of gratiola.   It  is very bitter,
and considered to be one of the best indigenous
cathartics.
  CAACICA, Euphorbia' capitata.
  CAA-GHIYU'YO, Frutex bac'cifer Brazili-
en'sis.   A shrub of  Brazil, whose leaves,  in
powder, are  considered detersive.
  CAAOPIA, Hypericum bacciferum.
  CAAPEBA, Pareira brava.
  CAAPONGA, Crithmum maritimum.
  C AAROBA. A Brazilian tree, whose leaves,
in decoction, promote perspiration.   See Cera-
tonia.
  CABAL,  Cab'ala, Caballa, Calbala, Caba'-
lia, Kab'ala, Gaballa.  This word is  from the
Hebrew, and signifies knowledge transmitted by
tradition.  Paracelsus  and  several authors  of
the  16th and 17th centuries  have spoken much
of this  species of magic, which  they distin-
guished  into  Judaic or theologian, and Hermetic
or medicinal; the latter being, according  to
them, the art of knowing the most occult  pro-
perties of bodies  by an  immediate  communica-
tion  with spirits,—the knowledge being  thus
acquired by  inspiration, and  incapable of in-
ducing error.  It was also called Ars cabalis'-
tica, ' cabalistic art.'
  CABAL'HAU.  A plant of Mexico, accord-
ing to Dalechamps, which passes for an antidote
to white hellebore, and yet is used for poison-
ing  arrows.   It is unknown to botanists.
  CAB'ALIST,  Cabalis'ta.  One instructed in
the  Cabal.
  CABALLATION, Cynoglossum.
  CABARET, Asarum.
  CABBAGE, Brassica—c  Cow, Nymphaea
32              CACCIONDE

   BY'RETHRUM.  A sort of cap or Couvre-
 chef, filled with cephalic substances.—Forestus.
   BYRSA, (ivgo-*.  A leather skin to  spread
 plasters upon.
   BYRSODEP'SICON. A tan stuff, with which
 CjElius Aurelianus sprinkled wool, which he
 applied in certain cases to the umbilical region:
 from (ivpo-*,' leather,' and $i\jjiu>, ' I tan.'
   BYRSODEPSICUM PRINCIPIUM,Tannin.
   BYSAU'CHEN, from  (ivt»,  ' I stop up,' and
 avxyv, ' the neck.'   A morbid stiffness of the
 neck.  One with a short neck,—Simotrache'lus.
   BYSSOS, Vulva.
   BYSSUS, Byssum.  The ancients gave this
 name to several  vegetable  substances, which
 were  used for the fabrication of stuffs  prized
 for their fineness, colour, and rarity of material.
 It is now chiefly applied to the filaments, by
 the aid o'f which the acephalous mollusca attach
 their shells to the rocks.   Byssus was formerly
 also applied to the female pudendum.
   BYTHOS,  (ivS-oc,' depth.'  An epithet used
 by Hippocrates for the fundus of the stomach.
odorata—c  Irish, Dracontium foetidum—c.
Skunk, Dracontium foetidum—c Swamp, Dra-
contium foetidum—c. Water, Nymphaea odorata
—c. Tree,  Geoffraea  inermis—c.  Bark  tree,
Geoffraea inermis.
  CABBAGIUM, Geoffraea inermis.
  CABUREIBA, Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  CABUREICIBA, see Myroxylon  Peruife-
rum.
  CAC^E'MIA, Cacha'mia, from xaxoc,'bad,'
and 'ai/ax, 'blood.' A faulty or morbid condi-
tion of the blood.
  C AC ^ESTHE'SIS, Cacaasthe'sis, Cacocesthe'-
sis, from xaxog,  'bad,' and aiod^aic, 'feeling.'
Morbid sensation.  Morbid general feeling. In-
disposition.
  CACAFERRI, Ferri subcarbonas.
  CAC'AGOGUE, Cacago'gus, from *axx», 'ex-
crement,' and aytiv, ' to expel.'  An ointment,
composed of alum  and honey; which, when ap-
plied  to  the anus, produced  an evacuation.—
Paulus of iEgina.
  CACALEXITERIA, Alexiteria.
  CACA'LIA ANTEUPHOR'BIUM, Anteu-
phor'bium.   A plant, which Dodoens and others
considered to be capable of tempering the caus-
tic  properties of the  euphorbium.  It is also
called Klein'ia.
  Many  varieties  of the Cacalia are used, in
different  countries, chiefly as condiments.
  CA'CAO, Ca'coa, Co'coa Cacavif'era, Caca'-
vi,  Quahoil, Cacava'ta.  The cocoa or choco-
late nut; fruit  of Thabro'ma Cacao; Family,
Malvaceae.   Sex. Syst. Polydelphia Pentandria.
  CACATION, Defecation.
  CACATORIA, Diarrhoea.
  CAC'ATORY, Cacato'rius, from cacare,  'to
go to  stool.'  Febris cacato'ria; a kind of inter-
mittent fever, accompanied by copious alvine
evacuations.—Sylvius.
  CACAVATA, Cacao.
  CACAVI, Cacao, Jatropha manihot.
  CACCE, Excrement. 
CACCIONDE
133
CACOSIS
  C ACCION'DE.  A sort of pill, chiefly formed
ofcatechu,recommendedbyBaglivi in dysentery.
  CACEPHEBOTESIA, Puberty.
  CACHANG-PARANG.  A sort of bean of
Sumatra, mentioned by Marsden, whose seeds
are given  in pleurisy,   jussieu considers it to
be the Mimo'sa scandens.
  C AC HEC TIC, Cached tes,Cachec'ticus, same
etymon  as Cachexia.  One attacked  with ca-
chexia.   Belonging to  cachexia.  Cachec'tica
remedia are remedies against  cachexia.
  CACHEN LAGUEN, Chanchalagua, Chiro-
n,ia Chilensis.
  CACHEX'IA, from  xaxog, 'bad,' and h\ig,
'habit.'   Status cachec'ticus.  A condition  in
which the body is  evidently depraved.  A bad
habit of body; chiefly the  result of scorbutic,
cancerous, or  venereal  diseases  when in their
last  stage.  Hence we hear of a Scorbutic Ca-
chexia, Cancerous  Cachexia, &c  Sauvages and
Cullen have included under this head a number
of diseases—consumptions, dropsies,  &c.  Ca-
chexia  has been  sometimes   confounded with
diathesis.   Cachexia  Icter'ica is jaundice  or
 icterus itself, or a disposition thereto.  Fluor
 albus is sometimes called Cachexia Uterina.
   Cachexia  African a,  Chthonophagia—c.
 Calculosa, Lithia—c. Cancerous, see  Cancer—
 c. Chlorotic, Chlorosis—c Dysthetica, Dyscra-
 sia—c. Icterica, Icterus.
   Cachexia  Londinen'sis.  The paleness and
 other evidences of impaired  health presented
 by the inhabitants of  London: a similar  ca-
 chexia  is seen in those of other crowded cities.
   Cachexia,  Scorbutic, see  Purpura—c. Scro-
 phulosa, Scrofula.
   Cachexia Sple'nica.  The state of scorbu-
 tic  cachexia, which often accompanies diseases
 of the spleen, especially in India.
   Cachexia  Venerea, Syphilis—c. Venous,
 Venosity—c Virginum, Chlorosis.
   CACHlBOU, see Bursera gummifera.
   CACHINNA'TIO, from cachinno,'!  laugh
 aloud.'   A tendency to immoderate  laughter,
 as in some hysterical and  maniacal affections.
   CACHIRI.  A fermented liquor  made, in
 Cayenne, from  a decoction of the rasped root of
 the manioc.  It resembles perry.
   CACHLEX.  A small stone or pebble, found
 on the  sea shore.  One of these, when heated
 in the  fire, and cooled  in  whey, communicates
 an astringency  to the  liquid, so that it was an-
 ciently esteemed  to be useful in dysentery.—
 Galen.
   CACHOS.   An oriental fruit, apparently of
 a Solanum, which is esteemed lithontriptic
   CACHOU, Catechu.
   CACHRYS  LIBANOTIS.  An  umbellife-
 rous plant which grows in Africa and the South
 of Europe.  It is  aromatic and astringent.   Its
 seeds are extremely acrid.
   CACHUN'DE.  An Indian troch or pastile
 composed of  amber, mastic, musk, cinnamon,
 aloes,  rhubarb, galanga,  pearls, rubies,  eme-
 ralds, garnets,  &c  It is  regarded by the peo-
 ple of India as an antidote, stomachic and anti-
 spasmodic.
   CACO, x*xo, properly  only an abbreviation
 of Kax.og.  In composition it means  something
 defective; as in the following words.
   CACOiESTHESIS, Cacaesthesis.
   CACO-ALEXITERIA, Alexipharmic.
  CACOCHO'LIA,fromxaxoc, 'bad,' and Xoh,
'bile.'   Diseases induced by a depraved condi-
tion of the bile.
  CAC'OCHROI, Cacochrce'a,  from  xaxoc,
'bad,'and %$oa, 'colour.'  Diseases in which
the complexion is morbidly changed in colour.
  CACOCHVLTA,  from  K**.og,  'bad,'  and
#i/x<k,  ' chyle.'  Depraved chylification.
  CACOCHYMTA,  Kakochym'ia,  Corrup'tio
Humo'rum, from xay.og, 'bad,' and ^t^o?, 'juice,'
'humour.'   Cacochymy.  Depravation of the
humours.
  Cacochymia Plumbea, Lead poisoning—c
Scorbutica, see Purpura—c. Scrophulosa, Scro-
fula—c.  Venerea, Syphilis.
  CACOCH'YMUS, Cacochym'icus.  One at-
tacked with cacochymia.   Belonging to caco-
chymia.
   CACOCNE'MUS,  Cacocne'micus,   Mails
suris pradltus; from kuhos, 'bad,' and  xiw/Mj;,
' the leg.'  One who has bad legs.
  CACOCORE'MA, from  xaxs?, 'bad,'  and
xoptw,' I purge, or cleanse.'  A medicine which
purges offthe vitiated humours.
  CACOD^E'MON,  from *ax.og, 'bad,' and oai-
ftwv, 'a spirit.'  An  evil spirit, to which were
ascribed many  disorders.  The nightmare.
  CACO'DES, from xaxoc, 'bad,' and ituv, 'to
smell,' — maleolens.  Having  a  bad smell;
Caco'dia, Cacos'mia.
  CACO01 A, see Cacodes.
  CACOETHES, Cacoith'icus,  from  xaxoc,
'bad,' and t9*g, 'disposition, habit,' &c  Of a
bad  or vitiated character, as ulcus caco'ffthes,
an ulcer of a malignant  character.
  CACOETHICUS, Cacoethes.
  CACOGALAC'TIA, Cacoga'lia, from xaxec,
'bad,' and ya\a, gen. yaXuxroc, 'milk.'   A bad
condition of the milk.
   CACOGALACTICA, same etymon  as the
last.  One who suffers from a bad condition of
the milk.
   CACOGALIA, Cacogalactia.
   CACOGEN'ESIS, from  y.axog,  'bad, and yi-
 vtffic,  'generation.'  A  morbid formation.
   CACOMORPHIA, Deformation.
   CACOMORPHOSIS, Deformation.
   CACOPATHI'A, Pos'sio Mala, from xaxoj,
 'bad,' and  na.&oc,  'affection.'   A  distressed
 state of mind.—Hippocrates.
   CACOPHO'NIA,from xaxo?, 'bad,' and <pavt,,
 'voice,' vitia'ta vox. A dissonant condition of
 voice.
   CACOPLASTIC, Cacoplas'ticus, Dysplas-
 mat'ic; from xaxoc, 'bad,' and vXatrvu, 'I form.'
 Susceptible of only  a low degree of organiza-
 tion,  as the indurations resulting from  low  or
 chronic inflammation,  fibro-cartilage,  cirrho-
 sis, &c
   CACOPRA'GIA,  Cacoprax'is, from  xaxo?,
 'bad,' and 7rqa.xxa>, 'I perform.' Depraved con-
 dition of the organic functions.
   CACOPRAXIS, Cacopragia.
   CACORRHACHITIS,  from  mix,  'bad,'
 and q*x'S■>  'the  spine.'  Cacor'rhachis, Caco-
 rhachis, Cacorhachltis,  Spondylalgia.  De-
 formity of the spine.  Disease of  the  spine.
 Spontaneous luxation of the vertebrae and ribs
 dependent upon internal causes.
   CACORRHYTHMUS, Arrhyth'mus,  from
 x«k-,?, 'bad,' and qvS/toc, 'rhythm/' order.' Ir-
 regular.
   CACO SIS.  Mala disposl'tio, (F.) Vice. A 
CACOSITIA               134                 C.ECUM
  bad condition of body.—Hippocrates.   A dis-
  eased condition in general.
    CACOSIT'IA, from xanog, ' bad,' and oixiov,
  'aliment.'  Disgust or aversion for food—Fas-
  tid'ium cibo'rum.
    CACOSMIA, see Cacodes.
    CACOSOMI'UM,  from  k*xo9,  'bad,' and
  o-wutt, 'the body.'  An hospital for leprosy,and
  incurable affections in general.
    CACOSPERMA'SIA,  Cacosperma'tia, Ca-
  cosper'mia,  from  xaxoc,  'bad,'  and  o-nig/ua,
  ' sperm.'  A bad condition of the sperm.
    CACOSPHYXIA,   from  xax0f,  'bad,' and
  ocpu^it,  'pulse.'—Vitio'sus pulsus.  Bad state
  of pulse.—Galen.
    CACOSPLANCH'NIA, from  xaxof, 'bad,'
  and o-7iXa.y%yov, 'a viscus.'  Indigestion.  The
  emaciation dependent  upon imperfect digestion.
  —Siebenhaar.
    CACOSTOM'ACHUS, from  xxxog, 'bad,'
  and oxo/*ax°c, 'the stomach.'  What disagrees
  with the stomach.  Indigestible.—Gorraeus.
   CACOSTOMATOSPHRESIA, Breath, offen-
  sive.
    CACOSTOMUS, from xa'xog, 'bad,' and
  Txoim,' a mouth.'   Having a bad mouth.
    C ACOTHYM'IA,Vilium An'imi, from xaxoc,
  'bad,' and -9v/s.og, 'mind,' 'disposition.'  A vi-
  tious state of mind.—Linden.
    CACOTRIBULUS, Centaurea calcitrapa.
    CACOTRICH'IA,  from xaxoc, 'bad,' and
  dpi£, rpi^oc, 'hair.' Disease of the hair.
    CACOTROPH'IA,  from xax*?, 'bad,'  and
 Tgo<p», 'nutrition.'—Vitio'sa nutrl'tio;—disor-
  dered  nutrition.—Galen.
    CACOU, Cagot, Catechu.
   CACOU'CIA COCCIN'EA, Coucin'ea Coc-
 cin'ea, Schousba'a coccin'ea, Tikimma.   A pe-
 rennial twining shrub of  South America, the
 plant of which, as well as the fruit, is possessed
 of emeto-cathartic properties.
   CACTIER, Cactus  opuntia.
   CACTUS OPUNTIA, Opun'tio.   The  In-
 dian  Fig,  (F.) Cactier, Raquette, Figuier
 d'Inde.  This plant grows in  South America,
 Spain, Italy, &c.  Its fruit, which has the shape
 of the fig, is of a sweetish taste, and colours
 the urine red when eaten.  Its  leaves are con-
 sidered refrigerant.
   The fruits of different species of cactus are
 called  Tunas.
   CADA'BA, Stro'e'mia.  A genus of the fa-
 mily Capparidea, natives of India and Arabia.
 The young shoots of the Cada'ba farino'sa are
 considered to be an antidote against venomous
 bites.
   CADA'VER, Ptoma, Necron.  A dead body;
 a subject; a carcass, (F.) Cadavre.  The word
 has been supposed to come from  cado, 'I fall;'
 and by some to be a contraction from caro data
 vermibus, 'flesh  given to the worms'!
  CADAVEROUS, Cadav'eric, Cadavero'sus,
 Necro'des,  (F.)  Cadavireux.   Belonging  to
 the dead body; as cadaverous smell.  The Ca-
dav'erous or Hippocratic face (see Face,) is an
unfavourable sign in disease, and generally de-
notes a fatal termination.
  Cadav'erous or  Cadav'eric  Hyperemia.
The hypostatic hyperaemia observed in depend-
ing parts of the dead body.
  CADEJI-INDI, Malabathrum.
  CADEL-AVANACU, Croton tiglium.
    CADIA.  An Egyptian, leguminous plant.
  The Arabs  attribute to its  fresh  leaves the
  power of relieving colic.
    CADIVA INSANIA, Epilepsy.
    CADMIA, Calamina, Tutia.
    CADMI'I SULPHAS, Cadmi'um sulphu'ri-
  cum,  Sulphas  Cadmi'cus, Meli'ni Sulphas,
  Klaprdthii Sulphas, Klapro'thium Sidphuri.
  cum, Melinum Sulphu'ricum, Sulphate of Cad'-
  mium.  Used  in spots on  the cornea, and in
  chronic torpid inflammation of the conjunctiva,
  in the quantity of half a grain to a grain to the
  ounce of water.
    CADMIUM SULPHURICUM, Cadmii Sul-
  phas.
    CADTCHU, Catechu.
    CADUCA HUNTERI, Decidua—c. Passio,
  Epilepsy.
    CADU'CITY, Imbecillitas, Debil'itas, Ca-
  du'citas, from  cadere, ' to fall.'   The French.
  use  the word Caduciti for the portion of human
  life  which is comprised generally between 70
  and  80 years.  The age which  precedes  de-
  crepitude.  It  is so termed in consequence of
  the  limbs  not  usually  possessing sufficient
  strength to support the body.   The precise age
  must of course vary in individuals.
    CADURCUS, Vulva.
    CADUS, xaSog.  A Greek  measure equal to
  ten gallons English.—Pliny.
    Cadus, Amphora.
    CiECA,  FORAM'INA—ANTERIUS ET
  POSTERIUS—are situate at the fore and back
  parts of the tuber annulare of the brain, and at
  the extremities of the depression made by the
  vertebral artery.  The former is placed between
  the nerves of the third; and the latter between
  those of the sixth pair.
    CMCM HiEMORRHOI'DES, Blind Piles,
  (F.)  Himorrhoides aveugles,  are  those unac-
  companied by any discharge.
    C^EC AL, Caca'lis.  Belonging to the caecum,
 from cacus, ' blind, hidden.'   The Csecal arte-
 ries and veins are the branches of the Arteris
 et venx colicx dextrx  inferiores, distributed  to
 the caecum.
   CICATRIX, Cicatrix.
   CiE'CITAS, Cce'citas, Cxcitu'do,  Ablep'sia,
 Obcxca'tio, Occxca'tio,  Anap'sia,  Ty'phlotes,
  Typhlo'sis, Blindness, (F.) Aveuglement, Ce-
 citi, Perte de la vue. Caecitas may be dependent
 upon many different diseases,—as  upon amau-
 rosis, specks,  hypopyon,  cataract, glaucoma,
 ophthalmia, atrophy of the eye, &c
   Ckcitas Crepuscularis, Hemeralopia—c,
 Diurna, Nyctalopia—c. Nocturna, Hemeralopia.
   C^ECITUDO, Caecitas.
   CAECUM, Ccecum, Iutestlnum  caecum, Mo-
 nom'achon, Monom'acum, Monoco'lon, Monocu'-
 lum, Typhlo'teronmonoco'lon, Typhlolerum,Ty-
phloen'terum, Inl'tium intestlui crassi, Saccus
 Intestini crassi seu Coli, Cacum Caput coli, Ca-
put coli, Prima cella coli, Inl'tium  extn'beran<
coli, from cacus, ' blind.'  The Blind Gut,  so
called from its being perforated at one end only.
That  portion of the intestinal canal  which  i?
seated between the termination  of the ileum and
commencement of the colon; and which fills, al-
most  wholly, the right iliac fossa; where the
peritoneum retains  it immovably.  Its  length
is about three or  four fingers' breadth.  The
Ileo-cacal valve or Valve of Bauhin  shuts off
all  communication between it  and  the ileum; 
CiECUS                 13^
and the Appendix vermiformis caeci is attached
to it.
  CjEcum Fora'men of the frontal bone is a
small cavity  at  the  inferior extremity of the
internal  coronal crest  or crista.—Fronto-eth-
moidal foramen, (F.) Trou aveugle ou borgne.
Morgagni has given the same name to the small
cavity in the  middle of the upper surface of the
tongue, near  its base;  the  sides of which are
furnished with mucous follicles—Lacune de la
langue.—(Ch.)
  Cecum, Phlegmonous Tumour of the, Ty-
phlo-enteritis.
  CiECUS.  'Blind.'   One deprived of sight,
Typhlops, (F.) Aveugle, Borgne.  In anatomy,
it is used to designate certain holes or cavities,
which end in a cul-de-sac; or have only one
opening.
  Blind Ducts of the Ure'thra, (F.) Conduits
aveugl.es de I'urethre, are the Mucous Lacu'na
of the Ure'thra.
   CiELA-DOLO, Torenia Asiatica.
   C.EMENTUM, Lute.
   C^ERULEUM  BEROLINENSE, Prussian
blue—c. Borussicum, Prussian blue.
   C^ERULOSIS  NEONATORUM,  Cyano-
pathy.
   CiESALPI'NIA, Casalpi'na sappan, Sappan
or Sampfen wood, (F.) Brisillet, Bois de Sap-
pan.  A small Siamese tree, the wood of which
is used in decoction,  in cases of contusion.
   Brazil wood,  Pernambuco  or Fernambuco
wood, formerly used as an astringent,  is the
wood of Ctesalpin'ia Echina'ta.  This is the
proper  Brazil  wood;  but  another  variety in
commerce  is the Brasiletto, from Casalpinia
Brasiliensis, and C.  crista, which  grow in the
West Indies.
   The Nicaragua or peach-wood is analogous
to this, and is said to be derived from a species
of Caesalpinia.
   The  kernel  of Cesalpin'ia  Bonducell'a,
the seed of which is  called  in India Kutkideja
and Kutoo Kurunja, is given as a febrifuge
tonic.  Dose ten grains.
   C^ESA'REAN SECTION, Casa'rean opera-
tion, Tomoto'cia, Casa'rea sectio, Partus casa'-
reus, Opera'tio casa'rea, Metrotom'ia, (F.) Opi-
ration Cisarienne, from cadere,  'to cut.'  An
incision made through the parietes of the abdo-
men and uterus to extract  the  foetus.   In this
manner,  Julius Caesar is said to have been ex-
tracted.—Pliny. It is also called Hysterotom'ia,
Hysterotomoto'cia, Gastrometrotom'ia, Gaster-
hy sterol omy,  Gastrometrot'ome,  Gastrohyste-
rot'omy,  (F.) Opiration Cisarienne.  An inci-
sion has been made into the uterus  through the
vagina, constituting the Vaginal Cxsarean Sec-
tion, Gastrelytrotom'ia, Gastrocolpotom'ia, La-
par acolpotom'ia, Laparoelytrotom'ia, (F.) Ope-
ration cisarienne vaginale.  The Caesarean sec-
tion may be required when the mother dies be-
fore delivery;—when there is some invincible
obstacle  to delivery from the faulty conforma-
tion of the pelvis; or  when the child has passed
into the abdominal cavity in consequence of rup-
lure of the uterus.
  CESARIES, Capillus.
  C.ESIUS,  Glaucoma.
  C^ESONES,  Casares.   Children brought
into the world by the Caesarean operation.
  CvESU'LIiE.  They who have gray eyes.
  CiESURA, Cut.
5       CAKES, WORM, STORY'S

  CiETCHU, Catechu.
  CAF, Camphor.
  CAFAL, Agrimony.
  CAFAR, Camphor.
  CAFk, Coffea.
  CAFE  A LA SULTANE.   This name has
 been given  to an infusion or decoction of the
 ground coques or pericarps which surround the
 coffee.
   CAFE  CITRIN.  The aqueous  infusion of
 unroasted coffee, so called on account of its yel-
 lowish tint.
   CAFEYER,  Coffea Arabica.
   CAFF A, Camphor.
   CAF1ER, Coffea Arabica.
   CAFUR, Camphor.
   CAGASTRUM.  The  principle  or germ of
 diseases which are communicable. Paracelsus.
   CAGNEUX,  Cagot.  See Kyllosis.
   CAGOSANGA, Ipecacuanha.
   CAGOT, (F.).   A name  given to deformed
 and miserable beings, met with in  the  Pyre-
 nees,  Bern, and Upper Gascony, in France,
 where  they are  also called Capots.  In  other
 districts they are called, Gezits, Gizitains, Cri-
 tins, Gahets, Capons, Coliberts,  Cacous,  Cag-
 ncux,  &c.  See Critin.  The  word Cagot is
 supposed to be an abbreviation of Canis Gothus,
 ' Doe of a Goth.'
   CAGUE-SANGUE, Caquesangue.
  CAHINC^E RADIX, Caincas radix.
  CAI'EPUT  OIL, Caj'eput oil, Kyaput'ty,
 Cajapu'ti O'leum,.  The volatile oil of the leaves
 of Melaleu'ca Cajapu'ti, a native of the Moluc-
 cas.  The oil has a strong, fragrant  smell, like
 camphor;  taste  pungent and aromatic.   It is
 stimulant, and useful where the essential oils in
 general are employed.   It has also been called
 Oil of Witneben, from the person who first dis-
 tilled it.
   CAILLE, Tetrao coturnix.
   CAILLEAU, Lantana.
   CAILLEBOTTE, Curds.
   CAILLELAIT BLANC, Galium mollugo—
 c. Vraie, Galium verum.
   CAILLOT, Coagulum.
   CAINANiE RADIX, Caincas radix.
   CAIN'CiE  RADIX,  Radix  Chiococ'ca, R.
 Caina'na seu Caninana seu Cahinca seu Ka~
 hinca  seu Serpenta'ria Brazilien'sis, Cainca
 Root.   The bark of the roots of Chiococc'a an-
 guif'uga, Ch. densifo'lia, and perhaps Ch. race-
 mo'sa, a plant of the Family Rubiaceae.   Sex.
 Syst. Pentandria Monogynia, of Linnasus.  It
 is bitter, tonic, and diuretic, but has not been
 long introduced.  Dose of the powder from ^j.
 to ^ss.
  Dr.  John H.  Griscom, of New York, consi-
 ders there is a  remarkable analogy between
 the Cainca and the Apocymim cannabinum.
  CAINITO, Chrysophyllum Cainito.
  CAIPA SCHORA.   A cucurbitaceous Mala-
 bar  plant,  the fruit of which has a pyriform
 shape.   The juice is drunk in that country for
 the purpose of arresting hiccough.  The  fruit,
 when unripe, is emetic.
  CAISSE, Case—c. du Tambour,Tympanum.
  CAITCHU, Catechu.
  CAJAN, Phaseolus creticus.
  CAJUPUTI,  Cajeput.
  CAKES,  WORM, STORY'S.  These  were
 composed of calomel and jalap, made  into cakes,
 and coloured with cinnabar. 
36         CALCARLE CHLORUM
            CALABASH TREE           l:

   CALABASH TREE, NARROW-LEAVED,
 Crescentia Cujete.
   CALADIUM ESCULENTUM, Arum escu-
 lentum.
   CALAF, Salix JEgyptiaca.  A large-leaved
 Egyptian willow, called, also, Ban.  The dis-
 tilled water of the  flowers, called  Macahalef,
 passes, in that country, for an  excellent anti-
 aphrodisiac   It is  also used as an antiloimic,
 antiseptic, and cordial.
   CALAGERI, Vernonia anthelmintica.
   CALAGIRAH, Vernonia anthelmintica.
   CALAGUA'LiE RADIX, Calague'la Ra-
 dix.  The root of Polypo'dium Calagua'la, or
 Aspid'ium coria'ceum.  It has been exhibited in
 Italy in dropsy, pleurisy, contusions, abscesses,
 &c  Its properties, are not, however, clear.
   CALAMANDRINA, Teucrium chamaedrys.
   CALAMBAC, Agallochum.
   CALAMBOUK,  Agallochum.
   CALAME'DON, from xaXa/nog, 'a  reed.'
 This word has had various significations.  Some
 have used it for an  oblique  fracture of a bone;
 the fractured portions having the shape of the
 nib of  a  pen.   Others have used it for a longi-
 tudinal fracture; and others, again, for one that
 is comminuted.—Dictionaries.
   CALAMI'NA, Calamine, from calamus, 'a
 reed,' so called from its  reed-like appearance.
 Cadmla, Cathmir,  Cadmla lapido'sa a'ero'sa,
 Cadmla  Fos'silis,  Lapis A'ero'sus, Calim'ia,
 Lapis  Calamina'ris, Calamina'ris,  Car'bonas
 Zinci impu'rus, (F.) Pierre calaminaire.   Na-
 tive  impure carbonate of zinc.  Calamine is
 chiefly used  for pharmaceutical purposes in the
 form of the Calamina pespaea'ta, Lapis Ca-
lamina'ris prapara'tus, Car'bonas zinci impu'-
 rus prapara'tus, Zinci car'bonas prapara'tus,
Prepared Calamine;—Calamine reduced to an
 impalpable powder  by roasting  and levigation.
 In this state it is sprinkled  or dusted on exco-
 riated parts, or to prevent excoriation, &c
  CALAMINARIS, Calamina.
  CALAMINT, Melissa Calamintha—c Field,
Melissa nepeta—c.  Mountain, Melissa grandi-
 flora—c.  Spotted, Melissa nepeta.
  CALAMINTA HUMILIOR, Glecomahede-
racea.
  CALAMINTHA, Melissa  C—c.  Anglica,
Melissa nepeta—c  Erecta  Virginiana,  Cunila
Mariana—c. Magno flore, Melissa grandiflora
—c  Montana, Melissa grandiflora—c. Pulegii
 odore, Melissa nepeta.
  CAL'AMUS,  xaXauog, 'the reed.'   In the
 Pharmacopoeia of the U. S.  the rhizoma of aco-
 rus calamus  (q. v.)
  Calamus  Alexandri'nus.  Celsus has thus
 called a medicine, which  was  long  confounded
 with Calamus Aromaticus.  It is  not a  root,
however, but the stalk of a plant of India and
Egypt, probably the Andropo'gon Nardus.  It
entered into  the theriaca, and has been regarded
as antihysteric and emmenagogue;—Calamus
 aromaticus verus.
   Calamus  Aromaticus, Acorus calamus—c.
 Aromaticus  verus, Calamus Alexandrinus—c
 Indicus, see Saccharum—c. Odoratus, Acorus
 calamus,  Juncus odoratus.
   Calamus  Rotang.  The systematic name of
 a plant, whence Dragon's Blood, Sa7iguis Dra-
 co'nis, Cinnnb'aris  Grxco'rum,  Draconthr'ma,
 (F.) Sang-Dragon, is obtained.  It is the red,
 resinous juice, obtained, in India, from wound-
ing the bark of the Calamus Rotang.  It has
been used as an astringent in hemorrhages, &c.;
but is now rarely employed.
   Calamus Scripto'rius,  Anag'lyphl, Rhom-
boid'al Sinus; 'a writing pen,'  (F.) Fossette
angulaire du  quatrieme ventricule.,  A small,
angular cavity, situate at the superior extremity
of the medulla,  in  the fourth ventricle of the
brain,  which has been, by some, supposed to
resemble a pen.
   Calamus Vulgaris, Acorus calamus.
   CALAPPITE.   Rumphius has  given this
name to calculous concretions, found in the in-
terior of some cocoa nuts.   The cocoa tree it-
self the Malays call  Calappa.  These stones
are, likewise, termed Vegetable Bezoards.  The
Malays attribute potent virtues to them, and
wear them as amulets.
   CALASAYA, Cinchonae cordifoliae cortex.
   C ALB ALA, Cabal.
   CALBIA'NUM.   The name of a plaster in
Myrepsus, the composition of which we know
not.
   CALCADINUM, Ferri sulphas.
   CALCAIRE, Calcareous.
  CALCA'NEAL,  Calca'neus, from calx,  'the
heel.'  Having  relation  to the calcaneum, as
"calcaneal arteries."
  CALCANEO-PHALANGIENDU PETIT
ORTEIL, Abductor minimi digiti pedis—c.Pha-
langinien commun, Extensor brevis digitorum
pedis—c. Sous-phalangettien commun, Flexor
brevis  digitorum pedis—c. Sous-Phalanginien
commun,Flexor brevis digitorum pedis—c. Sous-
pkalangien du petit orteil, see Abductor minimi
digiti pedis—c. Sus-phalangettien commun, Ex-
tensor brevis digitorum pedis.
  CALCA'NEUM, from calx, 'the heel.' Cal-
ca'neus, Calcar,  Cal'cia,  Ichnus,  Os  Calcis,
Pterna, Pter'nium.   The largest  of the tarsal
bones; that which forms the heeL   It is situate
at the posterior and inferior part of the foot; is
articulated above and a little anteriorly with
the astragalus; anteriorly, also, with the os cu-
boides.   Its posterior  surface,—called Heel,
Talus, Calx,  (F.)  Talon,—gives attachment
to the tendo-achillis: the lower has, posteriorly,
two tuberosities, to which the superficial mus-
cles of the sole of the foot  are attached.  The
small Apoph'ysis or lateral Apophysis  of the
Calca'neum, (F.) Petite Apophyse ou Apophyse
laterale du Calcaneum,  is  a projection at the
upper surface of  this bone,  on which is formed
the posterior  portion of  the  cavity that re-
ceives the astragalus.  The great  Apoph'ysis,
anterior Apoph'ysis of the Calca'neum, is the
projection which corresponds, on one side, with
the cuboides; and on the other forms the ante-
rior part of the facette which receives the as-
tragalus.
  CALCANTHON, Atramentum.
  CALCAR, Calcaneum, Ergot—c Avis, Hip-
pocampus minor.
  CALCA'REOUS, Calcaneus,  Calca'rius;
from calx, 'lime.' (F.)  Calcaire.   Containing
lime:—as  calcareous  concretions,  C. deposi-
tions, &c
  CALCAREUS CARBONAS, Creta.
  CALCARIACHLORATA,Calcischloridum
—-c. Chlorica, Calcis chloridum—c. Phospho-
rica, see Cornu cervi—c Pura, Calx__c Pura
liquida, Liquor calcis.
  CALCARI^  CHLORUM, Calcis chloridum. 
CALCATOR
137
CALCULI
  CALCATOR, Ferri sulphas.
  CALCATREPPOLA, Centaurea calcitrapa.
  CALCE'NA,  CALCE'NON,  CALCENO'-
NIA, CALCINO'NIA.  Words  employed  by
Paracelsus  to designate the concretions of tar-
trate of lime which form in the human body.
  CALCENOS, Calcetus.
  CALCEOLA'RIA, from calceolus, 'a small
slipper;'  Slipperwort.
  Calceola'ria Prima'ta is used in Peru as a
laxative.
  Calceolaria  Trif'ida is  esteemed to be
febrifuge.
  CALCETUS, Calceno'nius, Calce'nos. That
which abounds  in tartrate of lime.   An adjec-
tive used,  by Paracelsus, in  speaking  of  the
blood; Sanguis calce'tus.   Hence came the ex-
pression  Calcined blood, Sang calcini.
  CALCEUM EQUINUM, Tussilago.
  CALCHOIDEA, (OS.) Cuneiform bone.
  CALCIA, Calcaneum.
  CALCIGEROUS CELL, see Tooth.
  CALCIG'RADUS, Pternob'ates, from Calx,
Tirtqva, ' the heel,' and Puivto, ' I walk.'  One
who walks on his heels.—Hippocrates.
  CALCII CHLORURETUM, Calcis murias
—c.  Oxychloruretum,  Calcis chloridum—c
Oxydum,  Calx  viva—c  Protochloruretum,
Calcis chloridum.
 "CALCINATION,  Calcina'tio,  C aid non,
Concrema'tw, from calx,  ' lime.'  The act of
submitting to a strong heat any infusible mine
ral substance, which we are desirous of depriving
either of its water, or of any other volatilizable
substance, that enters  into its composition; or
which we wish to combine with oxygen. Alum
is calcined to get rid of its water of crystalliza-
tion ;—chalk, to reduce it^ to  the state of pure
lime, by driving off the carbonic acid; and  cer
tain metals are subjected to  this operation to
oxidize them.
   CALCINATUM  MAJUS  POTERII,  Hy-
drargyrum praecipitatum.
   CALCINONIA, Calcena.
   CALCIS BICHLORURETUM, Calcis chlo
ridum—c Carbonas, Creta—c. Carbonas durus,
Creta, Marmor—c. Carbonas  friabilis, Creta—
c Hepar, Calcis sulphuretum—c.  Hydras, see
Calx—c. Hypochloris, Calcis  chloridum.
  Calcis  Chlo'ridum ;   Chlo'ride   of  Lime,
Chlo'ruret of  Lime, Hypochlorite  of Lime,
Chlorite of Lime, Oxymu'riate of Lime, Calx
chlorina'ta (Ph. U. S.)  Protoxichlor'uret of
Calcium, Calca'ria chlora'ta,  Chlorum Calca'-
rix, Chlore'tum Calca'rix, Calcaria  Chlo'rica,
Oxychlorure'tum Calcii, Protochlorure'tum Cal-
cii, Chlorure'tum Oxidi Calcii, Bichlorure'turn
Calcis, Oxymu'rias Calcis, Calcis Hypochlo'ris,
Calx  oxymuriatica, Bleaching Powder, Ten
nant's Powder, (F%Brotoxichlorurede Calcium,
Chlorure de Chaux, ^bichlorure de  Chaux
Chlorure d'Oxide de Calcium,  Bichlorure de
Chaux, Oximuriate de Chaux, Muriate surox-
igini ou Oxigini de Chaux, Poudre de Blanche
ment,  P. de  Tennant.  A compound  resulting
from the action of chlorine on  hydrate of lime.
The chloride of lime is a most valuable disin-
fecting agent, (see Disinfection,) when dissolved
in the proportion of one  pound to six gallons
of water.  It has likewise been employed both
internally  and  externally in  various diseases,
as in scrofula, fcetor oris, foul  ulcers, &c &c
         10
  Calcis Murias; Muriate of Lime, Calx sa-
li'ta, Calcii Chlorure'tum seu Chlo'ridum, Chlo-
ride of calcium, (F.) Chlorure de calcium, Mu-
riate ou Hydrochlorate de Chaux.  This  salt
has been given, in solution, as a tonic, stimulant,
&c, in scrofulous  tumours, glandular  obstruc-
tions, general  debility, &c   The Solu'tio Mu-
ria'tis  Calcis, Liquor Calcis Muria'tis, Solu-
tion of Muriate of Lime, Liquid Shell, may be
formed of muriate of Lime § j. dissolved in dis-
tilled water f. ^iij.  The Liquor Calcii Chlo-
ridi or Solution of Chloride of Calcium, of the
Pharmacopoeia of the  United States, is formed
as follows:—Marble, in fragments, ^ ix. Muriatic
acid, Oj; Distilled water, a sufficient quantity.
Mix the acid with a half pint of the water, and
gradually add  the marble.  Towards the close
of the effervescence apply  a gentle heat, and,
when the action has  ceased, pour off the  clear
liquor and evaporate to dryness.  Dissolve the
residuum in its weight and a half of distilled
water, and filter. Dose, from gtt. xxx. to f. 3J.
in a cupful of water.
  Calcis Oxymurias, Calcis chloridum.
  Calcis Sulphure'tum; Hepar Calcis, Sul-
phuret of Lime, (F.)Proto-hydrosulfatede  Cal-
cium, Hydrosulfate  de  chaux.   Principally
used in solution, as a bath, in itch and other
cutaneous affections.
  CALCITEA, Ferri sulphas.
  CALCITEOSA, Plumbi  oxydum  semivi-
treum.
  CALCITHOS, Cupri subacetas.
  CALCITRAPA, Centaurea Calcitrapa—c.
Stellata, Centaurea calcitrapa.
  CALCITRAPPA,  Delphinium consolida.
  CALCIUM, CHLORIDE OF, Calcis murias
—c. Chlorure de, Calcis murias—c. Chlorure
d'oxide de,  Calcis chloridum—c. Protohydro-
sulphate de, Calcis  sulphuretum—c.  Protoxi-
chlorure de,  Calcis chloridum—c Protoxichlo-
ruret  of, Calcis chloridum—c. Protoxide of,
Calx.
  CALCO-SUBPHALANGEUS MINIMI DI-
GITI, Abductor minimi digiti pedis—c. Sub-
phalangeus pollicis, Abductor pollicis  pedis.
  CALCOCOS, Bell-metal.
  CALCOIDEA, (ossicula,) Cuneiform bones.
  CALCOTAR, Ferri sulphas.
  CALCUL, Calculus.
  CALCULEUX, Calculous.
  CAL'CULI, see Calculus—c Articular, see
Calculi Arthritic;  and Concretions, articular.
  Calculi, Arthrit'ic, Tophi, Tuber'cula ar-
thrit'ica, Chalk stones, Nodes, (q. v.)   (F.)
Pierres crayeuses, Calculs arthritiques, Nauds.
Concretions, which form in the ligaments, and
within the capsules of  the  joints,  in persons
affected with gout.  They are composed of uric
acid, soda, and a  little animal matter;  very
rarely, urate of lime and chloride of sodium are
met with.  Similar calculi are found  in other
parts besides the joints.
  Cal'culi, Bil'iary, Calculi bilio'si seu fell-
ei seu bilia'rii, Bil'iary  Concretions, Gall-
stones, Chololithus, Cholelithus, (F.) Calculs
biliaires, Pierres au fiel.  Some of these  con-
tain all the materials of the bile, and seem to be
nothing more than that secretion  thickened.
Several contain Picromel; and the greater part
are composed of from 88 to 94 parts of Choles-
terin, and of from  6 to 12 of the yellow matter 
CALCULI IN THE  EARS        138          CALCULI, URINARY
of the bile.  Biliary calculi are most frequently
found in the gall-bladder : at other times, in
the substance  of the liver, in the  branches of
the Ductus hepaticus, or in the Ductus  Com-
munis Choledochus.   The first are called Cys-
tic; the second  Hepatic; and the  last, some-
times, Hepatocystic.   The causes which  give
rise to them are very obscure.  Often they oc-
casion no uneasiness, and  at other  times the
symptoms  may be confounded with those of
hepatitis.  At times, they are rejected by the
mouth, or by the bowels, along with a consider-
able quantity  of bile, which had  accumulated
behind them; at  other times, they occasion
violent abdominal inflammation, abscesses, and
biliary fistulas, rupture of the gall-bladder, and
fatal effusion into the peritoneum.   The passage
of a gall-stone is extremely painful; yet the pulse
is not at first  affected.  Antiphlogistics, when
there is inflammatory action, and strong  doses
of opium, to allay the pain and spasm, with the
warm bath, are  the chief remedies.   Solvents
are not to be  depended upon.  They cannot
reach the calculi.
  Cal'culi, in the  Ears,  (F.)  Calculs  de
POreille.   Hard, light, and  inflammable  con-
cretions, which occur in the meatus auditorius
externus, and are merely indurated cerumen.
They are a frequent cause of deafness.  They
can be easily seen, and may be extracted by
appropriate forceps, after having been detached
by injections of soap and water.
  Calculi Fellei, Calculi, biliary.
  Cal'culi, Lach'rymal, (F.) Calculs lacry-
maux.  Concretions,  sometimes,  but  rarely,
form  in  the lachrymal passages,  where they
occasion  abscesses and fistulas, which do  not
heal until they are extracted. No  analysis has
been made of them.
  Cal'culi  of the Mamm.k, (F.) Calculs des
Mamelles.   Haller gives a  case  of a  concre-
tion, of a yellowish-white colour, which  had
the shape of one of the  excretory  ducts of the
mammary gland, having been extracted  from
an abscess seated in that organ.
  Cal'culi of the Pan'creas, (F.) Calculs du
Pancrias.   These are but little known.  Ana-
logy has  induced a belief that  they resemble
the salivary.   Some have supposed that certain
transparent  calculi,  rejected by vomiting, or
passed in the evacuations, have proceeded from
the pancreas, but there seems to be no reason
for this belief.
  Cal'culi of  the Pene'al Gland,  (F.)  Cal-
culs de la Glande Pineale.   These have been
frequently met  with.   No symptom announces
their presence during life.  They are composed
of phosphate of lime.
  Cal'culi of  the Prostate, Prostatic  cal'-
culi.  These are not very  rare.   They  have
generally  the  same  composition  as the  pre-
ceding.   They usually present  the symptoms
common to every tumefaction of the prostate,
and sometimes  those of calculi in  the blad-
der.
  Cal'culi Pul'monary, (F.) Calculs  pulmo-
naires.  These concretions are very frequently
met with in the dead  body, without seeming to
have produced unpleasant symptoms during life.
At other times, they are accompanied with all
the symptoms of phthisis, Phthisie calculeuse,
of Bayle.  At  times,  they  are  expectorated
without the supervention  of any unpleasant
symptom.  They are usually formed of carbo-
nate of lime and animal matter.
  Cal'culi, Sal'ivary, Cal'culi saliva'les, Sia-
lolithi, (F.) Calculs salivaires.  Concretions,
usually formed of phosphate of lime and animal
matter, which are developed in the substance
of the  salivary glands or in their  excretory
ducts.  In the first case, they may be mistaken
for a simple swelling of  the gland; in the se-
cond, they may be generally detected by the
touch.  They may be  extracted by incision in
the interior of  the mouth.  The  calculus de-
veloped in the sublingual ducts has been called
Calculus sublingualis, and Ran'ula lapide'a.
  Cal'culi, Spermat'ic, (F.) Calculs sperma-
tiques.  These have been sometimes found in
the vesiculae seminales after death.  They can-
not be  detected during life. No  analysis has
been made of them.
  Cal'culi of the Stomach and Intes'tines,
Enterolitkus, E. Calculus, Coprolithus, Con-
cretio'nes alvi'na, (F.) Calculs de I'estomac, C.
intestinaux,  Pierres stercorales,  Concretions
intestinales.   Calculi of  the stomach  are rare,
and have almost always been carried thither by
the antiperistaltic action of the intestines.  The
symptoms  occasioned  by them are those of
chronic gastritis.  It has been  imagined  that
the continued use  of  absorbent powders, as
magnesia, will give occasion to them.
  Intestinal concretions, (F.) Calculs intesti-
naux, are not  uncommon in animals (see Be-
zoard :) but they are rare in man.   The causes
which give rise to them  are  little known:
sometimes a  biliary  calculus  affords  them a
nucleus.  Their composition varies.  They are
light, hard, very fetid, and not inflammable.
They are formed, ordinarily, between the  val-
vulae of the small intestines, or  in the cells of
the large, and sometimes  in old hernias. Whilst
they do not obstruct the passage of the alimen-
tary mass, they  produce  no unpleasant  symp-
tom.  At times, the movable  tumour  which
they form, may be felt through the  parietes of
the abdomen.  They are  generally evacuated
per anum.
  Cal'culi  of the  Tonsils.   Calculous con-
cretions, which sometimes form in the tonsils.
(F.) Calculs des Amygdales.  They are easily
recognised by the  sight and touch : sometimes
they are discharged by spitting, either alone or
with the pus of an abscess occasioned by their
presence.   They have not been analyzed.
  Cal'culi, U'rinary, Urolithi, (F.) Caleuk
urinaires,  Pierres  urinaires.   Concretions,
which form from the crystallizable substances
in the urine, and which are met with not only
in the whole course of the urinary passages,
but in fistulous  openings wherever the urine
stagnates  naturally  or  accidentally.   Their
causes are but little kno*v|l.  They are more
common at the two extremities of life than at
the middle, and more so in some countries and
districts than  in others.   At times, a  clot of
blood,  a portion of mucus, &c, will form  the
nucleus.  The symptoms and treatment vary
according  to the seat of  the calculus.  There
is no such thing probably as a medical solvent.
See Urinary Calculi.
  Modern chymists have demonstrated the ex-
istence of several components  of urinary cal-
culi, viz. Lithic Acid, Phosphate of Lime, Am-
moniaco-Magnesian  Phosphate,  Oxalate oj 
CALCULI, URINARY
139
CALCULOUS
Lime, Cystic Oxide, and Xanthie  Oxide, with
an animal cementing ingredient.  The varieties
of calculi, produced by the combination or  in-
termixture of these ingredients, are thus repre-
sented by Dr. Paris.
A TABULAR VIEW OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF URINARY CALCULI.
SPECIES OF CAL.
    COLI.
1. LITHIC OR
   URIC.
EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.
  Form, a flattened  oval.  S. G
generally  exceeds  1.500.  Colour
brownish  or fawn-like. Surface
smooth.  Texture, laminated.
  It consists principally of Lithic
Acid.  When treated with nitric
acid, a beautiful pink substance re-
sults.  This calculus is slightly so-
luble in water, abundantly so in
the pure alkalies.
9. MULBERRY.
  Colour, dark brown.  Texture,
harder than that of the other spe
cies. S. G. from J.428 to 1.976; Sur
face, studded with tubercles.
3. BONE EARTH
  Colour, pale brown or gray ; sur
face, smooth and polished: struc
tare regularly laminated ; the lami-
nae easily separating into concrete
CTIJStS.
4. TRIFLE.
5. FUSIBLE.
CHYMICAL COMPOSITION.
  It is the prevailing
species; but the surface
sometimes occurs fine
ly tuberculated. It fre
quently constitutes the
nuclei of the other spe-
cies.
  It is oxalate of lime, and is decom
posed in the flame of a spirit lamp
swelling out into a white  efflores
cence, which is quicklime.
   This  species
eludes some varieties,
which  are  remarka-
bly smooth  and pale-
coloured, resembling
hemp:eed.
  Principally phosphate of lime.  It
is soluble in muriatic acid.
  Colour,generally brilliant white.
Surface,  uneven,  studded  with
shining crystals, less compact than
the preceding species. Between its
lamina; small cells occur, filled with
sparkling particles.
  Colour. Grayish white.
  It  is an  ammoniaco-magnesian
phosphate, gen* rally  mixed  with
phosphate of lime. Pure alkalies
decompose it, extracting its ammo-
nia.
  A compound of the two foregoing
species.
Remarks.
  This species attains
a larger size than any
of the others.
  It  is  very  fusible,
melting into a vitreous
globule.
  It is a rare species.
6. CYSTIC.
  Very like the triple calculus, but
it is unstratified and more compact
and homogeneous.
  It consists of cystic oxide. Under
the blowpipe it yields a peculiarly
fetid odour.  It is soluble in acids,
and in alkalies, even if they are
fully saturated with carbonic acid.
7. ALTERNA-
   TING.
  Its section exhibits different con-
centric lamina;.
8. COMPOUND.
No characteristic form.
  Compounded of several species,
alternating with each other.
  The  ingredients are separable
jonly by chymical analysis.
  1. Renal   Calculi,  (F.)   Calculs renaux.
These have almost always a  very irregular
shape : at times, there will be no indication of
their presence : at others, they occasion attacks
of pain in the kidneys, sometimes accompanied
with bloody or turbid urine.  Often, they cause
inflammation of the kidneys, with all  its un-
pleasant results.  They are generally formed
of  uric  acid, animal  matter, and oxalate of
lime, with,  sometimes, phosphates.   The treat-
ment will have to  vary,  according to the ab-
sence or presence  of  inflammatory signs,—re-
lieving the  irritation by  opiates.   A surgical
operation can rarely be applicable.
  2. Calculi in the Ureters, (F.) Calculs des
Uritires.  These come from the kidneys, and
do  not produce unpleasant effects, unless they
are so large as to  obstruct  the course of the
urine, and to occasion distention of the whole
of the ureter above them; or unless their sur-
face is so rough as to irritate the mucous mem-
brane, and occasion pain, hemorrhage, abscesses,
&c   The pain,'during the  passage, is some-
times very violent, extending to the testicle of
the same side in the male; and occasioning a
numbness of the thigh in both sexes.  The treat-
ment consists in general  or local blood-letting,
warm bath, and opiates.
  3. Calculi,  Vesical; Stone in  the Bladder,
Lith ia Vesica'lis, Lithi'asis cys'tica, Lithi'asis
vesica'lis, Cysto-lithi'asis, Dysu'ria calculo'sa,
D. iriita'ta, Calculus vesi'cx, (F.) Calculs
visicaux.  These are the most common. Some-
times, they proceed from the  kidneys: most
commonly, they are formed  in the bladder it-
self.  Sense of weight in the perinaeum,  and
sometimes of a body rolling when the patient
changes his position; pain or itching at the ex-
tremity of the glans in men; frequent desire to
pass the urine; sudden stoppage to its flow;  and
bloody urine—are the chief signs which induce
us to suspect their existence.  We cannot, how-
ever, be certain of this without  sounding the
patient.   Sometimes, when of a  small size,
they  are  expelled:  most commonly, they re-
main in  the bladder, the  disorganization of
which they occasion, unless removed by a sur-
gical operation.
  4.  Calculi Ure'thral.   They almost always
proceed from the  bladder.  The obstruction,
which they cause to  the passage of the  urine,
the  hard  tumour, and the noise  occasioned
when struck by  a sound, indicate their pre-
sence.  They are removed by incision.
  5.  Calculi in Fis'tulous passages.   These
arise when there is some fistulous opening into
the urethra.  They can be  readily recognised,
and  may  generally be extracted with facility.
(F.) Calculs places  hors des  voies urinaires.
See Urinary Calculi.
  Calculi  of  the  U'terus, (F.)  Calculs de
VUtirus.   These are  very rare.  The  signs,
which indicate them  during life, are those of
chronic engorgement of the uterus.   Their ex-
istence, consequently, cannot be  proved  till
after death.
  CALCULIFRAGUS,  Lithontriptic.
  CAL'CULOUS, (F.) Calculeux, Graveleux.
That which relates to  calculi, especially to
those of the bladder. 
CALCULS BILIAIRES         140
CALLIPiEDIA
  CALCULS BILIAIRES, Calculi,  biliary]
— c. de t'Estomac, Calculi of the stomach—c.
de  la Glande Piniale, Calculi  of  the  pineal
gland—c. Intestinaux, Calculi of the stomach
and intestines—c. Lacrymaux, Calculi, lachry-
mal— c. des Mamelles, Calculi of the mammae
—c. de I'Oreille, Calculi in the ears—c. du Pan-
creas, Calculi of  the Pancreas—c. Placis hors
des voies  urinaires, Calculi  in  fistulous pas-
sages—c. Pulmonaires, Calculi, pulmonary—
c. Rinaux, Calculi, renal—c. Salivaires, Cal-
culi, salivary—c.  Spermatiques, Calculi, sper-
matic—c. Urinaires, Calculi, urinary—c.  des
Uriteres, Calculi in the ureters—c. de I'Utirus,
Calculi  of  the uterus—c.  Visicaux, Calculi,
vesical.
  CAL'CULUS, Lapis, Lithos,  Xi&og.   A  di-
minutive of calx, a lime-stone.  (F.) Calcul,
Pierre.  Calculi are  concretions, which may
form in every part  of the  animal body, but
which are most frequently found in the  organs
that act as reservoirs, and in the excretory  ca-
nals.  They are met with in the tonsils,  joints,
biliary  ducts,  digestive passages,  lachrymal
ducts,  mammae, pancreas, pineal gland, pros-
tate, lungs, salivary,  spermatic  and urinary
passages, and in the uterus.  The causes which
give rise to them  are obscure.
  Those that occur in reservoirs or ducts are
supposed to be owing to the deposition  of the
substances, which compose them, from the fluid
as it passes along  the  duct; and  those  which
occur in the substance of an organ are regarded
as the product of some chronic irritation.  Their
general effect is to irritate, as extraneous bo-
dies, the parts with which they are in contact;
and to  produce retention  of the fluid, whence
they have been formed. The symptoms differ,
according  to  the  sensibility of the  organ  and
the importance of the particular secretion whose
discharge  they impede.  Their solution is ge-
nerally  impracticable:  spontaneous  expulsion
or extraction is the only way of  getting rid of
them.
  Calculus   Bezoar,  Bezoard—c  Dentalis,
Odontolithus—c  Encysted,  Calcul ckatonne
—c. Sublingualis, see Calculi, salivary—c. Ve-
sicae, Calculus, vesical.
  CALDAS, WATERS OF.  Caldas is a small
town, ten leagues from Lisbon, where are mine-
ral springs, containing carbonic and hydrosul-
phuric acid  gases, carbonates and muriates of
lime and magnesia, sulphates of soda and lime,
sulphuret  of iron, silica, and alumina.   They
are much used in atonic gout.  They are ther-
mal.  Temperature 93° Fahrenheit.
  CALDE'RI^E ITALICS. Warm baths in
the neighbourhood of Ferrara, in Italy, much
employed in dysuria.
   CALEBASSES, Cucurbita lagenaria.
  CALEFA'CIENTS,  Calefacien'tia,  Ther-
maritica, from calidus, ' warm/  and facio, ' I
make.'  (F.) kchauffants.  Substances  which
excite a degree of warmth in the  part to  which
they are  applied, as  mustard,  pepper,  &c
They belong to the class of stimulants.
  CALEFACTIO, kchauffement.
  CALENDULA ALPINA.  Arnica montana.
  Calen'dula  Arven'sis, Caltha  Arven'sis,
Wild Mar'igold, (F.) Souci des Champs. This
is, sometimes, preferred to the last.  Its juice
has been given, in  the dose of from f. gj to f.
^iv, in jaundice and cachexia.
  Calen'dula Officina'lis, C. Sati'va, Chry-
san'themum,  Sponsa  solis, Caltha vulga ris;
Verruca'ria, Single Mar'igold, Garden Mar'i-
gold, (F.) Souci, S. ordinaire.  Family, Sy-
nanthereae, Syngenesia  necessaria, Linn.  So
called from flowering every calend. The flow-
ers and leaves have been exhibited as aperients,
diaphoretics, &c, and  have  been  highly ex-
tolled, of late, in cancer.
  CALENDULA MARTIALES, Ferrum am-
moniatum.
  CALENTU'RA, from calere, 'to be warm.'
The word, in Spanish, signifies fever.  A spe-
cies  of  furious  delirium to which sailors are
subject in the torrid zone:—a kind of phrenitis,
the attack of which  comes on  suddenly after
a broiling day, and seems to be characterized
by a desire in the patient to throw himself into
the sea.   It is only a variety of phrenitis.
  Calentura Continua, Synocha.
  CALENTU'RAS; Palo de Calentu'ras.  Po-
met  and  Lemery say,  that  these words are
sometimes applied to cinchona.  Camelli says,
they mean, also, a tree of the Philippine Isles,
the wood of which is bitter and febrifuge.
  CALF OF THE LEG, Sura.
  CALICE, Calix.
  CALICES RkNALES, see Calix.
  CALICO BUSH, Kalmia latifolia.
  CALIDARIUM, see  Stove.
  CALIDUM ANIMALE,  Animal  heat—c.
Innatum, Animal heat.
  CALIGATIO, Dazzling.
  CALI'GO.  'A mist.' Achlys, (F.) Brouil-
lard. An obscurity  of  vision, dependent upon
a speck  on the  cornea: also, the speck itself^
Caligo cornea, Macula cornea, M. semipellu'-
cida, Phtharma caligo, C. a. nephel'io, Hebetu'do
visits, C. a Leuco'matl, Neb'ula,(q. v.) Opak*
cornea,  Web-eye, (F.) Nouage de la Comae,
Taye, Obscurcissement de la vue.
  Caligo Lentis, Cataract—c. Pupillcp, Syne-
zisis—c. Synizesis, Synezisis—c. Tenebrarum,
Hemeralopia.
  CALIHACHA CANELLA, Laurus cassia.
  CALIX, Calyx, Infundib'ulum, from in'JiXil,
■'a cup.'  (F.) Calice, Entonnoir.  Anatomists
have given this name to small membranous ca-
nals, which surround the papillae of the kidney,
and open into its pelvis, whither  they convey
the urine;—Cal'ices rena'les, Cylind'ri  mem-
brana'cei  Renum, Fis'tula  ure'terum renum,
Canales  membra'nei Renum, Tu'buli pelvis r«-
num.  Their number varies  from 6  to  12 in
each kidney.
  Calix Vomitoria, Goblet, emetic.
  CALLEUX, Callous.
  CALLIBLEPH'ARUM, from xaXXoc, 'beau-
ty,'  and @Xfipapov, 'eyelid.'    A  remedy foi
beautifying the eyelids.      «
  CALLICOCCA IPECACUANHA, Ipecacu-
anha.
  CALLICREAS, Pancreas.
  CALLIOMARCHUS, Tussilago.
  CALLIP^E'DIA, from  y.aXXoc, 'beauty,'
and  nam, n*tooe, 'a child.'  The art of beget-
ting beautiful children.   This was the title of
a poem by Claude Quillet, in 1655.   Callipadia
sive de pulchra  prolis habenda ratione.   The
author absurdly supposes, that  the beauty of
children is affected by the sensations which tlw
mother experiences during her pregnancy. 
    CALLIPERS  OF BAUDELOCQUE    h

  CALLIPERS  OF  BAUDELOCQUE,  see
Pelvimeter.
  CALLIPESTRIA, Cosmetics.
  CALLIPHYLLUM,  Asplenium  trichoma-
noides.
  CALLOSITAS, Induration—c Palpebrarum,
Scleriasis.
  CALLOSITY,  Callos'itas,  Scyros,  Tyli,
Tylus,  Tylo'ma,  Tylo'sis, Dermatosclero'sis,
Dermatotylo'ma, Dermatotylo'sis, Dermatoty-
lus, Porus,  Ecphy'ma  Callus.   Hardness, in-
duration, and thickness  of the skin, which as-
sumes a horny consistence, in places where it
is exposed to constant pressure.  (F.) Durillon.
Also that  induration, which  is observed in old
wounds, old ulcers, fistulous passages, &c
  CALLOUS, Callo'sus, Oehtho'des, from cal-
lus, 'hardness.' (F.)  Calleux.  That which is
hard or indurated.  A  Callous Ulcer  is one
whose edges are thick and indurated.
  CALLUM PEDIS, Instep.
  CALLUNA VULGARIS, Erica vulgaris.
  CALLUS, Cuius,  Galium, Osteolylus, (F.)
Cat.  The bony matter, thrown out between
the fractured extremities of a bone, which acts
as a cement, and as a new bony formation. The
words, are, likewise, used occasionally in the
same sense as Callosity.
  Callus, Provisional.  When the shaft of a
long bone has been broken through, and the ex-
tremities have been brought in exact juxtaposi-
tion, the new matter, first ossified, is  that which
occupies the central portion of the deposit, and
thus connects the medullary cavities  of the bro-
ken ends, forming a kind of plug, which enters
each.  This was termed by M.  Dupuytren the
provisional Callus.
  CALM ANTS, Sedatives.
  CALME, (F.)  The interval that separates
the paroxysms of an  acute or chronic disease.
When the type is intermittent, the word inter-
mission is used.
  CALOMBA, Calumba.
  CALOMEL, Hydrargyri submurias.
  CALOMELANOS TORQUETI,  Hydrargy-
ri submurias.
  Calomelanos Turqueti.   A name given by
Riverius to purgative pills, prepared with calo-
mel, sulphur, and resin of jalap.—Dictionaries.
  CALOMELAS,  Hydrargyri submurias.
  CALO'NIA, xaXwvta.  An epithet formerly
given to myrrh.—Hippocrates.  See Myrrha.
  CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM,  see Fa-
gara octandra.
  CALOR, Heat—c. Animalis, Animal heat—
c. Nativus, Animal heat.
  CALORICITk,(F.)  Caloric"itas.  The fa-
culty possessed by living bodies of generating
a sufficient quantity of caloric, to enable them
to resist atmospheric  cold, and to preserve, at
all times and in every part, a temperature nearly
equal.   See  Animal Heat.
  CALOR1F A'CIENT,Calorif'iant,Calorifa'-
dens, Calorifi'ans: from calor,' heat,' and^m,
' to  be made.'  Having the power of producing
heat.  Relating to the power of producing heat.
  CALORIFICA'TION,  Calorifica'tio, same
etymon as the last.  The function of producing
animal heat.
  CALORINESES,  from calor, ' heat.'  The
name under  which  M. Baumes proposes to ar-
range all diseases, characterized by a sensible
change in the quantity of animal heat.  The
1                  CALX

 Calorineses form the first class of his Noso-
 logy.
  CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA,Mudar—c.Mu-
 darii, Mudar.
  CALOTTE, (F.) Pile'olum.  Anatomists
 sometimes give the name— Calotte aponivrotique
 —to the aponeurosis of  the occipito-frontalis
 muscle, which covers it externally; and that of
 Calotte du crane to the scull-cap.
  Calotte is also applied to an adhesive plaster,
 with which the head of a person labouring under
 tinea capitis is sometimes covered, after the hair
 has  been shaved off.  This  plaster is pulled
 suddenly and  violently off, in order to remove
 the bulbs of the hair.  It means, also, a sort of
 coif made of boiled leather, worn by those who
 have undergone the operation of trepan, &c
  CALOTTE D'ASSURANCE, Condom.
  CALTHA  ALPINA, Arnica montana—c
 Arvensis, Calendula arvensis—c. Vulgaris, Ca-
 lendula officinalis.
  CALTROPS, see Trapa natans.
  CALUM'BA,  Colom'bo, Calom'ba, Colom'ba,
 (Ph. U.  S.;)  Columbo, Radix Columbx,  (F.)
 Calumbe ou Columbe.   The root of Menisper'-
 mum palma'tum, Coc'culus palma'tus, indige-
 nous in India and Africa.  Its odour is slightly
 aromatic; taste unpleasantly bitter.  It is tonic
 and antiseptic. Dose, gr. 10 to J^j. in powder.
  Calumba, American, Frase'ra Walteri,F.Ca-
 rolinien'sis, F. Ojficina'lis, Swer'tia difform'is,
 Sw. Frase'ra, American or Marietta Columbo,
 Indian Lettuce, Yellow Gentian, Golden Seal,
 Meadow pride, Pyramid, is  used in the same
 cases as  the true Calumba.
  CALUS, Callus.
  CALVA, Cranium.
  Calva, Calva'ria.  The cranium; the upper
 part especially;  the  skull-cap;—the Vault of
 the Cranium,  Cam'era.
  CALVARIA, Cranium.
  CALVA'TA FERRAMEN'TA.   Surgical
 instruments, which have a head or button.
  CALVER'S PHYSIC, Leptandria Virginica.
  CALVI"TIES, Calvl'tium, Phalacra, Pha-
 lacro'sis, Glabrl'ties, Ophiasis, Depila'tio Cap'-
 itis, Phalacro'ma, Madaro'sis,  Lipsotrich'ia,
 Baldness, &c, from calvus, 'bald,' (F.) Chau-
 veti.  Absence of hair, particularly at the top
 of, and behind, the head.  Calvl'ties palpebra'-
 rum,—loss of the eye-lashes.
  CALX, Lime, Ca'rium Terra, Protox'ide of
 Calcium, Calca'ria pura, (F.)  Chaux.  The
 lime, employed in pharmacy, should be recently
 prepared by calcination.  When water is sprin-
 kled over caustic lime, we have slaked lime,
 hydrate  of lime,—the  Calcis  Hydras of the
 London pharmacopoeia.
  Calx, see Calcaneum—c. Chlorinata, Calcis
 chloridum—c. Cum kali puro, Potassa cum calce
 —c Salita, Calcis murias—c.  Bismuthi, Bis-
 muth, subnitrate of.
  Calx  e  Testis; lime prepared from shells.
 It has probably no medicinal advantages over
 that prepared from marble.
  Calx Oxymuriatica, Calcis chloridum.
  Calx Viva, Ox'idum Calcii, Calx recens, Fu-
 mans nix,  Calx usta, Calx et Calx viva, Lime
 or Quicklime,  (F.) Chaux vive.  The external
 operation of calx viva is escharotic, but it is
 rarely used. Lime is a good disinfecting agent.
 It is employed internally in the form of Liquor
 Calcis, (q. v.) 
CALYSTEGIA SOLDANELLA      14
  CALYSTEGIA SOLDANELLA, Convolvu-
lus soldanella.
  CALYX, Calix.
  CAMARA, Calva.
  CAMAREZ, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Camarez is a small canton near Sylvanes, in
the department  of  Aveyron,  France,  where
there are some acidulous chalybeates.
  CAMARO'SIS, Camaro'ma, from xa/u.x$a, 'a
vault;'  Camera'tio, Testudina'tio Cra'nii.  A
species of fracture of the skull, in which the
fragments are placed so as to form a vault, with
its base  resting on the dura mater.—Galen,
Paulus of ^Egina.
  C AMBING.  A tree of the Molucca Islands,
from the bark of which  a kind of gum-resin ex-
udes, which has been highly extolled in  dysen-
tery.  It appears to have some resemblance to
the simarouba.—Rumphius.
  CAMBIUM,' Exchanged  A name formerly
given to a fancied nutritive juice, which was
supposed to originate in the blood, to repair the
losses of  every  organ, and produce  their in-
crease.—Sennertus.
  CAMBO,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.  A
village in the department of Basses Pyrenees,
France,  where there are two mineral springs;
the one an acidulous chalybeate, the other sul-
phureous. Temperature, 62° to 69" Fahrenheit.
  CAMBODIA, Cambogia.
  CAMBO'GIA, from  Cambodia,  in the  East
Indies, where it is obtained.  Hence, likewise,
its names Cambo'dia, Cambo'gium,  Gambo'gia,
Gambo'gium,  Gambu'gium.  It is  called,  also,
Gutta, Gutta gatnba, Gummi Gutta, Catagau'na,
Cattagau'ma, Chryso'pus, Laxatlvus Ind'icus,
Gummi  Bo'gia, G. gaman'drx, G. de Goo, G. de
Jemu,Chitta jemoco, Gutta Gaman'drx, Gummi
ad Pod'agram, Camboge or Gamboge, &c, (F.)
Gomme   Gutte.  Ord.  Guttiferae.  A yellow
juice obtained from Stalagmltis Cambogioi'des,
and other plants of the natural family Guttiferas,
but it is not known from which of them  the of-
ficinal camboge  is  obtained.  It is inodorous,
of an orange yellow colour; opake and brittle;
fracture, glassy; is a drastic cathartic,  emetic
and anthelmintic;  and is used in visceral ob-
structions and dropsy,  and wherever  powerful
hydragogue cathartics are required.   Dose from
gr. ij. to  vi.  in powder, united with calomel,
squill, &c
   CAMBU'CA, Cambuc'ca membra'ta. Buboes
and venereal  ulcers, seated in the groin or near
the genital organs.—Paracelsus.  See Bubo.
   CAMELkE, Cneorum tricoccum.
   CAMERA, Chamber, Fornix,Vault—c. Cor-
dis, Pericardium—c. Oculi, Chamber of the eye.
   CAMERATIO, Camarosis.
   CAMINGA, Canella alba.
   CAMISIA FffiTUS, Chorion.
   CAMISOLE, Waistcoat, strait.
   CAMMARUS, Crab.
   CAMOM1LLE FkTIDE, Anthemis cotula
—c Puante, Anthemis  cotula—c. Romaine,
Anthemis nobilis—c.des Teinturiers, Anthemis
tinctoria—c.  Vulgaire, Matricaria chamomilla.
   CAMOSIERS, WATERS  OF.   Camosiers
is a canton, two leagues from Marseilles, where
are two springs containing carbonate of lime,
sulphur, chloride of sodium,  &c   They are
purgative, and used in skin complaints.
   CAMOTES, Convolvulus batatas.
   CAMPAGNE, MINERAL WATERS OF.
2                 CANAL

Campagne is in the department of Aude, France.
The waters contain sulphate and chlorohydrate
of magnesia.   Temperature, 80° Fahrenheit.
  CAMPAN'ULA.  Diminutive of Campana.
A bell.
  Campanula Trache'lium, Canterbury Bell
or  Throatwort, was  formerly  used, in decoc-
tion, in relaxation of the fauces.  It  is, also,
called  Cervica'ria.
  CAMPE, Flexion.
  CAMPHIRE, Camphor.
  CAMPHOR, from Arab. Caphur or Kam'-
phur, Cam'phora, Caphu'ra, Caffa, Caf, Cafur,
Caphora,  Altafor,  Camphire,  Camphor, ire.
(F.) Camphre.  A concrete  substance,  pre-
pared,  by  distillation, from Laurus Camphora,
an  indigenous tree of  the East Indies.  Or-
der, Laurineae.  Its  odour is strong and fra-
grant:  it  is volatile, not  easily pulverizable;
texture crystalline.  Soluble in alcohol, ether,
oils, vinegar,  and slightly so  in water.  Its
properties are narcotic, diaphoretic, and seda-
tive.  Dose, gr. v. to 7)j.  Dissolved in oil or
alcohol, it is  applied externally in rheumatic
pains, bruises, sprains, &c
  Camphor Water, Mistura Camphorae.
  CAMPHORATA  HIRSUTA, C. Monspeli-
ensium, Camphorosma  Monspeliaca.
   CAMPH'ORATED,   Camphora'tus,  (F.)
Camphri.  Relating to camphor;  containing
camphor;  as a camphorated smell, a camphorated
draught.
  CAMPHOROS'MA MONSPELIACA, from
Camphor, and  t>a-/itj, 'odour.'   Sela'go, Cam-
phora'ta hirsu'ta seu Monspelien'sium, Hairy
Camphoros'ma, (F.) Camphrie de Montpellier,
Family, Atriplicese.   Sex.  Syst.  Tetrandria
Monogynia.  This plant, as its name imports,
has an odour of camphor.  It is regarded as di-
uretic, diaphoretic, cephalic, antispasmodic, &c.
It  is also called  Chamaepeu'cl and Stinking
Ground Pine.
   CAMPHRE, Camphor.
   CAMPHRE., Camphorated.
   CAMPHRE DE MONTPELLIER, Cam-
phorosma Monspeliaca.
  CAMPOMANE'SIA LINEATIFO;LIA. A
tree, twenty to thirty  feet high, which grows
in Peru, and  whose fruit—palillo, of a bright
yellow colour, and as large as a moderate-sized
apple—has an exceedingly agreeable scent, and
is one  of  the  ingredients  in making the per-
fumed  water called mistura.—Tschudi.
  CAMPSIS,  Flex'io,  Curva'tio, Infiex'io.
Bone or cartilage, forcibly bent from its proper
shape, without breaking.—Good.
   Campsis depressio, Depression.
   CAMPYLOR'RHACHIS;  from  xaftmlot,
c crooked,' and p a/tc,' spine.' A monster whose
spine is crooked.—Gurlt.
   CAMPYLORRHI'NUS;   from  x*/*xvXot,
'crooked,'and f/v,'nose.'  A monster whose
nose is crooked.—Gurlt.
   CAMPYLOTIS, Cataclasis.
   CAMPYLUM, Cataclasis.
   CAMUS, (F.) Simus, Resi'mus, Simo, Silo,
Silus.  One  who has a  short, stumpy  nose.
The French speak of Nez cornus, 'short nose.'
   CANAL, Cana'lis, Ductus, Mea'tus, Poros,
Och'etos,  (F.) Conduit.  A channel for afford-
ing passage to liquids, or solids, or to certain
organs.
   Canal, Alimen'tary, C. Digest'ive, Carta'- 
CANAL ARTkRIEL          1<
lis ciba'rius vel digesti'vus, Ductus  ciba'rius,
Tubus alimenta'ris seu intestino'rum, Diges'-
tive Tube, Alimentary Duct or Tube.   The ca-
nal extending from the mouth to the anus.
  Canal, Arach'noid, Cana'lis Bichat'ii, Ca-
nal of Bichat.  A canal formed by the exten-
sion of the arachnoid over the transverse and
longitudinal fissures of the brain, and which
surrounds the vena magna Galeni.  The orifice
of the canal has been termed  the Foramen of
Bichat.
  CANAL ARTkRIEL, Arterial duct—c. de
Bartholin, Ductus Bartholinus—c of Bichat,
Canal, arachnoid—c  Bullular, of Petit,  God-
ronne canal—c. Carotidien, Carotid  canal—c.
Choledoque, Choledoch duct—c. Ciliary, Ci-
liary  canal—c of Fontana, Ciliary  canal—c.
Goudronne, Godronni  canal—c.  Hipatique,
Hepatic duct.
  Canal, Hy'aloid.  A cylindrical passage, de-
scribed by M. J. Cloquet  as formed by the re-
flection of the hyaloid membrane into the inte-
rior of the vitreous body around  the nutritious
artery of the lens.  M. Cruveilhier has never
been able to see it.
  Canal Inci'sive, see Palatine canals—c. In-
fra-orbitar, Suborbitar canal—c. Inflexe de I'os
temporal, Carotid  canal—c. Intermidiare des
ventricules, Aquaeductus Sylvii.
  Canal, Intes'tinal, Cana'lis seu Ductus
intestina'lis.  The portion of the digestive ca-
nal formed by the intestines.
  Canal of Jacobson, Canal, tympanic.
  Canal, Med'ullary.  The cylindrical cavity
in the body or shaft of a long bone, which con-
tains the marrow.
  Canal, Nasal, Lachrymal canal.
  Canal of Nuck. A cylindrical sheath formed
around the round ligaments of the uterus by a
prolongation of the peritoneum into the inguinal
canal.
  CANAL  DE PETIT, Godronni, canal—c.
Pulmo-aortique, Arterial  duct—c Rachidian,
Vertebral canal.
  Canal of Schlemm.  A minute circular ca-
nal, discovered by Professor Schlemm, of Ber-
lin.  It  is situate at the point of union of the
cornea and sclerotica.
  Canal, Spinal, Vertebral canal—c. Spirdide
de I'os temporal, Aquaeductus  Fallopii—c. de
Stenon,  Ductus salivalis  superior—c. Thora-
cique, Thoracic duct—c. Veineux, Canal, ve-
nous—c  Vulvo-uterine,Vagina—c. de Warthon,
Ductus salivalis inferior.
  Canal, Tym'p anic,Cana'lis tympan'icus,Ca-
nal of Ja'cobson.  A canal which opens on the
lower surface of the petrous portion of the tem-
poral  bone,  between the carotid canal and the
groove for the internal jugular vein.  It con-
tains Jacobson's nerve.
  Canal, Venous, Cana'lis seu Ductus veno'-
sus, (F.) Canal veineux.   A canal, which ex-
ists only in the  foetus.  It extends from the bi-
furcation of the umbilical vein to the vena cava
inferior,  into which  it opens,  below the dia-
phragm.   At times, it ends in one of the infra-
hepatic veins.  It pours into the cava a part of
the blood, which passes from the placenta by
the umbilical vein.  After  birth, it becomes a
fibro-cellular cord.
  Canal of Wirsuns, see Pancreas.
  CANA'LES  BRESCH'ETI.  Canals in the
3               CANCELLI

diploe for the passage of veins; so called after
M. Breschet.
  Canales Circulares, Semicircular canals—
c.Cochleae, Scalae of the cochlea—c.Lacrymales,
Lachrymal  ducts—c. Membranei  renum, see
Calix—c. Tubaeformes, Semicircular  canals.
  CANALICULATED, Grooved.
  CANALICULATUS, Cannili, Grooved.
  CANALICULk, Grooved.
  CANALICULI LACHRYMALES, Lachry-
mal ducts—c. Limacum, Lachrymal  ducts—c.
Semicirculares, Semicircular canals.
  CANALIS, Meatus—c. Arteriosus,  Arte-
rial duct—c Bichatii, Canal, arachnoid—c
Canaliculars, Gorget—c  Caroticus, Carotid
canal—c. Deferens, Deferens, vas—c Intesti-
norum, Intestinal Tube—c. Lacrymalis, Lach-
rymal or nasal  duct—c Medius, Aquaeductus
Sylvii—c Medullas  Spinalis,  see  Vertebral
column—c Nerveus fistulosus renum, Ureter—
c Orbitae nasalis, Lachrymal or nasal duct—c.
Scalarum communis, Infundibulum of the coch-
lea—c. Tympanicus, Canal, tympanic—c. Uri-
narius, Urethra—c. Vidianus, Pterygoid canal.
  CANALS OF HAVERS, Canals, nutritive of
bones—c. Haversian, Canals, nutritive of bones.
  Canals, Nutritive, Canals for the nutri-
tion of bones, Ductus  nutrl'tii,  Haver'sian
Canals, Canals of Havers, (F.) Canaux nour-
riciers ou  du  Nutrition  des  os,   Conduits
nourriciers ou nutriciers.  The canals, through
which the vessels pass to the bones.   They are
lined by a very fine lamina of compact texture,
or are formed in the  texture itself.  There is,
generally, one large nutritious canal  in a long
bone, situate towards its middle.
  CANAPACIA,  Artemisia vulgaris.
  CANARIES, CLIMATE OF.  The climate
of the Canaries  greatly  resembles that of Ma-
deira.  That of the latter is however more
equable,  and the accommodation for invalids
much superior.
  CANARIUM  COMMUNE, see Amyris ele-
mifera.
  CANARY-SEED, Phalaris Canariensis.
  CANAUX AQUEUX, see Aqueous—c. De-
micirculaires, Semicircular canals—c. kjacula-
teurs, Ejaculatory ducts—c. Nourriciers, Ca-
nals, nutritive—c. de Nutrition des os, Canals,
nutritive.
  CANAUX DE TRANSMISSION.  Ac-
cording to Bichat, the bony canals  intended to
give passage to  vessels and nerves  going  to
parts  more or less distant; as the Cana'lis Ca-
roticus, &c
  CANAUX VEINEUX,  Venous  Canals.
The canals situate in the diploe, which convey
venous blood.
  CAN'CAMUM.  A mixture of several gums
and resins, exported  from Africa, where it is
used to deterge wounds.   Dioscorides calls, by
the name xttyxa^or, the tears from  an Arabian
tree, which are similar to myrrh, and of a dis-
agreeable taste.   He advises it in numerous
diseases.  This  name is  given, also,  to  the
Anime, (q. v.)
  CANCAMY, Anime.
  CAN'CELLATED, Cancella'tus, (F.) Can-
celli; from Cancelli, 'lattice-work.' Formed of
cancelli,  as the 'cancellated structure of bone.'
  CANCEL'LI.   'Lattice-work.'   The Cel-
lular or Spongy Texture of Bones, (F.) Tissu
celluleux; consisting of numerous cells, com- 
CANCELLUS
144          CANCER AQUATIQUE
municating with  each other.  They contain  a
fatty matter, analagous to marrow.  This tex-
ture is met  with, principally, at the extremi-
ties of long bones; and some of the short bones
consist almost wholly of it.  It allows of the
expansion of the extremities of bones, without
adding to their weight; and deadens concussions.
  CANCEL'LUS, from cancer, 'a crab.' A
species of crayfish, called the Wrong Heir, and
Bernard the Hermit:  which is said to  cure
rheumatism, if rubbed on the part.
  CANCER, 'a crab.' (q. v.) Car'cinos, Lupus
cancro'sus,  Ulcus cancro'sum.   A  disease,
so called either on account of the  hideous ap-
pearance which the ulcerated cancer  presents,
or on account of the great veins which surround
it, and which the ancients  compared to the
claws of the crab : called also Carcino'ma.  It
consists of a  scirrhous, livid tumour, intersected
by firm, whitish, divergent bands; and occurs
chiefly in the secernent glands.   The pains are
acute and lancinating, and often extend  to other
parts.  The tumour, ultimately, terminates in
a fetid and ichorous ulcer.  It is distinguished,
according to  its  stages, into  occult and open;
the former being the scirrhous, the latter  the
ulcerated condition.  At times, there is a sim-
ple  destruction or  erosion of  the organs, at
others, an encephaloid  or cerebriform, and  at
others, again, a colloid degeneration.
   For its production, it requires a peculiar di-
athesis,  or  cachexia.  The  following table,
from  Dr.  Walshe, exhibits the  characters  of
the three species of carcinoma :
   The use of irritants in cancerous affections,
is  strongly to be deprecated.   When the  dis-
ease is so situate that excision can be practised,
the sooner it is removed the better.
          Encephaloid.

  Resembles lobulated cerebral mat-
ter.
  Is commonly opake from its ear-
liest formation.
  Is of a dead white colour.

  Contains a  multitude of minute
vessels.
  Is less hard and dense than scir-
rhus.

  Is frequently found in the veins
issuing from the diseased mass.
  The  predominant  microscopical
elements are globular,  not always
distinctly cellular, and caudate  cor-caudate corpuscula do not exist in it
puscula.
            Scirrhus.

  Resembles rind of bacon traversed
by cellulo-fibrous septa.
  Has a semitransparent glossiness

  Has a clear whitish or bluish yel-
low tint.
  Is comparatively ill-supplied with
vessels.
  Is exceedingly firm and dense.
  Has not been distinctly detected in
this situation.
  The main microscopical constitu
ents  are  juxtaposed nuclear cell*;
  Occasionally attains an enormous
bulk
  Has been observed in almost every
tissue of the body.
  Very commonly co-exists in several
parts or organs of the same subject.
  Is  remarkable for its occasional
vast rapidity of growth.
  Is frequently tlie seat of interstitial
hemorrhage  and deposition of black
or bistre-coloured matter.
  When softened into a pulp, appears!  Resembles, when softened, a yel
as a dead white  or  pink opake mut-lowish brown semitransparent gela-
ter of creamy consistence.          Itinous matter.
  Subcutaneous tumours are slow to  Scirrhus thus  situate  usually be
contract adhesion with the skin.    comes adherent.
  Ulcerated  encephaloid is frequent |  Scirrhous ulcers  much  less fre
ly the seat of hemorrhage, followed quently give rise to hemoirhage ; am
  Rarely acquires larger dimensions
than an orange.
  Its seat, as ascertained by observa
lion, is somewhat more limited.
  Is not unusually solitary.

  Ordinarily grows slowly.

  Is comparatively rarely the seat of
these changes.
hy rapid fungous development.
  The progress of the disease after
ulceration is commonly very rapid.

  It is the most common form under
which secondary cancer exhibits it-
self.
  Is the species of cancer most fre-
juently observed in young subject.
fungous growths 'provided they re
lain the scirrhous character) are now
more slowly and less abundantly de-
veloped.
  There is  not such  a remarkable
change in the rate of progress of the
disease after ulceration has set in.
  Is much less common before pu-
berty.
             Colloid.

  Has the appearance of particles of
 elly inlaid in a regular alveolar bed.
  The contained matter is strikingly
transparent
  Greenish yellow i* its predominant
hue.
  lis vessels have  not been  sum
ciently examined as yet.
  The jelly-like matter is exceedingly
soft; a colloid mass is, however, firm
and resisting.
  The pultaceous variety has been
detected in the veins.
  Is composed of shells in a state of
emboitement.
  Observes a mean in this respect.

  Fas so far been seen in a limited
number of pans only.
  Has rarely been met with in more
than one organ.
  Grows with a  medium degree of
rapidity.
  Undergoes no visible change of the
kind.
  Has so tar been observed in adults
only.
   Cancer Alveolaris, Colloid.
   Cancer Aquat'icus, Gan'grenous stomati-
tis, Cancrum Oris, Gangranop'sis, Canker of
the mouth, Gangrenous sore mouth, Sloughing
Phagedena  of  the  mouth, Water Canker:
called,  also,  Aphtha  serpen'tes,  Gangra'na
Oris,  Noma, Nome,  Nomus,  P seudocarcino' -
ma la'bii, Stomac'acl gangrano'sa,  Cheiloc acl,
Uloc'acl, Uli'tis sep'tica,Cheilomala'cia, Scorbu'-
tus Oris, Stomatomala'cia pu'trida, Stomatosep'-
sis, Stomatonecro'sis, Carbun'culus labio'rum
et gena'rum, 6rc. (F.)  Cancer aquatique, Stoma-
tite gangrineuse, S.  Charbonneuse, Gangrene
de la Bouche, Sphacele de la Bouche, Fegarite,
Aphthe gangrineux.  Certain sloughing or gan-
grenous ulcers  of the mouth,—so  called, per-
haps, because they are often accompanied with
an afflux  of saliva.   The disease is not uncom-
mon in children's asylums, and demands the
same  treatment  as  hospital  gangrene;—the
employment of caustics, and internal  and ex-
ternal antiseptics.
  CANCER  AQUATIQUE,  Cancer aquati-
cus, Stomacace—c. Ariolaire, Colloid__c  As-
tacus, see Cancrorum chelae—c Black, Melano-
sis— c. Caminariorum, Cancer, chimney sweep- 
CANCER DE  GALIEN
145
CANINE
e-rs'—c. Cellular, Encephaloid—c. Cerebriforme,
see Encephaloid.
  Cancer, Chimney-sweepers', Sootwart,
Cancer mundito'rum, Cancer purgato'ris infu-
mic'uli, Cancer  seu  carcino'ma scroti, Cancer
caminario'rum, Oscheocarcino'ma, Oschocarci-
no'ma, (F.) Cancer des Ramoneurs.   This af-
fection begins with a superficial, painful, irre-
gular ulcer with hard and elevated edges  occu-
pying the lower part of the scrotum.   Extirpa-
tion of the part affected is  the  only  means of
effecting a cure.
  Cancer, Davidson's Remedy for, see Coni-
um maculatum—c. du Foie, Hepatosarcomie—
c Fibrous, Scirrhus.
  Cancer Gale'ni, (F.) Cancer de Galien.  A
bandage for the head, to which Galen  gave  the
name Cancer, from its eight heads resembling,
rudely, the claws of the crab. It  is  now sup-
plied by the bandage with  six chefs  or heads,
which is called the Bandage of Galen or B. of
the Poor.
   CANCER DE GALIEN, Cancer Galeni—
c. Gilatiniforme, Colloid—c. Gelatinous, Col-
loid—c Hard, Scirrhus—c Intestinorum, En-
teropathia cancerosa—c.  des Intestins,  En-
teropathia cancerosa—c. of the Lung, Phthisis,
cancerous—c Lupus, Lupus—c.Medullaris, En-
cephaloid—c. Melaeneus, Melanosis—c. Milane,
Melanosis—c. Melanodes, Cancer, melanotic.
  Cancer, Melanotic, Cancer melano'des, Car-
cino'ma melano'des.  A combination  of cancer
and  melanosis.
  Cancer Mollis, see Encephaloid—c. Mou,
Encephaloid—c Munditotum, Cancer, chimney-
sweepers'—c Oculi, Scirrhophthalmus—c.Oris,
Stomacace—c. Ossis, Spinaventosa—c. Pharyn-
gis et  oesophagi, Laemoscirrhus—c. Purgatoris
infumiculi, Cancer, chimney-sweepers'—c.Scir-
rhosus, Scirrhus—c. Scroti, Cancer,  chimney-
sweepers'—c. Soft,  Haematodes fungus—c. of
the Stomach, Gastrostenosis cardiaca et pylorica
—c. Uteri, Metro-carcinoma.
   CANCEREUX, Cancerous.
   CANCER ROOT,  Orobanche  Virginiana,
Phytolacca decandra.
   CANCEROMA, Carcinoma.
   CAN'CF.RO\JS,Cancro'sus,Carcino'sus,(F.)
Cancireux. Relating to cancer ; as-Cancerous
ulcer,  Cancerous Diathesis, &c
  CANCHALA'GUA, Cachenlaguen, Cachin-
lagua, Chnncelngua, Erythra'a Chilen'sis.   A
bitter Chili plant, which is considered aperient,
sudorific, stomachic, vermifuge and febrifuge.
  CANCRENA, Gangrene.
  CAN'CROID, Cancro'des, Cancro'i'des, Car-
cino'des, Carcino'ides, Cancroi'deus, from can-
cer and hSoc, ' form.'  That  which assumes a
cancerous  appearance.   Cancroid  is  a  name
given to certain cutaneous cancers  by Alibert:
called  also Cheloid or Keloid (xcXvs, ' a tor-
toise,' and noV, ' likeness,') from their present-
ing a flattish raised  patch of integument,  re-
sembling  the shell of a tortoise.
  CANCROMA, Carcinoma.
  CANCRO'RUM CHELAE, Oc'uli  vel  Lap'-
ides Cancro'rum, Lapi/'li  cancro'rum, Concre-
men'ta As'taci  fluviulilis, Crab's stones  or
eyes, (F.) Yeux d'icrevise. Concretions found,
particularly, in the Cancer As'tacus  or Cray-
fish.  They consist of carbonate and phosphate
of lime, and possess  antacid virtues, but not
more than chalk.
  CANCROSUS, Cancerous, Ckancreuse.
  CANCRUM ORIS, Cancer  Aquaticus, Sto-
macace.
  CANDELA, Bougie—c Fumalis, Pastil—c.
Medicata,  Bougie—c. Regia,  Verbascum  ni-
grum.
  CANDELARIA, Verbascum nigrum.
  C A N DI,  Candum,  Canthum,  Can'tion :
' white, bleached, purified.'  Purified and crys-
tallized sugar.  See Saccharum.
  CANDIDUM OVI, Albumen ovi.
  CANE, SUGAR, see Saccharum—c. Sweet,
Acorus calamus.
  CANELk, Grooved.
  CANELLA, see Canella alba.
  Canel'la  Alba, diminutive of Canna, ' a
reed,' so called because the  bark  is rolled up
like a reed.   Cortex Wintera'nus spu'rius, Ca-
nella  Cuba'na, C. Wintera'nia, Cinnamo'mum
album, Cortex Antiscorbu'ticus, C. Aromat'icus,
Costus cortico'sus, Camin'ga, Canella of Lin-
naeus, and of Ph. U. S., Canella Bark, Canella,
(F.) Canelle  ou Canelle blanche, Fausse keorce
de Winter, keorce Cariocostine. Fam. Magno-
liaceae.   Sex. Syst. Dodecandria  Monogynia.
This bark is a pungent aromatic.  Its virtues
are partly extracted by water ; entirely by al-
cohol. It is a stimulant, and is added  to bit-
ters and  cathartics.
  Canella  Caryophyllata,  Myrtus caryo-
phyllata—c. Cubana, C. alba,  Laurus cassia*—
c. Malabarica et Javensis, Laurus cassia.
  CANELLIFERA MALABARICA,  Laurus
cassia.
  CANEPIN, (F.)  A fine  lamb's  skin or
goat's skin, used for trying the quality of lan-
cets.
  CANICACEOUS, Furfuraceous.
  CAN'ICJE.  Meal, in which there is much
bran.  Also, coarse bread;  or  bread in which
there is much bran—Panis Canica'ceus.
  CANICIDA, Aconitum.
  CANIC'ULA ; the Dogstar, from cnnis,  ' a
dog ;' "Suqioc, Sirius, (F.) Canicule.  This star,
which gives its name  to the Dogdays, Dies ca-
nicula'res, because they  commence  when the
sun rises with it, was formerly believed to ex-
ert  a powerful  influence on the animal econo-
my.  The Dog-days occur at  a period  of the
year when  there is generally great and oppres-
sive heat, and therefore—it has been conceived
—a greater liability to disease.
  CANIF, Knife
  CANIN, Canine.
  CANINAN^E RADIX, Caincae radix.
  CANINE,  Cani'nus, Cyn'icus,  xvvix.cc, from
cnnis, ' a dog.'  (F.) Canin.  That which has
a resemblance to the structure, &c,  of a dog.
  Canine Fossa, Fossa  Cani'na, Iufraorbitar
or Suborbitar fossa,  (F.)  Fosse  Ca?iine.  A
small depression  on  the superior  maxillary
bone, above  the dens  caninus,  which gives
attachment to  the  caninus  or levator anguli
oris muscle.
  Canine ~L,AVGU,Sardon'ic laugh,Risus Cani'-
nus seu Sardon'icus seu Sardo'nius, R. de Sar-
do'nia, R. involunta'rius,R. spas'ticus, Tortu ra
Oris,  Distor'sio Oris, Gelas'mus, Sardi'asis,
Sardonlasis, Trismus Sardon'icus seu cyn icus,
Spasmus musculorum  faciei seu cyn'icus, (F.)
Ris canin,R.Sardonique, R.Sardonien,R. mo-
queur. A sort of laugh, the facial expression of
which is produced particularly by the spasmodic 
CANINUS
146        CAPBERN, WATERS OF
contraction of the Caninus muscle.  Probably,
this expression, as well as Cynic Spasm, Spas-
mus caninus  seu cyn'icus, Convul'sio cani'na,
Trismus cyn'icus, may have originated  in the
resemblance of the  affection to certain move-
ments in the upper lip of the dog.   The Risus  i
Sardon'icus is said to have been so called  from  .
similar  symptoms having been induced  by a  ;
kind of Ranunculus that grows in Sardinia.
  Canine Teeth, Dentes Cani'ni, Cynodon'tes,
D. Lania'rii,  D. angula'res, cuspida'ti,  colu-
mella'res,  ocula'res,  morden'tes,  Eye  Teeth,
(F.) Dents canines, laniaires, angulaires, ocu-
laires, milleres ou conoides.   The teeth be-
tween the lateral incisors and small molares,
of each jaw ;—so  named because they resemble
the teeth of the dog.
  CANINUS, Levator anguli oris—c.  Sentis,
Rosacanina—c. Spasmus, see Canine Laugh.
  CANIRAM, Strychnos nux vomica.
  CANIRUBUS, Rosa canina.
  CANIS INTERFECTOR,  Veratrum  saba-
billa—c. Ponticus, Castor fiber.
  CANIT"IES, from canus, ' white.'   White-
ness or grayness of the hair, and especially of
that of the head.  (F.)Canitie.  When occur-
ring in consequence of old age it is not a dis-
ease. Sometimes, it happens suddenly, and ap-
parently in consequence of severe mental emo-
tion.  The causes,  however,  are not  clear.
See Poliosis.
   CANKER,  Stomacace—c of  the Mouth,
Cancer  aquaticus—c. Water, Cancer aquaticus.
  CANNA, see Tous-les-Mois, Cassia fistula,
Trachea—c. Brachii, Ulna—c Domestica cru-
ris, Tibia—c. Fistula, Cassia fistula—c. Indica,
Sagittarium alexipharmacum—c.  Major,  Tibia
—c. Minor, Fibula, Radius—c Solutiva, Cas-
sia fistula.
   CANNABIS INDICA, Bangue. See, also,
Churrus, and Gunjah.
   Can'nabis Sati'va, (F.) Chanvre, Chambrie.
The seed of this—Hempseed, Sem'ina Can'na-
bis, (F.)  Chenevis,  is oily  and mucilaginous.
 The decoction is sometimes used in gonorrhoea.
   CANNACORUS RADICE CROCEA, Cur-
 cuma longa.
   CANNAMELLE, see Saccharum.
   CANNE AROMATIQUE, Acorus calamus
 —c. Congo, Costus—c. de  Riviire, Costus—c.
 d Sucre, see Saccharum.
   CANNEBERGE,  Vaccinium  oxycoccos—
 c. Ponctuee, Vaccinium vitis idaea.
   CANNELk ou CANELk, (F.) from  cana'-
 lis, ' a  canal:' Sulca'tus, Stria'tus, Canalicu-
 lars.   Having a canal or groove—as  Muscle
 canneli (Lieutaud,) the Gemini;  Corps can-
 nelis ou stries, the Corpora striata; Sonde can-
 nelie, a grooved  sound, &c  See Grooved.
   CANNELLE, Laurus cinnamomum—c.
 Blanche, Canella alba—c. de la Chine, Laurus
 cassia—c. de  Coromandel, Laurus cassia—c.
 Fausse, Laurus cassia—c. Girofiie, Myrtus ca-
 ryophyllata—c. des Indes, Laurus cassia—c. de
 Java, Laurus  cassia—c. de  Malabar, Laurus
 cassia—c. Matte, Laurus cassia—c. Officinale,
 Laurus cinnamomum— c. Poivrie, see Wintera
 aromatica.
   CANNULA, Canula.
   CANNULA  PULMONUM, Bronchia.
   CANOPUM,  see Sambucus.
   CANOR  STETHOSCOPICUS, Tintement
 mitallique.
   CANTABRICA, Convolvulus Cantabrica.
   CANTABRUNO, Furfur.
   CANTARELLUS, Meloe proscarabaeus.
   CANTATIO, Charm.
   CANTERBURY, WATERS OF, Aqux Can-
 tuarien'ses. The waters of Canterbury in Kent,
 England, are impregnated with iron, sulphur,
 and carbonic acid.
   CANTERIUM, Cantherius.
   CANTHARIDE TACHETkE, Lytta vit-
 tata.
   CANTHARIDINE, see Cantharis.
   CAN'THARIS, from xavdaqog, 'a scarabx-
 us;' Musca Hispan'ica,  Mel'ol vesicato'rius,
 Cantharis vesicato'ria, Lytta vesicato'ria; Blis-
 tering Fly,  Spanish Fly,Fly, (F.) Cantharides,
 Mouches, M.  d'Espagne.  This fly is much
 employed in medicine.  It is the most common
 vesicatory.   Given internally, and even when
 absorbed from the skin, it  affects the urinary
 organs, exciting strangury.   This may be pre-
 vented, in cases of blisters, by interposing be-
 tween the blistering plaster and skin a piece of
 tissue paper.  Diluents will relieve the stran-
 gury.  Dose, half a grain  to one grain.  If kept
 dry, the flies will retain their activity for many
 years.   Their active  principle,  Can'tharidin,
 Cantharidi'na, has been separated from them.
   Cantharis Vittata, Lytta vittata.
   CANTHE'RIUS, Cante'rium.   The  cross-
 piece of wood in the apparatus used by Hippo-
 crates for reducing luxations of the humerus.
   C ANTHI'TIS. Inflammation of the canthus
 of the eye.
   CANTHOPLAS'TICE,  from  xav&og, 'the
 angle of the eye,' and nXaaxixog, ' formative.'
 The formation, by plastic  operation, of the angle
 of the eye.
   CANTHUM, Candi.
   CANTHUS, Epican'this,  An'gulus ocula-
 ris, Fons lachryma'rum.   The corner or angle
 of the eye.  The greater canthus is the inner
 angle, Hircus, Hir'quus, Rhanter; the lesser
 canthus, the outer angle, Paro'pia, Pega.
   CANTIA'NUS PULVIS. A cordial powder,
 known  under the name, '  Cotmtess of  Kent's
 powder,' composed of coral, amber, crab's eyes,
 prepared pearls, &c  It  was given in cancer.
   CANTION, Candi.
   CAN'ULA, Can'nula, Au'liscus, Autos. Di-
 minutive of Canna,  'a  reed;'  Tu'bulus, (F.)
  Canute ou Cannule.  A small tube of gold,
 silver,  platinum, iron,  lead, wood, or elastic
 gum, used  for various purposes in surgery.
    CA'OUTCHOUC.  The Indian name for In-
 dian Rubber, Elas'tic Gum, Gum Elastic, Can-
. chuc, Reslna elas'tica,   Cayenne Resin, Cant-
 chuc.   A  substance  formed  from the milky
 juice of Hxvea seu Hevea Guianen'sis, Jot'-
;  ropha elas'tica  seu  Sipho'nia  Cahuchu, S.
  elas'tica, Ficus  Indica,  and  Artocar'pus  inte-
. grifo'lia:—South American trees.  It is  inso-
.  luble in water  and alcohol; but boiling water
i  softens and swells it.  It is insoluble in the es-
  sential oils and in ether, when it may be blown
L  into bladders. ' It is used in the fabrication of
  catheters,  bougies, pessaries, &c
    CAPA-ISIAKKA: Bromelia ananas.
    CAPBERN,  WATERS  OF.  Capbern is
  in the department Hautes-Pyrenees,  France.
t The waters  contain  sulphates  and  carbonates
  of lime and magnesia, and chloride of magne- 
                CAPELET               1

sium.  Temperature, 75°  Fahrenheit.   They
are purgative.
   CAPELET, Myrtus caryophyllata.
  CAPELI'NA, Capelli'na, (F.) Capeline; 'A
Woman's  Hat, in French;  Capis'trum, from
caput,  ' head.'  A sort of bandage,  which, in
shape, resembles a riding-hood.   There are se-
veral kinds of Capelines.  1.  That of the head,
C.  de  la  the, Fas'cia capita'lis.  See Bonnet
d'Hippocrate.   C. of the clavicle, employed in
fractures of the acromion, clavicle and spine of
the scapula.   C. of an amputated  limb—the
bandage applied round the stump.
  CAPELLINA, Capelina.
  CAPER BUSH, Capparis spinosa.
  CAPER PLANT, Euphorbia lathyris.
  CAPERS, see Capparis spinosa.
  CAPETUS, Imperforation.
  CAPHORA, Camphor.
  CAPHURA, Camphor.
   CAPILLAIRE, Capillary, see  Adiantum
capillus veneris—e. du Canada, Adiantum pe-
datum—c. de  Montpellier, Adiantum capillus
veneris.
  CAPILLAMEN'TUM,  from Capillus, 'a
hair,'  Capilll'tium, Tricho'ma, Trichoma'tion.
Any villous or hairy covering.   Also, a small
fibre or fibril.
  CAP'ILLARY,   Capilla'ris,   Capilla'ceus,
from capillus,' a hair.' (F.)  Capillaire.  Hair-
like; small.
  Cap'illary Vessels,  Vasa capilla'ria, (F.)
Vaisseaux capillaires, are the extreme radicles
of the arteries and veins, with perhaps a spongy
tissue or parenchyma between the two. These,
together, constitute the capillary, intermediate,
ox peripheral vascular system.  In this system,
secretion and  nutrition are performed, and ani-
mal heat  is probably elicited.  They possess
an action distinct from that  of the heart, and
are the seat of febrile, inflammatory and other
(11S63.S6S
  CAPILLATIO, Trichismus.
  CAPILLATUS, Impuber.
  CAPILLITIUM,Capillamentum, Entropion,
Scalp.
  CAPILLORUM DEFLUVIUM,  Alopecia.
  CAPIL'LUS,  quasi Capitis  Pilus,  Coma,
Chxte, Crinis, Pilus, Thrix, Cxsa'ries, (F.)
Cheveu.   This term is generally applied to the
hair of the head, Pili seu Honor cap'itis,  the
characters of  which  vary, according to races,
individuals, &c  Hairs  arise in the cellular
membrane, where the bulb is placed, and  are
composed  of two parts—one, external, tubular,
and transparent, of an epidermoid character;
the other,  internal and sui generis, which com-
municates  to  them their colour.   The hair is
insensible, and grows from the root.
  Capillus Canadensis, Adiantum pedatum.
  C A PIP L E'N I U M,  Capitiple'nium, from
caput, ' the head,' and plenum, ' full.'  A word,
employed  with different significations.  A  va-
riety of catarrh.—Schneider.  A heaviness or
disorder in the head common at Rome, like  the
jt*g»;£*{!*, Carebaria, of the Greeks.—Baglivi.
  CAPISTRATIO, Phimosis.
  CAPISTRUM, Capeline, Chevestre, Trismus
—c. Auri, Borax.
  Capis'trum, Phimos, Cemos,  xquog, ' a hal-
ter.'  This name  has been given to  several
bandages  for  the  head.—See Capeline,  Che-
vestre.
47               CAPSICUM

   CAPITALIA REMEDIA, Cephalic  reme-
 dies.
   CAPITALIS, Cephalic.
   CAPITELLUM, Alembic, see Caput.
   CAPITEUX, Heady.
   CAPITILU'VIUM, from caput, < the head,3
 and lavare,' to wash.'  A bath for the head.
   CAPITIPLENIUM, Capiplenium.
   CAPITIPURGIA, Caput purgia.
   CAPITITRAHA, from caput, 'the head,'
 and trahere, ' to draw.'  Instruments which,
 like the forceps, draw down the head when im-
 pacted in the pelvis.
   CAPITO'NES, from caput, < the head.' Ma-
 croceph'ali, Proceph'ali.  Foetuses whose  heads
 are so large as to render labour difficult.
   CAPITULUM, Alembic,  Condyle, see  Ca-
 put—c. Costae, see Costa—c. Laryngis, Corni-
 culum laryngis—c. Martis, Eryngium campes-
 tre—c Santorini, Corniculum laryngis.
   CAPITULUVIUM, Bath, (head.)
   CAPNISMOS, Fumigation.
   CAPNITIS, Tutia.
   CAPNORCHIS, Fumaria bulbosa.
   CAPNOS, Fumaria.
   CAPON, Cagot.
   CAPOT, Cagot.
   CAP'PARIS SPINO'SA, Cap'paris, Cappar,
 Ca'pria, Prickly Caper  Bush, (F'.)  Cdprier.
 Family, Capparideae.  Sex. Syst. Polyandria
 Monogynia.  The bark  of the root, and  the
 buds, have been esteemed astringent and diure-
 tic.   The buds are a well known pickle.—Ca-
 pers, (F.) Cdpres.
   Capparis Baduc'ca, Baduk'ka. A species of
 caper, cultivated in India on account of  the
 beauty  of its flowers.  The Orientals make a
 liniment with  its juice, with which  they rub
 pained parts.  The flowers are purgative.
   CAPPONE,  WATERS OF.  At Cappone,
 in the isle of Ischia, are waters containing car-
 bonate  of soda, chloride of sodium and carbo-
 nate of lime.   Temp. 100° Fah.
   CAPREOLA'RIS, from capreolus,  'a ten-
 dril.'  Cisso'ides, Elicoides, (F.) Capriolaire.
 Twisted.
   Capreola'ria Vasa.  Some have called thus
 the spermatic arteries and veins, on account of
 their numerous contortions.
   CAPREOLUS, Helix.
   CAPRES, see Capparis spinosa.
   CAPRIA, Capparis spinosa.
   CAPRICORNUS,  Plumbum.
   CAPRIER, Capparis spinosa.
   CAPRIFOLIA, Lonicera periclymenum.
   CAPRILOQUIUM, Egophony.
   CAPRIZANS  PULSUS, see  Pulse, capri-
 zant.
   CAPSA, Boite, Capsule, Case—c.  Cordis,
 Pericardium.
   CAPSARIUM, Bottler.
   CAPSICUM, see Capsicum annuum.
   Cap'sicum An'nuum, from k*7tt(h,  'I bite.'
 The systematic name of the plant whence Cay-
 enne Pepper is obtained,—Piper  In'dicum  seu
 Hispan'icum, Sola'num  urens, Siliquas'trum
 Plin'ii, Piper Brazilia'num, Piper Guineen'sl,
 Piper Calecu'ticum, Piper Tur'cicum,  C.  His-
 pan'icum, Piper Lusitan'icum, Cayenne Pep-
 per,  Guin'ea Pepper,  (F.)  Piment,  Poivre
 d'Inde, Poivre de Guinie, Corail des Jardins.
 The pungent,  aromatic properties of Baccee 
CAPSIQUE              148                CARANNA
Cap'sici, Capsicum Berries, Capsicum (Ph. U.
S.), are yielded  to ether, alcohol, and water.
They are highly stimulant and rubefacient, and
are used as a condiment.   Their active princi-
ple is called Capsicin.
  Capsicum Hispanicum, Capsicum annuum.
  CAPSIQUE,  Capsicum annuum.
  CAPSITIS, see Phacitis.
  CAPSULA, Bonier—c. Articularis, Capsu-
lar ligament—c. Cordis, Pericardium—c. Den-
tis, Dental follicle—c. Lentis, see Crystalline
—c  Nervorum,  Neurilemma.
  CAPSULiE SEMINALES, Vesiculae  S.—c
Synoviales, Bursas mucosae.
   CAPSULAIRE, Capsular.
  CAP'SULAR. Relating to a capsula or cap-
sule.   Capsula'ris, (F.)  Capsulaire.
  Capsular  Arteries,  Suprare'nal  Arteries
and Veins.  Vessels, belonging to the  suprare-
nal capsules.  They are  divided into superior,
middle, and inferior.  The first proceed from
the inferior phrenic, the second from the aorta
itself, and the third from  the renal artery. The
corresponding  veins  enter the phrenic, vena
cava, and renal.
  Capsular Lig'ament, Ligamen'tum capsu-
la'rl, Cap'sula articula'ris, Artic'ular  capsule,
Fibrous  capsule, &c, (F.)  Ligament capsu-
laire,  Capsule  articulaire,   Capsule  fibreux,
&c  Membranous, fibrous, and elastic bags or
capsules, of a whitish  consistence, thick, and
resisting, which surround joints.
   CAPSULE, Cap'sula,  Capsa, a box, or case,
(F.)  Capsule.  This name has  been given, by
anatomists, to parts bearing no analogy to each
other.
   Capsule, Fibrous, Capsular ligament.
   Capsule, Gelat'inous, Cap'sula gelat'ina,
Capsule  of gelatin.   A  modern invention by
which copaiba and other disagreeable oils can
be enveloped in  gelatin so as to conceal their
taste.
   Capsule of Glisson,   Cap'sula  Glisso'nii,
C. commu'nis  Glisso'nii,  Vagina Porta, V.
Glisso'nii.  A sort of membrane, described by
Glisson, which is nothing more than dense cel-
lular membrane surrounding the vena porta and
its ramifications in the liver.
   Capsule of the  Heart,  Cap'sula cordis.
The pericardium, (q. v.)
   Capsule, Renal, C. Suprarenal or  Atrabil-
iary  Renal Gland, Glan'dula suprarena'lis,
 Cap'sula rena'lis, suprarena'lis vel atrabiliit-
ris,  Ren  succehturia!tus,  Nephrid'ium, (F.)
 Capsule surrinale ou atrabiliaire.   A flat,  tri-
angular body, which covers the upper part of
the kidney, as with a helmet. A hollow cavity
in the interior contains a  brown, reddish or yel-
lowish fluid.  The renal capsules were long
supposed to be the secretory  organs of the fan-
cied  atrabilis.   They are much larger  in  the
foetus than in the adult.  Their uses are  not
known.
   Capsule, Sem'inal,Cap'sula semina'lis. Bar-
tholine thus designates the extremity of the
vas deferens, which is sensibly dilated in the
vicinity of the vesiculae seminales.  Some ana-
tomists apply this name to the vesiculae them-
 selves.
   Capsule,  Syno'vial,  Capsula  Synovia'lis.
 A membranous  bag, surrounding all the mova-
 ble articulations and canals, which gives  pas-
 sage to tendons.  Synovial capsules  exhale,
from  their  articular  surface, a  fluid,  whose
function is to favour the motions of parts upon
each other.  See Bursa mucosa, and Synovia.
  CAPSULE  SURRENALE ou ATRABI-
LIARE, Capsule, renal.
  CAPSULITIS, see Phacitis.
  CAPUCHON, Trapezius.
  CAPUCINE, Tropaeolum majus.
  CAPULIES, Prunus capulin.
  CAPULUS, Scrotum.
  CAPUT, ' the head,'  (q. v.)  Also, the top
of a bone or other part, (F.) Tete.  The head
of small  bones  is  sometimes termed capit'u-
lum,  capitell'um,  cephalid'ium, ceph'alis,  ce-
phal'ium.  Also, the glans penis.
  Caput  Asperje Arteria, Larynx—c. Coli,
Caecum—c.  Gallinaceum, see Gallinaginis caput
—c. Gallinaginis, see Gallinaginis  caput—c.
Genitale,  Glans—c Lubricum, Penis—c. Mo-
nachi, Leontodon Taraxacum—c. Obstipum,
Torticollis—c Penis, Glans.
  Caput  Pur'gia, Capitipur'gia.  Remedies,
which the  ancients  regarded  as proper  for
purging the head:—errhines, sternutatories, apo~
phlegmatisantia, &c  Prosper Alpinus makes
the caput pur gia to be  the same  as errhines;
and the apophlegmatismi the  same as the mas-
ticatories of the moderns.
  Caput  Scapulae, Acromion.
  Caput  Succeda'neum.   A term sometimes
used for the  tumefied scalp, which first presents
in certain cases of labour.
  Caput Testis, Epididymis.
  CAQUE-SANGUE,   Cague-sangue.   Old
French words  which signify Bloody  evacua-
tions,  (F.)  Dijections sanguinolentes.  They
come from cacare,' to go to stool,' and sanguis,
' blood.'   Under this  term was  comprehended
every  affection,  in which blood is discharged
from the bowels.
  CARA SCH\JlA\iI,FrutexIn'dicus spino'sus,
Barle'ria buxifo'lia.   A Malabar plant, which,
when applied externally, is maturative and re-
solvent.   The decoction of its root is used, in
the country, in ischuria.
  CARABAC'CIUM.  An aromatic wood of
India, of a yellowish colour, and  a smell like
that of the  clove.  Its  decoction  and infusion
are given as stomachic and antiscorbutic.
  CAR'ABUS.   A genus  of  coleopterous in-
sects.   Two species, the  chrysoceph'alus and
ferrugin'eus, have been recommmended for the
toothache.  They must be pressed between the
fingers, and then rubbed on the gum and tooth
affected.
   CARACTERE, Character.
  CARAGNA, Caranna.
  CARAMATA, Arumari.  A tree in the in-
land  parts of Pomeroon.   It furnishes  a febri-
fuge  bark,  which Dr. Hancock  says  may be
used in typhoid and remittent fevers where the
 cinchona is  either useless or pernicious.
   CARAMBOLO, Averrhoa carambola.
   CARAN'NA, Caragna,  Tacamahaca, Carag-
 na, Caran'nx Gummi,  G. BreU'sis,  Gum Ca-
 ran'na, (F.) Caragne, Gomme Caragne ou Cfl-
 rane.   A gum-resinous substance, which flows
 from a large tree in New Spain, and is obtained
 from South America in  impure masses. It pie-
 serves its softness for a long time, has an aro-
 matic smell, and a  slightly acrid  and bitter
 taste.  It was  formerly  used as a  vulnerary
 and in plasters. 
CARAWAY               14S
  CARAWAY, Carum.
  CARBASA, Linteum.
  CARBASUS, Linteum.
  CARBO, Carbo Ligni, Charcoal, (F.) Char-
hon.   Fresh Charcoal is antiseptic.  It is used
to improve  the  digestive organs in cases of
worms, dyspepsia, &c; as a cataplasm to gan-
grenous and fetid ulcers, tinea, &c, and forms
a good tooth-powder.  Dose, gr. x. to gj. Also,
Anthrax, (q. v.)
  Carbo  Anima'lis,  Carbo  earnis,   Animal
charcoal, (F.)  Charbon animal.  In the Phar-
macopoeia of the United States, it is directed to
be prepared from bones.  It is given in the
same cases as the Carbo Ligni, and has been
extolled in cancer.  Dose, gr. ss. to gr. iij.
  The Pharmacopoeia of the United States  con-
tains a formula  for the preparation of Carbo
Anima'lis Purifica'tus, purified  animal char-
eoal  (Carbon, animal, fbj;  Acid muriat., Aqua.
5a f. ,^xij.) Pour the muriatic acid, previously
mixed with the water, gradually upon the char-
coal, and digest with a gentle heat for two days,
occasionally stirring the mixture.  Having al-
lowed the undissolved portion to subside, pour
off the supernatant liquor, wash the charcoal
frequently with  water until  it is entirely free
from acid, and lastly dry it.
  Carbo  Fos'silis, Lithanthrax, Stone coal.
  Carbo  Huma'num.   The human excrement.
—Paracelsus.
  Carbo  Mineralis, Grrphites-1—c Palpebra-
rum, Anthracosis—c. Spongiae, Spongia usta.
  CARBON,  SESQUI-IODIDE  OF,  Carbo-
rris sesqui-iodidum—c. Bisulphuret of, Carbonis
sulphuretum—c.  Sulphuret of, Carbonis  sul-
phuretum—c. Terchloride of, Chloroform.
  CAR'BONAS or  CARBO'NAS.   A carbo-
nate.  (F.) Carbonate.  A salt, formed by the
•'ombination of carbonic acid with a salifiable
base.
  Carbonas Natricum, Soda? carbonas.
   CARBONATE D'AMMONIAQUE, Am-
moniae carbonas.
  CAR'BON ATET>,Carbona'tus,Aera'tus,(F.)
Carbone,  Aire.   That which is  impregnated
with carbonic acid.
  CARBONk, Carbonated.
  CARBON'IC  ACID, Ac"idum Carbon'icum,
Solid Air of Hales, Factitious Air, Fixed  Air,
Carbona'ceous Acid,  Calca'reous  Acid, Aerial
Acid, Mephitic  Acid, Spir'itus letha'lis,  (F.)
Acide   Carbonique.   This  gas, which  nei-
ther supports  respiration nor  combustion,  is
not  often used  in  medicine.  It is the main
agent  in  effervescent  draughts,  fermenting
poultices, &c.   It is often found occupying the
lower parts of mines—when it is called the choke
damp—caverns,  tombs, wells,  brewers' vats,
&c, and not unfrequently has been the cause  of
Heath.  Lime thrown into such places soon ab-
sorbs the  acid.
  CARBO'NIS  SESQUI-IO'DIDUM,  C.  Ses-
qui-lodure'tum, Sesqui-I'odide or Sesqui-Iod'u-
ret of  Carbon. This is made by mixing concen-
trated alcoholic solutions of iodine and potassa,
until the  former loses its colour;  a solutionis
obtained from which water throws down a yel-
low precipitate—the sesqui-iodide of carbon.  It
has been used  in enlarged glands  and  in some
cutaneous affections, applied  externally, (^ss,
to £yj. of cerate.)
  Carbo'nis Sulphure'tum, Sulphure'tum Car-
)        CARCINUS SPONGIOSUS

 bo'nii, Sulfidum Carbo'nii, Carbo'nium Sulphu-
 ra'turn,Alcohol Sul'phuris,Bisulphure'tum Car-
 bo'nii, Sulphuret of Carbon, Bisulphuret of Car-
 bon, Carburet of Sulphur ,(F.) Sidfure de Carbon.
 This  transparent, colourless fluid, which has a
 very  penetrating,  disagreeable odour,  and  a
 taste  which is cooling at first, but afterwards
 acrid and somewhat aromatic, is a diffusible
 excitant.  It is  diaphoretic, diuretic, and  has
 been said to have proved emmenagogue.  It is
 also used in nervous diseases as an antispasmo-
 dic.  Dose, one drop to four,  repeated  fre-
 quently.
   It is used externally, where a  cooling influ-
 ence has to be rapidly exerted.
   CARBONIUM SULPHURATUM, Carbonis
 sulphuretum.
   CARBUNCLE, Anthrax—c Fungous, Ter-
 minthus—c. of the Tongue, Glossanthrax—c
 Berry, Terminthus.
   CARBUNCLED FACE, Gutta rosea.
   CARBUNCULAR EXANTHEM, Anthra-
 cia.
   CARBUNCULATIO  OCULI,  Blepharan-
 thracosis.
   CARBUNCULUS, Anthrax—c. Anginosus,
 Cynanche maligna—c. Labiorum et genarum,
 Cancer aquaticus—c. Pulmonum, Necropneu-
 monia.
   Carbun'culus Rubi'nus.  A  red, shining,
 and transparent stone, from the Isle of Ceylon;
 formerly employed in medicine as a preserva-
 tive against several poisons, the plague, &c
   Carbunculus Ulcusculosus, Cynanche ma-
 ligna.
   CAR'CAROS, from xaoxatQw, 'I resound,'
 ' I tremble.'  A fever, in which the patient has
 a general tremor, accompanied with an unceas-
 ing noise in the ears.
   CARCINODES, Cancroid, Chancreuse.
   CARCINOIDES, Cancroid.
   CARCINOMA, Cancero'ma, Cancro'ma, from
 xaQxivog, ' a crab.'  Some authors  have  thus
 called indolent tumours different from cancer;
 others, incipient cancer;  and others, again, the
 species of cancer in which the affected structure
 assumes the appearance of cerebral substance;
 but the majority of authors  use Carcinoma in
 the same sense as Cancer.
   Carcinoma  Alveolare, Colloid—c. Fibro-
 sum,  Scirrhus—c. Haematodes, Haematodes fun-
 gus—c. Intestinorum, Enteropathia cancerosa—
 c.  Linguas, Glossocarcinoma—c.  of the Liver,
 Hepatoscirrhus—c. Medullare, Encephaloid—c.
 Melanodes, Cancer, melanotic—c Melanoticum,
 Melanosis—c. Simplex, Scirrhus—c. Spongio-
 sum, Encephaloid, Hfematodes fungus—c Scroti,
 Cancer, Chimney sweepers'—c. Uteri, Metro-
 carcinoma, Metroscirrhus—c. Ventriculi, Gas-
 troscirrhus; see  Gastrostenosis cardiaca et py-
 lorica.
   CARCINOM'ATOUS. Relating to Cancer.
   CARCINOME MOU ET SPONGIEUX,
 Encephaloid—c. Sanglante, Encephaloid, Hae-
 matodes fungus.
   CARCINOS, Cancer.
   CARCINO'SES, (G.) Karsinosen, from xap-
 xtvoc, 'a crab.'  A family of diseases, accord-
 ing to the  classification  of Fuchs; which em-
 braces the different forms of Cancer.
   CARC1NOSUS, Cancerous.
   CARCINUS SPONGIOSUS, Encephaloid. 
CARDAMANTICA           150          CARDIOMALACIA
  CARDAMANTICA, Cardamine pratensis,
Lepidium Iberis.
  CARDAMINDUM  MINUS, Tropaeolum
majus.
  CARDAMINE  FONTANA,  Sisymbrium
nasturtium.
  Cardami'ne Praten'sis, Cardami'nl, Carda-
man'tica, Nastur'tium Aquaticum, Car'damon,
Culiflos, Ibe'ris soph'ia, Nastur'tium praten'sl,
Ladies-smock, Cuckoo-flower,  Common Bitter
Cress, (F.) Cresson iltgant, Cresson des pres,
Passerage sauvage. Ord. Cruciferae. The flow-
ers have been considered useful as antispasmo-
dics, in the dose of 3J. to 31J.  They are pro-
bably inert.
  CARDAMOM,  LESSER, Amomum carda-
momum.
  CARDAMOME, Amomum cardamomum—
c. de la C$te de Malabar, Amomum cardamo-
mum.
  CARDAMOMUM MAJUS, Amomum gra-
na paradisi—c. Minus, Amomum cardamomum
—c Piperatum, Amomum grana paradisi.
  CARDAMON, Cardamine pratensis.
  CA.R.D.£.R-E,Dipsacus sylvestris—c.Cultive,
Dipsacus fullonum.
  CARDIA,  xaqSia, ' the  heart,' Stom'achus,
Orific"ium sinis'trum seu Ingres'sus supe'rior
ventric'uli.  The superior or oesophageal orifice
of the stomach,—Orific"ium ventric'uli sinis'-
trum.   Also, the Heart, (q. v.)
  CAR'DIAC, Cardlacus,  from xagSia, 'the
heart;' or the upper orifice of the stomach.  (F.)
Cardiaque.   Relating to the heart or  to the
upper orifice of the stomach.   A cordial, (q. v.)
  Cardiac Ar'teries, Codonary arteries, (F.)
Artlres cardiaques ou coronaires, are  two in
number.  They arise from the aorta, a little
above the free edge of the  sigmoid valves, and
are distributed on both surfaces of the heart.
  Cardiac Ganglion, Cardiac plexus.
  Cardiac Nerves,  (F.)  Nerfs cardiaques.
These are commonly three on each side; a su-
perior, middle and inferior, which are furnished
by corresponding cervical ganglia.  Commonly,
there are but two  on  the left  side; the upper
and middle, which draw their  origin from the
last two cervical ganglia.  Scarpa calls the su-
perior—C. superficia'lis ; the middle—C. pro-
fun'dus or C. magnus; and  the  inferior—C.
parvus. There are, besides, Cardiac filaments,
(F.) Filets cardiaques, furnished by the par
vagum or pneumo-gastric nerve, which become
confounded with the above.
  Cardiac Plexus, Gan'glion cardiacum,  Car-
diac ganglion.  A nervous net-work, formed by
the different nerves above mentioned.  It is  si-
tuate at the posterior part of the aorta, near  its
origin.  It affoids numerous  branches, which
are distributed to  the heart and great vessels.
  Cardiac Veins, Coronary veins, (F.) Veines
Cardiaques, axe commonly four in number; two
anterior and two posterior.   They open into
the right auricle by one orifice, which  is fur-
nished with a  valve, and is called, by Portal,
Sinus  coronaire du Caur.
  CARDIACA CRISP A, Leonurus cardiaca—
c. Passio, Cardialgia.
  CARDIACUS, Cordial, Stomachal.
  CARDIAGMUS, Cardialgia.
  CARDI'AGRA, Affec'tio  arthrilica cordis;
from  y.aqoia,  'the heart,' and  ayqa, 'seizure.'
Gout  of the heart.
  CARDIAG'RAPHY, Cardiagra'phia, from
xaodia,' the heart,'  and yqatptj, ' a description.'
An anatomical description of the heart.
  CARDIAL'GIA, Cardi'aca Passio, Colica
Ventric'uli, Spasmus Ventric'uli, Perodyn'ia,
Cordo'lium, Cardila'a, Dyspepsodyn'ia, Dys-
pepsiodyn'ia,  Dyspeptodyn'ia,  Peratodyn'ia,
Cardiod'yne, Gastralgia, Gasteralgia, Gastro-
colia, Gastrod'ynl, Pas'sio Cardi'aca, Stomach-
algia, Gastrodyn'ia, Stomacal'gia, Cardlacus
Morbus, Cardiog'mus: from xaqdia,' the cardiac
orifice of the stomach,'  and aXyog, ' pain:' Pain
of the stomach, (F.) Douleur de 1'M.stomac, D.
nivralgique de I'Estomac: also, Heartburn, (F.)
Cardialgie, Ardeur d'Estomac, A. du  Caur.
Impaired appetite, with gnawing or burning pain
in the stomach  or  epigastrium,—Morsus vel
ardor  ventric'uli,  Morsus stom'achi,  Soda,
Limo'sis cardialgia mordens, Rosio Stom'achi
seu Ventric'uli:—a  symptom of dyspepsia.
  Cardialgia  Inflammatory,  Gastritis—c.
Sputatoria, Pyrosis.
  CARDIALOG"IA, from xaqoia, 'the heart,'
and Xoyog,' a discourse.' A treatise on the heart.
  CARDIANASTROPHE, Ectopia cordis.
  CARDIARCTIE, Heart, concentric hyper-
trophy of the.
  CARDIA'RIUS;  same etymology.   A name
given to a worm, said to have been found in the
heart  or pericardium.
  CARDIATOM'IA, from xaqoia, ' the heart,'
and xtuvttv, ' to cut.'  Dissection of the heart.
  CARDIATROPHIA, Heart, atrophy of the.
  CARDIECTASIS,  see   Aneurism of  the
heart—c. Partialis,  Aneurism of the heart.
  CARDIELCOSIS; from x*g8ia, 'the heart,'
and 'tXxog, 'an ulcer.'  Ulceration of the heart.
  CARDIETHMOLIPOSIS, Steatosis cordis.
  CARDIEURYSMA, Aneurism of the heart.
  CARDIL^A, Cardialgia.
  CARDIM'ELECH, from xaqSta, 'the heart,'
and "J^D,  Melek, (Hebr.,) 'a governor.'   A
supposititious  active principle seated in  the
heart, and governing the vital  functions.—Do-
lasus.
  CARDINAL FLOWER, Lobelia cardinalis
—c. Blue, Lobelia syphilitica.
  CARDINAL PLANT, Lobelia cardinalis.
  CARDINAMENTUM,  Ginglymus,  Gom-
phosis.
  CARDIOBOTANUM, Centaurea benedicta.
  CARDIOCE'LE, from  xaqhx, 'the heart,'
and kiiXi), 'rupture.'  Hernia of the heart, espe-
cially into the abdominal cavity.
  CARDIOCLASIE,  Cardiorrhexis.
  CARDIOD'YNE, Cardiodyn'ia; from *aq8>a,
'the heart, the  stomach,'  and  oowi], 'pain.'
Pain in the heart.  Also, Cardialgia.
  Cardiodyne Spasmodica Intermittens, An-
gina pectoris.
  CARDIOG'MUS.   Hippocrates  employed
this word synonymously with cardialgia.   In
the time of Galen it was used, by some writers,
for certain pulsations of the heart, analogous to
palpitations.  Sauvages understood by Cardi-
ogmus an  aneurism of  the heart or great ves-
sels, when still obscure. Also, Angina pectoris.
  Cardiogmus  Cordis Sinistri, Angina pec-
toris.
  CARDIOMALA'CIA,  Malaco'sis seu Ma- 
CARDIOMYOLIPOSIS          151
CARLINA
 la'cia seu  Mulax'is  seu Mollifies Cordis,
 (F.) Ramollissement  du  Caur, from xaqdia,
 ' the heart,' and /uxXukix,' softness.'   Softening
 of the heart,  caused  by inflammation of the
 organ, or a consequence of some lesion of the
 function of nutrition.
   CARDIOMYOLIPOSIS, Steatosis cordis.
   CARDIONCHI, see Aneurism.
   CARDIONEURALGIA, Angina pectoris.
   CARDIOPALMUS, Cardiotromus.
   CARDIOPERICARDITIS, see Pericarditis.
   CARDIORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus cor-
 dis; from xaqdta, «the heart,' and gn^a, ' de-
 fluxion,  rheumatism.'   Rheumatism  of  the
 heart.
   CARDIORRHEX'IS, Cardioclasie, (Piorry,)
 Ruptu'ra Cordis, (F.) Rupture du Caur,fioxn
 xaqdix, 'the heart,' and £!?£«, ' laceration.'   La-
 ceration of the heart.
   CARDIOSCLEROSIS, (Piorry) from x*q-
 o*»a, 'the heart,' and o-xXtjQoc,'hard.'  (F.) En-
 durcissement  du Caur.   Induration  of  the
 heart.
   CARDIOSTENO'SIS, from xaqSia, 'the
 heart,' and  OTevwo-ig,  'contraction.'  Contrac-
 tion of the openings of the heart.
   CARDIOTRAU'MA,  from  xaqha,  'the
 heart,' and rqavfta, 'a wound.'  A  wound of
 the heart.
   CARDIOT'ROMUS,   Palpita'tio    Cordis
 trep'idans, Cardiopalmus, Trepida'tio Cordis,
 from xaqSta, 'the  heart,' and roofiog,' tremor.'
 Rapid and feeble palpitation,  or fluttering of
 the heart.
   CARDIOT'ROTUS, from xaqSia,' the heart,'
 and rixqaxniia, ' I wound.'   One affected with a
 wound of the heart.—Galen.
   CARDIPERICARDITIS, see Pericarditis.
   CARDITE, Carditis.
   CARDITIS, from  xaqSitt, < the heart,' and
 the termination  itis.  Inflammation of  the
 fleshy substance of the heart.  Empres'ma Car-
 ditis, Inflamma'tio  Cordis, Inflamma'tio Car-
 ditis, Cauma Carditis, Myocarditis, Cardi-
 tis  Muscula'ris, Inflammation du Caur, (F.)
 Cardite.  The symptoms of this affection are
 by no means clear.  They are often confounded
 with those  of pericarditis, or  inflammation of
 the  membrane investing  the heart.   Carditis,
 indeed, with many, includes both the inflamma-
 tion of the investing membrane and that of the
 heart itself.   See Pericarditis, and Endocar-
 ditis.
   Carditis Externa,  Pericarditis—c. Interna,
 Endocarditis — c.  Muscularis, Carditis — c
 Membranosa, Pericarditis—c. Polyposa, Polypi
 of the heart—e. Serosa, Pericarditis.
   CARDO, Ginglymus.
   CARDOPATIUM, Carlina acaulis.
   CARDUUS  ALTILIS, Cynara scolymus—
 c. Benedictus,  Centaurea  benedicta—c. Brazi-
 lians, Bromelia ananas—c Domesticus capite
 majori, Cynara scolymus—c Hemorrhoidalis,
 Cirsium arvense.
   Car'duus Maria'nus, Car'duus Ma'rix, Sil'-
ybum, Car'duus lac'teus, Spina alba,  Common
Milk Thistle, ox Ladies' Thistle, (F.) Chardon-
Marie.   The herb is a bitter tonic. The seeds
are oleaginous.  It is not used.
  Carduus Pineus, Atractylis gummifera—c.
Sativus, Carthamus tinctorius—c. Sativus non-
spinosus, Cynara scolymus—c. Solstitialis, Cen-
 taurea calcitrapa—c. Stellatus, Centaurea calci-
 trapa—c. Tomentosus, Onopordium acanthium.
   CAREBARESIS, Carebaria.
   CAREBA'RIA or CAREBARI'A, Carebare'-
 sis, from xuoi/,' the head,' and ftaqog, 'weight.'
 Stordine'ma,  Cereba'ria, Scordinis'mus, Car-
 dine'ma.  Heaviness of the head—Hippocrates.
 Galen.
   CARE'NA,  Kare'na.    The  twenty-fourth
 part of a drop.—Ruland and Johnson.
   CAREUM, Carum.
   CAREX ARENARIA, Sarsaparilla  Germa-
 nica.
   CARIACOU.  A beverage, used in Cayenne,
 and formed of a mixture of cassava, potato, and
 sugar fermented.
   CARICA, Ficus carica.
   Car'ica Papaya, Papaw tree, (F.) Papayer.
 Ord. Artocarpeas.  A native of America, India,
 and Africa. The fruit  has  somewhat of the
 flavour of the  pumpkin, and is  eaten  like it.
 The milky juice of the plant, and the seed and
 root have been  regarded as  anthelmintic.
   CAR'ICUM;—said to have been named after
 its inventor Caricus.  Car'ycum.  A detergent
 application to ulcers;  composed of black helle-
 bore, sandarach, copper, lead, sulphur, orpi-
 ment, cantharides, and oil of cedar.—Hippocr.
   CARIE, Caries—c. des Dents, Dental gan-
 grene.
   CARlk, Carious.
   CA'RIES, Nigri'ties Os'sium.  An  ulcera-
 tion of bone,—Necrosis being death of  a bone.
 It  resembles  the  gangrene  of  soft  parts.
 Hence it has been termed Caries gangrxno'sa,
 Gangrx'na Ca'ries, G. Os'sium, Tere'do, Ar-
 ro'sio, Euros,  (F'.)  Carie.  It  is recognised
 by the  swelling  of the  bone which precedes
 and accompanies it; by the abscesses it occa-
 sions;  the fistulae  which  form;  by  the sa-
 nious character, peculiar odour and quantity of
 the suppuration, and by the evidence afforded
 by probing.  The most common causes of ca-
 ries are blows;—the action of some virus, and
 morbid diathesis.  When  dependent  on  any
 virus in the system, this  must be combated by
 appropriate remedies.   When entirely local, it
 must be converted, where  practicable, into a
 state of necrosis or death of the affected part.
 For this  end stimulants are applied, the actual
 cautery,  &c
   Caries Dentium, Dental gangrene—c. Pu-
 dendorum, see  Chancre—c. of the Vertebras,
 Vertebral disease—c. Vertebrarum, Vertebral
 disease.
   CARIEUX, Carious.
   CARIM CURINI, Justitia ecbolium.
   CARINA, 'a  ship's  keel.'  The vertebral
 column,  especially  of  the  foetus.  Also, the
 breast bone bent  inwards.  Hence, Pectus ca-
 rina'tum:—the  chest  affected with such de-
 formity .
  CA'RIOUS, Cario'sus,  Euro'des, (F.) Carii,
 Carieux.   Affected with  caries.
  CARIUM TERR.E, Calx.
  CARIVE, Myrtus pimenta.
  CARIVILLANDI, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  CARLINA, 'Carline Thistle.'
  Carli'na Acaul'is, Chamx'leon album, Car-
dopa'tium, (F.)  Carline sans tige, which grows
in the Pyrenees, and on the  mountains of Swit-
zerland, Italy, &c, has been recommended as a
tonic, emmenagogue, and  sudorific. 
CARLINE SANS TIGE        152
CAROTIDS
  CARLINE SANS TIGE, Carlina acaulis.
  CARLO SANCTO RADIX.  ' St. Charles's
Root:' found in Mechoachan, in America. The
bark is aromatic, bitter and acrid.  It is con-
sidered to be  sudorific, and to strengthen the
sums and stomach.                      „„
  CARLSBAD, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
Carlsbad is a town in Bohemia, 24 miles from
Egra, celebrated for its hot baths.  The water
contains about 47 parts in the 100 of purging
salts.  It is a thermal saline; temperature 1'21°
to 167° Fahrenheit.   The constituents are-
carbonic  acid, sulphate of soda, carbonate of
soda, and chloride of sodium.
  CARMANTINE,  Justitia pectoralis — c.
Pectorale, Justitia pectoralis.
  CARMEN,' a verse,' because charms usually
consisted  of  a verse.   A charm (q. v.:)  an
amulet.
  CARMINANTIA, Carminatives.
  CARMINATIVA, Carminatives.
  CARMIN'ATIVES, Carminan'tia seu Car-
minati'va, from carmen,' a verse,' or ' charm,'
Antiphys'ica,  Physago'ga, Xan'tica, (F.) Car-
minatifs.   Remedies  which allay pain,  and
cause the expulsion of  flatus from the alimen-
tary canal.  They are generally of the class of
aromatics.
  The Four Greater Carminative Hot Seeds,
were, of old, anise, carui, cummin, and fennel.
  The Four Lesser  Carminative Hot Seeds,
Quatuor sem'ina cal'ida mino'ra, were bishop's
weed, stone parsley, smallage, and wild carrot.
  CARMOT.  A name  given, by the  alchy-
mists, to  the  matter which they believed to
constitute the Philosopher's stone.
  CARNABADIA, Carum, (seed.
  CARNABADIUM, Cuminum cyminum.
  CARNATIO, Syssarcosis.
  CARNATION, Dianthus caryophyllus.
  CARNELIAN, Cornelian.
  CARNEOLUS, Cornelian.
  CAR'NEOXJS,Car'neus,Carno'sus,Sarco'des,
Incarna'tus, from caro, ' flesh.'  (F.) Charnu.
Consisting of flesh, or resembling flesh.
  Carneous  Columns, Fleshy  Columns,  Co-
lum'nx Carnex of the heart, (F.)  Colonnes
charnues, are muscular projections, situate in
the cavities of the heart.  They are called, also,
Mus'culi  Papilla'res.
  Carneous Fibres, Fleshy Fibres, Mus'cular
Fibres, (F.) Fibres  charnues ou  musculaires,
are fibres belonging to a  muscle.
  CARNEUM MARSUPIUM, Ischio-trochan-
terianus.
  CARNIC'ULA. Diminutive of Caro,' flesh.'
The gum,—Gingiva, (q. v.)—Fallopius.
  CARNIFICATIO, Carnification—c Pulmo-
num, Hepatisation of the lungs.
  CAR.mFlCA'TlON,Carnifica'tio,fxomcaro,
' flesh,' and fieri,' to become.'  Transformation
into flesh.  A morbid state of certain organs,
in which  the tissue acquires a consistence like
that of fleshy or muscular parts.   It  is some-
times observed in hard  parts, the texture  be-
 coming softened, as  in Osteosarcoma.  When
 it occurs  in  the lungs, they present a texture
 like that of liver. Such is the condition of the
 foetal lung.
   CARNIFOR'MIS  ABSCES'SUS.   An  ab-
 scess, which ordinarily occurs in the neighbour-
 hood of the  articulations, and whose orifice is
hard, the sides  thick and  callous.—M. A. Se-
verinus.
  CARNIV'OROLTS,  Carniv'orus,  Sarcoph-
agus, Creatoph'agus, Creoph'agus,(F.) Carni-
vore, from caro,' flesh,' and voro,' I eat.   That
which  eats  flesh.   Any  substance which de-
stroys excrescences in wounds, ulcers, &c.
  CARNOSA CUTIS, Panniculus carnosus.
  CARNOSITAS, Carnos'ity, (F.) Carnosite,
from caio, ' flesh.'  A fleshy excrescence.
  CARNOS'ITIES  OF  THE  URETHRA,
Car'uncles  in  the  Ure'thra, (F.) Camosites
ou Caroncules  de I'uretre.  Small fleshy ex-
crescences or fungous growths, which were, at
one time, presumed to exist in the  male ure-
thra, whenever retention of urine followed go-
norrhoea.
  M. Cullerier uses the term  Camositi vine-
rienne  for a cutaneous, cellular, and membra-
nous tumour, dependent upon the syphilitic vi-
rus.  See, also, Polysarcia.
  CARNOSUS, Carneous.
  CARO, Flesh—c. Accessoria, see  Flexor
longus  digitorum  pedis  profundus perforans,
(accessorius)—c. Excrescens, Excrescence—c.
Fungosa, Fungosity—c. Glandulosa, Epiglottic
gland—c. Luxurians, Fungosity—c  Orbicula-
ris, Placenta—c. Parenchymatica, Parenchyma
—c Quadrata,  Palmaris  brevis—c. Quadratus
Sylvii, see Flexor longus digitorum pedis pro-
fundus perforans, (accessorius)—c Viscerum,
Parenchyma.
  CAROB  TREE, Ceratonia siliqua.
  CAROBA ALNABATI, Ceratonium siliqua.
  CARODES,  Carotic
  CAROLI, see Chancre.
  CAROLINA,  NORTH,  MINERAL  WA-
TERS OF.  In the counties of Warren, Mont-
gomery, Rockingham,  Lincoln, Buncomb and
Rowan, there are mineral springs.  They he-
long generally to the sulphureous or acidulous

  CAROLINA,  SOUTH,  MINERAL  WA-
TERS OF.   They are  numerous.  Pacolet
Springs,  on the west bank of Pacolet River,
contain sulphur and iron.   Many, with similar
properties, but  not held in estimation, are scat-
tered about the state.
  CARONCULE, Caruncle—c. Lachrymale,

  CARONCULES MYRTIFORMES, Ca-
runculae  myrtiformes—c. de I'Uretre, Carnosi-
ties of the urethra.
  CAROPI, Amomum cardamomum.
  CAROSIS, Somnolency.
  CAROTA, see Daucus  carota.
  CAROTIC,  (ARTERIES,) Carotids.
  CAROTICA, Narcotics.
  CAROT'ICUS,  Caro'des,  Com'atose, from
xaqog, ' stupor.'  (F.) Carotique.   Relating to
stupor or carus—as a carotic state, &c
  CAROT'IDS. Carotides, Caroficse,Carotide-r,
 Capita'les,  Jugula'res, Sopora'les, Soporarise,
Soporif erx, Somnif'erx, Apoplec'ticx, Lethar -
gicx Arte'rix, the  Carot'id Ar'teries, Cephal-
ic Ar'teries, (F.) Arteres Carotides; from xaoo?,
 Quatuor sem'ina cal'ida majo'ra carminati va,
 ' stupor.' The great arteries of the neck, which
 carry blood to the head.  They are divided into,
 1. Primitive or common; the left of which arises
 from the aorta, and the right from a trunk, com-
 mon to it and  the subclavian.  2. External or 
CAROTTE
153
CARTILAGE
pericephal'ic, a branch of the primitive, which
extends from the last to the neck of the  con-
dyle of the lower jaw; and, 3. Internal, Arte'-
ria cerebra'iis vel encephalica, another  branch
of the  primitive, which, arising at the same
place as the external, enters the cranium, and
terminates on a level with the fissure of Sylvius,
dividing into several branches.
  Carotid Canal, Cana'lis Caroticus, Canal
inflexe de I'os temporal—(Ch.)  Canal  caroto-
Zien, is a  canal in the temporal  bone, through
which the carotid artery and several nervous
filaments pass.
  Carotid  Foramina,  Foram'ina  Carotica,
(F.) Trous  carotidiens, are distinguished into
internal and external.  They are the foramina
at each extremity of the Canalis Caroticus.
   CAROTTE, Daucus carota.
   CAROUA, Carum, (seed.)
   CAROUB1ER, Ceratonium siliqua.
   CAROUGE,  see Ceratonium  siliqua.
   CARP ASA, Carbasa.
   CARPA'SIUM, Car'pasum, and Carpe'sium.
Dioscorides,  Pliny,  Galen,  &c, have given
these names, and that of Carpasos, to a plant,
which  cannot now  be  determined, and whose
juice, called Opocar'pason, onox.xq7ra<rov, passed
for  a  violent, narcotic poison,  and was  con-
 founded with myrrh.
   CARPATHICUM, see Pinus  cembra.
   CARPE, Carpus.
   CARPENTARIA, Achillea millefolium.
   CARPESIUM, Carpasium.
   CARPHO'DES, Carphoxdes,  from  xa§<poc,
* flocculus,' and  uSag, ' resemblance.'  Floccu-
 lent, stringy;—as mucus carphedes, flocculent
or stringy mucus.
   CARPHOLOG"IA,  Tilmu*,  Carpolog"ia,
 Crocidis'mus, Crocydis'mus, Flocco'rum vena'-
tio, Floreile'gium,  Tricholog"ia, Croeidix'is,
 from x*§(p«c,  'floe'cuius,' and xtya,' I collect,'
 or 'pluck.'  (F.) Carphologie.   Action of ga-
 thering flocculi.  A delirious  picking  of the
 bed-clothes, as if to seek some substance,  or to
 pull the flocculi from them.  It denotes  great
 cerebral irritability and debility, and is an  unfa-
 vourable sign in fevers, &c.
   CARPHOS, Trigonella fcenum.
   CARPIA,  Linteum.
   CARPI^EUS, Palmaris brevis.
   CAR'PIAL, Car'pian, Carpia'nus, Car pia'-
 lis, (F.)  Carpien.  Belonging to the Carpus.
   Car'pial Lig'aments, (F.) Ligaments Car-
 piens, axe,  1. The fibrous fascia?, which  unite
 the bones of the  carpus ;  and, 2. The  annular
 ligaments, anterior and posterior, (q. v.)
   CARPIAN, Carpial.
    CARPIEN, Carpial.
   CARPISMUS, Carpus.
   CARPOBALSAMUM,  see Amyris opobal-
 samum.
    CARPOLOGIA, Carphologia—c Spasmodi-
 ca, Subsultus tendinum.
    CARPO-METACARPEUS MINIMI DIGI-
 TI, Adductor metacarpi minimi digiti—c Mi-
 tacarpien du petit doigt, Opponens minimi digiti
 —c. Mitacarpien du pouce, Opponens pollicis
 —c. Phalangeus minimi digiti, Abductor minimi
 digiti—c. Phalangien du petit doigt, Abductor
 minimi digiti—c. Phalangien  du petit  doigt,
 Flexor parvus minimi digiti—c. Phalangien du
 pouce, Flexor brevis pollicis manus—c. Sus-
 phalangien du pouce, Abductor pollicis brevis.
          11
  CARPO-PEDAL, from carpus, ' the wrist,'
and pes, pedis,  ' the  foot.'  Relating to the
wrist and foot.
  Carpo-pedal  Spasm, Cer'ebral spasmod'ic
croup. A spasmodic affection of the chest and
larynx in young children, accompanied by ge-
neral or partial convulsions.   The disease com-
monly occurs between the  third and  ninth
month, and is characterized by excessive dys-
pnoea, accompanied by a loud croupy noise on
inspiration;  the thumbs being locked, and the
hands  and feet  rigidly bent for a longer or
shorter period.   The seat of the disease is evi-
dently in the cerebro-spinal axis,  primarily or
secondarily:  generally, perhaps, it is owing to
erethism seated elsewhere, but communicated to
the cerebro-spinal centre, and reflected  to the
respiratory and other  muscles concerned.  It
seems to be connected with  dental irritation,
and consequently, in the treatment, where such
is the case, the gums should be freely divided;
after which, cathartics and revulsives, with the
use of narcotics  and appropriate diet, will ge-
nerally remove the affection;  for  although ex-
tremely alarming, it is often not attended with
great danger. See Asthma thymicum.
  CARPOS, Fruit.
  CARPOTTCA, from x*otioc,  'fruit.'  Dis-
eases  affecting  impregnation.   Irregularity,
difficulty or danger produced by parturition:—
the 3d order, class Genetica, of Good.
  CARPUS, Carpis'mus, Brachia'll, Rasce'la,
Raste'ta, Rascha, Rase'ta, Raset'ta, the wrist.
(F.) Carpe, Poignet.   The part  between the
fore-arm and hand.   Eight bones compose it,
(in two rows.)   In the superior row there are,
from without to within—the Scapho'ides or na-
vieula'rl, Luna're or semiluna'rl,  Cuneifor'me,
and  Orbicula'rl or pisifor'me.   In  the  lower
row—Trape zium, Trapezo'ides, Magnum, and
Undfor'ml.
  CARRAGEEN MOSS, Fucus crispus.
   CARRE  DE LA  CUISSE, Quadratus fe-
moris^—c. des Lombes, Quadratus  lumborum—
c. du Menton, Depressor labii inferioris—c. du
Pied, Extensor brevis digitorum pedis.
   CARREAU, Tabes mesenterica.
   CARREE, see Flexor longus digitorum pedis
profundus perforans, (accessorius.)
   CARRELET, (F.) Acus tri an gut a'ris. A
straight  needle, two or three inches  long, the
point of which  is triangular; and  which the
ancients used in different operations.   Also, a
wooden, triangular  frame for fixing a  cloth
through  which different pharmaceutical  prepa-
rations are passed.
   CARROT, CANDY, Athamanta cretensis—
c. Deadly, Thapsia—c. Plant, Daucus carota.
   CAR'THAMUS TINCTO'RIUS, Am'yron,
 Cnicus,  Crocus  German'icus, Crocus Saracen'-
irus, Car'tliamum officina'rum, Car'duus sati-
vus, Safra'num, Saffron-flower, Sajflower,Bas-
tard Saffron, Dyer's  Saffron, (F.) Carthame,
Safran  bdtard, Carthame des Teinturiers. Fa-
mily, Cynarocephaleae.  Sex. Syst. Syngene-
 sia Polygamia aequalis. The seeds are aromatic,
 cathartic,  and  diuretic;  yet to the parroquet
 they are an article  of food, hence their name,
 Graines de Perroquet. The flowers, Cur'tha-
 mus, (Ph. U. S.) are employed as a cosmetic,
 and are  a reputed diaphoretic.[?]
   CARTHEGON, see Buxus.
   CAR'TILAGE, Chondros, Car'tilago, (F.) 
CARTILAGE  ANONYME        154
CASE
 Cartilage.  A solid part of the animal body, of
 a medium consistence between bone and  liga-
 ment, and which in the foetus is a substitute for
 bone, but in the adult exists  only in the joints,
 at the extremities of the ribs, &c  Cartilages
 are of a whitish colour, flexible, compressible,
 and very elastic, and some of them apparently
 inorganic.  They are composed, according to
 J. Davy, of  .44 albumen, .55 water, and .01
 phosphate of lime.
   CARTILAGE ANONYME, Cricoid, (car-
 tilage)—c. Epiglottic, Epiglottis—c. Mucroni,
 Xiphoid Cartilage—c. Supra-arytenoid, Corni-
 culum laryngis—c. Tarsal, see  Tarsus.
   Cartilages, Articular,  Obdu'cent  Car'-
 tilages, invest bony surfaces, which are in con-
 tact ;  hence they are called investing or in-
 crusting cartilages, (F.) Cartilages de revite-
 ment ou d'eni roittement.
   Cartilaces, Interarticular, are such as
 are situate within the joints, as in the knee joint.
   Cartilages of Ossifica'tion are such as, in
 the progress of ossification, have to form an in-
 tegrant part  of  bones; as those of  the  long
 bones in the new-born infant.  These are termed
 temporary; the others  being permanent.   All
 the cartilages, with the  exception of the articu-
 lar, are surrounded by a membrane analogous
 to the periosteum, called Perichondrium.
   Cartilages of the  Ribs  are, in some re-
 spects, only prolongations of  the ribs.   Those
 of the nose, of the meatus auditorius, and Eu-
 stachian tube, present a similar arrangement.
 Other cartilages  resemble  a union of fibrous
 and  cartilaginous textures;  hence their name
 Fibro-cartilages.
   Cartilages, Semilunar, see Semilunar—c.
 Sigmoid,  Semilunar cartilages.
   CARTILAGINES GUTTURALES, Aryte-
 noid cartilages—c Semilunares, Semilunar car-
 tilages—c. Sigmoideae, Semilunar cartilages.
   Cartilaginis  ArYTENOIDjEjE  Capitulum,
 Corniculum laryngis.
   CARTILAG"INOUS, Cartilaginous, Car-
 tilagino'sus, Chondro'des,  Chondro'i'des, (F.)
 Cartilagineux.  Belonging to,  or resembling
 cartilage.
   Cartilaginous, Tissue,  see Tissue.
   CARTILAGO, Cartilage—c.  Clypealis,
 Thyroid cartilage—c. Ensiformis, Xiphoid car-
 tilage—c. Guttalis, Arytenoid cartilage—c In-
 nominata, Cricoid—c Mucronata, Xiphoid car-
 tilage—c. Peltalis, Thyroid cartilage, Xiphoid
 cartilage—c. Scutiformis, Thyroid cartilage—
 c. Uvifer, Uvula—c. Xiphoides, Xiphoid carti-
 lage.
   CARUM, from Caria, a province of Asia.
 Ca'reum,  Carum  Car'u'i,  Carvi,   Cumi'num
 praten'sl, Cams,  Car'uon, the Car'away, (F.)
 Carvi,  Cumin des pris. Family, Umbellife-
 rae.   Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.   The
 seeds, Carnaba'dia, Car'oua, are carminative.
 Dose, gr. x. to gij, swallowed  whole or bruised.
 The   oil,  Oleum Car'u'i, (F.) Huile de  carvi,
 has the  properties  of  the seeds.  Dose, gtt. ij
 to vj.
  CAR'UNCLE,  Carun'cula,  diminutive of
 caro,' flesh.'  A small  portion  of  flesh, Sar'-
 eion,  Sarcid'ium.   A fleshy excrescence,—Ec-
phy'ma carun'cula, (F.) Caroncule.
  Caruncle, Carnositas.
  Caruncles in the Urethra, Carnosities.
  Carun'cula Lachryma'lis, (F.)  Caroncule
 lacrymale.  A small, reddish, follicular body,
 situate at the inner angle of the eye. It secretes
 a gummy substance.
   CARUNCDLil  CUTICULARES.
 Nymphae.
   Caruncul^e Mamilla'res. The extremities
 of the lactiferous tubes in the nipples. The ol-
 factory nerves (q. v.)  have  been so called by
 some.
   CaruncuLjE Myrtifor'mes, C. Vagina'les,
 Glun'dula myrtifor'mes, (F.) Caroncules myr-
 tiformes.  Small, reddish  tubercles, more or
 less firm, of variable form, and uncertain num-
 ber, situate near the orifice of the vagina, and
 formed by the mucous membrane.   They are
 regarded as the remains of the hymen.
   CarunculjE Papillares, Papillae of the kid-
 ney.
   CARUN'CULOUS.   Relating to  caruncles
 or carnosities.   Carun'cular.
   CARUON, Carum.
  CARUS, »*g«, Sopor caro'ticus, Profound
 sleep.   The last degree of coma, with complete
 insensibility, which no stimulus can remove,
 even for a few  instants.  Sopor, Coma, Lethar-
gia, and Carus, are four degrees  of the same
 condition.
  Carus Apoplexia, Apoplexy—c Asphyxia,
 Asphyxia—c. Catalepsia, Catalepsy—c.Ecsta-
 sis, Ecstasis—c Hydrocephalus, Hydrocephalus
 internus—c. ab Insolatione, Coup de soleil—c.
 Lethargus, Lethargy—c. Lethargus  cataphora,
 Somnolency—c. Lethargus vigil, Coma vigil—
 c Paralysis, Paralysis—c Paralysis paraplegia,
 Paraplegia—c. Veternus, Lethargy.
  CARVI, Carum.
  CARYA, Juglans regia—c Basilica, Juglans
 regia.
  CARYEDON CATAGMA, see Fracture.
  CARYOCOSTINUM, Confectio scammonia?.
  CARYOCOST'INUS.  An  electuary pre-
pared of the costus and other aromatic sub-
stances, &c  It was cathartic.
  CARYON PONTICON, Corylus avellana
(nut.)
  CARYOPHYLLA, Geum urbanum.
  CARYOPHYLLUM  RUBRUM,  Dianthus
caryo phyllus.
  CARYOPHYLLUS   AMERICANUS,   see
Myrtus pimenta—c. Aromaticus, Eugenia  ca-
ryophyllata—c.Hortensis, Dianthus caryophyl-
lus—c Vulgaris, Geum urbanum.
  CARYO'TI. The best kind of dates.—Galen.
  CAS RARES, (F.), Rare  cases.  This term
is used, by the French, for pathological facts,
which vary from  what is  usual.   See a cele-
brated article  under this head  in the Diction-
naire des Sciences Midicales, Vol. IV.
  CASAMUM, Cyclamen.
  CASAMUNAR, Cassumuniar.
  CAS'CARA,CASCARIL'LA. Spanish words
which signify bark and little bark, under which
appellations the bark (Cinchona) is known in
Peru,  They are  now  applied to the bark of
Croton  cascarilla. The  bark gatherers  are
called CascaHlleros.
  CASCARILLA, Croton cascarilla.
  CASOHEU,  Catechu.
  CASE, Capsa,  Theca, (F.) Caisse.  This
name is  given to boxes for the preservation of
instruments; or for medicines necessary in hos-
pital or other service.   We say, e. g.—A cast
of amputating, or  of trepanning instruments. 
CASEARIUS
155
CASTOR BAY
  Case, Casus, from cadere, casum, 'to fall.'
The condition of a patient;—as a case of fever,
&c  (F.) Observation.  Also, the history of a
disease.
  CASEARIUS, Cheesy.
  CA'SEIN,  Caseine,  Ca'seum,  Galac'tinl,
Caseous matter; from caseus, 'cheese.'  The
only nitrogenized constituent of  milk.   It is
identical in composition with the chief consti-
tuents of blood—fibrin and albumen, all being
compounds of protein.  A similar principle ex-
ists in the vegetable, Vegetable Casein or Le-
gu'min.  It is chiefly found in leguminous seeds
—peas, beans,  lentils.  Like vegetable albu-
men, Casein is  soluble in water; and the solu-
tion is not coagulable by heat.
  Casein, Blood, Globulin.
  CASEOSUS, Cheesy.
  CASEOUS MATTER, Casein.
  CASEUM, Casein.
  CASEUS, Cheese—c. Equinus, Hippace.
  CASEUX, Cheesy.
  CASHEW, Anacardium occidentale.
  CASHOO. An aromatic drug of Hindusthan,
said to possess pectoral virtues.
  CASHOW, Catechu.
  CASIA, Laurus cassia.
  CASMINA,  Cassumuniar.
  CASSA, Thorax.
  CASSADA ROOT, Jatropha  manihot.
  CASSAVA ROOT, Jatropha  manihot.
  CASSE AROMATIQUE, Laurus cassia—
t. en Batons, Cassia  fistula—c. en Bois, Lau-
rus cassia—c. des Boutiques, Cassia fistula—c.
Sine, Cassia senna.
  CA SS E- LUNE TTES, Cyanus segetum, Eu-
phrasia officinalis.
  CASSEENA, Ilex vomitoria.
  CASSENOLES, see Quercus  infectoria.
  CASSIA, Laurus cassia—c. Absus, Absus—
c Cinnamomea, Laurus cassia—c. Caryophyl-
lata, Myrtus caryophyllata—c. Canella, Laurus
eassia—c Egyptian, Cassia senna.
  Cas'sia Fis'tula, Cas'sia nigra, Cassia fis-
tula'ris, C.  Alexandrlna,  Canna, Canna so-
l.uti'va, Canna fistula,  Cathartocar'pus, Pur-
iring Cassia, (F.)  Casse Caneficier,  Casse en
ltdtons, Casse  des Boutiques.   The pulp  of
Cassia Fis'tula or Cathartocar'pus  Fistula;
Fam. Leguminosae ; Sex. Syst.  Decandria Mo-
nogynia, Pulpa Cas'sia, Cassia Aramen'tum,
Cassia Fistula Pulpa, (Ph.  U. S.), which is
obtained in long pods, is black, bright, and
shining; sweet, slightly acid, and inodorous. It
is laxative in the dose of ^iv. to ^j.
  Cassia Lignea,  Laurus cassia—c.  Lignea
Malabarica, Laurus cassia.
  Cassia Marilan'dica,  Senna Americafna,
American Senna, Wild Senna, Locust plant,
(F.) Sini d'Amerique.  The  leaves  of  this
plant are similar, in virtue, to the cassia senna.
They,  are, however, much inferior in strength.
  Cassia, Purging. Cassia fistula.
  Cassia Senna. The name of the plant which
affords senna.   It is yielded, however, by seve-
ral species of the genus cassia.   The leaves of
senna, Senna Folia, Senna Alexandrlna, Sen-
na  Ital'ica, Sena, Se?ma or JEgyptian Cassia,
(F.) Sini, Casse SAni, have a faint smell, and
bitterish taste.   The active part, by some call-
ed  Cath.artine,  is extracted by alcohol and wa-
ter.  Their activity is injured  by boiling wa-
ter.  They are a hydragogue cathartic, and apt
to gripe.   Dose of the powder, ^j. to J5J.  In-
fusion is the best form.
  The varieties of senna, in commerce, are
Tinnivelly Senna,  Bombay or Common India
Senna, Alexandrian Senna,Tripoli Senna, and
Aleppo Senna.
  C ASSISE ARAMENTUM, see Cassia fistula
—c   Fistulae  pulpa, see Cassia  fistula—c.
Flores, see Laurus  cinnamomum.
  CASSIALA, Hyssopus.
  CASSIDE  BLEUE,  Scutellaria galericu-
latar
  CASSINA, Ilex  vomitoria.
  CASSINE, EVERGREEN, Ilex vomitoria.
  CASSIS, Ribes nigrum.
  CASSITEROS, Tin.
  CASSUMUNIAR, Casamu'nar, Zerumbet,
Casmina,Risogon, Ben'gall Indo'rum, Bengal
Root, (F.) Racine  de Bengale.   A root, ob-
tained from the East  Indies, in irregular slices
of various forms ; some cut transversely, others
longitudinally.   It is an aromatic bitter, and is
consequently tonic and stimulant.   It was once
considered a panacea, and has been  referred to
Zingiber Cassumuniar, and to Zingiber Zerum-
bet.
  CASSUVIUM POMIFERUM, Anacardium
occidentale.
  CAST, Caste.
  CASTANEA, Fagus castanea, see also Fa-
gus castanea pumila—c Equina, ^Esculus Hip-
pocastanum—c. Pumila, Fagus castanea pumila.
  CASTE, Cast,  from (P.)  Casta, 'race
or lineage.'  A name given, by  the Portu-
guese in India, to classes of society, divided ac-
cording  to occupations, and which have re-
mained distinct from  the earliest times.  Hence
a separate and fixed order or class.  See Half-

  CASTELLAMARE DI STABIA, WATERS
OF.   Caste!lamare di Stabia is a town in Na-
ples, in the Principato Citra,  15 miles S. S. E.
of Naples.  There are two  springs, the one
sulphureous, the other chalybeate.
  CASTELLETTO  ADONO, WATERS OF.
These waters, situate near Acqui, in Italy, are
sulphureous.
  CASTERA-VIVENT, WATERS OF.  Cas-
tera-Vivent is a small village  in the department
of Gers, near which is a cold acidulous chaly-
beate, and another which is sulphureous and
thermal.  Temp. 84° Fahrenheit.
  CASTIGANS, Corrigent.
  CASTIGLIO'NIA   LOBA'TA,  Pinoneillo
tree. A tree, which is cultivated in somepartsoi
Peru, and grows wild in abundance.  Its beau-
tiful fruit, when roasted,  has an agreeable fla-
vour.  When an incision is made into the stem,
a clear  bright  liquid flows  out,  which, after
some time, becomes black and horny-like. It
is a very powerful caustic.
  CASTJOE, Catechu.
  CASTLE-LEOD,  WATERS OF.  A  sul-
phureous spring  in Ross-shire, Scotland, cele-
brated for the cure  of cutaneous and other dis-
eases.
  CASTOR BAY, Magnolia  glauca.
  Castor Fiber, Fiber, Canis Pon'tieus.  The
Beaver.  (F.) Castor.  It furnishes the Castor.
Rondelet recommends slippers made of its skin
in gout.   Its blood, urine, bile, and fat, wer«
formerly used in medicine.
  Castor Oil Plant, Ricinus communis. 
               CASTOREUM              K

  CASTO'REUM, Casto'rium, Castor, Casto-
reumRos' sicumet C an a den' sl,fxoxn*.a*xosq, 'the
beaver,' quasi yxvxoi^, from yxo-rr^, ' the belly,'
because of the size of its belly ;  or acastrando.
A peculiar matter found in bags, near the rec-
tum of the beaver, Castor fiber.  Its odour is
strong, unpleasant, and  peculiar; taste bitter,
subacrid; and colour orange brown.  It is  an-
tispasmodic, and often employed.  Dose, gr. x.
t09J-
  CASTORINA, from   Castoreum, 'castor.'
Medicines containing castor.
  CASTRANGULA, Scrophularia aquatica.
  CASTRAT, Castratus.
  CASTRA'TION,  Castra'tio,  Ec'tome, Ec-
tom'ia, Evira'tio, Excastra'tio, Etesticula'tio,
Extirpa'tio testiculo'rum, Detesta'tio, Exsec'tio
viril'ium, Eunuchis'mus,  Orchotom'ia, Orche-
ot'omy,  Orchidotomy,   (F.)  Chdtrure.    The
operation of removing the testicles.  Some-
times the term is employed  for  the  operation
when performed on one testicle , hence the di-
vision into complete and incomplete castration.
Castration renders the individual incapable of
reproduction.
  CASTRATO, Castratus.
  CASTRA'TUS, (1.)  Castra'to, Ectom'ius,
Emascula'tus, Evira'tus, Exsec'tus, Desec'tus,
Extestictda'tus,  Intestab'ilis, Intesta'tus, Spa-
do, Apoc'opus, Bago'as,  from castrare, 'to cas-
trate.' One deprived of testicles. (F.) Castrot,
Chdtri.  This privation has a  great influence
on the development of puberty.  It is adopted
to procure a clearer and sharper voice ; and in
the East, the guardians of the Harem, for  the
sake of security, are converted into Castra'ti
or Eu'nuchs, ivvavx°t'  Eunuchs  have  gene-
rally both testes and penis removed.
  CASUS, Prolapsus, Symptom—c. Palpebra
superioris, Blepharoptosis—c. Uvulae, Staphyloe-
dema.
  CATA, Kara,' downwards ;' ' after,' applied
to time:  at times, it gives additional force to the
radical word.  A common prefix, a* in—
  CATAB'ASIS, from %xTa(iaiio), ' I descend.'
An expulsion of humours downwards.   Also,
a descent, Descensus, Descen'sio, as of the tes-
ticles, Descen'sus testiculo'rum.
  CATABLE'MA, xxra^K^a, (hit«  and /?<**-
Xnv,) ' any thing let fall, as a curtain,' EpibW-
ma, Perible'ma.  The outermost bandage which
secures the rest.
  CATABYTHISMOMA'NIA, from x*T*pv-
dttrfioc,' submersion,' and uxvia, ' mania.'  In-
sanity, with a propensity to suicide by drown-
ing.
  CATACASMUS, Cupping, Scarification.
  CATACAUMA, Burn.
  CAT  A CAUSIS,  Combustion, human—c.
Ebriosa, Combustion, human.
  CATACERAS'TICUS, from xmwrvpi,
;I temper,' 'I correct.'  The same as Epice-
rasticus.  A medicine capable of blunting the
acrimony of humours.
  CATACHASMOS, Scarification.
  CATACHRISIS, Inunction.
  CATACHRISTON, Liniment.
  CATACH'YSIS,  Effu'sio,  Perfu'sio, from
x*x*x*<»> ' I pour upon.'  Affusion  with cold
water.—Hippocrates.   Decantation, (q. v.)
  CATACLASIS, from zaxax.Xata>,  ' I  break
to pieces.'  Cam'pylum,Campyldtis.  Distor-
tion, or spasmodic fixation of the eyes ; spas-
56              CATAMENIA

modic occlusion of the eyelids ; also, fracture
of a bone—Hippocrates, Vogel.
   CATACLEIS'; from xaxa, ' beneath,' and
xaeic, ' the clavicle.'   This term has been ap-
plied to many parts, as to the first rib, the acro-
mion, the joining of the sternum with the
ribs, &c
   CATACLEI'SIS,  same  etymon.  Morbid
union of the eyelids.
   C AT ACLYS'MXJS,Cataclys'ma,Cata'clysis,
from xiraxXvttiv,  ' to submerge,  inundate.'  A
Clyster.   Hippocr.  Others mean, by the term,
a  shower-bath, or copious affusion of water;
Cataone'sis.  Ablution, (q. v.) Douche, (q. v.)
   CAT^EONESIS, Catantlema, Cataclysmus.
   CATAGAUNA, Cambogia.
   CATAGMA, Fracture—c. Fissura, Fissure,
see Contrafissura—c. Fractura, Fracture.
   CATAGMAT'ICS, Catagmatica reme'dia,
from xaTay/ma, ' fracture.'   Remedies supposed
to be capable  of occasioning the formation of
callus.
   CATAGOGLOS"SUM, from  xaraytiv, ' to
draw  down,'  and yXcao-ax, ' the  tongue.'  An
instrument for pressing down the tongue.  See
Glossocatochus.
   CATAGRAPHOLOGIA, Pharmacocatagra-
phologia.
   CATALEN'TIA.  Epilepsy, (q. v.) or some
disease resembling it.—Paracelsus.
   CATALEPSIA SPURIA, Ecstasis.
   CAT'ALEPSY, Catalep'sia,Catalep'sis,Cat-
ochl, Cat'ochus, Catocha Gale'ni,  Morbus at-
ton'itus  Celsi, Hyste'ria catalep'tica, Congela'-
tio,  Deten'tio,  Encatalep'sis, Aphonia—(Hip-
pocr.,) Anau'dia— (Antigenes,)  Apprehen'sio,
Contempla'tio, Stupor vig'ilans,  Prehen sio,
Carus Catalep'sia, Oppres'sio, Comprehen'sio
—(Cael. Aurelian.) Compren!sio,Apoplex'ia Ca-
talep'sia, from x.axahaju(iavuj,  'I  seize  hold
of.'   Trance (?) (F.)  Catalepsie.   A disease in
which there is  sudden suspension of the action
of the senses  and of volition; the  limbs and
trunk preserving  the  different positions given
to them.  It is a rare affection, but is seen, at
times, as  a form of hysteria.  Some of the
Greek writers have used  the word in its true
acceptation of a seizure, surprise, &c.
   CATALEPTIC,  Catalep'ticus,  same ety-
mon.  Relating  to  catalepsy.   Affected with
catalepsy.
   Meth!odus Catalep'tica.  The administration
of externa] agents when internal agents are in-
applicable.
   CATALOT'IC, Catalot'icus,from xaxaKif-oi,
' to break or grind down.'  A remedy  which
removes unseemly cicatrices.
   CATAL'PA, C. Arbo'rea, Bigno'nia Catal'-
pa,  Catal'pa Cordifo'lia,  C. Arbores'cens, Ca-
taw'ba tree.   The decoction of the pods of the
Catalpa, an American tree, of the  Nat. Fam.
Bignoniaceae,  Didynamia  Angiospermia, has
been recommended in chronic nervous asthma.
   CATAL'YSIS, Paralysis, (q.  v.) from rntxa,
and Xvu>, ' I dissolve or decompose.'  The action
of presence  in producing decomposition;  as
when a body which possesses what has been
termed catalytic force resolves other bodies into
new compounds by mere contact or presence,
 without itself experiencing any modification.
   CATALYTIC FORCE, see Catalysis.
   CATAMENIA, Menses—c.  Alba, Leucor-
 rhoea. 
CATAMENIORUM FLUXUS       15
  CATAMENIORUM  FLUXUS  IMMODI-
CUS, Menorrhagia.
  CATANANCE, Cichorium intybus.
  CATANGELOS, Ruscus.
  CATANTLE'MA, Catantle'sis, from xar*,
'upon,' and avxXctw, 'I pour.'  Cateone'sis and
Cataone'sis.   Ablution with warm water.   A
fomentation.—Moschion, Marcellus Empiricus.
  CATAPAS'MA, from x*T*ira<r<ru>, 'I sprinkle.'
Catapas'tum,  Consper'sio, Epipas'ton, Pasma,
Sympas'ma,  Empas'ma, Diapas'ma, Xerion,
Asper'sio, Epispas'tum, Pulvis  asperso'rius.
A compound  medicine,  in the form of powder,
employed by the ancients to sprinkle on  ulcers,
absorb perspiration, &c—Paulus  of iEgina.
  CATAPH'ORA, 'a fall,' from xataytqa,, 'I
throw down.'  A state  resembling  sleep, with
privation of  feeling and voice.  Somnolency,
(q. v.)   According  to others,  Cataphora  is
simply a profound sleep, which it is difficult to
rouse from—in this  sense being synonymous
with Sopor, (q. v.)
  Cataphora Coma, see Apoplexy—c. Hydro-
cephalica, see Apoplexy—c.  Cymini, Theriaca
Londinensis—c.  Magnetica, Somnambulism,
magnetic.
  CATAPHRAC'TA,  Cataphrac'tes, a Cui-
rass, from Kaxaipqacra-a, 'I fortify.'  A name
given by Galen to a bandage applied round the
thorax and shoulders.  It was also called Quad-
riga.
  CATAPIESIS, Depression.
  CATAPINOSIS, Absorption.
  CATAP'LASIS, from xax*.nxacro-w, 'to be-
smear.'  The act of besmearing or overlaying
with plaster.
  CAT'APLASM,  Cataplas'ma,  Epiplas'ma,
Baos, Poultice,  Pultice,  from x.axttn\aootiv,
(k*t« and vXao-ativ, 'to form or mould,')'to
besmear.' (F.) Cataplasme.  A medicine to be
applied externally, under  the form of  a thick
pap.  Cataplasms are formed of various ingre-
dients, and for different  objects.   They may be
anodyne, emollient, tonic, antiseptic, irritating,
&c  A simple poultice acts only by virtue of
its  warmth  and  moisture.  Meal, fatty sub-
stances,  leaves of plants, certain  fruits, crumb
of  bread, &c, are  the most common bases.
The chief poultices which have been officinal
are the  following:—Anodyne,—c. Cicutse,  c.
Digitalis.  Antiseptic—c.  Carbonis, c.  Dauci,
c  Fermenti,  c  Acetosae, c. cumini.  Emol-
lient,—c. Lini, c. Panis, c. Mali maturi.  Ir-
ritating,— c.  Sinapis,   c.  Sodii  chloridi,  c.
Quercus Marini.   Tonic and Astringent,—c.
Alum, c Goulard, c.  Rosae.
  The Parisian Codex has some other officinal
cataplasms.   1. Cataplas'ma anod'ynum, made
of  poppy and hyoscyamus.   2.  Cataplas'ma
emolliens, made of meal and pulps.  3. Cata-
plas'ma  ad  suppuratio'nem  promoven'dam, of
pulps and basilicon.  4. Cataplas'ma rubefa'-
ciens vel antipleuriticum, formed  of  pepper
and vinegar.
  The  only   cataplasms,  the  preparation  of
which it is important to describe, are the fol-
lowing :
  Cataplasm, Alum, Coagulum Aluminosum.
—c of Beer grounds, see Cataplasma Fermenti.
—c Carrot,  Cataplasma Dauci—c. Charcoal,
Cataplasma carbonis ligni.
  CATAPLASMA  BYNES, see C. Fermenti.
  Cataplas'ma  Carbo'nis  Ligni,  Charcoal
57               CATARACT

 Cataplasm or poultice.   Made by adding pow-
 dered charcoal to a common cataplasm.  Used
 as an antiseptic to foul ulcers, &c
   Cataplas'ma Dauci,  Carrot Cataplasm or
 poultice.  Made by boiling the root of the Car-
 rot until  it is soft enough to form a poultice.
 Used in fetid ulcers.
   Cataplas'ma Fm.cvx.rn. Cerevisle, see  C.
 Fermenti.
   Cataplas'ma  Fermenti,  C.  efferves'cens,
 Yeast Cataplasm or Poultice, (F.) Cataplasme
 de Levure.  (Take of meal &j, yeast ftss.  Ex-
 pose to a  gentle heat.)  It is antiseptic, and a
 good application to bruises.  A Cataplasm of
 Beer Grounds, Cataplasma Fa'cula Cerevis'ia,
 C. Bynes, is used in the same cases.
   Cataplas'ma Sina'pis, C. Sina'peos, Sin'a-
 pism,  Mustard Cataplasm or Poultice,  (F.)
 Cataplasme de Moutard ou Sinapisme.  (Mus-
 tard and Linseed meal or meal  aa equal parts.
 Warm vinegar or water, q. s.)   A  rubefacient
 and stimulant applied to  the soles of the feet in
 coma, low typhus, &c, as well as to the pained
 part in rheumatism, &c
   CATAPLEX'IS,  Stupor,  from  xura, and
 nXtjo-trvj, ' I  strike.'  The act of  striking with
 amazement.   Appearance of astonishment  as
 exhibited by the eyes in  particular.   See  Hae-
 modia.
   CATAPOSIS, Deglutition.
   CATAPOTION, Pilula.
   CATAPSYX'IS, from  Mt*v^w, ' I refrige-
 rate.'  Peripsyx'is.  Considerable  coldness of
 the body, without rigor and horripilatio.—Ga-
 len.   Perfrictio.   Coldness in  the extreme
 parts of the limbs.—Hippocrates.
   CATAPTO'SIS, Deciden'tia, a fall.  This
 word, at times, expresses the fall of  a patient,
 attacked with epilepsy, (q. v.) or apoplexy; at
 others, the sudden resolution of a paralytic limb.
   CATAPULTA VIRILIS, Penis.
   CATAPUTIA, MINOR, Euphorbia lathyris,
 Ricinus communis.
   CAT'ARACT,  Catarac'ta,   Catarrhac'ta,
 Suffu'sio Oc'uli, S. Lentis crystallina, Pthar-
 ma catarac'ta, Caligo lentis, Gutta opa'ca, Hy-
 poc'hyma, Hypoc'hysis, Hypoph'ysis, Pkacosco-
 to'ma, Parop'sis  catarac'ta, Glauco'ma Woul-
 hou'si,from Y.*.xa.£a,<r<rtiv  (xaxa and gaanttv),' to
 tumble down.'  A deprivation  of sight, which
 comes on, as if a veil fell before the eyes. Ca-
 taract consists in opacity of the crystalline lens
 or its capsule, which  prevents the passage of
 the  rays  of light, and  precludes  vision.  The
 causes are obscure.  Diagnosis.—The patient
 is blind, the pupil seems closed by  an opake
 body, of variable colour, but commonly whitish:
 —the pupil contracting and dilating.  Cataracts
 have been divided, by  some, into  spurious and
 genuine.   The former, where the obstacle to
 vision is between the capsule of the lens and
 the uvea: the latter, where it is  in the lens or
 capsule.   A lenticular cataract  is where  the
 affection is  seated in the lens;—a capsular or
 membranous in the capsule.  The  capsular is
 divided again, by Beer, into the anterior, pos-
 terior, and complete capsular cataract.  When
 the capsule  is  rendered opake,  in consequence
 of an  injury, which cuts or  ruptures any part
 of it,  it  thickens, becomes  leathery, and  has
 been called  Catarac'ta ar'ida siliquo'sa.  Ca-
 tarac'ta Morgagnia'na lactea vel purifor'mis,
 is the milky  variety, in which the crystalline 
CATARACT               158              CATARRHAL
is transformed into a liquid similar to milk,
(F.)Cataracte laiteuse; or, as generally defined,
in which there is opacity of the fluid situate be-
tween the lens and its capsule.  The cap'sulo-
lentic'ular affects  both lens and  capsule, and
Beer conceives the liquor  Morgagni, in an al-
tered state, may  contribute to it.  Cataracts
are also called stony, (F.) (pierreuse,) milky or
cheesy, (laiteuse ou casiuse, Galactocatarac'ta,
Catarac'ta lactic'olor,) according  to their den-
sity:—white,  pearly,  yellow,  brown,  gray,
green, black, (F.)  blanche, perUe, jaune, brune,
grise, verte, noire, according to their colour:—
fixed or vacillating,—catarac'ta capsulo-lenti-
cula'ris fixa vel trem'ula, (F.)fixe ou branlante,
according as they  are fixed or movable behind
the pupil.  They are likewise called Catarac'-
ta marmora!da, fenestra!ta, Stella'ta, puncta'-
ta, dimidia'ta, &c, according to  the appear-
ances they present.
   They may also be simple, or complicated with
adhesion, amaurosis, specks, &c;  and primary
or primitive, when opake before the operation;
—secondary, when the  opacity is  the result of
the operation.
   Cataract is  commonly a disease of elderly in-
dividuals, although, not unfrequently, congen'-
ital.   It forms slowly; objects are at first seen
as through a  mist;  light bodies appear to fly
before the eyes, and it is not until  after months
or years  that the sight is wholly  lost.  No
means will obviate the evil except an operation,
which consists in  removing the obstacle to the
passage of the light to  the retina.   Four  chief
methods are  employed for this  purpose.  1.
 Couching or  Depression, Hyalonix'is, Hyalo-
nyx'is, (F.) Abaissement, Deplacement de la
 Cataracte.  This  consists in passing a cataract
 needle through the  sclerotica  and  subjacent
 membranes, a little above the transverse dia-
 meter of the eye; and  at about two lines' dis-
tance from the circumference of the transparent
 cornea, until the point arrives  in the posterior
 chamber of the eye.  With this the crystalline
 is depressed to the outer and lower part of the
 globe of the eye,  where it is left.  2. By ab-
 sorption,—by the  French termed broiement, or
 bruising.  This is performed in the same man-
 ner as the former; except that, instead of turn-
 ing the crystalline from the axis of  the visual
 rays, it is divided by  the cutting edge of the
 needle, and its fragments are scattered in the
 humours of the eye, where they are absorbed.
 3. By extraction,  which consists in  opening,
 with a particular  kind of knife, the transparent
 cornea and the anterior portion of the capsule
 of the crystalline; and causing the lens to issue
 through the  aperture.  Each of the processes
 has its advantages and disadvantages, and all
 are used by surgeons.  4. Some,  again, pass a
 cataract needle through the transparent cornea
 and pupil to  the  crystalline,  and depress or
 cause its absorption.  This is called Kerato-
 nyxis, which  see.
   Cataract, Black, Amaurosis—c. Capsular,
 see Cataract—c.  Capsulo-lenticular, see  Cata-
 ract—c Central,  Centradiaphanes—c. Cheesy,
 see Cataract—c.  Congenital, see  Cataract—c.
 Complicated,  see  Cataract—c Fixed, see  Cata-
 ract—c Genuine, see Cataract—c. Lenticular,
 see Cataract—c.  Membranous, see Cataract—
 c Milky, see Cataract—c. Opake, see Cataract
 —c.  Primary, see Cataract—c Primitive, see
Cataract—c Secondary, see Cataract—c. Sim-
ple, see Cataract—c. Spurious, see Cataract—
c. Stony, see Cataract—c. Vacillating, see Ca-
taract.
   CATARACTA,  Cataract—c  Arida sili-
quosa, see  Cataract—c.  Capsulo-lenticularis,
see Cataract—c. Centralis, Centradiaphanes—
c. Dimidiata, see  Cataract—c. Fenestrata, see
Cataract—c Glauca, Glaucoma—c. Lacticolor,
Cataract, milky—c.  Liquida, Hygrocataracta—
c Marmoracea, see Cataract—c. Morgagniana,
see Cataract—c. Nigra, Amaurosis—c. Punc-
tata, see Cataract—c. Stellata, see Cataract.
   CATARACTE, ABAISSEMENTDELA,
see  Cataract—c.  Blanche, see  Cataract—c.
Branlante, see Cataract—c. Brune, see Cataract
—c.  Casiuse, see Cataract—c. Diplacement de
la, see Cataract—c. Fixe, see Cataract—c. Grise,
see Cataract—c. Jaune, see Cataract—c. Lai-
teuse, see  Cataract—c. Noire, Amaurosis, see
Cataract—c. Perlie, see Cataract—c. Pierreuse,
see Cataract—c. Verte, see Cataract.
  CATARACTk, (F.) Catarac'tus, Catarac'ta.
vitia'tus.  One  affected with cataract.  The
French use this term, both for the eye affected
with cataract and the patient himself.
  CAT ARIA, see Nepeta.
  CATARRH', Catar'rhus, Catar'rhopus, Ca-
tarrheu'ma,  Rheuma,  Deflux'io, Catastag'ma,
Phlegmatorrhag"ia,   Phlegmatorrhat'a, from
xxxa, 'downwards,' and gt<o, 'I  flow.'  A dis-
charge of fluid from a mucous membrane.  The
ancients  considered  catarrh as  a simple flux,
and not as an inflammation.  Generally it par-
takes of this character, however.   Catarrh is,
with  us,  usually  restricted  to  inflammation
of the mucous membrane of the air-passages:
the French extend it  to that of  all mucous mem-
branes.  (F.)Fluxmuqueux,Fluxion catarihale.
   Catarrh, in the  English sense,  Broncho-ca-
tar'rhus,  Pulmonary  Catarrh,  Lung fever,
(vulgarly:) Rheuma Pec'toris, Destilla'tio Pec'-
toris, Catar'rhus Pec'toris, C. Pulmo'num, C.
Pulmona'lis,  C. Bronchia'lis,  Blennop'tysis,
Tus'sis catarrha'lis simplex,Grave'do (of many)
Febris Catarrha'lis, Blennotho'rax, Bronchi-
tis, Catar'rhus a Fri'goH, (F.) Catarrhe pul-
monaire, Fievre Catarrhale,  Rhume  de Poi-
trine, a Cold, is a superficial  inflammation of
the mucous  follicles  of the trachea and bronchi.
It is commonly an affection of but little conse-
quence, but  apt to relapse and become chronic.
It is  characterized  by cough, thirst, lassitude,
fever, watery eyes, with increased  secretion of
mucus from the air-passages.  The antiphlo-
gistic regimen  and  time usually remove it.—
Sometimes,  the inflammation  of the bronchial
tubes is so great as to prove fatal.
   Catarrh, Acute, of the Uterus, see Me-
tritis—c.  Chronic,  Bronchitis,  (chronic)—c.
Dry, see Bronchitis—c. Pulmonary, Bronchitis,
Catarrh—c. Rose, Fever, hay—c Suffocating
nervous, Asthma Thymicum—c Summer, Fe-
ver, hay.
   Catarrh',  Epidem'ic, Catar'rhus  epidem'-
icus, C. ii conta'gio,  Rheuma epidem'icum. Ca-
tarrh prevailing owing to some particular Con-
stitutio deris, and affecting a whole country:—
Influenza, (q. v.)
   CATARRHACTA, Cataract.
   C AT AR'RKAL,Catarrha'lis, Catarrho'icus,
Catarrho'iticus, Catarrhoet'icus.   Relating to
catarrh,—as Catarrhal Fever, &c  &c. 
CATARRHE AIGUE DE L'UTERUS  159
CATHARTIC
  CA TARRHE AIGUE DE L'UTkRUS, see
Metritis—c. Buccal, Aphthae—c. Convulsive,
Bronchitis—c.Gastrique, Gastritis—c.Guttural,
Cynanche tonsillaris—c. Intestinal,  Diarrhoea
—c. Laryngien, Laryngitis—c. Nasal, Coryza
—c. Oculaire, Ophthalmia—c. de I'Oreille, Otir-
rhoea—c. Pharyngien,  Cynanche parotidea—c.
Pituiteux, Bronchorrhoea—c. Pulmonaire, Ca-
tarrh—c.  Sec;  see  Bronchitis—c. Stomacal,
Gastrorrhcea—c. Utirin, Leucorrhoea—c. Vesi-
cal, Cystorrhcea.
  CATARRHEC'TICA, from *ax*.qqVywi,t, 'I
break down.'   Remedies considered proper for
evacuating;—as diuretics, cathartics, &c.   Hip-
pocrates.
  CATARRHEUMA, Catarrh.
  CATARRHEUX, (F.) Catarrho'sus.  One
subject  to catarrh; affected with catarrh.
  CATARRHEX'IA,  Catarrhex'is; same ety-
mon as  Catarrhectica :  the action of Catarrhec-
tica.  Also, effusion; evacuation of the bowels.
  CATARRHEXIS, Catarrhexia, Excrement,
(q. v.)—c. Vera, Haematochezia.
   CATARRHCEA, Rheumatism.
  CATARRHOET'ICUS,  from xxxaqq^, 'I
flow from.'  An epithet for  disease, produced
by a discharge of phlegm; catarrhal.
  CATAR'RHOPA  PHYMATA, from xarog-
goroc, xaxxqqivnc, 'sloping downwards.'  Tu-
bercles  tending downwards, or with their apices
downwards.
  CATARRHOPHE, Absorption.
  CATARRHOPHESIS, Absorption.
  CATARRHO'PIA, Catar'rhysis, from xara,
'downwards,' and e.on*, 'inclination.'   An af-
flux of  fluids  towards  the inferior  parts, and
especially towards the  viscera of the abdomen.
The Greek word  avaqqon-m expresses an oppo-
site phenomenon, or a tendency towards the
upper parts.
  CATARRHOPUS, Catarrh.
  CATARRHOS'CHESIS, from ^xxa^oc, 'ca-
tarrh,'  and  tr<£to-i(, 'suppression.'  The  sup-
pression of a mucous discharge.
  CATARRHUS, Defluxion, Tussis—c ^Esti-
vus, Fever, hay—c. Bellinsulanus, Cynanche
parotidaea—c.  Bronchialis, Catarrh—c Bron-
chiorum, Bronchitis—c. a Contagio,  Influenza
—c Epidemicus, Influenza, Catarrh, epidemic
—c Genitalium, Leucorrhoea—c. Gonorrhoea,
Gonorrhoea—c. Intestinalis, Diarrhoea—c. La-
ryngeus,Laryngo-catarrhus—cadNares,Coryza
—c Nasalis, Coryza—c. Pulmonalis, Catarrh
—c. Pulmonum,  Bronchitis, Catarrh—c Seni-
lis, Bronchitis, (chronic)—c. Suffocativus  Bar-
badensis, C. trachealis—c. Trachealis, Laryngo-
catarrhus—c  Urethrae,  Gonorrhoea  pura—c.
Urethralis, Gonorrhoea—cVesicae, Cystorrhcea.
  CATARRHYSIS, Catarrhopia, Defluxion.
  CATARTISIS, Catartismus.
  CATARTIS'MUS, Catar'tisis, from  *«T«g-
riLiiv, 'to  repair, replace.'   The coaptation of
a luxated  or fractured bone, or hernia.
  CATASARCA, Anasarca.
  CATASCEUE, Structure.
  CATASCHASMUS, Bloodletting, Scarifica-
tion.
  CATASTAGMUS,  Catarrh, Coryza.
  CATASTALAGMUS, Coryza, Distillation.
  CATASTALTICA, Haematostatica, Seda-
tives.
  CATAS'TASIS, from  xaS.o-Tr/yi,  'I  esta-
blish.'  The constitution, state, condition, &c,
of any thing.—Hippocrates.  Also the reduc-
tion of a bone.  See Constitution, and Habit of
Body.
  CATAT'ASIS, from x.ax*Tnva>, < I extend,'
extension, (q. v.)   The extension and reduc-
tion of a fractured limb.—Hippocrates.
  CATATHLIPSIS, Oppression.
  CATAWBA TREE, Catalpa.
  CATAXIS, Fracture.
  CATCH FLY, Apocynum androsaemifolium,
Silene  Virginica.
  CATCHUP, Ketchup.
  CAT'ECHU.  The extract of various parts
of the  Aca'cia Cat'echu, Caatchu, an oriental
tree.   The drug is also called Terra Japon'ica,
Extrac'tum  Catechu,  Japan Earth,  Cascheu,
Cadtchu,  Cashow,  Caitchu, Castjoe,  Cacau,
Cate, Kaath, Cuti, Cutch, Co'ira, Succus  Ja-
pon'icus,  (F.)  Cachou.  It is a powerful  as-
tringent, and is used in diarrhoea, intestinal he-
morrhage, &c  Dose gr. xv. to j^ss in powder.
  Catechu, Square, see Nauclea gambir.
  CATEIAD'ION,  from x.ara, and «*., 'a blade
of grass.'   A long instrument, thrust into the
nostrils to excite hemorrhage in headache.—

  CATENA MUSCULUS, Tibialis anticus.
  CATEONESIS, Catantlema.
  CATGUT, Galega Virginiana.
  CATH^E'RESIS, nxL&dugtaig,'subtraction, di-
minution.'   Extenuation or  exhaustion, owing
to forced exercise.—Hippocrates.  The action
of catheretics (q. v.)
  CATH^ERETICUS, Catheretic.
  CATHARETICUS, Cathartic.
  CATHARISMOS, Depuration.
  CATHAR'MA, Purgament'um. The matter
evacuated  by a purgative, or  by spontaneous
purging : also, a cathartic,  (q. v.)
  CATHAR'MUS.   Same etymon;  a purga-
tion.—Hippocrates.   Also, the cure  of a  dis-
ease  by magic, &c
  CATHAR'SIS, from  xa&aiqeiv,  (x*6'  and
atqstv, 'to take away,') 'to purge.' Purga'tio,
Apocathar'sis, Copropho'ria, Coprophore'sis. A
natural or  artificial purgation of any passage;—
mouth, anus, vagina, &c
  CATHAR'TIC, Cathar'ticus, Cathara'ticus,
Cathar'ma, Coprocriticum, Coprago'gum, Lus-
tramen'tum, Purgans medicamentum,  Trichi-
lium, Dejecto'rittm Reme'dium, Eccathar'ticus,
Hypacticus, Hopochoreticus, Alvnm evacuans,
Hypel'atos, Lapac'ticus, Apocathar'ticus. Same
etymon. (F.)Cathartique.  A medicine, which,
when taken internally, increases the number of
alvine evacuations.  Some substances act upon
the upper part of the intestinal canal, as  calomel
and  colocynth;  others, on the lower part, as
aloes; and some on the whole extent, as saline
purgatives.  Hence  a choice may be necessary.
Cathartics are divided into purgatives and laxa-
tives, (q.  v.)  The following  is  a list of  the
chief cathartics:
  Aloe, Cassia  Marilandica, Colocynthis, Ela-
terium, Gambogia, Hydrargyri Chloridum mite,
Hydrargyri  Oxydum  nigrum,  Hydrarg. cum
Magnesia, Jalapa, Juglans,  Magnesia,  Magne-
sia? Carbonas, Magnesias Sulphas, Manna, Man-
nita, Oleum Euphorbiae Lathyridis, Oleum Ri-
cini, Oleum  Tiglii, Podophyllum, Potassas Ace-
tas, Potassae Bisulphas, Potassae  Sulphas,  Po-
tassae Bitartras, Potassae Tartras, Rheum Scam-
monium,  Senna,  Sinapis,  Sodse  et  Potassae 
CATHARTINE
160
CAUDLE
 Tartras, Sodae  Phosphas,  Sodae Sulphas, Sodii
 Chloridum, Sulphur, Veratria, Aquae Minerales
 Sulphureae et Salinae, Enemata, Suppositoria.
   CATHARTINE, see Cassia Senna, and Con-
 volvulus jalapa.
   CATHARTIQUE, Cathartic.
   CATHARTOCARPUS, Cassia fistula.
   CATHEDRA, Anus.
   CATHEMERINUS, Quotidian.
   CATHEMERUS, Quotidian.
   CATHERET'IC,  Cathareticus,  Ectylol-
 icus, Sarcoph'agus,  from x.*-9a.i£tir,  'to eat,'
 'destroy.'  Substances applied to warts, exu-
 berant  granulations, &c, to eat  them  down.
 Mild caustics.
   CATH'ETER, from xa,9,^t (Ka6', and irlfJj,
 'to send,') 'I explore.'  JEne'a, Al'galie,  Ca-
 thete'ris, Demissor, Immis'sor. A hollow tube,
 introduced by surgeons into the urinary blad-
 der, for the purpose of drawing off the urine.
 Catheters are made of silver or  elastic gum.
 See  Bougie.   The  French  generally use the
 word catheter for the solid sound or staff;  and
 algalie and sonde for the hollow instrument.
   CATHETERIS, Catheter.
   CATHETERISIS, Catheterismus.
   CATHETERIS'MUS, Cathete'risis,Cathete-
 risa'tio, Cath'eterism, Catheterization, Immis'-
 sio Catheteris, same etymon.   The introduction
 of a catheter or  sound into the bladder or Eusta-
 chian tube.   Also probing a wound.  Melosis,
 (q. V.)
   CATHETERIZATION, Catheterismus.
   CATHID'RYSIS,  from *.a&idqva,  'I place
 together.'  Reduction of a part to its  natural
 situation.
   CATHMIA,  Plumbi oxydum semi-vitreum.
   CATHMIR,  Calamina.
   CATHOLIC HUMOURS, (F.) Humeurs
 Catholiques, axe the fluids spread over the whole
 body.
   CATHOLICON, Panacea.
   Cathol'icon  Duplex.   An ancient, purging
 electuary, chiefly composed of cassia, tamarinds,
 rhubarb, senna, &c
   CATHOLICUM, Panacea.
   CATIL'LIA.  A weight of nine ounces.
   CATILLUS, Cup.
   CATINUS FUSORIUS, Crucible.
   CATLING, Knife, double-edged.
   C ATO, miT4i,' below,'' beneath.' This word,
 in the writings of Hippocrates, is often used for
 the abdomen, especially the intestines.   When
he advises a remedy x*tu>, he means  a  purga-
 tive;  when ai■«, above  or  upwards, an emetic.
As a prefix, Cato means 'beneath,' as in
   CATOCATKARTlC,Catocathar'ticusJiom
kxxu, 'downwards,' and xa#«tot*, 'I purge.'  A
medicine, which purges downwards.  One that
produces alvine  evacuations.   The antithesis to
 Anacathartic.
   CATOCHA  GALENI,  Catalepsy.
  CAT'OCHE,  Catocheis,   Cut'ochus, from
xaxcxoy, 'I retain,'  'I  hold fast.'   This word
has,  by some,  been used  synonymously with
Catalepsy, (q. v.); by others, with Coma vigil;
by others, with Tetanus.
  CATOCHUS, Catoche, Ecstasis—c  Cer-
vinus, Tetanus—c.  Holotonicus,  Tetanus—c
Infantum, Induration of the cellular tissue.
  CATOMIS'MOS, from xuxa, 'beneath,'  and
oucc,  'shoulder.'   Subhumera'tio.   A mode
with the ancients of reducing luxation  of the
humerus by raising the body by the arm—
Paulus of iEgina.
   CATOPTER, Speculum.
   CATOPTRIC EXAMINATION OF  THE
EYE.   When a lighted candle is held before
the eye, three images of it are seen—two erect,
and one inverted:—the former owing to reflec-
tion from the cornea and anterior surface  of the
crystalline; the latter owing to reflection from
the posterior layer  of the  crystalline.  This
mode of examining the eye  has been proposed
as a means  of diagnosis between cataract and
amaurosis.   In the latter, all the images  are
seen.
   CATOPTROMANCY,fromxaT07TToov,(XaTa,
and onxo^ai,) 'a mirror,' and /uavrtia, 'divina-
tion.'   A  kind of divination by means of a
mirror.
   CATOPTRON, Speculum.
   CATORCHI'TES.  A  kind of sour  wine,
prepared with the orchis  and black grape, or
dried figs.   It was formerly employed as a diu-
retic and emmenagogue.—Dioscorides.  Called,
also, Sycites.—Galen.
   CATORETICUS, Purgative.
   CATOTERICUS, Purgative.
   CATOT'ICA,from **ta>,< beneath.' Diseases
infecting internal surfaces. Pravity of the  fluids
or emunctories, that open on the internal sur-
faces of organs.  The second order in the class
Eccritica of Good.
   CATOX'YS, Peracu'tus, from -nara,  'an  in-
tensive,' and oj-v?, 'acute.'  Highly acute;  as
Morbus Catoxys, M. Peracutus, a very  acute

   CAT'S EYE,  AMAUROTIC,  see  Amau-
rotic.
   CATSFOOT, Antennaria  dioica.
   CATTAGAUMA, Cambogia.
   CATTITEROS, Tin.
   CATULOTICA, Cicatrisantia.
   CATU-TRIPALI, Piper longum.
   CAUCALOIDES, Patella.
   CAUCHEMAR, Incubus.
   CAUCHEVIEILLE, Incubus.
   CAUCHUC, Caoutchouc.
   CAUDA, Coccyx, Penis.
   Cauda Equi'na.   The spinal marrow,  at its
termination,  about the 2d  lumbar  vertebra,
gives  off a considerable  number of  nerves,
which,  when unravelled,  resemble a  horse's
tail,—hence the name; (F.) Queue de  Cheval,
Q. de la Mo'elle kpiniere.  See Medulla spinalis.
   Cauda Salax, Penis.
   CAUDAL, Caudate, Cauda'lis, Canda'tus;
from cauda, 'a tail.' Having a tail or tail-like
appendage:—as 'caudal or caudate corpuscles'
—corpuscles having a tail-like appendage, as in
cancerous growths.
   CAUDA'TIO.  An extraordinary elongation
of the clitoris.—Blasius.
   CAUDATUS, Bicaudatus.
   CAUDIEZ,  MINERAL   WATERS  OF.
Caudiez  is  a small  town, nine leagues  from
Perpignan,  where  there is  a  thermal spring,
containing a little sulphate of soda and iron.
   CAUDLE : from (F.) chaud,' warm or hot.'
A nourishing gruel given to  women during  the
childbed state.  The following is a form for it:
Into a pint of fine gruel, not thick, put, whilst it
is boiling hot, the yolk of an  egg beaten with
sugar, and mixed with a large spoonful of cold
water,  a glass of  wine, and  nutmeg.   Mix  the 
CAUL
161           CAUSES, PHYSICAL
 whole  well together.   Brandy  is  sometimes
 substituted for the wine, and lemon peel or
 capillaire added.  It is also sometimes made of
 gruel and beer, with sugar and nutmeg.
   CAUL, from  (L.)  caula, 'a fold,' Pilus,
 Pile'olus,  Ga'lea,  Vitta, (F.) Coeffe, Coiffe—
 (Etre n'e  coeffi—"to  be born with a caul.")
 The  English  name for the  omentum.  Also,
 when a child is born  wi'th  the  membranes
 over the face, it is said to have  been " born
 with a caul."  In the catalogue of superstitions,
 this is one of the favourable  omens.  The caul
 itself is supposed to confer privileges upon the
 possessor; hence the membranes are dried, and
 sometimes sold for a high price. See Epiploon.
   CAULE'DON, Sicye'don, from x*u\o?,  'a
 stalk.'   A transverse fracture.
   CAU'LIFLOWER, (G.)  Kohl, 'cabbage,'
 and flower [?], Brassica Florida.
   Cauliflower Excres'cence,  Excrescen'tia
 Syphilitica, (F.) Choufleur.  A syphilitic ex-
 crescence, which appears about the origin of
 the mucous membranes, chiefly about the anus
 and vulva, and which resembles, in appearance,
 the head of the cauliflower.
   CAULIS, Penis—c. Florida, Brassica Florida.
   CAULOPHYL'LUM THALICTROl'DES,
 Leon'ticl thalictro'i'des, Blueberry Cohosh, Co-
 hosh, Cohush, Blueberry, Papoose Root, Squaw
 Root, Blue Ginseng, Yellow Ginseng, a plant
 of the Family Berberideae; Sex. Syst. Hexan-
 dria  Monogynia, which grows  all  over  the
 United  States,  flowering  in May  and  June.
 The infusion of the root is much used by the
 Indians in various diseases.   To it are ascribed
 emmenagogue and diaphoretic virtues.
   CAULOPLE'GIA, from xa..>\or,  'the male
 organ,' and nx^yri, ' a wound,' or ' stroke.'  An
 injury or paralysis  of the male organ.
   CAULORRHAGIA,  Stimatosis—c  Ejacu-
 latoria, Spermato-cystidorrhagia—c. Stillatitia,
 Urethrorrhagia.
   CAULORRHGEA BENIGNA,  Gonorrhoea
 pura.
   CAULUS, Penis.
   CAUMA, xxvpi*, 'a  burnt part,' from x*/o>,
 ' I burn.' Great heat of the body or atmosphere.
 Synocha (q. v.) Empresma (q. v.)
   Catjma Bronchitis, Cynanche trachealis—c
 Carditis,  Carditis—c  Enteritis,  Enteritis—c
 Gastritis, Gastritis—c. Hasmorrhagicum, Hae-
 rnorrhagia activa—c. Hepatitis,  Hepatitis—c
 Ophthalmitis, Ophthalmia—c. Peritonitis, Peri-
 tonitis—c. Phrenitis,  Phrenitis—c.  Pleuritis,
 Pleuritis—c. Podagricum, Gout—c  Rheuma-
 lismus, Rheumatism, acute.
   CAUMATO'DES, Caumate'rus, from xav/ta,
 1 fire heat.'  Burning hot.  Febris caumato'des,
 F.causo'drs.  Inflammatory fever.  Synocha.
   CAUNGA, Areca.
   CAUSA CONJUNCT A, Cause, proximate—
 c Continens, Cause, proximate.
   CAUSJE ABDIT.E, Causes, predisponent or
 remote — c. Actuales,  Causes, occasional — c.
 Pr.eincipientes, Causes, procatarctic—c. Proe-
 gumenae, Causes, predisponent.
   CAUSE,  Cau'sa, Altia, Altion.   An act
 which precedes another, and seems to be a ne-
 cessary condition for  the occurrence of the
 latter.  The causes of disease are  generally ex-
 tremely  obscure; although  they, sometimes,
arr evident enough.   The predisponent and oc-
casional causes are the only two, on which any
 stress can be laid;  but as authors have .divided
 them  differently, a short explanation is neces-
 sary.
   Cause, Ac'cessory, (F.) Cause  Accessoire.
 One which has only a secondary influence in the
 production of disease.
   Causes, Accident'al, Common Causes, (F.)
 Causes Accidentelles, are those which act  only
 in certain given conditions; and which do not
 always produce the same disease.  Cold, e. g.,
 may  be  the accidental  cause of pneumonia,
 rheumatism, &c
   CAUSES CACHkES, C.  occult—c Com-
 mon, C. accidental—c. Exciting, C. Occasional,
 —c. Essential, C.  Specific—c. Diterminantes,
 C. Specific—c. kloignies, C. Predisponent.
   Causes, Extern'al, (F.) Causes externes,axe
 such as act externally to the individual; as air,
 cold, &c
   CAUSES FORMELLES, (F.) axe such as
 determine the  form or kind of disease.  They
 differ  from the Causes matirielles, which are
 common to a set of diseases; as, to the neuroses,
 phlegmasia?, &c
   Causes, Hidden, C. occult.
   Causes, Intern'al, (F.) Causes Internes, axe
 those which arise within the body;—as mental
 emotions, &c
   Causes, Mechan'ical, (F.)  Causes mica-
 niques, are those  which act mechanically,  as
 pressure upon the windpipe in  inducing suffoca-
 tion.
   Causes, Neg'ative, (F.) Causes nigatives,
 comprise all those things, the privation of which
 may derange the functions;—as  abstinence too
 long continued.  They are opposed to positive
 causes, which,  of themselves, directly induce
 disease;—as the use  of indigestible food, spi-
 rituous drinks,  &c
   Causes, Obscure, C. occult.
   Causes,  Occasion'al,  Exciting  Causes,
 Causa actua'les,  (F.) Causes  occasionelles,
 are those which immediately produce disease.
 The occasional causes have been divided into
 the cognizable  and non-cognizable.—C. J. B.
 Williams.

                 I. Cognizable Agents.
             1. Mechanical.
             2. Chemical.
             3. Ingesta.
             4. Bodily exertion.
             5. Mental emotion.
             0. Excessive evacuation.
 Exciting    f% Suppressed  or defective eva-
  Causes  ,J      cuation.
    0F        8. Defective  cleanliness,  venti-
 Disease.         lation and draining.
             9. Temperature  and changes.

              II. Non-Cognizable Agents.
             1. Endemic,  i
             2. Epidemic. \ Poisons.
           t  3. Infectious. \

  Causes,  Occult', Hidden causes, Obscure
causes, (F.) Causes occultes ou cache'es ou ob-
scures.  Any causes with which we  are unac-
quainted ; also, certain inappreciable characters
of the  atmosphere, which give rise  to epide-
mics.
  Causes, Phys'ical,  (F.) Causes Physiques,
—those which act by virtue of their physical 
CAUSE PROCHAINE          162
CAVA
properties; as form, hardness, &c   All vulne-
rating bodies belong to this class.
  Cat'ses,  Physiolog"ical, (F.) Causes  Phy-
siologiques, those which act only on living
matter;—narcotics, for example.
  Causes,  Predispo'nent, Remote  causes,
Causa proegu'mena, Causa ab'dita,  Causa
remo'ta ; (F.) Causes pridisponantes, Causes
eloignees,—those which render the body liable
to disease.   They may be general, affecting a
number of people, or particular, affecting only
one person.
  Causes, Prin'cipal, (F.) Causes principalis
—those which exert the chief influence on the
production  of disease, as distinguished from the
accessory causes.
  Causes, Pkocatarc'tic, Causa procatarc'ti-
ca, Causapraincipien'tas, from Tgox*Ta§xTixos;
' the origin or beginning of a thing,' (xaraqxa,
11 begin,'  and nqo, ' before.')  These words
have  been used  with different  significations.
Some have employed them synonymously with
predisponent or  remote causes, others,  with
occasional or exciting causes.
  CAUSE PROCHAINE, C. proximate.
  Cause, Prox'imate, Causa prox'imavelcon'-
tinens vel conjunc'ta, (F.) Cause continente ou
prochaine, is the disease itself. Superabundance
of blood, e. g., is the proximate cause of ple-
thora.
  Causes,  Remote, C. predisponent.
  Causes, Specif'ic, Essen'tial causes, ice. (F.)
Causes specifiques,  C. essentielles,  C. ditermi-
nantes; those which always produce a determi-
nate disease; contagion, for example.
  CAUSIS, Burn,  Ebullition,  Fermentation,
Incendium, Ustion.
  CAUSOMA, Inflammation.
  CAUSTIC, Caus'ticus, Cauterefie.us,  Dix-
ret'ieus, Ero dens, Adu'rens, Urens, Pyroticus,
from x*r<j>,' I burn.'  (F.)  Caustiquc.  Bodies,
which have  the property of causticity;  and
which, consequently, burn  or disorganize ani-
mal  substances.  The word is  also used sub-
stantively.  The most active are called Escha-
rotic s.  Caustics are also called ' corrosives.'
  Cat'stic Bearer, Porte-caustique.
  CAUSTICA ADUSTIO, Cauterization.
  CAUSTICITY, Caustic'itas, from y.avnrt-
y.og, ' that which burns,' (*a/u>,' I burn.')  The
impression which caustic bodies make on the
organ of taste;  or, more commonly, the pro-
perty which distinguishes those bodies.
  CAUSTICOPHORUM, Porte-pierre.
  CAUSTICUM ALKALINUM, Potassa fusa
—c. Americanum, Veratrum sabadilla—c An-
timoniale,  Antimonium  muriatum—c Com-
mune, Potassa fusa—c Commune  acerrimum,
Potassa fusa—c. Commune fortius, Potassa cum
calce—c. Lunare, Argenti nitras—c Potentiale,
Potassa fusa—c. Salinum, Potassa fusa.
  Causticum Commu'nr, Potential Cau'tery,
Common Caustic, Caute'rium potentia'll, Lapis
sep'ticus, Caus'ticum commu'nl mit'ius.  This
consists of quicklime  and black soap,  of each
equal parts.
  CAUSTIQUE, Caustic.
  CAUSTIQUE-FILHOS.see Powder, Vienna.
  CAUSTIQUE  DE  VIENNE,  Powder,
Vienna.
  CAUSUS, from  xatw, 'I burn.'  A highly
ardent fever; Deu'rens.  Pinel regards it as a
complication of bilious and inflammatory fever;
Broussais, as an intense gastritis, accompanied
with bilious symptoms.  See Synocha.
  Causus,  Endemial, of  the  West  Indies,
Fever, Yellow—c. Tropicus endemicus, Fever,
yellow.
  CAUTER, Cauterium.
  CAUTERE, Cauterium,  Fonticulus—c. In-
herent, Inherent cautery.
  CAUTERETICUS, Caustic.
  CAUTERETS, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Cauterets is a bourg seven leagues from Bareges
(Hautes-Pyrinies,)  France.  The waters are
hydrosulphurous and thermal—temperature 123°
F.  They are  used  in the same cases  as  the
Bareges water.
  CAUTERIASMUS, Cauterization.
  CAUTE'RIUM, Cauterium actua'll, Canter,
Cau'tery, Inusto'rium, Rupto'rium, Ignis ac-
tua'lis, from xaio>,  'I burn.'  (F.) Cautire,
Feu  actuel.  A  substance, used  for ' firing,'
burning or  disorganizing the parts to which it
is applied.   Cauteries were divided by the an-
cients into actual and potential.  The word is
now restricted to the red-hot iron; or to positive
burning.  It was, formerly, much used for pre-
venting hemorrhage from divided arteries; and
also with the same  views as a blister.  The
term Poten'tial Cautery, Caute'riumpotentia'le,
Ignis potentia'lis, (F.) Feupotentiel, was gene-
rally applied to the causticum commune,  (q. v.)
but it is  now used synonymously with caustic
in general.
  Cautere also means an issue.
  Cauterium Actuale,  Cauterium.
  CAUTERIZATION,  Cauterisa'tio,  Caute-
rias'mus, Exns'tio,Inus'tio, Caus'tica Adus'tio.
Firing.  The effect of a cautery.  The French,
amongst whom cauterization is much used, dis-
tinguish five kinds: 1. Cauterisation Inherente,
which  consists in applying the actual cautery
freely, and with a certain degree of force, so as
to disorganize deeply.  2. Cautirisation trans-
currente, which consists in passing the edge of
the  Cautere cultellaire, or the point of the Cau-
tere conique  lightly, so as not to  disorganize
deeply.  3.  Cauterisation par pointes, which
consists in applying on the skin, here and there,
the hot point of the conical cautery, with suffi-
cient force  to cauterize the whole thickness of
the skin.  4. Cauterisation lente, slow cauteri-
zation, by means of the moxa.  5. Cauterisa-
tion  objective,  which consists in  holding  the
cautery at  some  distance from the part to be
acted upon by it.
  To  Cau'terize;  Caustico  adurere;  (F.)
Cauteriser.  To apply the cautery.  To bum
with a cautery.
  CAUTERY, Cauterium—c Potential, Caus-
ticum  commune.
  CAVA, Vulva.
  Cava  Vena, Vena hepatites.   The  hollow
or deep-seated vein.  (F.) Veine cave.  A name
given to the two great veins of the body, which
meet at the right auricle of the  heart.  The
vena cava supe'rior, thorac'ica vel descen'dens,
is formed by the  union of the subclavians; and
receives successively, before its termination at
the upper part  of the right auricle, the inferior
thyroid, right internal mammary, superior dia-
phragmatic, azysros, &c  The vena cava infe-
rior, abdomina'lis vel ascen'dens, arises from
the union of the two  primary Macs, opposite
the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra, receives the 
CAVATIO
163
CEBIPARA
 middle sacral,  lumbar, right  spermatic, he-
 patic, and inferior diaphragmotics,  and opens
 at the posterior  and inferior part of the  right
 auricle.
   CAVATIO, Cavity.
   CAVEA, Cavity—c Narium, Nares.
   CAVER'NA, Antrum.  'A cavern.'   This
 term has  been used for the female organs of
 generation.  See Cavity, and Vulva.
   Caverna Narium, Nares.
   CAVERNS  DENTIUM, Alveoli dentium
 —c. Frontis, Frontal Sinuses.
   CAVERNEUX, Cavernous.
   CAVERNOUS, Caverno'sus, (F.)  Caver-
 neux.  Filled with small cavities or caverns,—
 as a sponge.
   Cavernous Bodies, Cor'pora  Cavemos'a of
 the penis,  Cor'pora nervo'sa, C. Ner'veo-spon-
 gio'sa Penis, (F.)  Corps Caverneux.   The cor-
 pus cavernosum is a kind of cylindrical sac, se-
 parated, through its whole extent, by a vertical,
 incomplete septum; and forming nearly  two-
 thirds of  the  penis.  The  corpus cavernosum,
 on each side, arises from the ascending portion
 of the ischium, and terminates obtusely behind
 the glans.   The arteries of the corpora caver-
 nosa  come from the internal pudic.  See Heli-
 cine Arteries.  Nerves are found on the surface
 of the outer membrane, but they do not appear
 to penetrate the substance.
   J. Mtiller's researches have led him to infer,
 that both  in man  and the  horse, the nerves of
 the corpora cavernosa are made up of branches
 proceeding from the organic as well as the ani-
 mal system, whilst the nerves of animal life alone
 provide the nerves of sensation of the penis.
   Cavernous Bodies,  Corpora  Cavernosa of
 the Clitoris, are two hollow crura, forming the
 clitoris.
   Cavernous Body of the  Vagina,  Corpus
 Cavemo'sum  Vagina, Plexus retiform'is, is a
 substance, composed of blood-vessels and cells,
 similar to those of the penis and clitoris, which
 covers the outer extremity of the vagina, on
 each  side.   It serves to contract the entrance
 to the vagina during coition.
   Cavernous Respiration, (F.) When a ca-
 vity exists in the lungs, and one or more rami-
 fications of the bronchia terminate in it, a loud
 tubal noise is emitted, provided the cavity be
 not filled with fluid, which is called  cavernous
 respiration.  In this condition the cough is ca-
 vernous likewise. (F.)TouxCaverneuse. When
 the capacity of  the cavern is very  great, the
 sound of respiration is  like that produced by
 blowing into a decanter, with the mouth at a
 little distance from the neck.   This kind of ca-
 vernous respiration has been called  amphoric,
 from  amphora, 'a flask;' (F.) Respiration am-
phorique, Souffle amphorique, S. mitallique.
   The Veiled Puff, (F.) Souffle voile, is a mo-
dification of the cavernous respiration, in which,
according to Lae'nnec, " a sort of movable veil
interposed between the excavation and the ear "
seems to  be agitated to and fro.  It is a sign
which is not attended to.
   Cavernous Sinus, Sinus  Caverno'sus, Sinus
polymor'phus seuReeeptac'ulum, S. sphenoidalis,
Receptac'ulum sellx equi'nx lateribus appos'i-
tum,  (F.) Sinus caverneux.  The Cav'ernous
Sinuses are venous cavities of the dura mater,
filled  with a multitude of reddish, soft filaments,
intersecting each other;  and, as it were, reticu-
 lated.  They commence behind the  inner part
 of the sphenoid fissure, pass backwards on the
 sides of the fossa pituitaria, and terminate by
 opening into a cavity, common to the superior
 and inferior petrosal  sinuses.  They receive
 some meningeal  veins, the ophthalmic veins,
 &c.  The anterior extremity of each cavernous
 sinus has been named the ophthalmic sinus.
   Cav'ernous Texture or Tissue, (F.) Tissn
 caverneux. The  spongy substance which forms
 the greater part  of the penis  and clitoris.  It
 seems to consist of a very complicated lace-
 work of arteries  and veins; and,  probably, of
 nervous filaments, with small  fibrous plates,
 which form by their decussation numerous cells
 communicating with each other.  This spongy
 texture produces erection, by dilating and swell-
 ing on the influx  of blood;  and probably, also,
 by virtue of some property  inherent in it.
   CAVIALE, Caviare.
   CAVIARE', Caviar,  Caviale,  Kaviac.   A
 culinary  preparation,  much used by certain
 people,  and made on the shores of the Black
 and Caspian Sea,  from the roe  of the  sturgeon,
 mixed with salt and other condiments.
   CAVIC'ULA,  Cavil'la,  from cavus, ' hol-
 low.'  The ankle, or space between the mal-
 leoli.  Some have given this  name  to the os
 cuneiforme.  See Astragalus.
   CAVICUL.E PEDIS NODUS, Tarsus.
   CA VILLA, Astragalus, Cavicula.
   CAVITAS ANTROSA AURIS, Tympanum
 —c Buccinata, Cochlea—c. Cochleata, Coch-
 lea.
   Cav'itas Ellip'tica,  Ampulla.  A dilata-
 tion at one end of the semicircular canals of the
 ear.
   Cavitas Humeri Glenoides, see Glenoid—
 c.  Narium, Nares—c  Oculi,  Orbit—c Oris,
 Mouth—c. Pulpae, see Tooth.
   CAVITATES  CEREBRI, Ventricles of the
 brain—c. Durae matris,  Sinuses of the dura  ma-
 ter—c Innominatae,  Auricles of the  heart—c
 Interscapulars, see Interscapulars.
   CAVITk, Cavity—c. Dentaire, Dental cavi-
 ty—c. des Epiploons, see Peritonaeum—c,  du
 Tympan, Tympanum.
   CAVITY, Cav'itas, Cavum,Calotes, Calon,
 Ca'vea,  Caver'na, Cava'tio,   (F .)  Caviti.
 Every thing  hollow, as the cranium, mouth,
 nasal fossae, &c
   Cavities, Splanchnic, (F.) Caritis splanch-
 niques,  axe those  which contain the  viscera.
 They are three   in number ;—the  cranium,
 chest, and abdomen.  The cavities of bones,
 connected  with  joints or  otherwise,  are de-
 scribed under their particular denominations.
   CAVUM, Cavity—c. Abdominis, see Abdo-
 men.
   Cavum  Cra'nii, Venter Supre'mus.  The
 cavity formed by  the proper bones of the cra-
 nium.
   Cavum Dentis, see Tooth—c Narium, Nares
 —c. Oris, Mouth—c. Tympani, Tympanum.
   CAYAN, Phaseolus Creticus.
   CAZABI, Jatropha manihot.
   CEANOTHOS, Cirsium arvense.
   CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS, Celastrus.
   CEAR, Heart.
   CEASMA, Fissure.
   CEBI  GALLPN.E.   The liver of the fowl,
bruised.—Castelli.
   CEBIP'ARA.   A large Brazilian tree, whose 
CECES
164
CELLULOSE
bitter and astringent bark is used  in  making
anti-rheumatic baths and fomentations.
  CECES, see Quercus alba.
  CkClTk, Caecitas.
  CEDAR, RED, Jiftiperus Virginiana.
  CEDEIA, Embalming.
  CEDMA, Aneurism, Varix.
  CED'MATA, xiSpiaxa.  Rheumatic pains of
the joints, especially of the hips, groin  or geni-
tal  organs.  A form of gout or rheumatism.
  C ED RAT, Citrus medica.
  CEDRELE'UM,from xidgog, 'the cedar,' and
iXaiov, ' oil.'  The oil of cedar.—Pliny.
  CE'DRI A, Ce'drium, Ce'drinum, Cedri lach'-
ryma, Alkitran.  The oil or resin which flows
from the cedar  of Lebanon.  It  was supposed
to  possess great virtues.  Hippocr., Foesius,
Scribonius Largus, Dioscorides.  It has  been
supposed to be the  same as the pyroligneous
acid.   See Pinus Sylvestris.
  CE'DRINUM  VINUM,  Cedar  Wine.  A
wine   prepared  by  steeping half a pound of
bruised cedar berries  in six French  pints of
sweet wine.  It is diuretic and subastringent.
  CEDRITES, from  xtSqog, 'the  cedar.'  A
wine   prepared  from the resin of cedar  and
sweet wine.  It was formerly employed as a
vermifuge, &c
  CEDRIUM,  Cedria.
  CEDROMELA, see Citrus medica.
  CEDRONELLA, Melissa.
  CEDROS, Juniperus lycia.
  CEDROSTIS, Bryonia alba.
  CEDRUS  BACCIFERA, Juniperus sabina.
  CEINTURE, Cingulum, Herpes zoster.
  CEINTURE BLANCHE DE  LA CHO-
ROIDE, Ciliary ligament.
  CEINTURE DARTREUSE, Herpes  zos-
ter—c. de  Hildane, Cingulum Hildani—c. de
Vif Argent, Cingulum mercuriale.
  CELANDINE, Impatiens—c Common, Che-
lidonum majus—c Lesser, Ranunculus ficaria.
  CELASTRUS,  Celas'tus, Ceano'thus Ame-
rica'nus, New Jersey  Tea, Red Root.   Used
by the American Indians, in the same manner
as  lobelia, for the cure of syphilis. It is slightly
bitter and somewhat astringent.  A strong in-
fusion of the dried leaves and seeds has been
recommended in  aphthae, and as a gargle in
scarlatina.
   CELATION, (F.) Concealme?it,  from celare,
' to conceal.'   A word used by French medico-
legal writers for cases where  there has been
concealment of pregnancy or delivery.
   CELE, y.rtXn,  ' a tumour, protrusion, or rup-
ture ;' a very common  suffix, as in hydrocele,
bubonocele, &c   See Hernia.
   CEL'ERY, (F.) Celeri.  The English name
for a variety of Apium graveolens,  (q. v.)
   CELETA, see Hernial.
   CELIA, Cerevisia.
    CkLIAQUk, Cceliac.
   CELIS, xijXic, ' a spot, a stain.'   A macula
(q. v.) or spot on the  skin.
   CELL, Cella.   A small  cavity.   The same
 signification as Cellule (q. v.)
   Cell,  Apoplectic, see Apoplectic cell—c.
 Bronchic, Cellule,  bronchic—c Calcigerous,
 see Tooth.
    Cell, Epider'mic.   The cells or corpuscles
 that cover the free membranous surfaces of the
body, and which form the epidermis and epithe-
 lium, are termed 'epidermic cells.'  They are
developed from germs furnished by the subja-
cent membrane.
  Cell, Fat, see Fatty vesicles—c Germ, Cy-
toblast—c Germinal,  see Cytoblast—c  Nu-
cleated, see Cytoblast.
  Cell Life.  The life which is possessed by
the separate cells that form the tissues, and by
which the nutrition of the  tissues is presumed
to be effected.
  Cell, Pigment.  Pigment cells are mingled
with the epidermic cells, and are most manifest
in the coloured races.  They are best seen on
the inner surface of  the choroid  of the  eye,
where they form the pigmentum nigmm.
  CELLA TURCICA, Sella Turcica.
  CELLULA, Cellule.
  CELLULiE, see Colon—c. Medullares, see
Medullary membrane—c Pulmonales, Cellules
bronchii,  see Pulmo—c Bronchicae, see  Cel-
lule.
  CEL'LULAR, Cellula'ris, Cellu'losus,  (F.)
Cellulaire. Composed of cells or cellules, from
cella or cellula, ' a cell.'
  Cel'lular Mem'brane, Membra'na cellulo'-
sa, M. Cellula'ris,—M.  adipo'sa, pinguedind-
sa, of some, Pannic'ulus adipo'sus,— Mem-
brane formed of cellular tissue, (F.) Membrane.
cellulaire.  Generally  used for the tissue it-
self.
  Cel'lular System.   The whole of the cel-
lular tissue of the human body.
   Cellular Tissue, Tela  cellula'ris, T. cellu-
lo'sa, T. Hippoc'ratis cribro'sa, Ethmyphe,re-
ticula'ted, filamentous, laminated, crib'riform,
porous, are'olar, andmucous Tissue, Reticular
or  cellular  substance,  Contex'tus  cellulo'sus,
(F.)  Tissu cellulaire, riticuli, lamineux, cri-
bleux, poreux,  ariolaire, muqueux, &rc., is the
most common of all the organic tissues.  Ana-
tomists  do  not  agree  regarding  its intimate
structure.  It seems to contain cellules or ir-
regular areolae  between the fibres and plates;
as  well as serum, fat, and the adipous tissue.
The cellular tissue or texture unites every part
of  the body ; determines its shape, and by its
elasticity and  contractility, and by the  fluid
which it contains in its cells, facilitates the mo-
tion of parts on each other.
   Cellular tissue has been divided by anatomists
into the  external, general  or common cellular
tissue—textus cellula'risinterme'dius senlaxus,
which does not penetrate the organs,—the cel-
lular texture which forms  the  envelopes of or-
gans—textus cellula'ris strictus; and that which
penetrates into the organs, accompanying and
enveloping all  their parts,—the textus cellula'-
ris  stipa'tus, constituting the basis of all the
organs.   It has likewise been termed Textus
organ'icus seu parenchyma'lis.
   Cellular Tissue of  Bones, see Cancelli.
   CEL'LULE,  Cellula,  diminutive of  cella,
'a cavity.'  A small cavity. (F.) Cellule.  Cel-
lules are the small cavities between the laminae
of the cellular  tissue, corpora cavernosa, &c.
    Cellules  or  Cells,  Bronchic,  Cellula
Bron'chica seu Pulmona'les,  Pori pulmo'num,
 Vesic'ula pulmonales.  The  air-cells of the
lungs.  See Pulmo.
   CELLULES BRONCHIQUES, Bronchial
colls.
   CELLULITIS VENENATA, see Wound.
   CEL'LULOSE, same  etymon  as  Cellule.
The substance which is  left  after the action 
CELLULOSUS             165         CENTRADIAPHANES
upon any kind of vegetable tissue of such sol-
vents as are fitted to dissolve  out the matter
deposited in its cavities and interstices.  It has
been affirmed, that the tunicated  or ascidian
mollusca have,  in their  integuments, a consi-
derable quantity of it.
  CELLULOSUS, Cellular.
  CELOLOG"IA, from  x^r/,  ' rupture,' and
Joyoc, ' a discourse.'   The doctrine of hernia.
A treatise on hernia.
  CELOSO'MUS, from xrjXt;,' a rupture,' and
ruuct,' body.'  A monster in which the trunk
is malformed, and eventration or displacement
of the viscera exists.
  CELOTES, see Hernial.
  CELOTOM'IA, Kelotom'ia,  Celotomy, from
xt]Xr], 'a rupture,' and xtuvstv, 'to  cut.'  An
operation,  formerly employed  for the  radical
cure of inguinal hernia;  which consisted, prin-
cipally, in passing a ligature round the  hernial
sac and spermatic vessels.   It necessarily oc-
casioned atrophy and loss of the testicle; and
 did not secure the patient against the return
 of the disease.  The intestines  were, of course,
 not included in  the ligature.    Also, the opera-
 tion for hernia in general,—Herniotomy.
   CELOT'OMUS, same etymon.   Hemiolo-
 mus.  A knife used in the operation for hernia.
 Adjectively, it means relating to celotomy, like
 Celotom'icus.
   CELSA.   A term, used by  Paracelsus for a
 cutaneous  disease, dependent, according to him,
 on a  false or heterogeneous spirit or vapour,
 concealed  under  the integuments, and endea-
 vouring to escape.   Perhaps the  disease was
 Urticaria.
   CELSUS, METHOD OF, see Lithotomy.
   CEMBRO NUTS, see Pinus cembra.
   CEMENT.   A glutinous substance intro-
 duced into a carious tooth to  prevent the access
 of air or other extraneous matters. The follow-
 ing is an example: (gi. Sandarac. gij; Mastich.
 gi; Succin. gr. x.  JEther. gi; Dissolve with
 the aid of heat.)
    CEMENTERIUM, Crucible.
    CEMENTUM, see Tooth.
    CENANGIA, Ceneangia.
    CENCHRON, Panicum miliaceum.
    CENDRk, Cineritious.
    CENDRE DU LEVANT, Soda.
    CENDRES  GRAVkLEES, see Potash—
 c.  de Satment,  see Potash.
    CENEANGI'A,  Cenangi'a, from  xevo;,
 'empty,'  and  ayyuov, 'a vessel.'  Inanition.
 Empty state of vessels.—Galen.
    CENEMBATE'SIS,  from  xivig,  'empty,'
 and  tupaivm, 'I enter.'  Paracentesis, (q. v.)
 Also, the act of probing a  wound  or  cavity;
 Melo'sis.
    CENEONES, Flanks.
    CENIGDAM, Ceniplam.
    CENIGOTAM, Ceniplam.
    CENIPLAM,  Cenigdam, Cenigotam, Ceni-
 polam. The name of an instrument anciently
 used  for opening the head in  epilepsy.—Para-
 pulsus*
    CENIPOTAM, Ceniplam.
    CENO'SIS,  from  xsrog, 'empty.'   Ine'sis,
 Inethmos.  Evacuation.  It is sometimes em-
 ployed synonymously with inanition,  (q. v.)
 and opposed to repletion;—Exinant'tio.
    CENOT'ICA, from  xevcdo-k,  'evacuation.'
 Diseases affecting the fluids.  Morbid discharges
or excess, deficiency or irregularity of such as
are natural.   The first order, class Genetica, of
Good; also, Drastics, (q. v.)
  CENTAU'REA BEHEN, Behen abiad, Be-
hen album,  White  Behen.   Ord. Gentianeae.
Astringent.
  Centau'rea  Benedic'ta, Car'duus benedic'-
tus,  Vnicus sylves'tris, Cnicus  benedic'tus,
Cardiobolanum, Blessed or Holy Thistle, (F.)
Chardon binit.  Fam. Cynarocephaleae.  Sex.
Syst.  Syngenesia  Polygamia  frustranea.  A
strong decoction of  the herb is emetic:—a
strong infusion, diaphoretic (?); a light infusion,
tonic and stomachic.  Dose,  gr. xv. to gj. of
powder.
   Centau'rea  Calcitra'pa, Calcitra'pa, Cal-
catrep'pola,   Car'duus  solstilia'Lis, Carduus
stella'tus, Ja'cea ramosis'sima, Cacotrib'ulus,
 Calcitrap'pa stella'ta, Stella'ta ruplna, Cen-
tau'rea stella'ta, Common Star-Thistle, Star-
Knapweed,  (F.)  Centaurie,  itoilie, Chardon
etoili, Chaussetrappe, Pignerole.  It  is  pos-
sessed of tonic properties, and has been given
in intermittents, dyspepsia, &c  It is not much
used.
   Centaurea CENTAv'RiVM,Rhapon'ticum vul-
ga'rl, Centaurium  magnum,  Centaurium ma-
jus, Greater Cen'taury, Centaurium offcina'll,
 (F.)  Centaurie grande.  It  is a bitter; and
 was formerly  used as  a tonic, especially the
 root.
   Centau'rea Cy'anus, Cy'anus, Blue bottle,
 Corn-flower, (F.)Blavelle, Blaveole,Blavirolle.
 The flowers were once much used as a cordial,
 tonic, &c  They are now forgotten.
   Centaurea Stellata, Centaurea calcitrapa.
   CENTAURkE ETOILEE, Centaurea calci-
 trapa—c. Grande, Centaurea centaurium—c.
 Petite, Chironia centaurium.
   CENTAUREUM, Chironia centaurium.
   CENT AURIS, Chironia centaurium.
   CENTAURIUM MAGNUM, Centaurea cen-
 taurium—c Minus vulgare,  Chironia  centau-
 rium—c. Officinale, Centaurea centaurium—c
 Parvum, Chironia centaurium.
   CENTAURY, AMERICAN, Chironia angu-
 laris—c. Greater,  Centaurea centaurium—c.
 Lesser, Chironia centaurium.
   CENTESIS, Paracentesis, Puncture.
   Centigramme,  (f.)  from centum, 'a
 hundred,' and yqauftx, 'gramme.'   Centigram'-
 ma.   The  hundredth part of a gramme.  A
 centigramme is equal to about the fifth part of
 a French grain, gr. .1544, Troy.
   CENTILITRE,  Centilttra, from  centum,
  'a hundred,' and Xixqa, 'litre.'  An ancient Greek
  measure for liquids:—the hundredth part of a
  litre—equal to nearly ten grammes or  a spoon-
  ful.  2.7053 fluidrachms.
   CENTIMkTRE, Centim'eter; the hundredth
  part of a metre—equal to  about four lines.
  .3'J37 English  inch.
   CENTIMORBIA, Lysimachia nummularia.
   CENTINERVIA, Plantago.
   CENTINODE, Polygonum aviculare.
   CENTINODIA, Polygonum aviculare.
   CENTO VIRGINALIS, Hymen.
   CENTRADI APH'ANES, Catarac'ta centra-
  lis,  from  xevx^ov, 'centre,'  a privative, and
  Sia<pxvtjc, 'transparent.'   Cataract owing  to
  obscurity of the central portion of the crystal-
  line. 
CENTRAL ARTERY           166           CEPHALANTHUS
  CENTRAL ARTERY OF THERETTNA,
Arteria Centra'lis Retina, Central Artery of
Zinn.  This artery is given off from the arte-
ria ophthalmica, an 1 penetrates the optic nerve
a little behind the ball  of the eye; running in
the axis  of the nerve, and spreading out into
many small branches upon the inside of the re-
tina.  When the nerve is  cut across  near the
eye, the orifice of the divided artery is observ-
able.  This was formerly called Porus  Opti-
cus.
  CENTRE OF ACTION.  The viscus in
which the whole or a great part  of any func-
tion is executed, and to which  several  other
organs contribute.  Thus,  the vital  activity
seems to  be wholly centred in  the  stomach,
during chymification;  in the duodenum, during
chylification.  In like  manner, the uterus be-
comes a centre of action during gestation.
  Centre,  Epigas'tric  The ganglions and
nervous plexuses, formed by the great sympa-
thetic and pneumogastric nerves, in  the epi-
gastrium, around the cceliac artery;  where the
impressions received from various parts of the
body seem to be centred.
  Centre of  Flux'ion.   The  part  towards
which fluids are particularly attracted.   An
irritated organ is said to be  a centre of fluxion.
  Centres, Nervous,  (F.) Centres  nerveux.
The organs, whence the nerves  originate; as
the brain and spinal marrow.
  Centre, Oval, Centrum Ova'le,C. O. Vieus-
se'nii, Tegumen'tum ventriculo'rum cer'ebri.—
When the two hemispheres of the brain are
sliced away, till on a level with the corpus cal-
losum, the medullary part in each is of an oval
ahape: hence called centrum ovale minus, (F.)
centre medullaire himisphiral.  The two cen-
tres of the opposite sides, together  with the
corpus callosum, form  the centrum  ovalB of
Vieus'sens.  Vieussens supposed all the medul-
lary fibres to issue from that point, and that it
was the great dispensatory of the animal spi-
rits.
  Centre, Phrenic, Ten'dinous  Centre of the
Diaphragm, Centrum  Phren'icum,  C. Ner'-
veum or  C. Tendino'sum seu tendin'eum, (F.)
Centre phrinique  ou  C. tendineux  du  Dia-
phragme.  The central aponeurosis or cordiform
tendon of the diaphragm.
  Centre of  Sympathetic  Irradia'tions,
(F.) Centre d'irradiations sympathiques.  Any
organ, which excites, sympathetically, the ac-
tion of other organs, more or less  distant  from
it; and with which it seems to have no imme-
diate communication.—Marjolin.
  Centre,  Tendinous, of  the  Diaphragm,
Centre, phrenic.
  CENTROMYRINE, Ruscus.
  CENTRUM COMMUNE, Solar plexus—c
Nerveum,  Centre, phrenic—c Ovale, Centre,
oval—c  Ovale  minus, see Centre,  oval—c
Ovale of  Vieussens, Centre, oval—c. Semicir-
eulare geminum,  Taenia  semicircularis—c.
Tendinosum, Centre, phrenic.
  CENTRY, Chironia angularis.
  CENTUM CAPITA, Eryngium campestre.
  CENTUMNODIA, Polygonum aviculare.
  CEPA  ASCALONICA,  Bulbus esculentus,
Echalotte.
  CEP^EA, Veronica beccabunga.
  CEPILELIS  IPECACUANHA,  Ipecacu-
anha.
  CEPHALiE'A,  Headache,  (F.)  Ciphalee,
from  xtipaXij, 'head.'  Some use  the term sy-
nonymously with  cephalalgia.  Others, for a
periodical headache:—others, again,for a more
violent headache than cephalalgia implies; and
others for  a chronic headache.  The last was
its ancient signification.
  Cephala'a spasmod'ica,  Cephalalgia spas-
modica,  C. Nausea'sa, Sick-keadnche, is  cha-
racterized  by partial, spasmodic  pain; often
shifting from one part of the head to another:
chiefly commencing in the morning, with sick-
ness and faintness.  It is extremely apt to re-
cur, notwithstanding every care.
  Cephal^ea Arthritica, Cephalagra—c. He-
micrania, Hemicrania—c. Nauseosa, Spasmo-
dica—c.  Pulsatilis, Crotaphe.
  CEPHALHEMATOMA,  from  x^axt,,
'head,'  and 'aip.a,  'blood;'   Tumor Capitis
sanguin'eus neonato'rum, Cephalophy'ma, Cra-
niohamaton'cus. A sanguineous tumour, some-
times developed between the pericranium  and
the bones  of  the  head of new-born children.
Similar  tumours are met with  occasionally
above other bones, and at all periods of exist-
ence.
  CEPHAL^E'MIA, Hypera'mia  cer'ebri, H.
Cap'itis, Encephalohxmia, (F.) Hyperimie on
Congestion  du cerveau,  Enciphalohemie, H.
cerebrate, Congestion cirebrale.  Accumulation
of blood in the vessels of the brain.
  CEPHALAGO'GUS, Cephaloduc'tor, Capi-
tiduc'tor, from x.i<?aXr], 'head,' and ayayo;, 'a
leader, a driver.'   An  instrument  used  for
drawing  down the  foetal head.
  CEPH'ALAGRA, from xtyaXri, 'the head,'
and  ayqa,  ' seizure.'   Cephala'a arthritica,
Meningitis arthrit'ica.   Gout in the head.
  CEPHALAGRA'PHIA,  from Kt<paXt,, 'the
head,'and y?_*(/)!?, 'a description.'   An anato-
mical description of the head.
  CEPHALAL'GIA, Cephalopo'nia, Cephalo-
dyn'ia, Encephalodyn'ia, Homonopa gia, from
xsipaXn, '  the head,'  and a\yce, 'pain.'  Encepha-
lalgia, Dolor Cap'itis, D. cephalicus, Soda,
Pain in the head ;  Headache, (F.) Ciphalalgie,
Mai a the.  Every kind of headache, whether
symptomatic or idiopathic, is a cephalalgia. It
is ordinarily symptomatic, and has to be treated
accordingly.
  Cephalalgia Contagiosa, Influenza—c. In-
flammatoria, Phrenitis.
  Cephalalgia  Period ica, Febris  intermit-
tens cephal'ica larva'ta, Intermittent headache.
Headache which returns periodically; properly,
perhaps,  a form of  neuralgia, (q. v.)
  Cephalalgia  Pulsatilis, Crotaphe — c.
Spasmodica, see Cephalaea.
  CEPHALALOG IA,  from xtv*Xn, 'the
head,' and Xtyoc, ' a discourse.'  An anatomical
dissertation on the  head.
  CEPHALANTHE  D'AMkRIQUE,   Ce-
phalanthus occidentalis.
  CEPHALANTHUS    OCCIDENTALIS,
Buttonwood shrub, Butlonbush,  White Ball,
Little Snowball, Swampwood, Pond Dogwoods
Globeflower,  (F.)   Ciphalanthe  d' Ameriqv*-.
Bois de Marais.   An ornamental  shrub, Nat.
Ord. Rubiaceae ; Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Mono-
gynia, which grows all over the United States,
near streams and  ponds, and  flowers in July
and  August.  The bark of the root has beeu
used as an antiperiodic tonic. 
CEPHALARTICA            16
  CEPHALARTICA, Cephalic remedies.
  CEPHALATOM'IA,  Cephalotom'ia,  from
zeyahij, ' the head,' and xtyyi iv, ' to cut.'  Ana-
tomy, or dissection, or opening of the head.
  CEPHALE, Head.
  CEPHAL'IC, Cephal'icus, Capita'lis, from
y-^o-Kri, ' the head.' (F.) Ciphalique. Relating
to the head.
  Cephal'ic Rem'edies, Cephal'ica vel Capi-
ta'lia reme'dia, axe remedies capable of reliev-
ing affections of the head, especially headache :
—Cephalar'tica.
  Cephal'ic Vein, VenaCephal'ica,Vena Cap'-
*tis, (F.) Veine ciphalique, Veine radiate cuta-
nee of Chaussier.  The great superficial vein at
the outer part of the arm and fore-arm.  It be-
gins on  the back of the hand, by a number  of
radicles, which unite into a single trunk, called
the Cephalic of the  Thumb,' Cephal'ica Polli-
eis, (F.) Veine ciphalique du pouce. It ascends
along the anterior and outer part  of the fore-
arm, where it forms the superficial radial.  At
the fold of the elbow it receives  the median ce-
phalic, ascends along the outer edge of the bi-
ceps, and opens  into the axillary vein.
  The name Cephalic was given  to it by the
ancients, because they thought it had some con-
nexion  with the head, and that blood-letting
ought to be performed on it, in head affections.
  Chaussier calls the  internal jugular,  Veine
tr'phaliqne, and the primary or common carotid,
Artkre ciphalique.
  CEPHALIDIUM, see Caput.
  CEPHALI'NE.   The base or  root of the
tongue.—Gorraeus.
  CEPHALIS, see Caput.
  CEPHALITIS, Phrenitis.
  CEPHALIUM, see  Caput.
  CEPHALODUCTOR, Cephalagogus.
  CEPHALODYNIA, Cephalalgia.
  CEPHALCEDEMA, Hydrocephalus.
  CEPHALOID, Encephaloid.
  CEPHALOMA, Encephaloid.
  CEPHALO-MENINGITIS, Meningo-cepha-
Litis.
  CEPHALOM'ETER, from  xupaxt,,  'the
head,' and  fitxqor, ' measure.'   An instrument
for measuring the different dimensions  of the
foetal head, during the process of accouchement.
A kind of forceps.
  CEPHALON'OSUS, from xtipxXn, < the head,'
and voaic, ' disease.'   This term has been ap-
plied to the Febris  Hungar'ica, in which the
head was much  affected.   See  Fever, Hunga-
ric  Others have so called any cerebral disease
or fever.
  CEPHALOPAGES, Symphyocephalus.
  CEPH ALO-PHARYNG^E'US, from x^**,,,
' the head,' and cpaovyz, ' the pharynx :' belong-
ing to  the  head  and pharynx.  Winslow has
given this name to the portion of the constrictor
pkaryngis superior, (q. v.) which  is attached,
above, to the inferior  surface  of the  basilary
process of the os occipitis.  The Ceph'alo-pha-
rynge'al Aponeurdsis is  a  thin, fibrous mem-
brane, which is attached to the basilary process,
and gives insertion to the fibres of the constrictor
superior pharyngis.
  CEPHALOPHYMA, Cephalaematoma.
  CEPHALOPONIA, Cephalalgia.
  CEPHALO-RACHIDIAN, Cephalo-spinal.
  CEP H'A L O-SPINAL,   Cephalo-spina'lis,
Geph'alo-raxhid'ian, Centro-spinal, Cranio-spi-
17    CERAT BLANC ou DE GALIEN

 nal.  A hybrid term from xtipaM, ' head,' and
 spina,' spine.' Belonging to the head and spine.
   Ceph'alo-spinal  Fluid,  Cephulo-rachid'ian
 fluid, Cerebro-spinal fluid,  Flu'idum cer'ebro-
 spina'le, is an exhaled fluid, which is found be-
 neath the arachnoid, wherever pia mater exists
 in connexion with the brain and spinal cord.  It
 seems to have  a  protecting office, and to keep
 up a certain degree of pressure on the organ,—
 at least in the spinal canal.
   CEPHALOTHORACOSTERU'MENUS,
 from xsipxXri,  'head,' Qoyaz, 'the chest,' and
 vreptiv, 'to rob.'  A monster without head or

   CEPHALOTOM'IA, Eccephalosis.
   CEPHALOTRIBE, (F.)   An  instrument
 invented by  Baudelocque,  the  nephew,  for
 crushing the head of the foetus in utero; from
 xup*X>;,  ' the head,'  and toi/?o>, ' I bruise.'  It
 consists of a strong forceps, the blades of which
 are solid: 16 lines  broad, and 3 thick.   The
 handles are perforated at their extremity to re-
 ceive a screw with three threads, the direction
 of  which is very oblique, so as to allow great
 rapidity of rotation, and the screw is moved by
 a winch 6 inches long, to increase the force of
 the pressure.  The bones of the head are easily
 crushed  by it.
   CEPHALOTRYPESIS, Trepanning.
   CEPHALOXIA, Torticollis.
   CEPULLA, Allium cepa.
   CER, Heart.
   CERA FLAVA et CERA  ALBA,  Ceros,
 Yellow and White Wax,  (F.)  Cire  Jaime  et
 Blanche.  An  animal substance prepared by
 the bee, and by some plants, as the Cerox'ylon
 and Myri'ca cerif'era. Its colour is yellow, and
 smell like that of honey, but both are  lost by
 bleaching.  It  is demulcent  and emollient; is
 sometimes given in the form  of emulsion, in
 diarrhoea and dysentery, but is chiefly used in
 cerates and ointments.
   CFRM'M,  from  xeo«$,   ' a horn,'  xsqctati.
 The  Cornua of the uterus, (q. v.)—Rufus  of
 Ephesus.
   CERAMIC E, Cerami'lis, from xipx/u.oc,' pot-
 ter's earth.'   A sort of earth used as  a  cata-
 plasm in peripneumony.—Hippocrates.
   CERA MIUM,  Amphora—c. Helmintho-
 chortus, Coral lina Corsicana.
   CERAMNIUM, Amphora.
   CERAMURIA, see Urine.
   CERANTHEMUS, Propolis.
   CERAS, x*o»c. 'genitive,' mqaroe, 'horn,'
 Cornu, (q. v.): also, the Cornea (q. v.)  Hence,
 Ceratettnmia, Ceratocele, &c
   CERASION, see Prunus cerasus.
   CERAS'MA,  from  ke^w^/,  '  to  mix :'
 something mixed.  A mixture of hot and cold
 water.   Metareras'ma.—Gorraeus.
   CERASUM, see Prunus cerasus.
   CERASUS AVIUM,  Prunus avium—c
 Laurocerasus, Prunus laurocerasus—c. Padus,
 Prunus Padus—c Racemosus sylvestris, Pru-
 nus padus—c Serotina, Prunus Virginiana—c.
 Virginiana, Prunus Virginiana.
   CERAT BLANC ou DE GALIEN, Cera-
 tum Galeni—c. de Blanc de Baleine, Ceratum
 cetacei—c.  de Goulard, Ceratum plumbi—c.
 pour les Levres, Cerate for the lips—r. deplomb
 romposi, Ceratum plumbi compositum—c. du
 Savon, Ceratum  Saponis—c. de Snracctate d*
 plomb, Ceratum plumbi superacetatis. 
CERATE                 168                CERATUM
   CE'RATE, Cera'tum, from y-r^xg, Lat. cera,
' wax,' Cerela'um, Cero'ma, Cero'nium, Cero'-
tum, Ceratomalag'ma,  (F.) Cerat.   A compo-
sition of wax, oil, or lard, without other ingre-
dients.
   Cerate, Simple Cerate, Cera'tum, Cera'tum
simplex, P.  L. (F.) Cerat Simple.  (Yellovj
wax §iv, olive oil §iv.)  It is applied as  an
emollient to excoriations,  &c
   Cerate of Cal'amine,  Cera'tum Calami'nx,
C. Carbona'tis zinci impu'ri, C. Zinci  Carbo-
na'tis, (Ph. U. S.) Cera'tum lap'idis Calami-
na'ris, Cera'tum epuloticum, Cerate of  Carbo-
nate of Zinc,  Turner's Cerate, Healing  Salve,
(F.) Cirat de Pierre Calaminaire, C. de Cala-
mine, C. (Zinci Carbon, prapar.  Cera flava,
a a ffiss. adipis,Wi}.   Melt the wax and lard to-
gether, and, on  cooling, add the carbonate  of
zinc and stir  till cool.—Ph. U.  S.)
   Cerate of  Canthar'ides,  Cera'tum Can-
thar'idis, Blister Ointment, Ointment of Spa-
nish Flies,  Unguen'tum  ad vesicato'ria, Un-
guen'tum Pulveris  Mel'oes  vesicato'rii, Ung.
epispas'ticum for'tius, Cera'tum Lytta,  (F.)
 Cirat de Cantharides.  (Spermaceti cerate 3vjj
Cantharides in powder, sjj.  The cerate being
softened by heat, stir in the flies.)  This cerate
of the European Pharmacopoeias is used to keep
blisters, issues, &c, open.   See Unguentum
Lyttae.   For the  cerate of Spanish flies of the
U. S. Pharmacopoeia, (see  Emplastrum Lyttae.)
   Cerate, Goulard's, Ceratum Plumbi com-
positum.
   Cerate, Kirkland's Neutral.   (Diachyl.
fiviij, olive oil ^iv, prepared chalk §iv: when
nearly cool, add Acet. dest. j^iv, plumb, supera-
cet. 3iij.)  A cooling emollient.
   Cerate or Poma'tum for the Lirs, Cera'-
tum labia'le rubrum, Pomma'tum ad labia de-
mulcen'da.—Ph.  P.  (F.) Cerat ou pommade
pour les levres, (Wax 9 parts;  oil 16 parts;—
coloured with alkanet.)
   Cerate, Lead, Compound, Ceratum plumbi
compositum.
   Cerate, Marshall's.  (Palm oil ^vi, calo-
mel §j, sugar of lead §ss, ointment of  nitrate
of mercury ,^ij.)
   Cerate, Resin, Compound, Ceratum Resinae
compositum—c. Savine, Ceratum sabinae — c.
Soap, Ceratum saponis—c. Spermaceti, Ceratum
cetacei—c of Superacetate or sugar of lead, Ce-
ratum  plumbi superacetatis—c. Turner's, Ce-
rate of calamine—c.  of Carbonate of zinc, Ce-
rate of calamine.
   CERATECTOM'IA, from xtoac,'the cor-
nea,'  and  t-nToptog,  'cut  out.'   An incision
through the cornea.  See  Ceratotomia.
   CERATIA, Ceratonium siliqua.
   CERATI'ASIS; from xcSat,' horn.'  A mor-
bid condition characterized by corneous growths.
   CERATION, Siliqua.
   CERATITIS, from xt^ag, 'the cornea,' and
itis, 'inflammation.'   Inflammation of the cor-
nea, Ceratitis, Ceratode'ltis, Ceratomeningltis,
Corneltis, Inflamma'tio cornea.
   CERATIUM, Ceratonium siliqua.
   CER'ATO, in  composition, in the names of
muscles, is used  for the cornua of the  os hy-
oides;—as Cerato-glossus.
   CERATOCE'LE, Aquula,  Uva'tio, Promi-
nentia Cor'nea, Hernia. Cor'nea, Ceratodeoce'le,
from Y.fg*g, 'horn,' and xijXtj, 'tumour.'   A pro-
trusion  of the transparent cornea, or rather of
the membrane of the aqueous humour through
an opening in the cornea.
  CERATODEITIS, Ceratitis.
  CERATODEOCELE, Ceratocele.
  CERATODEONYXIS, Ceratonyxis.
  CERATODES MEMBRANA, Cornea.
  CERATOGLOS'SUS, Keratoglos'sus, from
xigxc,' horn,' and y\a>o-a-*,' the tongue.'  A mus-
cle, extending from  the great cornu of the os
hyoides to the base of the tongue.  It is a part
of the hyoglossus, (q. v.)
  CERATOIDES, Cornea.
  CERATOLEUCOMA, Leucoma.
  CERATO'MA, Cerato'sis,fromxsga?,'horn.'
A horny growth, or  horny formation.
  CERATO-MALAGMA, Cerate.
  CERATO-MENINGITIS, Ceratitis.
  CERATO-MENINX, Cornea.
  CERATO'NIA SIL'IQUA. TheCarob Tree,
Cera'tium,  Cera'tia,  Siliqua dulcis,  Caro'ba
Alnabati, the Sweetpod, (F.) Caroubier (Fruit,
Carouge.)   This—the fruit of the  Ceratonia
siliqua—is mucilaginous, and employed in de-
coction, where mucilages are indicated.
  CERATONYX'IS, Keratonyx'is, Ceratodeo-
nyx'is, from xeogc, 'the cornea,'and mo-o-u, 'I
puncture.'   An  operation by which the crys-
talline is depressed by means of a needle intro-
duced into the eye through the cornea.  Some
divide the crystalline into  fragments with the
needle, and  leave them to the action of the ab-
sorbents.   The operation  is as old  as the 17th
century.
  CER'ATO-PHARYNGE'US,   Ker'ato-Pha-
rynge'us, from xegac, 'horn,' and <pxgVyi., 'the
pharynx.'   The great and  small Cer'ato-pha-
rynge'i are  small  fleshy bundles,  forming part
of the Hyopkaryngeus of Winslow.
  CERATOPLASTICE, from xfg*?,'the cor-
nea,' and 7r\a<rxixog,' forming, formative.'  The
operation for the formation of an  artificial cor-
nea.  It has not been practised on man.
  CERATORRKEX.'l$,Ruptu'racor'nece,ixom
r.ee,ac, 'the cornea,' and g»?i;if,' rupture.' Rup-
ture of the cornea.
  CERATOSIS, Ceratoma.
  CER'ATO-STAPHYLI'NUS,  Ker'ato-sta-
phyllnus, from xt?*g, 'horn,' and  cxa<i>vXi}, 'the
uvula.'   Some fleshy fibres of the  Thyro-Sta-
phylinus of Winslow.
  CERATOTOMIA, Ceratectom'ia,fxom «f<K,
'cornea,'and Tt^vtir,'to cut.' Section of tin
transparent cornea.   This  incision  is  used in
the operation for cataract,  to give exit to  pus
effused in the eye, in case of hypopyon, &c.
  CERATOT'OMUS,  Keratolomus,  Kerat'-
omus, from xiqxc, 'cornea,' and-rt^vtiv, 'tocut.
A name  given by Wenzel to his knife for di-
viding the transparent cornea, in  the operation
for cataract.  Many  modifications of the instru-
ment have  been made since Wenzel's time.
See Knife,  cataract.
  CERATUM,  Cerate—c Album, Ceratum
cetacei, Ceratum Galeni—cde Althaea,Unguen-
tum de Althaea—c.  Calaminae, Cerate of Ca-
lamine—c Cantharidis, Cerate of Cantharides,
Emplastrum Lyttae—c de CerussA, Unguentum
plumbi subcarbonatis.
  Cera'tum Ceta'cei,  Cera'tum  spermaceti,
Cera'tum album,  Cera'tum simplex, C. Ceti,
Unguen'tum adipoce'ra ceto'rum, Linimen'tum
album, Emplas'trum Sperm'atis  Ceti, Sperma-
ceti  Cerate, (F.)  Cirat de blanc  de  bahint. 
CERATUM CETI
169
CEREBELLUM
(Spermaceti ^j, white wax ^ij;  olive oil §vi.
Ph. U. S.)  A good emollient to ulcers, &c
  Ceratum Ceti, Ceratum cetacei—c. Cicutae,
Ceratum conii—c Citrinum, Ceratum resinae.
  Cera'tum Coni'i, Cera'tum Cicu'ta.  (Ung.
conii Rij, cetacei ^ij, cera alba  §iij.)  A for-
mula in Bartholomew's Hospital: occasionally
applied to cancerous, scrofulous sores, &c
  Ceratum Epuloticum, Cerate of calamine.
  Cera'tum  Gale'ni, Cera'tum album, C. re-
frig"erans Gale'ni, Unguen'tum cera'tum, U.
amygdali'num, U. simplex, Emplas'trum ad
fontic'ulos, O'leo-cera'tum aqua subac'tum, Cold
Cream, (F.) Cirat blanc oude Galien.  (White
wax 4 parts; oil of sweet almonds 16 parts; add,
when melted, water or rose water 12 parts. Ph.
P.)  A mild application to chaps, &c
  Ceratum  Labiale Rubrum, Cerate for  the
lips—c. Lapidis calaminaris, Cerate of calamine
—c. Lithargyri acetati  compositum, Ceratum
plumbi compositum—c  Lyttae,  Cerate of can-
tharides—c  Mercuriale, Unguentum hydrar-
gyri—c. Picatum, Pisselaeum.
   Ceratum  Plumbi Compos'itum, Cera'tum
Lithar gyri  Aceta'ti  Compos'itum, Goulard's
Ointment, Cera'tum subaceta'ti plumbi medica'-
tura, C. Plumbi Subaceta'tis (Ph. U. S.), Cera'-
tum Satur'ni, Compound Lead  Cerate, Gou-
lard's  Cerate,  (F'.) Cerat de Goulard,  C. de
Plomb  compose.   (Liq. plumb, subacet.  5jiiss,
cera ftava, Jiv, ol. oliv. Jjix,  camphora gss.
Ph. U. S.)   Its  virtues  are the same  as  the
 next.
   Ceratum Plumbi Superaceta'tis, Unguen'-
tum Cerus'sa Aceta'tx, Cerate of Su^ eracetate
or Sugar of Lead, Cera'tum Plumbi Aceta'tis,
 Unguentum  Acetatis Plumbi,  (F.) Cerat de
 suracetate de Plomb. (Acetate of lead 7,1], white
 wax ^ij, olive oil ffiss.)  Cooling and astringent.
   Ceratum  Refrigerans  Galeni,  Ceratum
 Galeni.
   Ceratum  Resi'nje, C. Resi'nx flavx, C. cit'-
 rinum,  Unguen'tum basilicon  flavum, Ung.
 Resi'nx ftava, Ung. Resino sum, Resin Cerate
 or  Ointment,   Yellow  Basilicon, Basilicon
 Ointment.  (Resin, flav., i,v. Cerse flav., £iy,
 Adipis ,^viij, Ph. U.S.)  A stimulating appli-
 cation to old ulcers, &c  Digestive.
   Dr. Smellome's Ointment for the Eyes con-
sists  of finely powdered verdigris ^ss,  rubbed
with oil, and then mixed with an ounce of cera-
tum resina.
   Ceratum  Resi'nx Compos'itum, Compound
Resin Cerate, (Resin., Sevi, Cera flava, Sa Ibj ;
 Terebinth., loss. Ol. Lini, Oss.   Melt together,
strain  through linen, and stir  till  cool.  Ph.
U.S.)
   Ceratum Sabi'njE, Unguentum Sabinx, Sa-
vine Cerate (F.) Cirat de Sabine.  (Savine in
powder, §ij. Resin Cerate lbj. Ph. U. S.) Irri-
tative, ' drawing.'  Used in the same cases as
the cerate of cantharides.
   Ceratum  Sapo'nis, Soap Cerate, (F.) Cirat
de Savon (Liq. Plumb, subacetat., Oij, Sapon.,
§vj;  Cerx albx, §x;  Ol. oliva, Oj.  Boil  the
solution of subacetate of lead with the soap over
a slow fire to  the consistence  of honey, then
transfer to a water bath,  and evaporate until all
the moisture is dissipated; lastly, add the wax,
previously melted with the oil, and mix.—Ph.
U.S.)   It is applied in cases of sprains or frac-
tures.
   Ceratum  Satukni, Ceratum Plumbi com-
          12
positum—c. Simplex, Ceratum cetacei, Cerate
simple—c  Spermaceti, Ceratum cetacei—c.
Subacetati plumbi medicatum, Ceratum plumbi
compositum—c Tetrapharmacum, Pisselaeum
—c. Carbonatis zinci  impuri, Cerate of cala-
mine.
  CERAU'NION, from xtqawog, 'thunder,' 'a
thunderbolt.'   Lapis fulmin'eus.   A kind of
stone, which was believed to be formed during
thunder; and  to be possessed of the  power of
inducing sleep, and numerous other prophylactic
virtues.  It was rubbed on the knee, breast,
&c in swellings of those parts.
  CERBERUS TRICEPS, Pulvis  cornachini.
  CERCA'RIA.  A genus of agastric, infusory
animalcules, one of the most curious of which
inhabits the tartar of the teeth.  The sperma-
tozoa are presumed by some to belong to this
genus.
  CERCHNASMUS, Cerchnus.
  CERCHNOMA,  Cerchnus.
  CERCHNUS,  Cerchnas'mus,  Cerchnum,
Cerchno'ma, from xt^xve®, 'I render hoarse.'
A  rough voice  produced by hoarseness.  See
Rattle.
  CER'CIS, xtox/f.  A sort of  pestle for re-
ducing substances to powder.  Also, the radius
or small bone of the arm. See Pilum, and Radius.
  CERCLE,  Circulus — c. de  la  Choro'ide,
Ciliary ligament—c. Ciliaire, Ciliary ligament.
  CERCO'SIS, from x.txqog, 'a tail.'  Men'tula
mulie'bris,  the Clitoris.  Some authors have
employed the word synonymously with nym-
phomania and elongation of the clitoris; and
with Polypus  Uteri, the Sarco'ma  Cerco'sis of
Sauvages.
  Cercosis Externa, Clitorism.
  CEREA, Cerumen.
  CEREA'LIA, from Ceres, 'goddess of corn.'
(F.) Cere'ales (P/autes.)   The cerealia are gra-
mineous plants, the seed of which serve for the
nourishment of man:—as wheat, barley, rye,
&c.  At times, the same term is applied to
some of the leguminous plants.
  CEREBARIA, Carebaria.
  CEREBEL'LA URI'NA.  Urine of a whitish
appearance, of the  colour of  the brain, from
which Paracelsus thought he could distinguish
diseases of that organ.
  CEREBELLI'TIS, badly formed from cere-
bellum, and itis, denoting inflammation.  Paren-
cephali'tis,Inflamma'tio cerebelli. Inflammation
of the cerebellum: a variety of phrenitis or en-
cephalitis.
  CEREBEL'LOUS, Cerebello'sus, from cere-
bellum, 'the little  brain.'   (F.) Ceribelleux.
Chaussieur has given this epithet to the vessels
of the cerebellum. These are three in number;
two of which are inferior: the larger, inferior
cerebelli, which arises from the posterior cere-
bral or vertebral;  and the smaller, whose ex-
istence is not  constant, from the meso-cephalic
or basilary :—the third, called, A.  ciribelleuse
supirieure  (superior cerebelli,) is also a branch
of the basilary.
  Cereeel'lous  Ap'oplexy, Apoplex'ia cere-
bello'sa: apoplexy of the cerebellum.
  CEREBEL'LUM, diminutive of Cerebrum;
C. parvum, Appen'dix ad cer'ebrum, Cer'ebrum
poste'rius,  Encra'nion, Encra'nis, Epencra'nis,
Parenceph!'alis, Parenceph'alus, Encephal'ium,
Enceph'alns opis'thius, Micrencepha'liuih,, Mi-
crencepli alum, Little brain,  (F.) Cervelet.  A 
CEREBRAL
170
CEREFOLIUM
portion of the medullary mass, contained in the
cavity of the cranium.   It fills the lower occi-
pital fossae below the tentorium, and  embraces
the  tuber  annulare  and medulla.  It is  com-
posed, like the brain, of vesicular and medullary
substance, arranged  in laminae, as it were; so
that, when a section is made of it, it has an ar-
borescent appearance, called Arbor vitx.   The
cerebellum is divided into two lobes or hemi-
spheres or lateral masses, and each lobe is again
subdivided into Montic'uli or Lobules.  In the
cerebellum are to  be observed the Crura cere-
belli, the fourth ventricle, the valvula magna
cerebri, the processus vermiculares, superior and
inferior, &c
  CER'EBRAL, Cerebra'iis,  (F.)  Ciribral,
from cerebrum, ' the brain.'   Belonging to the
brain, and similar  to brain.
  Cerebral Apophysis, Pineal gland.
  Cerebral Ar'teries are three on each side :
—the anterior or artery of the corpus callosum,
and  the middle, arte'ria Sylvia'na,  are  fur-
nished by the internal carotid:—the posterior
or posterior and inferior artery of the brain, A.
profunda cerebri,  arises  from the vertebral.
Chaussier calls these arteries lobaires, because
they correspond with the anterior,  middle, and
posterior  lobes, whilst  he  calls the trunks,
whence they originate, cerebral.
  Cerebral Nerves  are those  which  arise
within  the cranium,  all of which,  perhaps,
with the  exception of the olfactory, originate
from the medulla oblongata.   See  Nerves.
  In Pathology, an affection is called cerebral,
which  specially occupies the brain.   Fievre
ciribrale, Cerebral fever, is a variety in which
the head is much affected.
  CEREBRIFORM, Encephaloid.
  CEREBRO-MALACIA, Mollities cerebri.
  CEREBRO - SPINAL, Cephalo-spinal — c
Axis, see Encephalon.
  CEREBRO-SPINANTS, Narcotics.
  CER'EBRUM or CERE'BRUM. The brain.
(F.) Cerveau, Cervelle.   This term is  some-
times applied to the whole of the contents of
the cranium: at others to the upper portion;—
the posterior and inferior being called cerebel-
lum.   The brain,  properly so called, extends
from the os frontis to the superior occipital fos-
sae.  Anteriorly, it rests on the orbitar vaults :
behind this, on the middle  fossae of the base of
the cranium; and, posteriorly, on the tentori-
um cerebello super-extensum.  The upper surface
is divided by a deep median cleft (Scissure in-
terlobaire,—Ch.) into two halves,  called hemi-
spheres, which are united at the base by the
corpus callosum.   At its surface are numerous
convolutions.  The inferior surface  exhibits,
from before to behind, three lobes, distinguished
into anterior, middle, and posterior.  The mid-
dle is separated from the anterior by the fissure
of Sylvius ;  and from the posterior, by a shal-
low  furrow  which corresponds to the  upper
portion of the pars petrosa.  Internally, the
brain has, on the median line, the  corpus callo-
sum, septum lucidum, fornix, pineal gland, and
third ventricle:—and laterally, the lateral ven-
tricles, in which are  the corpora  striata,  optic
thalami, &c.  It is contained in a triple enve-
lope, (see Meninges.)   Its  texture is pulpy,
and varies according to age.  Two substances
may be distinguished in it—the white, medulla-
ry or fibrous—medulla cer'ehi, and the cortical,
cineritious, vesicular, or gray.  The former is
white;  and occupies all the interior  and base
of the brain.  The latter is grayish and softer.
It is  situate particularly at the surface of the
organ.
  The brain receives several arterial  vessels,
furnished by the internal carotid and vertebral.
Its veins end in the sinuses.   It is the material
organ of the mental and moral  manifestations.
According to Gall, each part is  the special seat
of one of those faculties, and the brain and cere-
bellum, inclusive, are called by him " the ner-
vous  system of  the mental faculties."   The
following table, from Haller and Cuvier, exhi-
bits the proportion between the  mass of the
brain and that of the body in man and in ani-
mals.
A child of six years (Haller)  )         . ,„
    lb. 2, oz. 3 1-2.           >
Adult (Haller)......................1-35
    (From lb. 2, 3 oz. to  lb. 3, 3 3-4 oz.
             Soemmering.)
Gibbon  (Simla).......................I-4H
Sapajou..................from 1-41  to 1-22
Ape.....................from 1-48 to 1-24
Baboon...................from 1-104 to 1-86"
Lemur.....................from 1-84 to 1-61
Bat (Vespertilio JYoctula)............  .1-96
Mole................................1-36
Bear.................................1-205
Hedgehog............................1-168
Fox.................................1-205
Wolf................................1-230
Beaver...............................1-290
Hare................................1-228
Rabbit.........................1 -140 to I -152
Rat.................................1-76
Mouse................................1-43
Wild Boar............................1-672
Domeslic, do...................1-512 to 1-412
Elephant (7 to lb. 10)..................1-500
Stag.............-...................1-290
Roebuck (young)......................1-94
Sheep.......................  1-351 to 1-192
Ox..........................1-750 to 1-860
Calf.................................1-219
Horse........................1-700 to 1-400
Ass...........  .....................1-154
Dolphin...............1-25, 1-36,  1-60, 1-102
Eagle................................1-260
Goose...............................1-360
Cock................................1-25
Canary-bird...........................1-14
Humming-bird........................1-11
Turtle...............................1-566H
Tortoise..............................1-2240
Frog..................... ...........1-172
Shark.................................1-24!*;
Pike.................................1-1305
Carp................................1-560
  The substance of the nervous   system has
been analyzed by Vauquelin, and found to con-
tain water bO.OO ;  white fatty matter 4.53; red
fatty  matter, called cerebrine, 0.70; osmazome,
1.12; albumen, 7.00;  phosphorus, 1.50; sul-
phur, acid  phosphates of potassa, lime, and
magnesia, 5.15.
  Cerebrum  Abdominale,  Solar plexus—c.
Elongatum,  Medulla oblongata—c.  Parvum,
Cerebellum—c. Posterius, Cerebellum.
  CEREFOLIUM,  Scandix  cerefolium—c
Hispanicum, Chaerophyllum odoratum—c. Syl-
vestre, Chaerophyllum sylvestre. 
               CEREL^EUM

  CERELjEUM, Cerate.
  CEREOLUS, Bougie.
  CERERISIA, Cerevisia.
  CEREUM MEDICATUM, Bougie.
  CEREUS, Bougie.
  CEREVIS'IA,  quasi  Cereris'ia,  Cervis'ia,
Ce'lia, Zythus, Zythum, Liquor Cer'eris, Vinum
hordea'ceum, Bira,  Bryton,  Pqvroy,  Barley
wine, from  Ceres, 'corn;' whence it is  made.
Ale (Alia,) Beer, Porter, (F.) Biere, Cervoise.
These fluids are  drunk by the inhabitants of
many countries, habitually, and in Great Bri-
tain more than in others.  They are nourishing,
but not very easy of digestion.  The old dis-
pensatories  contain numerous  medicated ales,
which are no longer in use.
   CERFEUIL, Scandix cerefolium—c. Mus-
qui,  Chaerophyllum odoratum — c.  Sauvage,
Chaerophyllum sylvestre.
   CERION, Favus, Porrigo favosa.
   CkRISIER, Prunus cerasus—c. a Grappes,
Prunus padus—c. de Virginie, Prunus  Virgin-
iana.
   CERNIN, SAINT, WATERS OF.   St. C.
 is a parish  in the diocess of St. Flour, Upper
Auvergne, France.   The water is a chalybeate.
It is called Eau du Cambon.
   CERNOS, Capistrum.
   CEROE'NE, Cerou'ne, or Ciroue'nl,  Cero'e'-
num, from  x^oc,'wax,' and oivoc, 'wine.'  A
plaster composed of yellow wax, mutton suet,
pitch, Burgundy pitch,  Bole Armeniac, Thus
and wine.  It was used as  a strengthening
plaster.   Sometimes, it contained neither wax
nor wine.
   CEROMA, Cerate.
   CEROMANTI'A, from  x»;goc,  'wax,' and
w*VT«a,  'divination.'  The art of foretelling
the future, from the figures which melted wax
assumes, when suffered to drop on the surface
 of water.
   CERONIUM, Cerate.
   CEROPIS'SUS,from x?^°?, 'wax,' andma<ra,
 'pitch.'  A  depilatory  plaster,  composed of
 pitch and wax.
   CEROS, Cera.
   CEROSTROSIS, Hystriciasis.
   CEROTUM, Cerate.
   CEROXYLON, see Cera flava et alba.
   CERUA, Ricinis communis.
   CERU'MEN,fromcera,'wax.' Ceru'menAu'-
 rium, Ce' rea,Aurium Sordes,Sordic'ulx au'rium,
 Marmora'ta  Au'rium,  Cypsell,  Ceru'minous
 Humor, Cyp'selis, Fu'gill,(F.)Cire des Oreilles.
 A name given to the unctuous humour, similar
 to wax in its  physical properties, which is met
 with in  the meatus auditorius externus.  It is
 secreted by follicles, situate beneath the mem-
 brane lining  the meatus.  It  lubricates  the
 meatus, preserves the suppleness of the lining
 membrane, prevents the introduction of bodies
 floating in the atmosphere, and by its bitterness
 and  unctuousness prevents insects from pene-
 trating.
   CERU'MINOUS, Cerumino'sus, (F.) Ceru-
 mineux.  Relating to cerumen.
    Ceruminous Glands, Ceru'minous Follicles,
 (F.) Glandes ctrumineuses ou Follicules ceru-
 mineuses.  Glands or follicles, which  secrete
 the cerumen.
   CERUSSA ACETATA, Plumbi superacetas
 —c Alba Hispanica, Plumbi subcarbonas—c.
 Alba Norica, Plumbi subcarbonas—c. Psymmi-
171                 CERVIX

  thron, Plumbi subcarbonas—c Serpentaria, se«
  Arum maculatum.
    CERUSSE, Plumbi subcarbonas.
    CERUS'SEA URI'NA.  Terms used by Pa-
  racelsus for the urine, when of a colour like
  cerusse.
    CERVARIA ALBA, Laserpitium latifolium.
    CERVEAU, Cerebrum.
    CERVELET, Cerebellum.
    CERVELLE, Cerebrum.
    CERVI ELAPHI CORNU, Cornu cervi, see
   Cervus.
    CERVICAL, Cervica'lis, from cervix, 'the
   back of the neck.'   Trache'lian.  Every thing
   which concerns the neck, especially the back part
    Cervical  Ar'teries are three in number:
   1. The ascending, anterior,  or superficial, a
   branch of the inferior thyroid, distributed to
   the scaleni muscles and integuments.  2. The
   transverse ( Cervico-scapulaire—(Ch.,) a branch
   of the axillary artery, or of the subclavian: dis-
   tributed to the levator scapula, trapezius, &C.
   3. The posterior or profound, A. transversa'lis
   colli Trachilo-cervicale—Ch.) a branch of the
   subclavian, distributed to the deep-seated mus-
   cles on the anterior and  posterior parts of the
   neck.  See, also, Princeps Cervicis (arteria.)
     Cervical Gan'glions.   The three ganglions
   of the great sympathetic.  The cervical glands
   or lymphatic glands of the neck are, also, so
   called.
    Cervical  Lig'aments.  These are two in
   number.  1.  The anterior, extending from the
   basilary process  of the  occipital bone  to the
   anterior part of the first cervical vertebra.  2.
   The posterior ox supraspinous,  Ligamen'tum
   Nu'cha, which extends from the outer occipital
   protuberance  to  the spinous  process  of the
   seventh cervical  vertebra.   In animals with
   large heads it is very strong.
     Cervical  Nerves are eight in number, on
   each side; and form the eight cervical pairs,
   which  are the first given  off from the spinal
   marrow.
     Cervical  Plexus, Plexus Trachilo-souseu-
   tani (Ch.)   The nervous net-work, formed by
   the  anterior branches of the first three cervical
   nerves, above  the posterior  scalenus  muscle,
   and at the outer side of the pneumogastric nerve,
   carotid artery, and jugular vein.
     Cervical  Region, Anterior, Deep, Pre-
   vertebral region.   The region of the neck, oc-
   cupied by three pairs of  muscles placed imme-
   diately in front of the cervical and three supe-
   rior dorsal vertebrae—viz.: the rectus  capitis
   anticus major, the rectus capitis anticus minor,
   and  longus colli;—hence  termed prevertebral
   muscles.
     Cervical Veins have  nearly the same distri-
   bution as the arteries.
     Cervical Ver'tebr:e.  The first  seven ver-
   tebrae of the  spine.
     CERVICALIS DESCENDENS, see Sacro-
   lumbalis.
     CERVICARIA, Campanula trachelium.
     CERVICI-DORSO-SCAPULAIRE,Rhom-
   boideus—c.  Dorso-costal, Serratus posticus su-
   perior—c. Dorso-masto'idien et dorso-trachilitn,
   Splenius—c. Masto'idien, Splenius.
     CERVISIA, Cerevisia.
     CERVISPINA, Rhamnus.
     CERVIX, Collum, (q.  v.)   The neck.  A
   neck. 
CERVOISE               17
  Cervix Obstipa, Torticollis?—c Uteri, Col-
lum uteri.
  CERVOISE, Cerevisia.
  CERVUS, Cerva.   The horn of the Cervus
El'aphus, called Cornu, Cervi Elaphi Cornu,
Cornu Cervlnum, Hartshorn, (F.) Come de
cerf, contains 27 parts of gelatin in the 100.  A
jelly made from the shavings is emollient and
nutritive.
  The Stag's Pizzle, Pria'pus Cervi,was once-
considered to be aphrodisiac.  Dose, gj to gj
in powder.
  Cervus Al'ces.  The Elk, (F.) Elan.  The
lioof of this animal was anciently used as an
anti-epileptic   The  animal,  it was  asserted,
was subject to attacks of epilepsy, and always
cured them by putting  its  hoof into the ear.
The hoof was also worn as an amulet.
  Cornu  Ustum, Burnt Hartshorn, has  been
used as an antacid, but it consists of 57 parts of
phosphate, and only one of carbonate of lime. It
is, therefore, not of much use.
  CESARIENNE OPERATION, Caesarean
section.
  CESSATIO MENSIUM, Amenorrhoea.
  CESTRITES.  A wine  prepared from be-
tony,  (kio-t^ov, 'betony.')
  CESTRON, Betonica officinalis.
  CETA'CEUM,fromx»;tos, 'awhale.'  Album
Ceti, Adipoce'ra celo'sa, Spermaceti, (F.) Blanc
de Baleine, Citine, Adipocire de Baleine.  An
inodorous, insipid,  white, crystallized, friable,
unctuous substance, obtained from the brain of
the Physe'ter   Macroreph'alus  or Spermaceti
Whale,  and other  varieties  of whale.   S. g.
.9433: melts  at 112J.   It  is demulcent  and
emollient, and has been given in coughs and
dysentery, but  is  mostly used in ointments.
Dose, .^ss to j^iss rubbed up with sugar or egg.
  CETERACH OFFICINARUM, Asplenium
ceterach.
  CtiTINE, Cetaceum.
  CETRARIA  ISLANDICA, Lichen islandi-
i^US.
  CETRARIN, see Lichen islandicus.
  CEVADILLA HISPANORUM, Veratrum
sabadilla.
  CEVADILLE,  Veratrum sabadilla.
  CHAA, Thea.
  CH.EREFOLIUM, Scandix cerefolium.
  CH^EROPHYL'LUM, from xaiqw, 'I  re-
joice,' and ipvXXov, ' a leaf.'
  Chjerophyl'lum Odora'tum, Scandix  Odo-
ra'ta, Myrrhis Odora'ta, Cerefo'lium Hispan'-
ieum, Sweet Cic"ely, (F.) Cerfeuil musquee ou
d'Espagne, has the smell of aniseed, and is cul-
tivated on account of its aromatic properties.
  Ch;eropiiyl'lum  Sylves'tre,  Cicuta'ria,
Charophyllum Tem'ulum, Cerefo'lium Sylves'-
tr&~, Bastard Hemlock,  Wild  Chervil or Cow-
laeed, (F.) Cerfeuil  sauvage,  Persil d'Ane, is
a slightly fetid aromatic; but is not used.
  Charophyllum  Temulum, Chaerophyllum
sylvestre.
 ' CH^ETE, Capillus.
  CHAFING, Erythe'ma Intertrigo, Intertri-
go, Paratrim'ma,  Paratrips'is,  Diatrim'ma,
Attri'ta, Attrit'io, from ichauffer, 'to heat.'
Fret, erosions of the skin. Attri'tns,(F .)kchauf-
femens, keorchures.  The red excoriations which
occur in consequence of the friction of parts, or
between the folds of the skin, especially in fat or
neglected children.  Washing with cold water
2            CHAMiEMELUM

and dusting with hair powder is the'best preven-
tive.  When occurring between the nates and'in
the region of the perinaeUm, from long walking,
Intertrigo pod'icis; Proctalgia intertrigino'sa,
it is vulgarly designated by the French Enm-
fesson.
   CHAIR, Flesh.
   CHAISE PERCkE, Lasanum.
   CHALASIS, Relaxation.
   CHALASMUS, Relaxation.
   CHALASTICUS, from x^Xam,' I relax.' A
medicine proper for removing" rigidity of the
fibres.—Galen. An emollient or relaxant, (q. v.)
   CHAL'AZA, Chala'zion, Chala'zium, Cha-
lazo'sis, Poro'sis,  Grando, Hail, (F.)  Grile,
Gravelle.  Certain hard, round, transparent tu-
mours, developed in different parts of the body,
more  especially in the substance of the eyelids.
Also, the Cicatricula, (q. v.)
   CHALCANTHUM, Ferri  sulphas-^-c. Al-
bum,  Zinci sulphas.
   CHALCEDONIUS, Cornelian.
   CHALCITES, Colcothar.
   CHALCOIDEUM, (os) Cuneiform bone.
   CHALCOS, Cuprum, .Ereolum.
   CHALEUR, Heat—c.  Acre,  see Acrid—c.
Animate, Animal heat—c. des  Animaux, Heat.
   CHALEURS DUFOIE, Heat.
   CHAL'INOPLASTY, Chalinoplas'ticl; from
XaXncc, 'fraenum,' 'a bridle,' and  nXarww, 'I
form.' The operation for forming a new fraenum.
   CHALK, Creta—c Red, Rubrica febrilis—
c. Stones, Calculi, arthritic.
   CH. AliYWEATE,Chalybea'tus,Ferrugin'eus,
Ferrngino'sus, Ferra'tus, Martia'lis, Ferru'gi-
nous, Mar'tial, (F.) Ferrugineux;fxom chalybs,
' iron or steel.'  Of, or belonging to iron, con-
taining  iron.  Any medicine,  into  which iron
enters,  as chalybeate mixture, pills, waters, &c.
See Waters, Mineral.
   CHALYBIS RUBIGO, Ferri  subcarbonas.
   CHALYBS, from Chalybes; a people of Pon-
tus, who dug iron out of the earth; A'cies, Steel.
The Proto-carburet of iron, (F.) Acier.   As a
medicine, steel does not differ  from iron.
   Chalybs Tartarizatus, Ferrum tartariza-
tum.
   CHAMA, Cheme.
   CHAMyEACTE, Sambucus ebuliis.
   CHAM^EBATOS, Fragaria.
   CHAMyECEDRIS, Artemisia santonica.
   CHAM^ECISSUS, Glecoma hederacea.
   CHAM.ECLEMA, Glecoma hederacea.
   CHAM,EOYPARISSUS,Artemisiasantonica.
   CHAM^EDROPS, Teucrium  chamaedrys>.
   CHAMiEDRYI'TES.  A wine, in which the
 Teu'crium  Chamadrys has been infused.
   CHAMiEDRYS, Teucrium Ch., Veronica—
c. Incana maritima, Teucrium marum—c. Mi-
nor repens, Teucrium Ch.—c Palustris, Teu-
crium scordium—c. Vulgaris,  Teucrium Ch.
   CHAM.EGEIRON, Tussilago.
   CHAM^L^AGNUS, Myrica gale.
   CHAM^ELAI'TES.   A  wine  impregnated
with  Chamalea, Daphnl Alpi'na.
   CHAM^ELEA, Cneorum tricoccum.
   CHAMELEON ALBUM, Carlina acaulis.
   CHAM.ELEUCE, Tussilago.
   CHAM^ELINUM, Linum catharticum.
   CHAMyEMELUM,  Anthemis  nobilis—c.
Foetidum, Anthemis cotula—c Nobile, Anthe-
mis nobilis—c Odoratum, Anthemis nobilis—
c. Vulgare, Matricaria chamomilla. 
73                CHASSE
            CHAMiEMORUM           17

  CHAMiEMORUM, Teucrium chamaepitys,
Rubus chamaemorus.
  CHAM.EPEUCE,  Camphorosma  Monspe-
liaca.
  -CHAM^EPITUITVUM VINUM.   A wine,
in which the leaves of the Ckama'pitys,  Teu'-
crium Ckama'pitys, have been infused.
  CHAMAEPITYS,  Teucrium chamaepitys—
c. Anthyllus, Teucrium iva—c Moschata, Teu-
crium iva.
  CHAMjEPLION, Erysimum.
  CHAMBER APH'ANUM, from Xanai,  'on
the ground,' and qayavog, 'the radish.' So Pau-
lus of .Egina calls the upper part of the root of
the Apium.
  CHAM^E'ROPS SERRAT'ULA, Saw Pal-
metto.   A farina is prepared from the roots of
this plant, which is used by the Indians, in Flo-
rida, as  diet.
  CHAMBAR, Magnesia.
  CHAMBER, Cam'era, (F.) Chambre.  This
term is  used in speaking of the eye, in which
there are two  chambers, Cam'c/x oc'uli:—an
anterior and a posterior; (F.) Chambre anti-
rieur.e et postirieure.  The anterior is  the space
between the cornea and the anterior part of the
iris:—the posterior, the space between the iris
and anterior surface of the crystalline.  They
are filled with the aqueous humour, and com-
municate by the opening in the pupil.
  CHAMBERLAIN'S RESTOR'ATIVE
PILLS.  This nostrum, recommended in scro-
fula, and all impurities of the blood,  has been
analyzed by Dr. Paris, and found to consist of
cinnabar, sulphur, sulphate of lime, and a little
vegetable matter.  Each pill weighs 3 grains.
  CHAMBRE, Chamber.
  CHAMBRIE, Cannabis sativa.
  CHAMELEA, Daphne Alpina.
  CHAMOMILE, DOGS', Matricaria chamo-
milla—c Dyers', Anthemis tinctoria—c. Ger-
man, Matricaria chamomilla—c. Spanish, An-
themis  pyrethrum—c Stinking, Anthemis co-
tula—c Wild, Anthemis cotula.
  CHAMOMILLA NOSTRAS, Matricaria
chamomilla—c Romana, Anthemis nobilis—c.
Spuria,  Anthemis cotula.
  CHAMPACA, Michelia champaca.
  CHAMPIGNON, Fungus—c. de I'Appareil
des Fractures,  Clavaria—c. de Couche, see Aga-
ric—r. de Matte, Cynomorion coccineum.
  CHANCE LAGUA, Canchalagua.
  CHANCRE, (F.) UUus camro'sum, Ulcus'-
culum cancro'sum. A sore, which arises from
the direct application of the  venereal  virus;
hence it is almost always  seated, in men, on
the penis.   The French use the word Chancre,
in popular language,  for cancerous ulcers, the
malignant aphthae of children, &c.  Formerly,
the terms Caroli and Ca'ries pudendo'rumwexe
used for venereal pustules or sores on  the parts
of generation.
  CHANCREUX, Chancreuse, (F.) Cancro'-
sus, Carcino'des.  Having the nature of chancre,
or of cancer.
  Bout on  Chancreux.  A  small tumour  of a
cancerous nature, which makes its appearance
on the face—most frequently on the upper lip—
Noli me tangere.
  CHANT DES ARTERES  Sifjlement mo-
duli.
   CHANVRE,  Cannabis  sativa—c. Indien,
Bangue.
  CHAOMANTI'A.  The  alchymists meant,
by this word, the  art of predicting the future
from observation of the air.  The word Chaos
was used by Paracelsus for  the air; (puvTtca.
' divination.')
  CHAOSDA, Plague.
  CHAPERON DE MOINE, Aconitum na-
pellus.
  CHAPPETONADE, (F.) Vom'itus rabio'-
sus.   Vomiting accompanied by furious deli-
rium, attacking strangers in hot countries.
  CHAR'ACTER, /j^^W) 'A  mark or im-
pression.'  (F.) Carwtere.  In Pathology it is
used synonymously with stamp or appearance.
We say," A disease is of an unfavorable cha-
racter,"  " The prevailing epidemic has a bi-
lious character,"  &c  In Mental Philosophy
it  means—that which distinguishes one indi-
vidual from another, as regards his understand-
ing and passions.
  CHARA'DRIUS.  .Elian thus calls a bird,
which was reputed to cure jaundice. The word
now  means the plover.
  CHARANTIA, Momordica elaterium.
  CHAR BON, Anthrax carbo.
  CHARBONNEUX, Anthracoid.
  CHARCOAL,  Carbo—c  Animal,  Carbo
animalis.
  CHARDON  AUX  JNES,   Onopordium
acanthium—c. B'enit, Centaurea benedicta—c.
a  Bonnetier,  Dipsacus  fullonum—c. ktoili,
Centaurea  calcitrapa—c. a  Foulon, Dipsacus
fullonum—c. Hemorrhoidal, Cirsium arvense—
c. Marie, Carduus Marianus—c. Roland, Eryn-
gium  campestre.
  CHARLATAN, from Ital. ciarlare,'to talk
much;'  Circula'tor, Circumfora'neus, Perio-
deu'tes, Pseudomed'icus,  Agyr'ta, Anacyc'.leon,
A Quark, an Empirical Pretender, an Emp'iric.
Originally, one who went from place to place to
sell any medicine, to which he attributed mar-
vellous properties.  By extension—any indivi-
dual, who endeavors to deceive the public  by
passing himself off as more skilful  than he re-
ally   is.   According  to  Menage, the word
comes from circulatanus, a corruption of circu-
lator.
  CHARLATANRY,  Agyr'tia,  Banau'sia,
the conduct or action of  a charlatan.  (F.)
Charlatanerie, Ckarlatanisme, Quackery, Em-
piricism.
  CHARLOCK, Sinapis arvensis.
  CHARM, Lat.  Carmen, whence comes the
Italian, Ciarma, (F.) Charme,  with the same
signification. Canta!tio,lneantamen!turn. Trick.
A sort of magic, or superstitious practice, by
which it was believed, that individuals might
be struck with sickness or death, or be restored
to health.
  CHARNIERE, Ginglymus.
  CHARNU, Carneous.
  CHARPIE, Linteum—c. Brute,  see Linteum
—c. Rapie, see Linteum.
  CHARTA VIRGINEA, Amnios.
  CHARTRE, Tabes mesenterica.
  CHAS (F.) Acus fora'men.   The  eye of a
needle.  Sometimes,  this opening is  near the
point  of the instrument,  as in  the  ligature
needle.
  CHASME, Yawning.
  CHASPE, Variola.
  CHASSE  (F.) Manubrium.  A  kind  of
handle composed  of two moveable laminae  of 
                CHASSIE                1"

horn, shell, or ivory, united only at the extre-
mity, which holds the blade of the  instrument,
—as in the common bleeding lancet.
  CHASSIE  (F.),  Lema,  Lippa, Glama,
Gleml, Gra'mia, Lemos'itas ;  the  gum of the
eye.   A sebaceous humour, secreted mainly by
the follicles  of Meibomius, which  sometimes
glues the eyelids  together.
  CHASS1EUX (F.)  Lippus ;  covered with
Chassie—as Paupie'res chassieuses.
  CHASTE TREE,  Vitex.
  CHATAlGNE, see Fagus castanea—c.
d'Eau, Trapa natans.
  CHATAlGNIER  COMMUN,  Fagus cas-
tanea— c. Nain, Fagus castanea pumila.
  CHATEAU-LANDON, WATERS OF.   A
town three leagues from Nemours, in France.
The  waters contain alum and iron.
  CHATE AU-SALINS ; a town in the depart-
ment of La-Meurthe, France.  The waters
contain carbonate of lime, sulphates of lime and
magnesia, and chlorides of magnesium and so-
dium.
  CHATELDON, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Chateldon  is  in the department  of Puy-de-
Dome, France.  The waters contain carbonic
acid  and iron.
  CHATEL-GUYON,  MINERAL WATERS
OF.   A village in  France, in  the  department
Puy-de-Dome, near which there are five ther-
mal and acidulous springs.  Temperature,  86°
Fahrenheit.
  CHATON (F.), 'a husk.'   In pathology, it
means afunda or cavity formed by the irregu-
lar or hour-glass contraction of the uterus, in
which the placenta is often retained  or encha-
tonni after the birth of the child.   It is detect-
ed by passing the fingers  along the cord as far
as the part which is contracted, when the pla-
centa will not be discoverable.
  The treatment consists in relaxing by a large
dose  of  an  opiate,  then  passing  the fingers
along the cord, and gradually dilating the open-
ing through  which it passes, until it permits
the hand  to  go through.   The placenta  must
then  be grasped and gently withdrawn.
  CHATON, Vaginal process.
  CHATONNE, CALCUL, (F.) Calculus in-
carcera'tus,  Encys'ted Calculus,  Calcid  en-
kysti.  A urinary calculus, adherent to the in-
ner surface of the bladder, so that it is immov-
able, and cannot  pass to the different parts of
that  organ.  This happens when calculi form
in some  natural  or  accidental cavity of  the
bladder;  or when  the organ, by  ulceration,
gives rise to fungi,  which surround the calcu-
lus ;  or when it is lodged in the orifice of  the
ureter or urethra.
  CHATONNk, PLACENTA,  (F.)   The
placenta  when retained  as  above  described.
See  Chaton.
  CHATONNEMENT,  (F.)  Incarcera'tio,
Chatonnement du  placenta,  Enkystement.—
Hour-glass  contraction  of the uterus.    See
Chaton.
  CHATOUILLEMENT,  (F.)   This  word
sometimes means the action of tickling or titil-
lation (Titilla'tio,) and, at others, the sensation
which gives rise to the action (Pruritus,) Itch-
ing.
  CHATRk, Castratus.
  CHATRURE, Castration.
  CHAUDEBOURG, MINERAL  WATERS
U          CHEILOPLASTICE

 OF.  C. is three quarters of a league from Thi-
 onville in France.  The waters  contain  iron,
 sulphate of lime, sulphate of magnesia, and car-
 bonate of lime.
   CHAUDEPISSE,  Gonorrhoea impura—c.
 Cordee, Gonorrhoea cordata—c. tombie dans les
 Bourses, Hernia humoralis.
   CHAUDES-AIGUES, MINERAL  WA-
 TERS OF.  A small town in the department
 of Cantal, France, where there is a number  of
 saline springs containing carbonic acid, carbo-
 nate of soda, and chloride  of  sodium.  Temp.
 190° Fahrenheit.
   CHAUFFOIR (F.) Linteum Calefacto'rium.
 According to the Acadimie, a warmed cloth,
 used either for the purpose of warming a pa-
 tient, or to apply to a female recently delivered.
   CHAUSSE,  (F.)  Chausse  d'Hippo crate,
 Manche d'Hippocrate,  Man'ica  Hippoc'ratis,
 Man'ica, Hippocrates' Sleeve.   A conical  bag,
 made of flannel, for straining liquids.
   CHAUSSE-TRAPPE,Centauxea calcitrapa.
   CHAUVETk, Calvities.
   CHA UX, Calx—c. Bichlorure de, Calcis chlo-
 ridum—c. Chlorure de, Calcis chloridum—c.
 Hydrochlorate de, Calcis murias—c.  Hydrosul-
 fate de, Calcis sulphuretum—c. Muriate de,
 Calcis  murias—c. Muriate oxigini  de, Calcis
 chloridum — c. Muriate suroxigini  de, Calcis
 chloridum—c. Oxichlorure de,  Calcis chloridum
 —c. Oximuriate de, Calcis chloridum—c. Vive,
 Calx viva.
   CHECKER-BERRY, Arbutus  uva ursi.
   CHEEK, Gena.
   CHEESE, Sax. cere, (L.)  Ca'seus,  Tyros,
 Pectl,  (F.) Fromage.   An aliment, prepared
 from the caseous  and oleaginous parts of milk.
 Fresh cheeses owe their chief medical properties
 to the immediate principle, essentially cheesy,
 to which the name ca'seum or ca'sein has  been
 applied.   Those, which  have been recently
 salted, are digested with comparative facility.
 The flavour of cheese is owing to an ammonia-
 cal caseate.  On the whole, cheese itself is not
 easy of digestion, although it may stimulate the
 stomach to greater exertion, and thus aid in the
 digestion of other substances.
   CHEESE RENNET, Galium verum.
   CHEE'SY, Casea'rius, Caseo'sus, Tyro'des,
 (F.) Caseux ou Casieux.  Having the nature of
 cheese.
   CHEF, Bandage (tail.)
   CHEILITIS, Chili'tis,fxomx*<log, 'a lip.'
 Inflammation of the lip. See  Chilon.
   CHEILOC'ACE, from /kxo?, 'a lip,' and
 x-axog, 'evil.'  Labrisul'cium.   A disease, cha-
 racterized, it is said, by  swelling, induration,
 and slight redness of the lips without inflam-
 mation ; reputed, but without  any authority, to
 be common in England and Scotland, amongst
 children.  Also, the thickness of  the upper lip
 of scrofulous children.   See  Stomacace, anil
 Cancer aquaticus.
   CHEILOCARCINO'MA, from *«*«, <a lip,'
 and xȤx<i'o>,ua, ' cancer.'  Cancer of the lip.
   CHEILOMALACIA, Cancer aquaticus, Sto-
 macace.
   CHEILON, Chilon.
   CHEILON'CUS, Cheilophy'ma, from xt,x°S>
 ' lip,' and oyxog,' swelling.'  A swelling of the
 lip.
   CHEILOPHYMA, Cheiloncus.
   CHEILOPLASTICE,  Chiloplas'tid,  from 
CHEILOS
175
CHENOCOPRUS
X*iXqc,  'lip,' and n\xo-nxog, 'forming.'  The
operation for an artificial lip.
  CHEILOS, Lip.
  CHEIMA, Cold.
  CHEIMETLON, Chilblain.
  CHEIMIA, Rigor.
  CHEIR, Manus.
  CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI, from %uq, ' the
hand,'  and xvbog,  ' flower.'   The  systematic
name of the Common Yellow Wall Flower, Vi-
ola lu'tea, Lenco'ium lu'teum, Keyri, Cheiri, (F.)
Geroftee ou Violier jaune.  The  flowers have
been esteemed nervine,  narcotic,  and  deob-
struent.
  CHEIRAP'SIA.  The  action of rubbing or
scratching, from /i»g,' the hand,' and arrxw, ' I
touch.'   A troublesome symptom in the itch.
  CHEIRIATER, Surgeon.
  CHEIRIS'MA,  Cheiris'mus.  The act  of
touching:—handling.  Any manual operation.
   CHEIRIXIS, Surgery.
   CHEIRONOM'IA, Chironom'ia, from  ^fioo-
vofieu, 'I exercise with the hands.'  An exer-
cise, referred  to by Hippocrates, which con-
sisted  in using the hands, as in our exercise of
the dumb-bells.
   CHEIROPLETHES, Fasciculus.
   CHEIROSIS, Subactio.
   CHELA, Chell.  This word has several sig-
nifications.  Chela, a forked probe used for ex-
tracting  polypi from the nose.   Chelx—chaps,
or cracks on the feet, organs of generation, &c.
Chela  likewise means claws, especially those
of the crab.   See Cancrorum Chelae.
   Chelae Palpebrarum, see Tarsus.
   CHELAPA, Convolvulus jalapa.
   OHELE, Chela.
   CHkLIDOINE GRANDE, Chelidonium
majus—c. Petite, Ranunculus ficaria.
   CHELIDON, x^Sm, the hollow at the bend
of the arm.  Hirundo. (q. v.)
   CHELIDONIA  ROTUNDIFOLIA MINOR,
 Ranunculus ficaria.
   CHELIDONIUM, Bryonia alba.
   Chelidonium Majus, from ;^(X<oW, 'a swal-
 low,' because its flowering  coincides with the
 appearance of the swallow.  Papa'ver Comicu-
la'tum, P. lu'teum, Common  Celandine, Tetter-
 wort, (F.) Chilidoine grande, L'kclaire. Fa-
mily,  Papaveraceae.   Sex. Syst.   Polyandria
Monogynia.   The root  and recent  plant have
been considered aperient and diuretic.   Exter-
 nally,  the juice has been employed in  some cu-
 taneous diseases.
   Chelidonium Minus, Ranunculus ficaria.
   CHELIDO'NIUS LAPIS.  A name given to
 stones, which, it was pretended, existed in the
 stomach  of young swallows.  They were for-
 merly believed capable of curing epilepsy.
   OHELOID, Cancroid.
   CHELCNR, xsXmvn,  'a  tortoise.'  An  in-
 strument for  extending a limb; so called, be-
 cause  in its slow  motions, it resembled a tor-
 toise.—Oribasius.   See Testudo.
   Chelo'ne  Glabra,  Common  Snake head,
 Turtle head, Turtle bloom, Shellfiower.  An in-
 digenous plant, Sex. Syst.  Didynamia  angio-
 spermia; blossoming from July to November.
 The leaves are bitter and tonic;  without  any
 aromatic smell, and with very little astringency.
   CHELO'NIA MYDAS, The Green Turtle.
 This  species  of turtle abounds on the coast of
 Florida.  It is the one so prized by the epicure.
  CHELO'NION, Chelo'nium, from xelmVrl> ca
tortoise,' from its resembling in shape the shell
of that animal.  The upper, gibbous part of the
back.—Gorraeus.  The scapula.
  CHELONOPH'AGI, from  xiX™n, (the tor-
toise,' and (payw, ' I eat.'   An ancient name for
certain tribes, who dwelt  on the coasts of the
Red Sea, and who lived  only on  tortoises.—
Pliny, Diodorus of Sicily.
  CHEL'SEA PEN'SIONER.   An  empirical
remedy  for rheumatism  and gout, sold under
this name.  (Gum guaiac, jzj, powdered rhu-
barb J^ij, cream of tartar %j, flowers of sulphur
§j, one nutmeg, finely powdered: made into an
electuary  with  a  pound  of  clarified honey.)
Dose two spoonfuls.
  CHELTENHAM,  MINERAL   WATERS
OF.  C. is a town in Gloucestershire, England,
nine miles from Gloucester, and 94 W. of Lon-
don.  Its water is one of the most celebrated
natural  purgatives in England.   It is a saline,
acidulous  chalybeate, and is  much frequented.
Its main  constituents are chloride of sodium,
sulphate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, carbonic
acid and carbonate of iron.
  Cheltenham Salts.  These are sometimes
made from the waters; at others,  factitiously.
The following  is a formula. Sodii chlorid.,
magnes. sulphat., sodx sulph., aa Ibj : dissolve,
filter, evaporate to dryness; then add Ferri
sulph., §ss.
  Cheltenham Water, Artificial, may be
made of Epsom salt, gr. xij,  iron filings, gr. j:
Glauber's salt, giv : water, 4 gallons ; impreg-
nated with the gas from marble powder and sul-
phuric acid, a a  ^ij.
  CHELYS, Tliorax.
  CHELYS'CION, from x^c, 'the chest.'  A
short, dry cough.—Galen, Hippocr. Foesius.
   CHEME,  Chama,  Che'ramis.  An  ancient
measure,  equivalent to  about two teaspoon-
fuls.
   CHEMEUTICE, Chymistry.
   CHEMIA, Chymistry.
   CHEMIATER, Chymiater.
   CHEMIATRIA, Chymiatria.
   CHEMICO-HISTOLOGY, see Chymico-his-
tology.
   CHEMICUS, Chvmical, Chymist.
   CHEMIST, Chymist.
   CHEMISTRY, Chymistry.
   CHEMO'SIS, from x*url> 'an aperture,' or
 from <xy/j.oc, 'a humour.'   A name given to
 ophthalmia, when the conjunctiva, surrounding
 the cornea, forms a high ring, making the cor-
 nea seem as  it  were at  the bottom of a well.
 By some, it is used  synonymously with oph-
 thalmia membranarum.   See Ophthalmia.
   CHEMOTICE, Chymistry.
   CHEMOTICUS, Chymical.
   CHENAY,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 Chenay is a town in France, two  leagues from
 Rheims.  The  waters are chalybeate.
    CHENE, Quercus alba—c.  Marin, Fucus
 vesiculosus—r.Petit, Teucrium chamaedrys—c.
 Vert, Ilex aquifolium.
   CHkNEVIS, see Cannabis sativa.
   CHENOBOSCON,  Potentilla anserina.
   CHENOCOPRUS, from gt»)v,'a goose/ and
 xotooc,'dung.'  The  dung of the goose is so
 designated  in  some  old  Pharmacopoeias.  It
 was formerly employed  as a febrifuge and diu-
 retic. 
CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES    176    CHILI, MINERAL  WATERS OF
  CHENOPO'DIUM AMBROSIOIDES,from
%rp, 'a goose,' and iron?, 'a foot.'  Botrys Mex-
ica'na,  Chenopo'dium  Mexica'num,  Botrys,
Ambrosioi'des  Mexica'na, Botrys  America'na,
Artemis'ia  Botrys, Mexico  Tea, Spanish  Tea,
(F.) Anserine, Thi du Mexique, Ambrosie du
Mexique.  The infusion was once drunk as tea.
It has been used in paralytic cases; and in the
United  States is said to be used as an anthel-
mintic indiscriminately with Ch. anthelminti-
cum.
  Chenopo'dium Anthelmin'ticum, Chenopo'-
dium, Botrys antkelmin'tica, Wormseed, Worm-
goosefoot, Wormseed goosefoot, Jerusalem Oak
of America, Goosefoot, Stinkweed, (F.) Anse-
rine anthelmintique, A. vermifuge.   This plant
grows plentifully in the  United States.  The
fruit—Chenopodium, (Ph. U. S.)—is much used
in cases of worms.  Dose of the powder, from
a tea-spoonful to a table-spoonful or more.  The
oil, O'leum Chenopo'dii, (Ph. U. S.) from 8 to
10  drops, is more frequently exhibited.   It is
as much used in America as the Semen Sanion'-
ici with the English.
  Chenopo'dium BonusHENRi'cus,CA>-ysolach'-
anum, Mercuria'lis,  Bonus  Henrlcus,  Tota
bona, Lap'athum unctuo'sum, Chenopo'dium,
Pes anseri'nus, English Mercury, Allgood, An-
gular-leaved  goosefoot,  (F.) Ansirine  Bon
Henri,  Epinard sauvage.   The  leaves are
emollient, and have been applied to ulcers, &c.
It has also  been  considered refrigerant and ec-
coprotic
  Chenopo'dium Botrys, Botrys, Botrys vul-
ga'ris,  Ambro'sia,  Artemis'ia Chenopo'dium,
At'riplex odora'ta,  At'riplex suav'eolens; the
Jerusalem  Oak,  (Eng.) (F.) Anserine Botrys,
possesses anthelmintic properties, and was once
given in diseases of the chest, palsy, &c  It is
useless.
   Chenopodium  Fcetidum, Chenopodium  vul-
varia.
   Chenopodium  Quinoa,  Quinua.  A  nutri-
tious, wholesome, and agreeable article of food
with the Peruvian.  The leaves, before the
plant attains maturity, are eaten as  spinach:
but the seeds are most generally used as food,
boiled in milk or broth, and sometimes cooked
with cheese and Spanish pepper.
   Chenopo'dium Vulva'ria, At'riplex fas'tida,
At'riplex ol'ida, Vulva'ria, Garos'mum,Raphex,
Chenopo'dium Fm'tidum, Stinking Orach or
Goosefoot,  (F.) Vulvaire,  Arroche puant,  An-
sirine fitide.  The fetid smell has  occasioned
it to be used as an antispasmodic and nervine.
  CHEOPINA,  Chopine.
  CHEQUERBERRY, Gaultheria.
  CHERAMIS, Cheme.
  CHERBACHEM, Veratrum album.
  CHERBAS, Lettuce.
  CHERMES, Kermes.
  CHERNIBIUM, Urinal.
  CHERRY, BIRD,  Prunus padus—c  Tree,
red, Prunus cerasus—c  Tree, black, Prunus
avium—c.  Tree, wild, Prunus  Virginiana—c
Water, Kirschwasser—c Wild cluster, Prunus
padus—c. Winter, Physalis.
  CHERSiE, Faeces.
  CHERVIL,  Scandix cerefolium—c. Wild,
Chaerophyllum sylvestre.
  CHESIS, from xtLtiv, 'to go to  stool.'  A
more frequent desire to evacuate the bowels.
  CHEST, Thorax.
  CHESTNUT TREE, Fagus castanea.
  CHEVAUCHEMENT,  (F.) Os'sium  su-
perposl'tio vel equita'tio, Parallax'is, Paral-
lag'ma.  The riding of one bone over another
after fracture, giving rise to shortening of the
limb.  See Riding of Bones.
  CHEVELURE, Scalp.
  CHEVESTRE, Chevetre, Capis'trum,from
caput,  ' the head.'   A bandage, applied  round
the head in cases of fracture or luxation of the
lower jaw.  According to  the mode in which
it is made, it is called simple, double, oblique,
&c
  CHEVEU, Capillus.
  CHEVILLE DU PIED, Malleolus.
  CHkVRE-FEUILLE, Lonicera periclyme-
num.
  CHEZANAN'CE, from /it«, 'I go to stool,'
and  avxyxr], 'necessity.'. An  ointment com-
posed  of honey and alum,  and rubbed on  the
anus to occasion evacuations.—Paulus of .Egina.
  CHIA,  Chia terra,  from Chios, an island
where  it was  found.  A kind of white earth,
formerly used for burns.—Galen.
  CHI'ACUM  COLLYR'IUM.   A collyrium
consisting of several drugs and Chian wine.—
Paulus of .Egina.
  CHIADUS, Furunculus.
  CHIAS'MUS, Chias'ma, Chiasm,fxom x'atw,
to form like the letter x-  The crucial union
of parts,—as the optic commissure or  chiasm
of the  optic nerves,—Chias'mus seu Chias'ma
nervo'rum opticdrum.
  CHIASTER, Kiaster.
  CHIASTOS.   Same etymon.   A  bandage
so called because it resembles the letter ^.—
Oribasius.
  CHIBOU, see Bursera gummifera.
  CHICHA.  A drink made in Peru with In-
dian meal dried in the sun,  and fermented with
water.  Its taste is that of bad cider.  It is
also made from rice, peas, barley, &c
  CHICKEN-BREASTED, see Lordosis.
  CHICKENPOX, Varicella.
  CHICKWEED, Alsine media.
  CHIC OR AE DES JARDINS, Cichorium
endivia—c. Sauvage, Cichorium intybus.
  CHIENDENT, Triticum repens.
  CHIGGO, Chique.
   CHIGGRE, Chique.
   CHIGOE, Chique.
  CHIL'BLAIN, Per'nio,  Bugan'tia, Erythe'-
ma Per'nio, Erythe'ma a Fri'gorl, Cheimet'ton,
Chimetlum, Chimon, Male?, from chill, ' cold,'
and  Main, 'a pustule.'  (F.) Engelure.  An
erythematous   inflammation  of  the  feet,—
hands, &c, occasioned by cold.  It is  very
common in youth— not so in the adult or in ad-
vanced age.  It is apt to degenerate into pain-
ful,  indolent ulcerations, called Kibes.  Chil-
blains  are prevented by accustoming the parts
to exposure; and are treated by stimulant, tere-
binthinate and balsamic washes, ointments, and
liniments.
  CHILD-BED STATE, Parturient state.
  CHILDHOOD, Infancy.
  CHILDREN'S BANE, Cicuta maculata.
  CHILI, see Lima.
  CHILI,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.   The
most celebrated mineral springs  of Chili, in
South  America, are those  of Peldehues  and
Cauquenes.   The former are  not  far from St.
Jago.  They consist of two springs, one  ther- 
CHILIOGRAMMA
177
CHIROTHECA
 mal, the other cold.  The hot spring is clear,
 inodorous, and contains soda and carbonic acid.
 The cold  spring contains iron and sulphate of
 soda.  Cauquenes is much resorted to by inva-
 lids during the  summer.  Mineral waters are
 very common in Chili.
   CHILIOGRAMMA, Kilogramme.
   CHILIOPHYLLON, Achillea millefolium.
   CHILITES, Cheilitis.
   CHILL, Rigor.
   CHI LON, Chei'lon, Cheilitis, from ^e^oc,
 "a lip.' Inflammation of the lips.—Vogel. One
 who has a thick lip; Labeo,  Labes.
   CHILOPLASTICE, Cheiloplastice.
   CH1MAPHILA, Pyrola umbellata.
   CHIMETLUM, Chilblain.
   CHIMIA, Chymistry.
   CHIMIATER, Chymiater.
   CHIMIATRIA, Chymiatria.
   CHIMIE, Chymistry.
   CHIMISTE, Chymist.
   CHIMON, Chilblain, Cold.
   CHINA. Cinchona, Smilax china—c. Ame-
 rican or West  India, Smilax pseudo-china—c.
 Occidentalis, Smilax pseudo-china—c. Root,
 Smilax china—c. Spuria nodosa, Smilax pseu-
 do-china.
   CHINCAPIN, Fagus  castanea pumila—c
 Water, Nelumbium luteum.
   CHINCHE, Cimex.
   CHINCHINA, Cinchona.
   CHINCHUNCHULLI, Ionidium marcucci.
   CHINCOUGH, Pertussis.
  CHINESE, MEDICINE OF THE, Medici'na
 Siriica.   Medicine has been  long, but most im-
 perfectly,  practised  by the  Chinese.   From
 their therapeutics we  have  obtained the old
 operations of acupuncture and moxibustion.
  CHING'S WORM LOZENGES, see Worm
 Lozenges, Ching's.
  CHINICUS ACETAS, Quinine, acetate  of
 — c Citras. Quinine, citrate of.
  CHINII ACETAS, Quinine, acetate of.
  CHININI ACETAS, Quinine, acetate of.
  CHININUM, Quinine—c. Arsenicosum, see
 Quinine, salts of—c. Sulfuricum, see Quinine.
   CHINIOIDINE,  Chindidine, Chinoidlna,
 Quindidine; from China, ' Cinchona.'  A sub-
 stance presumed to be an alkaloid by Serturner,
 who separated  it from cinchona.  It has been
 supposed to be a mixture of  quinia, cinchonia,
 and a  peculiar  resinous matter, but according
 to Liebig it is simply the alkaloid quinia in an
 amorphous state.
  CHINIUM ACETICUM, Quinine, acetate
 of—c. Ferrocyanogenatum, Quinine, Ferrocya-
 nate of—c. Hydrochloricum, Quinine, muriate
 of—c. Muriaticum, Quinine, muriate of—c. Ni-
 tricum, Quinine, nitrate of—c. Phosphoricum,
 Quinine,  phosphate  of—c.  Salitum,  Quinine,
 muriate of—c. Sulphuricum, &c, see  Quinine.
  CHINNEYWEED, Lichen roccella.
  CHINQUAPIN, Fagus castanea pumila.
  CHINWHELK, Sycosis.
  CHIOCOCCE RADIX, Cainca; radix.
  CHIOLI, Furunculus.
  CHION, Snow.
  CHIQUE, (F.) Puce pinitrante, Puhx Pen-
etrans,  Tick, Chiggre,  Chigoe,  Chiggo.  A
small insect in America and the Antilles, which
gets under  the epidermis, and excites great ir-
 ritation.
  CHIR, Cheir, ^f(o, Manus.
   CHIRAETA, Gentiana chirayta.
   CHI'RAGRA,  from /fig, 'hand,' and ayg*,
 'a seizure.'  Gout in the hand.
   CHIRAPOTHECA, Arsenal.
   CHIRAPSIA, Friction.
   CHIRARTHRI'TIS,from^<g,'hand,'aS^0»,
 'joint,'and itis, denoting inflammation.   In-
 flammation of the joints of the hand.
   CHIRAYITA, Gentiana chirayta.
   CHIRAYTA, Gentiana chirayta.
   CHIRETTA, Gentiana chirayta.
   CHIRHEUMA, Chirrheuma.
   CHIRIATER, Surgeon.
   CHIRIATRIA, Surgery.
   CHIRIMOYA, Anona tripetala.
   CHIRISIS, Surgery.
   CHIRISMUS, Surgery.
   CHIRIXIS, Surgery.
   CHIROCYRTO'SIS, from  *e<<?, 'the hand,'
 and nvqxmotg,  ' crookedness.'  Crookedness  of
 the hand.
   CHI'ROMANCY, Chiromanti'a, Vaticin'ium
 chiroman'ticum,  Palm'istry,  from %a$,  'the
 hand,' and ,uavxux, 'divination.'  (F.)Chiro-
 mancie.  Art  of divining by inspection of the
 hand.
   CHIRONAX, Surgeon.
   CHIRONIA, (from Chiron, Xeioav, the Cen-
 taur, who is  said to have discovered its use.)
 A genus of plants.  Fam. Gentianeae.
   Chiro'nia Angula'ris, Amei 'icon Cen'taury,
 Rosepink, Wild Suc'cory, Bitterbloom, Gentry,
 Sabba'tia, S. Angula'ris.  Every part of this
 plant is a pure and strong bitter, which  pro-
 perty is communicated alike to alcohol and  to
 water.  It is used as a tonic and stomachic.
   Chiro'nia Cent au'rium,Centau'riumminus,
 vulga're, Centau'rium parvum, Gentiu'na cen-
 tau'rium, Centau'rium minus, Erythrx'a, Cen-
 tau'rium, Centau'reum,  Centau'ris,  Smaller
 Centau'ry, Lesser Centaury, (F.) Centilitre*
 petite.  The tops of the lesser Centaury, Cen-
 taurii Cacu'mina, are aromatic and tonic, and
 are sometimes employed as such.
   Chiro'nia  Chilen'sis, Getuia'na Cachenla-
 huen,  Cachen-laguen,  Erythrx'a  Chilen'sis,
 Gentia'na Peruvia'na.  A very bitter plant, in-
 digenous in Chili.  It possesses the virtues  of
 the Chironex.  Given in infusion—(%j, to wa-
 ter Oj.)
   CHIRONI'UM,  from %tigmv,  'bad, malig-
 nant.'  An ulcer difficult of cure:—of a swollen,
 hard, and callous nature.—Galen.  Some have
 supposed the  word to come  from Chiron, the
 Centaur; who was unable to cure such ulcers.
   CHIRONOMIA, Cheironomia.
   CHIROP'ODIST, (F.) Pedicure.  One who
 treats diseases of the hands and feet, or rather
 whose profession it is to remove corns and bun-
 yons, from <%uq,  'the  hand,' and rrovc, 'the
 foot.'
   CHIRORRHEUMA, Chirrheuma.
   CHIROSIS, Subactio.
   CHIROSTROPHO'SIS, from %t,?, 'the hand,'
and nrorqir/v> 'to turn.'  Distortion of the hand.
   CHIROTHE'CA, from /E«e, 'the  hand,' and
0i?x»/,'a sheath.'   A bandage  for the hand;  a
kind of bandage in which the  fingers and hand
are enveloped in spiral turns.   When the whole
hand and fingers are  covered, it is  called the
double or  complete Chirotheca, Ch. comple'ta,
Vinctu'ra omnibus  dig'itis;  and  when only a
finger is covered, the half or incomplete, Ch. 
CHIROTRIBIA
178
CHLOROTIC
incomple'ta, Vinctu'ra pro  uno dig"ito.   See
Gantelet.
  CHIROTRI'BIA, from *«{, 'the hand,' and
Tf(j9ai,'I rub.'  Friction with the hand.   Ac-
cording to others, dexterity in an art.—Hippo-
crates, Galen.
  CHIRRHEU'MA,  Chirorrheu'ma, Rheuma-
tis'mus manus, from %i<e.,' the hand,' andqtv/jix,
• flux.'  Rheumatism of the hand.
  CHIRURGEON, Surgeon.
  CH1RURGIA,  Surgery—c. Anaplastica,
Morioplastice—c. Curtorum, Morioplastice—c
Infusoria, Infusion of medicines—c. Transfuso-
ria, Transfusion.
  CHIRURGICUS, Surgical.
  CHIRURGIE, Surgery— c. Militaire, Sur-
gery, military.
  CHIRURGIEN,  Surgeon—c.  Consultant,
Consulting Surgeon—c. Hemieux, see Hernial.
  CHIRURGIQUE, Surgical.
  CHIRURGUS, Surgeon.
  CHIST.   An Arabic word which signifies
the sixth part.  The  sixth part of the Congius
or gallon.
  CHITON, Tunic.
  CHITONISCUS, Indusium.
  CHIUM VINUM.  From Chios, the  island
where it was produced;  Chian wine, used by
the physicians of antiquity in  cases of deflux-
ions and ophthalmiae.—Scribonius  Largus.
  CHLI'AROS, ^Atapo?, 'tepid.'  A name
given to slight fevers, in which the heat  is not
great.—Galen.
  CHLIAS'MA, x*iaafia)  same  etymon.  A
tepid and moist  fomentation.—Hippocrates.
  CHLOAS'MA, Pityriasis versicolor, £phi-
lide scorbutique, Mac'ula hepat'ica, Pannus he-
paticus, Hepati'zon, Phace, Pha'cea, Pkacns,
(F.)  Taches  hipatiques,  Chaleurs  du foie,
Liverspot, from /Aooc, 'a greenish-yellow co-
lour.'   A cutaneous affection, characterized by
one or more broad irregular-shaped patches, of
a yellow or yellowish-brown colour, and occur-
ring most frequently on the front of the neck,
breast,  abdomen, groins, &c   The patches do
not generally rise above the surface.  There is
usually some  degree of itching.
   The  causes are not very evident.  Sulphur
externally—in any and every form—generally
removes it speedily.  Should there be difficulty,
the external use of the remedy in baths or fu-
migations may succeed.
   CHLORA, Chlorine.
   CHLORAS KALICUS DEPURATUS, Po-
tassae murias  hyperoxygenatus.
   CHLORASMA, Chlorosis.
   CHLORE, Chlorine—c. Liquide, see Chlo-
rine.
   CHLORETUM  CALCARLE, Calcis chlo-
ridum.
   CHLORIASIS, Chlorosis.
   CHLORINE, from xXl"Qoc, ' green.'   Chlo'-
rinum, Chlora,  Oxymuriat'ic Acid Gas, Oxyge-
nated Muriatic Acid Gas, Dephlogisticated Ma-
rine Acid, Halogene, Mu'rigene, Chlorum, (F.)
 Chlore.  So far as we know, this is an elemen-
tary substance.   It is a  greenish, yellow gas,
of  a strong suffocating smell, and disagreeable
taste; incapable of maintaining combustion and
respiration, and very soluble in water.   One of
its characteristics is, that of destroying, almost
immediately, all vegetable and animal colours.
It  is employed in fumigations as a powerful
disinfecting agent. A very dilute solution, Aqua
seu Liquor chlo'rini, (F.) Chlore liquide, has
been administered internally, in certain cases
of diarrhoea and chronic dysentery.  Immersion
of the  hands and arms in it has often removed
itch and other cutaneous affections.   It has also
been inhaled in a dilute state in the early stage
of phthisis, but it is of doubtful efficacy, and is
better  adapted for chronic bronchitis.
   CHLOROFORM, Perchloride of Formyl,
called, also, Terchloride of Carbon, and  Chloric
ether, JElher chlo'ricus, (F.) Chlorure de Car-
bon, so called on account of the connexion of
chlorine with formic acid, is a colourless olea-
ginous liquid, of a sweetish  ethereal odour, hot,
aromatic, and peculiar taste, and of the  specific
gravity 1.480.  It may be obtained by distilling
from a mixture of chlorinated lime and alcohol,
—rectifying the product by re-distillation, first
from a great excess of chlorinated  lime, and
afterwards from strong sulphuric acid.   It has
been used with advantage  in  asthma,  and  in
diseases in which a grateful soothing agent is
required.   Dose, f. t^ss to  f. gj. diluted with
water.  It has likewise been  prescribed with
great success as  an anaesthetic agent in spas-
modic  diseases; and to obtund sensibility in sur-
gical operations and in parturition,—especially
in the  way of inhalation; but  its use requires
caution.
   CHLOROPHYLLE, Fecula, green.
   CHLORO'SIS, from x^'d0^ 'green,' Pal'li-
dus Morbus, Fxdus Vir'ginum color, Pal'lidus
color virgin'eus, Icterit'ia alba, Ic'terus albus,
Leucopathla, Morbus virgin'eus, Morbus Par-
then'ius,Dyspep'sia chloro'sis,Febris amato'ria,
Cachexia vir'ginum, Febris vir'ginum, Febris
alba, Anepithym'ia chloro'sis, Chloras'ma, Chlo-
rlasis, Citto'sis,  Green-sickness,  (F.) Chlo-
rose, Pdles-couleurs.  A  disease which affects
young females, more  particularly those who
have not  menstruated.  It  is characterized by
a pale, lurid complexion, languor,  listlessness,
depraved appetite and digestion, palpitation, &c.
The disease generally goes off on the occurrence
of the  menstrual flux; but sometimes it is long
before this is established, and at times, the ca-
tamenia are in much larger quantity than usual.
To this last form M. Trousseau has  given the
name chlorose himorrhagique.
   The blood of chlorosis is generally thin, light-
coloured, and deficient in  red corpuscles; and
the clot is in less proportion to the serum than
in health.  On  auscultation, a bellows' sound
has been almost invariably detected over the
heart, and a continuous blowing sound in the
larger arteries, (especially the carotids and sub-
clavians,) re-enforced  by  each  systole of the
ventricle, and resembling the buzzing of a hum-
ming-top, the cooing of doves, the  whistling of
air through a key-hole, &c, (See Bruit.) Very
similar sounds  are heard in  the arteries after
copious hemorrhage: they seem, therefore, to
coincide with enfeebled circulation.
   Tonics—as iron—are usually required in the
treatment,—the disease most commonly occur-
ring in those in whom  there is  considerable
torpor of the system.
   Chlorosis  .Ethiopum  Chthonophagia—c.
 Amatoria, Hectic fever—c Gigantea, see Poly-
 sarcia.
   CHLOROT'IC,  Ckloroticus, (F.)   Chloro-
 tique.  Affected with chlorosis, or  pertaining 
CHLORUM
179
CHOLERA
to  chlorosis;—as  chlorotic female,  chlorotic
symptoms, &c
  CHLORUM, Chlorine.
  CHLORURE DE CARBON, Chloroform
—c. d'Or, Gold, Muriate of.
  CHLORURETUM OXIDI CALCII, Calcis
chloridum.
  CHOA, Chu.
  CHOA'CUM EMPLASTRUM  NIGRUM.
A black plaster, mentioned by Celsus, and com-
posed of equal parts of litharge and resin.  The
litharge was first boiled in oil.
  CHOAK, Cynanche trachealis—c Wolf, Ly-
eanche.
  CHOANA,  Pelvis—c Cerebri, Infundibulum
of the brain.
  CHOANE,  Infundibulum.
  CHOANORRHAGIA, Epistaxis.
  CHOAVA, Coffea Arabica.
  CHOC'OLATE,  Chocola'tum,  Chocola'ta,
Succola'ta,  Succocolla'ta.   Dr.  Alston says,
that this  word is  compounded from two  East
Indian words:—choco,' sound,' and atle,' water,'
because of  the noise made in its preparation.
An alimentary paste prepared from  the kernels
of the Theobro'ma cacao or Cacao, with sugar,
and often aromatics.  (See Cacao.)  The cho-
colate thus simply prepared—as it is met with,
indeed, in commerce—is called in France  Cho-
colat de sante. It is not very easy of digestion.
   The chocolat a la vanille contains three ounces
of vanilla and two of cinnamon to twenty pounds
of eommon chocolate.  The addition of the aro-
matic renders it  somewhat  more  digestible.
Chocolates may likewise be medicated.
  CHOCOLATE  ROOT, Geum Virginianum.
  CHOCUS, Chu.
  CHCENICIS, Trepan.
  CHORION, Cord.
  CHCENOS, Cord.
  CHCERUS, Scrofula.
  CHOIROS, Vulva.
  CHOKE DAMP, Carbonic acid.
  CHOLA, Chole.
  CHOLAGO, Cholas.
  CHOL'AGOGUE,  Cholago'gus,  Chole'gos,
Fellid'ucus, from /<>*>;, ' bile,' and aym, ' I ex-
pel.'   The ancients gave this name to cathar-
tics, which were reputed to cause  the flow of
bile.
  CHOLANSIS, Cholosis.
  CHOLAS,  ^oxac, Plur. xoXa^^-  "The epi-
gastric  region.  Chola'go.  The intestines.—
Homer.
  CHOLASMA, Cholosis.
  CHOLE, Cholus, Chola, ' bile,' (q. v.) in
composition.—Hence:
  CHOLKC'CHYSIS,CAo/ew'^M.?;from/0J»;,
'bile,'and iy/v-ig, 'effusion.'  Effusion of bile.
  CHOLECYST,  Gall-bladder.
  CHOLECYSTEURYS'MA,fromXoX„, 'bile,'
xv<rng, ' bladder,' and tugvo-f*.x, ' dilatation.' Di-
latation of the gall-bladder.
  CHOLECYSTITIS,  Inflamma'tio  Vesica
fell'ea, I. cystidis fell ex, Cystitis fel'lea, He-
patitis Cystica, from ;^o2>/, 'bile,'  and nva-xtc,
'bladder.' (F.) Inflammation de la  Visiculedu
Fiel,  Cholicystite.  Inflammation of  the  gall-
bladder.
  CHOL'EDOCH, Choled'ochus; from  %oXv,
' bile,' and ooxoc, ' containing  or  receiving.'
The Ductus choledochus seu  hep'ato-cys'ticus,
Ductus communis choledochus, (F.)  Conduit ou
Canal Cholidoque,  is the duct formed by the
union of the hepatic  and cystic ducts,  which
pours the hepatic and cystic bile into the duo-
denum.
  CHOLEDOCITIS,  from choledochus,  and
itis; a suffix denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
mation of the choledoch duct.
  CHOLEDOG'RAPrlY^holedogra'phia^o-
legraph'ia, Cholograph'ia, from %oXtj,  ' bile,'
and  yqxtptiv, 'to describe.'  A description of
what relates to the bile and biliary organs.
  CHOLEDOL'OGY,  Choledolog"ia,   Chole-
log'ia,  Chololog'ia,  from  %oXij,  'bile,'  and
Xoyoc,  'a  discourse.'   A  treatise  on the  bile
and biliary organs.
  CHOLEGOS, Cholagogue.
  CHOLEGRAPHIA, Choledography.
  CHOLEHjEMIA, Icterus.
  CHOLEIA, Claudication.
  CHOLELITHIA,  Cysthepatolithiasis —c.
Icterus Icterus
  CHOLELITHIASIS, Cysthepatolithiasis.
  CHOLELITHUS, Calculi, biliary.
  CHOLELOGIA,  Choledology.
  CHOLEMES'IA,  Cholem'esis,   from  ^oii?,
'bile,' and  tfito-tc,  'vomiting.'  Vomiting of
bile.
  CHOLENCHYSIS, Cholecchysis.
  CHOLEPYRA, Fever, bilious.
  CHOLEPYRETUS, Fever, bilious.
  CHOLEPYRRHIN, see Bile.
  CHOL'ERA, Chol'era-morbus, Cholera nos-
tras,  Cholera vulga'ris,  Sporad'ic  Cholera,
Cholerrha'gia,  Pas' sio  rholer'ica, Fellif'lua
passio,Morbus fellifluus, Hoi era,Bills flux! io,
(F.)  Cholira-morbus  sporadique,  Ch.  Euro-
pean,  Trousse-galant, from x0*1!) 'bile,' and
g?ui, ' I flow.'  According to others, from x*~
\adff, ' intestines,' or from  ^o^.to*, ' the gutter
of a house to carry  off the rain.'   The  higher
degrees have been called CentroganglTi'tis, and
Myeloganglii'tis.  A  disease characterized by
anxiety, gripings, spasms in the legs and arms,
and by vomiting and  purging  (generally bi-
lious:) vomiting and purging are,  indeed, the
essential symptoms.  The disease is most com-
mon  in hot climates,—and in  temperate cli-
mates, during summer.  In India, Spasmod'-
ic cholera,  Asiatic cholera, Mafig'nant  ch.,
In'dian cholera, Epidemic ch., Pestilen'tialch.,
Asphyx'ia  pestilen'ta,  Pestilen'tial asphyx'ia,
Choleric Pestilence, Eastern ch., Oriental ch.,
Cholera orientu'lis, Ch. In'dica, Ch. Epidem'i-
ca, '±yphus Bengnlen'sis,Choi'e'o-typhus, Gan-
glionitis peripher'ica  et medulla!ris, Hymeno-
ganglii'tis ,F'antoganglii'tis ,Cho<'err ha'' alymph-
utica, Psorenter ia ; Typhoid Fever  of  India,
Cholera asphyxia, Hyperanthrax'is, Enterop'y-
ra Asiat'ica, Trisplanch!nia, Trisplanchni'tis,
Hxmataporrho'sis,  Hamatorrho' sis,  Morbus
oryzeus, Malignant Cholera, Convulsive ner-
vous Cholera, Rice disease, (because supposed
by Tytler to be caused by damaged rice,) (F.)
Mort  de Chien, is frightful in  the rapidity of
its progress, the patient sometimes dying in a
few hours from  the first onset.  In temperate
climates, common cholera is not usually a dis-
ease of much consequence.  It requires that the
stomach and bowels should be cleared, and af-
terwards the irritation be allayed by full doses
of opium.   In the malignant cholera of India,
bleeding at the  outset, without regard  to the 
CHOLERA-EUROPkEN        180        CHONDRO-PHARYNGEUS
signs of apparent depression, and large doses of
calomel, with opiates, form the great relianje
of the practitioner.
   Cholera, Asiatic, see Cholera—c. Asphyxia,
see Cholera—c Epidemic, see Cholera—c. Eu-
ropien, see Cholera—c Indian, see Cholera—c
Indica, see Cholera.
   Cholera Infan'tum, Choleric Fever of In-
fants; Cholera of Infants.  A disease so termed
by American physicians.  It occurs, generally,
in the middle states of the Union, in June or
July, and  continues during the hot weather,
hence  called  the 'summer complaint.'   The
chief symptoms are vomiting, purging of green
or yellow matter, slime or blood, attended with
pain or uneasiness;  and swelling of  the abdo-
men, with some pyrexia, generally.   The  heat
of the weather seems to be the predisposing, if
not the exciting, cause.   It is a fatal  disease in
towns;  differing little, if at  all, from what is
vulgarly called the Watery Gripes in England.
Clearing, gently, the alimentary canal, so as to
remove the offending matter, and then exhibit-
ing chalk mixture and laudanum, with counter-
irritants, as sinapisms to the abdomen, -is the
most satisfactory plan of treatment.
   Cholera Malignant, see Cholera—c. Mor-
bus, Cholera—c. Morbus Sporadique, see Cho-
lera—c.  Nervous, convulsive, see Cholera—c.
Nostras, Cholera morbus—c. Oriental, see Cho-
lera—c.  Pestilential,  see Cholera—c. Spasmo-
dic, see Cholera—c. Sporadic, Cholera—c. Sec,
Cholera sicca—c. Vulgaris, Cholera morbus.
   Chol'era  Sicca, (F.) Cholira sec.  Pneu-
matosis of the digestive passages in which there
is a copious discharge of gas upwards and down-

   CHOLERAPHOBIA,  Choleromania.
   CHOL'ERIC,  Choler'icus.   Belonging to
cholera morbus or to the bile.  The French use
the term Fievre cholirique for the fever accom-
panying cholera.
   Choleric  Fever of  Infants, Cholera in-
fantum.
   Choleric Temperament is the same as Bi-
lious Temperament.
   CHOL'ERINE.  A diminutive of Cholera.
The first stage of epidemic cholera; also, the
precursory symptoms of cholera.
   CHOLEROMA'NIA, Cholerapho'bia, Chole-
ropho'bia, fxom cholera and  mania.  A dread of
cholera to such an extent  that the  individual
fancies himself affected or threatened by it.
   CHOLEROPHOBIA, Choleromania.
   CHOLEROPHO'NE, from Cholera,and 4>«r»,
c voice.'   The peculiar voice of one in cholera.
   CHOLEROPROSO'PON, Cholerop'sis, from
Cholera, and  rcooa-amor,  'countenance.'   The
facial expression of cholera.
   CHOLEROPSIS, Choleroprosopon.
   CHOLERO-TYPHUS,Cholera,(spasmodic.)
   CHOLERRHAGIA, Cholera.
   CHOLERRHGEA LYMPHATICA,Cholera.
   CHOLESTEARINOMA, Cholesteatoma.
   CHOLESTEATINE,  Cholesterin.
   CHOLESTEATOMA,  from  %oXn, 'bile,'
and steatoma,  (q. v.)  An encysted tumour,
Which presents upon the interior of the cyst se-
veral superimposed layers of cholesterin, which
glisten like pearl.  Hence it was named by Cru-
veilheir the laminated nacreous fatty tumour.
   CHOL'ESTERIN,  Chol'esterine,  Choleste-
ri'nn, Cholos'terina,  Cholestearint,  Cholestea-
ti'ni, from %oXn, 'bile, and vregtoc, 'solid,'or
TTtxq,' suet.'  An inodorous, insipid substance,
in white, shining scales;  fusible and crystal-
lizing, on cooling, in radiated fibres.  Soluble
in alcohol.  It forms the  crystalline part of
certain biliary calculi.   See Adipocire.
  CHOLEUMA, Cholosis.
  CHOLIA, Cholosis.
  CHOLICE'LE, from  %0Xy, 'bile,' and xj,*,,
' tumour.'  A swelling, formed by the bile mor-
bidly accumulated in the gall-bladder.
  CHOLICUS, Bilious.
  CHOLIUS,  Bilious.
  CHOLICYS TIE CTAS IE,Tuxgescentiave-
sicae felleae.
  CHOLICYSTITE, Cholecystitis.
  CHOLOCATAR'RHOPHE,  Cholocotarrho-
phe'sis, Cholocatarrhoph'ia ; from x'^l)' bile,'
and xuxxqqoqeiv, ' to sup up.'   The absorption
of bile.                                F
  CHOLOGRAPHIA, Choledography.
  CHOLOLITHUS, see Calculi, biliary.
  CHOLO'MA, from ^ojaoc,  ' lame, maimed.'
Distortion of a limb : incapacity of moving it.
Also, the act of limping, claudication, (q. v.)
  CHOLOPLANIA, Icterus.
  CHOLORRHGE'A, from xoXn,  'bile,' and
gtu, ' I flow.'  An abnormous  discharge of bile.
  CHOLOS, Bile, Chole.
  CHOLO'SES, from XoXi\, 'bile.' M. Alibert
includes, under this head,  every morbid affec-
tion of the liver and spleen.
  CHOLO'SIS, from /ioaoj, 'lame.' Cho'lotet,
Cholus'ma,  Cholan'sis,  Choleu'ma,  Chol'ia,
Claudication,  (q.  v.)  Hippocrates employs
this word  particularly  for a lameness of the
hand, which renders a person  one-handed, man-
chot, (F.)  Also, Icterus.
  Cholosis Americana, Fever, yellow.
  CHOLOSTERINE, Cholesterin.
  CHOLOTES, Cholosis.
  CHOLOZEMIA  FEBRILIS, Fever, bilious.
  CHONDRITIS, Inflamma'tio Cartilag"inis,
from xu'fyot)' cartilage,' and itis, a termination
denoting inflammation.  Inflammation of car-
tilage.
  CHONDROCLA'SIS, from  *8»Vs,  'carti'
lage,' and xXxoic, ' fracture.'   Fracture of a
cartilage.
  CHONDRODES, Cartilaginous, Chondroid.
  CHONDROGENES'I A,    Chondrogen'esis;
from x'-vSpog, 'a cartilage,' and ytvtotg, 'forma-
tion.'   Formation  of   cartilage.   A morbid
conversion of parts  into cartilage.
  CHONDROGLOS'SUS, from Xov3qoc, ' a car-
tilage,' and y-Ktotraa, 'the tongue.'  A fasciculus
of fleshy fibres,  passing from the lesser cornu
of the os hyoides to the tongue.  It forms part
of the hyoglossus.
  CHONDROG'RAPHY,  Chondrogra'phia,
from ^ovjgcc, ' cartilage,'  and ye^aifn,' descrip-
tion.'  A description of cartilages.
  CHONDROID, Chondroi'des, Chondro'dts,
from x"r^V> 'cartilage,'  and titoc,  'resem-
blance.' Cartilaginiform. Resembling cartilage.
  CHONDROL'OGY,   Chondrolog'ia,  from
<X',vftgog, ' a cartilage,' and  Xoyog,' a discourse.'
A treatise on cartilages.
  CHONDRO'MA, Enchondro'mu, from %»■
tyoe,' cartilage.'  A cartilaginous growth pro-
ceeding from  bones, including  spina ventosa,
osteo-sarcoma, &c, of many.
  CHONDRO-PHARYNGEUS, from /oiijot, 
CHONDROSES              18:
' a cartilage,' and g>*(vyS,  'the  pharynx.'  Fi-
bres of the muscular coat of the pharynx, which
arise from the lesser cornua of the os hyoides,
and form part of the Constrictor medius.   See
Constrictor pharyngis.
  CHONDRO'SES, from  ^ovJooc, ' cartilage.'
A morbid formation or condition of a cartilage.
  CHONDROSTERNAL,  Chondrosterna'lis,
from /ovS^og,  'a  cartilage,' and sternum, 'the
breast bone.'  Having relation to the cartilages
of the ribs  and breast bone,—as the chondro-
sUrnal ligaments, articulations, &c
  CHONDROSYNDES'MUS, from jov^or, ' a
cartilage,' and o-oirWjuoc, 'a ligament.'  Union
of bones, by means of fibro-cartilage. Synchon-
drosis.
   CHONDROT'OMY, Chondrotom'ia,   from
X'vSqoc, ' a cartilage,' and xi/avhv, ' to cut. Dis-
section of cartilages.
   CRONBRO-XIPIIOIJ), Ckondro-Xipkoldes,
from ^oijooc, ' a cartilage,' and  xiphoid, the
cartilage so called.   Having  relation  to the
xiphoid  cartilage, as ' Chondro-xiphoid liga-
ment.'
   CHONDRUS, Cartilage.  The Xiphoid  car-
tilage, in particular.
   Chondrus, Alica,  Fucus crispus—c. Cris-
pus,  Fucus  crispus—c.  Polymorphus, Fucus
crispus.
   CHONOS, Infundibulum.
   CHOPINE, Choplno,  Cheopi'na.   A mea-
sure, which contains 16 ounces.  A pint measure.
   CHORA, %<>%a, 'region.'  Any void space.
 Also, the orbit of the eye.
   CHORD, TESTICULAR, Spermatic chord.
   CHORDA, Corda.   A string of  an  instru-
 ment. It has several meanings:—as atendon,—
 the intestines (Chorda.)   Paracelsus calls the
 genital organs chorda.  Chorda seu Funiculus
 Tym'pani;  a branch of the 7th pair of nerves,
according to some, but rather  of the 5th pair,
which passes through the tympanum,—Nerf
 Tympanique—(Ch.) Corde du  Tambour  ou du
 Tympan.   Chordx Willis'ii,  Trabec'ula Wil-
lis'ii, the small fibres which cross the sinuses
of the dura mater: so called  from their  first
describer, Willis.  Chorda  Tendin'ea;  the
tendinous and cord-like substances which con-
nect the columna carnea of the ventricles of
the heart to the valves, &c
   Chorda,  Intestine—c.  Hippocratis, Achillis
Tendo.
   CHORDAE, Chordee—c  Ferrenii, Chords,
 vocal.
   Chord-e  Longitudina'les Lancis'ii.   Two
or three  longitudinal  elevations and lines on
the upper surface of the corpus callosum.
   Chords  Penis,   Chordee—c  Tendineae,
see Chorda—c. Veneris,  Chordee—c Vocales,
Chords, vocal—c. Willisii, see Chorda.
   CHORDAP'SUS,  from  x'Ss>>>  'intestine,'
and o77ts<i', ' to tie.' Intussuscep'tio.  Constric-
tion or  twisting of the   intestines.—Celsus.
The Colica Ileus.  See Enteritis and Ileus.
   CHORDEE',  Cor dee',  Chorda  Ven'eris seu
Penis, Phallancylo'sis, Phallocamp'sis, Chor-
dx,  Chorda'ta Gonorrha'a.  A painful affection
of the penis, attending gonorrhoea, and happen-
ing chiefly at night.   It occurs when the  vio-
lence of the inflammation is such,  that the ure-
thra  cannot expand  as  much as the corpora
cavernosa during erection, and  consequently
the  glans seems  painfully drawn downwards.
1                CHOROID

The application  of cold Water topically atid
the administration of opium internally, pal-
liate it.
  CHORE'A, Chorea Sancti Viti,  Ch. Sancti
Modes'ti,  Ch.  gesticulato'ria, Choroma'nia,
Syn'clonus saltans, Tripudia'tio spas'tica, from
xoquu, 'a dance;' sometimes called Scelotyr'-
bl, Viti Saltus, Salta'tio Sancti Viti, Ballis'-
mus,   Convulsio habitua'lis, Siph'ita  prava,
Syn'clonus  Chorea, Myotyr'bl, Choreoma'nia,
 Orchestroma'nia, Epilepsia Saltato'ria, Mor-
bus saltato'rius,  Hieran'osus, M. gesticulato'-
rius,Scelotyr'bl tarantism'us, St. Vitus's Dance,
because the movements resemble dancing.  (F.)
 Chorie, Danse de Saint-Witt, Danse de St.
 Gt y.  The characteristics are:—irregular and
involuntary motions of one or more limbs, and
of  the face and trunk.  It  is a disease which
usually occurs before puberty;  and is generally
 connected with  torpor  of the system, and of
the digestive system  in particular.  Its dura-
tion is long, but it is usually devoid of danger;
although frequently but little under the control
of  medicine.  The  spasms do  not  continue
during sleep.  The indications of treatment
are: to strengthen the general  system, and sti-
mulate the intestinal  canal.  Purgatives, once
or twice a week, and chalybeates, with appro-
priate regimen, will fulfil these.
   Chorea,  Chronic, see  Tic—c  Faciei, Tic
—c.  Gesticulatoria,  Chorea—c. Partial,  see
 Tic—c. Sancti Modesti, Chorea—c Sancti Va-
lentini, Tarantismus—c Sancti Viti, Chorea.
   CHORE'GIA,from x°Z°h ' a troop of dancers
and singers,' and *ya, ' I  lead.'  Hippocrates
 uses this term for the whole of the apparatus
necessary for a physician or surgeon.
   CHOREOMANIA, Chorea.
   CHORIODEITIS, Chorioide'ltis,  Chorioi-
ditis, Choroiditis,  from ^<.§o{/<?bs, 'the cho-
 roid,'  and itis.   Inflammation of the choroid
 coat of the eye.
   CHORIODES, Choroid.
   CHORIOIDEA, Choroid.
   CHORIOIDES, Choroid.
   CHO'RION, x0ttor> ' skin,' from xa^tn, 'to
 contain, include.'  Camis'ia  Fatus, the che-
 mise  or  shirt of the foetus in  utero.  A thin,
 transparent membrane, which surrounds  the
 foetus  in utero on every side.   It is exterior to
 the amnion.
   Chorion  also  means the true  skin.   See
 Cutis.
   Chorion  Fungosum, Decidua—c. Reticula-
 tum,  Decidua—c Shaggy, Decidua—6. Spon-
 giosum, Decidua—c Spongy, Decidua—c To-
 mentosum, Decidua.
   CHORIONITIS.  Induration of the Cellular
 tissue.
   CHOROID,  Choroi'deus, Choroi'des,  Cho-
 rioides, Ckorio'des, from yj.qiov, ' the chorion,'
 and tiSog, 'shape,'   'resemblance.'   Several
 parts are so called, which resemble the chorion,
 in  the multitude of their vessels.
   Choroidea seu Chorioidea Tu'nica, Ch.
 Membra'na,  or   simply the Choroid,  Tu'nica
 vasculo'sa Oc'uli, T. aciniform'is  seu rhago'-
des,  (F.) Membrane choroide, Choro'ide.  A
 thin membrane, of a very dark colour, which
 lines the  sclerotica,  internally.  The  part be-
 hind the iris is called Uvea.  It is situate be-
 tween the sclerotica and retina, has an opening,
posteriorly, for the passage of the optic nerve; 
CHOROIDE               185
and terminates, anteriorly, at the great circum-
ference of the iris, where it is continuous with
the ciliary processes.  According to Ruysch,
the choroid consists of two layers, to the inner-
most of which  his son gave the' name Tu'nica
Ruyschia'na,  Membra'na Ruyschia'na,  (F.)
Membrane Ruyschienne.  The internal surface
of the membrane is covered with a dark pig-
ment, consisting of several layers of pigment
cells, called Pigmen'tum  nigrum, Ophthalmo-
chro'ltes, JEthiops animal, (F.) Enduit choro'i-
dien.  Its use seems to be, to absorb the rays
of light after they have traversed the retina.
  Choroi'des Plexus, Plexus choro'ldeus seu
reticularis, Vermes  cer'ebri, Choroid Plexus.
Two membranous and vascular duplicatures of
the pia mater, situate in the lateral  ventricles.
They are fixed  to  the  Tela choroidea by one
edge, and are loose and floating at the other.
  Choroidea Tela, (F.) Toile choroidienne.
A kind of vasculo-membranous prolongation of
the pia mater, which lines the lower surface of
the fornix united with the corpus callosum.  It
is stretched  above  the  third ventricle,  and
covers  the posterior commissure and corpora
quadrigemina.  Anteriorly, the  t£la choroidea
is continuous with the plexus choroides.
  Choroidea VenjE, Venx Gale'ni, (F.) Veines
choroidiennes.  Two veins, which creep along
the tela choroidea; and into which almost all
those of the lateral ventricles, of the upper part
of the cerebellum, of the pineal gland, and the
corpora quadrigemina open.  The Venae Gale-
ni open  into the sinus quartus ox fourth sinus.
  CHOROIDE,  CEINTURE BLANCHE
DE LA, Ciliary ligament—c.  Commissure de
la, Ciliary ligament.
  CHOROIDITIS, Choriodeitis.
  CHOROMANIA, Chorea.
  CHOSES  CONTRE  NATURE, Res con-
tra naturam—c. Naturelles, Res naturales—c.
non Naturelles, Res non naturales.
  CHOSIS, Arenatio.
  CHOU  CAB US, Brassica  capitata—c.
Croute,  Sauer Kraut—c. Fleur, Brassica Flori-
da, Cauliflower excrescence—c. Marin,  Con-
volvulus soldanella—c. Navet, Brassica rapa—
c. Pommi, Brassica capitata—c. Potager, Bras-
sica—c. Roquette, Brassica eruca.
  CHREMMA, Sputum.
  CHREMPSIS, Exspuition.
  CHRISIS,  from %qi«,  ' I anoint.'   The ac-
tion of anointing.   Inunction (q. v.)
  CHRISMA, same etymon. The act of anoint-
ing. Thesalve or liniment used. Prurigo, (q. v.)
  CHRISTI MANUS.  Troches prepared from
refined  sugar  boiled in  rose-water with or
without prepared pearls.
  CHRISTOPHER  HERB, Actaea spicata.
  CHRISTOS,  <%i>iotoc, from *§ti», ' I anoint.'
Any medicine applied under the form of lini-
ment or ointment.
  CHROA, Chrcea, Chroma.  Colour in gene-
ral.  The surface of the body.   The skin.
  CHRCEAS, Scrofula.
  CHROMA, Chroa.
  CHROMATOG"ENOUS, from /g«,«a, ' co-
lour,' and ytvvxto, ' I make.'
  Chromatog"enous Appara'tus.  A parti-
cular apparatus for  producing  the  colouring
matter of the skin, composed of a glandular or
secreting parenchyma, situate a little below the
papillae, and presenting special excretory ducts,
2             CHRYSOMELIA

 which pour out the colouring matter on the sur-
 face of the true skin.—Breschet.
   CHROMATOMETABLEPSIA, Achroma-
 topsia.
   CHROMATOPSEUDOPSIA, Achromatopsia.
   CHROMATOPSIA, Chromopsia.
   CHROMIC ACID, Ac"idum  Chro'micwm,
 (F.) Acide chromique.  Obtained by crystalli-
 zation from an admixture of bichi ornate of po-
 tassa, and oil of vitriol.  It has  been used as
 an escharotic in  external hemorrhoids.
   CHROMIDRO'SIS, from  %qaua, 'colour,'
 and '/<5gu>c, ' sweat.'   Abnormous coloration of
 the perspiratory secretion.
   CHROMOP'SIA,  Chromop'ia,  Chromatop'-
 sia,   Chrotop'sia,  Chrup'sia, Crop'sia, Visits
 colora'tus, Suffu'sio colo'rans, from  x%af-a\
 'colour,'  and °V«?, 'vision.'  A state of vision
 in which a coloured  impression is made on the
 retina.  Said to  be occasionally observed  in
 jaundice.
   CHRONAGUNEA, Menstruation.
   CHRONIC,  Chron'icus,  Chro'nius, Poly-
 chro'nius, Invetera'tus,  Anttquus, Dense'vs,
 from xgovoe, ' time.'  Of long duration.
   Chronic  Diseases, Morbi chron'ici,  (F.)
 Maladies Chroniques, Macronos'ix, Macro'six,
 are those whose  duration is long, or whose
 symptoms proceed slowly.   The antithesis to
 chro?iic is acute, (q.  v.)
   CHRONO, from xeovoc,' time.'   A prefix to
 terms denoting inflammation of a  part, to show
 that such inflammation is chronic.—Piorry.
   CHRONO-HkPA TITE, Hepatitis, chronic.
   CHRONO-NkPHRITE, Nephritis (chro-
 nic.)
   CHROTOPSIA, Chromopsia.
   CHRUPSIA,  Chromopsia.
   CHRYSALEA, Nitro-muriatic acid.
   CHRYSANTHEMUM, Calendula officinalis.
   Chrysan'themum  Leucan'themum, from
 XQvo-os,'gold,' and av&oc, 'a  flower.' The Ox-
 eye daisy, Daisy, Whiteweed, Goldens, Maud-
 linwort, Bellis  major, Buphthalmum majus,
 Leucan'themum vulga'rl, Bellidioi'des, Consol'-
 ida media, Oc'ulus Bovis, (F.) Chrysanthem,
 Chrysene, Grand Marguerite des pres.  The
 flowers and herb are slightly acrid; and were
 once  used in pulmonary diseases.
   Chrysanthemum  Parthenium,  Matricaria
 partheniurn.
   CHRYSE, from %qva-oe, 'gold.'  The name
 of a  yellow plaster, described by Paulus of
 iEgina, and composed of thus, alum, lead, coto-
 phany, resin, oil, and orpiment, boiled in vine-
 gar.
   CHRYSkNE,  Chrysanthemum leucanthe-
 mum.
   CHRYSITIS,  see Plumbi oxidum  semivi-
 treum.
   CHRYSOBALANUS  GALENI, see Myris-
 tica moschata.
   CHRYSOCALIS, Matricaria.
   CHRYSOCHALCOS, Brass.
   CHRYSOCOLLA, Borax.
   CHRYSOCOMA,  Millefolium.
   CHRYSOLACHANUM, Chenopodium bo-
 nus Henricus.
   CHRYSOL'ITHUS,  Chrys'olite, from xt»-
 o-o?,  'gold,'  and  Xi$0(,  'stone.'   A  precious
 stone, of  a golden colour, regarded by the an-
 cients as cardiac, cephalic, &c
   CHRYSOMELIA, see Citrus aurantium. 
CHRYSOPHYLLUM CAINITO     18
  CHRYSOPHYL'LUM  CAINITO,   from
<X_evaoc, ' gold,'  and qvXXov, ' a leaf.'   Cainito,
Hiderox'ylon, Broad-leaved Star-apple. A tree
of the Antilles, which produces one of the best
fruits of the country.  There are several varie-
ties of it.
  CHRYSOPUS, Cambogia.
  CHRYSOS, Gold.
  CHRYSOSPERMUM, Sempervivum  tecto-
rum.
  CHRYZA FIBRAUREA, Coptis.
  CHTHONOPHA'GIA, Cachexia Africa'na,
Mala'cia  Africano'rum, Pica  Africano'rum,
Leucophlegma'tin JEthio'pum, Chlorosis  JEthi-
0pum, Dirt-eating, (F.) Mat d'Estomac, from
/<W, ' earth,' and <payw,' I eat.'  A disorder of
the  nutritive functions  observed  amongst  the
negroes of the West Indies, in  which there is
an irresistible desire to eat earth.   It is accom-
panied by most of the signs of chlorosis.
  CHU, Choa or Ckus, x<*g> Chocus.   A liquid
measure amongst the Greeks, answering  to  the
Congius of the Romans, and  containing  six
sextani, or twelve Attic cotylae, or nine pints.
—Galen.
  CHURRUS.  The resinous juice of Can'na-
bis  In'dica, which, in certain seasons, and in
warm  countries, exudes and concretes on  the
leaves, slender stems and flowers.  In it reside
the  narcotic powers  of Indian Hemp.   See
Gunjah.
  CHUTE, Prolapsus—c. du Fondement, Proc-
tocele—c de la Matrice, Procidentia uteri—c.
du Rectum, Proctocele.
  CHYLAIRE, Chylous.
  CHYLAR, Chylous.
  CHYLARION, Chyle.
  CHYLE, Chylus, Succus  nutrit'ius, from
/vm,  'I flow.'   The word, in  Hippocrates,
means Tisane or Decoction of Barley, Chyla1-
rion, xvXaqtov.   Galen first used it in its present
sense;—i. e. for a nutritive fluid, extracted from
the food by intestinal absorption; after the food
has been subjected to the action of the digestive
organs.  It is of a whitish appearance; is  se-
parated from the chyme in the duodenum, and
the rest of the small intestines:  and is absorbed
by the chyliferous vessels, which  arise  at  the
mucous surface  of the intestine.  Along these
it passes through the  mesenteric glands to  the
thoracic duct,  and is  finally poured  into  the
left subclavian.  It is composed, like the blood,
of a coagulable part and of serum.  See Chyme.
  CHYLEUX,  Chylous.
  CHYLIF'EROUS,C/ty'/i/er, Chylif'erus, Chy-
loph'orus;  from chylus, 'chyle,' and ferre, 'to
carry.'  Chyle-bearing.
  Chylif'erous Vessels, Vasa Chylif era  seu
Chylof era, Vix chylif'era, Vena lactea, Vasa
lactea.  The Lacteals.  (F.)   Vaisseaux chy-
liferes, V.  Lactis.   Vessels which convey  the
chyle from the intestines to the thoracic  duct.
  CHYLIFICATION, Chylifica'tio, Chylo'sis,
Chylopoie'sis, Prapara'tio  chyli, from chylus,
' chyle,' and facere, 'to make.'  Formation of
chyle by the digestive processes.
  CHYLINE, Cyclamen.
  CHYLISMA, Succus expressus.
  CHYLIS'MUS, from x^og, 'juice.'  The act
pf expressing the juice of vegetables, &c
  CHYLOCYSTIS, Receptaculum chyli.
  CHYLODES, Chylous.
  CHYLODIABETES, Chyluria.
13         CHYMICO-HISTOLOGY

   CHYLODIARRHOZA, Cceliac flux.
   CHYLODOCHIUM, Receptaculum chyli.
   CHYLOG'RAPHY, from Xvxot, 'chyle,' and
yqa.ipTj, 'a description.'  A description of  the
anatomy, &c, of the chyliferous vessels.
   CHYLOPOIKSIS, Chylification.
   CHYLOPOIET'IC,  Chylopoleticus, Chylo-
poieus, from ^uAsj, 'chyle,' and noiea>, 'I make.'
Any thing connected with the formation of chyle.
Chiefly applied to the organs immediately con-
cerned in it;  as the stomach, intestines, omenta,
and mesentery.  Assistant Chylopoietic:—those
viscera which aid in the formation of chyle, as
the liver and pancreas.
   CHYLORRHCEA, Cceliac  flux—c Pectoris,
Chylothorax—c. Renalis, Chyluria—c. Urina-
lis, Chyluria.
   CHYLOSIS, Chylification.
   CHYLOSTAGMA   DIAPHORET'ICUM
MINDERE'RI.  A compound prepared by dis-
tilling the theriac of Andromachus, the mithri-
date of Damocrates, and  other alexipharmics,
&c  It is  nearly the same  preparation as  the
Aqua  Theriaca'lis  Bezoar'dica.
   CHYLOTHO'RAX, Pleurorrha'a   chylo'sa,
Chylorrha a Pec'toris, Hydrotho'rax chylo'sus ;
from xvKOi>  'chyle,'and  Gwquz', 'the chest.'—
Effusion of chyle into the chest, owing to  the
rupture of a chyliferous vessel.
   CHYLOUS, Chylar, Chylo'sus vel Chyla'ris,
Chylo'des,(F.) Chyleux, Chylaire. Relating to
the chyle; or having some analogy to that fluid.
   CHYLURIA, Diabe'tes  lac'tea, D. Chylo'sus,
Chylodiabe'tes, Galuctu'ria, Fluxus cxliacus per
Renes,Pyu'rialac'tea, P. Chylo'sa, Cxliaca uri-
na'lis, C. rena'lis,  Chylorrha'a urina'lis,  Ch.
rena'lis, from /uAor,'chyle,' and ovq-.v, 'urine.'
(F.) Diabele Chyleux.  A discharge of milky
urine, without any apparent  lesion of the kid-
neys or bladder.
   CHYLUS, Chyle, Decoction, Succus.
   CHYME, Ckymus, xutl°>}  'juice,' from xoa,
'I flow.'  A kind of grayish or  homogeneous
pulp, formed by the food, after it has been for
some time in the stomach.  It continues in the
state of chyme as far as  the biliary and pan-
creatic ducts, which open into the duodenum;
where the conversion into chyle occurs, which
is absorbed by the chyliferous vessels,—the ex-
crementitious portion of the food traversing the
large intestine to be evacuated per anum.  Cas-
telli asserts, that Chyme and Chyle were used
in an  inverse sense by the ancients, from that
accepted at present.
   CHYMI, Humours.
   CHYMIA,  Chymistry-c Organica,  Chy-
mistry, organic—c Pharmaceutica, see  Chy-
mistry.
   CHYMIATER,   Chimia'ter,  Chemia'ter,
from ■xy/juia or ^^sict, ' chymistry,' and taxqog,
'a physician,' Iutro-chymicus. A chemical phy-
sician.
   CHYMIATRI'A, Chymiatri'a, Chemiatri'a,
Iatro-chemla, Medici'na  spagir'ica, Ars  Chy-
mialrica, from xoutia or /^ts/a, 'chymistry,'
and iaxqita, 'cure.'  The art of curing by che-
mical  means.
   CHYM'ICAL, Chemical, Ckem'icus, Chemo'-
ticus.   A medicine formed by the aid of chy-
mistry, in contradistinction to Galenical.
   CHYM'ICO-HISTOL'OGY,  Chym'ico-histo-
log'ia, Chem'ico-histology. The doctrine of the
organic chemistry and morphology of tissues. 
CHYMICOPHANTA
184
CICHORIUM ENDIVIA
   CHYMICOPHANTA, Chymist.
   CHYMICUS, Chymical, Chymist.
   CHYMIE, Chymistry.
   CHYMIFICATION, Chymiflca'tio, Chymo-
sis, from ^uaoic, 'juice,' and facere, 'to make.'
Formation of chyme.
   CHYM'IST, Chemist, Chem'icus, Chymico-
phan'ta, Chym'ieus,(F.) Chimiste ou Chymiste.
One  acquainted  with chymistry.   In Great
Britain it has, also, the  signification  of " one
who sells chemicals."
   CHYMISTE, Chymist.
   CHYM'ISTRY, Chemistry,  Ckemla,  Chy-
mi'a, Chimla, Chemeu'ticl, Chemot'icl, Philo-
soph'ia per ignem, Spagyr'ia, Pyrotech'nia,Py-
rosoph'ia, Ars hermet'ica, Archima'gia, Ars mn-
go'rum, Ars separnto'ria, Ars spngir'ica; from
/uyuoc, 'juice,' or from Arab, chema,' a secret.'
(F.) Chimie ou Chymie.   A branch of the na-
tural sciences, whose object is to  investigate
the principles of bodies;—to examine the pro-
perties enjoyed  by the different  compounds,
produced by the union of those principles; and
to study the force or power, by virtue of which
every combination is  effected.   It  investigates
the action between the integrant molecules or
atoms of bodies.
   Organic Chemistry, Chymi'a organ'icn, Or-
ganochemlu, is the chymistry of organized sub-
stances,—animal and vegetable.
  Animal Chymistry, Zodch'emyox Zodch'ymy,
Zoochemla, is the chymistry of substances af-
forded by the dead or living animal body.  This
branch of chymistry has been farther subdivided
into physiological, when it considers the changes
produced in animal substances by the action of
life; pathological, when it regards those pro-
duced by organic  or other diseases.   Anthropo-
chymy, Anthropochemla, is the  chymistry of
the human  body.   Chymistry is  called Thera-
peutical or Pharmaceutical,Pharmaco-chy ml a,
Chymi'a pharmaceu tica, when it is engaged in
the analysis of simple medicines; in improving
the prescribing and preparing of chemical and
Galenical medicines ;  in the means of preparing
them, and detecting adulterations, &c. Hygien'-
ic Chym'istry  is  that which is applied to the
means of rendering habitations healthy, of ana-
lyzing the air we  breathe, preventing the oc-
currence of disease, pointing out  healthy ali-
ments, and appreciating the influence of pro-
fessions, &c. on the health of man.  All these
different subdivisions, with vegetable  chymis-
try, are, at times, included under  the head of
Medical Chym'istry:  at others, the term com-
prehends only the Animal, Vegetable and Phar-
maceutical subdivisions.
  Vital Chemistry, Biochymi'a, is that which is
executed under the influence of vitality.
  A  knowledge of chymistry is of great impor-
tance to the physician.  Many of the functions
are of a chemical nature: many diseases re-
quire a chemical mode of treatment; and, with-
out an acquaintance with it, two  or more sub-
stances might be given in combination, which,
by forming a chemical union, might give rise
to other compounds,  possessing very different
virtues from the components taken singly, and
thus the prescriber  be disappointed in the re-
sults.
  Chymistry, Animal, see Chymistry—c. Hy-
gienic, see Chymistry—c Medical, see Chy-
mistry—c. Organic, see Chymistry—c. Phar-
maceutic,  see  Chymistry—c.  Therapeutical,
see Chymistry—c Vegetable, see Chymistry—
c Vital, see Chymistry.
   CHYMOCHEZIA, Cceliac flux.
   CHYMOPLANIA, (G.) Chymoplanien, from
XV(*.'<, 'juice,'  and nXavy, 'wandering.'  A
transposition of secretions :—a family of dis-
eases in the classification of Fuchs, which in-
cludes icterus,  uroplania, menoplania and  ga-
lactoplania.
   CHYMORRHffiA, Cceliac flux, Lientery.
   CHYMOSIN, Pepsin.
   CHYMOSIS, Chymification.
   CHYMOZEMIA, Hypercrinia.
   CHYTLEN,  RADIX.   A cylindrical root,
bitter and inodorous, brought from China.  It is
held by the Chinese to be stomachic.—Murray.
   CHYT'LON, ^ut^oi', from xta>> ' I  pour out.'
A liquid formerly used for rubbing the  body
after bathing.
   CIBARIUM, Aliment.
   CIBA'RIUS PANIS,' Coarse bread.'   Bread
made of second flour.—Celsus.
   CIBATIO.   Trophe,x?oipr,.   The taking of
food.   In Pharmacy, it is the same as Incorpo-
ration.
   CIBUS,  Aliment—c. Albus, Blancmanger—
c Deorum, Asafcetida.
   CICATRICE, Cicatrix.
   CICATRICES   OVARIORUM,  Stigmata
ovariorum.
   CICATRIC'ULA.   Diminutive of Cicatrix.
A small  cicatrix, Stigma.  The term is, also,
applied to a small white spot, called  the tread,
chul'aza, chalalzium, observable at the surface
of a fecundated egg.   See Molecule.
   CICATRISAWTI A, Epulotica,Synulot'ica,
Apulot'ica, Cntulot'ica,  Ulot'ica.    Remedies
formerly considered to be capable of producing
cicatrization.
   CICATRIX, Cxca'trix, Ull, Oule, from ea-
care,  ' to   conceal,'  because it  conceals  the
wound. (F.) Cicatrice.   The union of parts,
which have been divided.  A scar or formation,
of a reddish colour,  afterwards whitish, and
more or less  thick, which takes  place at the
surface of  wounds  or ulcers after their  cure.
A cicatrix may vary  much  in shape, consis-
tence, and  thickness.   The cicatrix  of a bone
is called Callus.  A vid'ious cicatrix, (F.) Ci-
catrice vicieuse, is one which interferes  with
the action of the parts on  which  it occurs.
The scars, after small-pox, are called Pits or
Pockmarks, (F.) Coutures par la petite verole.
   Cicatrix Variola, Pockmark.
   CICATRIZATION, Cicatrisa'tio, Epulo'-
sis, Synulo'sis.  The process by which a cica-
trix is formed.   Every tissue, except the nails,
epidermis,  hair, and enamel is, probably,  capa-
ble of cicatrization.
   CICELY, SWEET, Chcerophyllumodoratum,
Scandix odorata.
   CICER  ARIETI'NUM.  The Cicer plant.
Erebin'thus, (F.) Cicirole, Pois  Ckiche.  The
seeds are ground into flour, and  used as bread
in some countries.
   CI'CERA TAR'TARI.  Small pills of tur-
pentine and cream of tartar—of the size of a
vetch or cicer.
   CICERBITA, Sonchus oleraceus.
   CI'kROLE, Cicer arietinum.
   CICHO'RIUM ENDIVIA.  The systema-
tic name of the Endive, Endiv'ia, Endi'va, 
85                CILIARY
             CICHORY, WILD

Fn'tnbum, In'tybum (Antiq.), Scariola, In'tybus
hot ten'sis, (F.) Chicorie des Jar dins, Scariole.
Family,  Cichoraceae.  Sex.  Syst.  Syngenesia
Polygamia aequalis.  It is a common  pot herb,
and is eaten as salad.
  Cicho'rium In'tybus, Seris, Seriola, In'tu-
bum errat'icum.   The  systematic name of the
Wild Suc'cory, Wild Cich'ory, Cick'ory, Wild
Endive,  Ambulela,  Heliotro'pion, Cutunan'cl,
Cirho'reum, (F.) Chicoree sauvage.  It is  bit-
ter, and was once used  as a  tonic.  The root,
roasted and  ground,  is often used instead of, or
mixed with, coffee.
  CICHORY, WILD, Cichorium intybus.
  CICI, Ricinis communis.
  CICINDE'LA, Lam'pyris, Noctil'uca,  Ni-
ted'ula.   The Glow-worm.   (F.) Ver luisant.
This insect was once thought to be anodyne and
 lithontriptic
   CTCIS, see Quercus infectoria.
   CICON'GIUS; an ancient measure, contain-
 ing  12 pints.
   CICUTA, Conium maculatum.
   Cicu'ta Aquat'ica, Cicu'ta viro'sa, Cicuta'-
 ria  aquat'ica, Water Hemlock, Cowbnne, (F.)
 Cigu'enquatique ou vireuse.  Famly, Umbelli-
ferae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.  A  vio-
 lent poison, often eaten by  mistake  for Wild
Smallage, Apium Graveolens.  It produces  tre-
 mors, vertigo, burning  at the stomach, and all
the  symptoms  occasioned by the Narcotico-
Acrid class of poisons.
   Cicu'ta Macula'ta, (F.) Cigu'e d'Amirique,
American water hemlock, American  Hemlock,
Snakeweed, Death of mnn, Water parsley, Poi-
son  root, Wild  hemlock,  Children's  bane, is
analogous in botanical  character, and medical
 properties to the European species.
   Cicuta Major, Conium maculatum—c. Ma-
jor foetida, Conium  maculatum—c Terrestris,
Conium maculatum—c. Virosa, Cicuta aquatica
—c Vulgaris, Conium maculatum.
   CICUTARIA, Chaerophyllum sylvestre—c.
 Aquatica, Cicuta aquatica, Phellandrium aqua-
 ticum.
   CIDER, Poma'ceum, (F'.) Cidre.  This word
 is said  to have  been  formerly written sidre,
 and to  have come from Sic'era, nixtnu, which
 signifies any kind  of fermented liquor other
 than wine.   It is made from the juice of apples,
and, when good, is a wholesome drink.
   CIDRE, Cider.
   CIGNUS; an  ancient measure, which con-
 tained about two drachms.
   CIGUE AQUATIQUE, Cicuta aquatica—c.
d'Amirique, Cicuta maculata—c. d'Eau, Phel-
 landrium aquaticum—c. Grande, Conium  ma-
culatum—c. Ordinaire, Conium maculatum—c.
 Petite,  ^Ethusa  cynapium—c.  Vireuse, Cicuta
aquatica.
   OIL'IA,Blephar'ides,Pilipalpebrarum.  The
eyelashes. The hairs on the eyelids. (F.)  Cits.
 Their use seems to be, to prevent the entrance
into the  eye of light bodies flying in the atmos-
phere; and to diminish, in certain cases, the in-
tensity of light.  Also, the tarsi. Also, a peculiar
sort of moving organs, resembling small hairs,
 Cilia vibrato'ria, (F.) Cits vibratils, which are
 visible with the  microscope in many animals.
 These organs are found  on  parts of the body,
 which are habitually in contact with water, or
other more or less  fluid  matters, and produce
 motion  in these fluids,  impelling  them along
         13
the surface of the parts.  Cilia have been found
to exist in all vertebrated animals except fishes,
having been discovered on the respiratory and
uterine mucous membranes of mammalia, birds,
and reptiles.
   The terms "vibratory motion" and "ciliary
motion" have been used to express the appear-
ance  produced by the  moving cilia; and it is
probable, that  this motion is concerned  in the
progression of fluids along the membranes.  As
yet, the motion has been  observed only  in the
direction of the outlets of canals.
   CILIAIRE, Ciliary.
   CILTARY, Cilia'ris, (F.) Ciliaire. Relating
to  the  eyelashes, or  to  cilia.  This epithet
has, also, been applied to different parts,  which
enter into the structure of the eye; from the
resemblance between some of them (the ciliary
processes) and the eyelashes.
   Ciliary Ar'teries,  Arte'rix cilia'res, (F.)
Arteres ciliaires.  These are  furnished by the
ophthalmic artery.   They are distinguished
into  1. Short or posterior  (Art.  uviales,—
Chauss.) 30 or 40 in number, which  are  distri-
buted to the ciliary processes.  2.  Long, (Art.
Iriennes of Chauss.,) two in number, which,
by the anastomoses of their branches, form two
arterial circles at the anterior surface of the
iris:  and, 3.- The anterior, Arte'rix cilia'res an-
terio'res of Haller, the number of which is va-
riable.  These pierce  the sclerotic a few lines
from  its union with the cornea; and are princi-
pally distributed to the iris.
   Ciliary Body, Corpus Cilia'rS, Nexus Sta-
min'eus Oc'idi, Coro'na Cilia'ris, Ciliary Disc,
(F.)  Corps ciliaire.  A ring of the choroid sur-
rounding the  crystalline in  the manner of  a
crown; placed behind the iris and the ciliary
circle.  It resembles  the disk  of  a  radiated
flower, and is formed by the union of the ciliary
processes.
   Ciliary Canal, Canal ofFonta'na. A  small,
extremely  narrow  circular space, formed be-
tween the ciliary circle, the cornea,  and the
sclerotica.   It  can be filled with injection, and
it is  not  certain that it is not the cavity of a
blood vessel.
   Ciliary Circle, Ciliary ligament—c. Disc,
Ciliary body—c Ganglion,  Ophthalmic gan-
glion.
   Ciliary  Lkjament,  C. Circle  or  Ring,
Ligamen'turn  seu  Interstit'lum  cilia'rl, L.
I'ridis, Plexus cilia'ris, An'nulus seu Cir'cu-
lus   seu Orbic'ulus  cilia'ris, A.  cellulo'sus,
Com'missure of the Uvea, Commissure  de la
Chorolde,—(Ch.,) (F.)  Ligament  ou  Cercle
ciliaire, Cercle de la Clwoide, Ceinture blanche
de la Chorolde.  A species of grayish ring, of
a pulpy consistence, situate between  the cho-
roid,  iris, and sclerotica.  It  seems to be no-
thing more than cellular tissue.  The  internal
surface of the  choroid  is uniform, until  it ap-
proaches within ten lines and a-half of the edg?
of the cornea; here a dentated line is observed,
termed ora serrata.  The outer surface pre-
sents the an'nulus albidus seu gangliform'is,
the anterior edge of which unites to the inner
surface of  the sclerotica and constitutes the
ciliary ligament.
   Cil'iary Margin or Tarsal Margin  of the
eyelids; (F.) Bord ciliaire.  The edge in  which
the cilia or eyelashes are situate.
   Ciliary Motion, see Cilia. 
CILLEMENT
186
CINCHONA
   Ciliary Muscle, Mus'cuius cilia'ris.  The
 part of the  orbicularis  palpebrarum in the vi-
 cinity of the ciliary margin.
   Ciliary Nerves (Nerfis  Iriens,—Chauss.)
 (F.) Nerfs  ciliaires.  These are 12 to 16  in
 number.   They arise from the  nasal  nerve,
 and  particularly from the anterior part of the
 ophthalmic  ganglion.   They unite in two fas-
 ciculi, which pass around the optic  nerve, and
 pierce the sclerotica near the entrance  of that
 nerve into the eye.   They are lost in the ciliary
 ligament.
   Ciliary Plexus, C. Ligament.
   Ciliary  Proc"esses,  Proces'sus cilia'res,
 Rad'ii seu Strix cilia'res, Rayons sous-iriens
 —(Ch.,)  (F.)  Prods  ciliaires.   Triangular
 folds, sixty or eighty in  number, placed at the
 side of each  other, and radiating, so  as to re-
 semble  the disk of a  radiated flower.   They
 are lodged in depressions at the  anterior part
 of the vitreous humour.  The uses of these pro-
 cesses are not known.
   Ciliary Ring, Ciliary ligament.
   Ciliary Stri#: are numerous,  pale, radiated
 striae in  the posterior portion of the  Corpus
 ciliare, but so covered by the Pigmentum ni-
 grum as not to be distinctly seen  till the paint
 is removed.  The ciliary processes are  formed
 by these striae.
   Ciliary Veins, (F.) Veines ciliaires, follow
 r. early the same course as the arteries.   In the
 choroid they are so tortuous, that they have
 received the name Vasa vortico'sa.  They open
 into the ophthalmic vein.
   Ciliary Zone, Zona seu Zo'nula Cilia'ris,
 Membran'ula Coro'na  Cilia'ris.  Under  the
 corpus ciliare, the capsule of the vitreous hu-
 mour sends off an  external lamina, which ac-
 CDmpanies the retina, and  is inserted, with it,
 into  the  forepart of the  capsule of the  lens,  a
 little before its anterior edge. This  is the Zo-
 mcla ciliaris, Zonula Zin'nii, Coro'na  Cilia'-
 ris,  Orbic'ulus  Cilia'ris.  It is  of a striated
 appearance and  circular form, and  assists in
 fixing the lens to the vitreous humour.
   CILLEMENT, Nictation.
   CILLO.  A name given by some authors to
 those whose upper eyelid is perpetually tremu-
 lous;—a  trembling, which in  some  cases  is
 called Life's blood. " To have life's blood in
 the eye,"  in other words, is to have this affec-
 tion.  Vogel calls it Cillo'sis.
   CILLOSIS, Cillo.
   CILS,  Cilia—c. Vibratils, see Cilia.
   CIMEX, Koris, xoqig, Cimex lectula'rius.
 The  Wall or House or Bed Bug or  Chinche.
 (F.) Punaise.   Six or seven of  these,  given
 internally, are said to have  prevented   ague!
 There is scarcely any thing which  is sufficiently
 disgusting, that  has not been exhibited for this
purpose, and with more or  less success.  The
 bug has also been esteemed emmenagogue.
   CIMICIFUGA, Actaea racemosa.
   CIMO'LIA PURPURES'CENS, Terra Sa-
pona'ria,  Terra Fullon'ica, Fuller's Earth.  A
compact,  bolar  earth,  employed  in the arts.
 Used at times as a cooling  application  to in-
flamed nipples, &c
   Cimo'lia Terra, Cimo'lia  alba,  Smectis,
Smeetris,  Cimo'luks; from m/u.o>Xo(;, an island in
the Cretan Sea,  where it is procured.   It was
formerly  u«ed as an  astringent,  &c—Scribo-
 nius Largus, Pliny.   Probably, the same as the
 last.
   CINA CINA, Cinchona—c. Levantica, Arte-
 misia Santonica.
   CINABARIS, Hydrargyri sulphuretum ru-
 brum.
   CINABARIUM,   Hydrargyri  sulphuretum
 rubrum.
   CIN'ABRA, Grasus.  The smell of a he-
 goat.  A rank smell, like that of the armpit,
 Hircus ala'rum.
   CIN.EDIA, Masturbation.
   CINARA HORTENSIS, Cynara scolymus—
 c Scolymus, Cynara scolymus.
   CINCHONA.  So called  from the Spanish
 Viceroy's Lady, the Countess de Cinchon, who
 was, cured of fever by it at Lima, about 1638.
 Called also Cortex seu Pulvis Jesuiticus, Je-
 suit's Bark or Powder, Cortex Patrum, be-
 cause it was introduced into Europe  by the Je-
 suits; and also Pulvis Comitis'sa or the Coun-
 tess's Powder, and  Cardinal  del Lugo's Pow-
 der, Cortex Cardina'Hs de Lugo, because he
 introduced it  at Rome.  It  is  the  pharmaco-
 poeial name of several kinds of  barks from va-
 rious species of the Cinchona, from the western
 coast of South America.  Nat.  Order, Cincho-
 nacea?.   Sex.  Syst.   Pentandria Monogynia.
 Called, also,  Cortex,  Bark,  Peruvian Bark,
 English  Remedy, Cortex China, Cortex China
 Regius, Chna, Chinchi'na,Palos de Calentura,
 Kina Kina, (Batk of Barks,) Kinki'na, Cina
 Cina, Quina Quina, Quinqui'?ia, Magnum Dei
 donum, (F.) Quinquina.
  Cincho'nje Carib/e'^e Cortex, from Exoste'-
 ma  Cariba'um,  Cariba'an Bark;  the Saint
 Lucia  Bark, (F.) keorce de Saint Lucie, Quin-
 quina Piton, from Exoste'ma floribund'um, and
 the Pitaya Bark, Quinquina  bi'color, from an
 exostema (?)  or from  strychnos pseudoquina
 (?), are useful substitutes for the cinchona of
 Peru.  These are the most important spurious
 barks.  They contain neither quinia nor cin-
 chonia.
  Cinchona Cordifo'li^e Cortex, Cortex fla-
vus, Cinchona, officina'lis cortex flavus, Yellow
Bark,  Culisay'a Bark, (F.)  Quinquina jaune
ou jaune royal,  Calnsaya.  Odour  aromatic;
taste  strong, bitter,  astringent. Not rolled;
often without the epidermis, which is very
 thick and inert; light, friable; fracture fibrous.
 Active principle Quinia.
  Cinchonae  Lancifo'lits   Cortex,   Cortex
Peruvia'nus, Coitex  pal'lidus,  Cinchona offi-
 cina'lis cortex commu'nis, Cinchona pallida—
Pale  Bark,  Loxa  Bark, Crown Bark, (F.)
 Quinquina gris de Loxa, Quinquina Orange.
 Its  odour is aromatic; taste  pleasant,  bitter,
and astringent. The pieces are rolled in double
or single quills.  Epidermis  brown, cracked;
 fracture  resinous.  Internally of a  cinnamon
 colour.   Its active principle is Cinchonia.
  CinchonvE Oblongifo'li«  Cortex, Cortex
ruber, Cinchona  officina'lis cortex ruber, Red
 Bark,  (F.)  Quinquina  rouge.  Odour and
taste the  same as the pale, but  more intense:
 in large flat pieces, solid,  heavy, dry; fracture
short and smooth; of a deep brownish-red co-
 lour.   Although this variety of bark is assigned
 to the Cinchona oblongifolia by  some, it would
 seem, that nothing is  certainly known as to its
 source.   Activo principles,   Cinchonia and
 Ovinia ■ 
CINCHONIA
187
CIRCONFLEXE
  The last three are the only officinal varieties
in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States.—
There are many other varieties, however, which
are genuine  cinchona barks, and yet have not
been considered worthy of an officinal position.
The Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia admits, indeed,
Cinchona dnerea, Gray  bark, Silver bark or
Huanuco bark, which is obtained around Hua-
nuco in Peru, and belongs to the class of pale
barks.  Amongst the genuine but inferior barks
are those brought from the northern Atlantic
ports of South America, which,  in  commerce,
are variously called  Carthagena, Maracaybo
and Santa Martha barks.
   All these  barks are bitter, astringent, tonic,
and eminently febrifuge.  The yellow bark is
at least equal to any of the others, although the
red contains more active principle.  The dis-
covery of their  active principles is one of the
most  important  gifts of modern  chymistry.
Still, in pernicious intermittents, the bark, in
substance, is often demanded.  It is employed
in every disease in which there is deficient tone,
but in cases where the stomach is much debili-
tated, the powder had better be avoided in con-
sequence of the woody fibre, which might disa-
gree.  Externally, it is used in enemata, gargles,
&c, and in gangrenous ulcerations.  When it
excites nausea, an aromatic maybe added to it;
if purging, opium;  if costiveness, rhubarb, &c.
Dose, gss to gj or more.
   Essential Salt of Bark, as it is called, is
an extract prepared, by macerating  the bruised
 substance of bark in cold water, and  submitting
 the infusion to a very slow evaporation.
   Cinchona  Officinalis, (Cortex Flavus,)
Cinchonae cordifoliae  cortex—c.  Pallida, Cin-
chonae lancifoliae cortex—c. of Virginia, Mag-
nolia glauca.
   CINCHONIA, Cinchonine.
   CINCH'ONINE,  Cinchonlna,  Cinchonin,
 Cincho'nia.   The active principle of Cincho'-
ua  lancifo'lia.  An  organic, crystalline al-
 kali;  of a white colour, and bitter,  slightly as-
 t ringent taste; very soluble in alcohol and ether,
 but almost  insoluble in water.
   Sulphate of Cinchonia, which is formed di-
 rectly from  cinchonia, is soluble in water and
 alcohol.  The action of the sulphate of cincho-
 nia is similar to that  of the sulphate of quinia;
 but it is less energetic, and  consequently re-
 quires to be given in a stronger dose.
   Cinchonine, Tartrate of, see Quinine, tar-
 trate of.
   CINCIN'NULUS.  A little lock or curl of
 hair.
   CINCIN'NUS.  A curled or  frizzled lock.
 The hair on the temples.
   CINC'LISIS, Cinclis'mus, 'agitation; rapid
 ;md frequent motion.'   The movement of the
 thorax in dyspnoea.—Hippocrates.  It has been
 used, also, synonymously with nictation, (q. v.)
   CINCLISMUS,  Cinclisis.
   CINE'MA, Cine'sis,  from  xtviw, 'I move.'
 Motion.
   CINERARIA  MARITIMA,  Achaovan,
  Abiat.
   CINERES CLAVELLATI, see  Potash—c.
 Gravellati, see Potash—c Russici, Potash of
 commerce.
   CINEREUS, Cineritious.
   CINERIT"IOUS,  Ciner'eus,  from cineres,
 '■ ashes;' (F.) Cendri.  Of the colour of  ashes,
The cortical substance of the brain has, by some,
been so called.   See Cortex Cerebri.
  CINESIS, Cinema, Motion.
  CINETH'MICS, from xmo,,' I move.'  The
science of movements in general.
  CINETTCA.   Same etymon.   Diseases af-
fecting the muscles, and characterized by irre-
gular action of the muscles or muscular fibres,
eommonly denominated Spasm.  The 3d order
in the class Neurotica of Good.
  CINETUS, Diaphragm.
  CINGULARIA, Lycopodium.
  CINGULUM, Zone, from cingo, 'I bind.'
(F.) Ceinture.   A cincture.  A girdle.  The
part  of the body, situate below the ribs, to
which the girdle is applied.  The waist.
  Cin'gulum Hilda'ni, Zo'nula Hilda'ni, (F.)
Ceinture de Hildane.  A leathern  girdle for-
merly used for the  reduction of  luxations and
fractures of the extremities.
  Cin'gulum Mercuria'le, C. Sapien'tia, C.
Stultit'ix.  A woollen girdle, containing mer-
curial ointment.   It was used as an antisypfai-
litic, and in diseases of the  skin.   (F.) Cein-
ture de vif argent.
  Cingulum Sancti Joannis, Artemisia vul-
garis.
  CINIS FiECUM, see Potash—c. Infectorius,
see Potash.
  CINNABARIS, Hydrargyri sulphuretum ru-
brum—c. Graecorum, see Calamus rotang.
  CINNAMOMUM, Laurus cinnamomum— c.
Album, Canella alba—c. Aromaticum, see Lau-
rus cinnamomum—c. Culilawan, Laurus Culi-
lawan—c  Indicum, Laurus cassia—c. Mala-
baricum, Laurus cassia—c Zeylanicum, Laurus
cinnamomum.
  CINNAMON, see Laurus cinnamomum—c.
Malabar, Laurus cassia—c. Wild, Laurus cassia.
  CINON'OSI, from xivia, ' I move,'and vooog,
' a disease.'  Diseases of motion.
  ClNOPLANE'SIS,from x/vtcu,  ' 1 move,'and
vXavTjo-ig,' a wandering about.'   Irregularity of
motion.
  CINQUEFOIL, Potentilla reptans.
  CINZILLA, Herpes zoster.
  CION, Uvula.
  CI'ONIS.  The  U'vula.   Also, tumefac-
tion, or elongation of the uvula; Staphylodial' -
ysis.
  ClONITIS, from menc, ' the uvula,' and itis,
' inflammation.'   Inflammation of the uvula,
Uvuli'tis.
  CIONORRHAPHIA, Staphyloraphy.
  CIOT'OMY,  Ciotom'ia, Cionotomy, Ciono-
tom'ia, from xtov, ' the uvula,' and tojijj, ' inci-
sion.'  Section of the uvula when too long.
  CIPIPA, see Jatropha manihot.
  CIRGEA, Atropa mandragora.
  Circe'a Lutetia'na, ' Paris'ian Circee'a,''
from  Circe, the  enchantress;   Enchant'ers'
Nightshade,  (F.)  Herbe de  Saint  ktienne,
Herbe aux Sorciers.  This plant, common in
the  vicinity of Paris, was formerly considered
to  be resolvent and vulnerary.  It was also
supposed to possess wonderful  magical and en-
chanting properties.
  CIRCINUS, Herpes zoster.
  CIRCLE, Circulus—c Ciliary, Ciliary liga-
ment—c. of Willis, see Circulus.
  CIRCOCELE, Cirsocele.
   CIRCONCISION, Circumcision.
   CIRCONFLEXE, Circumflexus. 
88               CIRRHOSIS
             CIRCONSCRPT             1*

   CIRCONSCRIT, Circumscribed.
   CIRCONVOLUTION, Convolution.
   CIRCUIT, Circu'itus; in pathological lan-
guage, generally means ' period,'' course.'
   CIRCUITUS, Period, Circuit.
   CIR'CULAR, Circula'ris, from circulus, ' a
circle.'  (F.) Cinulaire.  Having the form or
figure of a circle; as Circular Amputation, &c
   The French use the expression  " Une circu-
late,"  for a turn  of a bandage  around any
part.
   Circular  Sinus  of Ridley, Sinus corona-
rius.
   CIRCULATION, Circula'tio, Cyclophor'ia,
Periodus san'guinis, from circulus, ' a circle :'
or rather, from circum, ' around,' and ferre, la-
tum, 'to carry.'  (F.) Circulation.  Physio-
logists give  this name to  the motion of the
blood through the different vessels of the body
—sanguimotion;—to that function, by which
the blood,  setting out from  the left ventricle
of the heart, is distributed to every part of the
body by the arteries;—proceeds into the veins,
returns to the heart, enters  the right auricle,
and  passes into  the corresponding ventricle,
which sends it into the pulmonary artery  to be
distributed to the lungs, whence it issues by
the pulmonary veins, and passes into the left
auricle.  From this it is sent into the  left ven-
tricle, and is  again distributed by means of the
arteries.
   Circulation,  Cap'illary, C.  des Paren-
c.hymes, is that  which takes  place in the capil-
lary vessels; and is, in  some measure,  inde-
pendent of the action  of the heart.  It  is in
this capillary circulation, that the various se-
cretions are effected; and that animal heat  is
evolved.  It  is the seat of nutrition.
   Circulation, Pulmon'ic  or lesser, is the
circle  from the right  to the left  side of the
Ueart by the  lungs.—The greater or syste-
 -iAT'ic or system'ic, is that through the rest of
I he system.
   CIRCULATOR, Charlatan.
   CIR'CULATORY, Circulato'rius;  same
etymon as circulation.  Relating  to the circu-
lation as of the blood;—sanguimo'tory.
   CIRCULUS.  A circle or ring;  Cyclns, Ci'-
rios, (F.) Cercle.  Any part of the body which
is round or  annular, as  Cir'culns Oc'uli—the
globe, bulb, or orb of the eye.—Hippocr., Galen.
It is, also, applied to objects,  which by no
means form a circle,—as to the Circle of Wil-
lis, Cir'culns arterio'sus WHlisii, which is an
anastomotic  circle at  the  base  of the brain,
formed by the anterior and the posterior cere-
bral arteries  and the communicating arteries of
Willis.
   Circulus Arterio'sus I'ridis.  The artery
which runs round the iris, and forms a circle.
   Circulus  Arteriosus Willisii, Circle  of
Willis, see Circulus—c. Ciliaris, Ciliary liga-
ment—c. Membranosus, Hymen.
   Circulus  Quad'ruplex ;  a kind of bandage
used by the ancients.
   CIRCUM AGENTES, Oblique muscles of the

"VlRCUMCAULALIS MEMBRANA, Con-
junctiva.
   CIRCUMCIS'ION,  Circumcis'io, Posthet'o-
my,Pracis'io seu Abscis'io Prapu'tii, Circum-
eisu'ra, Circnmsec'tio, Perit'oml, from circum,
' around,' and ccedere,' to cut.' (F.) Circonci-
sion.  An  ancient  operation,  performed by
some nations as a religious ceremony.  It con-
sists in removing circularly a  portion of the
prepuce of infants;—a custom, which was pro-
bably suggested with a view to cleanliness.  In
cases of extraordinary length  of prepuce, or
when affected with  disease, the operation is
sometimes undertaken by surgeons.  A simi-
lar operation is performed, amongst the ^Egyp-
tians, Arabians, and  Persians, on  the female,
by removing a portion of the nymphae.
  CIRCUMt ISURA, Circumcision.
  CIRCUMDUCTS, Perisphalsis.
  CIRCUMDUCTIONS  OPIFEX,  Obliquui
superior oculi.
  CIRCUMFLEX,  Circumflex'us, from   cir-
cum, ' around,' and flexus, 'bent.'  (F.)  Cir-
conflexe.   Curved  circularly.  A  name given
to several organs.
  Circumflex  or Artic'ular Ar'teries of
the arm are  distinguished into; —anterior  and
posterior.   They arise from the axillary,  and
are distributed around the shoulder.
  Circumflex  Arteries  of the  thigh  are
distinguished into external  and  internal.   (A.
Sous-trochantiricnnes—Ch.)  They are given
off from  the Profunda, and surround the head
of the thigh bone.
  Circumflex Muscle, Circumflexus Mus'cu-
ius,  Tensor Palati, Peristaphylinns exter'nus
vel  infe'rior, Circumflex'us  Pala'ti  Mollis,
Spheno-salpin'go staphyllnus seu Staphyli'nus
exter'nus, Mus'cuius tuba nova, Pala'to-sal-
pingeus, Pter'ygo-staphyli'nus, Pelro-salpin'-
go-staphyli'nus, Spheno-pter'ygo-palatlnus,—
Salpin'go-stapkylfnus,  (F.)   Palato-salpin-
gien.  A muscle, which arises from the spinous
process of the  sphenoid bone, and is inserted
into  the velum pendulum  palati.  Its use is to
stretch the velum.
  Circumflex Veins follow the arteries.
  CIRCUMFORANEUS, Charlatan.
  CIRCUMFU'SA.  Halle has thus designated
the first class of subjects that belong to Hy-
giene—as atmosphere, climate, residence, &c;
in short, every thing which acts constantly oh
man externally and generally.
  CIRCUMGYRATIO, Vertigo.
  CTRCTJMLIGATURA, Paraphimosis.
  CIRCUMLIT"10, from circumlino,' I anoint
all over.' Perich'risis, Perichris'ton.  A term
formerly used for liniments, but especially for
those applied to the  eyelids.
  CIRCUMOSSALE, Periosteum.
  CIR'CUMSCRIBED, Circumscrip'tus, (F.)
Circonscrit. A term applied, in pathology, to
tumours, which are distinct at their base from
the surrounding parts.
   (TRrUMSECTIO, Circumcision.
  CIRCUMVALLATiE  PAPILLAE, see Pa-
pillae of the Tongue.
  CIRE JAUNE ETBLANCHE, Cera flava
et alba—c.  des Oreilles, Cerumen.
  CIRIOS, Circulus.
   CIRON, Acarus, Psora.
  CIRRHAGRA, Plica—c Pollonorum, Plica,
   CIRRHON'OSUS; from x,oqog, 'yellow,'and
v.c'.g,  'disease.'  A  disease "of the  foetus, in
which there is  a  yellow coloration of the se-
rous membranes.—Siebenhaar.
   CIRRHOSE DUFOIE, Cirrhosis.
   CIRRHO SIS,  Cirrhondsis,  Kirrkono'sis,
from xi^of, 'yellow.'   A yellow  colouring 
CIRSIUM  ARVENSE          189                 CITRUS
matter, sometimes  secreted in  the tissues,
owing  to a morbid process.   Also, called Cir-
rho'sis or  Kirrho'sis.   It is not uncommon in
the liver, Cirrho'sis hep'atis, when it is called,
also, gran'ulated,  gran'ular,  mam'millated,
tuber'culated, and  hob-nailed liver, (F.) Cir-
rhose du Foie.
  Cirrhosis Hepatis, see Cirrhosis.
  Cirrhosis  of the Lung, Cirrho'sis pulmo'-
num.  Dr. Corrigan has described a condition
of the  lung under this name, the general cha-
racter  of  which is a tendency to consolidation
or contraction  of  the pulmonary tissue, with
dilatation  of the bronchial tubes.
  Cirrhosis Pulmonum, C. of the Lung.
  CIR'SIUM  ARVEN'Stt,  Car'duus hemor-
rho'ida'Hs, Ceano'thos,  (F.) Chardon hemor-
rhoidal.   A common  plant  used in France in
the  form  of cataplasm in  hemorrhoids;  and
worm  as an amulet.
  C IR SO C E'L E, Cir'coce'll,  Cirsos'rheum,
from x/ooa?, < varix,' and x»/^i?,  'hernia;' Var'-
icose Her'nia.  The  greater part  of authors
have employed the term synonymously with
Varicocele.  Pott gives it a different significa-
tion.  Varicocele, he  calls  the  tumour formed
by the veins of the scrotum; Circocele, Funic'-
ulus varico'sus, the varicose dilatation  of the
spermatic  veins.   The  scrotum feels as if  it
contained earthworms.  It is commonly an af-
fection of  no consequence, demanding merely
the use of a suspensory bandage.
  CIRSOI'DES, Cirso'des, from xtqvoe,'varix'
and eiSot;, 'resemblance.'  Varicose, or resem-
bling a varix.  Rufus of Ephesus, according to
James, applies  this term  to the  upper part of
the brain, as well as to the spermatic vessels.(?)
  CIRSOM'PHALUS, from x^o-o?, 'varix,'and
tfj«pa\og,  'navel.'   Varicose dilatation of the
veins  surrounding the navel.  The term, has,
likewise, been applied to the aneurismal dilata-
tion of the arteries of that region; called also,
Varicomph'alus,  (F.)  Hargne  anivrysmale,
Aneurismal Hernia.
  CIRSOPHTHAL'MIA, from x/o<ro?, 'varix,'
and oip&aK/uo(, 'the  eye;' Var'icoseophthalmia,
Ophthalmia varico'sa, Varicos'itas  conjuncti-
va. A high degree  of ophthalmia, in  which
the vessels of the conjunctiva are considerably
injected.
  CIRSOSCHEUM, Cirsocele.
  CIRSOT'OMY,  Cirsotom'ia,  from x-o<ror, 'a
varix,' and XQiitj, 'an incision.'   Any operation
for the removal of varices by incision.
  CIRSUS, Varix.
  CIRSYDROSCHEOCE'LE,  from  uqaoc,
'varix,' 'vdwe,,  'water,'to-^tor, the  'scrotum.'
Varicocele with water in the scrotum.
  CISEAUX,  Scissors.
  CISSA, Malacia.
  CISSAMPELOS, Pareira brava.
  CISSARUS,  Cistus Creticus.
  CISSI'NUM, from  xtoooc, ' ivy.'  Name of a
plaster of ivy,  used in wounds of the nerves or
tendons.—Paulus of ^Egina.
  CISSOIDES, Capreolaris.
   CISSOS, Hedera helix.
   CISTERN, LUMBAR, Receptaculum chyli.
  CISTER'NA,  from xiaxr,, (L.)  Cista,  'a
chest.' (F.) Citeme.  This term has been
applied to various parts  of the body, which
serve  as  reservoirs for different fluids.  The
fourth ventricle of the brain has been so called.
—Arantius.
  Cisterna Chyli, Receptaculum chyli.
  CISTHORUS, Cistus Creticus.
  CISTOCELE, Cystocele.
  CISTUS  CANADENSIS,   Helianthemum
Canadensis.
  Cistus  Cre'ticus,  Cis'thorus,   Cis'sarus,
Dorycin'ium, Gum  Cistus.  Sex. Syst. Poly-
andria  Monogynia.   The systematic name of
the plant whence the Labda'num, Labddmen or
Lada'num,  Gum'mi Labda'num is obtained.
Lada'num  is a gum-resinous  substance,  of a
very agreeable smell, found in the shops in great
masses.  Its colour is blackish-green;  taste,
warm and bitter.   It is but little  used now.
Formerly, it was a  component of warm plas-
ters, and was prescribed internally as a  sto-
machic.  Ladanum is also obtained  from Cis-
tus ladanif'erus, and C. lauiifo'lius.
  Cistus, Gum, Cistus Creticus.
  CITERNE  LOMBAIRE, Receptaculum
chyli.
  CITHARUS, Thorax.
  CITRAGO, Melissa.
  CITRARIA, Melissa.
  CITREA MALUS, see Citrus medica.
  CITREOLUS,  Cucumis sativus.
  CITRIC  ACID,  Acidum cit'ricum, Acid of
Lemons, Ac"idum Limo'num, (F.) Acide cit-
rique.   This acid is found in the lemon, orange.
&c.  It is in rhomboidal prisms, which slightly
effloresce on exposure to the air.  It dissolve?^
in a twelfth part of its weight in boiling water.
and has an extremely acid but agreeable taste.
It is employed in medicine as  antiseptic, refri-
gerant and  diuretic.  Rubbed  up  with sugar
and with  a little of the essence of lemon, it
forms the dry Lemonade, (F.)  Limonade seche.
  CITRINE OINTMENT,  Unguentum  hy-
drargyri nitratis.
  CITRON, see Citrus medica—c. Tree, se«
Citrus medica.
  CITRONELLE, Artemisia abrotanum, Me-

  CITRUL, SICILIAN, Cucurbita citrullus.
  CITRULLUS, Cucurbita citrullus.
  CITRUS, see Citrus medica—c Acida, see
Lime.
  Citrus Auran'tium.  The systematic name
of the  Orange  Tree, Auran'tium,  A. Hispa-
len'sl, Motus Auran'tia Major, Malus Auran'-
tia,  Auran'tium  vulga'rl,  Malus  Auran'tia
vulga'ris,  Citrus vulga'ris.   Nat. Ord.  Au-
rantiaceae.   Sex.  Syst. Polyadelphia Icosan-
dria.  The fruit are called Mala Au'rea, Chry-
some'lia, Neran'tia, Martia'na Poma,  Poma
Auran'tia, Auran'tia Curassav'ica, Poma  Chi-
nen'sia, Oranges.  The Flowers of the Orange,
Flores  Napha, are highly odoriferous, and used
as a perfume.  On  distillation, they yield  a
small quantity of essential oil—O'leum Auran'-
tii, Oleum  vel Essen'tia Nero'li,—with spirit
and water, the  Aqua Florum  Auran'tii, Aqua
aurantii,  Orange Flower water.  They  were
once used  in  convulsive and  epileptic cases.
The leaves, Fo'lia Auran'tii,  have  a bitterish
taste, and furnish an essential  oil.   They have
been used for the  same purposes as the flowers.
The yellow rind of the fruit, Cortex Auran'tii,
Orange Peel, is an  aromatic bitter,  and is used
in dyspepsia, and where that class of remedies
is required.  The  Juice,  Succus Auran'tii, 
CITTA
190      CLAVARIA  CORALLOIDES
Orange juice, is a grateful acid, and used as a
beverage in febrile and scorbutic affections.
  Citrus Bergamia, Citrus melia rosa—c. Li-
metta, see Citrus melia rosa.
  Citrus Med'ica, C. Limo'num.  The syste-
matic name of  the Lemon Tiee.  The Lemon,
Limo'num malum, Limo'num  Bacca, Malus
Med'ica, Malus Limo'nia Ac"ida, Limon, Cit'-
rea Malus, Citrus, (F.) Citron, Cidrat, has a
fragrant  odour,  depending upon the essential
oil, O'leum Limonis, of the rind.  The juice,
Succus Limo'nis, is sharp, but gratefully acid,
the acidity depending upon the citric acid it
contains.  The  outer rind, Cortex Limo'num,
Lemon Peel, Zest, Flave'do Cor'ticum Citri, is
used in the same cases as the  Cortex Auran'tii.
  The juice is given as a refrigerant beverage
in febrile affections.   Alone, or combined with
wine, it  is prescribed in scurvy, putrid sore
throat, &c  Its general properties are refrige-
rant and antiseptic.   Sweetened  and diluted,
it forms Lemonade.   Artificial lemon-juice  is
made by dissolving  an ounce  of citric acid in
fourteen  fluidounces  of water; adding  a few
drops of essence of lemon.
   Citron Tree is likewise considered to belong
to the same species—Citrus Med'ica.  Its fruit
is called cedrome'la.   It is larger and  less suc-
culent than the lemon.   Citron juice, when
sweetened with sugar, is  called by the Italians
Agro di  Cedro.
   Citrus Mella  Rosa  of De Lamarck, an-
other variety of Citrus Medica, affords the Ber-
gamote, as also do Citrus Limet'ta and C. Ber-
ga'mia.
   Citrus Vulgaris, Citrus aurantium.
   CITTA, Malacia.
   CITTARA,   MINERAL  WATERS OF.
These springs are in the Isle of Ischia, near the
sea.  They contain carbonate and sulphate of
lime, and chloride of sodium.   Their tempera-
ture is 100° Fahrenheit.
   CITTOS, Hedera helix.
   CITTOSIS, Chlorosis, Malacia.
   CIVETTA, Zib'ethum, Civ'et, (F'.) Civette.
An unctuous perfume, of a  very penetrating
odour, obtained from different mammalia of the
 Viver'ra kind,  particularly  from Viver'ra ci-
velta.  It  is contained in a  fold of the skin,
situate between the anus and  the organs of ge-
neration.
   CLABBERGRASS, Galium verum.
   CLADES GLANDULARIA, Plague.
   CLADIS(-OS, Ramusculus.
   CLADONIA ISLANDICA, Lichen islandicus.
   Clado'nia Rangifer'rina.   The ancients
regarded this European plant as  pectoral and
stomachic.  It  enters into the composition of
the Poudre de Chypre.
   CLADOS, Ramus.
   CLADRAS'TIS  TINCTO'RIA,  Virgil'ia,
Yellow Ash, Fustic  Tree, Yellow Locust.  An
indigenous tree, which  flourishes  from Ken-
tucky to Alabama.   The bark of the tree  and
the roots are cathartic.
   CLAIRET,  Claret.
   CLAIRVOYANCE, (F.)  'Clear-seeing.' A
clearness of sight, said to be  communicated by
animal magnetism, which not only  enables the
magnetized person to see in  the dark, through
stone walls, &c, but even to observe prospects,
whilst he may fancy he is flying in the air, which
he has never seen previously.  It need hardly
be said, that the possession of such powers is
fabulous.
  CLAMMY WEED, Polanisea graveolens.
  CLAMOR, Cry.
  CLANGOR, Oxyphonia.
  CLAP, Gonorrhoea impura.
  CLAPIER, (F.)  A clapper,Latib'ulum, from
xxenxttv, 'to conceal.'  A  purulent foyer of
disease;  concealed  in the flesh or under the
skin.   See Sinus.
  CLAPWORT, Orobanche Americana.
  CLAQUEMENT, Odontosynerismus.
  CLAR'ET, (Vin clair[l]), CI are'turn, Vindt
Bordeaux,  (F.) Clairet.   A  pleasant French
wine, which  may be used  whenever wine is
required.   Also, a wine impregnated with spice
and sugar, called likewise Vinum Hippocrat1-
icum  seu Medica'turn, Potus  Hippocralicus,
Hip'pocras, Hyp'pocras.  Schroder speaks of a
Clare'tum al'terans, and a C. purgans.
  CLARETA, Albumen ovi.
  CLARETUM, Claret.
  CLARIFICATION, Clarifica'tio, Depura'.
Hon, from clarus, ' clear,' and facio, 'I make.'
A pharmaceutical operation, which consists in
separating  from  a  liquid every insoluble sub-
stance held in suspension by it, that affects its
transparency.  Decanting and filtering are the
operations necessary for this purpose.
  CLARY, COMMON, Salvia sclarea.
  CLASIS, Fracture.
  CLASMA, Fracture.
  CLASS, Clas'sis, (F.) Classe.   An  assem-
blage of a certain number of objects.  In Na-
tural History and in Medicine, a group of ob-
jects or individuals having one or  more com-
mon characters.  The  classes axe divided into
orders, the orders into genera, the genera into
species, and these last into varieties.
  CLASSIFICATION,  Classifica'tio, from
classis, 'a class,' and facio,' I make.' The for-
mation of classes.   A methodical distribution
of any objects whatever into classes,  orders,
genera, species,  and varieties.  See  Nosogra-
phy, and Nosology.
  CLASSY,   MINERAL   WATERS   OF.
Classy is near  Laon in Picardy, France.  The
waters are chalybeate.
  CLAUDICATIO,  Claudication—c  Ana-
tica, Vacillatio.
  CLAUDICATION, Claudica'tio, from clau-
dicare, 'to be  lame.'  The act of halting or
limping.   Lameness,  Clau'ditas,  Cholo'sis,
 Cholela,  Cholo'ma, (F.) Claudication, Boite-
ment.   This condition does not constitute any
special disease, but  is produced  by different
causes or  affections.   It may be  the result of
the shortening or elongation of one of the lower
limbs, of anchylosis of the  joints, palsy of the
muscles, pain, &c
   CLAUDITAS, Claudication.
   CLAUSTRUM GUTTURIS, Isthmus of the
fauces—c. Palati, Velum pendulum palati—c.
Virginitatis, Hymen.
   CLAUSU'RA, from e/aw«?ere, 'to shut.5  An
 imperforation of any canal or cavity.
   Clausu'ra Uteri.  Preternatural imperfora-
tion of the uterus.
   CLAVA MYOSA, Acorus calamus.
   CLAVALIER AFEU1LLES DEFRENE,
 Xanthoxylum clava Herculis.
   CLAVA'RIA   CORALLOIDES,   Coral-
I hides Fungus, Coralwort.  Said to be corrobo- 
CLAVATIO               191             CLIMACTERIC
rant and astringent.  A kind of clavaria, called
Digital blanc,  Digital htimain, Champignon
de I'appareil des fractures, formed of digita-
tions, grouped together, and two or three inches
in length,  is said to have been often found, for-
merly at the Hotel Dieu of Paris, on the splints
of white wood used  in the treatment of frac-
tures, in autumn.—H. Cloquet.
  CLAVATIO, Gomphosis.
  CLAVES CALVARIyE, Wormiana ossa.
  CLAVICLE,  Clavic'ula, Clavis,  Clavic'-
ulus,  Lig'ula, Fur'cula, Os Jug'uli, Jug'ulum,
Cleis, Cleldion, from clavis, 'a key.' (F.) Cla-
vicule.   The  collar-bone.  The  clavicle  is
shaped like the  letter  <S, and is  placed  trans-
versely at the upper part of the  thorax.  It is
articulated, at one extremity, with the sternum;
at the other with the acromion process of the
scapula.   It  gives attachment,  above, to the
Sterno-cleido-mastoideus;  below, to the Subcla-
vius;  before, to the  Pectoralis major and Del-
toides; and behind, to the  Trapezius. It serves
as a point of support  for the muscles of the
arm, and protects the vessels and nerves passing
to that extremity.
   The fibres, connecting the lamellae or  plates
of bones, have also  been  called Clavic'uli ox
Nails.
   CLAVICULAR,  Clavicula'ris;  same ety-
mon.   Relating to the clavicle or collar-bone.
   CLAVICULE, Clavicle.
  CLAVICULI, see Clavicle.
  CLAVIS, Clavicle, Key—c Anglica, Key.
  CLAVUS.  A nail.  Helos, Gomphos, (F.)
Clou.   This word is employed in medicine  in
various senses.  It means, 1. A Corn, (q. v.)
from its resemblance to the head of a nail.   2.
Certain  condylomatous  excrescences  of  the
uterus.  3.  A callous tumour, which forms on
the white of the eye, and resembles a nail, the
Clavus Oc'uli, (F.)  Clou de I'ail.   This last,
by some,  is considered  to  be synonymous with
staphyloma; by others, with staphyloma of the
cornea.  Also, the Penis.
   Clavus Hyster'icus, Monopa'gia, Monope'-
gia,(F.) Clouhystirique.  An acute pain, con-
fined  to a  small point of the head, described by
the sick as  resembling that which would be
produced by a  nail driven into  the head.   It
has been particularly noticed in hysterical fe-
males;—hence its name. It is called Ovumhys-
ter'icum, when  the pain occupies a greater ex-
tent.
  Clavi s Secalinus, Ergot—c. Secalis, Ergot
—c Siliginis, Ergot.
  CLEANSINGS, Lochia.
  CLEAR-SEEING, Clairvoyance.
  CLEAVAGE; from Anglo-Saxon cleoFan,
' to split.'   The natural line of separation ex-
hibited by certain substances, as minerals, when
subjected  to  mechanical force.   Recently, the
term has been applied to the separation of mus-
cles into longitudinal and  circular striae, when
mechanical violence is  used.—Bowman.
  CLEAVERS, Galium aparine.
  Cleavers' Bees. Galium aparine.
  CLEAVEWORT, Galium verum.
  CLEF DU CRANE, Wormianum os—c. de
Garengeot, Key—e. d Noix, see Key—c. a, Pi-
vot, see Key—c. a Pompe, see  Key.
  CLEFT, Rima—c Palate, see Harelip.
  CLEIDAGRA, Cleisagra.
  CLEIDION, Clavicle.
  CLE I DO-COSTAL, Costo-clavicular.
  CLEI'DO-MASTOIDEUS.   Albinus  thus
designates the posterior portion of the  sterno-
cleido-mastoideus, which  he considers  a sepa-
rate muscle.  It has been corrupted into clino-
mastoideus.
  CLEIS, Clavicle, Key.
  CLEIS'AGRA, Cleid'agra, from y.Xu;, 'the
clavicle,' and aye,a, 'a seizure.'   Gout in the
clavicle.—A. Pare.
  CLEMATIS DAPHNOIDES MAJOR, Vin-
ca minor.
  Clem'atis Erect'a, Flam'mula Jovis, Up-
right  Virgin's  Bower, (F.) Climatite  droite.
Family  Ranunculaceae. Sex. Syst. Polyandria
Polygynia.  The leaves contain an acrid prin-
ciple.   They have been  esteemed anti-vene-
real;  and, in the form of  powder, have been
used as  escharotic.
  Clematis Vital'ba, Vitalba, Vior'na, Atra -
gen€,   Traveller's  Joy,   Common  Virgin's
Bower, (F.) Climatite, Herbe auxgueux, Aube-
vigne.  It has  been  used  in the same cases
as the former.  In infusion  it has been applied
in cases of itch.
  The leaves of Clematis Crispa—c. Flam-
mula, or sweet-scented Virgin's bower—c. Vir-
gin'ica, or  common   Virgin's  bower—and c.
Viorna, leather-flower, have similar properties.
  CLEMATITE, Clematis vitalba—c.Droite,
Clematis recta.
  CLEO'NIS COLLYRTUM.   A collyrium
described by Celsus, composed of equal parts
of Samian earth, myrrh, and thus, mixed with
white of egg.
  Cleo'nis  Gluten.  An  astringent formula
of myrrh, frankincense, and white of egg.
  CLEP'SYDRA,  from  xkm-xu,  'I conceal,'
and 'vda?, 'water.'  An instrument  contrived
by Paracelsus  to  convey fumigations  to the
uterus.
  CLEVES, MINERAL WATERS OF. This
spring is a quarter of  a league  from Cleves in
Westphalia.  It contains carbonate and  sul-
phate of iron.
  CLIFFWEED, Heuchera cortusa.
  CLIFTON, CLIMATE OF.  The vicinity
of Clifton and  of Bristol, England, appears to
be the mildest and driest climate in the west
of England;  and, consequently, the best winter
residence, in that part of the country, for inva-
lids.   It is, also, a favourable summer climate,
and is surrounded by numerous  places of agree-
able resort, suited for those who may pass the
season there.
   CZ/GArJE:M£A/T,Nictation,Scardamygmus.
  CLIGNOTEMENT, Nictation.
  CLIMA, Climate.
  CLIMACTERIC, Climacter'icus, Climater-
icus,  from  nKt/uaxTtiq, 'a step.'  (F.) Climac-
tirique ou Climatirique:  A word, which pro-
perly  signifies 'by degrees.'  It  has been ap-
plied  to certain times of life, regarded to be
critical.
  At present, the word  Climacteric  is chiefly
applied  to certain periods of life, at which great
changes occur, independently of any numerical
estimate of years.   Such are the period of pu-
berty  in both sexes:  that  of the cessation of
the menses in women, &c.
  Climacteric Years, Anni Climacterici, axe,
according to some, all those in  the life of man,
which are multiples of the  number 7, Septen - 
CLIMATE
192
CLIMATE
niads.  Others have applied the term to years,
resulting from the multiplication of 7 by an odd
number.  Some have admitted only three cli-
macterics; others, again, have  extended them
to multiples of 9.  Most, however, have con-
sidered the 63d year as the Grand Climacteric;
—63 being the product of the multiplication of
7 by 9, and all have thought that  the period of
three, seven, or nine, which they respectively
adopted, was  necessary to the  entire renewal
of the body;  so that there was, at these times,
in the economy, none of  the parts of which it
had  previously consisted.   The climacteric
years have also been called, (Anni) hebdomad'-
ici, scala'res, grada'rii, scan'sites, genethliaci,
oiatali'tii, fata'les, crit'ici, decreto'rii, hero'iei,
6,-c.  All the notions on  the subject are essen-
tially allied  to the doctrine  of numbers  of
Pythagoras.
   CLIMATE, Clima, Inclina'tio cadi,  (F.)
Climat, Gr. uijua,  'a region.'  In geography,
the word climate is  applied to  a  space  on the
terrestrial  globe, comprised between two cir-
cles  parallel  to  the  equator,  and arbitrarily
measured according to the length of the days.
In a hygienic point of view, we understand by
climate, since Hippocrates, a country or region,
which may differ from  another  in respect  to
season,  qualities of the soil, heat of atmosphere,
&c   Climate, indeed, embraces, in a general
manner, all the physical  circumstances belong-
ing to each region,—circumstances which ex-
ert  considerable influence  on living beings.
The dark complexion e. g., of the inhabitants of
the  torrid zone is  easily distinguishable from
the paleness of those of  the frigid,—so are the
diseases.   They are all modified, more or less,
by climate or locality.  Hot climates  predis-
pose to abdominal  complications in febrile af-
fections, cold climates to thoracic, &c
   One  of  the most important considerations
with regard to climates  is their comparative
fitness for the residence  of invalids, and  espe-
cially of those who are  liable  to, or suffering
under catarrhal or consumptive affections. The
great object, in such  cases, is  to select a cli-
mate which will admit of regular and daily ex-
ercise in the open air, so that the invalid may
derive every advantage which  this form of re-
vulsion is capable  of effecting.  To an inhabi-
tant of the northern and middle portions of the
United States—and the same applies to Great
Britain, France, and the  northern parts of the
old world—a  more southern climate alone af-
fords  these advantages in  an eminent  degree.
During the summer months, there are few, if
any, diseases,  which require a milder climate
than that of the United States, or of the milder
districts  of Europe.  The temperature of the
winter months is, consequently, the most im-
portant object of attention.  Equability of tem-
perature is essential,  inasmuch as all sudden
changes interfere with the great desideratum—
exercise in the open air.   In the whole conti-
nent of North America  the changes are very
sudden and extensive.  It is not uncommon for
the range to  be 40°, between two successive
days.  So far, therefore, as this applies, the
American climate is  not well adapted to the
invalid.  In the southern portions, however, of
the Union, this objection is counterbalanced by
many advantages.
   The following tables exhibit the mean tem-
perature of the year, and of the different sea-
sons—with the mean temperature of the warm-
est and coldest months  at  different places in
America, Europe, Africa, &c, as deduced from
the excellent  paper of Von Humboldt on Iso-
thermal  Lines,  the  Meteorological Registers
kept  by the  surgeons of  the  United States
army, the work of Sir  James  Clark on Cli-
mate, &c
   Certain of the tables show the mean month-
ly temperature, maximum, minimum,and range,
as well as the greatest  daily, and mean daily
range during the corresponding months—but of
different years—at some of the prominent re-
treats for the  valetudinarian in Great Britain,
on the continent of Europe, and in the African
islands.  It is  proper, however, to remark, that
in no situations, except  in those to which an
asterisk is affixed, was the register thermome-
ter used.  In  the others, the observations were
made  during  the  day only, and  consequently
the numbers given are far below the real range
throughout the twenty-four hours.   The places
are ranged in  the order of their mean tempera-
ture.
Table of Maximum, Minimum, and Range of Temperature.
Sidmouth*.
Penzance*.
Pau......
Montpellier
iNice......
Rome.....
Naples....
Madeira...
December.    January.    February.    March.
25  29
34 ! 22
2f> | 31
32  25
40 j 19
31 i 20
34  27
52 | 16
58  29
69 , 50
25
22
25
25
21
27
 29
17
April. 
CLIMATE
193
CLIMATE
Table of Mean Temperature.
Places.
Sidmouth .,
Penzance..
Pau......
Montpellier
Nice.....
Rome.....
Naples....
Madeira,..
December.
43 .00
46 .50
41 .53
46 .00
48 .60
49 .62
50 .50
60 .50
January.
36 .30
43 .00
38 .89
42 .00
45 .85
47 .65
46 .50
59 .50
February.
42 .00
44 .50
44 .96
45 .00
49 .00
49 .45
48 .50
58 .50
March.
45
46
46
47
51
52
52
61
.00
.50
.80
.00
.45
.05
.00
.06
April.
51 .00
48 .50
55 .79
53 .00
57 .00
56 .40
57 .00
62 .50
Table of		Daily Range of			Temperature.					
	December.		January.		February.		March.		April.	
		>.				>>		>.		>.
	>>		>>		>.		t»>		>>	
		a		a		ta		a		as
Places.	a i ■O M	' 6	T3 BJ)		13 be	•a »-	■c en	•o a;	-a an	*. BE
	sg	S 3	CO *-		as £	CO *"	Sg		= 5	2 a a '—
	s		s	u>	S	6JD	s	*>	S	M
	3 7 9	13 13	4 7 H	13 16	6 9 9	12 16	8 9 14	12 17	9 8 14	13 18
										
Pau..................										
										
JNice.................	6 9 9	14 15 13	8 11 9	16 16 14	9 10 11	18 18 19	9 12 11	17 19 18	11 13 14	18 2t) 20
										
										
	11	14	11	17	9	13	10	14	9	13
										
1. AMERICA, &c.
Places,
Nain, Labrador......
Fort Brady, Mich___
Quebec, L. C.......
Eastport.Me........
Fort Howard, Mich..
Fort Crawford, Miss..
Cambridge, Mass....
Council Bluffs, Miss.
Newport, R. I.......
Philadelphia________
New York.........
Cincinnati.........
Monticello, Va......
Washington, D. C...
Smithviile. N. C.....
Charleston, S. C......
Natchez, Miss.......
Pensacola, Flor......
St. Augustine, do....
Tampa Bay, do......
Lati-
tude.
 Mean
 tempe-
ratureuf
 several
 years. Winter.  Spring Summer.Autumn
Mean temperature of different
         seasons.
26°. 42'
41 .37
41 .74
42 .44
44 .50
45 .52
50 .36
50 .82
51 .02
53 -42
53 .78
53 .78
55 .40
55 .56"
58 .88
60 .18
64 .76
68 .771
Vera Cruz..............1£ .11
Havanna,..............23 .10
                        126 .40
Bahamas...............!  to
                        27 .5
Barbadoes..............j 13 .10
Cumana................40 .27
77 .72
78 .08
78 .3*
79 .3
81 .86
 0°.(i0
14 .09
14 .18
23 .44
20 .82
23 .76
« .98
27 .38
33 .82
32 .18
29 .84
32 .90
37 .67
36 .80
53 .44
51 .09
48 .56
55 .13
59 .29
61. 24

71 .96
71 .24

71.

76 .7
80 .24
23°.60
37 .89
38 .04
38 .58
41 .40
43 .09
47 .66
46 .38
46 .87
51 .44
51 .26
54 .14
54 .67
53 .83
64 .76
66 .73
65 .48
69 .67
71 .47
72 .93

77 .90
78 .98

77.

19.
83 .60
48° 38
61 .83
68 .00
60 .54
68 .70
69 .78
70 .70
72 .84
68 .70
73 .94
79 .16
72 .80
73 .33
75 .90
80 .46
80 .89
79 .16
82 .57
82 .73
80 .14

81 .50
83 .30

83.

81.
82 .04
33°.44
43 .94
46 .04
45 .43
45 .18
46 .74
49 .82
48 .60
53 .83
56 .48
54 .50
54 .86
56 .50
56 .59
68 .15
(57 .55
66 .02
69 .05
75 .15
75 .28

78 .62
78 .98

80.

80.
80 .24
Mean tempera-
   ture of
vva/iiiM coldest
mouth, month
5IO.80
62 .87
73 .40
H3 .52
73 .67
71 .34
72 .86
   .92
71 .46
77 .00
hO .78
74 .30
75 .00
79 .13
82 .93
82 .81
79 .70
83 .55
83 .94
80 .72

81 .86
83 .84

90.
84 .38
ll°.20
12 .65
13 .81
20 .91
17 .95
20 .14
29 .84
'27 .19
32 .14
32 .72
25 .34
30 .20
3(5 .00
34 .66
50 .69
49 .43
46 .94
53 .80
5(5 .60
58 .70

71 .06
69 .98

64.


79 .16
 Sr. Louis, Missouri, Lat. 38° 4U.  Mean temperature, 55° .86. New Harmony, Lat 38° 11'. Mean
temperature, 5f>° .74.
 New Orleans, Lat. 30°.  Mean temperature, C9° .01. Baton Rouge, Lat. 30° .26' Mean tem-
perature, 6n° 07.
 Jamaica, cnast, Menn temppraMire, 80° .6. 
CLIMATERIC
194
CLINOID
2.  EUROPE, AFRICA, &c.
Lati-
tude.
 Mean
 tempe-
ratureof
 several
 years.
Geneva...............■
Gosport...............
Newport, Isle of Wight .
Sidmouth.............
Penzance..............
Undercliff.............
Hastings...............
Bute.................
Cove of Cork..........
Jersey................
Paris.................
Pau..................
Sienna................
Nantes...............
Bordeaux.............
Montpellier............
Avignon..............
Florence..............
Nice.................
Marseilles.............
Toulon...............
Leghorn..............
Genoa...............
Pisa..................
Rome................
Naples  ...............
St Michael's, Azores....
Cadiz.................
48°
48
50
52 .11
490.28'
50 .24*
51 .00
52 .10
51 .80
51 .11
57 .00
48 .25
51 .58
53 .06
51 .08
54 .95
55 .60
55 .621
56 .48
57 .60
58 .20
59 .OU
59 .48
59 .50*
59 .90
60 .00$
60 .37
60 .60
60 .40
61 .40
62 .40
62 .88
Madeira, Funchal........|32 .37
Algiers.................J36 .48
Canaries, Santa Cruz .... 28 .28
Cairo..................|30 .02
Mean temperature of different
         seasons
Winter  Spring  Summer.]Autumn.
34^.70
40 .44
40 .31
40 .43
44 .03
42 .14
40 .11
39 .62
43 .90
43 .82
38 .66
41 .79
40 .50
42 .23
42 .08
44 .20
42 .60
44 .30
47 .82
45 .50
43 .30
46 .30
44 .57
46 .03
45 .86
48 .50
57 .83
52 .90
64 .56 '59 .50
47o.66
17 .63
49 .00
50 .66
49 .63
29 .26
45 .77
46 .66
49 .43
50 .97
49 .28
54 .96
54 .10
53 .10
*G .46
69 .98 61
70 .94 64
72 .32 158
 6 .00
56 .23
57 .56
53 .70
57 .60
 >S .60
 >7 .20
57 .74
58 .50
61 .17
59 .53

62 .20
65 .66
68 .87
(i4°.«)4
*i2 .00
(i3 .09
63 .83
60 .70
60 .28
60 .45
")8 .02
61 .26
62 .84
64 .58
67 .41
70 .80
 0 .73
70 .88
71 .30
74 .66
74 .00
 2 .26
72 .50
74 .30
74 .10
74 .03
75 .15
75 .20
70 .83
68 .33
70 .43
50° .00
50 .88
51 .63
53 .50
53 .36
52 .76
51 .00
48 .59
51 .73
54 .63
51 .44
   .64
57 .10
56 .41
56 .30
61 .30
59 .00
60 .70
61 .63
60 .08
 >9 .00
62 .00
62 .94
62 .80
62 .78
(54 .50
62 .33
65 .35
       69 .33 67 .23
       80 .24 72 .50
       76 .68 J74 .17
73 .58 185 .10 71 .42
Mei n tempera-
   ture of
warin>l  coldest
 month. I  month.
66^.56 34°.16
65 .30
70 .52
73 .04
77 .00
82 .76

85 .82
36 .14
39 .02
41 .00
42 .26
60 .08

56 .12
 London, Lat. 51° .30'.  Mean temperature, 50° .30. Environs of London. Mean temperature
3° 81.                                        Lyons, Mean temperature, 55°  76.
 Perpignan, Mean temperature, 59° .54.             IVismes,  Mean temperature, 60° .26.
  In the United States, the most favourable re-
gion for the phthisical invalid is that of Florida,
—especially of Pensacola.  St. Augustine is fre-
quently chosen, but it is liable to north-east
storms, which interfere with the out-door move-
ments of the valetudinarian, and are the source
of much discomfort. Still, great benefit has often
been derived from it as a winter retreat.  Of
the Atlantic Isles, Madeira appears to be best
adapted for the consumptive, and those affected
with chronic bronchitis.  In Italy, Rome, and
Pisa,—and in England, Torquay and Undercliff,
are to he preferred.  Chronic rheumatism and
gout are benefited by a warm climate, which,
again,  is unfavourable  to those who are predis-
posed to cerebral diseases, especially to diseases
that are characterized by debility and mobility
of the nervous system—as paralysis, epilepsy,
mania,  &c.   Hypochondriasis  and  dyspepsia
require rather change of climate and travelling
exercise than  a sojourn  in any one.  (See the
Author's Human Health, Philad. 1844.)
  For the mortality of different countries and
cities, see Mortality.
  CLIMATERIC, Climacteric.
  CLI'MATIC, Climaticus.  Belonging to, or
dependent  upon climate.
  Climatic  Diseases,  Morbi  climafici,  axe
such as are caused by  climate.
  CLINE, x.Xivjj, ' a bed.'   Hence:
  CL1NIATER, Clinical physician.
  CLINIATRIA, Clinical medicine.
  CLINIATRUS, Clinical physician.
  CLINICA, Clinical medicine.
  CLINICAL, Clin'icus, (F.) Clinique.  Re-
lating to a bed.
  Clinical  Lecture, (F.)  Leqon  Clinique.
One given at the bed-side, or on a particular
case or cases.
  Clinical  Medicine,  Cliniatri'a,  Clin'ica,
Clin'ice, (F.) Mideci?ie clinique.   That which
is occupied  with the investigation of diseases
at the bed-side, or individually.
  Clinical   Physician,  Clinia'ter, Clinid-
trus.  One who teaches clinical medicine.
  CLINICE, Clinical medicine.
  CLINICUM, Clinique.
  CLINIQUE,  Clinical.   Clinique,  Clin'i-
cum, is also occasionally  used  substantively,
for   Ecole Clinique   or  Clinical  School:  a
school  in which medicine is taught by exa-
mining  diseases on  the patients themselves.
Thus,  the  French say,—La Clinique de la
Charite:  "The  Clinical  School of the  Hos-
pital La Chariti."  The term has been intro-
duced  into this country,  and is  occasionally
anglicized Clinic.
  CLINODES, Clinoid.
  CLINOID, Clinoi'des, Clino'des, Clino'ideus, 
CLINOIDEUS              19
from xXivtj, 'a bed,' and tiSot, 'form.'  Resem-
bling a bed.
  Clinoid Proc"esses,  (F.) Apophyses cli-
noides, are four processes  at  the upper surface
of the  sphenoid  bone,  which have been com-
pared to the posts  of a bed.  On them the pi-
tuitary gland rests.  They are divided into an-
terior and posterior.  Each of the anterior ter-
minates in a point called  Transverse  Spinous
Process.
  CLINOIDEUS, Clinoid.
  CLINOPODIA, Thymus mastichina.
  CLINOPO'DIUM VULGA'RR, from xXtvt,,
'a bed,'  and novg, 'foot,' so called from the
shape of its flowers. Wild Basil, (F.) Grand
Basilic sauvage.  A European plant,  which
was formerly considered  to  be an antidote to
the bites of venomous animals, to facilitate la-
bour, relieve strangury, stop  diarrhoea, &c.
  CLIQUETIS, Crepitation.
  CLISEOM'ETER, Clisiom'eter, from y.Xi<rl(,
'inclination,' and janqov, 'a measure.'  An in-
strument, intended to measure the degree of in-
clination  of the  pelvis and  to determine the
relation between the axis of the pelvis and that
of the  body.—Osiander, Stein.
  CLITBUR, Arctium lappa.
  CLITORICARCINO'MA,   from  x\t«T0?«,
'clitoris,' and xx$xiva>p.a, 'cancer.'  Cancer of
the clitoris.
  CLITORIDES  INFERIORES LATI  ET
PLANI MUSCULI, Constrictores cunni.
  CLIT'ORIS, from xXht&>$, 'a  servant who
invites guests.'  (?)  Dulce'do Amor'is, Venus,
Myrton,  QHstrum, Penis mulie'bris seu faml-
neus, Men'tula mulie'bris, Membrum mulie'brl,
Superla'bia, Cerco'sis,  Hypodet'mis, Nympha,
Nymphl, Epidedrhis, Libldinis Sedes, Tunic.'-
ula, Crista.  A small, round organ, situate at
the upper part  of the vulva,  and separated by
a small space from the anterior commissure of
the labia.   Its base is  surrounded by a slight
fold, similar to  the prepuce; and it is, inter-
nally,  of the same structure  as the corpora ca-
vernosa penis.  The artery of the clitoris, (F.)
A. Clitorienne, is a branch of the internal pu-
dic.  The vein  communicates with the internal
pudic, and the nerve with the pudic.
  CLIT'ORISM, Clitoris'mus.   A  word, in-
vented to express the  abuse made of the cli-
toris.  Also, an unusually large clitoris, Cer-
co'sis extern'a.
  CLITORI'TIS,  Clitoritltis,  from xxf/To?K,
'clitoris,' and  itis,  'denoting  inflammation.'
Inflammation of the clitoris.
  CLITORITITIS, Clitoritis.
  CLITORIUM, Vulva.
  CLOA'CA, (F.) Cloaque, from  x.Xvto, 'I
wash.'   The pouch at the  extremity of the in-
testinal canal, in which the solid and liquid ex-
cretions are commingled in birds, fish and rep-
tiles.   In the male, it gives exit to the excre-
ments,  sperm and urine: in the  female, to the
eggs, faecal matters, and urine.
  CLOANX, Orpiment.
  CLOAQUE,  Cloaca.
  CLOCHE, (F.) A  popular  expression in
France for a blister or other vesicle.
  CLOISON, Septum—c. des Fosses nasales,
Septum narium—c. Transparente, Septum lu-
i-idum.
  CLONIC, Clon'icus, from xxoroc, 'agitation,'
' motion,' (F.) Clonique.  Irregular convulsive
)5               CLYSTER

 motions.  Convulsion with alternate relaxation;
 in contradistinction to tonic, which signifies  a
 constant rigidity;—Clonus, Clon'ici partia'les.
   Clonic Spasm, see Spasm.
   CLONICI UNIVERSALES, Synclonus.
   CLONIQUE, Clonic.
   CLONIS, Sacrum.
   CLONISM, Clonis'mus; same etymon.  Clo-
 nic spasm.—Baumes.
   CLONO'DES, from xxovo?, ' agitation,' and
 tidoQ, 'resemblance.'   Convulsive.  Galen ap-
 plies this term to  the pulse, when convulsive,
 as it were, and unequal.  He compares the sen-
 sation  it communicates  to the finger to  that
 produced by a bundle of sticks or rods in vibra-
 tion.
   CLONOS EPILEPSIA, Epilepsy—c.  Hy-
 drophobia, Hydrophobia.
   CLONUS,  Synclonus—c.  Nictitatio,  Nicta-
 tion—c. Palpitatio, Palpitation—c. Pandicula-
 tio, Pandiculation—c. Pandiculatio maxillarum,
 Yawning—c.  Singultus,  Singultus—c. Sternu-
 tatio, Sneezing—c. Subsultus, Subsultus tendi-
 num.
   CLOPEMANIA, Klopemania.
   CLOPORTES  ORD IN AIRES,   Onisci
 aselli.
   CLOSE-STOOL, Lasanum.
   CLOT, Coagulum—c.  of Blood, see Blood.
   CLOTBUR, Xanthium.
   CLOTHING, Vestitus.
   CLOTTY,  Grumo'sus,  (F.)   Grumeleux.
 Composed of clots.
   CLOU, Clavus, Furunculus—c.  Hystirique,
 Clavus  hystericus—c de  I'CEil, Clavus oculi.
   CLOUDBERRIES, Rubus chamaemorus.
   CLOUDBERRY TREE,Rubus chamaemorus.
   CLOVE,  see  Eugenia caryophyllata—c.
 Bark, see Myrtus caryophyllata—c. Pink, Di-
 anthus  caryophyllus—c. July flower, Dianthus
 caryophyllus.
   CLUBFEET, Kyllosis.
   CLUBMOSS, Lycopodium—c. Fir, Lycopo-
 dium selago—c. Upright, Lycopodium selago.
   CLUNES, Nates.
   CLUNE'SIA, from Chines,' the nates.' Proc-
 talgia, Proctitis.   An  inflammation of the
 buttocks.—Vogel.
   CLUNIS, Sacrum.
   CLUPEA THRYSSA.  The  Yellow-billed
 Sprat;  a very poisonous fish of the West Indies.
   CLYDON, Flatulence.
   CLYPEALIS (Cartilago.)* Thyroid carti-
 lage.
   CLYSANTLIUM,  Syringe, Clyster.
   CLYSIS, Clysmus.  Same etymon as clys-
 ter.  The application  of a clyster.   Washing
 out by means of a clyster.
   CLYSMA, Clysis, Clyster, Enema—c. Toni-
 cum, Enema foetidum.
   CLYSMA'TION,  same etymon as clyster.
 A diminutive of clysma.   A small clyster.
   CLYSMUS, Clysis, Enema.
   CLYSOIRE, (F.)   An apparatus for admi-
 nistering enemata, consisting of a long funnel-
 shaped tube of elastic gum, furnished with a pipe
 at the apex.
   CLYSOPOMPE, Syringe, Clyster.
   CLYSTER, Clyste'rium, Clysma,  Enclys'-
 ma,  Clysmus, En'ema,  Lavamen'tum,  from
 xwtnv, 'to wash.'  (F.) Clystere, Lavement,
 Remlde.  A liquid, thrown into the large in-
 testines by means of a syringe, or bladder and 
CLYSTERE
196
COCCINELLA
pipe properly prepared, &c; the nozzle of the
syringe or pipe being introduced into the anus.
See Enema.
  Clyster,  Anodyne,  Enema anodynum—c.
Common, Enema commune—c. Domestic, Ene-
ma commune—c. Fetid,  Enema foetidum—c.
Pipe, Elasma—c. Purging, Enema catharticum
— c. Starch and opium, Enema anodynum—c.
Tobacco, Enema tabaci—c. Turpentine, Enema
terebinthinae—c. Uterinus, Sparallium.
  CLYSTERE, Enema.
  CNEME,  Leg, Tibia.
  CNKMODACTYLiEUS, Extensor  commu-
nis digitorum pedis.
  CNEMOLORDO'SIS, from xv^ij, 'the leg,'
and XoqSarn, 'the state of being bent forward.'
Bending of the leg forward.
  CNEMOSCOLIO'SIS,  from xvWV,  'leg,'
and o-xoXiwo-tc, 'bending,' especially sideways.
Bending of the leg sideways.  The state of being
bow-legged, or bandy-legged.
  CNEORON, Daphne  gnidium.
  CNEORUM  TRICOC'CUM,  Almere'rion,
Acnes'tos, Chamale'a,  Widow-wail,  Spurge-
Olive, (F.) Camelie.  This plant, a native of
Southern EuroPe> contains a  very  irritating,
acrid  principle.   The  ancients employed its
leaves  as a powerful  purgative.   It  is now
sometimes used for deterging ulcers.
  CNESIS,  Cnesmos,  Cnismos.   A  painful
itching—Galen.
  CNESMA, Itching.
  CNESMOS, Cnesis, Itching, Prurigo.
  CNICELiE'UM,  from xv.xuc,  ' carthamus,'
and tXmov, 'oil.'  Oil of carthamus.—Diosco-
rides.
  CNICUS, Carthamus tinctorius—c. Sylves-
tris, Centaurea benedicta.
  CNIDELiE'ON,  Cnidela'um,  from xntuc,
'cnidia,'and tXaiov, 'oil.'  Oil made from the
grana cnidia or mezereon berries.—Dioscorides.
  CNID'IA  GRANA,  Cnidii Cocci, Cocco-
gnid'ia, JEto'lion, Coccum.   The berries of the
Daphne gnidium.—Foesius.
  CNIDO'SIS.   A  pungent itching, compared
to that produced by the Urtica urens or Nettle. \
(y.yioij.)—Hippoc.  Urticaria, Urticatio.
  CNIP'OTES, Pruritus.  Itching.   The dry
ophthalmia,  Xerophthalmia.
  CNISMOREGMIA, Pyrosis.
  CNISMOS, Cnesmos.
  CNISSA, see Nidorous.
  CNISSOREG'MIA, from xr.a-a-*, 'the smell
of burnt fat,' and oo£yoi, 'I put forth;' Ructus
nidordsus.  A nidorous  eructation, as of rot-
ten eggs.
  CNYMA, xrvfi*.   A slight itching.  Also, a
puncture or  vesication.—Galen.
  COACUM, Phytolacca decandra.
  COAGMENTATIO, Gomphosis.
   COAGULABLE  LYMPH, Fibrin, Liquor
sanguinis.
  COAG ULANTS, Coagulan'tia, from coagu-
lare,—itself from co and agere,' to act together.'
Remedies, or poisons, supposed to  possess the
power of coagulating the blood, or to give con-
sistency to animal  fluids.  The  word and the
absurd notions connected with it  are equally
abandoned.
   COAGULA'TION,  Coagnla'tio,  Tkrombo'-
sis.  The conversion of a liquid into a more or
less soft  and  tremulous  mass.  Many animal
and vegetable fluids are capable of coagulation.
  COAG'ULUM, Grumus, (F.) Caillot, Gru-
mean, ('a small clot.')  A soft mass formed in
a coagulable liquid.   The Clot of the Blood is
particularly so called—the Cruor, Insula., Pla-
cen'ta, Hepar San'guinis, Crassamen'turn, San-
guis concre'tus;—the red mass,  composed of
fibrin, serum, and colouring matter, which se-
parates when the  blood  is left to  itself.  See
Blood.  The word is also applied, in pathology,
to the sanguineous concretions, which form in
different natural and  accidental cavities; and
which, when they occur at the mouth of a di-
vided artery, sometimes suspend the flow of
blood.   This is, indeed, one  of the means by
which hemorrhage is arrested.
  Coag'ulum Alu'minis, Coag'ulum Alumino'-
sum, Cataplas'ma alu'minis, Alum curd or ca-
taplasm.  This is made by beating the white
of egg with a little alum, until a coagulum is
formed.  It is applied in cases of ophthalmia,
where an astringent is necessary.
  COALES'CENCE, Coalescedtia, Coalif'w
par'tium, from coalescere,  ' to run together,'
(from cum, 'with,' and alere, 'to nourish,')
Sym'physis,  Pros'physis.   The  adhesion or
union of parts previously separated, as in case
of wounds and preternatural adhesions or mal-
formations.
  COALITIO PARTIUM, Coalescence.
  COALIT"ION, Coalil'io. The same etymon
as coalescence.   It  has  been used in the sam?
cases; as well as to express the action of seve-
ral parts of the frame, which have the same nu-
trition.
  COALITUS, Symphysis.
  COALTER'N^E FEBRES.  A name given
to two intermittents, which attack a person at
the same time, but whose paroxysms are dis-
tinct : so that the attack of one supervenes when
the other has ceased.   The term  Double In-
termittent expresses the  same meaning.
  COAPTA'TION,   Coapta'tio,   from  cum,
'with,' and aptare, 'to adjust,''adapt;'  Para-
go'ge.   The act of adapting the two extremities
of a fractured  bone to  each  other; or  of re-
storing a luxated bone to its place.   Coaptation
must be effected gently.  Usually, extension
and counter-extension are, in the first place, ne-
cessary.
  COARTICULATIO,Diarthrosis, Synarthro-
sis.
  COARCTATIO, Coarctation, Stricture-e.
Ventriculi, Stricture of  the Stomach.
  COARCTATION, Coarcta'tio, from coarc-
tare,' to straiten.'  Stricture.  Avicenna speaks
of Coarctation of the Pulse.
  COAT, BUFFY, Corium phlogisticum.
  COBALT, PROTOXIDE OFrSmalt.
  COBHAM,  MINERAL   WATERS  OF.
 Cobham is seven miles  from Kingston,  in Sur-
 rey, England.   The  waters   are  weak saline
 purgatives.
   COBRA  DI CAPELLO, Crotalus horridus.
   COBWEB, Aranese tela.
   COCASH, Erigeron Philadelphicum.
   CO( 'CA'RIUM.   A  very small pill.
   COCCHIA,  Cochia.
   COCCI GRANUM,  Kermes—c. Orientates,
 see Menispermum cocculus.
   COCCIGIO-CUTANk  SPHINCTER,
 Sphincter ani externus.
   COCCINELLA, Coccus cacti.
   Coccinel'la Septempuncta'ta. Lady-bird, 
COCCION                 197                COCHONE
Lady-cow,  Lady-bug.   This  insect, bruised
upon an  aching tooth, has long been regarded
as antiodontalgic.
  COiJ't  ION, xoxxiov.   A  weight,  mentioned
by Myrepsus; the same as the siliqua.
  COCCTONELLA, Coccus cacti.
  COCCOBALSAMUM, see  Amyris opobal-
tamum.
  COCCOGNIDIA, Cnidia grana.
  COCCOLOBA U VTFERA, see Kino.
  COCCONES, see Punica granatum.
  COCCULiE OFFICINARUM, see  Menis-
permum cocculus.
  COCCULUS  CRISPUS, Menispermum tu-
berculatum—c. Indi aromatica, see Myrtus pi-
menta—c. Indicus, see  Menispermum cocculus
—c. Palmatus, Columba—c. Suberosus, Menis-
permum cocculus.
  COCCUM, Cnidia  grana,  Kermes—c.  Ba-
phicum, Kermes—c. Infectorium, Kermes—c.
Scarlatinum, Kermes—c. Tinctorum, Kermes.
   COCCUS,Coccus cacti—c.Americanus,Coc-
rus cacti.
   Coccus Cacti.  The systematic name of the
Coch'ineal  Insect,  Coccinella,  Cochinilla,
Coccionel'la, Coccinilla, Ficus In'dia grana,
Coccus Polon'icus, Scaraba'olus  hemispha'ri-
cus, Cochinelif'era cochinilla, Coccus America'-
tins, Coccus  In'dicus  Tincto'rius, Cochinelle,
Coccus;  The Coch'ineal Animal, (F.) Coche-
"ille, Graine  d'kcarlate.   The  cochineal in-
sects have  a faint, heavy odour; their taste is
acrid, bitterish, and astringent: colour blackish-
red externally,—purple-red within.   They are
used chiefly for giving a red colour to tinctures,
ike.  They were, at one time, esteemed astrin-
gent, stimulant,  diuretic, and anodyne.
   Coccus Ilicis, Kermes—c. Indicus tinctorius,
Coccus cacti—c.  Indicus, see Menispermum
oocculus—c. Polonicus, Coccus cacti.
   COC CYC E PH'ALUS,  Coccy'go-ceph'alus,
from  coccyx and xf<?«x»;, 'the head.'  A mon-
ster whose  head has the  shape of the os coc-
cygis.
   COCCYGEAL, Coccygeus.
   COCCYGE'US, Coccygeal, from xoxxuf, be-
cause it  is inserted  into the  coccyx;  Ischio-
Coccygeus,  (F.) Ischio-coccygien.  Belonging
both to the  ischium and coccyx.  The muscle
Ischio-coccygeus, Leva'tor Coccy'gis, Triangu-
laris Coccy'gis. It arises from the spinous pro-
cess of the ischium, and is inserted into the ex-
tremity of  the  sacrum;  and  into  nearly the
whole  length of the os coccygis laterally.  It
retains the  coccyx in place, and prevents  it
from being forced backwards during the evacu-
ation of the feces.
   CO CCYGIO-A NA L, Sphincter ani externus.
   COCCYGIO-CUTANl  SPHINCTER,
Sphincter ani externus.
   COCCYGOCEPHALUS, Coccycephalus.
   COCCYMELEA, Prunus domestica.
   COCCYX, 'a  cuckoo;'  whose bill it is said
to resemble; Os Coccy'gis, Cauda, Ossis sacri
aru'rnen, Os Al'agas,  Rump  Bone, Cu'culus,
Uropyg'iou, Spon'dylis, Spondylium.  An as-
semblage of small bones,  attached to the lower
part of the  sacrum; the curvature of which it
prolongs, and of which it seems to be an append-
age.  Generally, it consists of four bones.  Be-
hind the  base of the coccyx are two small tu-
bercular  eminences.  These are called Cornua
of the  Coccyx.
  COCHEMAR, Incubus.
  CO CHENILLE, Coctus cacti.
  COCHERIA, Cochia.
  COCHIA, Cocchia, Coche'ria, from koxkoc,
'berry,''seed,' or from  koxvu, 'to flow pro-
fusely.'  An ancient name for several officinal
purgative pills; thus called, either because they
produced copious evacuations, or because they
were shaped like a seed.
  COCHIN LEG, see Elephantiasis.
  COCHINEAL, Coccus cacti.
  COCHINELIFERA  COCHINILLA,  Coc-
cuV cacti.
  COCHINILLA, Coccus cacti.
  COCHLEA.  A Snail's shell, (F.) Limacon,
Coquille.   Anatomists have given this name to
the most anterior of the  three cavities, which
constitute  the  labyrinth of the ear,  the Pel-
vis Au'rium,  Concha auris inter'na,  Cav'itas
cochlea'ta,  C. buccina'ta,  Antrum buccindsum,
Concha Labyrin'thi, Troch'lea labyrinth'i:—
and that of Scala; of the  Cochlea, (F.) Rampes
du limacon, to two spiral cavities in the interior
of the cochlea.  One of these scalae terminates
at the  Fenes'tra rotunda, and is called Scala
tympani: the other opens at the anterior and
inferior part of the vestibule.  It is called Scala
vestib'uli.
  Cochlea, ScaljE  of the, see Cochlea.
  COCHLEAR,  Cochleare—c.  Auriculare,
Ear-pick.
  COCHL.F. A'RE,Coch'lear,Cochlea'rium,fxom
cochlea; its bowl resembling a shell.  A spoon-
ful, (F.)Cuillerie; abbreviated in prescriptions
usually to coch.   See abbreviation.  Also, a
scoop.
  Cochlea're Magnum,  a table-spoonful; C.
Me'dium,  a dessert or  pap-spoonful;  and C.
Minimum, a tea-spoonful.
  COCHLEA'RIA, from cochleare, 'a spoon,'
so called from its resemblance.
  Cochlea'ria Armora'cia,  Raph'anus rusti-
ca'nus, Armora'cia,Raph'anus mnri'nus, Raph-
anus sylves'tris, Horseradish.  Family, Cruci-
ferae.  Sex. Sy st.Tetxadynamia Siliculosa. (F.)
Raifort sauvage, Cran, Crtin de Bretngne.  The
root of horseradish  is frequently used at table;
and has long been in the Materia Medica.  It is
stimulant and diuretic.   Externally it is rube-
facient.
  Cochlea'ria Coron'opus, Coron'opus,Coron'-
opus Ruel'lii, Wild  Scurvy  Grass, Swine's
Cress,  (F.)  Come  de Cerf.  ' This  European
plant is considered to be diuretic and antiscor-
butic.   The term Coron'opus  was given, by the
ancients, to various plants.
  Cochlea'ria Hortensis, Cochlearia officina-
lis.
  Cochlea'ria Officina'lis, C. horten'sis, Le-
mon Scurvy Grass, Common Scurvy Grass, (F.)
Cranson, He be oux cuillers.   It has been con-
sidered a powerful  antiscorbutic.  It is some-
times eaten in salad.
  COCHLEARIFOR'MIS, from  cochleare, 'a
spoon,' and forma, 'shape ;' (F.) Be,c de Cuiller.
  Cochleariformis Proces'sus, Cochleariform
process.  A small, very  thin plate, which  se-
parates the bony portion of the Eustachian tube
from the  canal for  the passage of the tensor
tympani.
  COCHLEARIUM, Cochleare.
  COCHO'NE, xo/on-i;.   The junction of  the
ischium, near  the  seat  or  breech.—Foesius. 
COCILIO
198
CCELIAGRA
 The breech proper, from  the hip-bones to the
 anus.  The perinaeum, (q. v.)  The coccyx.
   COCIL'IO.  A weight of eleven ounces.
   COCKLE-BUR, Agrimony.
   COCKLES, INDIAN, see  Menispermum
 cocculus.
   COCKMINT, Tanacetum balsamita.
   UOCKUP HAT, Stillingia.
   COCLES, Borgne.
   COCO, Cocos nucifera.
   Coco of the Maldives, Cocos de Maldi'va.
 The fruit of a palm, called LodoUe'a by Com-
 merson.  It was formerly termed, in the shops,
 Nux Med'ica, and enjoyed great reputation.
   COCOA, Cacao.
   COCOA  CACAVIFERA, Cacao.
   COCOBAY, Mai de San Lazaro.
   COCOS BUTYRA'CEA.  The name of the
 plant which affords the palm oil, O'leum palma,
 obtained chiefly from the  fruit, by bruising and
 mixing the kernels with water, without the aid
 of heat, by  which the oil  is separated and rises
 to the  surface.   It is of the  consistence of an
 ointment, with little taste, and a strong, though
 not disagreeable, smell. It is applied to sprains,
 &c; but has no advantages over other oils.  It
 has been called, also, Oleum Palma seba'ceum,
 O. fixum nucum cocos butyra'cea and Mackaw
.fat.  It is  procured likewise from the Ela'is
 Guineen'sis, and Ela'is Occidenta'lis, two spe-
 cies of palms.
   Cocos Nucif'era,  (F.)  Cocotier.   Order,
 Palmae.   The systematic name of the plant
 whose fruit is the cocoa nut.  (F.) Coco.   It is
 an agreeable kernel, but not easy of digestion.
 Emulsions, orgeat, &c, are made from it.  The
 juice of the  cocoa, when fermented, forms wine,
 ;md arrack is distilled from it.
   COCOTE, Influenza.
   COCOTIER, Cocos nucifera.
   COCTIO, Coction,  Digestion—c. Ciborum,
 Digestion—c. Morbi, Coction.
   COC'TION, Coc'tio, Pepsis, Pepan'sis, Pe-
 pas'mos, Sympep'sis, Concoc'tion, from coquere,
 ' to boil.'   This word has  been employed  in
 various senses.   1. With the  ancients, coction
 meant the particular kind of alteration which
 the food experiences in the  digestive organs,
 particularly in the stomach.  It meant a prepa-
 ration from  its crude state. 2. It expressed the
 maturation  or change, which the humeral patho-
 logists  believed  morbific matter experiences
 before  elimination.   It was  considered, that
 coction, Coc'tio morbi, was produced during the
 violence of the disease;  and hence  this was
 called the Period of Coction.   See  Humorism.
   COD or CODS, Scrotum.
   CODAGAPALA BARK, Nerium antidysen-
 tericum.
   CODE, Codex.
   CODEIA, Codeine.
   COD'EINE, Codei'a, from  xuidta, 'a poppy
 head.'  An alkaloid, discovered, by Robiquet,
 in opium, in 1832.  It is soluble in water, alco-
 hol and  ether, and unites readily  with acids.
 As a hypnotic,  Magendie thinks one grain of
 codeia equal to half a  grain of morphia.  The
 muriate of codeia appears to be stronger than
 the pure codeia.
   CODESELLA, Anthrax.
   CODEX,  a collection of laws.  (F.)  Code.
 By extension, a collection of approved medical
 formulae, with the processes necessary for form-
ing the compounds, referred to in it.   The
Parisian Pharmacopoeia is styled Codex medica-
menta'rius.
  Codex  Medicamentarius, Formulary,  see
Codex.
  CODIA, Papaver (capsule.)
  CODOCELE, Bubo.
  CODOSCELLA, Bubo.
  (.CECAL, Caecal.
  CCECITAS, Coecitas.
  CCECUM, Caecum.
  COEFFE, Caul.
  CCE'LIA,  xoiXia,  xoiXi],  'a hollow place.'
This  word  generally meant a cavity in  the
body:—the abdomen, (q. v.) in particular.  It
has also  been used for  the  alimentary canal,
&c:—uvo) xotXia,  'the stomach,' xuxoj y.oiXiu,
'the abdomen.'  Also, an alvine  evacuation;
excrement.
  CCE'LIAC, Cadiacus, Gastroca'liacus, Gas-
troca'licus,  (F.) Caliaque ou  Celiaque, from
xotXta, 'the cavity of the abdomen.'  Relating
to the cavity of the abdomen.
  Cosliac Artery,  A.  Ca'liaca, Cceliac axis,
(A. opistogastrique, Ch.,) A. Caliaque, Tronc
caliaque, Tripled de la caliaque, is situate above
the pancreas, and behind the upper part of  the
stomach.  It arises from the anterior part of the
abdominal aorta, where  it passes between  the
pillars of the diaphragm, and soon divides into
the coronaria ventriculi,  hepatic,  and splenic
arteries.
  Cceliac  Flux,  Caliac  Passion,  Caliaca
chylo'sa,  Diarrha'a chylo'sa,  D. chymo'sa,
Fluxus chylo'sus seu caliacus, Passio caliaca,
P.  Ventriculo'sa,  Chymoche'zia, Fluor  albus
intestino'rum, Chylorrha'a,  Chymorrha'a, Ca-
liaca lac'tea, Morbus caliacus, Chylodiarrha'a,
Galactodiarrha'a,  Sedes lacteseen'tes, Gastror-
rha'a, (F.)  Flux caliaque.   A species of diar-
rhoea, in which  the food is  discharged by  the
bowels in an undigested condition.  By some,
defined to be diarrhoea attended with discharges
of chyle  or chyme.  It  is, in general, sympto-
matic of  tubercular disease of the  mesenteric
glands.   See Lientery.
  Cceliac Passion, Cceliac flux.
  Ccsliac Plexus, Solar Plexus,  Plexus me-
sente'riipro'prius et max'imus, P.ganglifor'mis
semilunaris, (Plexus median onopistogastriqur
Ch.,) (F.) PI. Caliac ou  solaire, Ganglion de
Vieussens, is formed of numerous nervous fila-
ments, which proceed from  the semilunar gan-
glia of the great sympathetic.  It  is strength-
ened by several branches of the right and  left
pneumogastric nerves; it  is  seated around  the
trunk of the cceliac artery, behind the stomach,
and furnishes the secondary plexuses—the dia-
phragmatic, coronary of the stomach, splenic
and hepatic, which accompany the arteries of
the same name.
  CCELIACA, from xoiXtaxog, 'caliac,' (q. v.)
Diseases of  the  digestive  organs;  the 1st class
in Good's Nosology.  It comprises two orders,
Enterica and Splancknica.
  Cceliaca  Chylosa, Cceliac flux—c. Lactea,
Cceliac flux— c. Renalis, Chyluria—c. Urinalis,
Chyluria.
  CCELIiE'MI A, Hyper a'mia abdom'inis, Con-
ges'tio abdomina'lis, from xoiXia,' the abdomen,'
and 'aiua, 'blood.'  Hypera?mia or congestion
of the blood vessels of the abdomen.
  CCELIAGRA, Gastritis seu Enteritis  seu 
CCELIALGIA
199
COITION
Colica seu Diarrha'a arthritica.   Gout of the
abdomen.
  CCELIALGIA, Tormina.
  CCELIAQUE,  TREPIED DE LA, Cceliac
artery.
  CCELIOCELE, see Hernia, hypogastric.
  CCELIOCHYSIS, Ascites.
  CCELIOCYESIS, Pregnancy, abdominal.
  CCELIODYNIA, Colic.
  CCELIOLYSIA, Diarrhoea.
  CCELION'CUS, Caliophy'ma, from xoixta,
1 the abdomen,' and oyxog, 'a tumour.' A tumour
of the abdomen.
  CCELIOPHYMA, Ccelioncus.
  CCELIOPHY'M AT A, Tuber'cula peritona'i,
from xoiXia, 'the cavity of the abdomen,' and
ifoua, ' a hard tumour.'  Tubercles of the peri-
toneum.
  CCELIOPSOPHIA, Borborygmus.
  CCELIOPYO'SIS, from  xo.mo, 'the abdo-
men,' and nvviaig,' suppuration.'  Suppuration
in the abdomen or its parietes.
  CCELIORRHCEA, Diarrhoea.
  CCELIORRHEU'MA,  Rheumatis'mus ab-
dom'inis, from xoihia,' the abdomen,' and psvua,
' defluxion, rheumatism.'  Rheumatism of the
muscles of the abdomen.
  CCELIOSPAS'MUS, from xoiMa,' abdomen,'
and ojtaauog, 'spasm.'   Spasm or cramp of the
abdomen.
  CCJELO'MA, from xoiKog,' hollow.'  A round
ulcer of the  cornea, broader and deeper than
that described under the name Bothrion.
  CCELON, Cavity.
  CCELOPHTHAL'MUS,  from xoiXot,  'hol-
low,' and 0(p6aXfmg, ' eye.'  One who is hollow-
eyed.
  CCELOSTOM'IA, from xoihog, ' hollow,' and
axoaa, 'mouth.'   A defect  in speaking,  when
the voice seems as if it came from a cavern;—
that is, obscure, and as  if at a distance.
  CCELOS'TOMUS, same etymon.  One who
has a hollow voice.
  CCELOTES, Cavity.
  CCEN^STHE'SIS, from xoivog, 'common,'
andaio9t]Oig,'feeling.'  Conasthe'sis. Common
feeling.  Some German writers mean, by this,
a sixth sense.   It is the feeling of self-existence
or  individuality, and is manifested by the sense
of buoyancy or depression, which we experience
without  any  known cause;—by  involuntary
shuddering, feeling of chill or glow, &c.
  CCENOLOGIA, Consultation.
  CCE'NOTES, xoivoxng,  'commonness,' from
koooc, 'common.'   The physicians of the me-
thodic sect asserted  that all diseases arise from
relaxation,  stricture, or  a mixture  of both.
These were called Canotes: or what  diseases
have in common.
   COETUS, Coition.
    CCEUR, Heart.
  COF'FEA ARAB'ICA,(F.) Cafier,and Ca-
 feyer.  Family, Rubiaceae.   Sex. Syst. Pentan-
 rtria Monogynia.   The plant which affords cof-
 fee, Jas'minnm Arab'icum, Choava, Bon.  Ori-
 ginally from Yemen. Buna, (F.) Cafi.
   The infusion of coffee is an agreeable and
 wholesome article of diet.   It is, to a certain
 extent, a tonic, and is employed as such in con-
 valescence, especially  from  fevers,  &c.   In
 cases of poisoning by opium, and in  old asth-
 mas, its use has  been  extolled. For this pur-
 pose the Moka is the best.  It ought to be newly
torrefied, but not too much burnt;  should be
strong, and drunk soon after grinding.  Facti-
tious Coffees have been from time to time, re-
commended, but they are infinitely inferior  to
the genuine.  Various substitutes  have been
proposed; wheat, barley, holly berries, acorns,
sunflower seeds, beechmast, peas, beans, suc-
cory-root, seeds of gooseberries and currants left
in making wine, and washed,—sliced turnips,
&c.  These have been roasted with the addi-
tion of a little butter or oil: but they have not
the aroma of coffee.  The best substitute is said
to be the seeds of the Yellow water flag—Gla-
diolus luteus or Iris pseudacorus.
   Hunt's CEconomical Breakfast Powder con-
sisted of rye, roasted with a little butter.  It is
a good substitute for coffee.
   COFFEE-TREE, Gymnocladus Canadensis.
   COFFEE, WILD, Triosteum.
   COGNITIO PHYSIOLOGIC A, Physiology.
   COHABITATIO, Coition.
   COHABITA'TION, Cohabita'tio, from cum,
' with,'  and habitare, ' to dwell.'  The  act of
dwelling together.   In legal medicine, it means
the consummation of marriage.—Copulation.
   COHESION,  Coha'sio, from  cum, 'with,'
and harere, ' to stick.'  Vis cohasio'nis, Vis ad-
hasiohiis, Vis attractio'nis, Force of cohe'sion,
Attraction of cohesion,A. of aggregation, is that
force in the particles of matter,  whereby they
are connected in such a way as to  resist any
attempt towards  their removal or separation.
This force has to be attended to, in the manage-
ment  of disease.   Emollients, rubbed  into a
part, act by diminishing the cohesion.
   COHOBA'TION, Cohoba'tio,Coho'bium, Co-
hob, Co'hoph.  Distillation of a liquid—already
distilled—on the same substances.   When this
is repeated three  or four  times, it is  called
Recohoba'tion.
   COHOL. Synonym of Alcohol.  Also, a dry
collyrium.—Avicenna.
   COHOSH, Actaea  racemosa, Caulophyllum
thalictroides—c.  Black, Actaea  racemosa—c.
Blueberry, Caulophyllum thalictroides.
   COHUSH, Caulophyllum thalictroides.
   COIFFE, Caul.
   COIGN, see Pyrus cydonia.
   COIGNASSIER, Pyrus cydonia.
   COINCIDEN'TIA.  Some authors have trans-
lated, by this term, the word parempto 'sis, used
by Galen to designate the occlusion of the fora-
 men opticum by a humour, proceeding from the
 base of the brain, and occasioning blindness.—
 Castelli.
   COIN'DICANT, Coin'dicaus, from con,
 ' with,' and indico, ' 1 indicate.'
   Coin'dicant  Signs are those  which furnish
 the  same  indications;  or  which confirm the
 indication  afforded  by another sign:—owt\-
 deixvviifvcc.
   COIRA, Catechu.
   COIRAS, Scrofula.
   COIT, < oition.
   COIT"ION, Coitus, Co'etus, from co'io, (con,
 and eo, ' to go,') ' to go together.' Copula'tion,
 Copula'tio,Cop'ula Carna'lisyAphrodis'ia,Apkro-
 disiasm'us, Epip'locl, Acces'sus, Basia'tio, Am-
 plexa'tio, Amplex'us,  Convening, Complex'io,
 Conju'gium, Agglutina'tio, Lagne'a, Jjagneu'-
 ma, Laguela, Mixis,  Permis'tio Permix'tio,
 Syndyas'mus, Synu'sia, Concu'bitus, Congres'- 
COITUS                  20i
sits,  Cokabita'tio, Venus, Res Vene'rea, Concu'-
bitus vene'reus,  Homil'ia, Ven'ery, Sexual in-
tercourse, (F.) Coit.  Approche, Accouplement.
The  carnal union of the sexes.
  COITUS, Coition—c. Difncilis, Dyssynodus
—c.  Sodomiticus, Buggery.
  COL, Collum.
  COLA, Articulation.
  COLATIO, see Colatura.
  COLATUM,  see Colatura.
  COLATO'RIUM, Hylister, from colore, 'to
strain.'  A strainer of any kind.  (F.) Coidoir.
A term,  by which the ancient physicians de-
scribed every canal or conduit, through which
the excrementitious humours  of  the body are
evacuated. Ulcers, fistulas, setons, caustics, &c,
have been caWedartificial ox accidental Colatoria,
because they were considered to be passages by
which  the animal  economy is  freed from  some
morbific matter.
  COLATU'RA, from colore, 'to strain.' Cola'-
tum,(F.) Colature. A filtered or strained liquor.
It likewise means straining a liquid,— Cola'tio,
Diy'lisis, Diylis'mus, Hy'lisis, Hylis'mus.
  COLCHESTER,  MINERAL  WATERS
OF.  Aqua Colcestren!sis.  The waters of Col-
chester are of the bitter purging  kind, similar
to those of Epsom.
  COLCHICIA, see Colchicum autumnale.
  COL'UHICUM AUTUMNALE, from the
country Colchis.  Meadow Saffron, Colchicum,
Coum, (F.)  Colchique,  Tue-chien, Mort aux
chiens, Safran des pris, Safran bdtard.  Family,
Colchicaceas.  Class, Hexandria.   Order, Mo-
nogynia.  The bulb or root (Bulbus vel Radix
vel Cormus,) and  the  seeds are the parts used
in medicine.  The taste  is acrid, excoriating
the mouth; but the acrimony is lost by  drying.
It is narcotic, diuretic, and  cathartic;  and has
been given in dropsy, gout, and  rheumatism.
Dose,  from gr. j. to vj. of the fresh bulb.  It
is supposed to be the active  ingredient of the
Eau medicinale  d'Husson.  The active princi-
ple is called Colchic'ia.  The  Colchicum, in an
over dose, is an acro-narcotic poison.
  Dr.  Wilson's  Tincture for the Gout  is said
to be merely an  infusion of Colchicum, or Col-
chicin.
  Colchicum Zeylanicum, Kasmpferia rotunda.
  COLCHIQUE, Colchicum autumnale.
  COL'COTHAR, Col'cothar  Vitrioli,  Henri'-
cus rubens, Chalci'tis, Brown  red, Rouge, Cto-
cus,  Oxidum Ferri rubrum, Tritox'ydum Ferri,
Sulphas Ferri calcindturn, Ferrum vitriola'tum
ustum, Terra vitrioli did.cis, Cro"us mortis vi-
triolatus  seu adstrin! gens, (F.) Rouge d'Angle-
terre, Safran de Mars astringent.  The red oxide
of iron, obtained by calcining  sulphate of iron
to redness, with  or without  the contact of air.
It possesses the general properties of the prepa-
rations of iron, and has been applied to stanch
blood,  &c.
  COLD, Frigus, Psychos, (F.) Froid.  The
sensation produced by the abstraction of caloric
from our organs,— Cheima, Chimon.  See Heat.
  Three  degrees of cold are  generally distin-
guished in disease.  1. The simple feeling of
cold  (Algor),  2.  Chilliness (Horror),  and 3,
Shivering (Rigor).  Cold  is employed in me-
dicine, chiefly, as a refrigerant and sedative.
  Cold in the Eye, Ophthalmia, catarrhal—c.
in the  Head. Coryza.
  COLEITIS, Colposia.
0        COLICA ACCIDENTALIS

   COLEOCELE, see Hernia.
   COLECEDEMA, Elytrcedema.
   COLEOPTOSIS, Prolapsus vaginae.
   COLEORRHEXSIS, from  XoKtuc, 'a vagina
or sheath,' and z>i;ic, 'rupture.'  Laceration or
rupture of the vagina.
   COLEOSIT1S, Leucorrhoea.
   COLEOSTEGNO'SIS, Colpostegno'.ds,  Col-
postenochor'ia, Colposynize'sis, from /oxtoc,'a
vagina or sheath,' and axiyiosois, 'constriction.'
Narrowness of the vagina—natural or acquired.
   COL ERE, Rage.
   COLES, Penis.
   COLEUS, Vagina.
   CO LIBERT, Cagot.
   COLIC,  Co'licus, from  y.aXov, 'the colon.'
(F.) Colique.  Relating to the colon.
   Colic Arteries, Arte'ria  co'lica, (F.) At-
tires coliques, are six in number, three of which,
given off by the superior mesenteric, are called
Colica dextrx;  and three, proceeding from the
inferior mesenteric, Colicx sinis'trx.  All  pro-
ceed towards the colon, passing between  the
two laminae of the peritoneum, which form the
mesocolon, where they ramify and anastomose
with each other.  The first, Colica dextra, Ra-
mus colica dexter, is  called C. dextra superior,
(Meso-colique,—Ch.)  The second, C. dextra
media,  Colica media, Ramus colicus  medius,
Arteria media anastomot'ica, ( C. droite, Ch.,)
and the third, C. dextra infe'rior or Ileo-colica,
(A. cacale,—Ch.)  Of the  three Colica sinis-
trx, the first or superior is called, by Chaussier,
Colica magna sinis'tra; the second or media is
not distinguished  from the preceding, as they
often arise from a common trunk; and the third
is called by Chaussier Colica parva sinis'tra.
To these arteries  as  many veins correspond,
which open into  the great and  little mesen-
teric.
   Colic Lobe of the  Liver is the  great  lobs
of that organ.
   Colic, Co'lica Passio, Colica, Bellyache, CoV-
ic.l, Colieodyn'ia,  Cadiodyn'ia,  Dolo'res intes-
tino'rum, Dolor co'licus, Dy seuteronerv'ia,Anen-
teronerv'ia, Enteral gia, Gripes, Mulligrubs.
In  its etymological  acceptation, Colic signi-
fies an affection or pain in the colon.  But it
is employed  in  a  more extensive signification.
It includes every acute pain  of the abdomen,
aggravated at intervals.  The word has, how-
ever, epithets affixed to it, which render it more
or less precise.   See Tormina.
   Colic, Crapulent, Colica  crapulosa.
   Colic, Devonshire, Colic, metallic—c.Horn,
Priapismus—o.  Lead, Colic,  metallic—c.  Ma-
drid, Colica Madridensis—c. Menstrual, Colica
menstrualis—c. Metallica, Colica metallica— c.
Painters', Colic, metallic—c.  Plumbers', Colic,
metallic—c. of Poitou, Colic, metallic—c. Sa-
turnine, Colic, metallic—c. of Surinam, Colic,
metallic—c. Uterine, Colica uterina—c. Worm,
Colica verminosa.
   COLICA ACCIDENTALIS, Colica crapu-
losa—c.  Acuta,  Enteritis—c.  Arthritica, Creli-
agra.
   Co'lica Bilio'sa, Bilious Colic, (F.) Coliqu*
Bilieuse.  Colic,  occasioned  by an  accumula-
tion of bile in the intestines or in its own  pas-
sages.  The treatment required resembles that
proper for the next variety.
   Colica Callo'sa.   Colic attended with sense
of  stricture in some  parts of  the intestinal ca- 
01               COLLAPSUS
         COLICA CONVULSIVA         2(

rral; often of flatulency and pain;  the flatulen-
cy gradually passing off by the stricture; the
bowels tardy; at length discharging small liquid
stools.
  Colica Convulsi'va, C. Spasmod'ica, C. pi-
tvito'sa,  C. nervo'sa, C. idiopath'ica, Etilero-
spasm'us.  Colic, not the symptom of any other
affection.   It is characterized by  griping pain
in the bowels, chiefly  about the  navel, with
vomiting and costiveness,—the pain increasing
at intervals.  The  indications are to clear the
intestines, and allay spasm.  Calomel and opium
—castor oil and opium—emollient and cathar-
tic enemata, with fomentations, wet or dry, to
the abdomen, usually succeed.
  Colica Crapulo'sa,  C. accidenta'lis, C.hel-
luo'uum, Crap'ulent colic, Surfeit, (F.) Colique
d'Indigestion.   A colic, arising from eating in-
digestible  aliments, or digestible  aliments in
too great abundance.  The remedy is obvious.
   Colica  Damnoniorum, Colic,  metallic—c.
Febricosa, Colica inflammatoria—c. Figulorum,
Colica metallica.
   Colica Flatulen'ta,Z«/?<2Yio, Gastrodyn'ia
fiatnlen'ta,  Physospas'mus,  Pneumato'sis en-
ter'ica, (F.) Colique flatulente, C. flatueuse, C.
venteuse.  Colic, arising from an accumulation
of air in the intestines.  It is very common in
infants, and may be relieved by aromatic s, espe-
cially when combined with  antacids—e. g. oil
of aniseed with magnesia.
   Colica Helluonum, Colica crapulosa.
  Colica   Hemorrhoida'lis,   Hemorrhoid'al
Colic, (F.) Colique hemorrhoidale.  A kind of
colic, supposed to  precede hemorrhoids  or to
supervene on their suppression.
   Colica  Hepat'ica,  Hepatal'gia,  Hepatal-
gia  Calculo'sa,  Hepatic  colic, (F.) Colique
hepatique.   Pain in the  region of the  liver,
chiefly  about the gall-bladder,  occasioned by
the passing of a biliary  calculus through the
cystic and  choledoch ducts.
   Colica Idiopathica, Colica  convulsiva—c.
Ileus, Ileus.
   Colica Inflammato'ria, C. Phlogis'tica, C.
plethor'ica, C.febrico'sa, C. pulsatilis, Inflam'-
matory colic.   The same as enteritis, (q. v.)
   Colica Lapponica, see Seta  equina—c. Lo-
chialis,  Dyslochia—c. Madridensis,  Colic of
Madrid—c. Nervosa, Colica  convulsiva, Colic,
metallic—c. Phlogistica, Colica inflammatoria.
   Colica Madriden'sis, Colic of Madrid, Ma-
drid Colic.  A species of colic, endemic in se-
veral provinces of Spain, whose nature is not
clear.  Its symptoms resemble those occasioned
by lead.
  Colica Menstrua'lis, Men'strual Colic, (F.)
Colique menstruelle.   Colic, which precedes or
accompanies the menstrual evacuation, or which
is owing to the suppression of that evacuation.
  Colica METAL'LiCA,.Mi?to/7ic Colic,Painters'
Colic, Colica Pic'tonum, Colic of Poitou, Colica
Saturni'i/a, C. Figulo'rum, Colic of Surinam!',
Bellon, Dev'onshire Colic, Dry  Bellyache, Sa-
turnine  Colic, Lead  Colic, Plumbers'  Colic,
Rachial'gia  Pic'tonum,  R. Pictavien'sium,
Morbus  Metal'licus, Colicople'gia, Colica Ra-
chial'gia, Rachial'gia,  Colica Damnonio'rum,
C. Plumbario'rum, Paralysis rachialgin, Co-
lica nervo'sa,  Colica Picto'rum, Palmus Plum-
ba'rius,  (F.) Dysentironervie Saturnine, Co-
lique de Poitou, Colique vigitale (?), Colique
des peintres, Colique de plomb, C. mitallique,
         14
C. Saturnine,  C. des  barboidlleurs.   Under
this head is generally described the colic pro-
duced by lead, as well as the other colics men-
tioned in.the synonymy;  and they certainly
resemble each other greatly, although some of
them are more  like bilious colic.  There is
not much to distinguish this variety of colic from
others.   The same violent pain about the navel
is  present, with retraction of the abdomen to-
wards the spine.  It is apt also to occasion pal-
sy.  The only difference of  treatment is in the
necessity for employing more opium along with
the purgative.  The paralytic sequelae must be
treated by  change of air, rubbing the spine, ex-
ercise, &c.   Treating the disease upon general
piinciples is  infinitely more philosophical, and
more successful  than the empirical  manage-
ment at  La  Chariti, Paris, which it is unne-
cessary to detail.
  Colica Nephret'ica, Nephretic Colic, (F.)
Colique Niphretique.  Acute pains, which ac-
company  nephritis,  and  especially  calculous
nephritis, or the passage of the calculus into the
ureters.
  Colica Pictonum, Colic, metallic—c. Picto-
rum, Colic, metallic—c. Pituitosa, Colica con-
vulsiva—c. Plethorica, Colica inflammatoria—
c. Plumbariorum, Colic, metallic—c. Pulsatilis,
Colic, inflammatory—c. Rachialgia, Colic, me-
tallic—c. Saturnina, Colica metallica—c. Spas-
modica,  Colica convulsiva, Ileus—c. Stipata,
Colica stercorea—c. Ventriculi, Cardialgia.
   Colica  Sterco'rea,  Stercora'ceous  Colic,
Colica Stipa'ta,  (F.) Colique stercorale.   A
species of  colic,  ascribed to  the retention of
faecal matters in the intestines.  The retention
is itself, however, an effect, that may be caused
in the same manner as the colic pains themselves.
  Colica  Uteri'na,  Hys'tero-iolica,  Uterine
Colic, (F.)  Colique uterine.   Pain seated in the
uterus, sometimes called Hysteral'gia.
  Colica Vermino'sa, Helminthocolica, Worm
Colic, (F.) Colique rermineuse.  Abdominal
pain, occasioned by the presence of worms in
the intestines.
  COLICODYNIA, Colica.
  COLICOPLEGIA, Colic, metallic.
  CO LIMACON, Limax.
  COLIQUE, Colic—c. des Barboidlleurs,  Co-
lica  metallica—". Hepatique, Colica hepatica
—c. d'Indigestion, Colica  crapulosa—c.  Mital-
lique, Colica metallica—c. de Miserere, Ileus
—c. de Misiricorde, Ileus—c. des Peintres, Co-
lica metallica—c. de Plomb, Colica metallica—
c.  de Poitou, Colica metallica—c. Saturnine,
Colica metallica—c. Venteuse, Colica flatulenta
—c. Vigitale, Colic, metallic.
  COLIQUES, Pains (after.)
  COLI'TIS, from kqkov, 'the colon,' and itis,
'denoting inflammation;'  Colonltis, Enteritis
co'lica, (F.) Inflammation du colon.  Inflamma-
tion of the  peritoneal or mucous  membrane of
the colon.   The former is termed Serocoli'tis,
and Exocoli'tis; the latter, Endocolitis and Dy-
sentery, (q. v.)
  COLIX,  Trochiscus.
  COLLA PISCIUM, Ichthyocolla.
  COLLAPSE, Collapsus.
  COLLAP'SUS, Collapse, Conciden'tia;—col,
or  cum,  'with,'  and  labor,  lapsus, 'to fall.'
(F.) Affaissement.  A complete prostration of
strength, either at the commencement or in the
progress  of a disease. 
             COLLAR-BONE             2(

  COLLAR-BONE, Clavicle.
  COLLARD, Dracontium foetidum—c. Cow,
Dracontium foetidum—c. Polecat, Dracontium
foetidum.
  COLLARIUM SALINUM, Haloderaeum.
  COLLAT'ERAL, Collaterals, from cum,
' with,' and lotus, ' side.'  That which accom-
panies or proceeds by the side of another.
  Collateral Ar'teries of the Arm, Arte'-
ria Collatera'les Bra'chii, (F.) Art'eres collate-
rales du bras.  They are given off by the bra-
chial.  They are distinguished  into,  1. The
collateral—superior  or external (Grandes mus-
culaires du bras—Ch.) which arise from the
inner part of the brachial, and extend as far as
the inferior and  external part of the arm.  2.
The collateral—inferior or internal  (Collati-
rales du Coude—Ch.) which arise  from the
brachial, near  the  elbow-joint, and  descend
towards the upper part of the fore-arm.
  The vessels which pass to  the fingers and
toes are also called collateral.
  Speaking generally, collateral branches are
those which follow nearly the  same course  as
the vessel whence they emanate.
  COLLATERALIS, Ischio-cavernosus.
  COLLE-CHMR, Sarcocolla.
  COLLE DE POISSON, Ichthyocolla.
  COLLECTION,  Collec'tio, from  colligere,
' to collect.'  This word is often united to the
epithet purulent, serous, &c,  to  express a ga-
thering of pus, serum, &c.
  COLLESIS, Agglutination.
  COLLETICUS, Agglutinant.
  COLLEY'SDEPILATORY,seeDepilatory.
  COLLIC'IiE. ' Drains to  collect  and con-
vey away water.'  See Gouttikre.   Union of
the ducts passing from the puncta lachrymalia.
Collid'ia puncto'rum lachryma'lium.
  COLLICULI   NERVI  ETHMOIDALS,
Corpora  striata — c.  Nervorum  opticorum,
Thalami nervorum   opticorum — c.  Vaginae,
Nymphae.
  COLLICULUS CAVE^E  POSTERIORIS
VENTRICULORUM LATERALIUM, Hip-
pocampus minor.
  COLLIER, (F.)  A collar.  A name given
to certain eruptions  which surround  the neck
like a collar.
  COLLIGAMEN,  Ligament.
  COLLIGATIO, Syndesmosis.
  COLLINSO'NIA   CANADEN'SIS,  Horse-
weed, Horse balm, Richweed, Richleaf, Heal-
all, Stoneroot, Knotroot,  Knotweed.  This in-
digenous plant is possessed of diuretic proper-
ties, which seem to reside in a volatile oil.
Infusion is the best form  of administration.
The leaves in domestic practice are applied to
wounds and bruises.
  COLLIQUAMEN'TUM,   from  colliqueo,
(con and liquere,) ' I melt.'   The first rudi-
ments of an embryo.—Harvey.
  COLLIQUA'TION, Colliqua'tio, Eliqua'tio,
Syntexis, Ectex'is, Solu'tion,  Dissolution.
The ancients meant, by this term, the progres-
sive diminution of the solid parts, with copious
excretion  of liquids by one or more passages.
They thought, that all the solids melted; and
that the liquids, and particularly the blood, lost
a portion of their density.
  COLLIQ'UATIVE,  Colliquatlvus,   Colli-
ques'cens, from colliqnescere, < to grow liquid.'
(F.) Colliquatif.  An epithet given to various
02                COLLUM

 discharges,  which produce  rapid exhaustion.
 Hence we say, Colliquative sweats, Colliqua-
 tive diarrhoea, &c.
   COLLIQUESCENS, Colliquative.
   COLLISIO, Contusion.
   COLLIX, Trochiscus.
   COLLODES, Glutinous.
   COLLOID,  Colldldes, from  *.sXX*, 'glue,'
 and  tidog, 'resemblance;'  Cancer alveola'ris,
 Carcino'ma alveola're, (F.) Cancer alviolaire—
 c. Gilatiniforme,  Gelatinous  cancer.  An epi-
 thet applied to a product of morbid secretion,
 resembling glue, or particles of jelly inlaid in
 a regular alveolar bed.   The three species of
 cancer or carcinoma are,—Encephaloid, Scir-
 rhus, and Colloid.
   COLLONE'MA, from  xoXX*, ' glue.' A pe-
 culiar  gelatinous  tumour, consisting  of a re-
 markably soft gelatiniform tissue, which trem-
 bles on being touched.—J. Muller.
   COLLOSTRUM, Colostrum.
   COLLOURION, Collyrium.
   COLLUM, Cervix, Troche'los, Auchen,(F.)
 Col,  Cou.  The part of  the  body situate be-
 tween the head and chest.  Also, a part of an
 organ resembling the neck, as in the following
 cases.
   Collum Astrag'ali, Cervix Astrag1'a'i,Neck
 of the Astragalus, (F.) Col de I'ustragale.  A
 depression, which separates the anterior extre-
 mity of the astragalus from its body.
   Collum Costa'rum, Cervix Costa'rum, Neck
 of the Ribs,  (F.) Col des Cotes.   The  narrow
 part  of the  ribs, between the  head and tu-
 bercle.
   Collum Den'tium, Cervix Dentium, Neck
 of the Teeth,  (F.)  Col  ou Collet  des Dents.
 The part of  the teeth between the corona and
 fang, whieh  is embraced by the gum.
   Collum Fem'oris,  Cervix Fem'oris, Neck
 of the Thigh-bone, (F.) Col du  Femur.  The
 long, narrow, and oblique portion of the os fe-
 moris, which separates  the head from the two
 trochanters.
   Collum Fip/ul^, Cervix  Fib'ulx, Neck of
 the Fibula, (F.) Col du Pirone.  A slight nar-
 rowness seated below the  head or upper extre-
 mity of the fibula.
   Collum Hu'meri, Cervix Hu'meri, Neck of
 the Hu'merus.  A circular, depressed portion,
 which separates the head of the os humeri from
 its two tuberosities.  Some surgeons place the
 neck below the tuberosities, no precise line of
 demarcation indicating its extent.
   Collum  Mandib'ul^:  vel  Maxil'l/e Infk-
 RIo'ris, Cervix Mandib'ula seu Maxilla Infe-
 rio'ris, Neck of the lower jaw, (F.) Col  d"
 I'os maxillaire infirieure.  A  depression ob-
 servable on each side of the lower  jaw, imme-
 diately below the condyles.
   Collum Obstipum, Torticollis.
   Collum Ossis Magni  vel Capita'ti, Cervix
 ossis  magni  vel  Capita'ti,  Neck  of the Os
 Magnum, (F.) Col du grand Os.   A circular
 depression beneath the head of this bone of the
 carpus.
   Collum Ra'dii, Cervix Radii, Neck of the
 Radius, (F.) Col du Radius. A narrow por-
 tion of the radius, which  supports the head of
 the bohe.
   Collum  Scap'ul*:, Cervix Scap'ula,  Neck
 of the Srap'ula, (F.) Col de POmoplate.  A
 narrow portion, observable below the glenoid 
COLLURIUM              203       COLOURS, ACCIDENTAL
cavity of the scapula, which seems to separate
it, as it were, from the rest of the bone.
  Collum  U'teri,  Cervix U'teri, Jug'ulum
Uteri, Neck of  the Uterus,  (F.) Col de  la
Matrice.  A narrow, cylindrical, and flattened
portion of the uterus, which terminates it infe-
riorly, and  opens  into the vagina by the Os
Uteri or Os Tinea.  This neck  is perceptible
on  examination per vaginam, until  near  the
end of utero-gestation.   As the uterus enlarges,
however, it becomes shorter and wider, so that
a manifest difference exists between its condi-
tion at seven and nine months.
  Collum Vesi'CjE, Cervix Vesica,  Neck  of
the Bladder, (F.)  Col de la  Vessie.  The an-
terior part of the base of the bladder, which re-
sembles the neck of a bottle, and is continuous
with the urethra.
  COLLURIUM, Collyrium.
  COLLUTIO, Gargarism.
  COLLUTORIUM, from eolluere,  'to wash
out.'  A mouth wash.
  Collutorium Adstringens, Mel boracis.
  COLLU'VIES,fromco#wo,'Icleanse.' Filth,
excrement.  Discharge from an old ulcer.
  Colluvies Gastrica, Embarras gastrique.
  COLLYR'IUM, Collu'rium, Collu'rion, from
uteXuw, ' I check,' and gtw, ' I flow,' or from
K<>XKa, 'glue,' and cvqx, 'tail;'  (F.) Collyre.
The  ancients designated, by this term, a solid
medicine, of a long, cylindrical  shape; proper
to be  introduced into the vagina, anus, or nos-
trils.  They are said to have given it this name
because it was shaped like a Rat's Tail, and
because there entered into its composition, pow-
ders and glutinous matters.—Celsus, Oribasius,
Scribonius Largus.  At the present day, Colly-
rium means an application to  the  eye.  Some
are pulverulent and dry, Ophthalmempas'ma,
Collyrium siccum, but  the  greatest  part  are
liquid, Hygrocollyria; and they  receive dif-
ferent epithets, as  astringent,  emollient, &c.
The term is now little more than  synonymous
with Eye-water.  Collyria  are  generally  ex-
temporaneous formulae.
  Collyrium Siccum, see Collyrium—c. Sic-
cum Alexandrinum,  see Alexandrine.
  COLOBO'MA,  xiho^ajpia., 'any  thing trun-
cated  or shortened.' A mutilated or maimed
organ.
  Colobo'ma Iridis, Irido-coloboma.   A con-
genital peculiarity of the iris, consisting  in a
fissure of its  lower  portion, and a consequent
prolongation of the  iris  to  the  margin of  the
cornea.
  COLOBOSIS, xoxof?a>*-<c.  The act of curtail-
ing or mutilating; mutilation.
  COLOCHOLO'SIS, from xo.Aov,  ' the colon,'
and 3£oJUj,' bile.' Bilious dysentery, Dysenter'ia
bilio'sa.
  COLOCYNTH, Cucumis colocynthis.
  COLOMBINE,  COMMON, Aquilegia vul-
garis.
  COLOMBO, Calumba.
  COLON,  C. Cacum,  Monen'terum, Colum,
Intestlnum  majus, I. cellula'tum, I.  crassum
et plenum, I. grandl, I. laxum.  That portion
of the large intestines which extends from the
caicum to the rectum. It is said  to have been
so called from xoiXov, 'hollow,' or from xoyXatf,
• I arrest,'because the excrements are arrested,
for  a considerable time,  in  its sacs,  cellula.
The colon is usually divided into four portions.
 1. The right lumbar or ascending, Colon dex-
 trum, situate in the right lumbar region, and
 commencing at the caecum.   2. Transversa
 colon, Colon transver'sum, or transverse  arch
 of the  colon, the  portion of the colon which
 crosses from the  right to the left side, at the
 upper part of the abdomen.  3. The left lumbar
 or descending colon, Colon sinis'trum, extending
 from the left part  of the transverse arch, oppo-
 site the outer portion of the left kidney, to the
 corresponding  iliac  fossa.  4. The Iliac colo?i
 or Sigmoid flexure of the colon, (F.) Colon
 iliaque ou S. du colon, the portion of the intes-
 tine which makes a double curvature in the
 left  iliac fossa, and ends in the rectum.
   The  muscular fibres, as in the caecum, are in
 three flat  stripes, Ta'nia seu Fas'cia Liga-
 mento'sa.
   Colon, Membrum—c. Inflammation of the,
 Colitis.
   Colon, Torpor of the.  A disease in which
 the  muscular coat of the colon  acts with defi-
 cient energy;  giving occasion to distention of
 the intestine, which, by pressing upon other or-
 gans, may interfere  so much with their  func-
 tions, as to lead to distressing gastric, cardiac
 and  other disorder.
   COLONITIS, Colitis, Dysentery.
   COLONNE, Columna—c. Vertibrale,  Ver-
 tebral column.
   COLONNES  CHARNUES, Carneae co-
 lumna?—c. Charnues du Caur,  Columnae ear-
 ner.
   COLOPHANE, Colophonia.
   COLOPHANY, Colophonia.
   COLOPHO'NIA, so called from Colophon, a
 city of Ionia; Phryctl,  Fricta, Pix  Graca,
 Resi'na nigra,  Colophony, Colophony, Black
 Rosin,  Pitch,  Brown  Rosin, (F.) Colophone,
 Colophane, Arcanson, Brai sec.  The black
 resin, which remains in  the retort, after the
 distillation, by  means of a strong fire, of com-
 mon turpentine.   It is used like the turpen-
 tines in general, and in some pharmaceutical
 preparations.
   COLOPHONY, Colophonia.
   COLOQUINTE, Cucumus colocynthis.
   COLOQUINTIDA, Cucumus  colocynthis.
   COLOR VIRGINEUS  PALLIDUS, Chlo-
 rosis—c. Virginum foedus, Chlorosis.
   COLORECTITIS, Dysentery.
   COLOSTRA, Colostrum.
   COLOSTRATIO, Colostration.
   COLOSTRA'TION, Colostra'tio.  The dis-
 eases of new-born children, attributable to the
 colostrum.
   COLOS'TRUM, Colos'tra, Collostrum, Co-
 lus'trum,  Troph'alis,  Protog'ala,   Neog'ala,
 Primum Puer'pera lac, Pytia, Pyetia, (Biest-
 ings or Beastings  in the cow, &c.,) from xoXo*.
 'food,' (?) (F.) BHon.   The first milk  after
 accouchement.   It contains more serum and
 butter, and less  caseum than common milk, and
 seems to possess an evacuant property, which
 renders  it fit to  aid in the expulsion of the me-
 conium.  Colostrum formerly meant an emul-
 sion  prepared of turpentine and yolk of egg.
   COLOUR-BLINDNESS, Achromatopsia.
   COLOURS, ACCIDENT'AL, Op'posite co-
lours, Comvlemen'tary and Harmonic colours.
If the eye have  been for some time regarding a
particular colour, the retina becomes insensible
to this colour; and if, afterwards, it be turned 
COLPALGIA
204       COLUTEA ARBORESCENS
  to a sheet of white paper, the paper will not
  seem to be white, but will be of the colour that
  arises from the union of all the rays of the so-
  lar spectrum, except the one  to which the re-
  tina has become insensible.   Thus, if the eye
  be directed for some time to a red wafer, the
  sheet of paper will seem to be of a bluish-green,
  in a circular spot of the same dimensions as the
  wafer.  This  bluish-green  image  is called an
  oc'ular spectrum, because it  is impressed upon
  the eye and  may be retained for a short time ;
  and the colour bluish-green, is said to be the
  accidental colour of the  red.   If this experi-
  ment be made with wafers of different colours,
  other accidental colours will be observed, vary-
  ing with the colour of the wafer employed, as
  in the following table:—

 Colour of the         Accidental colour, or colour of
   Wafer.                the ocular specirum.
   Red..................Bluish Green.
   Orange...............Blue.
    Yellow................Iudigo.
   Green................Violet with a little red.
   Blue.................Orange red.
   Indigo............... Orange-yellow.
    Violet.................Yellow-green.
   Black................White.
    White................Black.

   If all the colours of the spectrum be ranged
  in a circle, in the proportions  they hold in the
  spectrum  itself, the  accidental colour of any
 particular colour will be found directly oppo-
 site.  Hence, the two colours have been termed
 opposite colours.  It will follow from what has
 been said, that if the primary colour, or that to
  which the eye has been first directed, be added
 to the accidental colour, the result must be the
 same impression as that produced by the union
 of all the  rays of  the spectrum—white light.
 The accidental colour, in  other words, is what
 the primitive  colour requires to make it white
 light.  The primitive and  accidental colours
 are, therefore, complements of each other;  and
 hence accidental colours  have also been called
 complementary colours.   They have likewise
 been termed  harmonic, because the primitive
 and its accidental colour harmonize with each
 other in painting.
   COLPAL'GIA, from koxtt-q, 'vagina,'  and
 u\ycc, ' pain.'   Pain in the vagina.
   COLF ATRESIA, Ely tratre'sia, fxomxiXnog,
 ' vagina,' and ar^xo;,' without opening.'  Im-
 perforation of the vagina.
   COLPEMPHRAX'IS, from k*k*oc, ' vagina,'
 and  tuf^a%H,  ' obstruction.'   Obstruction of
 the vagina by  foreign bodies.
   COLPEURYNTER, Speculum vagina;.
   COLPITIS, Colposis.
   COLPOCACE,  JEdaotttis  gangrxno'sa
 Gangra'na genita'lium et vagi'na.  Putres-
 cent^ or gangrene of the vagina and labia.
   Colpocace Infanti'lis, JEdaoti'tis gangra-
 no'sa puella'rum, Noma pudendo'rum.  Gan-
 grene or putrescency of the vagina and genitals
 in young children.
   Colpocace Puerpera'rum, Mdaotltis Gan-
grmno'sa puerpera'rum, Tocodomycodori'tis ma-
lig'na vagina'lis  (Ritgen.)   Sloughing of  the
vagina and genitals in puerperal women.
  COLPOCELE, Elytrocele.
  COLPOCYSTOTOMTA, from xoZnot, 'va-
gina,' xvrxtc, 'bladder,' and  T'/itj,  'incision.'
 Sec'tio vagi'no-vesica'lis.   Lithotomy through
 the vagina.
   COLPODESMORRAPH'IA, from  xoXirot,
 'vagina,'  jeo-^oc, 'ligament,' and eaipi, 'su-
 ture.'  The removal of a part of the mucous
 membrane of the vagina for the radical cure of
 Prolapsus vaginae et uteri.
   COLPCEDEMA, Elytrcedema.
   COLPOPTOSIS, Prolapsus vaginae.
   COLPORRHA'GIA,  Elytrorrha'gia,  from
 xo^-roi, ' vagina,' and  q^yvvf^i, ' I  break forth.'
 Discharge of blood from the vagina.
   COLPORRHAPHY, Elytrorrhaphy.
   COLPORRHEX'IS, Ruptu'ra vagi'na, from
 xoXrrog, 'vagina,' and g»?£ic, 'rupture.'  Rupture
 of the vagina.  Also, colporrhagia.
   COLPORRHCEA, Leucorrhoea.
   COLPOS, Sinus, Vagina.
   COLPO'SIS.   Inflammation of the vagina.
 Synonymous with  Elytroi'tis, Elytri'tis, Co-
 lei'tis, Colpitis.  See Leucorrhoea.
   COLPOSTEGNO'SIS, Coleostegno'sis, from
 xowag,' vagina,'and o-rtyvoa,' I close.'  Atre-
 sia, or obliteration of the vagina.
   COLPOSTENOCHORIA, Coleostegnosis.
   COLPOSYNIZESIS, Coleostegnosis.
   COLPOT'OMY,  Co/potom'ia, from x.o\iroc,
 ' vagina,' and tow, ' incision.'  An incision of
 the vagina in parturition.
   COLT'S  FOOT, Asarum Canadense, Tussi-
 lago.
   COL'UBER BERUS.  The systematic name
 of the viper, Vi'pera, (F.) Couleuvre, Vipere.
 A poisonous reptile—the poison lying in small
 sacs near its teeth.   The flesh is innocent, and
 has been often taken in scrofula, arid in cutane-
 ous disorders in general, but it is inefficacious.
   COLUBRINA DRACONTIA, Arum  dra-
 cunculus—c. Lusitanica, Euphorbia capitata—
 c. Virginiana, Aristolochia serpentaria.
   COLUM, Colon.
   COLUMBINE, Aquilegia vulgaris.
   COLUMBO,  Calumba—c.  American, see
 Calumba—c. Marietta, see Calumba.
   COLUMELLA, Pillar, Uvula.
   COLUM'NA, Column, (F.) Colonne.  Ana-
 tomists use  this word for parts which resemble
 a column or pillar, (q. v.)
   Columna  Adstans  Inguinibus,  Penis—c.
 Dorsi, Vertebral  column—c. Oris, Uvula—c.
 Spinalis, Vertebral  column—c.  Virginitatis,
 Hymen—c.  Foraminis ovalis, see  Ovalis fossa
 —c. Valvulae Vieussenii, see Valvula Vieusse-
 nii—c. Vertebralis, Vertebral column.
  COLUM'NA CAR'NE^E, Colum'na Cordis,
 Lacer'ti vel  Lacer'tuli vel Funes vel Fascic'uli
 ter'etes Cordis, Trabes seu Trabec'ulx Cordis,
 (F.) Colonnes charnues du caur.  Small, fleshy
 columns, which project, more or less, into the
 auricles and ventricles of the heart, whose use
 appears to be to prevent too great  dilatation  of
 those cavities.
  Columns Carney of the Rectum, see Rec-
tum.
  Colum'na Nasi.   The cartilaginous part  of
the septum of the nostrils.
  COLUMNEA LONGIFOLIA, Bahel.
  COLUMNS OF MORGAGNI or OF  THE
RECTUM, see Rectum—c. of the  Spinal Mar-
row, see Vertebral Nerves.
  COLUS JOVIS, Salvia sclarea.
  COLUSTRUM, Colostrum.
  COLU'TEA   ARBORES'CENS,   Bladder 
COLUVRINE DE VIRGINIE
205
COMMUNICANS
Senna,   (F.) Baguenaudier,  Faux  Sini.
Fam. Leguminosae.   Sex. Syst.  Diadelphia
Decandria.   The leaves are slightly purgative,
and  are often mixed with those of the cassia
senna.
  COLUVRINE DE VIRGINIE, Aristolo-
chia serpentaria.
  COLYM'BADES, Pickled  Olives.  These,
when bruised and applied to a burnt part, were
supposed to be able to  prevent  vesication.—
Dioscorides.
  COMA, Semisom'nis,  Semisopi'tus, Semiso-
p&rus, Subeth, (Arab.)   A profound state of
sleep, from which  it is  extremely difficult to
rouse the individual.  It is a symptom which
occurs in many  diseases.  Two varieties  are
distinguished, 1.  Coma   vigil,  Coma agryp-
no'des, Pervigilium, Vigil'ix nimix, Typho'-
nia, Veter'nus,  Veternos'itas, Agrypnoco'ma,
Carus letkar'gus vigil,   Typhoma'nia, (q. v.)
which is accompanied with delirium.  The pa-
tient has his eyes closed, but opens them when
called;  and  closes them  again  immediately.
This state is accompanied with  considerable
restlessness.   2. Coma Somnolen'tum, C.  Co-
mato'des;—in which the patient speaks  when
roused, but remains silent and immovable in
the  intervals.  Coma is a deeper sleep than
sopor, but less so than lethargy and carus.
  Coma, Capillus—c. Agrypnodes, see Coma
—c. Apoplexia, Apoplexy—c. Caesarea,  Plica
—c. Comatodes, see Coma—c.  Somnolentum,
Somnolency, see Coma—c. Vigil, see Coma.
  COMACON, Myristica moschata.
  COMAROS, Arbutus unedo.
  CO'MATA, from xa^a. Diseases character-
ized by diminution of the powers of voluntary
motion, with sleep or impaired state of  the
senses.—Cullen.
  COMA TEUX, Comatose.
  COMATODES,  Comatose.
  COM'ATOSE, Comato'des, Caroticus, Ca-
ro'des, (F.) Comateux.   Relating  to or resem-
bling coma:—as comatose  sleep, comatose fe-
ver, &c.
  COMBUSTIBILITY, PRETERNATU-
RAL, Combustion, human.
  COMBUSTIO,  Burn—c. Spontanea,  Com-
bustion, human.
  COMBUSTION, HUMAN,  Spontaneous
Combus'tion, or Preternatural Combustibility,
Catacau'sis, Tachencau'sis, Incen'dium sponta'-
neum,  Combus'tio  sponta'nea, Autempresm'us,
Catacau'sis ebrio'sa, (F.) Combustion humaine,
C. spontanie. These terms have been applied
to the extraordinary phenomenon of a rapid de-
struction of the human body, by being reduced
to ashes either spontaneously  or  by  the con-
tact of an ignited substance.  It is said to have
always occurred in the aged, and in those that
were fat and hard drinkers.  In such, Dr. Traill
has  found a considerable  quantity  of oil in the
serum  of the blood.  Vicq d'Azyr, Lair, and
Dupuytren  think it necessary,  that the body
should be  placed  in contact  with an ignited
substance.  Le Cat, Kopp, and Marc are of
opinion that this is not necessary.  The former
appears to be the true view.
  COMBUSTURA, Burn.
  COMEDONES, see Acne.
  COMES  ARCHIATRORUM, see Exarchi-
ater.
  COMESTIBLE, (F.) Edu'lis, from  come-
dere,l to eat.' Eatable, (F'.) Edule. Esculent.
When this word is used substantively, in French
as in English, it means solid food.
  COMEZ.  Haifa drop.—Ruland.
  COMFREY, Symphytum—c. Spotted, Pul-
monaria.
  COMISTE, Aliment.
  COMMANDUCATIO, Mastication.
  COMMEM'ORATIVE,  Commemorati'vus,
from commemorare, (con and memor,) ' to cause
to remember.'   That which recalls, or rather
which is recalled.
  Commemorative Signs, (F.) Signes  comme-
moratifs. are those, deduced from circumstances
which have gone before; or rather, according
to others, those which point out the preceding
condition of the patient.  They are also called
Anamnes'tic signs.
  COMMENSUM, Symmetry.
  COMMERCIUM, Sympathy.
  COMMI, Gummi.
  COM'MINUTED,  Comminu'tus, from com-
minuere, (con and minuo,) 'to break to pieces.'
(F.) Comminutif.  A comminuted fracture is
one in which the bone is broken into a number
of pieces.
  COMMINU'TION, Comminu'tio, Thrypsis,
Leio'sis.   Same etymon.   Fracture of a bone
into a number of pieces.
  COMMISSURA,  Articulation—c.  Labio-
rum, Prostomia—c. Magna cerebri, Corpus cal-
losum—c. Nervea,  Syndesmosis—c.  Ossium
carnea, Syssarcosis.
  COMMISSURAL; same etymon as  com-
missure.   Of or belonging to a commissure.
  COM'MISSURE, Commissu'ra, Compa'ges,
Compagina'tio,  Sym'physis, Sym'boll;  from
committo,  (con and mitto,) ' I join together.'
A point of union between two parts: thus, the
commissures of the eyelids, lips, &c, are the
angles, which they form at the place of union.
  Com'missure,  Ante'rior, of the  Brain,
Commissu'raante'rior cer'ebri, (F.) Commissure
antirieure du cerveau. A small  medullary fas-
ciculus, situate transversely at the anterior part
of the third ventricle, and uniting the  two
hemispheres.
  Commissure,  Great, of the Brain,  Com-
missu'ra  Magna Cer'ebri, (F.)  Grande com-
missure du cerveau, which unites the two hemi-
spheres for some extent, is the Corpus callo'-
sum.
  Commissure,  Oblique or Intercerebral,
see Valvula Vieussenii—c. Optic, see Chias-
mus.
  Commissure, Posterior, of the Brain.  A
medullary band, situate at the posterior part of
the third or middle ventricle.
  Commissure of the Uvea, Ciliary ligament.
  COMMISSURE DE LA  CHOROIDE,
Ciliary ligament.
  COMMO'SIS, from xopuoo,, < I adorn.'   The
art of concealing natural  deformities, as by
painting the face^  See, also, Propolis.
  COMMO'TICE, in the older writers, meant
the art of communicating factitious beauty to
a person—Painting the face; Comopor'ia.
  COMMOTIO, Motion, Concussion—c. Cere-
bri, Concussion of the brain.
  COMMO TION, Concussion—c. du Cerveau,
Concussion of the brain.
  COMMU'NICANS, from communis, 'com-
mon.'  Conjun'gens.  That which communi- 
                COMPACT                2

 cates or establishes a communication.   Com-
 mu'nicant.  There are two Arteria Communi-
 can'tes, both  within the cranium;—the one
 anterior, very short, and extending transversely
 from one anterior cerebral artery to the other,
 —the other posterior, called also Communicans
 Willis'ii, which passes from the internal carotid
 to the posterior cerebral artery.   It is a branch
 of the basilary.
  COMPACT, Compac'tus, from con and pan-
 gere, 'to strike,  to  fix.'  Solid, close.  (F.)
 Compacte.   The term Compact Tissue is given
 to the hardest and closest parts of bone.
  COMPAGES, Articulation, Commissure—c.
 Ossium per Lineam Simplicem, Harmony—c.
 Vertebrarum,  Vertebral column.
  COMPAGINATIO, Commissure.
  CO MP AS  D'kPAISSEUR, see Pelvime-
 ter.
  COMPASSIO, Sympathy.
  COMPEBA, Piper cubeba.
  COMPEPER, Piper cubeba.
  COMPER'NIS;   from con,  and  pema,  'a
 gammon of  bacon with the leg on.'  One who
 has his knees turned inwards.   A case of dis-
 tortion of the legs.
  COMPETENTIA MEMBRORUM OMNI-
 UM, Symmetry.
  COMPLETIO, Plethora.
  COMPLEX, Complex'us, from con, 'with,'
 and  plectere,  'to  twist.' Embracing several
 distinct things.   Chaussier  uses  this term  in
 his anatomical descriptions for complicated.
  COMPLEXIO, Coition, Complexion, Confu-
 =io,  Temperament.
  COMPLEXION, Complex'io.   This is often
 employed,  in  English,  for the colour of the
 face, as " He has a good complexion,"—a " sal-
 low complexion," &c.  It formerly had a more
 extensive signification, and still has in France.
 It signifies the aggregate of physical characters
 presented by  any individual,  considered with
 respect to his  external arrangement or  condi-
 tion. It means  more  than  constitution, for
 which it is used synonymously in many cases;
 mid differs from temperament, which is less the
 external condition of the body than the state or
 disposition of the organs in health.—H. Clo-
 quet.
  COMPLEXUS, Complex.
  Complexus  Minor,  Mastdideus latera'lis,
 Trache'lo-masto'ideus, (F.) Trachilo-mastoidien,
 Muscle  petit  Complexus.  It  arises from the
 transverse processes of the last four  cervical
 vertebra?, and is inserted into the mastoid pro-
 cess.
  Complexus  Mus'ctilus, Biven'ter Cervi'cis
 Complexus  Major,  Dorso-trachilon-occipital
 Trachilo-occipital  (Ch.)  (F.)  Muscle grand
 tomplexus.  A muscle, situate at the hind part
 of the neck, where it extends from the interval
 that  separates  the two prominent ridges on the
 posterior surface of the os occipitis to the trans-
 verse and articular processes of the last six cer-
 vical vertebrae, as well as to those of the first
 five  dorsal.  It serves to straighten, incline,
 and turn the head.
  COMPLICATION, Complica'tio, from con,
 ' with,' and plicare, ' to  fold.'   In medicine, it
 means the presence of several diseases, morbi
complica'ti seu perplex'i, or of  several  adventi-
tious circumstances foreign to the primary dis-
ease.
               COMPRESSION

   COMPOSITION, Composit'io, from oom-
ponere, (con and ponere, 'to  place,') 'to place
together.'  Syn'thesis.   The act of composing
or compounding,—of medicines for example; Ia-
matosyntax'is. Also, the Compound, Compos'-
itum, or thing compounded.  Likewise, a com-
bination.
   COMPOSITUM, Compound.
   TO  COMPOUND.    Same  etymology;  to
mix medicines.   To  mingle different  ingre-
dients  into one whole.   Used adjectively, com-
pound signifies the result of the union of seve-
ral medicinal agents, as "a compound  medi-
cine."
   COMPREHENSIO, Catalepsy.
   COMPRENSIO, Catalepsy.
   COM'PRESS, Compres'sa, Splenium,  Sple-
niola,  Splenis'cus, Pla'gula, Penicillum, Pe-
nic'ulum, from comprimere, (con, and premere,
'topress,')'to press together.' (F.) Compresse.
Folded pieces of lint or rag, so contrived as,
by the aid of a bandage, to make due pressure
upon any part.  According to their  shape, di-
rection, and use, compresses have been called
long (  (F.) longuettes,) square (carries,) trian-
gular, prismatic, graduated (graduies,)  split
(fendues,) fenitries, criblies, croix  de Malte,
oblique, circular, dividing (divisives,) uniting
(unisantes,) cribriform, (q. v.) &c.
   COMPRESSEUR  DE  DUPUYTREN,
Compressor of Dupuytren—c. du Nez,  Com-
pressor nasi—c.  de  la  Prostate,  Compressor
prostatae.
   COMPRESSIO, Compression, Thlipsis.
   COMPRESSION, Compres'sio,  Enerei'sis.
Same etymology.  Pressure; methodical com-
pression.  An agent frequently had recourse to
in surgery.   We compress a limb,  affected
with adema, varices, hydrops articuli, callous
ulcer, &c.  The abdomen is compressed after
delivery, after paracentesis  abdominis, &c.
The compression is produced by means of the
roller, laced  stocking,  &c,  according to the
part, and to  the particular  case.   Moderate
pressure  aids the contractility of parts, and ex-
eites the action of the absorbents; so that large
tumours  at times disappear after it  has been
used for  some  time.  A greater degree of pres-
sure occasions, still more,  the  emaciation of
the part, but it is apt to impede the circulation.
Pressure is often used to stop or  moderate the
flow of blood  in  cases of aneurism or wounds
of arteries and veins. In such cases, the com-
pression  may be immediate., when applied upon
the artery itself, or  it may be mediate,  when
applied through the integuments and soft parts.
The French use the term Compression imme-
diate  laterale  for that  which is exerted per-
pendicularly to the  axis of a vessel, so  as to
flatten its sides.   It is practised with the fin-
ger, forceps, tourniquet, compresses, &c.
   Compression  of  the Brain.   This  may
arise either from coagula of blood, a  soft tu-
mour,  a bony excrescence, a depressed portion
of the skull, or the  presence of some foreign
body.  The effects vary, according as the com-
pression  takes place suddenly or  gradually.
When  suddenly, the symptoms are of the co-
matose or apoplectic character.  When gradu-
ally, mania, convulsions, &c, are more likely
to occur.  Compression, arising  from  a de-
pressed portion of skull, requires the use  of the
trephine.
06 
COMPRESSIVE
207
CONCEPTUS
  COMPRES'SIVE,  Compressions.   That
which  compresses.  A compressive bandage is
one that compresses the parts to which it is ap-
plied.
  COMPRESSOR  OR COMPRESSO'RIUM
OF DUPUYTREN, (F.) Compresseur de Du-
puytren.  An instrument for compressing the
femoral artery, invented by Dupuytren.  It is
constructed on the same principles as the tour-
niquet  of J. L. Petit, from which it only differs
in this  respect;—that, instead of being main-
tained  in  its place  by a strap, which always
compresses more  or less the circumference  of
the limb, the two pads are placed at the extre-
mities  of a semicircle  of steel, which, by pass-
ing from one to the other without touching the
parts, limits the pressure to two opposite points
of the thigh, and permits the collateral circula-
tion to go on.
  Compressor  Naris,  Rena'us,   Nasa'Hs,
Transversa'lis Nasi, Myrtiform'is, Dilatato'-
■les ala'rumnasi, Constric'tor Nasi, C. Na'rium,
C. Naris, Triangula'ris Nasi, (F.) Maxillo-
.larinal,  Susmaxillo-nasal,—(Ch.,)  Compres-
seur de nez, Transversal du nez.  A muscle,
situate at the sides of the nose;  flat and trian-
gular.   It arises from  the  inner part of the
fossa canina, and passes to the dorsum of the
nose;  where it is confounded  with that of the
opposite side.
  Compressor or Constrictor of Nuck. An
instrument for compressing  the urethra, to ob-
viate incontinence of urine.   It consists of a
girdle  of  iron, which  surrounds  the  pelvis, to
which is  fixed a  plate of the same metal, that
compresses the urethra in perinao.
  Compressor Pros'tat^;, Prostalicus supe'-
rior, Pubio-prostat'icus, Sub-pubio-prostat'icus,
(F.) Compresseur de  la prostate.   A muscle,
admitted  by Albinus, which is  formed of the
anterior fibres of the Levator ani, that embrace
the prostate.  It is the Prostatieus supe'rior of
Winslow.
   Compres'sor Ure'thrjE.  A muscle consist-
ing of  two portions—one of which is transverse
in its direction, and, inconsequence of its having
been particularly described by Mr. Guthrie,
has  been called  Guthrie's  muscle.  It arises
from the ramus of the ischium, and passes  in-
wards  to embrace  the  membranous urethra.
The other portion is perpendicular, descending
from the pubis and passing  down to be inserted
into the transverse portion of the muscle.  This
portion has been considered by many to be only
the anterior fibres of the levator ani; and having
been described  by Mr. Wilson, it  has been
called Wilson's muscle.
   Compressor Ven^: Dorsa'lis Penis.  A small
muscle, distinctly seen in animals, less distinctly
in man, which arises from the ramus of  the
pubis,  and ascending in  a direction forwards is
inserted above the vena dorsalis, joining with
its fellow of the opposite  side  on the mesial
line.  Its use is supposed to compress the vein
in erection.  It is sometimes called the muscle
of Houston, after Dr. Houston of Dublin.
   COMPRESSORIUM, Compressor.
   COMPTO'NIA ASPLENIFO'LIA,  Liqui-
dam'bar peregri'na, L. asplenifo'lia, Myo'ica as-
pleni.fo'lia, Sweet Fern, Shrubby Sweet  Fern,
Sweet bush, Fern bush, Fern gale, Spleenwort
bush, Meadow fern, Astringent root.  An  in-
digenous shrubby plant, which grows in sandy
or stony woods from New England to Virginia.
It possesses tonic and astringent properties, and
is used as a domestic remedy in diarrhoea, &c,
in the form of decoction.
  COMPUNCTIO, Paracentesis, Puncturing.
  CONJESTHESIS, Ccenaesthesis.
  CONARIUM, Pineal gland.
  CONATUS, Effort.
  CONCARNATIO, Syssarcosis.
   CONCASSER, (F.) from conquassare, (con,
and quassare, 'to  shake much,') 'to break to
pieces;'  'to  comminute.'   To reduce  roots,
woods, &c. into  small fragments,  in order that
their active principles may be more  readily se-
parated from them.
   CONCAU'SA, Concaus'sa,  Syna'tion.  A
cause which  co-operates with  another,  in the
production of disease.
  CONCAVITAS CONCHULARIS CERE-
BRI, Infundibulum of the brain.
  CONCAVUM PEDIS, Sole.
  CONCENTR AN'TI A, from con and centrum,
'a centre.'   A name once given to absorbents
of acids.
  CONCENTRA'TION,  Concentra'tio.   A
word sometimes  used,  in medical theories, to
express an afflux of fluids, or a  convergence of
sensibility or of  vital force, towards an organ.
It is applied, also, to the pulsation of arteries,
when not easily felt under the finger.
  POULS CONCENTRk, (F.)  A term ap-
plied by the French to a pulse of  the  above

  CONCEPTACULA  SEMINARIA,  Vesi-
culae seminariae.
   CONCEPTACULUM, Uterus, Vessel.
   CONCEPTIO, Conception—c.Vitiosa,Preg-
nancy, extra-uterine.
   CONCEPTION,  Concep'tio, Concep'tus,
Cye'sis,  Androlep'sia, from  concipio, (con and
capio,)  ' I conceive.'   The impregnation of
the ovum by the positive contact of the male
sperm,   whence  results a  new  being.   In
order that conception may take place, it  is
necessary that there should be a uterus, and
that the  female should be capable of menstru-
ating in a healthy manner.  There is every rea-
son, also, to believe that, occasionally, the male
sperm is not  fecundating; but of this we know
little.   The  whole  subject of conception  is
most mysterious.  It  seems to occur as  fol-
lows.   During  the sexual union,   the  male
sperm passes along  the uterus and  Fallopian
tubes : the fimbriated extremities of the latter
seize hold of the ovarium: and the  sperm  in this
manner comes in contact with a maturated ovum,
and impregnates it.  The fecundated ovum re-
mains some time in the ovarium, but at  length
bursts its covering, is laid hdld of by the fimbri-
ated extremity of the Fallopian tube, and passes
along the tube into the cavity of the uterus,
where it remains for the full period of  utero-
gestation.  Some are of opinion, that the ovum
is not impregnated until it has entered the Fal-
lopian tubes, or uterus.
   Concep'tion,  False,  Falsus   Concep'tus,
Spu'riumgermen, (F.) Fausse conception,Faux
germe.  An irregular, preternatural conception,
the result of which  is a mole or some similar
production, instead  of a properly  organized
foetus.  See Mole.
   CONCEP'TUS.   The first rudiments of the
foetus, after conception.  Also, conception. 
CONCHA
208
CONDOM
   Concettus Falsus, Conception, false.
   CONCHA,  Conchus.   A liquid  measure,
 amongst the Athenians, equal to half an ounce.
 Anatomists apply this term  to several hollow
 parts of the body;—as the Concha of  the Ear,
 —Concha  Jjuris,  Concha  auric'ula;  (F.)
 Conque—the hollow part of the cartilage of the
 external ear.  It  has, also, been applied to the
 genital organs of the female; to the patella, &c.
   Concha, Patella, Turbinated bone, (middle,)
 Vulva—c. Auris  interna, Cochlea—c.  Cerebri,
 Infundibulum of the brain—c. Genu, Patella—
 c.  Inferior, Turbinated  bone, (inferior)—c.
 Labyrinthi,  Cochlea—c.  Morgagniana, Turbi-
 nated  bone, (superior)—c.  Narium  superior,
 Turbinated bone, (superior.)
   CONCHA NARIUM,  Turbinated_bones.
   CONCHA'RUM  ANTIFEBRILE.  A fe-
 brifuge and sudorific preparation in Bates's
 Pharmacopaia.  It was composed of  vinegar,
 mussel-shells, and water of Carduus benedict us.
   CONCHO-HELIX.  A small, fleshy, fasci-
 culus, attached to the concha of  the  ear  and
 helix.  It is also called the small muscle of the
 helix.
   CONCHUS, Concha.  The cranium, (q. v.)
 In the plural, it  means the orbitar cavities.—
 Castelli.
   Conchus Oculi, Orbit.
   CONCHYLIA, Turbinated bones.
   CONCIDENTIA, Collapse.
   CONCILIUM.  A milky plant, referred to
 by Pliny  as aphrodisiac  and antiphthisical.
 Adanson considers it to be a  Campanula.
   CONCOCTED, Concoc'tus, Matura'tus,Pe-
 pelrus; from con and coquere, 'to boil.'  Brought
 to maturity; ripe; concocted; digested.
   CONCOCTIO, Coction—c.Tarda, Dyspepsia.
   CONCOCTION, Coction.
   CONCOMBRE  ORDINAIRE, Cucumis
 sativus—c. Sauvage, Momordica elaterium.
   CONCOMITANS, Concomitant.
  CONCOMITANT, Concom'itans, from  con
 and  comitare, (itself from  romire,—cum and
 ire,) 'to go with.'   That  which accompanies.
 A symptom which accompanies others.
  CONCREMATIO, Calcination.
  CONCREMENTA  ZOOHYLICA, see Zoo-
 hylas.
  CONCREMENTUM, Concretion.
  CONCRETIO,  Adherence,  Concretion—c.
 Palpebrarum cum  bulbo oculi, Symblepharosis.
  CONCRE'TION, Concre'tio, Concremen'tum,
 from concrescere, (con, and crescere,) ' to con-
 dense, thicken, become solid:' Pexis, Sympex'-
 is, 5ri;?<c, avinniSis.  The act of becoming thick
 or solid.  It was once used synonymously with
 adhesion or growing together,—as, "concretion
 oftMe toes." Most commonly, it is applied to
 extraneous and  inorganic bodies, of a solid cha-
 racter, met with in different textures, after cer-
 tain chronic inflammations; or which make their
 appearance in the joints or in the reservoirs for
 excrementitial fluids.   Concretion is, therefore
 frequently synonymous with Calculus, and is
 then rendered,  in  Latin, by the word  Concre-
 mentum.  But Concretion has a more extensive
 signification than Calculus; thus, accidental os-
 sifications or deposits of phosphate of  lime in
 certain organs, and especially in the liver and
lungs, are properly called  osseous  concretions.
They could not well be called osseous calculi.
  Concretion, Fibrinous, Sanguineous, Po-
 lypiform or Polypus, of the Heart, see Po-
 lypus—c. Intestinalis, Calculus of the Stomach
 and Intestines.
   CONCRETIONES  ALVINtE, Calculi of
 the stomach and intestines.
   CONCUBITUS, Coition—c. Venereus, Coi-
 tion.
   CONCUR'SUS, from concurrere,  (con, and
 currere, cursum, 'to  run,')  'to  meet  together,'
 Syn'drome, (q. v.)   The congeries or collec-
 tion of symptoms, which constitute and distin-
 guish a particular disease.
   CONCUS'SION, Commo'tion, from conditio,
 (con, and quatere, 'to shake,') 'I shake  together.'
 Concus'sio,  Thlasma Concus'sio, Commo'tio,
 Anasis'mus, Tinagmus, (F.) Commotion. In
 Surgery, it is used for the agitation often  com-
 municated to one organ by a fall upon another;
 as to the brain from a fall on the breech, &c.
   Concussion of the Brain, Commo'tio  Cer'-
 ebri,  Apoplex'ia nervo'sa  traumatica, Ence-
 phalosis'mus, (F.)   Commotion du  Cerveau,
 sometimes gives rise to  alarming symptoms,
 even to abolition of the functions  of the brain,
 yet without any sensible organic disease. Slight
 concussion of  the brain, called  stunning, con-
 sists in vertigo, tinnitus aurium, loss of memory,
 and stupefaction; all these being temporary.
 When more severe, there is  instant loss of sen-
 sation and volition, vomiting, the patient being
 as if in  a sound sleep, but there is no stertorous
 breathing.   Pulse variable,  generally  more
 rapid and feeble than in compression; extremi-
 ties cold.  Little can be done here, till reaction
 has occurred: after this, the case must be treated
 according to general  principles,—by  bleeding,
 blisters, cold applied to the head, &c. After
 severe concussion,apatient,althoughapparent!y
 well, is not safe  till some time after the  acci-
 dent.
  CONDENSAN'TIA, from con, and densus,
 'dense;'  Incrassan'tia.  Medicines  esteemed
 proper for inspissating the humours.
  CONDENSATIO,  Condensation, Stegnosis.
  CONDENSA'TK)N,Condensa'tio,Inspissa'-
 tio.  Increase in density of the blood  and other
 liquids, or of the solids, which  enter into the
 composition of the human body.
  CON'DIMENT.  Condimen'tnm,  Ar'tyma,
 Hedys'ma, Conditu'ra,  from condire, 'to sea-
 son.'  (F.) Assaissonnement. Some substances
 are called, at  times,  aliments,  and at others,
 condiments, according as they  constitute the
 basis or the accessory to any dish:  such are
 cream,  butter, mushroooms, olives, &c.   Oth-
 ers are always  condiments, as  they  are  only
 used to  improve the savour of food, and contain
 but little  nutritive matter.   Such are pepper,
 salt, cinnamon,   &c.  Almost  all  condiments
 are possessed of stimulant properties.
  CONDIT, Confection.
  CONDI'TUM, same etymon.  A pharmaceu-
 tical compound of wine, honey, and some aro-
 matics,  especially pepper.   Also, a confection.
  CONDITURA CADAVERUM,Embalming.
  CONDOM, Armour, (F.)  Baudruche, Redin-
gote Anglaise, Gant des Dames, Calotte  d'as-
 suranee.  The  intestinum caecum of a sheep,
 soaked for some  hours in water, turned inside
 out, macerated again  in weak, alkaline ley,—
 changed every twelve hours,—and scraped  care-
 fully to abstract the mucous  membrane, leaving
 the peritoneal and muscular coats exposed to 
CONDUCTIO               20!
the vapour of burning brimstone, and afterwards
washed with soap and water.  It is then blown
up, dried, cut to the length  of  7 or 8  inches,
and  bordered  at the open end with a  riband.
It is drawn over the penis prior to coition, to
prevent venereal infection and pregnancy.
   CONDUCTIO, Tonic spasm, Convulsion.
   CONDUCTION,  VIBRATIONS  OF,  see
Sound.
   CONDUCTOR*  Direc'tor,   Itinera'rium,
(F.)  Conducteur;  from  con, 'with,' and  du-
cere,  'to  lead.'  That  which conducts.  The
Conductor was an instrument, formerly  used
in the high operation for the stone, for directing
the forceps into the bladder.
   CONDUIT, Canal—c. Auditif externe, Au-
ditory canal, external—c. Auditif interne, Au-
ditory canal, internal—c. Auriculaire, Auditory
canal, external—c.  Cholidoque, Choledoch duct
—c. Difirent,  Deferens vas—c. d'Eustache,
Eustachian tube—c. Gutturale de oreille, Eusta-
chian tube—c. Labyrinthique, Auditory canal,
internal—c. Ptirygdidien, Pterygoid canal—e.
Sousorbitaire, Suborbitar canal—c.  Sperma-
tique, Deferens (vas)—c. Thoracique, Thoracic
duct—c. Vidien, Pterygoid canal.
   CONDUITS ADIPEUX, Fatty canals—c.
Aqueux, see  Aqueous—c. Aveugles de I'ure-
thre, see Caecus—c. Dentaires, Dental canals
—<;• kjaculateuis,F,)<tc\i\atoxy ducts—c. Lacry-
maux, Lachrymal ducts—c.  Lactiferes, Lacti-
ferous vessels—c. Nourriciers, Canals, nutri-
tive—c Nutriciers, Canals nutritive.
   CONDYLARTHRO'SIS, from  xovSuXog, 'a
condyle,' and aq6qov, 'a joint.'  Articulation
by condyles.   An elongated head  or condyle,
received into  an elliptical cavity.
   CON'DYLE, Con'dyll, Con'dylus,  Capit-
tilum, from xovovxig, 'a knot, eminence.'   An
articular eminence, round in one direction, flat
in the other.  A kind of process, met with
more particularly in the ginglymoid joints;—
such as the condyles of the  occipital, inferior
maxillary bone, &c.   Some anatomists have
applied the term, however, to eminences that
are not articular,—as to the lateral  tuberosities
at the inferior extremity of the os humeri, and
even to certain depressions,—as to the  concave
articular  surfaces  or faces at the upper extre-
mity of the  tibia.  Chaussier calls the trans-
verse root of the zygomatic process Condyle
of the temporal bone.
 '  CONDYLI  DIGITORUM MANUS, Pha-
langes of the fingers.
   CONDYLIUS, Condyloid.
   CON'DYLOID, CondyloVdeus, Condylo'des,
Condyl'ius, from  xovSvXo;, a 'condyle,'   and
6«dV, 'shape.'  Having the shape of a condyle.
   Condyloid  Foram'ina, Foramina Condyloi-
dea, (F.) Trous condyloidiens, Fosses condyloi-
diennes.   These are distinguished into anterior
and posterior.   They are four in number, seated
in the occipital bone;—two  anterior, and two
posterior to the condyles or condyloid processes
of the same bono, and to depressions, which are
called Fossx Condyloidex.
  As the  word  Condyldidien  means—"that
which has the shape of a condyle,"—it has been
judiciously proposed by some  French  anato-
mists that condylien should be used in  prefer-
ence, in the case of the foramina and fossae.
  CONDYLOMA, Condylo'sis,  Con'dylus,
Verru'ca carno'sa, from xorSvKog, 'a knot,'  'an
9               CONFECTIO

 eminence.'  A  soft,  fleshy excrescence, of an
 indolent character, which appec rs near the ori-
 fice of the genital organs and rectum, and occa-
 sionally on the fingers and toes.  It is a con-
 sequence of the syphilitic virus.  Such tumours
 are also called Dermophy'mata vene'rea.
   CONDYLOSIS, Condyloma.
   CONDYLUS, Condyloma.
   CONESS1 CORTEX, Nerium antidysenteri-
 cum.                  *
   CONFECTIO, Confec'tion, from confi'cio,
 (con, and facere, ' to make.')  ' I make up.'
 Alig'ulus, (F.)  Confiture,  Condit.  In general
 it means any thing made up or preserved with
 sugar.   In the late London Pharmacopoeias, it
 includes the articles before  called electuaries
 and conserves.   Confec'tio or Confec'ium also
 means Confectionary.
   Confectio Alkermes, Alkermes.
   Confectio  Amygdala'rum, Almond Confec-
 tion, Almond Paste, Pasta re'gia, P. Amygda-
 li'na, Pasta Emulsi'va, Buty'rum Amygdala'-
 rum  Dul'cium,  (F.)  Confection  d'Amandes.
 (Sweet almonds §j, gum acacia gj, white sugar
 giv.  Blanch the almonds, and heat into a paste.)
 A good mode of keeping almonds in a state fit
 for making emulsions.
   Confectio Archig"eni,  C. Paulina. (Cas-
 tor, long pepper, black pepper, storax, galbanum,
 costus, opium, of each Jss,  saffron £ij, syrup of
 wormwood gij.)  It was much recommended as
 a stimulant in nervous affections.
   Confectio  Aromat'ica, Electa a" rium. Aro-
 maticum, C. Cardi'aca, C. Raleigha'na, Aro-
 matic Confection, Sir  Walter Raleigh's  Cordial.
 The following is the Ph. U. S. formula.  (Pulv.
 aromat. ,^vss., croci, in pulv. .^ss. syrup aurant.
 ^vj., Mel. despumat. |ij.   Rub  the  aromatic
 powder  with  the saffron;  then add the syrup
 and honey, and  beat together until thoroughly
 mixed.)  Dose, Qj to 3j.
   Confectio Aurantio'rum, C. Auran'tii Cor'-
 ticis  (Ph. U. S.), Constr'xa Cor'ticum Auran-
 tio'rum,  C. Cor'ticis Exterio'ris Auiantii Hispa-
 len'sis,  C. Flaved'inis Corlicum  Aurantiorum
 Hispalen'sium,  Conser'va  Aurantii,  C.  Citri
 Auratitii, Confection of the  Orange, Conserve of
 Orange Peel   (Yellow part of the peel of the
 orange lbj, rectified sugar Ibiij, beat into a  con-
 serve.)  It is stomachic, and an agreeable ve-
 hicle, corrigent, and adjuvant for  other reme-
 dies.  Dose, §ss.
   Confectio Cardiaca, Confectio aromatica.
   Confectio  Cas'sle, Electa a'rium  Cassia
 Fis'tulx, E. Cassix, E. e Cassia,- E. lazati'vum,
 Conserva Cassix, Electuarivm Cassia tamarin-
 da'tum seu leniti'vum, Electua'rium e Cassia, Di-
 acas'sia cum Mannd, Cassia Confection.  (Cassia
 pulp  loss, manna ^ij,  tamarind pulp  f,\, syrup
 of roses Ibss.  Bruise the  manna, dissolve by
 heat, mix the pulp, and evaporate.) It is gently
 laxative.  Dose, gss.
   Confectio Damocratis, Mithridate.
  Confectio Hamec;—so called from an Ara-
 bian  physician,—was composed of the bark of
 the yellow myrobalans, black myrobalans, vio-
 lets, pulp  of colocynth,  polypodium  of  the
 oak, leaves  of wormwood, thyme, aniseed, fen-
 nel, red roses, pulps of prunes, raisins, sugar,
 honey, senna, rhubarb, &c.  It was used as a
 purgative in glysters.
  Confectio  Hyacin'thi, Hyacinth  Confec-
 tion, Electua'rium seu Confec'tio de Cioco emen- 
CONFECTIO OPII           210            CONFRICATRIX
  da'ta olim dicta de hyacin'this. (P.)  A tonic
  and slightly astringent confection, composed,
  according to Baume, of terra sigillata, crab's
  stones, cinnamon, leaves of the dittany of Crete,
  myrrh, saffron, syrup of lemon, camphor, Nar-
  bonne honey, oil of lemon, &c: and  formerly
  the hyacinth was added, whence its name.
    Confectio  O'rn,  Electua'rium Opia'tum,
  Confectio  Opia'ta,  Philo'nium  Londinen'sl,
  Theriaca Edinew'sis,• Philo'nium Roma'num,
  Opium  Confection, Electua'rium  Thebaicum,
  (Hard opium in powder, £ivss; Pulv. aromat.
  .5vj; Mel. despumat. %xiv;  mix  thoroughly.
  One grain of opium  in  36:—Ph. U. S.)  It is
  narcotic  and stimulant.  Dose, gr. x to 1}j.
    Confectio Paulina, Confectio Archigeni—
  c. ex. Capitibus papaveris, Diacodium.
    Confectio Pip'eris Nigri, Ward's Paste for
  list ula.  (Black pepper, elecampane root, each
  fcj, fennel seed lbiij, white sugar ftij.)  Dose,
  size of a nutmeg, three or  four times a day.
    Confectio Raleighana,  Confectio aroma-
  tica.
    Confectio Ros;e  Cani'nje (L.), Conser'va
  Rosa Cani'na, Conserva Cynos'bati, C.Cynor'-
  rhodi, Rob Cynos'batos,  Confection or Conserve
  of Dog Rose. ( Pulp of dog rose Ibj, sugar 3xx.
  Incorporate.)  It is chiefly used  as a vehicle
  for other remedies.
    Confectio Ros;e Gal'lic/e (L.), Conser'va
 Rosa^ Gallica,  Conserva Rosa,  C. Florum
 Rosa'mm^ Rubra'rum, C. Florum Rosa Rubra,
 Rhodosac'charum,  Sac'charum  Rosa'ceum, C.
 Rosa Rubrx,  Confection of the  Red  Rose.
 (Petals Ibj, sugar lbiij.)  In the Pharmacopoeia
 of the United States, (1842,) the Confectio Rosx
 is  directed  to be prepared as  follows.  Red
 Roses, an powder, £iv; Sugar, in powder, ,^xxx;
 Clarified honey, %vy,  Rose  water, f. gviij.
 Rub the roses with the rose water at a boiling
 heat; then add gradually the sugar and honey,
 and beat until thoroughly mixed.  It is astrin-
 gent, and chiefly  used as a vehicle for other re-
 medies.
   Confectio Rvtm, Confection of Rue.  (Rue
 haves dried, carraway  seeds, bay  berries, of
 each giss, sagapenum %iv,  black pepper  zij,
 honey gxvj.  Mix.)   It is given in clysters, as
 an  antispasmodic and carminative.
   Confectio de  San'talis, Confection of the
 Sanders, (F.) Confection de Sandaux.  (San-
 dal wood, red coral, bole armeniac, terra sigil-
 lata, kermes berries, tormentil root, dittany, saf-
fron, myrtle, red  roses, calcined hartshorn,
 cloves.)  It  was  formerly used as an astringent.
  Confectio Scammo'nle, Electua'rium Scam-
 mo'nii, Electuarium e Scammo'nio, Caryocosti-
 num, Confection of Scam'mony,  (Powdered
 scammony^iss, bruised  cloves, povjdered gin-
ger, 5a 3yj, oil of carraway ^ss, syrup of roses,
 q-s.)  A stimulating  cathartic.  Dose, Zss to
3J-                                    °
  Confectio Senn^, Electua'rium Cassia Sen-
na, E. Se?ina cum Pulpis, E. Senna compos'-
Uum, Benedic'tum  Laxatlvum, Electuarium
ape'riens,  E. catholicnm commu'nl, E. diapru'-
num, E.eccoproticum, Elect. Senna, E. e Senna,
E. leniti'vum, Confection of Senna, &c.  (Senna
leaves %viij, figs Ibj, tamarind pulp, cassia pulp,
pulp of French prunes, each Ibss, coriander seed
,|iv, liquorice root 3j iij, sugar lftiiss, water Oiv.
Rub the  senna and  coriander together:  sepa-
rate 10  ounces of the powder  with a sieve.
  Boil the residue with  the  figs and  liquorice
  root in the water to one half; 'press out  the
  liquor  and strain.   Evaporate  the  liquor by
  means  of  a water bath to a pint and a half;
  add the sugar, and form a syrup.  Rub the pulps
  with the syrup, gradually added; throw in  the
  sifted powder, and beat till thoroughly mixed—
  Ph. U. S.)  It is a laxative, and is used in  ha-
  bitual constipation, and in constipation during
  pregnancy.  Dose gss to ^ss.
    Confectio de Thure, Fnank'incense Confec-
  tion, (F.)  Confection d'Encens.  A compound
  of coriander seeds,  nutmeg,  thus,  liquorice
  mastich, cubebs, prepared hartshorn, conserve of
  red roses, sugar, &c.
    CONFECTION,  Confectio—c. d'Amandes,
  Confection, almond—c. d'Encens, Confectio de
  Thure—c. Frankincense, Confectio de Thure—
  c. of the Orange, Confectio aurantiorum—c. of ■
  the Red rose, Confectio rosae Gallicae—c. of Rue,
  Confectio rutae—c. de Sandaux, Confectio de san-
  talis—c. of the Sanders, Confectio de santalis.
    CONFECTUM, Confection.
     CONFERVA  HELMINTHOCORTOS,
  Corallina Corsicana.
    Confer'va Riva'lis.   This species of River
  Weed has been recommended in cases of spas-
  modic asthma, phthisis, &c.
    CONFIRMANTIA, Tonics.
    CONFIRMED, Consummates.
    CONFITURE, Confection.
    CON'FLUENT, Con'fluens, from  con, and
 fluere, ' to flow.'   An epithet for certain exan-
 thematous affections, in which the pimples, pus-
 tules, &c, run together.   It is particularly ap-
 plied to small-pox, so circumstanced.  Some
 authors  have called  scarlatina or scarlet fever
  Confluent Measles, Morbil'H Confluences.
    CONFLUENT DES SINUS, Torcular He-
 rophili.
   CONFLUEN'TIA, Confadera'tio; same ety-
 mon as Confluent.  A term, employed by Para-
 celsus to express  the concordance between  a
 disease and its remedies.
   CONFLUXIO, Sympathy.
   CONFCEDERATIO,  Confluentia.
   CONFORMATIO, Conformation, Structnre.
   CONFORMATION,  Conforma'tio, Diap'la-
 sis, Diaplas'mus, Structure, from conformate,
 (con. and formare, 'to form,') ' to arrange,' 'dis-
 pose.'   The natural disposition or arrangement
 of the body.
   Faulty conformation, (F.) Vice de conforma-
 tion, is vice of original formation; existing, of
 course, from birth.  In  French surgery Con-
 formation is used synonymously with Coapta-
 tion, and both it, Diaplasis and Anaplasis mean,
 also, restoration to the  original form—as in
 fractures, &c.
   CONFORTANTIA, Tonics.
   CONFORTATIVA, Tonics.
   CONFORTER,(F.),Confirma'H,Conforta!-
 rl, Corrobora'rl.  To make stronger—to  give
 energy.   Conforter I'estomac,  'to  strengthen
 the stomach.'
   CONFRICA'TION, Confrica'tio, from  con-
 fncare (con,and fricare, 'to rub.')  The action
j of reducing  a friable substance to powder, by
 rubbing it between the fingers; and of expressing
| the juice of a plant with the hand.
   CONFRICA'TRIX;  from con, < with,' and
 fncare,  'to  rub.'  A female  who practises
[ masturbation. 
CONFUSE FEBRES          211         CONIUM MACULATUM
  CONFU'S^ FEBRES.  Intermittents,
whose paroxysms are irregular and confused.—
Bellini.
  CONFU'SIO, from confundo, (eon and fun-
dere, ' to pour,')  ' I mix together ;'  Syn'chisis.
A  disease of the eye, which consists in  the
mixture of the humours.—G^len.  In modern
times, Synchysis has been applied to a morbid
state of the vitreous body, in which it  is  re-
duced  to a  diffluent condition.  It  has, also,
been used synonymously  with Complexio.
  CONFUSIONES ANIMI, Affections  of the.
mind.
  CONGELANTIA, Congelativa.
  CONGELATIO, Catalepsy.
  CONGELA'TION, Congela'tio,  Conglacia'-
tio, Gela'tio, from congelo, (eon and gelare,) 'I
congeal,' ' I freeze.'  The action of congealing,
of passing to the solid  state by the abstraction
of heat;  as congelation of water, mercury, &c.
The term had once other acceptations.   1. It
was synonymous  with  concretion.  2. With
coagulation, in which sense it is still occasion-
ally employed.  3. The  ancients called all dis-
eases,  produced  by cold, congelations, as well
as those in which there was a kind  of stupor or
torpor—particularly catalepsy.  Also,  Frost-
bite.
   CONGELATI'VA MEDICAMEN'TA,Cow-
glutinan'tia, Congelan'tia.  Medicines,  consi-
dered  capable  of  uniting,  or  consolidating
wounds, &c.
   CON'GENER,   Congen'erous,  from  con,
'with,' and genus, 'kind.' (F.) Conginere. Of
the  same kind or species.  Resembling each
other in some manner.  When applied to mus-
 cles, it means, that they concur in the same ac-
 tion; in opposition to  the word antagonist, or
 that which acts  in an opposite direction.
   In France Congcne'res is applied to those
 who join in the dissection of the same subject.
   CONGENIALIS, Congenital.
   CONGENITA NOT.E, Nsevus.
   CONGENITAL, Con'genite, Congenia'lis,
 Congen'itus, Syngenicus,  from con, 'with,'
 and genitus, 'begotten.'  (F.)  Conginial ou
 Conginital. Diseases which infants have at
 birth:  hence, Congenital affections are those
 that depend on faulty conformation; as conge-
 nital hernia, congenital cataract, &c. See Con-
 nate.
   CONGESTIO, Congestion—c. Abdominalis,
 Coeliaemia—c. Pectoris, Stethasmia—c. Pulmo-
 num, Stethaemia—c. Sanguinis, Congestion.
   CONGES'TION, Conges'tio, Rhopl, from con-
 gerere, 'to amass,' 'accumulate,' &c.  Symph'-
 ora,   Hxmatepago'gl,  Hxmatosymphore'sis,
 Hxmatosyago'gl, Hamorme'sis, Symphore'ma,
 Symphore'sis, Synathrois'mus, Synathroe'sis,
 Sanguinis  Conges'tio, Engorgement.   Accu-
 mulation of blood—hyperamia—in  an  organ.
 It is an important symptom in febrile and other
 disorders.   It may arise either from an extra-
 ordinary flow of blood by the arteries, or from
 a difficulty  in the  return of blood  to the heart
 by the veins.  More often, perhaps, it is owing
 to the latter cause, and is termed  venous con-
gestion, stasis or stagnation—being not un-
 usually attended with  symptoms of oppression
 and collapse.
   Congestion of  the  Abdomen, Cceliaemia,
 —c. of the Brain, Stethaemia—c Ceribrale, Ce-
 phalohasmia—c. du Cerveau, Cephalohaemia—
c. of the Lungs, Stethaemia—c. des Poumons,
Stethaemia—c. Sanguine rachidienne, Hyper-
myelohaemia.
  CONGESTIVE  FEVER,  see  Fever, con-
SfCStlVG.
  CONGLACIATIO, Congelation.
  CONGLOBATE, Congloba'tus, from conglo-
bare, (con, and globus,' a ball,') 'to collect,' 'to
gather into a ball.' (F.) Conglobi.
  Conglobate  Gland, Glan'dula  congloba'ta,
Glandula Muco'sa, Hydraden, Globate gland,
Lymphatic gan'glion, (F.) Glande Conglobie,
Ganglion lymphatique.  A round body, formed
of lymphatic vessels, connected  together by
cellular structure, but having neither a cavity
nor excretory duct.  The mesenteric, inguinal
and axillary glands are of this class.
  CONGLOBk, Conglobate.
  CONGLOM'ERATE, Conglomera'tus, from
con, and glomerare,' X.0 gather in a heap.' ISrlom'-
erate, Glomera'tus, (F.)'Conglomiri.  Heaped
together.
  Conglomerate Glands, Glan'dulm conglo-
mera'ta, Glandulx vasculo'sa, are those whose
lobules are united under the same membrane;
as the liver, kidney, testicle, &c.
  CONGLOMERATIO  INTESTINORUM,
Epiploce intestinalis.
  CONGLUTINANTIA, Congelativa.
  CONGRES,  (F.)  Congress,  Congres'sus,
from congredi, congressus, (con, and gradi, ' to
go,') ' to go together.'  This term, which has
often been used synonymously with Coition,
means, also, the ocular proof, formerly ordered
by judicial authority, in the presence of sur-
geons and matrons, to test the impotence or ca-
pabilities of parties;—a most unsatisfactory
and indecent exhibition.  It was forbidden by
the Parliament  of Paris  in the year 1667.
  CONGRESSUS, Coition.
  CONI  VASCULO'SI.   Conical bundles,
formed by the  vasa  efferentia  of the testis:
having their base towards the epididymis.
  CONI A, xsvi*.  A wine,  prepared by fer-
menting the must of the grape on tar previously
washed in  sea-water.—Orfila. See, also, Lixi-
vium.                                     ,
  CONIASIS,  Incrustation.
  CONIOSTOSIS, Pulverization.
  CONIS, Pulvis.
  CONISTERIUM, Apodyterium.
  CONI'UM MACULA'TUM, Conium, Cicu'-
ta,  Cicu'ta major, Ablotes, Cicuta terres'tris,
 Cicuta major  fa'tida,  C. vulga'ris, Com/mon
Hemlock,  Hemlock,  Poison  parsley, Spotted
parsley, (F.) Cigu'e ordinaire, C.grande.  Nat.
Ord.  Umbelliferae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Di-
gynia.  The leaves  and seeds are narcotic and
poisonous in an over-dose.   Light destroys the
virtues of  the leaves; and, therefore, the pow-
der  should be kept in opake  bottles, well
corked.   It has been used  as a  palliative  in
cancer and other painful affections;  but  is not
equal to opium. Externally, it has been applied
in fomentation to cancerous and scrofulous ul-
cers.  Dose, gr. ij. to x.
  Da'vidson's  Remedy  for Cancer  is said  to
consist of powdered hemlock and arsenious acid.
  Conium  Moscha'tum,  Aracacha.  A very
agreeable and nutritive  kind of tuberous vege-
table, in flavour not unlike celery, which grows
on the coast of Peru, but is more abundant on
the projecting ridges of the Cordilleras, and on 
             CONJONCTIVE            2

the eastern declivity of the Andes.  It is cooked
by being either simply boiled in water, or made
into a kind of soup.—Tschudi.
   CONJONCTIVE, Conjunctiva.
   CONJONCTIVITE,  see  Ophthalmia—c.
Blennorrhagique, see Ophthalmia.
   CONJUGAISON, Conjugation.
   CONJUGATION, Conjuga'tio, from conju-
gare, (con,  and jugum, 'a yoke,') 'to yoke
together.'   (F.)  Conjugaison.  Assemblage,
union,— Conju'gium.
   Conjugatio'nis Foram'ina, (F.)  Trous de
conjugaison.  The apertures at the sides of the
spine, formed by the  union of the notches of the
vertebrae.  They give passage to the nerves of
the spinal  marrow, and to  the vessels, which
enter, or issue from,  the vertebral canal.
   CONJUGIUM, Coition, Conjugation.
   CONJUNCTI (MORBI,) from conjungere,
(con afhd jungere,) 'to join together.' Diseases
joined  together.  Aufhors  have distinguished
two kinds of these: one, in which the diseases
go on  simultaneously—morbi connex'i ;—the
other, in which they succeed each other—morbi
consequen'tes.
   CONJUNCTIO, Articulation.
   CONJUNCTIVA, CUTICULAR,  Xeroph-
thalmia—c. Granular, Trachofna.
   Conjunctiva Membra'na, Circumcaula'lis,
Epipeph'ycos, Tu'nica agna'ta, Tu'nica adna'-
ta, T.  conjunctiva,  Tunda oc'uli,  (F.) Con-
jonctive, Membrane  adnie.   A mucous mem-
brane,  so called because it  unites the globe of
the eye with the eyelids.  It covers the ante-
rior surface of the eye, the  inner  surface of
the eyelids, and the caruncula lachrymalis.   It
possesses great general sensibility,  communi-
cated to it by the fifth pair.
   CONJUNCTIVITIS, Ophthalmia—c. vEgyp-
tiaca, Ophthalmia, purulent—c. Blennorrhagi-
ca, see Ophthalmia—c. Catarrhal is, Ophthalmia,
catarrhal—c. Gonorrhoica, see Ophthalmia—c.
Puro-mucosa catarrhalis, Ophthalmia, catarrhal
—c. Puro-mucosa  contagiosa  vel iEgyptiaea,
Ophthalmia, purulent.
   CONJUNGENS, Communicans.
   CONNATE, from con andnatus, 'born with.'
   Connate Diseases, (F.)  Maladies Connies,
Morbi conna'ti, are such as an individual is born
with:—connate having the same signification as
congenital.   A difference has been  made  by
some, however; those diseases or conditions,
which are dependent upon original conformation,
being called congenital;—whilst the  diseases
or affections, that may have  supervened during
gestation or delivery, are termed connate.
   CONNECTICUT, MINERAL  WATERS
OF. There is a mineral spring at  Stafford in
this  state;  twenty-four  miles  from Hartford,
which  has  obtained more celebrity than  any
one in New England.   Its principal ingredients
are iron  and carbonic acid.  It, consequently,
belongs to  the class  of acidulous chalybeates.
There are other springs in the state, of which,
however, little that is accurate is known.
   CONNERVATIO, Syndesmosis.
   CONNEXIO OSSIUM CARNOSA, Syssar-
cosis—c. Cartilaginea, Synchondrosis—c. Liga-
mentosa, Syndesmosis.
   CONNUTRI'TUS, Syn'trophos,  from  con,
'with,' and nutrior, 'I am nourished.'  A  dis-
ease is so called which has grown up,  as it were,
12               CONSERVA

 with an individual, or has been connate with
 him.—Hippocrates, Galen.
   CONOID, Cono'ideus, Cono'i'des, from xoiot,
 'a cone,'and «i(Jof,'shape.' (F.) Cono'ide. Re-
 sembling a cone.
   Conoid  Lig'ament.   A ligament, passing
 from the coracoid  process to the scapula, and
 forming part of the coraco-clavicular ligament
 of some anatomists.
   CONOIDES CORPUS, Pineal gland.
   CONOPHTHALMIA, Staphyloma cornea.
   CONQUASSANT, (F.) Conquassans, from
 con,' with,'' together;' and quassare,' to shake.'
 Douleurs conquassantes are the pains of partu-
 rition, at the  time of their greatest intensity,
 when the head is engaged in the pelvis.
   CONQUASSA'TION,  Conquassa'tio, Qutis-
 sa'tio, Quassatu'ra.  Same etymon. A pharma-
 ceutical operation, which consists in dividing,
 with a pestle, fresh vegetables, fruits, &c.  See
 Confrication.
   CONQUASSATIONES ANIMI, Affections
 of the mind.
   CONQUE, Concha.
   CONSCIOUSNESS, DOUBLE. A somnam-
 bulistic condition, in which the individual leads,
 as it were, two lives, recollecting in each con-
 dition what occurred in previous conditions of the
 same character, but knowing nothing of the oc-
 currences of the other. See Duality of the Mind.
   CONSEC'UTIVE, Consecuti'vus, from con,
 ' with,' and sequor, ' to follow.'
   Consecutive Phenom'ena or Symptoms, (F.)
 Phinomhnes ou accidens consicutifs, are such
 as appear  after the cessation of a disease, or,
 according  to  others, during its decline; but
 without having any direct connexion with it.
   CONSENSUAL, see  Instinctive.
   CONSENSUS, Consent of parts, Sympathy.
   Consen'sus Oculo'rum.  The intimate asso-
 ciation between the  two eyes, as exemplified
 in their consentaneous  action in health, and
 often in disease.
   CONSENT  OF PARTS,  Co?isen'sus, Con-
 sen'sus pur'tium, Sympnthla, from  con, and
 sentire, 'to feel;' (F.) Consentement des Par-
 ties.   That relation  of  different parts of the
 body with  each other, which is more commonly
 denominated sympathy.
   CONSENTEMENT  DES PARTIES,
 Consent of parts.
   CON SERVA'TION, Conserva'tio,Phylax'u,
 from conservare, (con,  and servare,) 'to  pre-
 serve;' (F.) Conservation, Asservation.   The
 art of preserving any object of pharmacy, any
 remedial agent, &c, from decay.
   CONSER'VA, Conserve.  Same etymon. A
 pharmaceutical preparation, composed of a ve-
 getable substance and a  sufficient quantity of
 sugar.  The London  and American pharmaco-
 poeias prefer the term Confection.
   Conserva Absin'thii, C. Absin'thii marit'i-
 mi. Conserve of Wormwood.  (Leaves Ibj, sugar
 lbiij.)   It has been  employed as a tonic, sto-
 machic, and vermifuge.
   Conserva Angel'icje (P.,) Conserve d'An-
 gilique, C. of Angel'ica.  (Pulp of root 2:>)
 parts; white sugar, boiled in a decoction of the
 root, and reduced to the consistence of a solid
 electuary,  1000 parts.)   It is tonic, aromatic,
 and stomachic.
   Conserva de A'pio Graveolen'te (P.) Con-
 serve d'Ache,  Conserve ofSmalluge.   Prepared 
CONSERVE
213
CONSTITUTION
 like the preceding.  Reputed to have the same
 properties.
   Conserva Ari, Conserve of Arum.  (Ftesh
 root Ibss, sugar Ibiss.)  Esteemed diuretic  and
 stimulant.
   Conserva Aurantii, Confectio aurantiorum
 —c. Cassiae, Confectio cassia?—c. Citri aurantii,
 Confectio aurantiorum.
   Conserva Cochlea'ri^e Horten'sis, Con-
 serve of Lemon  Scurvy  Grass.  (Leaves Ibj,
 sugar lbiij.)  Reputed to be stimulant and anti-
 scorbutic.
   Conserva Corticis Exterioris Aurantii"
 Hispalensis, Confectio aurantiorum—c. Corti-
 cum  aurantiorum, Confectio  aurantiorum—c.
 Florum rosarum rubrarum, Confectio  rosae Gal-
 licae—c. Cynosbati, Confectio rosae caninae—c.
 Cynorrhodi, Confectio rosae caninae—c.  Flave-
 dinis corticis aurantiorum Hispalensium, Con-
 fectio aurantiorum.
   Conserva Lu'jul;e, C.  Folio'rum lu'julx,
 Conserve of Woodsorrel.  (Leaves Ibj, sugar
 lbiij.)  Gratefully acid and refrigerant.
   Conserva Mentha, C.  Mentha folio'rum,
 C Menthx sati'va, Conserve of Mint. (Leaves
 Ibj, sugar Bsiij.)   Stomachic in nausea and vo-
 miting.
   Conserva Pruni Sylves'tris, Pulpa prune!-
 mm sylves'trium condi'ta, C. Pruna sylvestris,
 Conserve of Sloes, (Pulp  1 part, sugar 3 parts.)
 Possessed of astringent properties.
   Conserva Ros^e, Confectio rosae Gallicae—c.
 Rosoe caninas, Confectio rosae caninae—c. Rosae
 fiallicae, Confectio rosae Gallicae.
   Conserva Scill.e, Conserve of Squill.  (Fresh
 squills  ^j, sugar %x.)  Possesses the diuretic
 and other virtues of the squill.
   CONSERVE, Conserva—e. d'Ache, Conserva
 de apio  graveolente—c. of Aloes, Conserva pruni
 sylvestris—c. of Lemon scurvy grass,  Conserva
 cochleariae hortensis—c. of Mint, Conserva men-
 thae—c. of Orange, (red,) Confectio aurantiorum
 —c. of Smallage, Conserva de apio graveolente
 ■—c.  of Woodsorrel,  Conserva  lujulae—c. of
 Wormwood, Conserva absinthii.
   CONSERVES, Spectacles.
   CONSIDEN'TIA.  This word has two  ac-
 ceptations.   I. It is  synonymous with  Apoca-
 tastasis; and, 2. It signifies contraction  of any
 cavity or canal:—See Synezisis.
   CONSISTEN'TIA.  A Latin term employed
 in two  senses.  1. When joined  to  the word
 Morbi or JEtatis, it expresses the acme of a dis-
 ease,  or the  age at which the  constitution  has
 acquired its  full strength.  2. By Consisten'tia
 humo'ris is meant  the density of a humour.
   CONSOLIDA   MAJOR, Symphytum—c.
 Media,  Ajuga, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
 —c. Minor, Prunella—c.  Regalis, Delphinium
 consolida—c. Rubra, Tormentil—c. Saracenica,
 Solidago virgaurea.
   CONSOLIDANTIA, Consolidatlva  Medi-
ramen'ta, from  con, and solidus, solid.   Sub-
stances, formerly given  for the purpose of con-
solidating wounds, or  strengthening cicatrices.
   CONSOLIDATIVA, Consolidantia.
   CONSOMMk,  Consumma'tum,  Zomos.
Soup, strongly charged with gelatin, and con-
sequently very nutritious, although not propor-
tionably easy of digestion.
   CONSOMPTION, Consumption.
  CON'SONANT, Con'sonans, from  consono,
 'to  sound together,' con, 'with,' and sono, 'to
 sound,' because it is generally believed  that a
 consonant cannot be properly expressed, except
 when conjoined with a vowel. Physiologically,
 a breath, or a  sound  produced  in  the larynx,
 which suffers more or less  interruption  in  its
 passage through the vocal tube.
   CONSORTIUM, Sympathy.
   CONSOUDE, GRANDE, Symphytum.
   CONSOUND, MIDDLE, Ajuga.
   CONSPERSIO, Catapasma.
   CONSPICILLA, Spectacles.
   CONSPIRATIO, Sympathy.
   CONSTELLA'TUM UNGUEN'TUM.  An
 ointment  composed of cleansed earthworms!
 dried and pulverized; and of the fat of the bear
 or wild boar.   It  was formerly employed in
 toothache, and  to  hasten the cicatrization of
 wounds.
   CONSTERNATIO, Stupor.
   CONSTIPATIO, Constipation, Stegnosis.
   CONSTIPA'TION, Constip'a'tio, from con-
 stipare, (con and stipare,) 'to cram close.'  Ob-
 stipa'tio, Adstric'tio, Arcta'tio, Obstipa'tio  seu
 Reten'tio alvi'na, Ischocoi'lia, Alvus adstric'ta,
 A. Tarda, A. Dura, Obstruc'tio seu Suppres'-
 sio alvi,  O. Ductus alimenta'rii, O. intestina'-
 lis, Torpor intestino'rum, Stypsis, Constipa'tio
 alvi,  Copros'tasis,  Acop'ria, Acopro'sis,  Co-
 pro'epis'chesis,  Ischocop'iia, Dyscoi'lia, (F.)
 kchauffement,  Ventre  resserri,  Costiveness,
 Facal Reten'tion, Alvine  obstruction.  A state
 of the bowels, in which the evacuations do  not
 take place as frequently as usual; or are inor-
 dinately hard, and expelled with difficulty.   It
 may be owing  either to  diminished action of
 the  muscular coat  of  the  intestines, or to di-
 minished secretion from the mucous membrane,
 or to both.  Cathartics will usually remove it;
 after which its exciting and predisponent causes
 must be  inquired into and obviated to  render
 the  cure permanent.
   CONSTITUENT Vehicle, see Prescription.
   CONSTITUTIO, Habit of body—c. Nervosa,
 Nervous diathesis.
   CONSTITUTION, Constitu'tio, Catas'ta-
 sis, Status, from con, and statue? e, from stare,
 'to stand.'  A collection of several parts, form-
 ing a whole.  In medicine, Constitution means
 the state  of all the organs of the human body
 considered in regard to their special and  re-
 lative arrangement,  order,  or  activity.   A
 good constitution is  one  in  which every organ
 is well developed, and  endowed with due ener-
 gy,  so that all  perform their functions with
 equal facility.   Any want  of equilibrium  in
 their development  and energy forms a  differ-
 ence in the constitution.   We say that a man
 is of a good or robust, a delicate or weak consti-
 tution, when he  is commonly healthy, or com-
 monly labouring under, or unusually suscepti-
 ble of, disease.
   Constitution of the At'mosphere, Consti-
 tu'tio A'eris, (F.) Constitution Atmosphirique.
 The condition of the  atmosphere,  as regards
 dryness and humidity,  temperature, heaviness,
 direction  of the winds, &c, considered as re-
 spects its  influence on the animal economy.
   Constitution, Epidem'ic, Constitution Med'-
ical, (F.) Constitution midicale, C. ipidemique.
 The  aggregate of meteorological conditions, so
far as they are  appreciable, during  which dis-
eases prevail epidemically. 
CONSTITUTIONAL           214
CONTAGION
   CONSTITUTION AL,(F.)Constitutio7inel.
 Belonging to the constitution of an individual;
 to his manner of being; as constitutional phthi-
 sis, c. gout,  &c.   By some, this  epithet has
 been given to diseases, produced by the consti-
 tution of the atmosphere; but this acceptation
 is not common.
   CONSTRICTEURS DELA VULVE,Con-
 strictores cunni—c. du  Vagin,  Constrictores
 cunni.
   CONSTRICTIO, Astriction, Systole.
   CONSTRICTIVA, Styptics.
   CONSTRICTOR, from  constringere, (con,
 and stringere,) ' to bind.'  (F.) Constricteur.
 That which  binds  in a circular direction.  A
 sphincter  (q.  v.)   Different muscles  are so
 called.
   Constrictor Ani, Sphincter ani externus—
 c. of Nuck, Compressor of Nuck.
   Constrictores  Alarum  Nasi,  Depressor
 alae  nasi—c. Isthmi faucium, Glossostaphy-
 linus—c. Nasi, Compressor naris—c. Oris, Or-
 bicularis oris—c. Palpebrarum, Orbicularis pal-
 pebrarum.
   Constricto'res  Cunni, Clitor'idis inferio'-
 res  lati et plani mus'culi, Sphincter Vagi'na,
 (F.) Constricteurs  du vagin, C. de la Vulve.
 Small muscles, which originate beneath the cli-
 toris, descend along the sides of the vagina, and
 terminate by  becoming  confounded  with the
 transversus perinai and external sphincter ani
 muscles.  Their use is to contract the entrance
 of the vagina.
   Constricto'res  Laryn'gis.  Lieutaud de-
 scribes,  under the name Grand constricteur du
 larynx, the muscle  Grico-arytenoldeus latera'lis
 with the Thyro-arytenoideus.
   Constrictor CEsoph'agi, Constrictor of the
 GUsoph'agus, (F.) Constricteur de IQHsophage,
 Muscle  asophagien.   A  fasciculus  of  fleshy,
 circular  fibres, at the  upper part  of  the oeso-
 phagus.
   Constricto'res Pharyn'gis, Constrictors of
 the Pharynx, Sphincter  Gula.  Muscular ex-
 pansions which assist  in  forming the parietes
 of the pharynx.  Three of these are generally
 admitted.  1. The Constric'tor Pharyn'gis in-
fe'rior, Crico-Pharyngeus and Thyro-pharyn-
geus,  (F.)  Crico-thyro-pharyngien.    It  is
 broad, very thin, quadrilateral, seated superfi-
 cially, extending from the thyroid and cricoid
 cartilages as far as  the middle of the pharynx,
and  uniting, on the median line, with that of
the opposite  side.   2.  The Constrictor  Pha-
ryngis Me'dius, Hyo-pharyngeus and Chon.dro-
pharyngeus, Syndes'mo-pharyngeus, (F'.) Hyo-
glosso-basi-pkaryngien, occupies the middle part
of the pharynx. It is triangular, and attached,
anteriorly, to the great and  little cornu of the
os hyoides; to the stylohyoid ligament;  and
terminates, posteriorly, by joining  its fellow of
the opposite  side.  3.  The  Constrictor Pha-
ryngis supe'rior, Ceph'alo-pharyngeus, Glosso-
pharyngeus,Mylo-pharyngeus,Pter'ygo-pharyn-
geus, (F.) Pterigo-syndesmo-staphili-pharyn-
gien, is quadrilateral, and extends from the in-
ternal  ala of the pterygoid process, from  the
inter-maxillary ligament,  from the internal ob-
lique line of the jaw, and from the base of the
tongue to the posterior part of the pharynx.
   The constrictors of the pharynx contract it.
They can  likewise approximate  the ends  to
each other.   Chaussier considers those and the
 stylo-pharyngeus as but one  muscle,  and in-
 cludes all under this last name.
   CONSTRINGENTIA,   Astringents, Styp-
 tics.
   CONSUETUDO, Habit—c. Menstrua, Men-

   CONSULTA'TION, Consulta'tio, Delibera'-
 tio, Canolog''ia, Conten'tio, Symboleu'sis, from
 consulere, consultum, ' to hold council.'  This
 word has several acceptations.   In  English, it
 means, almost always, the  meeting of two or
 more practitioners, to deliberate on any particu-
 lar case of disease.  In France, it signifies the
 written result of such deliberations, as  well as
 the opinion of a physician,  given to a patient,
 who consults  him, either personally or by wri-
 ting.
   CONSULT'ING  PHYSICIAN  or  SUR-
 GEON, (F.) Midecin ou Chirurgien consultant.
 One who consults with the attending practi-
 tioner,  regarding any case  of disease.  Some
 physicians, surgeons, and accoucheurs  confine
 themselves  to consulting practice.
   CONSUMMATUM, Consommi.
   CONSUMMA'TUS,  from con, cum,' with,'
 and summus, 'the whole.'  Confirmed; esta-
 blished ; developed,—as Phthisis consumtna'ta,
 'confirmed consumption.'
   CONSUMP'TION, from consumere, (con and
 sumere,) 'to waste away;'  Consump'tio, Con-
 sum'tio, Syntex'is,  (F.)  Consomption.  Pro-
 gressive emaciation or wasting away.  This
 condition precedes death in  the greater  part of
 chronic diseases, and particularly in phthisis
pulmonalis: on this account it is, that phthisis
 has  received  the  name consumption.— Sec
 Phthisis.  Fihvre  de Consomption,  Consump-
 tive fever, is the same as Hectic fever, (q. v.)
   Consumption of the Bowels, Enterophthisis
—c. Pulmonary, Phthisis pulmonalis.
   CONSUMPTI'VA.  Same etymology. Caus-
tics, used for the destruction of fungi.  Burnt
alum,  lunar  caustic,  &c,  were formerly so
called.
   CONSUMTIO, Consumption.
   CONTABESCEN'TIA,  from contabescere,
(con and tubescere,) ' to grow lean.'   Consump-
tion, marasmus, atrophy, &c.
   CONTACT, Contac'tus,  from con and tam-
gere, 'to touch.'  The state  of two bodies that
touch each other.  In the theory of contagious
diseases, we distinguish immediate or direct con-
tact, as when we touch a patient labouring under
one of those diseases;  and mediate or indirect
contact, when we touch, not the patient him-
self, but objects that have touched or emanated
from him.   The air is, most  commonly, the
medium by which this  last  kind of contact is
effected.
  CONTA'GION, Conta'gio,  Conta'ges, Con-
ta'gium, Aporrha'a, Apoc'rysis. Same etymon.
The transmission of a disease from one person
to another  by direct or indirect contact.  The
term  has, also, been applied, by some, to the
action of miasmata arising from dead animal or
vegetable matter, bogs, fens, &c, but  in this
sense it is now abandoned.  Contagious diseases
are produced  either by  a  virus, capable  of
causing them  by inoculation, as in small-pox,
cow-pox, hydrophobia, syphilis, &c, or by mi-
asmata, proceeding  from  a  sick individual, as
in plague, typhus gravior, and  in measles and
scarlatina.   Scrofula, phthisis  pulmonalis, and 
CONTAGIOUS            215           CONTRACTILITY
cancer, have, by some, been esteemed conta-
gious, but apparently without foundation. Phy-
sicians are, indeed, by no means unanimous in
deciding what diseases are contagious, and what
not.  The contagion of plague and typhus, es-
pecially of the latter,  is denied by many.  It
seems probable, that a  disease may be conta-
gious under certain circumstances and  not un-
der others.  A case of common  fever, arising
from common causes, as from cold,  if the pa-
tient be kept in a close, foul situation, may be
converted into a disease, capable of producing
emanations, which may excite a similar disease
in those exposed to them.  Contagion and in-
fection  are  generally  esteemed  synonymous.
Frequently, however, the former is  applied to
diseases not produced by contact; as measles,
Bcarlet fever, &c, whilst infection is used for
those that require positive contact;  as  itch,
syphilis,  &c,  and  conversely.   Diseases,
which cannot  be  produced in any other  way
than by contagion, are  said to have their origin
in  specific contagion;  as small-pox, cow-pox,
measles,  hydrophobia, syphilis, &c.   Those
which are produced by contagion, and  yet are
supposed to be sometimes owing to other causes,
are  said to arise from common contagion; as
typhus, cynanche parotidaea, &c.
   CONTA'GIOUS, Contagio'sus.  Capable of
being  transmitted  by  mediate  or  immediate
contact; as a contagious disease, contagious fe-
ver, contagious effluvia, &c.
   CONTAGIUM, Contagion, Miasm.
   CONTEMPLABILES  DIES, Critical days.
   CONTEMPLATIF, (F.) Contemplations,
(con and templum.)  Appertaining to contem-
plation.   The predominant idea of the melan-
cholic— of  the  monomaniac—is  sometimes
called contemplative.
   CONTEMPLATIO, Catalepsy.
   CONTEMPLATIVUS, Contemplatif.
   CONTENSIO, Tension.
   CONTENTIO, Consultation.
   CONTEX'TURE, Contextu'ra, Contex'tus,
from con and texere, (quasi tegsere, from tegere,
'to cover,')  'to weave,' 'to make a web.'  Ar-
rangement of parts;—texture.  A name given,
metaphorically, to  the  structure of organized
bodies; as the contexture of muscles, fibres, &c.
See Tissue,  and Texture.
   CONTIGUITY,  DIARTHROSIS OF,  see
Continuity.
   CON'TINENCE, Continen'tia, from contine-
rc, (con and tenere, 'to  hold or keep,') 'to  con-
tain oneself;' 'to restrain.'  Abstinence from
the pleasures of physical love.
   CONTINENS, Continent.
   CONTINENT, Con'tinens.   This word is
synonymous with Continued; (F.) Continu.
   Continent  Cause,  Causa conjunc'ta,  is a
cause, real or presumed, which, having given
rise  to a  disease, continues to act  during the
whole of its duration.   It may be  considered
synonymous with proximate  cause.  A conti-
nent fever, Febris continens, is one which  pre-
serves, during its whole course, the  same  de-
gree of intensity, without any remission or  sen-
sible exacerbation.  A  disease which continues
uninterruptedly, has been also  called  JEipa-
tliei'a, Aeipathela or Aipathla.
  CONTINENTIA, Continence.
  CONTIN'UED  FEVER, Febris  contin'ua,
F. con'tinens, F. anabatica, F.  assid'ua.    A
fever which presents no  interruption in its
course.  Continued fevers form  a  division in
the class Pyrexia of Cullen, and  include three
genera,—Synocha, Synochus, and Typhus.  It
is proper to remark, that some of the older wri-
ters make a distinction between the continual
fever, o-vvsxt;g, febris continua, and the synochus
or febris continens.  Thus, Rhases states that
the synochus or continens is a fever, which con-
sists of one paroxysm from beginning  to  end;
whilst the  continual is allied  to intermittents.
   CONTINUITY,  Continu'itas.  An  adhe-
sion of two things between each  other, so that
they cannot be separated without fracture  or
laceration.
   Continuity, Diarthro'ses of, (F.) Diar-
throses  de Continuiti, are movable joints, in
which the bones are continuous, but  do not
touch immediately, there being between them
a ligamentous substance, whose flexibility per-
mits motion.   The vertebral  articulations are
examples of this.  Diarthroses of Contigu'-
ity, Diathroses  de  Contiguiti,  on the  other
hand, are movable  articulations, in which the
bones are not continuous, but touch  by  surfaces
covered with a cartilaginous layer, which is al-
ways moistened by synovia.
   Continuity, Solution of, is any division of
parts,  previously continuous.  Wounds  and
fractures are solutions of continuity. The word
Continuity is opposed to  Contiguity: the  latter
meaning the condition of two  things which are
near  each  other, or  touch without   uniting.
There is contiguity between the head of the
humerus and the glenoid  cavity of the scapula,
but not continuity.
   CONTONDANT, Contunding.
   CONTORSIO,  Contorsion — c.   Columna
vertebralis, Rhachiostrophosis.
   CONTOR'SION,  Contor'tio,  from  contor-
queo, (con  and torquere, 'to wring,') 'I  twist
about.'   Violent  movement of a part, accom-
panied with a kind of torsion; as contortion  of
the face.
   CONTRAAPERTU'RA,  from  contra,
'against,'  and  aperio, 'I open;'  a counter-
opening; Contra-incisio, Incis'io prio'ri oppo'-
sita,(F.) Contre-ouverture. An incision, made
in the most depending part of a wound or ab-
scess, when the first opening is not situate in a
manner favourable for the discharge  of the pus.
   CONTRAEXTENSIO, Counterextension.
   CONTRACTILE, Contrac'tilis, from  con-
trahere, (con and trahere,) 'to draw together.*
Capable of contracting.  The fibre  of muscles
is contractile.
   CONTRACTILITk,  Contractility— c. par
difaut d'Extension, Elasticity—c.  de Tissu,
Elasticity.
  CONTRACTILITY,  Contractil'itas:  same
etymon;  (F.)  Contractilite.  That vital  pro-
perty, which gives, to certain  parts, the power
of contracting.   The  muscles of locomotion
are endowed with a power of voluntary con-
tractility, or one dependent immediately on the
action of the brain:—the muscles of the viscera
of digestion, and  other internal  organs, enjoy
an involuntary contractility.  Contractility and
irritability  are  frequently used synonymously
to signify the property possessed by any tissue
of contracting  on the application  of an appro-
priate stimulus.
  Contractility, Irritability. 
CONTRACTIO CORDIS
216
CONTUSION
  CONTRACTIO CORDIS, Systole.
  CONTRACTION, Coutrac'tw.   Same  ety-
mon; Systole.  Action of contracting.  When
we  speak of the contraction of a muscle, we
mean the phenomenon it exhibits during  the
time it is in action.
  CONTRACTU RA. Same etymon. Acamp'-
sia, Enta'sia arlicula'ris, Rigor ar'tuum, Mus'-
cular Stiff-joint.   A state  of permanent rigi-
dity and  progressive atrophy of the flexor mus-
cles, which  prevents the  motions of  extension
beyond a certain limit.   The affected muscles
form hard cords beneath  the skin.   On dissec-
tion, they are found  converted into  tendinous
fibres,  the  fleshy fibres  having  almost  disap-
peared, when the disease  has been of any dura-
tion.  It succeeds, frequently, other diseases,
particularly rheumatism,  neuralgiae, convul-
sions, syphilis,  colica pictonum,  &c.   The
warm bath, vapour bath, or  thermal waters,
oleaginous embrocations,  mechanical extension
of the limbs, &c, are the chief means of treat-
ment.
  CONTRA-FISSU'RA,from corcfra, 'against,'
and  findo, fissum, 'I cleave;'  Repercus'sio,
Resonitus,  Catag'ma Fissura  contraja'cens,
Apeche'ma,  Anticom'ma,  Antidopl,  Anticru'-
sis,  Anticrusma, Infortu nium, Counterstroke,
(F.) Contre-coup, Contre-fente, Contre-frac-
ture. A fracture, contusion,  or injury, pro-
duced, by a blow, in a part distant from that
which is  struck.  Five species of contra-fissu-
ra or contre-coups  may occur in  the skull.   I.
When the internal table  yields  and fractures.
2. When the bone breaks  in any other part
than the  one struck.   3.  When a bone, which
has  been struck,  remains  uninjured,  and its
neighbour is fractured.   4. When  the bone is
fractured in a place diametrically opposite to
that struck, as in fractures at the  base of  the
cranium, from a fall on the vertex;  and lastly,
when the violence of  the blow produces a se-
paration  of the neighbouring or distant sutures.
These  fractures  of the  skull are  also  called
Fractures par resonnance.
  CONTRAHENTIA, Astringents,  Styptics.
  CONTRAINCISIO, Contra-apertura.
  CONTRAINDICATIO,  Counter-indication.
  CONTRAIRRITATIO,  Counter-irritation.
  CONTRALUNA'RIS,from contra, 'against,'
and  tuna,' the moon.'  An epithet for  a wo-
man who conceives during the menstrual dis-
charge.—Dietrich.
  CONTRASTIMULANS,Contro-stimulants.
  CONTRAYERVA,  Dorstenia contrayerva
—c. Balls, Pulvis contrayervae compositus—c.
Lisbon, Dorstenia contrayerva—c.  Mexican,
Psoralea  pentaphylla—c. Nova,  Psoralea pen-
taphylla—c. Virginiana,  Aristolochia  serpen-

  CONTRECOUP, Contra-fissura.
  CONTREEXTENSION,  Counter-exten-
sion.
  CONTREFENTE, Contra-fissura.
  CONTREFRACTURE, Contra-fissura.
  CONTREINDICA TION, Counter-indica-
tion.
  CONTREOUVER TURE, Contra-apertura.
  CONTREXEVILLE,   MINERAL   WA-
TERS OF. Contrexeville is a town in France,
in the department of Vosges, four leagues from
Neufchiteau.  The waters  contain  carbonate
of iron, chloride of calcium, and carbonate of
lime, chloride  of  sodium,  a  bituminous sub-
stance, and free carbonic acid.  They are fre-
quented by  those  labouring under cutaneous,
scrofulous, and calculous affections.
  CONTRIT'TO, Syntrim'ma, Syutrip'sis,
Tritu'ra, Tritus, Trl'tio, Tripsis, from coutco,
' I bruise or make small:'  Comminu'tion, Tri-
turation.
  CONTRO-STIM'ULANT,    Contrastim'u-
lans, Hyposthenic, from contra, ' against,' and
stimulus, 'that which excites.'  A  substance
that possesses  a  particular,  debilitating pro-
perty, acting upon the excitability in a manner
opposite to stimulus.   A name given to thera-
peutical agents, which, according to the Italian
theory of  Contro-stimulus, are endowed  with
the property of diminishing excitement by a
specific action.   These agents are by no means
clearly defined.
  CONTRO-STIMULUS.    Same  etymon.
The name given by Rasori, about  thirty years
ago, to a new  medical doctrine, of which he
was the originator—La nuova Dottrinu Medica
Ituliana.  It is founded on the contro-stimu-
lant property, attributed to a certain number of
medicines.    In this  doctrine, as  in  that of
Brown, under  the  name  excitability, a funda-
mental principle of physiology is admitted, by
virtue of which living  beings are endowed with
an  aptitude for feeling the action of external
agents or  exciting influences, and of reacting
on these same influences.   When this excitabi-
lity is too great, there is excess of stimulus or
Hypersthenla: when  too  little, there is defi-
ciency or Hyposthenla.  Diseases, general and
local, are  divided  into three  great classes, or
into, I.  Hypersthenic; 2. Hyposthenic; 3.
Irritative.    The  contro-stimulant physicians
admit only  two classes of medicines—stimu-
lants and contro-stimulants.
  CONTUNDTNG, Coutu'sing, Contun'dens,
from c.ontundere, (con, and tundere) ' to bruise.'
(F.) Contondant.   That which causes contu-
sions.  An epithet given to round, blunt, vul-
nerating projectiles, which bruise or  lacerate
parts without cutting them.
   CONTUS, Contused.
   CONTUS, Penis.
   CONTU'SED.  Same  etymon.  (F.)  Con-
tus.  Affected with contusion.  Thus we say—
a contused wound.
   CONTU'SION,  Contu'sio, a  Bruise,  Col-
lisio, Phlasma, Thlasis, Thlas'ma, Th. contu-
sio, Rhege, Rhegma, Rhegmus, Famex, Famis,
Famix, (F.)  Meurtrissure.   Same etymon.
An injury or lesion—arising from the impulse of
a body with a blunt surface—which presents no
loss of substance, and no apparent wound.  If
the skin be  divided, the injury takes the name
of contused wound.  The differences of contu-
sions, as to extent, are of course infinite.  When
slight, the blood stagnates  in  the capillaries of
the  skin,  or is effused into the subcutaneous
cellular tissue.  Time and cold  applications
remove it.  When the texture of the parts has
been lacerated, there is effusion of blood, with
more or less torpor in the part.  Cooling appli-
cations, general   or   topical  bleeding,  emol-
lients,  poultices,   &c,  are  here necessary,
according to circumstances.  In  the  severest
kinds of contusion, all the soft and solid parts,
except the skin, are bruised, and, at times, re- 
CONUS ARTERIOSUS         217      CONVOLVULUS SYRIACUS
duced to a  kind of pap.  When the disorgani-
zation is to this extent, there is no hope except
in amputation.  A deep  contusion of the soft
parts has been called SarcotJllasis, and Sarco-
thlas'ma.
  CONUS  ARTERIO'SUS, Infundib'ulum of
the heart.  The  portion of the right ventricle
from which  the  pulmonary artery  proceeds,
forms a prominence on the right side of the an-
terior furrow of the heart, and is prolonged to-
wards the left, becoming narrower at the same
time, so as to form a funnel-shaped projection,
which extends a little beyond the base of the
ventricles.  This is the Conus arteriosus.
  CONVALESCENCE, Convalescen'tia, Ana-
lep'sis,   Anas'tasis,  Reconvalescen' tia,  from
convalescere, (con and valescere) ' to grow well.'
Exanas'tropfii.   Recovery of health, after dis-
ease.  The time which elapses  between the
termination of a disease, and complete restora-
tion of strength.
   CONVALLA'RIA MAIA'LIS, from conval-
lis, ' a  valley,'—from its abounding in valleys.
Lil'ium Conval'lium, Convidla'ria, Maian'the-
mum, Lily of the Valley, May Lily, (F.) Mu-
guet, Muguet de Mai.  The recent flowers are
reputed to be aromatic, cephalic, errhine, ca-
thartic. They are not used.
   Convalla'ria Multiflo'ra,  Polygona'tum
mullifio'rum, which grows in  this country and
 in  Europe, has analogous properties.
   Convalla'ria Polygona'tum.  The syste-
 matic  name  of  Solomon's  Seal, Polygona'tum
uniflo'rnm, Sigil'lum Salomo'nis, Polygona'-
tum.  The root was once used as an astringent
and tonic.   It is, also, a reputed cosmetic.
   CONVENTUS, Coition.
   CONVERSION,  Conver'sio, from con, and
vertere,' to turn.'  Change from one state into
another.
   Conversion of Diseases,  (F.) Conversion
des maladies, is the change or transformation
 of one disease into another.
   CONVOLUTION, Convolu'tio, from con-
 rolvere, (con  and volvere) ' to entwine;'  Epis-
phx'rion,  Gyrus, Helig'mus, (F.) Circonvolu-
tion.   The rolling of any thing upon itself.
   Convolu'tions, Cer'ebral, Gyri seu Plica-
 tu'ra seu Spirx seu Proces'sus entero'dei Cer'-
ebri; are the  round,  undulating,  tortuous pro-
jections, observed at  the surface of the brain.
In them, Gall's organs, of course, terminate.
   Convolution, Inter'nal, C. of the Corpus
 Callo'sum, Convolution d'Ourlet (Foville.)  A
 cerebral convolution of great extent, the prin-
 cipal portion of which  is found  on  the inner
 surface of each hemisphere  above  the corpus
 callosum.  In front  it bends downwards and
 backwards to the fissure of Sylvius, and behind
 it  extends to the middle  lobe and  forms the
 hippocampus  major.
   Convolu'tions, Intes'tinal, are the turns
 made by the intestines in the abdomen.
   Convolution, Supra-or'bitar.   A  convo-
 lution of the brain, which exists on the inferior
 surface of the anterior lobe, and rests upon the
 roof of the orbit.
   CONVOLVULUS, Intussusceptio, Ileus.
   Convol'vulus Bata'tas.   Same etymon.  C.
 In'dicus, Canutes; the Sweet Potato, Spanish
 Potato. This is the only esculent root of the
 genus Convolvulus.  It is much eaten  in the
 United States.
         15
  Convol'vulus Cantab'rica, Cantabrica, La-
vender-leaved  Bindweed.  It has been consi-
dered anthelmintic, and actively cathartic.
  Convolvulus Indicus, C. Batatas.
  Convol'vulus Jala'pa.  A systematic name
of the Jalap plant, properly  Ipoma'a Jalapa-;
Jala'pium, Mechoaea'na nigra, Jalappa,  Ja-
lapa, Jalap Root, Giuluppa,  Xalappa, Bryo'-
nia, Mechoachan'a nigricans, Bryo'nia Peru-
via'na, Chela'pa, Rhabar'barum Nigrum,  Ge-
lappium, (F.) Jalap,  is procured from South
America.  Its odour is nauseous; taste sweet-
ish and  slightly pungent.  It is solid, hard,
heavy, brittle; fracture resinous; internally,
light gray; externally, covered with a  deep
brown, wrinkled bark.  Its operation is cathar-
tic, the resinous  part griping violently. Dose,
lOgr. to gss.  A drop or two of any essential
oil may  prevent  it from  griping.  An active
principle has  been separated from  Jalap, to
which the  names Jalapin  and Cathartin  have
been given.
   Convolvulus  Major Albus,  Convolvulus
sepium—c. Maritimus, Convolvulus soldanella.
   Convol'vulus  Mechoachan,  Mechoaca'nx
Radix, Jalappa alba, Rhabar'barum album, Me-
clwacan, (F.) Rhabarbe blanche.   A Mexican
convolvulus, the root of which possesses  ape-
rient properties, and was once extensively used
instead of jalap.
   Convolvulus Megalorhizus,C. Panduratus.
   Convol'vulus Pandura'tus, C.  Megahnhl -
zus, Pseudo-merhoara na,  Fiddle-leaved Bind-
weed, Hog Potato, Virginian Bindweed,  Wild
Pota'to,  Meih'ameck, M. Bindweed, Wild Ja-
lap, Man in the  ground, Wild Rhubarb, Wld
Putato-Vine., Kassau'der,  Kassa'der, Kussau-
der, (F.) Liseron Me<kamec.   In Virginia, and
some other parts of the United States, the  root
of this plant has been much recommended in
cases of  gravel.   It is used either in powder or
decoction.
   Convolvulus Perennis, Humulus  lupulus.
   Convolvulus pes  Ca'pre^e, Bargada. A
plant used in India  as a cataplasm in arthritic
cases.
   Convolvulus Scammo'nea seu  Scammo'nia,
C. Syriacus.  The  systematic  name  of the
Scam'mony Plant.   A Syrian  and  Mexican
plant; the  concrete  gummi-resinous juice of
which, Scammu'nia, Scammonia Gummi Resl-
na, Scammouium, S.  Syriacum, Diagryd'ium,
Dacrydion, Scammony, Mahmoudy, (F.)Scam-
monie d'Alep, comes to us in blackish-gray frag-
ments, becoming whitish-yellow when touched
with wet fingers.  It is a drastic, hydragogue
cathartic.  Dose, gr.  iij,  to  gr. xv,  triturated
with sugar.
   Convolvulus, Sea, Convolvulus Soldanella.
   Convol'vulus  Se'piuiu, Convolvulus major
albus, Great Bindweed, (F.) Liseron des Haies:
Grand Liseron.   The juice of this plant is vio-
lently purgative, and is given in dropsical af-
fections.
   Convol'vulus Soldanel'la.  The systema-
tic  name of the  Sea Convolvulus,  Bras'sica
Marina, Calyste'gia  Soldanella, Sea  Bind-
weed, Convol'vulus  Maritimus,  Soldanella,
(F.) Chou Marin.  The  leaves  of  this  plant
are  said to be  drastic cathartic j  but they are
not much, if at all, used.
   Convolvulus Syriacus, Convolvulus scam-
monia. 
CONVULSIBILITAS           218               COPPERAS
  Convol'vulus  Turpe'thum,   Turpe'thum.
The systematic name of the Turbitk plant. (F.)
Racine de Turbith.  The cortical part of the
root of this species of convolvulus is brought
from the East Indies.  It is a cathartic, but not
used.
  CONVULSIBILITAS, see Subsultus  tendi-
num.
  CONVULSIF, Convulsive.
  CONVULSIO, Convulsion—c.  Canina,  see
Canine laugh.
  Convul'sio Cerea'lis,  Convulsio  ab Usti-
lag'inl, Ergotism'us spasmod'icus, Myrmecla-
sis, Rapha'nia, Myrmecias'mus, Convul'sio So-
lonien'sis, Myrmecis'mus, Myrmeco'sis, Cereal
Convulsion,(F.)Convulsion ciriale, Ergotisme
convulsif, Convulsion de Sologne.  A singular
disorder of the  convulsive kind, attended with
a peculiar tingling and formication in the arms
and legs.  It is said to be endemic in some parts
of Germany, and to arise often from the use of
spoiled corn.
  Convulsio Habitualis, Chorea—c. Indica,
Tetanus—c. Raphania, Raphania—c.  Solonien-
sis, C. cerealis, Ergotism—c.  Tonica, Tonic
spasm—c. Uteri, Abortion.
  CONVUL'SION, Spasmus, Convul'sio, from
eonvellere, (con and vellere, ' to tear,') ' to pull
together;'  Conduc'tio, Hieran'osus, Disten'tio
nervo'rum, Spasmus clon'icus, Clonic Spasm,
Convul'sio  clon'ica,  Eclamp'sia,  Syspa'sia
Convul'sio, Hyperspasmia.   This  word has
several acceptations.  It means any violent per-
version of the animal movements.  The word
Convulsions generally, however, signifies al-
ternate contractions, violent and involuntary,
of muscles, which habitually contract only
under the influence of the will.   This alternate
contraction, when  slight,  is  called tremor:
when strong  and permanent, tetanus, trismus,
&c.  Spasms, Cramp, Risus Sardonicus, and
St.  Vitus's Dance are convulsions.
  Convulsion,  Salaam'.   A name given to a
singular  kind of convulsion in children,  in
which  there is a peculiar  bobbing of the head
forward.—Sir Charles Clarke.
  CONVULSIONDE SOLOGNE,Convulsio

  CONVULSIONNAIRE, (F.)    A  name
given,  during the last century, to individuals,
who had, or affected to have, convulsions, pro-
duced by religious ideas.
  CONVULSIONS OF CHILDREN, Eclamp-
sia—e. des Enfans, Eclampsia—c. des Femmes
enceintes et en couches, Eclampsia gravidarum
et parturientium—c. Puerperal, Eclampsia gra-
vidarum et parturientium.
  CONVUL'SIVE, Couvulslvus, Spasmo'des,
Agitato'rius, (F.) Convtdsif.  That  which is
accompanied by, or is analogous to, convulsions,
as convulsive cough, convulsive disease.
  CONYZA, Inula dysenterica—c. Coma aurea,
SolidagoVirgaurea—c. Media, Inula dysenterica.
  Cony'za Squarro'sa, Brephoc'tonon,  Great
Fl.eabane or Spikenard, (F.) Herbe aux mouches.
A European plant, whose strong and disagreea-
ble  odour was formerly considered  to  be de-
structive to flies, fleas, &c.  Its infusion in wine,
was once used  as an  emmenagogue  and anti-
icteric; in vinegar as an anti-epileptic.
  COOKERY, Culinary art.
  COONTIE or COONTI, see Arrowroot.
  COOPERCULUM OCULI, Palpebra.
  COOPERTORIUM, Thyroid cartilage.
  COOS'TRUM.  The middle part of the dia-
phragm.—Ruland.
  COPAHU, Copaiba.
  COPA'IBA.   The resinous juice of the Co-
paif'era officina'lis, and other species of Co-
paifera.   Family, Leguminosae.   Sex. Syst.
Decandria  Monogynia.   It is the Copaiferx
officina'lis  Resi'na,  Bal'samum  Copaiba,  B.
Brazilien'sl, B. de Copaiba, B. Capi'vi, Bal-
sam of Copaiba ox  Copaiva, (F.)  Copahu,
Baume de Copahu, B. du Brisil, Teribintke de
Copahu.  Its  odour is  peculiar, but  not un-
pleasant;  taste  pungent, bitter; consistence,
syrupy; colour yellowish, and transparent.  It
is soluble in alcohol, ether, and the expressed
oils.  S. g. 0.950.  Its properties are stimu-
lant and diuretic: in large doses it is purgative.
It acts on the lining membrane of the urethra,
and on  mucous  membranes in general.  It is
given in gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, &c: in
the  dose of gtt. x to s;j, twice or thrice a day.
Should symptoms of urticaria or diarrhoea arise,
the  dose is too large, and must be diminished.
It can be inspissated  by means of magnesia so
as to be made into pills, and recently a plan has
been devised for enveloping  it in gelatin, so
that its taste is entirely concealed.   See  Cap-
sules, gelatinous.
  COPAIFERA OFFICINALIS, see Copaiba.
  COPAL', Copale, Resina Copal. A resinous
substance brought from the East Indies, South
America, and the western coast of Africa, which
flows spontaneously  from  Elxocar'pus Copa-
lif'era  or  Vate'ria Ind'iea, and probably from
different species of Hymena'a. It is a stimu-
lant, like all the resins;  and, dissolved in recti-
fied spirit of wine, has  been used in  cases of
spongy gums and looseness  of  the teeth T but it
is now only employed in varnishes.
  COPE, Cut.
  COPHOMA, Cophosis.
  COPHONIA, Acouophonia.
  COPHO'SIS, Copho'ma, Coph'otes, Sur'ditas,
Paracu' sis,Dysasthe' sia audito'ria; from xox/ioc,
'deaf.'  (F.) Surdite.  Diminution or loss of
hearing.   Cullen uses the word synonymously
with Dysecaa, and Pinel with Paracou'sia or
Farac'ol.   According to Sauvages, Cophosis
differs from both,—from Dysecaa, because, in it
the  sonorous rays cannot reach the labyrinth)
and from Paracousia, which consists in a con-
fused state of hearing.
  Cophosis  seems, usually, to be synonymous
with deafness,—Paracu'sis Sur'ditas.
  COPHOTES, Cophosis.
  COPOS, Lassitu'do,  Fatiga'tio, Las'situde,
Fatigue.  A state of body in which most of the
animal functions are exerted with less prompti-
tude and vigour than common.   The  ancients
admitted three species:  1.  That arising from
plethora, Lassitu'do tenslva, tono'des, 2. From
plethora and increased heat combined, Lassitu'-
do phlegmono'sa,  xstuo'sa,  phlegmono'des, and,
3. Owing to a morbid condition of the humours,
Lassitu'do ulcero'sa, helco'des.
  COPPER,  Cuprum—c.  Ammoniated, Cu-
prum ammoniatum—c. Ammonio-sulphate of.
Cuprum ammoniatum—c. Subacetate of, Cupri
subacetas—c.  Sulphate of, Cupri sulphas—c.
Ammoniacal sulphate of, Cuprum ammoniatum.
  COPPERAS, Ferri sulphas—c. White, Zinci
sulphas. 
COPPER-NOSE
219
CORALLINA
  COPPER-NOSE, Gutta rosea.
  COPRACRASIA, Scoracrasia.
  COPRACRATIA, Scoracrasia.
  COPRAGO'GUM, from xonqog, < faeces,' and
ayio,' I bring away.'  Stercus e primis viis edu-
cens.  A cathartic.  The name of a  laxative
electuary, mentioned by Ruland.
  COPRECCRITICUS, Coprocriticus.
  COPREM'ESIS, Copriem'esis, Vom'itus fxcu-
len'tus seu ster'coris: same etymon as the next.
Vomiting of faeces.
  COPREM'ETUS, Coproem'etus,  Cgprlem'-
etus, Merdiv'omus, from xonqog, 'excrement,'
and «nt*w,' I vomit.'  One who vomits faeces.—
Hippocrates.
  COPRIEMESIS, Copremesis.
  COPRIEMETUS, Copremetus.
  COPROCRITICUS,  Copreccriticus, from
xonqog, ' excrement,'  and xoivto, ' I separate.'
A mild cathartic;  an eccoprotic.
  COPROEMETUS, Copremetus.
  COPROEPISCHESIS, Constipation.
  COPROLITHUS, see Calculi of the stomach
and intestines.
   COPROPHORESIS, Catharsis.
   COPROPHORIA, Catharsis.
   COPRORRHCEA, Diarrhoea.
   COPROS, Excrement.
   COPROSCLEROMA, Coprosclerosis.
   COPROSCLERO'SIS, from xonqog, 'excre-
ment,'  and oxXr,qow, ' I harden.'  Induration of
faecal matters; Coprasclero'ma.
  COPROSTASIS, Constipation.
  COPTE, Copton, from  xonxw, 'I beat  or
pound.' A sort of cake, composed of vegetable
substances, which the  ancients administered
internally, and applied to the epigastric region
in the form of cataplasm.
   COPTIS, Coptis trifo' lia,Nigel'la,Helleb' orus
trifo'lius, Fibra au'rea, Chryza fibrau'rea, Ane-
mo'nl Gronlan'dica, Gold thread, Mouth root.
The root of this—Coptis, (Ph. U. S.)—is much
used in Massachusetts, in  aphthous  and other
ulcerations of the mouth, as a local application.
It  is a pure bitter, and  can be used, wherever
such is indicated.
   Coptis Teeta, Mishme Teeta, (Upper Assam)
Honglane  (Chinese.)   The root of this plant is
considered  to  be  a powerful tonic  and sto-
machic.
   COPTON, Copte.
   COPULA, Ligament—c. Carnalis, Coition—
c.  Cartilaginea, see Synchondrosis—c.  Magna
eerebri, Corpus callosum.
   COPULATION, Coition.
   COPYO'PIA, Kopyo'pia, (F.) Lassitude ocu-
laire, from xonog,' fatigue,' and imp,  ' the eye.'
Fatigue of vision. Weakness of sight,  ina-
bility of the eye to sustain continued  exertion.
   COQ, Phasianus Gallus.
   COQUE DU LEVANT, see Menispermum
cocculus—c. d'GUuf, see Ovum—c. Levant, see
 Menispermum cocculus.
   COQUELICOT, Papaver rhceas.
   COQUELOURDE, Anemone pulsatilla.
   COQUELUCHE, Influenza, Pertussis.
   COQUEN'TI A  MEDICAMENT'A, from co-
 quere,' to digest.'   Medicines, which were for-
 merly believed to be proper for favouring the
 coction or digestion of food.
   COQUERET,  Physalis.
   COQUETTE. Influenza.
   COQUILLE, Cochlea—c. d'CEnf, see Ovum.
  COR, A corn.  Also, Heart, (q. v.)
  Cor Bovinum, Heart, hypertrophy of the.
  CORACOBRACHIiEUS, Coracobrachialis.
  COR'ACO-BRA'CUI AL,Cor'aco Brachia'lis.
Belonging both to the coracoid process and arm.
  Coraco-Brachialis (Muscle,) Coracobrachi-
a'us, Coraco-humeral—(Ch.), Perfora'tus Cas-
se'rii, Perforatus, is situate at  the  inner and
upper  part of the arm.  It  arises from the
coracoid process of the scapula,  and is  inserted
at the middle part of the inner side of the hu-
merus.  It carries the  arm forwards  and in-
wards, raising the humerus a  little.   It can,
also, by  acting  inversely,  depress the  shoul-
der.
  CORACO-CLAVICULAR, Coraco-clavicu-
la'ris. Belonging to the coracoid process and
clavicle.
  Coraco Clavicular Ligament,—called,also,
Omo-clavicular,—serves to unite the clavicle to
the coracoid process.   It is very irregular, and
formed of two fasciculi, which the greater part
of anatomists have described as particular liga-
ments, under the names Conoid  and Trapezoid.
  CORACODES, Coracoid.
  CORACO-HUMERALIS, Coraco-brachialis
—c. Hyoideus, Omohyoideus—c. Radialis, Bi-
ceps flexor cubiti.
  COR'ACOID, Coracoideus, Coraco'ides, Co-
raco'des, C. Process'us, Cornicula'ris Processus,
Crow's-beak-like Process, Proces'sus anchora'-
lis, rostriform'is,  ancyro'ldes, from xoqa%, ' a
crow,'andtidog,'resemblance.'  (F.) Coracdide.
Resembling the beak of a crow.   A name given
by Galen, (and still retained,) to  the short,
thick process, situate at the anterior part of the
upper margin of the  scapula; which has some
resemblance to the beak of a crow.  This pro-
cess gives attachment to the Coraco-elavic ular
and Coraco-acro'mial ligaments, and to the Co-
raco-brachia 'lis Pectora'lis minor, and  Biceps
muscles.
   Coracoid Lig'ament, Idgamen'tum coracoi-
deum, (F.) L. Coraco'idien.  This name is given
to the small  fibrous fasciculus, which converts
the notch, at the superior margin of the scapula,
into a foramen.
   COR AIL, Coral—c. des Jardins, Capsicum
annuum.
   CORAL, Coral'lium, Coral'lus, Arbor Maris,
Azur, Bolesis, from  xoqtw, ' I adorn,'  and laXg,
'the sea.'  (F.)  Corail.  One of the most beau-
tiful productions of the deep.  It is fixed to sub-
marine rocks, in the form of a shrub;  and is of
a bright  red  colour.  It is the habitation of a
multitude of animals, of the Zoophyta order,
and is formed of a calcareous substance, se-
creted by the animals themselves.  It is in very
hard, concentric layers; covered, externally, by
a species  of porous bark, full of cellules, each of
which contains one of these animals.  Linnaeus
calls the red coral, Isis nob'ilis, and M. de La-
marck, Coral'lium rubrum.  It is much fished
for on the coasts of Barbary and Sicily.  Coral
 was formerly esteemed tonic, absorbent, astrin-
gent, &c; but analysis has shown, that it con-
tains only carbonate of lime and a little gelatin.
—Dioscorides, Pliny, Oribasius, the Geoponica,
 &c.  The Corallinm  album  is a hard, white,
 calcareous brittle substance, the nidus of the
 Madrej/ora ocnla'ta.  It has been  given as an
I absorbent.
I   CORALLINA.  Diminutive of Coralliwm 
CORALLINE DE  CORSE       22(
Muscus maritimus, Corallina officina'lis, Brum,
Corallinaalba,Sea.Cor'alline,WhiteWorm-weed.
The production of an animal, which belongs to
the genus Polypi, and which is found in all the
seas of Europe;—particularly in the Mediterra-
nean.   It has the appearance of a plant, is ho-
mogeneous, an inch or two in height, of a white,
reddish, or greenish colour, salt taste, and ma-
rine smell.   It contains gelatin, albumen, chlo-
ride of sodium, phosphate, carbonate and sul-
phate of lime, carbonate of magnesia,  silica,
oxide of iron, and a colouring principle. It was
once much used as a vermifuge; but it is not
now employed.  Dose, gss, to  sjj in powder.
  Corallina  Corsica'na,  Helmintho-corton,
Helminthochorfum,  Elmintho-cortcn,  Muscus
helmintho-cortos, Melitho-corton, Muscus coral-
li'nus, M. Marinus, Confer'va Helmintho-cor-
tos, Corallina rubra, Corallina melito-corton,
Lemitho-corton, Fucus Helmintho-corton, Cera'-
mium helminthochortus,  Corsican Worm-vfeed,
(F.) Coralline de Corse, Mousse de Corse.  It
is a mixture of several marine plants and zoo-
phytes, as the fucus, ceramium, ulva, coralline,
ronfervx, &c, and has gained  great reputation
for  destroying all  kinds  of intestinal worms,
when given in the form of strong decoction.
The Geneva Pharmacopoeia directs an officinal
6y'rup—the Sirop de  Coralline.
  CORALLINE DE CORSE, Corallina Cor-
sicana.
  CORALLOIDES FUNGUS, Clavaria coral-
loides.
  CORALWORT, Clavaria coralloides.
  CORD, Funis, Funic'ulus,Chaenos,Cha'nion,
yoivoc, xoiviov, from the  Latin Chorda, which
is itself  derived from  /oofy, 'intestine;' and,
afterwards,  was applied  to musical cords or
strings, made of the intestines of animals.  See
Chorda.
  Cord, Umbilical, Funiculus umbilicalis.
  Cords, Vocal, Cords of Ferrein, Chorda vo-
ca'les, Ch. Ferre'nii.  A name given to the liga-
ments of the glottis, which Ferrein  compared
to stretched cords, and to which he attributed
the production of voice.   See Thyreo-arytenoid
Ligament.
  CORDA,  Chorda—c.  Hippocratis, Achillis
tendo—c. Magna, Achillis tendo—c. Spinalis,
Medulla spinalis.
  CORDE DU TAMBOUR,Choxda tympani
—c. du Tympan, Chorda tympani.
  CORDEE, Chordee.
  CORDIA  MYXA,  Sebestina—c.  Smooth-
leaved,  Sebestina.
  COR'DIAL, Cordia'lis, Cardi!acus, from cor,
cordis, ' the heart.'   A tonic or excitant medi-
cine, judged proper for exciting  the heart.  A
warm stomachic.
  Cordial, Nervous, Brodum's, see Tinctura
gentianae composita—c. Sir Walter Raleigh's,
Confectio aromatica—c. Warner's, see Tinctu-
ra rhei et sennae.
  CORDIFORM TENDON  OF THE DIA-
PHRAGM,  Centre, phrenic.
  CORDINE'MA, from  xaqa, 'the head,'and
linoi, ' I move about.'  Headache, accompanied
with vertigo.  See Carebaria.
  CORDIS  EMUNCTORIUM, Axilla.
  CORDOLIUM, Cardialgia.
  CORDON, (F.) Funic'ulus, diminutive of
funis,' a cord.'  A term  applied to many parts,
which resemble a small cord.
5                 CORIUM

   CORDON NERVEUX; Ramus Nervo'sus.
 A principal division of a nerve or the nervous
 trunk itself.
   CORDON OMBILICALE, Funiculus um-
 bilicalis—c. Spermatique, Spermatic chord—c.
 Testiculaire, Spermatic .chord.
   CORDONS SUS-PUBIENS, Round liga-
 ments of  the uterus—c. Vasculaires, Round  li-
 gaments of the uterus.
   CORE, Pupil, see Furunculus.
   CORECTOMIA, Coretomia.
   CORECTOPTA, from ^iv, 'the pupil;' «x,
 (out of,' and xanog, ' place.'  A condition of the
 iris  in which  one  segment  is larger than the
 other; so that the pupil is not in the centre.—
 Von Ammon.
   COREDIALYSIS, Coretomia.
   CORE'MATA,  from xog«u>, 'I cleanse.' Re-
 medies proper for  cleansing the skin.—Paulus
 of yEgina.
   COREMORPHO'MA, same etymon as the
 next.  A morbid  change in the shape of the
 pupil.
   COREMORPHO'SIS, Conforma'tio Papilla
 artificia'lis; from  xo^ij, 'the pupil,' and y.og<pa-
 an,  'formation.'   The operation for artificial
 pupil.  See Coretomia.
   COREON'CION, Coron'cion,  Coreon'ciwn,
 from xopi7,'the pupil,' and oyxivov, 'a hook.' An
 instrument, used for the formation of artificial
 pupil by Langenbeck. It is hooked at its ex-
 tremity.   A double hooked forceps, used by
 Von Gr'afe, is similarly named.
   CORETODIALYSIS, Coretomia.
   CORETOMEDIALYSIS, Coretodialysis.
   CORETOMTA, from koom, ' the  pupil,' and
 Ttuvtiv, 'to cut.'  Corotomia, Coretotom'ia,Iri-
 dotom'ia,  Corectom'ia, Coretonectom'ia, Iridet-
 tom'ia, Iridectomedial'ysis, Iridectomodial'ysis,
 Coredial'ysis,  Corodial'ysis, Coretodialysis,
 Coretomedialysis, Iridodialysis. Various ope-
 rations  for the formation of artificial pupil are
 so termed.  The  last five  signify the separa-
 tion or tearing asunder of the iris from the cili-
 ary  ligament; the  five preceding the incision of
 the iris, with loss of substance; and the remain-
 der signify a simple incision of the iris, without
 loss of substance.  When a portion of the iris is
 left  strangulated in the wound, it is termed Iri-
 denclei' sis ,Iridencleis'mus ,andIridotoenclel sis.
   CORETONECTOMIA, Coretomia.
   CORETOTOMIA, Coretomia.
   CORIANDER, Coriandrum sativum.
   CORIAN'DRUM SATI'VUM,  Corian'der,
 Corian'non, (F.) Coriandre.  Family, Umbel-
 liferae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia*.  The
 systematic name  of  the  Corian'drum of the
 pharmacopoeias; Carta'non.  The seeds of the
 coriander have an  aromatic odour, and grateful,
 pungent taste. They are carminative; but are
 chiefly  used to cover the taste of other medi-
 cines.
   CORIANNON, Coriandrum sativum.
   CORIGEEN, Fucus crispus.
   CORIITIS, Cytitis.
   CORION, Corium, Hypericum perforatum.
   CORIS, Cimex—c. Monspeliensis, Symphy-
 tum Petraeum.
   CO'RIUM, Corion, (F.) Cuir.  The skin of
 several animals is so called, especially when
 tanned.   The cutis vera (q. v.), or the thickest
 part of the human skin.
   Corium Phlogis'ticum,  Crust a pleuret'ica, 
CORK
221
CORNU
 C. inflammato'ria, C. phlogis'tica, Inflammato-
 ry Crust or Buff, Buffy Coat, (F.) Couenne,
 C. Pleuritique, C. Inflammatoire.  The gray-
 ish crust or buff, varying in thickness, observed
 on blood drawn from a vein during the exis-
 tence of violent inflammation, pregnancy, &c.
 It  is  particularly manifest  in pleurisy, and
 hence one of its names.  For its production, it
 appears to be requisite, that there should be an
 increase in the proportion of the fibrinous ele-
 ment of the blood over that of the red corpus-
 cles.
   The buff is generally believed to consist  of
 fibrin; but, according to the researches of Mul-
 der, it  is composed of a binoxide  of  protein,
 which is insoluble in  boiling water, and a tri-
 toxide which is soluble.  These oxides are com-
 prehended by Mulder under the name oxyprotein.
   When the blood presents the above appear-
 ance, it is  said to  be buffy.
   CORK,  Suber.
   CORMIER, Sorbus domestica.
   CORMUS.  In botany, when the stem of a
 plant, without creeping or rooting, is distended
 under ground, retaining a round or oval form, it
 is so called.  The Cormus  is vulgarly termed
 a root,—radix.
   CORN,  (Saxon com,) (G.) Kern.  In
 England, this word means the Cerealia, or those
 seeds, which grow in ears, not in pods.   In the
 United States, Corn always means Indian Corn.
 Its  English  sense corresponds to the  French
 Bli or Bled.
   Corn, Clavus, Clavus Pedis, Ecphy'ma Cla-
 vus, Gemur'sa,  (F.) Cor, Ognon, from  cornu,
 ' horn.'  A small, hard, corneous tumour, which
 forms upon the foot, generally on the toes; and
 is commonly produced on  the most project-
 ing  parts,  by the  pressure of too tight shoes.
 A part of the corn is raised above the skin, and
 forms a round tumour, like the head of a nail:
 the other portion, which  serves as  its  base, is
 buried more or less deeply in the integuments,
 and occasionally extends as  far as the tendons
 and periosteum.  Corns  may, sometimes, be
 removed, by immersing the feet in warm wa-
 ter, but commonly they return.   They can,
 likewise, be destroyed by the knife or caustics;
 but these operations are not as simple  as they
 seem.   In  the way of palliation, they must be
 constantly  pared;  and, for the purpose of pre-
 venting pressure, any soft plaster, spread upon
 linen or leather, may be applied, with a hole in
 the centre to receive the corn;  and  layer after
 layer of plaster be added, until they attain the
 level of the  corn.  When very irritable, the
 lunar caustic, rubbed  over  the surface, will
 generally diminish irritability surprisingly, and
 in a mode not easy of explanation.
  Corn, Zea mays—c. Guinea, Panicum Itali-
 cum—c. Indian, Zea mays—c. Wild, Matricaria
 ehamomilla—c.  Flag,  Gladiolus  vulgaris—c.
 Flower, Centaurea cyanus—c. Salad,  Valeri-
 ana dentata.
  CORNALINE, Cornelian.
  CORNE, Cornu—c. d'Ammon, Cornu am-
 monis—c. de Belier, Cornu  ammonis—c. de
 Cerf, Cervus, Cornu cervi, Cochlearia corono-
pus—c. de Chamois, Cornu rupicaprae—c. de la
Peau, Cornu.
  CORNE, Corneous.
  COR'NEA, Cornea transpa'rens,  C. pellu'-
cida^ C. lu'cida, Ceras, Sclerotica cerato'i'des,
 Cerato'i'des seuCerato'des membra! na,Ceratome'-
 ninx, Membra'na  cornea; from eornu, 'horn.'
 The  transparent  cornea.  (F.) Cornie.  One
 of the coats of the eye, so called because it has
 some resemblance to horn.  It is termed trans-
 parent to distinguish it from the opake—Cornea
 opa'ca or Sclerotic.  It is convex, anteriorly;
 concave, posteriorly; forming nearly one-fifth
 of the anterior part of the eye, and representing
 a segment of  a  sphere about seven lines and a
 half, or in. 0.625 in  diameter.  It  seems to be
 constituted of laminae  in superposition, but of
 the precise number anatomists  are not agreed.
 Henle assigns it  four; the third, a very solid
 cartilaginous  lamella,  being called Membrane
 de Demours or M. de Descemet.  Messrs. Todd
 and Bowman assign  it  five layers.
   Cornea, Conical, Staphyloma of the cornea
 —c.  Opake,  Caligo—c. Opaca, Sclerotic—c.
 Sugar-loaf, Staphyloma of the cornea.
   CORNEE, Cornea.
   CORNEITIS, Ceratitis.
   CORNEL, AMERICAN RED-ROD, Cornus
 sericea—c. Large-flowered,  Cornus Florida.
   CORNE'LIAN, Carne'lian,  Chalcedo'nius,
 Carne'olus, Lapis Came'olus, Corne'lus, Cor-
 ne'olus,  Lapis Sard'ius, (F.) Cornaline.    A
 precious, semi-transparent stone, found in Sar-
 dinia.  The ancients ascribed to it a number of
 absurd properties.
   CORNELUS, Cornelian.
   CORNEOLUS, Cornelian.
   COR'NEOUS, Cor'neus, (F.) Corni. Having
 the nature  or appearance of horn.
   Corneous Tissue i| that which forms the
 nails.  The corneous membrane is the cornea.
   CORNES  DE LIMACON (F.) Snail's
 Horns.   A name given by Anel, to the lachry-
 mal puncta and ducts.
   CORNES  DE LA MATRICE,  Cornua
 uteri—c. de la Peau, Horny excrescences.
   CORNESTA, Retort.
   CORNET ACOUSTIQUE,  Ear-trumpet—
 c. Moyen, Turbinated bone, middle—c.de Mor-
 gagni, Turbinated bone, superior.
   CORNETS DEBERTIN, Sphenoidal cor-
 nua—c. Sphenoidavx, Sphenoidal cornua.
   CORN1CHON, see Cucumis sativus.
   CORNICULA'RIS PROCES'SUS, Coracoid
 process.
   CORNIC'ULUM,  diminutive of cornu, 'a
 horn,'' a little horn.'  A species of cupping in-
 strument, shaped like a trumpet, having a hole
 at the top for sucking the air out, to diminish
 the pressure in its interior.—Scultetus, Hilda-
 nus.
   Corniculum Laryn'gis, Capilulum Santo-
 ri ni  seu Laryn'gis, Svpra-arytenoid Car'ti-
 lages, Capilulum Cartilag'inis arytenoidxx.
 A small, very movable, cartilaginous tubercle,
 found on the arytenoid cartilages.
   CORNIER, Cornus Florida.
   CORNIFICATION, Racomissement.
   CORNINE, see  Cornus Florida.
   CORNOUILLER,  Cornus  Florida—c. a
Feuilles  arrondies,  Cornus circinata — c.  a
 Grandes  fleurs,  Cornus Florida—c.  Soyeux,
Cornus sericea.
  CORNU, Ceras, Corn, Horn.  (F.) Corns.
A conical, hard, epidermeous projection, which
grows on the heads of certain animals, serving
them as a weapon of offence and defence.  Ana-
tomists have given this  name to parts of the 
CORNUA
222
CORONAL
human body, which have nearly the same shape
as the horns of animals.
   Cornu.  A horny excrescence.  A Corneous
Wart,  which occasionally  forms  on the skin,
and requires the use of the knife; (F.) Come
de la Peau.   See  Corn.  Also, Cornu  Cervi.
See Cervus.   Also, a Retort.
   Cornu Acusticum, Ear-trumpet.
   Cornu  Ammo'nis,  Cornu Arie'tis, Hippo-
cam'pus major, Pes hippocam'pi major, Pes hip-
po pot'ami major, Protuberan'tia cylind'rica,Ver-
tnis Bombyc"inus, Proees'sus cere'bri latera'lis,
(F.) Come d'Ammon, Come de Bilier, Grande
Hippocampe, Pied de  cheval  marin,  Protube-
rance cylindroide (Ch.), Bourrelet  rouli.   A
broad, considerable eminence,  curved  on itself,
and situate at the  posterior  part of  the  lateral
ventricle.  Its surface presents two  or three
tubercles separated from each other by shallow
grooves.
   The Accesso'rius Pedis Hippocampi, (F.) Ac-
cessoire du pied  d'hippocampe, is a prominence,
usually formed by the base of the inferior cornu
of the lateral ventricle of the brain.  It is merely
a fold of the hemisphere, and was by Malacarne
called Cuissart ou Armure des Jambes.
   Cornu Anterius Ventric'uli  Latera'lis;
Anterior Cornu of the Lateral  Ven'tricle. The
portion of the lateral ventricle of  the brain,
which is lodged  in the middle of  the lobe, and
forms the commencement of that cavity.
   Cornu Cervi, Cornu, Hartshorn, Cornu Cer-
vi'num, Cervi Elaphi  Cornu, (F.) Come de
'■erf.  The horns of various species of the stag.
They contain about 27 per cent, of gelatin. The
Shavings, Raspatu'ra seuRas'ura Cornu Cervi,
C. C. raspa'tum, boiled in  water, have, conse-
quently, been esteemed emollient and nutritive.
   When burnt, they constitute the Cornu cervi
caldna'tum,  Cornu  ustum, Phosphas Calcis,
Calca'ria phosphor'ica, (F.)  Come de cerf calci-
nie, which consists of 57.5 per cent, of phos-
phate of lime.   It has been used as an antacid,
but is wholly inert, as  its  composition would
indicate.  It contains only 1 per cent, of car-
bonate of lime.
   Hartshorn  was  once  supposed  to possess a
bezoardic power.—J. Vesti.
   Cornu (Cervinum)  Cervus, Plantago coro-
nopus—c. Ethmoidal, Turbinated bone, middle.
   Cornu Descen'dens Ventric'uli  Latera'-
lis, Dig"ital Cav'ity, Descending or inferior
cornu of the lateral ventricle.   The termination
of the lateral ventricle in the middle lobe of the
brain, behind the fissure of Sylvius.
   Cornu, Middle, Turbinated bone, middle.
   Cornu Rupica'pr^:, (F.) Come de Chamois.
The horn of the  chamois.  It has the same
properties as the Cornu Cervi.
   CORNUA, Turbinated bones.
   Cornua Cartilag"inis Thyroide*:.   Emi-
nences on the thyroid cartilage, distinguished
into great or superior, which  are articulated
with the great cornu of the os hyoides;—and
into small or inferior, united with the cricoid
cartilage.
   Cornua Coccy'gis, Cornua of the  Coccyx.
Two small, tubercular eminences at  the base
of the coccyx, which are articulated with those
of the sacrum.
   Cornua Cutanea, Horny excrescences.
   Cornua Hyoidei Ossis, Radices ossis hyo'l-
dei, Cornua of the Hyoid  Bone.  Four frag-
ments of the os hyoides, situate above the body
of the bone, and distinguished into the small or
superior, and the great or lateral.
   Cornua Lachrymalia, Lachrymal ducts-—c.
Limacum,  Lachrymal ducts, see Lachrymal
puncta.
   Cornua Poste'rius Ventric'uli Latera'lis,
Posterior Cornu of the Lateral Ventricle. The
triangular prolongation of the lateral ventricle
of the brain into the substance of the occipital
lobe.
   Cornua  Sacra'lia, Cornua of the Saerum.
Two tubercles, situate at the posterior and in-
ferior surface of the sacrum, which are some-
times united.
   Cornua, Styloid, see Hyoides os.
   Cornua  U'teri, Cornua of the U'terus, Ce-
raa,%toi.itti, Plec'tanx, (F.) Comes de la Ma-
trice.  The angles of the uterus, where the Fal-
lopian tubes  arise.   Sometimes  applied to the
Fallopian tubes themselves.
   CORNUE, Retort.
   CORNUMUSA, Retort.
   CORNUS AMOMUS, C.  sericea—c. Blue-
berried, c.  Sericea.
   Cornus  Circina'ta,  Round-leaved  Dog-
wood, (F.)  Cornouiller  a  feuilles  arrondies.
The bark of this variety has been used for simi-
lar purposes with the next.
   Cornus  Flor'ida, Dogwood,  Dogtree, Box-
tree,  Bitter Redberry, Large-flowered Cornel,
Male Great-flowered Dogwood,  Florida Dog-
wood, Virginian Dogwood,  Boxwood,  (New
England,)  (F.)  Cornouiller, Cornier, C.  a
grandes fleurs. The bark of this beautiful tree,
which grows every where in the  United States,
has been long employed as  a substitute for cin-
chona. Dose, from J^ss to *"j.  Its active princi-
ple has been separated from it, and received the
name of Cornine.
   Cornus Fcemina, C. sericea—c. Mas odorata,
Laurus sassafras—c. Rubiginosa, C. sericea—c.
Sanguinea,  Sebestina, C.  sericea.
   Cornus  Seri"cea, Cornus  amo'mus, C.fa'-
mina, C. rubigino'sa, C. sanguin'ea, Swamp
Dogwood,  Red  Willow, Rose  Willow,  New
England Dogwood, Female  Dogwood, Silky-
leaved Dogwood, American  red-rod Cornel,
Blueberried Dogwood, Blueberried Cornus, (F.)
Cornouiller soyeux.   The bark, it  is  said,
has been found little inferior to Cineho'na Pal'-
lida in intermittents.—Barton.
   CORNUTA, Retort.
   CORODIALYSIS, Coretomia.
   CORONA, Crown—c. Ciliaris, Ciliary body
—c.  Dentis, Crown of a  tooth—c.  Glandis,
Crown of the glans—c. Posterior ulnae, Olecra-
non.
   Coro'na Ra'hians,Radiating Crown of Red.
Fasciculi of white fibres radiate in all direc-
tions from  every part of the surface of the optic
thalamus, excepting  its inner side, which is
free and corresponds to the third ventricle; the
anterior of  these fibres pass directly forwards,
the middle fibres outwards, and the posterior
backwards, forming  the coro'na  radians.
   Corona  Regia, Trifolium  melilotus—c. Ul-
nae, Olecranon—c. Veneris, Crown of Venus.
   CORONA  CILIARIS  MEMBRANULA,
Ciliary zone—c. Palpebrarum, see Tarsus.
   CORO'NAL, Corona'lis, Corona'rius.  Re-
lating to the crown; from corona, 'a crown.' A
name formerly given to the frontal bone, be- 
   CORONALE, MINERAL  WATERS OF  2

cause on it partly reposes  the crown of kings,
&c.
   Coronal  Suture, Sutu'ra  corona'lis,  S.
Fronto-parieta'lis, Puppis Sutura, S. Arcua'-
lis.  The suture  of the head, which extends
from one temporal bone to the other, over the
crown of the head, and unites the parietal bones
with the frontal.  The Suture Coronate of the
French  anatomists  is the  suture which  unites
the two halves of the os frontis at the early pe-
riod of life.   It is a prolongation of the sagittal.
   CORONALE, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
These  waters are found near Lucca, in Italy.
They received  their name from an  erroneous
notion, that they are particularly  adapted for
curing diseases of the os frontis.   Their tem-
perature is 95°  Fahrenheit.  They contain free
carbonic acid, sulphates of lime and magnesia,
chlorides of  sodium and magnesium, &c, and
some iron.
   CORONARIUS, Coronal.
   COR'ONARY, Corona'rius, (F.) Coronaire,
from corona, 'a crown.'   Resembling a crown.
   Cor'onary Ar'tery of the Stomach, Arte'-
ria Corona'ria  Ventric'uli, A. Gas'trica, supe'-
rior, (F.) Art ere coronaire stomachique, A. Sto-
mogattrique  (Ch.), is one of the  branches of
the cceliac, which passes towards the superior
orifice of the stomach, extends along its lesser
curvature, and  ends by anastomosing with the
pyloric branch of the hepatic. This artery fur-
nishes branches to the inferior part of the oeso-
phagus, the cardiac  orifice, the great cul-de-sac,
the middle part of the stomach, the lesser omen-
Turn, and anastomoses with the other arteries
of those organs.
   Coronary Ligament of the liver is a reflec-
tion of the peritoneum, which surrounds the
posterior margin of the liver.  The same term
is likewise applied to ligaments, which  unite
the radius and ulna.
   Coronary Plexus of the Heart.  The an-
terior and posterior coronary plexuses of the
heart are derived from the cardiac plexus.
   Coronary Plexus of the Stomach.   This
plexus of nerves is given off from the upper
part of the solar plexus.
   Coronary Sinus of the Heart, Sinus, coro-
nary, venous—c. Sinus of Ridley,  Sinus  coro-
narius.
   Coronary Vein  of  the Stomach,  Vena
Corona'ria Ventric'uli, accompanies the artery
and terminates in the vena porta.  Sommering,
and some other anatomists, call all the four ar-
teries of the stomach Corona'ria stomach'icx.
   CORONCION, Coreoncion.
   CORO'NE, from  vqwr,, 'a  crow.'   The
coronoid process of the lower jaw.
   COR'ONOID, Coronoi'des, from xoqavtj, 'a
crow,' and udoe,  'shape,''resemblance.'   Re-
sembling the  beak of a crow. This name has
been given to two processes.  One, situate at
the anterior and superior part of the ramus of
the os maxillare inferius, and affording attach-
ment to the temporal muscle: the other, called,
also, sharp process, situate at the superior part
of the ulna, anterior to the great sigmoid fossa,
and forming a part of the  hinge of the elbow-
joint.
   CORONOPODIUM, Plantago coronopus.
   CORONOPUS,  Cochlearia  coronopus — c.
Ruellii, Cochlearia coronopus.
  COROTOMIA, Coretomia.
23        CORPORA ALBICANTIA

   CORPORA ALBICANTIA, Mammillary tu-
 bercles—c. Arantii, Noduli Arantii, Tubercula
 A.—c. Bigemina,  Quadrigemina  corpora—c.
 Candicantia, Albicantia corpora, Mammillary
 tubercles—c. Fibrosa, Corps Fibreux.
   Cor'pora Fimbria'ta, Txnia Hippocam'pi,
 Fimbriated  or fringed  bodies,  (F.)  Corps
 Frangis, C. Bordis, Bandelettes  des  Comes
 d'Amman, Bandelette  de  I'Hippocampe.   The
 thin, flattened, and very delicate band, situate
 along the concave edge of the cornu  ammonis,
 and which  is a continuation  of the posterior
 crura of the fornix.
   Corpora Genicula'ta,(F.) Corps Ginicules,
 C. ginouillis.   Eminences situate  at the lower
 and outer part of the optic  thalami.   Each
 optic tract commences at the corp'us genicula'-
 turn extern'um.  The  corpus genicula turn in-
 tern'um is merely a tubercle inserted into the
 bend or knee, formed by the corpus genie ulatum
 externum.
   Corpora Globosa Cervicis Uteri, Nabothi
 glandulae—c. Lutea, see Corpus luteum.
   Cor'pora Malpighia'na, Malpig'hian Bo-
 dies, Ac"ini of Malpig'hi.  Scattered through
 the plexus formed by the blood-vessels and uri-
 niferous tubes in the kidney, a number of small
 dark points may be seen  with the naked  eye,
 which received their name from Malpighi, their
 describer.   Each of  these, under the micro-
 scope, is found to consist of a convoluted mass
 of blood-vessels.  It was at one time  supposed,
 that the tubuli  uriniferi originate in them; but
 this does not appear to be the case.  Their use
 is  not  positively known, as  they have  been
 lately traced by Mr. Bowman into  the  com-
 mencement of the urinary tubes, in which they
 lie uncovered; it has been supposed  that their
 office may be to separate the watery portions
 of  the blood to be mixed  with the proper uri-
 nous matter.
   Corpora Mammillaria, Mammillary tuber-
 cles—c. Nervio-spongiosa Penis, Corpora caver-
 nosa—c. Nervosa, Corpora cavernosa.
   Corpora Oliva'ria, C. ova'ta,  Eminen'tia
 Oliva'res,  Prominentia Semiova'les Medulla
 Oblonga'ta,  (kminences laterales, Ch.)   Ob-
 long, whitish eminences, situate at the occipital
 surface of the  medulla oblongata, exterior  to
 the corpora pyramidalia.
   Corpora Ovata, Corpora olivaria.
   Corpora Pyramida'lia, Eminen'tia pyra-
 mida'les, (F.) Corps pyramidaux. Pyramides
 antirieures (Ga\\,)kminences pyramidales (Ch.)
 Two small medullary eminences, placed along-
 side each other, at the occipital surface of the
 medulla oblongata, between the corpora oliva-
 ria.  These bodies  have also been called Cor-
 pora Pyramidalia anti'ca, to distinguish  them
 from the  C. olivaria, which have  been called
 Corpora Pyramidalia  latera'lia.
   Corpora Pyramidalia Posteriora, Corpora
 restiformia—c. Quadrigemina,  Q. corpora.
  Corpora Restifor'mia, Crura medulla ob-
 longa'ta, Pedun'culi medulla oblonga'ta, Cor-
 pora pyramidalia posterio'ra, Processus a cere-
 bell'o ad medull'am oblonga'tam, Pos'terior py-
 ramids, Ped'uncles of the  medulla oblonga'ta ;
 Inferior peduncles of the cerebellum, (F.) Corps
 restiformes,  Cuisses  posterieures, Pyramides
 postirieures, Racines, Bras ou Jambes du cer-
 velet, Pitites branches de  la  moelle allongie,
 Pidoncules du cervelet.  Two medullary pro- 
CORPS
224          CORPUS  PAPILLARE
jections, oblong, and of a whitish appearance,
which proceed from each side of the upper ex-
tremity of the medulla oblongata, and contri-
bute to the formation of the cerebellum.
  Corpora  Stria'ta,  Grand ganglion supi-
rieur du cerveau (Gall,) Couches des nerfs eth-
moidaux, Corps canneles, Eminen'tix  Lenticu-
la'res, Collic'uli Nervi Ethmoida'lis, Ap'ices
Crurum medulla oblonga'ta, Gan'glion cer'-
ebri  ante'rius, (F.)  Corps stries.   Pyriform
eminences, of a slightly brownish-gray colour,
which form part of the floor of the lateral ven-
tricles of the brain.   When cut, a mixture of
gray and white substance is seen, arranged al-
ternately, to which they owe their name.  The
tract of fibres that ascends  from the anterior
pyramids passes  chiefly  into  them.  Willis
considered that the soul resided there.
  Corpora  Striata  Superna Posteriora,
Thalami nervorum opticorum.
  CORPS, Body—c. Bordis, Corpora fimbri-
ata—c. Calleux, Corpus callosum—c. Canneles,
Corpora striata—c. Caverneux, Corpora caver-
nosa—c. Cendri, Corpus dentatum—c. Ciliaire,
Corpus dentatum—c. Denteli, Corpus dentatum
—c.  ktranger, Extraneous body—c. Festonni,
Corpus dentatum.
  Corps Fibreux, Corpora Fibro'sa.  Bayle
has given this name to adventitious, fibrous pro-
ductions of a round form,—more or less adhe-
rent, and sometimes  having a  pedicle,—which
form in certain parts of the body, particularly
in the substance of the uterus.
  Corps Franges, Corpora fimbriata—c. Geni-
culis, Corpora geniculata—c. Godronni, Fascia
dentata—c.  Hyalo'ide,  Corpus  vitreum—c. d'-
Hygmore ou d'Highmore, Corpus Highmori—
c. Jaune, Corpus luteum—c. Muqueux, Corpus
mucosum—c. Organises, Organized bodies—c.
Pampiniforme, Corpus pampiniforme—c. Pyra-
midaux, Corpora pyramidalia—c. Restiformes,
Corpora  restiformia—c.  Rhomboide,  Corpus
dentatum—c. Striis, Corpora striata—c. Thy-
roide, Thyroid gland—c. Variriforme, Epididy-
mis—c. Variqueux, Corpus pampiniforme, Epi-
didymis—c. Vitri, Corpus vitreum.
   CORPULENT,  Cnrpulen'tus,  Obe'sus,
Crassus, Fat, Fleshy.   Having an unusual  de-
velopment of fat  or  flesh in proportion to the
frame of the body.
  CORPULEN'TIA, Corpulence, from corpus,
'the body,' and lentus, 'thick,' is synonymous
with Obesity and Polysarcia, (q. v.)
  Corpulentia Carnosa, Torositas.
  CORPUS, Soma, A Body, (q. v.)   Any ob-
ject  which strikes one  or more of our senses.
Gases, liquids, metals, vegetables, animals, are
so many bodies.  Natural bodies have been di-
vided into animal, vegetable, and mineral; or
into inorganic, including the mineral kingdom;
and organized, including the animal  and vege-
table. The  chief differences between organized
and  inorganic bodies  consists in  the former
having an origin by generation, growth by nu-
trition, and  termination by death: the latter,  a
fortuitous origin, external growth, and a termi-
nation by chemical or mechanical force.
  Many parts of the frame have, also, been dis-
tinguished by this name, as Corpus Callosum,
C. Mucosum, &c.—See Body.
  Corpus Adeniforme, Prostate—c. Adenoi-
des,   Prostate—c.  Adiposum,  Pinguedo—c.
Alienum, Extraneous—c. Annulare,  Pons  va-
rolii.
  Corpus Callo'sum, Commissu'ra Magna cer'-
ebri, Trabs  Medulla'ris,  Trabec'ula, Cop'ula
magna cer'ebri, (F.) Corps Calleux,  Voute me-
dullaire, Plafond des ventricules du cerveau,
Misolobe (Ch.)  A  white, medullary  band, per-
ceived on separating the  two hemispheres of
the brain, which it connects with each other.
La Peyronie regarded it as the seat of the soul.
  Corpus Ciliare, Ciliary Body, Corpus den-
tatum, see Ciliary—c. Cinereum, Corpus den-
tatum—c. Conoides, Pineal gland—c. Crystal-
loides, Crystalline.
  Corpus Denta'tum,  C. Denticula'tum,  C.
Cilia'rl, (F.) Corps denteli, Corps festonni. A
central, oval  nucleus, of cineritious substance,
met with in the cerebellum; the circumference
of which exhibits a number of indentations, sur-
rounded by medullary substance—Vicq d'Azyr.
It is seen by dividing the cerebellum  vertically
into two equal parts.—The same body has been
called Corps  cendri ou  ciliaire ou rhomboide,
Corpus Cine'reum, C. Rhombdideum, Ganglion
du cervelet, Noyau  central des Ptdoncules du
cervelet, Nucleus dentatus seu fimbria'tus seu
centra'lis seu rhomboida'lis, Substan'tia rhom-
boidea, Gan'glion cilia'rl,  Gan'glion  cerebelli.
  Corpus  Denticulatum, c. Dentatum—c.
Discoides, Crystalline—c. Externum, Extra-
neous body— c. Extraneum, Extraneous body—
c.  Geniculatum,  see Corpora  Geniculata—c.
Glandiforme,  Prostate—c. Glandosum, Pros-
tate—c. Glandulosum, Prostate.
  Corpus Glandulo'sum  Mulie'rum, Gland'-
ula Fros'tatx mulie'rum.   A vascular, spongy
eminence, which surrounds the orifice of the
urethra,  and  projects at its under part.
  Corpus HiGTiMo'B.j,C.Highmoria'num, Mea'-
tus semina'rius, (F.)  Corps d'Hygmore ou
d'Highmore, Sinus des Vaisseaux siminiferes,
(Ch.)  An oblong eminence, along the superior
edge of the  testicle, which seems formed of a
reflection of the tunica albuginea, through which
the principal trunks of the seminiferous vessels
pass before they reach the epididymis.
  Corpus  Lu'teum, (F.)  Corps jaune.  A
small yellowish body, perceived in the ovarium,
and left after the rupture of one of the vesicles.
It was, for a  long time, considered an evidence
of previous impregnation: but it is now main-
tained, that Corpora lutea may be met with in
unquestionable virgins.
  Corpus Muco'sum, C. reticula'rl, Retl muco'-
sum, Mucus  Malpig'hii,  Retl Malpig'hii, Re-
ticulum cuta'neum seu muco'sum, Mesoderm'-
um, Mucous web, (F.) Corps muqueux.  The
second layer of the skin has been  so called.
It is situate between the cutis vera and cuticle,
and gives colour to the body.  In the white va-
rieties of our species it is colourless;  in the ne-
gro, black.   By some anatomists the existence
of such a layer, distinct from the epidermis, is
denied.
  Corpus Okense, Corpus Wolffianum.
  Corpus Pampinifor'me, C. Varico'sum, from
pampinus, 'a tendril.'   Cor'pus pyramida'U,
Hedera'ceus  plexus,  Plexus  pampiniform!is,
Plexus vascnlo'sus funic'uli spermatid pampi-
niformis, (F'.) Corps pampiniforme, C. Vari-
queux. The  plexus or retiform arrangement of
the spermatic arteries and veins  in  the cavity
of the abdomen, anterior to the psoas muscle.
   Corpus  Papillare,  Textus  Papillaris, 
CORPUSCLES, BLOOD         225              CORRUPTION
Corpus reticula'rl.  The nervous and vascular
papillae, situate beneath the epidermis, called
by Breschet Neuruthelic apparatus.
  Corpus  Phacoides,  Crystalline—c. Pitui-
tare, Pituitary gland—c. Psalloides, Lyra—c.
Pyramidale, Corpus pampiniforme—c.  Reticu-
lar, Corpus mucosum, Corpus Papillare—c.
Rhomboideum, Corpus dentatum—c. Thymia-
mum,  Thymus—c. Thymicum,  Thymus—c.
Thyreoideum, Thyroid gland—c. Turbinatum,
Pineal gland—c. Varicosum, Corpus pampini-
forme, Spermatic chord—c. Varicosum testis,
Epididymis.
  Corpus Spongio'sum Ure'thra, Substantia
spongio'sa ure'thra.   This  substance arises be-
fore the prostate gland, surrounds the urethra,
and forms  the bulb.  It then proceeds to the
end of the corpora cavernosa,  and terminates
in the glans penis, which it forms.
  Cortus Vit'reum,  Humor Vitreus, H. Hya-
laides seu hyal'inus, Glacia'lis humor, Vitreous
humor, (F.) Corps vitri, C. hyaldide, Humeur
hyaldide.   The transparent mass of a gelati-
nous  consistence, which fills  the eye, behind
the crystalline.  It is contained in cells, formed
by the tunica hyaloidea.
   Corpus Wolffia'num, Corpus Oken'sl.  At
a very early period of foetal formation, bodies
are perceptible, which were first described, by
Wolff, as existing in the fowl, and in the mam-
malia by Oken.   According to Miiller, they
disappear in man very early, so that but slight
remains of them are  perceptible after  the 9th
or 10th week of  pregnancy.  They cover the
region of the kidneys and renal capsules, which
are formed afterwards ;  and they are presumed
to be the organs of urinary secretion during the
first periods of foetal existence.
   CORPUSCLES,  BLOOD, Globules  of the
blood—c.  Caudate, see Caudate—c.  Glandi-
form, Acinus—c. Lymph, see Lymph.
   Corpuscles, Pacin'ian, so  called from Fi-
lippo  Pacini, an Italian physician, who first
noticed them in 1830.   Small bodies connected
with the cutaneous nerves of the palm and sole.
They have also been found sparingly and  in-
constantly in nerves at the wrist and elbow; in
the upper  arm, forearm, and thigh, and  inter-
costal nerve, the sacral plexus, solar  plexus
and the plexuses adjacent to it.  In each cor-
puscle there is the termination of a nervous fila-
ment.  Their uses are not  known.
   Corpuscles, Prs, see Pus—c. Splenic, see
Spleen—c. White granulated, see Globulin.
   CORPUSCULA ARANTII, Tubercula A.—
c. Glandularum similia intestinorum,  Peyeri
glandulae—c. Globosa cervicis uteri, Nabothi
glandulae.
   CORPUSCULUM  ARANTII, see Sigmoid
valves—c.  Sesamoideum, see Sigmoid valves.
   CORRAGO, Borago officinalis.
   CORRP, Corse, from xvQa, 'I shave.' (?)
The temples or the part of the jaws, which it
is usual to  shave.—Gorraeus.
   CORRECTIF, Corrigent.
   CORREC'TION, Correc'tio, from corrigere,
(con, and regere, ' to  rule or order,') ' to cor-
rect.'  The act of correcting medicines; that is,
of diminishing their  energy or obviating un-
pleasant effects,  by  mixing them  with sub-
stances which mitigate their operation.
   CORRECTORIUS, Corrigens.
  CORRIGEEN MOSS, Fucus crispus.
  COR'RIGENT, Cor'rigens,  Correcto'rius,
Castlgans,  Infrin'gens,  Emen'dans:  same
etymon.   (F.)  Correctif.  That which cor-
rects.  A corrigent, in a pharmaceutical for-
mula, is  a substance  added to  a medicine to
mollify or modify its action.  In the following
formula,  the aloes, if  not corrected, might in-
duce tormina.  The  Oleum Mentha is added
as a corrigent.
  5^   Aloes                         3J
       Olei Mentha               gtt. y
       Syrup q. s. ut fiant Pilula    xvj

  CORRP'GIA.  A leathern strap.  By exten-
sion, the term has been applied to the tendons
and ligaments.
  CORROB'ORANT, Corrob'orans, Rob'orans,
Muscula'ris,Restau'rans,Restor'ative,Bracing,
from conoborare, (con, and robur, 'strength,')
'to strengthen.'  (F.)  Corroborant, Corrobo-
ratif,Fortifiant. Any substance which strength-
ens and  gives tone.   Wine, for  example, is a
corroborant.  See Tonic.
  CORROBORANTIA, Tonics.
  CORROBORATIF, Corroborant.
  CORRODANT, Corrosive.
  CORRODENS, Corrosive.
  CORROSIF, Corrosive.
  CORRO'SION, Corro'sio, Diabro'sis, Ana-
bro'sis, Ero'sio, from con,  and  rodere, rosum,
'to gnaw.'  The action or effect of corrosive
substances.
  CORRO'SIVE,   Corro'dens,   Diabrot'icus,
Corrosi'vus,  same  etymon.   (F.)  Corrosif,
Corrodant.  Corrosives are substances, which,
when placed in contact with living parts, gra-
dually  disorganize  them.   Caustic alkalies,
Mineral  acids, Corrosive sublimate, are corro-
sives.   They act  either  directly, by  chemi-
cally destroying the  part,—or  indirectly, by
causing inflammation and gangrene.
  Corrosive Poison,  see Poison.
  CORRUGATIO, Corrugation —c.  Cutis,
Wrinkle.
  CORRUGA'TION, Cormga'tio, Syna'rema,
from con, and ruga, 'a wrinkle.'  Wrinkling,
Frowning, (F.) Fioncement; the contraction of
the Corrugato'res Supercilii muscles.   Cor-
rugation  of the skin is often  owing to the ap-
plication of styptic medicines:  it is rendered
by  them  unequal and rugous.
  CORRUGATOR COITERII, Corrugator su-
percilii.
  Corruga'tor Supercil'ii, from  corrugare,
'to wrinkle;' same etymon.   Mus'cuius su-
percil'ii,  Super cilia ris, Mus' cuius  fronta'lis
verus seu Corruga'tor Coite'rii, (F.) Cutanio-
sourcilier, Muscle Sourcilier ou  Surcilier, M.
Fronto-Sourcilier.   A muscle  situate in the
eyebrows.  It is attached, by its inner extre-
mity, to the superciliary ridge, and is con-
founded,  externally, with the occipito-frontalis
and orbicularis palpebrarum.   It carries  the
eyebrow inwards, and wrinkles  the skin of the
forehead.
  CORRUPTION, Corrup'tio,  Phthora, Di-
aph'thcra, from  corrumpere,  corruptum, (con,
and rum.pere, ' to break,') 'to destroy.'   Act of
corrupting.  State of  being corrupted.   Reac-
tion of the particles of a body upon each other.
It is probable that  something like  corruption
may take place even in the living body. 
CORSE
226
COSMETICS
  CORSE, Corre.
  CORSET, from (F.) corps,' the body.'  Ste-
thodes'mium, Stetkodesm'is,Stethodesm'us, Tu'-
nica Tkora'cis, Thorax, Pectora'll.  An article
of dress,  which closely embraces  the trunk,
and is much used by females in civilized coun-
tries.  When  corsets or stays are  worn  very
tight, many serious evils result from the unna-
tural compression.
  Different bandages, more or less complicated,
which embrace the greater part of the trunk,
are likewise so called.
  CORSET DE BRASDOR.  The name of
a bandage invented by one  Brasdor,  to  keep
in situ the fragments of a fractured clavicle.
  CORTALON, Senecio.
  CORTEX, Phloios, Phloos, Phlous, Lemma,
Bark, (F.) keorce.  This word has often been
applied exclusively to Cinchona: thus, we say
Bark—the cortex or bark xar' f£o,£»jv. It means,
also, any bark.
  Cortex  Alcomoco, Alcomoque—c.  Anisi
stellati, see Illicium anisatum—c. Antiscorbu-
ticus,  Canella alba—c. Aromaticus,  Canella
alba—c.  Aurantii, see Citrus aurantium—c.
Canellae Malabaricae, Laurus cassia—c. Cardi-
nalis del Lugo, Cinchona—c. Caryophyllatus,
see Myrtus caryophyllata—c. Caryophylloides,
 Laurus culilawan.
   Cortex  Cer'ebri.   The  Cortical,  Cineri-
 tious, Vesicular or  Gray  substance  of the
Brain.  The gray portion observed at the ex-
terior of  the  cerebrum  and  cerebellum;  so
called because it forms a kind of bark to the
medullary substance.  Gall considers, that this
substance forms the nerves; and therefore calls
it Substance matrice des nerfs.
   The name  cortical is likewise given to the
external  substance of the kidneys, because  it
 is of a deeper colour than  the inner part of the
organ, and forms a kind of envelope to it.
   Cortex Chacarill«, Croton Cascarilla—c.
 Chinae, Cinchona—c.  Chinae regius, Cinchona
—c. Crassior,  Laurus cassia—c.  Culilawan,
 Laurus Culilawan—c. Eleutheriae, Croton cas-
 carilla—c. Flavus, Cinchonae cordifoliae cortex
—c. Lavola, see Illicium  anisatum—c. Magel-
 lanicus, see Wintera aromatica.
   Cortex Ovi, Cortical membrane.  This mem-
 brane, so called by Boer and Granville, is usu-
 ally regarded as a uterine production, and de-
 signated Decid'ua refiex'a.  They consider it to
 surround the ovule, when it descends into the
 uterus, and to enclose the shaggy chorion.   It
 is  absorbed during the first months of utero-
 gestation, so  as  to expose the next membrane
 to the contact of the decidua, with which a con-
 nexion takes place at the part where the pla-
 centa is to be formed.  In that part,  Boer and
 Granville consider, that the Cortex Ovi is never
 altogether obliterated, but only made  thinner,
 and in process of time is converted into a mere
 pellicle or envelope, which  not only serves  to
 divide the filiform vessels of the chorion into
 groups or cotyledons, in order to form the pla-
 centa, but also covers those cotyledons.  This
 Granville calls membra'na pro'pria.   See De-
 cidua membrana.
    Cortex Pallidus, Cinchonae lancifoliae cor-
 tex—c. Patrum, Cinchona—c. Peruvianus, Cin-
 chona—c. Profluvii, Nerium antidysentericum
 —c. Ruber, Cinchonae oblongifoliae cortex—c.
 Striata dentium, Enamel of the teeth—c. Thuris,
Croton cascarilla—c. Winteranus, see Wintera
aromaticum—c. Winteranus spurius,  Canella
alba.
  COR'TICAL,Cortica'lis; fxomcortex, 'bark.'
Belonging to bark.
  Cortical  Matter  of the  Brain, Cortex
Cerebri—c. Membrane, Cortex Ovi.
  CORTUSA  AMERICANA, Heuchera cor-
tusa.
  CORU.  An Indian tree, the bark of whose
root furnishes a milky juice, which is employed
in diarrhoea and dysentery.  It is  also called
Com Canar'ica.
  CORUSCATIO, Astrape.
  CORYBAN'TI ASM, Corybantias'mus, Cory-
bantis'mus, from Koquftots, one of the Coryban-
tes.  A name formerly given to a kind of phren-
sy, in which the sick were tormented by fantas-
tic visions, and perpetual want of sleep.
  CORYDALUS  BULBOSUS, Fumaria bul-
bosa.
  COR'YLUS  AVELLA'NA, Bundurh, Cor'-
ylus.  The Hazel-nut Tree.  (F.) Coudrier,
Noisetier.   Family, Amentaceae.  Sex. Syst.
Monoecia Polyandria.  The nut,—Filbert, (F.)
Aveline; Hazel-nut, (F.) Noisette,—of this tree,
is much eaten in many countries.  Like all nuts,
it is by no means easy of digestion. It is the
Nux avella'na, xa? vov ncovT/xor, of the ancients.
  Cor'ylus  Rostra'ta, Beaked  Hazel.  An
indigenous shrub, Nat. Ord. Amentaceae;  Sub-
order, Cupuliferae: Sex. Syst.  Moncecia Poly-
andria; the nut of which is surrounded by a
coriaceous and scaly involucre, terminating in
a tube covered with short  and thick  bristles.
These bristles have been given as an anthelmin-
tic in the same cases and doses as mucuna.
  CORYMBETRA, Hedera helix.
   CORYNE, Penis.
  CORYPHE,  Acme, Vertex—c.  Cordis, see
Mucro.
   CORY'ZA,  Giave'do, Rhinitis, Catastag'-
mos,  Catastalag'mos, Stillicid'ium Na'rium,
Phlegmatorrha'gia,Blennorrhoz' anasa'Us,Bltn-
norrhin'ia, Des'tillatio,  Catar'rhus ad Nares,
 C. nasa'lis, Rhinocatar'rhus, Angi'na nasa'lis:
vulgarly, ' running at the nose,' ' A cold in the
head:' In French,  likume de cerveau,  Catarrh*
nasal, Enchifrenement; in Old English Post or
Mur; whence Murren and Murrain; from xof us,
or xaqa, ' the head,' and ttui, ' I boil.'   Inflam-
mation (attended with increased discharge) of
the Schneiderian membrane lining the  nose, and
the sinuses communicating with it.  The affec-
tion  generally subsides without  any medical
 treatment.
   Chronic Coryza is  termed, also, Oza'na be-
nig'na.
   Coryza Entonica, Ozaena—c. Maligna, Ozae-
 na—c. Ozaenosa,  Ozaena—c. Purulenta, Ozaena
 —c. Scarlatinosa,  Rhinocace — c.  Ulcerosa,
 Ozaena—c. Virulenta, Ozaena.
   COSCINISMUS, Cribration.
   COSCINOI, see Cribration.
   COSMESIS, Cosmetics.
   COSMETTCS, Ars cosmet'ica, Callipis'tria,
  Cosme'sis, (F.) Cosmitique, from xoautiv, 'to
 adorn,'  'to embellish.'  The art of preserving
 the beauty.  Cosmetic, Stilbo'ma, is,  also, used
 for the different means employed for  that pur-
  pose; as the compounds which enter into the
  oxides of lead, bismuth, mercury, arsenic, &c.
  All these, however, injure the skin,  and often 
COSMETIQUE
227
COTYLEDON
 give  rise to unpleasant  cutaneous  affections
 Frequent ablution with cold water and bathing
 are the best cosmetics.  Essences,  soaps, and
 all the preparations intended for the toilet fall
 also,  under this head.                       '
   COSMETIQUE, Cosmetics.
   COSMOS, from xoaHOg, 'the world,"order '
 &c.   1 he order which was supposed to preside
 over critical days. Hippocrates and others have
 so termed bracelets, employed, not only as or-
 naments (xoo^iv, 'to adorn,') but as therapeu-
 tical agents.                            *
   COSSA, Haunch.
   COSSUM.  A malignant ulcer of the nose,
  ™2oTaToyphlhtic character.—Paracelsus.
  OObbUS,  Cossis.  A sort  of  white, short,
thick  worm  or larve, found in trees, logs of
wood, &c, and used  by the Romans as a great
article of eourmandisP   n«»      i  B       ^KLv-.\Li>tLVlD, Costo-xiphoidens.  The
plied'o°uCr-Pnv.  l\?ZZ\tS%T  "a^0{.a.li?fme"t' ^ch unites the cartilage
plied to  ulcers.-Pliny.   The  term has, like-
wise, been  given to those  small  vermiform
pimples on the face—Acne—which  arise from
inflammation of the sebaceous follicles.
  COSTA,  Pleura,  Pleurum,  Pleuro'ma.   A
Rib, from custodire, 'to guard,' 'defend:' (F.)
CSte.  The  ribs are 24 in number;—12 on each
 tion of the sternum with the anterior extremity
 of the first seven ribs.
  COSTO-TRACHELIA;NUS.   Relating  to
 the ribs and to the trachelian or transverse pro-
 cesses of the neck.   Under the name Costo-tra-
 che'lian, Chaussier designates the  anterior and
 posterior scaleni.
  COSTO-TRANSVERSA'RIUS.  Relating to
 the ribs, and to the transverse processes.—Bi-
 chat gave this name  to the articulation of the
 tuberosities of the ribs with the  transverse pro-
 cesses of the  spine.
  COSTO-VERTEBRAL,  Costo-vertebra'lis.
 Belonging to the ribs and vertebrae.—Bichat
 gave this name to the articulation  of the head
of the ribs with the vertebrae, and  to the liga-
ments connected with it.
  COSTO-XIPHOID, Costo-xiphoideus.  The
of the seventh rib to the xiphoid or ensiform
cartilage.
  COSTUS.   The ancients seem to have given
this  name to several  plants.  One has borne
the appellation, since the time of Dioscorides,
—the Costus Arab'icus,  Costus In'dicns,  C.
ama'rus,dulcis, orienta'lis, Tsia'na, (F.) Cannt
<sirl«   Tk<,„ o.  •      -—-•---,--*«.„.» cavu  u,mu,rus,auicis,orienta'lis
 sides of the chest.  The intervals between them
 are called Intercos'tal spaces, (F.)  Espaces in-
 tercostaux, and they are numbered first, second,
 'rlrd\    '  reckoning from  above to below.
 1 hey have been distinguished into Costa vera,
 True ribs, (F.) Vraies CStes, C6tes sternales,
 Cotes vertebro-sternales (Ch.,) and into Costa
 spu'rta^Mendo'sa Costa, Notha Costx, False
 ribs, CStes asternales (Ch.,), Fausses Cotes.
 1 he true or sternal ribs, as they have also been
 called, are the first 7;  which  are articulated at
 one extremity to  the  spine, and at the other,
 by means  of their cartilages, to the sternum.
 1 he false ribs axe the remaining 5: the upper-
 most three being united, by means of their car-
 tilages, to the cartilage of the last true rib.  The
 others are free at their external extremity, and
 hence, have been called  Floating  ribs,  Cotes
flottantes.   The vertebral extremity of each rib
 is slightly  expanded.   It is called the head of
 the rib—Capilulum Costx: the space between
 this and the tubercle is the collum or neck.   An-
 terior to the tubercle is the angle.   The angle
 is  the part where  the  bone bends to form the
 lateral part of the thorax.
  COST.E CAPITULUM, see Costa—c. Men-
 ilosas, see Costa—c. Spuriae, see Costa—c. Verse
see Costa.
  COSTAL, Costa'lis, from  costa, 'a  rib.
Relating to a rib,—as ' costal cartilage.5
  COSTIVENESS, Constipation.
  COSTMARY, Tanacetum balsamita.
  tonic, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, &c.
  The virtues  of the ancient costus  are  highly
  extolled.—Theophrastus,  Dioscorides,  Pliny,
  Galen.
   Costus Corticosus, Canella alba—c. Horto-
  rum, Tanacetum balsamita—c. Hortorum mi-
  nor, Achillea ageratum—c. Nigra, Cynara sco-
  lymus.
   COSTYLE, Cotyle.
   COTA, Anthemis cotula.
   COTARONIUM; an obscure term, used by
 Paracelsus for a universal solvent: such a thing
 as does not exist.
   COTE, Costa.
   COTES, COL DES, Collum costarum—c.
 Asternales, see Costa—c. Fausses, see Costa—
 c Flottantes, see Costa—c. Sternales, see Costa
 —c Vertebrosternales,  see Costa—c. Vraies, see
 Costa.
   COTIGNAC.  A kind of conserve or pre-
 serve, prepared from quinces not entirely ripe,
 and sugar.  It is esteemed stomachic and as-
 tringent.
   CO TON, Gossypium.
   COTTON, Gossypium.
   COTULA, Anthemis cotula—c. Fcetida, An-
 themis cotula.
   COTUN'NIUS, LIQUOR  OF, Liq'uor Co-
tunnn, L. ofCotug'no, Aquula acus'tica, Aqua
audito'ria, Perilymph, (F.) Lymphe de  Co-
tugno.   A  transparent, slightly  viscid  fluid,
J™^A*?0MINA,L! °f*™S ih—  S' «£ -re'SStaTS. SSL,' ea
—c. Claviculaire, Subclavian muscle.
  COSTOCLAVICULAR, Costo-Clavicula'-
ns.^  Belonging to the ribs and clavicle.
  Corto-Clavic'ular Lig'ament, Cleidocostal
Ligament, is a fibrous, flattened fascia, which
extends, obliquely, from the cartilage of the first
rib  to the inferior surface of the clavicle.
  COS TO- CORA COlDIEN,Pectoxalis minor
—c. Scapulaire, Serratus magnus.
  COSTO-STERNAL, Costo-Stema'lis.  Re-
lating to the ribs and sternum.  The articula-
 also called Aqua Labyrinth'i.
   COTURNIX, Tetrao coturnix.
   COT'YLK, Cot'yla, Cotyle'don, Cos'tyll; the
 same as Acetabulum.   A hollow cavity in a
 bone, which receives the head of another bone :
 particularly the cotyloid cavity.   Ko-rvxy signi-
 fied a drinking cup, and, indeed, any thing hol-
 low, as  the hollow of the hand.—Athenssus.
  COTYLEDON,  Cotyle—c. Marina, Umbili-
cus marinus.
  Cotyle'dons, (KoxvXri3u)v, 'a cavity,') Acetab'- 
COTYLOID
228
COURBATURE
 ula uteri'na.  The lobes which, by their union,
 form the placenta.
   COT'YLOID, Cotyldldes, Cotyloi'deus, Co-
 tylo'des, from xoruxt,, 'a  drinking  cup,' and
 tiSog, 'form.'  Resembling the ancient xotvXv.
 The name of a hemispherical cavity, situate in
 the  os innominatum, which receives the  head
 of the os femoris; — Fossa cotyloidea, Sinus
 Coxa, Acetabulum, Pyxis.
   Cot'yloid Lig'ament, Ligamen'tum Cotylo'i-
 deum, (F.) Ligament cotyloidien, is a  very
 thick, fibrocartilaginous ring, surrounding the
 cotyloid cavity, the depth of which it increases.
   COU, Collum—c. du Pied, Instep—c. Gros,
 Bronchocele.
   COUCH  GRASS, Triticum repens.
   COUCHE, Couches, (F.), from coucher, 'to
 lie down.'  This word is used, 1. For parturi-
 tion, accouchement or delivery  (puerpe'rium,
 parturl'tio:)  hence, une couche heureuse,  'a
 happy delivery;'  une fausse couche, 'a  pre-
 mature delivery:' and, 2. For the time  during
 which a female remains in bed on account of
 delivery, — Temptis puerpe'rii,  the  child-bed
 state. The Lochia have been termed Suites de
 couches.  Couche also means a bed or thalamus
 (q. v.) as,
   COUCHER, Decubitus.
   COUCHES DES  NERFS  ETHMO'i-
 DAUX,  Corpora  striata — c. des Nerfs  ocu-
 laires, Thalami nervorum  opticorum — c. des
 Nerfs optiques, Thalami nervorum opticorum
 —c. Optiques, Thalami nervorum opticorum.
   COUCHING, see Cataract.
   COUCINEA COCCINEA,  Cacoucia  coc-
 cinea.
   COUDE, Elbow.
   COUDE-PIED, Instep.
   COUDkE, Cubitus.
   COU DRIER, Corylus avellana.
   COUENNE (F.), Cutis suil'la.  A term
 given to various parts of the human skin, which
 are prominent, hard, brownish, and often co-
 vered with rough hairs, so as to form patches
 not very unlike the skin of the hog.  It  is a
 malformation,  occurring during intra-uterine
 existence, and remaining for  life.   See also,
 Naevus, and  Corium phlogisticum.
   COUENNE INFLAMMATOIRE,  Co-
 rium phlogisticum— c. Pleuritique, Corium
 phlogisticum.
   COUGH,  Tussis—c. Bronchial, C. tubal—
 c. Root, Trillium latifolium.
   Cough, Tubal, Bron'chial  cough, Tussis
 bron'chica, (F.) Toux tubaire, T.  bronchique.
 Cough is so termed, when the succussion com-
 municated by  it to the parietes of the chest is
 very energetic, and a sensation is experienced
 by the ear as if a column of air was traversing
 with much noise, strength, and rapidity, tubes
 with solid walls.
   Cough, Winter, Bronchitis, (chronic.)
   COUGHING, Tussis.
   COULER,  To strain.
   COULEUVRE, Coluber berus.
   COULEUVRkE, Bryonia alba.
   COULISSE, (F.)  'A  groove,  a gutter.'
 Anatomists  designate, by this name,  every
 deep groove  or channel in  a  bone, in which a
 tendon plays;—such as the Coulisse Bicipitale
 or Bicipital  Groove of the Humerus.
   COULISSE  BICIPITALE,  Bicipital
groove—c. Humirale, Bicipital groove.
   COULOIR, Colatorium.
   COUM, Colchicum autumnale.
   COUNTENANCE, Vultus,  Voltus, Visage,
(F.) Figure,  Visage: from cum, 'with,' and
teneo, 'I hold.'   The form of  the face.   The
system of the  features.
   COUNTER-EXTEN'SION,   Contra-exten'-
sio, Antit'asis, (F.) Contre-extension, fxom con-
tra-exten'dere, ' to extend in a  contrary direc-
tion.'  It consists in retaining firmly and im-
movably the upper part of a limb, whilst ex-
tension  is practised on the lower, in cases of
fracture or luxation.
  COUNTER-INDICA'TION,Co^ra-i«^co'-
tio, Antendeixis, Antendix'is, Antideixis. An
indication contrary to  another.  (F.)  Contre-
indication.  Any circumstance, which  acts as
an obstacle to the employment  of such thera-
peutical means as seem to be indicated by other
circumstances.
   COUNTER-IRRITANT, see Counter-irri-
tation— c.  Granville's,  (Lotion,) Granville's
Counter-irritant.
   COUNTER-IRRITATION,  Contra-irrita'-
tio.  An irritation,  excited in  a part of the
body, with  the view of relieving one existing
in another part.   The remedies used for this
purpose are called Counter-irritants, and form
a most valuable class of remedial agents.  See
Derivation.
   COUNTERSTROKE, Contrafissura.
   COUP, Blow—c. de Feu, Wound, gunshot.
   COUP DE MAITRE ou TOUR DE MAI-
TRE, (F.)  A masterly stroke or performance.
A mode of introducing the  sound or catheter
into the bladder, which consists in first  passing
it with  its convexity towards the abdomen of
the patient, and  giving it  a  half turn to-
wards the right groin, when its extremity has
reached the root  of the  penis under the  sym-
physis pubis.  There is no  advantage  in this
mode of introduction.
   COUP DE SANG, (F.)  A  common term,
used by some  physicians in France, to desig-
nate the loss  of sensation and motion, which
results from hemorrhage in the  brain, or from
simple congestion  in the vessels of that organ.
See Apoplexy.  Some authors  have compre-
hended, under  the same  denomination, different
hemorrhages, which occur in the cellular tex-
ture of the face, lungs, skin, &c.
   COUP DE SOLEIL, (F.) Siri'asis, Seiri'-
asis, Siriasis JEgyptiaca, Ictus solis, Ictus so-
la'ris,  Insolatio,  Encephalitis  insolatio'nis,
Phrenitis   calentu'ra,  Stroke  of  the  suv.
JEgyptian Starstroke or Sunstroke. Any affec-
tion produced by  the action of the sun on some
region  of the  body;—head, hands, arms, &c.
A very  common  effect  of exposing the naked
head to the sun is inflammation of the brain or
its meninges,  which Sauvages  calls  Carus al
Insolatio'nl; Morbus solstitia'lis.
   COUPE-BRIDE, Kiotome.
   COUPEROSE, Gutta rosea.
   COUPURE, Cut, Wound (incised.)
   COURANTE, Diarrhoea.
  COTJRAP.  A distemper,  very common in
India, in which there is  a perpetual  itching of
the surface, and eruption.  It is of an herpetic
character, and appears  chiefly  on the axilla]
groins, breast, and face.
  COURBARIL, see Anime.
  COURBATURE,  (F.)  Acer'ba  lassitu'do, 
COURBURE
229
COXITIS
Vttlent  lassitude, fatigue.  An indisposition,
characterized by a sensation, as  if the limbs
were bruised; general feeling of debility, ex-
treme lassitude; and, sometimes, slight fever.
It appears immediately after severe exercise,
but sometimes not till the next day.  Rest re-
moves it.
   COURBURE, Curvature.
   COURGE, Cucurbita pepo.
   COURMI or CURMI, koud^i, xvqpn.  A fer-
mented liquor, made from barley.  A kind of
ale or beer.—Dioscorides.
   COURO-MOELLI.   An  Indian tree,  the
bark of which is said to be anti-venomous.
   COURON'DI,  Couron'do.  An evergreen
tree of India, the  juice of which, mixed  with
warm whey, is said to cure dysentery.—Ray.
   COURONNE CILIAIRE, Godronni canal
—c. du Dent, Crown of a tooth—c. du Gland,
Crown of the  glans—c. du Trepan, Crown of
the trepan—c. de Vinus, Crown of Venus.
   COURONNE RAYONNANTE, (F.) A
term given by Reil to the fan-shaped termina-
 tions of the crura cerebri in the brain.
   COURONNEMENT, (F.)  Coro'na.  A
 vulgar expression, sometimes used to designate
 the circular  ring, which the os uteri forms
 around the head of the child at a  certain period
 of accouchement:—the head seeming to be sur-
 rounded, as it were, by a crown.  The head is
 then said to be au couronnement.
    COURS DE VENTRE,  Diarrhoea.
    COURSE, Running.
    COURSES, Menses.
    COURT, Short.
    COURTE HALEINE, Dyspnoea.
    COUSIN, Culex.
    COUSSINET, Pad.
    COUTEAU, Knife—c. a Amputation, Knife,
 amputation—e. a  Cataracte, Knife, cataract—c.
  Courbe,  Knife, crooked—c.  a Crochet, Knife,
 crotchet—c  Desarticulatcur, Knife,  double-
 edged—c. Droit, Knife, amputation—c. de Feu,
  Cultellaire—c. Interosseux, Knife, double-edged
 —c. Lenticulaire, Knife, lenticular—c. Litho-
 tome, Knife, lithotomy—c. en Serpette, Knife,
  en serpette—c. Symphysien, see Symphyseoto-
  my—c. a deux tranchans, Knife, double-edged.
    COUTOU'BEA ALBA, Ex'acum spica'tum,
  Plcrium spica'tum.   A plant of Guiana, which
  is very bitter, and is considered, in the country,
  to be emmenagogue, anthelmintic, and antidys-
  pcptic.
    COUTURESPAR LAPETITE VkROLE,
  t-ee Cicatrix.
    COUTURIER, Sartorius.
    COUVERCLE, see Crucible.
    COUVRECHEF, (F.) Cucullus, Fascia'tio
  ruculla'ta,  Scepasterium,  Scepas trum.  ' A
  bandage, applied  to  the head for retaining cer-
  tain dressings, &c. in situ.   The  French sur-
  geons  distinguish two kinds.  1.  The  Grand
  Couvrechef on Servette en carre (Cucullus ma-
 jor,) which is formed of a napkin or large square
  compress: and, 2. The Petit Couvrechef ou
  Mouchoir en triangle ( Cucullus minor,) formed
  of a napkin or other  square compress,  folded
  from one angle to the other diagonally opposite
  to it.
    COUVRECHEF, see Bandage, Galen's.
    COVE, CLIMATE OF.   On the  northern
  fide of Cork Harbour, in Ireland, is the  Island
a^fclivity of a hill running from east to west.
It is, consequently, sheltered  from the north
winds, and receives the full force  of the sun.
It is one of the mildest climates in Great Bri-
tain, and corresponds in its influence on disease
with the south-west of England.  It  is well
adapted as a winter retreat for the phthisical.
   CO VOL AM, Grata! va Marmelos.  The bark
of this tree is  tonic: the unripe fruit is astrin-
gent: but, when ripe, is delicious.
   COWBANE, Cicuta aquatica.
   COWBERRY, Vaecinium vitis idaea.
   COWHAGE, Dolichos pruriens.
   COWITCH, Dolichos pruriens.
   COWPARSNEP, Heracleum lanatum.
   COWPER'S GLANDS,  Accessory  glands,
(F.) Glandes accessoires, G. de Cowper, Pros-
tates infirieures ou petites prostates.   Two
small ovoid groups of mucous, reddish follicles,
situate behind  the  bulb of the urethra, before
the prostate, the excretory ducts of which open
into the bulbous portion of the urethra.  They
are also called Glan'dula antepros'tata, and G.
pros'tata inferio'res.
   Cowper's Glands in the  Female, Glands
ofDuverney, Glands of Bartholinus, Pros'tata
mulie'bris  seu Barthollni, are situate  at each
side of the entrance of the vagina, beneath the
skin covering the posterior or inferior part of
the  labia.   They  are  rounded, but elongated,
 flat, and bean-shaped;  their long diameter va-
 rying from five to ten lines;  their transverse,
 from two and a half to four and a quarter; and
 their thickness from two and a quarter  to three
 lines.   Like  Cowper's  glands in the male,
 they are not invariably present.  The secretion
 from them is a thick,  tenacious, grayish-white
 fluid, which is  emitted in great quantity during
 sexual intercourse; and is probably the fluid,
 supposed, of old, to be the female sperm.
   COWPOX,  Vaccina—c. Inoculation, Vacci-
 nation.
   COWRAP, Impetigo.
   COWSLIP,  Primula veris—c. Jerusalem,
 Pulmonaria.
   COWWEED, Chirophyllum sylvestre.
   COXA, Haunch.
   COX^LUVIUM, Bath, hip.
   COXAGRA, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea.
   COXAL'GIA, Merocoxalgia,  Osphyalgia,
  Osphyalge'ma. A word of hybrid origin, from
 coxa, 'hip,' and aXyog,  'pain.'   Pain in the hip.
 A sign of rheumatic  or other inflammation—
  Coxitis, or of some  disease about the hip-
 joint.   See Neuralgia  femoro-poplitaea,  and
  Coxarum morbus.
   COXARTHRITIS, Coxitis.
   COXARTHROCACE, Coxarum morbus.
   COXA'RUM  MORBUS,   Coxen'dicus  seu
  Coxa'rius morbus, Arthroc'acl coxa'rum, Cox-
  arthroc'acl, Osphyarthroc'acl,  Coxalgia  (of
  some,) Hip disease.  A scrofulous caries, and
  often spontaneous luxation of the head of the
  os femoris, occasioning permanent  shortening
  of the limb, and not unfrequently  hectic and
  death.
   COXEN'DIX, Haunch.   This word has also
  been used synonymously  with ischium.   The
  haunch, anatomists, too, have called  the  ilia,
  Ossa Coxen.'dicis.
   COXI'TIS,Coxarthri'tis, a hybrid term, from
  Coxa, 'the hip,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
of Cove.   The town of Cove is on the southern i Inflammation of the hip-joint 
COXO-FEMORAL            230              CRANIOLOGY
  COXO-FEM'ORAL,  Coxo-femora'lis.  Be-
longing to the coxal bone or ileum, and to the
os femoris.  llio-femoral  has the same signifi-
cation.
  Coxo-Fem'oral Articula'tion,  Ilio-Femo-
ral A., (F.) Articulation de la Hanche, the Hip
joint.   The head of the  femur and articular
cavity are covered  by a diarthrodial cartilage
and synovial capsule;  and by a very  strong
capsular or articular ligament attached to the
circumference of the cotyloid cavity, and to the
neck of the femur.   There is, also, a round or
interarticular ligament, passing  from the infe-
rior notch of the cotyloid cavity to the rough
depression at the top of the caput femoris; and
a cotyloid ligament,—a  sort of thick, cartilagi-
nous ring, situate on the  edge of the cotyloid
cavity, and converting  the inferior  notch into
a foramen.  These are the great means of union
in this extensive articulation.
  CRAB, As'tacus fluvialilis, Cancer, Gam'-
marus,  Gam'barus,  Cam'marus,  (F.)  Crabbe,
Ecrevisse, Escrevice.  A  shell-fish  much used
as an article of diet.   Like other shell-fish it is
apt to disagree, and excite urticaria, &c. .
  CRABE, Crabyaws.
  CRABLOUSE;  a species of Pedic'nlus, P.
Pubis, which infests the pudendum and axilla.
(F.) Morpion.  It is easily destroyed by the
white precipitate of mercury, or by mercurial
ointment.
    CRABS'  EYES,  Cancrorum  chelae — c.
Stones, Cancrorum chelae.
  CRABYAWS,  (F.) Crabe.  A name in the
West Indies for a kind  of ulcer on the soles  of
the feet, with edges so hard, that they are diffi-
cult to cut.
  CRACHAT, Sputum.
  CRACHEMENT, Excreation—e.  de Pus,
Vomica, Phthisis pulmonalis—c.  de  Sang, Hae-
moptysis.
  CRACHOTEMENT, (F.) from cracker, 'to
spit.'  The frequent spitting of a small quantity
of saliva.
  CRACKLING OF LEATHER, see Craque-
ment de cuir.
  CRACOW GROATS, Semolina.
  CRADLE, Sax. cpabel,  Ar'culus, Solen, (F.)
Arceau ou Archet.   A semicircle of thin wood,
or strips of wood, used  for preventing the con-
tact of the bed-clothes in wounds, &c.  An or-
dinance of the Grand Duke of Tuscany forbade
mothers and nurses to sleep with a child near
them, unless it was placed under a solid cradle
of this kind, in order that no accident might
arise from overlaying.
  CRiE'PALE,  from  *.$aiira\ti,  Crap'ula,
'drunkenness, surfeit.'  A derangement of the
functions  of the brain,  &c, produced by wine
or any other fermented liquor.—Galen.
  CRAIE, Creta.
  CRAMA, xqa/Jt.*., from xt^aa,  'I mix.'   A
mixture of any kind.  Dilute wine.
  CRAMBE, Cabbage.
  CRAM'BION, from x^api^, 'cabbage.'   A
decoction  of cabbage.—Hippocrates.
  CRAMP, from  (G.) krampfen,'to con-
tract.' Crampus, Enta'sia systrem'ma, Tetanus
dolorif'icus, Myospas'mus, Spasmus muscula'.
ris, Rhegl, Rhegma, Rhegmus.   A sudden, in-
voluntary, and highly painful contraction of a
muscle or muscles.   It is  most frequently ex-
perienced in the  lower extremities, and  is a
common symptom of certain affections:—as of
Colica  Pictonum and Cholera Morbus.  Fric-
tion and compression of the limb, by means of
a  ligature  applied  round it above the muscles
affected, will usually remove the spasm.
   Cramp of  the  Stomach, (F.) Crampe it
I'Estomac.  A sudden, violent, and most pain-
ful affection of the stomach, with sense of con-
striction in the epigastrium.  It seems to be the
effect of the spasmodic contraction of the mus-
cular coat of the stomach, and requires the use
of the most powerful stimulants  and antispas-
modics, of which opium is the best.
   Cramp, Writers', Stam'mering of the Fin-
gers.  A condition of the fingers, in which they
are unable to hold the pen, or in which one or
more of the muscles of the fingers are irregu-
larly and irresistibly contracted.
   CRAMPE DE  L'ESTOMAC, Cramp of
the stomach.
   CRAN DE BRETAGNE, Cochlearia ar-
moracia.
   CRANBERRY,  Vaccinium  oxycoccos—c.
Upland, Arbutus uva ursi.
   CRANE, Cranium—c.  Humain, Cranium
humanum.
   CRANE'S BILL, Geranium—c. Spotted, Ge-
ranium maculatum—c. Stinking, Geranium Ro-
bertianum.
   CRANIOCELE, Encephalocele.
   CRANIOHjEMATONCUS,  Cepbala?mato-
ma.
   CRANIOTi'OGY,Cranios'copy,Craniolog"ia,
Phrenology, Cranioscop'ia, C. Gallia'na, En-
cephaloscop'ia,  Doctri'na  Gallia'na.   Words,
introduced, since Gall,  into medical  language.
The first two terms are respectively derived
from  xganov, 'cranium,' xoyo;,  'a discourse.'
and  o-xo7if/y, ' to examine.'   They  signify a
description, or simply  an examination of the
different parts of the external surface of the
cranium, in order  to  deduce from  thence a
knowledge  of the  different intellectual, and
moral dispositions.   Strictly speaking, it is by
Cranioscopy that we  acquire a  knowledge of
Craniology, or of Organology ox Cranology,M
it  has, also, been  termed.  These words  are
generally,  however, used in the same  sense.
The  cranium being  moulded  to  the  brain,
there are as many prominences  on the bone,
as there are  projections  at the  surface  of
the brain.   According to Gall, each projection,
which he calls an organ, is the seat of a parti-
cular intellectual or moral faculty, and all per-
sons endowed with the same faculty, have, at
the same part of the brain, a prominence, which
is  indicated, externally, by a bump or projeo-
tion in  the bony case.  The System of Gall is
made to comprise 27 prominences, which an-
swer  to 27 faculties.  The following Table ex-
hibits these supposed organs, and their seat. 
CRANIOLOGY              231               CRANIOLOGY
Cerebral Organs and their Seat, according to Gall.
1.  Instinct of generation, of reproduction; ama-  f
  tiveness; instinct of propagation; venereal in-  |
  stinct.                                     -^
(German.) Zeugungstrieb, Fortpflan-  j
  zungstrieb,  Geschlechtstrieb.     I.
2.  Love of progeny,-  philoprogenitiveness.      (
(G.) J unge n 1 iebe, K inderliebe.        {
3.  Attachment; friendship.                    C
(G.) F reundschaftsinn.                 \
4.  Instinct of defending self and property,- love  C
  of strife and combat; combativeness; courage.  <
(G.) Muth, Raufsinn, Zanksinn.      (
        .       ....              f
5.  Carnivorous instinct; inclination to murder,-  j
  dtstructiveness; cruelty.                     -i
(G.) Wurgsinn, Mordsinn.

G.  Cunning; finesse,- address,-  secretiveness.    $
(G.) List, Schlauhei t, Klugheit.      \
7.  Desire of property; provident instinct,- cupi-
   dity; inclination to robbery;  acquisitiveness,  j
(G.)  Eigenthumssinn,  Hang zu  stehl- i
   en, E i nsammlungssinn, Diebsinn.  I
8. Pride; haughtiness;  love  of authority; eleva- (
   Hon.                                      J
(G.) S tolz, H ochmuth, Hohen sinn,   j
   Herrschsucht.                         t
f>.  Vanity,-  ambition,- love of glory.           (
(G.)Eitelkeit, Ruhmsucht, Ehrgeiz. (
 10. Circumspection; foresight.                 C
(G.)   Behutsamkeit,  Vorsicht,  Vor-<
   sichtigheit.                            C
] 1. Memory of things;  memory of facts; sense (
   of things,- educability; perfectibility; docility.)
(G.^Sachgedachtniss, Erziehungs-j
   fahigkeit,  Sachs inn.                 I

 12. Sense of  locality,- sense of the relation of
   space,-  memory of places.                   -s
(G.)  Ortsinn, R a urn sinn.

13. Memory of persons; sense  of persons.      f
 (G.) P e rsonensi nn.                      t
 14. Sense of words; sense of names,- verbal me-
   mory.                                     <
 (G.)  W ordgedach tniss, Namensinn. j
 15. Sense of spoken language: talent of philo- f
   logy; study of languages.                   J
 (G.) Sprachforschungssinn,  Wort-]
   sinn,  Sprachsinn.                     (_
 16.  Sense of the relations of colour,- talent of C
   painting.                                  <
 (G.) F ar bensi nn.                        (_
 17. Sense of the relations of tones,- musical ta- C
   lent.                                      <
 (G.) Tonsinn.                            (
 IS.  Sense of the relations of numbers,- malhema- C
   tics.                                      <
 (G.) Z a h I e n s i n n.                        (,
 19. Sense of mechanics; sense  of construction; C
   talent of architecture; industry.             <
 (G.)  Kunstsinn,  Bausinn.              C
20.  Comparative sagacity.                    £
 (G.)VergleichenderScharfsinn.    I
21. Metaphysical penetration; depth of mind.   l
 (G.) Metaphysischer   Tiefsinn.      1
 •22.  Wit.                                     \
{G.)  Witz.                                 \
23. Poetical talent.                           C
 (G.)  Dichtergeist.                      >
Seated  in  the cerebellum.  It  is manifested at the
  surface  of the cranium  by  two round protube-
  rances,  one  on each  side of the nape  of the
  neck.
Indicated at the external occipital protuberance.

About the middle of the posterior margin of the pa-
  rietal bone; anterior to the last.

Seated a little above the ears; in front of the last,
  and towards the mastoid angle of the parietal bone.

Greatly developed in all the carnivorous animals;
  forms a prominence at the posterior and superior
  part of the squamous surface of the temporal bone,
  above the mastoid process.
Above the meatus auditorius externus, upon the sphe-
  noidal angle of the parietal bone.
Anterior to that of cunning, of which it seems to be
  a prolongation, and above that of mechanics, with
  which it contributes to widen the cranium, by the
  projection which they form at the side of the fron-
  tal bone.

Behind the top of the head, at  the extremity of the
  sagittal suture, and on the parietal bone.

Situate at the side of the last, near the posterior in-
  ternal angle of the parietal bone.

Corresponds to the parietal protuberance.
Situate at the root of the nose, between the two eye-
  brows, and a little above them.

Answers to the frontal sinus, and  is indicated exter-
  nally by two prominences at the inner edge of the
  eyebrows, near the root of the nose, and outside of
  the organ of memory of things.

At the inner angle of the OTbit.
Situate at the posterior  part of the base of the two
  anterior lobes of the brain, on  the frontal part of
  the bottom of the orbit, so as to make the eye pro-
  minent.

Also at the top of the orbit, between  the preceding
  and that of the knowledge of colour.

The middle part of the eyebrows; encroaching a little
  on the forehead.

A little above and to one side of the last; above the
  outer third of the orbitar arch.

On the outside  of the organ of the sense of the rela-
  tion of colour, and below the last.
A round protuberance at the lateral base of the frontal
  bone, towards the temple, and behind  the  organs
  of music and numbers.
At the middle and anterior part of the frontal bone,
  above that of the memory of things.
In part confounded with the preceding. Indicated at
  the outer side of the last by a protuberance, which
  gives to the forehead a peculiar hemispherical shape.
At the lateral and outer part of the last;  and giving
  greater width to the frontal prominence.
On the outer side of the  last; divided into two halves
  by the coronal suture. 
CRANIOMETRY
232            CRATAEGUS ARIA
  24.  Goodness.- benevolence,- mildness; compas-
    sion; sensibility,- moral sense,-  conscience;
    bonhummie.
  (G.) G u t m u t h i gke i t,  M i 11 e i den, m o-
    ralischer Sinn, Gewissen.
  25.  Imitation; mimicry.
  (G.) Nachahmungssinn.
  20.  God and religion; theosophy.
  (G.) Theosophisches Sinn.
  27.  Firmness,- constancy,-  perseverance; obsti-
    nacy.                                    ^
  (G.) Stetigkeit,  Fester  Sinn.         (

    The first nineteen of these, according to Gall,
  are  common to  man and animals; the remain-
  ing  eight, man  possesses  exclusively.   They
  are, consequently, the attributes of humanity.

       Organs according  to Spurzheim.
    1. Amativeness.—2. Philoprogenitiveness.—
  3. Inhabitiveness.—4. Adhesiveness or Attach-
  ment.— 5.  Combativeness. — 6.  Destructive-
  ness. — 7. Constructiveness. — 8. Acquisitive-
  ness.—9. Secretiveness.—10. Self-esteem.—11.
  Love of Approbation.—12. Cautiousness.—13.
  Benevolence.—14. Veneration.—15. Firmness.
  —16. Conscientiousness or Justice.—17.  Hope.
  —18. Marvellousness.—19. Wit.—20. Ideality.
  —21. Imitation.—22. Individuality.—23. Form.
  —24. Size.—25.  Weight and  Resistance.—26.
  Colour.—27. Locality.—28. Numeration.—29.
 Order.—30. Eventuality.—31. Time__32. Me-
 lody or Tune.—33. Language.—34. Compari-
 son.—35.  Causality.
   A  fundamental  principle with the Craniolo-
 gists or Phrenologists is,—that the brain does
 not act as  a single organ, but that it consists of
 a plurality of organs :  but, were we able to  ad-
 mit this, the assignment of the seat of different
 faculties could not but be considered premature.
   CRANIOM'ETRY, Craniometria; fromxou-
 vior,  'the  cranium,'  and  ptxpov, 'measure.'
 Measurement of the skull.
   CRANIOPATHI'A ; from xqanov, 'the cra-
 nium,' and na&og, 'disease.'   Disease of the
 cranium.
   CRANIOSCOPY, Craniology.
   CRANIO-SPINAL, Cephalo-spinal.
   CRANIOT'OMY,  Craniotom'ia; from xoa-
 vtov,  'the cranium,' and xo/utj, 'incision.'  The
 operation of opening the  head in parturition.
  Craniotomy Forceps.  An instrument,  re-
 sembling the lithotomy forceps, for laying hold
 of and breaking down the bones of the head, in
 parturition.
  CRANIUM, Cra'nion, Cranum, Calva'ria,
 Sca'phion,  Conchus, Calva, Olla capitis, Theca
 cer'ebri, the skull; from y.oavo(, 'a helmet,'  or
 from  x?avov, 'head.' (F.)  Crane.  The collec-
 tion of bones which form the case for  lodging
 the brain and  its  membranes, as well as their
 vessels, and some of the  nerves.  These bones
 are eight in number—the frontal, occipital, two
parietal, two  temporal, the sphenoid, and eth-
moid. Besides these, there might be consi
 dered, as belonging to the cranium, the cornua
 sphenoidalia, the bones of the ear,  and the ossa
Wormiana.  Dr. Prichard has characterized the
primitive forms of the skull according to the
width of the Bregma, or space between the pa-
rietal bones:  1. The  Stenobregmate, (nrtvoc
' narrow,5) or Ethiopian variety.  2. The Meso-
bregmate, (ueooc, ' middle,') or Caucasian va-
  Indicated by an oblong prominence above the organ
    of comparative sagacity; almost at the frontal°su
    ture.


  At the outer side of the last.

  At the top of the frontal  bone  and at the superior
    angles of the parietal bone.

  The top of the head;  at the anterior and most ele-
    vated part of the parietal bone.


  riety;  and 3.  The  Platybregmate, (nXaxvt,
  ' broad,') or Mongolian  variety.
    Cranium Huma'num,Human Cra'nium,(F.)
  Crane humain.   This was anciently much used
  in prescriptions, and was considered anti-epi-
  leptic, alexipharmic, antiloimic, &c.
   CRANOMANCY, Cranomantla,  from xpa-
  vov,' the head,'  and uavxtia, ' divination.'  (F.)
  Cranomancie.  The  art of divining—from the
 inspection of the  head or cranium—the moral
 dispositions and inclinations of individuals.
    CRANSON, Cochlearia officinalis.
   CRANSSAC, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 Cranssac is a village in the department of Avey-
 ron, six leagues from Rhodez, which possesses
 acidulous  chalybeate springs, that  have  been
 known for a long time.
   CRANTER, from  xqaivtiv, 'to finish,' 'ren-
 der perfect.' The Dens Sapien'tia has  been
 so  called.
   CRANUM, Cranium.
   CRAPULA, Creepale.
   CRAQUEMENT DE CUIR,(F.) 'Crack-
 ling of leather.'   A sound like the crackling of
 new leather, sometimes heard on examining the
 heart with the stethoscope.   It has  been  sup-
 posed to be symptomatic of pericarditis.
   CRAQUEMENT  PULMONAIRE,  (F.)
 ' Pulmonary crackling.'   This bruit or sound
 consists in  a succession of  small  cracklings,
 heard during inspiration, and almost always at
 the top of the lung.   It is heard at the com-
 mencement of phthisis.
  CRASIS; Kfua-is, from xsoon-vfii, 'I mix.' A
 mixture of  the constituents of a fluid; as the
 crasis  of the blood, humours, &c.   The word
 has also been employed in a more extensive
 signification, as synonymous with Constitution,
 Temperament, &c.
  CRASPEDON,  Staphyloedema.
  CRASSAMENT'UM, from crassus,' thick.'
 The thick  part  or deposit of any fluid.  It is
 particularly applied to the clot of the blood.
  Crassamentitm  Sanguinis, see Blood.
  CRASSE, (F.)  Dirt or impurity.  A  sort
 of layer or enduit, which covers the skin, where
 cleanliness  is not attended to; and which is
 sometimes the result  of  the cutaneous exhala-
 tion ;  at others, of extraneous matter adhering
 to the surface of the body.
  CRASSE'NA.   A term by which Paracelsus
 designated the saline,  putrescent, and corrosive
 principles, which, he  thought, gave rise to ul-
 cers and tumours of different kinds.
  CRASSULA,  Sedum telephium*:
  CRASSUS, Corpulent.
  CRAT^'GUS A'RIA.fromxoaroc'strengtn,3
owing to the hardness of  the wood.  Mes'pilus,
Aria seu Sorbus, White Bean Tree, (F.)Alisier
blanc, Alouche, Alouchier.  The fruit, which is 
CRATJEVA MARMELOS
233
CREPITATION
of the size of a small pear, is slightly astringent,
and somewhat agreeable to the taste.   It has
been employed in diarrhoea.
   CRAT^EVA MARMELOS, Covolam.
   C R ATERAU'CHEN, from xgazoc, 'strength,'
and au^»v, 'neck.' One with a strong neck:  as
well as a strong neck itself.
   CRATKV^ESIUM, Sisymbrium nasturtium.
   CRATOS, Force.
   CRAUTE,  MINERAL   WATERS  OF.
Craute is a village five leagues from Autun,  in
France, where are mineral springs, containing
sulphohydrate of magnesia, chloride of sodium,
chloride of  lime, sulphate  of lime, and  carbo-
nate of magnesia.
   CRAYEUX, Cretaceous.
   CRAYON NOIR, Graphites.
   CRAZINESS, Insanity.
   CREA, Shin.
   CREAM,  Cremor, (F.) Creme.  A  thick,
unctuous matter, of a yellowish-white colour,
and sweet, agreeable taste, which rises to the
surface of milk, if kept at rest.  It is composed
of butter, serum, and casein.
   Creme is a name given in France to bouillies
prepared with farina of different kinds;  as the
CreamofRice, (F.) Creme de Riz, C. of Barley,
(F.) C. d'Orge, &c.
   Cream, Cold, Ceratum  Galeni, Unguentum
Aquae rosae—c. of Tartar, Potassse supertartras.
   CRE'ASOTE, Cre'osote, Creaso'tum,  Kre'a-
sote, Creaso'ton, Creazo'ton; from xgsac,'flesh,'
and  aa>Trjf,  ' a preserver.'  A substance dis-
covered not  long ago by Reichenbach.  It  is
obtained from tar, by distillation, and appears
to be the active antiseptic and medicinal agent
in tar-water and crude  pyroligneous acid.   It
is a colourless transparent fluid, of a penetrating
and disagreeable odour, and is  freely soluble in
alcohol and acetic acid.   Its taste is bitter.  S.
g. 1.037.   It coagulates albumen, whence its
haemostatic  power.   It is a most powerful an-
tiseptic ; and has been largely administered  in
hemorrhages both internally  and  externally.
As an  external application, it has been used  in
burns, ulcers, especially those of a sloughing
character, chronic cutaneous affections, and has
been applied to tapeworm when protruded, &c.
Internally, it has been administered in phthisis,
vomiting, diabetes mellitus, nervous diseases,
chronic glanders, &c.  The dose internally is
one or two drops.  Externally, it is sometimes
applied pure; at others diluted, and commonly
with water, (f. Jjss to f. §vj;)  or in the form of
ointment, (f. ^ss. to gj of cerate.)
   CREATOPHAGUS, Carnivorous.
   CREAZOTON, Creasote.
   CREMASON, Pyrosis.
   CREMAS'TER,  Suspendic'ulum, Eleva'tor
Testic'uli, Mus'culns Testis, M. Testicon'dus.
That which suspends; from x^f/c^ai, 'I suspend.'
The Greeks designated, by this term, the sper-
matic chord, or all the parts by which the tes-
ticle is, as it were, suspended; but, since Vesa-
lius, it has received its present limited meaning.
The cremaster is a very thin, muscular fascia
—sometimes  hardly perceptible—which de-
taches itself from the internal oblique muscle;
passes through the abdominal ring, and vanishes
around the tunica vaginalis; serving to draw up
the testicle, and to move  it  slightly.   It has
been, also, called Tunica Erythroi'des and Sus-
pensdrium Testis.
         16
  CREMASTERIC, Cremaster'icus, same ety-
mon as Cremaster.  Appertaining or relating to
the  cremaster,—as ' cremasteric  artery,' — a
branch of the epigastric.
  CREME,Cxe.am—c. de Sow/Ve,Sulphur praeci-
pitatum—c. de Tartre,  Potassae supertartras.
  CREMER.  The common name for a disease
frequent in Hungary, which is produced by ex-
cess in eating and drinking.—Chomel.
  CREMNOI, plural of xqrtuvog,' a steep bank.'
The lips of an ulcer.   The Labia Puden'di.—
Hippocrates, Foesius.  Hence:
  CREMNON'CUS, from  xqrjuvog, 'the  labia
pudendi,' and oyxog, 'a tumour.'  A swelling
of the labia pudendi.
  CREMOR, Cream—c. Tartari, Potassae su-
pertartras—c. Urinae, see Urine.
  CRENA, Crenatu'ra,Dentic'ulus,(F.) Crine-
lure. In the plural, the small  teeth or projec-
tions in the bones of the cranium, by means of
which an accurate  junction  is formed at  the
sutures.  Crinelure has also been used in sur-
gery, for the gutter or groove in certain instru-
ments, which  is generally intended to secure
the passage of cutting instruments;—the groove,
for  example, of a director.
  CRENATURA, Crena.
  CRENELURE, Crena.
  CRE'OLE, (S.)  Criollo; from (S.) mar, 'to
create or foster.'  A native of America, or of
the West Indies, born of parents who have emi-
grated  from the old world,  or from  Africa.
Hence there may  be white as well *as black
Creoles.  Tschudi.
  CREOPHAGUS, Carnivorous.
  CREPANELLA, Plumbago Europaea.
  CREPA'TIO,  Crepatu'ra, from crepare,  'to
make a noise.' The action of bursting any seed
by  ebullition.   Coque ad  crepatu'ram, ' Boil
till it bursts.'
  CREPATURA, Hernia.
  CREPIDINES PALPEBRARUM, see Tar-
sus.
  CREP'IT ANT, Crep'itating,Crep'itans; same
etymon.   Crackling.
  Rcile Crepitant  Sec  a  Grosses Bulles, 'dry
crackling noise with formation of large bubbles,'
is heard in pulmonary emphysema, when the dis-
tention becomes greater and greater, and is fol-
lowed by rupture of the  vesicles. The air forcing
itself a passage in the interlobular cellular tis-
sue, gives rise to this Rale during inspiration.
  Rale Crepitant Sec of Laennec, R.  vesicu-
late.  The crepitant rattle,  heard, during re-
spiration, in severe pneumonia and  in oedema
of the lung; so termed on account of the analogy
between the sound and that occasioned by press-
ing a healthy lung between the fingers.
  CREPITATION, Crepitus, from crepitare,
'to make a noise.'  Crackling.  Crepitation or
crepitus,  (F.) Cliquetis, has been used, in Sur-
gery, to designate  the  noise occasioned by the
friction of fractured bones, when the surgeon
moves  them in certain  directions.  When it
cannot be heard at a distance, it may be de-
tected by the immediate application of the ear,
or by the use of the stethoscope.  Crepitus or
crackling is, likewise, met with in cases of gan-
grene,  when air is  effused  into the cellular
membrane—provided the part be carefully ex-
amined with the fingers.  The same term is
used for the cracking of the joints in health or
disease. 
CREPITUS
234           CRICO-ARYTENOID
  CREPITUS, Crepitation, Fart—c. Lupi, Ly-
coperdon.
  CRESCENTIA, Growth.
  Crescen'tia Cuje'te ; called  after Crescen-
tio, an  Italian writer  on agriculture; Cujete,
Narrow-leaved Calabash Tree.  The pulp of the
fruit of this West  India plant  is acidulous.  It
is used in diarrhoea and headache; and, in syrup,
for diseases of the  chest.
  CRESCENTIA, Waxing kernels.
  CRESERA, see Cribration.
  CRESPINUS, Oxycantha Galeni.
  CRESS,  BITTER,  COMMON, Cardamine
pratensis—c.  Garden,  Lepidium  sativum—c.
Indian,  Tropaeolum majus—c. Penny, Thlaspi
—c. Swines',  Cochlearia coronopus—c. Water,
Sisymbrium nasturtium—c. Water, marsh, Nas-
turtium palustre.
  CRESSES,  DOCK,  Lapsana—c. Sciatica,
Lepidium Iberis.
  CRESSI, Sisymbrium nasturtium.
  CRESSON ALENOIS, Lepidium sativum
—c. klegant,  Cardamine pratensis—c. de Fon-
taine,  Sisymbrium nasturtium—c.  des Indes,
Tropaeolum majus—c. des Jardins, Lepidium
sativum—c. du Mexique, Tropaeolum  majus—
c. de Para, Spilanthus oleraceus—c. des Pr'es,
Cardamine pratensis.
  CREST, Crista—c.  of the Ilium, see  Crista
of the Ilium—c. of the Pubis,  see Crista  of the
Pubis—c. of the Tibia, see Crista of the Tibia
—c. of the Urethra, see Crista urethralis.
  CRETA, Car'bonas calcis friabilis,  Car'-
bonas  calca'reus,  Glisomar'go,  Melia  Terra,
Chalk,  Carbonate of Lime, (F.)  Craie.  Native
friable carbonate of lime.
  Creta Prepara'ta, Car'bonas Calcis pra-
para'tus, Prepared Chalk.  (Prepared by levi-
gation.)  Used, externally, as an absorbent; in-
ternally, as an antacid.   Dose,  gr. x to 3j or
more.
  CRETA'CEOUS, Creta'ceus, (F.) Crayeux,
from creta, ' chalk.'  Containing, or relating to,
or having the  characters of, chalk; as 'cretace-
ous mixture, cretaceous tubercles.'
  CRETE, Crista—e. de  Coq, Crista galli—c.
de I'Ethmoide, Crista galli—c. Urithrale, Galli-
naginis caput—c. Uritrale, Caput Gallinaginis.
   CRETES  DE COQ, see Crista.
  CRkTIN.   One  affected  with  cretinism.
The word is said  to  come  from  Chritien,
"Christian,"  because  the Cretin,  being in a
state of idiocy, is  incapable of committing any
sin.  See Cagot.
  CRET'I'NISM,Cretinism'us,Crelinage, Cyr-
to'sis Cretinis'mus.   An epidemic  affection in
the low, deep, narrow situations of the Valais;
in the  valley of  Aost,  Maurienne, a part of
 Switzerland,  the Pyrenees, Tyrol, &c.  It is a
state of idiocy, commonly accompanied  by an
enormous goitre, and is often hereditary.   The
unfortunate cretin is little better than the ani-
mals around  him.  He rarely  attains an  ad-
vanced age.  Like idiocy, cretinism has been
divided into complete and incomplete.
   CREUSET, Crucible.
   CREUX DE L'AISSELLE, see Axilla
   CREUX DE  L'ESTOMAC, Fossette  da
catnr.
   CREUX DE LA MAIN, Palm.
  CREUZNACH, MINERAL WATERS OF,
The  springs  of Creuznach are in Germany.
They contain iodine, bromine, and the chloride
of sodium and calcium.
  CREUZOT, MINERAL WATERS OF. C.
is a mountain to the north-east of Mount Cenis.
Near it is a saline chalybeate spring.
  CREVASSE, (F.)  Rima, from crever, 'to
break or crack.' A crack, a Cleft.  The words
crevasse, gercure, fissure, and rhagade are often
used synonymously for small longitudinal cracks
or chaps of a more or less painful character.
Sometimes, crevasse is employed  to  designate
the solutions of continuity or ruptures, which
supervene  in distended parts,  in  the urinary
passages, uterus, &c: it  is  then  synonymous
with rupture.
  CRI, Cry.
  CRIBLE,  Cribratus.
  CRIBRA, see Cribration.
  CRIBRA'TION,  Cribra'tio,  Coscinis'mus,
from cribrare, ' to sift.' Sifting.   A pharma-
ceutical operation, which consists in separating
the  finest parts  of drugs from the  coarser.
Sieves are used for this purpose.  These were
formerly called Cribra; Cos'cinoi.   A sieve for
separating the bran  from  meal was termed
Cre'sera, Aleurote'sis,  Cribrum Poilina!rium.
  CRIBRA'TUS,  Cribro'sus, from cribrum,iLA
sieve.'   (F.)  Cribli.   Having holes like a
sieve.   Lame criblie, Crib'riform  plate, is the
horizontal lamina  of  the ethmoid  bone—so
called  because it  is perforated like a sieve.
Through the perforations the olfactory nerves
pass.
  La'mina Cribr&sa of Albinus;—a  circular
spot, perforated with  small  holes, seen when
the optic nerve is regarded from the inside,
after removing the retina and choroid. From
these holes the  medullary matter may be  ex-
pressed.
  CRIB'RIFORM, Cribrifor'mis, from cribrum,
'a  sieve,' and forma,  'form.'  The  ethmoid
bone was formerly so called:—Os Cribrifor'me.
  Cribriform Compress.  A  square piece of
linen pierced with a number of holes.  This is
spread with cerate and applied to a suppurating
surface, the holes being intended for the escape
of the  pus.
  Cribriform Fascia, see Fascia, cribriform.
  CRIBROSUS, Cribratus.
  CRIBRUM POLLINARIUM,seeCribration.
  CRICARYTENODES, Crico-arytenoid.
  CRICELA'SIA, Cricila'sia, from  Xfixoc, 'a
circle/ and ehuvtv*,' I drive.' An exercise with
the  ancients, which appears to have been the
same as  the childish play of rolling the hoop.
  CRICK IN THE NECK.  A painful rheu-
matic  affection of the muscles of the  neck,
which causes the person to hold his head to one
side in a characteristic manner.
  CRICO-ARYT'ENOID, Crico-arytendideus,
 Cricaryteno!des.  Relating to  the cricoid and
arytenoid cartilages.
  Crico-Arvt'enoid Muscle, Crico-arytenoi-
de'us  latera'lis, Crico-lateri-aritinoidien.  A
muscle which proceeds from the lateral part of
the superior edge of the cricoid cartilage to the
outer and anterior part of the base of the aryte-
noid cartilage.   It carries the  arytenoid carti-
lage outward and forwards.
   Crico-Aryt'enoid, Poste'rior; Crico-aryte-
noide'us posticus, Crico-crtti-aritino'idien, 2)'-
latateur postirieur du Larynx.   A small, tri-
angular muscle, seated at the back part of the 
CRICO-CRETI-ARITkNOIDIEN    235             CRISTALLINE
larynx.   It extends from the prominent line,
at the middle of the  posterior surface of the
cricoid  cartilage, to the outer  and posterior
part of the base of the arytenoid cartilage.
  Crico-ArytenoidjE'us Supe'rior, of Wins-
low, forms part of the Arytendide'us of modern
anatomists.
  CRICO-CRkTl-ARITkNOIDIEN,  Cri-
co-arytenoid, posterior—c. Latiro-arytindidien,
Crico-arytenoid.
  CRICO - PHARYNGEAL,   Crico-Pharyn-
geus.   Belonging to the cricoid cartilage and
pharynx.
  Crico-Pharyngeus muscle, of Winslow, is
a fleshy bundle, which forms part of the Con-
strictor  Pharyngis  inferior.   He  calls the
other  part Thyro-pharynge'us,  and  proposes
to call the whole Thyro-crico-pharyngeus.
  CRICO-THYREOIDES, Crico-Thyroidean.
  Crico-Thyroid'ean,  Crico-thyroid,  Crico-
thyreo'des, Crico-thyredides, Crico-thyreo'ideus.
Belonging  to  the cricoid  and  thyroid  carti-
lages.
  Crico-Thyroid Membrane  is of  a fibrous
nature; and extends from the upper  edge of the
cricoid  cartilage to the inferior edge  of the
thyroid.
  Crico-Thyroid Muscle, Crico-Thyro'ide'us,
(F'.) Dilatateur antirieur du larynx, is a small,
fleshy bundle, of a triangular shape, at the an-
terior and inferior part  of the larynx.  It ex-
tends  from the outer surface of the cricoid car-
tilage to the lateral parts of the inferior margin
of the thyroid cartilage; and its use  is, to ap-
proximate, anteriorly, the corresponding mar-
gins of  the cricoid and thyroid cartilages; and
thus to stretch the ligaments of the glottis,
which it  contracts by  separating the thyroid
cartilage from the arytenoid.
  CRICO-THYRO-PHARYNGIEN,  Con-
strictor pharyngis.
  CRICOID,  Crico'i'deus, Cricoi'des, Crico'des,
Annula'ris, Cymbala'ris,  Cartila'go innomi-
na'ta, from xqixoc, 'a ring,'and ei<5uc, 'form.'
Having the form of a ring.  (F.) Cartilage
anonyme.  A name given to one of the  carti-
lages  of the larynx, which is situate at its lower
part,  between the thyroid and first  ring of the
trachea. It is much higher behind than before.
  CRICOIDES, Annular, Cricoid.
  CRICOS, Ring.
  CRIMNO'DES, Crimnoi'des,  from xoi^rov,
■coarse meal,' and ti<5of, 'resemblance.'  Re-
sembling meal.
  Crimno'des Uri'na.  Urine that deposits a
sediment like  meal.
  CRIMNON, Farina.
  CRINA'LE, from crinis, 'hair.'   An instru-
ment, formerly  used  to compress in cases  of
fistula lachrymalis.  It has its name  from the
circumstance  of its having at one end a small
cushion stuffed with hair.—Scultetus.
  CRINA'TUM. A species of fumigation, used
by Paulus of  iEgina.   The roots of  lilies en-
tered  into the  process; hence its name,—from
xoivor,' the lily.'
 * CRINES, Hair.
  CRINIS, Capillus.
  CRINOMYRON, from %qivov,  'the lily,' and
nt/qov, 'ointment.'  Unguen'tum  lilia'ceum, U.
JEgyp'tium album, U.  Susi'num.   An oint-
ment, composed of lilies  and some  aromatic
plants.—Gorrasus.
  CRINON, Lilium candidum.
  CRIOLLE, Creole.
  CRIOMYX'OS, xoio^uS-oc.   In antiquity, one
who had much mucus flowing from his nasal
fossae, like  the  ram;  from xqug, 'a ram,' and
pv^og,' mucus.'
  CRISIS, Diac'risis, Dijudica'tio, 'decision;'
from xgtvw, 'I  decide.'  This word  has been
used in various acceptations.   Some mean by
crisis of a disease, when it augments or dimi-
nishes  considerably, becomes transformed into
another, or ceases entirely.  Some have used
the word to signify only the favourable changes,
which  supervene  in  disease; others, for the
change going on in the acme or violence of the
disease.  Others, again, have given this name
only to a rapid and favourable change, joined
to some copious evacuation or eruption;  whilst
others  have applied the term to the symptoms
that accompany such change, and not  to the
change itself;—thus including, under the same
denomination, the  critical phenomena and the
crisis.
  CRISPA'TION, Crispatu'ra, from crispare,
'to wrinkle.' A contraction  or  spasmodic con-
striction, which supervenes  in certain  parts,
either  spontaneously or by  the  influence of
some morbific  cause or  therapeutical  agent.
The capillary vessels  of  a wound are,  by the
French, termed crispis, when, immediately after
an operation, the blood does not flow from them.
The skin is said to be crispie, when contracted,
and the bulbs of the hair become more promi-
nent.  Crispation of the nerves is a slight con-
vulsive motion of external  or  internal  parts,
much less than that which occurs in convulsion.
  CRISTA,  Ambl, Ambon.  A  crest.  (F.)
Crete.   A  name given to several bony projec-
tions;  also, to the clitoris.
  The word  Cretes (F.),  Crista, is also used,
in France,  for fimbriated  excrescences, which
form at the anus, and near the genital organs;
and are commonly owing to the syphilitic virus.
Creates de Coq are  syphilitic  excrescences, re-
sembling, in form, the crest of the cock.
  Crista Galli; two Latin  words, signifying
the comb of a cock, (F.) Crete de I'ethmoide, C.
de Coq.  A flat, triangular process, rising above
the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and
resembling a cock's comb.  It gives attachment
to the anterior part of the falx cerebri.
  Crista or  Crest of the Il'ium, is the supe-
rior margin of the ilium :—the Crista or Crest
of the  Tib'ia, the anterior edge, the shin; and
the  Crista or Crest of the  Pubis, the  poste-
rior sharp edge on the upper surface of the bone.
Winslow calls the nymphae Crista of the clit-
oris; and Chaussier, the verumontanum,  Crista
Urethra!lis, Crest of the Urethra.
  Crista Interna,  Frontal  spine—c. Tibiae,
Shin—c. Urethralis, Gallinaginis caput.
  Crista Vestib'uli.  A crest which divides
the vestibule  of the ear into two fossae,—one in-
ferior  and  hemispherical, called Fo'vea herni-
spha'rica: the other superior and semi-elliptical.
Fovea semi-ellip'tica.  Morgagni has described
a third groovelike fossa, Reces'sus sulciform'is,
situate at the mouth of the common orifice of
the two superior semicircular canals.
  CRISTA CLITORIDIS, Nymphse.
  CKISTALLIN, Crystalline.
  CRISTALLINE, Mesembryanthemum
crystal! i num. 
CRITHE                231
      CRITHE, Hordeolum, Hordeum, Penis.
      CRITHIDION, Hordeolum.
      CRITHMUM  MARIT'IMUM,  Crithmum,
   Samphire, (F.) Passe-pierre, Perce-pierre, Fe-
   nouil  marin, Bacile.  Family, Umbelliferae.
   Sex.  Syst.  Pentandria  Digynia.   A  plant
   which grows on the sea-coasts, has a spicy,
   aromatic flavour, and is used, pickled, as a con-
   diment.
      The Caaponga of Brazil is a kind of crith-
   mum.
      CRITICAL,   Crit'icus.   Belonging  to  a
   crisis.
      Critical Days, Dies erit'ici, D.judicato'rii,
   D. Decretalrii, D. Prin'cipes, D. Radica'les,
   D. Contemplab'iles, D. Internun'cii, (F.) Jours
   critiques, are those  on which  a crisis,  it  is
   imagined, is most likely to happen.   Accord-
   ing to Hippocrates and Galen, the  greatest
   number of fevers terminate favourably on the
   7 th day, and many on the 14th;—these two days
   be'ing the most propitious.  Next to these come,
   in  order of efficiency,  the 9th, 11th, 20th or
   21st, 17th, 5th, 4th, 3d, 18th, 27th, and  28th.
   The sixth day was called by Galen, the Tyrant,
   xvqavvoc, because the  crises, that happened
   then, were generally unfavourable.   After this,
   the most unfavourable were the 8th, 10th, 12th,
   16th, and 19th. The 13th was a sort of neutral
   day; the  crises  which  happened on it, being
   neither  favourable  nor  unfavourable.    Days
   were, also, divided into  Inter'calary, on which
   the crises happened less frequently, and were
   lass complete than on the critical or indicatory;
   —and into vacant and non-decretory, on which
   a  crisis hardly ever occurred.   According to
   this division, they were enumerated as follows :
   Critical days,      7th, 14th, 20th, 27th, 34th,
                        40th, 60th, &c.
   Indicatory days,    4th, 11th, 17th, 24th,  &c.
   Intercalary days,   3d, 5th,  6th, 9th, &c.
   Non-decretory days, 2d, 8th, 10th, 12th,  13th,
                        &c.
      Fortunate crises were considered to be indi-
   cated by favourable signs appearing three days
   before.
      CROCHET, Crotchet.
      CROCIDISMUS, Carphologia.
      CROCIDIXIS, Carphologia.
      CROCINUM, fromxgoxcf, 'saffron.'  Made
   with saffron; coloured with saffron.
      CROCO'DES,  from  xooxoc, 'saffron,' and
   s/Joc,  'resemblance.'    Certain  troches  into
   which saffron entered as an ingredient.—Paulus
   of Agina.
      CROCODI'LEA, Stercus Lacer'ta.  The ex-
   crements of the crocodile, which the Arabists
   extolled as a remedy for  cutaneous diseases, and
   which was long used as  a cosmetic.
      CROCODILIUM, Echinops.
      CROCOMAG'MA, from xg«xof, 'saffron,'and
   u*y(*a, 'a kneaded or squeezed mass.'   A kind
   of troch, composed of saffron and spices.—Ga-
   len, Dioscorides, Paulus of Agina, Scribonius
   Largus.
      CROCUS, C. Sati'vus, C. Austriacus, Medi-
   ci'na Tristit'ix, Panace'a vegetab'ilis, Zaffran,
   An'ima Pulmo'num, C.  Orienta'lis, Jovis flos
   Saffron,  (F.) Safran.  Order,  Irideae.   The
   stigmata are the parts  used in medicine.   They
,   are brought from  the East.  The odour is aro-
   matic,  and the taste  aromatic,  pungent, and
   bitter:—the colour deep orange  red.   Its vir-
6            CROTON BENZOE

 tues are yielded to alcohol, wine, vinegar and
 water.   Its operation  has been   considered
 stimulant, exhilarating and diaphoretic.  It is
 not much used.
   Cake Saffron  is sometimes met with.  It
 consists of one part of saffron and nine of mari-
 gold, made into a cake with oil, and pressed.
   Crocus,  Colcothar—c. Antimonii, Oxydum
 stibii sulphuratum—c. Germanicus, Carthamus
 tinctorius—c. Indicus, Curcuma longa—c. Mar-
 tis adstringens, Colcothar—c. Martis aperiens,
 Ferri subcarbonas—c. Martis vitriolatus, Col-
 cothar—c. Metallorum, Oxydum stibii sulphu-
 ratum—c.  Saracenicus, Carthamus tinctorius.
   CROCYDISMUS, Carphologia.
   CROIS&, (F.) Crossed.   An  epithet given
 to paralysis, when it attacks the arm  of one
 side, and the leg of another.
   CROISSANCE, Growth.
   CROISSANCES, Waxing kernels.
   CROISSANTS, Waxing kernels.
   CROIX  DE MALTE,  Sple'nium Crucia'-
 turn, Maltese Cross, Cross of Malta.  A com-
 press, having the form of the Maltese cross. It
 is made of a piece of square  linen, folded in
 four, and divided  with scissors from each angle
 to a small distance from the centre.  It is used
 especially after amputation of the fingers, pe-
 nis, and limbs.
   When the compress is cut  in two of its angles
 only, it  is called the Half Maltese Cross,—De-
 mi-croix de Malte.
   CROMMYON, Allium cepa.
   CROMMYOXYREG'MIA,  from  xq0ftuv>i,
 'an onion,' oi-uc, 'acid,' and  gyyvvpi, 'to break
 out.'  Sour, fetid eructations, exhaling a smell
 similar  to that of onions.
   CROP ALE, Nerium antidysentericum.
   CROPSIA, Chromopsia.
   CROSS, MALTESE, Croix de Malte.
   CROSSE DE L'AORTE, Arch of the aorta.
   CROSSES PALMAIRES, Palmar arches.
   CROSSWORT, Eupatorium perfoliatum.
   CROTALOPHORUS, Crotalus horridus.
   CROT'ALUS HORRIDUS,  Crotaloph'orus.
 The Rattlesnake, Cobra di Capello, (F.) Cro-
 tale.  A venomous reptile of North America.
 Its poison is virulent.  It is so called from the rat-
 tle in its tail. (xjoT«>iov,'arattle,"a small bell.')
   CROT'APHE, Crota'phium, from xgoTatpoc,
 'temple.'    Cephalalgia Pulsatilis, Cephalx'a
 Pulsatilis, Sphygmoceph'alus.  A  pulsatory
 pain, chiefly in the temples, with drumming in
 the ears.
   CROTAPHITE ARTERIES,  Temporal ar-
 teries.
   CROTAPHITES, Temporal muscle.
   CROTAPHIUM, Crotaphe.
   CROTAPHUS, Temple,  Temporal bone.
   CROTCHET, Hamus.   A  small hook or
 crook.  (F.) Crochet.  An obstetrical  instru-
 ment, whose name indicates  its shape;  and
 which is used in the  extraction of the foetus,
 when it becomes necessary  to destroy it to ex-
 pedite  delivery.  Crotchets  are  differently
 formed; some  are  sharp, others blunt; some
 contained in a sheath, others naked.
   CROTON BENZOE, Benjamin.
   Croton  Cascaril'la,  Cortex Eleuthtria,
 Croton  Eleuthe'ria, Thus  Judao'rum, Chaea-
 rilix cortex, Cascarilla, Eleute'ria,Gascaril'la.
 Order,  Euphorbiacese.   Sex. Syst. Monoecia
 Monadelphia.  (F.)  Quinquina  aromatique, 
CROTONE                23
Cascarille.   The bark  of  Croton Cascarilla
of the Bahamas, Cortex  Thuris, has a slightly
aromatic odour, and bitterish, aromatic  taste.
The smoke has the odour of musk.  The ac-
tive parts are an essential oil and bitter extrac-
tive.  They are completely extracted by proof
spirit.   It is tonic  and  stomachic.  Dose, gr.
xv. to gss or  more in powder.
  Croton Eleutheria, Croton  cascarilla—c.
Lacciferum, see Lacca—c. Oil, Croton tiglium.
  Croton R.ACEMo'suM,Seewe/.   A small Ma-
labar tree, whose aromatic root, boiled in oil of
sesame, is employed, by  the orientals, as a lini-
ment in headache and rheumatism.
  Croton Tig'lium, Cadel-Avanacu.  A Cey-
Ionese  plant, every part of  which  is endowed
with medicinal power.   The root is a drastic
cathartic: the wood, (Lignum Pava'nee,) Pa-
rana wood, and the seed, have like virtues. The
seeds have been long known under the names,
Grana Moluc'ca, Til'ii Grana, and Grana Tig'-
lii seu Tig'lia.  From these seeds the Croton
Oil, O'leum Tigflii, is expressed.  It is of a pale,
brownish-yellow colour, and  hot, biting  taste;
and is a most powerful drastic cathartic.  Dose,
from half a drop to three drops, made into pills
with crumb of bread.  It is also  applied  exter-
nally as a rubefacient, 3 to 5 drops being rubbed
on  the part;  or one part of the oil and three
parts of olive oil may be added together, and a
little of this be rubbed on.
  CROTO'NE,  xgoruivtj.   A fungus, which
grows on trees, and is produced  by an insect,
from x<»otu>v, 'a tick.'  By extension,applied to
a fungous tumour developed on the periosteum.
  CROUP, Cynanche trachealis—c. Bronchial,
Polypus  bronchialis—c.  Cerebral  spasmodic,
Carpo-pedal spasm—c. Cerebral, Asthma thy-
micum—c. Chronic, Polypus• bronchialis—c.
Faux, Asthma thymicum,  see Cynanche tra-
chealis.
  Croup, Hyster'ic.  A spasmodic affection of
the laryngeal muscles by no means unfrequent
in hysterical females,—the paroxysm consisting
in a long protracted, loud and convulsive cough,
followed at times by crowing respiration, and
by  dyspnoea so great as to threaten suffocation.
The treatment is that advised for hysteria.
  Croup, Pseudo, Asthma thymicum—c. Pseu-
do-aierveux, Asthma thymicum—c. Spasmodic,
see Cynanche trachealis, and Asthma thymicum
—c. Spurious, Asthma thymicum.
  CROUPE, see Croupion.
  CROUP ION (F),Uropyg'ium,Orus,Orrhos,
the Rump.  The  region of the  coccyx.   The
Crupper, (F.) Croupe.
  CROUP-LIKE  INSPIRATION  OF IN-
FANTS, Asthma thymicum.
  CROUTE, Crusta—c. de Lait, Porrigo lar-
valis—c. Laiteuse, Porrigo larvalis.
  CROUTEUX, Crustace.
  CROWFOOT,  Geranium  maculatum —c.
Bulbous-rooted,Ranunculus bulbosus—c .Marsh,
Ranunculus sceleratus — c. Meadow, Ranuncu-
lus  acris—c. Water, smaller, Ranunculus flam-
mula.
  CROWN, Coro'na, Steph'anl.  In anatomy,
this name is given to parts of a circular  form,
which surmount other  portions  of the  same
body.  Thus, the Crown of a Tooth, Coro'na
Dentis, (F.) Couronne du Dent,  is the portion
of the tooth which projects above the gum.
17                 CRUELS

   Crown of the Glans, Coro'na seu Tor'ulus
glandis, (F.) Couronne du gland, is the round,
almost circular, ring, which circumscribes the
base of the glans.
   Crown of the Trepan, Modiolus, (F.)Cou-
ronne de Trepan, is a species of saw, in form of
a crown,  or rather of a portion of a cylinder,
having  grooves on its external  surface,  and
teeth at its lower extremity: the other being
fitted to the handle of the trepan.
   Crown of  Venus, Coro'na Ven'eris,  Gutta
Rosa'cea Syphilitica, (F.) Couronne de Vinus.
Red,  rosy pustules, dry or moist, on the face;
but particularly on the forehead  and temples,
owing to constitutional syphilis.
   CROWSBEAK-LIKE PROCESS, Coracoid
process.
   CRU'CIAL, from  crux,  crucis, 'a cross.'
Crucia'lis, Crucia'tus.  Having the shape of a
cross.  Appertaining  to a cross.
   Crucial Bandage, T. Bandage.
   Crucial Incis'ion, Incisu'ra crucia'lis, (F.)
Incision cruciale.  An incision made in the form
of a cross.  Often employed for  exposing the
cranium, for the purpose of applying the trepan.
   Crucial Ligament of the Atlas, Annular
ligament of the Atlas.
   Crucial Lig'aments, (F.)Ligameuts croisis,
L. cruciformes.  Two strong ligaments within
the knee-joint.  The  anterior passes obliquely
from a depression anterior to the  spine of the
tibia  to the posterior and inner part of the ex-
ternal condyle of the femur:—the other, the
posterior,  extends from the posterior part of the
spine of the tibia to the anterior and outer part
of the internal condyle.
   CRUCIA'TIDOLO'RES,Excruciating pains.
   CRU'CIBLE, from crux, crucis,' a cross :' so
called—it has been supposed—from being made
in the shape of a cross, or from having a cross
impressed upon it: Crucib'ulum,Cati'nusfuso'-
rius, Tigillum, Albot,Cemente'rium, (F.) Creu-
set.   A vessel of earth, silver, platinum, gold,
black-lead, &c, for receiving substances, which
have to be exposed to a strong heat. It is some-
times covered with a top or lid. (F.) Couvercle.
   CRU'CIFORM, from crux, crucis, a' cross,'
and forma,' shape;' Crucifor'mis,Cross-shaped.
A name given to the ligaments which close the
articulations of the phalanges ; and likewise to
the crucial ligaments.
   CRUDE, Crudus, Omus.   Raw, unripe, not
concocted.
   CRUDITAS MORBI, see Crudity—c. Ven-
triculi, see Crudity.
   CRU'DITY, Cru'ditas, Om'otes, Status Cru-
dita'tis, from  crudus,  'crude,'  'unprepared,'
incoctus.  Rawness, Crudeness.   This has re-
ceived several acceptations.  1.  It  expresses
the quality of certain aliments, which have not
experienced the action of fire. 2. The condition
of matters in the digestive tube, which have not
undergone the digestive changes,—cru'ditas ven-
tric'uli; and, 3. In the language of the Humorists,
it means the condition of the morbific matter in
a sick individual, cru'ditas morbi, when  it has
not yet been prepared or concocted by the action
of the organs,—Azym'ia humo'rum.
   The word  is used in the  plural,  Crudities,
synonymously with crude matters.  (F.) Ma-
tier es crues.   It is applied to those, when  con-
tained in the  stomach and intestines.
   CRUELS, Scrofula. 
URUENTA EXSPUITIO          23
  CRUENTA EXSPUITIO, Haemoptysis.
  CRUES (Matieres,) see Crudity.
  CRUME'NA VESI'CA.  The cavity of the
urinary bladder.
  CRUOR.   The signification of this word  is
very vague.  It has  been used  to  designate
blood in general, venous blood,  extravasated
or coagulated blood, and  the colouring matter.
  Cruor Sanguinis, see  Blood.
  CRUORINE, Haematine.
  CRUPPER, Croupion.
  CRUPSIA, Metamorphopsia.
  CRURA.   The plural of Crus, ' a leg.'  (F.)
Cuisse.  Applied to some parts  of the body,
from their resemblance to legs or roots; as the
Crura cerebri, Crura cerebelli, &c.
  Crura Anteriora Medulla  Oblongata,
Peduncles of the brain—c. Medullar oblongatae,
Corpora restiformia, Thalami nervorum  opti-
corum,  see  Peduncles of the cerebellum—c.
Posteriora medullae  oblongatae, Peduncles of the
cerebellum.
  CRURAUS, Cruralis.
  CRURAL, Crura'lis, from crus,' the thigh,
and the lower limb.'  What belongs to the thigh
or lower limb.
  Crural Arch, In guinal Arch,Femoral Arch,
(F.) Arcade crurale, A. inguinale (Ch.)—
Poupart's Lig'ament, L. of Fallo'pius.   This
arch is  formed by the internal portion of the
inferior edge of the aponeurosis of the obliquus
externus muscle, which is attached, at one end,
to the  pubis; at the other, to the anterior and
superior spinous process of the  ilium.  At its
posterior and inner part, the aponeurosis, form-
ing the arch, sends off a falciform  reflection,
which is attached along the crest of the pubis,
and is  known under the name of Gimbernat's
Ligament.   Beneath  this arch,  the  vessels,
nerves,  and  muscles make their exit from the
pelvis to the thigh.
  Crural   Artery,  Femoral  Artery,  (F.)
Artere crurale, A. Pelvi-crurate,—(Ch.,) is the
continuation  of the external iliac.  It extends
from the crural arch to the aperture in the tri-
ceps, or to  the ham.  Chaussier applies the
name Artere crurale  to  the trunk, which ex-
tends from the primitive or common iliac to the
tibial arteries; embracing, of course, the exter-
nal iliac, femoral, and popliteal.
  Crural Canal, Crural Ring,  Femo'ral ca-
nal or ring.   M.  Jules Cloquet has  described
this canal with minuteness, and  given it the
name Anneau crural, Anneau fimoral.  It  is
nearly an inch long, triangular, more spacious
above  than  below, and  shorter  and broader
in the female than in the male. Its upper orifice
is bounded, anteriorly, by the crural arch; pos-
teriorly, by  the crista of the pubis; on the outer
side by the  psoas and iliacus muscles, covered
by the  iliac  aponeurosis,  and, at the  inner, by
Gimbernat's ligament. This orifice is covered
by the peritoneum, and, according to M.Cloquet,
is closed by a more or less resisting septum,
which  he has named Septum crurale, crural
septum.  In its course, the crural canal has its
anterior paries formed by the superficial expan-
sion of the fascia lata: the posterior by the pec-
tineus, covered by the deep-seated expansion  of
the fascia;  and more externally by the psoas
and iliacus muscles, covered by an expansion of
the fascia iliaca.   Its inferior orifice is formed
18               ORUSTACk

 by the foramen of the fascia lata, which gives
 passage to the vena saphaena.  It is at the upper
 orifice of this canal, that Femoral or Crural
 Hernia,  the Hemic inguinale of Chaussier,
 occurs; which would be more common, were it
 not for the fibrous cellular septum there situate.
   Crural Nerve  proceeds from the lumbar
 plexus, and is situate at the outer side of the
 psoas muscle and crural  artery.   After it has
 passed under the crural  arch, it  divides into
 cutaneous and muscular branches.   One of the
 branches, which is larger than the rest, is called
 the Sapha'na nerve.  It gives off filaments to
 the integuments  of the knee, to the inner part
 of the leg, and to the dorsal surface of the foot.
 The remainder of the branches of the crural are
 distributed to the anterior and inner part of the
 thigh.   The Ac'cessory of the Crural Nerve is
 a term given to the 4th and 5th pairs of lumbar
 nerves.
   Crural Plexus of Chaussier is the union of
 the anterior branches of the last four pairs of
 lumbar nerves, and the first four sacral; forming
 the lumbar and sacral plexuses of most anato-
 mists.
   Crural Ring, Crural canal—c. Septum, see
 Crural canal.
   Crural Vein, Fem'oral Vein, has the same
 arrangement as  the artery.  It receives only
 one great branch, the saphaena.
   CRURAL, Triceps cruris.
   CRURA'LIS, Crura us.  A  part of the Tri-
 ceps crural of the French, or of the Trifimoro-
 rotulien of Chaussier.  The cruralis is situate
 at  the anterior, outer,  and inner part of the
 thigh.  It arises, fleshy, from between the two
 trochanters, adheres firmly to most of the fore
 part of the os femoris, and is  inserted, tendi-
 nous, into the upper part of the patella, behind
 the rectus.  Its use is to assist the vasti and
 rectus in the extension of the leg.   Under Mus-
 cle Triceps  Crural, the  French describe the
 cruralis and the two vasti.  Some small mus-
 cular slips, sometimes found under the cruraeus
 muscle, and inserted into the capsular ligament
 of the knee-joint, have been called Sub-crurm'i.
   CRURIS RADIUS, Fibula.
   CRUS, Leg, Thigh.
   CRUST, Eschar.
   CRUSTA. A crust or scab.  (F.) Croke.
 An assemblage of small  flakes, formed by the
 drying up of a fluid secreted by the skin.
   The lining membrane of the stomach and in-
 testines has been called Crusta villo'sa.
   Crusta Adamantina  Dentium, Enamel  of
 the teeth.
   Crusta Genu Equi'n«, Hippogonyul'epus,
 Sweat or Knee Scab, Mock or Encircled Hoof
 Knees,  Hangers, Dew  Claws,  Night  Eyes,
 Horse  Crust.  This morbid secretion from the
 horse has been advised in  cases of epilepsy.   It
 is  used  in the form of powder, (gr. ij to gr.
 xx;) and of tincture.
   Crusta Inflammatoria, Corium  phlogisti-
 cum—c. Lactea, Porrigo larvalis, P. lupinosa—
 c.  Membranacea, Peristroma—c. Petrosa, see
 Tooth—c. Phlogistica, Corium phlogisticum—
 c. Pleuretica, Corium phlogisticum—c. Prurigi-
 nosa, Gutta rosea—c. Serpiginosa, Gutta rosea
 —c. Vermicularis, Peristroma—c. Villosa  lin-
 guae, see  Tongue—c. Villosa ventriculi, see
 Stomach.
   CRUSTACk, (F.)  Alibert has substituted 
CRUSTULA               23!
this  word,  in his  Nosology, for  crouteux,
'crusty.'  Having crusts or scabs; as Dartre
crustacie.
  CRUS'TULA.   A small shell or scab.  An
ecchymosis of the conjunctiva.
  CRUSTUMINA'TUM.   A  rob, prepared
from the Pyra Crustumlna or Crustumeri'na,
(so called from Crustuminum, a town in Italy,
where  they grew,) boiled with  honey or in
rain-water.—Aetius.
  CRUX CERVI.  An ancient appellation for
the bone in the heart of the stag.   It was once
considered useful in diseases of the heart.
  CRY,  Clamor, Boe, (F'.) Cri.  The sound of
the unarticulated  voice.   The  native  voice,
which the idiot and deaf possess  equally with
the man of genius and hearing.  The cry of the
new-born child has been called Vagi'tus, (F.)
Vagissement.  We say, "A cry of joy, of plea-
sure, of pain," &c, according to the expression
which it may convey to the hearer.
  CRYMO'DES, from *qvuog, 'cold.'   A con-
tinued fever,  Febris crymo'des,  in which the
internal  parts feel hot, and the external cold;
and which was attributed  to an erysipelatous
inflammation of the lungs.—Aetius, Gorraeus.
   CRYMODYN'IA, from xqv/*»(, 'cold,'  and
cSuvtj, 'pain.'  Chronic rheumatism, and all its
modifications.—Baumes.
   CRYMO'SIS, from nqv/nog, 'cold.'   Diseases
caused by the action of cold.—Baumes.
   CRYPSOR'CHIS, from xqv*Ta>, 'I conceal,'
and ogx'S) 'a testicle.'  Cryptor'chis, Testicon'-
*lus.  One in whom the  testes have not de-
scended into the scrotum.   The state is called,
Cryptorchidis'mus, Par orchid'ium.
  CRYPT A, from xouTTor, 'concealed.'  Fol-
lic'ulose   gland,   Lacu'na, Follic'ulus,  (F.)
Crypte,  Follicule.   A crypt or  follicle is a
small,  roundish, hollow body, situate in the
substance of the  skin or mucous  membranes,
and constantly pouring the fluid which it se-
cretes on their surfaces.
  The use of the cryptal or follicular secretion,
is to keep the parts, on which it is poured, sup-
ple and moist, and to  preserve them  from the
action of irritating bodies, with  which they
have to come in contact.
   The little rounded  appearances at the ends
of the small arteries, in the cortical substance
of the kidney, are also called Crypta.
  CRYPTA SEBACEA, Sebaceous glands.
  CRYPTE, Crypta.
  CRYPTOCEPH'ALUS, from xqwxcc, 'con-
cealed,' and xtoaXt], 'head.'   A monster whose
head is excessively small, and does not appear
externally.—G. St. Hilaire.
  CRYPTOCOCCUS, Fermentum, Torula ce-
revisiae.
  CRYPTODIDYMUS, Fatus in fcetu.  A
monstrosity, in which  one foetus is found con-
tained in another.
  CRYPTOG'AMOUS, Cryptogam'ic, Crypto-
gam'icus; from xqv.xxog,' concealed,' and yauog,
' marriage.'  An epithet applied by botanists to
plants whose organs of fructification  are con-
cealed  or not  manifest.  Ag'amous plants are
those whose sexual organs are unknown.
  CRYPTOPY'IC, Cryptopy'icus, from xqvn-
ro), 'I conceal,' and nvov, 'pus.'  A state of
disease, kept up by an occult abscess.
  CRYPTOPYICUS, Cryptopyic.
  CRYPTORCHIDISM!^, see Crypsorchis.
9                CUBITAL

  CRYPTORCHIS, Crypsorchis.
  CRYPTS OF LIEBERKtlHN, see Intestine
—c. Synovial, Bursae mucosae.
  CRYSTAL, MINERAL, Potassae nitrasfusus
sulphatis paucillo mixtus.
  CRYSTAL'LI.  Vesicles, filled with a watery
fluid.  They are also called crystal'Una.  Pro-
bably the pemphigus of modern writers.
  Crystalli Lun.e, Argenti nitras.
  CRYSTALLIN, Crystalline.
  CRYSTAL'LINAjfromxouoTaJUos, 'crystal.'
A vesicle or phlyctaena, filled with serum, and
appearing on the prepuce or in the vicinity of the
anus, surrounded by a reddish extravasated aure-
ola.  It may be syphilitic  or not.  See  Crys-
talli.
  Crystallina Tunica, Arachnoid membrane.
  CRYS'TALLINE, Crystal'linus.  Having
the appearance of crystal.
  Crys'talline, Crys'talline humour, C. Lens,
Crys'talline body, Crystal'linus, Lens crystal'-
Una, Lens crystallo'ldes vel  Corpus Crystal-
linum, C. Disco'ldes, C. Crystallo'ldes, C. Pha-
co'ides, Humor crystal'linus,H. glacia'lis,Phacl,
Phacea, Phacus, Gemma Oculi, (F.)  Cristallin
ou  Crystallin, Humeur crystalline, Corps crys-
tallin, Lentille crystalline.  A lenticular, trans-
parent body, situate between the vitreous and
aqueous humours of the eye, at the union of the
anterior third with the two posterior thirds of
the organ.  It  is composed of a soft, exterior
substance; and an  interior, forming a solid nu-
cleus, in which a number of elliptical layers are
perceptible.  It is contained in a capsule, called
Tu'nica ara'nea vel crystallina, Cap'sula Len-
tis, and receives, at its posterior surface, a small
branch of the central artery of the retina, which
is always readily distinguishable in the foetus,
prior to the 7th month of utero-gestation.
  The use of the crystalline  is to refract the
rays of light, and  to serve as an achromatic
glass: for which its  laminae or layers, composed
of  substances  of different refractive powers,
admirably adapt it.
  CRYSTALLINO-CAPSULITIS, see  Pha-
citis.
  CRYSTALLION, Plantago psyllium.
  CRYSTALLITIS, Phacitis.
  CRYSTALLOID, Crystallo'ldes, from xqvo-
xaXXog,  'crystal,' and biSoc,  'form,' 'resem-
blance.'  Resembling crystal or the crystalline.
The capsule or membrane of the  crystalline.
Also, the crystalline itself.
  CRYSTALLUS  MINERALIS, Potassae ni-
tras fusus sulphatis  paucillo mixtus.
  CRYTHE, Hordeolum.
  CTEDON, Fibre.
  CTEIS, Pubes.
  CTESIPHON'TIS MALAG'MA.  A plaster,
employed and described by Celsus.
  CUBA,  see Havanna.
  CUBAL SINI, Piper cubeba.
  CUBATIO, Decubitus.
  CUBEBA, Piper cubeba.
  CUBIFORMIS, Cuboid.
  CUBIT, Ulna—c. Top of the, Olecranon.
  CU'BITAL,  Cubita'Hs,  Ulnar,  Ulna'ris.
Connected with, or relating to  the cubitus, or
to the inner and posterior part of the forearm.
  Cubital Artery, Arte'ria cubita'lis,  A. ul-
na'ris, arises from the humeral a  little  below
the bend of the elbow;  proceeds along the an-
terior and inner  part of the forearm; passes 
CUBITALE (OS)             240              CUCURBITA
 anteridr to the ligamentum annulare of the car-
 pus, and goes to form, in the palm of the hand,
 the superficial palmar arch.  Besides  the  nu-
 merous muscular branches, which  it  gives  off
 in its course, it sends  posteriorly the common
 trunk of the interosseous arteries, and internally,
 the two cubital recurrents, anterior andposterior,
 —articular branches, which anastomose on the
 inside  of the elbow with the divisions of the
 humeral artery.
  Cubital Muscles are two in number.   1.
 The Cubita'lis ante'rior, C. inter'nus, Flexor
 carpi ulnaris, Ulna'ris  inter'nus,  Epitrochli-
 cubito-carpien, Cubito-carpien—(Ch.), is a long
 muscle, situate at the anterior and inner part of
 the forearm.   It arises from the inner condyle
 of the os humeri, at the inner side of the olecra-
 non, and from the posterior edge of the ulna, and
 is inserted by a tendon into the os pisiforme.
 Its use  is to bend the hand on the forearm,  by
 directing it slightly inwards.  2. The cubita'lis
 paste'rior seu exter'nus, Exten'sor Carpiulna!ris,
 Ulna'ris exter'nus,  Cubite'us externus, Cubito-
 sus-metacarpien—(Ch.), is situate at the poste-
 rior part of  the forearm.  It arises from the
 external condyle of the  os humeri, and is  in-
 serted into the  superior extremity of the fifth
 bone of the metacarpus.  Its use is to extend
 the hand, inclining it a little inwards.
  Cubital Nerve,  Ulnar nerve, Cubito-digital
 —(Ch.), is furnished by the last two  or three
 nerves of the brachial plexus, and is distributed
 to the inner  and anterior side of the forearm;
 to the inner part of the palm and of the back of
 the hand, and to the last two or three fingers.
  Cubital Veins, deep-seated, and the recur-
 rent cubital veins, accompany the correspond-
 ing arteries.   The superficial cubital veins be-
 long to the basilic.  Chaussier calls  them cuta'-
 neous cubital.
  CUBITALE (OS) Cuneiform bone.
  CUBITALIS RIOLANI, see Anconeus.
  CUBITEUS EXTERNUS, see Cubital mus-
 cles.
  CUBITO-CARPIEN, see Cubital muscles
 —c. Cutani (nerf,) Cutaneous nerve—c. Pha-
 langettieu commun, Flexor profundus perforans
 —c. Radi-sus-metacarpien du pouce, Abductor
 longus pollicis—c. Radial, Pronator radii quad-
 ratus.
  CUBITO-SUPRA-PALMA'RIS.  Belonging
 to the cubitus and to the supra-palmar or dorsal
 surface  of the  hand.   Chaussier  gives this
 name:  1.  To a small artery, which  is given off
 by the cubital or ulnar, a little above the wrist.
 2. To a vein, which accompanies this artery.
  CUBITO-SUS-METACARPIEN, see Cu-
 bital muscles—c. Sus-mHacarpien du pouce,
 Abductor longus pollicis—c. Sus-Phalangettien
 de I'index, Extensor proprius indicis—c. Sus-
phalangettien du pouce, E. longus pollicis__c.
 Sus-phalangien du pouce, E. pollicis brevis.
  CU'BITUS, xvfrxov, Cy'biton.  The Elbow,
 (q. v.)  Also, one of the bones of the forearm.
 See Ulna, and Forearm.
  Cubitus, (F.) Coudie, the ancient name of a
 measure 18 inches long.
  Cubitus Supinus, see Decubitus.
  CU'BOID,  Cubo'ldes, CuboVdeus, Cubo'des
 Cubifor'mis,  Cybo'i'des, Cyrtoi'des,  Grandino'-
 sum Os, Tes'sara, Tessera os, Os va'rium, from
 xvfiog, ' a cube,' and f itoc, ' form.'   Having the
form of a cube.  This name was given, by Galen
 to one of the bones of the tarsus, and is still re-
 tained.  It is situate at the anterior and outer
 part of the tarsus;  and is articulated, behind,
 with the calcaneum; before, with  the last two
 metatarsal bones, and within, with the third os
 cuneiforme, and sometimes with the scaphoides.
 Its inferior surface  has an oblique groove for
 the tendon of the peroneus longus.
   CUCKOO FLOWER, Cardamine pratensis.
   CUCKOWBREAD, Oxalis acetosella.
   CUCKOW PINT, Arum maculatum.
   CUCU'BALUS BEHKN, Behen officina'rum.
 This plant was once considered alexipharmic
 and cordial.  It is the Spatting Poppy.
   CUCULARIS, Trapezius.
   CUCULA'TUM MAJUS. A barbarous term,
 used by Ruland for brandy and spirit of wine.
   CUCULLATA, Sanicula.
   CUCULLUS,  Couvre-ckef, Cucupha, Infun-
 dibulum of the  cochlea.
   CUCULUS,  Coccyx.
   CUCUMBER, Cucumis sativus—c. Indian,
 Medeola Virginica—c. Squirting or wild, Mo-
 mordica  elaterium—c. Tree, Magnolia acumi-
 nata.
   CUCUMER, Cucumis sativus.
  CUCUMIS, Penis—c. Agrestis, Momordica
 elaterium.
  Cu'cumis Colocyn'this.   The officinal name
 of the Colocynth or Bitter Apple, Colocynthis,
 Coloquintida, Alhan'dal (Arab.) Bitter Gourd,
 Bitter  Cucumber, (F.)   Coloquinte.   Family,
 Cucurbitacese.  Sex. Syst.  Monoecia Mona-
 delphia.  A  Turkey and Cape of Good Hope
 plant.  The spongy part or medulla of the fruit,
 Colocyn'thidis Pulpa, Cucu'meris  Colocyn'thi-
 dis Pulpa, has a  bitter, nauseous,  and acrimo-
 nious taste, and  is a strong cathartic, acting
 chiefly on the upper  part of the intestines.  It
 is scarcely ever used, except in combination.
  Cucumis Melo.   The systematic  name of
 the Melon Plant, Melo, Common  Melon, (F.)
 Melon.  The fruit is an agreeable article of
 diet, but not very digestible, unless when ripe.
 The  seeds possess mucilaginous properties.
  Cucumis Sati'vus. The systematic name of
 the  Cu'cumber plant,  Cucumis,  Angou'rion,
 Citre'olus, Cu'cumer or Cur'vimer, from its
 curved shape. (F.) Concombre ordinaire. The
 cucumber is  used, when young,  as  a pickle,
 when it  is called a  Gherkin, (F.) Cornichon.
 It is not a fruit easy of digestion.  The seeds
 are mucilaginous.
  Cucumis Sylvestris, Momordica elaterium.
  CU'CUPHA,  Cu'cullus, Pi'leus, Sac'culus
cephalicus.  A sort  of coif or cap, with a dou-
ble bottom, between which is enclosed a mix-
 ture  of aromatic powders, having cotton for an
excipient.  It was formerly used as a powerful
 cephalic.
  CUCUR'BIT A, Curvitate, owing to its shape.
 A gourd.  See Cupping-glass.
  Cucur'bita  Citrul'lus.  The systematic
name of the Water-melon  plant.   Citrul'lus,
Angu'ria, Tetrangu'ria, Sicilian Citrul, Water-
melon.  Family, Cucurbitaceae; Sex. Syst. Mo-
noecia  Monadelphia.   (F.) Melon  d'ean, Pas-
teqne.  The juice of  the fruit is very abundant,
whence its name.   The Water Melon  is ex-
tremely refreshing and  agreeable, when made
 cool, and is eaten like the common melon.   It
 is very much used in the United States.
  Cucur'bita  Pepo, Pepo.   The systematic 
CUCURBITAIN
241
CUNEIFORM
 name  of the Common Pompion, Cucur'bita.
 The seeds of this  plant, as  well as those  of
 Cucur'bita lagena'ria, Bottle-gourd, contain a
 large proportion of oil, capable of forming emul-
 sions;  but they are  not used.
   Both the  fruit  of Cucur'bita  Lagena'ria,
 (F.)   Calebasses,  and  that  of   Cucur'bita
 Pepo,  (F.) Potiron Courge, are eaten.
   CUCURBITAIN, Cucurbitinus.
   CUCURBITATIO, Cupping.
   CUCURBITI'NUS,(F.) Cucurbitain.  This
 name was formerly  given to the Tania solium,
 because composed of rings which  resemble the
 seeds of the gourd,—cucurbita.   The ancients
 believed, that the rings, which are sometimes
 discharged, were  so many separate  worms.—
 See Taenia.
   CUCURBITULA, Cupping-glass.
   CucurbituljE  Cruentje, Cupping with the
 scarificator—c. cum Ferro, Cupping with the
 scarificator—c. Siccae, Cupping, dry.
   CUDWEED, Gnaphalium margaritaceum.
   CUILLERkE, Cochleare.
   CUIR, Corium.
   CUISSART.  A wooden  leg.  See  Cornu
 ammonis.
   CUISSE, Thigh, Crus—c. Postirieure du
 cervelet, Corpus restiforme.
   CUISSON, (F.)   A smarting, burning pain.
   CUIVRE, Cuprum—c.Ammoniacal, Cuprum
 ammoniatum—c.  et Ammoniaque  sulfate de,
 Cuprum  ammoniatum—c.  Limailles de,  see
 Cuprum—c.  Sous-acitate de, Cupri  subacetas
 —c. Sulfate de, Cupri sulphas.
   CUTVREUX,  (F.) Copper-coloured,  (F.)
 Teint cuivreux; a copper-coloured complexion,
 such as is observed in cancerous affections.  Sy-
 philitic ulcers of the throat, &c, are often cop-
 per-coloured.
   CUJETE, Crescentia cujete.
   CULBIC'IO.  A Latin word, employed by
 old writers  as synonymous with ardor urinse
 and gonorrhoea.
   CULBUTE, (F.) 'a tumble head-over-heels.'
 A movement which  the foetus has been supposed
 to execute at the end of the 7th month of utero-
 gestation; and by means of which, it was  pre-
 sumed, the head presented towards the orifice
 of the  uterus; a change of situation, which is
 impracticable in ordinary circumstances.
  CULCITA SALINA,  Halotyle.
  CU'LEUS, a measure containing 20 barrels,
 or 40 urns, equal  to 180  gallons.—Pliny, Gor-
 raeus.
  CULEX, (F.) Cousin.  A  genus of insects,
 unhappily too well known in almost every part
 of the  world, on account of their  bites, which
 give rise to  painful, local inflammation.  The
gnats and musquitoes belong to this genus.
  CULI FLOS, Cardamine pratensis.
  CULILAWAN, see Laurus culilawan.
  CU'LINARY ART, fi^n culina, 'akitchen.'
 Cookery, Res culina'ria, Res coqua'ria, Ars cu-
lina! tia, A. coquina'ria, Magelricl.  The art
of preparing  meats  for the table.   In judging
of the dietetic properties of various kinds of ali-
ment, the culinary process to  which they have
been subjected will always have  to  be consi-
dered.   Many of the writers on the culinary art
have been physicians.
  CULLITLAWAN, see Laurus culilawan.
  CULMINATIO, Acme.
  CULTELLAIRE,  (F.)  from  Cultellus, a
 'little knife.' Le cautere cultellaire, known also
 under the name Couteau de feu, Fire-knife, is
 used for  what  the French term the Cautere
 transcurrente. (See Cauterization.) It is shaped
 like a small hatchet.
   CULTELLUS,  Culter, Knife—c. Anceps,
 Knife, double-edged—c. Uncus, Knife, crotchet.
   CULTER, Cultellus, from colo, cultum, ' I
 cultivate.'  A  coulter,  a knife,  scalpel,  ma-
 cha'ra, macha'rion,  macha'ris.   Also, the
 third lobe of the liver, so called, from  some
 fancied resemblance.—Theophilus Protospata-
 rius.
   Culter Curvus, Knife, crooked—c. Falca-
 tus, Knife, crooked — c.  Lenticularis, Knife,
 lenticular — c. Rectus, Knife, amputation—c.
 Tonsorius, Razor.
   CULTRIV'OROUS,Cw/mVorM,s,frorn cwfter,
 'a knife,' and vorare,  'to devour.' Individuals,
 who  have seemed to  swallow knives with im-
 punity, have been so called;—Knife-eaters.
   CULUS, Anus.
   CULVERT ROOT, Leptandria purpurea.
   CUMAMUS,  Piper cubeba.
   CUMIN, Cuminum cyminum—c. des Prls,
 Carum.
   CUMI'NUM  CYMI'NUM. The systematic
 name of the Cummin plant,  Cuminum,  Car-
 naba'dium.  Family,  Umbelliferae. Sex. Syst.
 Pentandria Digynia.  (F.) Cumin, Anis aigre.
 The  seeds of cummin, which is a  native of
 Egypt, have a  warm, bitterish, disagreeable
 taste.  Water extracts their  odour, and spirit
 takes up both odour and taste.  They are not
 used, except in a plaster, which bears  their
 name.  When drunk in wine, the ancients be-
 lieved they produced  paleness; hence, Horace
 called cummin exsangul; and Juvenal, pollens.
 —Dioscorides, Pliny.
   Cuminum  Nigrum, Nigella — c.  Pratense,
 Carum.
   CUMMIN, Cuminum cyminum.
   CU'MULUS,  'a heap or pile.'  A rounded
 prominence,  in  the centre of the proligerous
 disk, in which  there  is a small opake cavity
 that contains the ovum.
   CUNEA'LIS  SUTU'RA.  The suture form-
 ed between the great and little alae of the sphe-
 noid bone and the os frontis.—Blasius.
   CUNkEN (F.) Cunea'nus. Relating to the
 cuneiform bones.
   Articulations  Cuniennes ; — the joints be-
 tween the cuneiform bones, as well as between
 them and other parts.
   Ligaments Cuniennes ; the ligaments which
 hold the cuneiform bones together.
   CU'NEIFORM,  Cuneifor'mis,  Sphenoides,
 from  cuneus, ' a wedge,' and forma, ' shape.'
 Wedge-shaped.   This  name has been given to
 several  bones.  1.  To the sphenoid.  2. To a
 bone of the carpus, situate  between the os lu-
 nare and os orbiculare.   It is, also, called Os
 Pyramida'll, Os  Triq'uetrnm,  and Os Cubita'le.
 3. To the basilary process of the occipital bone:
 and 4. To  three of the bones of the tarsus,
 which are  distinguished, according to situation,
 reckoning  from  within  outwards, into first,
second, and third,—or  internal, middle, and ex-
ternal : and according  to size, reckoning in the
same order, into great, small, and middle-sized.
The posterior surface  of these bones is united
 to the anterior face of the scaphoides;  the ante-
rior surface with the corresponding metatarsal 
CUNEO-CUBOID
242
CUPRUM
bones; and, in addition, the external surface
of the third is articulated, behind, with  the
cuboides.   They are also called Chalco'idea or
Caleoldea ossic'nla.
  CU'NEO-CU'BOID, Cuneo-cubdideus.   Be-
longing to the cuneiform bones and cuboides.
  Cuneo-Cuboid  Articula'tion   is  formed
by  the third  cuneiform bone  and  cuboides.
It is  furnished with a  synovial capsule,  and
two  cuneo-cuboid ligaments :—a dorsal and a
plantar.
  CU'NEO-SCA'PHOID,  Cuneo-scaphdideus.
Belonging  to  the  cuneiform bones and  sca-
phoid.
  Cuneo- Scaphoid Articula'tion is formed
by the posterior surfaces of the three ossa cu-
neiformia, and the anterior surface of the sca-
phoid.  It is furnished with a synovial capsule
and ligaments, some of which are dorsal, others
plantar.
  CUNILA, Satureia capitata—c.Bubula, Ori-
ganum.
  Cuni'la Maria'na, Saturelaorganoides, Ca-
lamin'tha erec'ta Virginia'na, Dittany, Ameri-
can Dittany, Mountain Dittany, Mint-leaved
Cunila, Maryland Cunila, Stone  mint,  Wild
Basil, Sweet Horsemint, (F.)  Cunile d'Ami-
rique. A small indigenous herb, growing  on
dry shady hills, from New England to Georgia,
and flowering in June and July.   Its medical
properties  are  dependent  upon essential  oil,
like the mints.
  Cunila,  Maryland,  Cunila mariana—c.
Mint-leaved, C. Mariana — c.  Muscula, Inula
dysenterica—c. Pulegioides, Hedeoma pulegio-
ides—c. Sativa, Satureia hortensis.
  CUNILA GO, Inula dysenterica.
  CUNILE D'AMERIQUE, Cunila mariana.
  CUNNUS, Vulva.
  CUP, Scutel'la, Catillus, Patella,  Excip'-
ula, (F.) Palette, Poelette, Pdilette, Vase a saig-
ner.   A small vessel of a determinate size, for
receiving  the blood during venesection.  It
generally contains about four ounces.  A bleed-
ing of two cups is, consequently, one of eight
ounces.
  CUPIDITAS, Voluntas —c.  Desedendi,  Vo-
luntas desedendi.
  CUPIDO, Appetite.
  CUPOLA, see Infundibulum of the cochlea.
  CUPPING, Catacasm'us, (F.)  couper,  'to
cut;' or to  draw blood in vessels resembling
cups; Applica'tio cucurbita'rum seu cucurbitu-
la'rum, Cucurbita'tio.  A species of  blood-
letting, performed  by a scarificator, and glass
called a cupping-glass ;  Cucurbitula, Cucurb'-
ita, Sicua,  (F.)  Ventouse. The  lancets  are
placed in  such a manner  in the  scarificator,
that, when it is applied  upon the affected part^
the whole  are, by means  of  a spring, push-
ed suddenly into it.   After scarification, the
cupping-glass, which has been previously ex-
hausted by heat, or by an  exhausting syringe,
is applied.   The pressure of the air within the
glass  being  thus  diminished,  the  necessary
quantity of  blood may be drawn.  See Bdello-
meter.  Dry cupping,  Cucurbitulx  sicca, is
the application  of the glasses, without  pre-
vious scarification.  (F.)Ve?itouses seches.  It is
used to prevent the activity of absorption from
any wounded part;  occasionally, to excite sup-
puration in indolent abscesses;  and to remove
the pus when an abscess is opened.  Cupping,
taken without any epithet, means the  abstrac-
tion of blood by means of the scarificator and
cups:—(F.) Ventouses scarifiies, (L.) Cucurbi-
tula cruenta,  C. cum  Ferro.  The verb 'to
cup,' signifies to draw blood by cupping.
  CUPRESS'US SEMPERVI'RENS. Thesya-
tematic name of the Cnpres'sus,  Cyparis'sus,
Cypress, (F.) Cypris. The berries, leaves, and
wood,  have  been  considered astringent  and
useful   in  intermittents.  The  whole  plant
abounds with a bitter,  aromatic,  and  terebin-
thinate fluid.
  CUPRI  AMMONIO-SULPHAS,  Cuprum
ammoniatum — c. Et Ammoniae  sulphas,  Cu-
prum ammoniatum—c. Di'acetas, C. subacetas.
  Cupri Limatu'ra, Filings of  Copper, (F.)
Limailles de  Cuivre, have been used in hydro-
phobia.  It has been remarked under Cuprum,
that they are inert.
  Cupri Rubigo, Cupri  subacetas.
  Cupri  Subace'tas, C. Diace'tas, jEru'go,
Ver'digris, Hispan'icum vir'idl, Prasi'num vi-
ridl, Cupri Rubigo, Crystals of Venus, Vir'ide
JE'ris,2Eru'ca,Calcithos,Subac"etate of Copper,
(F.) Sous-acitate de  Cuivre, Vert-de-gris, Crys-
taux de Venus, Verdet.  Impure  subacetate of
copper. This, as usually  met with, is in masses,
difficult to break; not deliquescent; foliaceous;
of a fine bluish-green colour,  and salt taste.  It
is tonic, emetic, escharotic, and detergent;  but
scarcely ever  employed internally.  Chiefly
used in detergent ointments.   Dose, as a tonic,
under \ gr.:  emetic, from gr. j. to gr. ij. Pow-
dered verdigris appears  to be the  active ingre-
dient in Smellome's  Eye-Salve, which may be
imitated by  rubbing half a  drachm of finely
powdered verdigris with a little  oil, and then
mixing it with an ounce  of yellow basilicon.
  An  ointment composed of one  drachm of
finely  powdered verdigris, with  an ounce of
lard or spermaceti ointment, is used in psoria-
sis, tetter, &c.
  Cupri Sulphas, Vitriolum Cupri, Vitriolum
Ven'eris, V. Cyp'rium,V. Cyp'rinum,V. Cara'-
leum, V. Roma'num, Cuprum  Vitriola'tum, La-
pis Caru'leus, Sulphate of Copper, Blue StoM,
Blue Vitriol, Roman  Vitriol, Mortooth, (F.) Sul-
fate de Cuivre, is   in rhomboidal,  rich, blue,
semi-transparent,  efflorescing crystals." The
taste is harsh,  styptic,  and  corrosive.  It is
soluble in four parts of water  at 60°, and is
tonic, emetic, astringent, and escharotic.  As a
tonic,  it has been used  in epilepsy, intermit-
tents,  &c. Dose as  a tonic, gr. i to gr. ij. in
pill; as an emetic, gr. ij  to x in water.  A very
weak solution is sometimes used in ophthalmia
and in gleet; and it  forms the basis of Bates's
Aqua camphora'ta, which has been recommend-
ed in the  purulent  ophthalmia of children, di-
luted with sixteen parts of water.
  Cupri Sulphas Ammoniacalis, Cuprum am-
moniatum—c.  Vitrkrffcim, Cupri sulphas.
  CUPRUM, Chalcos,  jEs,  Venus  of the Al-
chymists : Copper,  Cyp'rium, Vir'ide monta'-
num, (F.) Cuivre.    Its  odour is  peculiar and
sensible when rubbed;  taste disagreeable and
metallic ; colour red-yellow.  S. G. 7.87; duc-
tile :  very  malleable:   less   hard  than iron:
easily  oxidized.  In  its metallic state,  it exerts
no action on the system. When  swallowed, it
undergoes no deleterious change.  Copper can-
not be dissolved whilst tin is in  the  mixture,
and hence the utility of tinning copper vessels. 
CURVATURE
                CUPULAR               24

Copper  culinary  vessels are harmless  under
ordinary cleanliness, provided the substances
be  not  suffered  to remain in them  till cold.
The salts of copper are very deleterious.
  Cuprum Ammonia'tum, C. Ammoniaca'll, C.
Ammoni'acum,  C. Ammoniaco - sulphu'ricum,
Ammonia'ted Copper, Ammoni'acal Sulphate of
Copper, Ammoniure'tum Cupri,  Sal anti-epi-
lep'ticus of Weissman, Sulfas Cupri ammonia-
ca'lis,  S. ammoni'aca  cupra'tus,  Sub-sulfas
Ammo'nio-cu!pricus, Sulfas Cupri et Ammo'-
vix, Deuto-Sulfas Cupri  et Ammo'nix,  Cupri
Ammo'nio-sulphas,  Ammo'nia Cupro-sulphas,
Ammo'nio-sulphate of Copper, (F.) Sulfate de
r7iivre et d'ammoniaque, Cuivre ammoniacal.
(Cupri  Sulph. §ss; Amman. Carb. £v).  Rub
in a  glass  mortar till effervescence  ceases.
Wrap the ammoniated copper in bibulous pa-
per, and dry with a gentle heat.  Keep in a
well-stopped glass  bottle.—Ph. U. S.)   A
crystalline powder of a rich violet colour, and
hot, styptic taste.  By  exposure to air, it be-
comes partly converted into carbonate of cop-
per.  It is tonic  and astringent, and has been
chiefly employed in epilepsy, and other obsti-
nate spasmodic diseases.  Dose, gr. i gradually
increased to gr. iv., in pill.
  Cuprum Vitriolatum, Cupri sulphas.
  CU'PULAR,  Cupula!ris,  (F.)  Cupulaire;
from  cupula,' a small  cup.'  Of or belonging
to a cupula.
  Cupular Cau'tery, Cautere cupulaire, is an
iron in the shape of a cupula, formerly used to
cauterize  the skin of the  cranium in certain
diseases, as epilepsy, chronic headache, &c.
  CURA, Curatio, Merim'na, Merim'ne..  At-
tention  to, or treatment or cure of, a disease.
R. Keuchen defines Cura, ' medicine,' and  Cu-
rator, ' the  physician.'   Curatio, also,  some-
times means purification; as, Adeps suilla cu-
rata.—Scribonius Largus.
  Cura Avena'cea.  A decoction of oats and
succory roots, in which a little nitre and sugar
are dissolved.  Used as a refrigerant.
  Cura Dervativa, Derivation—c. Fumiga-
toria,  Thymiatechny—c. Medeana,  Transfu-
sion—c. Palliativa, see Palliative—c. Radica-
ls, see  Palliative—c. Revulsoria, see Deriva-
tion.
  CU'RABLE, Sanab'alis, Aces'tos, Aces'mius,
Iasimos, (F.)  Guirissable.   That  which  is
susceptible  of cure.   An epithet applied to
both patients and diseases.
  CURARE,  Wourali,  Woorara and  Urari.
A very energetic  vegetable poison, employed
by the South American  Indians to poison their
arrows.   It  is said to be obtained from the
bark of a species of convolvulus, called  Vejuco
de  Mavacure, but is referred  by Martius to
Strychnos Guianen'sis,  and by Dr. Schomburg
to jS.  toxica'na.
  CUR A'TIO,  Mede'la,  Sana'tio, Ac'esis,
Althex'is, Althax'is, Therapela, Idsis,  dera-
tion,  &c.   The aggregate of means  employed
for the cure of a disease.  See Therapeutics.
  Curatio, Cura, Cure.
  Curatio Comtrariorum  per contraria,
Allopathy—c. Morbi per Inediam, Limothera-
peia.
  CU'RATIVE, San'ative,  Healing,   Aceso-
phorus, Acesino'sus.  Relating to the cure of
a disease.   Curative  Indications  are those
which point out the treatment to be employed.
Curative Treatment, that employed in the cure
of the disease, in opposition to preservative or
prophylactic treatment.   We say, also,  Cura-
tive Process, Curative Means, &c.
  CURATOR INFIRMORUM, Infirmier.
  CUR'CUMA  LONGA,  Cur'cuma, Borri,
Bor'riborri, Cober'ri, (Hindusthan,) Crocus In'-
dicus, Terra Merita, Cannac'orus radi'cl cro'-
ceo.   Family, Amomeae.  Sex.  Syst. Monan-
dria Monogynia.   Mayella, Kua  Kaha,  Cy-
pe'rus In'dicus, v.vnnpi>s Ivdtxos, of  Dioscorides
(?) Turmeric, (F.) Racine de Safran, Safran
des Indes, Souchet des Indes.  Turmeric root
—the rhizoma  of curcuma longa — is brought
from the East Indies; but is possessed of very
little, if any, medicinal efficacy.  It is  one of
the ingredients  in the Curry Powder.
  Curcuma Zedoaria, see  Kaempferia rotunda
—c. Zerumbet, see Kaempferia rotunda.
  CURD, ALUM, Coagulum aluminosum.
  CURDS,  Curds of  Milk, (F.)  Caillebotte,
Lait cailli.   The coagulated part of milk.
  CURE; from cura, 'care.'  Aces'ia, A'cesis,
Aces'mus, Cura'tio, C.felix, Sana'tio, San'itas,
(F.) Guirison.  A restoration to health; also,
a remedy.   A restorative.
  CURE-ALL, Geum Virginianum.
  CUREDENT, Dentiscalpium.
  CURE DU RAISIN, Grape-cure.
  CURE-LANGUE,(F.) Lingua scalpium. A
Tongue-scraper.  An instrument of ivory, tor-
toise-shell, &c, shaped like a knife or rasp, for
removing the mucous coating which covers the
tongue after sleep, &c.
  CURE-OREILLE,  Ear-pick.
  CURETTE, Scoop.
  CURMI,  Courmi.
  CURRANT, BLACK, Ribes nigrum—c. Red,
Ribes rubrum.
  CURRANTS, see Vitis Corinthiaca.
  CURRY or CURRIE POWDER.   A condi-
ment, formed of various spices; and eaten with
rice,  particularly in India.   The following  is
one of the  forms of its preparation.   Sem. co-
riand. ^xviii, pip. nigr. ,^ij, cayen. f,\, rad. cur-
cuma, sem. cumini, aa ^iij, sem. fanugr. giv:
mix.
  CURSUMA  HAMORRHOIDALIS  HER-
BA, Ranunculus ficaria.
  CURSUS, Running—c.  Matricis, Leucor-
rhoea—c. Menstruus, Menses.
  CURVAMEN, Curvature.
  CURVATEUR DU  COCCYX,  Curvator
Coccygis.
  CURVATIO, Campsis.
  CURVA'TOR COCCY'GIS, (F.) Curvateur
du Coccyx.   Sommering gives  this name to a
small bundle of fleshy fibres, which descends
on  the  middle  of the coccyx, uniting on  each
side with the ischio-coccygei muscles.  It is a
part of those muscles.
  CUR'VATURE,  Curvatu'ra,  Curva'men,
Flexu'ra, Gnamp'sis, from curvus, ' crooked.'
Cyrto'ma, (F.) Courbure.  The condition of a
line or  surface, which approximates more  or
less to the form of an arc;  as the curvatures of
the spine, duodenum, stomach, &c.   Accidental
curvatures of bones are the effect of rickets, or
Mollifies ossium.  The Greeks called the cur-
vature of the spine, 'vfiog, oxoXiog, and  Xoqfiog,
according as the deviation was backwards, late-
rally, or forwards. 
CURVE OF CARUS           244              CUTTUBUTH
  CURVE OF CARUS, see Pelvis.
  CURVED LINES,(F.)CourbesLignes. Two
crooked lines or projections on  the  posterior
surface of the occipital bone.  They are distin-
guished into superior and inferior.  Some lines
on the os innominatum are also so called.
  CURVIMER, Cucumis sativus.
  CUSCO-CINCHONIA, Aricina.
  CUSCU'TA  EPITH'YMUM.   The  syste-
matic name of the Dodder of Thyme.  Epith'-
ymum Cuscu'ta.   A parasitical  plant, pos-
sessed of a strong, disagreeable smell,  and a
pungent  taste, very durable in the mouth.   It
was once used as a cathartic in melancholia.
  Cuscu'ta Europe'a was conceived to pos-
sess similar properties.
  CUSPA'RIAFEBRIF'UGA,£<m^<m'^'a*ri-
folia'ta, Angustu'ra, Galipx'a febrifuga.  Or-
der, Rutaceae.  The South American tree, which
furnishes the  Cuspa'ria or Angustura  Bark,
(F.) Angusture vraie, Quinquina faux de Vir-
ginie.  According to Dr. Hancock, however,  the
Angustura bark is  derived from the Galipa'a
officinalis, Sex.Syst. DecandriaMonogynia,iV«tf.
Ord. Diosmeae; and this view has been adopted
in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States.  Its
odour  is peculiar;  taste intensely bitter, and
slightly aromatic; pieces thin; externally,gray
and wrinkled; internally, yellowish-fawn; frac-
ture, short and resinous.   It yields its virtues
to water and proof spirit. It is tonic, stimulant,
and aromatic.  Dose, gr. v. to  xx or more, in
powder.
   CUSPIS.  A  spear.   This  name has been
given  to the glans penis—Rolfink. It meant,
 also, a kind of bandage.
   CUSTODIA VIRGINITATIS, Hymen.
   CUSTOS, Vulva.
   CUT, from (F.) couteau, 'a knife,' or from
West Gothic kota,  'to cut;' or from xonxw, 'I
cut.'  Cxsu'ra, Toml, Incis'io, Vulnus simplex,
Tresis vulnus simplex, Copl, (F.) Coupure.  A
common expression for the division or solution
of continuity made by a sharp instrument.
   CUTAM'BULUS, from cutis, 'skin,'  and
ambulo,  ' I walk.'  Walking in the skin.  An
epithet  given to  certain  parasitical  animals,
which creep under the skin; such as the Gui-
nea-worm; and to certain  pains felt between
 the skin and flesh, as it were.
   CUTANEAL, Cutaneous.
   CUTANkO-SOURCILIER, Corrugator su-
percilii.
   CUTA'NEOUS, Cuta'neal, Cuta'neus, from
 cutis, ' the skin.'  Belonging to the skin.
   Cutaneous Diseases,  Eruptions,  Epiphy'-
 mata, are the  numerous affections of a morbid
 character, to which the skin is liable,—Derma-
 topathi'a.
   Cutaneous  Exhalation and  Absorption
 are those which take place from the skin.
   Cutaneous  Nerves,  Cutaneal Nerves, so
 called, are two in number, and belong to the
 upper extremity.   They are given off from the
 brachial plexus. The internal cutaneous, Cubito-
 cutani,  (Ch.,) descends along the inner part of
 the arm, and  divides above the elbow into two
 branches; the outermost of which follows the
 outer edge of the biceps, and spreads over the
 anterior and inner part of the forearm;  and the
 innermost accompanies  the basilic vein, pass-
 ing to the corresponding side  of  the hand and
 little  finger.  The external cutaneous, Radio-
cutani, (Ch.,) Mus'culo-Cutaneus, Perforans
Casse'rii, passes outwards, perforates the co-
raco-brachialis;  descends along  the anterior
and outer part of the arm;  passes as  far as the
middle of the fold of the elbow, under the me-
dian cephalic; and descends along the anterior
and outer edge of the forearm.  At  some dis-
tance above the wrist, it divides  into two
branches; an outer, which is distributed on the
back of the  hand, the thumb and index finger;
and  an inner, which descends on the muscles
of the thumb  into the palm of the  hand, and
divides into  fine filaments, which may be traced
to the fingers.
  Nervus Cuta'neus Minor, of Wrisberg, also
takes its origin from the axillary plexus, but is
more particularly connected  with  the ulnar
nerve.   It soon  separates from the ulnar, run-
ning afterwards between it and the inner side of
the arm. A  little below the axilla it divides into
two branches, which are distributed to the arm.
  Chaussier calls the cephalic and basilic veins
the Radial and Cubital Cutaneous.
  CUTCH, Catechu.
  CUTI, Catechu.
  CUTICULA, Epidermis.
  CUTIO, Oniscus.
  CUTIS, Pellis,Pella, Co'rium,Derma,Deris,
Anthro'pe,Anthro'pen,Skin,(F.) Peau. A dense,
resisting membrane, of a  flexible and exten-
sible nature, which forms the general envelope
of the  body; and  is continuous with the mu-
cous membranes, through the  different natural
apertures.   It is  generally considered to  be
formed of three distinct layers—the  epidermis,
rete or  more  properly corpus mucosum, and
corium.  Some anatomists, however, separate
it into several others.   Its outer surface is co-
vered by a  number of small eminences, called
papillae, which are generally regarded as emi-
nently nervous and vascular.  The skin is our
medium  of  communication with external bo-
dies. It protects the subjacent parts; is the seat
of touch, and, through it, are  exhaled the wa-
tery parts of the blood, which are not needed
in the nutrition of the body.  The state of the
skin, as regards heat and  dryness,  affords us
useful information in our pathological investi-
gations.  Its colour, too, requires attention: the
paleness of disease  is as characteristic as the
rosy complexion of health.  The colour of the
skin varies  according to the age, sex, &c.  As
a general principle, it is finer in the female and
child than  in the male and adult.  In old age
it  becomes light-coloured, thin, and  dry.   It
likewise varies according to the races, &c.
   Cutis Anserina, Horrida cutis—c. Carnosa,
 Panniculus carnosus—c. Extima, Epidermis—
 c.  Linguae, see Tongue—c. Suilla,  Couenne—
 c.  Summa,  Epidermis—c.  Tensa Chronica, In-
 duration of the cellular tissue—c. Ultima, Epi-
 dermis.
   CUTITIS, Cytitis, Erysipelatous inflamma-
 tion.
   CUTTING ON  THE   GRIPE,  see  Litho-
 tomy.
    CUTTLE FISH, Sepia.
    CUTTUBUTH, Cutubuth, Leucomo'ria, Me-
 lancholia errabunda.  The Arabian physicians
 have given this  name to a species of melan-
 choly, accompanied with  so much agitation,
 that the patients cannot remain tranquil for the
 space of an hour. 
CUURDO CANELLA          245             CYMBALARIS
   CUURDO  CANELLA, Laurus cinnamo-
 mum.
   CYANODERMIA, Cyanopathy.
   CYAN'OGEN,(F.) Cyanogene; fromxvam,
 \ blue,' andyewau,' I generate.'  So called from
 its being an ingredient in Prussian blue.  It
 forms, with oxygen, the cyanic and other acids;
 with hydrogen, the hydrocyanic acid.
   CYANOP'ATHY, Cyanopathi'a, Cy ano'sis,
 C. cardi'aca, Cyanoder'mia,  Acleitro-cardia,
 (Piorry) Hamato-cyano'sis, Kyano'sis, Morbus
 ceru'leus, Cierulo'sis neonato'rum, from xvavo:,
 ' blue,' and notOcg, ' affection.'  (F.)  Cyanose,
 Maladie bleue, Ictere bleu.  A disease, in which
 the whole of the surface of the body is coloured
 blue.  It is often symptomatic, and commonly
 depends  on a direct  communication between
 the  cavities of  the right and  left side  of the
 heart.  Such  communication does not,  how-
 ever, always occasion the blue disease, but it
 is  generally thought that the disease  never
 exists without this state of parts ; or without
 some obstacle to the circulation  in  the right
 side of the heart.  The blueness does not seem
 to be owing to the admixture of black and red
 blood.   A child affected with blueness is said
 to be cyanosed, (F.) Cyanose.
   CYANOSE, Cyanosis.
   CYANOSE, see Cyanosis.
   CYANOSIS,  Cyanopathy —c.   Pulmonalis,
 Atelectasis pulmonum.
   CYANURETUM FERRO-ZINCICUM,
 Zinci ferro-hydrocyanas.
   CYANUS, Centaurea  cyanus—c. Agyptia-
 cus, Nymphaea nelumbo.
   Cy'anus  Seg"etum, Bluebottle, (F.)  Bluet
 des  Moissons, Barbeau, Aubifoin, Casse-Lu-
 uettes.   The flowers  of  this European  plant,
 when distilled with water, have been used in
 ophthalmia.
   CYAR,  x.vaq.   'The  eye  of a needle,' 'a
 small hole.'  The Meatus audito'rius  inter-
 nus.  See Auditory canal, (internal.)
   CYATHIS'CUS, diminutive  of x.u*#of, 'a
 bowl.'   The concave part of a  sound, made
 like a small spoon, as in the case of the ear-
 pick.
   CY'ATHUS, ' a bowl.'  A measure, both of
 the  liquid and  dry  kind,  equal  to  about an
 ounce and a half, or to the 10th  part of a pint.
 According  to  Pliny and Galen, about 10
 drachms.
   Cyathus  Cerebri, Infundibulum  of  the
 brain.
   CYBE, Head.
   CYBITON, Cubitus.
   CYBOIDES, Cuboid.
   CYC'EON, from xuxaw,  ' I  mix together.'
 The ancient name of  a medicine of the consis-
 tence of  a pap, composed of wine, water, ho-
 ney, flour, barley meal, and cheese.—Hippocr.
   CYCLAMEN  EUROPA'UM,   Arthani'ta,
 A. cyc'lamen,  Cyclaminus,  Cyssan'themon,
 Cyssophyl'lon,  Panis  porci'nus,   Cas'amum,
 Chyllnl, ' sow-bread.'   Fam. Primulaceae.
 Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia. (F.) Pain
 du Pourceau.  The fresh root  is said to be
 acrid, bitter, drastic, and  anthelmintic.  Dose,
J5j.  For external use, see Arthanita.
   CYCLE, Cyclus, from nvtiXot,' a circle.' A
 period or revolution of  a  certain number of
years.  The Methodists  gave this name to an
aggregate of curative  means, continued during
 a certain number of days.   Nine was the usual
 number.
   CYCLISCUS, Cyclismus.
   CYC.LIS'MUS.  A  troch, Trochis'cus,
 The  name, as well as Cyclis'cus,  was also
 given to a circular kind of rasp.  They have
 the same etymon as cycle.
   CYCLOCEPH'ALUS, fromxi/xxoc,'a circle,'
 and xe<p*A»;,' head.'  A monster whose eyes are
 in contact, or  united in one.
   CYCLOPHOR'IA, from  xvxxo?, 'a  circle,'
 and  96g«,  'I  bear.'  The circulation of the
 blood or other fluids.
   CYCLO'PIA.   Same  etymon as Cyclops.
 State of a  monster that has both eyes united
 into one.   Called also, Monops'ia and Rhinen-
 cephal'ia.
   CYCLOPS, KvxXaxp, from xunXog, 'an orb or
 circle,'and <utp, 'an eye.' Monoc'ulus, Monops,
 Monophthalmus,  Monom'matus,  Unioc'ulue,
 Unoc'ulus.  A monster having but one eye,
 and that placed in the middle of the  forehead,
 like the fabulous Cyclops.
   CYCLOTOME, Cyclot'omus, from  kvkXo(,
 'a circle,' and xt^uv, 'to cut.'  An instrument,
 composed of a ring of gold and a cutting blade,
 by means of which the ball of the eye can  be
 fixed, whilst the cornea is cut.  It was invented
 by a surgeon of Bordeaux, named Guerin, for
 extracting the cataract.  It is not used.
   CYCLUS, Circulus.
   CYDONIA'TUM, Cydona'tum, Dyacydoni'-
 tes.   A composition of the  Cydonia mala or
 quinces, with  the addition of  spices.—Paulus
 of Agina.
   CYDONIUM MALUM, see Pyrus cydonia.
   CYE'MA,  xvyaa,  from  xuto,  ' I  conceive.'
 Conception.  Likewise the product of concep-
 tion.   See Embryo and Foetus.
   CYESIOGNO'MON, from xv^.f, 'pregnan-
 cy,' and yva>na>r, 'a sign, a token.'  A sign of
 pregnancy.
   CYESIOGNO'SIS, from xu^,c, 'pregnancy,'
 and yvuxrig, 'knowledge.'   Diagnosis of preg-
 nancy.
   CYESIOL'OGY, Cyesiolog'ia, from  kv^k,
 'pregnancy,' and \oy0g,  'a  description.'  The
 doctrine of gestation.
   C YE SIS, Conception, Fecundation, Preg-
 nancy.
   CYESTEINE, Kiesteine.
   CYLICH'NE,  Cylich'nis.   A pill-box  or
 earthenware pot, or small cup;  from xva<£, 'a
 cup.'—Galen, Foesius.
  CYLINDRI, see Villous membranes—c.
 Membranacei renum, see Calix.
  CYL'INDROID, Cylindroi'des, from %vkiv-
 fqot, 'cylinder,' and e/Jos, 'form.'  Having the
 form of a cylinder.  Chaussier calls the Cornu
 Ammonis,—Protubirance cylindroide.
  CYLINDROIDES, Teres.
  CYLLOEPUS, see Kyllosis.
  CYLLOPODA, see Kyllosis.
  CYLLOPODION, see Kyllosis.
  CYLLO'SIS, Kv\\a?ig.  'Lameness, mutila-
tion, or vicious conformation.'—Hippocrates,
Galen.  See Kyllosis.
  CYMATO'DES, Undo'sus, from xv^a, 'a
wave,'and  n$ot;, 'resemblance.'  The vacilla-
ting, undulatory character of the pulse in weak
individuals.
  CYMBA, Vulva. •
  CYMBALARIS, Cricoid. 
CYMBIFORME  OS            246       CYNANCHE TRACHEALIS
   CYMBIFORME OS, Scaphoid bone.
   CYNAN'CHE, Angi'na, from xoai, 'a dog,'
and ayx<», ' I suffocate,' (?), Sore Throat, Para-
cynan'che, Synan'ihl, Prunella, Squinan'thia,
Empres'ma  Paristhmltis,  Cauma Paristhmi'-
tis, Isthmitis, Paristhmltis, Inflammatio Fau'-
cium,' Dog choak.'  Inflammation of the su-
pradiaphragmatic portion of the alimentary ca-
nal, and of  the lining  membrane of the upper
part of the air-passages:—(F.) Angine, Esqui-
nancie, Mai de Gorge, Synancie, Squinancie,
Kinancie.   It comprises the following chief va-
rieties.
   Cynanche  Epidemica, Cynanche maligna—
c. Externa,  C. Parotidaea—c. Faucium, C. ton-
sillaris—c. Gangraenosa, Cynanche maligna—c.
Laryngea, Laryngitis.
   Cynanche  Malig'na, C. gangrano'sa, An-
gi'na ulcere!sa, Febris epidemica cum Angi'na,
Empres'ma  Paristhmltis  Maligna, Tonsilla'-
rum gangra'na, Tonsilla pestilen'tes, Cynan-
chl epidemica, C. pur'puro-parotidm'a, Cynan-
che ulcero'sa,  Epidemica guttuiis lues, Pesti-
lens fau'eium affec'tus, Padan'chonl (?), Gan-
grana  Tonsilla!rum, Ulcus Syriacum, Garro-
tillo, Carbun!cuius angino'sus, Angina ulcus-
culo'sa, A. epidemica, A. gangrano'sa, A. ma-
lig'na,  A. faucium malig'na, Isthmoty'phus,
Putrid, Ulcerous Sore  Throat, Gangrenous In-
flammation  of the Pharynx, (F.) Angine gan-
grineuse, A. Maligne.  It is characterized by
crimson redness of the mucous membrane of
the fauces and tonsils; ulcerations, covered with
mucus, and spreading sloughs,  of an  ash  or
whitish hue;  the accompanying fever typhus.
It is often epidemic, and generally contagious;
and is frequently found, accompanying scarlet
fever,—giving rise to  the  variety, Scarlatina
maligna.  Cynanche maligna has been made to
include both diphtheritic and gangrenous pha-
ryngitis.  See Pharyngitis, diphtheritic.
   The general treatment is the same as in ty-
phus ; and stimulant antiseptic gargles must be
used, consisting, for example, of the decoction
of bark and  muriatic acid.
   Cynanche  Maxillaris,  c.  Parotidaea__c.
OZlsophagea, Oesophagitis.
   Cynanche ParotidjE'a, Empres'ma  Paroti-
tis, Parotitis, Parolia, Parotiditis, Cynan'ckl
Parotides,  C. exter'na, Angina  maxilla'ris,
Gissa, Angina externa, Angina parotidx'a ex-
ter'na, P. epidemica, P. erysipelato'sa, Eryth-
rochoe'ras, P.  contngio'sa, P. spu'ria, P. sero'-
so glu'tinl tu'mens, Cynan'chi. maxilla'ris, Ge-
nyocynan'che, Gnathocynan'chl,  Inflamma'tio
paro'tidum,  Infla'tio  paro'tidum,  Catar'rhus
Bellinsula'nus, Branks (Scotch,) Mumps, (F.)
Inflammation de la. Parotide, Oreillons, Ourles.
The characteristic  symptoms are:—a painful
tumour of the parotid gland, or of the cellular
tissue surrounding it, or of both, not of the sup-
purative kind; frequently extending to the max-
illary gland.   It is very conspicuous externally,
and is often accompanied with swelling of the
testes in the  male, and of the  mammae in the
female; the testes being sometimes absorbed af-
terwards.  It  is generally epidemic, and appa-
rently contagious.   The treatment is very sim-
ple; the adoption merely of the antiphlogistic
plan, under  which it  usually soon disappears.
When  inflammation of the mamma? or testes
supervenes,  it must be treated as if idiopathic.
  Epidem'ic Pai otitis or Mumps is also termed
Parotitis polymor'pha, P. epidemica, P.  spe-
cif'ica.
   Cynanche  Pharynge'a, Empres'ma Paris-
thmltis  Pharyngea,  Isthmitis,  Pharyngitis,
Inflamma'tio Pharyn'gis, Parasynan'chl,  An-
giux  inflammatoria, Sp.  iv.—(Boerhaave.)
(F.) Angine Pharyngee, Catarrhe pharyngien.
Inflammation of the pharynx.
   This disease can hardly be said to differ, in
pathology  or treatment  from Cynanche  ton-
sillaris.  The same  may be  remarked of the
Cynanckl QHsophage'a, Oesophagitis.
   Cynanche  Prunella,  C.  Tonsillaris—c.
Purpuro-parotidaea, Cynanche maligna—c. Sim-
plex, Isthmitis—c. Stridula, C. trachealis.
   Cynanche  Tonsilla ris, Empresma Paris-
thmltis Tonsillaris, Synan' chl,Cynan' chl fan-
citim,  Amygdalitis,  Brand, Branrhi, Hynn'-
che, Tonsilli tis, Cynanchl Prunella, Paristh'-
mia, Paristhmltis, Dyspka'gia infla/mmato'ria,
Antiadi'tis, Angina inflammato'ria, A. cum tu-
mo're, A. tonsilla'ris, A. Synocha'tis, A. San-
guin'ea, A. vera et legitima, Inflamma'tio Ton-
silla'rum, Antiadon'tus  inflammato'rius,  In-
flammatory  Sore  Throat,  Common Squinanry,
Squinsy or Quinsy,  (F.) Amygdalite, Inflam-
mation des Amygdales, Angine tonsillaire,Pha-
ryngite tonsillaire, Esquinancie, Squinancie,
Catarrhe guttural, Angine gutturale  Inflam-
matoire.   The characteristic symptoms of this
affection are, swelling and florid redness of the
mucous membrane of the fauces, and especially
of the  tonsils; painful and impeded deglutition,
accompanied  with inflammatory fever.  It is
generally ascribed to cold, and  is one of the
most common affections of cold and temperate
climates.   It  usually goes off by resolution, but
frequently ends in suppuration.
   Common  sore  throat  is an affection of no
consequence.   It  requires  merely  rest, and
the observance of the antiphlogistic regimen.
When  more violent—in addition to this,—
bleeding, local or general, or both,—purgatives,
inhalation of the steam of warm water; acid, or
emollient gargles; rubefacients externally, or
sinapisms or blisters.   When suppuration must
inevitably occur, the  continued use of the in-
haler must be advised, and an opening be made
into the abscess as soon as it shall have formed.
If the  patient be likely to be suffocated by the
tumefaction, bronchotomy may be necessary.
   Cynanche  Trachea'lis; the  Cynanche la-
rynge'a of some, Suffoca'tio strid'ula, Angi'na
pernirio'sa,Asthma Infan'tum,Cynanche strid'-
ula, Catar'rhus suffocatlvus Barbaden'sis, An-
gina polypo'sa sive membrana'cea sive pulpo'-
sa, Empres'ma Bronchitis,  E. Bronchlemmi'-
tis, Angina inflammato'ria, A. siiffocato'ria, A.
strepito'sa, Laryngitis et  Tracheitis infanti-
lis, Laryngos'tasis seu Laryngo-tracheltis, La-
ryngo-tracheitis with diph'theritic exuda'tion,
A. exsudato'ria, Laryngoc'acl, Orthopnaa cy
nan'chica,   Cynanchoithopna'a,  Pxdanchonl,
(?) A. Trachea'lis, Morbus  Strangulato'rius,
Tracki'tis, Tracheitis, Trachelitis, Diphtheri-
tis trachea'lis; Expectora'tio Sol'ida, Cauma
Bronchitis,  Angina  canina, Croup, Roup,
Hives, Choak, Stuffing, Rising of the lights,
(F.) Angine  laryngee et  trackiale, Laryngiu
avec production de fausses membranes, Laryn-
gite pseudo-membraneuse.  A disease characte-
rized by sonorous and suffocative breathing;
harsh voice; cough, ringing or like the barking 
CYNANCHICA             24'
of a dog; fever, highly inflammatory.  It is apt
to be speedily attended with the formation of a
false membrane, which  lines  the trachea  be-
neath the glottis, and occasions violent dys-
pnoea and suffocation, but is sometimes expecto-
rated.  The dyspnoea, as in all other affections
of the air-passages, has evident exacerbations.
It differs  in its character indifferent situations;
being infinitely  more inflammatory  in some
places than in others, and hence the success ob-
tained by different modes of treatment.  It chiefly
affects children, and is apt to recur, but the sub-
sequent attacks are usually less and less severe.
   As  a general principle, it requires  the most
active treatment; bleeding from the arm or neck,
so as to induce paleness; leeches applied to the
neck, &c, according  to the  age,—the  warm
bath, blisters to  the neck or chest, and purga-
tives.  Formidable  as the disease may be, if
this plan be followed early, it will generally be
successful.  Many specifics have been recom-
mended for it, but the search has been idle and
fruitless.   The  majority of cases of  what are
called croup are not of this inflammatory cast;
but  are  more of a spasmodic character,  and
have been termed by  the French faux  croups,
and with us are  occasionally termed spasmodic
croup.   They generally yield to an emetic and
the warm bath.
   Cynanche Trachealis Spasmodica, Asthma
acutum, A. Thymicum—c. Ulcerosa, Cynanche
maligna.
   CYNAN'CHICA.  Medicines used in cases
of quinsy were formerly so called.
   CYNANCHORTHOPNffiA, Cynanche  tra-
chealis.
   CYNAN'CHUM.   Same etymon.  A genus
of plants, of which the following are used in
medicine.
   Cynanchum Monspeliacum, Scam'mony of
Montpellier.  The  plant furnishes a blackish
kind of gum resin, which is purgative, and but
little used.
   Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, Asclepias vin-
cetoxicum.
   Cynanchum Vomito'rium,  Ipecacuan'ha of
the Isle of France.   As its name imports, this
plant resembles ipecacuanha in properties.  It
is emetic, in the dose  of from 12 to 24 grains of
the powder.
   CYNANTHEMIS, Anthemis cotula.
   CYNANTHRO'PIA, from  Kw»v, 'dog,' and
av9qunog, 'a man.'   A variety of melancholia,
in which the patient  believes  himself changed
into a dog; and imitates the voice and habits of
that animal.
   CYNARA SCOL'YMUS, Cin'ara scol'ymus.
The systematic  name of the Ar'tichoke, A/coc'-
alum,  Articoc'alus,  Artiscoc'cus lavis, Costus
nigra, Car'duus Sativus non spino'sus, Cina-
ra horten'sis, Scolymus  Sativus, Car'duus sa-
tivus, Carduus domest'icus cap'itl majo'rl,Car-
u'uus al'tilis, (F.) Artichaut.   Family, Cardu-
aceae.  Sex. Syst. Syngenesia Polygamia aequa-
lis.   Indigenous in  the southern parts of Eu-
rope; much used as an agreeable article of diet.
The juice of the  leaves, mixed with white wine,
has been  given in dropsies.
•   CYN'ICUS, Cyno'des, from xuo.i*, 'a dog.'
Cynic.  Relatingto, or resembling a dog.  Cynic
spasm is a convulsive contraction of the muscles
of one side of the face,—dragging the eye, cheek,
mouth, nose, &c, to one side.   See Canine.
7          CYPRINUM OLEUM

  CYNIPS  QUERCUS FOLII, see Quercus
infectoria.
  CYNOCOPRUS, Album graecum.
  CYNOCRAMBE, Mercurialis perennis.
  CYNOCTONON, Aconitum.
  CYNOCYTISUS, Rosa canina.
  CYNODECTOS,  from xu*v, 'a  dog,'  and
h\xa, 'I bite.'  One who has been bitten by a
dog.—Dioscorides.
  CYNODES, Cynicus.
  CYNODESMION, Fraenum penis.
  CYNODESMUS, Fraenum penis.
  CYNODONTES, Canine teeth.
  CYNOGLOS'SUM, from xvo»,'a  dog,'and
yXoo-ir*, 'a  tongue.'  Cynoglos'sum officinale,
Lingua Canina, Hound's tongue, Caballa'tion,
(F.)  Langve de Chien.  Family,  Boragineae.
Sex.  Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.  It  is  aro-
matic and mucilaginous, and has been supposed
to be possessed of narcotic properties.
  CYNOLOPHOI, Spinous processes  of  the
v6rt6br3B.
  CYNOLYSSA, Hydrophobia.
  CYNOMOIA, Plantago  psyllium.
  CYNOMO'RIUM COCCIN"EUM,from*uav,
' a dog,'and  /iwgiov, ' the penis.'  (F.) Cham-
pignon de Malte.  Improperly called Fungus
Meliten'sis, or  the Fungus of Malta, as it  is
not a fungus.  The powder has been given as
an astringent in hemorrhage, dysentery, &c.
  CYNOREXIA, Boulimia.
  CYNORRHODON, Rosa canina.
  CYNOSBATOS, Rosa canina.
  CYNOSORCHIS, Orchis mascula.
  CYNOSPASTUM, Rosa canina.
  CYON, xi/u>».  The word sometimes signifies
the fraenum of the prepuce; at others, the penis.
  CYOPHORIA, Pregnancy.
  C YOT'ROPHY, Cyotrophia, Embryolrophy,
Embryotrophia, from xu&c, ' embryo,' and  xqo-
 <ttiv, 'to nourish.'  Nutrition  of the embryo.
Foetal nutrition.
  CYPARISSUS, Cupressus sempervirens.
  CYPERUS   A NT I QUORUM, Lawsonia
 inermis—c. Indicus, Curcuma longa.
  Cype'rus  Longus, from xu^ugoc, 'a round
 vessel,' which  its  roots have  been said to re-
 semble.  Galangale, (F.) Souchet odorant.  It
 possesses aromatic and bitter properties, but is
 not used. See,  also, Dorstenia  contrayerva.
  Cyperus Odorus, Dorstenia  contrayerva—c.
 Peruanus, Dorstenia contrayerva.
 • Cyperus Rotun'dus;  the Round  Cype'rus,
 (F.) Souchet rond.  It is a more gratefully  aro-
 matic bitter than the C. Longus.
  CYPHO MA, Cyphos, Cypho'sis, Cyrto'ma,
 Cyrto'sis, Opisthocypho'sis, from xurfioc, 'gib-
 bous.'  Gibbosity  of the spine.  See Vertebral
 Column, &c.  Cyrtosis forms  a genus in the
order Dysthefica, and class Hamafica of Good,
and  is defined:  'head bulky, especially anteri-
orly; stature short and incurvated; flesh flabby,
tabid, and wrinkled.'  It  includes Cretinism,
and Rickets.
  CYPHOSIS,  Gibbositas, see  Hump, and  Ky-
phosis.
  CYPRES, Cupressus sempervirens.
  CYPRESS, Cupressus sempervirens—c.Tree,
Liriodendron.
  CYP'RINUM O'LEUM, Oil of Cypress;  pre
pared of olive   oil, cypress  flowers, calamus,
myrrh, cardamom, inula, bitumen  of  Judaea,
&c.   It was  formerly employed in certain dis- 
CYPRIPEDIUM  CALCEOLUS      248
CYSTIRRHffiA
 eases of the uterus, pleurisies,  &c, and was
 regarded to be both stimulant and emollient.
   CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS, C.  Lute-
 um—c. Flavescens, C. Luteum.
   Cypripe'ditm Lu'teum, C. Calce'olus,  C.
 Flaves'cens,  C. Pubes'cens,  C.  Parviflo'rum,
 Yellow ladies' slipper, Moc'asin flower, Yel-
 lows, Bleeding heart, American vale'rian, Yel-
 low umbil, male  Mervine, Noah's ark, (F.)
 Sabot de Venus jaune.  An  indigenous  plant,
 Nat. Order, Orchideae, which is found all over
 the United States;  blossoming in May and June.
 The root is considered  to be antispasmodic, and
 is used in the same cases as valerian.
   Cypripedium Parviflorum, C. Luteum—c.
 Pubescens, C. Luteum.
   CYPRIUM, Cuprum.
   CYPSELE, Cerumen.
   CYRCEON, Anus.
   CYRTOIDES, Cuboid.
   CYRTOMA, Curvature, Cyphoma.
   CYRTONOSOS, Rachitis.
   CYSSANTHEMON, Cyclamen.
   CYSSARUS, Anus, Rectum.
   CYSSOPHYLLON, Cyclamen.
   CYS'SOTIS, from xvoo;, 'the  anus.'  The
 lower part of the rectum: tenesmus.
   CYST, Kyst.
   CYSTAL'GIA,  Cystidal'gia,  from  %oaxig,
 'the bladder,'and  aXyo(,' pain.'   Pain in the
 bladder.
   CYSTANENCEPHA'LIA, from *.v«Tig,  'a
 bladder,' and anencepha'Ua, 'absence of brain.'
 A monstrosity, in which, in place of a brain, a
 bladder is  found filled  with fluid.—G. St. Hi-
 laire.
   CYSTAUCHENOTOM'IA,  Cystotrachelo-
 tom'ia, Cystidotrachelotom'ia, from xvaxic,  ' a
 bladder,' au/171, 'the neck,' and xo^rj, 'incision.'
 An incision into the neck of the bladder.
   CYSTECTASY, Lithectasy.
   CYSTENCEPH'ALUS, from  xuo-tk, 'blad-
 der,' and r.eipaXrh ' head.'   A monster having a
 head with a vesicular brain.—G.  St. Hilaire.
   CYSTEOLTTHOS,  from xuo-r.r, 'the blad-
 der,' and *(A<k, ' a stone.'   Stone in the bladder.
 Also, a  medicine, employed to dissolve  or
 break stone.
   CYSTERETHIS'MUS, Veslcx Irritabil'i-
 tas; from xvo-ng, 'the bladder,' and e^tQi^w,  'I
 irritate.'  Irritability of the bladder.
   C YSTHEPAT'ICUS, from xoo-xig,' the blad-
 der;' and 'rjTitq,' the liver.'  Belonging to the
 gall-bladder and  liver.  This  name was given,
 formerly, to imaginary  excretory ducts for the
 bile, which were supposed to pass directly from
 the liver to the gall-bladder.
  CYSTHEPATOLITHI'ASIS,   Cystidepato-
 lithiasis,  Cholelith' ia,   Cholelithi' asis,  from
 xvirxu, 'the bladder,'  'rj-rxq,  'the liver,' and
 Xi$t*o-i;,' pain  caused by a calculus.'  The ag-
 gregate of phenomena  caused by the presence
 of biliary calculi.  See Calculi, biliary.
   CYSTHITIS, Kysthitis.
   CYSTHUS,  Anus.
  CYSTHYPERSARCO'SIS:   from  xvang,
 ' bladder,' 'vrtq,' over,' and o-a^xao-K,' a fleshy
 growth;' Excrescen'tia Vesica urina'rix.   A
 fleshy thickening of the coats of the bladder.
  CYSTIC, Cys'ticus, from *.\i<rxtg, 'a bladder.5
 Belonging to the gall-bladder.
  Cystic Artery, Arte'ria Cys'tica, is  given
off from the right branch of the hepatic, and di-
 vides into  two branches, which proceed to the
 gall-bladder.  It is accompanied by two cystic
 veins, which open into the vena  porta abdomi-
 nalis.
   Cystic  Bile.   Bile  contained in the gall-
 bladder.
   Cystic Calculi.  Calculi formed in the gall-
 bladder.
   Cystic  Duct,  Ductus  cys'ticus, Mea'tus
 cys'ticus.  The duct proceeding from the gall-
 bladder, which, by its union with the hepatic,
 forms the ductus communis choledochus.
   Cystic Oxide Calculi, see Calculi.
   Cystic Sarco'ma, of  Ab'ernethy, Empky'-
 ma Sarcoma cellulo'sum.  Tumour, cellulose or
 cystose; cells oval, currant-sized or grape-sized,
 containing  serous   fluid;  sometimes  caseous.
 Found in the thyroid gland  (forming broncho-
 cele,) testis, ovarium, &c.
   CYS'TICA,  Cystic Remedies.   Such medi-
 cines as were formerly believed proper for com-
 bating diseases of the bladder.
   CYSTICER'CUS, from xvrxtg, 'a bladder,'
 and xegxof,  'a tail.'  A genus of entozoa of the
 family  of  the  hydatids, distinguished  by the
 caudal  vesicle in  which the  cylindrical  or
 slightly depressed  body of the animal termi-
 nates.   The Cysticer'cus cellulo'sa  seu Cellu-
 lo'sa, Hy'datis finna, has been often found in
 the cellular membrane.
   CYSTIDALGIA, Cystalgia.
   CYSTIDELCO'SIS, from xi/rn?, 'bladder,'
 and 'iX*a>c-t;, 'ulceration.'   Suppuration or ul-
 ceration of the urinary bladder.
   CYSTIDEPATICUS, Hepatocystic.
   CYSTIDEPATOLITHIASIS,  Cysthepato-
 lithiasis.
   CYSTIDOBLENNORRHCEA, Cystirrhoea.
   CYSTIDOCATARRHUS, Cystirrhoea.
   CYSTIDOCELE, Cystocele.
   CYSTIDOPLEGIA, Cystoparalysis.
   CYSTIDORRHAGIA, Cystorrhagia.
   CYSTIDORRHEXIS, Cystorrhexis.
   CYSTIDORRHffiA, Cystirrhoea.
   CYSTIDOSOMATOTOMIA,  Cystosomato-
 tomia.
   CYSTIDOSPASMUS, see Cystospastic.
   CYSTIDOSTENOCHORIA, Stricture of the
 urinary bladder.
   CYSTIDOTOMIA, Cystotomia.
   CYSTIDOTRACHELOTOMIA,Cystauche-
 notomia.
   CYSTINURIA,  Urine, cystinic.
   CYSTINX, Vesicula,
   CYSTIPHLOGIA, Cystitis.
   CYSTIRRHA'GIA, from xu<rr,f, 'the blad-
 der,' and qtywm, 'I break forth.'   Hemorrhage
from the bladder, (F.) Himorrhagie de la Ves-
 sie.  By some used synonymously with cystir-
 rhoea.
   CYSTIRRHEUMA, Cystorrheuma.
   CYSTIRRHCE'A, from xutt/c, 'the bladder,'
 and qiu, ' I  flow.' Paru'ria Stillatl'tia Muco'-
 sa, Blennu'ria, Blennorrha'a urina'lis, B. ve-
 si'cx, Cysto-blennorrhce'a,Cystorrha'a, Cystido-
 blennorrhce'a, Ischu'ria Cysto-phlegmat'ica, Te-
 nes'mus Vesi'cx Muco'sus, Uri'namuco'sa, Cys-
 tocatar'rhus,Cystido-catar'rkus,Cystidorrhre'a,
 Urocysto-catar'rhus, Dysu'riaMuco'sa, Pyu'ria
 Mucosa, P. vis'cida, P. sero'sa, Morbus cysto-
phlegmaticus, Catar'rhus vesi'cx, (F.) Cystitt
muqueuse, Flux muqueux de la vessie, Catarrhe
 visical.  A copious discharge of mucus  from 
CYSTIS
249
CYSTOTOME
the bladder,  passing out with the urine, and
generally attended with dysuria.  It is  com-
monly dependent upon an inflammatory or sub-
inflammatory condition of the lining membrane.
The treatment must be regulated by the cause.
If it be not produced by an extraneous body:
the antiphlogistic plan,—the exhibition of warm
diluents, and  keeping the surface in a perspira-
ble state, by wearing flannel.  Some of the tur-
pentines may, at times, be given with advan-
tage; and astringent or other appropriate  in-
jections be thrown into  the bladder.
   CYSTIS, Follicle, Urinary bladder—c. Cho-
ledochus, Gall-bladder—c. Fellea, Gall-bladder
—c. Serosa, Hygroma.
   CYSTITE, Cystitis—e. Muqueuse,Cjstitis.
   CYSTITIS, from xvaris, 'the bladder.'  In-
flamma'tio Vesica, Empres'ma Cystitis, Cys-
titis u'rica,  Uro-cystltis, Cystiphlo'gia, Cys-
tophlo'gia, Inflammation of the bladder, (F.)
Cystite, Inflammation de la vessie;- character-
ized by pain and swelling in the hypogastric
region: discharge of urine painful or obstructed,
and tenesmus.   It may  affect one or all of the
membranes;  but commonly it  is confined to the
mucous coat.  In the  chronic condition, it ap-
pears  in the form of cystirrhoea.  It must be
treated upon the same energetic principles that
are required in other cases of internal inflam-
mation.  Venesection,  general and  local,  the
warm  bath, and  warm fomentations, warm,
soothing  enemata, diluents, &c.  Cantharides
must be avoided, even  in  the way of blisters,
unless with precautions, as the disease is often
occasioned by them.
   Cystitis  Fellea, Cholecystitis—c. Urica,
Cystitis.
   CYSTITOME,  Cystilomus, Kibis'titome,
from M<rTtg,  'the bladder,'  and Ttf&vuv, 'to cut.'
 An instrument, invented by Lafaye, for divi-
 ding the anterior part of the capsule of the crys-
 talline in the operation for extracting cataract.
 It was formed like the  Pharyngotome.
   CYSTO-BLENNORRHCEA, Cystirrhoea.
   CYSTO-BU'BONOCE'LK, from u^t/(, 'the
bladder,' /JsujS&v, 'the   groin,' and x»,a>;, 'a  tu-
 mour.'  Hernia of the  bladder through the ab-
 dominal ring.
   CYSTO-CATARRHUS, Cystirrhoea.
   CYSTOCE'LE,  Cystoce'lia, Cistoce'll, Cys-
tidoce'll, fxom Mo-rig, 'the bladder,'and x.),X>j,
'a tumour.'  Her'nia vesica urina'ria, Hernia
of the  bladder, (F.) Hemic de la  Vessie.    It
 is not common.  It occurs, most frequently, at
 the abdominal ring; less so at the crural arch,
 perinaeum, vagina, and  foramen thyroideum.  It
 may exist alone, or be accompanied by a sac,
 containing some abdominal viscus.   The  tu-
 mour  is soft  and fluctuating;  disappears  on
 pressure, and increases in size, when the urine
 is retained.   It must be reduced and kept  in
 position by a truss.  Vaginal cystdeele is kept
 in place by a pessary.
   Cystocele  Biliosa, Turgescentia vesiculae

   CYSTODYN'IA, from xvnxtg, 'the bladder,'
 and ocTuvi?, 'pain.'  Pain of the bladder; par-
 ticularly rheumatic pain.
   C YSTOID, Cystdideus, Cyst-like,fxomxu<rTic,
 ' abladder or cyst,'and udos,' resemblance.' That
 which resembles a cyst, as 'cystoid tumour.'
   CYSTO-UTHIASIS, see Calculi, vesical.
   CYSTO-LITH'IC, Cystolith'icus, from xrc-
tk, 'the  bladder,' and Xt&o;, 'a stone.'  Rela
ting to stone in the bladder.
  CYSTO-MEROCE'LE,  from  xurxtc, 'the
bladder,' pue.og, 'the thigh,' and xrtXr], 'hernia.'
Femoral  hernia, formed by the bladder pro-
truding beneath the crural arch.
  CYSTON'CUS,  from xuo-tk, 'the bladder,'
and '->xcc, 'tumour.'  Swelling of the bladder.
  CYST0PARAL'YSIS, Cystidoparalysis,
Cystidople'gia, Cystople'gia, Cystoplexia, from
xvaxtc, 'bladder,' and n^a^vo-ic, 'palsy.' Para-
lysis of the urinary bladder.
  CYSTO-PHLEGMAT'IC,  Cystophlegmat-
icus,  from xu^tk, 'the  bladder,' and <pXtyfx.a,
' mucus,  phlegm.'  Belonging to the vesical mu-
cus.  Morbus cystoplilegmalicus.  Cystirrhoea.
  CYSTOPHLOGIA, Cystitis.
  CYSTOPHTHI'SIS,Phthisis vesica'lis,from
xuo-xtg, 'the bladder,' and <pe<a, 'I consume.'
Consumption from ulceration of the bladder,—
Ui'cera seu Helco'sis vesica.
  CYSTOPL, ASTlC,Cystoplas'ticus: from y.v<r-
tk,'the bladder,'and 7T\xo-<rw, 'I form.'   An
epithet for operations for the cure of fistulous
openings into the bladder; sometimes restricted
to the cure by translation  of skin from a neigh-
bouring  part.
  CYSTOPLEG'TC, Cystopleg"icus. Belong-
ing to paralysis of  the bladder;  from  xvo-xtg,
' the bladder,' and nX^a-as, ' I strike.'
  CYSTOPLEXIA, Cystoparalysis.
  CYSTOPTO'SIS,  fromxuffTic, ' the bladder,'
and ninxai, ' to fall.'  Relaxation of the inner
membrane of the bladder, which projects into
the canal of the urethra.
   CYSTOPY'IC,  Cystopyicus,  from  xvaxtc,
'the  bladder,'  and nvov, 'pus.'  Relating to
suppuration of the bladder.
   CYSTORRHA'GIA, Hamatu'ria cystica,
 Hamorrhag"ia vesica,  Stranguria cruen'ta,
 San'guinis fluor vesica, from xvoxig,' the blad-
 der,'  and 'fayr,, ' rupture.' A discharge of blood
 from the vessels of the urinary bladder.
   CYSTORRHEU'MA, Cystirrkeu'ma, Rheu-
 matism'us vesica urina'ria; from xvaxtc, 'the
 bladder,' and psvua, 'defluxion,  rheumatism.'
 Rheumatism of the bladder.
   CYSTORRHEXTS,  Cystidorrhex'is; from
 xvnxig,' bladder,' and'pt^ig,' rupture.' Rupture
 of the urinary bladder.
   CYSTORRHCEA, Cystirrhoea.
   CYSTOSARCO'MA, from xvorig, 'a bladder
 or cyst,' and sarcoma, (q. v.)  A  tumour con-
 sisting of a combination of cysts and cystoids,
 so called by J. Miiller.
   CYSTOSOMATOM'IA, Cystosomatotomia,
 Cystidosomatotom'ia, from xvaxig,' the bladder,'
 nwiia, ' body,' and xoarj,  ' incision.'  An incision
 into the body of the  bladder.
   CYSTOSPASMUS, see Cystospastic.
   C YSTOSPAS'TIC, Cystospas'ticus,from xva-
 xtc, 'the bladder,' and anau), ' I contract.'  Re-
 lating to spasm of the bladder, and particularly of
 its sphincter;— Cystidospas'rnus,Spasmus Vesi'cx,
 Ischu'riaspasmod'ica, (F.)Spasmede la Vessie.
   C YSTOSTENOCHO'RIA, Cystidostenocho-
 ria, Strictu'ra vesi'cx, Vesica sacca'ta.  A stric-
 ture, narrowness,  inequality or saccated condi-
 tion of the urinary bladder.
   CYSTOTHROM'BOID,  Cystothrombdl'des,
 from xvaxig, 'the bladder,' and Sqon(iog, 'a clot.'
 Relating to the presence of clots in the bladder.
   CYSTOTOME,  Cystotomies,  from  xvoxig, 
CYSTOTOMIA
250
DACRYOSYRINX
 ' the bladder,' and rtfivttv,' to cut.'  An instru-
 ment intended for cutting the bladder.  Instru-
 ments of this kind have been more frequently,
 although very improperly, called Lithotomes.
   CYSTOTOM IA,  Cystidotom'ia,  same ety-
 mon.  Incision of the bladder. Sectio vesica'lis.
 Cystotomia means cutting into the bladder for
 any purpose; (F.) Incision de la vessie.  Com-
 monly, it is  applied to the  puncturing of the
 bladder, for the purpose of removing the urine;
 whilst Lithotomy  has  been  employed  for the
 incisions made with the view of extracting cal-
 culi from the bladder.  See Lithotomy.
   CYSTOTRACHELOTOMIA, Cystaucheno-
 tomia.
   CYT'INUS, Cytinus Hypocis'tus, Hypocisl-
 us.  A small, parasitical plant, which grows in
 the south of France and in Greece, on the roots
 of the woody cistus.   The juice of its fruit is
 acid, and very astringent.  It is extracted by
 expression, and converted into an extract, which
 was called Succus Hypocis'ti, and was formerly
 much used in hemorrhages, diarrhoea,  &c.
   CYTISI'NA, Cytisine.   An immediate vege-
 table  principle, discovered by Chevalier and
 Lassaigne,  in the seeds  of  Cytisus Labur'-
num or Bean-Trefoil tree.   Family,  Legumi-
 nosae.  Sex. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria.  Cy-
tisine has analogous properties to emetine.  In
the dose of one  or  two grains, it produces vo-
miting and purging;  and,  in  a stronger dose,
acts as an acrid poison.   The seeds of the Cy-
tisus Laburnum, (F.) Aubours, have been long
known to produce vomiting and purging.
   CYTISMA ECZEMA, Eczema—c. Herpes,
Herpes.
   CYTISO-GENISTA, Spartium scoparium.
   CYTISUS LABURNUM, see Cytisine—c.
Scoparius, Spartium scoparium.
   CYTI'TIS, Scytltis,  Dermatitis, Dermltis.
Cutltis, Coriltis,  from xvxig, 'the skin,' and
itis,' denoting inflammation.'  Inflammation of
the skin.
   CY'TOBLAST,  from xvxog, 'cell,' and/tt™-
toc,'germ.'  Cell-germ, Nu'cleus. A primary
granule, from which all animal  and vegetable
bodies are presumed to be formed.  When the
nucleus or cytoblast  forms a cell, and is at-
tached to its walls,  the  germinal cell,  thus
formed, is called a  nucleated cell.  When the
nucleus contains a simple granule, the latter is
termed a nucleolus.
   CYTOBLASTE'MA; same etymon.  Inter-
cellular substance,Hy'aline substance,Subslari'-
tia vitrea seu hyalina,  Matrix.   The gum or
mucus iri the vegetable, and probably the liquor
sanguinis after transudation from the vessels in
the animal, in a state fully prepared fortheforma-
tion of the tissues.—Schwann and Schleiden. By
many, Blastema is preferred, inasmuch as it does
not convey the idea of cellular development.
  CYTTAROS, Glans.
D.
  The figure of the Greek A, according to Ga-
len, was the sign for the quartan fever.
  DABACH, Viscum album.
  DACNE'RON,  <W»jooir, from  faxiw,  'to
bite.'  An ancient name for a ' collyrium,' com-
posed of oxide of copper, pepper, cadmia, myrrh,
saffron, gum Arabic, and opium.
  DACRY, Dac'ryma, Dac'ryon, d&xqv, <5*xOu-
fca, Saxnvor, 'a tear :' Hence:
  DACRYADENAL'GIA, Dacryoadenal'gia,
from Sax^vw,' I weep,' aorjv, 'a gland,' and iXyoQ,
'pain.'  Disease or pain in the lachrymal gland.
  DACRYADENI'TIS, Dacryoadenltis: from
(*<xotiu), 'I weep,' adip, 'a gland,' and itis.   In-
flammation of the lachrymal gland.
  DACRYALLCEO'SIS,  from  8u»(v, 'a tear,'
and ctAAoia-sTK, 'change.'  A morbid condition
of the tears.
  DACRYDION, Convolvulus scammonia.
  DACRYGELO'SIS, from da^va,  'I weep,'
and ytX*.0>, 'I laugh.'   A  kind of insanity, in
which the patient weeps and laughs at the same
time.
  DACRYHAMOR'RHYSIS: from  iaxou, 'a
tear,' and 'ai/aoqavrtr, 'hemorrhage.'   A flow of
bloody tears.
  DACRYNOMA, Epiphora.
  DACRYOADENALGIA, Dacryadenalgia.
  DACRYOADENITIS, Dacryadenitis.
  DACRYOBLENNORRHCE'A, from X«9„.,
'I weep,' p\(vn,  'mucus,' and qtw, 'I flow.'
Discharge of tears mixed  with mucus.
  DACRYOCYSTAL'GIA, from i**qWy  <\
weep,' xus-tj?, 'a sac,' and a.Xyoc, 'pain.'   Dis-
ease  or pain in the lachrymal sac.
  DACRYOCYSTIS, Lachrymal sac.
  DACRYOCYSTITIS, from daxqvov, 'a tear,'
and xus-tic, 'bladder.'  Inflammation  of  the
lachrymal sac.
  DACRYO'DES, Lachrymo'sus, from baxqw,
'I weep.'  Resembling tears:—hence, TJlcw.
dacryo'des.  A sanious ulcer, a weeping sore.
  DACRYOLITE, Dacryo'lithus, from <5uxoiw,
'I weep,' and xiAk,  'a stone.'   A  concretioi.
found in the lachrymal passages.
  DACRYOLITHIA'SIS; same etymon as the
last.  The formation of concretions in the tears.
  DACRYO'MA.  Same etymon.   The effu-
sion of tears, occasioned by an occlusion of the
puncta lachrymalia.—Vogel.
  DACRYON, Tear.
  DACRYOPCE'US, from  A«gu»,  'I  weep,'
and nonu, 'I make.'   A substance, which ex-
cites the  secretion of tears, — as  the onion,
horse-radish, garlic,  &c.
  DACRYOPS, from S-xxqvo,, ' I  weep,'  and
o\p,' the eye.'  A weeping eye.  A tumefaction
of the lachrymal passages.
  DACRYOPYORRHCE'A, Pyorrha'a via'rw
lacryma'lium, from d-Jx<jv, 'a tear,' ?nr, 'pus,
and qiot, 'to flow.'  A discharge of tears mixed
with purulent matter.
  DACRYORRrKE1 A,Dacryrrha'a, Dacryor'-
rhysis, Darryr'rkysis,  from Sukov, 'a tear,'and
qia, 'to flow.'   A morbid flux of tears.
  DACRYORRHYSIS, Dacryorrhoea.
  DACRYOSOLEN1'TIS, from(?ax()u, 'a tear,'
o-eeKvv, 'a canal,' and itis,  denoting  inflamma-
tion.  Inflammation  of the  lachrymal ducts.
  DACRYOSYRINX, Fistula lachrymalis. 
             DACRYRRHCEA        '     2;

  DACRYRRHCEA, Dacryorrhcea.
  DACRYRRHYSIS, Dacryorrhcea.
  DACTYLE'THRA, Dactyltthra, from Sax-
tvXoc, ' a finger.'  A name given by the ancients
to different topical applications, having the form
of a finger, and proper for being introduced into
the throat to excite vomiting.
  DACTYLETUS, Hermodactylus.
  DACTYL ION,  Daclyl'ium, from  Saxrvioc,
'a finger.'  The union of" the fingers with each
other.  This affection is generally  congenital;
but it may be owing to burns, ulcerations, in-
flammation of the fingers, &c.
  DACTYL'IOS, from d*xTv\ot, 'a  finger.'  A
troch or  lozenge, when shaped like  a finger.
The anus.
  DACTYLITIS, Paronychia.
  DACTYLIUS, from duxrvXr.s, annulus, 'a
ring.'
  Dactyl'ius Aculea'tus is a worm of a light
colour, annulated, cylindrical,  but  tapering
slightly towards both  extremities; from two-
fifths to four-fifths of an inch long, which has
been found in the urine.
   DACTYLODOCHME, Dochme.
   DACTYLOSYM'PHYSIS, from  S*xruXcC, 'a
finger,' and <rvp.®va-i<,' union.'  Adhesion of the
fingers to each other.
   DACTYLOTHE'KR, from  SaxrvXog, 'a fin-
ger,' and 6»;x>;, 'a case or sheath.' An instrument
for keeping the fingers extended when wound-
ed.—Ambrose Pare.
  DAC'TYLUS, Dig"itus, (q. v.) 'a finger.'
The smallest measure of the Greeks, the sixth
part of a foot.
   Dactylus  Dcito
  DADA'LEA SUAVEOLENS, Bole'tus Sal'-
icis, (F.) Bolet odorant.  A champignon, which
grows on  the trunks of old willows.  It has a
smell of  anise, which is penetrating and agree-
able; and has been recommended  in phthisis
pulmonalis in the  dose of a scruple four times
a day.  See Boletus suaveolens.
  DADALUS, Hydrargyrum.
   DADION, Bougie.
   DAMONOMANIA, Demonomania.
   DAS, Taedse.
  DAFFODIL, Narcissus pseudonarcissus.
  DAFFY'S  ELIXIR,  Tinctura sennae com-
posita.
  DAISY,  Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum,
Erigeron  Philadelphicum—d. Common,  Bellis
—d. Ox-eye,  Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
  DALBY'SCARMIN'ATIVE. A celebrated
empirical remedy, much used as a carminative
for children.   The  following is a form for its
preparation:  (Magnesix alb. ^ij,  ol. meutha
piper, gtt. j, ol. nuc. moschat, gtt. iij, ol. anisi,
gtt. iij, tinct. castor, gtt. xxx, tinct.  asafatid.
gtt. xv, tinct. opii, gtt. v, sp. pulegii, gtt. xv,
tinct. cardam. c.  gtt. XXX, aqux mentha pip.
^ij. M.)  A  Committee of the Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy recommend the following
form:—(Aqux, Ox, Sacchar. alb. ^xxxij,  Car-
bon. Potass, ^ss, Carb. Mag. §xij, Tinct. Opii.
f. ^vj, Ol. menth. piper. Ol. Anethi  Fanicul.
aa f. h)ij. M.)
   DALTO'NIAN.  An absurd name given to
one  who  cannot distinguish  colours;  because
the celebrated chemist Dalton had the defect.
See Achromatopsia.
  DALTONISM, Achromatopsia.
  DAMSON, Prunum Damascenum—d. Moun-
1                DARTOS

tain, Quassia simarouba—d. Tree, Prunus do-
mestica.
  DANCING, Salta'tio, (F.) Danse.  A kind
of exercise and amusement, composed of a suc-
cession of motions, gestures, and attitudes, ex-
ecuted by measured steps  to the sound of the
voice or  musical instrument.  It is a healthy
exercise.
  DANDELION, Leontodon taraxacum.
  DANDRIFF,  Pityriasis.
  DANDRUFF, Pityriasis.
  DANDY, Dengue.
  DANE VERT, MINERAL WATERS OF.
A spring, a league and  a  half from Upsal, in
Sweden.    The waters contain  carbonic acid,
holding in solution carbonate of iron, sulphate
of iron, sulphates of soda and lime, chloride of
sodium, and silica.  It is frequently employed
in medicine.
  DANEWORT, Sambucus ebulus.
  DANICH; an Arabic word, signifying the
weight of 8 grains.
  DANSE, Dancing—d. de St. Guy, Chorea—
d. de St. Witt, Chorea.
  DAPHNE, Laurus.
  Daphne Alpi'na,  Chamxle'a,  Chamala'a,
 Widow wail. Family, Thymelaeae.   Sex. Syst.
Octandria Monogynia.   A sort of dwarf-olive.
An acrid, volatile, alkaline  principle has been
separated from the bark of this plant by M.
Vauquelin, to  which  he has given  the  name
Daphnine.  The plants of this genus owe their
vesicating property to this principle.
  DAPHNk BOISGENTIL,  Daphne meze-
reum—d. Flax-leaved, Daphne gnidium—d. Ga-
rou, Daphne gnidium.
  Daphne  Gnid'ium, Thymelx'a,  Thymele'a,
 Cneo'ron, Spurge Flax, Flax-leaved Daphne.
The plant which furnishes  the Garou Bark.
(F.) Daphni Garou, Sain-bois.  It is chiefly
used, when used  at all, for exciting irritation of
 the skin.  The  Grana  Gnidia, (see Cnid'ia
grana,) are acrid poisons, like all the plants of
this genus, when taken  in quantity.   Accord-
ing to others, the garou bark and grana gnidia
are obtained from the daphne laureola.
  Daphne Laureola.  The systematic name
of the Spurge Laurel, Laureola.  The bark of
this plant has similar properties to the last.
  Daphne  Meze'reum.  The systematic name
of the Meze'reon, Mezereum, Spurge-olive, (F.)
Daphni Boisgentil.  The bark of the mezereon.
Mezereum, (Ph. U. S.) possesses analogous pro-
perties to the other varieties of Daphne.   It is
considered  stimulant  and  diaphoretic; and, in
large doses, is emetic.  It has been employed
in syphilitic cases, but its efficacy is doubtful.
Soaked in vinegar,—like the other varieties of
Daphne,  it has been employed  to irritate the
skin, especially to keep issues open.
  DAPHNELA'ON,  O'leum Laurlnum, from
Saipvij, 'the laurel or bay tree,' and iXaiov, 'oil.'
Oil of Bay.
  DAPHNINE,  see Daphne Alpina.
  DARSENI, Laurus cinnamomum.
  DARSINI, Laurus cinnamomum.
  DARSIS, from ieqw, 'I excoriate,' 'I  skin.'
The Greek physicians seemed to have used this
word to designate the anatomical  preparation.
which consists in removing the skin for  ex-
posing the organs covered by it.
  DARTA, Impetigo.
  DARTOS.  Same  derivation;  Membra'na 
DARTRE
252
DEATH
 carno'sa,  Tu'nica muscula'ris,  T. rubicun'da
 scroti, Marsu'pium musculo'sum; from Saqro;,
 ' skinned.'  A name, given to the second cover-
 ing of the testicle, which the ancient anatomists
 conceived to be muscular, but which is merely
 cellular. Its external surface is towards the scro-
 tum; the  internal towards the tunica vaginalis.
 Frederick Lobstein and Breschet consider, that
 it proceeds from an  expansion of the cellular
 cord, known by the name Gubernaculum Testis.
   DARTRE, Herpes,Impetigo, Pityriasis—d.
 Crustacie, Ecthyma  impetigo—d.  Crustacee
flavescente, Porrigo lupinosa—d.  Crouteuse, Im-
 petigo—d. kcailleuse, Psoriasis—d. Fongueuse,
 Ecthyma—d. Furfuracie  arrondie, Lepra, Le-
 pra  vulgaris—^.  Furfuracie volante,  Lichen,
 Pityriasis—d.  Phlyctino'ide, Herpes phlyctae-
 noides—d. Pustuleuse couperose,  Gutta  rosea
 —d. Pustuleuse  dissemince, Acne—d. Pustu-
 leuse mentagra, Sycosis—d. Rongeante, Herpes
 exedens—d. Squammeuse humide, Eczema—d.
 Squammeuse lichcndide,  Psoriasis—d.  Vive,
 Eczema.
   DARTREUX(F.), Herpetic.  Participating
 in the characters of Dartre or Herpes.  Also,
 one affected with dartre.  Dartre has been used,
 at one time or  other, for almost every disease
 of the skin.—See Herpes.
   DAS'YMA, from (Wuc,  'rough,'  'hairy.'   A
 disease of the eye—the same as Trachoma, but
 less in degree.—Aetius, Gorraeus.
   DAS'YTES.    Same  etymon.  Roughness,
 particularly  of the tongue and voice.   Hairi-
 ness, Hirsu'ties.
   DATE, Pal'mula, Dac'tylus,BaVanos,Pha'-
 nicos, the fruit of the Phanix Dactylif'era, (F.)
 Datte.  The unripe date is astringent.   When
 ripe, it resembles the fig.  The juice of the tree
 is refrigerant.
   DATE PLUM, INDIAN, Diospyrus lotus.
   DATTA, Date.
   DATURA, D.  Stramonium, Daturine.
   Datu'ra  Sanguin'ea,  Red Thorn  Apple;
 called by the Indians of PexuHuacacachu, Yerba
de Huaca  (huaca, a grave) or grave plant, and
Bovachevo.  A plant  from which the Peruvian
 Indians prepare a narcotic  drink called  Tonga.
   Datu'ra Stramo'nium, Stramo'nium,  Stra-
mo'nia, Barycodcolon,  Sola'num fatidum,
Stramo'nium majus album, Pomum seu Ma-
lum spina'sum, Nux methel, Datu'ra, Dutro'a,
Daty'ra, Thorn Apple, Jamestown  Weed, Jim-
ston Weed, Stinkweed, (F.) Stramoine, Pomme
 ipineuse.  The  herbaceous part of the plant and
the seeds are the parts used in medicine.   They
are narcotic  and  poisonous;—are given inter-
nally as narcotics and antispasmodics,  and ap-
plied externally as sedatives, in the  form  of
fomentation.  The seeds are  smoked like tobac-
co, in asthma.  The dose of the  powder,  is gr.
j to gr. viii.
  DA'TURINE,  Daturi'na, Datu'ria, Datu'-
rium.  The active principle of the Datura Stra-
monium, separated by Brandes, a German che-
mist.  It has not been rendered available in me-
dicine.
  DATURIUM, Daturine.
  DATYRA, Datura stramonium.
  DAUCI'TES VINUM.  Wine, of which the
Daucus or Wild Carrot was an ingredient. The
seeds were steeped  in must.   It was formerly
used in coughs, convulsions, hypochondriasis,
diseases of the uterus, &c.
  DAUCUS CANDIANUS, Athamanta Cretehsi*.
  Daucus Caro'ta.   The  systematic  name
of the Carrot Plant;  Daucus, Daucus sylves'-
tris, Pastina'ca sylvestris tenuifo'lia officina'-
rum, Ado'rion. Order, Umbelliferae.  (F.) Ca-
rotte.  The root, and  seed, Carota—(Ph. U. S.)
—have been used in  medicine.  The root is
sweet and mucilaginous; and the seeds have an
aromatic odour, and moderately warm, pungent
taste.  The root has been used as an emollient,
to fetid and ill-conditioned sores.  The seeds
have been regarded as stomachic, carminative
and diuretic; but they have little efficacy. The
seeds of the wild plant are, by some, preferred
to those of the garden.
  Daucus Creticis,  Athamanta  cretensis—d.
Cyanopus, Pimpinella  magna—d. Seprinius,
Scandix cerefolium—d. Sylvestris, D. carota.
  DA UPHINELLE, Delphinium staphisagna.
  DAVIDSON'S REMEDY FOR  CANCER,
see Conium maculatum.
  DAVIER, Dentagra.
  DAWLISH,  CLIMATE  OF.   A town in
Devonshire, frequented by phthisical invalids
during the winter.  It is well protected from
northerly winds, and  also from the  violence of
the south-westerly gales.  It offers, however,
but a confined space.
  DAX, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Dax is a
city two leagues from Bordeaux, where  there
are four  springs, that are almost purely ther-
mal; containing only  a very small  quantity of
chloride of magnesium, and sulphate of soda and
lime.  Temperature 76°  to 133° Fahrenheit.
  DAYMARE, Incubus vigilantium.
  DAY-SIGHT, Hemeralopia—d. Vision, He-
meralopia.
  DAZZLING, Caliga'tio, (F.) kblouissement.
A momentary disturbance of sight, occasioned
either by the sudden impression of too powerful
a light, or by some internal cause; as plethora.
  DEAF-DUMBNESS, Mutitas surdorum.
  DEAFNESS, from Anglo-Saxon ceaF.  Sur'-
ditas, Copho'sis, Dysecola,Dyseca'a organ'ica,
Baryecoia, Hardness of hearing,Hypocopho' sis,
Snbsur'ditas, Bradycoia, Bradyecoia, (F.) Sur-
diti, Dureti  de I'ouie.   Considerable diminu-
tion or total loss of hearing.  It may be the
effect of acute or chronic inflammation  of the
internal ear, paralysis of the auditory nerve or
its pulpy extremity, or of some mechanical ob-
struction to the sonorous rays.  In most cases,
however, the cause of the deafness is not appre-
ciable, and the  treatment has to be  purely em-
pirical. Syringing the ear, dropping in slightly
stimulating oils, fumigations, &c, are the most
likely means to afford relief.
  Deafness, Taylor's Remedy  for, see Al-
lium.
  DEALBATIO, Paleness.
  DEAMBULATIO, Walking.
  DEARTICULATIO,  Diarthrosis.
  DEASCIATIO, Aposceparnismus.
  DEATH, (Sax.  x>eav,) Apobio'sis,  Abio'sis,
Extinc'tio,  Ob'itus,  Psychorag'ia, Psychor-
rhag''ia,  Le'thum,  Le.'tum,  Mors, Interims,
Than'atos, Death, (F.) Mort.  Definitive cessa-
tion of all the functions, the aggregate of which
constitute life.   Real Death, Apothana'sia, is
distinguished from asphyxia or apparent death:
—the latter being merely a suspension of those
same functions.  But it is often difficult to judge
of such suspension, and the only certain sign of 
DEATH-STIFFENING         253                DECIDUA
 real death is the commencement of putrefaction.
 At times, therefore, great caution is requisite to
 avoid mistakes.   Death is commonly preceded
 by some distressing symptoms,  which depend
 on lesion of respiration, circulation, or of the
 cerebral function,  and which constitute  the
 agony.  That which occurs suddenly, and with-
 out any, or with few, precursory  signs, is called
 sudden death. It is ordinarily caused by disease
 of the heart; apoplexy; the rupture of an aneu-
 rism, or by some other organic affection. Death
 is natural,  when it occurs as the result of dis-
 ease : violent, when produced by some  forcible
 agency.  It may likewise affect the whole body,
 or a part only; hence the difference between
 somatic and molecular  death.
   The chief varieties of the modes of death may
 be thus given:—
                           C Suddenly — Syn-
 Death beginning at the heart, ? cope: Gradual—
                           ( Asthenia.
   ,,      „    in the  lungs—Asphyxia.
   „       „    in the brain—Apoplexy.
                in the gray C Paralysis  of
   „      „    matter of the •? pneumogastrics,
                medulla,    (&c.
   „      „      in the blood—necraemia.
   Death, Apparent, Asphyxia.
   Death, Black.  The plague of the 14th cen-
 tury was so called, which is supposed to have
 proved fatal in Europe  to 25,000,000 of people.
 —Hecker.
   Death of Man, Cicuta maculata.
   DEATH-STIFFENING, Rigor  mortis.
   DEBILIS, Infirm.
   DEBIL'IT ANTS, Debilitan'tia,Antidynam! -
 ica, Philadynamica, from debilitare, itself from
 debilis, quasi dehabilis, ' weak,' ' to weaken.'
 Remedies exhibited for the purpose of reducing
 excitement.  Antiphlogistics are, hence, debili-
 tants.
   DEBILITAS, Debility—d. Erethisica,  see
 Irritable — d. Nervosa, Neurasthenia—d. Ner-
 vosa, see Irritable—d. Visus, Asthenopia.
   DEBIL'ITY,  Debilitas, Astheni'a, Blaci'a,
 Anenerge'sia, Anenergi'a, Weakness,  (F.)Fai-
 blesse.  A condition, which may  be induced by
 a number of causes.  It must not be confounded
 with fatigue, which is temporary, whilst debi-
 lity is generally more permanent.
   Debility may be real, or it may be apparent;
 and, in the  management of disease,  it is im-
 portant to attend to this.   At the commence-
 ment of fever, for example, there is often a de-
 gree of apparent debility, which prevents the
 use of appropriate means, and is the cause of
 much evil. Excitement is more dangerous than
 debility.
  DkBOITEMENT,  Luxation.
  DkBORDEMENT (F.),fromdiborder, (de
and border) ' to overflow.'  A popular term for
one  or more sudden and  copious  evacuations
from the bowels.  It is chiefly applied to bilious
evacuations  of this kind—Dibordement  de
Bile.
  DkBRIDEMENT(F.),Frxno 'rum solu'tio,
from(F.) dibrider,(de and brider,) ' to unbridle.'
The removal of filaments, &c, in  a wound or
abscess, which prevent the  discharge of pus.
In a more general acceptation, it means the cut-
ting of a soft, membranous or aponeurotic part,
which interferes with the exercise of any organ
whatever: thus, in paraphymosis, dibridement
of the prepuce is practised to pu1 an end to the
inflammation of the glans: in strangulated her-
nia, dibridement of the abdominal  ring is had
recourse to, to  remove the stricture of the in-
testine, &c.
   DECAGRAMME, from  itxa,  'ten,'  and
yqa/uua, ' a  gramme.'  The  weight  of ten
grammes, 154.44 grains Troy.
   DECAM'YRON, from <W, 'ten,' and pm^oi,
' ointment.'  An  ancient cataplasm, composed
of malabathrum,  mastich, euphorbium,  spike-
nard, styrax calamita, carbonate of lime, com-
mon pepper, unguentum nardi, opobalsamum,
and wax.
   DECANTA'TION,  Decanta'tio, Defu'sio,
Elutria'tio,Metangism'os,Catach'ysis. A phar-
maceutical operation, which consists in pouring
off, gently, by  inclining the vessel,  any fluid
which has left a deposit.
   DECAPITATIO ARTICULORUM, see
Resection.
   DECARBONIZATION, Haematosis.
   DECESSIO,  Ecpiesma.
   DECHARNk, Demusculatus.
   DkCHAUSSEMENT (F.)  (de and chaus-
ser.)  The state, in which the gums have fallen
away from the teeth, as in those affected by mer-
cury, in old persons, &c.  Also, the operation
of lancing the gums.   See  Gum lancet.
  DkCHAUSSOIR, Gum lancet.
  DkCHIREMENT, Laceration.
  DkCHIRURE, Wound, lacerated.
  DECIDENTIA, Cataptosis,  Epilepsy.
  DECIDUA, Decidua membrana.
  Decid'ua   Membra'na,  Decid'ua,  Decid'-
uous Membrane,  from decidere, ' to fall off,'
(de, and cado.)  The outermost membrane of
the foetus in utero.  Chaussier  calls it Epicho'-
rion: by others, it has been  called Membra'na
cadu'ca Hunte'ri, M. flocculen'ta, M. cellulo'sa,
M. sinuo'sa, M.  commu'nis, M. praexis'tans,
Decidua externa,  Tu'nica  exterior  ovi, T.
cadu'ca, T. crassa, Membra'na  cribro'sa, Mem-
bra'na ovi mater'na, M. muco'sa, Decidua spon-
gio'sa, Epione,  Placen'ta uteri succenturia'tus,
Subplacen'ta, Membra'na  u'teri inter'na evo-
lu'ta, Nidamen'tum, Anhis'tous membrane,Cho'-
rion spongio!sum,  C. tomento1sum,'fungo'sum,
reticula'tum, &c, Tu'nica filamento'sa, (F.)
Membrane caduque, kpione, Pirione, Shaggy
Chorion, Spongy Chorion, he.  Great diversity
has prevailed, regarding this  membrane and its
reflected portion.   It has  been conceived by
some that it exists before the germ arrives in
the uterus,—as  it  has been met with in tubal
and ovarial  pregnancies; and that it  is occa-
sioned by a new action, assumed by the uterine
vessels at the moment of conception. Chaussier,
Lobstein, Gardien, Velpeau and others consider
the decidua to be  a sac, completely lining the
uterus,  and without apertures, and that when
the ovum descends through the tube, it pushes
the decidua  before it, and becomes enveloped
in it, except in  the part destined  to  form the
placenta.  That portion of the membrane, which
covers the ovum, forms the Membra'na decid'ua
reflex'a, (F.) M. caduque reflechie, according to
them;—the part lining the uterus being the De-
cidua U'teri.  Towards the  end of the fourth
month,  the  decidua reflexa  disappears.  The
very existence of a Tunica decidua reflexa has,
however, been denied.  This membrane has re-
ceived  various names.  Dr.  Granville, regard- 
DECIDUOUS MEMBRANE        254              DECOCTUM
ing it as the external membrane of the ovum,
has termed it  Cortex  ovi.  It has also been
termed Involu'crum membrana!ceum, Membra'-
na retiform'is cho'rii,  Membra'na filamento'-
sa, M. adventil'ia and M. crassa, Ovuline and
Decid'ua protru'sa.  The decidua becomes thin-
ner and thinner, until the end of gestation.   Its
use seems to be, to fix the ovum to the uterus,
and to fulfil  some important purposes in the
nutrition of the foetus. To the membrane which,
according to  Bojanus,  is situate between the
placenta and the uterus, and which he considers
to be produced at a later period than the deci-
dua vera, he gives the name membra'na decid'ua
sero'tina.
   Decidua Protrusa, Decidua reflexa.
   DECIDUOUS MEMBRANE, Decidua mem-
brana.
   DECIGRAMME, Decigram'ma,  from deci-
mus, 'the tenth part,'  and yqauua, ' gramme.'
The tenth part of the gramme in weight: equal
to a little less than two grains, French; 1.514
Troy.
   DECIMA'NA  FEBRIS, from decern, 'ten.'
An intermittent, whose paroxysms return every
10th day or every 9 days.  It is supposititious.
   DECL AM A'TION,Declama'tio, from de, and
clamare, ' to cry out.' The art of depicting the
sentiments by inflections  of the voice, accom-
panied with gestures, which  render the mean-
ing of the speaker more evident, and infuse into
the  minds of the auditors the emotions with
which he is impressed.   Declamation may be-
come the  cause of disease: the modification,
produced  in the pulmonary circulation,—ac-
companied by the great excitement, sometimes
experienced,—is the cause of many morbid af-
fections;  particularly  of  pneumonia, haemop-
tysis, and apoplexy.   In  moderation, it gives
a healthy excitement to the frame'.
   DkCLIN, Decline.
   DECLINATIO, Decline.
   DECLINE, Declina'tio, Inclina'tio, Decre-
men'tum,  Remis'sio, Parac'ml, Paracma'sis,
(F.) Diclin, from de,  and clinare, 'to bend.'
That period of a disorder or paroxysm, at which
the symptoms begin to abate in violence.  We
speak, also,  of the decline  of life, or of the
powers, (F.) Diclin de Page, L'age de diclin,
when the  physical  and moral faculties lose a
 little of their activity and energy.  See Phthisis,
 and Tabes.
   DkCLIVE, (F.) Decli'vis, from  de, ' from,'
and  clivus,' declivity.'  Inclining downwards.
This epithet is applied to the most depending
part of a tumour or abscess.
   DECOCTION, Decoc'tio, from decoquere,' to
boil:' (de and coquere,) Epse'sis, Apoz'esis, Zesis,
Hepse'sis, Aphepsis, (F.) Dicoction. The opera-
tion ofboiling certain ingredients in a fluid, for the
purpose  of extracting the parts soluble at that
temperature.  Decoction, likewise, means the
product of this operation, to whichthe terms De-
coctum, Zema, Aphepse'mn, Ap'ozem, Apoz'emn,
Hepse'ma, Chylus and Epse'ma, have been ap-
plied according to ancient custom, in order to
avoid any confusion between the operation and
its product;—aspraparatio is used for the act of
preparing; praparatum, for the thing prepared.
   Decoction of Aloes, Compound, Decoctum
aloes compositum—d. of Bark, Decoctum Cin-
chonas—d. of Barley, Decoctum hordei—d. of
Barley, compound,  Decoctum  hordei composi-
tum—d. Bitter, Decoctum amarum—d. of Cab-
bage tree bark, Decoctum geoffraeae inermis—d.
of Cassia, Decoctum cassiae—d. of Chamomile,
Decoctum anthemidis nobilis—d. of Cinchona,
Decoctum Cinchonae — d. of Cinchona, com-
pound laxative, Decoctum kinae kinae composi-
tum et laxans—d. of Colomba, compound, De-
coctum Calumbae compositum—d. of Dandelion,
Decoctum Taraxaci—d.  of Dogwood, Decoc-
tum Cornus Florida?—d.  of Elm  bark, Decoc-
tum  ulmi—d. of Foxglove, Decoctum digitalis
—d. de Gayac composie, &c, Decoctum  de
Guyaco compositum — d. of Guaiacum, com-
pound, Decoctum  Guaiaci compositum—d.  of
Guaiacum, compound purgative,  Decoctum  de
Guyaco compositum—-d.  of Hartshorn, burnt,
Mistura cornu usti—d. of Hellebore, white, De-
coctum veratri—d. of Iceland moss, Decoctum
cetrariae—d. of Liverwort, Decoctum lichenis
—d. of Logwood, Decoctum haematoxyli—d. of
Marshmallows, Decoctum althaeae—d. deMauve
composie, Decoctum malvae compositum—d. of
Oak bark, Decoctum quercus—d. d'Orge, De-
coctum hordei—d. d'Orge composie, Decoctum
hordei compositum—d. of Pipsissewa, Decoc-
tum chimaphilae—d. of Poppy, Decoctum papa-
veris—d.  of Quince seeds, Decoctum cydoniae
—d. de Quinquina composie et laxative, Decoc-
tum kinae kinae compositum et laxans—d.  de
Salsapareille composie, Decoctum sarsaparillse
compositum—d. of Sarsaparilla, Decoctum sar-
saparillae—d. of  Sarsaparilla, compound, De-
coctum sarsaparillae compositum—d. of Sarsa-
parilla, false, Decoctum  araliae nudicaulis—d.
of Squill, Decoctum scillae—d.  of Uva ursi,
Decoctum uvae ursi—d. of the Woods, Decoc-
tum Guaiaci compositum—d. of Woody night-
shade, Decoctum  dulcamarae—d. of Zittmann,
Decoctum Zittmanni.
  DECOCTUM, Decoction—d.  Album, Mis-
tura cornu usti.
  Decoctum Al'oes Compos'itum, Balsam of
Life,  Compound  Decoction of Aloes.   (Ext,
glyc.  3;iv, potass,  subcarb. J}ij, aloes spicat.
ext.:  myrrha contrit.:  croci stigmat. Sa 3J,
aqua Oj. Boil to f. §xij: strain, and add tinct.
card. c. f. %iv. Pharm. L.)   The gum and ex-
tractive are dissolved in this preparation.  The
alkali is added to  take up a little of  the resin.
The tincture prevents  it from spoiling.  It is
gently cathartic.   Dose, f. ^ss. to §ij.
  Decoctum Alth-e'jE, D. althaa offidna'lis:
Decoction of Marsh-mallows, (F.) Dicoctionde
Guimauve.  (Rad. althaa  sice. §iv.  uvar.
passar. gij, aqua, Ovij.  Boil to Ov. Pour off
the clear liquor.   Pharm. E.)   It is used as a
demulcent.
   Decoctum  Ama'rum ;  Bitter  Decoction.
(Rad. gent, ^j, aqua Oijss.   Boil for a quarter
of  an hour; add  species amara Jjij.   Infuse
for two  hours and filter, without expressing.
Pharm. P.)  It is tonic. Dose, f. ^ss to ^ij.
   Decoctum  Anthem'idis Nob'ilis, jD. Cha-
mame'li.;  Decoction of Cham'omile.   (Flor.
anthemid. nobil. £], sem. carui £iv, aqua Ov.
Boil for fifteen minutes and strain.  Pharm. E.)
It contains  bitter extractive and essential  oil,
 dissolved in water.  It is used, occasionally,as
a vehicle for  tonic powders, pills, &c, and in
 fomentations and glysters; but for the last pur-
 pose, warm water is equally efficacious.  The
 Dublin college has a compound decoction.
   Decoctum Ara'lia Nudicau'lis; Decoction 
DECOCTUM CASSIA          255           DECOCTUM  KINA
 of False Sarsaparilla.  (Aralia nudicaul. 5 vj,
 aqua  Oviij.  Digest for four hours, and  then
 boil to four pints:  press out and strain the de-
 coction.   Former  Ph. 77. S.)  It  is used as a
 stomachic, but it is an unnecessary and labo-
 rious preparation.
   Decoctum  Cassle;  Decoction  of Cassia.
 (Cassia pulp, gij, aqux Oij.   Boil  for a few
 minutes,  filter  without expression,  and add
 syrup, violar. %], or mannapur. gij. (Pharm.
 P.)   It is laxative, in the dose of gyj.
   Decoctum Cetra'ri*:, Decoction of Iceland
 Moss.   (Cetrar. ^ss, aqua  Oiss.  Boil to  a
 pint, and strain with compression.  Ph. U. S.)
 Dose, f. giv, to Oss and more.
   Decoctum  Cham^emeli,  Decoctum  anthe-
 midis nobilis.
   Decoctum Chimaph'iLjE, Decoction of Pip-
 sis'sewa.  (Chimaph. contus. ^j, aqux Oiss.
 Boil to a pint, and  strain.   Pharm.  U. S.)
 Dose, f. ^iss.
   Decoctum  Cincho'n^:, Decoctum  Cinchonx
 lancifo'lix, D. Cor'ticis Cinchonx; Decoction
 of Cinchona,  D.  of Bark, Decoctum  Kina
 Kina.  (Cinchon.  cort. contus. gj,  aqua Oj.
 Boil for ten minutes, in a slightly covered ves-
 sel, and strain while hot.  Pharm. U. S.)   It
 contains  quinia and  resinous extractive,  dis-
 solved in water.   Long coction  oxygenates
 and precipitates the extractive.  It can be given
 where the powder does not sit easy, &c.  Dose,
 f-3j togiv.
   Decoctum  Colom'bje Compos'itum;  Com-
 pound Decoction of Colomba.  (Colomb. con-
 tus., quassia,  aa sjij, cort.  aurant. gj, rhej
 pulv. Qj, potassx carbonat.  gss.  aqua ^xx.
 Boil to a pint, and add tinct. lavand. f. gss.
 Former Ph. U. S.)  Given as a tonic, but not
 worthy an officinal station.
   Decoctum  Commune pro  Clystere,  D.
 malvae compositum—d. Cornu cervini, Mistura
 cornu usti.
   Decoctum Cornus Flor'id«, Decoction of
 Dogwood.  (Cornus Florid, cont. ^j, aqux Oj.
 Boil for  ten minutes in a covered vessel, and
 strain while hot. Pharm. U. S.)  Dose f. giss.
   Decoctum  Cydo'nle,  Mucila'go  Seminis
 Cydo'nii  Mali, M. Sem'inum Cydonio'rum;
 Decoction or Mu'cilage of Quince seeds.   (Cy-
 donia sem. gij. aqua Oj.  Boil for ten minutes
 over a gentle fire, and strain.   Pharm. L.)   It
 is merely a  solution of mucilage in water, and
 is used as a  demulcent.
   Decoctum  Daphnes  Meze'rei, Decoctum
 Meze'rei; Decoction of Mezereon.  (Cort. rad.
 daphn. mezerei, 3jij, rad. glycyrrh. cont. ^ss,
 aqua Oiij.  Boil over a gentle fire  to Oij, and
 strain.)   The acrimony of the mezereon  and
 the saccharine mucilage of the liquorice root
 are imparted  to the  water.  It is somewhat
 stimulant, and  has  been used in  secondary
 syphilis; but is devoid of power.  Dose f. giij
 to Svj.
   Decoctum Diaphoreticum, D. Guaiaci com-
 positum—d. pro Enemate, D.  malvae compo-
 situm.
   Decoctum  Digita'lis, Decoction of Fox-
glove.  (Fol. digit, sice. 3j. aqua q. s.  ut co-
 lentur  f.  ,^viij.  Let  the liquor begin to boil
 over a  slow fire, and then remove it.  Digest
 for fifteen minutes, and strain.  Pharm. D.)  It
 possesses the properties  of the plant.   Dose, f.
5»j t0 3«j'
   Decoctum Dulcama'rje, Decoction of Woody
 Nightshade.  (Dulcamara cont. gj. aqua, Oiss.
 Boil to Oj. and strain.  Pharm. U. S.)  This
 decoction has been considered diuretic and dia-
 phoretic, and has been administered extensively
 in skin diseases.  It is probably devoid of effi-
 cacy.
   Decoctum pro Fomento, D. papaveris.
   Decoctum Geoffrje'.k  Inerm'is; Decoction
 of Cabbage-Tree Bark.  (Cort. geoffr. inermis
 in pulv. 5-j. aqua Oij.  Boil over a slow fire to
 a  pint, and strain.  Pharm. E.)   It  is pos-
 sessed of anthelmintic, purgative, and narcotic
 properties, and has been  chiefly used  for the
 first of these  purposes.  Dose, to  children,  f.
 gij—to adults, f. §ss to Sf ij.
   Decoctum Guai'aci Compos'itum, D. Gua-
 iaci officina'lis compos'itum, Decoctum  Ligno'-
 rum,  D. de Guyaco compos'itum, D. sudorifi-
 cum,  D. diaphoreticum;  Compound decoction
 of Guaiacum, Decoction of the Woods.  (Lign.
 guaiac. rasur ^iij, fruct. sice, vitis vinifer. gij,
 rad. lauri  sassafr. concis., rad. glycyrrh. aa
 §j, aqua Ox.  Boil the Guaiacum  and raisins
 over a slow fire to Ov: adding the roots towards
 the end, then strain.  Pharm.  E.)   It  is pos-
 sessed of stimulant properties, and has been
 given in syphilitic, cutaneous,  and rheumatic
 affections.  The resin of the guaiacum is, how-
 ever, insoluble in water, so that the guaiac wood
 in it cannot be supposed to possess much, if any,
 effect.  The Parisian Codex has a
   Decoctum de Guyaco Compos'itum et Pur-
 gans, (F.) Dicoctionde Gayac Composie et pur-
gative; Compound purgative Decoction of Gua-
 iacum.  (Lign. guaiac. rasp., rad. sarsap. aa Jj,
potass, carbonat. gr. xxv.  Macerate for twelve
 hours, agitating occasionally, in vjater Oiv, until
 there remain Oiij.  Then infuse in it fol. sennx
 gij, rhej. gj, lign. sassafr., glycyrrh. rad. aa
 J5ij, sem. coriand. 3J.   Strain gently, suffer it
 to settle,  and pour off the clear supernatant
 liquor.  The title sufficiently indicates the pro-
 perties of the composition.
   Decoctum H^matox'yli, Decoction of Log-
 wood.   (Hamatoxyl. rasur. ^j, aqua?. Oij.  Boil
 to a pint, and strain.   Pharm. U. S.)
   Decoctum Hellebori Albi, D. veratri—d.
 Kinae kinae, D. Cinchonae.
   Decoctum Hor'dei, Decoctum Hordei Dis'-
 tichi, Ptis'ana Hippoc.ral ica, Tipsa'ria or Tap-
 sa'ria, Aqua Hoidea'ta, Hydrocrlthe,  Barley
 Water,  Decoc'tion of Barley,  (F.) Decoction
 d'Orge, Tisane Commune.  (Hord. §ij, Aqua,
 Oivss.  Wash the barley  well, boil for a few
 minutes in water Oss: strain this, and throw it
 away, and add the remainder, boiling.   Boil to
 Oij, and strain.   Pharm.  L.)   It is nutritive
 and demulcent, and is chiefly used as a common
 drink, and in glysters.
   Decoc'tum Hordei Compos'itum, Decoctum
pectora'll, Ptisana commu'nis ;  Compound De-
 coction of Barley, (F.) Di.coction d'Orge com-
posie.   (Decoct, hord. Oij,  carica fruct. concis.
"^i], glycyrrh. rad. concis.  et contus. .^ss, uva-
 rum pass, demptis acinis.  j^ij, aqux Oj.  Boil
 to Oij, and strain.  Pharm'. L.)  It has similar
 properties to the last.
  Decoctum Kin;e Kin>e Compos'itum  et
 Laxans, Decoction  de quinquina composie et
 laxative; Compound lax'ative decoction of Cin-
 chona.  (Cort. dnchon. ;• j, aqux Oij.  Boil for
 a quarter of an hour,  remove it from the fire; 
DECOCTUM LICHENIS        256              DECREPITUDE
then infuse in it for half an hour, fol. sennx,
soda sulph. aa gij, add syrup, de senna f. gj.)
Its title indicates its properties.
  Decoctum  Liche'nis,  Decoctum  Liche'nis
Islan'dici; Decoction  of Liv'erwort.  (Lichen
gj,  aqua  Oiss.   Boil to a pint, and strain.
Pharm. L.)   It consists of bitter extractive
and fecula, dissolved in water, and its operation
is tonic and  demulcent.   Dose, f. f,j to giv.
It  is also nutrient, but  hardly worthy of the
rank of an officinal preparation.
  Decoctum Lignorum.D. Guaiaci compositum.
  Decoctum Malvk  Compos'itum, Decoctum
pro enem'atl, Decoctum commu'ne pro clyste'rl;
Compound Decoction of Mallow, (F.) Decoction
de Mauve composie.   (Malvce exsicc. g j, anthe-
mid. flor. exsicc. ^ss, aquce Oj.  Boil for fifteen
minutes, and strain.)  It  consists of bitter ex-
tractive, and mucilage in water, and is chiefly
used for clysters and  fomentations.  It is un-
worthy a place in the  pharmacopoeias.
  Decoctum Mezerei,  D. daphnis mezerei—
d. Pectorale, D.  hordei compositum.
  Decoctum  Papav'eris, Deeoc'tum pro Fo-
men'to, Fotus commu'nis; Decoction of Poppy.
(Papav. somnif. capsul. concis. giv, aqua Oiv.
Boil for fifteen minutes, and strain.  Pharm. L.)
It contains the narcotic principle of the poppy,
and mucilage  in water: is anodyne and emol-
lient, and employed as such in fomentation, in
painful swellings, ulcers, &c.
  Decoctum Polygals  Seneg.k, D. Senegae.
  Decoctum Quercus Albje, D. Quercus Ro'-
boris ;  Decoction of White Oak Bark.  (Quercus
cort. gj. aqua Oiss.   Boil to a pint, and strain.
Pharm. U. S.)  It is astringent, and  used  as
such, in injections, in leucorrhoea, uterine he-
morrhage, &c, as well as in the form of fomen-
tation  to unhealthy ulcers.
  Decoctum Sarsaparil'l.k, D. Smllans Sar-
saparillx; Decoction of Sarsaparilla.  (Sarsa-
parill. rad. concis. giv. aq. fervent. Oiv.  Mace-
rate for four  hours, near the fire, in n lightly
covered vessel:  then bruise  the root; macerate
again for two hours; then boil to Oij, and strain.
Pharm. L.)   It contains bitter extractive, and
mucilage in water; is demulcent, and has been
used, although it is doubtful  with what efficacy,
in the sequelae of syphilis.  Dose, f. giv. to Oss.
  Decoctum  Sarsaparill^e  Compos'itum;
Compound Decoction of Sarsaparilla, (F.) Di-
coction de Salsapareille Composie.  (Sarsapa-
rill. concis. et contus. gvj. Sassafr. Cort. con-
cis., Lign.  Guaiac. rasur.;  Rad. Glycyrrhiz.
contus. aa gj.  Mezerei, concis. £iij;  Aqux,
Ojv.   Boil fifteen minutes, and strain.  Pharm.
77 S.) This is considered to be possessed of
analogous properties  to the celebrated Lisbon
Diet-Drink, Decoctum Lusitanicum, which it
resembles in composition.
  Decoctum  Scills:;  Decoction of Squill.
(Scillee%iii,juniper,%iv, Senega s?iake-root,2)iu,
water  Oiv.   Boil till  one half the liquor is con-
sumed; strain, and add spirit of nitrous  ether,
f. giv.  Former  Pharm. 77. S.)  Dose, f. ?ss.
  Decoctum Sen'egje, D. Polyg'ala Senegx;
Decoction of Senega.  (Rad. Seneg. gj, aqux
Oiss.  Boil to Oj. and strain.  Pharm. L.)  It
is reputed to be  diuretic, purgative, and stimu-
lant, and has been given in  dropsy, rheuma-
tism, &c.
  Decoctum Smilacis Sarsaparill/E,D. sarsa-
parilla?—d. Sudorificum,D.Guaiaci compositum.
  Decoctum TaRax'aci, Decoction of Dande-
lion.  (Taraxac. contus. gij; aqua Oij.  Boil
to a pint and strain.  Ph. U. S.)   Dose, f. giss.
  Decoctum Ulmi, D. Ulmi Campes'tris; De.
coetion of Elm Bark.  (Ulmi cort. recent, cont.
%iv.aquxOiv.  Boil to Oij, and strain.  Pharm,
L.)  It is a reputed diuretic; and has been used
in lepra and herpes; but, probably, has no effi-
cacy.  Dose, f. giv. to Oss.
  Decoctum Uvk Ursi,  Decoction of uva ursi.
(Uvx ursi, §j, aqux f. gxx.  Boil to a pint and
strain.—Ph. U. S.)  Dose, f. giss.
  Decoctum  Vera'tri, Decoctum  Helleb'ori
albi; Decoction of White Hellebore.  (Veratri
lad. cont. gj, aqux Oij, spir. rect. f. gij. Boil
the watery decoction to Oj; and, when it is
cold, add the spirit.  Pharm. L.)  It is stimu-
lant, acrid, and cathartic; but is used only ex-
ternally.  It is a useful wash in tinea capitis,
psora, &c.   Should it excite intense  pain on
being applied, it must be diluted.
  Decoc'tum Zittman'ni, Zittmann's Decoc-
tion.  A most absurd farrago, extolled by The-
den in venereal diseases, the formula for which,
according to  Jourdan, " some  blockheads have
lately reproduced among us as a novelty."   It
is composed of sarsaparilla, pulvis styptieus,
calomel and cinnabar, boiled in water with ani-
seed, fennel seed, and liquorice root. A stronger
and  a weaker decoction were directed by Zitt-
mann.  Formulae for its preparation are con-
tained in Jourdan's Pharmacopoeia Universalis;
and  in  Lincke's Vollstandiges  Recept-Tasch-
enbuch. Leipz., 1841.
  DkCOLLEMENT, (F.) Deglutina'tio, Re-
glutina'tio, (from de and coller, ' to glue.')  The
state of an organ that is  separated from  the
surrounding parts, owing to destruction of the
cellular membrane which  united them.  The
skin is dicallie,  i. e. separated from the subja-
cent parts, by a burn, subcutaneous abscess, &c.
  DECOLLEMENT  DU PLACENTA  is
the separation or detachment of the whole, or
a part of the placenta from the inner surface of
the uterus.  Dicollement, from de, ' from,'  and
collum,' the neck,' obtrunca'tio, also means the
separation of the head of the foetus from the
trunk, the latter  remaining  in the uterus.
  DECOLORATION,  Decolora'tio, Discolo-
ra'tio, from de, 'from,' and colorare,' to colour.'
Loss of the  natural colour.  Parachro'sis —
Devoid of colour—Achroma'sia.
  DECOMPOSEE, (F.) from de, 'from,' and
componere,  ' to  compose.'  Decompo'sed, Dis-
solu'tus.  An epithet, applied to the face when
extensively changed in  its  expression and co-
lour; as in the choleric  or moribund.
   DECORTICATION, from de, 'from,' and
cortex, ' bark.' An operation, which consists in
separating the bark from roots, stalks, &c.
   DECOS'TIS, Apleu'ros,  from de, priv., and
costa, 'a rib.'  One who has no ribs.
   DECREMENTUM, Decline.
   DECREP'ITUDE, Decrepitu'do, Mias  de-
crep'ita, Ultima senec'tus, Senec'ta decrep'ita
seu eatre'ma seu summa seu ultima, from de-
crepit us,  (de, and crepare, 'to  creak,') 'very
old.'  The last period of old age, and of human
life; which ordinarily occurs about the eightieth
year.  It may, however, be accelerated or pro-
tracted.  Its character consists in the progres-
 sive series of phenomena which announce the
 approaching extinction of life. 
DECRETORII DIES           257
DEGLUTITION
  DECRETORII DIES, Critical days.
  DECU'BITUS,  from decumbere, (de, and
cumbere,  'to  lie,') 'to  lie down.'  Cuba'tio.
Lying  down.  Assuming  the  horizontal pos-
ture, cubitus suptnus.  (F.)  Coucher.  Hora
decubitus,' at bed time.'  The French say—De-
cubitus horizontal, sur le dos, sur le cote, for,
lying in the  horizontal posture, on the back or
side.
  DECURTA'TUS,  fteiovqoc,  or ^mouqittov,
from de,  and curtus, ' short,' ' shortened,  cur-
tailed,' '  running to a point.'  When applied to
the pulse, it signifies a progressive diminution
in the strength of the arterial pulsations, which,
at last,  cease.  If the  pulsations return and
gradually acquire all their strength, it is called
Pulsus decurta'tus reeip'rocus.—Galen.
  DECUSSA'TION, Decussa'tio, Chias'mos,
Incrucia'tio, Intersec'tio, Intricatu'ra, from de-
cussis, that  is, decern asses; also, the figure of
the letter X.  Union in the shape of an X or
cross.  Anatomists use this term chiefly in the
case of the  nerves—as  the decussation  of the
optic nerves, which cross each other within the
cranium.
  DECUSSO'RIUM, from decutio, (de  and
qnatio,)  ' I shake down.'  An instrument used,
by the ancients, for depressing the dura mater,
and facilitating the exit of substances effused
on  or under that membrane. It is described by
Scultetus, Pare, &c.   See Meningophylax.
  DkDAIGNEUR, Rectus superior oculi.
  DEDOLA'TION,  Dedola'tio, from dedolare,
(de, and  dolare,) ' to  cut and hew with an axe.'
This word has been used by surgeons to ex-
press the action by which a cutting instrument
divides obliquely  any part of the  body, and
produces a wound with loss of substance.  It
is commonly on the head, that wounds by de-
dolation  are observed. When there was a com-
plete separation of a portion of the bone of the
cranium, the  ancients called it Aposceparnis'-
mus.
  DEERBERRY, Gaultheria.
   DEERFOOD, Brasenia hydropeltis.
   DEFAILLANCE, Syncope.
   DEFECATION,  Defaca'tio, from de, and
faces, '  excrements.'  The act by which the
excrement is extruded from the body. Caca'tio,
Excre'tio alvi, E. alvlna, E.facum alvina'rum,
Dejec'tio alvi, Seces'sio, Expulsio vel  Ejec'-
tio  fxcum, Apago'gl, Hypochore'sis, Ecchore'-
sis, Eccupro'sis, Eges'tio. The faeces generally
accumulate in the colon, being prevented by the
annulus at the top of the rectum from descend-
ing freely into  that intestine.  In producing
evacuations, therefore,  in  obstinate constipa-
tion, itis well, by means of a long tube, to throw
the injection up into  the colon, as suggested by
Dr. O'Beirne.
  In Pharmacy, defecation means the separa-
tion of any substance from a liquid in which it
may be suspended.  See Clarification.
  DEFECTIO ANIMI, Syncope.
   DEFECTUS LOQUELA, Aphonia—d. Ve-
neris, Anaphrodisia.
  DEFENSIVUM,  from defendere, (de, and
fendere,) 'to  defend.' A preservative or de-
fence.   The old  surgeons gave this name to
different  local applications, made to  diseased
parts, for the purpose of guarding them from
the impression of extraneous bodies, and parti-
cularly from the contact of air.
  DEF'ERENS, from defero, (de, and ferre,)
' I bear away,'  ' I transport.'
  Deferens, Vas, Ductus  seu Cana'lis de-
ferens,  Vibra'tor,  (F.)  Conduit spermatique,
 Conduit difirent, is the excretory canal of the
sperm, which arises from the epididymis, de-
scribes numerous  convolutions, and with the
vessels and nerves of the testicle concurs  in
the formation of the  spermatic chord,  enters
the abdominal ring, and terminates in the eja-
 culatory duct.
   DEFIGURATIO, Deformation.
   DEFLECTENS, Derivative.
   DEFLECTIO, Derivation.
   DEFLORATION, Stuprum.
   Deflora'tion,  Deflora'tio,  Devirgina'tio,
 Virgin'itas deflora'ta,  from defloiescere, (de, and
florescere,) 'to  shed flowers.'  The act of de-
 priving a female of her virginity.   Inspection
 of the parts is the chief criterion of defloration
having been forcibly accomplished; yet inquiry
 must be  made, whether  the injury may not
kave  been  caused by another body than the
 male  organ. Recent  defloration is  infinitely
 more easy of detection than where some time
has elapsed.
   DEFLUVIUM, Aporrhcea—d. Pilorum, Alo-
pecia.
   DEFLUXIO, Catarrh, Diarrhoea—d. Catar-
rhalis, Influenza.
   DEFLUXTON, Defluxio, Deflux'us, Catar'-
rhysis, Hypor'rhysis, Catar'rhus.   A  falling
down of humours from a superior to an inferior
part.  It is sometimes used synonymously with
inflammation.
  DEFLUXUS DYSENTERICUS, Dysentery.
   DEFORMATION, Deforma'tio, Cacomor'-
phia,  Cacomorpho'sis, Dysmor'phl,  Dysmor'-
phia, Dysmorpho'sis, Deform!itas, Defigura'tio,
 Disfigura'tion, Deformity,  Informitas,  (F.)
Difformiti, fxoxxxde, and forma. Morbid alte-
 ration in  the form of some part of the body,
 as of the  head,  pelvis, spine, &c.  A deformity
 may be natural or accidental.
   DEFRU'TUM, Vin cult, from defrutare, ' to
 boil new wine.'  Grape must,  boiled down  to
 one half and used as a sweetmeat.—Plin. Colu-
 mell.  Isidor.  See Rob.
   DEFUSIO, Decantation.
   DEGENERATIO,  Degeneration—d. Adipo-
 sa Cordis, Steatosis cordis.
   DEGENERA'TION, Degenera'tio, Notheu'-
 sis, Nothla, from degener, ' unlike one's ances-
 tors,' (de, and  genus, 'family,') Degeneracy,
 (F.) Abatardissement. A change for the worse
 in the intimate composition of the solids  or
 fluids of the body.  In pathological anatomy,
 degeneration means the change which occurs in
 the structure of an organ,  when  transformed
 into a matter essentially morbid;  as a cancer-
 ous, or tubercular, degeneration.
   Digincrescen.ee  is,  by  the French patholo-
 gists, employed synonymously with Degenera-
 tion.
   DkGkNERESCENCE,  Degeneration—^.
 Graisseuse du Foie, Adiposis hepatica—d. Gra-
 nulie du Rein, Kidney, Bright's disease of the
 —d. Noire, Melanosis.
   DEGLUTINATIO, Dicollement.
   DEGLUTITIO, Deglutition—d.  Difficilis,
 Dysphagia—d.  Impedita,  Dysphagia—d. Laesa,
 Dysphagia.
   DEGLUTIT'TON, Deglutit'io, Catap'osis, 
DEGMUS
258
DELIRIUM
 from de and glutire,' to swallow.'   The act by
 which substances are  passed  from the mouth
 into the stomach, through the pharynx and oeso-
 phagus.   It is one of a complicated character,
 and requires the aid of a considerable  number
 of muscles; the first steps being voluntary, the
 remainder executed under spinal and involun-
 tary nervous influence.
   DEGMUS, Dexis, Morsus: (F.) Morsure,—
 a bite in  general, from Saxvw, 'I  bite.'  A
 gnawing sensation about the upper orifice of the
 stomach, which was once attributed to acrimony
 of the liquids contained in that viscus.
   DEGORGEMENT, Disgorgement.
   DEGOUT, Disgust.
   DEGREE', from degri, originally from gra-
 dus,' a step.'  Galen  used this expression to
 indicate the  qualities  of certain drugs.   Both
 he and his school admitted cold, warm, moist,
 and dry medicines, and four different' degrees'
 of each of those qualities.  Thus, Apium was
 warm in ihe first degree, Agrimony in the se-
 cond, Roche  Alum in  the third, and Garlic in
 the fourth.  Bedegar was cold in the first, the
 flower of the Pomegranate in the second, the
 Sempervivum in the third, Opium in the fourth,
 &c.  The  French use the term degri  to  indi-
 cate, 1. The intensity of an affection: as a  burn
 of the first, second, third degree, &c.  2.  The
 particular stage of an  incurable disease, as the
 third degree of phthisis, cancer of the stomach,
 &c.
   DEGUSTATION, Degusta'tio, from de, and
 gustare, 'to taste.'  Gustation.  The apprecia-
 tion of sapid  qualities by the gustatory organs.
   DEICTICOS, Index.
   DEIRONCUS, Bronchocele.
   DEJECTEDNESS,  Depression.
   DEJECTIO  ALVI, Defecation—d.  Alvina,
 Excrement.
   DEJECTION,  from dejicere, dejectum, (de,
 and jacere,) 'to cast down.' Dejec'tio, Subduc'-
 tio, Hypago'gl, Hypochore'sis, Hypecchore'sis,
 Apop'atus, Hypop'atus, Hypoph'ora. The ex-
 pulsion of the faeces;—Ejec'tio, Eges'tio. Also,
 a faecal discharge or stool,—generally, however,
 with alvine prefixed,—as an alvine Dejection,
 Alvus viridis, Dejectio alvina.  Also, depres-
 sion of spirits.
   DEJECTIONES NIGRA, Melaena.
   DEJECTORIUM, Cathartic.
   DELACHRYMATIO, Epiphora.
   DELACHRYMATIVUS, Apodacryticus.
   DELAPSIO, Prolapsus.
   DELAPSUS,  Prolapsus—d. Palpebral,  Ble-
 pharoptosis.
   DELATIO, Indication.
   DkLA YANTS, Diluentia.
   DELCROIX'S DEPILATORY, see  Depila-
 tory, Colley's.
   DELETE'RIOUS, Delete'rius, Pernicio'sus,
 (F.) Pernicieux, from  8r,\w, 'I injure.'  That
 which produces destructive disorder in the ex-
 ercise and harmony of the functions. .
   DELETERIUM, Poison.
   DELIGATIO,  Deligation,  Ligature,   see
 Bandage.
   DELIGATION, Deliga'tio, Epidelsis, De-
ligatu'ra, Vulnerum deliga'tio, Fascia'rum Ap-
plica'tio, Plaga'rum Vinctu'ra, Fascia'tio, from
deligare, (de, and  ligo,) 'to bind.'   The  deli-
 gation of wounds formerly embraced the appli-
cation of apparatus, dressings, &c,—the deno-
 mination Deliga'tor Plaga'rum being synony-
 mous with Medicus Vulnera'rius, and in deri-
 vation, with the Wundarzt, 'wound physi-
 cian ' or surgeon, of the Germans.   Deligation
 is  hardly ever  used now as an English word.
 In France, it is applied to the regular and me-
 thodical application of bandages, and to the li-
 gature of arteries.
   DELIGATURA, Deligation.
   DELIQUESCENT, Deliques'cens, from de-
 liquescere, (de, and liquescere,) 'to  melt,' 'to
 dissolve.'  Any salt which becomes liquid by
 attracting  moisture from  the  air.   The  deli-
 quescent salts require to be kept in bottles, well
 stopped.  Chloride of lime, acetate of potassa,
 and carbonate of potassa, are examples of such
 salts.  The ancient chemists expressed the con-
 dition of-a body, which had become liquid in
 this manner, by the word Deliquium.
   DELIQUIUM ANIMI,  Syncope.
   DELIRANS, Delirious.
   DELIRANT, Delirious.
   DELIRATIO, Delirium—d. Senum, see  De-
 mentia.
   DkLIRE, Delirium—d. Crapuleux, Deliri-
 um tremens—d. Tremblant, Delirium tremens.
   DELIRIA, Insanity.
   DELIRIOUS.  Same etymon as Delirium.
 Deli'rans, Deli'rus, Excerebra'tus, Alloch'oos,
 Alie'nus,  Parale'rus, raving.   (F.) Dilirant.
 One who is in a state of delirium.  That which
 is attended by delirium.  The French use the
 term Fievre pemicieuse dilirante for a febrile
 intermittent, in which delirium is the predomi-
 nant symptom.
   DELIRIUM, from de, 'from,' and lira, 'a
 ridge between two furrows:' Parac'opl, Phre-
 nitis,  Phledoni'a,  Desipien'tia, Aphros'ynl,
 Paralere'ma, Paralere'sis, Paralog'ia, Phan-
 ta'sia,  Paraphros'ynl,  Emo'tio, Leros,  Pa-
 rana'a, Alloph'asis,  Delirdtio, (F.) Dilire,
 kgarement d'esprit, &c,  Transport, Idiosyn-
 chysie.   Straying  from  the rules  of reason;
 wandering of the mind.   Hippocrates used the
 word fj.a\itA,  mania, for delirium sine febre,
 and the Greek words given above for delirium
 cum febre.  Indifferent authors, also, we  find
 the words, Paraph'ora, Paraph'rotes, Para-
phrene'sis, Paraphrenia, Phrene'sis, Phrene-
ti'asis, &c, for different kinds of delirium.  De-
 lirium  is usually symptomatic.
   Delirium Ebriositatis, D. tremens—d. Epi-
 leptic,  see  Epilepsy—d. Furiosum,  Mania—d.
Maniacum, Mania—d. Potatorum, D. tremens
—d. Tremifaciens, D. tremens.
  Delirium Senile; see Dementia.
  Delirium  Tremens,  Ma'nia  a Potu, (Eno-
ma'nia, Ma'nia e temulentid, D. potato'rum, D.
ebriosita'tis,  D. tremifa'ciens,  D.   vig'ilans,
 Erethis'mus ebrioso'rum, Dipsomania, Menin-
gitis seu Phrenitis potato'rum, Tromoma'nia,
 Tromoparana'a, Potoparana'a, Pototromopara-
uas'a, (F.) Enciphalopathie crapuleuse, Dilire
tremblant, D. crapuleux, Folie des Ivrognes. A
 state of delirium and agitation, peculiar to those
addicted to spirituous liquors, with great sleep-
 lessness.  It  is  preceded by indisposition,  las-
 situde, watchfulness,  headache, and anorexia,
 the delirium  and tremors  most commonly re-
 curring in paroxysms.   It is caused  by the ha-
 bitual and intemperate use of ardent spirits or of
 opium or tobacco; or rather by abandoning them
 after prolonged use.  The treatment is various. 
DELIRUS
259
DEMULCENTS
Many  have regarded stimulants,  with large
doses of opium to induce rest, to be indispensa-
ble.  It is certain, however, that the expectant
system will often, if not generally, be success-
ful; and, it is probable, a cure effected in this
manner will be more permanent than when pro-
duced by excitants.
  DELIRUS, Delirious.
  DkLITESCENCE, see Repercussion.
  DELITESCENTIA, Repercussion.
  DkLIVRANCE,(F.)  An expression,which,
in common language, signifies the action of de-
livering, libera'tio, but in the practice of ob-
stetrics, means the extrusion of the secundines,
either  spontaneously or by the  efforts of art.
This completion of delivery—partus secunda'-
rius, secundina'rum expul'sio vel extrac'tio, is
produced by the same laws as the expulsion of
the foetus.  Sometimes, the after-birth follows
the child immediately; at others, it is retained;
and requires manual interference to remove it.
The following are the chief cases in which this
becomes necessary.  1. Intimate adhesion be-
tween the placenta and paries of the uterus.
2. Spasmodic  contraction of  the orifice of the
uterus.  3. Hour-glass contraction.  4. Torpor
or hemorrhage after the expulsion of the child,
and,—5. Insertion of the placenta at the orifice
of the  uterus.
  DELIVERY, FALSE, False water.
  DkLIVRE, Secundines.
  DELOCATIO, Luxatio.
  DELPHINTUM,  from SiXyic, or fcX<ptv,  'a
dolphin,' which the flowers resemble.  D. con-
sol'ida,  Calcitrap'pa,  Consol'ida  Rega'lis,
Branching Larkspur,  Staggerweed.   Family
Ranunculaceae.  Sex. Syst. Polyandria Trigy-
nia.  (F.) Pied d'alovette des champs.  It has
been employed as a vermifuge. The flowers have
been used in ophthalmia, and the seeds have
the same property as those of Stavesacre.
  Delphinium Consolida, Delphinium.
  Delphin'ium  Staphisa'gria.   The  syste-
matic  name of  the  Staves'acre, Staphisagria,
Phtheiroc'tonum, Plithelrium, Staphis, Pedic-
ula'ria,  (F.) Staphisaigre, Herbe aux Poux,
Dauphinelle.   The seeds have a disagreeable
smell; a nauseous, bitterish,  hot taste; and are
cathartic, emetic, and vermifuge; owing, how-
ever, to  the violence of their  operation, they
are seldom given internally, and are chiefly
used  in  powder, mixed with hair  powder, to
destroy lice.   The active principle of this plant
has been separated, and received the name Del-
phinia.   It is  extremely acrid, and  has been
recently used, like veratria, in tic  douloureux,
paralysis and rheumatism.   It  is  used  in the
form of ointment, or in solution in alcohol, (gr.
x to xxx, or more, to gj,) applied externally.
  DELPHYS, Uterus, Vulva.
  DELTA, Vulva.
  DELTIFORMIS, Deltoid.
  DELTOID,Delto'i'des, Delto'dcs, Delto'ideus,
Deltiformis, from the Greek capital  letter  A,
AtXta,  and ti<toc, ' resemblance.' Sous-acromio-
clavi-humiral of Dumas ; sus-acromio-humiral
of Chaussier.   A triangular muscle forming the
floshy part of the shoulder, and covering the
shoulder-joint.   It extends from the outer third
of the clavicle, from the acromion and spine of
the scapula, to near the middle and outer part
of the os humeri, where it is inserted by means
of a strong tendon. This muscle raises the arm
directly upwards, when the shoulder is fixed,
and carries it anteriorly or posteriorly, accord-
ing to the direction of the fibres, which are
thrown into action.  If the arm be rendered
immovable, the deltoid  acts inversely and de-
presses the shoulder.
  DEM EL MUCA.  A name given by Pros-
per Alpinus to a celebrated disease, which, he
says, is proper to Egypt.  He considers it to be
inflammation of the brain; but others describe
it as a pernicious intermittent.
  DkMANGEAISON, Itching.
  DEMANUS, Acheir.
  DEMENCE, Dementia—^. Inn'ee, Idiotism.
  DEMEN'TIA, Amen'tia, Fatu'itas, Ana'a,
Ecna'a, Parana'a, Mo'ria demens, Noasthe-
nla; Incoherency, Imbedlity, Incohe'rent In-
sanity; from de, 'from,' or 'out  of,' and mens,
' mind,'or ' reason.'  (F.)Dimence,Bitise.  In
common parlance, and even in legal language;
this word is synonymous with insanity.  Phy-
sicians, however, have applied it to those cases
of unsound mind which  are characterized by a
total loss of the  faculty of thought, or by such
an imbecility of intellect that the ideas are ex-
tremely  incoherent,  there being at the same
time a total loss of the  power of reasoning.
Mania and melancholia are apt to end in this, if
possible, more deplorable state.  Dotage is the
Dementia of the aged—Mo'ria demens  lere'ma,
Lere'ma,  Lere'sis, Lerus, Delira'tio  Senum,
Amen'tia Senilis, Puerilitas, Delir'ium Seni'll,
Anil'itas, Senile  Insanity, Insanity   of the
aged,—a form of moral  insanity, in which the
whole moral  character  of the individual is
changed.
  DEMI, Semi—d. Bain, Semicupium—d.Epi-
neux,  Semi-spinalis  colli—d. kpineux du dos,
Semi-spinalis  dorsi—d.  Gantelet, Gantelet—d.
Interosseux du pouce, Flexor brevis  pollicis
manus—d. Lunaire, Semi-lunar—d. Membra-
neux,  Semi-membranosus—d. Orbicularis, Or-
bicularis oris—d. Tendineux, Semi-tendinosus.
  DEMISSIO ANIMI, Depression.
  DEMISSOR, Catheter.
  DEMODEXFOLLICULORUM, Acarus fol-
liculorum.
  DEMONOMA'NIA,  Damonomania, Theo-
ma'nia,  Entheoma'nia,  from Sxi/tat, 'demon,'
a spirit of good or evil, and /xavia, ' madness.'
Religious insanity.  A  variety of madness, in
which the person  conceives himself possessed
of devils, and is in continual dread  of malignant
spirits, the pains of hell, &c.
  DEM'ONSTRATOR, from demonstrare,  (de
and monstrare,) 'to show;' ' exhibit.'  One who
exhibits.  The index finger.
  Dem'onstrator of Anat'omy.  One who ex-
hibits the parts of the human body. A teacher
of practical anatomy.
  DEMOTI'VUS LAPSUS, Repentlna mors,
from demovere, (de and  movere,) '  to move off,'
' remove,' and lapsus,' a fall.'   Sudden death.
  DEMUL'CENTS, Demulcen'tia, Involven'-
tia, Obvolven'tia, Lubrican'tia, from demulcere,
(de and mulcere,) ' to sooth,' ' to assuage.' (F.)
Adoucissants. Medicines supposed tobecapable
of correcting certain acrid conditions imagined
to exist in the humours.    Substances of a muci-
laginous or saccharine  nature  belong  to this
class.   Demulcents  may act directly  on  the
parts with which they come in contact; but in 
DEMUSCULATUS           260   DENTELk ANTERIEUR, PETIT
other  cases, as  in catarrh, their  effect  is pro-
duced by contiguous sympathy; the top of the
larynx being soothed by them first, and indi-
rectly the inflamed portion of the air-passages.
In diseases of the urinary organs, they have no
advantage over simple diluents.—See Diluents
and Emollients.  The  following are the chief
demulcents:—Acaciae Gummi;   Althaeae Folia
et Radix; Amygdalae;  Amylum; Avenae  Fa-
rina ; Cera; Cetaceum;  Cydoniae Semina;  Fu-
cus Crispus; Glycyrrhiza;  Hordeum; Lichen;
Linum; Olivce  Oleum; Sassafras Medulla; Se-
samum; Sevum; Tragacantha, and Ulmus.
   DEMUSCUL A'TUS, from de, and musculus,
'a muscle.'  (F.) Dicharnl.  Emaciated, de-
void of flesh.
   DENAUS, Chronic.
   DENA'RIUS; a Roman coin, equal in value
to about 10 cents, or 8 pence English.  It  was
marked with the letter X, to signify 10 asses.
   Also, the 7th part of the Roman ounce.
   DENDROLIBANUS, Rosmarinus.
   DENERVATIO, Aponeurosis.
   DENGUE, Dingee, Dunga, Dandy, Bouquet
and  Bucket  Fever,  Rheumatis'mus  febrllis,
Scarlatina rheumatica, Exanthe'sis arthro'sia,
Plunta'ria, Febris  exanthemat'ica articula'ris,
(F.)  Giraffe, Erup'tive artic'ular fever,  E.
rheumatic fever.  A disease, which appeared in
the years 1827  and 1828, in  the West Indies,
and in the  southern states of North America.
It was extremely violent in its symptoms, but
not often fatal.  It  usually commenced with
great languor, chilliness, and pain in the tendons
about the smaller joints.  To these symptoms
succeeded burning heat and redness of the skin,
pains in the muscles of the limbs  or in the fore-
head, with vomiting or nausea.  The fever con-
tinued for one,  two or three days, and  usually
terminated by  copious  perspiration.   In  dif-
ferent  places, it put  on  different appearances;
but seems in all to have been a singular variety
of rheumatic fever.  The usual  antiphlogistic
treatment was adopted, and successfully.
   DENIACH, MINERAL WATERS OF.  De-
niach is a village in Swabia, at the entrance of
the Black Forest. The waters contain carbonic
acid, carbonate of iron, carbonate of lime, sul-
phate of magnesia, and carbonate of soda.
   DENIGRA'TIO, from denigrare, (de,  and
niger,) 'to become  black.'  The  act of be-
coming black, as in cases of sphacelus,  sugilla-
tion, &c.
   DENS, Tooth—d. Leonis, Leontodon taraxa-
cum.
   Dens Pro'lifer.   A term used by Bartholin
for a supernumerary tooth, which appears to
grow upon a primitive or parent  tooth.
   DENT, Tooth—d. de Sagesse, see Denti-
tion.
   DENTAGOGUM, Dentagra.
   D E N'T AGRA,  Den'ticeps,  Dentar'paga,
Dentidu'cum, Dentic'ulum, Dentago'gum, Den-
ta'lis forfex, Forfex denta'ria, Odonthar'paga,
Odon'tagra, Odontago'gon, from dens, 'a tooth,'
and ayqa, 'a seizure.'  (F.) Davier.   A tooth-
forceps.
   DENTAL, Denta'lis, Denta'rius, Denta'tus,
Dentieula'tus, from dens,' a tooth.'  That which
concerns the teeth.   See Dentiformis.
   Dental Arches, (F.) Arcades dentaires,axe
the arches formed  by the  range of alveoli in
each jaw.
  Dental Ar'teries are those arteries which
nourish the teeth.  They proceed from several
sources.  The teeth of the upper jaw, e.  g.,
receive their arteries from the infraorbitar and
superior alveolar,—themselves branches of the
internal maxillary.  The teeth of the lower
jaw receive  their branches from the inferior
dental or inferior maxillary, which is given off
by the internal maxillary, and runs through the
dental canal, issuing  at  the  mental foramen,
after  having given  numerous  ramifications to
the teeth and jaw.
  Dental Canals, (F.) Conduits  dentaires,
Maxillary canals.  The bony canals, through
which the vessels and nerves  pass to the inte-
rior of the teeth.
  Dental   Car'tilage,  Cartila'go  denta'lis.
The  cartilaginous elevation, divided by slight
fissures, on  the biting margins of the gums in
infants, prior to  dentition.  It is a  substitute
for the teeth.
  Dental Cav'ity, (F.) Cavite dentaire.  A
cavity in the interior of  the teeth in which is
situate the dental pulp.
  Dental Fol'licle, Follic'ulus Dentis, Cap'-
sula dentis,  (F.) Follicide dentaire.   A mem-
branous follicle, formed of a double lamina, in
which the teeth are contained before  they issue
from the alveoli, and which, consequently, aids
in the formation of the alveolo-dental periosteum,
and of the membrane that envelops the pulp of
the teeth.   The dental follicles  are  lodged in
the substance of the jaws.
  Dental Gangrene,  Caries Den'tium, Odon-
talgia cario'sa, Odontonecro'sis, Odontospha-
celisis, Odontosphacelis'mus,  Necro'sis Den'-
tium,  (F.)  Carie des Dents.   Gangrene  or
caries of the teeth.  See  Caries.
  Dental   Nerves,  (F.) Nerfs   dentaires.
Nerves which  pass to the teeth.   Those of the
upper incisors and canine are furnished by the
infra-orbitar nerve, a  branch of the superior
maxillary;  and those  of the  molares by the
trunk of the same nerve.  The teeth of the
lower jaw receive the nerves from the inferior
maxillary, which, as well as the superior max-
illary, arises from the 5th pair.
  Dental Pulp,  Pulpa seu Nu'cleus seu Sub-
stantia pulpo'sa dentis,  Germen  denta'll, (F.)
Pulpe dentaire.  A pultaceous  substance, of
a  reddish-gray colour,  very  soft and sensi-
ble, which fills the  cavity  of  the teeth.  It is
well supplied with capillary vessels.
  Dental Surgeon, Dentist.
  Dental  Veins have  a similar distribution
with  the arteries.
  DENTALIS, Odontoid—d. Forfex, Dentagra.
  DENTA'LIUM, from dens,  'a tooth,'  the
dog-like tooth  shell.   A  genus of shells in  the
shape of a tooth.   They formerly entered into
several pharmaceutical preparations, but were
useless ingredients;  consisting—like shells in
general—of carbonate of lime and gelatin.
   DENTARIA,  Anthemis Pyrethrum, Plum-
bago Europaea.
   DENTARIUS, Dentist.
   DENTARPAGA, Denta°ra.
   DENT ATA VERTEBRA, Axis.
   DENTATUS, Dental.
   DENTELARIA, Plumbago Europaea.
   DENTELk ANTERIEUR,  PETIT, Pec-
toralis minor—d. Grand, Serratus magnus—d.
Postirieur et infirieur, petit, Serratus posticus 
DENTES
261
DENTITION
inferior—^. Supirieur, petit, Serratus posticus
superior.
  DENTES, Teeth, see Tooth—d. Angulares,
Canine teeth—d. Canini, Canine teeth—d. Cla-
vales,  Molar teeth—d. Columellares, Canine
teeth—d. Ctenes, Incisive teeth—d. Cuspidati,
Canine teeth—d. Dichasteres, Incisive teeth—
d. Gelasini, Incisive teeth—d. Gomphii, Mo-
lar teeth—d. Incisores, Incisive teeth—d. Lac-
tei, see Dentition—d. Laniarii, Canine teeth—d.
Maxillares, Molar teeth—d.  Molares, Molar
teeth—d. Mordentes, Canine teeth—d. Oculares,
Canine teeth—d. Primores, Incisive teeth—d.
Rasorii, Incisive teeth—d. Sapientiae, see Den-
tition—d. Serotini, see  Dentition—d. Sophrore-
tici,  see Dentition—d.  Sophronistae, see Denti-
tion—d. Sophronisteres, see Dentition—d. To-
mici, Incisive teeth.
  DENTICEPS, Dentagra.
  DENTICULA'TUM, (Ligamentum,) dimi-
nutive of dens,' a tooth.'  A slender cord, situ-
ate between the anterior and posterior fasciculi
of the spinal nerves, and between the tunica
arachnoidea and pia mater.  It  is attached to
the  dura  mater,  where that membrane issues
from the cranium, and  accompanies the spinal
marrow to its inferior extremity.  It sends off,
from its outer edge, about 20 slender processes,
in the form of denticidi, each of which is fixed
by minute fibres to the dura mater in the inter-
stices of the fasciculi.
  DENTICULATUS, Dental.
  DENTICULUM, Dentagra.
  DENTICULUS, Crena.
  DENTIDUCUM, Dentagra.
  DENTIER,(F.) from dens, 'a tooth.' Den-
ture.  A set or row of teeth, mounted on me-
tal or ivory, to be adjusted to the alveolar mar-
gin.   Dentiers  axe simple or double.   To the
latter, the name Rdteliers  is given,  that is, to
the full set.
  DEN'TIFORM, Dentiformis,from dens, 'a
tooth,' and forma,' form.'   Resembling a tooth
in shape.
  DENTIFORMIS, Odontoid.
  DEN'TIFRICE, Dentifric'ium, Remed'ium
dentifric'ium, Tooth powder, Toothpaste, Odon-
totrim'ma, Odontosmeg'ma, from dens,' a tooth,'
and  fricare, ' to rub;'  a name, given  to differ-
ent powders and pastes proper for cleansing the
enamel of the teeth, and  removing  the tartar
which  covers  them.   Powdered  bark,  and
charcoal,  united  to any  acidulous   salt—as
cream of tartar—form one of the most common
dentifrices.
  Electuaire ou  Opiate Dentifrice, of the  Co-
dex, consists of coral £iv, cuttlefish  bones  and
dnnamon  aa Jjij,  cochineal  3ssj honey  fix,
alum gr. iv. or v.
  Poudre Dentifrice of the  Parisian  Codex is
composed of Bole Armeniac, red coral, [pre-
pared,]  and cuttlefish bones, aa  £vj,  dragon's
blood J^iij, cochineal ,"j,  cream of tartar %xx.,
dnnamon J}ij, cloves, gr. xij, well mixed.
  Charcoal finely powdered and mixed with
chalk forms as good a dentifrice as any.
  DENTINAL,  Dentina'lis, from  dens,  'a
tooth.'  Relating to the dentine of the teeth.
  DENTINE, see Tooth.
  DENTISCAL'PIUM, from dens, ' a  tooth,'
and  scalpere, < to  scrape.'   Odonto'glyphnm.
This word has been applied to the instrument
used  for scaling the teeth; to the tncth-pick,
(F.) Cure-dent; and to the gum lancet,—the
dichaussoir of the French.
  DENT'IST, Dentis'ta,  Odoniia'ter,  Denta'-
rius, Dental Surgeon,  Surgeon-Dentist.   One
who devotes himself to the study of the diseases
of the teeth, and their treatment.
  DEN'TISTRY, Odontotech'ny, Odontiatri'a,
Odontotherapla, Dental Surgery.   The art of
the dentist.
  DENTITIO, Dentition—d. Difficilis, Dyso-
dontiasis.
  DENTIT'TON, Dentl'tio, Denti'tis, Odonto-
phy'ia, Teething, Odontlasis, Odonto'sis, from
dentire, ' to breed teeth.'  The exit of the teeth
from the alveoli and gums; or rather the phe-
nomena which characterize  the  different pe-
riods of their existence.   The germs of the first
teeth, dentes lac'tei or milk teeth, (F.)  dens  de
lait, are visible in the foetus about the end of
the second month; and they begin to  be ossi-
fied from the end of the third to that of the sixth
month.  At birth,  the corona  of the incisors is
formed, but  that of the canine is not completed;
and the tubercles of the molares are not yet all
united.   Gradually the  fang  becomes deve-
loped; and at about 6 or 8 months begins what
is commonly called, the first dentition, Odon'-
tia dentitio'nis lactan'tium. The two middle in-
cisors of the lower jaw commonly appear first;
and, some time afterwards, those of the upper
jaw; afterwards, the two lateral incisors of the
lower jaw;  and then those of the  upper, fol-
lowed by the four anterior molares : the canine
or eye-teeth, at first, those of the lower, and af-
terwards, those of the upper  jaw next  appear;
and, subsequently  and successively, the first-4
molares—2 above and 2 below, 1 on each side.
The whole number of the primary, temporary,
deciduous,  shedding,  or milk-teeth,  (dentes
tempora'rii,) (F.) Dents de lait, is now 20.
  The second dentl'tion or  shedding of the
teeth, odon'tia dentitio'nis  pueri'lis,  begins
about the age of 6 or 7.  The germs or mem-
branous follicles of these  second teeth—to the
number of 32—as well as the rudiments of the
teeth themselves, are visible, even in  the foe-
tus, with the exception of those  of the small
molares, which do not appear till after birth.
They are  contained in  alveoli  of the  same
shape as those of the first dentition.  Their os-
sification commences at from 3 to 6 months af-
ter birth, in the incisors  and  first molares ;  at
eight or nine months in the canine; about three
years, in the  molares, 3£ in  the second great
molares, and about 10 years  in the last.  As
the  alveolus  of a new  tooth  becomes  gra-
dually augmented, the  septum between it and
that of the corresponding milk tooth is ab-
sorbed, and disappears.   The root of the milk
tooth is likewise absorbed; its corona becomes
loose and falls out, and all the first teeth are
gradually replaced by the  permanent  teeth,
Den'tes serotini.  This  second dentition be-
comes necessary  in consequence  of  the in-
creased size of the jaws.   The new teeth have
neither the same direction nor the same shape
as the  old;   and  they are  more  numerous;
amounting till the age of 25  (sooner or later,)
to 28.  About this period, a small molaris ap-
pears at  the extremity of each jaw, which is
called Dens sapien'tia or wisdi.m tooth. Dens
serot.'invs, Dens sophroreticus. D.  sophronis'-
ta, I'. s"phr"nis'ter,(F.)  Anilre-dent,  Dent  de 
DENTITIS
262
DEPRESSOR
 sagesse, making the whole number of perma-
 nent teeth 32.  During the period of dentition,
 that is, of the first dentition, the infant is espe-
 cially  liable to  disease;—the irritation,  pro-
 duced  by the pressure  of  the  tooth on  the
 superincumbent  gum,  sometimes  occasioning
 pyrexia,  convulsions,  diarrhoea, &c,  which
 symptoms are often strikingly relieved by a
 free division of the  distended gum.  This dis-
 ordered condition is  called Teething, Odontia
 derititio'nis, Odonttasis, Odontalgia dentitio'-
 nis, Odaxis'mus.
   DENTITIS, Dentition.
   DENTIUM CORTEX, Enamel of the teeth
 —d. Dolor, Odontalgia—d.  Nitor, Enamel of
 the teeth—d.  Scalptura, (Lancing the gums,)
 see Gum lancet—d.  Vacillantia, Odontoseisis.
   DENTO, from Dens, ' a tooth.'  One whose
 teeth are prominent.
   DENTOIDEUS, Odontoid.
   DENTS BICUSPIDEES,Bicuspid teeth—
 d. Col  des, Collum  dentium—d.  Cono'ides, Ca-
 nine teeth—d. de Lait, see Dentition—d. Ma-
 cheliires, Molar teeth—d. Molaires, Molar teeth
 —d. Multicuspide'es, Molar teeth,  great—d.
 (Eillieres, Canine teeth.
   DENTURE, Dentier.
   DENUDA'TION, Denuda'tio,  Gymno'sis,
 from denudare, (de,  and nudare,) ' to lay bare.'
 Condition of a part, deprived of its natural co-
 verings, whether by wounds, gangrene,  or  ab-
 scess.  It  is particularly applied to the bones,
 when deprived of their periosteum, and  to  the
 teeth when  they lose their enamel  or  dental
 substance.
   DEOBSTRUENT, Deob'struens, Dephrac'-
 ticum, DeoppHans,Deoppilatlvum, Ecphrac'tic,
 from de, and  obstruere, (ob, and struere,) ' to ob-
 struct.' (F.) Disobstruant, Disobstructif, Des-
 opilatif, Dcsopilant.   Medicines, given with the
 view of removing any obstruction.  The word
 corresponds to aperient, in its general, not in its
 particidar sense.  It is now almost abandoned,
 and, when  used, conveys  by no means definite
 ideas.
   DEOPPILATIVUM, Deobstruent.
   DEPASCENS, Phagedenic.
   DEPAUPERATUS, Impoverished.
   DEPERDITIO, Abortion.
   DEPHRACTICUM, Deobstruent.
   DEPILATIF, Depilatory.
   DEPILATIO,  Alopecia—d. Capitis, Cani-
 ties.
   DEPILA'TION, Depila'tio,  Dropacis'mus,
 Made'sis, Madisis,Psilo'sis, fxom.de, and pilus,
 ' hair.'  Loss of hair, either spontaneously or
 by art.
   DEPILATORY, Depilato'rium, Dropax,Pn-
lo'thron, Ectilloticus, Epilato'rium, (F.) Dipi-
latoire,  Depilatif.   Any  thing  which causes
the loss of the hair.   Depilatories are, usually
 caustic  applications,  in  which  quicklime  or
some other alkaline substance,  sulphuret  of
iron, &c, enters.
  Depilatory, Colley's, seems  to consist of
quicklime and a portion of sulphuret of potassa.
A pitch plaster is sometimes used as a depilatory.
It  of course pulls the hair out by the roots.
  Delcruix's depilatory,and Plenck's depilatory
have a similar composition.
  DEPI'LIS, same etymon.   Devoid  of hair.
Hairless.
  DEPLE'TION, Deple'tio, from depleo, ' I un-
 load.'  The act of unloading the vessels, by
 blood-letting, and the different evacuants.  Also,
 inordinate evacuation.
   DEPLE'TORY, Depleting.  Having relation
 to depletion:—as 'a depletory or depleting agent.'
   DEPLUMA'TIO, Ptilo'sis, from deplumis,
 (de and pluma,) ' without feathers.'  A disease
 of the eyelids,  in which they are swollen, and
 the eyelashes fall out.  See Madarosis.
   DEPOSIT, Feculence.
   DEPOS'ITI VE, Depositlvus, from deponere,
 (de and ponere,) to ' depose,'' to put down.' An
 epithet used by Mr. Erasmus Wilson to express
 that condition of the membrane in which plastic
 lymph is exuded into the tissue of the derma, so
 as to give rise to the production of small hard
 elevations of the skin, or pimples.  Under "de-
 positive inflammation of the derma," he com-
 prises strophulus, lichen and prurigo.
  DEPO T, Abscess, Sediment—d. Laiteuse sur
 la  Cuisse,  Phlegmatia dolens—d. de I'Urine,
 Sediment of the urine.
   DEPRAVATION, Deprava'tio, from de and
 pravus, 'bad.'  Perversion, corruption;—as de-
 pravation of the taste, &c.
  DEPREHENSIO, Diagnosis, Epilepsy.
  DEPRES SION, Depres'sio, Impres'sio, from
 deprimere, depressum, (de, and premere,) ' to
 depress;' Esphla'sis. In Anatomy, it means an
 excavation, hollow, or fossa.  In Surgery, it is
 applied to a fracture of the cranium, in which
 the portions of  fractured  bone are forced in-
 wards ; (F .)S ubgro?idation, Entablement; called,
 also,  Catapi'esis, Campsis Depres'sio, Thlasis
 Depres'sio.  Depression, (F.)Abaissement means
 Couching.—See Cataract.
  Depression also means dejection or dejected-
 ness—Ademonia, Ademo'sync, Demis'sio animi.
  DEPRESSOIRE, Meningophylax.
  DEPRESSOR, (F.) Abaisseur.   Same ety-
 mon.  Several  muscles have been so termcJ,
 because they depress the parts on which they act.
  Depressor Al« Nasi, D.  la'bii  superio'ri*
 alaque nasi, Incisi'vus me'dius, Myrtifor'mis,
 Depressor Labii superio'ris pro'prius, Constric-
 to'res ala'rumnasi acdepresso'res la'bii superio-
 ris , Maxillo-alvioli-nasal—part of the labiali.i
 (Ch.,)(F.) Abaisseur de Voile du nez. It arises
 from  the superior maxillary bone  immediately
 above the junction of the  gums with the two
 incisor and canine  teeth; and passes upwards
 to be inserted into the upper lip and root of the
 ala nasi, which it pulls downwards.
  Depressor An'guli Oris, Triangularis, De-
pressor  labio'rum commu'nis, Depressor labio-
 rum,  (F.) Sousmaxillo-labial,  Maxillo-labial
 (Ch.), Abaisseur de Van gie des levres ou Musrl,:
 Triangulaire.   A muscle, situate  at the lowei
 part of the face.  Its form is triangular. It arises
 from the outer  oblique line on the lower  jaw-
 bone, and terminates in a point at the commis-
 sure  of the lips,  which it pulls downwards.
  Depressor La'bii Inferio'ris; Quadra'tus,
 Quadra'tus menti, Depressor labii inferio'ris pro' ■
prius,—Mentonnier-labial, Mento-labial,(Ch.j
(F.)  Carri  du  Menton, Houppe  du Menton,
Abaisseur de la levre infirieure. A small, thin,
and quadrilateral muscle, which arises from the
external oblique line of the lower  jaw, and as-
cends to the  lower  lip, where it becomes con-
founded  with the orbicularis oris.  It pulls the
lower lip downwards and outwards.
  Depressor Labii Superioris Proprius, D. 
DEPRESSORIUM
263
DERMATOPHYMA
Alae nasi—d. Labiorum communis, D. Anguli
oris—d. Oculi, Rectus inferior oculi.
  Depressor Pal'pebr* Inferio'ris.  A fleshy
bundle,  which forms  part  of  the  palpebralis
muscle.  Heister  describes it  separately, but
it is not admitted now.
  DEPRESSORIUM, Meningophylax.
  DEPRIMENS AURICULA, Retrahens au-
ris—d. Maxillae biventer, Digastricus—d. Oculi,
Rectus inferior oculi.
  DEPRIMENTIA, Sedatives.
  DEP URAN'TI A, from depurare, (de, and pu-
rus,) ' to purify.'  (F.) Dipuratifs.  Medicines
were formerly so called, which were  supposed
to possess the property of  removing,  from the
mass  of blood or  humours, those principles
which disturbed their purity;  and of  directing
them towards some one of the natural emunc-
tories.   The juices of what were called anti-
scorbutic herbs, sulphur, and many other medi-
cines were ranked under this class.
  DkPURATlFS, Depurantia.
  DEPURA'TION, Depura'tio.  Same etymon.
Catharis'mos, Munda'tio.  In Pathology, de-
puration has been used for the process  by which
nature purifies the  animal  economy,  either by
the agency  of some eruptive disease, or some
spontaneous evacuation, or  by the assistance of
medicine.   See Clarification.
  DEP'URATORY.  Same etymon.  Depura-
to'rius.  That which causes depuration, as the
urinary and cutaneous depurations.   Applied,
also, to diseases, which have  been considered
capable of  modifying  the  constitution  advan-
tageously, by acting on the composition of the
fluids—such as certain eruptions, intermittents,
&c. The word is,  also, appropriated to medi-
cines and diet,  by which the same  effect  is
sought to be induced.
  DERADEN, from 3f?.,,' the neck,'  and adtjr,
' a gland.'   A gland in the  neck.
  DERADENI'TIS, from dtqr„ 'neck;' ainv, 'a
gland;' and itis, denoting inflammation.   In-
flammation  of the glands of the neck.
   DERADENON'CUS, fxomS^r,, 'the neck,'
aJV, 'a gland,' and oyxoc, 'aswelling.' Tume-
faction of the glands of the neck.
   DERANENCEPHA'LIA, from dtqt,, 'neck,'
and anencephalia, 'absence of brain.'   A mon-
strosity in which only a small portion of the
brain exists, resting on the cervical vertebrae—
more properly derencepha'Ha.
  DERANGEMENT, Insanity.
   DERRIA, Impetigo.
   DERENCEPHALIA, Deranencephalia.
   DERENCEPH'ALUS, from oeqV, 'the neck,'
itnd xeyuXi;, 'head.'   A monster whose brain is
 in the neck.—G. St. Hilaire.
   DERIS, Cutis.
   DERIVANS, Derivative.
   DkRIVATIF, Derivative.
   DERIVATION,  Deriva'tio, Deflec'tio, Paro-
eheteu'sis, Antilep sis, Antis'pasis, Revulsion,
 Cura derivatlva seu revulso'ria, from  de, and
 ri.vus, 'a river.'  When a 'centre of fluxion' is
 established  in a  part, for  the purpose of ab-
 stracting the excited vital  manifestations from
 tome other, a derivation is operated.
   The term Derivation has likewise been ap-
 plied to the  suction power of the heart,—an
 agency in the circulation of the blood.
   DERIVATIVE, Deflec'tens, Derlvans, De-
 nvato'rius, from derivare, 'to drain off.'  An-
tispas'ticus, Revel'lent, Revulsive, Revulsi'-
vus, Revulso'rius,  (F.)  Dirivatif, Rivulsif.
Same etymon. A remedy, which by producing a
modified action in some organ or texture derives
from the morbid condition of some other organ
or texture.   Revellents are amongst the most
important of remedies: they include,  indeed,
every physical and moral agent, which is capa-
ble of modifying the function of innervation, and
therefore  almost every article of the materia
medica.   The following is  a list of the chief
local Derivatives.
   1. Epispastics.—Acidum Aceticum,  Aci-
dum Nitricum, Acidum Sulphuricum, Allium,
Ammonia, Ammoniacum, Asafoetida, Cantharis,
Capsicum, Galbani m, Olea Essentialia,  Pix
Abietis, Sinapis, Caloric, Friction.
   2. Vesicants.—Ammonia, Argenti  Nitras,
Cantharis, Cantharis Vittata, Hydrargyri Iodi-
dum rubrum, Ranunculus, Sinapis, Caloric.
   3. Suppurants.—Acida Mineralia, Antimo-
nii et  Potassae Tartras, Cantharis, Mezereum,
Pix Abietis, Sabina, Tiglii Oleum, Fonticulus,
Setaceum.
   4.—Esci-iarotics.—A.  Erodents. — Acidum
Aceticum, Acida Mineralia, Alumen Exsicca-
tum, Argenti Nitras, Cupri  Sub-Acetas, Cupri
Sulphas, Sabina, Saccharum Purissimum.—
   B. Actual  Cauterants.—Caloric, White Hot
Iron, Moxa.—
   C. Potential Cauterants.—Acidum Arsenio-
sum, Acidum Nitricum, Acidum Sulphuricum,
Antimonii Murias, Argenti Nitras,  Calx, Po-
tassa, Potassa cum Calce, Zinci Chloridum.
   DERIVATORIUS, Derivative.
   DERMA, Cutis.
   DERMAL'GI A, Dermatol'gia, Dermatodyn-
ia, from  Stgua, 'the skin,' and uXyog, 'pain.'
Pain in the skin.  Neuralgia of the skin.  Rheu-
matic Dermalgia or Rheumatism of the skin, is
a form of neuralgia, which is referred, at times,
to the nervous trunks, muscles, he, but appears
to be seated in the cutaneous nerves.
   DERMATAGRA, Pellagra.
   DERMATALGIA, Dermalgia.
   DERMATIATRIA, from r^.<a, 'skin,' and
 lare^tta, 'healing.'  Healing of cutaneous dis-
 eases.  The treatment of diseases of the skin.
 Diadermiatri'a, Dermatocrati'a.
   DERMATITIS,  Cytitis, Erysipelatous in-
 flammation.
   DERMATOCHOLOSIS,  Icterus.
   DERMATOCHYSIS, Anasarca.
   DERMATOCRATIA, see Dermatiatria.
   DERMATODES, Dermatoid.
   DERMATODYNIA, Dermalgia.
   DER'MATOID,  Dermatol des, Dermato'des,
 Dermo'i'des,  Dermo'des,  Dermoid, from dtg/aa.
 'the skin,' and  udog, 'form.'   That which is
 similar to the skin.  This name is given to dif-
 ferent tissues, which resemble the skin.   The
 dura mater has been so called by some.
   Morbi  dermato'des, chronic cutaneous dis-
 eases.
   DERMATOL'OGY,  Dermatol og"ia,   Der-
mology, from<1f<>//a, 'the skin,' and Xoyog,' a dis-
course.'  A discourse or treatise of the skin.
   DERMATOPATHIA, Cutaneous disease.
   DERMATOPER1SCLERISMUS,  Indura-
tion of the cellular  tissue.
   DERMATOPERISCLEROSIS,  Induration
of the cellular tissue.
   DERMATOPHY'MA,  from ot^pta, 'skin,' 
!64              DESUDATIO
    DERMATOPHYMATA VENEREA    2

and ipvpa,  'tumour.'   A tumefaction of the
skin.'
  DERMATOPHYMATA VENEREA, Con-
dylomata.
  DERMATORRHAGTA, Dermatonha'a,
from St qfta,' skin,' and qaytj,' rupture.'  A dis-
charge of blood from the skin.
  DERMATORRHCEA, Dermatorrhagia.
  DERMATOSCLEROSIS, Callosity.
  DERMATOSIES VEROLEUSES, Syphi-

  DERMATOTYLOMA, Callosity.
  DERMATOTYLOSIS, Callosity.
  DERMATOTYLUS, Callosity.
  DERMIC,  Der'micus, Dermaticus, Derma-
ti'nus, Dermatic:  from <5fg,«a, ' skin.' Relating
to the skin.
  DERMITIS, Cytitis.
  DERMODES, Dermatoid.
  DERMOG'RAPHY,  Dermograph'ia,  from
Siqua, 'the skin,' and yqaipw, 'I  describe.'  An
anatomical description of the skin.
  DERMOHA'MIA, from di^a,  'skin,' and
'<tiy.a, 'blood.'  Hyperaemia or  congestion of
the skin.
  DERMOID, Dermatoid.
  DERMOLOGY, Dermatology.
  DERMO-SKELETON, see Skeleton.
  DER MO-S YPHILIDES, Syphilides.
  DERMOT'OMY, Dermotomia, from  Stq^a,
'the skin,' and re/xrar, 'to cut.'  The part of
anatomy which treats of  the structure of the
skin.
  DERODYMUS, Dicephalus.
  DERONCUS,  Bronchocele.
  DERTRON.   This word, which is used by
Hippocrates,  signified, according to  some, the
omentum or peritoneum,but according to others,
the small intestine.  See Epiploon.
  DES ARTICULATION, (F.) from de, and
articulus, 'a joint.' Disjointing. A word used
to express the part of the  operation, in ampu-
tation at  an articulation, which consists in di-
viding the ligaments, and separating the articu-
lar  surfaces.  The word  has, also, been used
for that kind of anatomical preparation, the ob-
ject of which is to separate the different bones
of the skeleton, and especially those of the head.
  DESCALORINkSES, from ^,'from,' and
calor, ' heat.'  A name given  by Baumes to
diseases which are characterized by diminished
heat.
  DESCEMETI'TIS.   A term  improperly
formed, and really signifying 'inflammation of
Descemet.'  Inflammation  of the  membrane
of Descemet.
  DESCENSIO, Catabasis.
  DESCENSUS,  Catabasis—d.  Testiculorum,
Orchido-catabasis.
  DESCENTE, Hernia—rf. de la Matrice,
Procidentia uteri.
  DESECTUS, Castratus.
  DkSENFLURE, Ditumescence.
  DESICCANTIA, Desiccativa.
  DESICCATIO, Draining.
  DESICCATION, Drying.
  DESICCATI'VA,  Desiccan'tia, Siccan'tia,
Exsiccattva, from desiccare, (de, and siccare,)
'to dry up.' (F.) Disiccatifs. Remedies, which,
when applied externally, dry up the humours or
moisture from a wound.
  DESIPIENTIA, Delirium.
  DESIRE, Libido—d. Venereal, sco Libido.
  DES'MA, Des'ml, Des'mus.  A  bandage, a
ligament, (q. v.)  Hence:
  DESMATUR'GIA, from Sto-/u*, 'bandage,'
and fgyor, 'work.'   The doctrine of the appli-
cation of bandages.   Bandaging.
  DESMEDION, Fasciculus.
  DESMI'TIS,Desmophlooo'sis, De.smophlog"-
ia, from <Ffo>», 'a ligament,' and itis, denoting
inflammation.  Inflammation of ligaments.
  DESMOCHAUNO'SIS, from  V««r, 'liga-
ment,'and  /aui'uiOK, 'relaxation.'  Relaxation
of an articular  ligament.
  DESMODYNIA,  from St<r^,  'ligament,'
and oSuvt;, 'pain.'  Pain in the ligaments.
  DESMOG'RAPHY,  Desmograph'ia,  from
Seouic, 'a ligament,' and ye*ip«> 'a-description.'
An anatomical description of the ligaments.
  DESMOID TISSUE, (Siouaq, 'a ligament,'
and e«5oc,' shape.')   Ligamentous Tissue, Tex-
tus desmo'sus.  This tissue is very generally
diffused over the human body; has a very close
connexion with the  cellular tissue,  and is  con-
tinuous with it in divers places.   It constitutes
the ligaments, aponeuroses, &c.
  DESMOL'OGY, Desmolog'ia, from ht^,
'a ligament,' and  Xtyot, 'a discourse,' 'a trea-
tise.'  That part of anatomy  which describes
the ligaments.
  DESMOPHLOGIA, Desmitis.
  DESMORRHEX'IS,  from Siouog,  'a liga-
ment,' and qti^ig, 'rupture.'  Rupture of an ar-
ticular ligament.
  DESMOS, Ligament.
  DESMOTOMY, Desmotom'ia: from Seir/ioc,
'a ligament,' and  re/xvm, 'to cut.'  The  part
of anatomy which teaches the mode of dissect-
ing the ligaments.
  DESOBSTRUANT, Deobstruent.
  DESOBSTRUCTIF, Deobstruent.
  DESOPILATIF, Deobstruent.
  DISORGANISATION, Disorganization.
  DkSOXYGEN'ESES, from de, and oxygen.
M. Baumes includes under this title an order of
diseases, which he considers dependent upon a
diminution  in  the quantity of the oxygen ne-
cessary for the animal economy.
  DESPOTATS, (F.)  Infirm soldiers,  for-
merly charged with the office of removing the
wounded from  the field of battle: perhaps from
desporta'tor, 'one who bears away.'   The class
of Despotats was introduced by Leo VI., at the
commencement of the 9 th century.
  DESPUMA'TION, Despuma'tio, Apaphris'-
mos, Epaphris'mos, from despumare, (de, and
spuma,) ' to skim,' ' to remove the froth.'  The
separation of the froth and other  impurities,
which rise, by the action  of the fire, to the sur-
face of any fluid.
  DESQUAMA'TION,  Desquama'tio  Cuti*,
Eclepisis,  Aposyr'ma, Apolepisis, Apolepis'-
mus, from desquamare,  (de, and  squama, 'a
scale,')  'to scale off.'  Exfoliation,  or  sepa-
ration of the epidermis,  in the form of scales,
of a greater or less  size.  This  affection  is a
common consequence of exanthematousdiseases.
  DESQUAMATORIUS, Exfoliative.
  DESSkCHEMENT, Atrophy, Draining.
  DESS1CATIFS, Dessicativa.
  DESTILLATIO, Coryza—d.  Pectoris, Ca-
tarrh.
  DESTRUCTIO,  Diaphthora.
  DESUDA'TIO, Ephidro'sis, Sudam'ina,W-
dro'.r,  from desudare,  (de,  and  sudarc, 'to
\ 
DkSYMPHYSER
265
DIABETES
sweat.')   Desudation means a profuse and  in-
ordinate  sweating;  but,  most commonly, the
term is applied to an eruption of small pimples,
similar to millet seed, which appears chiefly on
children, and is owing to want of cleanliness.
  DkSYMPHYSER, see Symphyseotomy.
  DETENTIO, Catalepsy.
  DETERGENS, Abstergent.
  DETER'GENTS, from  detergere, (de, and
tergere, 'to clean,')  'to cleanse.'   Detergen'tia,
Deterso'ria, Extergen'tia, Abstergen'tia, Abster-
si'va,  Absterso'ria,  Abluen'tia,  Traumatica,
Abster'sives, Smec'tica, Emundan'tia, Mundi-
ficattva,  Mundifican'tia, Rhyp'tica, (F.) De-
tersifs, Mondificatifs.  Medicines, which pos-
sess the  power to deterge or cleanse parts, as
wounds,  ulcers, &c  They belong to the class
of stimulants, or to  that of emollients.
  DETERSIFS, Detergents.
  DETERSORIA,  Detergents.
  DETERSO'RIUM,  from  detergere,  'to
cleanse.'  The place in ancient bathing establish-
ments, Where the bather was cleansed and dried.
  DETESTATIO, Castratio.
   DkTORSE, Sprain.
   DETRACTIO SANGUINIS, Bloodletting.
   DETRI'TUS, from deterere, (de, and terere,)
'to bruise or wear  out.'   The inorganic resi-
duum, occupying the place of the organic tex-
ture of parts which have undergone 'disorgani-
zation.
   DETROIT ABDOMINALS, Pelvis (brim)
—d.  Inferieur, Pelvis (outlet)—d. Pirinial,
Pelvis (outlet)—a?.  -Supirieur, Pelvis (brim.)
   DkTRONCATION, Detruncatio.
   DETRUNCA'TION, Detrunca'tio, (F.)  De-
troncation,  from de, and  truncus, 'a trunk.'
Separation  of the  trunk from the head of the
foetus, the latter remaining in the uterus.
   DETRU'SOR URI'NA, Pro*™'sor, from de-
trudtre, (de, and trudere,) ' to thrust out.' The
muscular coat of the urinary bladder was  for-
merly so called.   It was, also, named Con-
strictor  Vesica Urina'ria.
   DETUMESCENCE, (F.)  Detumescen'tia,
from detumere, (de and tumere,) ' to cease to
 swell.'   A diminution of swelling.   This word
has nearly the same signification as the French
word Disenflure.   The latter is, however, more
particularly applied to the diminution of oede-
ma or anasarca; the other, to the resolution of
 a tumour properly  so called.
   DEUNX.  The  ancient name of a weight of
 11 ounces, supposing the pound to consist of 12.
   DEURENS (FEBRIS,)  Causus.
   DEUTERI'A, from iturtqog,  'the  second.'
 Vogel has  used this term for the  symptoms
 produced by retention of the secundines.   The
 word  was  also applied, by the Greeks, to a
 6econd or inferior wine.
   DEUTERION, Secundines.
   DEUTEROPATHI'A, Hysteropathi'a, Mor-
 bus secunda'rius,  from Scvxtqot, ' the  second,'
 and naSog, 'disease.'   A secondary disease.
 One  produced by another, and of which it  is
 only, in some  measure, symptomatic, or the
 sympathetic effect.
   DEUTO, Stvrtqoe, 'second.'  A prefix de-
 noting  two, or double,—as deutoxide, having
 two degrees of oxidation.
   DEVELOPMENT,  Evolutio,  from  (F.)
 divelopper, ' to unfold.'  In  Physiology,  it
 means growth  or increase; and  in Pathology,
          18
its signification is similar.  By development of
the pulse, e. g. is understood an increase in its
strength and fulness.   Diseases of development,
Morbi evolutio'nis, are such as are peculiar to
the period of growth.
  DEVERTICULUM, Diverticulum.
  DEVIA'TION, Devia'tio, from de,' from,'
and via,' the way.'   Out of the way.   By this
word is meant—a vicious curvature of the spine
or other  bones;—faulty direction of the teeth
or other part;—the passage of blood, bile, urine,
milk, &c. into vessels not  natural to them.
  DEVIATION DES  REGLES, Menstrua-
tion (Vicarious.)
  DEVIL IN A BUSH, Nigella.
  DEVIL BIT, Veratrum viride.
  DEVIL'S  BIT,  Aletris farinosa,  Scabiosa
suocisa.
  DEVIL'S BITE, Liatris.
  DEVIL'S DUNG, Asafoetida.
  DEVIRGINATIO, Defloration, Stuprum.
  DkVOIEMENT, Diarrhoea.
  DEWBERRY, AMERICAN, see Rubus ca>
sius—d.  Plant, Rubus caesius.
  DEWCLAWS, Crusta genu equinae.
  DEXIS, Degmus.
  DEXOCAR'DIA;  from d&eg, 'right,'  and
xaqSia, 'the heart.'   A case in which the heart
is found to beat on the right side.  It is met
with occasionally in pleurisy and pneumothorax.
   DEX'TANS.  A weight of 10 ounces,  sup-
posing the pound to consist of 12.
   DEXTRIN, Dextrine,British gum, from Dex-
ter, ' right-handed.' So called, from its refracting
the rays, in the polarization of light more to the
right hand than any substance known.   A  sub-
stance obtained by the continued action of di-
luted sulphuric acid upon starch at the boiling
point.  It is used in the treatment of fractures,
by the " immovable apparatus."  The bandages
are soaked in a solution,  in water,  of the  dex-
trine—previously moistened thoroughly with
tincture of camphor, to prevent it from leaking
when the water is added.   The solution should
be of the consistence of molasses.
   DI, St, Sig,' bis, twice, double.'   Hence, Di-
crotus, Digastricus, &c.
   D1A,  Sia, in composition, 'through, asunder,
out of, separated.'  When prefixed  to any the-
rapeutical agent, it meant, in ancient pharmacy,
a preparation into which that agent entered.
   DIABEBOS, Astragalus, Malleolus.
   DIABkTE, Diabetes—<*. Chyleux, Chyluria
—d.Faux, see Diabetes—d. Insipide, see  Dia-
betes—d. Sucri, Diabetes (mellitus.)
   DIABE'TES, from Sia,  ' through,' and (laivw,
'I pass.'   Uri'nx proflu'vium, Hyperdiure'sis,
Sipho uri'na, Urorrhag"ia, Polyu'ria, Hydrops
ad matulam, H. Matel'lx, Polyure'sis,  tfroze'-
mia, Ureorrha'a, Dip'sacos, Diarrha'a in Urind,
 D. urino'sa,  (F.) Diabhe, Flux d'Urine.  A
disease,  characterized by great  augmentation
and often manifest alteration in the secretion of
urine; with excessive thirst, and  progressive
 emaciation.   Cullen has described two species:
—Diabetes insipidus and D. Mellitus,  (F.)
 Diabhe  faux ou insipide, Diabete; the former
 being, simply, a superabundant discharge of
 limpid urine, of its usual, urinary taste: the lat-
 ter D. Mellitus, called, also, Paru'riaMelli'ta,
 Diabetes An'glicus, D. verus, Melitu'ria, Gluco-
 su'ria,Glycyrrha a urino'sa,Uroze'mia melli'ta,
 Saccharorrha'a urino'sa, Phthisu'ria,  Uroph- 
DIABETIC
266
DIACRISES
  thi'sis, Tabes diuretica seu diabe'tica, Dyspep'-
  sia saccharig"ena, Apoceno'sis Diabetes Melli-
  tus, Sac'charine diabetes, (F.) Diabete sucri ,Hy-
  perurorrhie saccharine, Phthisurie sucrie,—falls
  under the definition given above.  The quantity
  of urine, discharged in the 24 hours, is some-
  times excessive, amounting to 30 pints and up-
  wards ; and each pint containing  sometimes 2^
  oz. of saccharine matter.   This replaces the
  urea, which is not found in quantity in the urine
  of those labouring under diabetes.  Where the
  disease is situate is not clear.  The whole sys-
  tem of nutrition, however, seems to be morbid-
  ly implicated.  A part  of the urine must  be
  formed at the expense of the system, as the
  egesta frequently far exceed the solid  and liquid
  ingesta.   On dissection, no morbid appearance
  is met with, sufficient to  enable us to fix on the
  seat of this distressing affection.
    All the remedies that  have been tried have
  usually been found insufficient in D. Mellitus.
    D. insipidus, Hyperure'sis aquo'sa, Hydru'-
  ria,Hydrure'sis, Paru'ria incon'tinens aquo'sa,
  Diabe'tes spu'rius, Urorrha'a, Ureal Diabetes,
  (F.) Polyurie, Hyperurrorrh'ee, Diabhe insi-
  pide, Faux diabete, which occurs in hysterical
  habits, and has, hence, been called D. hyster-
  icus, is of comparatively trifling moment.  Ex-
  clusive diet, and  attention  to the state  of the
  cutaneous transpiration, which have sometimes
  produced good effects in D. Mellitus, have most
  commonly failed.
   Diabetes Anglicus, see Diabetes—d. Chylo-
  sus, Chyluria—d. Insipidus,  see Diabetes—d.
  Lactea, Chyluria—d. Mellitus, see Diabetes—
  d. Spurius, see Diabetes—d. Ureal, see Diabetes
 —d. Verus, Diabetes (mellitus.)
   DIABETIC,  Diabe'ticus.   Same etymon.
  Relating to diabetes.
   DIABOT'ANUM, from it*, and fieTMt,,  'an
 herb.'  A medicine, prepared with herbs.—Ga-
 len.
   DIABROSIS, Erosion, Corrosion.
   DIABRO'TICUS,from <5.a, and ftowtw,'I eat
 or corrode.'   A substance, capable of causing
 erosion of the part to which it  is  applied.   It
 ordinarily means  a medicine, whose activity
 places it between escharotics and caustics. See
 Corrosive.
   DIACAR'YON, from ita, and xaquov, 'a nut.'
 Rob nucum.  The rob of nuts or of walnuts
   DIACASSIA CUM  MANNA, Confectio
 cassiae.
   DIACATHOL'ICON, Diacathol'icum, from
 J/o, and xa^oxmoc,'universal.'  The name of a
 purge, so called from its general usefulness.   It
 was an electuary, and composed of the pulp of
 cassia, tamarinds, leaves of senna, root of poly-
pody, flowers of the violet, rhubarb root, aniseed
 sugar, liquorice, and fennel.
  DIACAU'SIS, from i.ax*Va, 'I burn.'  Ex-
 cessive heat.   Over-heating.
  DIACAUST IC, Diacausticus.   Same ety-
mon.  That which is caustic by refraction- as
a double convex lens, which has been  some-
times used for cauterizing an ulcer by directing;
the sun's rays upon it.
  DIACELTATESSON PARACELSI, Pulvis
Cornachini.
  DIACHALA'SIS, from h*XuMar, 'to  be
open or relaxed.'   Hippocrates uses this word
for fracture of the bones of the skull; or for re-
laxation and separation of the outures, in con-
  sequence of a  wound of  the  head.—Hippo-
  crates.
    DIACHALCIT EOS, from Sia, and ^*,t(C,
  'chalcitis  or colcothar.'   A plaster, whose
  composition is the same as that of the diapalma,
  except that, in place of the sulphate of zinc, a
  mixture of oil and colcothar is substituted.
    ~DIACtIEIRI'&'MO'$,Diacheir'isis,Trac.ta'tio
  manua'ria;  from ita, and xllQ> 'the hand.'  The
  preparation, administration, and  dispensing of
  medicines.—Hippocrates.
    DIACHORE'MA, Diachore'sis, from Staxa-
  qsa,' I separate from.'  Every kind of excreted
  matter and excretion; but more particularly the
  faeces and alvine excretion.—Foesius, Gorraeus.
  See Excrement.
    Diachorema Xysmatodes, see Ramenta in-
  testinorum.
    DIACHORESIS, Excretion.
    DIACHRISIS, Inunction.
    DIACHRIST'A,from Sta,and xqm,'Ianoint.'
  Medicines, applied as abstergents to the velum
  palati, the palate itself, the tongue, &c.  Pro-
  bably gargles.—Paulus of Agina.
   DIACH'YLON,  Diach'ylum,  Emp'as'trum
 diach'ylon,  from Sia, and ^-uilof, 'juice;' i. e.
 composed of juices.  The  plaster of this name
 was  formerly made of certain  juices.  The
 term  is  now confined to the  Emplastrum
 Plumbi or 'Lead Plaster.
   Diachylon cum  Gummi, Emplastrum gum-
 mosum—d. Gomme, Emplastrum cum gummi-
 resinis—d. Gum, Emplastrum gummosum—d.
 Magnum cum ' gummi, Emplastrum galbani
 comp.—d. Simplex, Emplastrum plumbi—d_
 White, Emplastrum plumbi—d.  Yellow, Em-
 plastrum gummosum.
   DIACHYT'ICA, from $ta, and yy, 'I P<>i"
 out.'  Medicines which discuss tumours.
   DIACINE'MA, from Sia, and xtrtio,'I move.'
 A slight  dislocation.—Celsus, Galen.  A sub-
 luxation.
   DIACLASIS, Refraction.
   DIACLYSIS,  Diaclys'mus; from Sia, and
 xAute/v, 'to wash out.'  Rinsing or cleansing—
 especially of the mouth.
   DIACLYSMA, Gargarism.
   DIACOCCYMELON, Diaprunum.
   DIACODION, Syrupus papaveris.
   DIACO'DIUM, Confec'tio ex Capitibus Pa-
pav'eris;  from Sia, and xwSia,  'a poppyhead.'
(F.) Diacode.  The ancients had various forms
for preparing it.  The Syrup of Poppies—Sy-
rupus Papav'eris seu Diaco'dion—is now sub-
stituted for it.
  DIACOPE, Abscission,  Dissection, Inter-
section.
  Diac'ope, En'cope, from Sia., and xovxtir, 'to
cut.'  A cut, incision, fissure,  or longitudinal
fracture.  When used, since Galen, it generally
signifies an oblique incision, made in  the crani-
um by  a sharp instrument, without  the piece
being removed.  It is not now employed.
  Diac'ope Cra'nii,  Pracis'io seu Dissec'tio
Cra'nii.   Opening the head; and separation of
the bones of the cranium.
                                 ■g, 'excre-
  DIACOPRA'GIA, from Sia, xonfi
ment,' and ail, atyog,' a goat.'  A name given,
in Blancard's Lexicon, to a medicine, composed
of goat's dung, which the ancients praised in
diseases of the spleen, parotids, &c
  DIACRISES;  from A,*,  and *».,«, 'I sepa- 
DIACRITICA  SIGNA           267
DIAPHffiNICON
 rate.'   A class of diseases characterized by al-
 terations of secretion.—Gendrin.
   DIACRITIC A  SIG'NA.   Same  etymon.
 Signs by which one disease can be accurately
 discriminated from another:—differential diag-
 nosis.
   DIACYDONITES, Cydoniatum.
   DIADE'MA, Fascia cap'itis, Redimic'ulum,
 from StaStw, (Sia, and Suv, 'to bind.')   'I sur-
 round.'  A sort  of bandage; advised in head-
 ache, in which relaxation of the sutures  was
 apprehended.—Forestus.
   DIADEX'IS, Diad'oche, Metatopto'sis, from
 SixSsxouai, (Sia,  and rJt^o/ttstt, 'to take or re-
 ceive.') 'I transfer.' 'I succeed to.' A trans-
 formation  of a disease into  another differing
 from the former both in its nature and seat.
   DIADOCHE, Diadexis.
   DIAD'OSIS, from SiaStSta^.,, 'to distribute.'
 In some  authors, it means the  distribution of
 nutritive matter over the whole body,—in other
 words, nutrition; whilst, in others, it is syno-
 nymous with the  remission or cessation of a
 disease.
   DIADffi'US, from Si, 'double,'  and aiSot*,
 'the parts of generation.'  A monster whose
 organs of generation and urinary bladder are
 double.  It has only been observed in animals.
   DIA'RESIS,  from iiaiqtw,  Sia, and at^io,' I
 take away,' 'I  divide,' 'I separate.'   A  divi-
 sion or  solution  of  continuity.  A  surgical
 operation, which consists in dividing any part
 of the body.  Hamorrhag'ia per dix'resin is
 hemorrhage owing to separation  or  division of
 vessels.
   Dleresis Ungul^, Onychoptosis.
   DIARETICUS, Caustic.
   DIATA, Diet—d. Lactea,  Galactodiseta.
   DIATE'MA.  It has the same signification
 as diet, with most  authors.   Galen gives  it a
 more extensive meaning; comprising, under it,
 what constitutes Hygiene.
   DIATETICA, Dietetics.
   DIAGNO'SIS, Digno'tio, Diagnos'tice, De-
 prehen'sio, from St*., and ytvoe-xa>,  ' I  know.'
 Discrimination, (F.) Diagnose,  Diagnostique.
 That part of medicine whose  object is  the dis-
 crimination of diseases, the knowledge of the
 pathognomonic signs of  each.  It is one of the
 most important branches of general pathology.
   Diagnosis,  Differential,  see  Diacritica
 signa.
   DIAGNOS'TIC, Discreti'vus, Diagnos'ticus;
 same etymon.  A  symptom which is characte-
 ristic of a disease.
.  TO  DIAGNOS'TIC ATE,—sometimes  "to
 diagnose."  To discriminate one disease or phe-
 nomenon from another.
   DIAGRYDIUM, Convolvulus scammonia.
   Diagryd'ium  Cydonia'tum, from diagrydi-
 um, 'scammony,' and cydonium, 'quince.'  A
 pharmaceutical preparation, obtained by inspis-
 sating and drying, by means of heat, two parts
 of scammony and one of quince juice.  It was
 formerly used as an energetic  purgative.
   Diagryd'ium Glycyrrhiza'tum.  An analo-
 gous preparation, containing  extract of liquo-
 rice in place of quince juice.
   DiAGRYD'imi  Sulphura'tum.   Scammony,
 which  has been exposed to the vapour of burn-
 ing sulphur. These diagrydia are not now used.
   DIALEIPSIS, Apyrexia, Intermission.
   DIALEIPYRA, Intermittent fever.
  DIALEMMA, Apyrexia.
  DIALEP'SIS, Intercep'tio, from SiaXaufavw,
'I intercept.'—Hippocrates employs this word
for the interstices, or intervals, left between
the turns of a bandage.
  DIALIPSIS, Apyrexia, Intermissio.
  DIAL'YSIS, Dissolu'tio, from Si*, and Iva-m,
'solution.'  A dissolution or loss of  strength.
Resolu'tio virium.   Weakness of the limbs.
Also, a solution of continuity.
   DIAMANT, Diamond.
   DIAMASTEMA, Masticatory.
   DIAM'BRA SPE'CIES.  A name given by
the ancients to powders, one of which bore the
name*—Spe'cies diam'brx sine  odora'tis,—the
other, that of  Spe'cies diam'bra cum  odora'tis.
The former was composed of cinnamon, angeli-
ca root, cloves, mace, nut-meg, galanga, carda-
mom, and numerous other substances;  the latter,
besides, had ambergris and musk.  These pow-
ders were used as tonics, in cases of debility
of the stomach, and in certain nervous affections.
   DIAMNES, Enuresis.
   DI'AMOND, Ad'amas, from et, privative, and
Sapa-io, 'I conquer.' 'Invincible;' (F.) Diamant.
So called from its hardness.  It is the  most pre-
cious of all stones, and was formerly  conceived
to possess extraordinary cordial virtues.
   DIAMO'RUM, Rob ex moris, from Sia, and
/utvgov, 'a mulberry.'  An  ancient syrup pre-
pared with honey and mulberry juice.  It  was
employed as a gargle  in sore throat.—Galen.
   DI AMOTO'SIS, from ^o w, < charpie,'' lint.'
The introduction of lint into an ulcer or wound.
   DIANA, Argentum.
   DIANANCAS'MUS, from fit, and avayxata,
' I force.'  Coaptation, reduction of a fractured
or luxated limb.
   DIANOZMA, Imagination.
   DIAN'THUS C ARYOPHYL'LUS, from A/f,
'Jove,' (?) av#or, 'flower,' and caryophyllum,
'the clove.'   Clove Pink.  Also called Caryo-
phyl'lum rubrum, Tu'nica, Tu'nica horten'sis,
 T. rubra, Caryophyllus horten'sis, Clove July
flower, Gilliflower, Carna'tion.   Order, Cary-
ophylleae.  (F.) QUilht giroflce.  The flowers
were once much used;  but are now only em-
ployed in syrup, as a useful and pleasant vehi-
cle for other medicines.
   DIAPAL'MA,Phanic'ium Emplas'trum. A
plaster composed of equal parts of litharge, olive
oil, axunge, water, a certain quantity of sulphate
of zinc dissolved in water, and white wax.  It
is  classed amongst  the topical, desiccative,
emollient, resolvent, detersive, and cicatrizing
medicines.  Mixed with a quarter of  its weight
of olive  oil, it acquires the consistence of an
ointment, and forms the Cerate of Diapalma.
   DIAPASMA, Catapasma.
   DIAPEDE'SIS, Transuda'tio, Persuda'tio,
Persulta'tio, from SiavrjSatiy, ' I leap  through.'
Exhalation of blood,  in the form of dew, at the
surface of the skin, or of any membrane; Sweat-
ing of blood, (F.) Sueur de Sang,Hxmorrhag"ia
per diapede'sin, Hxmatopede'sis, Hxmidrosis.
   DIAPENSIA CORTUSA, Sanicula.
   DIAPEN'TES orDIAPENTE, from Sit, and
Tivrr„ ' five.'  A medicine composed  of five in-
gredients.  See Diatessaron.
   BIAPU(E'mCON,Diapka'nix,Medicamen'~
tumex Palmulis, from Sia, and qoiviz, 'a date.'
A drastic electuary, of which the date was the
chief excipient. 
68              DIAPLASMUS
              DIAPHORESIS             21

   DIAPHORE'SIS, from  Siayoqw,  (Sia, and
 <poe,if, ' I convey,') ' I dissipate.' A greater de-
 gree of perspiration than natural, but less than
 in sweating.  Every kind of cutaneous  evacua-
 tion.
   DIAPHORETTC.  Same etymon; Diapno'-
 icus, Diaphoreticus. A medicine which excites
 diaphoresis.  Diaphoretics are very uncertain as
 a class.  The following  is a list  of the most
 reputed:—Ammoniae Acetatis Liquor;  Ammo-
 niae Carbonas; Antimonialis pulvis; Antimonii
 et  Potassae Tartras;  Antimonii  Sulphuretum
 praecipitatum; Asclepias tuberosa; Camphora;
 Contrayerva; Dulcamara; Eupatoriumperfolia-
 tum; GuaiaciLignum; Guaiacum: Ipecacuanha;
 Mezereum;  Opium,  and its active principle
 Morphia; Sarsaparilla; Sassafras; Serpentaria;
 Spiritus Atheris Nitrici; Sulphur; Xanthoxy-
 lum; Caloric; Exercise, (active;) and Friction.
   The epithet Diaphoretic has also been given,
 by some, to continued fever, accompanied with
 constant perspiration.
   Diaphoretic, Mineral, Antimonium diapho-
 reticum.
   DIAPHORETICUM JOVIALE, see Anti-
 hectic.
   DI'APHRAGM, Diaphrag'ma,  Diaphrax'is,
 Respirato'rium Ventris, Discreto'rium, Phrenes,
 Septum  transvedsum, Discrlmen  Thora'cis et
 Ventris, Disceptum, Cine'tus, Diazo'ma, Pra-
 cindtus, Diazos'ma,  Diazos'tra, Hypezo'cus,
 Hypozo'ma,Perizo'ma, Dissep'tum,Dissip'ium,
 Pracor'dia, Succin'gens membra'na vel mus'-
 culus, Succinc'tus, Succinctu'ra,  the Midriff,
 from Si*,' between,' and </>g*<r<ru>,' I close.'  A
 large, azygous muscle; stretched  transversely
 between the thoracic and abdominal cavities,
 which it separates from each other; tendinous
 in the centre; thin, almost circular, and un-
 equally convex, upwards.  It is fleshy at  its
 circumference, which is  attached to the carti-
 lago ensiformis, to the last six ribs, to the apo-
 neurosis stretched from the last rib to the trans-
 verse process of the first lumbar vertebra; and,
 lastly, to the bodies of the first three  or four
 lumbar vertebrae.   When  it contracts, its fibres
 become straight, the chest is enlarged, and the
 abdomen diminished.  It is then an inspiratory
 muscle.  It may, also, diminish the capacity of
 the chest; and be an expiratory muscle.  This
 muscle  plays an  important part  in sighing,
 yawning, coughing, sneezing,  laughing, sob-
 bing, crying,  hiccoughing, singing, vomiting,
 the excretion of the faeces and urine, the expul-
 sion of the foetus, &c.
  DIAPHRAGMA AURIS, see Tympanum—
 d. Cerebri, Tentorium — d. Narium, Septum
 narium—d. Ventriculorum lateralium cerebri
 Septum lucidum.
  mAVHRAGMAL'GIA,Diaphragmatal'gia,
 from dtxtpi*yfia,  'the  diaphragm,'  and   uhyog,
 i pain.'   Pain in the diaphragm.
  DIAPHRAGMATALGIA,Diaphragmalgia
  DIA P H RAGM ATI C, Diaphragmaticus.
 Belonging to the diaphragm. A name given to
 several vessels and nerves.
  Diaphragmat'ic or Phrenic Ar'teries.__
 These are distinguished into superior and infe-
rior. The former,  called, also, supradiaphrag-
 matic, axe  two in  number, one on each side.
They arise from the internal  mammary, and
descend along the  phrenic nerve, to be distri-
buted on the upper surface of the  diaphragm.
 The latter, or infradiaphragmatic, are also two
 in number.   They arise from the upper part of
 the abdominal aorta, or from the coeliac artery,
 and divide into two principal branches, which
 are distributed on the lower surface of the dia-
 phragm and in its substance.
   The superior diaphragmat'ic veins follow the
 same course as the arteries, and empty them-
 selves—the right, into the vena cava superior;
 the left, into the corresponding subclavian vein.
 The two inferior diaphragmatic veins open into
 the vena cava inferior.
   Diaphragmat'ic Her'nia, Phrenic Hernia,
 Diaphragmatoce'll.  The abdominal viscera are
 occasionally  protruded through the diaphragm,
 either through some of the natural apertures in
 the muscle, or through deficiencies, or wounds,
 or lacerations in it.
   Diaphragmat'ic or Phrenic  Nerves are
 two  in number; one on the  left side, the other
 on the right.  They arise from the second and
 third  nerves of the cervical plexus, about the
 middle of the neck.   They receive two or three
 filaments  from the brachial plexus, after which
 they descend into the chest at the sides  of tha
 pericardium, and are  distributed on  the  dia-
 phragm.
   Diaphragmat'ic Plex'uses are two in num-
 ber; one  right, and the other left.  They arise
 from  the  upper part  of the solar plexus, by a
 small number  of branches, which  are  distri-
 buted to the diaphragm,  following exactly the
 branches of the inferior diaphragmatic arteries.
   Diaphragmat'ic Ring,  (F.) Anneau dia-
phragmatique of Chaussieur, is a name given to
 the irregularly quadrilateral aperture, by which
 the vena cava inferior passes through the  dia-
 phragm.
  DIAPHRAGMATITIS, Diaphragmitis.
  DIAPHRAGMATOCELE, see Hernia.
  DIAPHRAGMI'TIS, from Stxyqctyp*, 'the
diaphragm,' and itis, a suffix denoting inflam-
mation.  Diaphragmatltis,  Inflamma'tio septi
transver'si, Paraphrenltis, Empresma Pleurl-
tis Diaphragmatica, Paraphrene'sis Diaphrag-
matica, Inflammation of the Diaphragm. The
terms, Paraphrenltis and Paraphrene'sis have
been obtained from the Peripatetic philosophy,
which supposed the seat  of the qq^v or soul to
be the praecordia.   The essential symptoms of
diaphragmitis are:—painful constriction around
the praecordia, with  small, quick,  laborious
breathing.   It is a rare disease.
  DIAPHRATTON HYMEN, Mediastinum-
d. Membrana, Mediastinum.
  DIAPHRAXIS, Diaphragm.
  DIAPH'THORA,  Destruc'tio, from Sia and
tpStiquv, 'to corrupt.'   Corruption in gene-
ral; more especially  corruption of the foetus
in utero.—Hippocr.   Also, corruption  of the
blood in the stomach.—Galen.   See Abortion.
  DIAPHYLACTIC, Prophylactic.
  DIAPH'YSIS, fxomSiatpvoj,' I rise between.'
Interstl'tium, Discrimina'tio: 'aninterstice,in-
terval, division.'  Any thing that separates two
bodies.  Also, the middle part or body of a long
bone, Corpus Ossis.   One of the ligaments ot
the knee.—Hippocrates, Pare.
  DIA'PIA. Some lexicographers use this word
synonymously with Diapyesis or Suppuration,
others have employed it in opposition toMyopiA.
  DIAPLASIS, Conformation, Reduction.
   DIAPLASMUS, Conformation, Reduction. 
DIAPNEUSIS
269
DIASTASIS
   DIAPNEUSIS, Perspiration.
   DIAPNOE, Perspiration.
   DIAPNCEA, Perspiration.
   DIAPNOGENOUS APPARATUS, see Per-
 spiration.
   DIAPNOICUS, Diaphoretic.
   DIAPORE'MA.  Anxiety, jactitation, from
 tiairo^to),' I doubt.'
   DIAPRU'NUM, Diacoccyme'lon.   A purga-
 tive electuary, of which the pulps of prunes and
 rhubarb formed the basis. By adding to the dia-
 prunum simplex a 24th part of powdered scam-
 mony, the Diapru'numresoluti'vumseucompos'-
 itum was formed.  It was more active than the
 former.
   DIAPYEMA, Empyema, Suppuration.
   DIAPYESIS, Suppuration—d. Oculi, Hypo-
 pyon.
   DIAPYETTC A,Dyapye'mata,fxom3ix.irvri/j.*,
 Sta.Tivt}<rit, (Sia, and vvov, ' pus,') ' suppuration.'
 Medicines which promote suppuration.
   DIAPYETICUS, Suppurative.
   DI A RAM I A, (F.) Diaremie, from Sia,
 1 through,' qiu,' I flow,' and  'at^a,' blood.'  A
 pathological condition, said  to be common in
 sheep, in which the globules of the blood are
 diminished in quantity; the blood itself thinner,
 and transuding through the coats of the vessels
 into the cavities.—Delafore.
   DlARkMIE, Diaraemia.
   DIARIA, Ephemera.
   DIARRHAGE, Fracture.
   DIARRHGZ'A, from Sia,' through,' and qcw,
 ' I flow.' Enterorrha'a, Incontinen'tia alvi, Alvi
 proflu'vium, A. fluxus aquo'sus,Ventris proflu'-
 vium.,Caliorrha'a, Caliolysis, Alvus dta, Ca-
 cato'ria, Coprorrha'a, Catar'rhus intestina'lis,
 Alvi fluxus, Rheuma, Epiph'ora Alvi, Fluxus
 alvi'nus,Laxitas alvi,Deflux'io,Lax,Looseness,
 (F.) Diarrhie, Divoiement, Catarrhe intestinal,
 Flux de  Ventre, Cours de Ventre,  Courante.
 A disease characterized by frequent liquid al-
 vine evacuations, and generally owing to inflam-
 mation or irritation of the  mucous membrane
 of the intestines.  It  is commonly caused by
 errors in regimen, the use of food noxious by its
 quality or quantity, &c, constituting the Diar-
 rha'a stercora'ria, D. Crapulo'sa of writers.  It
 may be acute or chronic.  Many varieties have
 been made by some nosologists—e. g. mucous,—
 Diarrha!a muco'sa, Blennoche'sia, Blennoche'-
 zia ; bilious,—Ileo-cholo'sis, Diarrha'a bilio'sa;
 serous,—Hydroche'zia,Hydrodiarrha'a, Orrho-
 che'zia; dependent upon the matters evacuated.
 Diarrhoea requires different treatment, accord-
 ing to its nature.   If caused, as it  often is, by
 improper matters in  the intestinal  canal, these
 must be evacuated; and the astringent plan of
 treatment must not be adopted, unless the dis-
 charges seem kept up by irritability of the intes-
 tines, or unless they are colliquative. The indis-
 criminate use of astringents is to be deprecated.
  A very fatal diarrhoea prevails amongst the
 native inhabitants of India, to which Mr. Tytler
 has given the name Diarrha'a hec'tica, because,
 like hectic fever, it seems to obtain habitual pos-
 session of the constitution, to operate upon it with
 scarcely any perceptible intermission,  and, in
 general, to defy the most powerful  remedies.
  Diarrhcsa Adiposa, Gras-fondure—d. cum
Apepsia, Lientery—d. Arthritica,  Cceliagra—
d.  Biliosa,  see Diarrhoea—d.  Carnosa,  Dysen-
tery—d.  Chylosa,  Coeliac flux—d.  Chymosa,
 Cceliac flux—d. Crapulosa, see Diarrhoea—d.
 Cruenta, Haematochezia—d. Dyspeptica, Lien-
 tery—d. Hepatica, Hepatirrhoea — d. Ingesto-
 rum, Lientery—d. Lienteria, Lientery—d. Mu-
 cosa, see Diarrhoea—d. Purulenta, Pyochezia—
 d. Sanguinolenta,  Haematochezia—d. Stercora-
 ria, see Diarrhoea—d. in Urina, Diabetes—d.
 Urinosa, Diabetes.
   DIARRHOIS'CHESIS, from  Diarrhaa, and
 tr%t<rig, ' arrest.'   Arrest of a diarrhoea.
   DIARTHRO'DIAL,  Diarthrodia'lis.   Re-
 lating to diarthroses or movable articulations, as
 diarthro'dial articulation. Diarthro'dial carti-
 lages or incrusting cartilages are the cartilages
 which invest the articular extremities of bones.
   DIARTHRO'SIS,  from Staqdqou, (Sia, and
 aq&qov),) ' I separate the limbs,' ' I articulate.'
 Dearticula'tio,  Prosarthrd sis,   Aparthro' sis,
 Abarticula!tio, Coarticula'tio, Perarticula'tio,
 Rota'tio, (F.) Emboiture.  A movable  articu-
 lation.  One which permits the  bones to move
 freely on each other in  every direction, as in
 the case of the shoulder joint.
   DIASATYRTON, from  Sia,  and  <r*xvqiov,
 ' the  orchis mas'cula.' An electuary, of which
 this  plant formed the basis.  (?)—Myrepsus.
 The ancients attributed to it the faculty of ex-
 citing the organs of generation.
   DIASCINCI ANTIDOTUS,  Mithridate.
   DIASCOR'DIUM,  from Si*, and oxoqSiov,
 'the water germander.' An electuary, so called
 because this plant entered into its composition.
 The Parisian codex has a formula for its pre-
 paration, under the title, Electua!rium opia'tum
 astrin'gens vel diascor'dium. (R.fol. scord.^iss,
 rosar.rubr.,bistort, rad.,gentiana, tormentilla,
 sem.  berber. aa ^ss, zingib., piper, long, aa Jjij,
 cassia lignea, cinnamom., dictamn. Cretens.,
 styrac. calamit.,galban.,gum.acacia aa^ss. bol.
 oriental.prapar.^i], extract vinos opii. gij, mel.
 rosat. prap. Ibij, vin. hispan. fljss: fiat electua-
 rium.)  In  place  of the  styrax calamita, the
 balsam of tolu or benjamin may  be used.  The
 opium is, in this preparation, in  the proportion
 of  1 to 184.   The diascordium is employed in
 diarrhoea and dysentery, as a tonic, stomachic,
 and astringent.  The common dose  is from a
 scruple to a drachm and a half.  See  Pulvis
 cretse compositus.
   DIASOSTIC, Prophylactic.
   DIASPASIS, Divulsio.
   DIASPER'MATON.   The ancient name of
 two  cataplasms,  composed of  seed.—Galen,
 Paulus.
   DIASPHYXIS, Pulse.  Also, a violent beat
 of the pulse.
   DIASTALTICUS, Diastolic.
   DIASTASA'MIA,  (F.) Diastasimie, from
 Siao-xao-tg, 'separation,' and 'atpa, 'blood.'  A
 pathological condition, characterized  by a sepa-
 ration of the elements of the blood globules;—
 the  fibrin  and albumen separating  also from
 the colouring matter, whilst the  fibrin attaches
 itself to the valves of the heart.—Delafore.
  DIASTASE.  Same etymon as the next but
 one.  A vegetable principle, allied in its gene-
 ral  properties  to  gluten, which  appears in the
 germination of barley and other  seeds, and, by
its  presence, converts  their starch into sugar
and gum-.
  DIASTASEMIE, Diastasaemia.
  DIASTASIS, fxomSi*, and io-t>;ui, 'to place,' 
DIASTEMA                27
'separation,' 'distance.' Diaste'ma, Dissiden'-
tia.   A separation of bones, and particularly of
the bones of the  cranium, from each other;  of
the radius from the ulna, and the fibula from the
tibia.  The ancients used this word  to desig-
nate the three dimensions  of the body,—length,
breadth,  and thickness; for the interval sepa-
rating the patient from the  physician; the swell-
ing of varicose  veins ; the  time at which some
change occurred in disease, &c.
  DIASTEMA, Diastasis, Interstice.
  DIASTEMATELYT'RIA, from Siao-x^x,
' interstice,' and twrpov,' vagina.'  An organic
deviation, characterized by a longitudinal di-
vision or fissure of the vagina.—Breschet.
  DIASTEMATENCEPHA'LIA,  from Sia-
orrjua, and eyxeyaXoe, 'the brain.'  An organic
deviation, consisting in a  longitudinal division
of the brain.—Breschet.
  DIASTEMA'TIA, from dtao-rrjua.   A term
employed by Breschet for  an organic deviation,
characterized by the  presence of a fissure in the
mesial line of the body.
  DIASTEMATOCAU'LIA, from Sixo-x^a,
and xavKot,' trunk.'  An organic deviation, cha-
racterized by a longitudinal division of the trunk.
  DIASTEMATOCHEI'LIA, from Stxo-x^a,
and  /tiAo?,  'the  lip.'  An  organic deviation,
consisting in a  longitudinal division or  fissure
of the lip.
  DIASTEMATOCRA'NIA, from  (WrWa,
and xpavtov,' the cranium.'  An organic devia-
tion,  consisting in a longitudinal deviation  of
the cranium.
  DIASTEMATOCYS'TIA,  from Siaarw*,
and  xvaxtc, ' bladder.'  An organic deviation,
characterized by a longitudinal division of the
urinary bladder.
  DIASTEMATOGAS'TRIA, from Siaoxr,ua,
and yaaxrip,' the stomach.'  An organic devia-
tion, characterized by a longitudinal division of
the stomach.
  DIASTEMATOGLOS'SIA,  from Siaoxyia,
and yXwaoa, 'tongue.'  An  organic deviation,
characterized by a longitudinal division or fis-
sure of the tongue.
  DIASTEMATOGNA'THIA, from Siaoxrjua,
and yva&og, 'jaw.'  An organic deviation, cha-
racterized by a  longitudinal division of the jaw.
  DIASTEMATOME'TRIA,  from  Siaax^ta,
and uyxpa,' womb.'   An organic deviation, cha-
racterized by a  longitudinal division or fissure
of the womb.
  DIASTEMATOPYELTA,  from  8iaarVua,
and  nvtXog, ' pelvis.'  An organic deviation,
characterized by a longitudinal division or fis-
sure  of the pelvis.
  DIASTEMATORA'CHIA,  from  JWtW*,
and />*/i?, 'spine.'  An organic deviation, cha-
racterized by a  longitudinal division or fissure
of the spine.
  DIASTEMATORHI'NIA,  from  Sixoxt,ux,
and piv,' the nose.'   An organic deviation, cha-
racterized by a longitudinal division of the nose.
  DIASTEMATOSTAPHYLTA,  from Staa-
xriua, and o-rxyvXti, ' uvula.'  An organic devia-
tion, characterized by a longitudinal division of
the uvula.
  DIASTEMATOSTER'NIA, from Siaax^a,
and artpvov,' the sternum.'  An organic devia-
tion, characterized by a longitudinal division of
the sternum.
  DIASTEMENTER'IA, from Siao-xt^a, and
10               DIATRION

 tvTtpov,«intestine.'   An organic deviation, cha-
 racterized by a longitudinal division of the in-
 testine.
   DIAS'TOLE,from StaaxtXXa,(Sia and rTiXXi$,
 ' I send,') ' I dilate,' ' I open.'  Relaxa'tio seu
 Remis'sio cordis et arteria'rum.  Dilatation of
 the heart and arteries, when the blood enters
 their cavities.   It is the opposite movement to
 systole, in which the heart and arteries contract
 to send forth the blood.   Diastole  and systole
 are, consequently, successive movements.  Dia-
 stole, Motus cordis diastal'ticus, occurs simul-
 taneously in the two  ventricles.  The almost
 inappreciable time, which elapses between the
 diastole and systole has been called perisystole,
 and that which succeeds to the diastole, peridia-
 stole.  When we  speak of the contraction or
 systole of the heart, as well as of its diastole or
 dilatation,  we  mean  that  of  the ventricles.
 This dilatation is active.
   DIASTOLEUS, Dilator.
   DIAS'TOLIC,  Diastolicus,  Diastal'ticus;
 same etymon.   Belonging to the  diastole of the
 heart—as 'diastolic impulse of the heart.5
   Diastolic Impulse of the  Heart, see Im-
 pulse, diastolic.
   DIASTOMO'TRIS, fxomdiao-xouow, (Sia,m\A
 o-xoua,' mouth.')  ' I dilate an aperture.'   Di-
 lating instruments, such  as the different kinds
 of specula for the mouth, anus, vagina, &c.
   DIASTREMMA,   Distortion,  Perversion,
 Sprain.
   DIASTROPHE, Distortion,  Perversion,
 Sprain.
   DIAT'ASIS,  Disten'sio, from Siaxeaa, (Sia,
 and Tttvm, ' I stretch,') ' I distend.'   Tension.
 The reduction of a fracture by  extension and
 counter-extension.
   DIATES'SARON,  from diet,  and  xeoaaetc,
 ' four.'   An electuary, into the composition of
 which entered four medicines; viz.  the roots of
 gentian and aristolochia rotunda, and bay-ber-
 ries, each :$ij, honey Ibij.  The whole was in-
 corporated with extract of juniper.  The dia-
 pentes  is nothing  more  than  this electuary,
 mixed with two ounces of ivory shavings. The
 diatessaron is tonic, and it  was formerly em-
 ployed in cases  of stings and bites of venomous
 animals.  It was  regarded  as emmenagogue,
 alexiterial,  and alexipharmic.
   DIATH'ESIS^rom^aTi^j/j^iajandTidjj/ete,
 'to place,') 'I dispose.'  Disposition, constitu-
 tion, affection of the  body: predisposition to
 certain diseases rather than to others;—(F.) Im-
 minence morbide. The principal diatheses, men-
 tioned by authors, are the cancerous, scrofulous,
 scorbutic, rheumatic, gouty and calculous.
   Diathesis Hemorrhoidals,  see  Haemor-
 rhoids—d. Hemorrhagic, Hematophilia—d. Ner-
 vosa, Nervous diathesis—d. Sthenica,  Sthenia.
   DIATRAGACAN'THUS.  A powder  com-
 posed of gum tragacanth, ^ij. gum Arabic, f,]
 and 5jij, starch, §ss, liquorice, ^iij, as much of
 the seed of the melon and white poppy; seeds of
 the water-melon, cucumber, and gourd, and su-
 gar candy ^iij.   It was used as a demulcent.
   DIATRESIS, Perforation.
   DIATRIMMA,  Chafing.
   DIATRINSANTALON, see Diatrion.
   DIATRI'ON, Diatri'um, from Six, and  r^ttf,
 ' three.'  A medicine composed of three ingre-
 dients.  There were formerly two  kinds.   The
 first  was called Diatri'um Pipe'reon spe'cies, 
              DIATRITARII              2:

and was formed of black and long pepper, ani-
seed, thyme, and ginger.  It was highly stimu-
lating.  The second species was known under
the name, Diatrinsan'talon, Diatrlum Santalo'-
rum pulvis, or Powder of the three  Sanders.
They were considered diaphoretic.
  DIATRITA'RII.   The Methodists were so
called, who pretended to cure all diseases by sub-
jecting the patients to treatment every third day.
  DIAT'RITOS.   Relating to every third day.
A means used by the Methodists to cure disease.
  DIAZOMA, Diaphragm.
  DIAZOSMA, Diaphragm.
  DIAZOS'TER,  from  Stata>vvv/xt (Sia, and
twwviu.i, 'to gird,') 'I surround.'  The twelfth
vertebra of the back, because it corresponds to
the girdle, toiarrjq.
  DIAZOSTRA, Diaphragm.
  DICEPHALIUM, Bicephalium.
  DICEPH'ALUS, Bieeph'alus, Derod'ymus et
lod'ymus, Janus, fxom Si, ' double,' and xetpaXri,
'head.'  A monster with two heads.
  DICERAS RUDE, Ditrackyceras rudis, see
Worms.
  DICHAL'CON.  A weight, equal to a third
part of the o bolus.
  DICHOPHY'IA, from  8tX*,  'double,' and
<pvw, ' I grow.'  A disease of the hairs, in which
they split and grow forked.
  DICHROMOS, Verbena officinalis.
  DICIATRIA, Medicine, legal.
  DICLIDOSTO'SIS,  from SixXig, 'a double
door,'and oaruio-ig, 'ossification.'  Ossification
of valves—as of the heart.
  DICLIS, Valve.
  T>ICOR'YPEUS,Dicranus: from 81, 'double,'
and xoqv<pTj, 'the crown of the head.'   A mon-
ster with a double vertex or cranium.
  Dicoryphus Dihypogastrius, Hemipages.
  DICRANUS, Dicoryphus.
  DI'CROTUS, Bisferiens, from  Sig, ' twice,'
and nqovw, 'I strike.'   An epithet given to the
pulse, when it seems  to beat twice as fast as
usual.   It  is synonymous with the term, re-
bounding pulse,—the artery rebounding after
striking, so as to convey the sensation of  a
double pulsation.   It has been considered, and
with truth, to frequently foretell  hemorrhage.
In bad cases of typhus, it certainly announces
such a tendency.
  DICTAMNE, Dictamnus albus—d. de Crete,
Origanum dictamnus.
  DICTAM'NUS ALBUS; from Dietamnus,a
town in Crete; White Fraxinel'la, ox Bastard
Dittany, Fraxinel'la, (F.) Dietamne, Fraxinelle.
The fresh root has been  considered nervine,
anthelmintic, and emmenagogue. It is not used.
  Dictamnus Creticus, Origanum dictamnus.
  DICTYITIS, Retinitis.
1                  DIET

   DICTYON, Rete.
   DIDELPHYS, Dihysteria.
   DIDYMAL'GIA, from StSv/aot, < the testicles,'
 and *Xyoc,' pain.'  Pain in the testicles.
   DIDYMIS, Epididymis.
   DIDYMITIS, Hernia humoralis.
   DIDYMOS, Gemellus.
   DIDYMUS,  Testicle—d.  Symphyogastrius,
 Gastrodidymus—d. Symphyohypogastricus, Hy-
 pogastrodidymus—d. Symphyoperinaeus, Pygo-
 didymus—d. Symphyothoracogastrius,  Thora-
 cogastrodidymus.
   DIECBOLTON, from Sia, and tx^aXXu,' I cast
 out.'   A name  given, by the ancients, to a re-
 medy which they believed capable of producing
 abortion.
   DIERENBACH, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Dierenbach is a city in Bavaria, two leagues
 from which is a sulphurous spring.
   DIES, He'mera.  A day.   (F.) Jour.  The
 day is, properly, the period during  which the
 solar  light  illumines our horizon:  but  com-
 monly, also, we designate by the word day the
 period of 24 hours or Nycthe'meron, which is
 frequently  divided  into four parts—morning,
 midday, evening, and midnight.  In antiquity,
 great importance was attached to the observa-
 tion of days in disease.  The medical day is
 usually reckoned at 24 hours; universally in es-
 timating the duration of a disease.  In parts of
 the United States, it comprises only the  time
 when  the sun is above the horizon,  as regards
 the administration of medicine.  If a medicine
 be ordered  to be taken four times a day, it is
 understood to mean during the 12 hours  of day.
  Dies Caniculares,  see Canicula—d.  Con-
 templabiles, Critical days—d. Contemplantes,
 Indicating days—d. Critici, Critical days—d.
 Decretorii, Critical days—a. Indicantes, Indi-
 cating  days—d. Indicatorii, Indicating days—d.
 Indices, Indicating days—d. Internuntii, Criti-
 cal days—d. Judicatorii, Critical days—d. Ra-
 dicales, Critical days.
  DIET, Dia'ta, Diate'ma, Ra'tio victus.  Ori-
 ginally, this word signified nearly the same thing
 as Hygiene and Regimen, that is, Diet was the
 employment of every thing necessary for the
 preservation of health and life. At the present
 day, it signifies a particular  kind of food, and,
 at times, a privation of food and drink;—absti-
 nence.  To put any one upon diet, (F.) Mettre
 quelqu'un a la dihe, means to deprive  him of
 his usual nourishment:—milk diet, means a diet
 of milk, &c.  See Aliment, Dietetics, Hygiene,
 and Regimen.
  Diet Scale.  Every well regulated hospital
 has certain dietetic regulations.  The following
 Table of Dietary shows the particular regimen
 selected for the sick, in certain hospitals. 
DIET                    272                   DIET
DIET-TABLE  OF DIFFERENT HOSPITALS  OF GREAT BRITAIN, IRELAND
                           AND THE  UNITED  STATES.
                                     I. ENGLAND.
                                  London  Hospitals.
                                   1. London Hospital.
c	COMMON DIET.	MIDDLE DIET.	LOW DIET	MILK DIET.
	12 oz. Bread.	)		
	1 pint Porter, Men. $ pint Ao^ Women.		8 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.
	Gruel.		GrueL	Gruel.
r	8 oz. Beef, with Po-tatoes, thrice a week.	The same, except that 4 oz. of Meat 'shall be given u>		
	8 oz. Mutton, with			
	Potatoes, twice a week. S oz. Potatoes and Soup.with vegeta-	stead of 8 oz.	Broth.	1 pint Milk.
.	bles, twice a week.			
	1 pint of Broth.	J	Gruel or Broth.	1 pint Milk.
				
	2. <S/. Bartholomew's Hospital.			
	COMMON diet.	BROTH DIET.	THIN OR FEVER DIET.	MILK DIET.
	Milk Porridge.		Milk Porridge.	Milk Porridge.
	12 oz. Bread.		12 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.
	6 oz. Mutton or Beef		1 pint of Milk, with	2 pts. Milk, with Ta-
	1 pint Broth [with Milk Porridge.		Tapioca, Arrow	pioca, Arrow-root,
	Peas or Potatoes,' 12 oz. Bread		root, Sago, or Rice,	Sago, or Rice, as
	4 times a week.]	2 pints Broth.	as may be pre-	may be prescribed,
	2 pints Beer, Men.	1 pint Beer.	scribed.	Barley water.
	1 pint, Women.	1 oz. Butter.	Barley water.	1 oz. Butter.
	1 oz. Butter, twice a			Bread Pudding.three
	week.			times a week,when
				ordered.
3. St. Thomas's Hospital.
Daily....
Breakfast.


Dinner...
Supper.
      FULL DIET.
2 pints  Beer; 14 OZ'
  Bread.
Water Gruel.
£ lb.of Beef, when dress-
  ed, twice a week; 4 oz
MILK DIET.
12 oz. Bread.

1  pint Milk.
1  pint Milk, 4 times
  a week.
Butter, or  6 oz.  of Rice Pudding, thrice
Cheese,thriceaweek;j  a week
\ lb. Mutton, when
DRY DIET.
FEVER DIET.
  boiled, thrice a week,
I pt. Broth, 4 times a
  week,
1 pint Milk.
14 oz. Bread, 2 pints 12 oz. Bread; two
  Beer.              pints Beer.
Water GrueL      [Water Gruel.
4 oz. Butter. 4 times\ lb. Beef, for tea.
  a week; Rice Pud-|
  ding and 4  oz. of
  Butter, three times
  a week.
4. St. George's  Hospital.
          r
Daily...'!,
          I
          I
Breakfast \
          r
Dinner.. ■{
          I
Supper.. 1
EXTRA DIET.
12 oz. Bread.
    Men.
2 pints Beer.
   Women.
I ^ pints Beer.
1 pint Tea.
£ pint Milk.
12 oz. Meat,
   roasted
  (weighed
 with the bone
  before it is
 dressed) four
 days,—boiled;
three  days.  £
lb. Potatoes.
1 pint Gruel.
\ pint Milk.
ORDINARY DIET
12 oz. Bread.
1 pint Beer.
1 pint Tea.
§ pint Milk.
One-half of the
  meat  allow-
  ed for extra
  diet.
\ lb. Potatoes.
1 pint Gruel.
i pint Milk.
12 oz. Bread.
1 pint Tea.
i pint Milk.

4 oz. of plain
  boiled white
  fish(as Whi-
  ting,  Plaice,
  Flounders,
  orlladdock.)
1 pint Gruel.
i pint Milk.
FEVER DIET.
12 oz. Bread.
Barley Water
  ad libitum.
1 pint Tea.
i pint Milk.

Arrow-root,
  &c, must be
  specially di
  rected.
1 pint Tea.
j pint Milk.
BROTH DIF.T
12 oz. Bread.
1 pint Tea.
i pint Milk.

1 pint Broth.
ft oz. light Pud
  dins.
1 pint Gruel.
i pint Milk.
12 oz. Bread.
1 pint Tea.
£ pint Milk.

I £ pints Rice.
  Milk four
    days.    i
| lb. Bread or
 Rice Pudding
  three days, i

£ pint Milk. 
DIET
273
DIET
5.  Guy's Hospital.
Daily
14 oz. Bread.
1 it oz. Butter.
1  qt. Table Beer
8 oz. Meat, when
  dressed.
MIDDLE DIET.
12 oz. Bread.
1 £ oz. Butter.
1  pt. Table Beer
4  oz. Meat, when
  dressed, and
£ pint Broth
12 oz. Bread.
1 oz. Butter.
Tea and Sugar.
MILK DIET.
12 oz. Bread.
1 oz. Butter.
2 pints Milk.
PEVER DIET.
ti oz. Bread.
1 oz. Butter.
Tea and Sugar.
Haifa pound of Beef, (for Beef-tea,) or Arrow-
         root or Sago, when ordered.
For each diet, Gruel or Barley-water, as required.
6. Westminster Hospital.
	FULL DIET.		LOW	DIET.	SPOON, OR	incurables'
					FEVER DIET.	
			Fixed.	Casual.		
	14 oz. Bread.	10 oz. Bread.	£ lb. Bread.		| lb. Bread.	| lb. Bread. 1 lb. Meat. | lb. Potatoes. | pint Milk. 1 pint Porter.
c	1 pint Milk	1 pint Milk	1 pint Tea,	—	1 pint of Tea,	
Breakfast <	Porridge, or	Porridge, or	with Sugar		with Sugar	
(	Rice Gruel.	thin Gruel.	and Milk.		and Milk.	
f	$ lb. Meat, roasted, boiled,	i lb. Meat, roasted, boiled,	No fixed Diet for Dinner.	1 pint Broth, or £ lb. of Bread, or Rice Pudding, or 1 pt. Beef Tea,	Barley Water.	
Dinner.. -^ j	or chops. $ lb. of Pota-	or chops. % lb. of Pota-				
I		toes		or a Chop, or Fish.		
C	1 pint Milk	1 pint Milk	1 pint Tea,	—	1 pint of Tea,	
Supper.. <	Porridge, or	Porridge or	with Sugar		with Sugar	
(	Rice Gruel.	thin Gruel.	and Milk.		and Milk.	
	7.	Middlesex Hospital.			
	DI.tTA CARNIt,	OI£TA JUSCCLt,	DIJSTA LACTIS,	DI.ETA SIMPLEX,	
1	OR	OR	OR	OR	CANCER DIET.
i	MEAT DIET.	SOUP DIET.	MILK DIET.	SIMPLE DIET.	
	12 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.	12 oz. Bread.	6 oz. Bread.	12 oz. B^ead. \ lb. Meat. \ lb Potatoes. 1 pint Milk.
	1 pint Milk.	1 pint Milk.	1 pint milk.	1 pint Barley water.	
	Physician's Patients.	1 pint Soup	A pint Milk	1 pint Gruel.	
'	Ji lb. Potatoes, 4 oz. dressed meat (beef or mutton.) roast and boiled alternately, 4	made with 4 with Rice pud-oz. Beef, alter-ding, 4 days, nately with 1 and with Bat-pint of Broth ter-pudding, 3			
	days.	with Barley.	days.		
	4 oz. Meat in Soup,				
	3 days. Surgeon's Patients. $ lb. Potatoes, 4 oz. dressed meat (beef or mutton,) roast and				
I	boiled alternately.				
	1 pint Gruel alternate-	1 pint Gruel.	$ pint Milk or	1 pint Gruel	
Supper......^	ly, with 1 pint of Bar-		1 pint Gruel.	or Barley-wa-j	
(	ley-water.			ter.	
8.  North London Hospital.
r 1 1 I	FULL DIET.	MIDDLE D.ET.	LOW DIET.	MILK DIET.
	16 oz. Bread. i pint Milk. ^ lb. Meat and \ lb. Potatoes 4 days. 1 pint Soup or Rice 3 days.	16 oz. Bread. i pint Milk. 1 pint Soup or Rice.	8 oz Bread. Ipint Milk. Oatmeal for Gruel.	17 oz. Bread. 2 pints Milk.
 
DIET                  274                  DIET
9.  King's College Hospital.
Breakfast.. < Dinner.....< Supptr.... <	FULL DIET.	MIDDLE DIET.	MILK DIET.	LOW DIET.	FEVER DIET.
	1 pint Beer, or 5 pint Porter. 14 oz. Bread. 1 pint Milk Por-ridge. £ lb. Meat \ lb. Potatoes. 1 pint Milk Por-ridge.	14 oz. Bread. 1 pint Milk Por-ridge. i lb. Meat. \ lb. Potatoes. 1 pint Milk Por-ridge.	1 lb. Bread. 1 pint Milk. 1 pint Milk. 1 pint Gruel.	8 oz. Bread. 1 pint Gruel. 1 pint Broth. 1 pint Milk Por ridge.	1 pint Gruel. 2 pints Barley Water. 1 pint Milk Por-ridge.
10.  Dreadnought Hospital Ship.
Breakfast. < Dinner*.. < Supper... <	FULL DIET.	ORDINARY DIET.	LOW DIET.	MILK DIET.	FEVER DIET.
	1 pint Tea. 1 lb. Bread. | lb. Meat | lb. Potatoes. 2 pints Beer, (if ordered.) 1 pint Broth.	Ditto. Ditto. 1 lb. Meat. ^ lb. Potatoes. 1 pint Beer, (if ordered.) 1 pint Broth or GrueL	Ditto. £ lb. Bread. 1 pint of Beef Tea. 1 pint Gruel or Milk, (if or-dered.)	Ditto. 1 lb. Bread. 1 pint Milk. 1 pint Milk.	Ditto. Gruel. Gruel or Barley-Water.
Hospitals.	Ordinary Diet.	Low Diet.
Liverpool.	Breakfast. — A pint of milk porridge, breaded every morning. Dinner.—1, 5, 7*)—Boiled beef and vegetables--- (2)—Rice, milk, and bread.---(3)—Stewed beef and potatoes.----(4) — Pea soup and bread.----(6)—Ale, gruel, and bread. Supper.—A pint of broth and bread on Sunday and Thursday. A pint of milk and bread on the other days. Full Diet.—The same as the ordinary diet.	Consists throughout the day of milk porridge, common bat-ter, or rice pudding. The ale and beer are bought
Bristol.	Breakfast.—On Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur-day, milk porridge; Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, meat broth; 12 oz. of bread on meat days; 14 oz. on the other days. Dinner.—(1, 3, 5)-—Three-fourths of a pound of meat, with vegetables; two pints of beer daily.—(2, 4, 6, 7) —A pint of gruel or pap. Supper.—A wine pint of gruel ef meal broth, on Sunday; 2 oz. of cheese for the men, one fourth of an oz. of but-ter for the women, on Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Full Diet.—The patients have meat every day.	Breakfast.—A wine quart of milk porridge or milk. Dinner. — A wine quart of weak broth. Supper.—The same as break-fast, 14 oz. of bread, and bar-ley water for common drink. Twenty bushels of malt, 15 pounds of hops, to 14 gals, of strong ale; 21 bushels of malt, and 12 pounds of hops, to 360 gals, of ale; 11 bush-els of malt, 7 pounds of hops, to 360 gals, of small beer.
Birmingham. Revised 1819.	Breakfast.—To each man a pint and a-half of milk por-ridge, with 4 oz. of bread added to it. To each woman or child, one pint of milk porridge, without bread. To each patient 2 oz. of bread daily. Dinner.— (1, 3, 5)—To each man 8 oz. of baked or boiled meat; to each woman or child, 6 oz To each patient, 6 oz. of vegetables, and one pint of beer daily.----(2) — To each man, a quart of rice or barley broth, made with a variety of vegetables; to each woman or child, one pint and a-half.----(4)—Twelve ounces of boiled rice or bread pudding.----(6)—Four oz. of boiled or baked meat, a pint of rice or barley broth, made with a variety of vegetables.----(7) —Six oz. of baked rice or bread pudding, or a pint of rice or barley broth, made with a variety of vegetables. Supper.—A pint of broth, milk porridge, or gruel. Full Diet.—Breakfast the same as in ordinary diet. Dinner, 6 oz. of boiled or baked meat, 6 oz. of vegeta-bles, 6 oz. of baked rice or bread pudding. Supper, the same as ordinary diet.	Breakfast.—The same as or dinary diet. Dinner.—A pint of broth or rice milk, 6 oz. of baked rice or bread pudding to each pa-tient every day. Supper.—The same as ordi nary diet.
* The figures in parentheses der_ofo ♦'io ^"^ «f*h° ™—i»- 
DIET               275               DIET
II. SCOTLAND.
Edinburgh.	Breakfast.—One mutchkin of porridge, three gills of milk or beer; or five and one-fourth ounces of fine bread, milk or beer. Dinner.—(1, 4)—One choppin of broth, 8 ounces of butcher's meat boiled in the broth, or beef-steak; five and one-fourth ounces of bread.—(2, 5, 7)—A choppin of broth made of beef and bones, barley, groats, pota-toes, and vegetables; five and a-half ounces of bread. ----(3, 6)—Potato soup, with beef and veal, or boneS; bread as above. Supper.—As the breakfast each day. Full Diet—At discretion.	At discretion.
Glasgow.	Breakfast.—Milk porridge, quantity not limited, with half a mutchkin of sweet milk, or one mutchkin of buttermilk or beer. Dinner.— (1)—Broth made of barley, vegetables, and the dripping of the meat roasted during the week, with a quartern loaf to a man, and half to a woman.----(2,4) —Beef boiled: 8 oz. to the men, and 6 oz. to the women; a quartern loaf to a man, and half to a woman, or vege-tables----(3, 6)—Broth, made with beef, barley, and vegetables; a quartern loaf to men, and half to women. ----(5)—Potato soup, with cow heels, bones, &c---- (7)—Six oz. of cheese to men, 4 oz. to women; bread as above. Supper.—As the breakfast each day. Full Diet.—At discretion.	At discretion.
III. IRELAND.
5. Hospitals of House of Industry.	Per diem.—Sixteen oz. of white bread, one quart of new milk, and one quart of buttermilk for whey. Full Di et.—Two ounces of bread per diem, one quart of broth, one quart of new milk.	One pint of flummery per diem, one quart of new milk, and one quart of but-termilk for whey.
Stephen's Hospital.	Breakfast.—Haifa pound of bread, one pint of milk. Dinner.—(1, 2, 3,5,7)—One quart of soup, half a pound of bread, or two pounds of potatoes; one pint of milk or beer.----(4, 6)—Twelve oz. of bread, one quart of sweetened gruel.	Daily, half a pound of bread, two quarts of new milk, and one quart of buttermilk.
Royal Hospi-tal, Phoenix Park.	Breakfast.—One pint of oatmeal or rice gruel. Dinner.—Half a pound of meat, three-fourths of a pound of bread; one pound of potatoes. Supper.—One pint of oatmeal or rice gruel. Full Diet.—Three-fourths of a pound of meat, one pound of bread, half a pound of potatoes, one quart of beer.	Breakfast.—Tea. Dinner.— Half a pound of bread made into panada or pudding.
Richmond Hospital.	Breakfast—One quart of stirabout, one pint of new milk. Dinner.—Bread, 8 oz.; soup, one quart. Supper.—Bread, 4 oz.; new milk, one pint. Full Diet.—Breakfast bread, 8 oz.; new milk,one pint. —Dinner, bread, 8 oz.; mutton or beef, 8 oz.—Supper, bread, 4 oz.; new milk, one pint.	Breakfast. — Flummery, one pint; neW milk, one pint Supper. — Half a pound of bread, one pint of milk.
Belfast Hospital.	Breakfast.—One pint of stirabout, one pint of new milk. Dinner.—Haifa pound of bread, one pint of new milk. Supper.—One pint of flummery, one pint of new milk. Full Diet.—Breakfast, one quart of stirabout, one pint of new milk.—Dinner, 2 lbs. of potatoes, one pint of milk.—Supper, one pint of flummery, one pint of new milk.	Per diem.—Quarter of a pound of bread, one quart of gruel, three pints of new milk, half a pint of flummery. Barley water at occasions.
Cork Fever Hospital.	Breakfast.—One half quartern loaf for every four, and one pint of new milk each. Under 12 years, half a quartern loaf for every eight. Dinner.—(I, 3, 5)—One pound of beef, and two pounds of potatoes. Under 12 years, half a pound of beef, and one pound of potatoes.----(2, 4, 6, 7)—Potatoes and milk. Supper.—One pint of milk and one of atirabout, for adults; half do. for children.	Breakfast. — One-fourth of a lb. of bread, with milk and water sweetened. Dinner.—Gruel, broth, wine, and porter, as ordered by the physician.
 
DIET DRINK
276
DIGERENTIA
IV. UNITED STATES.
 Pennsylva-
nia Hospital,
 Philadelphia.
Breakfast.—Tea, coffee, or chocolate, with sugar or mo
  lasses and milk, and common baker's bread at discretion.
Dinner.—Soup always;—meat of two kinds—mutton and
  beef, generally—pork frequently; vegetables, according
  to the season; potatoes and rice, always.
Supper.—Tea and  bread:  no butter allowed either  to
  breakfast or supper, unless prescribed.
Philadel-
   phia
 Hospital,
 (Blockley.)
House Diet.—Arrow-root, gruel, sago, tapioca,rice, beef
  tea, beef essence, chicken water, rice water, barley wa
  ter, gum water, flaxseed  tea, lemonade.  (The diet on
  which the sick are placed  on entering the house until
  otherwise  directed.)
Moderate  Diet.—Tea, crackers, broth, rice, mush,
  milk, potatoes, &c.
Full Diet.—Bread,  coffee,  tea, white meat,  mutton,
  beef ham, eggs, butter, soup, potatoes. &c.
Gruel, gum water, barley wa
  ter, and other  articles pre
  scribed by the physician.
The  kind and quantity left to
  the physician.  The House
  Diet may be regarded as low
  diet.
 New York
 Hospital,
NewYork City.
Breakfast—Bread  and black tea, one ounce of tea to
  every six, and a pint of milk to every eight patients.
Dinner.—Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Satur-
  days, beef soup, with beef and potatoes, and bread.  On
  Mondays, boiled rice, with one gill of molasses.
Supper.—The same as breakfast.
Special diet is directed by the
  attending  physician,  and
  adapted to each case.
   The  Diet  Scale of the British Navy allows
 from 31 to 35^ ounces of dry nutritious matter
 daily; of which 26 ounces are vegetable, and the
 rest animal—9 ounces of salt meat, or 4^ ounces
 of fresh.
   That of the Navy of the United States is as
 follows:—Three days in the week—Pork, 16oz.;
 beans or peas, 7 oz.; biscuit, 14 oz.; pickles or
 cranberries,  1 oz.; sugar, 2 oz.; tea, £ oz.;—
 40} oz.  Two days in the  week—Beef, 16 oz.;
 flour, 8 oz.; fruit, dried, 4 oz*;  biscuit,  14 oz.;
 tea and sugar,  2} oz.;  pickles or cranberries,
 1 oz.;—45;} oz.  Two days in  the week—Beef,
 16 oz.;  rice, 8 oz.; butter, 2 oz.; cheese, 2 oz.;
 biscuit, 14 oz.; tea and sugar,  2i  oz.;  pickles
 or cranberries, 1  oz.;—45} oz.
   In the Edinburgh workhouse the total allow-
 ance of dry food is about 17 ounces—13 ounces
 vegetable, and  4 ounces animal.  In the Edin-
 burgh children's poor house, the diet consists of
 milk  and porridge, barley broth  and bread,
 amounting to 13  ounces of vegetable food to 3
 ounces of animal.  These allowances have been
 found  ample for the  maintenance  of health.
 Perhaps the case of the smallest quantity of food
 on which life was vigorously supported was that
 of Cornaro,—not more than 12 ounces a day,
 chiefly of vegetable matter, for a period of 58
 years.
   DIET DRINK.  A decoction or potion, vari-
 ously composed, and used in considerable quan-
 tity, for the  purpose of purifying the blood.
 The Decoc'tum Dusitanicum or Lisbon Diet-
 drink, is one of the most celebrated.   See De-
 coctum Sarsaparilla? Compositum.
  DIETET'ICS, Diatet'ice,  Diatet'ica,  Me-
 diclna  Diatet'ica;  same etymon. (F.) Diiti-
 tique.   A branch of medicine, comprising the
 rules  to be  followed for  preventing,  reliev-
 ing,  or curing diseases by diet.  Dietetics is
 diet administered according to principle.  It is
an important part of Hygiene, (which see.)  A
 well regulated system of diet has great power
in checking disease, and likewise in preventing
it.  A proper knowledge of dietetics is, indeed,
as important as that of the Materia Medica,
strictly so called.
   Dietetics has been used, also, synonymouslv
 with Hygiene.
   DIETETIQUE, Dietetics.
   DIETET'ISTS, Disetetis'ta. Physicians who
 apply only the rules of dietetics  to the treat-
 ment of disease.
   DIEU-LE-FILT,   MINERAL  WATERS
 OF.  The waters of Dieu-le-filt, in France, are
 chalybeate, and much sought after.
   DIEURYSMUS, Dilatation.
   DIEXODOS, from Sia, and i$«<Joc,  'an exit
 or way out.'  Di'odos.  Any opening, by which
 an excretion takes place.
   DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, see Lia-
 critica signa.
   DIFFICULTAS   INTESTINORUM, Dy-
 sentery.
   DIFFLATIO, Perspiration.
   DIFFORMITk,  Deformation.
   DIFFUSIBLE, (stimulants)  from diffun-
 dere, (dis  and f undere, fusum,' to pour,') ' to
 pour apart or abroad.'  Those stimulating me-
 dicines which augment the action of the vascular
 and nervous systems in an acute but transitory
 manner.
   DIGAS'TRICUS, from Si:,' twice,' andyw-
 t»;j, 'a belly.' Biven'ter, B. Maxilla, Dep'ri-
 mens Maxil'lse Biven'ter, Bigas'ter, (F.) Mas-
 to'idohyoginien,  Masto'ido-ginien—(Ch.), Di-
 gastrique, Abaisseur de la machoire inferieure.
 The name Digastricus, was formerly given to
 several muscles.  It is now restricted to one of
 the muscles of the superior hyoid  region. The
 digastricus is thick and fleshy at its extremities;
 thin and tendinous at its middle.  It  is attached
 to the mastoid groove of the temporal bone, and
 to a fossette at the side of the symphysis menti.
 Its tendon passes through an aponeurotic ring,
 which is attached to the  os hyoides.
   The use of the digastricus is to depress the
 lower jaw, or to raise the os  hyoides, and to
 carry it forwards or backwards,as in deglutition.
   The strong double-bell ied muscle, which forms
the gizzard of birds,  is also called  Digastricus.
   Digastricus Cranii, Occipito-frontalis.
   DIGASTRIQUE,  Digastricus.
   DIGERENTIA, Digestives. 
DIGESTIBLE
277
DIGESTION
  DIGES'TIBLE,  Concoc'tus hab'ilis.  Capa-
ble of being digested.  All food is not equally
digestible, and some of the most nourishing is
the  least so:—the  fat  of meat,  for example.
Certain  substances again are  entirely rebel-
lious.   The following table exhibits the  time
required for the stomachal digestion of different
alimentary  substances, in a well-known  case,
which fell  under the care of  Dr.  Beaumont.
The table is extracted from the Author's Hu-
man  Health, Philadelphia, 1844.   The  most
digestible substances are taken as  the standard,
which has been arbitrarily fixed at 1,000; and
accordingly, aponeurosis, the first article in the
table, requiring 3 hours, whilst pigs'feet soused,
rice, &c. require but one, its digestibility, com-
pared with that of these  aliments, is as 333 to
1000;  and so of the others.  It need  scarcely
be said, that all these tabular results apply, in
strictness,  to  the individual concerned only;
yet  they  afford  useful  comparative views,
which with exceptions depending upon indivi-
dual peculiarities, may be regarded as approxi-
mations,  applicable to mankind in general.
Aliments,
	o c	**£ ^ *
	"— c	
	"3 X,	ith ble ab
	.— ^	■" % - «
Form of	Z*	Mt3 cSfi
prepara-	0> "JJ	■3 £.Sf a
tion.	OJ "o	_ n!T3 —
	.si	alio com mos tide
		X
	h.rn	
boiled	3	333
raw	2	500
do.	2 50	352
do.	1 50	545
boiled	2	500
broiled	3	333
boiled	2 30	400
do.	3 45	206
roasted	3	333
do.	3 30	285
broiled	3	333
boiled	> 45	363
do.	3 30	285
fried	4	250
boiled	4 15	235
boiled	3 45	266
boiled	1 45	571
baked	3 T5	302
baked	3 30	285
melted	3 30	285
raw	2 30	400
do.	2	500
boiled	4 30	222
baked	3	333
do.	2 30	400
boiled	3 15	302
do.	4 15	235
fried	3 30	285
raw	3 30	285
fricasseed	■i 45	363
boiled	2	500
boiled	3 45	266
baked	2 45	363
roasted	1	250
do.	1 3(1	222
boiled	3	333
hard boiled	1 30	285
soft boiled	i	333
fried	3 30	285
roasted	2 15	444
raw	>	500
whipped	1 30	666
fried	3 30	285
boi led	4	250
roasted	4	250
boiled	■2 30	400
roasted	■2 30	400
tried	4	250
boiled	2 30	400
do.	2	500
Aliments,
Form of
prepara-
tion.
hit

3 £•-=

° S'OI &
o & O u
Z o p ■-
Aponeurosis............
Apples, mellow.........
  Do. sour, hard.......
  Do. sweet, mellow...
Barley..................
Bass, striped, fresh......
Beans, pod..............
  Do. and  green corn..
Beef, fresh, lean, rare....
 Do.  do.  do. dry.....
 Do.  do.  steak........
 Do. with salt only.....
 Do. with mustard, &c .
 Do.....................
 Do. old, hard salted....
Beets...................
Brains, animal..........
Bread, com.............
 Do.  wheat, fresh......
Buiterf.................
Cabbage, head...........
  Do.   with vinegar...

Cake, corn..............
 Do.  sponge...........
Carrot, orange.........
Cartilage................
Catfish,  fresh...........
Cheese, old, strong.....
Chicken, full grown.....
Codfish, cured dry......
Corn (green) and beans.
Custard.................
Duck, domesticated.....,
 Do.  wild.............
Dumpling, apple........
Eggs, fresh.............,
 Do.  do...............
      do...............
      do...............
      do...............
      do...............
Flounder, fresh.........
Fowls, domestic.........
  Do.    do............
Gelatin.................
Goose, wild.............
Heart, animal...........
Lamb, fiesh.............
Liver, beefs, fresh......
Do.
Do.
Vo.
Do.
Marrow, animal, spinal,.
Meat and vegetables....
Milk...................
 Do....................
Mutton, fre.-h...........
  Do.    do............
  Do.    do.---........
Oysters, fresh...........
  Do.    do............
  Do.    do.............
Parsnips................
Pig, sucking...........
  gs' feet, soused........
Pork, fat and lean.......
  Do. recently salted....
  Do.       do.........
  Do.       do.........
  D.j.       do.........
  Do.       do.........
Potatoes, Irish..........
  Do.      do...........
  Do.      do...........
Rice.....................
*ago...................
Salmon, salted..........
Sausage, fresh..........
Soup, barley............
  Do. bean.............
  Do.   beef,  vegetables,
     arid bread.........
  Do. chicken..........
Soup marrow bones.....
 Do. mutton. ..........
 Do. oyster.............
Suet, beef, fresh.........
 Do. mutton...........
Tapioca................
Tendon, boiled..........
Tripe, soused...........
Trout, salmon. fresh.....
 Do.   do..............
Turkev, domestic.......
  Do.      do...........
  Do.    wild...........
Turnips, flat...........
Veal, fresh.............
 Do.   do...............
Vegetables  and   meat
       hashed..........
Venison, steak..........
boiled
hashed
boiled
raw
roasted
broiled
boiled
raw
roasted
stewed
boiled
roasted
boiled
roasted
boiled
fried
broiled
raw
stewed
boiled
roasted
baked
boiled
 do.
 do.
broiled
boiled
 do.

 do.
 do.
 do.
 do.
 do.
 do.
 do.
 do.
 do.
 do.
 do.
Tried
roasted
boiled
roasted
boiled
broiled
fried

warmed
broiled
h.ln
2 40
2 30

2 15
3 15
3
3
2 55
3 15
3 30
2 30
2 30
I
.5 15
4 30
4 15
3 15
3
3
3 30
2 30
3 20
1
1 45
4
 1 20
 I 30
3

4
3
4 15
3 30
3 30
5 30
4 30
2
5 30
1
1 30
1 30
2 30
2 25
2 1H
3 30
4
4 30

2 30
1 35
 375
 400
 500
 444
 307
 333
 333
 342
 307
 285
 400
 400
1000
 190
 222
 235
 302
 333
 333
 285
 400
 400
1000
 571
 250
 300
 666
 333

 250
 333
 235
 285
 2^5
 181
 222
 500
 181
1000
 666
 666
 400
 511
 435
 285
 250
 222

 400
 631
  * Pigs' feet soused, rice, and tripe soused, being the most digestible articles in the table, are estimated at 1000.
  t In the case of oils, and other substances of simi!ar nature, which underjo little digestion in the stomach,
the time merely indicates the period that elapses before they are sent into the duodenum.
  DIGESTIO DEPRAVATA, Dyspepsia—d.
Difficilis, Dyspepsia—d. Laesa, Dyspepsia.
  DIGES'TION,  Digest'io, from digere,  'to
dissolve.'   Coc'tio, C. Cibo'rum, Pep'sis.   Di-
gestion is a function, by means  of which  ali-
mentary substances, when introduced into  the
digestive canal, undergo different alterations.
The object of this is  to convert them into two
parts; the one, a reparatory juice, destined  to
renew the  perpetual waste occurring in the
economy: the other, deprived of its nutritious
properties, to be rejected from the body.  This
function is composed of  a series of  organic
actions,  differing  according to  the particular
organization  of the  animal.   In man  they are
eight in number,  viz.  1. Prehension of food. 
DIGESTIVE  TUBE           278            DILATATORIUS
2. Mastication.  3. Insalivation.  4.  Degluti-
tion.  5. Action of the stomach.  6. Action of
the small intestine.  7.  Action of the  large
intestine.   8. Expulsion of the faeces.
  Digestion is also a pharmaceutical operation,
which consists in treating certain solid  sub-
stances with  water, alcohol,  or  other  men-
struum, at a slightly elevated temperature; for
example, in a sand-bath,  or  by leaving  them
exposed for some time to the sun.
  DIGESTIVE  TUBE, Canal, alimentary.
  DIGES'TIVES, Digestlva, Digeren'tia; same
etymon.   (F.) Digestifs.  A term given, by
surgeons,  to those substances, which, when
applied to a wound  or ulcer, promote suppura-
tion;  such  as  the ceratum resinx, warm cata-
plasms, fomentations, &c.  Dr. Paris uses the
term  Digestive Texture for the particular or-
ganic condition of substances which affects their
digestibility.
  DIG"ITAL,  Digita'lis; from digitus, 'a
finger:' having the shape of a  finger, digitated;
or belonging to the fingers.
  The Appen'dix vermiformis  caci  is some-
times called Dig"ital Appen'dix.
  Digital Arteries, Veins, and Nerves are
those distributed to the fingers.
  DIGITAL BLANC, Clavaria.
  Digital Cavity, An'cyroid cavity, Cornu
descen1 dens  ventric'uli latera'lis, (q. v.)   The
occipital portion of the lateral ventricle of the
brain.
  DIGITAL HUMAIN, Clavaria.
  Digital Impressions are the slight impres-
sions observable  on the  inner surface of the
bones of the cranium, which correspond to the
cerebral convolutions.
  DIGITA'LB.  Same etymon.  (F.) Doigtier.
A finger stall.   The term Doigtier d'Asdrubali
has been given to a small iron instrument used
for measuring the  dimensions of the pelvis.
Placed at the end of the index finger, it adds to
its length and enables it to reach the promontory
of the sacrum.
  DIGIT ALINE, see Digitalis.
  DIGITA'LIS, from digitus, 'a finger,' be-
cause its flower represents a finger; Digita'lis
purpu'rea,   Fox-glove,  Bac'charis,  Bacchar,
Baccar  (?);  Family, Scrophularineae.   Sex.
Syst. Didynamia Angiospermia; (F.) Digitate,
Gants de notre dame, Doigtier.  The leaves of
this plant, which  are  indigenous in  Great Bri-
tain, are powerfully sedative, (diminishing the
velocity of the pulse,) diuretic, and sorbefacient.
In over-doses, Digitalis causes vomiting, purging,
dimness of sight, vertigo, delirium,  hiccough,
convulsions, and death:—all the symptoms, in
short, which characterize the acro-narcotic class
of poisons.   Its active principle has been called
Dig'italine.  It is a hundred-fold stronger than
the most active preparation of digitalis.
  Digitalis  has been administered  in inflam-
matory diseases,  phthisis, active hemorrhage,
dropsy, &c; but  although it is a powerful re-
medy, it has not been as much employed as it
probably would have been in particular cases,
owing to the over-strained eulogiums, which
many have passed upon it in almost all diseases.
The average dose is one  grain, in the form of
pill, which may be  repeated every six or eight
hours.
  Digitalis Minima, Gratiola officinalis.
  DIGITA'TION, Digita'tio, Produc'tio den-
ta'ta,  Inser'tio  denticula'ta,  I. digita'ta.  A
division, in the form of a finger.  Several mus-
cles, as the serrati, exhibit digitations, similar
to those which the fingers form,  when  held
separate.
  DIGITATIONES TUBARUM FALLOPII,
see Tube, Fallopian.
  DIGIT"IUM.  Desiccation or atrophy of the
fingers.—Linnaeus.  Sauvages  calls the same
affection Paronychia Digit'ium.
  DIGITORUM  TENSOR,  Extensor brevis
digitorum pedis.
  DIG"ITUS, Dac'tylos, a Finger, (F.) Doigt.
A name given to the prolongations which form
the extremity of the hand.  There  are five on
each hand: the first, or the thumb, Antickeir,
Pollex, Manus parva majo'ri  adju'trix, Dig"-
itus primus,  D.  magnus, Pro'manus, (F.)
Pouce; the second, the index; the third, D, me'-
dius, Impu'dicus, (F.) Doigt du milieu, middle
finger  or long finger ; the fourth, the ring finger,
annula'ris, Param'esos, (F.) Annulaire; and
the little finger, Oti'tes, Dig'itus auricula'ris,
(F.) Auriculaire, Petit doigt. All  of these
have three phalanges, except the  first, which
has only two.
  Dig''itus Annularis,  Annular finger—d.
Auricularis, see Digitus—d.  Index, Index—d.
Indicatorius,  Index—d.  Magnus,  Pollex, see
Digitus—d. Medius, see Digitus.
  Dig"itus Pedis.  A Toe. (F.) Orteil.  The
toes are five in number, and distinguished nu-
merically, reckoning from within  to  without.
The first is, also, called great toe, (F.) gros or-
teil; the fifth, the  little toe, petit orteil. They
have nearly the same organization as the fingers.
  Dig"ittjs Primus, Pollex, see Digitus—d. Sa-
lutatorius, Index—d. Secundus, Index.
  DIGNATHUS;  from Si,' double,' and yva&ot,
'lower jaw.'   A  monster having  two lower
jaws.—Gurlt.
  DIGNOTIO, Diagnosis.
  DIHYPOGAS'TRIUS, from St, <douhle,'and
'vnoyaoxqiov, ' the hypogastrium.'   A monster
whose pelvis,  together with the lower portion
of the  abdomen, is double.
  DIHYSTE'RI A, Dime'tra, Didel'physII'tems
duplex, from Si, 'double,' and 'vaxtptj, 'uterus.'
The state in which there is a double uterus.
  DIJUDICATIO,  Crisis.
  DILACERATIO, Laceration.
  DILATANTS, Dilating agents.
  DILATATEUR, Dilator—a?. Anterieur du
larynx, Crico-thyroid muscle—d.  Postirieui
du larynx, Crico-arytenoid, posterior.
  DILATATIO BRONCHIORUM,  Bronchi-
ectasis—d. Ventriculi, Gastrectasis—d. Intes-
tinorum, Enterectasis.
  DILATA'TION,  Dilata'tio, from  dilatarr,
(latum facere,) ' to enlarge;' Eurys'mus, Aneu-
rys'mus, Dieurys'mus.  Augmentation of the
bulk of a body, occasioned by a separation of
some  of its molecules.  Caloric has the pro-
perty  of dilating  all bodies.   In  Surgery, it
means the accidental br preternatural augmen-
tation  of a canal or opening; as in aneurisms,
varices, &c, or the process of enlarging any
aperture or canal.   When used so as to obtain
a view of parts, as by the speculum, it is termed
Dioptris'mus.
  DILATATOIRE, Dilator.
  DILATATORIUM, Dilator.
  DILATATORIUS,  Dilator. 
DILATING AGENTS          279               DIPHRYGES
  DILA'TING AGENTS, Dilatan'tia,(F.) Di-
latants.  Certain substances  used  in surgery,
either to keep parts separate which have a ten-
dency to unite—as after opening an abscess, to
prevent the edges of the incision from uniting;
or to increase and dilate openings of  canals,
either when natural, or formed accidentally or
artificially.  These agents differ from each other:
the chief axe—prepared sponge tents, gentian
root, bougies, sounds, dried peas for issues, &c.
  DILA'TOR, Dilatato'rius,  Diastole'us, (F.)
Dilatateur  ou Dilatatoire.   A muscle, whose
office it is to dilate certain parts; such as the in-
spiratory muscles, which dilate the chest.
  Dilator, Dilatato'rium,(F.) Dilatateur. An
 tory canal, or other natural or artificial open-
 ing.  When  employed to obtain an inspection
 of internal parts, it is termed Spec'ulum, Diop'-
 tra, or  Diop'tron.   There  are  several instru-
 ments of this kind, each taking its name from
 the part to which it is applied; as Speculum
 Oris, S. Nasi, S.  Uteri, &c.
    Dilator, Arnott's.   A modification of the
 old dilators for strictures  of the urethra.  It
 consists of a tube of oiled silk; lined with the
 thin gut of  some small animal to make it air-
 tight, and fixed on the extremity  of a small
 canula,  by which  it is  distended with air  or
 water, from  a bag  or syringe at the outer end,
 whilst a stop-cock or valve serves to keep the
 air or water  in, when  received.  As soon  as
 the bag  is passed within the stricture  or stric-
 tures, as much air is to be injected into it as
 the patient can  easily bear.  The  instrument
 is not much used.
   Dilatores Alarum Nasi, Compressor naris.
   DILL, Anethum graveolens.
   DILLY, Anthemis cotula.
   DILUEN'TIA, from diluo (dis, and luere,)
 «I wash away.' (F.) Dilayants.   Medicines
 which have been conceived proper for augment-
 ing the  fluidity of the blood and other animal
 liquids.  All aqueous drinks are diluents.  They
 are administered, with great advantage, in va-
 rious  diseases.  In fever, water, which is the
 most familiar diluent, may be  freely allowed;
 the only precaution being to give it hot in the
 cold  stage, cold  in  the  hot, and tepid in the
 sweating.  In diseases, where  it is considered
 necessary to  abstract blood largely,  diluents
 should not be given too freely.   The abstrac-
 tion of blood  occasions activity of absorption,
 and the mass is speedily restored.  In  cases  of
 inflammation  of  the mammas, in nurses, it  is
 also obvious, that diluents should not be freely
 allowed, as they increase the secretion of milk,
 and add  to the irritation.  When demulcents
 are exhibited in cases of urinary disease, they
 act simply as diluents: their mucilaginous por-
 tion is digested in the stomach and small intes-
 tine,—the watery portion alone being separated
 by the kidney.
  DILWEED, Anthemis cotula.
  DIMETRA, Dihysteria.
  DINANT, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Di-
nant is a  small town, six leagues from St. Malo,
in France, where are mineral waters, contain-
ing  carbonate of iron, chloride of sodium, &c.
They are much esteemed.
  DINGEE, Dengue.
  DINICUS,  Antidinic.
  DINOMANIA, Tarantismus.
  DINUS, Vertigo—d. Scotoma, Scotodynia—
d. Vertigo, Vertigo.
  DIOBOLON, Scruple.
  DIOCRES, Pastil.
  LIODOS, Diexodos.
  DKECESIS, Dispensation.
  DIONCO'SIS, from  Six, and cyxot,  'a tu-
mour.'  The Methodists applied this name to
a sort of tumefaction  or plethora, occurring
either directly from too great a quantity of fluid
circulating in  the  system, or owing to  the re-
tention of  substances  which  ought to be  ex-
creted.  It is the antithesis to symptosis.   See
Intumescence.
  DIONYSIA'NUS, from Aiowaog, 'Bacchus,'
;nct„7™  7    j r   r,  '-^  ,;""^w- An    ^iui\ iMA'JN US, trom Liowatg  'Bacchus,
 oJv cS '^1    d!latlfg a wound'excre---whoisrepresentedbythepoetsaswearinghorn
tory canal, or other natural  or artifir. a  ™a«  r»nQ ,„i>~ i,„„ 1_____ i__„5 ^■■,          b
  One who has long or horn-like excrescences.
    DIONYSIS'CUS, same etymon.   One who
  has a long  horn-like excrescence on the frontal
  region.—Vogel.
    DIOPHTHALMUS, Binoculus.
    DIOPTRA, Speculum, see Dilator.
    DIOPTRISMUS, Dilatation.
    DIOPTRON, Speculum, see Dilator.
    DIORTHO'SIS,  from SioqVw,  'I  make
  straight.'  The reduction of a fractured or lux-
  ated limb.
    DIOSCOREA, see Yam.
    DIOSCURI, Parotis.
    DIOSMA, D. crenata.
    Dios'ma  Crena'ta, from Swg, ' divine,' and
  oa-fiij,' odour.'   Baros'ma crena'ta, Agathos'ma
  crena'tum, Buchu Leaves—Diosma (Ph. U. S.)
 —Buckho,  (F.)  Diosmie  crinelie.   A  South
 African plant, the powder  of whose leaves is
 used by the Hottentots to perfume their bodies.
 It has  been  employed in chronic affections of
 the bladder and urinary organs in general.   It
 has also been given in  cholera.
   DIOSMEE CRkNELEE, Diosma crenata.
   DIOS'PYROS LOTUS, apparently from S,og,
 'divine,'and nvqoi, 'wheat,'  but why is not
 clear;  Faba Graca, Indian Date Plum,(F.)
 Plaqueminier d'Europe.   This tree grows  in
 some  of the southern  parts  of Europe.  Its
 fruit is very astringent, and has been recom-
 mended in dysentery and hemorrhages.
   Dios'pyros Virginia'na, Lotus Virginia'na,
 Persim'mon.  A common  tree in the middle
 parts of the United States.   The fruit, Persim-
 mons,  Yellow Plums, Winter  Plums, Seeded
 Plums, which is only eatable after frost, (when
 it is tolerable) is  sometimes made  into cakes
 with bran.   These, being dried in an oven, are
 kept to make beer.  When bruised  in water,
 fermentation takes place.   The unripe fruit is
 distressingly acerb and astringent.   The bark
 of  the  tree, Diospyros,  (Ph. U. S.), is ex-
 tremely bitter, and may be used where bitters
 are indicated.
  DIOTA, Dyota.  A wooden cup, lined with
 a composition of resin, cinnamon, cloves, and
 ginger,  to give more flavour to beer.  It was
 formerly much used in the north of Europe.
  DIPHORUS, Diphrus.
  DIPHRUS, Di'phorus; from <f/c, < two,' and
 <pipa>, ' I carry.'  Properly a seat for two.  A
 close stool.
  Diphrus Manu'ticus, Sella obstetric'ia.  An
obstetric chair.
  DIPHRYGES. The oxide of copper, more or
less pure.  The ancients  reckoned three kinds
of diphryges, which they used as astringents. 
DIPHTHERIA
280
DISCHROA
  DIPHTHERIA, Diphtheritis.
  DIPHTHER1TE BUCCALE, Stomatitis,
pseudomembranous.
  DIPHTHERI'TIS, Diphtke'ria,Diphtherit'ic
Infiamma'tion, Pellic'ular Inflammation, from
SiV6ipa, 'a membrane.'   A name given by M.
Bretonneau to a class of diseases, which are cha-
racterized by a tendency to the formation of false
membranes, and  affect the dermoid tissue, as
the mucous membranes, and even the skin.
  Diphtheritis  of the  Throat, Angina pel-
licularis—d. Trachealis,  Cynanche trachealis.
  DIPLASIASMUS, Duplication.
  DIPLECOIA, Double hearing.
  DIP'LOE,from SmXooi,' I double.' Diplo'sis,
Meditul'lium, Medium Calvaria Discrlmen.
The cellular structure, which separates the two
tables of the skull from each other.  The an-
cients applied the term, also, to the proper coat
of the uterus (?)—Rolfink, in Castelli.
  The Diploe" has the same use as the cellular
structure of bones in general.   See Cancelli.
  DIPLOGEN'ESIS; SmXoog, 'double,'  and
ytvtoig, 'generation.'  An organic  deviation,
which is owing to the union of two germs.
  DIPLOLEPIS GALL.E  TINCTORIA,
see Quercus infectoria.
  DIPLO'MA.   Same  etymon as Diploe.  A
letter or  writing conferring  some  privilege;
usually applied  to the  document,  certifying
that a person has obtained the  title of Doctor.
It was so called because formerly written on
waxed tables, folded together.   Diploma is also
used in pharmacy  for a  vessel with  double
walls, as a water bath.
  DIPLOPIA, from SmXoog,  'double,'  and
ovcxouat,'  I see.'   Visus Duplica'tus, Ditto'pia,
Dittop'sia, Amphamphoterodiop'sia,  Amphodi-
plo'pia, Double Vision, (F.) Bivue.  An affec-
tion of the sight, in which two distinct sensa-
tions are produced by the same object, which
consequently seems double.  Sometimes more
than two are seen; but still the disease is termed
Diplo'pia  and Suffu'sio Mult'iplicans.   This
affection arises from some derangement in the
visual axes; in consequence of which, the images
are not impressed on corresponding parts of the
retina of each eye.  The  diplopia of both eyes
has been termed Amphodiplo'pia and Amphote-
rodiplo'pia.
  DIPLOSIS, Diploe, Duplication.
  DIPLOSO'MA; from SmXoog, 'double,' and
Oafia, 'body.' The Diplosoma crena'ta is an im-
perfectly  described entozoon,  which  has been
passed from the  urinary bladder. It varies in
length from four to  six or eight inches, and is
thinnest at the middle, where it is bent at an
acute angle upon itself, so that the two halves
hang nearly  parallel, and  give to it an appear-
ance as if  two worms had been  tied together by
their heads.   It has been confounded with the
Spiroptera hominis.
  DIPNOOS, from die,  and  nvoti,  'breath.'
Having two vent holes.  Bispirus.  An epi-
thet applied  to wounds which pass  through a
part, and admit the air at both  ends.—Galen.
  DIPROSO'PUS, Iriod'ymus  et Opod'ymus,
from Si,' double,' and nqoatanov,' countenance.'
A monster having a double  face.
  Diproso'pus Di.«doj:'us,  from St,  'double,'
and npooianov, 'countenance,' and Si,  'double,'
and  aiSoia,  'parts of generation.'  A  double
monster, in whom the duplication affects supe-
riorly the face, and inferiorly the anterior pel-
vic region.—Barkow.
  Diproso'pus  Dihypogas'trius, from St,
'double,'and npoownov,' countenance,'and from
Si, 'double,' and'vnoyaoxpiov, 'the hypogastri-
um.' A double monster in whom the duplication
affects  superiorly  the face, and  inferiorly the
lower part of the body—four lower extremities
being always present;—Tetras'celus.
  DIPSA, Thirst.
  DIPSACOS, Diabetes.
  DIP'SACUS SYLVES'TRIS,  from J,y„,
' thirst,' said to be so called owing to the leaves
being so placed as to hold water.   Cultivated
Teasel, (F.)  Cardere.   The roots of this  Eu-
ropean plant are diuretic  and sudorific.  The
water, which collects at the base of the leaves,
has been recommended as an eye-water.
  Dip'sacus Fullo'num, Herba Car'dui Ven'.
eris ; (F.) Car dire cultivi, Chardon a foulon,
Chardon a bonnetier, has had similar properties
ascribed to it.  Both have  been  also regarded
as stomachic.
  DIPSETTCOS, from  Siifja, 'thirst.'  A re-
medy believed to be capable of exciting thirst.
See Alterative.
  DIPSO'DES, Sit"iens,Siticulo'sus, from Sityx,
' thirst,'  and  tiSog,  ' resemblance.'  Thirsty.
Causing thirst.
  DIPSOMANIA, from Sixpa, 'thirst,'and ma-
nia.  Drunkenness: also, delirium tremens.
  DIPSOP'ATHY, Dipsopathla, from Siyx,
' thirst,' and irx&og, ' disease.'  A mode of treat-
ment, which consists in abstaining from  drinks.
  DIPSO'SIS.  Same etymon;  Morbid thirst.
The desire, for drinking, excessive or impaired.
A genus  in the class Caliaca, order Enterica,
of Good.
  Dipso'sis  Avens, Polydypsia—d. Expers,
Adipsia.
  DIPYGUS,  from Si, 'double,' and noyn,'the
nates.'   A double monster, the duplication be-
ing confined to the posterior portion of the lower
end of the trunk—the coccygeal region.
  DIPYRE'NON, from <T«c, 'twice,' and a-t/ji,*,
'a kernel.'  A specilium or probe with two
buttons or kernels—one at each end.
  DIPYRITES, Biscuit.
  DIPYROS,  Biscuit.
  DIRCA PALUS'TRIS, Leatherwood, Swamp
Leatherwood, Moosewood,  Swampwood, Rope-
bark, Bois de plomb, (Canada.)  An indigenous
shrub, which grows in  boggy woods and  low
wet places throughout  the United States.  It
is analagous to mezereon, in its action,—six or
eight grains of the fresh bark producing violent
vomiting, preceded by a sense of heat in  the
stomach, often followed by purging. Applied
to the skin, the bark vesicates.
  DIRECTOR, Itinera'rium, from dirigere,di-
rectum, (dis, and regere, 'to rule,') 'to direct.'
A Conductor.  A grooved sound for guiding a
knife, in dividing any part.  (F.) Sonde cannilit.
  Director Penis, Ischio-cavernosus.
  DIRIBITORIUM, Mediastinum.
  DIRT-EATING, Chthonophagia.
  DIRUPTIO, Rhexis.
  DIS, Di.
  DISCEPTUM, Diaphragm.
  DISCHARGE', (dis, and charge,)  Ec'roi,
Fluxus,  Proflu'vium, (F.)  kcoulemtnt.  In
pathology, an increased discharge from any part)
that naturally secretes a fluid. 
DISCHROA
281
DISINFECTION
  DISCHROA, Dyschrcea.
  DISCREET', from discernere, discretum,' to
separate.' Discre'tus, Inteilinc'tus, Separated,
(F.) Discret.  This epithet  is given to certain
exanthemata, in which the spots or pustules are
separated from each other.   It is opposed to
confluent.
  DISCRET, Discreet.
  DISCRE'TA PURGA'TIO.  The purgation
or expulsion of some particular matter.
  D1SCRETIVUS, Diagnostic.
  DISCRETORIUM, Diaphragm.
  DISCRI'MEN,  Separation,  Division.   A
bandage, used in bleeding from the frontal vein;
so called, because, in passing along the sagittal
suture, it divides the head into two equal parts.
  Discrimen CalvarijE Medium, Diploe—d.
Narkim, Septum N.
  Discrimen  Nasi;  a bandage, in the form of
the  letter X, intended to support the nose, in
transverse wounds of the organ.
  Discrimen  Thoracis  et  Ventris, Dia-
phragm.
  DISCUSS IPS, Discutients.
  Disease,  Blue, Cyanopathy—d. of Bright,
Kidney,  Bright's Disease of the—d. English,
Rachitis — d. Extrinsic, External  disease — d.
Fungoid, Encephaloid—d. Gastro-enteric, Gas-
tro-enteritis—d. Hasmato-cerebriform, Enceph-
aloid—d. Pretended, Feigned disease—d. Simu-
lated, Feigned  disease—d. Surgical, External
disease.
  DISECOIA,  Baryecoia.
  DISFIGURATION, Deformation.
  DISGORGE'MENT,(F.) Digorgement, from
de, and gorge, ' the throat.' An opposite condi-
tion to that of Engorgement.  The discharge
or abstraction of a  certain quantity of  fluid,
which had previously  collected in a part;  as
Disgorgement of bile.  It also means particu-
larly, a  vomit.
  DISGUST', from de, and gustare, ' to taste.'
Cibi fastid'iiim, Aposit'ia, Asitia,  Apoclel-
sis, Abomina'tio, Siccha'sia, Horror Cibo'rum,
Loathing.  An aversion for food. (F.) Digout.
Disgust  is  not  the  same as  Anorexia.   The
latter is  only  a want of appetite; the former
consists in real repugnance for food.
  DISINFECTANT, Disinfec'tans, from dis,
and infect.  This term has been restricted  by
         19
  DISCUSSIO, Resolution.
  DISCUSSIVA, Discutients.
  DISCUSSORIA, Discutients.
  DISCU'TIENTS, Discutien'tia, Resolven-
tia, Discusslva, Discusso'ria, from discutere,
'to shake apart,' (dis, and quatere, 'to shake.')
(F.) Discussifs.    Substances  which  possess
the power of repelling or resolving tumours.
  DISEASE', old French disaise;—from dis,
and ease: Morbus, Nosos, Nose'ma, Noseu'ma,
Nusus, Pathos, Pathe'ma, Lues, Malum, Pas-
sio, JEgritu'do, JEgrota'tio, Vitium, Arrhos'tia,
Arrhoste'ma, Arrhosten'ia, Valetu'do adver'sa,
(F.) Maladie.  An opposite state to  that  of
health, consisting in a change either in the po-
sition and structure of parts, or in the exercise
of one or more of their functions, or in both.
  By some,  Disease is  applied  to  structural
change, whilst Disorder is  restricted to func-
tional derangement.
  The following  table,  essentially that  of Dr.
C. J. B. Williams, comprises the chief elements
of structural disease.
some to agents that are capable of neutralizing
morbific effluvia; but the author includes under
it, also, antiseptics or agents that are capable of
removing  any incipient  or  fully formed septic
condition of the living body, or of any part of it.
  DISINFECTING LIQUID, SIR WILLIAM
BURNETT'S, see Burnett's Disinfecting Liquid
—d. Liquid,Labarraque's, Liquor sodae chlorina-
tae—d. Liquid of Ledoyen, see Ledoyen's disin-
fecting liquid.
  DISINFECTION, Disinfec'tio.   The act of
destroying miasmata, with which the air, cloth-
ing, &c, may be infected. Various means have
been proposed for this  purpose.  Those most
commonly employed are:—chlorine, sulphurous
and chlorohydric acid gases, vapours of vinegar,
nitrous acid; and, what is, peVhaps, the most
manageable of any, and  the most efficacious,—
chlorinated lime,  or any of the chlorides  of
the  alkalies.  It is probable that a true chemi-
cal action occurs between these  agents and the
miasmata,  whence results  a compound which
is harmless.   Disinfection also includes th;
action of antiseptics.
  Chlorine or Oxymuriat'ic Fumiga'tion, Solu'-
tio alexiteiia Gaulia'na, Fumiga'tio antiloim'-
r Increased—Hypertrophy,
 Diminished—Atrophy.
              •Inflammation.
 Diseased
Nutrition.
            (^ Perverted ....•{

            ( Contraction,
            }  Dilatation,
 Altered  j  Obstruction,
Mechanism.^  Compression,
            |  Displacement,
            ^ Rupture, &c  1^ Growths.
Induration,
Softening,
Transformation and Degeneration.
         s c,  ,  . ■      ( Cicatrices,
         f Luplastic
■{ Cacoplastic..
               False membranes,
              f Cirrhosis,
             j Fibro-cartilage,
             1 Gray tubercle,
              '^Atheroma, &c.
             ( Yellow tubercle,
L Aplastic.....< Calcareous
f Nonmalignant.
i

1 Malignant... .
   matter, &c.
 Cysts,
 Tumours,
 Hydatids, &c
' Carcinoma,
 Encephaloma,
 Melanosis, &c. 
DISJUNCTI MORBI           282        DISTOMA  HEPATICUM
•ca Gau'bii, Alexite'rium chlo'ricum, Fumiga'tio
Guytonien'sis, is  made by adding common salt
t^iij, to black oxide of manganese ^j, sulphuric
acid §j, and water f. ^ij.   This may be carried
through an apartment, or be shut up in it.
  Nitrous Fumiga'tion, Alexite'rium Nitricum,
Fumiga'tio  Smythia'na, may  be  formed  by
placing  nitrate of potass giv, and  sulphuric
acid 3ij, in a saucer or on hot sand.
  DISJUNC'TI MORBI.  (From dis, and jun-
srere, junctum, ' to join.')  Disjoined diseases.
Fernelius  has thus denominated diseases which
occupy different organs, and are not produced
by each other.
  DISLOCATIO  LIENIS  SEU   SPLENIS,
Splenectopia.
  DISLOCATION, Luxation.
  DISOD'ICUS,  from Sig, 'twice,' and oSog,
' way.'  Having a double opening.
  DISORDER, see Disease.
  THSORGATZIZA'TKmfirgano'rumdestruc-
tio, (F.) Disorganisation. A complete morbid
change  in the structure  of an  organ, or even
total  destruction of its texture.  In sphacelus,
and sloughy ulcers  we have examples of this
change.
  DlSP.EiV1S^/#.E,Dispensary,Dispensatory.
  DISPEN'SARY, Dispensa'rium, from dispen-
dere, (dis, and pendere, ' to weigh,') ' to  take
from a weight or mass,' ' to distribute.'  The
shop or place in which medicines are prepared.
Also, an institution in which the poor are fur-
nished with advice and necessary  medicines.
(F.) Dispensaire.   This word is also used by
the French synonymously with Dispensatory.
  DISPENSATION, Dispensa'tio,  Diace'sis,
Epineme'sis. The composition and distribution
of medicines, according  to prescription.  In
France, it is  more commonly applied  to the
weighing, measuring, and arranging the articles,
which have to enter into a formula, prior to
combining them.
  DISPENSATOR, Apothecary.
  DISPEN'SATORY,  Dispensato'rium; same
etymon. Antidota'rium, Liber Pharmaceutics,
(F.) Dispensaire.  A book which treats of the
composition of medicines. A Dispensatory differs
from a Pharmacopoeia, in containing the physical
and medical history of the various substances;
whilst  the Pharmacopoeia is restricted to the
mode of preparing them, &c.   The Pharmaco-
poeia, too, is published under the authority of,
and by, the members of a college or association;
whilst a dispensatory contains the whole of the
Pharmacopoeia or Pharmacopoeias,  with addi-
tions by the  author, under who«e  authority,
alone, it usually appears.  The Pharmacopoeia,
in other words, is ofiicinal; the Dispensatory,
generally, private.  Formerly, the words were
used indiscriminately.   See  Formulary  and
Pharmacopoeia.
  DISPLACEMENT, Percolation.
  DISPOSITION, Disposltio, from dis, and
ponere, ' to put or set.'   A particular condition
of  the  body,  which renders  it susceptible of
altering, suddenly, to a state of health  or  dis-
ease;—of improving, or becoming changed for
the worse.  The disposition to phthisis  pulmo-
nalis is sometimes so strong, owing to original
I'onformation, that  the disease will  make  its
npearance, notwithstanding  every care.   See
Diathesis.
  DISPUTATIO, Thesis.
  DISRUP'TIO, from disrumpere, 'to break
off.'   A puncture, which interests deep-seated
parts.
  DISSECTING ANEURISM, see Aneurism.
  D1SSECTIO, Dissection—d. Tendinum, Te-
notomy.
  DISSECTION,  Dissec'tio,  from dissecare,
(dis, and secare, ' to cut,') ' to cut open;' Diac'-
ope,  Sec'tio Anatom'ica,  Practical Anatomy,
Necrot'omy.  An operation, by which the dif-
ferent parts of  the dead body are  exposed, for
the purpose of  studying their arrangement and
structure.   Dissection  has  received various
names, according to  the organ concerned;—as
Osteotomy, Syndesmotomy,  Myotomy, Angio-
tomy, Neurotomy, Desmotomy, &c.
  DISSEC'TOR,  Prosec'tor, Pro'tomus, same
etymon.   (F.) Prosecteur.  A practical anato-
mist.   One who prepares the parts for the ana-
tomical lecture.
  DISSEPIMENTUM NARIUM, Septum na-
rium—d. Thoracis, Mediastinum.
  DISSEPTUM, Diaphragm.
  DISSERTATION, INAUGURAL, Thesis.
  DISSIDENTIA, Diastasis.
  DISSIPIUM, Diaphragm.
  DISSOLUTIO  SANGUINIS,  Hsemateclysis
—d. Ventriculi, Gastromalacia.
  DISSOLUTION, Dissolu'tio, Dialysis, from
dissolvere, (dis, and solvere,)  ' to  loosen,' ' to
melt.'  This word  is in  frequent use,  in the
writings  of the humourists.  It is employed,
particularly, in speaking of the blood;—to de-
signate, not  its entire decomposition or  putre-
faction, but a diminution in its consistence.
  DISSOLUTION, Solution.
  DISSOLVANTS, Dissolventia.
  DISSOLVENTIA,  Solvents, (F.) Dissol-
vants.  Medicines believed to be  capable of
dissolving swellings, concretions, &c.  Discu-
tients, Resolvents.
  DISTEMPERANTIA, Dyscrasia.
  DISTENSIO, Diatasis, Tension, Tetanus—
d. Nervorum, Convulsion.
  DISTENSION  DE LA VASICULE DU
FIEL, Turgescentia vesicae felleae.
  DISTICRI'ASIS,Distich'ia,Districhia,Dis-
trichlasis, Dista'ckia, Distachi'asis, from he,
'double,'  and  on/oc, 'a row.'  An increased
number of eyelashes; some turned towards the
eye, and irritating the organ; whilst others pre-
serve their  natural  direction.—Galen, Paulus
of iEgina.   See Entropion.
  DISTILLATIO UTERI, Leucorrhoea.
  DISTILLA'TION, Stalag'mos, from  distil-
tare, (de, and stillare,) ' to drop, little by little.'
Catastalag'mos.  An operation, by which—by
the aid of heat and  in close vessels—the vola-
tile are separated from the fixed parts of bodies,
with  the  view of collecting the former, when
condensed  in appropriate receivers.  The an-
cients distinguished distillation per latus, f"
ascen'sum, and per descen'sum, according to the
direction  which the  volatilized matters were
made to take.
   DISTOCIA, Ditoc'ia, from Stc, 'twice,' and
xoxoc, ' birth.'  Delivery of twins.
   DISTffiCHIA, Distichiasis.
   DISTCECHIASIS, Distichiasis.
   DIS'TOMA  HEPAT'ICUM, from Sit, and
o-to/xx, ' mouth.' Fasci'ola hepat'ica, Plana'na
latius'cula, Fasciola kuma'?ia, F.  lanceola'ta,
Gourd-worm, Fluke, Liver Fluke, (F.) Douve, 
DISTORSIO
283
DOCIMASIA
D. du Foie.  An obovate, flat worm, an inch in
length, and nearly an inch broad; sometimes
found in the gall-bladder of man, whence it
occasionally passes into the intestinal canal. It
is one of the most common varieties of worms,
infesting the livers of the sheep, goat, ox, stag,
fallow-deer, horse,  ass, hog, hare, &c.   The
treatment is like that required for other worms.
  Distoma Oc'un Huma'ni.  A parasite once
observed in the eye of a child who had suffered
from lenticular cataract.—Gescheidt.
  DISTORSIO, Distortion, Sprain, Strabismus
—d. Oris, Canine laugh.
  DISTOR'TION,  Distor'sio, Intor'sio, from
distorquere, (dis and torquere,) ' to wrest aside.'
Diastrem'ma, Dias'trophe, Ligys'ma, (F.) Dis-
torsion.  Usually applied to  the preternatural
curvature of a bone; as distortion of the spine,
limbs, &c. It signifies, also, a convulsive state
of the muscles of the eye, constituting squinting
or strabismus.
  DISTORTOR ORIS, Zygomatics major.
  DISTRIBUTORS  LACTEA THORACI-
CA, Thoracic duct.
  DISTRICHIA, Distichiasis.
  DISTRICHIASIS, Distichiasis.
  DISTRIX, from S,g, 'double,' and  &qi£, 'the
hair.'  Trichio'sis distrix, Fissu'ra capillo'rum.
Hairs of the scalp, weak, slender, and splitting
at their extremities.
  DITOCIA,  Distocia.
  DITRACHYCERAS, from Sig, 'two,' xqa-
xyg, 'rough,'  and Ktoa;,  'horn.'  A genus of
intestinal worms.  The  Ditrachyc'eras rudis,
Dic'eras rude, (F.) Bicorne rude.   This ento-
zoon was first observed in the evacuations of a
female, by M. Sulzer of Strasburg.   It is of a
fawn colour, from 3 to 5  lines  in length, with
an  oval head,  flattened and  terminating  in  a
point posteriorly; contained  in a membranous
sac, and  furnished, anteriorly, with  a  bifur-
cated,  rugous  horn.  Laennec considers it  a
vesicular worm or hydatid.   See Worms.
   DITTANDER, Lepidium  sativum.
  DITTANY, Cunila Mariana—d. American,
Cunila  Mariana—d. Bastard, Dictamnus albus
—d. of Crete, Origanum dictamnus—d. Moun-
tain, Cunila Mariana.
   DITTECOIA, Double hearing.
   DITTOPIA, Diplopia.
   DITTOPSIA, Diplopia.
   DIURESI^ESTHE'SIS, Diuretieoastke'sis,
Uresiasthe'sis; from Stovqetv,' to pass the urine,'
and aioStjaie, 'feeling.'  The desire or want to
pass the urine.
  DIURE'SIS, from Sia,  ' through or  by,' and
tvqeu),  ' I  pass the urine.'   An abundant excre-
tion of urine.
  DIURET'IC, Diuretieus,  Ischuret'ie, same
etymon; Ureticus.   A medicine which has the
property of increasing the secretion of urine.
Diuretics act  by producing a discharge of the
watery and other parts of the blood; and, by
such discharge,  indirectly promote absorption
over the whole  system.   Hence, they are em-
ployed in dropsy.  The following are the chief
Diuretics:—Cantharis; Cantharis Vittata;  Po-
tassae Acetas; Potassa; Liquor; Cahinca;  Col-
chici Radix; Colchici Semen;  Digitalis; Diosma
Crenata; Juniperus; Oleum Terebinthinae;  Po-
tassae Nitras;  Potassae Bitartras;  Scilla;  Soda?
Sales, and Spiritus ^Etheris Nitrici.
  DIURETICA, Arnica montana.
  DIURETICOiESTHESIS, Diuresiaesthesis.
  DIVARICATIO, Ectropion.
  DIVERSORIUM  CHYLI,  Receptaculum
chyli.
  DIVERTICULA  SPIRITUUM  ANIMA-
LIUM, Ganglions, nervous.
  DIVERTICULUM,Devertic'ulum. 'A turn-
ing;' from divertere, (di, and vertere,) 'to turn
aside.' An organ, which is capable of receiving
an unusual quantity of blood, when the circula-
tion is obstructed or modified elsewhere, is said
to act as a diverticulum. Also, a malformation
or diseased appearance  of a part, in  which it
passes out of its regular course. It is sometimes
applied to  such a condition of the alimentary
canal.  Also, a hole to get out at.  A by-passage.
See Ectrope.                    ^
  Diverticulum Nuc'kii. The opening through
which the  round ligaments of the uterus pass.
—Parr.
  Diverticulum Pharyngis, Pharyngocele.
  DIVI'DING, Div'idens, from di or dis, and
the Hetruscan verb iduo, 'to part or portion.'
That which divides or separates.
   Dividing Bandage, Fas'cia div'idens, (F.)
Bandage divisif, is a bandage employed for the
purpose  of  keeping  parts separated from each
other.   It  is used particularly to prevent im-
proper union; as in cases of burns of the neck
or other  parts.
  DIVINATIO, Mantia.
  DIVISION, Divis'io, Dia'resis.  The acci-
dental separation of parts, naturally united;  in
other words, a wound or solution of continuity.
Most frequently, however, it means an opera-
tion, which consists in cutting  certain  parts,
with  the view of fulfilling some  therapeutical
indication.
  DIVUL'SIO, Dias'pasis, frc-m divellere, (dis,
and vellere,) ' to pull asunder.'  A term used in
Surgery, to express the rupture or laceration of
organs by  external violence.
  Divul'sio Uri'NjE, Cloudiness of urine.—See
Enseorema.
   DIXON'S ANTIBILIOUS PILLS,  Pilula;
antibiliosae.
   DIYLISIS, Colatio.
   DIYLISMUS, Colatio.
   DIZZINESS, Vertigo,
   DOCCIONE, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
This spring is at Lucca in Italy.   It is  a ther-
mal saline.  _
   DOCHME,(Too£,uj7. A measure of the Greeks,
equal to about four fingers'  breadth:  Dactylo-
doch'me.
   DOCIMA'SIA, Docimas'tice, Docimasiolog"-
ia, fiom Soxiftuta, ' I try or prove the quality of
any thing.'
   Docima'sia Medicamento'rum et Veneno'-
rum means the testing of medicines and poisons.
  Docima'sia  Pulmo'num,  D.   Pulmona'lis,
Pneobiomanti'a, Pne-uobiomantl a, Pneobioman'-
tica, Lung proof, Respiration proof.  Different
proofs, to which the organs of respiration of a
new-born child are subjected, for  the purpose
of detecting whether it has or has  not respired
after  birth; in  other words, whether it was
born alive  or dead;—Pneusiobiogno' sis, Pneu-
siobios'copS.  These consist, chiefly, 1. In test-
ing them with water, for the purpose of seeing
whether  the lungs are  specifically heavier or
lighter than that fluid.   This is called Docima-
sia Pulmonum hydrostat'ica or the Hydrostatic 
DOCIMASIOLOGIA          284
DOLICHOS
 Test.  If lighter,  it would be  some  evidence
 that the  foetus  had respired: 2. In comparing
 the weight of the lungs with that of the whole
 body;  the weight of lungs in which respiration
 has taken place being nearly twice as great.
 This  is  Docima'sia  Pulmo'num  Stat'ica,  or
 Ploucquet's Test: and, 3.  By  measuring the
 circumference of the thorax and lungs; and
 comparing their  dimensions with those  of  an
 infant which has not respired.   This is Daniels
 Test.  These tests, singly, afford only probable
 evidence; but, when united, the deductions may
 be more  conclusive.
  DOCIMASIOLOGIA, Docimasia.
  DOCK,  BLOODY,  Rumex  sanguineus—d.
 Blunt-leaved, Rumex  obtusifolius—d. Cresses,
 Lapsana—d.  Sour, Rumex  acetosa—d.  Sour,
 boreal, Oxyria reniformis—d. Water, Rumex
 hydrolapathum—d.Wild, sharp-pointed, Rumex
 acutus.
  DOCNA SURA, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 This spring is in the Krapach mountains.  The
 water  contains sulphate  of soda,  carbonate  of
 soda, chloride of sodium, carbonate of lime, si-
 lica, and  iron.
  DOCTOR, Medicus, from doctus, 'learned;'
 ' an komme qui devrait etre docte.'  A Physi-
 cian.   Frequently applied to any one who prac-
 tises medicine; although properly confined  to
 him who has received his degree of Doctor  of
 Medicine.
  DOCTRINA GALLIANA, Craniology—d.
 Soteria, Medicina.
  DOCTRINE, MEDICAL, Doctrlna Med'-
ica.  The principles or positions of any medi-
cal sect or master.  Medicine has been too full
of doctrines.  One of the first was that of He-
rodicus of Selivrasa, who recommended  gym-
nastic exercises in disease.  The chief founders
of doctrines have been  Hippocrates, Serapion
of Alexandria, Philinus of Cos, Herophilus, As-
clepiades, Themison of Laodicea, Thessalus  of
Tralles, Soranus of Ephesus, Leonides of Alex-
andria, Athenaeus  of Attalia,  Archigenes  of
Apamaea, Agathinus of Sparta, Galenus, Para-
celsus, John Baptist van Helmont, Sylvius de
le Boe, Keill, Hamberger, Pitcairne,  H. Boer-
haave, J. E. Stahl, Frederick Hoffman, George
 Baglivi, Cullen, Darwin, John Brown, Beddoes,
 Girtanner, Reil, Rush, Rasori, and Broussais.
  Doctrine, Physiological, Broussaism.
  DODDER  OF THYME, Cuscuta  epithy-
 mum.
  DODECADACTYLITIS, Duodenitis.
  DODECADACTYLON, Duodenum.
  DODECAPHAR'MACUM, from  So^xx,
'twelve,' and <fae_tiaxt,v, 'a medicine.'   An an-
cient name given to all  medicines which con-
sisted of twelve ingredients.  See Apostolorum
Unguentum.
  DODECATH'EON, from  SuStxa,  'twelve,'
and rid*fj.i, ' I put.'  An  antidote, consisting  of
twelve simple substances.—Paulus of ^Egina.
  Dodecatheon,  Sanicula—d. Plinii,  Pin»-ui-
cola vulgaris.
  DODON^EA, Myrica gale.
  DODRANS,  Spithama.
  DOGCHOAK, Cynanche.
  DOGDAYS,  (F.) Jours Caniculaires.  Du-
ring  these days comprised between the 24th  of
July, and the 2:id of August, the temperature  of
the air in Europe is generally high and oppres-
sive.   They have received this  name from the
dogstar, Canic'ula, Sfi^iot,Si'rius—a very bril-
liant star in the constellation of the great dog,
which rises  and sets, at this time, with the
sun.  It was formerly believed to be a period
particularly unpropitious to health; that it was
dangerous to purge during it; and other phanta-
sies were indulged in regard to it.
   DOGGRASS, Triticum repens.
   DOGMAT'IC, from the  Greek Soyua, from
S'.xiw, 'I think.'  Dogmat'icus.  The name of
an  ancient medical sect; so called, because its
members endeavoured, by reasoning, to disco-
ver  the  essence of  diseases and their  occult
causes; whilst the Empirics, their rivals,  con-
fined themselves strictly to experience; i. e.,
to the observation of facts.  The union of the
two modes of investigation  makes the rational
physician. These sectarians are likewise called
Dogmatists, and their doctrine Dog'matism.
The founders of this sect were Hippocrates,
Thessalus, Draco, and Polybius;  and the most
celebrated of its supporters were  Diodes of
Carysta, Praxagoras  of Cos, Chrysippus of Soli,
Herophilus, Erasistratus, &c.
  DOGS' BANE, Apocynum androsaemifolium
—d. Bane, bitter, Apocynum androsaemifolium.
  DOGS' GRASS, Triticum repens.
  DOGS' STONES, Orchis  mascula.
  DOGSTAR, Canicula.
  DOGTREE, Cornus Florida.
  DOGWOOD,Cornus Florida—d.Blueberried,
Cornus sericea—d. Female, Cornus sericea—d.
Florid, Cornus Florida—d. Great flowered, Cor-
nus Florida—d. Jamaica, Piscidia erythrina—
d. New England, Cornus sericea—d. Pond, Ce-
phalanthus occidentalis—d.  Silky-leaved, Cor-
nus sericea—d. Virginian, male, Cornus Flori-
da—d.   Round-leaved,  Cornus  circinata—d.
Swamp, Cornus sericea.
  DOIGT, Digitus—d. Auriculaire,  Auricular
finger—d. Milieu, see Digitus—d. Petit,  see
Digitus.
  DOIGTIER,Digita\e,Bigitalis—d.d'Asdru-
b  li, see  Digitale.
  I OLABRA, Ascia, Doloire.
  DOL'ICHOS, from ^///-f, 'long.'  A genus
of plants of the leguminous family.   It includes
a number of species, generally indigenous in
India or  America.   The Dofichos  Lablab, or
Lablab, is found in Egypt.   (Prospero Alpini.)
Its  fruit  is eaten there, like the haricot with
us.   The Dolichos Siuen'sis, is eaten in China,
and is stored  up as a provision for long voyages.
The Dolichos  Tubero'sus, (F.) Pois Patate ol
Martinique, has tuberous  roots of the size of
both fists, and has the consistence and taste of
the turnip.   The Dolichos Bulbo'sus of the
West Indies  resembles  the turnip;—and from
the Dolichos Soja,  the  Japanese prepare the
well-known sauce Soy, which they term Sooja.
The most important  in medicine, is the
  Dol'ichos Pru'riens, Dolichos.Stizolo'bium,
Mucu'na pru'riens, Cowhage, Cowitch, Adsarxa
Pa.la.  Order. Leguminosae.  (F.) Pois a grat-
ter.  The  stiff hairs of the  Dolichos  Pods,
called  Doliclios Pubes, D.  Prurientis pubes,
Dolichi Seta Legu'minum, Lanu'go Siliqua
kirsu'tae, Mucu'na, (Ph. U.  S.,) are the parts
used in medicine.  They excite an intolerable,
prurient  sensation when applied to the skin;
but do not irritate the mucous  membrane over
which they pass, when administered internally-
The Dolichos is a mechanical anthelmintic, and 
DOLOIRE
285
DOSE
is useful in cases of ascarides lumbricoides, and
oxyures vermiculares.  Dose, gr. v, to x, of the
pubes, in molasses.
  Mucu'na pruri'ta, a distinct species, but pos-
sessing similar properties, grows in the East
Indies.
  DOLOIRE (F.),As'cia,  Dol'abra, 'a  car-
penter's axe.'  A Bondage en doloire is one in
which the turns are so placed, that each  one
covers two-thirds  of that which  is immediately
beneath it.  It  has  received the name Doloire
from its representing the obliquity of the edge
of the instrument whose name  it bears.  See
Bandage.
  DOLOR, Pain—d. Ani, Proctalgia—d. Capi-
tis, Cephalalgia—d. Cephalicus, Cephalalgia—
d. Colicus, Colic—d. Crucians  faciei, Neural-
gia, facial—d. Dentium, Odontalgia—d. Denti-
um a stridore, Haemodia—d.  Faciei, Neuralgia,
facial—d. Ischiadicus nervosus, Neuralgia, fe-
moro-poplitaea—d. Lenis, Hypodynia—d. Mitis,
Hypodynia—d. Nephreticus,  Nephralgia—d.
Pectoris externus, Pleurodynia—d. Pudendorum,
Pudendagra—d.  Rheumaticus  et  arthriticus,
Rheumatism.
   DOLORES AD PARTUM, Pains, labour—
d. Intestinorum, Colic—d. Parturientis, Pains,
labour—d. Post partum, Pains, after—d. Puer-
perarum,  Pains,  after—d.  Rodentes,  Pains,
gnawing.
  DOMBEY'A EXCEL'SA, Arauca'ria  Dom-
bey'i.  A tree, which inhabits  Chili, and  fur-
nishes Dombeya turpentine; a glutinous, milky -
looking fluid of a  strong odour and taste.
  DOMES'TIC, Domes'ticus, from domus, 'a
house.'   The term Domestic  or Pop'ular Med'-
icine, has been given to treatises written for
the purpose of enabling those who are  not of
the profession to treat diseases,  which may oc-
cur  in their families, without the necessity of
calling  in a  physician.  The term, likewise,
signifies—Medicine, when thus practised.  It
is probable, that such works have been attended
with more mischievous than advantageous re-
sults.
   DOMINA'RUM  AQUA.  A medicine de-
scribed by  Myrepsus,  which  he considered
emmenagogue.
   DOMPTE-VENIN, Asclepias  vincetoxi-
cum.
   DOMUS LEPROSARIA,  Ladrerie.
   DONDO, Albino.
   DONESIS, Agitation.
   DORADILLA, Asplenium ceterach.
   DORCADIZON, Caprizans.
   DOREA,  Hemeralops.
   DOREMA AMMONIACUM, see Ammoniac,
Gum.
   DORMITATIO, Somnolency.
   DORMITIO,  Sleep—d.  Lucumoriana, see
Lucumorianus.
   DORONIC, Doronicum  pardalianches—d.
d'Allemagne, Arnica montana.
   DORONICUM  GERMANICUM,  Arnica
montana.
   Doron'icum Pardalian'ches, D.Roma'num,
Roman Leop'ard's  Bane,  (F.)  Doronic,  Mart
aux Pantheres.   The root of this plant resem-
bles Arnica Montana in its properties.
   DORSAL, Dorsa'Us: from  dorsum, 'the back.'
Notia'us.  Relating to the back of the body, or
of one of its parts; as the  Dorsal  vertebra,
nerves, &c; Dorsal artery of the tongue, penis,
&c.; Dorsal region of the foot, hand, &c.; Dor-
sal Consumption, &c.
  DORSAL, LONG, Longissimus dorsi.
  DORSO-COSTAL, Serratus  posticus supe-
rior—d. Lumbo-costal, Serratus posticus inferior
—d. Lombo-sacro-humeral, Latissimus dorsi—
d. Susacrnmien, Trapezius—d.  Trachilon-oe-
cipital, Complexus.
  DORSTENIA BRAZILIENSIS, Caa-apia.
  Dorstenia Contrayer'va, called after  Dr.
Dorsten; Contrayer'va, Drake'na, Cype'rus lon-
gus, o'dorus seu Perua'nus, Bezoar dica Radix,
Dorste'nia  Housto'nii,  Lisbon   Contrayer'va,
(F.) Racine de Charcis, R. de Dracke, Racine
des  Phillippines.   Family,  Urticeae.    Sex.
Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.  A plant of South
America, whose root, Contrayer'va (Ph. U. S.)
is aromatic, bitter, and astringent.  It has been
given as a tonic, stimulant and sudorific.  Dose,
gr. xij to ,^ss.
  DORSUM, Notos, Noton.  The back.  Me-
taph'renon, Tergum, (F.) Dos.  The  posterior
part of the trunk,  extending  from the inferior
and posterior region of the  neck as far  as the
loins.  The back of the foot,  Dorsum pedis, is
the upper part of that organ, opposite the sole:
the bark of the hand, Dorsum mantis, the part
opposed  to the  palm.  In the same sense, we
say Dorsum penis, Dorsum nasi, for the upper
part  of those organs.
  Dorsum, Vertebral column—d. Manus, Opis-
thenar.
  DORYCIMUM, Costus creticus.
  DOS,  Dorsum.
  DOSE, Dosis, Prm'bium.   The quantity of
any substance, which ought to form  part of a
compound  medicine, or ought to be  exhibited
singly, to produce  a desired effect.  Many cir-
cumstances influence the  doses of medicine.
Women require smaller doses, as a general prin-
ciple, than  men.   Habit has  a  great effect, as
well as  climate, age, idiosyncrasy:  all  these,
and  other  circumstances, must be taken  into
account; and every general rule on the subject
will be  found  to  have numerous  exceptions.
Some of the mechanical physicians laid it down
as a rule, that the  doses of  medicines must al-
ways be as the square of the  constitution !  A
matter not easy of calculation.
   The following Tables will exhibit an approx-
imation to  the  proper doses (according to age)
of most substances.
     Table of Doses according to  Age.
1	1 drachm.
2-3ds.	2 scruples.
half.	4 drachm, j
13d.	1 scruple.
l-4th.	15 giains.
l-6th.	10 grains.
1-^th.	8 grains.
l-12th.	5 grains.
  The table  of  doses, recommended  by  Dr.
Thomas  Young, according to age, differs in
some respects from the above.  Either affords
a sufficient general approximation.  His rule
is, that
  For children, under twelve years of age, th'
doses of most medicines must be diminished in
the proportion of the age to the age increased by
twelve :
                                        2
thus, at two years, to 1 —7th; i. e., l-7=_—_

  At twenty-one the full dose is given. 
DOSIOLOGIA
286
DRAGMA
  Doses,  Broken.   When an agent  is given
in small portions  it is said  to be in broken
doses,—refractis dosibus.
  DOSIOLOGIA, Posology.
  DOSIS, Dose.
  DOSSIL, Bourdonnet.
  DOTAGE, Dementia.
  DOTHIEN, Furunculus.
  DOTHIENENTERIA, Dothinenteritis.
  DOTHIENENTERIE, Dothinenteritis.
  DOTHINENTERIA, Dothinenteritis.
  DOTHINENTERI'TIS, properly  Dothien-
mteri'tis, Dothienenter'ia, Dothinenter'ia, Ente-
ritis pustulo'sa, Enterodothie'nia, Helcenterl-
tis, from SoSujv, ' a pustule,' and evxt^ov,' intes-
tine.'  (F.) Dothinentirite, Dothinentirie, Do-
thiinentirie, Dothiinentirite, Follic'ular Gas-
troenteritis.  An inflammation and ulceration of
the glands or follicles of  Peyer and  Brunner,
which Bretonneau considers to  be the essence
of a large class of fevers,  particularly of those
of the typhoid character.  See Typhus.
  DOTHION, Furunculus.
  DOTTRINA  MEDICA ITALIANA, Con-
tro-stimulus, (doctrine of.)
  DOUBLE-CONSCIOUSNESS,  see  Con-
sciousness, double.
  DOUBLE-HEARING, Dipleco'ia, Ditteco'ia,
Paracu'sis  duplica'ta,  P. Imperfec'ta.   The
action of the one ear unaccordant with that  of
the other: sounds heard doubly, and in different
tones or keys.
   DOUCE AMkRE, Solanum dulcamara.
   DOUCHE, (F.)   In Italian doccia; modern
Latin, ducia; Cataclys'mus, Douse. This term
is applied to the shock of a column of fluid, of
a determinate nature and temperature, let fall
upon the body.  Pumping is a variety of the
Douche.  In using this kind of bath, the  fluid
is directed upon the part on which we are de-
sirous of acting.  The douches descendantes are
those in which the fluid falls from a height,—
the douches ascendantes, those administered in
diseases of the uterus,—the  douches  horizon-
tales, where the fluid is impelled horizontally,
&c.  They may be cold or warm, according to
circumstances.  The apparatus consists of a re-
servoir of water  having a pipe or  plug, by
means of which the water can be directed  as
the practitioner may desire.  The Douche com-
municates a considerable and peculiar shock to
the nervous system; and is one of the most suc-
cessful means for taming the furious  maniac.
It is, also, useful in chronic rheumatism, stiff
joints, &c.
   Douches of air  are, also, occasionally used,
as  in  cases of  obstruction of  the Eustachian
tube  by mucus.  The Douches are  sent from
an air-press—of which Deleau and Kramer have
invented one  each—through a catheter  intro-
duced through the nose into the  tube.
   DOULEUR,Pain—d. de Coli, Pleurodynia—
d.  des Dents,  Odontalgia—d.  de PEstomac,
Cardialgia—d. Nivralgique de I'Estomac, Car-
dialgia—d. Pulsative, see Throbbing.
   DOULEURS, Pains, labour—a!.  Conquas-
sa.ntes, see Conquassant.
   DOUSE, Douche.
   DOUVE, Distoma  hepaticum—d. du  Foie,
Pistoma  hepaticum—d.   Petite, Ranunculus
flammula.
   DRACHION, Pugillus.
   DRACHM,   Drachma,  Dram, (F.)  Gros
The ancient name of a piece of money, weigh-
ing the  eighth part of an ounce.  At the pre-
sent day it is used for this weight.
  DRACO MITIGATUS, Hydrargyri submu-
rias—d. Sylvestris, Achillea ptarmica.
  DRACOCEPHALUM C ANARIEN'SE, D.
Moldav'icum, Melis'sa Turcica, Turkey Bal-
sam, Cana'ry Balsam, Balm of Gilead  Tree,
Alpi'ni Bal'samum, (F.) Metisse de Moldavie.
A Turkish and Siberian plant, which has an
aromatic taste, joined with an agreeable flavour.
It has been used'as a tonic.
  DRACONTHyEMA, see Calamus rotang.
  DRACONTIUM, Dracunculus.  See,  also,
Dracontium foetidum.
  Dracon'tium Fce'tidum, Dracon'tium, Icto'-
des fa'tidus, Symplocarpus fce'tida, Pothos fa'-
tida, Arum America'num beta fo'lio, Pothos Pu-
to'rii, Spathye'ma  fa'tida, Skunk  Cabbage,
Polecat  Collard, Cow-collard,  Collard, Skunk
weed, Itch weed, Stink poke, Swamp  cabbage,
Pole'cat weed, Hellebore, Ellebore, Irish Cab-
bage.  Nat.  Ord. Aroidea?.   Sex. Syst.  Te-
trandria Monogynia.  This indigenous plant, as
some of its names  import, is  extremely fetid.
The property on which its medical virtues are
dependent, resides in a volatile  principle, which
is impaired by long keeping, especially in pow-
der.  Dose, of the dried root,  Dracontium,
(Ph. U. S.,) ten to twenty grains.  It resem-
bles asafcetida and other fetid gums in its pro-
perties ; in other words, belongs to the class of
reputed antispasmodics.
  Dracontium Angustispatha, Symplocar'put
Angustispatha, Narrow-spathed  Skunk  Cab-
bage, is possessed of similar properties.
  DRACUN'CULUS, Dracon'tium, Vena Me-
dina Ar'abum, Gor'dius Medinen'sis, Vermic'u-
lus Capilla'ris, Dracun'culus Gordius, Fila'ria
Medinen'sis, Malis Dracun'culus, Malis Gor'-
dii, Muscular Hairworm, Bichios, Bicho.  The
Guinea Worm, (F.) Dragonneau, Ver de Gui-
nei, Ver  Filaire, V.  de Midine, V.  cutane,
Veine de  Midine.   A genus of worms, fre-
quently met with in Indian and African climes.
They are  characterized by a filiform body, and
are  smooth and  nearly of  equal  thickness
throughout.  The  Guinea worm, when small,
insinuates itself through the cutaneous pores,
and penetrates into the cellular membrane and
between the muscles;  especially between those
of the lower limbs, where it occasions a tumour
like a boil, which subsequently suppurates, and
the  head  of the worm appears and emerges
gradually.  The head must then be seized, and
the worm be  cautiously rolled round  a small
cylinder  of linen or  other substance.  Care
must be taken not to break it, as great pain and
obstinate  suppuration might be the consequence.
  Considerable obscurity rests on this subject.
Some even deny that the cases of Dracunculus,
on record, are really those of worms.
  Dracunculus Polyphyllus, Arum dracun-
culus—d. Pratensis, Achillea ptarmica.
   DRAGkES,  (F.)  Almonds  or dried pre-
serves,  covered  with  white  sugar.   Sugar
plums.
   DRAGkES DE KEYSER;  a pharmaceu-
tical preparation, formerly much celebrated in
syphilis.   It was composed of acetate of mer-
cury, manna, starch, mucilage and gum traga-
canth.
   DRAGMA,  Pugillus. 
DRAGMIS
287
DROPSY
  DRAGMIS, Pugillus.
  DRAGON(F.), Dragon.  Some authors have
given this name to opake spots on the cornea,
and to cataract.
  Dragon Claw, Scaly, Pterospora androme-
dea—d. Root,  Arum  triphyllum,  Pterospora
andromedea—d. Turnip, Arum triphyllum.
  DRAGON'S BLOOD, see Calamus rotang.
  DRAGONNEAU, Dracunculus.
  DRAINING, Desicca'tio, (F.) Dessechement.
The act of drawing off the water from marshes,
for  the purpose of  destroying the  unhealthy
emanations which proceed from them.  It is a
well known fact, that  from  marshes arise cer-
tain emanations or miasmata, with the nature
of which we are, however, totally unacquainted,
but which are the fertile source of intermittents
and other diseases.   Draining  the soil and con-
verting it into arable land changes its character,
and the malaria ceases to be given off.  It has
happened, however, that although in some such
situations  intermittents have  been  got  rid of,
consumptions have taken their place.
  DRAKENA, Dorstenia contrayerva.
  DRAPEAU,  (F.)  Vexillum,  from  drap,
'cloth.'   A bandage, used in  wounds,  &c, of
the nose, to keep the  dressings in  situ.  It is
composed of a small triangular compress, having
two openings at its inferior part, corresponding
to those of the nostrils.  It is fixed by means of
a bandage, passing from its superior angle over
the head; and another  passing round the head,
under  the orbits, so as to join the first at the
nape of the neck.  Also, Pterygion.
  DRAP  FANON, see Fanon.
  DRASTIC, Dras'ticus, Cenot'ic,  from Sgxw,
'I  operate strongly.'  Active.  An epithet,
given to.purgatives,  which operate powerfully;
as elaterium, oil of croton, &c.
  DRAUGHT, Haustus.  A term also applied
by nurses  to the sudden rush of blood  to the
mammae,  occasioned in the mother by the sight
or even thought of her infant,  and which occa-
sions a greatly increased secretion of milk.
  Draught, Black, see Infusum sennae com-
positum.
  DRAX, Pugillus.
  DREAM,  Somnium—d. Waking, Hallucina-
tion.
  DRkCHE, Malt.
  DREGS, Feculence.
  DREPANOIDES, Falciform.
  DRESS, Vestitus.
  DRESSER, from (F.) dresser, 'toput right.'
An hospital assistant, whose office it is to dress
wounds,  ulcers, &c.   He corresponds in func-
tion to the kleve externe of the French hospi-
tals.
  DRESSING, Cura,Curat'io, (F.)Pansement.
The methodical application of any remedy or
apparatus to a diseased part.  Also, the remedy
or apparatus itself.
  DRIMYPHA'GIA, from Sqtttvg,'acrid,' 'aro-
matic,' and q>ayio, 'I eat.'  An aromatic and ex-
citing diet.
  DRINK, from Sax.  fcpencan,  Poma, Po'tio,
Potus, (F.)Boisson.   Every liquid introduced
into the alimentary canal for the purpose of re-
pairing the loss of the  fluid  parts of the body.
The necessity for its  use is indicated by the
sensation of thirst.  Fluid, taken during a meal,
aids in the digestion  of the food.   Some  drinks
are exciting and tonic, as the different varieties
of beer, wine, and spirits, which we use  at
table.   In a therapeutical point of view, drinks
are used to appease the thirst which prevails in
febrile affections, or to act as diluents in those
and other cases.
  The Ordinary Drinks, according to their che-
mical  composition, are—1.  Water, spring wa-
ter, river water, well water, &c.—2. Juices and
infusions of Animal and Vegetable substances,
lemon juice, currant juice, whey, tea, coffee,
mattee, &c.—3. Fermented Liquors, wines, ale,
beer,  cider, perry.—4.  Spirituous Liquors,
brandy, alcohol,  ether,  kirschwasser,  rum,
arrac, gin, whiskey, ratifies, cordials, &c.
  DRIVELLING, Slavering.
  DROGUE, Drug.
  DROGU1ER, (F.)  Same etymon as  drug.
A collection of different  simple medicinal sub-

   DROGUISTE, Druggist.
   DROIT DE L'AB DO ME NRectus abdomi-
nis—d. Antirieur  de  la cuisse, Rectus femoris
—d. Antirieur de la tete, Rectus capitis internus
minor—d. Antirieur  de la tete, grand, Rectus
capitis internus major—d. Externe de  Pail, Rec-
tus externus oculi—d. Infirieur de Pail, Rectus
inferior oculi—d. Interne de la cuisse, Gracilis
—d. Interne de Pail, Rectus internus oculi—d.
Latiral de la tite, Rectus capitis lateralis—d.
Postirieur de la tete, grand, Rectus capitis pos-
ticus major—d. Postirieur de la tete, petit, Rec-
tus capitis posticus minor—d. Supirieur, Rec-
tus superior oculi.
  DROP, Gutta, (q. v.)
  Drop, Ague, tasteless,  Liquor arsenicalis
—d. Black, Guttae nigrae—d. Red,  Ward's, see
Vinum antimonii tartarizati—d. Serene, Amau-
rosis.
  DROPACISMUS, Depilation.
  DROP AX, Depilatory.
  DROPPED HANDS, see Hands, dropped.
  DROPS, ABBE ROUSSEAU'S, Laudanum
Abbatis Rousseau—d. Anodyne, Liquor mor-
phinae acetatis—d. Antiscorbutic,  Marsden's,
see Infusum gentianae compositum—d.  Anti-
venereal, see Tinctura ferri muriatis—d. Cha-
momile, see Anthemis nobilis—d.  Dutch, Bal-
sam of sulphur, Balsam of Turpentine—d. Fit,
Spiritus ammoniae  fcetidus, see Fuligo—d. Gol-
den, de la Motte's, Tinctura seu alcohol sulfuri-
co-aethereus ferri—d. Green's, see  Liquor Hy-
drargyri oxymuriatis—d. Jesuit's, Tincturaben-
zoini  composita—d. Lavender, Spiritus Lavan-
dula?  compositus—d.  Nitre,  Spiritus aetheris
nitrici—d. Norris's, see Antimonium tartariza-
tum—d. Norton's, Liquor Hydrargyri Oxymu-
riatis—d. Pectoral, Pectoral drops, Bateman's
—d. Peppermint, Pastilli de mentha piperita—
d. Soot, see Fuligo—d. Wade's, Tinctura benzoi-
ni composita—d. White, Ward's, see Hydrar-
gyri nitras.
  Drops,  Warburg's.   A secret  preparation
used in Demarara under the name of Warburg's
Fever Drops.  It is said to be a tincture of Be-
beeria.
  DROPSICAL, Hydropicus.
  DROPSY, Hydrops—d. of the Belly, Ascites
—d. of the  Brain, Hydrocephalus—d. of the
cellular Membrane, Anasarca—d. of the Chest,
Hydrothorax — d.  of  the Eye, Hydrophthal-
mia.
  Dropsy, Fibrinous.   Dropsy in which  the
effused fluid contains fibrin. 
DROPWORT
288
DUODENUM
   Dropsy, General, Anasarca—d. of the Head.
 Hydrocephalus—d. of the lachrymal Sac, Fis-
 tula lachrymalis—d.  of the lachrymal Sac, La-
 rhrymal hernia—d. of the Pericardium,  Hydro-
 ■ >oricardium—d. of the Peritoneum,' Ascites—
  1. of the Pleurae, Hydrothorax—d.  Water  of,
 Serum  of Serous  membranes—d. Wind, Em-
 physema—d. of the Womb, Hydrometra.
   DROPWORT, Spiraea filipendula—d. Hem-
 lock, CEnanthe—d. Water, Hemlock, CEnanthe
 —d. Western, Gillenia trifoliata.
   DROSE'RA ROTUNDIFOLIA.   The sys-
 tematic name of the Sundew, Ros'solis,  Drosio-
 bot'anon, Dro'sium,  Rorella, (F.) Rossolis.
 This plant has a bitter, acrid, and caustic taste.
 It has been used as a rubefacient, and to destroy
 warts and corns.  It  has, also, been regarded
 as a pectoral.
   DROSIOBOTANON,  Drosera rotundifolia.
   DROSIUM, Drosera rotundifolia.
   DROSOMELI, Fraxinus ornus.
   DRUG, Medicamen turn,  (F.)  Drogue.  A
 name  ordinarily applied to simple medicines,
 but  by extension, to every substance employed
 in the cure of disease.  Menage derives  it  from
 droga; and this from the Persian droa,' odour;'
 because many drugs  have a strong odour.  It
 is from the Teutonic trocken, Sax. fcnizan, ' to
 dry.'
   DRUGGIST,  Dmgger,  Drugster.    Same
 etymon.   Pharmacopo'la,  Materialis'ta, Se-
 plasia'tius,  Pharmacopa'us,  (F.)  Droguiste.
 One who sells drugs.
   DRUM OF THE EAR, Tympanum.
   DRUNKENNESS, Temulentia.
   DRYING, Deslca'lion, Sicca'tio, Xeran'sis,
 Auan'sis,  Desicca'tio, Exsicca'tio; same  ety-
 mon as Drug.   Evaporation or removal of the
 superfluous humidity in a body.
   Drying of Plants, Desicra.'tion of Plants.
 Those which are very succulent should be dried
 quickly.   They must be spread upon  lattice
 work, covered from the light and exposed to the
 heat of the sun or to that of a stove, not ex-
 ceeding  110°  Fahrenheit.  The drying  of less
 succulent plants can be effected at a lower tem-
 perature.  Fluwers must be dried very care-
 fully, excluding  the light.  Seeds are dried in a
 place where there is a free current of air.  Pulpy
fruits may be exposed to a gentle heat in a stove,
 which  may be gradually elevated.  Roots  may
 also  be dried in the stove: the tuberous require
 to be cut in slices.
   DRYMIS WINTERI,  Wintera aromatica.
   DTHOKE, Frambcesia.
   DUAL'ITY,  Dual'it as,  from duo,   ' two.'
 The state or  quality of being two.
   Duality of the Mind,  or Brain.   As the
organ consists of two  hemispheres, they have
been regarded by some as  separately and  dis-
tinctly concerned in the mental and moral  ma-
nifestations.
  DUCKSFOOT, Podophyllum montanum
  DUCT, ALIMENTARY, Canal  alimentary
Thoracic duct—d. of Bellini, Uriniferous tube
—d.  Nasal,  Lachrymal duct—d. of Pecquet
Thoracic duct—d. of Wireung, see  Pancreas   '
  DUCTOR CANALICULARS, Gorget-'d.
Urinae, Ureter.
  DUCTUS, Canal, Meatus —d.  Arteriosus,
Arterial duct—d. Auris palatinus, Eustachian
Tube—d. Belliniani, Uriniferous Tubes.
   Ductus  Bartholikia'nus,  Bar'tholine's
 Duct, (F.) Canal de Bartholin.  The excre-
 tory duct of the sublingual gland.
   Ductus  Biliarii, Pori biliarii—d.  Eotalli,
 Arterial duct—d. Choledochus, Choledoch duct
 —d. Chyliferus, Thoracic  duet—d.  Cibarius.
 Canal, alimentary—d. Ferreini,  Ferrein, canal
 of—d. Hepaticus, Hepatic duct—d. Incisivus,
 Palatine duct  (anterior)—d. Intestinalis,  Ca-
 nal,  alimentary — d.  Lacteus,  Thoracic  duct
 —d. Lachrymalis,  Lachrymal duct—d. Lacru-
 malis, Lachrymal  duct — d. Nasalis  orbita-,
 Lachrymal or nasal duct—d. Nasalo-palatinus,
 Palatine duct (anterior)—d. ad Nasum, Lachry-
 mal or nasal duct—d. Nutritii, Canals,nutritive
 —d. Pancreaticus,  see  Pancreas—d.  Pecqueti,
 Thoracic  duct—d.  Punctorum  lachrymalium,
 Lachrymal ducts—d. Riviniani, see Sublingual
 gland—d.  Rorifer,  Thoracic  duct.
   Ductus Saliva'lis Infe'rior, Ductus War-
 tkonia'nus, (F.) Canal de Warthon.   The ex-
 crptory duct of the submaxillary gland.
   Ductus  Saliva'lis Supe'rior,  Ductus Steno-
 nia'nus, Steno's Duct, (F.)  Canal de Stenon.
 The excretory duct of the parotid gland which
 opens into  the mouth opposite the second upper
 molar tooth.
   Ductus  Semi-Circulares  Labyrinthi,  Se-
 mi-circular canals—d. Serosi, Lymphatic ves-
 sels—d. Spirales cochleae, Scalae of the cochlea
 —d. Stenonianus, Ductus salivalis superior—d.
 Thoracicus, Thoracic duct—d. Urinas, Ureter—
 d. Urinarius, Urethra — d.  Uriniferi  Bellini,
 Uriniferous tubes—d. Varicosi uteri, Tubas Fal-
 lopianas—d.  Venosus,  Canal, venous—d. Wal-
 theriani, see Sublingual gland—d. Warthonia-
 nus, Ductus salivalis inferior.
   DUELECH, Dulech.
   DUEL'LA.  The ancient  name of a weight,
 which was equivalent to eight scruples.
   DUG, Nipple.
   DULCAMARA, Solanum  dulcamara.
   DULCEDO- AMORIS, Clitoris.
   DULECH, Due'leeh.  A term employed  by
 Paracelsus and Van Helmont  to designate a pre-
 tended tartarized substance, which forms in the
 human  body, and produces acute pain, accom-
 panied with great danger.
   DULSE, Rhodomela  palmata—d. Pepper,
 Laurentia pinnatifida.
   DUMBNESS, Mutitas.
   DUNBLANE, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 The springs of Dunblane, in  Scotland, contain
 sulphate of soda, chlorides of sodium and cal-
 cium, and carbonate of iron.
   DUNG, Fimus—d. Cow's,  Fimus Vaccae—d.
 Goose,  Fimus anseris—d. Stone-horse,  Fimus
 equinus.
   DUNGA, Dengue.
   DUODENITIS,  Dodecadactylltis.   A hy-
 brid term,  from duodenum, and itis,  denoting
 inflammation.  Inflammation of the duodenum.
 characterized by white  tongue;  bitter taste;
 anorexia; fulness and tenderness in the  region
 of the duodenum; and often yellowness of skin;
along with  the ordinary signs of  febrile irrita-
 tion.
  DUODE'NUM, Ventric'ulus Succenturia'tns,
 Ec'physis seu Appen'dix seu Processus Ventric'-
uli, Portonn'rium,  Dodecadac'tylon, from JV-
Sixa,  'twelve,' and  Jaxruxoc, <a finger.' The
duodenum is  the first part of the intestinal ca-
nal, commencing at  the  pyloric  orifice  of th1
stomach, and terminating in the jejunum.   Its 
DUO-STERNAL
289
DYSAPULOTUS
portion  of a circle, furnished with a scale of
kilogrammes and one of myriagrammes.  To
measure the  strength of the hands, the two
branches of the spring are firmly grasped, and
brought as near together as the force can carry
them.   This effort makes the needle traverse,
and indicates, on the scale of kilogrammes, the
strength of the experimenter's hands.  A man,
25 or 30 years of age, exerts a force commonly
equal to 50 kilogrammes or 100 pounds.
  The strength of the loins of a man, about 30
years of age, as indicated by this instrument,
is  usually  about 13  myriagrammes,  or  265
pounds,  which shows the weight he is capably
of raising.
  From experiments  made  by Peron, in his
voyage,  on  12  individuals  of Van Dieman's
Land, 17 of  New Holland, 56 of the Island of
Timor,  17 Frenchmen belonging to the expedi-
tion, and 14 Englishmen in the colony of New
South Wales, he found their comparative strength,
indicated by the dynamometer,to be as follows:
length is about 12 fingers' breadth, and as it is
only partially covered by the peritoneum, it is
susceptible of considerable dilatation; hence its
name Ventriculus succenturiatus.  In the duo-
denum, chylification takes place after  the ad-
mixture of the biliary and pancreatic fluids with
the chyme.
  DUO-STERNAL.  Beclard thus names the
second osseous portion of the sternum, which
corresponds to the second intercostal space.
  DUPLICATION, (duo, 'two,' and  plicare,
' to fold.')  Duplica'tio,  Duplic'itas,  Dipla-
sias'mus, Diplo'sis.  A species of malformation,
characterized  by  the  parts  concerned  being
doubled.—Meckel.
  DU'PLIC ATURE, Duplicatu'ra, Reflec'tion,
from duplex, 'double,' 'twofold.'  The folding
or reflection of a membrane upon itself; as Dv-
plicature or reflection of the pleura, peritoneum,
&c.
  DUPON'DIUM.  A weight of four drachms.
—Galen.
  DUR, Hard.
  DURA MATER, Crassa meninx, Dura me-
ninx, Sclerome'idnx, Meninx exte'rior, Meninx
sclera, M. pachela of Galen, Dura membra'na
Cer'ebrum am'biens, Cuticula'ris membra'na, M.
derm'ito'des,  Minings,  (Ch.).   It has  been
called dura, because of its great resistance; and
mater, because it was believed  to give rise to
every membrane of the body.  (F.) Dure mere,
Dure-taye  (Pare.)  It is  a fibrous  semitrans-
parent membrane, of a  pearly-white  colour,
thick, and very resisting; lines the cavity of
the cranium, and contains the spinal marrow;
protects the brain and marrow;  and, by its va-
rious  expansions—the falx cerebri,  tentorium,
&c,—supports the different parts of the cere-
bral mass.   The largest artery of the dura ma-
ter is the A. meninga'a me'dia.
  Dura Mater, Lateral Processes of the,
Tentorium.
  DURE MERE, Dura mater.
  DURE TAYE, Dura mater.
  DURETE  D>OREILLE, Baryecoia—d. de
POuie, Deafness.
  DURILLON,  Callosity.
  DURUS, Hard.
  DUTROA, Datura stramonium.
  DWARF, Nanus.
  DWARFISH, see Nanus.
  DWARFISHNESS, Nanosomus.
  DYCTOIDES, Reticular.
  DYERS' BROOM,  Genista tinctoria—d.
Weed, Genista tinctoria, Reseda luteola.
  DYNAMETER, Dynamometer.
  DYNAM'IC, Dynam'icus, (F'.) Dynam>que:
same  etymon.  In Mechanics, the part, which
investigates the powers whereby bodies are put
in motion, and the laws  resulting therefrom.
In Biology, that which relates to the vital forces.
Those influences  of agents on  the organism,
which are ascribable to neither mechanical nor
chemical causes, are sometimes termed dynamic.
  DYNAMICUS, Dynamic.
  DYNAMIS, Faculty, Force.
  DYTSIAMOM'ETER, My odynamiom'eter, My-
odynamom'eter, from So\a.^ig, 'force,'  'vital
power,' and /anenv,' measure.'  An instrument,
contrived  by  M. Rognier, for measuring the
comparative muscular strength of man and ani-
mals.   It  consists of a  spring, which, when
pressed upon, causes a needle to move upon a
	Strength			
Natives of	of the arm.		of the loins.	
	Kilog.	lbs.	Ayri.	lbs.
1. Van Dieman's				
Land.	50.6	101.2		
2. New Holland.	50.8	101.6	10.2	208.08
3. Timor.	58.7	1174	11 6	238.64
4. France.	69.2	138 4	15 2	310.08
5. England.	71.4	142 4	15 2	332.52
  Dynamometer or Dynameter, Medic"inal.
An instrument, invented by Dr. Paris, for the
purpose of showing the quantity of active mat-
ter contained in a  given weight or measure of
any officinal compound, with the dose of any
preparation, which will be equivalent in strength
to a given quantity of any other of the  same
class.  The instrument is more ingenious than
useful.
   DYOTA, Diota.
   DYS, <fuc, in composition, 'difficult, faulty:'
sometimes privative;  mostly answering to the
particles dis, in, mis, or un, in English.   Hence:
  DYS^E'MIA, fromcTuc, 'with difficulty,' and
'xi/u.2,  'blood.'  A morbid  condition  of the
blood.
   DYSESTHESIA,  Dysasthe'sis, from <Tvf,
' with difficulty,' and ai<rdav<>fji*i,' I feel.'   Ob-
scure, diminished, or even abolished sensation.
   Dysesthesia Auditoria, Cophosis—d. Gus-
tatoria, Ageustia—d. Interna, Amnesia—d. 01-
factoria, Anosmia.
  Dysesthesia Visua'lis, Parop'sis.  Sense
of sight vitiated or lost.
  DYS^ESTHESIS, Dyssesthesia.
  DYSANAGOGOS,  from JV,  'with  diffi-
culty,' and cnixytn,' I bring up.'  That which is
expectorated with difficulty.  An epithet given,
by the Greek writers, to the sputa, when ex-
pectorated with difficulty, on account of their
viscidity.
  DYSANNARRHOPHE'SIS, Dysanarrhoph'-
ia; from Sue,' with difficulty,' and *iuoooct^/c,
' absorption.'  Diminished absorption from mor-
bid causes.
  DYS'APHE, Dysaphia, from fv(, and aifn,
' feeling.'  Morbid feeling.
  DYSAPULO'TUS, Dysapu'lus, Dysepulo'ti- 
DYSARTHRIAS             290           DYSMENORRHOEA
 cus, Dysulo'tus, from £v?,  and wrcvXovv,  'to
 heal.'  Healing with difficulty.
   DYSARTHRIAS, Gout, irregular.
   DYSCATABROSIS, Dysphagia.
   DYSCATAPOSIS, Dysphagia.
   DYSCATAPO'TIA, from Svg, and xaxxniva,
 41  drink.'  Difficulty of  swallowing  liquids.
 This term is recommended by Dr. Mead as a
 substitute for hydrophobia, which means dread
 of liquids.  The dread seems to be partly caused
 by the difficulty  of deglutition.
   DYSCHE'ZIA; from JV, and x^'v, 'to go
 to stool.'   Difficult and painful defecation.
   DYSCHRCE'A, from «fuc, 'with  difficulty,'
 and ^poa or ^oow,'colour.' Dischro'a.  Sickly
 or unhealthy colour of the skin.  Used synony-
 mously with the macula of Willan.
   DYSCINE'SIA, from «f0c, 'with  difficulty,'
 and xtno), 'I move.'  Difficulty or utter  inca-
 pability of moving.—Galen.
   DYSCOILIA, Constipation.
   DYSCOPHO'SIS, from tvt,' with difficulty,'
 and xt><piw, ' I am deaf.'  A defect in the sense
 of hearing.  Hippocrates.
   DYSCO'RIA, from JV, and x°w,' the pupil.'
 Irregularity of shape of the pupil.
   DYSCRA'SIA, from Sue, and xqaatg,' tempe-
 rament.'  Intempe'ries, Distempei an'tia, Dys1-
 crasy.   A bad habit of body.
   Dyscrasia Scrofulosa,  Scrofula—d.  Tuber-
 culosa, see Tubercle.
   DYSCRASIA, Dysthetica.
   DYSCRASY, Dyscrasia—d. Bilious, Icterus.
   DYS'CRITOS, from Svg,  'with difficulty,'
 and xntnic, 'judgment.'  That  which it is dif-
 ficult to judge of.—Hippocrates.
   DYSDA'CRIA,   Dysdacryo'sis, from  Svg,
 and Suxqvov, 'a tear.'  A  morbid condition of
 the tears.
   DYSDACRYOSIS, Dysdacria.
   DYSECCRIS'IA, from Svg, and sxxqtatg, 'ex-
 cretion.'   Difficult or defective  excretion.
   DYSECCEA, Baryecoia, Deafness.
   DYSEL'CIA, Dysepulo'tus, from Svg, 'with
 difficulty,' and UXxog, 'an ulcer.'  An ulcer
 difficult to heal.—Hippocrates,  Foesius.
   DYSEMESIA, Vomiturition.
   DYSENTERIA, Dysentery—d. Biliosa, Co-
 locholosis—d. Haematera, Dysentery—d. Hepa-
 tica, Hepatirrhoea—d. Maligna, Enterocace—d.
 Putrida, Enterocace—d. Scorbutica, Enterocace
 —d. Splenica, Melama—d. Typhodes, Entero-
 cace.
   DYSENTERIC, Dysenter'icus, Dysen'terus,
 same etymon as  Dysentery.   Relating  to dy-
 sentery.
   DYSENTERIUM, Dysentery.
  DYSENTERONERVIA, Colic—d. Saturni-
 na, Colica metallica.
  DYSENTERY,  Dysenteria, Dysenter'ium,
 Dysenteria hsemate'ra, Difficult as intestino'-
 rum, from Svg, and cvxtqov,  'an intestine;'  Dis-
 solu'tus morbus,  Diarrha a camosa, Colitis
 Colonltis,  Colo-rectltis, Endocoli'tis, Esocoll-
 tis, Defiux'us Dysenter'icus, Febris Dysenter-
 ica, Flumen  dysenter'icum, Fluxus dysenter'-
icus, F. cruen'tus cum Tenes'mo, Rheumatis'mus
intestind rum cum  ulcere,  Tor'mina  Celsi
 Tormina, Blennenter'ia, Morbus  dissolu'tus
 Sedes craen'ta, Lues dysenterica, Bloody Flux;
Flux, (F.)  Flux dysentirique,  Flux de sang.
 Inflammation of the  mucous membrane of the
large  intestine; the chief symptoms of which
 are:—fever, more or less inflammatory, with
 frequent mucous or bloody evacuations; violent
 tormina and tenesmus.  When  the evacuations
 do not contain blood, it has been called Dysen-
 teria alba or simple Dysentery.  The seat of
 the disease is, generally, in the colon and rectum.
 It occurs, particularly, during the summer and
 autumnal months, and in  hot  climates  more
 than  in  cold: frequently, also, in  camps and
 prisons, in consequence of impure air, and im-
 perfect  nourishment:  and  is  often  epidemic.
 Sporadic  cases of dysentery  are,  generally'
 easily managed; but when the disease occurs
 epidemically,  it  often  exhibits great malig-
 nancy.   Generally, it yields to  mild laxatives,
 as castor oil, combined with diaphoretic nar-
 cotics, such as the pulvis ipecacuanha compo-
 situs, and counter-irritants to the abdomen;
 but, at  times, the  inflammation runs on  so
 speedily to ulceration, that, unless a  new action
 be rapidly excited, death will be the consequence.
 In such cases, mercury must  be rapidly intro-
 duced into the system, and narcotics may  be
 combined with it.  The whole  management in
 acute dysentery must,  of course, be strictly
 antiphlogistic.
   Dysentery, Bilious, Colocholosis.
   DYSEPULOTICUS, Dysapulotus.
   DYSEPULOTOS, Dyseicia.
   DYSGALACTIA, Dysgalia.
   DYSGA'LIA,  Dysgalar'tia,  from Svg, and
 yaXa,  'milk.'  An unhealthy condition or de-
 pravation of the milk.
   DYSGENNE'SIA,  from Svg, and yivtirtg,
 'generation.'  Lesion of the generative organs
 or functions.
   DYSGEU'SIA,  Disgeus'tia,  from Svg, and
 ytva-1 g,' taste.' A morbid condition of the sense
 of taste.
   DYSHEMORRHCE'A, from  due,  'with dif-
 ficulty,' and 'aiuotjQtm, 'I pass  blood.'  Dimi-
 nution or suppression of the hemorrhoidal flux.
 Also, symptoms occasioned by  its diminution
 or suppression.—Sagar.
   DYSHEMORRHCE'A, from Svc, '«.,.««,
 'blood,' and pf0), 'to flow.'   Difficulty of the
 flow of blood,—according to some,  of the he-
 morrhoidal flux.
   DYSH.E MIA, from Svg, and  'ataa,' blood.'
 A morbid condition of the blood.
   DYSHAPH'IA,Dy,sap/t'7Vf, from Sue, and 'aifr\,
 'touch.'  A morbid  condition of the sense  of
 touch.
   DYSHI'DRIA,   Dysi'dria, from  Svg,  and
 'iSquk, ' sweat.'  A morbid state of the perspi-
 ration.
   DYSIATOS, Svataxog, from Svg, 'with diffi-
 culty,' and tufiat, 'to heal;'  Cura'tu diffic"ilis.
 Difficult of cure.—Hippocrates.
   DYSLALIA, Balbuties, Bradylogia.
   DYSLOCHl'A,  Colica lochia'iis,  Hysterol'-
gia lochia'iis, from  Svg, and XoXiog; ' relating to
 parturition.'  Diminution or suppression of the
 lochial discharge.
   DYSMASE'SIS,  Dysmasse'sis, Bradymasst'-
 sis,  from Svg,  'with difficulty,' and  u-Jannt,
 ' mastication.'  Difficult or impeded mastication.
   DYSMENTA, Dysmenorrhoea.
   DYSMENORRHEE, Dysmenorrhoea.
   DYSMENORRHEA, Dysmdnia, Parame-
nia difp,c"ilis, Menorrhagia stillati'tia, Men'-
 strua difficilia,M. Doloro'sa, Amenorrhea'a dif-
fie"His seu partia'lis, Menses dolorif'ica, Me- 
DYSMNESIA
291
DYSPHAGIA
norrha'gia diffic"ilis,  Menstrua'tio  diffic'His,
M.dolorif'ica, Labo'rious or Difficult Menstrua'-
tion, (F.) Dysmenorrhie, Menstruation diflicile,
Regies difficiles, Strangurie menstruelle.  Ca-
tamenia passed with great local pain, especially
in the loins:—with sometimes a membranous
discharge.  Dysmenorrhoea  is very difficult of
removal,  and prevents  conception.   In  the
married female, if she should be able to pass
one period without pain, and subsequently be-
come pregnant, the morbid action may be broken
in upon, by gestation, and a perfect cure be ob-
tained.   Change  of air, soon  after  marriage,
will sometimes give occasion to this  desirable
result.  The affection generally depends upon
subinflammation of the interior of the uterus,
called into action  at each catamenial period.
The violence of the pain requires the  liberal
use of narcotics.
   DYSMNE'SIA; fromr5„c,'badly,'andm^tg,
'memory.'  Defective memory.
   DYSMORPHE, Deformation.
   DYSMORPHIA, Deformation.
   DYSMORPHOSIS, Deformation.
   DYSNEPHRONERVIE, Nephralgia.
   DYSODES, Fetid.
   DYSO'DIA,  Dysod'mia, Dysos'mia,  Fator,
•fcetor,' from Svg, 'badly,' and oE>,  'I smell.'
(F.) Puanteur.   Sauvages has given this  ge-
neric name  to all diseases, characterized by
fetid emanations,  from whatever part proceed-
ing;—from the mouth, nasal fossae,  bronchia,
stomach, axillae, groins, &c.  Also, a stench or
stink, Psoa.
   DYSODMIA, Dysodia.
   DYSODONTI'ASIS, Dentl'tio  Diffid'ilis,
from  Svc,  'with  difficulty,'  and  oSovxiavtg,
• dentition.'  Difficult dentition.
   DYSONEI'ROS, from Svg, ' with difficulty,'
and oitipo?, 'a dream.'  Insomnia, with rest-
lessness.
   DYSO'PIA, properly Dysop'sia, Dysora'sis,
signifying  ' shame,'from Sue,' with difficulty,'
and onxofiat, 'I see.'   Difficulty of seeing: ob-
scurity of vision.
   Dysopia Dissitoruji, Myopia.
   Dysopia  Latera'lis, Parop'sis  latera'lis,
Skue-sight, Sight Askew.  Vision only accurate
when the object is placed obliquely.  This state
is generally caused by some opacity of the cor-
nea.
   Dysopia Luminis, Nyctalopia—d. Proximo-
rum, Presbytia—d. Tenebrarum, Hemeralopia.
   DYSOPSIA, Dysopia.
   DYSORASIS, Dysopia.
   DYSOREX'IA, Inappetni'tia, Appeti'tus de-
fic'iens, from Svg,  'with difficulty,' and oqe\tg,
' appetite.'  Diminution of appetite.
   DYSOS'MIA, from Svg, ' with difficulty,' and
twill??, smell.'   Diminution of smell.
   DYSOSPHRE'SIA,  Dysosphre'sis, Dysos-
phra'sia, Dysphre'sis, from Svg, and  oaipqijOtg,
' the sense of smell.'   A morbid state  of  the
sense of smell.
   DYSOSTO'SIS;  from Svg,  and oajtov,  'a
bone.'  A faulty conformation or morbid con-
dition of bone.
   DYSPATHIA, see Serious.
   DYSPEPSIA, from Svg,  'with difficulty,'
and ntnTKi, 'I concoct.'  Limo'sis Dyspep'sia,
Anorex'ia,  Apep'sia,  Bradypep'sia,  Gastro-
ataxia, Diges'tio deprava'ta, D. diffic'ilis, D.
lasa, Gastro-ato'nia, Concoc'tio tarda, Stom'a-
chi resolu'tio, Cru'ditas, Passio stomach'iea,
Indigestion, Difficulty of Digestion.  A state
of the stomach, in which its functions are dis-
turbed, without the presence of other diseases,
or when, if other diseases be present, they are
of but minor  importance.   The symptoms  of
dyspepsia are very various.  Those: fleeting the
stomach itself are:—loss of appetite; nausea;
pain  in  the  epigastrium or hypochondrium;
heart-burn; sense of fulness, or weight  in the
stomach; acrid  or  fetid eructations;  pyrosis,
and sense of fluttering or sinking at the pit  of
the stomach.  The  sympathetic affections are
of the most diversified character.  Dyspepsia,
being generally of a functional nature, is devoid
of danger.  When arising from disease  of the
stomach itself, it is, of course more serious.
  It is usually  dependent on irregularity  of
living; either  in the quantity or quality  of the
food taken: and the most  successful treatment
is, to put the  patient on a diet easy of diges-
tion ; to combat the causes, where such are ap-
parent ; and, by proper remedies and regimen,
to strengthen  the system in every practicable
manner.  A great error  exists in regarding  it
as always a disease of debility.   It  is often
connected with an inflammatory or subinflam-
matory condition of the  mucous lining  of the
stomach, and of course a very different plan  of
treatment is required in the two cases.   Dys-
pepsia is  often attended  with too great a se-
cretion of the  gastric acids; but, on other oc-
casions, they would appear to be too small in
quantity, so as to constitute alkaline indiges-
tion or neutral indigestion.
  Dyspepsia  Chlorosis, Chlorosis—d.  Hypo-
chondriasis, Hypochondriasis—d. Pyrosis, Py-
rosis.
  DYSPEPSIODYNIA, Cardialgia.
  DYSPEPSODYNIA, Cardialgia.
  DYSPEP'TIC, Dyspep'tiens,  Dyspep'tus,
Apep'tic, Apep'ticus;  same  etymon.  Having
relation  to dyspepsia, as  'dyspeptic bread.'
One who suffers from dyspepsia.
  DYSPEPTICUS, Dyspeptic.
  DYSPEPTODYNIA, Cardialgia.
  DYSPEPTLS, Dyspeptic.
  DYSPERMA'SIA, Dyspermatis'mus,  from
Svc,  'with difficulty,'  and  a-wiqfj.a,  'sperm.'
Difficulty—sometimes  incapacity—of voiding
the  sperm.
  DYSPERMATISMUS, Bradyspermatismus.
  DYSPHA'GIA, Dyscatabro'sis,  Dyscatap'-
osis, Deglutit'io di.ffic"ilis, D. la'sa, D. impe-
dlta, from Svc, 'with difficulty,' and tpxya>, 'I
eat.'  Difficulty of deglutition.   Dysphagia  is
almost always symptomatic; either of inflam-
mation or of other disease of the organs  of de-
glutition, or of incomplete obstruction  of the
oesophagus, by some  obstacle within it,  or by
a neighbouring tumour.   At times, it is pro-
duced by spasm or paralysis of the oesophagus.
The prognosis  and treatment vary according to
the  cause.
  Dysphagia  Atonica, Pharyngoplegia.
  Dyspha'gia  Constric'ta, D. Pharyngea, D.
(Esophagea, D. Callo'sa, Strictu'ra Pharyn'gis
seu CEsoph'agi vera, S. GZ. Callo'sa, Stenocho'-
ria GZsoph'agi, (Esophagiarc'tia.  Stricture  of
the pharynx and oesophagus is an affection which
may be the result of pharyngitis or oesophagitis;
but  more frequently of malignant disease  in the 
DYSPHONIA
292
EAR
parietes of the tube.  The only remedy is the
bougie.
  Dyspha'gia Inflammatoria, Oesophagitis—
d.Pharyngea, D. Constricta—d. GEsophagea, D.
Constricta—d. Spasmodica, GEsophagismus—d.
Callosa, D. Constricta—d. Paralytica, CEsopha-
goplegia,  Pharyngoplegia—d.  Nervosa, GEso-
phagismus— d. Torpida,  Pharyngoplegia—d.
Globosa,  Angone—d. Hysterica, Angone—d.
Inflammatoria, Cynanche tonsillaris—d.  Lin-
guosa, Paraglossa—d. Ranula, Ranula—d. Uvu-
losa, Staphylcedema—d.  Scirrhosa,  Laemoscir-
rhus—d. Spastica, CEsophagismus.
  DYSPHONIA,  from  Svc,  and   <j>»v„,  'the
▼oice.'  Difficulty of producing and articulating
sounds: voice imperfect or depraved.  Apho'-
nia (of some.)
  Dysphonia Immodulata Nasalis, Rhinopho-
nia—d. Immodulata palatina, Asaphia.
  DYSPHOR'IA, Inquietu!do, Asta'sia.   Dis-
satisfaction; restlessness; suffering;  indisposi-
tion ;  from Sue, and <?*§&>, ' I bear.'
  Dysphoria Anxietas, Anxiety—d. Nervosa,
Fidgets—d. Simplex, Fidgets.
  DYSPHOTIA, Myopia.
  DYSPHRESIS, Dysosphresia.
  DYSPIO'NIA, from Svg, and v>a>v, ' fat.' A
morbid condition of the adipous substance.
  DYSPLASMATIC, Cacoplastic.
  DYSPNGE'A, from Svg, and nvta,' I breathe.'
Pseudn-fisthma,  Amphipneu'ma, Respira'tio
diffic'ilis seu brevis et rara, Biachypna'a, Re-
tentio ae'rea, Anhela'tion, Short breath, Diffi-
culty of breathing, (F.) Courte Haleine.   Dys-
pncea may be idiopathic or symptomatic.   The
latter accompanies  almost all thoracic diseases.
Urgent dyspnoea has been called amphipneu'ma,
u(AG>frnvfj*.—Hippocrates.
  Dyspnoja Convulsiva, Asthma—d. Hydro-
thoracica,  Hydrothorax—d.   Physothoracica,
Pneumothorax—d. Pinguedinosa, Pursiness—d.
Pneumatica, Pneumothorax—d.  Pyothoracica,
Empyema.
  DYSSIA'LIA, from Svg, and a-uXog, ' saliva.'
A morbid condition of the saliva.
  DYSSYN'ODUS, Dyssynu!sia, fxomSvc, and
e-uvcSoc, ' coition.'  Coitus diffic'ilis.   Diffi-
culty in coition.
  DYSSYNUSIA,  Dyssynodus.
  DYSTHAN'ATOS, from Svc, and ^»»ot»c,
' death.'  That which causes a slow and painful
death. One who experiences this kind of death.
—Hippocrates.—Galen.
  DYSTHELA'SIA, from JV, and di;\<xtw, '1
give suck.'  Inaptitude for suckling.
  DYSTHERAPEU'TOS, Difii'liter cura'bi-
lis; from Svc, and Stginux, 'medical treatment.'
That which is difficult of cure.
  DYSTHE'SIA.   Bad  humour.   Impatience
in disease; from Svt, ' badly,' and xidr^u,' I am
situate.'—Erotian.
  DYSTHET'IC A, Cachexia, Cachexies; same
etymon.  A  morbid  condition of the blood or
blood-vessels; alone or connected with a mor-
bid state of other fluids, producing a diseased
habit.  The 4th order in the class Haematica of
Good, including Plethora, Hamorrhagia, &c.
  DYSTHYM IA, from Svg, and dvir.c, 'mind.'
Depression, Despondency. A  bad sign in acute
diseases.
  DYSTOC'IA, Mogosto'cia,  Bradytoc'ia, Re-
ten'tiofatvs, from Svc, and xoxoc, 'accouchement'
A laborious accouchement,  Laborious labour,
Parodyn'ia,  morbid  labour,  difficult labour,
Partus diffic'ilis.   See Laborious.
  Dystocia Abortiva. Abortion—d. Dyscye-
sis, Pregnancy,  morbid—d. Dyscyesis extra-
uterina, see Pregnancy, preternatural.
  DYSTCECHI'ASIS, Hispid'itas, from  iv(,
'bad,' and  rxotx^g, 'order.'  Irregular position
of the eye-lashes.—Forestus.
  DYSTONIA, from Svc,  and Tov0c, 'tone.'
Morbid condition of the tone of a tissue or organ.
  DYSTROPHIA, from  Svc,  ' with difficulty,'
and Tgxpri,' nourishment.'  Imperfect or defec-
tive nutrition.
  DYSULOTUS, Dysapulotus.
  DYSURE'SIA, Dy sure'sis; from Svt, and ou{>;-
<tk, 'passing the urine.'  Defective  secretion
and evacuation of the urine.
  DYSU'RIA, Urlnse diffic"ilis extire'tio, from
Svc,' with difficulty,' and tugor,' urine.  Stran'-
gury (of some.)  Difficulty of passing the urine.
In this affection the urine is voided with pain,and
a sensation of heat in some part of the urethra.
Dysuria is  the first degree of retention of urine.
It differs from strangury, in which the urine can
only be passed in  drops and with great strain-
ing.
  Dysuria  Calculosa,  Calculi,  vesical—d.
Irritata, Calculi, vesical—d.  Mucosa, Cystir-
rhoea.
E.
  EAGLE-STONE, ^tites.
  EAR,  Auris, Ous,  ovc,  Saxon, eajie, (F.)
Oreil'e.  The  organ of audition,  Ave.   It is
composed of a series of more or less irregular
cavities, in which the sonorous rays are succes-
sively received and reflected, until they agitate
the nerves which are destined to convey the im-
pression  to  the  brain.  The ear is  contained
partly in the substance of the temporal bones;
and a part projects externally, behind the joint
of the lower jaw.  It may be divided into three
portions;—the outer or external ear, formed by
the auricle and meatus auditorius; the middle
ear, comprising  the cavity  of the tympanum
and its dependencies; and the internal ear, com-
 prehending the three semicircular canals, the
 cochlea  and  the  vestibule;  which, together,
 constitute the osseous labyrinth.  Within the
 cavity  of this  labyrinth are  contained mem-
 branes having nearly the shape of the vestibule
 and semicircular canals, but not  extending into
 the cochlea.  These membranes  form the mem-
 branous labyrinth.   Between the osseous and
 the membranous labyrinth  is situate the liquor
 of Cotunnius, and within the membranous laby-
 rinth is a fluid,  termed by De Blainville vitriw
 auditive, from its supposed analogy to the vitre-
 ous humour of the eye.  The form of the mem-
 branous vestibule is not an exact imitation of
' the osseous cavity, being composed of two dis- 
EAR-PICK
293
EBULLITION
 tinct sacs, which open into each other,—the
 one termed the Sac'cuius vestib'uli;  the other
 Sac'culus (q. v.)  Each sac contains in its in-
 terior a small mass of white calcareous matter
 resembling powdered chalk, which seems to be
 suspended in the fluid of the sacs by means of
 a number of nervous filaments proceeding from
 the auditory nerve.  These are the otoconies
 and otolitkes of Breschet.
  The auditory nerve is distributed to the ca-
 vities of the internal ear.
  Ear, Flap, Proptoma auricularum.
  EAR-PICK,Oto'glyphis, Otog'lyphum, Coch-
 lear  auricula'rc,  Auriscalpium, (F.)  Cvre-
 oreille.   A  species  of small scoop,  used for
 extracting  hardened cerumen from the meatus
 auditorius externus; or to remove foreign bodies
 from the ear.  If carelessly used, it is  apt to
 excite inflammation of the tube.
  EAR-TRUMPET, Tubus acus'ticus,Acus'ti-
 cum  Cornu, (F.) Cornet  acoustique.  An in-
 strument for collecting sound and increasing its
 intensity, used by those who are hard of hear-
 ing.  It is, commonly, a kind of cone, formed
 of silver, tin, or elastic gum, the base of which
 is turned towards the person who is speaking,
 and the apex placed in the  entrance of  the
 meatus auditorius externus.
  EARTH  CLUB, Orobanche Americana—e.
 Fuller's, Cimolia purpurescens—e. Gall,  Vera-
 trum viride—e.  Heavy, Baryta—e. Japan,  Ca-
 techu—e. Lemnian,  Terra Lemnia—e. Nut,
 Pignut, Bunium  bulbocastanum—e. Ponderous,
 Baryta—e.  Samian,  Sami terra—e. Sealed,
Terra sigillata—e. Talc, Magnesia.
  EAU, Water—e. d'Aix la-Chapelle, see Aix-
 la-Chapelle.
  EAU UALIBOUR.  This compound is made
of sulphate of zinc, and sulphate of copper, each
 £J;  camphor, ten grains; saffron, four grains;
 water, four fluidounces.  Employed in chronic
 inflammation of the  eyelids, and as  a vulne-
 rary.
  EAU  DE VAMNIOS, Liquor  amnii—e.
 d' Amandes  ameres,  Aqua amygdalarum con-
 centrata.
  EAU  ANTIPUTRIDE DE BEAUFORT.
 Mineral  lemonade prepared  with  sulphuric
 acid.
  EAU D'ARMAGNAC, Tinctura cinnamomi
 composita—e.de Balaruc,¥>a\axnc waters—e.de
 Bariges, Bareges  water—e. de  Binelli, Aqua
 Binellii—e. Blanche, Liquor plumbi subacetatis
 dilutus—e.  de Bonferme, Tinctura cinnamomi
 composita—e. de Bonnes, Bonnes, mineral wa-
 ters of—e. de Boule, see Ferrum tartarizatum
—e. de Bourbonne-les-Bains, Bourbonne-les-
 Bains, mineral waters of—e. de Brocchieri, Aqua
 Brocchierii—e. des Carmes, see Melissa—e. de
 Chaux, Liquor  calcis—e. de  Chaux  composie,
Liquor calcis compositus.
  EAU DE  COLOGNE, Cologne water.   A
celebrated perfume,  so called from  the  place
where it is made.  The following is one formu-
la :  Oil of bergamot,  giij ;  Oil of lemon, (^ij;
Oil of lavender, ^iiiss ; Oil of neroli, giiss ;' Oil
of origanum,^; Oil of rosemary,"?,); Essence
of vanilla, gij; Musk, ten grains;  Rectified
spirit, Oxiij; Rose water, Oij; Orange flower
water, Oj.   Macerate  for  fourteen days, and
filter.
  EAU  DE  CUIVRE AMMONIAC ALE,
 Liquor cupri ammoniati—e. Distillie, Water,
 distilled—e. de Fontaine, Water, spring—e. des
 Fontaines de la  Mariguerie, Rouen, mineral
 waters of—e. contre  la Gangrene, Liquor hy-
 drargyri nitrici—e. de Goudron, see Pinus syl-
 vestris—e. de Goulard, Liquor plumbi subace-
 tatis dilutus.
   EAU  HkMASTATIQUE  DE  TISSE-
 RAND.  A hemastatic water reputed to possess
 the  same properties  as the Aqua Brocchierii.
 It  may be  prepared by  digesting  dragon's
 blood, and turpentine of the Vosges in water.
   EAU D'HUSSON, Want's Vinum colchici
 —e. des Hydropiques, Serum of serous  mem-
 oranes—e. Hydro sulfur ie simple, Hydrosulphu-
 retted water.
   EAU DE JAVELLE,  Bleaching liquid,
 Aqua   alkallna  oxymurialica, Labarraque's
 Solution,  (Common  salt  JSij, black oxide  of
 manganese Ibj,  water Ifeij.   Put into  a retort,
 and add, gradually, oil of vitriol ffiij.   Pass the
 vapour through a solution of subcarbonate  of
 potass  giij,  in  water  gxxix,  applying  heat
 towards the  last.  S. G. 1.087.)  It is stimu-
 lant, detergent, and antiseptic,—applied exter-
 nally.
   EAU DE LAC, Water, lake—*, de  Luce,
 Spiritus ammonias succinatus—e. Magnisienne,
 Magnesia, fluid—e. de Marais, Water, marsh
 —e. Midicinale  d'Husson, see  Colchicum au-
 tumnale—e. de Mer, Water, sea—e. Mercurielle,
 Liquor hydrargyri nitrici—e. Minirale, Water,
 mineral—e. de Monterossi, Aqua Binellii—e. de
 Naples, Naples water, factitious—e. de Neige,
 Water, snow—e. de Pluie, Water, rain—e. de
 Potasse, Liquor  potassae—e. de Puit, Water,
 well—e. de  Rabel, Elixir acidum Halleri—e.
 Rigale, Nitro-muriatic  acid — e.  de  Source,
 Water, well—e. Styptique de Brocchieri, Aqua
 Brocchierii—e.   Sucrie,  Hydrosaccharum—e.
 Vegito-minirale, Liquor Plumbi subacetatis di-
 lutus—e.  de  Vichy, Vichy  water—e. de Vie,
 Brandy—e. de Vie Allemande, Tinctura jalapii
 composita—e. de Vie  camphri, Spiritus  cam-
 phora?.
   EAUX, LES,  Liquor amnii—e. Hipatiques,
 Waters, mineral, sulfureous—e. Minirales ar-
 tificielles, Waters, mineral, artificial—e. Mini-
 rales factices, Waters, mineral, artificial—e.
 Minirales ferrugineuses, Waters, mineral, gas-
 eous, &c.—e. Minirales gaseuses  ou acidities,
 Waters, mineral, gaseous, &c.—e.  Minirales
 salines, Waters, mineral,  saline—e. Minirales
 sulfureuses,  Waters,  mineral,  sulfureous—e.
 Sulfurics, Waters, mineral,  sulfureous.
   EBEAUPIN,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 An acidulous chalybeate, in the department of
 Loire Infirieure, near Nantes.
   kBLOUlSSEMENT, Dazzling.
   EBRIECA'SUM.   A term employed by Pa-
 racelsus to denote a disturbance of  the reason,
 similar to what occurs in drunkenness.
   EBRIETAS, Temulentia.
   EBRIOSITAS, Temulentia.
  EBULLITIO, Ebullition, Strophulus—e. Sto-
 machi, Ardor ventriculi, Pyrosis.
  EBULUT"lO'N,Ebullit"io,jEst?ia"tioAnaz'-
esis, Causis, fxoxn ebullire, 'to bubble up.'  Boil-
ing; (F.) Bonillon?iement.   The motion of a
liquid, by which it gives off bubbles of vapour,
by h?at or  fermentation.  The boiling point of
liquids varies according to the pressure to which 
EBULUS
294           kCHAUFFEMENT
they are subjected.  For the point of ebullition
of different substances, see Heat.
  Ebullition is  used  in France,  in  a vague
manner, for every kind of transient eruption of
the skin,  occurring without fever or  with a
slight febrile attack.
  EBULUS, Sambucus ebulus.
  EBUR, Ivory.
  EBURNIFICA'TION, Ebumifica'tio; from
ebur,  ' ivory,'  and fio, ' to  be made.'   An  in-
crustation  of  the articular surfaces  of bones
with phosphate of lime, which gives them the
whiteness and hardness of ivory.
  EC, (before a vowel, Ex,) tx, t%,' out of, from,
of.'  Hence, Ecchymoma, Eclectic, &c.
  kCAILLE, Scale.  „
  ECAILLES D'HUITRES, Ostreae testes.
  kCAILLEUX, Squamous.
  ECBALIA  ELATERIUM, Momordica ela-
terium.
  ECBESOMENON,  Eventus.
  ECBLOMA, see Abortion.
  ECBOLE, Abortion.
  ECBOLIC,  Abortive.
  ECBOLICUS, Abortive.
  ECBOLIUM  ELATERIUM,  Momordica
elaterium.
  ECBOLIUS, Abortive.
  ECBRAS'MATA, from txpnatu,, 'I boil up.'
Ecchym'ata.  Hippocrates  uses  the  word  for
certain burning eruptions.
  ECCATHARTICUS, Cathartic.
  ECCEPHALO'SIS, Excerebra'tio, Cephalo-
tom'ia; from tx, 'out,'  and xivuXn, 'head.'  The
removal of the brain of the child to  facilitate
delivery.
  ECCHELYSIS, Expectoration.
  ECCHORESIS, Defecation.
  ECCHYLOMA, Succus expressus.
  ECCHYMATA, Ecbrasmata.
  ECCHYMO MA, Ecchymo'sis, Pelidno'ma,
Pelio'ma,  Hypha'ma,  Hypoa'ma, Hypoa'mia,
from tx, 'out of,' and ^v^u?, 'juice,' ' humour.'
Effu'sio,  Exsucca'tio,  Suffu'sio  san'guinis.
A livid, black, or yellow spot, Livor sanguin-
eus, produced  by blood  effused  into the cellu-
lar  tissue  from a contusion.  Spontaneous  ef-
fusions, occurring as  the result of disease or
after death, are called  suggillations.
  Ecchymoma Arteriosum, see  Aneurism—e.
Hyponychon, Hyponychon—e. Lymphaticum,
Phlegmatia dolens—e. Melasma,  Melasma.
  ECCHYMOSIS, Ecchymoma.
  ECCHYSIS, Effusion.
  ECCLISIS,  Luxation.
  EC'COPE, Ec'toml, Ectomia, from  tx, and
xanxstv, ' to cut.'  The act of cutting out: also,
a perpendicular division of the  cranium, by a
cutting instrument.  See Eutaille.
  ECCOP'EUS.  Same etymon.  A knife  or
instrument for cutting.  An ancient instrument
—the raspatory—used in trepaning.
  ECCOPROSI^ESTHE'SIS, from «,  xo/rooc,
' excrement,' and aiabrpig,  'sensation.'  The
sensation or desire to evacuate the bowels.
  ECCOPROSIS, Defecation.
  ECCOPROT'IC, Eccoproticus,  Ectoprotic,
from  t|, 'out of,' and xonqog, 'excrement.'
Mild purgatives  or laxatives, whose operation
is confined to simply clearing out the intestinal
canal.
  ECCORTHAT'ICUS, from tx, 'out of,' and
xoqBatu,  'I collect.'  An ancient  epithet  for
remedies to which was attributed the property
of evacuating collections of humours.
  ECCRINOL'OGY,  Eccrinolog'ia, Eccrisio-
log'ia, from ixxqivix, (w and xqiwi,)' I separate,'
and koyoc, 'a discourse.'  A treatise on the se-
cretions.
  ECCRISIOLOGIA, Eccrinology.
  ECCRISION'OSI,  Eccresionu'si, from  tK-
xQio-tg,'excretion,' and vooog,'disease.' Diseases
of excretion.
  ECCRISIOS'CHESIS, from txxoiatg, 'excre-
tion,' and  o^totg, 'retention.'   Arrest or  re-
tention of excretions;  or of a critical  evacua-
tion.
  EC'CRISIS.  Same etymon. Excre'tio. The
excretion or egestion, either of an excrementi-
tious, or morbific matter, by. any of the out-
lets.
  ECCRIT'ICA.   Diseases of the  excernent
function.  The 6th class in Good's Nosology.
  ECCYESIS,  Pregnancy,  extra-uterine—e.
Abdominalis, Pregnancy,  abdominal—e.  Ova-
ria, Pregnancy, ovarial—e. Tubalis, Pregnancy,
tubal.
  ECCYLIO'SIS, from tx,' out of,' and xvxmr,
' to turn round.' Morbus evolutio'nis. A disease
of evolution or development.
  ECDEMIOMA'NIA, Ecdemion'osus,  from
cxSij/atui, ' I travel about,'  and  pavta, ' mania.'
A morbid desire to be travelling about.
  ECDEMIONOSUS, Ecdemiomania.
  EC'DORA, from tx and Stqa,,' I flay.'  Anad'-
01 a, Excorda'tio.   Excoriation in general, but
more especially of the urethra.
  ECHALOTTE, Eschalotte,  Allium  Asta-
lon'icum, Cepa Ascalonica.   The shallot'.  A
species of allium, employed in culinary prepara-
tions.
  kCHANCRURE (F'.), Emargina'tio, Emar-
ginatu'ra,Incisu'ra. A French word, employed
by  anatomists  to designate depressions  and
notches of various shapes, observed on the sur-
face or edges of bones.
  ECHANCRURE ETHMOIDALE is on the
nasal  bone, which unites with  the ethmoid.
See Ethmoid.
  kCHANCRURE NASALE, Nasal Notch,
belongs to the os frontis, and is articulated with
the bones of the nose.
  kCHANCRURE PAROTID1ENNE is a
triangular space, comprised  between the paro-
tidean edge of the inferior maxillary bone and
the mastoid process, so called because it lodges
the parotid gland.
  kCHANCRURE SCAPULAIRE, Notch,
scapular — i. Sciatique  grande,  see  Sciatic
Notch—i. Sciatique petite, see Sciatic Notch.
  ECHARDE, Splinter.
  kCHARPE  GRANDE, et k. MOYEN, see
Sling—i. de J. L. Petit, see Sling—i. Petite, see
Sling.
  kCHAUBOULURES (F.), Sudam'ina, Hi-
dro'a.   A word whose meaning  is  not fixed.
It is applied to  any eruption on the surface of
the body, accompanied with pricking and other
uneasy sensations.
  kCHAUFFANTS, Calefacients.
  kCHAUFFEMENS, Chafing.
  kCHAUFFEMENT(F.), Calefac'tio, Exea-
lefac'tio, from (F.) ichavffer, (calefacere,)  'to
make warm.'  Augmentation of heat in the ani-
mal economy; the symptoms of which are a more 
ECHECOLLON
295
ECPHYMA
than ordinary sensation of heat,  disposition to
perspiration, great thirst, general indisposition,
flushed countenance, &c.  It goes off by the use
of antiphlogistics and abstinence.  In the vulgar
language it is often used synonymously  with
tonstipation, and  sometimes for simple gonor-
rhoea, and for chafing.
  ECHECOL'LON, from ,*„>, ' I have,' and
hoaj.u, ' glue.'  Eckecollum. Any topical, glu-
tinous remedy.—Gorraeus, Galen.
  ECHELLES  DU LIMACON, Scalae of the
eochlea.
  ECHENEIS, Rernora Hildani.
  ECHETROSIS, Bryonia alba.
  ECHIDNA OCELLA'TA, Brown ten-inch-
long viper.   A most  formidable viper in the
forests of Peru, the bite of which is so rapidly
fatal, that it kills a strong man in two or  three
minutes.  Tschudi.
  kCHINE, Vertebral column.
  ECHINOCOCCUS, HOMINIS, see Worms
  -e. Humanus, Hydatid.
   ECHINODERMI, Porcupine men.
   ECHINOGLOSSUM, Ophioglossum vulga-
tum.
   ECHINOPHTHAL'MIA,  from  i%txot,  'a
 hedgehog,' and o^SaX/uix, ' inflammation of the
eye.'  Ophthalmia of the eyelids in which the
 cilia project like the quills of the hedgehog.
   ECHl'NOPS,  from £^i»of,  'hedgehog,' and
a>\p,' the appearance.'  Crocod'd'ion, Acanthal-
 zuca, Scabio'sa  carduifo'lia, Sphaeroceph!ala
 ela'tior, Echinopus, Echinops Spharocepllalus.
 The globe thistle.  The root and seeds are re-
 puted to be moderately diuretic.
   ECHINOPUS, Echinops.
   ECHINUS SCANDENS, Allamanda.
   ECHOS, Tinnitus aurium.
   ECHOSCOPE, Auscultation.
   ECHOSCOPIUM,  Stethoscope.
   ECHTHYSTEROCYESIS, Pregnancy, ex-
 tra-uterine.
   ECLACTIS'MA,  Eclamp'sis,  Eclamp'sia,
 Epilamp'sis, Effulgescen!tia, from txKxxrtLai, ' I
 kick.'   Epilepsy is  often  accompanied with
 flashings of light; and hence Hippocrates has
 used the last two words for  epilepsy.   They
 have  all been  applied to the  convulsions  of
 children.
   kCLAIRE, Chelidonium  majus—i. Petite,
 Ranunculus ficaria.
   ECLAMP'SIA, Convulsion: also, the convul-
 sions of children, Eclampsia infan'tum, Epi-
 lepsia acu'ta infan'tum, E'. febri'lis infan'tum,
 E.  pueri'lis,  (F.) Convulsions  des Enfans,
 Eelampsie.
   Eclamp'sia Gravidarum  et Parturien'-
 tium; Convulsions des femmes enceintes et en
 couche,  Puerperal Convulsions.  Convulsions
 of pregnant and  parturient women.
   Eclampsia Infantum, see Eclampsia—e. Ty-
 phodes, Raphania.
   ECLAMPSIE DES ENFANS, Eclampsia
 infantum.
   ECLECTIC,  (PHYSICIANS,) Eclec'tici
 Medici, from txXtya, 'I choose.'   A sect of
 physicians, who professed to choose, from other
 sects, all the opinions which appeared to them
 best founded.  Agathinus of  Sparta, master of
 Archigenes of Apamaea,  in Syria, was its  re-
 puted founder; and  Archigenes and Aretaeus
 were its greatest ornaments.  The doctrine was
called Eclec'tism, Eclectis'mus, Medici'na eclec'-
tica, Eclectic medicine.  Every judicious phy-
sician must be an eclectic.
  ECLECTISM, see Eclectic.
  ECLEC'TOS, Eclig'ma, Elig'ma, Elix'is,
Lambiti'vum, Linctus, Lin cttia'rium., from s xXi-
X<*,  'I lick.'  (F.) Looch.  A medicine,  of a
thick,  syrupy  consistence, chiefly  used to
allay cough; and consisting of pectoral reme-
dies.  It was formerly sucked from  the end of
a liquorice stick, made into a kind  of pencil;
hence its name Linctus, from lingere, ' to lick.'
Although the linctus is usually exhibited in tho-
racic affections, it may have tonic virtues com-
bined with it.
  ECLEGMA  ALBUM,  Looch  album—*.
Gummoso-oleosum, Looch album.
  ECLEIPISIS, Exfoliation.
  ECLEPISIS, Desquamation.
  ECLEPISITREPANON, Exfoliative trepan.
  ECL1GMA, Eclectos.
  ECLIMIA, Boulimia.
  ECLIPSIS, Syncope.
  ECLISSE, Splint.
  ECLYSES, Adynamiae.
  EC'LYSIS,  Exsolu'tio;  from   txXvu, 'I
loosen.'  Resolution,  prostration of strength;
faintness.
  Eclysis Pneumo-cardiaca, Asphyxia.
  ECMYZESIS, Exsuctio.
  ECNGEA, Dementia.
  kCOLE, School.
  ECONOMY, QHconomia,  from  cixix, 'a
house,''a family,'and vtua, 'I  rule.'  By the
term animal economy is understood,—the aggre-
gate of the  laws which govern the organism.
The word economy is, also, used for the aggre-
gate of  parts which constitute man or animals.
  kCORCE, Cortex—i. Cariocostine, Canella
alba—i. de Saint Lucie, Cinchonae Caribaeae
cortex—e. de. Winter, see Wintera aromatica—
i. Fausse de Winter, Canella alba.
  ECORCHURES, Chafing, Excoriation.
  ECOULEMENT, Discharge, Gonorrhoea-
s'. Blanc, Leucorrhcea—e. de Sang  par Plntes-
tin, Haematochezia.
   &COUVILLON, see Ecouvillonnement.
   ECOUVILLONNEMENT'F.),fxom Ecou-
villon, ' a kind  of mop, the sponge of  a  gun.'
 A  term used by the  French therapeutists for
the act of  cleansing or applying remedies to a
 part by means of a mop or brush fixed to the
 end of  a piece of whalebone.  Such  mop or
 brush is termed Ecouvillon.
   ECPHLOGOSIS, Inflammation.
   ECPHLYSIS, Vesicula—e.  Herpes, Herpes
 —e. Herpes circinatus, Herpes circinatus—e.
 Herpes  exedens,  Herpes  cxedens—e. Herpes
 miliaris, Herpes phlyctaenodes—e.  Herpes zos-
 ter, Herpes zoster—e. Pompholyx, Pompho-
 lyx—e. Rhypia, Rupia.
   ECPHRACTIC, Deobstruent.
   ECPHRAX'IS, from txtrqatr^o),  'I remove
 obstruction.'   The action of ecphractic or de-
 obstruent remedies.
   ECPHRONIA, Insanity — e.  Melancholia,
 Melancholy.
   ECPHYAS, Appendix vermiformis caeci.
   ECPHYMA, Excrescence, Tumour—e. Cal-
 lus, Callosity—e.  Caruncula, Caruncle—e. Cla-
 vus, Corn—e. CEdematicum, ffidema, Phlegma-
 tia dolens—e. Physconia, Physconia—e. Tricho-
 ma, Plica—e. Verruca, Verruca. 
ECPHYMATA              29
   ECPHYMATA, Rubeola.
   ECPHYSE'SIS,  Ejflatio,  Effia'tus,  from
ixtpvo-xo), ' I breathe through.'  Exsuffla'tio.   A
quick  and forced expulsion of air  from  the
lungs.
   ECPHYSIS, Apophysis—e. Ventriculi, Duo-
denum.
   ECPIESMA,  from txvntw, 'I  compress.'
Effractu'ra, Impaction, Deces'sio.  A fracture
of the cranium,  with depression of the frag-
ments and compression of the brain.
   ECPIES'MOS,  Expres'sio,  Ex'itus, Ec-
pies'mon, same  etymon.  Celsus uses  these
words to signify the forcing of the eye from
the orbitar cavity, with apparent but not real
augmentation of the organ.  See Exophthalmia.
   ECPLEROMA,from £X,and nMg-u; 'I fill.3
A cushion, a pad. Hippocrates means, by this
term,  a  small  pad or ball of leather or other
substance intended to fill the hollow of the arm-
pit;  used probably in reducing luxations of the
shoulder.
   ECPLEXIA, Stupor.
   ECPLEXIS, Stupor.
   ECPNEUMATOSIS, Expiration.
   ECPNEUSIS,  Expiration.
   ECPNOE, Expiration.
   ECPTOMA, Ecpto'sis,  Exciden'tia;  from
ixiriniu, ' I fall out.'   This word has been used
in various senses. 1. Synonymously with lux-
ation.   2.  For the  separation of gangrenous
parts.   3. For the expulsion of the secundines.
4. For the prolapsus  of the womb: and 5. For
intestinal or omental  hernia, &c.
   ECPTOSIS, Luxation.
   ECPYCTICA, Incrassantia.
   ECPYEM A, Abscess,Suppuration,Empyema.
   ECPYESIS, Abscess, Empyema, Pustule—e.
Impetigo, Impetigo—e.  Porrigo,  Porrigo—e.
Porrigo Crustacea, Porrigo larvalis—e. Porrigo
favosa, Porrigo favosa—e.  Porrigo furfuracea,
Porrigo furfurans—e. Porrigo  galeata, Porrigo
scutulata—e. Porrigo lupinosa, Porrigo lupinosa
—e. Scabies, Psora.
   ECPYETICUS, Suppurative.
   ECPYISCONTUS, Suppurative.
   kCREVISSE, Crab.
   ECREX'IS, Ruptu'ra, from txotjyivfiu,  'to
break.'  Rupture, laceration.
   ECRHYTHMUS, ix, and qv9uoc, 'rhythm.'
A term applied to the pulse, particularly when
irregular.—Galen.
   ECROE, Discharge.
   ECROUELLES,   Scrofula—i.  Misentiri-
ques, Tabes mesenterica.
   EC'RYSIS, from ixqmo,' I run from.' A dis-
charge.
   ECSARCOMA, from ex, and raol, 'flesh.5
A fleshy excrescence of various kinds.  See
Fungosity and Sarcoma.
   ECSESMA, Eczema.
   EC'STASIS, from  t%t<rxa^ai, 'I am beside
myself.3 An ec'stasy or trance, Carus ec'stasis
Cat'ochus, Ex'stasis, Catalep'sia  spu'ria, Hy-
perplexie, (F.) Extase.  A  state in which cer-
tain  ideas so completely absorb the mind, that
the external sensations are suspended, the  vo-
luntary movements arrested, and even the vital
action  retarded.  In  catalepsy, there is, in  ad-
dition, complete suspension of the intellectual
faculties. This last  condition is in general  de-
scrib.°d as trance.  See, also, Luxation.
   ECSTROPHE, Exstrophia.
)6              ECTROPION

   ECTASIA,  Aneurism—e. Venarum, Varix.
   EC'TASIS, 'Extension,' 'Expansion.'
   Ec'tasis I'ridis, is the extension or  expan-
 sion of the iris, which occasions  diminution of
 the pupil.
   ECTEXIS, Colliquation.
   ECTHETOBREPHOTROPHEUM,Brepho-
 tropheum.
   ECTHLIM'MA, Exulcera'tio,  from ix9\tpm,
 ' I express,' ' I bruise.'  Attrition.  Channgs or
 excoriations, produced by external violence.—
 Hippocrates.
   ECTHLIPSIS, Expression.
   ECTHYMA or ECTHYMA from ex9vw,' I
 break out.' Ecpye'sis, Phlysis ecthyma, Phly-
 za'cia a'gria,  Sca'bies Vera,  Furun'culi  ato-
 uici,  (F.) Dartre crustacie, D. fongueuse.  A
 cutanous eruption, characterized by large round
 pustules always distinct and seated upon an in-
 durated and highly inflamed base.  In the course
 of a  day or two the pustules generally break,
 and olive-brown incrustations are  foimed which
 adhere firmly to the skin.  These separate in
 about a fortnight.  The disease requires the
 antiphlogistic treatment.  Under the Ecthymata,
 Vogel has designated certain hard, unequal tu-
 mours, which appear transitorily on the skin,
 See Efflorescence, Exanthem and Pustule.
   ECTHYSTEROCYESIS, Pregnancy, extra-
 uterine.
   ECTILLOTICUS, Depilatory.
   ECTILMOS, Evulsion.
   ECTOME, Castration,  Eccope, Entailk,
 Excision.
   ECTOMIA, Castration,  Eccope.
   ECTOMIUS, Castratus.
   ECTONION, Helleborus niger.
   ECTOPARASITES, Epizoa.
   ECTOP'IA, Ectop'isis,  Ectopismus, Ento-
 ce'le,  from ixro^oe, ' out of place.3  Morbid dis-
 placement of parts.  See Luxation.
   Ectopia Ani, Proctocele.
   Ectopia Cordis, Cardianas'trophl.  Dis-
 placement, dislocation, or unnatural position of
 the heart.
   Ectopia Herniosa,  Hernia.
   ECTOPOCYS'TICUS, from txronoc, 'out of
 place,' and xio-xk, ' bladder.' A disease depend-
 ent upon displacement of the bladder.
   ECTOPROTIC, Eccoprotic.
   ECTOZO'A, Extozo'a, Extozoa'ria, (F.) Ex-
 tozaires.   Parasitic animals that  infest the ex-
 terior of the body,—as lice.
   ECTRIM'MA, from  ixrqipa,, 'I rub  off.'
 Ulceration of the skin;  and particularly that
 which arises from the pressure of the  bed on
 different parts of the body, after a protracted
 confinement.—Hippocrates.
   ECTRODACTYL'IA; from **T?0.r«c, 'abor-
 tion,' and S*xxvXoe,' a finger.' A malformation,
 in which one or more fingers or toes are want-
 ing.
   ECTROMA,  Abortion.
   ECTRO'MELES; from txroaxnc,' abortion,'
 and atXog, ' a limb.'  A  genus of monsters, in
 which the limbs  are nearly or altogether defi-
 cient, as in the ordinary cetacea.—J. G. St. Hi-
 laire.
   ECTRO'PE, Divertic'u.lum, from fxtosttoi, ' I
 turn off,'' divert.'  Any duct by which peccant
 or morbific matter  was supposed to be drawn
 off.—Hippocrates.
   ECTROPION, same  etymon.  Ectropium,, 
ECTROSIS               297            EFFLORESCENCE
Ever'sio palpebra, Blepharopto'sis Ectro'pium,
Blepharoto'sis, Palpebra infe'rior extror'sum
flexa, Divarica'tio seu Refiex'io seu Reclina'tio
palpebrarum, (F.) Eraillement des Paupieres,
Renversement des Panpilres.   Eversion of the
eyelids, so that they do not  completely cover
the globe of the  eye.   It happens more com-
monly to the lower than to the upper  eyelid.
It may be owing to the  retraction of the skin,
after  the cure of an ulcer, wound, or burn of
the eyelid; or it  may depend on tumefaction or
 relaxation of the conjunctiva.  In  the majority
of cases, removal of a portion of the conjunctiva
 will operate a cure; but there are many which
defy  the efforts  of art.  The ancients called
 Ectropion of the upper eyelid lagophtkalmia.
   ECTROSIS, Abortion.
   ECTROSMOS, Abortion.
   ECTROT'IC, from t/tr^tii^aXfie, and T/Toao-Jtu,
< I wound,')  ' abortion.'   Ectrot'icus, Abortive.
 An epithet applied to methods for preventing
 the development or causing the abortion of any
disease—as of chancres  by the use of caustic;
 small-pox pustules by the use of mercurial oint-
 ment, &c-.
   ECTYLOTICUS, Catheretic.
   ECTYMPANOSIS, Tympanites.
   ECUMEUX, Frothy.
   ECZEMA, from txtta,, ' I boil out,'' I effer-
 vesce.'  Eczes'ma, Exses'ma, Pus'tula  ardens,
 Cytis'ma, Eczema, Humid  Tetter, Running
 Scdll, (F.)  Dartre squammeuse,  humide,  D.
 vive,  Gale  epidimique.  Heat eruption.  An
 eruption of  small vesicles on various parts of
 the skin, usually set close or crowded together;
 with  little or no  inflammation around  their
 bases, and unattended by fever.
   Ec'zema  Mercuria'le,  Ec'zema rubrum,
 Erythdma mercuria'le, E. ichoro'sum, Hydrar-
 gyria, Hydtargyro'sis,Hydrargyri'asis, Mor-
 bus mercuria'Us, Mercu'rial lepra.  A  variety
 of eczema, arising from the irritation of mer-
 cury.  The treatment is chiefly palliative, con-
 sisting in ablution with mucikiginous infusions
 or decoctions ; mild dressings, where the cuticle
 has exfoliated; avoiding air irritation;  keeping
 the bowels open; with the use of the sulphuric
 acid and cinchona.  The Ec'zema Impetigino'-
 des, Gall, or Grocer's Itch, is produced by the
 irritation of sugar.
   Eczema  of the Face, at an advanced stage,
 and occurring in young children, has been  de-
 scribed under the names Crusta lactea and Por-
 rigo larvalis.
   Eczema of the Hairy Scalp is often con-
 founded with other affections under the names
 Porrigo and  Tinea, which are pustular, not
 vesicular in their form.   It occurs during den-
 tition, and even  afterwards, and the  discharge
 is so profuse, that the head appears as if dipped
 in some glutinous liquid. By and by, the secre-
 tion dries into  crusts and mats the hair  into
 little separate tufts.  The scalp gives evidence
 of inflammatory excitement, and the lymphatic
 ganglions  of the neck are apt to become in-
 flamed and suppurate.
   A variety of humid scalled head, in which the
 humour from the excoriated surface runs down
 upon the hairs, and encloses them in little sil-
 very pellicles or sheaths, has received the name
 Asbestos Scall.
   Eczema  Ruhrum, Eczema  mercuriale.
   ECZEMATO SES, (G.) Eczematosen, same
         20
etymon.   A family of diseases, in the classifi-
cation of Fuchs, including morbid conditions of
the cutaneous secretions—as of the perspira-
tion, sebaceous and colouring matters, &c.,and
hence many chronic cutaneous affections.  His
subdivisions  are,  ephidroses,  smegmorrhaa,
acarpa, polycarpa and monocarpa.
  ECZESIS, Effervescens.
  ECZESMA, Eczema, Lichen tropicus.
  EDEMATOUS, GEdematous.
  EDENTATUS, Edentulus.
  EDENTE, Edentulus.
  EDENTULI, Nefrendes.
  EDEN'TUIAl'&jEdenta'tus,from e,and dens,
dentis, 'a tooth.3  Ano'dus, Carens  den'tibus,
Nodes, Nodus, (F.) £denti.  One without teeth.
This defect can only be remedied by artificial
means.
  EDERA, Hedera helix.
  EDUCATIO INFANTUM, Paedia.
  EDULCORATION,  Glycan'sis, Edulcora'-
tio,  from  edulcorare,  (dulcis,  ' sweet,3)  ' to
sweeten,' ' to render mild.'  An operation, the
object of which is  to deprive a substance of its
acrid and disagreeable taste, or at least to dis-
guise it.   Also, the addition of a saccharine
substance to a medicine, whose  taste it is de-
sirable to modify agreeably.
  kDULE, Comestible.
  EDULIS, Comestible.
  EF'FERENT, Efferens, Centrifugal, from
effero, (e, and  ferro,) ' I carry,' ' transport.'
Vasa efferen'tia are those  lymphatics, which
issue from the lymphatic glands to convey their
lymph to the thoracic  duct; so  called to dis-
tinguish them from those which pass to those
glands, and whieh  have  been termed vasa affe-
ren'tia.  Also, nerves that convey the nervous
influence from the nervous centres  to the cir-
cumference.   See  Afferent.
   EFFERVES'CENCE, Effervescen'tia, Zesis,
Ec'zesis, from effervesce re, (e, and fervescere,)
' to grow hot.3 That agitation,  which is  pro-
duced by the escape of gas  through a  liquid,
independently of the heat of the mixture; such,
for  instance, as results from the mixture  of
acetic acid and carbonate of potassa.
   In Pathology it has a similar signification.  It
expresses, in the language of the humourists,  a
sort of ebullition in the fluids of the living body,
produced either by elevation of temperature or
by the reaction on each  other of the principles
contained in the fluids in circulation.
   EFFETUS, Impoverished.                 t
   EFFICACIOUS, Ef'ficax, from efficere, (e,
and facere,) ' to accomplish.'  That which pro-
duces a great effect, as an efficacious remedy.
   Media'na efficax, La midecine efficace,  is  a
term sometimes applied to surgery.
   EFFILA, Ephelides.
   EFFLATIO, Ecphysesis.
   EFFLATUS, Ecphysesis.
   EFFLORATIO, Exanthem.
   EFFLORES'CENCE, Efflora'tio,  Efflores-
cen'tia, from efftor<>scere, (e, and florescere,) ' to
blow as a flower.'   Stribillgo, Ecthy'ma.  The
conversion of a solid substance into a pulveru-
lent state by exposure to the air.  In salts this
is generally owing to the loss of a part of their
water of crystallization.
   In Pathology,  efflorescence  has  the same
meaning as exanthema; and, in the nosology
of Sauvages, the name is given to that order of 
EFFLORESCENCE          298             ELABORATION
diseases.  Sometimes, it is confined to the cu-
taneous blush, the exanthe'sis of Good.
  EFFLORESCENCE   ERYSIPkLA-
TEUSE,  Roseolae.
  EFFLORESCENTIA, Exanthem.
  EFFLORESCENTIiE, klivures.
  EFFLUVIUM, Emanation—e. Latrinarium,
Mitte—e.  Palustre, Miasm, Marsh.
  EFFLUXION, Abortion.
  EFFORT, (e, and fortis, ' strong.')  Nisus,
Cona'tus,  Peira.  A muscular contraction of
greater or less strength, the object of which is,
either to resist an external force, or to accom-
plish a function, which has  become naturally
laborious:—such are, the  act of pushing away,
or of drawing a body toward us, and the more
or less  painful  efforts used by the  mother to
cause the  expulsion of the foetus.  In France,
the word effort is often used synonymously with
hernia; and  signifies,  likewise,  the  painful
twitches of muscles, occasioned by  over-exer-
tion, or by the rupture of some of their fleshy
fibres.   Sauvages calls  Efforts des reins, Lum-
ba'go a nisu, the pain  in the loins occasioned
by bearing too heavy a burden.
  EFFORT, Hernia—e. des Reins,  see Effort.
  EFFOSSIO, Exhumation.
  EFFRACTURA, Ecpiesma.
  Effractu'ra  Cranii, Enthla'sis Cra'nii.
Fracture  of the Cranium, with  depression.—
Pare.
  EFFRENITATIO, Hypercatharsis.
  EFFUSION, Effu'sio, Ec'chysis, from effun-
dere, (e, and fundere,) 'to pour out.' (F.) Epan-
chement, (Infiltration is the term generally em-
ployed for effusion into the cellular membrane.)
The pouring out of blood or of any  other fluid
into the cellular membrane, or into the cavities
of the  body. The effusion of serum  ox of
coagulable lymph, for  instance,  is  a common
result  of inflammation  of serous membranes.
  EGARE, Wild.
  kGAREMENT D'ESPRIT, Delirium,In-
sanity.
  EGER, MINERAL WATERS  OF THE.
In the valley of the Eger, at  the western ex-
tremity of Bohemia, there are several acidulous
springs.  One of the most frequented  of  these
is Franzensbad.
  EGESTA, see Excretion.
  EGESTAS, Want.
  EGESTIO, Defecation, Dejection, Excretion.
  EGG-PLANT,  Solanum melongena—e.
White of, Albumen ovi.
  EGLANTIER DE CHIEN, Rosa canina—
e. Sauvage, Rosa canina.
  EGOBRONCHOPHONY, see Egophony.
  kGOPHONE, Egophony.
   EGOPH'ONIC, JEgopho'nicus, (F.)kgopho-
nique.  Same etymon as  the next.  Having the
 character of, or relating to, egophony.
  P.GOPHONIQUE,  Egophonic.
  EGOPHONY,  jEgopho'nia,  from ath, 'a
goat,'  and ifavi], 'voice.'   Caprilo'quium, Tra-
gopho'nia, Goat's Voice, Bleating Voice, (F.)
Voix chivrotante, V. egophonique, V. de  Poli-
chinelle, V.   sinile, Pectoriloquie chivrotante.
Laennec has designated by this name, the kind
of resonance of the voice through the stetho-
scope, when we examine the chest of one labour-
ing  under moderate effusion  into one of  the
pleurae.  The  voice,  which  strikes the  ear
through the cylinder, is more  sharp and  harsh
than usual, and tremulous and broken like that
of the goat.   The  patient  himself is called
kgophone.  Bouillaud affirms that the " bron-
chial and  bleating voice," (igobronrhophonie)
is the principal symptom of pleuropneumonia.
Egophony exists, however, in cases  of hepati-
zation where there is no pleural disease.
  EGREGOR'SIS, Vigilia, Vigili'ce, Vigilan'-
tia,  Vigila'tio, Vigilium, from  cyqsyoqiu), ' I
watch.3 Watchfulness.  A morbid want of sleep.
—Galen.
  EGRESSUS VENTRICULI, Pylorus.
  EIDOS, tiScc, ' form,  resemblance.'   The
ei, is often changed into u>, at the termination ol
a word.  Thus, Hamato'i'des or H&mtxto'des.
  EILAMIDES, Meninges.
  EILE'MA, from ttKtos, Il'eus,(uKta,' I roll,')
'a convolution.'   Vogel has given this  name to
a fixed pain, occupying some portion of the in-
testinal canal, which the  patient compares to
the sensation that would be produced by a nail
driven into the part.
  EILEON, Ileon.
  EILEUS, Ileus.
  EILOID, (Tumour,) Eilo'ides, from ti\tm,
'I roll,' and  uiic, 'resemblance.'  A morbid
growth of the  cutis, coiled or folded.
  EISANTHE'MA,  Exanthe'ma  inter'num.
Entanthe'ma,  from tic, ' within,' and avflijwa,
' efflorescence.'  An eruption on a mucous mem-
brane ;—aphthae, for example.
  EISBOLE,  Attack, Injection.
  EISPNOE,  Inspiration.
  EJACULATIO, Ejaculation—e.  Seminis
Impedita, Bradyspermatismus.
  EJACULATION,  Ejacula'tio, from e, and
jaculare,—itself from jacere, 'to throw.' Gono-
bolia, Gonobolis'mus, Ejaculatio seu Profu'sio
Sem'inis, Expatra'tio, Patra'tio, Spermob'oll.
The emission of speTm. The act, by which that
fluid is  darted out through the urethra.
  EJAC'ULATOR.  Same etymon.  That
which  effects the  emission of sperm.  See
Transversus perinaei.
  Ejaculator Seminis, Accelerator urinae.
  EJAC'ULATORY,  Ejaculato'rius, Ejac'u-
lans: same etymon.  Concerned in the ejacu-
lation of sperm.
  Ejaculatory Ducts or Canals, (F.)  Con-
duits ou Canaux ejaculateurs, are formed by
the union of the vasa deferentia  with the ducts
of the  vesiculae seminales.  They open at the
 lateral  and anterior parts of the verumontanum,
and convey into  the urethra the sperm which
 is discharged from the vesiculae, as well as that
 which  comes  directly from the  testicle by the
 vas deferens.   Between them there is often a
 depression, sometimes of a large size, whicli
 is termed utric'ulus.
  EJECTIO,Excretion—e.Faecum, Defecation.
   E JEC'TION,Ejec'tio; from ejicere, (e and ja-
 cere,) ' to throw out or eject.'  The excretion of
 the  faeces, urine, sputa, &c.
   EL NISPERO, Achras sapota.
   ELABORA'TION,  Elaboratio; from e, and
 laborare,  ' to  work.'   This word  is  used, by
 physiologists, to signify the  various changes
 which  substances susceptible of  assimilation
 undergo,  through the  action of living organs,
 before  they are capable of serving for nutrition.
 The food is said to be  elaborated in the stomach
 during the formation of chyme; the chyme is 
ELJEA
299
ELECTUARIUM
elaborated in  the small intestine before it is
chyle,  &c.
  ELiEA, Olea Europaea.
  ELyEAGNUS, Myrica gale—e. Cordo, My-
rica gale.
  ELJEOCARPUS  COPALIFERA, Copal.
  EL^EOM'ELI,  from txaiiv, 'oil,' and utXi,
' honey.'  Dioscorides means, by this,  an  oil
thicker than honey, and of a sweet taste, which
flows from the trunk of a tree in Syria.  It is
acrid and  purgative; and sometimes occasions
serious symptoms, according  to that author.—
Gorrasus.
  ELjEON, Oil.
  EL^EOPH'ANES,  from txaior,  'oil,'  and
ipaivo^ai, ' I appear.'   That which has the ap-
pearance of oil; as Uri'na elaoph'anes.
  EL./EO-SACCHARUM, from iXxiov, 'oil,'
and fax xa^y 'sugar.' O'leo-Sac' charum, Balsa-
mo-Sac'charum.  A medicine, composed of es-
sential oil and sugar.   It was made by pouring
upon an ounce of sugar, reduced to  an  impal-
pable  powder, gss or gj of an essential oil; the
mixture   being triturated  until the two sub-
stances were perfectly united.—Rolfink.
  ELAIN, see Pinguedo.
  ELAIS GUINEENSIS, see Cocos butyracea
—e. Occidentalis, see Cocos  butyracea.
  kLAN, Cervus alces.
  ELANCEMENT, see Lancinating.
  ELAPHOBOSCUM, Pastinaca sativa.
  ELAPHRIUM ELEMIFERUM, see Amy-
ris elemifera—e.Tomentosum, Fagara octandra.
  ELAPSUS, Luxation.
  ELAS'MA, from tXavvu, 'I drive up.'  A
 Clyster pipe.—Linden.
  ELASTES, Elasticity.
  ELASTICITY, Elastic"itas,El'ater, Elas'-
tes, Elates, Vis elas'tica, Tone, Tonic'ity, (F.)
 Contractiliti de Tissu,Contractiliti par difaut
d'extension, from tXxvvw, ' I impel.'  The pro-
perty  by  which certain bodies  return to their
proper size and shape where these have been
modified  by pressure or  otherwise.  It is pos-
sessed by the  dead as well as living solid.
  ELATE, Pinus picea—e.Theleia, Pinus rubra.
  ELATER,  Elasticity.
  ELATERINE, see Momordica elaterium.
  ELATERIUM, Extractum elaterii, Momor-
dica elaterium.
  ELATES, Elasticity.
  ELATIN, see Momordica  elaterium.
  ELATINE, Antirhinum elatine.
  ELBOW, Sax elboja, from ell, and bow;  the
bend of the ulna. Cu' bitus ^Ancon,Pechys, Ulna,
 Umbo, (F.) Coude.   This word, abstractedly,
means the angle  formed by the union of two
straight bodies.  It is particularly applied to
the articulation of  the arm with the forearm,
and especially to the  projection  formed by  the
olecranon process at the posterior part of the
joint.
  Elbow, Miners', see Miners' Elbow.
  ELCOMA,  Ulcer.
  ELCO'SIS,Helco'sis,Eleo'ma,Helco'ma,fxom
'tXxog,' an ulcer.3   Ulceration in general.   An
ulcer.  A deep ulceration of the cornea, in con-
sequence  of a blow or of violent inflammation.
—Galen,  Pare.
  Sauvages applies the term to a state of  the
body,  in which there are numerous ulcerations
of an obstinate character, complicated with ca-
ries, putrescency, low fever,  &c
  ELCUSTER, Embryulcus.
  ELDER, Sambucus—e. Common, Sambucus
Canadensis—e. Dwarf, Aralia hispida, Sambu-
cus ebulus—e. Prickly, Aralia spinosa.
  ELECAMPANE, Inula helenium.
  ELECTRICITAS, Electricity—e.' Anima-
lis, Galvanism—e. Galvanica,  Galvanism—e.
Metallica, Galvanism.
  ELECTRICITY, Electric'itas, from yitx-
rqov, 'amber,3—the substance in which it was
first noticed.   Electricity is used medicinally
as an excitant. It has been  occasionally em-
ployed with success  in paralysis, rheumatism,
accidental deafness,  amaurosis, amenorrhoea,
&c, but it is uncertain, and not much used;
and the cases are by no means clear in which it
could be of service.  It may be communicated
by means of the electric bath—Bain ilectrique,
as it has been called; which consists in placing
the patient upon an isolated stool, and connect-
ing him with the prime conductor, of which he
thus becomes  a part.   The fluid may be com-
municated by points, sparks, or by shocks, ac-
cording to the required intensity.
   Electricity, Magnetic, Electro-Magnetism
—e. Voltaic,  Galvanism.
   TO ELECTRIFY, from electric, and fio, 'I
make.'   (F.) klectriser.  To produce the elec-
trical condition in a  body, or to render it sus-
ceptible of producing electrical phenomena.  It
is often used to  signify the  act of communi-
cating the electric fluid to man.
   ELECTRISER, to electrify.
   ELECTRCDES, from yXtxrqov, < anibex,' and
uSoc,' resemblance.' An epithet for evacuations,
which shine like amber.—Hippocr.—Foesius.
   ELECTRO-MAGNETISM, Magnetic elee-
tric'ity.  An electro-magnetic apparatus is oc-
casionally used in cases of paralysis.  A conve-
nient form consists of a  battery of  six curved
permanent magnets, and an intensity armature,
around whose cylinders 1500 yards of fine in-
sulated copper wire  are  coiled.  The  ends of
the wire communicate respectively, with a pair
of directors,  each of which holds a piece of
sponge, dipped in vinegar or a solution of com-
mon salt.  When the armature  is rotated, and
a portion of the body is interposed between the
directors, a succession of shocks is received.
   ELECTROPUNCTURE, Eleetropunctura'-
tion, Eleetrostix'is,  Galvanopuncture.  The
operation of inserting two or more wires, and
then connecting them to the poles of the  gal-
vanic apparatus.
   ELECTROSTIXIS, Electropuncture.
   ELECTRUM, Succinum.
   ELECTUALRE  DENTIFRICE, Denti-
frice.
   ELECTUA'RIUM, Electa'rium;  an Electu-
ary, from eligere, ' to make choice.'   (F.) klee-
tuaire.  A pharmaceutical composition of a soft
consistence, somewhat thicker than honey, and
formed of powders, pulps,  extracts, syrup,
honey, &c.  In the London and American Phar-
macopoeias, electuaries are called Confections,
which  see.
   Electuarium de  Aloe, Opiatum mesente-
ricum— e. Aperiens,  Confectio sennae—e. Aro-
maticum, Confectio aromatica—e. Cassiae, Con-
fectio cassiae—e. Cassias fistulas, Confectio  cas-
siae—e,  Cassiae  sennae,  Confectio  sennae—e.
Cassiae tamarindatum seu lenitivum, Confectio
cassiae—e. Catholicum  commune,  Confectio 
ELkENCkPHALE            300
ELEVATOR
 sennae—e.  Cinchonae, Opiatum febrifugum—e.
 de Croco emendatum, Confectio hyacinthi—e.
 Diaprunum,Confectio sennae—e. Eccoproticum,
 Confectio sennae—e. de Kina kina, Opiatum fe-
 brifugum—e. Laxativum, Confectio cassiae—e.
 Lenitivum, Confectio sennae—e. Opiatum, Con-
 fectio opii—e. Scammonii,  Confectio Scammo-
 aiae — e. &  Scammonio,  Confectio scammoniae
 —e. Sennae, Confectio sennas—e. Sennae com-
 positum, Confectio  sennae—e. Sennae cum pul-
 pis, Confectio sennas—e.  Thebaicum, Confectio
 opii.
  ELkENCkPHALE,  from  tXauv, 'oil,' and
 tyxupaXov, 'encephalon.'  A fatty matter found
 by Couerbe in the encephalic neurine.
  ELELISPHACOS, Salvia.
  EL'EMENT, Elemen'tum, from ancient eleo
 for oleo, 'to grow,' (?) Princip'ium, P. Primi-
 tlvum, Stochelon.   A simple, ultimate consti-
 tuent or principle in the human body, which
 forms the  basis of  a fibre  or  tissue.   Also, a
 constituent of a compound organ.  The inorga-
 nic elements axe simple principles.  An organic
 element, proximate  principle or compound  of
 organization, results from the union of certain
 inorganic  elements.   Oxygen,  hydrogen, car-
 bon, and azote, are inorganic elements;  fibrin,
 albumen, osmazome, &c, organic elements.
  Elements, Organic, Principles, immediate.
  ELEMENTUM ACIDIFICUM, Oxygen.
  ELEMI, Amyris elemifera.
  ELENIUM, Inula helenium.
  ELEOSELINUM, Apium petroselinum.
  ELEPHANTI'ASIS, Elephantla, Elephan-
 tias'mus, El'ephas, Laz'ari morbus vel malum,
 Phxnic"eus morbus, Phymato'sis  Elephanti-
 asis, from  t\tipxg, 'an elephant.3  Various af-
 fections have been described under this name,
 by adding an  epithet. It is ordinarily and ge-
 nerically applied to  a condition, in which the
 skin is thick, livid, rugous,  tuberculate, and in-
 sensible to  feeling.
  Elephanti'asis  Arab'ica,  Maladie  glan-
 dulaire, Ladrerie,  Tyriasis,  El'ephas,  Ele-
phanti'asis, E.In'dica, Elephantla  Ar'abum,
 Lepra Arabum, (of some.)   In this the  tuber-
 cles are chiefly on the face  and joints.   There
 is loss of hair, except on the  scalp; voice, hoarse
 and nasal;  and the disease  is said to be conta-
 gious and hereditary.  It  most frequently at-
 tacks the feet; and gives the lower extremity a
 fancied resemblance to the  leg of the  elephant,
 whence its name.   The seat  of  the  disease
 seems to be in the lymphatic vessels and glands,
 and in the subcutaneous cellular tissue: the in-
 flammatory condition of which is accompanied
 with general morbid symptoms.  Medicine has
 little  or no effect on  this  loathsome complaint.
 See Lepra.
  Elephantiasis of  Cayenne, Mai rouge de
 Cayenne, seems to be a variety of Lepra, cha-
 racterized by red and yellow spots, occupying
the forehead,  ears, hands,  loins, &c, afterwards
 extending and becoming scaly,  with deformity
of the parts where they are  seated, particularly
of the face; and ultimately producing cracks
ulcers, caries, and sometimes death.
  Elephantiasis of the Greeks, E. Graco'-
rum, is probably the same disease as Lepra.
  Elephantiasis of India  is characterized by
red, livid, or  yellowish spots, slightly promi-
nent, to which succeed indolent tumours, formed
in the cellular texture.   At a more  advanced
 period the phalanges swell, and become nice-
 rated; the bones of the  nose  carious, the lips
 thickened, and emaciation gradually carries off
 the patient.  It likewise belongs to lepra.
   Elephantiasis Italica, Pellagra.
   Elephantiasis of Java is likewise a variety
 of lepra, characterized by large, white tumours
 on the toes and fingers,  resembling scrofulous
 tumefactions.   These tumours ulcerate, and
 the ulcerations spread from  the extremities to-
 wards the trunk, destroying  even the  bones.
 Amputation can alone arrest its progress. The
 disease is often accompanied  by alopecia, and
 by an eruption of red spots.
   Elephantiasis of the Antilles, Barba'does
 Leg,  Glandular disease of  Barbadoes, (F.)
 Jambes de Barbade, is the Elephantiasis of many
 writers, Bucne'mia.   It is characterized by the
 leg being enormously tumid  and misshapen:
 skin thickened, livid and rugose;  often  scaly:
 scrotum, arms  or other parts sometimes parti-
 cipating in the  affection.  The Bucne'mia Tro'-
pica,  Cochin leg, is an affection of this kind.
  ELEPHANT'INUM EMPLASTRUM, E*«-
 yavxtvov.  An ancient plaster, composed of 30
 parts  of ceruss, 45 of wax, oil  Ibss, water Ibj.—
 Castelli.  Oribasius and Celsus both mention a
 plaster of this  name, but by no means similar
 in composition.
  ELEPHANTOMMA,  Buphthalmia.
  ELEPHAN'TOPUS, (F.)Eliphantope; from
 tXitpa;, 'elephant,3 and mvc,  'foot.'  One af-
fected with elephantiasis.
  ELEPHAS, Elephantiasis, Ivory.
  ELETTARIA CARDAMOMUM, Amomum
 cardamomum.
  ELEUTERIA, Croton cascarilla.
  kLkVATEUR, Elevator—e. Commun de
Paile  du nez et de la levre supirieure, Levator
 labii superioris alaeque nasi—i. de I'CEil, Rec-
tus superior  oculi—i. de la Paupiere supiri-
eure, Levator palpebrae superioris.
  ELEVA'TOR, from elevare, (e,  and levare,)
'to lift up.' (F.) klivateur.  A muscle, whose
function it is to raise the part into which it is
inserted.  See Levator.
  Elevator, Elevato'rium, Vertis elevato'rius.
 A name given to different surgical instruments,
employed for raising portions of bone,  which
have been depressed, or for raising and detach-
ing the portion  of bone separated by the crown
of the trepan.
  Elevator Ani, Levator ani—e. Labii infe-
riors, Levator  labii inferioris—e. Labii supe-
rioris proprius, Levator labii superioris proprius
—e. Labiorum  communis, Levator anguli oris
—e. Oculi, Rectus superior oculi—e. Patientiaj,
Levator scapulae—e. Scapulae,  Levator scapulas
—e.   Testiculi,  Cremaster—e. Urethrae, see
Transversus perinsei.
  Elevator, Common.   This  is a mere lever;
the end of which is somewhat bent and made
rough, in  order  that it may less  readily slip
away from the  portion of bone which is to be
raised.  The instrument  is used, by forming a
fulcrum for it,  either on the hand  which holds
it, or  upon the fingers of the other  hand; or by
making a  fixed  point for it  on the edge of the
opening made with the trephine.
  Elevator of Louis differed from the last
only in the circumstance of the screw-peg be-
 ing united to the bridge by a kind of pivot in- 
301         ELLEBORUM ALBUM
            ALEVE INTERNE            J

stead of hinge, so that greater extent of motion
was permitted.
  Elevator of Petit consists of a lever mount-
ed  on a handle,  and  straight throughout  its
whole length, except at its very end, which is
slightly curved, in order that  it may be more
conveniently put under the portion of bone,  in-
tended to be elevated.  The lever is pierced at
various distances from its but-end with several
holes, intended for the reception of a movable
screw-peg, fixed on the top of a kind of bridge.
This part of the instrument consists of an arch,
the ends of which are long, and covered with
small pads, and on  its centre is the screw-peg
already mentioned.  By means of these holes the
arm of the lever can be lengthened at pleasure.
  Elevator, Trip'loid,Vectis triplo'i'des.  This
was so called from  its consisting  of three
branches, uniting above in one common trunk.
The latter part was traversed by a long screw,
having below a kind of hook, and above a han-
dle for turning it.  By turning the screw, the
hook was drawn up, and the bone thus elevated.
  The simple lever is the only one now used,
owing to the want of facility and advantages in
the use of the others.
  kLEVE INTERNE, House surgeon.
 _ ELEVURES (F.), Efflorescentia.   A gene-
ric  name, including all the  exanthemata, in
which there is tumefaction of the tissue of the
skin.   See  Exanthem.
  ELIASTER, Ilech.
  ELICHRYSUM,Solidagovirgaurea—e.Mon-
tanum, Antennaria dioica.
  ELICOIDES, Capreolaris.
  ELIGMA, Eclectos.
  ELIQUATIO,  Colliquation.
  ELIXA'TIO, Epse'sis, from elixius, 'boiled,'
'sodden.'   This word has been used  synony-
mously with Decoction.  The act of boiling.
  ELlX'IR, Isir, Ixir, Quelles, Alex'ir.  The
etymology  of this word is not  clear.   Lemery
derives it from emk», 'I extract;' and also from
aXt%w, 'I aid.'  Others  believe it to be from
Arabic, al-ecsir, or al-eksir, ' chymistry.'   An
elixir is a medicine composed of various  sub-
stances held in solution in alcohol.  The name
has been used, however, for preparations, which
contain no spirit of wine.
  Elixir  Ac"idum  Halleri  seu Dippe'lii,
Elixir Antipodag'ricum, E. Antinephreticum,
E. Sulph a'rico-ac"idum, Guttse ac'idae tonicx,
Aqua Rabe'lii, Liquor ac"idus  Halleri, Mistu'-
ra sulphu'rico-ac'ida, JEther sulpha'ricus ac"-
idus, Ac"idum sulphu'ricum alcoolisa'tum, A.
vitriolicum vino'sum, Alcohol Sulphurica'turn,
A. Sulphu'ricum, is a mixture of concentrated
sulphuric acid and alcohol:—in the Eau de Ra-
bel, of one  part of the former to three of the
latter.  It  is employed as an astringent in he-
morrhages, &c.
  Elixir Aloes,  Tinctura aloes composita—e.
Anthelminticum  Succorum, Tinctura  jalapii
composita.
  Elixir, Anti-Asti-imat'ic, of Boerhaave.
This  elixir is composed of alcohol, aniseed,
camphor, orris, asarabacca  root, calamus aro-
maticus, liquorice, and elecampane.  It is given
in asthma, in the dose of 20 or  30 drops.
  Eeixir  Antihypochondriacum,   Tinctura
cinchonae amara—e. Antinephreticum,  E. aci-
dum Halleri—e.  Aperitivum, Tinctura aloes
composita.
  Elixir, Antiscrof'ulous of Peyrilhe ; com-
posed of weak alcohol, subcarbonate of potassa,
and gentian root.   It is administered in  scro-
fula.
  Elixir Carminative, of Sylvius, Tinctura
carminativa Sylvii—e. Daffy's, Tinctura senna?
comp.—e. Danorum, E. pectorale regis Daniae—
e. Foetidum, Tinctura  castorei composita—e. of
Garus, Tinctura de croco composita—e. Guai-
aci  volatilis, Tinctura Guaiaci ammoniata—e.
Jalappae compositum, Tinctura jalapii compo-
sita—e. of Long Life, Tinctura aloes compo-
sita—e. de Longue vie, Tinctura aloes composita
—e. d'Or de M. le  Giniral de la Motte, Tinc-
tura seu alcohol sulfurico-aethereus—e. Parego-
ric, Edinburgh,  Tinctura opii ammoniata—e.
Paregoricum, Tinctura camphorae compositum
—e. Pectorale  dulce, E.  pectorale regis Daniae.
  Elixir Pectora'le Regis Da'ni^e, Elixir
Dano'rum, E.  Ringelman'ni, E. ex succo  Gly-
cyrrhlza, E. pectora'le dulce, E. e  succo liqui-
rit"ia: (Succ. glycyrrhiz. p. 1; Aq. Fanicul. p.
2.  Alcohol ammoniat.  p.  6.  A  formula  in
many of the Pharmacopoeias of continental Eu-
rope.)   With the addition of opium it  consti-
tutes the Elixir ammoniato-opia'turn, Extract-
um  theba'icum ammoniaca'lB of some Pharma-
copoeias.
  Elixir Proprietatis, Tinctura  aloes  com-
posita—e. Purgans, Tinctura jalapii composita
—e. Radcliffe's, see Tinctura aloes composita—
e. Rhej  dulce, Vinum rhej palmati—e. Ringel-
manni, E. pectorale regis Daniae—e. Roborans
Whyttii, Tinctura cinchonae amara—e. Sacrum,
Tinctura rhej et aloes—e. Salutis.  Tinctura
sennae comp.—e. Squire's,  see Tinctura  cam-
phorae  composita—e.  Stomachicum,  Tinctura
gentiana? composita—e.  Stomachicus spirituo-
sus, Tinctura cinchonae amara—e. Stoughton's,
see Tinctura gentiana? composita—e. ex Succo
glycyrrhizae, E. pectorale regis Daniae—e. Succo
liquiritiae, E. pectorale regis Danorum—e. Sul-
phurico-acidum, E. acidum  Halleri—e. Trau-
matism, Tinctura Benzoini compositum.
  Elixir Vitje of  Mathi'olus; composed of
alcohol  and 22  aromatic and stimulating  sub-
stances.  It was formerly employed in epilepsy.
  Elixir of Vitriol, Sulphuric acid, dilute—
e. Vitrioli, Sulphuricum acidum aromaticum—
e. Vitrioli acido-aromaticum, Sulphuricum aci-
dum aromaticum—e.  Vitrioli dulce, Spiritus
astheris  aromaticus, Sulphuricum acidum aro-
maticum—e. Vitrioli Edinburgensium, Sulphu-
ricum  acidum aromaticum—e.  Vitrioli  Myn-
sichti, Sulphuricum acidum aromaticum—e. of
Vitrol, sweet, Spiritus aetheris aromaticus—e.
Vitrioli cum tinctura aromatica, Sulphuricum
acidum aromaticum—e. of Vitriol, Vigani's, Spi-
ritus aetheris aromaticus—e. Whyttii, Tinctura
cinchonae amara.
  ELIXIRIUM ANTISEPTICUM DOCTO-
RIS CHAUSSIER, Tinctura cinchonae aetherea
composita.
  ELIXIS, Eclectos.
  ELIXIVIATION, Lixiviation.
  ELK, Cervus alces—e. Bark, Magnolia ma-
crophylla—e.  Tree, Andromeda   arborea—e.
Wood, Andromeda  arborea, Magnolia  macro-
phylla.
  ELLEBORASTER, Helleborus foetidus.
  ELLEBORE, Dracontium foetidum.
  ELLEBORISMUS, Helleborismus.
  ELLEBORUM ALBUM, Veratrum  album. 
ELLIPTIC               30i
  ELLIPTIC, Oval.
  ELLYCHNIO'TOS, from tXXvXvi*v, 'the wick
of a lamp.'  A sort of tent, used by the ancient
surgeons, so called, because it was shaped  like
a wick, or  because it was made  of a  similar

  ELM,' COMMON, Ulmus—e.  Red, Ulmus
Americana—e.  Rough-leaved,  Ulmus  Ameri-
cana—e. Slippery, Ulmus Americana.
  ELMINTHOCORTON, Corallina  Corsi-
cana.
  ELO'DES, Helo'des, Paludal, Marshy, (F.)
Maricageux.  Febris elo'des seu  helo'des  seu
paludo'sa, Helop'yra, Helopyr'etos, from ' tXoc,
'a marsh,'  and ttSoc,  'resemblance.'  Marsh
fever.   Also, a kind  of fever, characterized by
great moisture or sweating.
  ELOME, Orpiment.
  ELONGA'TIO, Parathro'ma,  Elonga'tion,
from elongare,  (e, and longus,) 'to lengthen,'
'extend.'   An incomplete luxation, in which
the ligaments of an  articulation are stretched
and the limb lengthened, without total luxation.
The word has also been used for the extension
required in the reduction of fractures and luxa-
tions, and for the increased length of limb, (F.)
Allongement, in diseases and dislocations of the
hip-joint.
  ELUTRIATIO, Decantation.
  ELU'VIES, from  eluo, 'I wash  out.'   An
inordinate  discharge  of any fluid, and also the
fluid itself.  In the works of some authors it is
particularly applied  to the mucus which flows
from the vagina in cases of leucorrhoea.
  ELUXATION, Luxation.
  ELYTRATRESIA, Colpatresia.
  ELYTREURYNTER, Speculum  vaginae.
  ELYTRITIS, Colposis leucorrhoea.
  ELYTROBLENNORRHGEA,   Leucorrhoea
(vaginal.)
  EL'YTROCE'LE, from twxqov, 'a vagina or
sheath,' and xr\Xri,' a tumour.'   Vogel has given
this name to vaginal  hernia.—Colpoce'U.
  ELYTRODES, (tunica), Vaginal  coat of the
testicle.
  ELYTROEDE'MA, Coleade'ma, Colpade'ma,
from cXvt^ov, 'a vagina or sheath,' and otSti/ua,
1 oedema.'   OEdema of the vagina.
  ELYTROITIS, Colposis.
  EL'YTRON,  from two,,  'I involve.'    A
sheath.   The vagina.  The membranes which
envelop the spinal marrow are  called elytra.
  ELYTRON'CUS,  Elytrophy'ma, from  iw-
roov,' a vagina or sheath,' and oyxog,' a tumour.'
A swelling of the vagina.
  ELYTROPHYMA, Elytroncus.
  ELYTROPTO'SIS, Prolapsus vaginae.
  ELYTRORRHAGIA, Colporrhagia.
  ELYTROR'RHAPHY, Elytrorrhaph'ia;
Colpor'rhaphy,  Kolpor'rhaphy; from iwrqov,
'the vagina,' and qolw, 'a suture.'   The opera-
tion of closing the vagina by suture in cases of
procidentia uteri.
  EM  and  EN,  tv,  'in,  into, within.3 Also
'excess;'—frequently used in  this  last sense
by  Dr. Good.   A common prefix, generally
answering to the prefixes im and in, in English.
In composition, before j?, n, <p, \f>, and  ,«, the »
is changed into ^; before y, x, ?, and ^, into y;
before \, into \,  and  before p generally into p.
  EMACIA'TION, Emaeia'tio, fxomemaciare,
' to grow lean.'   Extenua'tio,  Ma'cies, Macri-
til do, Macror, Marco'res, Skeletla,Leptysm'us,
2              EMBOITURE

Leptyn'sis,   Pinguedinis  diminu'tio,  (F.)
Amaigrissement, Maigreur.  That condition of
the body, or of a part of the body, in which it
grows lean.  The  state of one who  is lean;—
Leanness; Isch'notes.
  kMAIL DES DENTS, Enamel of the teeth.
  EMANATION, Emana'tio, Effalvi urn, fxoxn
emanare,  (e, and manure,)  'to  issue or flow
from.'  The term is applied to a body which
proceeds or draws  its origin from other bodies;
such as the light which emanates from the sun;
the miasma  which arise  from the putrid de-
composition of animal or vegetable substances,
&c.   See Miasm.
  EM AN'SIO MEN'SIUM, from e, and manere,
' to stay.'  This term has been applied to amen-
norrhcea or obstruction of  the menses before
they have been established.  Some have used it
for the retention which occurs even  after they
have  been established.  The former is the ge-
neral acceptation.
  EMARGINATIO, kchancrure, Notch.
  EMARGINATURA, kchancrure,  Notch.
  EMASCULA'TION, Emascula'tio, from
emasculate, (e, and  masculus, ' a male,3) ' to
render impotent.3  The act of removing or de-
stroying the generative organs of a  male ani-
mal.
  EMASCULATUS, Castratus, Eunuch.
  EMBALMING, from em, en, ' in,' and bal-
samum, ' balsam.'   Balsama'tio, Smyrnis'mos,
Cedeia, Pollinctu'ra, Conditu'ra Cadav'ervm,
(F.) Embaument, Imbalsamation. An operation
which consists in impregnating the dead  body
with  substances capable of preventing it from
becoming putrid, and thus putting it in a condi-
tion to be preserved.
  EMBAM'MA,  Apobam'ma, Bamma,  from
tufianxo), ' I immerse in.3  A medicated pickle
or sauce.—Gorraeus.
  EMBARRAS,  Emphraxis.
  EMBARRAS GASTRIQUE (F.), Gastric
disorder or  impediment,  Collu'vies  gas'trica,
Sordes prima'rum via'rum,  Status gae'tricus.
Disorder of the stomach, in which there is loss
of appetite, with bitterness and clamminess of
mouth, white and yellow tongue, feeling of op-
pression in the epigastrium, and sometimes pain
in that region, nausea and bilious or bitter vo-
miting; this state being accompanied  with head-
ache, lassitude, and pain in the back and limbs.
  Embarras  Gastro-intestinal,  Gastro-in-
testlnal disorder.   Slight gastro-enteritis, ac-
cording to the  Broussaist, in which  the symp-
toms of the Embarras gastrique and  E. intesti-
nal axe united.
  Embarras Intestinal, Intes'tinal disorder.
The principal characters assigned to this are:—
tension of the abdomen, colic, borborygmi, dis-
charge of flatus per anum, constipation or diar-
rhoea, &c.
  EMBARRURE, Engisoma.
  EMBAUMENT, Embalming.
   EMBOITEMENT, (F.) ' Encasing,'from
em,  ' in,'  and  boite,  ' a box.'  Enadelph'ia.
This  term has been applied to  that theory of
generation which  considers that the germs are
encased in each other in the ovary of the female,
in such sort that they  are developed in succes-
sion  after impregnation.  It is  the theory of
encasing of germs, or of monstrosity by  inclu-
sion.
  EMBOITURE, Diarthrosis. 
EMBOLE
303     kMINENCES BIGkMINkES
  EM'BOLE, from tpfialXw, 'I put in place.'
Reduction of a luxated bone.  Reposltio.
  EMBOLIMOS, Intercalary.
  EMBOLUM CEREBRI, Infundibulum  of
the brain.
  kMBONPOINT, (F.)  "In good point or
plight."  Bona cor'poris habitu'do.  The state
of the animal body when  in full health.  Ex-
cessive embonpoint constitutes corpulence and
obesity, and may become a morbid condition.
  EMBONPOINT EXCESSIF,  Polysarcia
adiposa.
  EMBORISMA,  Aneurism.
  EMBROCATIO, Embrocation, Irrigation.
  EMBROC A'TION, Embroca'tio, Embreg'ma,
Em'broche, Implu'vium,fxom t^os/to, ' I sprin-
kle.'   A fluid application to be rubbed on any
part of the  body.  It  is often  used synony-
mously with liniment.  Originally it was em-
ployed in the sense of Fomentation.
   Embrocation, GuESTONiAN,see Oleum Tere-
binthina? rectificatum.
   EMBROCHE, Embrocation.
   EMBRYEMA, Embrocation.
   EM'BRYO,  Em'bryon,  from (►, 'in,' and
pqvo),  ' 1  grow.3   Cye'ma.  The  fecundated
germ, at the early stages of its development in
utero.   At a certain period of its increase,  the
name fatus is given to it, but at what period is
not determined.   Generally, the embryo state
is considered to extend  to the period of quick-
ening.
   EMBRYOCTONY, Foetus trucida'tio, from
fu/lQviv, 'the embryo,3 and xrovoc, 'destruction.3
The act of destroying a foetus in utero, when
insurmountable obstacles—as certain deformi-
ties of the pelvis—oppose delivery.
   EMBRYOG'RAPHY, Embryogra'phia, from
i/afSovov, ' the embryo,3  and yqa<$rj, ' a descrip-
tion.'  The  part of anatomy which describes
the embryo.
   EMBRYOLOGY,  Embryolog"ia, from  tu-
ftovsv, ' the embryo,3 and xoyoc, ' a description.'
The doctrine of embryonic development.
   EMBRYONIC, Embryon'ieus, (F.)Embryo-
siique; same etymon as embryo.  Relating or
appertaining  to an embryo:—as  'embryonic
life.'
   EMBRYONIQUE, Embryonic.
   EMBRYOTHLAS'TA, Embryothlas'tes,
Embryothlas'tum,  (F.)  Embryotome, from  t/u.-
pqvo\, 'the  embryo,' and $r\*a>, ' I break.'   An
instrument for dividing the fcetus piecemeal, in
order to effect delivery.  A crotchet or other
instrument, used, in certain cases of laborious
parturition, to break the bones of the fcetus, for
the purpose  of extracting them with  greater
facility—Hippocr., Galen.
   EMBRYOTOCIA, Abortion.
   EMBRYOTOME, Embryothlasta.
   EMBRYOTOMY, Embryotom'ia, from  tp-
fiovov, 'an  embryo,' and T!/cr:i>, 'to cut.'   A
division of the fcetus into fragments, to extract
it by piecemeal, when the narrowness of  the
pelvis  or other faulty conformation opposes de-
livery-
   EMBRYOT'ROPHY, Embryotroph'ia, from
iu(iqvor,  'the embryo,' and rqoqn,  'nourish-
ment.'  Foetal nutrition.   Cyot'rophy.
   EMBRYUL'CIA,  Embryusterul'cia,  from
infiqvoy,  'embryo, foetus,3 and  s*xa>,  'I  ex-
tract,' <■ I  draw.3   A surgical operation,  by
which the  fcetus is extracted by means of  ap-
propriate instruments, when faulty  conforma-
tion  or  other circumstances prevent delivery
by the natural efforts.
  EMBRYUL'CUS, Elcus'ter, same etymon.
An iron hook or crotchet, described by Fabri-
cius  ab  Aquapendente, which was used to ex-
tract the fcetus in some cases of laborious la-
bour.
  EMBRYUSTERULCIA, Embryulcia.
  EMENDANS, Corrigent.
  kMERAUDE, Smaragdus.
  EMESIA, Vomiturition.
  EMESIS, Vomiting.
  EMETATROPHIA, from (/J.ta>,  'I vomit,'
and xxqoqix, ' want of nourishment.'  Atrophy
induced by vomiting.
  EMETIA, Emetine.
  EMET'IC, Emeticum, Vomito'rium, Puke,
from ifitu), 'I vomit.'  A substance  capable of
producing vomiting.  (F.) kmitique.   [This
term is  also restricted  by the French to tarta-
rized antimony—the emetic, as it were, par ex-
cellence.]  Vomitif.  Tartarized antimony, eme-
tine, ipecacuanha, and sulphate of zinc, are the
chief emetics.   Emetics are valuable agents in
disease.  They  may either act primarily on
the  stomach, or secondarily on other parts of
the  system,—the sympathy between the sto-
mach and other parts of the  body being very
extensive, and an important object of study.
  The following are the chief emetics:—Anti-
monii et Potassae Tartras; Cupri Acetas; Cupri
Sulphas; Emetina;  Gillenia;  Hydrargyri Sul-
phas Flavus;  Ipecacuanha;  Lobelia; Sangui-
naria; Scilla;  Sinapis, and Zinci Sulphas.
  Emetic Root, Euphorbia corollata—e. Tar-
tar,  Antimonium tartarizatum — e. Weed, Lo-
belia inflata.
  EMETICOLOGIA, Emetology.
  EM'ETINE, Emetina, Emet'ia,  Vomitine.
A vegetable alkali, discovered by  M.  Pelle-
tier  in ipecacuanha, and to which it owes its
emetic  power.  It  is obtained from different
ipecacuanhas,  but chiefly from  the psychot'ria
emet'ica, callicoc'ca ipecacuan'ha,  and  viola
emet'ica. It is in transparent scales, of a reddish
brown  colour,  almost  inodorous, of a bitter,
slightly acrid taste; is unchangeable in the air,
soluble  in water and alcohol, and insoluble in
ether.  Three grains of impure emetia or one
grain of pure are equal to 18 of  ipecacuanha.
See Ipecacuanha.
  EMETIQUE,  Antimonium   tartarizatum,
Emetic.
  EMETO-CATHARSIS, see  Emeto-cathar-
tic.
  EM'ETO-CATHAR'TIC,  Em'eto-cathar'ti-
cus, from tutroc,' vomiting,' andxad-xoxixcs, 'a
purgative.'  A remedy, which at the same time
excites  vomiting and purging—Em'eto-cathar'-
sis.
  EMETOL'OGY, Emetolog"ia,Emeticolog"ia,
from tptixoc, 'vomiting,' and  \oyoc, 'a dis-
course.'  A treatise on vomiting, and on eme-
tics.
  EM'INENCE, Eminen'tia, Protuberan'tia,
Ex'oche, Exanthe'ma.  A projection at the sur-
face of a healthy or diseased organ.
  kMINENCE PORTE ANTERIEURE,
Lobulus anonymus—e. Porte postirieure, Lo-
bulus Spigelii—e. Sus-pubienne, Mons veneris.
  kMINENCES  BIGkMINkES, Quadri-
gemina  corpora—e. Latirales, Corpora olivaria 
EMINENTIA               30<
— e. Pyrarnidales, Corpora pyramidalia — e.
Vermiformes du cervelet, Vermiformes proces-
sus.
  EMINENTIA,  Protuberantia—e.  Annula-
ris, Pons varolii—e. Pyramidalis tympani, Py-
ramid.
  EMINENTLE  CANDICANTES,  Mamil-
laryTubercles—e. Lenticulares, Corpora striata
—e. Magna? cerebri, Thalami nervorum optico-
rum—e. Olivares, Corpora  olivaria—e. Pyra-
rnidales, Corpora  pyramidalia — e. Quadrige-
mina?, Quadrigemina tubercula.
  kMISSAIRE, Emunctory.
  EMISSA'RIA SANTORI'NI. A name given
to some small veins, which communicate with
the sinuses of the  dura  mater, by apertures in
the cranium.   Such  are the parietal, posterior
condyloid, mastoid veins, &c.
  EMlSSIO, Emission—e. Seminis, Spermatis-
mus.
  EMIS'SION, Emis'sio, from emittere, (e, and
mittere,) ' to send out,'' drive out.3 The act by
which any matter whatever is thrown  from the
body.  Thus, we say Emission of urine, Emis-
sion of semen,  &c.
  EMMEN'AGOGUES, Emmenago'ga,  Em-
meniago'ga, Ame'nia, from ifA^va, 'the  men-
ses,' and ayw,  'I  drive,'  or 'expel.'   Mm'a-
gogues.  A name given to medicines believed to
have the power of favouring  the  discharge of
the menses.  It is doubtful  whether  there be
any substance which  possesses this power  di-
rectly.   According to different conditions of the
system, the most opposite remedies may act as
emmenagogues.  Black hellebore,  savin, mad-
der, polygala senega, and ergot, are reputed to
be specific  emmenagogues,  The following list
comprises  the chief  of them:—Cunila Pule-
gio'ides; Helleborus Niger; Mentha Pulegium;
Rosmarinus; Rubia;  Sabina; Secale Cornutum;
Senega, and Tanacetum.
  EMMENAGOLOG'TA,  from   E^ia/(„ya,
and Xoyoc, 'discourse.'   A treatise  of emmena-
gogues.
  EMMENIA, Menses.
  EMMENIAGOGA, Emmenagogues.
  EMMENOLOG"IA, from (^r,vx, '  menses,'
and Koyoc, 'a discourse.'  A treatise  on  men-
struation.
  EMMYXIUM ARTICULARE,  Hydrar-
thrus.
  EMOLLIENTIA, Emollients.
  EMOL'LIENTS, Emollien'tia, Malthac'tica,
Relaxan'tia, Epiceras'tica, Malac'tica, Lubri-
can'tia, Malacopce a, Mollien'tia, from  emollire
(e, and mollire, ' to soften.')  Substances wh'ch
relax  and soften parts that are inflamed, or too
tense.   They are used both internally and ex-
ternally: as the former, however, consist of mu-
cilaginous substances, they are generally reck-
oned as demulcents: the  latter, or proper emol-
lients,  consist  of  oils,  cataplasms,   fomenta-
tions, &c. Oleaginous bodies, rubbed on a part,
act  by diminishing its cohesion.  Fomentations'
in cases of internal inflammation, act probably
through contiguous sympathy.  The following
are  the  chief emollients :—Adeps; Amygdala?
Oleum; Avena? Farina; Cera; Oetaceum; Li-
num; Oliva? Oleum; Sesamum ; Tritici Farina
and Ulmus.
  EMOLLITIES, Mollities—e. Morbosa, Mol-
lities—e. Ossium, Mollities ossium—e. Uteri
Morbosa, Hysteromalacia.
4              EMPHYSEMA

   EMOLLITIO, Mollities—e. Ventriculi, Gas-
 tromalacia.
   kMONCTOIRE, Emunctory.
   EMOPTOE, Hcemoptysis.
   EMOTIO, Delirium, Luxation, Passion.
   EMO'TIONAL, from emotio, (e, < from,3 and
 moveo, motus, ' to move.')  Relating to emotion
 or passion independently of the will:—hence an
 ' emotional or instinctive impulse.'
   EMPASMA, Catapasma.
   EMPJTEMENT, from empdter, 'to render
 pasty  or doughy.'  A non-inflammatory en-
 gorgement, which retains, more or less, the im-
 pression of the finger.
   EMPATHE'MA, Ma'nia a pathe'mate, (F.)
 Manie sans dilire; ungovernable passion, from
 iu, or tv,' in,3 and na&og, ' suffering.'—Good.
   EMPEIRIA, Experience.
   EMPETRUM, Herniaria glabra.
   EM PHLYSIS, from £M, or tr,' in,' and tfXviric,
 ' a vesicular tumour or eruption.'  Ich'orous
 Exan'them.  An eruption of vesicular pimples,
 filled progressively with an acrid and colour-
 less, or nearly colourless, fluid; terminating in
 scurf or laminated scabs.  A genus in the order
 Exanthematica, class Hamatica of Good.
   Emphlysis  Aphtha, Aphtha?,  Stomatitis,
 aphthous—e. Erysipelas, Erysipelas—e. Milia-
 ria, Miliary  fever—e.  Pemphigus,  Pemphigus
 —e. Vaccina inserta,  Vaccina-re.  Varicella,
 Varicella.
   EMPHRACTIC, Emphracticns.
   EMPHRACTICA, Physconia.
   EMPHRAC'TICUS, Emphrac'tie, from w-
 crgaTTui, ' I close,' ' I obstruct.'  Emplas'ticus,
 Emplattom'enos.   Any substance which, when
 applied to the skin, closes the pores.
   EMPHRAG'MA, same etymon. Obturamtn'-
 tum, Impedimen'tum. Anything that obstructs.
 Hippocrates uses this term to designate the ob-
 stacle  to delivery on the part of the foetus, when
 the presentation is preternatural.
   Emphrag'ma Lachrymale, Fistula lachry-
 malis—e. Salivare, Ranula.
   EMPHRAX'IS, Obstruc'tio, OUura'tio, Op-
 pila'tio, Infarc'tus, Faretus, Fartns.  Same ety-
 mon.  ' Obstruction.'   An Embarras or reple-
 tion of canals  or cavities  by any substance,
 which is either morbid from quantity or qua-
 lity.
   EMPHYMA,Tumour—e.Encystis, Encystis
 —e. Encystis atheroma, Atheroma—e.  Encys-
 tis ganglion,  Ganglion, Testudo—e. Encystis
 meliceris,  Meliceris — e.  Encystis steatoma,
 Steatoma—e. Exostosis ossea,Exostosis—e.Ex-
 ostosis periostea,  Node—e. Sarcoma, Sarcoma—
 e. Sarcoma adiposum, Adipose sarcoma—e. Sar-
 coma ceilulosum, Cystic sarcoma—e. Sarcoma
 mammarum, Mammary sarcoma—e. Sarcoma
 pancreaticum, Pancreatic sarcoma—e. Sarcoma
 scirrhosum, Scirrhous sarcoma—e. Sarcoma tu-
 berculosum, Tuberculate sarcoma—e. Sarcoma
 vasculosum,  Sarcoma, vascular.
   EMPHYSE'MA, from  tactvo-act, Uv, and
 cpva-xm,' I blow,') ' I inflate.' Inflaiio,Ernvneu-
 matosis, S arci' tes flatuo' sns ,Emphy se' ma cellu-
 la're,  Emphyse'ma pneumatosis, Physon'cus,
 Tumor fialulen'tus, Pneumatosis, (F.) Emphy-
 seme;  Infla'tion, Wind-dropsy.  This term is
 commonly applied to any white, crepitant, shin-
 ing, elastic, indolent tumour,  caused by the in-
 troduction of air  into the cellular texture.  In-
 juries of the larynx, trachea, or lungs; fractures 
EMPHYSkME
305
EMPLASTRUM
of the ribs, or wounds penetrating the chest are
the most frequent causes of this affection, which
is owing to the air escaping from the air-pas-
sages and insinuating itself into the cellular
texture surrounding the wound.  There are some
cases of emphysema, which  are owing to inter-
nal causes; and hence a division has been made
into the  accidental and symptomatic, and the
spontaneous and idiopathic.
  Emphysema Abdominis, Tympanites.
  Emphyse'ma of the Lungs, E. Pulmo'num,
Asthma aereum ab Emphyse'mate Pulmo'num,
Pneumato'sis  Pulmo'num,  P neumonec'tasis,
(F.) Pneumoectasie, Emphyseme du Poumon.
A considerable pressure or contusion of the
chest, or any  violent concussion of  the lung,
may produce a laceration in that viscus, without
injury being done to the parietes of the thorax,
and may give  place to the infiltration of air into
the  cellular texture,  interlobular emphysema.
Laennec has described another species of em-
physema  of the lungs, Vesicular emphysema,
consisting in excessive dilatation of the air-cells,
some of which become as large as hemp-seed,
ultimately break, and give rise to irregular vesi-
cles at the surface of the lung, some of which
are as large as a hazel nut.  Physical Sig?is.
The thorax externally, generally or locally, ap-
pears unnaturally convex and prominent.   The
intercostal spaces  are widened, but depressed.
The inspiratory  efforts are  increased.   The
sound on percussion is morbidly clear, but not
tympanitic.   On auscultation, the  inspiratory
murmur is feeble or suppressed. The expiration,
which is more frequently audible, is prolonged,
laborious and wheezing.  There are no certain
physical signs which can distinguish interlobu-
lar emphysema from the vesicular.
  Emphysema Pectoris,   Pneumothorax—e.
Scroti, Physocele—e. Tympanites, Tympanites
—e. Uteri, Hysterophysis,  Physometra.
  EMPHYSkME, Emphysema— e. du  Pou-
mon, Emphysema of the lungs.
  EMPHYTUM THBRMUM, Biolychnium.
   EMP'IRIC, Emplricus, from t^nttqix, (tr,
and Ttipn, 'a  trial,')  'experience.'  One  who
follows only experience.  A sect of physicians,
who rejected all theory and took for their guide
experience alone.   It was  opposed to the  dog-
matic sect.   The  Empiric sect prevailed till
near the  time of Galen.    Amongst  its  most
eminent members, after Philinus and Serapion,
were Apollonius, Glaucias, Bacchius of Tana-
gra, and Zeuxis,—both disciples of Herophilus,
—Heraclides  of Tarentum, Cleophantus, mas-
ter of Asclepiades, Menodotus of Nicomedia,
and Theudas of Laodicea.  They occupied them-
selves, chiefly, with discovering the properties
of drugs, and did important service, in this man-
ner, to medicine.
  At the present day, the word Empiric is
only taken in a bad sense, being employed in
nearly the same signification as charlatan or
quack.
  EMPIRICE, Empiricism.
  EMPIR'ICISM;  same  etymon.  Emplrica
Ars,  Emplrice, (F.) Empirisme.   Medicine
founded on experience.  It generally, at the
present day, signifies quackery.
  EMPIRISME, Empiricism.
  EMPL AS'TICUS. Same etymon as the next.
Also a remedy,  which adheres as a plaster to
the surface, and in this manner may obstruct
the pores : an emphractic.
  EMPLASTRO-ENDERMIC, Endermic.
  EMPL AS'TRUM, from theGreek, t^nxxxxti),
(tr, and nXaoouv, ' to form,3) ' I spread upon.'
(F.) Empldtre.   A  solid and  tenacious com-
pound, adhesive at the ordinary heat of the hu-
man body.   Some of the plasters owe their con-
sistence to wax and resin; and  others to the
chemical union which takes place between the
semivitreous oxide of  lead and oil.  Most of
them become too  consistent by age.  When
such is the case, they may be re-melted  by a
gentle heat, and oil be added to them.
   Emplastrum Adh^sivum, Emplastrum re-
sinae—e. Adhaesivum Woodstockii,  see Spara-
drapum adhaesivum—e. Alexandri, Alexandrine
—e. de Althaea, Unguentum de Althaea.
   Emplastrum  Ammoni'aci,   Ammonia'cum
Plaster, (Ammoniac, pur. ^v. acidi acetici Oss.
Dissolve the ammoniac  in the vinegar,  and
strain : then evaporate the solution by means of
a  water  bath, stirring constantly until it ac-
quires a proper consistence.—Ph. U. S.)  It is
used as a discutient plaster.
   EmplastrumAmmoni'aci cum Hydrar'gyro,
Ammoniacum plaster with mercury (Ammonia-
ci pur. Ibj, hydrarg. pur. ^iij, olei sulph. £j.
Rub the mercury with the oil  until the glo-
bules  disappear, then add the  ammoniac, pre-
viously melted, and mix.  Ph. L.)
   Emplastrum Andrew de Cruce, E. de pice
et resinis glutinans—e. Anglicum, see Spara-
drapum adhaesivum.
   Emplastrum Aromat'icum, Aromatic Plas-
ter. (Thuris. ,^iij, cera flava §ss, pulv.  cort.
cinnam. ,^vj, ol. ess. piment., ol. ess. Limon.
aa gij. Melt the frankincense and wax together,
and strain; then add, as it cools, the cinnamon,
previously rubbed with the oils, and form a plas-
ter. Ph. Dubl.)  Used as a stimulating plaster.
   Emplastrum AsAva±'TiDte,Asafetidaplaster,
E. antihystericum, (Empl. plumb., Asafat.,
sing. Ibj. Galban., Cera flava aa Ibss. Alcohol.
dilut.  Oiij.  Dissolve the asafcetida and galba-
num in the alcohol, in a water bath, strain while
hot, and evaporate to the consistence of honey;
add the lead plaster and wax previously melted
together, stir the  mixture well, and evaporate
to  the proper consistence.—Ph. U. S.)  Used
as an antispasmodic and anodyne plaster.
   Emplastrum Attrahens, E. cera?—e. Auri-
culare, Hypotium.
   Emplastrum Belladon'n,e, Plaster of Bel-
ladon'na.  (Empl.  resin. §iij, Ext. Belladon.
§iss.  Add the extract to the plaster, previously
melted in a water bath, and mix.—Ph. U. S.)
   Emplastrum Calefa'cif.ns,  E. Picis cum
cantharid?  (Ph.  U. S.,) Calefa'cient plaster,
Warmplaster,(F,)Emplatreichauffant. (Cerat.
cantharid. (Ph. U. S.)  Ibss, Picis abiet. Ibiijss.
Melt together,and form into a plaster. Ph. U.S.)
It is rubefacient and stimulant.
   Emplastrum Cantharidis,E. lyttae—e.Can-
tharidis vesicatorii compositum, E. lyttae comp.
—e. Cephalicum,  E. picis comp.
  Emplastrum Cer^e, E. simplex, Wax plaster,
E. At'trahens.  (Ceraflavx, SeviPrsep. aafbiij,
resinaflavxlbj. Melt them together and strain.
Ph. L.)  It has been considered drawing.  It
is  stimulating.
  Emplastrum Cicu'ta, E. de  Cicu ta, E.
conii macula'ti, Unguen'tum solidumde cicu'- 
EMPLASTRUM CITRINUM
306   EMPLASTRUM NORIMBERGENSE
ta,  Hemlock plaster, (F.) Emplatre de  Cigu'e.
(Re^innp abiet. 960 p.  Cera flav. 640 p.   Pin's
alba, 448 p.   Ol. cicuta per decoct, prfrparat.
128 p.  Fol. cicut. recent. 2000 p.   Melt the
resins, wax and oil; add the cicuta leaves, and
boil;  strain and add, after having dissolved it in
vinegar of squills and cicuta juice, gum ammo-
niac, 500 p.  Ph. Par.)  It is used as a discu-
tient, especially to scirrhous tumours.
  Emplastrum Citrinum, Unguentum de al-
thaea—e. Commune, E.  Plumbi—e. Commune
cum resina, E. resinae—e. Conii, E. cicutae.
  Emplastrum Cumi'ni, Cummin plaster.
(Cumin,  semin., carui sem.,  tauri bacc.  sing.
J,iij, picis aridse lbiij, cerae, flavas 1, iij.  Melt the
pitch and wax  together, then add the other in-
gredients.  Ph. L.)  It is used as a warm, dis-
cutient  plaster.
  Emplastrum  Diachylon,  Diachylon, E.
plumbi—e. Divinum Nicolai, see Magnet—e.
Emolliens, Unguentum de althaea—e. Epispas-
ticum, E. lyttae.
  Emplastrum Ferri, E. rob'orans, Iron Plas-
ter,  Strength'ening Plaster.  (Ferri subcarb.
^iij, Emp. plumbi, tbij, Picis abietis, Ibss.  Add
the subcarbonate of iron to the lead plaster and
Burgundy pitch previously melted together, and
stir constantly until they thicken upon cooling.
—Ph. U. S.)
  Emplastrum Ferri Rubri,  E.  oxidi  ferri
rubri—e. Flavum, Unguentum de althaea—e. ad
Fonticulos, Ceratum Galeni.
  Emplastrum Gal'bani, Galb'anum plaster,
(Empl. litharg.  Tbij,  gum. galban.  Ibss,  cera
Jtava%iv.  Melt the  galbanum before adding
the plaster and wax,  then melt all  together.
Ph. D.)   A stimulant and discutient.
  Emplastrum Gal'bani Compos'itum, E. li-
tkar'gyri compos'itum, Diach'ylon magnum cum
gummi,  Compound galbanum plaster.  (Galb.
pur. ,^viij, Emp. plumbi, lbiij, tereb. vulg. 7x,
abietis resin, contus. §iij.  Melt the galbanum
and turpentine together, then mix in the resin,
and afterwards the plaster, previously melted.
It is stimulant and discutient.
  Emplastrum Glutinosum, see Sparadrapum
adhaesivum—e. cum Gummatibus, E. gummo-
sum.
  Emplastrum Gummo'sum, Gum plaster, Em-
plastrum lithar'gyri cum gummi, E. cum gum-
matibus, E. e gummalibus resino'sis, E. Ox'ydi
Plumbi semivit'rei gummo'sum, Yellow diach'-
ylon, Gum diachylon, Diachylon cum gummi.
(Emp. oxid. plumbi semivitr. p. viii, g. resin.
ammoniac, g.  resin, bubon. galbani, cerae flavse,
aa, p. i.  Ph. E.)  Properties and uses like the
last.
  Emplastrum e Gummatibus Resinosis, E.
gummosum.
  Emplastrum cum Gummi-Resi'nis, (F.) Em-
platre degomme risine, Diachylongommi, Plas-
ter  of gum resins.  (Emplastr. simpl. p.  1600,
cera flava, p. 96, picis alba,x>. 96, terebinth, p.
96. Melt by a  gentle heat, and add gum ammo-
niac, p. 32, bdellium 32, galban. 32, and sagape-
num, p. 32.  Dissolve in a sufficient quantity of
alcohol, evaporate to the consistence of honey,
and mix carefully all together.  Ph.P.) Adiscu-
tient.
  Emplastrum Hydrar'gyri, Mercw'rial plas-
ter,  Emplastr.  lithar'gyri cum hydrar'gyro.
(Hydrarg. purif. pond, ^vj, ol.  oliv., resin, aa
gij, emplast. plumbi, Bj. Melt the oil and resin
together, and when cool rub the mercury with
them till the>globules disappear; then gradually
add the lead plaster, previously melted, and mix
all.   Ph. U.S.)   It is stimulant, resolvent and
discutient.  Applied as a discutient to venereal
and other tumours.
  Emplastrum Hydrar'gyri Compos'itum, E.
de hydrar'gyro compos'itum, E. de Vigo cum
met cu'rio emenda'tum, Compound plaster ofmer' -
cury.  (Empl. simpl. p. 1250, cera flava, p. 64,
resina, p. 64.  Melt, and  before  it congeals
add pulv. g. ammoniac, p. 20, bdellium, p. 20,
oliban. p. 20, myrrh, p. 20, Saffron, p. 12.  Mix
carefully.  Take of mercury, p. 380, pure tur-
pentine, p. 64, liquid and pure  storax, p. 192.
Triturate in  an iron mortar till the globules
disappear: melt all together, and before congeal-
ing add essential oil of Lavender, p. 8.  Pharm.
P.)   The same properties as the last.
  Emplastrum Ichthyocoll^e tex,m inducttjm,
see  Sparadrapum  adhaesivum—e. Irritans, E.
lytta?—e. Lithargyri, E. Plumbi—e.  Lithargyri
compositum, E. galbani compositum—e. Lithar-
gyri cum gummi, E. gummosum—e.  Lithargyri
cum hydrargyro, E. hydrargyri—e.  Lithargyri
cum resinft, E. resinae—e. Lithargyricum cum
resina pini, E. resinae.
  Emplastrum Lyttae, E. canthar'idis, E.can-
tharidis vesicato'rii, Plaster of the Spanish or
blistering fly, Blisteting  Plaster, Fly  Plaster,
E.  meloes vesicato'rii, E.  vesicato'rium, E.
epispas'ticum, E. e cantharid'ibas epispas'tieiem
solid'ius et tena'cius harens, E. irritans, E.
rubefi'a?is.  (Cantharides in powder, Ibj, Emp,
cera Ibiss, adipis. prsep.  Ibj.   Melt the plas-
ter and lard  together, and as the mixture be-
comes thick  on  cooling, sprinkle in the flies,
and  mix.  Pharm. L.)   This is the common
blistering plaster.  Too much heat must not be
used in its preparation.  It  requires to remain
on 6 or 8  hours before its full effect  is induced,
and  it acts sufficiently well, provided even  a
piece of  thin  gauze or  tissue paper be placed
between it and the skin, whilst absorption of
the flies is thus prevented.   See Blister.  The
Blistering Plaster of the Pharmacopoeia of the
United States, Cera'tum Canthar'idis, is made as
follows:—Cantharid. in pulv. subtiliss.,Ibj, cera
flavas, resinae, adipis, Sa, % viij. To the wax, re-
sin,and lard, previously melted, add the Spanish
flies, and stir the mixture constantly until cool.
  Emplastrum  Lytt^; Compos'itum, E. can-
thar'idis  vesicato'rii compos'itum,  E. melo'es
vesicato'rii compositum,  Compound plaster of
cantharides or Spanish flies. (Resin, liq. pini
laricis. p.  18,  resina concret.  pini abietis,
melo'es vesicat. 5a p. 12, cera flava, p. 4, sub-
acet. cupri, p. ij, semin. sinapis alb., fruct. pip.
nigr.  aa. p. j.  Melt the pitch and wax, then
add the  turpentine, and as  these cool sprinkle
in the other substances in the form  of powder,
so as to make a plaster.  Ph. E.)  The same
properties as the last, but  more energetic and
speedy in its action.
   Emplastrum  Meloes Vesicatorii, E. lytta?
—e. Meloes vesicatorii comp., E. lytta? comp.—
e. Mucilaginosum, Unguentum  de  althaea—e.
Nigrum, of Augsburg, see Magnet.
   Emplastrum  Norimbergen'se, E. ex ox'ido
plumbi rubro camphor a1 turn, Emplatre de Nurem-
berg, Nuremberg plaster.  (Oxid.plumb, rubr. p.
300, ol. oliv. p. 600, aqua, q. s.  Boil until the
oxide is dissolved, and  almost to dryness.  Re- 
EMPLASTRUM NYGMATICUM     307
EMPTOICA
move the vessel from the fire and add, yellow
wax, p. 500.  Put the vessel again on the fire,
and after the wax is melted, add, before it con-
geals, camphor, p. 24: mix.  Ph. P.)  It is con-
sidered a desiccative, and has been employed in
gangrene.
  Emplastrum Nygmaticum, E.  resinae.
  Emplastrum Opii, O'pium Plaster.  (Opii in
pulv. ^ij, Picis abiet. ^iij ; emplastr. plumbi Ibj,
aq.  bullient.  f. %iv. ' Melt together  the lead
plaster and Burgundy pitch; then add the opium
previously mixed with the water, and boil over
a gentle fire to the proper consistence.—Ph.
U. S.)  It is employed as an anodyne, and to
give support.
  Emplastrum Ox'idi Ferri Rubri, E. Ferri
rubri, E. Rob'orans, Plaster of red oxide of iron,
Strengthening plaster.   (Empl.  oxid. plumb.
se/mivitr. p. xxiv, resinae pin. p. vi, cerae flavae,
olei oleae Europ. sing. p. iij, oxidi ferri rubr. p.
viij.  Rub the  red oxide of iron with the oil,
and add the other ingredients melted.  Ph. E.)
It is employed as a strengthening plaster.
  Emplastrum ex Oxido plumbi semivitreo,
E.  plumbi — e.  Oxidi plumbi semivitrei,  E.
plumbi—e.  Oxidi plumbi  semivitrei  gummo-
sum, E. gummosum.
  Emplastrum  Phceniceum, Diapalma—e. ex
Oxido plumbi rubro compositum,  E. Norimber-
gense.
  Emplastrum  Picis Compos'itum,  E. picis
Burgun'dicas, E. cephal'icum, Cephalic plaster,
Compound pitch plaster.   (Picis arid. Tbij,
abietis  resinae  Ibj,  resinae  flavae, ceras flava?,
lo, ^iv,  myrist. ol. ^j, ol. oliv. aqua, aa f. ,^ij.
To the  pitch, resin, and wax, melted together,
add the other matters and  mix. Ph. L.)   It is
stimulant and rubefacient.  Sometimes used in
headache,—applied to the temples.
  Emplastrum  de Pice et Resi'nis  Glu'ti-
nans, E. Andrea de Cruce, Emplatre d'Andri
de la Croix, E. collant de poix et  de  risines.
Adhesive plaster of pitch and  resins.  (Picis
alba, xi. 128, resin elemi p. 32, terebinth, pur.
p. 16, ol. la.ur. p. 16.  Melt with a gentle heat,
and pass through linen.  Ph. P.)  Used in con-
tusions and fractures as a support.
  Emplastrum Plumbi, E. lythar'gyri, E. com-
munis, E. diachylum, E. oxidi plumbi semivi-
trei, E. ex oxido plumbi  semivitreo, Diach'-
ylon simplex, White Diach'ylon,  Lead plaster,
Diach'ylon  plaster.  (Plumbi  oxid.  semivitr.
in pulv. Ibv, olei oliv., Oviij, aqua Oij.   Boil
together over a slow fire,  stirring const'tntly
until the oil and oxide of lead cohere. Ph. U.S.)
  Emplastrum Polychrestum, E. resinae.
  Emplastrum  Resi'nx, E. adhceslvum,  E.
lithar'gyri cum resi'nd, E.  resino'sum, E. nyg-
maticum, Resin plaster, Adhe'sive or Sticking
plaster, Emplastrum commn'nt  cum resi'nd,  E.
Polychres'tum, E. lithargyricum cum resina
■pini.    (Resin, flav.  Ibss,  emp.  plumb.  lbiij.
Melt the  plaster, with a gentle  heat,  add the
resin,  and mix.  Ph. U.  S.)   Employed  in
wounds and ulcers.
  Emplastrum Resinosum, E. Resinae—e. Ro-
borans, E. Ferri (Ph. U. S.), E. oxidi ferri rubri
—e. Rubefians, E. lyttae.
  Emplastrum Sapo'nis, E. sapona'ceum, Soap
plaster.  (Saponis concis. Boss,  emplast. plumb.
lbiij.  Mix the soap with the melted plaster, and
boil to a proper consistence. Ph. U.S.) It is a
mild discutient.  Applied to tumours, corns, &c.
  Emplastrum Simplex, E. cerae—e. Sperma-
tis ceti, Ceratum cetacei.
  Emplastrum Thuris, Frankincense plaster.
(Emp. lithargyri, Ibij, thuris, Ibss, oxid. ferri.
rubr. giij. Ph. D.,) Use :—the  same as the
plaster of red oxide of iron.
  Emplastrum VESiCATORiuM,Blister,E.lyttae
—e. de Vigo cum mercurio emendatum, E. hy-
drargyri compositum.
  EMPLATRE, Emplastrum—e. d'Andri d»
la Croix, Emplastrum de pice et resinis gluti-
nans—e. de Cigu'e, Emplastrum cicuta?—e. Col-
lant de poix et de risines, Emplastrum de pice
et resinis glutinans—e. de Gomme risine, Em-
plastrum cum gummi-resinis—e. de Nuremberg,
Emplastrum Norimbergense.
  EMPLATTOMENOS, Emphracticus.
  EMPNEUMATOSIS, Emphysema, Inspira-
tion.
  EMPOISONNEMENT, Poisoning.
  EMPO'RIUM, tjutoqtov,(t/a OX iv, and rroqog,)
'a market or depot.'  The brain was so called,
of old, because there all the mental affairs are
transacted.
  Emporium Spirituum, Sensorium.
  EMPOSIS, Imbibition.
  EMPREINTE, Impression.
  EMPRESIS, Empresma.
  EMPRES'MA, Empres'mus, Empre'sis,from
tfi-rqrida,  'I burn  internally.'  Inflammation.
Phlegma'tise membrano'sa et parenchymal'sa,
Pklogis'tici, Febres continua inflammato'ria,
Inflamma'tio inter'na, Cau'rna, Inter'nal inflam-
mation.  A genus  in the class haematica, order
phlogotica, of Good.
  Empresma Bronchitis, Cynanche trachealis
—e. Bronchlemmitis, Cynanche  trachealis—e.
Carditis, Carditis—e. Cephalitis, Phrenitis—e.
Cystitis, Cystitis—e. Enteritis, Enteritis—e.
Gastritis, Gastritis—e. Hepatitis, Hepatitis—e.
Hysteritis, Metritis—e. Nephritis, Nephritis—
e. Orchitis, Hernia humoralis—e. Otitis, Otitis
—e.  Paristhmitis,  Cynanche—e. Paristhmitis
tonsillaris maligna, Cynanche maligna—e. Pa-
risthmitis pharyngea, Cynanche  parotidaea—e.
Paristhmitis tonsillaris, Cynanche tonsillaris—
e. Parotitis, Cynanche parotidaea—e. Peritonitis,
Peritonitis—e. Peritonitis mesenterica, Mesen-
teritis—e.  Peritonitis omentalis, Epiploitis—e.
Picis cum Cantharide, E. calefaciens—e. Pleu-
ritis, Pleuritis—e.Pleuritis diaphragmatica,Di-
aphragmitis—e. Pneumonitis, Pneumonia—e.
Splenitis, Splenitis.
  EMPRESMUS, Empresma.
  EM'PRION, from t«, and vrqtmv, 'a saw,'
'serrated.'  Galen  has given this name to the
pulse, when the sensation  produced by the
artery under the fingers is analogous to that
which would be caused by the unequal teeth of
a saw.
  EMPROSTHOCYRTOMA, Lordosis.
  EMPROSTHOT'ONOS, Emprosthoton'ia,
Enta'sia tet'anus  anticus, Tetanus  anticus,
from  t^'rrqic9t\,  'forwards,'  and tuvu,  'I
stretch,3' I  extend.3  A variety of tetanus, in
which the body is  drawn forwards by the per-
manent contraction of the muscles.
  EMPSYCHO'SIS, from  t^v^a,  («■,  and
WvXr], ' life,3) ' I animate,3 ' I vivify.3  A word
formerly used  for  the act of animating.  The
union of the soul with the body.
  EMPTOE, Haemoptysis.
  EMPTOICA PASSIO, Haemoptysis. 
EMPTYSIS
308
EMULSION
  EMPTYSIS, Haemoptysis.
  EMPTYSMA, Sputum.
  EMPYE, Empyema.
  EMPYEMA, Empye'sis, Em'pye,  from iv,
' in,3 and nvov,' pus.3  Aposte'ma empye'ma. A
collection  of blood or pus, and, conventionally,
of other fluid, in some cavity of the body, and
particularly in that of the pleura.   Empyema
is  one  of  the terminations of inflammation of
the pleura, and is called, also, Pyotho'rax verus,
Pleurorrha'a purulen'ta, Diapye'ma,  Ecpye'-
ma, Ecpye'sis,Empye'sis pec'toris, Pyo'sis pec'-
toris, Hydrotho'rax purulen'tus, Dyspnce'a pyo-
thorac'ica, Pneumo'nia suppuraio'ria, Absces'-
sus pec'toris,  A.  Thora'cis, Pleuraposte'ma,
Pleuropye'sis, (F.) Pyopleurite.  The opera-
tion for empyema properly means the making
of an opening into  the  thorax for the  purpose
of giving  issue to the matter collected in the
cavity  of the pleura, although it has been used
for the operation required for the evacuation of
any fluid from the chest, or synonymously with
Paracentesis thoracis.
  EMPYE'SIS;  same  etymon.  Suppuration.
An eruption of  phlegmonous pimples, gradu-
ally filling with a  purulent  fluid,  and termi-
nating  in thick scabs, frequently leaving pits or
scabs.   Pus'tulous  Exan'them.   A genus in
the order  Exanthematica,  class Hamatica of
Good.  See Empyema.
  Empyesis Oculi, Hypopyon—e. Pectoris,
Empyema—e. Variola, Variola.
  EMPYMELIUM POLYSARCIA, Polysar-J
cia adiposa.
  EMPYOCE'LE,  from iv, 'in,' srusv, 'pus,3
and xr,Xr],' tumour,'' hernia.'  A tumour, form-
ed by an accumulation of pus in the scrotum.
Different diseases have been described under
this name, such as suppuration of the testicle,
empyema of the tunica vaginalis, accumulation
of pus in the cavity of a hernial sac, abscesses
of different kinds formed in the cellular texture
of the scrotum, &c.
  EMPYOM'PHALUS, from «i-,  'in,' «r,,e»,
'pus,'  and o/jlqxkoc, 'the navel.3   This word
has been used to designate  a suppurating tu-
mour at the umbilicus; or, at times, umbilical
hernia, the sac of which is filled with blood.
  EMPYOS, Purulent.
  EMPYREU'MA,from tpirvqiva, (tr, and wq,
' fire,3) ' I  kindle.'   The burnt smell and acrid
taste, which volatile products—gaseous and li-
quid—contract, when animal or vegetable sub-
stances are decomposed with a strong heat.
The cause of this smell is seated in an oil, call-
ed empyreumatic, which does not exist in the
substance  subjected to the operation, but is the
result of its decomposition.  If the empyreuma
occurs when the organic substance is placed in
a  still with a liquid, it is  owing to the  solid
matter touching the bottom of the vessel to
which  the fire is applied.
  EMP YREUMAT'IC,  Empyreumat'icus:
same etymon.   Belonging to empyreuma,—as
an empyreumatic odour.
   EM'PYROS, Febric'itans, from -rrv^, 'fire or
fever.3  One who has fever.—Hippocrates.
  EMS, MINERAL WATERS  OF.   Cele-
brated springs on  the  river Lahn, duchy of
Nassau.   They are thermal (from 83  to 115°
Fahr.,) and carbonated salines,  containing car-
bonic acid, bicarbonate of soda, and  chloride of
sodium;  and are much used in gastric and in-
testinal affections, &c.
  EMUL'GENT, Emulgens, from emulgere,(e,
and mulgere,)  ' to milk out,3' to draw out.'  A
name given to the renal artery and vein, be-
cause the ancients imagined they milked, as it
were, the urine through the kidneys.  See Re-
nal.
  EMULSIO, Emulsion; same etymon.  A
pharmaceutical preparation, of a milky-white
opake  appearance, which  is composed of oil,
divided and held in  suspension in water by
means of mucilage.  Emulsions have been di-
vided into the  true and oily, and into the false
or not oily; the  latter being  composed of re-
sinous substances, balsams, or  camphor, rub-
bed up with dilute alcohol, mucilage, or yolk
of egg.
  Emulsio Aca'cije Arab'iCjE,  Emul'sio
Arabica ; Gum Ar'abic Emulsion.   (Nucleor
amygd. comm. ^j, aqua Tfiijss, mucilag. acac.
31J,  sacch. giv.  While beating the decorti-
cated almonds with the sugar  and water, add
the mucilage.—Ph. E.)   Used in the same
cases as the last.
  Emulsio Amyg'dal^e, Lac amyg'dala, Emul'-
sio simplex, Amygdala'turn, Mistu'ra amygda-
la, Emulsio sive  Lac Amygdala'rum, Almond
Emulsion, Almond Milk, (F.)  Lait d'amandes.
(Amygdal. dulc.  j^ss; Acacia, in pulv. %^ss;
Sacchar. ^ij; Aqua destillat. f. ,^viij.  Mace-
rate the almonds in water, and  having removed
their  external coat, beat them with the gum
Arabic and sugar, in a marble  mortar, till they
are thoroughly mixed:  then  rub the mixture
with the distilled water gradually added, and
strain.—Ph. U. S.)  It is used as a diluent and
demulcent.
  Emulsio Antihysterica, Mistura asafoetida?
—e. Arabica,  Emulsio acacia?  Arabica?.
  Emulsio Cam'phor.e, E. Camphora'ta, Mis-
tu'ra Camphora ; Camphor Emulsion. (Cam-
phora Qj, amygd. com. decortic, sacch. dur., ;i;i
£iv, aqua ^vj.—Ph.  E.)   A convenient form
for giving camphor.
  Emulsio Guaiacina, Mistura guaiaci—e. Le-
niens, Looch ex ovo.
  Emulsio O'lei  Amygdala'rum; Emulsion of
Oil of Almonds  (Ol. amygd. ^j, gum acac.
pulv. gij, syrup. %j, aqua destill. |iv. Mix.) A
good pectoral  or cough mixture.
  Emulsio O'lei  Ric''ini;  Castor Oil Emulsion
(Ol. ricini gss, vitelli ovi q. s., aqua destillat.
§j.)   An aperient draught.
  Emulsio O'lei  Terebin'thins; Emulsion of
Oil of Turpentine. (Ol. tereb. red. Qij, sacch.
alb. ^ss, vilell. ovi j, emuls. amygd. vel aqua
destillat. %vy  Mix.)  In rheumatic and nephri-
tic affections.   Dose f. t^iss.
  Emulsio Oleosa, Looch ex ovo.
  Emulsio  Purgans  cum  Jala'p^e  Resi'na,
Purging Emulsion with Resin of Jalap. (Ja-
lapa resin, gr. xij. sacch. alb. s;ij.   Triturate
for some time, and add gradually half the yolk
of an egg:  continue to triturate, adding by de-
grees emuls. simpl. ^v, aq. fior. aurant. 3ij-—
Ph. P.)
   Emulsio Purgans cum Scammo'nio; Purging
Emulsion  with  Scammony.   It is  prepared
like the preceding, substituting only Scammony
for the jalap.
   Emulsio Simplex,  E. Amygdalae.
   EMULSION, Emulsio—e. Almond, Emulsio 
EMULSIVE               309           ENCEPHALOCELE
amygdalae—e. Camphor, Emulsio Camphora?—
e. Castor oil,  Emulsio  olei ricini—e.  Gum
Arabic, Emulsio acacia? Arabica?—e. Huileuse,
Looch ex ovo—e. of Oil of Almonds, Emulsio
crlei  amygdalarum—e. of Oil  of  turpentine,
Emulsio olei  terebinthina?—e.  Purging  with
resin of jalap, Emulsio purgans cum jalapae re-
sina—e.  Purging, with  scammony, Emulsio
purgans cum scammonio.
  EMULSIVE,  Emulsi'vus;  same etymon.
An epithet given to seeds whence  oil may be
extracted by  expression; such as almonds, apri-
cots,  peaches,  hemp,  rape,  melons, gourds;
those of the nut  kind, and cucurbitaceous and
cruciferous plants in general.
  EMUNCTORIUM, Emunctory—e. Cerebri,
Nasus.
  EMUNCTORY, Emuncto'rium, from emun-
gere, (e and muugere,) 'to drain off,'' to cleanse.'
Emissa'rium,  (F.)  kmonctoire,  Emissaire.
Any organ whose office it is to give issue to
matters which ought to be excreted.   The an-
cients believed  that  some  organs were  more
particularly destined to serve as emunctories of
others : the nasal fossae, for example, they be-
lieved to be the  emunctories of the brain.
  EMUNDANTIA, Detergents.
  EMYS PALUS'TRIS, Salt Water Ter'rapin.
This  species  of turtle is found exclusively in
salt  or brackish  waters, near the sea  shore,
along  the whole Atlantic coast.   It is much
prized by the epicure, and  is nutritious and
tolerably easy of digestion when dressed plain.
  EN, see Em.
  ENADELPHIA, Embditement.
  EN^EMA,  Haemostatica.
  EN^EMON, Styptic.
  EN^EOREMA, from tv, ' in,' and  ataqta,
'  I lift up,' ' that which  hangs or floats in.'
The  Neph'ele, Nubes, Sublimamen'tum, Subli-
ma'tio, Sublime, Suspen'sum, S. Uri'na, Sus-
pen'sa, Nubec'ula or cloud, which is suspended
in the urine as it cools.
  ENAMEL OF  THE  TEETH,  Den'tium
Nitor, Cortex, Cortex stria'ta, Substantia fila-
mento'sa of Malpighi, S. Adaman'tina den'tium,
Crusta Den'tium adaman'tina.  The substance
which covers the  corona? of the teeth,  and
which has, also, been called the vitreous sub-
stance, Substan'tiavit'rea, (F.) Substance vitrie
ou imaillie, Email des Dents.  The  enamel is
of a milky-white colour, and sufficiently hard
to strike fire with  steel.  Its surface is very
smooth and  polished, and  it forms a thicker
layer towards the part where the  teeth come
in contact, and  becomes  thinner towards the
cervix. The fibres  of  the enamel are perpen-
dicular to the surface of the teeth, on  the ivory
of which they seem, as it were, planted.   This
gives them a velvety  appearance, when exa-
mined by the  microscope.   The enamel has no
blood vessels, and is not renewed when removed.
It is  formed of phosphate of lime, and a very
small portion of animal matter.
  ENANTHE MA, same etymon  as  the next.
A name recently given to certain eruptions of
the mucous membrane, as exanthema  is to cer-
tain eruptions of the skin.
  ENANTHE'SIS, from tv, ' in,' and  x.vfiia, ' I
flourish.'  Rash exan'them.   Eruption of red,
level or nearly level patches, variously figured.
irregularly diffused, often confluent, and termi-,
nating in cuticular  exfoliations.   A  genus in ]
the order Exanthematica, ('lass Hamatica of
Cullen, including scarlet fever, measles, &c.
  Ena.xthesis Rosalia, Scarlatina—e. Urtica-
ria, Urticaria.
  ENANTIOPATHIC, Palliative.
  ENARTHRO'SIS, Inarticula'tio, Ball  and
Socket-joint, from tv, ' in,' and agd^aotc, 'an ar-
ticulation.'  A kind of diarthrodial articulation,
in which the head  of a bone is received  into
the cavity of another, and can be moved in all
directions.  The joint of the os femoris with
the os-innominatum is one of this character.
  ENAR'THRUM, from tv, ' in,3 and apfipor, 'a
joint.'  A foreign body in a joint.
  ENAUSMA, Fomites.
  ENCAN'THIS, from tv,' in,3 and «bAc, ' the
angle of the eye.3  A tumour, formed by an in-
crease in size, or a  degeneration of the carun-
cula lachrymalis.  Any morbid  growth in the
inner angle of the eye.
  Encanthis Benig'na.  Simple excrescence of
the caruncula. It commonly yields to astringent
collyria.
  Encanthis Funro'sa.  A condition of the
semilunar fold and lachrymal caruncle, in which
they are the seat of morbid growths.
  Encanthis Inflammato'ria.  Inflammation
with enlargement—swelling—of the semilunar
fold and lachrymal caruncle.
  Encanthis Malig'na has often  a cancerous
character, and requires extirpation before it has
attained any considerable size.
  ENCARPOS, Pregnant.
  ENCASING,  Embditement.
  ENCATALEPSIS, Catalepsy.
  ENCATH1SMA, Semicu'pium.  With the
ancients Encathis'ma, tyxctSia/^a, meant a va-
pour bath taken  sitting.
  ENCAUMA,  from tr, 'in,3  and «»u», 'I
burn.3  Epicau'mis, Epicau'sis, Enc.au'sis. A
tumour produced by a burn.  A burn.  Also,
an ulcer of the transparent cornea, occasioning
loss of the humours.—Aetius, Gorraeus.
  ENCAUSIS, Burn, Encauma, Moxibustion.
  ENCAUSSE,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Encausse is  a village in  the  department of the
Haute-Garonne, which possesses several saline,
acidulous springs.
  ENCAVURE, Argema.
  ENCEINTE, Pregnant.
  ENCENS, Juniperus lycia.
  ENCEPHALALGIA,  Cephalalgia—e. Hy-
dropica, Hydrocephalus internus.
  ENCEPHALIC,  Encephalicus,  from  tv,
'in,3 and xt(p*Xn, 'the head.3  That which is
situate in the head.  A name given to several
parts which relate to the encephalon, as the en-
cephalic membranes, muscles, &c.
  ENCEPHALI'TIS:   same  etymon.  This
term  has been used, by some Nosologists, sy-
nonymously with Cephalitis  and Phrenitis.
By others, it has been appropriated to inflamma-
tion of the brain, in  contradistinction to that of
the membranes.
  Encephalitis Exsudatoria, Hydrocephalus
internus—e. Infantum, Hydrocephalus internus
— e. Insolationis, Coup-de-soleil—e. Membra-
nosa, Meningitis—e. Peripherica, Meningitis—
e. Potatorum, Delirium tremens.
  ENCEPHALIUM, Cerebellum.
  ENCEPHALOCE'LP, from *vxtiraXoY,cthe
brain,3 and *>,\»;, 'a tumour.3  Hernia Cer'ebri,
Fungus  Cerebri, Cranioce I', Heril.a  of the 
ENCEPHAL0CHYS1S          310              ENCYMOSIA
 Brain.  This may be a congenital or accidental
 affection.  In the former case, it is dependent
 upon  tardy ossification  of  the  fontanelles  or
 some  faulty conformation.  In the latter, it is
 owing to some considerable loss of substance in
 the parietes of the cranium, produced by frac-
 tures, wounds with a cutting instrument, caries,
 the application of the trephine, &c.  In  slight
 congenital encephalocele, gentle pressure may
 be exerted upon the protruded portion.  When
 the disease is  of considerable extent, it is fatal.
 In accidental encephalocele, similar  means
 must be used for confining the tumour, and pre-
 serving it from the action of external bodies.
   ENCEPHALOCHYSIS, Hydrocephalus in-
 ternus—e. Senilis, Apoplexy, serous.
   ENCEPHALODYNIA, Cephalalgia.
   ENCEPHALOHiEMlA, Cephalohaemia.
   ENCkPHALOHEMIE, Cephalaemia.
   ENCEPH'ALOID,  Encephaloides,   Ceph'-
 aloid, Cephalo'ides, Cephalo'ma, from tyxtipaXov,
 ' the brain,3 and nSog,' resemblance.3  Laennec
 has given the term Enceph'aloid or Cer'ebriform
 matter to  one of  the morbid substances com-
 monly formed by scirrhous or cancerous tumours.
 It is either encysted, in irregular masses with-
 out cysts, or infiltrated into the texture of the
 diseased organ.  This  name was given to it  in
 consequence of its resemblance, when fully de-
 veloped, to the  medullary   substance of the
 brain.  It  is also called Fungus medulla'ris,
 F. Cancro'sus medulla'ris, Sarco'mamedulla're,
 Spongoid  inflammation,  Fungus cerebra'iis,
 Cancer-cerebrifor'mc, Cancer mollis, C. Medul-
 la'ris, Carcino'ma medulla!re, C. Spongio'sum,
 Carci'nus spongio'sus, Myelo'ma, Myelomy'ces,
 Myelospon'gus,  Tela accidenta'lis medulla'ris,
 (F.) Matiire  cirebriforme, Carcinome mou  et
 spongeux, Tumeur encephalo'ide, Fongus medul-
 laire, Carcinome sanglante, Cancer mou; Milt-
 like, tumour,  Med'ullary sarcoma,  Cel'lular
 cancer, Fungoid  disease, Hamatocerebriform
 disease.  See Cancer.
   Encephaloid  Tumour of  the Lung, Phthi-
 sis, cancerous.
   ENCEPHALOLOCI A; from tyxt ipaXog,' the
 encephalon,' and Xoyog, 'a description.'   A de-
 scription of the encephalon.
  ENCEPHALOMALACIA,Mollitiescerebri.
  ENCEPHALOMALAXIS,Mollitiescerebri.
  ENCEPH'ALON ,Enceph'alum,Enceph'alus,
 from tv,  'in,'  and xtqaXrj, 'the head.'   That
 which  is  situate  in  the head.   This name has
 generally been given to the  brain, cerebellum,
 and mesocephalon.   At times, it includes like-
 wise the medulla spinalis, when it is also called
 the Cer'ebro-spinal axis.
  ENCEPHALOPATHI'A,   from  tyxtoaXog,
 ' the encephalon,' and na8og, ' disease.'  A dis-
 ease of the encephalon.
  Encephalopathy Puerperalis, Mania,
 puerperal—e. Saturnina,  see  Enciphalopathie
 saturnine.
  ENCEPHALOPATHIE CRAPULEUSE,
Delirium tremens.
  ENCkPHALOPATHIE   SATURNINE,
Encephalopathla Saturnina, from  tyxtyaXog
k the encephalon,' na&og,'disease,' and Saturnus,
' lead.3  Encephalic disorder occasioned by the
poison  of lead.
  ENCEPHALOPHY'MATA,  Phymato'ses
seu Strumo'ses seu Tuber'cula cer'ebri.  Tu-
bercles of the brain.
   ENCEPHALOPHTHISIS,  see  Encephalo-
 pyosis.
   ENCEPHALOPYO'SIS,fromEyxe*aJto?,«the
 brain,' and  nvov,  ' pus.'   Aposte'ma seu Ab-
 sces'sus seu  Helco'sis cer'ebri.   Suppuration of
 the brain. When accompanied with emaciation
 and hectic, it is called Encephalophthl'sis.
   ENCEPHALORRHAGIA, see Apoplexy.
   ENCEPHALOSCOPIA, Craniology.
   ENCEPHALOSEPSIS, Mollities cerebri.
   ENCEPHALOSIS OF THE LIVER, Hepa-
 toscirrhus.
   ENCEPHALOSISMUS, Concussion of the
 brain.
   ENCEPHALOSTRUMOSIS,  see  Hydroce-
 phalus internus.
   ENCEPHALUM,  Encephalon.
   ENCEPHALUS OPISTHIUS, Cerebellum.
   ENCEROSIS, Inceration.
   ENCHARAXIS, Scarification.
   ENCHEIRE'SIS,  Enchire'sis,  Enchelria,
 from tv, and xc'Q> 'the hand.'  Galen uses this
 term as a part of the title to one of his works,
 which treats of dissection.  It means the manual
 treatment of any subject.
   ENCHEIRIA, Encheiresis.
   ENCHIFRENEMENT, Coryza.
   ENCHIRESIS, Encheiresis.
   ENCHONDROMA, Chondroma.
   ENCHORIONOSUS, Endemic.
   ENCHORIOS, Endemic.
   ENCHRISTON, Liniment.
   ENCHYLOSIS, Extraction.
   ENCHYMA,  Infusum, Plethora.
   ENCHYMO'MA, Enchymo'sis, from tv, and
 Xvw,  ' I pour.'  By the ancients, this word was
 used  to designate the sudden effusion of blood
 into the cutaneous vessels  which arises from
 joy, anger, or shame; in the last instance con-
 stituting blushing.  It differs from enchymosis
 in there being,  in the latter, extravasation of
 blood  into the cellular texture,  and  its being
 produced by an external cause; a contusion, for
 example.—Hippocrates.
   ENCHYSIS, Infusion.
   ENCLAVkE, Wedged.
   ENCLAVEMENT, see Wedged.
   ENCLUME, Incus.
   ENCLYDAS'TICOS, intus fluc'tuans, from
 tyxXvSaLouai,  'to float in.'   Applied to liquids,
 e. g.  to  serum, pus, &c, contained in  any
 cavity.
   ENCLYSMA, Clyster, Enema.
   ENCCE'LIA, from  tv,  ' in,' and xoiXia, 'the
 belly.'   The abdominal  viscera.    The  en-
 trails.
   ENCGELIALGIA, Tormina—e. Inflammato-
 ria, Encoelitis.
   ENCOELI'TIS, Encalii'tis, Encalialgia in-
flammato'ria,  Inflamma'tio  abdomina'lis, from
 tyxotXta, ' the abdominal contents,3 and itis, in-
 flammation.   Inflammation of any of the abdo-
 minal viscera.
   ENCOLPISMUS, from tv, ' in,3 and xoi.noc,
 'the vagina.3  Injection or introduction of any
 thing into the vagina.
   ENCOPE, Diacope, Incision.
   ENCRANION, Cerebellum.
   ENCRANIS, Cerebellum.
   ENCRE, Atramentum.
   ENCYESIS, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
   ENCYMON, Pregnancy.
   ENCYMOSIA, Fecundation, Pregnancy. 
ENCYSIS
311
ENDUIT
  ENCYSIS, Pregnancy.
  ENCYST'ED, Cystlde obduc'tus, Sacca'tus.
Enclosed in a kyst or cyst;  from tv, 'in,3 and
xvoxig, ' bladder.3  (F.) Enkysti.  An epithet
given to certain  tumours, or solid or fluid  col-
lections enclosed in  a particular envelope or
cyst.   They are  movable and often elastic to
the touch.
  ENCYS'TIS, Tumor tunica'tus, T. cys'ticus,
Emphy'ma encys'tis.  Same  etymon.   Lu'pia,
Glan'dula  Avicen'na, Nodus.  An encysted
tumour.
  ENDAN'GIUM; properly Endangi'on, from
tvSov, 'within,3  and uyytiov, 'a  vessel.3   The
serous or lining membrane of vessels.
  ENDEICTICOS, Indicant.
  ENDEIXIOL'OGY,  Endeixiolog'ia,  from
tvSuzic, '.indication,3 and Xoyog,  'a discourse.3
The doctrine of indications.
  ENDEIXIS, Indication.
  ENDEMIA, Endemic.
  ENDEM'IC, Endemical, Ende'mia, Regio-
na'lis morbus, Endemicus,  from tv, 'in,3 and
Stj/u.0;, ' the  people;'  Encho'rios, Enchorion'-
osus,  Vernac'ulus seu endemius mor'bus, En-
demy.  A disease is said to be  endemic or to
arise fxomendemic"ity,(F.)endimi.iti,vihen it is
owing to some peculiarity in  a situation or local-
ity.   Thus, ague is endemic in marshy countries;
goitre at  the base of lofty  mountains,  &c.
Some authors use the term in the same sense
as epidemic.  We have no accurate knowledge
of  the  emanations  or  other circumstances,
which give occasion to endemic affections.  We
seem to know that some emanation from marshy
lands  does  produce intermittent; but we are
ignorant of the nature of such emanation.
   ENDEM1CITE,  see Endemic.
   ENDEMIOL'OGY, Endemiolog'ia, from tv-
Siiftix, ' an endemic,' and Xoyog, ' a discourse.3
The doctrine of endemic diseases.
   ENDEMY, Endemic.
   ENDEPIDERMIS, Epithelium.
   ENDERMIC, Ender'micus, Endermat'icus,
 Emplas'tro-enderm'ic, from  tv, '  in,3 and Ste./a.a,
' the skin.3  An epithet given to the method  of
 treating diseases by placing the therapeutical
agent in contact with the skin, especially after
 the  cuticle has been removed;  Endermism,
 Endermis'mus,  Endermo'sis, Meth'odus ender'-
 mica  seu  endermatica.  Morphia, strychnia,
 &c, are often administered in this way.
   ENDERMIS, see Endermic.
   ENDERMISMUS, see Endermic.
   ENDERMOSIS, see Endermic,
   EN'DESIS, from a, ' in,3 and Stu,' I bind.'
 A ligature, bandage, connexion.  Hippocrates
 has  so termed the ankle-joint.
   ENDIVE,  Cichorium endivia—e. Wild, Ci-
 chorium intybus.
   ENDIVIA, Cichorium endivia.
   ENDIXIS, Indication.
   ENDO, from tvSoi, 'within.'  A   common
 prefix, as in the following terms:
   ENDO-AORTI'TIS, from tvSov,' within,' and
 aortitis, ' inflammation of the aorta.3  Inflam-
 mation of the lining membrane of the aorta.
   ENDO-ARTERITIS, see Arteritis.
   ENDOCAR'DIAC, Endocardial,  Endocar-
 di'acus:  same etymon as the next.  Relating
 to the endocardium;  as ' endocardiac  sound or
 murmur,'—a sound produced  within the  cavi-
 ties of the heart, in contradistinction to exocar-
diac, or exocardial sounds or murmurs, which
are induced  by conditions of the external  sur-
face of the organ.
  ENDOCARDI'TIS, Carditis inter'na, In-
flamma'tio superflc'iei inter'na cordis, Internal
Carditis, Inflammation of the internal mem-
brane of the  heart, from Endocardium, the
lining membrane of the heart, and itis, inflam-
mation.   Inflammation of the lining membrane
of the heart.  In this disease, the heart's action
is  visibly increased, and very manifest to the
touch;  the  hand is strongly  repelled,  and, at
moments, is sensible of a trembling vibratory
motion.  Percussion gives a dull sound over a
surface of several inches, owing, according to
Bouillaud, to  the inflammatory turgescence of
the heart, and the engorged state of its cavities.
On auscultation, a bruit de soufflet is generally
heard, masking one or both sounds of the heart;
and the ear is  sensible  of a  metallic ringing
with each systole of the ventricle.  The pulsa-
tions are rapid as well as strong, and, with few
exceptions,  irregular, unequal and intermittent.
The pulse,  by the way, does not always  indi-
cate the force or number of the heart's contrac-
tions.
   ENDOCAR'DIUM, from ivSov, ' within,' and
 xa^Stx, ' the heart.'  The membrane that  lines
 the interior of the heart.
   ENDOCOLITIS, Dysentery.
   ENDODONTICS, (F.) Inflammation de la
 Pulpe dentaire, Inflammation of the Dental mem-
 brane, from tvSov, 'within,' oSqvc, 'a tooth,' and
 itis, denoting  inflammation.  Inflammation of
 the lining membrane of a tooth.
   ENDO-ENTERITIS, see Enteritis.
   ENDOGASTRI'TIS, Esogastri'tis ; from tv-
 Sov, ' within,' and gastritis, ' inflammation of
 the stomach.3  Inflammation of the lining mem-
 brane of the stomach.
    ENDOLYMPH, Vitrine auditive.
    ENDOMETRITIS, from s»Sov,' within,'and
 metritis, ' inflammation of the  uterus.3   In-
 flammation of the lining membrane of the uterus.
    ENDONARTERITIS, see Arteritis.
    ENDOSIS, Remission.
    ENDO-SKELETON, see Skeleton.
    ENDOSMOSE,  Imbibl'tion,  from   wSov,
 'within,'and o^/aog,  'impulse.'  A term used
 by Dutrochet, to express the action by which
 fluids pass  through organic membranes.  This
 is done by the porosity of the tissue, in the same
 manner as it is effected through inorganic sub-
 stances, as through fissured glass. The rapidity
 with which it is accomplished varies according
 to the nature of the  septum or tissue of the
 penetrating body, and to the penetrability of
 the tissue.
    ENDOSMOTIC, Endosmoticus; same ety-
 mon.   Belonging to endosmose:—as an ' endos-
 motic current.3
    ENDOSTEI'TIS, from tvSov, 'within,' co-rtov,
 ' a bone,3 and itis, denoting inflammation.  In-
 flammation of the internal periosteum.
    ENDOSTEUM, Medullary membrane.
    ENDOUTERITIS, see Metritis.
    ENDUIT (F.), from induere, ' to put upon,'
 ' to put on.3  A coat; a fur.  This term is often
 applied to a layer of greater or  less thickness
 which covers the surface of certain organs, and
 particularly of the tongue and interior of th«
 mouth.  The  enduit is designated variously, ac-
 cording to its appearance,—enduit bilieux, jaune, 
ENDUIT CHOROIDIEN        31'
blanc, he.—a bilious, yellow, white coat ox fur,
ke.  It is at times owing to the evaporation of
the watery portions of the secretions; at others
to a morbid condition of the secretions;—gene-
rally, to both causes combined.
  ENDUIT CHOROIDIEN, see Choroid.
   ENDURCISSEMENT,  Induration—e. du
Cerveau, Sclerencephalia—e. Rouge, see Hepa-
tization—e. du Caur,  Cardiosclirosie—e.  du
Tissu cellulaire, Induration of the cellular tissue.
   ENECHEMA, Tinnitus aurium.
   ENECIA, Synocha—e. Cauma, Synocha—e.
Synochus Puerperarum, see Peritonitis—e. Sy-
nochus, Synochus.
   ENEMA, from tvn\ui, (tv, and 117,111,) ' to in-
ject.3 Clysma, Clysmus, Enclys'ma, Lavamen'-
tum, Lo'tio.  An  Injection, Clyster, (F.) Clys-
tere, Lavement.   A well known form of con-
veying medicine into the intestinal canal.  See
Clyster.
   Enema Anod'ynum, Enema O'pii; An'odyne
Clyster, Starch and Opium Clyster.   (Gelat.
amyli Oss, tinct. opii gu- 40 vel 60.)  Exhibited
in cases of severe diarrhoea or dysentery.
   Enema  Cathar'ticum; Purging  Clyster.
(Manna ^j, decoct, chamaem. comp. §x. olei oliv.
§j, sulph. magnes. §ss.  Ph. D.)
   Enema Commu'ne; Common Clyster, Domes'-
tic Clyster. (Watergruel or molasses and water
Oss or Oj ; add a little oil or lard, and a spoonful
of common salt.)   Given as a cathartic enema;
and, without the common salt, as an emollient.
   Enema  Fozt'idum, Fetid Clyster; Mis'tura
asafast'idae pro  clys'matS,  Clysma ton'icum et
antispasmod'icum seu iu'eitans et sedans, (F.)
Lavement antispasmodique.  (The last with the
addition of 7,1] of the tincture of asafatida.  Ph.
D.)   Given as an antispasmodic and anodyne.
   Enema Nicotia'njE ;  Tubac'co Clyster.  This
generally consists of from half a pint to a pint
of the Infusum Tabaci.  It is employed in cases
of strangulated hernia; but  occasionally acts
as a fatal poison when given in this way. The
smoke of tobacco  is sometimes thrown up the
rectum  to  produce the same medicinal effects
as the infusion.
  Enema Opii, E. anodynum.
   Enema Terebin'thinjE ; Tur'pentine Clyster.
(Ol.tereb. f. Jjiij, gruel Oss, one  yolk  of egg.
Incorporate the turpentine with the  yolk, then
add the gruel.)  To be administered  in cases of
ascarides, (oxyures.)
  ENEPIDERMTC, Enepider'micus, from tv,
'in,3 nri, 'upon,'  and St^x, 'the skin.'  An
epithet  given to the method of treating diseases,
which consists in  the application of medicines;
as plasters, blisters, &c, to the skin.
  ENEREISIS, Compression.
  ENERGIA, Action, Force.
  EN'ERGY, Energla, from avsgysoi,  (iv, and
ityov, 'action.') 'I act.'  Action. Acting power.
Also, vigour;  as  the 'muscular energy;' the
' brain acts with energy.'
  ENERVATIO, Aponeurosis, Enervation.
  ENERVATION, Enerva'tio, from e,' out of,'
and nervi,' strength.3 The act of weakening—
the state of being weakened.   See Debility.
  ENERVATIONES TENDINE^,  Inscrip-
tiones tendinea? musculorum.
  ENERVITAS,  Inertia.
  ENFANCE, Infancy.
  ENFANT, Infans—e. Ligitime, see  Legiti-
mate.
2          ENNEAPHARMACOS

   ENFLURE,  Swelling,  GEdema—e.  des
 Jambes et  des cuisses  de la femme accouchee,
 Phlegmatia dolens.
   ENFONCEMENT  SCAPHOIDE,  Sca-
 phoides fossa.
   ENGASTERION, Laboratory.
   ET$GA§TRYM.YTHXJ$,Englottogas'tor,Gas.
 triloquus, Ventriloquus, Gastriloquisl, Eu'ry-
 cles, Eurycli'tus, Enteroman'tis, Gastroman'tis,
 from tr, 'in,' yaoxt,q, ' the belly,' and uvStvuvn,
 'Idiscourse.3  A Ventriloquist.  (F.)Ventrilo-
 que, Gastriloque.   One who possesses  the art
 of modifying his natural voice, so that it seems
 to come from  a greater  or less distance, and
 from different directions.  It was formerly be-
 lieved that such persons spoke from their belly;
 hence their name.  It is an  imitative art, and
 is called Ventriloquism.
   ENGEISOMA, Engisoma.
   ENGELURE, Chilblain.
   ENGHIEN MONTMORENCY, MINERAL
 WATERS OF.   A hydrosulphurous water four
 leagues from Paris, near Montmorency, which
 is possessed  of some celebrity.  It  contains
 chloride of sodium, chloride of magnesium, sul-
 phate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, carbonate
 of magnesia, carbonate of lime, silica, sulpho-
 hydrate  of lime and  magnesia, sulphohydric
 acid, carbonic acid and azote.
   ENGISOMA, Engeiso'ma, Engizo'ma,fxoxa
 tyyitoj, ' I approximate.3   (F.) Embarrure. A
 species of fracture of the skull, in which a splin-
 ter passes beneath the sound portion of the bone,
 and compresses the brain.—Galen.  Also, a  kind
 of instrument used  in fractures of the clavicle.
   ENGLISH DISEASE, Rachitis.
   ENGLOTTOGASTOR, Engastrimythos.
   ENGOMPHOSIS, Gomphosis.
   ENGORGEMENT,  from en, 'in,' and gorge,
 'the throat.'   An obstruction  occurring in the
 vessels  of a part, giving  rise to augmentation
 of volume.  Congestion.
   ENGORGEMENT DES  MEMBRES
 AB DOMINAUX   J  LA  SUITE DES
 COUCHES, Phlegmasia  dolens—e.  Hepatic,
 Hepatohaemia—e. Laiteux des membres abdomi-
 naux, Phlegmatia dolens.
   ENGOUEMENT(F.),Obst>uc'tio,Iner'tia,
 from angere, ' to choke.3   Accumulation  in a
 hollow organ, of the matters secreted by it or
 carried into it.  There  is said to be Engouement
 des bronches, when the mucus  accumulates in
 the bronchia; and Engouement des intestins,
 when the matters which ought to pass through
 the intestines are detained; as in a case of stran-
 gulated  hernia.
   ENGOUEMENT DES POUMONS, E. of
 thelungs, in Pathological Anatomy, signifies that
 state of the lungs, in which a mixture of air and
 thin fluid escapes from them when cut into.
   ENGOURDISSEMENT, Torpor.
   ENGRENURE, Suture.
   ENH^MATOSIS, Haematosis.
   ENIXA, Puerpera.
   ENIXIO FCETUS, Parturition.
   ENIXUS FOETUS, Parturition.
   ENKYSTE,  Encysted.
   ENKYSTEMENT, Chatonnement.
   ENNEAPHARMACOS, from twia,' nine,'
 and q>aq/u.xxov, 'a medicine.'  A medicine, com-
 posed of nine  simple  ingredients.   A pessary,
 so formed.—Galen, Paulus. The Antid'otus He-
 raclldis, described by Galen, and some plasters 
ENORMON
313
ENTERITIS
 by Aetius  and Celsus are, likewise, termed
 Ernieapharmaca.—Gorraeus.
   ENORMON, ivoqftwv,Hormon, Im'petumfa'-
 ciens, from  tv,'in,' and cqpixai, 'I rouse,' 'ex-
 cite.3  A word used  by Hippocrates  in  the
 same sense as vital principle is by modern phy-
 siologists.
   ENOSIS, Insertion.
   EXOSTOSIS, Entosto'sis, from tv, 'in,'  and
 oflreov,' a bone.3   A morbid growth of bone in-
 wards—the  opposite to exostosis.
   ENRHYTHMOS, from tv,and St^of, 'num-
 ber.3   Having rhythm.  An epithet applied to
 the pulse when its pulsations occur with some
 degree of order.  It is opposed to Aryth'mos,
 and  differs  from  Eurythmos,  which signifies
 ' regular.'
   ENROUEMENT,  Raucedo.
   ENS.  A being.  Paracelsus meant, by  this
 term, the power exerted by certain beings on
 our body.   He speaks  of the Ens Dei, the Ens
 Astro'rum, the Ens natura'le, the Ens virtu'tis,
 Ens morbo'rum, Ens de poten'tibus spirit'ibus,
 &c.   These absurd denominations suggested to
 some of the  ancient chymists a name for certain
 chemical preparations.   The muriate of ammo-
 nia and  iron was called Ens martis; the mu-
 riate of ammonia and copper, Ens veneris; and
 Ens primum  was, with the alchymists,  the
 name of  a tincture which they considered pos-
 sessed of the power of  transmuting metals.
   Ens Martis, Ferrum ammoniatum—e. Vene-
 ris Boylei, Ferrum ammoniatum.
   EN'SIFORM, Ensifor'mis, from ensis, 'a
 sword,3 and forma, 'form.3   Sword-like.
   Ensiform Apoph'yses or Proc"esses  are
 the lesser ala? of the sphenoid bone.
   Ensiform Appen'dix or Car'tilage is  the
 xiphoid appendix of the sternum, &c.  See  Xi-
 phoid.
   ENSIFORMIS,  Xiphoid.
   ENSI-STERNAL.   Relating to the  ensiform
process of  the  sternum.  Beclard gave  this
name to the last osseous portion of the  sternum.
 He also called it I'os ultimi-sternal.  See Ulti-
mo-sternal.
   ENSOMATOSIS, Incorporation.
   ENSTALAX'IS, Instillation.
   EN'STROPHE; from tv,' in,3 and <rT^u,' I
turn.3  Inversion of a part, as of the eyelids.
   ENTABLEMENT, Depression.
   ENTAILLE (F.), from en,' in,' and toilier,
' to cut.'  Excis'io, Ec'copS, Ec'tomS.   A deep
wound made by a sharp instrument obliquely.
Entailtes and  Taillades, axe, also, used  to  de-
signate deep scarifications, made for  the pur-
pose of producing a speedy digorgement  of any
tumefied part; such, for example, as are made
 in the tongue in certain cases of glossitis.
   ENTANTHEMA, Eisanthema.
   ENTASIA, Tonic spasm — e.  Articularis,
Contractura—e. Loxia, Torticollis—e. Priapis-
mus,  Priapismus—e. Systremma,  Cramp—e.
Tetanus, Tetanus—e. Tetanus anticus, Empros-
thotonos—e. Trismus, Trismus.
   ENTASIS, Tonic spasm.
   ENTAT'ICOS, Intenslvus, from tvxtivw, 'I
 make tense.3  A medicine which  excites  the
 venereal appetite.
   ENTELIPATHIA, Nymphomania.
   ENTELMINTHA, Worms.
   ENTENDEMENT, Intellect.
   ENTERAD'ENES, from tvutov, 'an intes-
         21
 tine,' and xSqv, 'a gland.'  The mucous glands
 of the intestines.  See Peyeri glandulae.
    ENTERADENOG'RAPHY,   Enteradeno-
 gra'phia, from tvxtpov,' intestine,3 aSrjv,' gland,3
 and yqa<frt, 'a description.3   A description of
 the intestinal glands.
  ENTERADENOL'OGY, Enteradenolog'ia,
 from tvxtpov,' intestine,3 xStjv, ' gland,' and xoyoc,
 ' a treatise.3  That part of anatomy which treats
 of the intestinal glands.
  ENTERAL'GIA, Enterodyn'ia, from tvxtpov,
 ' intestine,3 and aXyog,' pain.3  Pain in the in-
 testines.  Colic.
  Enteralgia Acuta, Enteritis—e. Inflamma-
 toria, Enteritis—e. Saturnina, Colica metallica.
  ENTERANGEMPHRAXIS, Enterangiem-
 phraxis.
  ENTERANGIEMPHRAX'IS, Enterangem-
 phrax'is, from  tvxtqov,  'intestine,3  ay/to, 'I
 strangle,'and tuvqairo-w, 'I obstruct.'  Obstruc-
 tion of the vessels of the intestines.
  ENTERATROPH'IA, Atrophia lntestino'-
 rum, from  tvxtpov,  'intestine,' and atrophia,
 ' want of nutrition.3   Atrophy of the  coats of
 the intestines.
  ENTERECHE'MA, Son'itus intestina'lis.
 The sound of the movement of the intestines,
 heard by the stethoscope.
  ENTEREC'T ASIS,Dilata'tioIntestino'rum,
 from ivrtpov, 'intestine,' and txxao-tc,  'dilata-
 tion.'  Dilatation of the intestines.
  ENTERELCO'SIS,  Enterhelco'sis,  Entero-
 helcoJsis, from tvxtpov,  ' intestine,3 and 'tXxaoig,
 ' ulceration.3 Ulceration of intestines—Ulcera'-
 tio intestina'lis, Ulcera intestina'lia.
  ENTERELESIA, Ileus.
  ENTERELOSIS,  Ileus.
  ENTEREMPHRAX'IS, Infarc'tus  Intesti-
 no'rum,  Incarcera'tio  intestindrum  inter'na,
 (F.) Etranglement des Intestins, from tvxtqov,
 'intestine,'  and tuyqxi.ic, 'obstruction.3  Ob-
 struction of the Intestines  from accumulation
 of faeces  or  otherwise.   Also, Enterangiem-
 phraxis.
  ENTEREN'CHYTA,  Enterew'chytes,  from
 tvxiqov, 'an intestine,'ev,'in,3 and^f», 'I pour.3
 Any surgical instrument for administering in-
 jections.—Scultetus.
  ENTEREPIPLOCELE,Enteroepiplocele.
  ENTEREPIPLOMPHALOCE'LE,  from «r-
 rtpov, 'intestine,' tnmXoov,'omentum,' *ft<pxXof,
 ' navel,3 and xrjXrj,' rupture.3 Hernia of the um-
 bilicus with protrusion of the omentum and in-
 testine.
  ENTERHELCOSIS, Enterelcosis—e. Ner-
 vosa, Typhus (abdominal.)
  ENTERHYPERTROPH'IA,  Hypertrophia
 intestino'rum, from  tvxtpov, ' intestine,'  and
 hypertrophia,  ' excessive nutrition.'   Hyper-
 trophy of the coats of the intestines.
  ENTER'ICA,  from tvxtpov,  'an intestine.'
 Diseases  affecting the  alimentary canal.  Or-
 der I. Class I. (Caliaca,) of Good.
  ENTERITE FOLLICULEUSE,  see  Ty-
 phus—e.  Typhohimique,  Typhoid fever.
  ENTERFTIS, from tvxtpov, ' an intestine,'
 and itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflammation
 of the intestines. Empres'ma Enteritis, Intesti-
 no'rum inflamma'tio, Ileo-colltis, Chordap sus,
 Cauma Enteritis, Enterophlog'ia, Enterophlo-
go'sis, Co'lica acuta, C.  inflammato'ria, Ileus
 infi ammato' rius, Enteral gia acu'ta, E. Inflam- 
ENTERO
314
ENTERON
mato'ria,  Febris intestino'rum,  F. iliaca  in-
flammato'ria,  Enterop'yra, (F.) Entente,  In-
flammation des Intestins. The essential symp-
toms of this  disease are:—violent abdominal
pain increased on pressure; with vomiting  and
inflammatory  fever.  Enteritis may affect both
the peritoneal and the mucous coat of the intes-
tines ;  and in  violent cases all the coats may be
implicated.   The structure of the  mucous  and
peritoneal coats is different; so are their func-
tions in health and disease.  The inflammation
of the serous coat, Sero-enteritis, resembles that
of the cellular membrane ; the inflammation of
the mucous coat that of the skin.  The former
is usually, therefore, of a more active character.
Inflammation  of the mucous coat, Eso-enteri'tis,
Endo-enterltis, Muco-enteri'tis, Mucous  Ente-
ritis, Phlegmymenltis  enter'ica, is generally
attended  with  diarrhoea,  and  its  pathology
is identical with that of Dysentery.  Inflam-
mation  of the peritoneal coat is, on the other
hand, generally attended with constipation.
   Enteritis  of  the  peritoneal  coat, for such
usually is the meaning of the  word in the ab-
stract, requires the most active treatment.  Co-
pious bleeding, followed up by a large dose of
opium—and if the symptoms be not decidedly
ameliorated, repeating the  bleeding and opium
—warm fomentations, and blisters  are the chief
agents to be relied upon.  Purgatives ought not
to be exhibited until the inflammation and spasm
are abated by  the use of the bleeding and opium.
When the physician  is called early, this plan
will usually  succeed.   Sometimes,  Enteritis
passes into a chronic state, requiring much care-
ful management.  Broussais considered inflam-
mation  of the mucous coat of the stomach  and
intestines as the proximate cause of the pheno-
mena of fever.
   Enteritis  Arthritica, Coeliagra—e.Colica,
Colitis—e. Epiploitis, Epiploitis—e. Follicular,
Typhoid fever—e. Folliculosa, see Typhoid—e.
Mesenterica,  Mesenteritis — e. Mucous,  see
Enteritis—e.  Pustulosa, Dothinenteritis.
   ENTERO,  from  trxtpw,  'an intestine,' in
compound words signifies intestine, as in the
following:—
   ENTEROBRO'SIS, Enterorrhex'is,Perfora'-
tio Intestino'rum, (F.) Perforation  des  Intes-
tins, from  tvTfijor,  ' an  intestine,' and Pewg,
' the act of gnawing.'  Perforation of the intes-
tines.
   ENTEROCACE, Dysente'ria  pu'trida seu
typho'des seu scorbutica seu malig'na; from
tvxtpov, 'an intestine,'and x*k*c, 'evil.'  Ady-
namic dysentery accompanied by phenomena in-
dicating a pseudo-membranous and gangrenous
state of the lining membrane of the large intes-
tine.
   ENTEROCE'LE, Hernia intestina'lis, from
 tvt-tpov,  'an  intestine,'  and   xjjaij, 'a hernia,'
' tumour.3  Abdominal hernia,  which contains
only a portion of the intestine,  is so called
   ENTERO-CEPHALOPYRA INFANTUM,
 Hydrocephalus Internus.
   ENTEROCGE'LICUS, from  tvxtpov, 'intes-
 tine,' and xo'Xta, 'the cavity of the abdomen.'
 Relating to the cavity of the abdomen.
   ENTEROCYSTOCE'LE, from tvrtqov, 'an
 intestine,' xvo-ric, 'a bladder,' and kijaij,  'a tu-
 mour.'   Hernia formed by the bladder and a
 portion of intestine.
   ENTERODAR'SIS, from tntfn,' intestine,'
and Sapo-ig, 'skinning.3  Excoriation of the mu-
cous membrane of the intestines.
  ENTERODOTHIENIA, Dothinenteritis.
  ENTERODYNIA, Enteralgia.
  ENTERO-EPIPLOCE'LE, Enterepiploce'le,
Her'nia  intestina'lis omenta'lis, from  ivxiqov,
'intestine,' tmnXoov, 'the omentum,' and xi\Xr.,
' tumour.'  Hernia,  formed by intestine and
omentum.
  ENTERO-EPIPLOM'PHALUS, from «r,.
qov,  'intestine,' tmnXoov, 'the omentum,3 and
c/LKpaxoc, ' the umbilicus.3  Umbilical hernia,
containing intestine  and omentum.   Almost
all umbilical hernia?  are of this kind.
  ENTEROG'RAPHY,  Enterogra'phia, from
s»-r«pov,  'intestine,'  and  yqaftj, 'description.'
The part of anatomy which describes the intes-
tines.
  ENTERO-HiEMORRHAGIA, Haematoche-
zia.
  ENTEROHELCOSIS, Enterelcosis.
  ENTERO-HYDROCE'LE, from fvrf?«»,'in-
testine, 'vSwq,' water,' and xrdn, ' tumour.' In-
testinal hernia complicated with hydrocele.
  ENTERO-HYDROM'PHALUS, from tvrt-
qov, ' intestine,"vSae,,' water,3and oaxaxog,' the
navel.'1   Umbilical hernia, in which the sac
contains, along with a  portion of intestine, a
quantity of serum.
  ENTERO-ISOHIOCE'LE,from svrtqov, 'in-
testine,3 tcrxtov, 'ischium,3 and xi,\i}, 'tumour.'
Ischiadic hernia, formed of intestine.
  ENTEROLITHI'ASIS, from trxtw, 'intes-
tine,' and  Xt&iun<;, ' the  formation of stone.'
The formation of concretions  in the intestines.
  ENTEROLITHUS, Calculi of the stomach
and intestines—e. Bezoardis, Bezoar—e. Scyba-
lum, Scybala.
  ENTEROL'OGY,  Enterolog"ia, from wi-
t_ov,  ' intestine,3 and Xoyoc, 'a  discourse.3 The
part of anatomy which treats of the intestines.
  ENTEROMALA'CIA, Enteromalax'is, (F.)
Ramollissement dePIntestin;  from tvxtpov, 'ar
intestine,'  and ^xXaro-w, 'I soften.3  Softening
of the mucous or other coats of the  intestine.
  ENTEROMALAXIS, Enteromalacia.
  ENTEROMANTIS,  Engastrimythus.
  ENTERO-MEROOE'LE, from ttxt^v,  'in-
testine,3 /ii/goc, ' the thigh,3 and *»;*»;,' tumour.'
Crural hernia, formed of intestine.
  ENTERO-MESENTER'IC,  Entero-mse.n-
ter'icus.  Relating to the intestine  and mesen-
tery.
  ENTERO-MESENTER'ICA FEBRIS.
MM. Petit and Serres have given this name U>
the  typhoid form of adynamic fever, in which
the  intestines are ulcerated, with enlargement
of the corresponding mesenteric glands.  See
Typhus.
  ENTERO-MESENTkRITE,  Tabes  me
senterica—e. Misenterite typho"de,seeTyphus.
  ENTEROMOR PHIA COMPRES'SA.  One
of the algae, used by the Sandwich Islanders as
an esculent.
   ENTEROMPHALOCELE, Enteromphalus.
   ENTEROMPHALUS,  Enteromphaloclli,
from ttxte,ov, 'intestine,' and  o^xXog, 'umbili-
cus.'  Umbilical hernia, formed of intestine.
   ENTEROMYCODORI'TIS, from  t,Ttqo,,
'intestine,3 ^vxoc,  'slime,3  Suqa,  'skin,' and
itis, denoting inflammation.   Inflammation of
the  mucous membrane of the  intestines.
   ENTERON, Intestine. 
ENTEROPARISAGOGE          315
ENTROPION
  ENTEROPARISAGOGE, Intussusceptio.  |
  ENTEROPATHIA,  Enteropathy;  from
tvrtqov,'intestine,' and naQoc, 'disease.3   Dis-
ease of the intestines in general.
  Enteropathy a CANC'ETS.o'SA.,Enteroscirrrhus,
Enterosteno'sis scirrho'sa  seu  organ'ica, En-
terosarco'mia, Indura'tio seu Scirrhus seu Can-
cer  seu Carcino'ma  Intestino'rum, (F.) Can-
cer des Intestins.  Cancerof the Intestines.
  ENTEROPERIS'TOLE,  Enterosphig'ma,
Hernia  incarcera'ta, Incarcera'tio  intestino'-
rum, from  tvTfpor, 'intestine,3 and ntqioxtXXut,
' I conceal,3 ' I  envelop.3  Constriction or ob-
struction of the intestines, from a cause  which
acts either within the abdomen  or without it,
as in strangulated hernia.
  ENTEROPHLOGIA, Enteritis.
  ENTEROPHLOGOS1S, Enteritis.
  ENTEROPHTHI'SIS, from tvnqov,' intes-
tine,3 and <p<Wu,' consumption.'  Consumption
of  the bowels.  Consumption owing to sup-
puration in the intestines.
  ENTEROPHYMATA, Tubercula intestino-
rum.
   ENTEROPYRA, Enteritis.  Also, entero-
mesenteric fever.—Alibert
   Enteropyra Asiatica, Cholera—e. Biliosa,
Fever, Bilious.
   ENTERORRHAG"IA, from tvrti>ov, 'intes-
tine,3 and qayrj,' violent rupture.'  Hemorrhage
from  the bowels.
   Enterorrhagia  Simplex,  Haematochezia.
  ENTERORRHA'PHIA,£«^rorVA^Ac,from
etrtQov, 'intestine,3 and ^x<pi], 'a suture.3  Su-
ture of the intestines, for  the relief of injuries
done  to them.
   ENTERORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus In-
testino'rum, from tvxtqov,' intestine,' and qtvpa,
' defluxion, rheumatism.'   Rheumatism of  the
intestines.
   ENTERORRHEXIS, Enterobrosis.
   ENTERORRHGEA, Diarrhoea, Melaena.
   ENTEROSARCOCE'LR,  from tvnqov, 'in-
testine,' oa^i,' flesh,3 and  xr]Xrj,' a tumour.3  In-
testinal  hernia,  complicated  with fleshy  ex-
crescence, or rather sarcocele.
   ENTEROSARCOMIA, Enteropathia cance-
rosa.
   ENTEROSCHEOCE'LE, Enteroschoce'll,
from tvrtqov,'an intestine,3  ooxt-v, 'the scro-
tum,3 and xrjXij,' tumour.3  Scrotal  hernia con-
sisting of intestine.
   ENTEROSCIRRHUS, Enteropathia  cance-
rosa.
   ENTERO'SES, from tvxtqov, 'an intestine.'
 A  class of diseases, comprehending all those
that are seated in the intestines.—Alibert.
   ENTEROSPHIGMA, Enteroperistole.
   ENTEROSTENO'SIS, from tvxt^v,  'intes-
 tine,' and  nrtroint, 'stricture.'   Stricture or
 constriction of the intestines.
   Enterosteno'sis  Organica,  Enteropathia
 cancerosa—e.Scirrhosa, Enteropathia cancerosa.
   ENTEROTOME, Enterot'omus, from vxt-
gct', 'intestine,' and xtuvu, 'I cut.3  A name
 given by  J.  Cloquet  to  an instrument  for
 promptly opening the  intestinal canal through
 its whole extunt.   It consists of a pair of scis-
 sors, one blade of which  is much longer than
 the other, and rounded at  its extremity.  This
 is passed into the intestine.
   ENTEROTOM'IA, Enterot'omy, same ety-
 mon.  In anatomy, it signifies dissection of the
intestines.  In surgery, it means an operation,
little used, which consists in opening the intes-
tine, in order to evacuate the fiecal matters ac-
cumulated in it, for example, in certain cases
of hernia, accompanied with contraction of the
intestinal  canal; in operations for an artificial
anus, performed  on the  new-born, where the
rectum is  imperforate or not existing, &c.
   ENTEROTOMY, Enterotomia.
   ENTEROTYPHUS, see Typhus.
   ENTEROZOA, Worms.
   ENTERYDROC ELE, Enter ohydroce'U;
from tvngov,  'intestine,3 'vSog, 'water,3 and
x7]Xtj,' rupture.3  Intestinal hernia with hydro-
cele.
   ENTHELMINTHES, Worms.
   ENTHEOMANIA, Demonomania.
   ENTHLA'SIS, Esphla'sis,from tv, 'in,' and
&Xau, 'I  break.'  A fracture of the  cranium
with comminution, in which the  bone is de-
pressed or has lost its level.
   Enthlasis Cranii, Effractura Cranii.
   ENTOCELE, Ectopia.
   Entoce'le Lentis.  Dislocation of the crys-
talline into the anterior chamber of the eye.
   ENTOGONYAN'CON, from tmt, 'within,'
yow, 'the knee,3 and ayxav, 'a bend.'  Bending
of the  knees inwards.   The  state of being
knockkneed, or in-kneed.
   ENTONIA, Tension, Tonic spasm.
   ENTONIC, Enton'icus; from  tv, denoting
excess; and xivog, 'tone.'   Having great ten-
sion or exaggerated action.
   ENTONNOIR, Calix, Infundibulum—e. du
 Ventricule Moyen du Cerveau, Infundibulum
of the brain.
   ENTOPARASITES, Worms.
   ENTOPHTHAL'MIA, from uxog,' within,'
and o<pt)aX/u ia, ' inflammation of the eye.'  Oph-
thalmia affecting the interior of the eye.
   ENTORSE,  Sprain.
   ENTOSTHETHIDIA, Entrails.
   ENTOSTHIA,  Entrails.
   ENTOSTOSIS, Enostosis.
   ENTOTORRHffiA, Otirrhcea.
   ENTOTOZ.ENA, Oza?na.
   ENTOXICISMUS, Poisoning.
   ENTOXISMUS, Poisoning.
   ENTOZOA, Worms.
   ENTOZOAIRES, Worms.
   ENTOZOARIA, Worms.
   ENTOZOOGENESIS, Helminthiasis.
   ENTOZOON FOLLICULORUM, Acarus
 Folliculorum.
   ENTRAILLES, Entrails.
   ENTRAILS, Splanchna, Enca'lia, Vis'cera,
 Entosthid'ia, Entos'thia, Entosthethid'ia, In-
 tera'nea,  from enteralia, a word of bad  Latin
 coming from tvn^v, 'intestine.'  It  is used
 for the viscera enclosed in the splanchnic cavi-
 ties, and especially for  those in the abdomen ;
 Bowels, Guts, (F.) Entraill.es, Visceres.
   ENTRE-FESSON,  Chafing.
   ENTRICHO MA,from tv, 'in,' andxqtX»u*,
 ' hair.'  The  tarsal  cartilage, and the edge of
 the eyelids, in which the cilia are implanted.
   ENTROPION, Entrop'ium,  from tv, 'in,'
 and xqtTrii\,  *I turn.'   Inver'sio palpebra'rum,
 Capilll'tinm, Trichiasis, Introsuseep'tio  en-
 tropium, Blepharelo'sis, Blepharopto'sis entro-
pium, Trlchia,  Tricho'sis.  A name  given  to
 the inversion or turning inwards of  the eye 
              ENTROPIUM             31

lids, so that the eyelashes are directed towards
the globe of the eye; irritate and inflame it,
and give rise to the affection called Trichiasis.
  The contact of the hair with the  surface of
the eye occasions considerable irritation of the
conjunctiva, which is soon followed by chemo-
sis, ulceration of the eye, and other symptoms,
such as fever, watchfulness, &c.
  If the disease be entropion, as above defined,
that is, dependent upon the  inversion of the
eyelids, it  must be remedied,—either by dis-
persing the oedema or swelling of the eyelids,
or by cutting out a portion of the skin.  When
the disease  is dependent upon a vicious direc-
tion of the cilia, they must be plucked out and
the bulbs be cauterized.
  ENTROPIUM,  Entropion.
  ENTYPOSIS, see Glene.
  ENUCLEATION, Enuclea'tio, from  enu-
cleare, (e, and nucleus,) ' to take out a kernel.3
This term has been proposed for the operation
of removing tumours, &c, without cutting into
them.—Percy.
  The word is used in Pharmacy, for the ope-
ration of shelling  or removing  the kernels of
any nut.
  ENULA CAMP ANA, Inula Helenium.
  ENU'LON,  from  tv,  'in,3 and ovXov,  'the
gum.3  The inner part of the gums.  The ex-
ternal part  was called ov\ov, and that between
the teeth a^/xog.—Pollux.
  ENURE'SIS, from tvovqta, (tv and ovptto,)
' I void the urine in  bed.'  Paru'ria ineon'ti-
nens, Incontinen'tia  uri'na, Excre'tio Urina
rnvolunta'ria,  Mic'tio involunta'ria, E.  inop-
portu'na, Uracra'sia,  Urorrha'a, Perirrha'a,
Strangu'ria(Ga\en,)Anischu'ria,Hyperure'sis,
Diam'nes, Involuntary discharge of urine, In-
continence  of urine.   This  affection is  most
common in advanced life.  It may depend on
too great irritability of the bladder,  or on dis-
tention, or injury of the  fibres about its  neck,
paralysis of the organ, the presence of an irre-
gularly shaped  calculus  impacted in the ure-
thra near its commencement; rupture of the
bladder and urethra;  renal disease; or on pres-
sure exerted on the  bladder by the distended
womb or  by a  tumour.  It  often occurs af-
ter difficult labour, but generally yields, in the
course of a  week or ten days; the catheter be-
ing introduced  twice a day in the mean time.
  The treatment  must of  course vary accord-
ing to the  cause;  and when the affection, on
which it is  dependent, cannot be removed, the
discharge of urine  may be prevented by exert-
ing a degree of compression on the urethra, by
means of appropriate instruments; or a urinal
may be employed to receive the urine as it
passes off.
  ENVIE, Hangnail, Malacia, Naevus—e. de
Vomir, Nausea.
  ENYPNION, Somnium.
  ENYSTRON, Abomasus.
  ENZOOTIA, Enzooty.
  ENZOOTY, Enzoot'ia,  (F.) Enzdotie, from
ii-, ' in,3 and tmoi,  ' animal.3   An  endemic dis-
ease attacking  animals.
  EP, EPH, EPI, m, ttf, tm, ' upon, above;' in
composition, generally means, ' augmentation,
addition, increase, reciprocal action, repetition.'
Hence:
  EPACMAS'TICOS, from tm, and ax/tatm, ' I
increase.'   An epithet applied to fevers, Febres
3              EPHELIDES

 epacmas'tica, whose symptoms go on augment-
 ing  in  violence, from  the  commencement to
 the termination.  Such  fevers are, also, called
 Epanadidon'tes.
   EPAGOGIUM, Phimosis, Prepuce.
   EPANADIPLOSIS, Anadiplosis.
   EPANALEPSIS, Anadiplosis.
   EPANASTASIS, Pustule.   The formation
 of a tumour.  The breaking out of an eruption
 —Erup'tio exanthe'matis.
   EPANASTEMA, Exanthem, Swelling.
   kPANCHEMENT,  Effusion.
   EPANESIS, Remission.
   EPANETUS, Remittent—e. Hectica, Hectic
 fever—e. Malignus  flavus,  Fever, yellow—e.
 Mitis, Remittent fever.
   EPANORTHOSIS, Restauratio.
   EPANTHEMA,  Exanthem.
   EPANTHISMA, Exanthem.
   EPAPH^E'RESIS, from tnacpa^ta,, 'I take
 away.'   Repetlta subla'tio  vel evacua'tio.  A
 repeated abstraction or evacuation.  It was for-
 merly used synonymously with repeated blood-
 letting; Phlebotom'ia itera'ta.—Galen.
   EPAPHRISMOS, Despumation.
   EPARMA, Tumour.
   EPARSIS, Tumour.
   kPAULE,  Humerus.
   EPENCRANIS, Cerebellum.
   EPENDYMA, Membrane.
   kPERON, Hippocampus minor—e. des Ar-
 tires, Spur.
   kPERVIER, Accipiter.
   EPERVIERE DES  MURAILLES, Hiera-
 cium murorum.
   EPHEBiE'ON, from  mi, ' upon,' and 'i/fa,
 'pubes.3  The parts of generation: also, the re-
 gion of  the pubes, as well as the hair upon the
 pubes.  It meant likewise a part of the ancient
 gymnasium in which the rhetoricians, philosr>
 phers, &c, disputed.
   EPHEBEUM, Mons veneris,
   EPHE'BIA, Ephebla, Pubertas.  Same ety-
 mon.  The  age of puberty.
   EPHEBOSYNE,  Puberty.
   EPHEBOTES, Puberty.
   EPHE'BUS, Pubens, Puber,  (F.)  Pubere,
 kphebe.  One who has attained the age of pu-
 berty.
   EPHEDRANA, Nates.
   EPHEL'CIS, from tm, 'upon,' and 'tXxoc,
 ' an ulcer.3  The crust or scab of an ulcer.
   kPHELIDE SCORBUTIQUE, Chloasma.
   EPHE'LIDES, from  tm,  'upon,3 and 'ijxios,
 ' the sun.'  Epichro'sis, Mac'ula sola'ris, Mai-
 ulafuscae, M. lenticula'res, Ephe'lis lentic'ula,
 Vitilig'ines, Phaci, Pannus lenticula'ris, Len-
 tic'ula,  Lentigo, Ephelis Lentigo, Ephdis a
 sole, Nigre'do a sole, Spilo'sis ephelis, JEstd-
 tes, Effila, Freckles, Sunburn, (F.) Taches dt
 roussure, Hale.  This term includes not only
 the yellow lentigines, which appear on persons
 of fair  skin, and the  larger  brown  patches,
 which also  arise from  exposure  to the direct
 rays  of the  sun, but also those large  dusky
 patches which are very similar in appearance,
 but occur on other parts of the surface, that are
 constantly covered.  See Chloasma.  They do
 not  extend  farther  than the skin.  Many cos-
 metics  have been recommended for their re-
 moval.   Simple spirituous lotions or weak mi-
 neral acids, applied a few times in the day, ars
 as effectual as any other means. 
17              EPIDEMIUS
                EPHELIS                31

   EPHELIS, see Ephelides—e. Lentigo, Ephe-
 lides—e. a. Sole, Ephelides.
   EPHELOTES, Leucoma.
   EPHEM'ERA, Dia'ria, from tvi,' during,3
 and 'nut%a, 'a day.'  That which continues a
 day.  This epithet is given to diseases, and par-
 ticularly to fevers which last only a day.—Fe-
 bris dia'ria, Ephemerop'yra, Febris simplex, F.
 Ephe'mera, Febric'ula, Ephem'eral Fever, Di-
 ary Fever, Simple Fever.  The term prolonged
 epkem'era, is  sometimes used for fevers, which
 cease after two or three  days' duration.
   Ephemera Anglica Pestilens, Sudor angli-
 cus—e. Britannica, Sudor Anglicus—e. Maligna,
 Sudor Anglicus—e. Mortifera, Plague—e. Pes-
 tilentialis, Plague—e. Sudatoria, Sudor Anglicus.
   EPHEMEROPYRA,  Ephemera.
   EPHEMERUS, Quotidian.
   EPHIALTES HYPOCHONDRIACA, Incu-
 bus  vigilantium—e. Nocturnus,  Incubus—e.
 Vigilantium, Incubus vigilantium.
   EPHIDRO'SES, (G.) Ephidrosen.  A divi-
 sion of the family Ekzematosen of Fuchs, com-
 prising morbid varieties of sweating.
   EPHIDRO'SIS, from  im, ' upon,' and 'tSgiw,
 'I sweat.' Hidro'sis,Idro'sis. A copious sweat.
   Ephidrosis Profu'sa, E. spontanea, E. idio-
 pathica, Hydropede'sis, Exsuda'tio, Exuda'-
 tio,  Hyperephidro'sis,  Hyperhydro'sis,  Hy-
 drorrhea, Hidropede'sis, (F.) Flux de Sueur.
 An excessive  sweating, including  debility and
 emaciation.   A colliquative sweat.  .Such co-
 pious perspirations are generally owing to de-
 bility of the  exhalants, and require  the use  of
 tonics, especially of the mineral acids, opium, &c.
   Ephidrosis, Desudatio—e.  Cruenta, Sudor
 cruentus—e.  Saccharata, Sudor dulcis.
   EPHIPPIUM, Pituitaria fossa, Sella Turcica.
   EPH'ODOS, from nrt, 'upon,' and oSot, 'a
 way,' ' a road or avenue to a place.'  Hippo-
 crates  uses this word in three senses:  I. For
 the vessels or canals, which  give passage  to
 the excrements of the body.   2. For a period-
 ical  attack or accession of fever; and  3. For
 the  approach of similar or  dissimilar things
 which may be useful or  hurtful to the body.—
 Castelli.
   kPI, Spica.
   EPIALOS, Hepialos.   A name given by the
 ancients to fever, when the hot stage was min-
 gled with irregular chills.  Also, the cold stage
 of fever.
  EPIALTES, Incubus.
  EPIAMA, Lenitive.
  EPIAN, Frambcesia.
  EPIBLEMA, Catablema.
  EPIBOLE, Incubus.
  EPICANTHIS, Canthus.
  Epican'this, from tm,  'upon,' and  xatdog,
'the  angle of the eye.'  A  defective forma-
tion, in which a  fold of skin  passes from the
root of the nose over the inner canthus  of the
eye.
  EPICAR'PIUM, Pericar'pium,  from tni,
'upon,' and xaqnog,  'the wrist.'  An applica-
tion  made to the  wrists or to the region  of the
pulse was so called.
  EPICAUMA, Encauma.
  EPICAUSIS, Encauma.
  EPICERASTICA, Emollients.
  EPICHOLOS,  Bilious.
  EPICHORDIS, Mesentery.
  EPICHORION, Decidua.
  EPICHORIUM, Epidermis.
  EPICHRISIS, Inunctio.
  EPICHRO'SIS, Spilo'sis, from tm, and
xqw/xx,  'colour.'   Simple discoloration of the
surface.—Good.   Ephelides.
  Epichrosis Spili, see Na?vus.
  EPICHYSIS, Affusion.
  EPICOE'MASIS, from tTitxoip.xofj.ai, (mi and
xoi/axouat,) ' to lie down to rest,' 'tosleep.'  De-
cubitus ad dormien'dum  et Dorml'tio.  The
position of sleeping, as  well as sleeping itself.
  EPICOLTC, from nri, 'upon,'  and xioXov,
' the colon.'  The epicolic regions, regio'nes epi-
col'icae, are those  parts of the  abdomen which
correspond to the colon.
  EPICOLLESIS, Agglutination.
  EPICONDYLE,  Epicon'dylus;   from  tm,
'upon,' and  xovSvXoc,  'a  condyle.3  A name
given, by  Chaussier,  to an eminence  at the
outer part  of the inferior extremity of the  os
humeri; so called, because it  is seated above
the condyle.  The epicondyle gives attachment
to the outer lateral ligament of the elbow joint,
and to a very strong tendon to which several of
the muscles of the posterior part of the forearm
are attached.
  EPICONDYLO-CUBITALIS, see Anconeus
—e.  Radial, Supinator radii brevis—e. Sus-
mitacarpien, see Radialis—e. Sus-phalangettien
commun,  Extensor digitorum  communis—e.
Sus-phalangettien du  petit doigt, Extensor
proprius minimi digiti.
  EPICOPHO'SIS,  from mi,  'upon,' and
xoaquatg,  'deafness.'  Deafness supervening on
another disease.
  EPICRA'NIUM, from mi, 'upon,3 and  x/>ct-
viov,' the cranium.' A name given to different
parts seated on the cranium.  The skin, aponeu-
rosis between the occipital and frontal muscles,
and the whole of the scalp have been so called.
Portal includes under this  name the occipito-
frontalis muscle, pyramidalis nasi, and superior
and  anterior auricular muscles.  The pericra-
nium.
  EPICRANIUS, Occipito-frontalis.
  EPICRA'SIS,  Contempera'tio, from  tirixi-
qxwv/ui, (tvt, and xtqxvwy.t, 'I mix,') 'I temper.5
A term used by the humourists  for an ameliora-
tion  of the humours.   They  called Cure by
Epicrasis,—per epicrasin, a mode of treatment
by imagined  alteratives,  which they supposed
to be possessed of the power of gradually cor-
recting the vitiated humours.
  EPICROUSIS, Percussion.
  EPICTENIUM, Pubes.
  EPICTETI MORBI, Acquired  diseases.
  EPICYEMA, see Superfoetation.
  EPICYESIS, Superfetation.
  EPICYLIUM,  see Palpebra.
  EPICYSTOTOMIA, see Lithotomy.
  EPIDEISIS, Deligation.
  EPIDEMTC, Epide'mius, Epidem'icus; (F.)
Epidimique.  Same etymon as Epidemy.  Ap-
pertaining to an epidemy.  An epidemy.
  Epidemic Constitution,  Epidemy—e. Di-
sease, Epidemy—e. Influence, Epidemy.
  EPIDkMICITk, see Epidemic.
  EPIDEMICUS, Epidemic.
  EPIDEMIOLOG'IA; from  in,  'upon,' Sir
Itoc,  'the people,3 and  Xoyoc, 'a description.'
The  doctrine of epidemics.
  EPIDkMIQUE, Epidemic.
  EPIDEMIUS, Epidemic. 
EPIDEMY
318
EPIGENESIS
   EP'IDEMY, Epidemic,  Epide'mia, Morbus
publlcus, M.popula'ris, M. epidem'icus seu epi-
de'mius, (F.) Epidimie; Epidemic disease, Epi-
demic influence, Epidemic constitution; from
sti, 'upon,3 and Smug, 'the  people.3  A disease
which attacks at the same time a number of in-
dividuals, and which is depending upon some par-
ticular constitutio aeris, or condition of the at-
mosphere,  with which we are utterly ignorant.
It differs from endemic, the latter being owing to
locality; but it  is obvious, that  should a  par-
ticular epidemic constitution of the air—epide-
micity, (F.) ipidimiciti,—exist along with a fa-
vouring endemic condition, these combined in-
fluences  may  act in the causation of  several
of those serious and fatal complaints, which  at
times visit a district, and are  never afterwards
met with, or at least not until after the lapse of
a considerable period.
   EPIDENDRUM VANILLA, see Vanilla.
   EPID'ERIS, Epider'rhis,  Hypod'eris,  Hy-
poder'mis,  Hypoder'rhis, from et/, ' upon,3 and
St^ag, ' the skin.'  This word, with some, means
the nympha?;  with others, the clitoris; with
others, again, the prepuce of the clitoris.
   EPIDERMA, Epidermis.
   EPIDERMATIS, Epidermis.
   EPIDERMIC CELLS, see Cell, epidermic.
   EPIDERMIDON'OSI,  Epidermidonu'si,
from tmStquig,'epidermis,'and voto^, 'disease.'
Diseases of the epidermis.
   EPIDERMION, Epidermis.
   EPIDERMIS, Epider'mion,  Epider'matis,
Epider'ma, Epicho'rium, Sum'mitas  cutis, Cu-
tic'ula, C.  ex'tima, C. extre'ma, Cutis extima,
C. summa, C.  ultima, Pellis summa, Pellic'ula
summa,  P. supe'rior, Lamina  prima cutis,
Operculum cutis, from  in, 'upon,3 and Stqua,
'the true  skin.3   Scarf-skin, cuticle.   (F.)
Surpeau, Cuticule.  A transparent, dry,  thin
membrane, devoid of nerves and vessels, which
covers all  the surface of the body, except the
parts  that  correspond to the nails.   It appears
to consist of minute scales, placed one above the
other.   Chaussier considers it to be formed and
reproduced by an excretory action of the  true
skin; to act like a dry varnish, which prevents
the immediate contact of bodies with the  ner-
vous papilla?, and consequently to deaden tactile
impressions, which, without  its intervention,
might  be  painful.  The Epider'mic, Epider'-
meous, or Epidermoid, (as Bichat  called it)
System,  in general  anatomy, comprises three
parts.  1. External Epidermis.  2. Epidermis
spread over the mucous membranes. 3. The
Nails and Hair.
   Epidermis Lingua, see Tongue.
   EPIDERRHIS, Epideris.
   EPIDERRHITIS, Nymphitis.
   EPIDESIS, see Bandage—e.  Haemostasia,
Ligature.
   EPIDESMIS, Epidesmus.
   EPIDESMUM, Epidesmus.
  EPIDES'MUS, Epides'mis, Epides'mum, Sn-
perliga'men, from tvt,' upon,' and &«>,' I bind.'
A  Fascia, bandage or ligature, by which dress-
ings are secured.—Hippocrates.
  EPIDID'YMfS,from8/ri,  'upon,3 and StSvy.o?,
i a  testicle.3  Epidid'ymus,  Did'ymis, Paras'ta-
ta, Testic'ulus accesso'rius, Caput testis, Corpus
varico'sum seu varicifor'me testis, Supergemi-
na'lis,  (F.) Corps  variqueux ou  variciforme,
that which is placed upon the testicle. A small,
oblong, vermiform, grayish body lying along
the superior margin of the testicle.  The Epi-
didymis is a canal, formed by the union of all
the seminiferous  vessels folded several times
upon themselves, after having traversed the Cor-
pus Highmoria'num.  Its lower portion or tail,
Cauda  vel globus  minor,  is curved upwards,
and is continuous with the vas deferens; the op-
posite extremity is called the head, globus ma-
jor.  The  length of this canal, folded as it is
upon itself and describing numerous curvatures,
is, according to Munro, 32 feet.
  EPIDIDYMITIS, Parastatitis—e. Blennor-
rhagic, Hernia humoralis.
  EPID'OSIS, from tm,  'upon,3 and SiS^/ui, 'to
give.3   Augmentation, increase.   A word ap-
plied to the natural increase of the body or to
the increase of a disease.
  EPID'ROME,  Epidromia,  Epiph'ora, from
e-riS^tiia, (mi, and Se_t/uu>) 'I  run upon.' An
afflux or congestion of humours.—Galen.
  EPIDROMIA, Epidrome.
  EPIFAGUS  AMERICANUS, Orobanche
Virginiana*—e. Virginianus, Orobanche Virgi-
niana.
  EPIGASTRAL'GIA, from tn,ya<rx^iov, 'the
epigastrium,3  and aXyog, ' pain.3   Pain  at the
epigastrium.
  EPIGAS'TRIC, Epigas'tricus, Epigas'trius,
from tin,   'upon,3  and ya<nr;g, 'the  stomach.'
This name has been given  to several parts.
  Epigastric Ar'tery, Arte'ria epigas'trica,
A. sus-pubienne, (Ch.)  It arises from the ex-
ternal  iliac, on a level with the  crural arch;
sometimes by a trunk proper to it, at others by
a trunk common to it and the Obturator artery.
It ascends  upwards and inwards, behind the
spermatic  cord, follows  the outer edge of the
rectus abdominis  muscle, and  anastomoses, to-
wards  the  umbilicus, with the internal  mam-
mary.  The epigastric artery anastomoses, also,
with the obturator, spermatic,  lumbar, and in-
tercostal vessels.
  Epigastric Region, Regio  epigas'trica, R.
cardi'aca,  R.  stomachica, R.  Stomacha'lis, is
the superior region of the abdomen, comprised
between the false ribs on each side, and extend-
ing from the lower surface of the diaphragm to
two fingers' breadth above the umbilicus. It
is divided into three parts, one middle, the epi-
gas'trium,—and two lateral, the hypochon'dria.
  Epigastric Vein follows nearly the same
course as the artery.
  EPIGASTRICUS,  Epigastric.
  EPIGASTRIUM. Same etymon. The belly;
the epigastric  region.
  EPIGASTRIUS, Epigastric.
  EPIGASTROCE'LE,  from «*•/, 'upon,' yao-
r»g, 'the stomach,' and *>;\»7, 'a  tumour.3  Her-
nia, formed by the stomach ; Gas'troce'le. This
name has been given more especially to hernia,
which  occurs towards the upper part  of the
linea alba or in the epigastric region, whether
formed or not  by  the stomach.
  EPIGENEMA, Epigenesis.
  EPIGEN'ESIS, from tm, ' upon,3 and ytvmc,
'generation.'  A theory of conception, accord-
ing to which the new being is created entirely
anew ; and receives at once from  each  parent
the materials necessary for its formation. Also,
a new formation.
  Epigenesis, as  well as Epiiene'ma, or Epi-
genne'ma, is also, applied to any symptom oc- 
EPIGINOMENOS
319
EPILEPSY
curring  during a disease, without changing its
nature.  An accessary symptom.  Epiginom'-
enos, Superve'viens, has a similar acceptation.
  EPIGINOMENOS, Epigenesis.
  EPIGLOTTIC, Epiglot'ticus: same  ety-
mon.  Relating to the  epiglottis.
  Epiglottic Gland, Periglot'tis, Caro glan-
dulo'sa.  A collection of small, glandular gra-
nula, situate in the adipose, cellular  texture at
the base of the anterior surface of the epiglot-
tis, in a triangular  space, bounded  anteriorly
by the thyro-hyoid membrane and thyroid carti-
lage.  It pours  out an unctuous and mucous
fluid, which lubricates the epiglottis, keeps it
supple  and movable,  and prevents  the larynx
from being irritated by the constant  passage of
the air,  in the act of respiration.
  EPIGLOTTIS, from  tm, 'upon,3 and yXwx-
ti?, ' the glottis.' Epiglottic cartilage, Lig'ula,
Ope/culum laryn'gis, Lingua Exigua, Lin'gu-
lafis'tulae, Sublin'guum, Superlig'ula. A fibro-
cartilage, situate at the upper part of the larynx,
behind the base of the tongue.   Its form is oval j
texture elastic;  thickness greater below  than
above, and  greater in the middle than at the
sides.   By its smaller extremity, which is the
lower, it is attached  to  the thyroid cartilage;
its two  surfaces are  covered  by the mucous
membrane  of the pharynx and  larynx.  The
special use of the epiglottis would  seem to be
to cover the glottis accurately  at the moment
of  deglutition, and, thus, to assist in opposing
the passage of alimentary substances into the
air tubes.
  EPIGLOTTI'TISJnflamma'tioEpiglot'tidis,
(F.) Inflammation del'Epiglotte, Angi'na  epi-
glottide'a.   Inflammation of the epiglottis.
  EPIGLOTTUM. An instrument, mentioned
by Paracelsus, for raising the  eyelids.  It re-
sembled the epiglottis in shape.
  EPIGLOUTTS, from tm, 'upon,' and yXov-
rot,' the buttocks.3   The superior region of the
nates.—Gorraeus.
  EPIGONATIS, Patella.
   EPIGONE, Gone, Hypoph'ysis, Progen'ies,
Proles, Sob'oles.Sub'oles,from  tm, 'upon,' and
vovt], ' sperm.3  Offspring. Progeny.   Also, Su-
perfcetation.
  EPIGONION, Foetus.
  EPIGON1S, Patella.
  EPIGONON,  Superfoetation.
  EPIGOUNIS, Patella.
  EPIGUNIS, Patella.
  EPILATORIUM,  Depilatory.
  EPILEMPSIS, Epilepsy.
  EPILENTIA, Epilepsy.
  EPILEPSIA, Epilepsy—e. Acuta Infantum,
Eclampsia—e. Algetica, see Algos—e. Febrilis
infantum, Eclampsia—e. Nocturna,  Incubus—
e. Puerilis, Eclampsia infantum—e.  Saltatoria,
Chorea—e. Uterina, Lorind matricis.
  kPILEPSIE, Epilepsy—e.Utirine, Hysteria
—e. Vertige, see Epilepsia.
  EPILEPSY,  'is^ij  vvtrog,  ct\t]v(tta.  vovtrog,
Epilep'sia, Epilep'sis, Epilemp'sis,  Epilen'tia,
Sys/ia'sia Epilepsia,  Catalen'tia. Deciden'tia,
Pas'sio cadlva, Morbus comit'ialis, M. cadu'-
cus, M. Hercu'leus,Heracle'us morbus,M. sacer,
M. astra'lis, M. sidera'tus,M dxmonlacus, M.
Sancti Johan'nis,M.fadus,Hicr an'osus,M.pu-
erilis, Deprehen'sio, Clonos evilep'sia, Hieran -
osos, Prehen'sio, Pedit'io, Epilep'tica pas'sio,
Morbus magnus, M.  Major, M. Interlu'nius,
M. divi'nus, M. damo'nius, M. son'ticus, M.
seleni'acus,  M.  lunaticus, M. mensa'lis, M.
deif'icus, M. sceles'tus, M. vitriola'tus,  M.
viridellus, M. Sancti Volentini, Malum cadu'-
cum, Analep'sia, Catajito'sis, Insa'nia cadlva,
Apoplex'ia parva, Cadu'ca  pas'sio, Lues divl-
na, Vil'ium cadu'cum seu divlnum seu  Her-
cu'leum, Falling sickness, (F.) Mai  caduc,
Mai divin, Mai Saint-Jean,  Mai de  Terre,
Haut-mal.  The word is derived from tniXa/u.-
(iavo,' I seize upon.3  It is a disease of the brain,
which may either be idiopathic or symptomatic,
spontaneous or accidental, and which occurs in
paroxysms, with uncertain intervals between.
These paroxysms are  characterized by loss of
sensation and convulsive motions of the  mus-
cles.  Frequently, the fit attacks suddenly; at
other times, it  is  preceded by  indisposition,
vertigo, and stupor.  At times, before the loss
of consciousness occurs, a sensation of a cold
vapour  is felt,  hence  called aura epilep'tica.
This appears to  rise in some part of the body,
proceeds towards the head; and as soon  as it
has reached the  brain  the  patient falls down.
The ordinary duration of a fit is from 5 to 20
minutes.  Sometimes  it goes off in  a few se-
conds; at others, it  is protracted for hours.  In
all cases, there  is  a loss of sensation,  sudden
falling  down, distortion of the  eyes and face;
countenance of a red, purple or violet  colour;
grinding of  the  teeth; foaming at the  mouth;
convulsions of the limbs; difficult respiration,
generally stertorous; with, sometimes, involun-
tary discharge of faeces and urine.   After the
fit, the patient retains not the least recollection
of what has passed, but remains, for some time,
affected with head-ache, stupor, and lassitude.
   The disease is in the brain, and is generally
organic; but it may be functional and sympto-
matic of irritation in other parts, as in the sto-
mach, bowels, &c.   The prognosis, as to ulti-
mate recovery,  is unfavourable.  It does not,
however, frequently destroy life, but is apt to
lead to  mental imbecility.  Dissection has not
thrown light on its pathology.
   To the attacks of epilepsy which  are unac-
companied by convulsions, as is sometimes the
case, the  French give  the name Petit-mal, and
kpilepsie Vertige.   When  furious mania suc-
ceeds to a paroxysm,  it is termed Mania epi-
leptica  and Epileptic Delirium.
   In  the  treatment, the cause  must be sought
after, and if possible removed.  In the paroxysm,
but little can be done;  but as the  tongue is
liable to be injured by the teeth, the jaws may
be kept open by  putting  a cork or  piece of
wood  between  them.  If the fit have  been
brought on by  indigestible food, the stomach
must be cleared. It is between the paioxysms
that the great effort must be made.  Generally,
there is considerable irritability and debility of
the nervous system, and hence tonics have been
found the best remedies.  Of these, perhaps the
most powerful,  in  epilepsy, is  the argenti ni-
tras, given regularly and continued for months,
if necessary.  Preparations of iron, copper, and
zinc, have also been used, and the general class
of the  vegetable  tonics  and  antispasmodics.
Counter irritants, as blisters, moxa, &c, may
be  employed,  if  necessary, along  with this
course.
   Unfortunately, in many cases, these means
are found insufficient, and all that can  be done 
EPILEPTIC               320          EPIPLO-ISCHIOCELE
 is to palliate, removing carefully all exciting
 causes; such as the use of spirituous  liquors,
 strong  emotions,  violent exercise,  &c.; and
 regulating the diet.
   EPILEPTIC, Epilep'ticus, Epilep'tns, Lu-
 nat'icus,  Cadu'cans; same  etymon.   One at-
 tacked  with epilepsy.  Any thing relating to
 epilepsy; as an epilep'tic individual; an epi-
 leptic symptom.  Some authors also speak of
 epileptic remedies.
   EPILEPTUS, Epileptic.
   EPIM'ANES.  A name given to a maniac
 when in a paroxysm.
   EPIMELETAI, from tm/atytouai, (uri, and
 utXw,) ' I take care of.3  A name by which the
 ancient Persians called the curers of wounds,
 who followed their armies.
   EPIMOR'IOS,  'unequal;'  from txi,  and
 juei^oi, ' I divide.'  An epithet applied to the
 pulse when unequal.—Galen.
   kPINARD, Spinacia—e. Sauvage, Cheno-
 podium bonus Henricus.
   kPINE, Spine—i.du Dos, Vertebral column
 —'e. Gutturale, Nasal spine, inferior and poste-
 rior— e. Sphenoidale, Sphenoidal spine—i. Vi-
 nette, Oxycantha Galeni.
   EP1NEMESIS, Dispensation.
   EPINEPH'ELOS,  Nubilo'sus.   Presenting
 a cloud.  Applied to the urine.—Hippocrates.
   EPINEUX, Spinous—*?, du  Dos, grand, Spi-
 nalis dorsi  major: see Interspinals dorsi  et
 lumborum—i. du  Dos, petit, see Interspinals
 dorsi et lumborum.
   kPlNGLE, Pin.
   kP INI ERE,  Spinal.
   EP1NOTION, Scapula.
   EPINYC'TIDES, from tm,  'upon,3 and m/J,
 'the night.3 Eruptions which appear on the
 skin in the night, and  disappear in the day.
 Pus'tula livens et noc'tibus inquie'tans.—Pliny.
   EPINYCTIS  PRURIGINOSA, Urticaria.
   EPIONE, Decidua.
   EPIPAROXYS'MUS.  A paroxysm  super-
 added to an ordinary paroxysm.
   EPIPASTON, Catapasm.
   EPIPE'CHU, tmn;xv, from net, 'upon,' and
 ntlXvh 'the elbow.3  The upper part of the
 elbow.—Gorraeus.
   EPIPEPHYCOS, Conjunctiva.
   EPIPH.ENOM'ENON, Postappa'rens; same
 etymon.  Any kind of adventitious symptom
 which occurs during the progress of an affec-
 tion : and which is not  as intimately connected
 with the existence  of the disease as the  symp-
 toms—properly so called.
   EPIPHA'NIA, from tm,' upon,' and  yaiwi,
 'I exhibit.3  The  external  appearance of the
 body.—Castelli.
   EPIPH'LEBUS, from tm, 'upon,3 and o^y,
 'a vein.3  An epithet given to  those whose
 veins are very apparent.—Hippoc, Aretaeus.
   EPIPHLEGIA,  Inflammation.
  EPIPHLOGISMA, Erysipelatous inflamma-
 tion.
  EPIPHLOGOSIS, Hyperphlogosis.
  EPIPH'ORA,  Dacryno'ma,   Lachryma'tio,
 Delachryma'tio,  Illachryma'tio,  Stillicid'ium
 lachryma'rum, Oc'ulus  lach'rymans ; from t-rt-
fiqct, (art, and <fte,a,) 'I carry to.3  Weeping.
 (F.) Larmoiement. The watery eye;—an in-
voluntary and  constant flow of tears upon the
cheek.  It  is almost always symptomatic of
some  disease of the lachrymal  passages, and
 occurs when the tears cannot pass into the due
 tus  ad nasum.  Occasionally, it is owing to
 the tears being secreted in too great quantity;
 as in certain cases of ophthalmia.  The treat-
 ment must of course be directed to the removal
 of the cause.
   Epiphora, Epidrome, Ophthalmia—e. Alvi,
 Diarrhoea—e. Ptyalismus, Salivation.
   EPIPHYMATA, Cutaneous diseases.
   EPIPHYSIS,  Additamen'tum,  fiom  tin,
 'upon,3 and <pvu>, 'I  arise.3   Any portion of
 a bone, separated from the body of the bone by
 a cartilage, which becomes converted into bone
 by age.  The epiphysis of the fcetus becomes
 the apophysis of the adult.
   Epiphysis Cruris Longioris Incudis, Os
 orbiculare.
   EPIPHYTE, from mi, 'upon,3 and <pvrov, 'a
 plant.3  A parasite derived from the vegetable
 kingdom.  Epiphytes are divided by Vogel into
 1. Vegetations in the  human  fluids, viz. the
 tor'ula cerevisia  in vomited  fluids and faecal
 evacuations, and the sar'cina ventric'uli.  2.
 Vegetations on the  external  skin and its ap-
 pendages, viz., in tinea favosa, mentagra,  her-
 pes tonsurans and plica polonica, and, 3. Vege-
 tations on the mucous membrane,—for example,
 in the aphthae of  children; in  the cicatrices of
 the mucous membrane after typhus, &c.
  EPIPLASMA,  Cataplasm.  Galen uses it
 especially for  an application of wheaten flour,
 boiled in hydrelxum, and applied to wounds.
  EPIPLE'GIA, from tm, 'above,' and irXityi],
 ' a stroke.3   Paralysis of the upper extremities.
  EPIPLERO'SIS, from tm, 'augmentative,'
 and  Timbuktu, 'repletion.'   Excessive  reple-
 tion ; distention.
  EPIP'LOCE, from mi, 'upon,3 and nXixw, '1
 twine.3  Coition. Entanglement.
   Epip'loce Intestina'lis,  Conglomera'tio in-
 testino'mm.  Conglomeration of the intestines.
  EPIPLOCE'LE, from tnmxoov, 'omentum,'
 and xnXti, ' tumour.3 Epiploic her'nia, Zirba'lii
 hernia, Hernia omenta'lis, Omental hernia, (F.)
 Hernie de  Pepiploon.   Omental hernia is re-
 cognised—but at  times with difficulty—by a
 soft, unequal, pasty tumour, in which  no gurg-
 ling sound is heard on pressing or reducing it.
 It is less dangerous than hernia of the intestines.
  EPIPLO-ENTEROCE'LE, from  trwrlw,
 'the omentum,3  tvxtpov, 'intestine,' and  k»x»,
 ' tumour.3   Hernia, formed by the epiploon and
 a portion of intestine.  It is more  commonly
 called En'tero-epiploce'lS.
  EPIPLOENTEROOSCHEOCE'LE, Epiplo-
 enteroschoce'le, from tnmXoov, ' omentum,3 tvri-
 pov,'intestine,'oo-xtoy, 'scrotum,3andxr,Xtj, 'rup-
 ture.'  Hernia with omentum and intestine in
 the scrotum.
  EPIPLOIC, Epiplo'icus.   Relating to the
 epiploon.
  Epiploic Appen'dages;  Appendic'ula  epi-
plo'ica?, A. pinguedino'sae,  Fim'briae  carno'sce
 coli, Supplemen'ta epiplo'ica.   Prolongations of
 the peritoneum beyond the surface of the large
 intestine, which are analogous in texture and
anangement to the epiploon.
  Epiploic  Ar'teries;  Arte'ria  Epiploica.
The arterial branches, which are distributed to
the  epiploon, and  which are given off by the
gastro-epiploica?.
  EPIPLO-ISCHIOCE'LE, from tmn\oov, 'the
epiploon,3  iox^v, 'the ischium,'  and xnXrt, 'a 
EPIPLOITIS
321
EPISPASTICS
 tumour.'   Hernia formed by  the  epiploon
 through the ischiatic notch.
   EPIPLOITIS, from  tmnXocv, 'the omen-
 tum,3 and itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
 mation of the omentum ;  Omentitis, Empres-
 ma peritonitis omenta'lis, Omenti inflamma'tio,
 Enteritis epiploitis, Omente'sis.  A form of
 partial peritonitis.
   EPIPLOMEROCELE, from tmirXoov, 'the
 omentum,3 ^o?, 'the thigh,3 and xijXrj, 'a tu-
 mour.3  Femoral hernia, formed by the epip-
 loon.
   EPIPLOMPHALOCELE, Epiplomphalon.
   EPIPLOM'PHALON,  Epiplobm'phalon,
 Epiplomphaloce'le, Hernia umbilica'lis, from
 inmhoov, 'the  omentum,' and  ouvaxoc, 'the
 navel.'   Umbilical hernia, formed by the epip-
 loon.
   EPIPLOM'PHRASIS, from tirmxoov, 'the
 epiploon,' and t/uf^xo-ira,' I obstruct.3  Indura-
 tion of the epiploon.
   EPIPLOOCOMIS'TES, from tm^oov, 'the
 epiploon,' and xoutta, 'I carry.3  One who has
 th« omentum morbidly large.  Also, one la-
 bouring under epiplocele.
   EPIPLOON, Ejnp'loum, from tm, 'above,3
 and tasu), ' I swim or float.3   Omentum, Rete,
 Retic'ulum; Dertron; Zirbus, Gan'game, Gan -
 gamum, Operimen'tum intestino'rum,Saccus epi-
 plo'icus, Sage'na. The Caul.   A prolongation
 of the peritoneum, which floats above a portion
 of the intestines; and is formed of two membra-
 nous layers, with vessels and  fatty bands dis-
 tributed through it. Anatomists have described
 several epiploons. The uses of  the omentum
 are but little known.  The chief one seems to
 be, to retain  the viscera in  situ, and  to give
 passage to vessels.
   Epiploon, Colic, Colic Omentum, 0. co'li-
 cum, Third Epiploon or Omentum, is a dupli-
 cature of the  peritoneum, situate along the as-
 cending portion of the colon, as far as its junction
 with the transverse portion.   It is  behind  the
 great epiploon, and fills up the angle formed by
 the  junction of the  ascending  with the trans-
 verse colon.  Its two laminae are separated by
 colic arteries and veins.
   Epiploon, Gastro-Colic, Great Omentum,
 Omentum gostro-co'licum, Omentum majus, Pe-
 ritona'um duplica'tum,  RetS  majus,  Zirbus
 adiplnus, consists of an  extensive duplicature,
 which is free  and floating  on  the folds of  the
 intestines.  It is quadrilateral, and longer on
 the left side than on the right:—its base being
 fixed, anteriorly, to the  great curvature of the
 stomach;  and, posteriorly, to  the arch of the
 colon.   It is formed of two laminae, each con-
 sisting of two others.  In this  epiploon a num-
 ber of vessels is distributed, and there is much
 fat.
   Epiploon, Gastro-Hepatic, Lesser  Omen-
 tum, Omentum  hep'ato-gas'tricum,  Omentum
 minus, Membra'na macilen'tior, is a duplicature
 of the peritoneum, which extends transversely
 from the right side of the cardia to the corres-
 ponding extremity of the fissure of the liver,
 and downwards from this fissure to the lesser
 curvature of the  stomach, the pylorus and duo-
denum.   Below  it is the foramen or hiatus of
 Winslow; and between its laminae are lodged
the biliary and  hepatic  vessels.  It contains
but little fat.  If air be blown in at the foramen  I
 of Winslow, the  cavity of the omentum will
 be rendered perceptible.
   Epiploon, Gastro-Splenic, Gastro-Splenic
 Omentum,  O.  Gastro-sple'nicum.   A reflec-
 tion of the peritoneum, which  passes between
 the concave surface of the spleen and the sto-
 mach, from the cardiac orifice to near its great
 curvature,  and which  lodges the vasa brevia
 and splenic vessels between its laminae.
   EPIPLOSARCOM'PHALUS, from mtxXoov,
 ' the epiploon,' cra$£,' flesh,3 and o/*<pa\oc,' the
 navel.3  Umbilical hernia, formed of indurated
 omentum.
   EPIPLOSCHEOCE'LE, Epiploschoce'le,
 fxoxntm.n\oov,' the epiploon,3 oo-<%tov, ' the scro-
 tum,3  and  xriXy,  'tumour.3   Scrotal hernia,
 formed by  a displacement of the epiploon.
   EPIPLOUM, Epiploon.
   EPIPORO'MA,fromETi7rogou,(i'r/,ands*-<i»gGiD,)
 ' I  harden.'  A tophaceous concretion, which
 forms in the joints.  The callus of fracture.
   EPIRRHOE, Epirrha'a, from tm, 'upon,3
 and pa, ' I  flow.'  Afflux or congestion of hu-
 mours.—Hippocrates.
   EPIRRHOEA, Epirrhoe.
   EPISARCIDIUM, Anasarca.
   EPIS'CHESIS, Retention; from tmo-Xva,' I
 restrain.'   A suppression of excretions.
   EPISCHION, Abdomen, Pubes, Pubis os.
   EPISCOPALES VALVULE, Mitral valves.
   EPISEION, Pubis, (os), Vulva, Labium  Pu-
 dendi, Tressoria.
   EPISEMA'SIA, from tvio-Tiiiaivai, (tm,  and
 o-r]fjt.a, 'asign,3) 'I afford some sign.3  Sema'sia.
 It has been used synonymously with sign,  and
 also with the  invasion of an attack of fever.
 See Annotatio.
   EPISIOCELE, see Hernia, vulvar.
   EPISIGZDE MA, from mto-uov, 'the labia pu-
 dendi,' and oiStrfia, ' oedema.3   ffidema of  the
 labia pudendi.
   EPISION, Episeion.
   EPISIONC'US, Episiophy'ma, from  iirt>rtiov,
 (modern,) 'the labium pudendi,3 and oyxog, 'a
 tumour.' Tumor labio'rum.  A swelling or tu-
 mour of the labia pudendi.
   EPISIOPHYMA, Episioncus.
   EPISIORRHAG'IA, from tm<ru->v, 'the labia
 pudendi,' and  gayij, ' rupture.3  Hemorrhage
 from the labia  pudendi.
   EPISIOR'RHAPHY, Episiorrhaph'ia,  from
 tmottov, (modern,) 'the labium pudendi,' 'the
 vulva,3 and ex^rh ' suture.3 An operation prac-
 tised in cases of prolapsus uteri, which consists
 in paring the opposing  surfaces of the labia  pu-
 dendi, bringing  them  together  and  uniting
 them by suture, so as to diminish the outlet of
 the vulva.
   EPISOITIS, from trio-ttov,' the labia puden-
 di,' and itis, denoting ' inflammation.3   Inflam-
 mation of the labia pudendi.
   EPISPA'DIA; Hyperspa'dia; same  etymon
 as the next.   The condition of an Epispadias.
  EPISPA'DIAS, Epispadise'us, Anaspddias,
 Anaspadias'us, Hyperspa!dias, Hyperspadia'us,
 from tm, 'above,3 and cnraoi, 'I  draw.3  The
 opposite to  Hypospadias.  One who has a pre-
 ternatural opening of the urethra at the upper
 part of the penis.
  EPISPAS'TICS,Epispas'tica,Helc'tica,(F.)
 kpispastiques;  same etymon.   An epithet  for
 every medicinal substance, which,  when ap-
plied to the  skin, excites pain, heat, and more 
EPISPASTICUM
322
EPIZOOTIA
or less redness, followed by separation of the
epidermis, which is raised up by effused serum.
Cantharides and mustard are epispastics.   See
Blister and Derivative.
  EPISPASTICUM, Blister.
  kPISPASTIQUES, Epispastics.
  EPISPASTUM, Catapasma.
  EPISPH/E'RIA, from m, 'upon,' and o-apatqa,
'a sphere.'   Some physiologists have  applied
this term to the different convolutions and sinu-
osities presented by the external surface of the
brain.
  EPISPHAGISMOS, Signature.
  EPISTACTIS'CHESIS,   from   tmo-xa%tg,
'epistaxis,'  and taxtiv,  'to restrain.3  Arrest
of bleeding from the nose.
  EPISTAPHYLINI, see Azygos Muscle.
  EPIS'TASIS,  Insiden'tia,   from  tm,
'upon,' and  arxa, 'I rest.3  A substance which
swims at the surface of urine.  It is opposed
to the hypostasis ox sediment.  Epistasis has
also been employed synonymously with sup-
pression.
  EPISTAX'IS, from tm, 'upon,3 and trxxtu,
' I flow,  drop by drop.3  Hamorrha'gia activa
na'rium, H. narin'ea, H. na'rium, Epistaxis
junio'rum, Epistaxis arterio'sa, Hacmorrhin'ia,
Hamorhinorrhag'ia, Hamatis'mus,  Choanor-
rhag"ia, Rhiuorrhag'ia, Stil/icidiunj seu Stil-
la'tia Sang'uiuis e nar'ibus, Hemorrhage  from
the pituitary membrane, Bleeding at the  nose,
(F.) Hemorrhagic  nasale, Saignement du nez,
Hemorr/uuie.   This is one of the most common
varieties of hemorrhage; the organization of the
Schneiderian membrane  being favourable to it,
as the blood vessels are but slightly supported.
It does  not generally flow from both nostrils,
and  is very apt to recur.  Puberty is  the pe-
riod at which it is  most common.   Its exciting
causes are:—any thing  that will  induce  local
congestions,  as running,  coughing,  blowing
the nose, &c,  provided there  be  a predispo-
sition to it.   A common case  of epistaxis  re-
quires but  little treatment, especially if in a
young person.  Light diet and a dose or two of
the sulphate of magnesia will be sufficient.  In
more severe attacks, cold and astringent washes
of alum, sulphate of zinc, weak sulphuric acid,
or creosote may be used,  and  the nostrils be
plugged  anteriorly; but if the bleeding goes on
posteriorly, the posterior nares must be plugged
likewise,—the patient being kept with the head
raised.   The flow of blood has been arrested,
by directing the patient to stand  up with his
head elevated, compressing the nostril  whence
the blood flows with the finger, raising the cor-
responding arm perpendicularly, and holding it
in this position for about two minutes.   A less
vigorous circulation through the  carotids ap-
 pears to result from the  increased  force re-
quired to carry on the circulation  through the
upper extremities  when raised.—Negrier.  To
prevent  the recurrence, strict  diet must be in-
culcated.
   EPISTER'NAL, Episterna'lis, from  in,
'upon,' and cTteyr,v, 'the sternum.'   An epithet
applied  to  two bones, which form  part  of the
 sternum, and are situate upon  its superior and
 lateral  part.   In  the young subject, they are
 attached to the sternum by a synovial  mem-
 brane, and a fibrous capsule.  They have some-
 what the appearance of the pisiform bones, but
 are of a  greater size.
  EPISTHOT'ONOS, from tm*6»,' forwards,'
and tf 11 a, 'I  extend.3  A spasm of  the  mus-
cles, drawing the body forwards.  The  word
emprosthotonos is more commonly employed.
  EPISTROPHE, Relapse.
  EPISTROPHEUS, Axis.
  EPISTROPHUS, Axis.
  EPISYNAN'CHE, (mi,  and synanche  or
cynanche,) Episynanglna.   A Greek  word,
used by  a modern writer  for  spasm of the
pharynx,  by which  deglutition is prevented,
and the solid and liquid food driven back to-
wards the mouth or nasal fossae.
  EPISYNTHET'IC,  Episynthet'icus,  from
ivio-vvxi&iiiui (tm, o-vv, and xt6>j/^t,) 'to collect,
accumulate.'  The  name of a  medical  sect,
whose  object it was to  reconcile the principles
of the  Methodists with those of the Empirics
and Dogmatists.  Leonides of Alexandria seems
to have been one of the first partisans of this
sect; of which we know little.
  EPIT'ASIS,  from tm, and xuvm, 'to ex-
tend.'   The period of  violence of  a  fever,
(Febris inten'sio,) attack or paroxysm;  some-
times it is used in the  same sense as  epistasis,
for 'suppression.'
  EPITELIUM, Epithelium.
  EPITHE'LIUM, Epite'Hum,Epithe'lis, En-
depidermis, from s m, 'upon,3 and 9 r,Xi),'a nipple.'
The thin layer of epidermis, which covers parts
deprived of derma, properly so called,—as the
nipple, mucous membranes,  lips, &c.  Modern
histological researches  have shown, that it ex-
ists, in different  forms, pavement and cylinder
and vibratile or ciliated epithelium; and that it
is seen in various parts—in the blood vessels,
and even in the ventricles of the brain.
  EP'ITHEM, Epith'ema or Epithe'ma, from
im, ' upon,' and ri9r\/jLi, 'I put.3  This term is
applied to every topical application which can-
not be  classed either under  ointments or plas-
ters.   Three sorts of epithems have  been usu-
ally distinguished,—the  liquid, dry  and soft,
which  comprise fomentations, bags filled with
dry substances, and cataplasms.
  EPITH'ESIS.   Same etymon.  The rectifi-
cation  of crooked limbs  by means  of instru-
ments.
  EPITHYMTiE, from t*i,' upon,3  and tofioc,
'desire.3  Morbid desires or longings.
  EPITHYMIAMA, Fumigation.
  EPITROCH'LEA,  from tm,  'upon,' and
r^ox.xXia, 'a pulley.'  That which  is  situate
above  a  pulley.   Chaussier gives this name to
the unequal, round protuberance, situate on the
inside  of the inferior extremity of the humerus
above  its articular  trochlea.    It is the part
usually  called  the inner  or  lesser condyle
of  the humerus.  From it originate several
muscles  of the forearm, to which it has given
part of their names, according to the system of
Chaussier.
   kPITR OCHLO-CARPI-PALMAIRE,—
Palmaris longus—i. Cubito-carpien, see Cubi-
tal muscles—i. Mitacarpien, Palmaris magnus
—i. Phalangiui.en  commun, Flexor sublimis
perforatus—e. Radial, Pronator radii teres.
   EPIZO'A, (F.)  Epizodires, Ectoparasites,
from tiri,' upon,' and Coiov,  'an animal.'  Para-
sitic animals, which  infest the surface of the
body, or the common  integument.
   EPIZOOTIA, Epizooty. Same etymon.  A
 disease which reigns amongst animals.   It cor- 
EPOCHE
323
ERETHISM
 responds, in the veterinary art, to epidemy in
 medicine.
   EP'OCHR, from tm, and s/», 'to have or to
 hold.'  Doubt, suspension  of judgment—Sus-
 pen'sa senten'tia.  Sometimes employed in the
 same sense as episc/usis or suppression.
   EPOCHETEUS1S, Derivation.
   EPODE, Incantation.
   EPO'MIS, Superkumeraie, from tm, 'upon,'
 and a/noc,' the shoulder.' The acromion.   The
 upper part of the shoulder.—Hippoc rates, Galen.
   EPOMPHALICUM, Epomphalium.
   EPOMPHALION, Uterus.
   EPOMPHALIUM,  Epomphal'icum,  from
 ni,'upon,'and o^aXog, 'the navel.' A me-
 dicine, which, when placed upon the umbilicus,
 moves the belly.—Paulus of iEgina.
   kPONGE, Spongia—e. d'Eglantier,  Bede-
 gar.
   kPOQUES, Menses.
   EPOSTOMA, Exostosis.
   EPOSTOSIS, Exostosis.
   kPREINTES, Tenesmus.
   EPSEMA, Decoction.
   EPSESIS, Decoction, Elixatio.
   EPSOM,  MINERAL WATERS OF.  Ep-
 som is a town in  Surrey, about 15 miles from
 London.  The water is a simple saline;—con-
 sisting chiefly of sulphate  of magnesia, which
 has consequently received  the name of Epsom
 Salts, though no longer prepared from the Ep-
 som water.
   kPUISEMENT, Exhaustion.
   EPU'LIS, from tm, 'upon,' and  ouxov, 'the
 gum.3  Odon'tia excres'cens,  Sarcoma epu'lis,
 Ulon'cus, Excrescen'tia gingiva.  An excres-
 cence on the gum, sometimes ending in sancer.
   EPULOSIS, Cicatrization.
   EPULOTICA,  Cicatrisantia.
   EQUAL, jEqua'Us.  An epithet applied par-
 ticularly to  the pulse and  to respiration.   The
 pulse and respiration are equal, when the pul-
 sations  and  inspirations which succeed each
 other are alike in  every respect.
   EQUILIBRIUM,  from  aquus,' equal,3 and
 librare, 'to weigh.3  In medicine, this word is
 sometimes used to designate that state of or-
 gans, fluids,  and  forces,  which  constitutes
 health.
   EQUINA CAUDA, see Cauda Equina.
   EQUI'NIA, from equinus, 'belonging to a
 horse.'   Glanders, (F.) Morve.  A dangerous
 contagious disorder, accompanied by a pustular
 eruption, which  arises  from  inoculation  with
 certain diseased  fluids generated in the horse,
 the ass and the mule.   Two forms  are met
 with,—E. mitis,  contracted  from  horses  af-
 fected with  grease, and E. glandulo'sa, a dan-
 gerous and commonly fatal disease communi-
 cated to man, either  in the acute or  chronic
 form, from the glandered  horse.   The veteri-
 nary surgeons make two varieties of the disease
 in the horse—Glanders, Ma'lia, Malias'mus,
 Ma'lie,  Mali's, Malleus; and Farcy glanders,
Farcino'ma,  (F.) Morve farcineuse:—the for-
mer affecting the pituitary membrane and occa-
sioning  a profuse  discharge from the  nostrils,
with pustular eruptions or small tumours, which
soon suppurate and ulcerate, being attended by
symptoms of malignant fever  and by gangrene
of various parts:—the latter being the same
disease,  but appearing in the shape of small tu-
mours about the  legs, lips, face, neck, &c. of
 the horse; sometimes very painful, suppurating
 and degenerating into foul ulcers.  They are
 often seen together.
   The  mild cases require little treatment but
 rest; the  more severe generally resist all re-
 medies.
   EQUISETUM ARVENSE, &c, see Hippu-
 ris vulgaris—e. Minus, Hippuris vulgaris.
   EQUITATION, Equita'tio, Hippei'a, Hip-
 pa'sia, Hippeu'sis;  from  equus, ' a horse.'
 Horseback exercise.  A  kind  of  exercise,  ad-
 visable in many diseases, although improper in
 others—in uterine  affections, for  instance.   It
 has been much recommended in phthisis pnlmo-
 nalis.  It is less fatiguing than  walking,  and
 consequently more available in disease.   But
 to prevent disease, where much exercise is re-
 quired, the latter is preferable.
   EQUIV'OCAL,  JEquiv'ocus, from aquus,
 ' equal,' and vox,  ' voice.'  Those symptoms
 are occasionally so denominated which belong
 to several diseases.  Generation is said  to be
 ' equivocal,3 when  it is, or seems to be, spon-
 taneous.   See Generation.
   EQUUS, Hippus.
   kRABLE, Acer saccharinum.
   ERADICATION, Eradica 'tiofxome, 'from,'
 and radix, ' a root.'  The act of rooting out, or
 completely removing a disease.
   ERAD'ICATIV\<'.,Eradlcans: same etymon.
 Any thing possessed of the power of completely
 rooting out a disease.
   kRAILLEMENT DES  PAUPIERES,
 Ectropion.
   EREBINTHUS, Acer arietinum.
   ERECTILE TISSUE, Tela erec'titis,fxom
 erigere, (e, and  rigere,) 'to  erect,' ' to  become
 erect.'  A tissue, whose principal  character is:
 —to be susceptible of dilatation, i. e. of tumes-
 cence and increase of size.  It is  formed of a
 collection of arteries and veins, intermixed with
 nervous filaments; which form, by their nume-
 rous  anastomoses,  a  spongy substance, whose
 areolae  communicate  with  each  other.  This
 tissue exists in the corpora cavernosa of  the
 penis and clitoris, at  the lower and inner sur-
 face of the vagina, in the spongy part of  the
 urethra, the lips, nipples, iris, &c.   Sometimes
 it is developed accidentally, and constitutes a
 kind of organic transformation.
   ERECTION, Erec'tio, Arre&tio; same ety-
 mon.  The state of a part,  in  which,  from
 having  been soft, it  becomes stiff, hard, and
 swollen by the  accumulation of blood in  the
 areolae of its tissue, as in the case  of the penis;
 —Sty ma, Sty sis.
   ERECTORCLITORIDIS,Ischio-cavernosus
 —e. Penis, Ischio-cavernosus.
   EREMACAU'SIS,  from f?i^0c, 'waste,' and
 xavaig, ' combustion.'   A term applied by Lie-
 big to the  slow combustion, oxidation, or decay
 of organic matters in air.
   EREMIA, Acinesia.
   ERETHISM, Erelhis'mus, Erethis'ia,  Irri-
 tamen'tum, Irrita'tio, from tgtdito), ' I irritate.'
 Irritation.  Augmentation of the  vital pheno-
 mena in any organ or  tissue.  Orgasm.  Under
 this name, Mr. Pearson has described a state of
 the constitution produced by  mercury acting
 upon it as a poison.  He calls it Mercu'rial
 Erethism'ns.   It is characterized by great  de-
 pression of strength; anxiety about the prcpcor-
dia; irregular action of the heart; frequent sigh- 
ERETHISMA
324
EROTIC
ing; tremors;  small, quick, sometimes inter-
mitting, pulse; occasional vomiting; pale, con-
tracted countenance, and sense of coldness; but
the tongue is seldom furred, nor are the vital
and natural functions much disturbed.   In this
state any sudden exertion may prove fatal.
   ERETHISMA, Rubefacient.
   ERETHISMUS,  Erethism,  Irritation—e.
Ebriosorum,  Delirium tremens—e. Hydropho-
bia,  Hydrophobia—e. Oneirodynia,  Incubus,
Paroniria—e. Simplex, Fidgets.
   ERETHISTICUS, Erethiticus, Rubefacient.
   ERETHIT'IC,  Erethit'icus,  Erethis'ticus.
Belonging or relating to erethism,—as " ere-
thitic phenomena,'3 or phenomena of irritation.
   EREUGMOS, Eructation.
   EREUXIS, Eructation, Flatulence.
   ERGASMA, Myrrha.
   ERGASTERION SPIRITUS, Pulmo.
   ERGASTERIUM, Laboratory.
   ERGOT,  (F.)  Ergot, 'a spur.'  Er'gota,
Seca'le cornu'tum,  Clavus secallnus,  Clavus
seca'lis, Spermo'e'dia clavus, Mater  seca'lis,
Calcar, Seca'lis  mater, Seca'le  luxu'rians,
Ustila'go, Clavus  silig"inis, Frumen'tum cor-
nu'tum, F.  cornicula'tum, F.  luxu'rians,  F.
tur'gidum, F.  temulen'tum, Brizoc'eras, (?)
Melanophy'ma, Spurred  or Horned Rye, the
Spur,   Hornseed,  (F.)  Seigle  ergotie, BU
cornu.  Ergot is generally considered to be the
result  of a disease in rye, occurring most fre-
quently when a hot  summer  succeeds  a rainy
spring. Decandolle,  however, regards  it as a
parasitic fungus, and calls it Sclero'tium clavus;
whilst Leveille esteems it to be a fungus giving
a coating  to  the  diseased grain; the  medical
virtues residing in the coating.   This parasitic
fungus he  calls Sphace'lia seg"etum. More re-
cently, it  has been maintained, that it is a dis-
eased  state  of the  grain occasioned  by the
growth of a fungus not  previously detected, to
which the name Ergota'tia abortans seu aborti-
fa'ciens, has been given.   It is found projecting
from among the leaves of the spike  or ear; and
is a long, crooked  excrescence, resembling the
spur of a  cock; pointed at its  extremities; of
a  dark-brown  colour externally,  and  white
within.
   This substance has been long used in Germa-
ny to  act on the uterus, as  its names Mut-
t e r k o r n  and  Gebarpulver  (womb-
grain,   pulvis parturiens) testify.   About  40
years ago, it was recommended in this country,
by Dr. John  Stearns, of Saratoga County, New
York,  for accelerating  parturition; and since
that period, numerous testimonials have been
offered in its favour.  Half a  drachm of the
powder is gently boiled in half a pint of water,
and one-third part given every 20 minutes, until
proper pains begin. Some recommend the clear
watery infusion;  others  advise  the powder;
others the oil, and others the wine.  It is ob-
vious, that  in  many cases  the  uterine  efforts
would return in the period which would neces-
sarily elapse in the administration of ergot, so
that several of the cases, at least, of reputed effi-
cacy, may not have been dependent upon the
assigned agent.  Ergot also possesses—it is af-
firmed—narcotic virtues, which have rendered
it useful in hemorrhagic and other affections of
excitement.
   Bread,  made of spurred  rye, has been  at-
tended with the effects described under Ergo-
tism.
  ERGOT, Hippocampus minor.
  ERGOTA, Ergot.
  ERGOTiETIA ABORTANS, see Ergot-e.
Abortifaciens, see Ergot.
  ER'GOTIN, Extrac'tum Er'gotse, Extract of
Ergot, (F.) Ergotine, Extrait himostatique de
Bonjean.   The extract of ergot has been found
an excellent hemastatic in the dose of two
grains several times a day.  It has also been
used externally.
  ERGOTINE, Ergotin.
  ER'GOTISM, Ergotis'mus,  from ergota,
'ergot.' Morbus cerea'lis.  Poisoning by ergot.
An affection produced by the use of the spurred
rye.   At times, the symptoms are limited to
vertigo, spasms, and convulsions.  See Convul-
sio cerealis.  Most  commonly, there is.torpor
with numbness  of  the hands and  feet, which
waste away; lose sensation and the power of
motion, and separate from the body by dry gan-
grene; Ergotis'mus Sphacelo'sus, Sphac"eltis
cerea'lis, Necro'sis cerea'lis, Gangra'na ustila-
gin'ea, Necrosis ustilagin'ea, Ergot or Mildew
mortification,  (F.) Ergotisme  gangreneux,
Gangrene des Solonois, Mai de Sologne.
  ERGOTISME CONVULSIVE, Convulsio
cerealis.
  ERGOTISMUS,  Ergotism—e. Spasmodicus,
Convulsio cerealis—e. Sphacelosus, Ergotism.
  ERI'CA  VULGA'RIS,  Callu'na vulga'ris,
Common Heath, (F.) Bruyere vulgaire. This
has been regarded as diuretic and diaphoretic.
  ERIG'ERON PHILADEL'PHICUM, Sea-
bious, Skevisch, Philadelphia Flea-Banc, Ske-
visch Flea-Bane, Daisy, Cocash, Frostwetd,
Fieldweed,  Squaw-weed,  (F'.)  Vergerette   de
Philadelphie.   The plant has been used in  de-
coction or infusion for gouty and gravelly com-
plaints, and it is said to operate powerfully as
a diuretic and sudorific.
  Erigeron Canaden'se, Can'ada Fleabane, is
considered  to  be   allied  in  properties to  the
above, and the  same  may be said of Erigeron
Heterophyl'lum, Sweet Sca'bious  or vaiious-
leaved Fleabane; all of which are in the secon-
dary list of the Pharmacopoeia  of the United
States.
  ERIGERUM, Senecio.
  ERIGNE, Hook.
  kRINE, Hook.
  ERIX, t^t%.  This  word signifies, in Galen,
the upper part of the liver.
  ERODENS, Caustic.
  ERODIUM MOSCHATUM, Geranium mos-
chatum.
  EROMANIA, Erotomania.
  ERON'OSUS, Eronu'sos, from  ijp,' spring,'
and voo-og or vova-og, 'disease.3  A disease which
appears chiefly in spring.
  EROS, Love.
  EROSIO, Corrosion.
  ERO'SION, Ero'sio,  Diabro'sis, Anabro'sis,
Corro'sion, from erodere, (e,  and  rodere,) ' to
eat  away.3  The  action  of a corrosive sub-
stance, or the gradual destruction of a part by a
substance of that kind.  It is often employed in
the same sense as ulceration, spontaneous  ero-
sion.
  EROT'IC, Erot'icus, from tqag,' love.3 That
which is produced  by love;—as Erotic melan-
choly, E. delirium, &c. 
EROTICOMANIA
325
ERYSIPELAS
  EROTICOMANIA, Erotomania.
  EROTION, Melissa.
  EROTOMA'NIA,Eroma'nia,Ma'nia erotica,
from tga>s,' love,3 and navia,' mania.3 A species
of mental alienation caused  by love.  Erotic
■melancholy is Love melancholy.   Some authors
write it Erotico-mania.  Also, Nymphomania.
  ERPES, Herpes.
  ERRABUNDUS, Planetes.
  ERRAT'IC,  Erraticus, Atac'tos, Alypos;
from errare, ' to err.3   Wandering, irregular.
That which disappears and recurs at irregular
intervals. This name is given to intermittents,
Febres  errat'ica, which observe no type.  Most
commonly, it is applied to pains or to any dis-
eased manifestations, which are not fixed; but
move from  one part  to another,  as  in gout,
rheumatism, erysipelas, &c.
   ERR-EUR DE LIEU, Error loci.
   ER'RHINE,  Errhlnum or Er'rhinum, Ster-
nutato'rium, Ster'nutatory,  Ptar'micum, Apo-
phlegmat'isansper nares,Nasalle,fxomtv,'into,'
and gif, 'the nose.3  A remedy, whose  action
is exerted on the Schneiderian membrane; ex-
citing  sneezing and increased discharge.  Er-
rhines  have been  chiefly used as local stimu-
lants in head affections. The chief are:  Asari
Folia,  Euphorbia?  gummi-resina,  Hydrargyri
6ulphas flavus, Tabacum, and Veratrum album.
   ERRHINUM, Sternutatory.
   ER'RHYSIS, from tv, 'in,' and §«», 'I flow.3
With some, a draining of  blood.   A trifling
hemorrhage.
   ERROR LOCI, Apoplane'sis, (F.) Erreur de
Lieu.  A term, frequently used  by Boerhaave
to express deviation of fluids, when they enter
vessels not destined for them.  Boerhaave ad-
mitted several orders  of capillary  vessels; the
diameters of which went on decreasing.   The
largest received red blood:  those which came
next received only white : others only lymph;
whilst the last of all were destined for yet more
subtile fluids—for a kind of vapour.  When the
red  globules entered vessels destined for the
white, or the white those intended for the thin-
ner  fluids, there was, according to the theory of
Boerhaave, an error loci, and the proximate cause
of inflammation and other mischiefs.  See Aber-
ration.
   ERUCA, Brassica eruca, Sinapis.
   ERUCTATION, (e, andructare,) Ructa'tio,
Ereug'mus, Er'yge, Eructa'tio, Ructus, Ructa'-
tnen, Ructua'tio, Ereux'is, Restagna'tio, Ruft,
(N. of  England,) from eructare, 'to belch.'
 Belching, (F.) Rot, Rapport. A sonorous emis-
sion, by the mouth,  of flatus proceeding from
the stomach.  When so frequent as to occasion
a diseased condition, this is texxnedRuctuo'sitas,
Morbus  ructuo'sus.
   ERUGATORIA, Tetanothra.
   kRUGINEUX, ^Eruginous.
   ERUPTIO, Eruption—e.Exanthematis, Epa-
nastasis—e. Sanguinis, Haemorrhagia.
   ERUPTION, Erup'tio, from erumpere, (e,
and rumpere,)  ' to issue with violence,3 ' to
break out.'  This word has several  meanings.
 1. The sudden and copious  evacuation  of any
 fluid from a canal or cavity;—of serum, blood,
 pus, &c, for example.  2. The breaking out of
 an exanthem; and, 3, the exanthem itself, whe-
 ther simply in the form of a rash, or of pus-
 tules,  vesicles, &c.
  ERUP TION ANOMALE, Roseolae—e. Ro-
sace, Roseola?—e. Violet, Ionthus.
  ERUPTIVE, Eruptivus.  That which is ac-
companied  by an eruption.  Thus small-pox,
measles, scarlet fever, miliaria, &c, are erup-
tive fevers.  The term eruptive disease is nearly
synonymous with cutaneous disease.
  ERVA DE  SANCTA MARIA, Arum dra-
cunculus.
  ERVUM ERVIL'IA, Or'obus, (F.) Lentille
Ers ou Orobe.   In times of scarcity, the seeds
have been made into bread, but it is said not to
be wholesome. The meal was once much used
in poultices: it was formerly called  Orobion,
oqojiiov.
  ErvumLens, Lens, Phacos, the Lentil, (F.)
Lentille. The seed, Phace, Pha'cea, Phacus, is
eaten in many places like peas : they are flatu-
lent and difficult of digestion.
  ERYGE, Eructation.
  ERYNGIUM, see E.  Aquaticum.
  Eryn'gium Aq.vkt:'ic\jti<,Water Eryn'go,But-
tonSnakeRoot. Nat.Order, Umbelliferae.  This
root, Eryn'gium, (Ph. U. S.,) is nearly allied to
the contrayerva of the shops, and acts more es-
pecially as a sudorific.   It is  a secondary ar-
ticle in  the Pharm.  U. S.
  Eryngium Campes'tre, Centum Cap'ita,Ly-
rin'gium, Aster inquina'lis,Capilulum Martis,
Acus  Ven'eris,  (F.)  Panicaut,  Chardon-Ro-
land, is sometimes used for E. mariiimum.
  Eryngium Marit'imum. The Sea Holly or
Eryngo, JEthe'rea Herba, (F.) Panicaut Ma-
ritime.  Eryngo root has a slightly aromatic
odour, and  sweetish and warm taste.  It is con-
sidered  to be diuretic and expectorant, but its
powers  are so weak, that it  is  scarcely ever
used.
  ERYNGO,  SEA,  Eryngium maritimum—e.
Water,  Eryngium aquaticum.
  ERYS'IMUM,.Ery.s'MWKm officina'le, Sisym'-
brinm officina'le, Chamx'plion, Hedge-mustard,
(F.)  Velar, Tortelle, Herbe auxchantres.  This
was,  formerly, much used for its expectorant
find diuretic qualities.  The  seeds greatly re-
semble mustard.
   Erysimum Alliaria, Alliaria.
   Erysimum Barba'rea, Barba'rfia, (F.) Herbe
de Sainte Barbe, has been ranked amongst the
antiscorbutic plants. See Alliaria.
   ERYSIPELA'CEA.   Same etymon as  the
next.   A family of eruptive diseases, compris-
ing erysipelas, variola, rubeola and scarlatina.
   ERYSIP'ELAS,  from  tgt/u.,' I draw in,' and
wt\xg, ' near.'  Febris erysipelato'sa, Febris ery-
sipela'cea,  Erythrop'yra, Emphly'sis Erysip'-
elas,  St. Anthony's fire, Ignis Sancti Anto'nii
I. Columella'., Hieropyr, Icteri'tia rubra, Ignis
sacer, Rose,Rubeaicteri"tia, Vicinitra'ha, Vici-
nitrac'tus,Brunus,Liigdus,(F.) Erysipele,Feu
St. Antoine, Feu sacri,  Mai Saint Antoine. A
disease, so called because it generally extends
gradually to the neighbouring parts.   Superfi-
 cial inflammation of the skin, with general fever,
tension and swelling of the part; pain and heat
more or less acrid;  redness diffused, but more
or  less circumscribed, and disappearing when
pressed upon by the finger, but returning as soon
as the pressure is removed. Frequently, small
vesicles appearupon the inflamed part, whichdry
 up and  fall off, under the form of branny scales.
 Erysipelas is, generally, an acute affection:  its
 medium duration being from 10 to 14 days.   It 
ERYSIPELATODES
326
ESAPHE
yields, commonly, to general refrigerant reme-
dies.   Topical applications are rarely service-
able.   At times, when the disease approaches
the phlegmonous character, copious bleeding
and other evacuants may be required, as in many
cases of erysipelas of the face; but this is not
commonly  necessary.  In most  cases, indeed,
the general action seems deficient, and it be-
comes  necessary to give tonics.
  When erysipelas is of a highly inflammatory
character, and invades the  parts beneath, it is
termed Erysip'elas phlegmono'des, (F.) Erysi-
plle  phlegmoneux:  when  accompanied  with
phlyctenae, and the inflammation terminates in
gangrene, Erysip'elasgangrano'sum, (F.) kry-
sipele gangrineux;  and when  associated with
infiltration  of serum, Erysip'elas ademato'sum,
(F.) krysipeie ademateux.
  Erysipelas Gangrenosum, see Erysipelas—
e. OEdematosum,  see Erysipelas—e. Phlegmo-
nodes,  see  Erysipelas—e.  Periodica  nervosa
chronica,  Pellagra—e. Phlyctenoides,  Herpes
zoster—e. Pustulosa, Herpes zoster—e.  Zoster,
Hemes zoster.
  ERYSIPELATODES, Erysipelatous.
  ERYSIPEL'ATOUS, Erysipelato'des, Erysi-
pelato'sus.   Belonging  to  erysipelas;   as  an
erysipelatous affeition.
  Erysipelatous Inflammation, Inflamma'-
tio erysipelato'sa, Epiphlogis'ma, Cutllis, Der-
matitis, is the character of inflammation, which
distinguishes erysipelas, Erythe'ma erysipela-
to'sum.
  kRYSIPkLE,Exysioe\as—e. Ambulant, see
Ambulant-—i. Gangreneux, see Erysipelas—i.
GUdemateux, see Erysipelas—i. Phlegmoneux,
see Erysipelas—i. Serpigineux, see Serpiginous
—i. Pusluleux,  Herpes zoster.
  ERYSOS, Erythema.
  ERYTHE'MA, from Erythrai'os, Er'ythros,
'red,   rose-coloured;3  tqu9^og,  'red.'   Ery-
thre'ma, (F.) Erytheme.  This name is, some-
times,  given to  erysipelas, especially when
of a local  character.  It  is, also, applied  to
the morbid redness on the cheeks of the hec-
tic ; and on the skin covering bubo, phlegmon,
&c.  It forms the 6th genus of the 3d order,
Exanthemata, of Bateman's classification  of
cutaneous  diseases; and is defined, " a nearly
continuous  redness of some portion of the skin,
attended with disorder of the constitution, but
not contagious."  Many varieties are described
by dermatologists,—for example, E. intertrigo,
E. fugar, E. papula'tum, E. tuberculatum,  E.
nodo'sum, E. lave, E. centrif ugum, E. margi-
natum, and E. acrodynia.
  Erythema Acrodynia, Acrodynum—e. Am-
bustio, Burn—e.  Anthrax,  Anthrax.
  Erythe'ma  Centrif'ugum.   A  variety  of
erythema attacking the face, commencing with
a small red spot, and  spreading around, so as,
at times, to affect the whole face.
  Erythema Endemicum, Pellagra—e. a Fri-
gore, Chilblain.
  Erythe'ma Fugax.   Patches  of erythema,
that sometimes  appear on the body in febrile
diseases, teething children,  &c, and which are
of brief duration.
  Erythema Gangrenosum, Anthrax—e.
Ichorosum, Eczema mercuriale—e. Intertrigo,
Chafing.
  Erythe'ma L^vii,  (F.) krytheme  liger.
Slight erythema affecting the skin, as in oedema.
  Erythe'ma  Margina'tum, (F.) krythem
marginal.   A  form in which  the prominent
patches of erythema are  distinctly separated
from the skin at their margins.
  Erythema Mercuriale, Eczema mercuriale,
  Erythe'ma  Nodo'sum,  (F.) Erytheme nou-
eux.  A more severe form of Erythema tuber-
culatum.
  Erythe'ma Papula'tum, (F.) Erytheme pa-
puleux.  Patches of erythema, which are at
first papulated, appearing on the  face, neck,
breast, &c.,of females, and young persons more
especially.
  Erythema Pellagrum, Pellagra—e. Pernio,
Chilblain.
  Erythe'ma Sola're.  A name given by the
Italians to Pellagra, owing to its being attended
with an eruption of small  red spots or patches
on the parts that are exposed to the sun.
  Erythe'ma  Tubercula'tum, E. tuberoulo'-
sum, (F.) Erytheme tuber culeux. Aform of ery-
thema in which the patches are in small lumps.
  ERYTHEMATOUS, Erythematic, Erythe-
mato'sus, Erythemalicus,  (F.) Erythimateux.
Appertaining or relating to erythema.
  kRYTHEME, Erythema—i. Liger, Erythe-
ma laeve—i. Marginal, Erythema marginatum
—i. Noueux, Erythema nodosum—i.Papuleux,
Erythema papulatum—i. Tuberculeux, Erythe-
ma tuberculatum.
  ERYTHRyEA CENTAURIUM,  Chironia
centaurium—e. Chilensis,  Canchalagua, Chiro-
nia Chilensis.
  ERYTHREMIA, Plethora.
  ERYTHRAN'CHE, Angi'na erysipelato'sa,
fromtguae^og,'red,' andayxto, 'I suffocate.' Ery-
sipelatous or erythematous sore throat.
  ERYTHREMA, Erythema.
  ERYTHROCHGERAS, Cynanche parotidaea.
  ERYTHRODANUM, Rubia.
  ER'YTHROID,  Erythro'des, Erythrdildes.
Reddish.
  Erythroid Coat, Tu'nica  erythro'des. Va-
ginal Coat of the testis.
  Er'ythroid Ves'icle, Vesic'ula Erythro'idea.
A vesicle of the fcetus described by Pockels and
others.   It is pyriform, and much longer than,
although of the same breadth  as, the umbilical
vesicle.  Velpeau, Weber, and others doubt its
being a physiological condition.
  ERYTHRONIUM, E. Americanum.
  Erythro'nium America'num, E. flavum, E.
dens canis,  E. lanceola'tum, E. longifo'lium,
Common Erythro'nium, Yellow Snake-leaf, Yel-
low Adder's tongue,  Adder-leaf,  Dog violet,
Rattlesnake violet, Lamb's tongue, Scrofula
root, Yellow Snowdrop.  This plant is possessed
of emetic properties, but is rarely, if ever, used,
The root and herb, Erythro'nium, (Ph. U. S.,)
are in the secondary list of the Pharmacopffiia of
the United States.
  Erythronium Dens Canis, E. Americanum
—e. Flavum, E. Americanum—e. Lanceolatum,
E. Americanum—e. Longifolium, E. America-
num.
  ERYTHROPYRA, Erysipelas.
  ERYTHROSIS,  Plethora.
  ES'APHE, from itxquu, 'I touch  with the
fingers.3  (F.) Le Toucher.   The introduction
of a finger or fingers  into the vagina, for the
purpose of examining the condition of the ute-
rus.  It is employed to verify the existence or
non-existence  of pregnancy  and  its  different 
ESCA
327
ESTOMAC
stages; to detect certain  affections or faults of
conformation in the genital organs and pelvis;
and, during the process of accouchement, to ex-
amine into the progress of labour, &c.
  ESCA, Aliment.
  ESCARA, Eschar.
  ESCARGOT, Limax.
  ESCHALOTTE, Echalotte.
  ESCHAR, Es'chara,  Es'char,  a slough,  a
crust or scab.  The crust or disorganized por-
tion, arising from the mortification of a part,
and which  is distinguishable from the  living
parts by its colour, consistence, and other phy-
sical properties.  The inflammation which  it
excites in the contiguous parts, gives occasion
to a secretion of pus between  the living and
dead parts,  which ultimately completely sepa-
rates the latter.
  ESCHARA, Vulva.
  ESCHAROT'IC, Escharot'icum, from tox*e,a,
'eschar.3   Any substance, which, when applied
upon a living part, gives  rise  to an eschar, such
as  caustic potassa: the concentrated mineral
acids, &c.
  Escharotic Poison, see  Poison.
  ESCHELLOHE, MINERAL WATERS OF.
This water rises at  the foot of a mountain near
the convent of Etal in Bavaria. It  is a sulphuro-
saline.
  ESCHID'NA  OCELLATA.  A very poi-
sonous viper, which  inhabits the  sugar cane
fields of  Peru.  Its bite is almost instantane-
ously fatal.
  ESCORZONERA, Scorzonera.
  ESCREVISSE,  Crab.
  ES'CULENT, Esculen'tus,from esca, 'food.3
(F.) Comestible.  Such plants or such parts of
plants or animals as may be eaten for food.
  ESO, to-w, 'within.3  A  prefix which signi-
fies an affection of an internal part; as Eso'ente-
ritis, inflammation  of the  inner  membrane  of
the intestines:—Esogastri'tis ; inflammation of
the inner membrane of the stomach, &c.
   ESOCHAS, Esoche.
   ES'OCHE, Es'ochas.  A  tumour—as a he-
 morrhoid—within the anus.
   ESOCOLITIS, Dysentery.
   ESOENTERITIS, see Enteritis.
  ESOGASTRITIS, Endogastritis.
  ESP ACES INTERCOSTAUX, see Costa.
  ESPECE, Powder, compound.
  ESPkCES VULNkRAIRES, Falltranck.
   ESPHLA'SIS, from sic, ' inwards,3 and <p\aa,
 'I  break, bruise,3 &c.  A fracture of the skull
 by comminution, the fragments being depressed.
 See Depression, and Enthlasis.
   ESPRIT,  Spirit—e.  d'Ammoniaque, Spiri-
 tus ammoniae—e. d'Anis, Spiritus anisi—e. de
 Camphre, Spiritus  camphora?—e. de Cannelle,
 Spiritus cinnamomi—e. de Carvi, Spiritus carui
 —e.  de  Geni'evre  compose, Spiritus juniperi
 compositus—e. de Lavande, Spiritus lavandula?
 —e. de Lavande composi, Spiritus lavandulae
 compositus—e.  de  Menthe  poivree,  Spiritus
 menthae piperitae—e. de Muscade, Spiritus my-
 risticae—e. de Pouliot, Spiritus pulegii—e. de
 Raifort composi, Spiritus armoracia? composi-
 tus—e. de  Romarin, Spiritus rosmarini—e. de
 Vin delaye, Spiritus tenuior—e. de Vin  rectifie,
 Spiritus rectificatus.
    ESPRITS ANIMAUX, Nervous fluid.
    ESQUILLE, Splinter.
  ESQUINANCIE, Cynanche, Cynanche ton-
sillaris.
  ESQUINE, Smilax China.
  ES'SENCE, Essen'tia, corrupted from  exis-
tentia, 'standing out.3 (?)  By some used sy-
nonymously with volatile oil; by others, with
simple tincture.  The oil of peppermint is the
oil obtained by distillation; the essence, the oil
diluted with spirit.   See Tinct. olei menthae.
  Essence of Bardana, Hill's, Tinctura guai-
aci ammoniata—e. of Coltsfoot, see Tinctura
benzoini composita—e. of Musk, Tinctura mos-
chi—e. of Mustard Pills, Whitehead's, see Si-
napis—e. of Mustard, Whitehead's, see Sinapis
—e. of Peppermint, Tinctura olei menthae pi-
perita?—e.  of Spearmint, Tinctura olei mentha?
viridis—e. of Spruce, see Pinus Abies.
  ESSENCES, Olea volatilia.
  ESSENTIA, Essence, Tincture—e. Abietis,
see Pinus abies—e. Aloes, Tinctura aloes—e.
Absinthii amara, Tinctura A. composita—e.
Absinthii composita, Tinctura A. composita—
e. Antimonii seu stibii, Vinum antimonii tarta-
rizata—e. Antiseptica Huxhami, Tinctura cin-
chona? composita—e. Aromatica, Tinctura cin
namomi composita—e. Castorei, Tinctura cas-
torei—e. Catholica purgans Rothii, Tinctura
jalapii composita—e. de Cedro, Oleum cedri-
num—e. China?, Tinctura cinchona? composita
—e. Cinnamomi, Tinctura cinnamomi—e. Ne-
roli, see Citrus aurantium—e. Corticis Peruvi-
ani antiseptica  Huxhami,  Tinctura cinchona?
comp.—e.  Corticis Peruviani composita, Tinc-
tura cinchonae amara.
  ESSENTIAL, Essentia'lis. The word es-
sential has been applied to  the immediate or
active principles of vegetables, which were be-
lieved to be endowed with the properties of the
plants from which  they were extracted.  Es-
sential oil was so called because it was regarded
as the only immediate principle which was es-
sential.  This expression is retained. Essential
salts are true salts or  extracts  which  exist,
ready formed, in vegetables; and which are ob-
tained  by  distillation, incineration,  or  some
other process.
   An essential disease is synonymous with an
idiopathic disease; that is, one not depending on
any other;—not symptomatic.
   ES'SERA, Es'sere, Sora, Saire,  Sare, Mor-
 bus porci'nus, Rosa saltans, Urtica'ria porcel-
 la'na, (F.) Ampoules, Porcelaine.  A species
 of cutaneous eruption, consisting of small, red-
 dish tubercles over the whole body, accompa-
 nied by a troublesome itching.  It seems to be
 a variety of lichen or  urticaria.   See Lichen
 tropicus.     '
   ESSIEU Axis.
   ESSOUFFLEMENT, Anhelatio.
   ESTHEMA,  Vestitus.
   ESTHESIS, Vestitus.
   ESTHIOM'ENUS, Estiom'envs, from trim,
 'I eat.' Ex'edens.  That which devours or eats
 away. Certain ulcers and eruptions are so called.
   ES'TIV AE,JEsti'vus; happening in summer,
 belonging  to summer.  This epithet is given to
 summer diseases, so called because they reign
 at that season, and appear  to depend on the in-
 fluence exerted  by it on the animal economy.
 In the United States, the term summer disease
 or complaint  means disorder of the bowels, as
 diarrhaa, cholera morbus, &c.
   ESTOMAC, Stomach. 
ESULA MAJOR
328
EUGENIA
   ESULA  MAJOR, Euphorbia  palustris
 Minor, Euphorbia cyparissias.
   ESURIES, Hunger.
   ESURIGO, Hunger.
   ESURITIO, Hunger.
   ESYCHIA, Acinesia.
   k TAGE, Stage.
   kTAIN,Tin—e. de Glace,Bismuth—i. Gris,
 Bismuth.
   kTAT GRANULEUX DU REIN, Kidney,
 Bright's Disease of the.
   £TERNUEMENT, Sneezing.
   ETESTICULATIO, Castration.
   ETHER, Ether—e. Acetic, see Ether—e.
 Chloric,  Chloroform—e.  Hydrochloric,  see
 Ether—e. Hydrocyanic, Ether hydrocyanicus
 —e. Muriatic, see Ether—e. Nitric, see Ether,
 —e. Nitrous, see Ether—e.  Phosphoric, see
 Ether—e.  Rectified,  Ether  sulphuricus—e.
 Sulphuric, Ether  sulphuricus—e. Terebinthi-
 nated, Ether terebinthinatus.
   ETHEREAL, Ethereal.
   ETHERkE, Ethereal.
   ETHEREOUS,  Ethereal.
   ETHERINE, HYDROCYANATE  OF,
 Ether hydrocyanicus.
   ETHERIZATION, JEtherisa'tio.   The ag-
 gregate of phenomena induced by the inhalation
 of ether.
   ETHERIZED, JEtherisa'tus.   Presenting
 the  phenomena induced  by the inhalation  of
 ether.
   ETHISIS, Filtration.
   ETHISMUS, Filtration.
   ETHMOID, Ethmo'des,  Ethmo'i'des, Eth-
 moi'deus, from »jd,tn>f, 'a sieve,' and tiSot,'form.'
 Shaped like a sieve.
   Ethmoid  Bone, Os  ethmoideum, Os multi-
forme,  Os  spongio'sum, Os spongoi'des, Os
 cribro'sum, Os cribrifor'me, Os cu'bicum, Os
 crista'tum,  Os foraminulen'tum,  Os colifor'-
 me,  Os colato'rium,  (F.) Os  Cribleur.  One
 of the  eight bones  which  compose the cra-
 nium;  so called,  because  its  upper plate is
 pierced by a  considerable  number of holes.
 The ethmoid bone  is situate at the anterior, in-
 ferior, and middle part  of the base of the cra-
 nium.   It seems to be composed of a multitude
 of thin, fragile, semi-transparent laminae, which
 form more or less spacious  cells, called the
 Ethmoidal labyrinth or cells, distinguished into
 anterior  and posterior.  These communicate
 with the nose, and are lined  by a prolongation
 of the pituitary membrane.  The ethmoid bone
 is constituted of  compact tissue, and is sur-
 rounded by the Ethmoid suture.  It is articu-
 lated with  the frontal and  sphenoidal bones,
 the cornua sphenoidalia, the superior maxillary
 bones, the palate bones, the ossa turbinata infe-
 riora, the vomer, the  proper bones of the nose,
 and the lachrymal  bones.
  ETHMOID'AL, Ethmoida'lis.   Belonging
 to the  ethmoid bone;  as, Ethmoidal cells, E.
 suture, &c.  The Ethmoidal apoph'ysis or pro-
 cess  is the advanced part of the sphenoid bone,
 which articulates with the ethmoid.  The eth-
 moidal arteries axe two in number, the anteri-
 or of which arises from the ophthalmic artery.
 The origin of the  other  varies.   The kchan-
 crure ethmdidale of the os frontis  receives the
 ethmoid  bones.  The Ethmoidal veins corre-
 spond to the arteries.
   ETHMOSYNE, Habit.
■e.    ETHMYPHE, Cellular tissue.
      ETHMYPHI'TIS, Inflamma'tio tela cellulo'.
    sa, from  tfipoc,  'a sieve,' 'vipv, 'texture,' and
    itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflammation of
    the cellular membrane.
      ETHMYPHOTYLOSIS, Induration  of the
    cellular tissue.
      ETHOS, Habit.
      ETHULE, CYANURET OF, Ether.
      kTHUSE,  Ethusa cynapium—i.  Meum,
    Ethusa meum.
      ETIOLATION, (F.) ktiolement. That state
    of plants which occurs in consequence of priva-
    tion of light, when they become pale and wa-
    tery.   In pathology, it is sometimes used to de-
    note the paleness produced in those persons who
    have been kept long without light; or a similar
    paleness, the result of chronic disease.
      kTIOLEMENT, Etiolation.
      ETIOLOGY, Etiologia.
      kTlSE, Hectisis—i.  Misentirique,  Tabes
    mesenterica.
     kTOILE, Stella.
     kTONNk, Stunned.
     kTOUFFEMENT, Suffocation.
     kTOURDISSEMENT, Vertigo.
     kTRANGLEMENT, Strangulation, Hyste-
   ria—i. des Intestins, Enteremphraxis.
     kTRIER, Stapes.
     ETRON, Abdomen, Hypogastrium.
     ETRON'CUS, from i^ov, 'the lower belly,'
   and oyxcg,' a tumour.'  A tumour of the lower
   belly.
     ETUVE, Stove—i. Humide, Bath, vapour.
     ETUVER, to Foment.
     EU, tv, 'good,  proper,' when prefixed to
   words.  Hence:
     EUE'MI A,from tv, 'well,3 and 'xtpa, 'blood.'
   A  good condition of the blood.
     EUESTHE'SI A,from tv,' well,3 and auV'J.
   'perception.3  Vigorous  perception.  A good
   condition of the perceptive faculties.
     EUESTHE'TOS.  Same etymon.  One
   whose senses are in full vigour.
     EUANALEP'SIS;  from tv, 'good,3 and *r*-
   x t;\ptg,' recovery.' Rapid restoration to strength.
     EUANTHEMON,  Anthemis nobilis.
     EUCALYPTUS RESINIFERA, see Kino.
     EUCHRffi'A,  from tv, 'good,' and  /«oi«,
   ' colour.3  A good or healthy colour of the skin.
   A  good appearance of the surface.
     EUCHYM'IA,  from tv, 'well,' and XWh
   'juice.'  A good state of the humours.
     EUCRA'SIA,  from tv,  'well,' and  xqaot(,
   ' temperament.'  A good temperament.
     EUDIAPNEUSTIA,  from  tvSixirvtvtvc,
   'one who breathes well.'   Easy transpiration.
     EUECTICA (medicina) Gymnastics.
     EUEL'CES, from en, 'well,' and txxtt, 'an
   ulcer.'  One in whom wounds and ulcers are
   readily healed.
     EU'EMES, Euem'etos, from iv, ' well,'and
   ifjitm,  'I vomit.'   That which readily  excites
   vomiting.   One who  vomits with facility.
     EUETHES, Benign.
     EUEX'IA, from tv, 'well,' and '*&{, 'consti-
   tution.3  A good constitution.
     EUFRAISE, Euphrasia officinalis.
     EUGENIA  CARYOPHYLLATA,  called
   after Prince Eugene.  Garrophyl'lus,  Caryo-
   phyllus aromaticus.  The Indian tree which
   affords the clove.  Order Myrtacea?. The Clov*,
    Caryophyllus,  C. aromaticus,  is the unex- 
EUGION
329        EUPHORBIA CAPITATA
p&ndea bud, (F.)  Girofle,  Girofle, Gyrophle.
Its  odour is strong, aromatic, and  peculiar;
taste, pungent and acrid.  Like all substances,
whose virtue depends upon essential oil, it is
stimulant and carminative.  It is generally used
as a corrigent to other remedies, and in cases
where substances containing  the essential  oils
are  demanded.   The oil,  (F.) Huile de Gerofle
—Oleum caryophyl'U, Oil of Cloves—has the
properties of the cloves.
  EUGION, Hymen.
  EULOPHIA, see Salep.
  EUNUCH, Eunu'chus, from tvvv, 'the bed,'
and txce, ' I keep.3   Hemian'drus, Hemianor,
Hemianthro'pus, Semimas, Semimas'cuius, Se-
mivir, Thla'dias, Thla'sias, Thlibias, Castra'-
tus, Gallus, Excastra'tus, Evira'tus, Emascu-
la'tus, Spado, Exsec'tus, Extesticula'tus, Ex-
tom'ius, Semivir, Semimascula'tus. One whose
organs of generation have been removed, or so
altered, that he is rendered incapable of repro-
ducing his species, or of exercising the act of
venery.  Eunuchs were  common with the an-
cient Romans.   In Italy, this horrible mutila-
tion still takes place to improve the voice; and
in the East, eunuchs have the surveillance of
the seraglio.
  EUNUCHISMUS, Castration.
  EUNUCHIUM MECONIS, Lettuce.
  EUNUCHUS, Castratus, Eunuch.
  EUODES, Beneolentia.
  EUONYMUS, Quassia simarouba.
  Euon'ymus America'nus,  Strawberry bush,
Strawberry tree, Burning bush, Indian arrow-
wood.  A shrub of the Nat. Ord. Celastraceae,
Sex.  Syst. Pentandria monogynia, which,  like
the next, is found throughout  the United States
and Canada; flowering from May to June.
  Euon'ymus Atropurpu'reus, Burning bush,
Spindle tree, Indian Arrow wood, flowers from
June to July.
  From these varieties of Euonymus the Wahoo
or Whahoo bark is  said to be obtained.  It  is
diuretic, antiperiodic, tonic, and a hydragogue
cathartic, and has been used in dropsy  in infu-
sion, in the proportion of an ounce to a pint of
water.
  EUPATHI'A, Eupho'ria, from tv,' well,3 and
Tradoc, 'suffering.3  A disposition for being af-
fected by pain easily.   Also, a good  state of
health.
  EUPA TO IRE D'A VICENNE, Eupatorium
cannabinum—e.  Percefeuille,  Eupatorium  per-
foliatum.
  EUPATORIUM, Agrimony,   Eupatorium
perfoliatum.
  Eupato'rium Cannab'inum, called after Mi-
thridates Eupator, Eupato'rium, E. Arab'icum,
Hemp agrimony, Eupatorium of Avicenna, Herb
of  Saint  Cunegonde,  Trifoiium cervi'num,
Orig'anum aquaticum, (F.)  Eupatoire d'Avi-
eenne. Family,  Synantherea?; Sex. Syst. Syn-
genesia a?qualis.   The juice of this plant proves
violently emetic and purgative, if taken in suf-
ficient quantity.  It has been considered  diu-
retic, cathartic and  emetic.
  Eupatorium Connatum, E. perfoliatum—e.
Guaco, Guaco—e. Mesues, Achillea ageratum.
  Eupatorium Perfolia'tum, E. Conna'tum,
Eupatonum—(Ph. U. S.) (F.) Eupatoire per-
cefeuille; Boneset,  Thor'oughwort, Thor'ough-
stem, Thor'oughwax, Vegetable antimony, Cross-
wort, Agueweed, Feverwort, Indian sage, Joe-
         22
pye, Teazel, Sweating plant, is a plant which
grows in low, wet  meadows throughout the
United States.   It is considered to be stimu-
lating, tonic, emetic, purgative, diuretic, and
sudorific.  Dose, gr.  xv. of the powder, as a
gentle purgative.
  Eupatorium,  Purple-stalked, E.  purpu-
reum.
  Eupatorium Purpu'reum, Mohawk tassel,
Purple-stalked Eupato'rium, Trumpet weed, is
used in similar cases, as well as the
  Eupatorium Ti:ucE.iFo'L.iVM,Wild horehound,
Germander-leaved horehound.
  EUPEP'SIA, from iv, 'well,3 and nmrw,' I
digest.'  A good digestion.  The antithesis to
dyspepsia.
  EUPEPTIC, Eupep'tus, Eupep'ticus. Same
etymon.   Relating to a good  digestion.   One
endowed with a good digestion.
  EUPHLO'GIA, from tv, 'well,3 and ip\tyw,
'I burn.3  Mild inflammation.   Variola.
  EU'PHONY, Eupho'nia, from tv, 'well,' and
(jscopj?, 'voice.' An agreeable or regular voice.
  EUPHORBE CYPRkS, E. cyparissias—e.
des Marais, E.  palustris—e. Vomitive, E. ipe-
cacuanha.
  EUPHOR'BIA CAVITA'TA,Caacica.  Ord.
Euphorbiaceae.   A  Brazilian plant,  which is
strongly astringent and not poisonous.  It is
considered to be one of the best remedies for the
bites  of serpents.  It is, also, called Colubrlna
Lusitan'ica.
  Euphorbia Corolla'ta, Large flowering
spurge, Milkweed, Snakes' milk, Ipecacuan'ha,
Hippo, Picac, Ip'ecac, Milk purslain, Purge
root,  Emet'ic root, Bowman's root, Apple root,
Indian  Physic,  has  similar properties to the
last.  The dose of the root is the same.
  Euphorbia Cyparis'sias, Es'ula minor, Ti-
thym'alus  Cyparis'sia.   The  Cypress  spurge,
(F.) Euphorbe cypres. This, like most of the
spurges, is  very acrimonious.   Amongst the
rustics, it was formerly called poor man's rhu-
barb, and was, consequently, a laxative.  It is
not used.
  Euphorbia Hypericifolia.   A native of
the United  States.   It is astringent and tonic.
Used in  infusion—f. ^ss to Oj of boiling water.
Dose, a tablespoonful.
  Euphorbia Ipecacuan'ha,  Ipecacuanha
spurge, (F.) Euphorbe vomitive.  This species
of spurge is common in the southern and middle
parts of the United States.   The root is a pow-
erful  emetic, in the dose of from five to fifteen
grains:  twenty grains act as a cathartic like-
wise.  In large  doses, it  acts as a narcotico-
acrid.
  Euphorbia Lath'yris.   The  systematic
name of the plant which affords the lesser ca-
tapu'tia seeds, Catapu'tia minor, Caper spurge,
Lath'yris, Garden spurge, Caper plant, Mole-
plant, Tithym'alus latifo'lius.  The seeds pos-
sess cathartic properties, and an expressed oil
of the seeds—O'leum Euphor'bia Lathyr'idis—
has been given as a cathartic in the dose of six
to twelve drops.
  Euphorbia Officina'rum.  The systematic
name of the plant which affords the Euphorbium,
Euphorbia  gummi-resi'na,  in  greatest abun-
dance.   The euphorbium is an inodorous gum-
resin, in yellow  tears, which have the appear-.
ance of being worm-eaten.  It enters into the 
EUPHORIA
330
EVENTRATION
composition of some plasters, and has been used
as an errhine.
  Euphoreia Palus'tris.  The greater spurge.
Es'ula major, Tithym'alus, Marsh spurge,(F.)
Euphorbe des marais.  The juice is given, in
Russia, as a common purge.  It is used, too, as
an irritant in tinea, warts, &e.
  Euphorbia Palustris and E. Villosa, or E.
Pilo'sa, have been brought forward as preven-
tives of  hydrophobia—the bitten  part being
washed with a decoction, and, at the  same time,
the decoction being taken internally.
  Euphorbia Paral'ias, Tithym'alus par ali-
as, Sea spurge.  This is violently cathartic and
irritating, and is seldom used.
  Euphorbia Pilosa, see  Euphorbia palustris
—e. Villosa,  see Euphorbia palustris.
   [Q* All the spurges are vesicant and rubefa-
cient, when applied externally.
   EUPHORIA, Eupathia.
   EUPHRAGIA, Euphrasia officinalis.
   EUPHRA'SIA OFFICINA'LIS,  Ocula'ria,
Euphra'gia, Ophthal'mica, Eyebright, (F.) Eu-
fraise, Casse Lunette.   It has  been recom-
mended in  diseases of the eye, but is unworthy
of notice.
   EUPL ASTIC, Euplast'icus: from tv,' well,3
and nKx<ra-a, ' I form.3   Having the  capacity of
becoming organizable in a high degree,—as in
false membranes resulting from  acute inflam-
mation in a healthy person.
   EUPNGS'A, from tv,' well,' and  nvta,' I re-
spire.3  Freedom or facility of respiration.
   EURHYTH'MIA, from  tv,' well,' and qv&-
fj.o$, 'rhythm.3  Regularity of the pulse.
   EURIBALI, Juribali.
   EURODES, Carious.
   EURODONTICUS, from trgof, 'caries,3  and
oSovg,' a tooth.'  Suffering from  carious teeth.
   EURUS, tuoo c,' mould, putrefaction.3 Mucor,
 Caries.  Corruption of the humours.
   EURYCHORIA, Sinus.
   EURYCLES, Engastrimythos.
   EURYCLITUS, Engastrimythos.
   EURYSMUS, Dilatation.
   EURYTH'MIA, Euryth'mus,from tv, 'well/
and qv6/uog,  ' rhythm.3   Regularity of pulse,
both as regards quantity and  quality.
   EUSAR'CUS,  from  tv, 'well,3  and <r«eS,
' flesh.'  One who is fleshy, robust,  muscular.
   EUSEMI'A, from tv,  ' well,' and o-tj/Aiiov,' a
 sign.'  A collection of good signs.
   EUSPLANCH'NIA,  from  tv, 'well,'  and
 a?rKxyxvov,' a viscus.'  A  healthy state of the
 viscera.
   EUSTACHIAN TUBE, Tuba Eustachia'na,
 Syrin'ga, Syrinx, Mea'tus cacus, Tuba Aristo-
 te'lica, Ductus auris palatinus, Iter a Pala'-
 to ad Aurem, (F.) Trompe ou Conduit d'Eus-
 tache, Conduit guttural de I'oreille—Ch.  This
 tube was so  called from its discoverer, Eusta-
 chius.  It is partly bony and partly cartilagi-
 nous : extending fromthe cavity of the tympanum
 to the upper part of the pharynx. Its length is
 about two inches; the bony portion which be-
 longs to the temporal bone, is about 3-4ths of
 an inch long.  It is  lined, internally, by a  pro-
 longation of the lining membrane  of the pha-
 rynx.  Its nerves are furnished by the palatine
branches of the ganglion of Meckel, and its  ves-
 sels proceed from those of the pharynx and ve-
 lum pendulum. The use of  the  tube seems to
be, to permit the renewal of air in the cavity of
the tympanum.
  Eusta'chian Valve, Valve of Eusta'chius,
Valvule d'Eustachi ou d'Eustache.  A  mem-
branous, semilunar fold, which corresponds to
the opening  of the vena cava inferior into the
right auricle of the heart.
  EUSTHENI'A, Vigor, Exuberan'tia, from to,
'well,3 and at)tvot,' strength.3 Flourishing, ex-
uberant health.—Hippocrates.
  EUSTOM'ACHUS, from tv,' well,3 and oxo-
imaxoc,' stomach.3  Digesting rapidly.  Having
a good stomach.
  EUTAX'IA, from  tv, 'well,3  and txoou, 'I
arrange.3  Eutke'sia.   A well ordered consti-
tution, in which  every part has its proper rela-
tion.   The  ready return of  a rupture, or of a
luxated bone.
  EUTHANA'SIA, from tv,' well,3 and 9ava-
roc, ' death.'  An easy death.
  EUTHESIA,  Eutaxia.
  EUTHYENTERON, Rectum.
  EUTHYENTEROSTENOMA,  Stricture of
the Rectum.
  EUTHYM'IA, An'imi tranquil'litas, fxom tv,
'well,3 and &vu.og, 'mind.3  Tranquillity of
mind.   A good state of the mental faculties.
  EUTHYPNOE, Orthopncea.
  EUTHYPNOEA, Orthopncea.
  EUTOC'IA, from tv,' well,' and tokoc, 'de-
livery.'  An easy labour.  Fecundity.
   EUTROPH'IA, from tv,' well,' and t$o<?ij,
' nourishment.3  A good state of nutrition,
   EUTROPHIC, Eutroph'icum, same etymon.
A term introduced into medical terminology by
the author, for an agent whose action is exerted
on the system of nutrition, without necessarily
occasioning manifest increase of  any of the se-
cretions.
   The  chief eutrophics are,—mercurials, the
preparations of iodine, bromine, cod liver oil,
the preparations of gold and silver, sulphur,
sugar, and sarsaparilla.
   EUZOODYNAMIA, Sanitas.
   EVAC'UANTS, Evacuan'tia, from e, and 00-
cuare, ' to  empty.'   (F.) Evacuatifs.  Medi-
cines are so called which occasion a discharge by
some emunctory; such as purgatives, emetics, &c
   EVACUATIFS, Evacuants.
   EVACUATIO, Excretion.
   EVACUATION.  Same  etymon.  The dis-
charge of any matter whatever by the natural
passages or by an artificial opening.
   EVANOUISSEMENT,  Syncope.
   EVANROOT, Geum Virginianum.
   EVAPORATION, Evapora'tio, Vapora'tio,
 Exhala'tio,  from e, and vaporare,' to emit a va-
 pour.3  Transformation of a liquid into vapour,
 in order to  obtain the fixed matters contained
 in it dry and  separate from the  liquid.  When
 the vapour  is received in a proper vessel and
 condensed,  the  process is  called distillation.
 Evaporation produces cold, and this  is one of
 the  processes by which the body is cool«d>
 through the  evaporation of the  perspiratory
 fluid.
   EVAUX, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Evaux
 is situate in Auvergne, in France.  The waters
 are hydrosulphurous and thermal.
   E V ENTRATION,E«e»fWf4'o, Hypogastw
 rix'is, from e,' out of,' and venter, ' the  belly.
 A  tumour, formed by  a general relaxation  of
 the  parietes of  the abdomen, and  containing a 
EVENTUS
331         EXANTHEMATOLOGY
  great part of the abdominal viscera.  Also, ven-
  tral hernia, or that which occurs in any other
  way than through the  natural openings of the
  abdominal parietes.   Lastly, any very exten-
  sive wound of the abdominal parietes, with
  issue of the greater part of the intestines.
    EVENTUS, from e, ' out of,' and venire, 'to
  come;'  Apobainon, Apobesom'enon, Ecbesom'-
  enon, Termina'tio morbi.  The event or issue of
  a disease, either favourable or unfavourable.
    EVERRIC'ULUM,  Specil'lum.  A sort of
  sound or scoop,  used for  extracting  sand or
  fragments of stone or  clots of blood from the
  bladder, after or during the operation of litho-
  tomy.
    EVERSIO PALPEBRE, Ectropion.
    EVIGILATION, see Sleep.
    EVIL, THE, Scrofula—e. King's, Scrofula.
    EVIRATIO, Castration.
    EVIRATUS, Castratus, Eunuch.
    EVOLUTIO,  Development—e. Spontanea,
  Evolution, spontaneous.
    EVOLUTION, SPONTANEOUS, Ver'sio
  seu  Evolu'tio sponta'nea, from e, and volvere,
  ' to roll.3  A term, applied, by Dr. Denman, to
  what he considered to  be a spontaneous turn-
  ing of the fcetus in utero, in an  arm presenta-
  tion, in consequence of powerful uterine con-
  tractions forcing out the breech and feet, whilst
  the arm recedes.   It is now usually considered
  to be a doubling of the fcetus, so that  the arm
  changes its position but little, whilst the breech
  is  forcibly expelled before the upper extremity;
  —the case becoming similar to a breech pre-
  sentation.
    EVOMITIO, Vomiting.
    EVUL'SION, Avulsion, Evul'sio, from evel-
  lere, (e, and vellere,) ' to pluck out.3 Apotilmos,
  Ectil'mos, Tilmos. The action of plucking out;
  forcible extraction. (F.) Arrachement.  This
  word is oftener used by the French than by the
  English surgeons, for the  act of extracting cer-
  tain parts, the presence of which is injurious,
  —as the teeth,  &c.
    EXACERBATIO, Paroxysm.
   EXACERBATION, Exacerba'tio,  Exaspe-
  ra'tio, Excrescen'tia, from exacerbare,  (ex, and
 acerbus,) ' to provoke.' (F.) Ridoublement. An
 increase in the symptoms of a disorder.  Often
 used synonymously with paroxysm.
   EXACUM SPICATUM, Coutoubea alba.
  EXEMATOSIS, Haematosis.
  EXEMIA, Anaemia.
  EXEMOS, Exanguious.
  EXE'RESIS,from tg, 'out of,3 and aiqtw, 'I
 take away.'  A surgical operation, which con-
 sists in drawing, extracting, or removing, from
 the human  body,  every thing that is  useless,
 noxious,  or extraneous.  It is a generic term,
 which includes  extraction,  evulsion,   evacua-
 tion, excision, ablation, amputation, &c.
  Ex^resis, Extraction.
  EXAGION.   The sixth part of an ounce:—
 four scruples.—Actuarius.
  EXAGGERATED,  Exaggera'tus, (F.) Ex-
 agire.  Heightened. Increased by expression.
 An  epithet for sounds heard on auscultation and
 percussion; when much increased—Hypereehe'-
 sis, Hypereehe'ma.
  EXAL'MA, from «S,  'out of,3  and aXXouai,
• I leap.'   Exalsis. Hippocrates calls thus the
displacement of the vertebrae.
    EXALSIS, Exalma, Leap.
    EXALTATION OF THE VITAL FORCES,
  Exalta'tio vi'rium.  This expression has been
  used, by modern  pathologists, to  designate a
  morbid increase in the action of  organs, and
  partly that which  occurs in an inflamed organ.
  Some use exaltation of the vital forces, and in-
 flammation synonymously.
    EXAMBLOMA, Abortion.
    EXAMBLOSIS, Abortion.
    EXANASTOMOSIS, Anastomosis.
    EXANASTROPHE, Convalescence.
    EXANGI'A, from t^ayyitw, (t%, and ayyog,' a
  vessel,3) ' I evacuate from a vessel.' Exangei'a.
  An enlargement or  rupture of a blood-vessel,
  without external  opening.   A genus in the
  order Dysthetica, class Haematica of Good.  It
  comprises anemism and varix.
    Exangia Aneurisma, Aneurism.
    EXAN'GUIOUS,   Exa'mos,  Exsan'guis,
  from ex, 'out of,'  and sanguis, 'blood.3   One
  who seems bloodless; as a female, who has suf-
  fered largely from uterine hemorrhage.
    EXANIA, Proctocele.
    EXANIMATION,  Exanima'tio,  from ex,
  'out of,3 and anima,  'the spirit.3  This word
  has two acceptations.  Sometimes, it means
  real death, corresponding with the Greek &ava-
  xeg, mors. At others, it signifies apparent death,
  corresponding with the Greek axpv xia,tx\pvxia,
  txXvatg, An'imi deliquium.
    EXANTHEM, Exanthe'ma, Anthe'ma erup'-
 tio, Epanthe'ma, Efflorescen'tia, Exanthis'ma,
  Ecthy'ma,  Epanaste'ma, Epanthe'ma,  Epan-
 this'ma, Efflora'tio, from s^av^sto, (t%, and avhtw,)
 ' I flourish.'  A rash.  (F.) klivure.  Under this
 term, is comprehended, by some, every kind of
 eruption, of which  the skin is the seat.  Others
 comprehend by it those eruptions that are ac-
 companied by fever, Febres exanthemat'ica.
 including, under the head of the major exan-
 themata, those which attack  a  person but once
 in  his  life, and  which are communicated by
 specific contagion;  and, under the minor exan-
 themata, those which are  not marked by these
 characteristics.   Small-pox, measles, cow-pox,
 &c, belong to the major:—chicken-pox,herpes,
 lichen, &c, to the minor.  The general accep-
 tation of Exanthem is, however, a more or less
 vivid, circumscribed, or diffuse redness of the
 skin, which diminishes or disappears  transiently
 under the pressure of the finger.
   Exanthem,  Carbuncular,  Anthracia—e.
 Ichorous, Emphlysis—e. Pustulous, Empyesis
 —e. Rash, Enanthesis.
   EXANTHEMA,  Eminence—e.  Internum,
 Eisanthema—e. Miliaria, Miliary fever—e. Pes-
 tis, Plague—e. Antivariolosum, Vaccina—e. Se-
 rosum,  Pemphigus—e.  Strophulus,  Strophulus
 —e. Urticatum, Urticaria—e.  Vaccina,  Vac-
 cina—e. Varicella, Varicella.
  EXANTHEMAT'ICA. Same etymon. Erup'-
 tive fevers.  Cutaneous eruptions,  essentially
 accompanied  with fever;—the  third order in
 the class Hamatica of Good.
  EXANTHEMATIS'CHESIS,  Exanthema-
 tos'chesis;  from t^uv&rnna,  'exanthem,' and w-
 X*iv,' to withhold.'  Suppression of a cutaneous
 eruption.
  EXANTHEMATOL'OGY,   Exanthemato-
log'ia;  fxoxn t^avGrjua,  'exanthem,'  and X'.yog,
' a discourse.3  The doctrine of cutaneous erup-
tions. 
EX ANTHEMATOPHTHALMIA
332
EXCRETIO
  EXANTHEMATOPHTHAL'MIA,   Oph-
thalmia exanthemat'ica, from i^avdrjfia, ' exan-
them,3 and oif&aXiaa, 'inflammation of the eye.3
Ophthalmia in the course of, or succeeding to,
a cutaneous eruption.
  EXANTHkME INTESTINALE, see Ty-
phus.
  EXANTHESIS, see  Efflorescence—e.  Ar-
throsia, Dengue—e.  Roseola, Roseola—e. Ru-
beola, Rubeola.
  EXANTHISMA,  Exanthem.
  EXANTHROPIA, Misanthropia.
  EXAPSIS, Inflammation.
  EXARAG'MA, from tg\aqaaoia,' I tear away,3
• I break.3 Collision, violent fracture or friction.
  EXARCHIATER.  Chief of the  archiatri,
or chief of physicians, a title, like that of Comes
Archiatro'rum, given to the chief physician of
an emperor or king.  Archiater appears to have
meant, at times, the  same thing.
  EXARMA, Swelling.
  EXAR'SIO.  A burning heat.
  EXARTEMA, Amuletum.
  EX ARTERITIS, Exarterii'tis, from ii,' out
of,' and arteria,  ' an artery.'   Inflammation of
the outer coat of an artery.
  EXARTHREMA, Luxation, Sprain.
  EXARTHROMA, Luxation.
  EXARTHROSIS,  Luxatio,  Sprain—e.  Pa-
retica, see Pareticus.
  EXARTICULATIO,  Amputation,   joint,
Luxatio.
  EXARYSIS, Exhaustion.
  EXASPIRATIO, Exacerbation.
  EXCEC ARIA AGALLOCHA,Agallochum.
  EXCALEFACTIO, Echauffement.
  EXC ARNATION, Excama'tio, from ex, and
caro,  ' flesh.3  A mode  of making anatomical
preparations, which consists in separating  in-
jected vessels from the parts in which they are
situate.  This is  done  by means of corrosion
by an acid or by putrefaction.
  EXCASTRATIO, Castration, Eunuch.
  EXCATHISMA, Bath, half, Semicupium.
  EXCEREBRATIO, Eccephalosis.
  EXCEREBRATUS, Delirious.
  EXCIDENTIA, Ecptoma.
  EXCIP'IENT,  Excip'iens,   from  excipere,
(ex, and capere,) ' to receive.3   (F.) Intermede.
  A substance, which, in a medicinal prescrip-
tion, gives form and consistence to it, and serves
as a vehicle or medium for the exhibition of the
other  ingredients.
  EXCIPULA, Cup.
  EXCISIO, Entaille.
  EXCIS'ION, Excis'io, from excidere, (ex, and
cadere,)  'to cut off;3 Ec'tome.   A surgical
operation, by which  parts of a small size are
removed with a cutting instrument.
  EXCITABILITY^ ExcitabiHtas.  Irritabi-
lity.  The faculty, possessed by living beings,
of being sensible to the action of excitants.
The doctrine of excitability forms an important
part of the Brunonian system.
  EXCITANT, Stimulant.
  EXCITA'TION,Excita'tio,Excite'ment;saxne
etymon: from excitare, (ex, and citare,)' to ex-
cite.3   The act of exciting; the  state of an organ
or organs  excited. Excitement is, sometimes
used  synonymously  with augmented arterial
action.  The effect of the exciting powers acting
on the excitability, according to Brown, consti-
tutes  excitement.   Cullen  used the term to
express the restoration of the energy and action
of the brain,  which had been  interrupted by
sleep or some  debilitating cause,—a state oppo-
site to that of collapse.  Not unfrequently it is
employed  in the sense of excessive  action,__
Super-excita'tio, (F.) Sur-excitation.
  EXCITED DISEASES, Feigned diseases.
  EXCITO-MOTION, see Excito-motory.
  EXCITO-MOTORY.  An epithet applied by
Dr. Marshall Hall to a division of the nervous
system—comprising the gray matter of the spi-
nal  marrow,  with  the afferent and efferent
nerves connected  with it;—all of which are
concerned in reflex actions.  See Nerves.
  The term excito-motion has been employed to
signify motion no  matter how excited, by the
reflex nerves or by volition—C. J. B. Williams.
  EXCORIATIO, Ecdora.
  EXCORIATION, Excoria'tio, Excoriatu'ra,
Am'yche, from ex, and corium,  'skin.3  (F.)
Ecorchure.   A slight wound,  which removes
only the skin.
  EXCORIATURA, Excoriation.
  EX CREATION,  Excrea'tio, Exscrea'tio,
Screa'tus, Rasca'tio, from ex, and screare, 'to
spit.3  Act of spitting.   (F.) Crachement.  See
Exspuitio.
  EX'CREMENT, Excremen'tum, Retrimen'-
tum,  Excre'tum, Excre'tio, Perito'ma, Diacho-
re'ma, Aph'odos,  Aphodeu'ma,  Apocho'reon,
Apoc'risis,  Ardas,  Ar'dalos, from excernere,
(ex,  and  cernere,) 'to separate,3  'cleanse.3
Every thing, which is evacuated from the body
of an animal by the natural  emunctories,
as superfluous; such as the  faecal matters, the
urine, perspiration, nasal mucus, &c.   Gene-
rally, however,  the term is restricted to  the
faecal evacuations;—Purgamenta, Hedra, Sedes,
Faces, Stercus, Cacce, Spalill, (especially
when liquid,) Dejec'tio alvina,  O'nera alvi,
Sordes ventris, Hypochore'ma, Ca'lia, Hypo-
chore'sis, Merda, Merdus,  Catarrhexis,  Co-
pros,  Scor.
  Excrement, Human, Stercus humanum.
  EXCREMENTITTAL,  Excrementil'ious,
Excrementifius,  (F.) Excrimenteux,  Excre-
mentitiel.  That which is similar to excrement,
and forms part of it.  Excrementitial humours
or parts are those destined to be evacuated, as
incapable of administering to the nutrition of
the body.
  E X CREMENTO-RECREMENTIT"IAL,
Excremento-recrementil'ious.  Animal  fluids,
intended to be partly absorbed and partly re-
jected.
  EXCRES'CENCE, Excrescen'tia, Ecphy'ma,
Phymato'sis, Hypersarco'sis, Sarcophyia,  Ca-
ro excres'cens, from excrescere, (ex, and cres-
cere,) ' to grow outwards.'   (F.) Excroissance.
A tumour, which forms at  the surface  of or-
gans, and especially on  the skin, mucous mem-
branes, or ulcerated  surfaces.   Excrescences
differ in  size, shape, cause,  &c,  and each re-
quires its own treatment.  Warts, condyloma-
ta, polypi,  hemorrhoids, belong to this head.
  EXCRESCENTIA, Exacerbation, Protube-
rance, Tumour—e. Carnosa, Sarcoma—e. Fun-
gosa, Fungosity—e. Gingivae, Epulis—e. Vesi-
cae urinaria? carnosa, Cysthypersarcosis.
  EXCRETA, see  Excretion.
  EXCRETIO, Eccrisis, Excrement—e. Alvi-
na, Defecation—e. Faecum alvinarum, Defeca-
tion—e. Urinae involuntaria, Enuresis. 
133              EXHUMATION
               EXCRETION               3

  EXCRETION, Excre'tio, Evacua'tio, Ejec'-
tio, Expul'sio, Eges'tio, Diachore'sis, from ex-
cernere, (ex, and cernere,) ' to separate.3  The
separation or throwing off of those matters, Ex-
cre'ta, Eges'ta, lon'ta, Apion'ta, from the body
of an animal, which are supposed to be useless,
as the urine, perspiration, and fa?ces.
  EX'CRETORY, Excreto'rius; same etymon.
An Excretory vessel or duct is one, which trans-
mits the fluid secreted by a gland, either exter-
nally or into the reservoirs  in which it has to
be deposited.   The existence of an excretory
duct was regarded as a distinctive  character of
the glands properly so called.
  Excretory Organ means any one charged
with the office of excreting: thus, the skin is
said to be an excretory organ, because through
it the perspiration takes place.
  EXCRETUM, Excrement.
  EXCROISSANCE, Excrescence.
  ~EX.C\l'TIAVET!iTRlC'\JIA,StomachBrush.
An instrument, composed of iron or brass wire,
at one of the extremities of which is a pencil of
bristles.  Some ancient authors  proposed this
to extract foreign bodies from the oesophagus,
as well as to cleanse the stomach of viscid and
tenacious matters adhering to it.
  EXECHEBRONCHUS, Bronchocele.
  EXECHEGLUTI, Exischioi.
  EXEDENS, see Herpes exedens.
.  EXELCOSIS, see Ulceration.
  EXELCYS'MOS, from t%, 'from,'and tXxvu,
c  I draw.'  Extraction.   Also the act of break-
ing out into ulcers.
  EXELCYSMUS, Extraction.
  EXENTERIS'MUS,  Exenter'isis,  from t%,
'out of,' and tvrtgov, 'an intestine.'  The ope-
ration of disembowelling or eviscerating.
  EXERAM'A, from  «?ig<xw, 'I  throw out.'
Any thing cast out.  Vomiting; or the matter
vomited.—Hippocrates.
  EX'ERCI'SsE,Exercita'tio,Exercit"ium,Asce'-
sis,  Gymna'sion, from  exercere, 'to work.'
Every motion of the body, arising from the con-
traction of muscles subjected to the will.  Also,
the action of any organ whatever.  Exercise
may be active ox passive.  The passive are re-
ferred to, under the head of Gestation.  The
chief active exercises are :—walking, running,
dancing, hunting, fencing, playing  at ball,
cricket, racket, quoits, swimming, declamation,
singing, &c.  Exercise is an important prophy-
lactic, particularly for those disposed to be ple-
thoric.  It improves the digestion; augments
the secretions;  and, when used in  moderation,
gives strength to the body; but when carried to
excess, produces debility and disease.
  EXERRHO'SIS, from eg,' out of,'  and eto>,
' I flow.'  The discharge, which takes place by
insensible perspiration.
  EXFCETATION, see Pregnancy.
  EXFOLIATION, Exfolia'tio,  Desquama'-
tio, Eclep'isis, from  ex, and folium, 'a leaf.'
By this  is meant the separal ion of the dead por-
tions  of a bone, tendon,  aponeurosis, or  carti-
lage, under the form of lamellae or small scales.
Exfoliation is accomplished by the instinctive
action of the parts, and its  object is to detach
the dead portions from those subjacent, which
are  still alive.  For this purpose the  latter
throw out  fleshy granulations, and  a  more or
less abundant suppuration occurs,  which tends
to separate  the exfoliated part,—now become
an extraneous body. The ancients distinguished
exfoliation into sensible and insensible, accord-
ing as the dead portions  of bone were detached
in fragments of greater or less size, or in very
thin pieces, and in an almost insensible manner.
When the dead part embraces all or almost all
the substance of a bone, it takes the name Se-
questrum.
  EXFOLIATIVE,  Exfoliatlvus,  Desqua-
mato'rius.  That which takes away by leaves
or scales.  The term has been applied to certain
medicines which were regarded as  proper to
hasten exfoliation, such as alcohol, oil of tur-
pentine, tincture of myrrh, &c.
  Exfoliative Trepan,  Eclepisitrep'anum.
An ancient raspatory, or instrument for scraping
exfoliating portions of bone.
  EXHALAISON, Exhalation.
  EXHA'LANT,  Exha'lent, Exha'lans, from
exhalare,  (ex,  and halare, ' to breathe,')  ' to
exhale,' ' throw out.'
  Exhalant  Vessels,  Vasa  erhalan'tia,  axe
very minute, and rise from the arterial capillary
system.   They are situate in every  tissue of
the body, and on the surface  of the mucous and
serous membranes and skin; on which each pours
its particular fluid.  Bichat distinguished three
sets.  1. The external, terminating on the mucous
and external dermoid system, where  they pour
the matter of perspiration.   2. The internal,
comprising those of the  cellular and medullary
tissues, and of synovial  surfaces: and, 3.  The
nutritive exhalants, which vary in each organ
where they are found; and preside over the phe-
nomena of composition  and  increase  of every
part of the body.  The  exhalants are the anta-
gonists of the absorbents.  They are imaginary
vessels, inasmuch as they cannot be detected.
  EXHALATIO, Evaporation.
  EXHALATION, Exhala'tio; same etymon.
Anathymi'asis, Apopneu'sis, (F.) Exhalaison.
A function, by virtue of which certain fluids,
obtained from the blood, are spread, in the form
of dew, in the areolae of the  different  textures,
or at the surface of membranes; either for the
sake of being thrown out of the body, or to serve
for certain purposes.  The sweat is a liquid,
excrementitious exhalation;  the serous fluid of
the pleura a liquid, recrementitious exhalation.
   Exhalation is, also, applied to that which ex-
hales from any body whatever, organic or inor-
ganic, dead or living.
  Exhalation, Pulmonary, see Perspiration.
   EXHAUSTION, Exar'ysis, Vires exhaust'se,
from exhaurire, (ex, and haurire,) ' to draw out.;
(F.) Epuisement.  Loss of strength, occasioned
by excessive  evacuations, great fatigue or  pri-
vation of food, or by disease.
  EXRUMA'T ION,Exhuma'tio,Effos'sio,fxom
ex, and humus,' the ground.'   The disinterment
of a corpse.  The circumstances which render
this necessary are:—1.  Judicial investigations
relative to the body of the person inhumed.  2.
The removal of a body from one cemetery to
another: and, 3. The evacuation of cemeteries
or sepulchral  vaults.  The operation is attended
with  much unpleasant  smell and annoyance,
and requires  the use of disinfecting agents, of
which the most powerful is  chlorinated lime.
See Disinfection.  The putrid effluvia from ani-
mal substances are not, however, found to  ex-
cite endemic  disease. 
EXISCHIUM               334              EXOSTOSIS
  EXISCHIUM.   Same etymon.  Prominence
of the hips.
  EXIS'CHIUS, Exis'ehus, from eg, 'out of,
and toXiov, ' the  ischium.'  A luxation of the
oe femoris.  Those with large nates, and pro-
minent hips, were formerly called  Exis'chioi
and Execheglu'ti.
  EXITU'RA.  According to  some,  any ab-
scess which discharges.  Paracelsus calls thus
every kind of putrid excrement.
  EX'ITUS, from exire,' to go out.'  The outer
termination or exit of a canal.  The termination
of a disease.
  EXOARTERITIS, see Arteritis.
  EXOCARDIAC, see Endocardiac.
  EXOCARDIAL, see Endocardiac.
  EXOCARDITIS, Pericarditis.
  EXO'CHAS, Exo'chc, from t%m,  'without,3
and txo),' I have.3  A soft tumour—as a hemor-
rhoid—without the anus.  An outward pile.
  EXOCHE, Eminence, Exochas.
  EXOCOLITIS, see Colitis.
  EXOCULATIO, from ex, ' out of,' and oeu-
lus, 'an eye.'  Want of eyes.  Want of vision.
Blindness.
  EXOCYSTE, Exocys'tis, from t%,  'out of,3
and xvoxig, ' the bladder.3   A prolapsus of the
bladder into the urethra.   Also called Prolap'-
sus vesica, JEdopto'sis vesicae, (F.) Renverse-
ment de la vessie.
  Exocys'te Noelia'na.  Protrusion of the in-
ner membrane of the bladder.  So called from
M. Noel, who first accurately described it.
  Exocys'te Solingenia'na. Protrusion of the
neck of the bladder.   Called after M.  Solin-
gen, who first accurately described it.
  EXffiDESIS,  Swelling.
  EXOGOGE, Extraction.
  EXOGONYAN'CON, from t\ta,  'outwards,3
yow, ' the knee,3 and ayxtav,' an elbow.3   Bow-
ing of the knees outwards.
  EXOINE,  Exoene,  from ex, 'out  of,3 and
idoneus,' fit,3  or rather from exonera're, ' to exo-
nerate.3   In France, a certificate  of excuse,
exemption, or  dispensation, given to those sum-
moned to appear before a  court of justice, and
who are unable to do so.
  EXOLCE, Extraction.
  EXOMETRA, Prolapsus uteri.
  EXOMOIOSIS, Assimilation.
  EXOMPHALOCELE, Exomphalus.
  EXOM'PH ALUS, Exumbilica'tio, Exom'pha-
loceie, Om'phaloce'le, Hernia umbilical lis, Om-
phalex'oche,   Omphalopropto' sis,   Prolap' sus
umbilici, (F.) Hernie ombilicale, H. du nombril,
Umbilical hernia, from tg, ' out of,' and c^<paXog,
' the navel.3   Hernia occurring at the  navel.
This affection happens more frequently in in-
fants, and takes place by the umbilical ring.
In adults, it occurs more commonly in females
than in males; and, when it does  so, the  sac
passes in the  vicinity of the umbilicus.  The
organs, found  in this kind of  hernia, are  parti-
cularly,—the epiploon, the jejunum, the arch of
the  colon, and sometimes  the  stomach.  The
tumour is, in  general, round, and  presents all
the  characters of hernia.  It is,  commonly,
readily reducible, and not subject to strangula-
tion.  It  must be reduced, and retained by an
elastic bandage, made in the form of  a  girdle,
and furnished with a pad  at its  middle part.
When strangulated, the stricture  may be di-
vided upwards and towards the left side.
  EXONCO'MA, Exonco'sis, from eg, and oyxog,
1 a tumour.3 A large, prominent tumour.  Used,
by  Galen,  for  protuberance of  the vertebra?
after luxation.
  EXONCOSIS, Exoncoma—e. Linguae, Glos-
soncus.                                 /
  EXONEIROGMUS, Pollution, nocturnal.
  EXONEIROSIS, Pollution, nocturnal.
  EXONEURISM, Magnetism, animal.
  EXOPHTHAL'MIA, Ptosis seu  Prolap'sus
seu Prociden'tiaOc'uli seu Bulbi  Oculi, Exorbi-
tis'mus, Ophthal'moce'le, Ophthalmopto'sis, Oc*
ulitotiusprominentia, from«g, 'outof,3 and»9-
§ahptoc,'eye.'  (F.) Procidencede Pail. A pro-
trusion of the eye from its orbit,  occasioned by
an abscess or tumour in the cellular texture of the
orbit; by exostosis of the parietes of the orbit,
&c.  In exophthalmia, the eye is pressed for-
wards ;  the eyelids are raised and separated, so
that they can no longer cover the eye and de-
fend it from the action of extraneous bodies: it
becomes inflamed, and the sight is disturbed or
destroyed.   The  treatment  of course depends
upon the cause.
  Exophthal'mia Fungo'sa, Sarcosis bulbi—e.
Sarcomatica, Sarcosis bulbi.
   EXOPHTHALMUS, same etymon.  One
whose eyes are very prominent.  The opposite
to Coelophthalmus.
  EXORBITISMUS, Exophthalmia.
  EXORMIA, Papula—e. Lichen,  Lichen—e.
Prurigo, Prurigo—e. Strophulus, Strophulus.
  EXORTUS UNGUIUM,  see Nail.
   EXOSIS, Luxation.
   EXO-SKELETON, see Skeleton.
  EXOSMA,  from eg, 'out of,3 and t»6eto, 'to
move.3  A luxated or dislocated limb or organ.
   EXOSMOSE,  Erosmo'sis, Transuda'tion,
from e£, ' out of,3 and a>o-p.og,' impulse.3  The
opposite to Endosmose. The act by which sub-
stances transude from within to without an ani-
mal or  other membrane.
   EXOSMOTIC, Exosmot'icus: same etymon.
Belonging  to Exosmose:—as an exosmotic cur-
rent.
   EXOSSATIO, Exostosis.
   EXOSTEMA  CARIBEA, Cinchona cari-
baeae cortex.
   EXOSTOMA, Exostosis.
   EXOSTOSE,  Exostosis—e. des  Dents, Ex-
ostosis  dentium.
   E X OSTO'SIS,  Hyperosto'sis,   Emphy'ma,
 Exosto'sis  os'sea, Exosto'ma, Eposto'ma, Epos-
to'sis, Osteo'ma, Osto'ma, Osteoph'yta, Exossa'-
tio, Ossis eminen'tia, from t%, ' out of,3 and oa-
xtov, 'a bone.'   An osseous  tumour, which
forms at the surface of bones, or in their cavi-
ties.   Various kinds  have been  enumerated.
I'vory  Exosto'sis, Exostose  eburnie;—that
which  has the appearance  and  consistence of
 ivory.  Laminar  Exosto'sis; E. Laminee;—
that which is formed of lamina? in superposi-
 tion or of distinct filaments.  The  Spongy Ex-
 osto'sis is  that whose  structure  is analogous to
 the spongy tissue  of bones.   Exostoses  are
 sometimes distinguished  into the  true, which
 seem to be a projection of the osseous sub-
 stance, and which  have the  same  organization
 and hardness as that substance; and  the false,
 or osteo-sarcoma.  Exostosis may depend on
 syphilis,  scrofula, rickets,  gout, &c.  In such
 cases, it is important to get rid of  the primary
 disease. 
EXOTIC
335
EXPULSIVE
  Those exostoses, which occur  within the
bones, have, by some, been called Enostoses.
  Exostosis, Spina ventosa.
  Exostosis Dentium, (F.) Exostose des Dents.
Exostosis of the teeth.
  Exostosis Steatomatodes, Osteosteatoma.
  EXOT'IC, Exo'ticus,  from t£u>, 'without.'
That  which comes from abroad.  Plants or
drugs which are procured from abroad, are so
called.  It is opposed to indigenous.
  EXOTICADE'NIA, from Exotic, and aStvo,
11 dislike.'  Aversion for exotic drugs.
  EXOTICHEMATOSIS, Transfusion.
  EXOTICOMA'NIA.   The opposite to exo-
ticadenia.  Fondness  for exotic remedies.
  EXOTICOSYM'PHYSIS; from t%mrixo<,' fo-
reign,3 and ava&vo-ig, 'a growing together.3  A
union or growing together of foreign bodies, as
of a foreign body with the human.
  EXPANSIO, Expansion—e. Musculosa, Pla-
tysma myoides.
  EXPAN'SION, Expan'sio, from expandere,
{ex andpandere,' to open,3) ' to spread out.'  A
prolongation or spreading out, presented by cer-
tain organs.  Thus, we say an  aponeurotic ex-
pansion, &c.
  EXPATRATIO, Ejaculation (of Sperm.)
  EXPECTANT, Expec'tans, from expectare,
(ex, and spectare,' to  look,3) ' to  wait.3  That
which waits:—as Expectant Medicine,—LaMi-
decine expectante.   See Expectation.
  EXPECTATION, Expecta'tio; same ety-
mon.   The word expectation has  been  applied,
in medicine, to that method, which consists  in
observing the progress of diseases, and removing
deranging influences, without prescribing active
medicines, unless such shall be imperiously re-
quired.  It consists, in fact, in leaving the dis-
ease almost wholly to the efforts of nature, and
has been termed  the art of curing diseases by
expectation or waiting—Ars sanaildi  cum ex-
pectatio'ng.
  EXPEC'TORANT,Expec'torans,Anacathar'-
ticus, Ptys'magogue, from er, ' out of,3  and pec-
tus, ' the breast.3  A medicine capable  of fa-
cilitating or provoking expectoration.  There
is probably no such thing  as a direct  expecto-
rant.   They all act through the system, or by
impressions made on parts at a distance, which,
through the medium of general, continuous, or
contiguous sympathy, excite the secretory ves-
sels of the air-passages into action.   The fol-
lowing are the chief reputed  expectorants:—
Ammoniacum; Asafcetida; Galbanum; Ipeca-
cuanha ; Myroxylon;  Myrrha; Inhalations, (of
Iodine,  Stramonium,  Tar,  Burning Wool, To-
bacco, &c.;) Scilla; Senega, and Tolutanum.
  EXPECTORATIO, Expectoration—e. San-
guinis,  Haemoptysis—e. Solida, Cynanche tra-
chealis.
  EXYECTORk'TION,Expectora'tio,Ecchel-
ysis, Bex hu'mida, Anap'tysis, Prop'tysis, Ste-
tho-cathar'sis, Anacathar'sis, Anabex'is, same
etymon.  The  act of expelling from the chest
matters or secretions there collected or  exist-
ing.  It is, likewise,  used for the expectorated
matter.
  EXPECTORATION DE SANG, Haemop-
tysis.
  EXPELLENS, Expulsive.
   EXPE'RIENCE, Experien'tia, Peira, Em-
pelra, from tj, and nti^x,  'a trial.3  A know-
ledge of things acquired by  observation.  In
medicine, this knowledge can be obtained both
by the practitioner^  own experience, and by
that  obtained from tradition  and from books.
To profit by experience requires a mind capa-
ble of appreciating the proper relations between
cause and effect; and hence it happens, that false
experience, Experien'tia  fallax, is extremely
common; and that a man had better, in many
instances, trust to that which  he  has learned
from others, than to his own fallacious observa-
tion.
  The union of  accurate observation by  the
physician with that handed down  by medical
writers constitutes perfect experience, so  far
as it is attainable in any individual case.
  EXPERIENCE, Experiment.
  EXPERIMENT, Experimen'tum; same ety-
mon.  (F.) Expirience.  A trial, made on the
bodies of men or animals, for the purpose of
detecting the effect of a remedy, or of becoming
better acquainted with their structure, func-
tions or peculiarities.   In a more general sense,
it means any trial instituted with the intent of
becoming better acquainted with  any thing.
By experiments on living animals,  we have ob-
tained much valuable information in the various
departments of medicine;  but particularly in
physiology and toxicology.
  EXPERT (F.), Exper'tus, from ex, and pe-
ritus, ' skilled.3   Skilful or of good experience.
A physician, charged  with  the duty of making
a report upon any case of legal medicine.
  EXFIRATI(M,Expira'tio, Exspira'tio, Ec'-
pnoS, Ecpneumato'sis, Ecpneu'sis, Apopneu'sis,
Apop'noc, Apopna'a,  from  exspirare, (ex, and
spirare,) ' to breathe  out.3   The act of expell-
ing from the chest, the air received in during
respiration.
  EX'PIRATORY,  Expiratio'ni  inser'viens.
The  expiratory muscles are  all those which
contribute to diminish the  cavity of the chest,
for the  purpose of expelling the air contained
in the lungs, or of producing expiration.  These
muscles  are, chiefly, the intercostals, triangu-
laris sterni, quadratus lumborum, serratus  pos-
ticus inferior, the  oblique and recti muscles of
the abdomen, the sacro-lumbalis, &c.
  EXPLORATIO, Exploration—e.  Abdomi-
nis,  Abdominoscopia.
  EXPLORATION, Explora'tio, Recognif'io,
from explorare, ' to search into.'  The act of
observing and attentively examining or investi-
gating everything connected with a case of dis-
ease.  The word is chiefly used in this sense,
by the French practitioners.
  EXPLORATORIUM, Sound, Specillum.
  EXPRES' SION,  Expres'sio,  Ecpies'mos,
Ecthlip'sis, from ex, ' out of,3 and premere, ' to
press.3   The act of compressing a substance,
for the purpose of separating from it the fluids
which it contains.  Also, the manner in which
impressions made upon us  are  depicted;  espe-
cially in the traits of the countenance.
  Expression of Sweat, (F.) Sueur d'expres-
sion, is a term given to the  passive perspiration
observable in very debilitated individuals.
  EXPULSIO, Excretion—e. Faecum, Defeca-
tion—e.  Fcetus, Parturition.
  EXPUL'SIVE,  Expellens,  Expulso'rius,
from expellere, (ex, and pellere,) 'to drive away.'
  An expulsive bandage, (F.) Bandage expulsif,
is one constructed with the view of compres?-
ing  a part, from which we  are desirous of ex- 
EXPULTRIX
336    EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS
pelling  pus,  serum, &c.   Certain medicines
were  formerly  called expulsives, which were
believed to have the power of driving the hu-
mours towards  the skin;—as diaphoretics, and
sudorifics.
  EXPULTRIX, see Vis Expultrix.
  EXSANGUINITY, Anaemia.
  EXSANGUIS, Exanguious.
  EXSARCOMA, Sarcoma.
  EXSUREATIO, Excreation.
  EXSECTIO  VIRILIUM, Castration.
  EXSECTUS, Castratus, Eunuch.
  EXSICCATIO, Drying.
  EXSICCATIVA, Desiccativa.
  EXSOLUTIO, Eclysis.
  EXSPIRATIO, Expiration.
  EXSPUITTON, Exspuit'io, Spuit'io, Spu-
ta'tio, Ptysma, Anachremp'sis, Apochremp'sis,
Chremp'sis,  Ptysis, Anacine'ma, Anacine'sis,
from  ex, 'out of,3 and spuo, 'I spit.3  Rejection
of the matters accumulated in the pharynx and
larynx; spitting.
  EXSTASIS, Ecstasis.
  EXSTIRPATIO, Extirpation.
  EX'&TROVII'I A,Ex'strophy,Ec'strophe,fxom
ec,  ' out of,3 and ore.<-<fn, ' turning.'  Extrover'-
sio, Extrover'sion.   Eversion or turning out of
a part—as of the eyelids.   A term used by M.
Chaussier for certain displacements of organs,
and especially of the urinary bladder.
  Exstroph'ia or Ex'strophy of the Bladder,
(F.) Renversement de la Vessie, is a faulty con-
formation, in which the organ opens above the
pubes;  so that  in the hypogastric region there
is a red, mucous surface, formed by the inner
coat of the bladder; and on which two promi-
nences are distinguishable, corresponding to the
openings of the ureters.
  EXSUCCATIO, Ecchymoma.
  EXSUCTIO, Suc'tio, Ecmyze'sis, from ex,
' out of,' and succus,' a juice.'  The  action of
sucking.
  EXSUDATIO, Ephidrosis.
  EXSUFFLATIO, Ecphysesis.
  EXTEMPORA' NEOUS,   Extempora'neus,
Extempora'lis, from ex, and  tempore, ' out of
time.'  Those  prescriptions are called ' extem-
poraneous,' or magistral, which are made on the
spot,  and composed  accoiding to the  prescrip-
tion of  the physician.
 ' EXTENSEUR COMMUNDES DOIGTS,
Extensor digitorum communis—e. Commun des
orteils,  Extensor communis  digitorum pedis—
e. Court du Pouce, Extensor pollicis  brevis—
e. Long du pouce, Extensor longus pollicis—e.
Petit des orteils, Extensor brevis digitorum pe-
dis— e. Propre du petit doigt,  Extensor pro-
prius minimi digiti—e. Propre d* PIndex, Ex-
tensor proprius indicis.
  EXTENSIBILTTY, Extensibil'itas.  A pro-
perty, possessed by certain bodies, of being ca-
pable of extension or elongation.
  EXT KN'SIO, Tetanus.
  EXTENSION, Exten'sio,  Tasis,  Ec'tasis,
Catat'asis, Anal asis, from extendere, (ex, and
tendered) ' to stretch out.'  An operation in sur-
gery, by which we  pull strongly, either  with
the hands alone, or by straps, a fractured or lux-
ated limb, to restore it to its  natural  position.
It is the opposite of Counter-extension.
  EXTENSOR.   Same etymon.  (F.) Exten-
seur.   A muscle, whose office is to extend cer-
tain parts.
  Extensor Brevis  Digito'rum Pedis, Pedi-
cus,Calcaneo-phalanginien commun, of Dumas;
Muscle  pidieux, Muscle petit extenseur des
orteils,  Calcaneo-sus-phalangettien commun—
(Ch.) Carri  du pied; Short Extensor  of the
Toes.  A muscle, situate on the dorsal  region
of the foot.  It arises from the external surface
of the calcaneum, and at the anterior edge of a
ligament, which unites that bone to the astraga-
lus.  Anteriorly, each of its  divisions  termi-
nates by a small tendon, which is fixed suc-
cessively, at the superior part of the posterior
extremity of  the first phalanx of the great toe,
and to the second and last phalanges of the next
three toes.  Its  use  is to extend  the first four
toes, and to direct them a little outwards.
  Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, see Radi-
alis—e. Carpi radialis longus, see Radialis—e.
Carpi ulnaris, see Cubital muscles.
  Extensor Commu'nis Digito'rum Pedis, E.
Longus Digitorum Pedis, E. Digitorum longus,
Pironio-tibi-sus-phalangettien commun, Cne-
modactyla'us, Pironio-sus-pkalangettien com-
mun,  (F.)  Extenseur  commun  des  Orteils.
This muscle, also, is situate at the anterior pait
of the  leg.  It is long, thin, flattened, simple,
and fleshy above, and divided into four tendons
below.   It arises from  the  outer tuberosity of
the tibia and  the anterior surface of the fibula,
and is inserted into the superior part of the pos-
terior extremity of the second and third pha-
langes of the last four toes.   It extends the
three phalanges of these toes.
  Extensor Digito'rum Commu'nis, Extensor
digitorum communis manus cum extenso'repro'-
prio auricula'ris, Digito'rum  Tensor; kpicon-
dylo-sus-phalangettien commun—(Ch.,)—Com-
mon Extensor of the Fingers, (F.) Extenseur
commun des  Doigts.  A long, flattened mus-
cle ; simple above, and divided into four por-
tions inferiorly.  It is situate at  the posterior
part of  the forearm; arises from  the  external
tuberosity of the humerus; from the aponeuro-
sis  of the forearm, and from the aponeurotic
septa situate  between it and  the neighbouring
muscles, and  is inserted at the posterior surface
of the  second and third phalanges of the last
four fingers.  The muscle extends the phalanges
of the  last four fingers  upon each other, and
upon the metacarpal  bone.  It can, also, extend
the hand on the forearm.
  Extensor Digitorum Longus, E. communis
digitorum pedis—e.  Longus digitorum pedis,
E. communis digitorum pedis—e. Proprius hal-
lucis, E. proprius pollicis pedis—e. Indicis, E.
proprius indicis—e. Internodii ossis pollicis,E.
longus pollicis—e. Primi internodii, Abductor
longus pollicis.
  Extensor Pol'licis Brevis, Exten'sor minor
pol'licis manus,  E. primi interna'dii, E. pol'li-
cis primus, E. Secun'di interna'dii (Douglas,)
E. secun'di interno'dii ossis pol'licis ;  Cubito-
sus-phalangien,  du pouce,—(Ch.,)  (F.) Court
extenseur du pouce.  Seated at the posterior and
inferior part  of  the forearm.  It  is thin, long,
and broader at its middle than at the extremities.
It arises from the posterior  surface of the ulna
and the interosseous ligament, and is  inserted
behind  the superior extremity of the first pha-
lanx of the thumb.   It  extends the thumb, and
aids in supination.
  Extensor  Pol'licis  Longus;  Extensor ma-
jor pol'licis manus, Extensor secun'di interna'- 
EXTENUATIO              33
dii, Extensor pollicis secun'dus, Extensor ter'-
tii interno'dii (Douglas,) Extensor interno'dii
ossis  pol'licis,  Cubito-sus-phalangettien  du
pouce,—(Ch.,) (F.) Muscle long extenseur du
pouce.   This muscle is long, flat, and fusiform;
and is seated at the  posterior part of the fore-
arm.  It arises from the posterior surface of the
ulna and the interosseous ligament, and is in-
serted at the posterior part of the superior ex-
tremity of the first phalanx of the thumb.  It
extends the  last phalanx of the thumb upon the
first.
   Extensor Pro'prius In'dicis ;  E. proprius
primi dig'iti manus, E. In'dicis, Indica'tor, Ex-
tensor  secun'di interno'dii in'dicis pro'prius,
Cubito-sus-phalangettien  de PIndex,—(Ch.,)
(F.) Extenseur propre  de PIndex.   This mus-
cle is long and thin;  broader in the middle than
at the extremities; and is situate at the poste-
rior part  of the forearm.  It arises from the
posterior surface of the ulna, and is inserted at
the posterior part  of the upper extremity of the
second  and  third  phalanx of the index finger.
It extends the three  phalanges of the index fin-
ger; and has, besides, the same uses as the other
extremities  of the fingers.
   Extensor Pro'prius Min'imi Dig"iti, kpi-
condylo-sus-phalangettien  du  petit  doigt,—
(Ch.,) (F.)  Extenseur propre du  petit doigt.
Situate on the inside of the Extensor communis
digito'rum.   It arises  from the external  con-
dyle of the os humeri and the aponeurotic septa
seated between it, the extensor communis digi-
torum, and  the extensor carpi  ulnaris; and is
inserted into the last two phalanges of the little
finger.  Its  use is to extend the little finger,
and even the hand upon the forearm.
   Extensor Pro'prius Pol'licis Pedis;  E. pro-
prius Hal'lucis, E. Longus (Douglas,) E. pol-
licis longus, Pironio-sus-phalangien du pouce,
Pironio-sus-phalangettien du  pouce,—(Ch.)
This muscle is situate at the anterior part of
the leg.   It is fleshy, broad, flat above; small
and tendinous below.  It arises from the ante-
rior part of the middle third of the fibula, and
is inserted  into the posterior part of the supe-
rior extremity of  the last phalanx of the great
toe.  It extends the  last phalanx of the great
toe upon the first, and the first upon the first
metacarpal  bone.
   Extensor Primi Internodii, E. pollicis bre-
vis—e.  Secundi internodii, E.  pollicis  brevis,
Extensor longus  pollicis—e. Secundi interno-
dii indicis proprius, E. proprius indicis—e. Ter-
tii internodii, E.  longus  pollicis—e. Tertii in-
ternodii  indicis, Prior  annularis—e. Tertii in-
ternodii minimi digiti, Abductor minimi digiti
—e. Ossis metacarpi pollicis manus, Abductor
longus pollicis—e. Pollicis longus, E. proprius
pollicis  pedis—e. Pollicis secundus, E. Longus
pollicis—e.  Minor pollicis manus, E. pollicis
brevis—e.  Primus pollicis, Abductor  longus
pollicis.
   Extensor Tarsi Magnus; E. Tarsi sura'lis.
A name given, by some anatomists, to the gas-
trocnemius and soleus combined.
   Extensor Tarsi Minor, Plantar muscle.
   EXTENUATIO, Emaciation.
   EXTERGENTIA, Detergents.
   EXTER'NAL  DISEASES, Extrin'sic Dis-
eases, Morbi extrin'seci, Surgical diseases, (F.)
Maladies externes.  Those diseases which oc-
cupy the surface of the body, and which form
7               EXTRACT

the object of surgical pathology, requiring, ge-
nerally external means, or surgical operations.
  EXTERNUS AURIS, Laxator tympani—e.
Mallei, Laxator tympani.
  EXTESTICULATUS, Castratus, Eunuch.
  EXTINCTIO, Death—e.  Hydrargyri, Ex-
tinction of Mercury—e. Mercurii, Extinction of
Mercury.
  Extinctio Vocis, (F.) Extinction de voix.
The French use this term for cases  in which the
voice  is not wholly suppressed, but produces
only feeble sounds :—Incomplete aphonia.
  EXTINCTION OF MER'CURY, Extinc'tio
Mereu'rii  vel  Hydrar'gyri.   Trituration  of
mercury with lard or other substance, until the
metallic globules  disappear.   The mercury is
then  so divided, that it forms a black powder,
generally considered to be a protoxide of mer-
cury, but, perhaps, erroneously.
  EXTIRPATIO LINGUE, Glossosteresis—
e. Testiculorum, Castratio.
  EXTIRPATION, Extirpa'tio, Exstirpa'tio,
Abla'tio, Apha'resis,  from extirpare, (ex,  and
stirps,) ' to root out.'  The complete removal
or destruction of any part, either by cutting in-
struments or the action of caustics.  Thus, we
speak of the extirpation of cancer,  polypus, en-
cysted tumour, &c.
  EXTOMIUS, Eunuch.
  EXTOZOA, Ectozoa.
  EXTOZOAIRES,  Ectozoa.
  EXTOZOARIA, Ectozoa.
  EXTRA-PELVIO-PUBI- TROCHANTk-
RIEN, Obturator externus.
  EXTRACT, Extractum—e. of Aconite, Ex-
tractum aconiti—e. of Aconite, alcoholic, Ex-
tractum aconiti alcoholicum—e. of Aloes, puri-
fied, Extractum aloes purificatum—e. of Bark,
Extractum cinchonae—e. of Bark, resinous, Ex-
tractum cinchonae resinosum—e. of Belladonna,
Extractum belladonna?—e. of Belladonna, alco-
holic, Extractum  belladonna? alcoholicum—e.
of  Bittersweet, Extractum dulcamara?—e. of
Broom tops, Extractum cacuminum genistae—
e.  of Butternut,  Extractum  juglandis—e. of
Cascarilla, resinous, Extractum cascarillae re-
sinosum—e. of Chamomile, E. anthemidis—e.
of Cinchona, Extractum cinchona?—e. of Colo-
cynth,  Extractum  colocynthidis—e. of Colo-
cynth,  compound, Extractum  colocynthidis
compositum—e. of Dandelion, Extractum ta-
raxaci—e. of Elaterium, Extractum elaterii—e.
of  Ergot,  Ergotin—e. of Gentian, Extractum
gentiana?—e. of Hemlock, Extractum cicuta?—
e. of Hellebore, black, Extractum hellebori—e.
of  Hemlock, alcoholic, Extractum  conii alco-
holicum—e. of Henbane, Extractum hyoscyami
—e. of Henbane,  alcoholic,  Extractum hyos-
cyami  alcoholicum—e. of Hops,  Extractum
humuli—e. of Jalap, Extractum jalapae—e. of
Lettuce, Extractum  lactucae—e. of Liquorice,
Extractum glycyrrhizae—e. of Logwood, Ex-
tractum haematoxyli—e. of Mayapple, Extrac-
tum podophylli—e. of Meat, saponaceous,  Os-
mazome—e. of Oak bark, Extractum corticis
quercus—e. of White poppy, Extractum papa-
veris—e. of Quassia, Extractum quassiae—e. of
Quinia, Extractum quiniae—e. of Rhatany, Ex-
tractum krameria?—e. of Rhubarb, Extractum
rhei—e. of Rue, Extractum rutae—e. of Sarsa-
parilla, Extractum sarsaparilla?—e. of Savine,
Extractum foliorum sabina?—e. of Stramonium,
Extractum stramonii—e. of Valerian, Extractum 
EXTRACTIF
338       EXTRACTUM CINCHONE
Valerianae—e. of Wormwood, Extractum cacu-
minum absinthii.
  EXTRACTIF, Extractive.
  EXTRACTION, Extrac'tio, Exa'resis, Ex-
ogo'ge, Exolce, Exelcys'mus, Enchylo'sis, from
extrahere, (ex, and trahere,) 'to draw out.' The
act of removing an extraneous  substance from
any part of the body.  Thus, a splinter is said
to be extracted.  It is, also, applied to the re-
moval of certain parts.  The cataract is said to
be extracted: a tooth is extracted, when carious,
&c.
  EXTRACTIVE, (F.) Extractif.  Same ety-
mon.  A peculiar, immediate principle, which
has been admitted in extracts.   Thus, bitter
extractive is the immediate  principle of bitter
vegetables, &c.
  EXTRAC'TUM,  Extract, Ecchylo'ma, (F.)
Ext rait.  An extract is prepared by evapora-
ting vegetable  solutions, till a tenacious  mass
is obtained.  When  prepared from an infusion
or decoction, it is called a watery,—from a tinc-
ture, a spirituous  extract.   Both kinds contain
all the principles of the vegetable, that are so-
luble in the menstrua with which they are pre-
pared ; but the volatile parts are dissipated, and
some of the  fixed parts are decomposed; the
proper  extractive is oxygenized,  and the vir-
tues of the  vegetable substance consequently
altered  or destroyed.   Extracts are hard  or
soft;  the consistence of the soft being such as
to retain the pilular form without  the addition
of a powder.  A patent was taken  out  some
years ago by a Mr. Barry, of London, for pre-
paring them  in vacuo; and, as the  temperature
is much lower than in the ordinary method, the
virtues of the  plant are less altered, and the
extracts are generally  green.   Extracts are
also prepared by displacement  or  percolation.
They have, likewise, received different names
according to  their predominant  principle.  The
gummy or mucous, or mucilaginous, are those
which are mainly composed of gum or muci-
lage.  Gum  tragacanth may be  considered a
pure gummy extract.  Gelatinous extracts are
those composed especially of gelatin; resinous
extracts, those of a resinous character; extracto-
resinous, those composed of extractive  or co-
louring matter and resin; gum-resinous, those
©ontaining gum and resin;  and sapona'ceous or
sapona'ceous saline, those containing a notable
quantity of  saline substances and a  resinous
matter, so combined with mucus and other so-
luble substances, that they cannot be separated.
   Extractum Absin'thii Cacu'minum, Extract
of wormwood.  (A decoction defecated and eva-
porated.)  The flavour is dissipated along with
the essential oil.  It is a bitter tonic.  Dose,
gr. x. to Qj in pill.
   Extractum  Aconi'ti, Extract  of Aconite,
Succus spissa'tus aconiti napelli, (from the in-
spissated juice  without defecation.)  It  is es-
teemed to be narcotic and diuretic;  and has been
given in the cases referred  to under aconitum.
Dose, gr. j. gradually increasing it.
   Extractum  Aconi'ti Alcohol'icum, Alco-
holic Extract of Aconite, (Aconit. in pulv. crass.
Ibj;  Alcohol, dilut. Oiv.  Moisten the aconite
with half a pint of diluted alcohol: let it stand
for 24 hours: transfer it to a displacement appa-
ratus, and gradually add the remainder  of the
diluted alcohol.  When the last portion of this
has penetrated the  aconite, pour  in from time
to time water sufficient to keep the powder co-
vered. Stop the filtration when the liquid which
passes begins to produce a  precipitate, as it
falls, in that which has already passed.  Distil
off the alcohol, and evaporate to a proper  con-
sistence.  (Ph. U. S.)
  Extractum Al'oes Purifica'tum, Pu'rifled
extract of aloes.   (The gummy part extracted
by boiling  water, defecated and inspissated.)
Dose, gr. v. to gr. xv.
  Extractum Anthem'idis, E. anthemidis no'-
bilis, E. chamame'li, E. florum ckamame'li,
Extract of  Cham'omile.  The  volatile oil is
dissipated in this preparation.   It  is a pure,
grateful bitter,  and  is tonic  and stomachic.
Dose, gr. x. to gr. xx in pills.
  Extractum Asparagi, see Asparagus.
  Extractum Belladon'na, Succus spissa'tus
at'ropa belladon'na,  Extract of Belladon'na,
(an  expressed juice  inspissated.)   Properties
same as those of the plant.  Dose, gr. $, gradu-
ally  increased.   It dilates the pupil  when ap-
plied to the eye.
  Extractum Belladonna Alcohol'icum, Al-
coholic extract of Belladonna.  (Prepared like
the Extractum aconiti alcoholicum. Ph. U. S.)
  Extractum Cascaril'la Resino'sum, Res'-
inous extract of cascarilla, (Cort. cascarilla in
pulv. crass. Ibj, Sp. vini rect. Mv.   Digest for
four  days; then  decant  and  strain; boil  the
residuum in ten pints of water to two; filter
and evaporate the decoction, and distil the tinc-
ture  in a retort, till both are thickened;  then
mix  and evaporate to a pilular consistence.)
Dose, gr. x to gr. xx in pills.
  Extractum Catharticum, E. Colocynthidis
compositum — e. Catechu, Catechu —e. Cha-
maemeli, E. Anthemidis—e. Cicutae, E. Conii.
  Extractum Cathol'icum, (F.) Extrait Ca-
tholique.  This  epithet  is given to pills com-
posed of aloes, black hellebore, and colocynth,
resin pf jalap, and  scammony.   See, also, Ex-
tractum colocynthidis compositum.
  Extractum Cincho'na, Extract of Cincho'-
na,  E. Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni,  E.  Cincho'na
Molle, E. of Bark.   (A decoction evaporated.)
The  active  principles are similar to those of
the bark in substance; but it is not so effectual
—owing to the chymical change  induced in the
drug during  the boiling.  When reduced, by
drying? to a  state  fit for being powdered, it is
called the Hard Extract of Bark, Extrac'tum
Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni  durum, E. Cincho'na du-
rum.  Dose, gr.  x to j^ss.
  Extractum Cinchona Resino'sum, E.  Cin-
chona lancifo'lia, E. Cinchona Rubra resino'-
sum, Resinous Extract of Bark, E. Cincho'na
Resina.  The  aqueo-spirituous extract  con-
tains both the extractive and  resin of the bark.
Dose, gr. x.  to xxx.
  Extractum Cinchona of the Pharmacopoeia
of the United States, (1842,) is  directed  to be
prepared as follows:—Peruvian Bark, in coarse
powder, Ibj;  Alcohol, Oiv;  Water, a sufficient
quantity.   Macerate the Peruvian bark  with
the alcohol  for four days; then filter by a dis-
placement apparatus, and  when  the  liquid
ceases to  pass,  pour gradually on the  bark
water sufficient to keep its surface covered.
When the filtered tincture measures four pints,
set it aside, and  proceed with the filtration un-
til six pints of infusion are obtained.  Distil off
the  alcohol from the tincture and evaporate the 
EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS    339          EXTRACTUM RHEI
 infusion till the liquids are respectively brought
 to the consistence of thin honey; then mix and
 evaporate to form an extract.—Ph. U. S.)
   Extractum Colocyn'thidis, Extract of CoV-
 ocynth.  A cathartic, in the dose of from gr. v.
 to ,5ss.
   Extractum  Colocyn'thidis  Compos'itum,
 Extractum Cathar'ticum, E.  Cathol'icum, E.
 Querceta'ni, Compound  Extract  of  Colocynth.
 (Colocynth. pidp. concis. §vj. Aloes pulv. gxij;
 Scammon.  pulv.  giv; Cardamom,  pulv. j|j.;
 Alcohol, dilut. cong.  Macerate the pulp in the
 spirit at  a gentle heat  for four days; strain:
 add the aloes and scammony; then distil off the
 spirit and mix in the cardamom seeds.  Ph. U.
 S.)  It is a powerful  cathartic, and is used in
 obstinate visceral obstructions, &c.   Dose, gr.
 vj to 3ss.
   Extractum  Coni'i, E. Cicu'tae, Succus ci-
 outa spissa'tus, Extract of  Hemlock, Succus
 spissatus conii  macula'ti.    (Expressed  juice
 inspissated without defecation.)  Employed in
 the same cases as the conium.  Dose, gr. iij to

   Extractum Conii  Alcohol'icum, Alcoholic
 Extract of Hemlock.  (Prepared like the Ex-
 tractum aconiti alcoholicum.—Ph. U. S.)
   Extractum Convolvuli Jalapa, E. jalapa?
 — e. Corticis Peruviani, E. Cinchonae.
   Extractum Dulcama'ra, Extract of Bitter-
 sweet.  (Prepared by displacement from bitter-
 sweet in coarse powder.—Ph. U. S.)
   Extractum Elate'rii, Elate'rium, Extract
 of Elaterium.  (The fecula  of the  expressed
 juice.)  It is violently cathartic, hydragogue,
 and  sometimes emetic.   Dose, gr.  ss.  every
 hour till it operates.
   Extractum Ergota, Ergotin.
   Extractum Genis'ta Cacu'minum, Extract
 of Broom Tops. Diuretic and stomachic.  Dose,
 gsstogj.
   Extractum Gentia'na, Ext. Gentia'nae lu'-
 tea,  Ext. Radi'cis Gen'tiana, Extract of Gen'-
 tian.  (The  evaporated decoction.   Prepared
 also  by displacement.—Ph. U. S.)   Properties
 like  the Gentian.  Dose, gr. x. to J^ss.
   Extractum Glycyerhi'za; Extract of Li-
 quorice.  (The evaporated decoction.)  It is de-
 mulcent, taken ad libitum.
  Refined Liquorice, which is sold in the form
 of cylinders, is made by gently evaporating a
 solution of the pure extract of liquorice with
 half its weight of gum Arabic, rolling the mass
 and cutting it into lengths, and then polishing,
 by rolling them together in a  box.
  Extractum Hamatox'yli, E. Hamatox'yli
 Campechia'ni, E. Scobis Haematoxyli, Extract
 of Logwood.   (The evaporated decoction.)  It
 is astringent.  Dose, gr. x. to gj.
  Extractum  Radi'cis  Helleb'ori Nigri,
 Ext. of Black Hellebore root, E. Hellebori ni-
gri.   (The evaporated  decoction.)   In  large
doses, this is cathartic; in smaller, diuretic, re-
solvent (?) and emmenagogue (?).  Dose, as a
cathartic, gr. x to ^j ; as an emmenagogue, &c.
 gr. iij to gr. x.
  Extractum Hellebori,  of the  Pharmaco-
poeia of the United  States (1842) is prepared
from Black Hellebore, in  coarse powder, like
the Extractum aconiti alcoholicum.
  Extractum Hu'muli, Extract of hops, (the
evaporated decoction.) It is tonic, anodyne(?),
diuretic (?).  Dose, gr. v to 3j.
   Extractum  Hyoscy'ami, Extract  of Hen-
 bane, Succus spissa'tus Hyoscyami nigri, Suec.
 Spiss. Hyoscyami.   (The expressed juice, in-
 spissated without defecation.)  Its virtues are
 narcotic.  Dose, gr. v. to J^ss.
   Extractum  Hyoscyami Alcohol'icum, Al-
 coholic Extract of Henbane.   (Prepared from
 leaves of Hyoscyamus, in coarse powder, like
 the Extractum aconiti alcoholicum.—Ph. U. S.)
   Extractum  Jala'pa, E. Convolvuli Jala-
 pa, E. Jala'pii, Extract of Jalap, E. Jala'pi.
 (A spirituous tincture distilled ; and an aqueous
 decoction evaporated;  the residua being mixed
 together:  kept  both soft  and  hard.)   It is ca-
 thartic and hydragogue.  Dose, gr. x.  to ^j>
   Extractum Jalapa of the Ph. U. S. is pre-
 pared like the Extractum cinchona?, Ph. U. S.
   Extractum  Jalapa Resino'sum, Res'inous
 Extract of Jalap. This is cathartic.
   Extractum  Juglan'dis, Extract of Butter-
 nut.   (Prepared by displacement  from butter-
 nut, in coarse powder.—Ph. U. S.)
   Extractum  Krame'ria, Extract of Rka-
 tany. (Prepared by  displacement  from rha-
 tany, in coarse  powder.—Ph. U. S.)
   Extractum  Lactu'ca, Extract of Lettuce,
 Succus spissa'tus Lactuca sativa.  (Leaves of
fresh lettuce Ibj ; beat them in a stone mortar,
 sprinkling them with  water; then express the
 juice and evaporate, without allowing it to sub-
 side,  until it acquires a proper degree of con-
 sistence.) It is said to be narcotic and diapho-
 retic.  Dose, gr. iij. to gr. x.
   An extract is, sometimes, made from  the juice
 of the wild lettuce, Lactuca viro'sa, which is
 regarded as diuretic.
   Extractum Martis Aceticum, Ferri Acetas
—e. Nucis Vomica? Spirituosum, see Strychnos
 nux vomica.
   Extractum 0'pii,E. Opii aquo'sum, E. The-
 ba'icum,  Extract of Opium,  E, Opii gummo'-
 sum,  Lau'danum opia'tum seu simplex, Opium
 cola'tum  seu Hepura'tum.  (A watery  solution
 defecated and  evaporated.)  Dose, gr. ss. to
 gr. v.
   Extractum  Panchymago'gum.   A drastic
 medicine, composed of colocynth, bruised with
 its seeds ; senna bruised ; black hellebore root,
 Agaric, Scammony in powder, Extract of Aloes
 and Powder  of Diarrhodon.
   Extractum Papav'eris, E.  Papav'eris som-
 nif'eri, E. Papaveris albi, Extract of white
poppy.   (The decoction evaporated.)  It pos-
 sesses nearly the same virtues as opium, but is
 weaker.  Dose  gr. ij!  to 7)}.
   Extractum Podophyl'li, Extract of May-
 apple. (Prepared from podophyllum, in coarse
 powder, in the same manner as the Extract of
 cinchona—Ph. U. S.)
   Extractum Purgans, see Hedera helix—e.
 Quercetani, E. Colocynthidis compositum.
  Extractum Quas'sia, Extract of Quassia.
(Prepared by displacement from Quassia rasped
—Ph. U.  S.)
  Extractum Cor'ticis Quercus, Extract of
oak bark.  ( The  decoction evaporated.)  It is as-
tringent and  tonic.
  Extractum Qui'nia, Quinia sulphas impu'-
rus.   This is made by evaporating the liquor
poured off the crystals of sulphate of quinia to
the consistence of a pilular mass.  Twenty-four
grains will generally arrest an intermittent.
  Extractum Rhei, Extract of Rhubarb. Uses, 
EXTRACTUM RUDII          340
EYE
like those of the  powdered root.   Dose gr. x.
to ^ss.
   Extractum Ru'dii, Extract ofRudius, (F.)
Extrait de Rudius.  Pills made  of colocynth,
agaric, scammony, roots of black hellebore and
jalap, socotrine aloes, cinnamon, mace, cloves,
and alcohol.
   Extractum Ruta Graveolen'tis, E. folio'-
rum Ruta, Extract of Rue, Extractum Ruta.
(A decoction evaporated.)  Tonic, stomachic.
The volatile oil being dissipated in the boiling,
this is not a good preparation.  Dose, gr. x.

   Extractum Folio'rum Sabi'na, Extract of
Savine.  (A decoction evaporated.) Tonic. The
same remarks may be made on this preparation
as on the last.  Dose, gr. x. to £ss.
   Extractum Sarsaparil'la, Extract of Sar-
saparilla.  (A strained decoction  evaporated.)
Virtues the same  as those of the powdered root.
Dose, gr. x to Jjj.
   Extractum Sarsaparillas of the United States
Pharmacopoeia, (1842,) is prepared from  Sarsa-
parilla, in coarse powder, like  the Extractum
aconiti alcoholicum.
   Extractum  Saturni, Goulard's, Liquor
plumbi subacetatis—e. Scobis haematoxyli,  E.
haematoxyli.
   Extractum Stramo'nii, Extract of Stramo'-
nium. (Seeds of Stramonium, Ibj, boiling water,
one gallon.  Macerate for four hours in a vessel
slightly covered, near the fire; then take the seeds
out; bruise  them in  a stone mortar and return
them  again to the fluid when they are bruised.
Boil  the liquor down to 4 pints,  and strain
while it is hot. Finally, evaporate to a proper
thick?iess. Ph. L.)  In the Pharm. U. S., Ex-
tractum Stramonii is the expressed juice inspis-
sated.  The Extractum Stramonii Seminis is
  EXTRAVASATION,  Extravasa'tio, from
extra, ' out of,' and vasa, ' vessels.3  Escape of
a fluid,—extravasa'tum,—from the vessel  con-
taining it, and infiltration or effusion of the fluid
into the surrounding textures.
  EXTRAVASATUM, see Extravasatio.
  EXTREMITY, Extrem'itas; from extremus,
'the outermost;' the  end or  termination  of a
thing.   The  limbs,  acrote'ria, have been  so
called,—as the upper  and lower extremities.  It
has been, also, used to express the last moments
of life; as when we  say, a patient is in ' extre-
mity,'  (F.) le malade est  a Pextrimiti, a toute
extrimiti.  See Membrum.
  EXTRINSIC, Extrin'secus.   That which
comes from without.  This term has been used
for  muscles, which surround certain organs and
attach them to the neighbouring parts; in order
to distinguish them from other muscles, which
enter into the intimate composition  of these
organs, and which have been named  intrinsic.
made as follows:—Stramonium seed, ground
into powder, Ibj.  Diluted Alcohol, q. s.  Hav-
ing rubbed the powder with diluted alcohol,
Oss, introduce  the  mixture into an  apparatus
for displacement, and pour upon it, gradually,
diluted alcohol, till the liquor passes colourless.
Distil off the alcohol  from the filtered liquor
and evaporate the residue to the proper consis-
tence.   Used as a narcotic in asthma and other
spasmodic affections.   Dose, gr. ij. to gr. x.
   Extractum Tarax'aci, Ext. Herba et Radi'-
cis Tarax'aci,   Extract of  Dandelion.   (A
strained decoction  evaporated.) It has been
considered deobstruent, laxative, and diuretic.
Dose, gr. x. to  £j.
   Extractum Thebaicum, E. Opii.
   Extractum  Valeria'na,  Extract ofVale'-
rian.  (An  expressed  decoction evaporated.)
The virtues  of the valerian being dependent
upon its essential oil, this is an objectionable
preparation.  Dose, gr. x. to 55 j.
   There are some other extracts in the Ameri-
can  and other  Pharmacopoeias, but they are
prepared in the ordinary mode, and  possess
merely the virtues of the  plants.   They are
besides, generally of an unimportant character.
   EXTRAIT, Extract—e. Alcoholique de noit
vomique, see  Strychnos  nux vomica—e. des
Fruits,  Rob — e.  Himostatique'de  Bonjean,
Ergotin.
   EXTRA'NEOUS BODY, from extra, 'with-
out.' Corpus extra'neum, C. exter'num, C.alie'-
num, (F.) Corps itranger.  Any solid, liquid,
or  gaseous substance,  inanimate  or animate,
proceeding from without or formed in the body;
and which constitutes no part of the  body, but
occupies, in the substance of the textures or
some of the cavities, a place foreign to it.
   Extraneous bodies may be grouped as in the
following table:
Thus, there are extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
of the tongue, ear, &c.
   EXTROVERSIO, Exstrophia.
   EXTUBERANTIA, Protuberance.
   EXTUBERATIO, Protuberance.
   EXTUMEFACTIO, Swelling-.
   EXTUS'SIO, from ex, and tussis,' a cough.'
'I cough with expectoration.'
   EXU'BER, from ex, 'out of,3 'devoid of,'
and  ubera, 'the  breasts;3  Apogalac'tos. 'A
child which has been weaned.'
   EXULCERATIO, Ecthlimma, Ulceration-
e. Uteri, Hysterelcosis—e. Ventriculi, Gastrel-

   EXUMBILICATIO, Exomphalos.
   EXUSTIO, Cauterization.
   EXUTORIUM, Fonticulus.
   EXUTORY, Fonticulus.
   EYE, Sax, eas,  Teuton. Auge, O'culus,
Ops, Omma, Ophthal'mos, Illos, Op'tilos (Do-
ric,) Viso'rium Org'anum, (F.) (Eil.  The eye
is the immediate organ of vision.   It is  seated
                   f 1. Proceeding from with- C These are numberless.  They may be introduced by
Inanimate Bodies.  \      ouU  '            \ ^ the natural ways or by accidental openings.
                                           C Calculi.
                   1^2. Formed in the body.  < Effusion of blood, pus, urine, or air, into parts not
                                           (_   naturally containing them.
                   [*1. Participating  in  the ( Cysts, &c. of every kind, developed in the different
Animated Bodies,  j  n Jfe. °fthe dividual. {   organs.
                   |  2. Having a separate ex- S d    ■*•   •  i           »
                        istence              i Parasitic animals, as worms, &c. 
EYEBALM
341
FACIAL
in the orbit, whilst its dependencies, called by
Haller Tutam'ina Oc'uli, occupy the circumfe-
rence of the cavity, and are composed of the
eyebrows, the eyelids, cilia,  glands of Meibo-
mius, &c. The Ball, Globe, or Bulb of the Eye,
Bulbus Oc'uli, is covered anteriorly by the tu-
nica conjunctiva; is  moved by six  muscles,
four straight, two oblique, and is constituted of
membranes, as the sclerotic, cornea, choroid,
tunica Jacobi, retina, iris, hyaloid, and in the
frjctus, the membrana pupillaris;—and of fluids,
called Humours or Media,—the aqueous,  crys-
talline, and vitreous. The vessels of the eye pro-
ceed from the ophthalmic artery.  The nerves,
except the optic, are chiefly furnished from the
ophthalmic  ganglion.  The  following are the
dimensions, &c, of the organ,  on the authori-
ties of Petit, Young,  Gordon, and Brewster:
Length of the antero-posterior diame-
  ter of the eye,   ...    -         0.91
Vertical chord of the cornea,  -    -         0.45
Versed sine of the cornea,    -    -         0.11
Horizontal chord of the cornea,     -         0.47
Size of pupil seen  through the cornea,  0.27 to 0.13
Size of pupil diminished by magnify-
  ing power of cornea to,    -   -  0.25 to 0.12
Radius of the anterior surface of the
  crystalline,      ...   -         0.30
Radius of posterior surface,  -   -         0.22
Principal focal distance of lens,     -         1.73
 Distance of  the centre of the  optic
   nerve from the foramen centrale  of
  Sommering,    ....         0.11
Distance of the iris from the cornea,          0.10
Distance of the iris from the anterior
  surface of the crystalline.   -    -         0.02
Field of vision above a horizontal line, 50° > . 2no
Field of vision below a horizontal line, 70 ° \
Field of vision in a horizontal plane,       150°
Diameter of the crystalline in a wo-
  man above fifty years of age,   -        0.378
Diameter of the cornea, -    -    -        0.400
Thickness of the crystalline,  -   -        0.172
Thickness of the cornea,     -   -        0.042
  Eye, Apple, see Melum—e. Glass, Scaphium
oculare, see Spectacles — e. Cat's, Amaurotic,
see Amaurotic—e.  Gum  of the,  Ckassie—e.
Lashes, Cilia—e. Lid, Palpebra—e. Lid, Granu-
lar,Trachoma—e. Melon, see Melum—e. Puru-
lent, Ophthalmia, purulent, of infants—e. Salve,
Singleton's,  Unguentum  Hydrargyri  nitrico-
oxydi; Eye-salve, Smellome's, see Cupri suba-
cetas—e. Sight of the, Pupil—e. White of the,
see Sclerotic.
  EYEBALM, Hydrastis Canadensis.
  EYEBRIGHT, Euphrasia officinalis,Lobelia.
  EYESTONE.  The shelly operculum of small
turbinideae.  Used at Guernsey to get things out
of the eyes.  Being put  into the  inner corner
of the eye, under the  eyelid, it will work its
way out at  the outward corner, and bring out
any foreign substance with it.—Gray.
  Eye of Typhon, Scilla—e. Water, common.
Liquor zinci sulphatis cum camphora—e. Water,
blue, Liquor cupri ammoniati—e. Watery, Epi-
phora.
F.
  FABA  EGYPTIACA, Nymphaea nelumbo
—f. Cathartica, Jatropha curcas—f. Crassa, Se-
dum telephium—f. Febrifuga, Ignatia amara—
f. Graeca,  Diospyros lotus — f. Indica, Ignatia
amara—f.  Pechurei, Tetranthera Pechurim—
f. Pechurim, Tetranthera pechurim—f. Purga-
trix, Ricinus communis—f. Sancti Ignatii, Ig-
natia amara—f.  Suilla, Hyoscyamus.
  FABE, Onisci aselli.
  FABAGELLE, Zygophyllum fagabo.
  FAB ARIA CRASSULA, Sedum telephium.
  FABRICA  ANDROGYNA,  Hermaphro-
deity.
  FACE, Fades, Vultus, Voltus, Proso'pon,
(F.) Face.  The face is the anterior part of the
head.  It is formed  of 13 bones, viz.  the two
superior maxillary, the  two malar,  the two
ossa nasi, the two ossa unguis, the vomer, the
two  ossa  spongiosa inferiora, the two palate
bones, and the inferior maxillary,  without  in-
cluding the frontal portion of the os frontis, and
the 32 teeth, which may be considered to form
part of it.   Its numerous muscles  are  chiefly
destined for the  organs of sight, hearing, taste,
and smell.  Its arteries proceed from the exter-
nal carotid: its veins end in the jugular, and its
nerves draw their origin immediately from the
brain.
  The face experiences alterations in disease,
which it is important to attend to.  It is yellow
in jaundice, pale and puffy in dropsy; and  its
expression  is very  different according to the
seat of irritation, so that, in infants, by an  at-
tention to medical physiognomy, we can often
detect the seat of disease.
  Hippocrates  has well depicted the change
which it experiences in one exhausted by long
sickness, by great evacuations, excessive hun-
ger, watchfulness, &c, threatening dissolution.
Hence this  state has been  called Fades Hip-
pocratica,  Fades Cadaver'ica, F.  Tortita'lis.
In this, the nose is pinched; the eyes are sunk;
the temples  hollow;  the  ears cold,  and re-
tracted : the skin of the forehead tense, and dry;
the complexion livid; the lips pendent,relaxed,
and cold, &c.
  The term Face, (F.) is likewise given to one
of the aspects  of an organ; thus, we say, the
superior face of the stomach.
  FACE, INJECTkE, see Vultueux—f. Vul-
tueuse,  see Vultueux.
  FACETTE', (F.)  Diminutive of face.  A
small face:  a small, circumscribed portion of
the surface of a bone, as the  articular facette of

  FACHUNGEN, MINERAL WATERS OF,
These springs  are at  no great distance from
those of Geilenau.  They contain free carbonic
acid;  carbonate, sulphate,  and  phosphate of
soda; chloride  of sodium,  carbonate  of lime,
magnesia and iron.        '
  FACIAL, Facia'lis.  Belonging to, or con-
nected with, the face.
  Facial Artery, La'bial  artery, An'gular or
external maxillary artery, A. palato-labial—■
(Ch); is a branch of the external carotid, which 
                 FACIENT

 rises beneath the digastricus, and is distributed
 to almost every part of the face.  It furnishes
 the inferior palatal, submental, superior labial,
 inferior labial, and dorsalis nasi.
   Facial Nerve, Portio dura of the 7th pair,
 Ramus du'rior sep'timce conjugations, Sympa-
 theticus minor, Res'piratory nerve of the face,
 Par sep'timum sive facia'U, Commu'nicans fa-
 dei nervus.  This nerve arises from the inferior
 and  lateral  part  of the tuber annulare, in the
 groove which separates it from the medulla ob-
 longata, external to the corpora olivaria, and by
 the side of the auditory nerve.   It issues from
 the cranium by the meatus auditorius internus;
 enters the aqueduct of Fallopius; receives  a
 branch of the Vidian nerve; sends off filaments
 to the internal muscles of the malleus and stapes;
 furnishes that called Chorda Tympani; makes
 its exit at the  foramen stylo-mastoideum,  and
 divides into two branches—the  temporo-facial,
 and  cervico-facial.  On the face it is termed,
 Pes  anseri'nus, Plexus nervo'rum anserlnus.
   Facial Vein, Pal'ato-labial — (Ch.,) arises
 between the skin and frontalis muscle, and bears
 the name V. Frontaiis; (F.) Veine front ale ou
 V. Priparate.  It then descends, vertically, to-
 wards the greater angle of  the eye, where it is
 called Angula'ris; and  afterwards  descends,
 obliquely, on the face, to open into the internal
 jugular, after  having received branches, which
 correspond with  those of the facial artery.  It
 is only in the latter part of its course that it is
 called Facial Vein. Chaussier calls the external
 carotid artery, Facial Artery.
   FA'CIENT, faciens, 'making,' from facio,
 ' I make.'   A suffix, as in Calefacient, Rubefa-
 dent,  &c, 'warm making,' 'red  making.3
   FACIES, Face—f. Cadaverica, see  Face—f.
 Concava pedis, Sole—f. Hippocratica, see Face
 —f.  Inferior pedis, Sole—f. Tortualis, see Face.
   FACTICE, Factitious.
   FACTITIOUS,  Factil'ius,  (F.)  Factice,
 from facere,' to make.3 Artificial. That which
 is made by art, in opposition to what is natural or
 found already existing in nature.  Thus, we say
factitious mineral waters for artificial mineral
 waters.
   FACULTAS, Faculty—f. Zotica, Vis vitalis,
   FACULTATES NATURALES, see Func-
 tion.
   FA'CULTY, Facultas,  Dy'namis, Power,
 Virtue.  The power of executing any function
or act.  The collection of the intellectual facul-
ties  constitutes  the understanding.   We  say,
also, vital faculties for vital properties, &c.
   FECAL  RETENTION, Constipation.
   FECES,  Plural of Fax; Feces, Chersa,  'the
dregs  of any thing.3   Fec'ulence,  (F.) Feces.
The   alvine evacuations  are so  called; (F.)
Garderobes; the excrements, Impurita'tes alvi-
na, Facal matter.  See Excrement.
   Faces Indurata, Scybala.
   FECOSITAS, Feculence.
  FECULA, Fecula.
  FECULENTIA, Feculence.
  FECUNDATIO, Fecundatio.
  FECUNDITAS, Fecundity.
  FEX, Feculence.
  FAGA'RA  OCTANDRA, Elaph'rium  to-
mento'sum, Am'yris tomento'sum, from fagns,
' the beech,3 which it resembles.  The systema-
tic name of the plant, which affords Tacamaha-
ca, a resinous substance, that exudes  from the
12             FALLTRANCK

 tree  Tacamahaca, which  has  a fragrant, de-
 lightful smell, was formerly in high estimation,
 as an ingredient in warm,  stimulating plasters
 and was given internally like the balsams gene-
 rally. The East India Tacamahac, Bal'samum
 Vir'ide,  O'leum Maria,  Bal'samum Cal'aba
 Balsamum maria, Baume vert, is yielded by
 the Calophylium inophylturn.
   The name Tacamahac is also given to a resin
 furnished by Pop'ulus balsamif era, which grows
 in the northern parts of America and Siberia.
   Fagara  Piperi'ta, (F.) Fagarier poivre; a
 native of Japan, possesses the qual ities of pepper,
 and is used as  such by the Japanese.  It is,
 also, employed as  a rubefacient  cataplasm.
   FAGARIER POIVRk, Fagara octandra.
   FAGOPYRUM, Polygonum fagopyrum.
   FAGUSCASTA'NEA.  The systematic name
 of the Chestnut Tree;  Casta'nea, C. vulga'ris,
 Casta'nea  vesca, Lo'pima, Mota, Glans Jovis
 Theophrasti, Ju'piter's  Acorn,  Sardinian
 Acorn; the Common Chestnut, (F.) Chataig-
 nier commun.  Family, Amentaceae.  Sex. Syst.
 Moncecia Polyandiia.  The Chestnut, Casta'nea
 nux, (F.)  Chataigne, is farinaceous and nutri-
 tious, but not easy of digestion.
   Fagus Castanea Pu'mila.   The Chin'capin
 or Chinquapin, Castanea  Pumila, (F.) Cha-
 taignier nain.  The nut of this American tree
 is eaten like the chestnut.  The bark, Castanea,
 (Ph. U. S.) has been used in intermittents.
   Fagus Sylvat'ica.   The systematic name of
 the Beech, Fagus, Oxya, Balan'da, Valan'ida;
 the Beech Tree, (P.) Hetre.  The Beech-nut or
 Beech-mast, (F.) Faine, affords an oil, by ex-
 pression, which is of a palatable character, and
 is eaten in  some places instead of butter.  It
 has been supposed to be a good vermifuge, but
 it is no better than any mild oil.
   FAIBLESSE, Debility.
   FAIM, Hunger—/.  Canine, Boulimia—/. de
 Loup, Fames  lupina.
   FAINE, see Fagus sylvatica.
   FAINTING-FIT, Syncope.
   FAIRBURN, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 The mineral waters at this place, which is in
 the county of Ross, in Scotland, are sulphureous,
 and frequented.
   FAIS CEA U, Fasciculus—/. Petit, Fasciculus.
   FALCADINA, Scherlievo.
   FAL'CIFORM, Falcifor'mis, Drepandides,
 from falx, 'a  scythe,3 and forma, 'shape.'
 Having the shape of a scythe.   This term has
 been applied to different parts.  See Falx and
 Sinus.
   Falciform  Expansion of the Fascia Lata
 is the scythe-shaped reflection of the fascia lata,
 which forms, outwards and upwards, the open-
 ing for  the vena saphaena, and  is attached to
 the crural arch by its superior extremity, form-
 ing the anterior paries of the canal of the sam?
 name.
   FALLACIA, Hallucination.
   Fallacla Optica.   An  optic illusion.
   FALLOPIAN TUBE, see Tube,  Fallopian.
   FALLTRANCK, Faltranek (G.), literally,
 a drink against falls.  A vulnerary.   It is a
 mixture of several aromatic and slightly astrin-
 gent  plants, which grow chiefly in  the Swiss
 Alps, and hence the name—Vulniraire Suisst
 given to such dried plants  cut into  fragments.
 They are called, also, Esphces Vulniraires, and
 The Suisse.
3 
FALMOUTH, CLIMATE OF       343            FALSIFICATION
  The infusion  of the Falltranck is aromatic,
and  slightly agreeable, but of  no use in the
cases for which  it has been particularly recom-
mended.
  FALMOUTH, CLIMATE OF. The climate
of Falmouth in Cornwall, England, resembles
that of Penzance : and, like it, is in many re-
spects,  a  favourable retreat for  the phthisical
during the winter  months.
  FALSA VIA, False passage.
  FALSE, Falsus, Notkus, Pseudo, Spurious,
Bastard, (F.) Faux.   This epithet has been fre-
quently added to peripneumony, pleurisy, &c,
to designate a disease  similar to these, but less
severe.  Most commonly, a severe  catarrh or
pleurodynia has received the name.  See Pe-
ripneumonia notha.
  False  Passage,  Falsa  Via, (F.)  Fausse
Route.  An accidental passage, made in surgical
operations, and particularly in introducing the
catheter.   The  catheter is sometimes
through into the rectum.
  False W aters,Hydrallan'tl, False Delivery.
Water, which sometimes collects between the
amnion and  chorion, and  is commonly dis-
charged before the birth of the child.
  We say, also, False Ribs, False Rhubarb, &C.
  FALSETTO VOICE, see Voice.
  FALSIFICATION, Adultera'tio, from fal-
sus, ' false,3 and facere, ' to make.'  A fraudu-
lent imitation  or  alteration of an  aliment or
medicine by different admixtures. Manga'nium,
Manganisa'tio. It is synonymous with adultei -
ation and sophistication.
TABLE OF  COMMON FALSIFICATIONS OF SOME OF THE  MOST USEFUL
                                   DRUGS, &c.
Medicines.
Adulterations.
Mode of Detection.
Acacia Gummi.
Acetum  Destilla
  TUM.
\ Gum Senegal.
( Sulphuric Acid.
 Nitric Acid.....
Acidum   Muriati-
  cum.
Nitricum.

  Sulphuri


ClTRICUM.
Stber Rectifica
  tus.

Ao.ua Ammonia.
Ammonia   Carbo-
  nas.
                         G. S. is clammy and tenacious.  The A. G. is per-
                           fectly soluble in water, and its solution limpid.
                         Acetate of barytes causes a white precipitate.
                       C By evaporating  it, the residuum  deflagrates, when
                       I   thrown  on burning charcoal.
  Copper...............   Supersaturate with ammonia—a blue colour is pro-
                           duced.
                         Sulphuretted hydrogen causes a dark precipitate.
                         Deposites by evaporation the salts it may contain;
                           precipitates with solution of hydrochlorate of bary-
                           ta if it contains sulphuric acid.
                         The presence of chlorine is indicated by a precipitate
                           with  nitrate of silver: that of sulphuric acid by the
                       (   same result with hydrochlorate of baryta.
C Muriatic   and  Nitric ( The presence of muriatic and nitric acid is indicated
£   Acids.              \   by the smell, when the acid tested is strongly heated.
                       'Their presence is indicated by forming a granular
                           sediment in a concentrated  solution of a neutral
                           salt of potassa.
                         Its S. G. detects this.
j Sulphuric Acid.......  By acetate of barytes.   Precipitate white.
 }  .,  ,  ,              C With phosphorus a milky instead of limpid solution
 [^cohol...............£   is formed
 C                      CA precipitation occurs on adding a solution of muri-
 l Carbonic Acid.        <   ate of lime.
 c                      (It should be capable of complete volatilization by heat.

 C..................\ The  Gultx Ammoniaci are white, clear, and dry.
(^ Lead.

} Sulphuric Acid.

\ Muriatic and Sulphuric
i   Acid.
  Muriatic   and
    Adds.

\ Tartaric   and  Oxalic'
j   Acids.
 (Too dilute.
Ammoniacum.
Antimonii Sulphu-
  retum.
Argenti Nitras.   *
......................  The lump Ammoniacum, lapis Ammoniaci, is often
                           adulterated with common resin.
 C.....................  It ought to be entirely volatilized by a red heat.
 j Lead.                  Imparts a foliated texture, and is not vaporizable.
J „                     (A smell of garlic  is emitted when thrown on live
] Arsenic......••".....\  coals, &c.
                         Are not vaporizable.
                         The solution assumes a blue colour, when supersa
                           turated with ammonia. It may be suspected when
                           the salt deliquesces.
                         The adulteration with nitrate of potassa is easily re-
                           cognized by the fracture of a stick of it. which is
                           radiated when pure, and granular if adulterated;
                           or by precipitating a solution of the salts with a suf-
                           ficient quantity of muriatic acid, and evaporating
                           the clear  liquor:  the nitrate of potassa or other
                            salts will remain
L Manganese and Iron.

  Copper.
Nitrate of Potassa.
Arsenicum Album.

Balsamum Peruvia-
  num.
\"t&Mtffi \ "<* <***■• * b-
A mixture of Resin and
  some   Volatile  Oil,
  with Benzoin.
Not easily detected. 
FALSIFICATION              344             FALSIFICATION
Medicines.
Adulterations.
Mode of  Detection.
Calumba.
Capsicum.
Cayenne Pepper.
Castoreum.
Castor.
Cera Flava.
Yellow Wax.
Cera Alba.
White  Wax.
Cinchona.
Bark.

Coccus.
Cochineal
Copaiba.
Balsam of Copaiva.
Crocus.
Saffron.
Cubeba.
Cubebs.

Cusparia Cortex.
Angustura Bark.


Guaiaci Resina.
Resin of Guaiacum.


Hydraf.gyri Nitri-
  co-oxydum.
Red Precipitate.
Hydrargyri    Sub-
  murias.
Calomel.
                         ( The true is distinguishable from the false Calumba by
                         |    adding to an infusion of the root,  a few drops of
^....................■{    solution of sulph. iron, which gives to the infusion
                         j    of the false Calumba, a greenish black colour;  but
                         J_   produces no change in the other.
                          This disposes it to deliquesce.
                         C Digest in acetic acid, and add a solution of sulphuret
                         ?   of ammonia—a dark-coloured precipitate will be
 (                        (   produced.
 f A mixture of dried blood, f
 I   gum ammoniac,  and j
    a  little  real  castor,■{ Smell and taste will generally detect the fraud.
    stuffed into the scro-

                         ti May be suspected when the cake is brittle and colour
                         X    grayish.
  R                     C Put it in cold alcohol, which will dissolve  the resin,
    esin...............l    without acting on the  wax.
                         f Is known by the greater softness and unctuosity, and
  Tallow..............<    its  smell  when melted.   Turmeric  is generally
                         (    added in this case to obviate the paleness.
  White Lead..........I Melt the wax, the oxide  will subside.
  Tallow..............( The cake has not its ordinary translucency.
  This is variously adul- C Can only be detected by practice, and examining into
    terated.              \    the quantity of quinia  or cinchona it contains.
  Pieces  of dough formed C
    in moulds, and co- < Throw it into water, the adulteration will appear.
    loured with cochineal. (
                         f If it does not retain  its spherical form when dropped
                             into water, its adulteration may be inferred.
  q:/                   J Mix one part of strong liquid  ammonia of 22°, with
                             three  parts of copaiba.  If pure, the mixture will,
                             in a  few minutes, become transparent; if not, it
                             will remain opake.
 ' Fibres of smoked Beef..  Affords  an unpleasant odour when thrown on  live
                             coals.
Chloride of Sodium,

Red Lead.
  turn of a goat.
Earth or Peasmeal...
Petals of the Calendula |
  officinalis, and Car-.
  thamvs Tinctorius.  |
Turkey Yellow Berries, i
  or the dried fruit of the.
  RhamnusCatharticus. i
False Angustura some- (
  times sold for it.
Infuse the specimen in hot water, and the difference
  will be perceptible.

Detected by attentive examination.
Hydrargyri
  phuretum
  brum.
Hydrargyri
  phuretum
  GRUM.
SUL-
 Ru-


SUL-
 l\l.
                          The epidermis of the true Cusparia is characterized
                            by being  covered with a matter resembling the
{                        (  crust of iron.
j Common Resin........C Detected by the turpentine smell emitted when thrown
■{                        I  upon hot coals.
 ' Manchineel Gum...     ^ ^^ to tne tmcture a ^ew drops of spirit of nitre, and
I                     " * <  dilute with water: the guaiacum is precipitated—
(                        (  the adulteration floats in the white stria?.
                          Digest in acetic  acid: add  sulphuret of ammonia,
                            which will produce a dark coloured precipitate. It
                            should be totally volatilized by heat.
                          ' A precipitation will be produced by the carbonate of
                            potass, from a solution made by boiling the suspected
                            sample with a  small portion of muriate of ammo-
                            nia  in  distilled water;  or, the presence of deuto-
                            chloride of mercury is indicated, by warming gently
                            a small  quantity of calomel in alcohol, filtering
                            and adding to the clear liquor some lime-water, by
                            which a  reddish yellow  precipitate is afforded.
                            When  calomel  is  rubbed with  a fixed alkali, it
                            ought to become intensely black,  and not exhibit
                            any orange hue.
  Red Lead............C Digest in  acetic acid, and add sulphuret of ammonia
                         <  —a black precipitate will be produced.
Red Lead.
Corrosive Sublimate..
Ivory Black.
. Throw a suspected portion on hot coals—the resi
   duum will detect the fraud. 
FALSIFICATION             345                    FALX
Medicines.
Adulterations.
Mode of Detection.
Iodine.

Jalaps Radix.
Jalap Root.

Magnesia.
C Bryony Root.

 f Lime.......
Sulphuret of Lime.
A
Magnesia Subcar
  bonas.
Carbonate of Magne-
  sia.
Manna.
Morphia  et  ejus
  Sales.
Morphine  and   its
  Salts.
C The tests of its purity are—that it is perfectly soluble
<   in ether—Heated on a piece of glass or porcelain,
t[   it sublimes without residuum.
( Bryony root is of a paler colour, and less compact tex-
\   ture, and does not easily burn at the flame of a candle.
( Detected by the solution in dilute sulphuric acid af-
l   fording a precipitate with oxalate of ammonia.
C Gives off when moistened, the smell of sulphuretted
I   hydrogt
j  Chalk...............C Detected by adding dilute sulphuric acid  to the sus-
Gypsum.
Moschus.
Musk.
Olea Destii.lata.
Essential Oils.

Oleum Ricini.
Castor Oil.
Opium.
Dried Blood.
Asphaltum...........
Fine particles of Lead.
Fixed Oils...........
    pected substance, when, if chalk be present, there
r^   will be a white insoluble precipitate.
C Boil in distilled water, and test the solution by a ba-
(   rytic and oxalic reagent.
C A factitious  article,  consisting  of honey  or  sugar
<   mixed with scammony, is sometimes sold for it; but
(   the colour, weight, transparency, and taste detect it.
 ' Morphia and its salts, when placed in contact with ni-
    tric acid, are coloured red; with per-salts of iron, blue.
    They are perfectly soluble in warm alcohol, and aci-
    dulated warm water.  When morphia is mixed with
    narcotina, the adulteration is ascertained by mixing
    them with sulphuric ether, which dissolves the nar-
-(   cotina, without sensibly affecting the morphia.
  The bag must not appear to have been opened.
  This may be suspected, if it emits a fetid smoke when
    inflamed.
  Discovered by its melting and running,  before it in-
Potassii Iodidum.
Iodide of Potassium.  \
Potassae Hydriodas.
Hydriodate  of  Po
  tassa.
Quinije Sulphas.    C
Sulphate of  Quinia.  \
Strychnije et  ejus f
  Sales.
Strychnia  and
  Salts.
Zinci Oxydum.     (Chalk.....
Flowers of Zinc.     ( Whitehead
                      [_ Rub with water.  The metallic particles will subside.
                      ( Touch writing paper with it, and hold it before  the
                      I   fire: fixed oil leaves a stain of grease.
                      (Add water. A milkiness and increase of temperature
                      \   occurs.
                      C Alcohol  S. G. .820, will mix with any proportion of
                      (   castor oil, whilst it dissolves very little of the others.

                        The best opium is covered with leaves and the reddish
                          capsules of a species of Rumex. The inferior kinds
                      J   have capsules adherent.  It  is bad when soft and
                      |   friable, when intensely  black or mixed with many
                          impurities,  and when sweet.  The  quantity  of
                       |   morphia affords the best test.

                       f The adulteration  is ascertained by precipitating a so-
                          lution of the salt with nitrate of silver, and treating
Chloride of Potassium. ^   the precipitate  with ammonia, which  dissolves the
                       |   chloride of silver, without acting upon the iodide of
                       I.  this metal.
                      ( Leaves no residue when  submitted to calcination: is
                      \   perfectly  soluble  in warm  alcohol, and in water
                          slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid.
                      ■{ They are free from  brucia when no colour is pro-
                          duced by contact with nitric acid.
 Alcohol.............
(" Olive or Almond or Pop-
    py Oil.
'Extract  of  Liquorice,
    Bullets  and  Stones
    sometimes in it; Ex-
    tract of Poppy, of the
    Chelidonium  majus,
    G. Arabic, G.  Traga-
    canlh.   Linseed  Oil,
    Cow's Dung.
., J Brucia
f.
I.
Sulphuric acid excites an effervescence.
Sulphuric acid forms an insoluble sulphate of lead.
  FALTRANCK, Falltranck.
  FALX.   Anatomists have given  this name
to several membranous reflections having  the
shape of a falx or scythe.
  Falx Cerebel'li, (F.)  Faux  du  cervelet,
Falx minor, Septum Cerebelli, Septum midian
du cervelet (Ch.,) Proces'sus falcifor'mis Cere-
bel'li, Septum Parvum occipita'le, is a triangular
process of the dura mater opposite the internal
occipital protuberance.   Its base is attached to
the middle of the tentorium, and  its top or apex
bifurcates, to proceed to the sides of the fora-
men magnum.   Its convex surface is towards
         23
the cranium, and its concave in the  fissure or
groove, which separates the  two lobes  of the
cerebellum.
   Falx Cer'ebri, (F.) Faux du cerveau, Sep-
tum Cerebri, Falx major, Ver'tical supe'rior lon-
gitu'dinal p/oe'ess, Mediastinum cerebri, Repli
longitudinal de la mininge, (Ch.,) Proces'sus
falciformis duramatris.   The greatest process
of the dura mater.  It extends from the fore to
the hind part of the skull, on the median line;
is broad  behind,  and narrow  before, and is
lodged in the groove which separates the  he-
mispheres from each other—the interlobar fis- 
FAMELICA FEBRIS          346
sure.   At its superior part is situated the longi-
tudinal sinus (superior,) and at its lower, cor-
responding to the edge of the  scythe, the in-
ferior longitudinal sinus.  Its anterior  extre-
mity is attached to the crista galli; its posterior
is continuous with the tentorium cerebelli, and
contains the straight sinus.
  Falx Major, Falx cerebri—f. Minor, Falx
cerebelli.
  Falx of the Peritoneum, Great, Falx pe-
ritonei max'ima,(F .)Grande faux du piritoine,
Faux de la Veine Ombilicale, Falx of the umbi-
lical vein, is a reflection of the peritoneum,
which  ascends from the umbilicus to the ante-
rior and inferior surface of the liver.
  Falces  of the Peritone'um,  Lesser,
Falces Peritonei minima, (F.) Petites faux du
piritoine,  are the  lateral ligaments of the liver
and the reflections which the peritoneum forms,
raised up by the umbilical arteries.
  Falx of the  Umbilical Vein, Falx, great,
of the Peritoneum.
  FAMELTCA FEBRIS,  from fames, ' hun-
ger.3  Fever accompanied with insatiable hun-
ger.—Sylvius.
  FAMELICUS, Hungry.
  FAMES, Hunger—f. Bovina, Boulimia—f.
Canina, Boulimia.
  Fames  Lupi'na,  Lycorexis,  (F.) Faim de
Loup.   Authors  have described,  under this
name, a kind of boulimia, or depravation of the
digestive  function,  in which the patient eats
voraciously, and passes his food, almost imme-
diately afterwards, per anum.
  FAMEX, Contusio.
  FAMIGERATIS'SIMUM EMPLAS'TRUM,
from fama,' fame,' and gero, ' I wear.3   A plas-
ter, extolled in ague, and  made of aromatic,
irritating  substances.  It  was  applied to the
wrist.
  FAMILIARICA SELLA, Close stool.
  FAMIS, Contusio.
  FAMIX, Contusio.
  FANCULUM, Anethum.
  FANCY MARK, Na?vus.
  FANG, Radix.
  FANON (F.), from  (G.) Fahne, ' a ban-
ner,3 ' ensign,3 ' standard.3   Fer'ula, Lec'tulus
stramin'eus,  Thor'ulus stramin'eus.   A splint
of a particular shape,  employed in fractures of
the thigh  and leg to keep the bones in contact.
  The Fanons were divided into true and false.
  The true consists of a  cylinder  of straw,
strongly surrounded with a cord or riband, in
the centre of which a stick is usually placed to
ensure its solidity.  The false consists  of a
thick piece of linen, made flat, like a compress,
and folded at the extremities.   It was placed
between the fractured limb and the txxxe fanon.
The Drap-fanon is a large piece of  common
cloth placed between the fractured limb, and in
which the fanons or lateral splints are rolled.
  FANTOM, Phantom, from <pavrao/ia, 'a
spectre.3  (F .)Phantome, Fantome, Mannequin,
Man'nekin.   This word has two acceptations.
It means the spectres and images which the ima-
gination presents to the sick, when asleep  or
awake; and, also, the figure on  which surgeons
practise the application of bandages, or the ac-
coucheur the manual part of midwifery,—Phan-
to ma obstetric"ium.
  FARCIMINALIS  MEMBRANA  seu
TUNICA, Allantois.
>                  FASCIA

   FARCINOMA, Equinia.
   FARCTU'RA, Fartu'ra; from fardre, 'to
stuff.3  The operation of introducing medicinal
substances into the cavities  of animals or of
fruits, which have been previously emptied.
   FARCTUS, Emphraxis.
   FARCY GLANDERS, see Equinia.
   FARD, Paint.
   FARFARA, Tussilago—f. Bechium, Tussi-
lago.
   FARI'NA, Alphiton,Crimnon,Al'eton,Alev!.
ron, Ale'ma,  from far,  ' corn,3 of which it is
made.  Meal ox flour.  The  powder, obtained
by grinding the seeds of the gramineous, legu-
minous, and  cucurbitaceous plants  in particu-
lar.   It is highly nutritious, and is much used,
dietetically as well as medicinally.
   Farina Amygdalarum, see Amygdala.
   Farina Trit'ici, wheaten flour; F. Seca'lis,
Rye flour or meal; F. Hordei, Barley meal; F.
Avena'cea, Oat meal, &c.
   Farinje  Resolventes, (F.) Farines Resolu-
tives.  This name was formerly given to a mix-
ture of the farina of four different plants; the
lupine, lupinus albus, the Ervum Ervilia, the
Vidafaba, and the Barley, Hordeum distichum.
They were recommended to form cataplasms.
   FARINA'CEOUS, Farina'ceus, Farino'sus,
(F.) Farineux, Mealy.  Having the appearance
or nature of farina.  A term given  to all arti-
cles of food which contain farina.   The term
Farinacea includes all those substances, called
cerealia, legumina, &c, which contain  farina,
and are employed as nutriment.  In Pathology,
the epithet farinaceous, (F.) farineux, is ap-
plied to certain eruptions, in which the epider-
mis  exfoliates  in small particles  similar to
farina.
   FARINARIUM, Alica.
   FARINES RESOLUTIVES, Farina? resol-
ventes.
   FARINEUX, Farinaceous.
   FARINOSUS, Farinaceous.
   FARRIER, Hippiater.
   FART,  Sax. Farit, from Teut. fakren, 'to
go:3—fart,' a voyage.3   (G.) Fur z, (L.) Bdel-
lus, Bdolus,  Bdelyg'mia, Bdelyg'mus, Porda,
Physa, Physe, Flatus, Crepitus,  (F.) Pet.
A sonorous or other discharge of wind from
behind.  A low  word,  but of respectable pa-
rentage.
   FARTURA, Farctura.
   FARTUS, Emphraxis.
   FAS'CIA, from fascis,  'a bundle.3   Liga'-
tio, Ligatu'ra, Alligatu'ra, Anades'mus, Vin'-
cula, Spar'ganon, Epides'mos,  Vinctu'ra.  A
bandage, fillet, roller, ligature.   The aponeuro-
tic expansions of muscles, which bind parts to-
gether are, likewise, termed Fascia?:—Aponeu-
roses, Perimys'ia.  See, also, Taenia.
   Fascia Aponeurotica Femoris, Fascia lata
aponeurosis—f. Capitalis, Bonnet d'Hippeerate,
Capelina—f.  Capitis, Diadema—f. Cooperi, F.
Transversalis.
   Fascia Crib'riform, Fascia Cribrifor'mis.
The  sieve-like portion of the fascia lata; so
called from  its  being  pierced  by numerous
openings for  the passage of lymphatic vessels.
   Fascia  Denta'ta, Corps godronni  of Vicq
d'Azyr.   A band of gray matter seen  beneath
the  taenia  hippocampi on raising it up, which
runs along the inner border of the cornu ammo- 
FASCIA DIGITALIS           347
FASTING
 nis.  It is, as  it were, crenated by transverse
 furrows.
   Fascia  Digitalis,  Gantelet—f.  Diophthal-
 mica, Binoculus—f. Dividens, Dividing bandage
 —>f. Heliodori, T. bandage.
   Fascia Ili'aca, Iliac aponeuro'sis.  An apo-
 neurosis, which proceeds from the tendon of the
 psoas minor, or which arises from the anterior
 surface of the  psoas magnus, when the former
 muscle does not  exist.  It  is attached, exter-
 nally, to the inner edge of the crest of the ilium,
 below,  and anteriorly—on one side, to the cru-
 ral arch,  sending an  expansion  to the fascia
 transversalis;  and  on the  other,  continuous
 with the deep-seated lamina of the fascia lata,
 which forms the posterior paries  of the crural
 canal.  Within and behind, the fascia iliaca is
 attached to the brim of the pelvis, and is con
 tinuous with the aponeurosis, which M.  Jules
 Cloquet has called Pelvian.  The iliac aponeu
 rosis covers the iliac and psoas muscles, which
 it separates from the peritoneum.
   Fascia  Inguinalis, Spica.
   Fascia  Lata.  A name given by anatomists
 to an aponeurosis, and  to a muscle.
   Fascia  Lata Aponeurosis, Fascia aponeu-
 rot'ica  fem'oris, Vagi'na fem'oris, Crural  or
 Fem'oral Aponeurosis,  is  the most extensive in
 the  body, and  envelops all the muscles of the
 thigh.  Above, it is  attached to the outer edge
 of the ilia; before, it arises from the crural arch
 by two distinct laminae, separated by the femo-
 ral vessels, and becoming confounded a little be-
 low the part where the  great  vena  saphaena
 opens into the  crural vein.  Of these two  lami-
 nae, the one is  more anterior and thicker than
 the other,  and may be considered as a prolonga-
 tion of  the aponeurosis of the external oblique.
 It is intimately united to Poupart's ligament.
 The  other; which  is  thinner, is behind, and
 deeper  seated; and, after its union with the
 former, proceeds to be inserted into the pubis.
 Inferiorly, the fascia lata  becomes confounded
 with the tendon of the  triceps, and is  attached
 to the external  tuberosity of the tibia.  The use
 of the fascia lata, like that of other aponeuroses,
 is to  strengthen the  action of the  muscles, &c.
   Fascia Lata Muscle,  Tensor vagi'na fem'-
 oris,  Fascia'lis, Membrano'sus, Ilio-aponivro-
 si-fimoral, Mus'culus aponiuro'sis  vel fascia
 latse, Mus'culus fem'oris  membrano'sus, Ilio-
 aponivroti-fimoral — (Ch.) Tenseur de Papo-
 nivrose femorale.  A muscle, situate at the up-
 per  and outer  part of the  thigh.  It arises,
 above, from the outer  part of the anterior and
 superior spine  of  the   ilium; and is inserted,
 ielow, between the  two lamina?  of the  fascia
 lata, which it stretches  and raises  when it con-
 tracts.
   Fascia,  Obturator,  see Pelvic  aponeuroses
 —f. Pelvic, Internal, see Pelvic aponeuroses—f.
 Pelvic,  Lateral,  see Pelvic aponeuroses — f.
 Pelvic,  Superior, see Pelvic aponeuroses.
  Fascia Pro'pria.  A layer of cellular tissue
derived  from the sheath of the femoral vessels,—
or according to some from the cribriform fascia.
 ft is one of the  coverings of femoral hernia, and
is generally pretty dense about the neck of the
hernia;  but thin or even wanting on its fundus.
   Fascia Rf.pens, Spica—f. Sculteti, Bandage of
s.'parate strips—f. Semicircularis, Taenia semi-
circularis—f. Spiralis, Ascia—f. Stellata, Stella
—f. Submuscular, see Vaginal, (of the eye.)
   Fascia, Subperitone'al, Subperitoneal apo-
 neuro'sis.  A thin tendinous layer on the outer
 surface of the peritoneum.
   Fascia  Superficia'lis,  Superficial aponeu-
 ro'sis of the abdomen and  thigh, (F.) Aponev-
 rose superficielle de I'abdomen et de la cuisse.
 A very thin aponeurosis, which covers the mus-
 cles and  aponeuroses of the abdomen; passes
 before the crural arch, to which it adheres with
 some  degree of force; sends a membranous
 sheath, which surrounds the spermatic chord;
 and is continuous with  the dartos, which  it as-
 sists in forming.  The fascia superficialis pre-
 sents, beneath  the  crural arch, very distinct
 fibres whose direction is parallel to the fold of
 the thigh.  It is applied  over the fascia lata
 aponeurosis, and is attached, internally, to the
 ascending ramus of the ischium, near the root
 of the corpus cavernosum.  Before the descent
 of the  testicle  from the  abdomen, the fascia
 superficialis is very manifestly continuous with
 the Gubernaculum testis.
   Fascia Tformis,  T. bandage—f. Tortilis,
 Tourniquet.
   Fascia Transversa'lis, F.  Cooperi.   An
 aponeurosis, which separates the transversalis
 muscle from the peritoneum in the inguinal re-
 gion.  It arises  above the posterior edge of the
 crural arch, where  it seems to be  continuous
 with the aponeurosis of the greater oblique mus-
 cle.  Above, it is lost  in the cellular tissue at
 the internal surface  of the transversalis abdo-
 minis.   Within, it is continuous with the  outer
 edge of the tendon  of  the rectus  muscle and
 Gimbernat's ligament;  below, it is  continuous
 with the aponeurosis of the greater oblique, and
 receives an expansion from the Fasda Iliaca.
 Towards its middle and a little above the crural
 arch, the fascia  transversalis has the wide ori-
 fice of a canal, which is occupied, in the female,
 by the  round ligament of the uterus;  and in
 man, furnishes an expansion, that serves as  a
 sheath to the spermatic vessels.
   FASCIE, Swathing  clothes—f.  Ligamen-
 tosae Coli, see Colon.
   FASCIALIS,  Fascia lata  muscle, Sartorius
 —f. Longus, Sartorius—f. Sutorius, Sartorius.
   FASCIARUM APPLICATIO, Deligation.
   FASCIATIO, Deligation, see Bandage—f.
 Cucullata, Couvrechef.
   FASCICULI  MUSCULORUM, see Muscu-
 lar fibre—f. Pyramidales, Ferrein, pyramids of
 —f. Teretes Cordis, Columna? carneae.
   FASCICULUS, Phacelius, Pha'eelus,  from
fascis,  'a bundle,3 Desme'dion, 'a small  bun-
 dle.3  In Anatomy, it is employed in this sense;
 as " a fasciculus of fibres,"  (F.) Faisceau ou
 Petit Faisceau,  Trousseau.  In Pharmacy, it
 means manip'nlus, Cheirople'thes, ^e/jJoTA^iff,
 'a handful:'—Musa Brassavolus, says,—as much
 as can be held in two fingers.
   Fasciculus Cuneatus, Reinforcement, fasci-
 culus of—f. of Reinforcement,  Reinforcement,
 F. of.
  FASCINUM,  Penis.
  FASCIOLA, Bandelette—f. Cinerea, Tuber-
culum cinereum—f. Hepatica, Distoma hepati-
cum—f. Humana, Distoma  hepaticum—f. Lan-
ceolata, Distoma  hepaticum.
  FASELUS, Phaseolus  vulgaris.
  FASTIDIUM  CIBI, Asitia, Disgust.
  FASTIGIUM,  Acme.
  FASTING, from Sax. Fa?r^an, Limo'sis ex- 
FAT
348         FEBRIFUGUM LIGNUM
 pcrs  protrac'ta, Anorex'ia mirab'ilis, Ine'dia,
 Jeju'nium.  Loss or want of appetite, without
 any other apparent affection of the stomach: so
 that the system can sustain almost total absti-
 nence for a long time without faintness.  Some
 wonderful cases of this kind are on record.  See
 Abstinence.
   FAT, Pingue'do,Pinguetu'do, Pim'elS, Piar,
 Piei'ron, Lipos, Stear, Adeps, Sevum, Sebum,
 Corpus adipo'sum, Axun'gia, Fat, (F.) Graisse:
 from (G. and A. S.) F e 11.  A soft, white, ani-
 mal substance ; inodorous; insipid;  oily ; in-
 flammable, easy to melt;  spoiling in the  air,
 and becoming rancid  by union with oxygen :
 almost insoluble in alcohol; insoluble in water;
 soluble in fixed oils.  Fat is formed of the im-
 mediate principles, stearin, margarin and olein,
 all of  which are regarded as salts composed of
 stearic, margaric and oleic acids and a common
 base to which, from its sweetish taste, the name
 Glyc"erin has been given.  To these are, almost
 always, joined an odorous and a colouring prin-
 ciple.   Glycerin has been used in the form of
 lotion composed of half  an ounce to  ten fluid-
 ounces of  water in cutaneous diseases, as pso-
 riasis, pityriasis, lepra and ichthyosis. It forms
 a kind of varnish, and might be useful in cases
 of burns.
   Fat is found in  a  number of  animal  tis-
 sues, and is very abundant in the neighbourhood
 of the kidneys and in the epiploon.  It is gene-
 rally fluid in the cetacea; soft, and of a strong
 smell  in the carnivora; solid, and inodorous in
 the ruminating animal; white, and abundant in
 young animals ; and yellowish in old.   It ge-
 nerally forms about a 2(lth part of the weight of
 the human body. The fat, considered physiolo-
 gically, has, for its function, to protect the or-
 gans ;  maintain their temperature  ; and to serve
 for nutrition in case of need; as is observed in
 torpid animals.
  Fat, Corpulent—f.  Cells, Fatty vesicles—
 f.  Mackaw, see Cocos butyracea.
  FATIGATIO, Copos.
  FATIGUE,  Copos.
  FATTY, Adipo'sus, Adipa'tus, Pimel'icus,
 Pimelo'des, Sax. Fa?t ;  past participle of Fefcan,
 to feed,—ad'ipous.  Relating  to  fat.  Resem-
 bling fat.  The cellular system has been  called
fatty or adipous ;  from an opinion that,  in its
 areola? the fat is deposited.  The cellular mem-
 brane, however, merely   lodges,  between its
 lamellae and filaments, the vesicles in which the
 fat  is contained.
  Fatty Lig'ament, Ad'ipous ligament.  This
 name has been given to a reflection  of the sy-
 novial membrane of the knee joint, which passes
 from the ligamentum  patella?  towards the ca-
 vity that separates the condyles of the femur.
  Fatty Membrane, Adipous membrane, Adi-
 pous tissue.  The subcutaneous cellular tissue,
 or that containing the fatty or adipous vesicles.
  Fatty Ves'icles, Adipous vesicles, Sac.'culi
 adipo'si, Fat cells.  This  name is given to small
 bursa?  or membranous vesicles which enclose
 the fat, and are found  situate in  the areola? of
 the cellular tissue.  These vesicles vary much
 in size.  Generally, they are round and globu-
 lar ; and in certain subjects, receive vessels
 which are very apparent.  They form so many
 small sacs without apertures, in the interior of
 which are  filaments arranged  like  septa.  In
 fatty  subjects, the  adipous vesicles are very
 perceptible, being  attached to the cellular tis-
 sue and neighbouring parts by a vascular pedi-
 cle.  Raspail  affirms that there is the most
 striking analogy between  the  nature of the
 adipous granules and that of the  amylaceous
 grains.
   Fatty Vessels,  Adipous vessels.  The ves-
 sels connected with the fat.  Some anatomists
 have called Adipous canals, (F.) Condidts adi-
 peux, the vessels to  which they attribute the
 secretion of fat.
   Fatty Degeneration of the Liver, Adipo-
 sis hepatica—f. Liver, Adiposis hepatica.
   FATU'ITAS, Moro'sis, Stultit'ia, Stupor
 mentis, Amen'tia; fxomfatuus,' foolish.3 Men-
 tal imbecility.   Idiotism.  Dementia.
   FAUCES, Isthmus, Pharynx, Throat.
   FAUCETTE VOICE, see Voice.
   FAUNO'RUM LUDIB'RIA.  The sports of
 the Fauni.   Some authors have called thus the
 incubus; others,  epilepsy.
   FAUSSE COUCHE(F.), Vanumpartu'riun.
 Some authors have used this  term for the ex-
 pulsion of  different  bodies constituting  false
 conceptions; such as moles, hydatids, clots of
 blood,  &c.   Most  accoucheurs use the  term
 synonymously with abortion.
   FAUSSE POSITION (F.), False position.
 The French use  this  term, in vulgar language,
 to indicate  the  torpor, and tingling, and loss
 of power over the  motion of a part, produced
 by too  strong contraction  or  painful compres-
 sion.
   FAUSSE ROUTE,  False  passage.
   FAUSTI'NI  PASTIL'LI,  Faustina's Lo-
 zenges.  These were once celebrated.  They
 were composed of burnt paper, quicklime, oxide
 of arsenic, sandarach, lentils, &c.
   FAUX, False—-/. du  Cerveau, Falx cerebri
 —■/. du Cervelet, Falx cerebelli—■/. Grande du
 piritoine, Falx,  great,  of the peritoneum—/.
 Petite du piritoine, Falx, lesser, of the perito-
 neum—■/. de la Veine ombilicale, Falx, great, of
 the peritoneum.
   FAVEUX, Favosus.
   FAVIFORMIS,  Favosus.
   FAVOSUS. Similar to a honey comb. Favi-
form'is, Favous, from favus,  cerion, 'a honey-
 comb.'   (F.) Faveux.   An epithet given to a
 species  of porrigo.  Cerion, Favus; means also
 a state of ulceration, resembling a honey-comb.
   FAVUS,  Porrigo, Porrigo favosa, see Favo-
 sus.
   FEATHERFEW,  Matricaria.
   FEVRIC'IT AN$,Feb'riens, Enip'yros. One
 attacked with fever;  from febricitare,  'to have
 a fever.3
   FEBRICITATIO, Feverishness.
   FEBRICOSUS, Feverish.
   FEBRIC'ULA.  Diminutive of febris, 'fever.3
 A term employed to express a slight degree of
 fever.  Ephemera.
   FEBRIENS, Febricitans, Feverish.
   FEBRIF'EROUS, Feb'rifer, from febris, 'fe-
 ver,' and fero, ' I carry.'  Fever-bearing, as a
febriferous locality.
   FEB'RIFUGE, Lexipyret'icus, Lexipyr'etus,
 Pyret'icus, Alexipyreticus, Antifebrl lis, Anti-
 pyretic, Febrifugus, from febris,  'a fever,'
 and fugare,' to drive away.3 A medicine which
 possesses the property of abating or  driving
 away fever.
   FEBRIFUGUM  LIGNUM, Quassia. 
FEBRILE
349
FEBRIS
   FE'BRILE, febrllis.  Relating to fever, as
 febrile movement, febrile pulse, &c.
   FEBRIS, Fever—f. Acmastica, Synocha—f.
 Acuta, Synocha—f. Acuta continua, Synocha—
 f. Adeno-meningea, Fever, adeno-meningeal—
 f. Adeno-nervosa,  Plague—f.  Agrypnodes, see
 Agrypnodes and Agrypnos—f. Alba, Chlorosis
 —f. Algida, see Algidus—f. Amatoria, Chloro-
 sis, Hectic fever—f. Americana, Fever, yellow
 —f. Amphera, Quotidian—f. Amphimerina hec-
 tica, Hectic fever—f. Amphimerina latica, La-
 tica  (febris)—f.  Ampullosa,  Pemphigus—f.
 Anabatica,  Continued  fever—f. Angiotenica,
 Synocha—f. Anginosa,  Angina—f. Annua, see
 Annual diseases—f. Anomalus, Fever, anoma-
 lous— f. Aphonica, Fever, aphonic—f. Aphthosa,
 Aphtha—f. Apoplectica, Fever, apoplectic—f.
 Ardens, Synocha—f. Arte promota, Fever, ar-
 tificial—f. Arthritica, Gout—f. Asodes, Fever,
 bilious, see Asodes—f. Assidua, Continued fever
 —f.  Asthenica, Fever, asthenic, Typhus — f.
 Asthmatica,Fever, asthmatic—f. Ataxo-adyna-
 mica, Fever, ataxo-adynamic—f. Biliosa,Fever,
 bilious—f. Bullosa, Pemphigus—f. Cardialgia,
 Fever, cardialgic — f. Catarrhalis, Catarrh—
 f. Catarrhalis epidemica, Influenza—f.  Cauma-
 todes,  Synocha—f.  Causodes,  Synocha—f. Ce-
 phalalgia, Fever,cephalalgic—f.Cholepyretica,
 Fever, bilious—f.  Cholerica,  Fever,  bilious,
 Fever, choleric—f.  Chronica, Fever,  chronic—
 f. Coalterna, see Coalternae  febres — f. Colli-
 quativa,  Fever, colliquative — f.  Comatodes,
 Fever, apoplectic—f. Communicans, see Subin-
 trantes F.—f. Confusa, see Confusa? febres—f.
 Continens, Typhus—f. Continens non putrida,
 Synocha—f. Continens  putrida,  Typhus — f.
 Continua inflammatoria, Empresma—f.  Con-
 tinua putrida,  Synochus—f. Continua  putrida
 icterodes  Caroliniensis, Fever, yellow—f. Con-
 tinua non putris, Synocha—f. Continua sangui-
 nea, Synocha—f. Convulsiva, Fever, convulsive
 —f. Crymodes, see Crymodes and Algid fever—
 f. Culicularis, Miliary fever—f. cum Delirio, Fe-
 ver, delirious—f.Depuratoria,Fever,depuratory
 —f. Deurens, Synocha—f. Diaphoretica, Fever,
 diaphoretic—f. Diaria,  Ephemera—f. Duodeci-
 mana,  Fever,  duodecimane — f.  Dysenterica,
 Dysentery—f.  Elodes, see Elodes—f.  Elodes
 icterodes, Fever, yellow—f. Enterica, see Ty-
 phus—f. Enteromesenterica, Entero-mesenteric
 —f. Epacmastica, see  Epacmasticos—f. Ephe-
 mera, Ephemera—f. Epidemica cum angina,
 Cynanche  maligna—f. Epileptica, Fever, epi-
 leptic—f.  Erotica, Fever, erotic—f.  Erratica,
 Fever, anomalous, Fever,  erratic, see Erratic
 and Planetes—f. Erronea, see Planetes—f. Ery-
 sipelacea, Erysipelas—f. Erysipelatosa, Erysi-
 pelas—f. Esserosa, Miliary fever—f. Exquisita,
 Fever,  regular—f. Exanthematica articularis,
 Dengue—f. Famelica,  see  Famelica febris—f.
 Flava, Fever, yellow—f. Flava  Americanorum,
 Fever, yellow—f. Gangraenodes, Fever, gangre-
 nous—f.Gastrica, Fever,bilious,Fever,gastric—
 f.Gastrico-biliosa, Fever, gastric—f. Gastro-ady-
namica,Fever,gastro-adynamic—f.Haemoptoica,
 Fever, haemoptoic—f. Hebdomadana, Octana—
f. Hectica, Hectic fever—f. Hectica infantum,
Tabes mesenterica—f.Hectica maligna nervosa,
Typhus mitior — f.  Hemeresia, Quotidian—f.
Hemitritasa, Hemitritaea—f. Hepatica, Fever, bi-
lious—f. Hepatica inflammatoria, Hepatitis—f.
Horrifica,see Algidus—f.Horrida,seeAlgidus—f.
Humoral is, F ever, humoral_f .Hungarica, Fever,
 Hungaric — f. Hydrocephalica, Hydrocephalus
 internus—f. Hydrophobica, Fever, hydrophobic
 —f. Hysteretica, see Postpositio—f. Hysterica,
 Fever, hysteric—f. Icterica, Fever, icteric—f.
 Iliaca inflammatoria, Enteritis—f. Infantum re-
 mittens, Fever,  infantile remittent—f. Inflam-
 matoria, Synocha — f.  Intensio,  Epitasis — f.
 Intermittens,  Intermittent  fever — f.  Inter-
 mittens cephalica larvata, Cephalalgia perio-
 dica—f. Intestinalis ulcerosa, see Typhus—f.
 Intestinorum, Enteritis—f. Irregularis, Fever,
 anomalous—f. Lactea, Fever, milk—f. Larvata,
 Fever, masked—f. Lenta, Fever, infantile re-
 mittent, Hectic fever, Synochus—f. Lenta ner-
 vosa, Typhus mitior,  Fever,  nervous—f. Len-
 ticularis, Miliary fever—f. Lethargica, Fever,
 apoplectic — f.   Lochialis,  Fever, lochial — f.
 Lymodes, Fever, singultous—f. Lyngodes, Fe-
 ver, singultous—f. Maligna, Fever, malignant
 —f. Maligna biliosa America?, Fever, yellow
 —f. Maligna cum Sopore, Typhus—f. Maligna
 flava  India? occidentalis,  Fever,  yellow — f.
 Marasmodes, Hectic  fever, Marasmopyra—f.
 Meningo-gastricus, Fever, gastric—f. Mesente-
 rica, Fever, adeno-meningeal,  Fever, mesen-
 teric— f.  Methemerina,  Quotidian — f.  Mi-
 liaris, Miliary fever—f. Minuta, Fever,  syn-
 copal—f. Morbillosa, Rubeola—f. Mucosa, Fe-
 ver,  adeno-meningeal—f.  Mucosa Verminosa,
 Fever, infantile remittent—f. Nautica  pestilen-
 tialis, Typhus gravior—f. Nephritica, Fever,
 nephritic—f. Nervosa, Fever, nervous—f. Ner-
 vosa epidemica,  Typhus—f. Nervosa enterica,
 see Typhus—f. Nervosa exanthematica, Typhus
 —f. Nervosa gastrica, see Typhus—f.  Nervosa
 mesenterica, see Typhus—f. Nervosa petechia-
 lis, Typhus—f.  Neurodes, Fever, nervous—f.
 Nocturnus, see  Nocturnal—f.  Nonana, Fever,
 nonane—f. Nosocomiorum, Typhus gravior—f.
 Nycterinus,  see  Nocturnal—f. Octana,  Fever
 octane—f. Oscitans, Oscitant fever—f. Palu-
 dosa, see Elodes—f. Pannonica,  Fever, Hun-
 gary—f. Pemphingodes, Pemphigus—f. Pem-
 phygodes,  Pemphigus — f.  Pempta, Quintan—
 f. Periodica, Fever,  periodic—f. Perniciosa,
 Fever, pernicious—f. Pestilens, Plague—f. Pes-
 tilens  maligna,  Typhus gravior—f. Pestilen-
 tialis,   Fever, pestilential—f.  Pestilentialis
 Europae, Typhus gravior—f.  Petechialis,  gra-
 vior—f. Phthisica, Hectic fever—f. Planetes,
 see Planetes—f.  Pleuritica,  Pleuritis—f.  Po-
 dagrica, Gout—f. Polycholica, Fever, bilious
 —f. Pneumonica, Fever,  pneumonic, Pneu-
 monia— f. Puerperalis biliosa, Metrocholosis
 —f. Puerperarum, Puerperal  fever—f. Punc-
 ticularis, Miliary fever, Typhus  gravior — f.
 Puerperalis,  Fever,  puerperal — f. Purpurate
 rubra  et alba   miliaris,  Miliary fever — f.
 Purulenta,  Fever, purulent—f. Putrida, Ty-
 phus  gravior — f.  Putrida  nervosa,  Typhus
 mitior—f.  Quartana, Quartan—f. Querquera,
 see Algidus—f. Quinta, Quintan—f.  Quintana,
 Fever, quintan, Quintan—f. Quotidiana, Fever,
 quotidian, Quotidian—f.  Regularis, Fever, re-
 gular—f. Remittens, Remittent fever—f.  Re-
 mittens infantum, Fever, infantile remittent—
 f.  Rheumatica   inflammatoria,  Rheumatism,
acute—f. Rubra, Scarlatina—f.  Rubra  prurigi-
nosa, Urticaria—f. Sanguinea, Synocha—f. Sa-
propyra, Typhus gravior—f. Scarlatinosa, Scar-
latina—f. Scorbutica, Fever, scorbutic—f.  Se-
mitertiana, Hemitritaea — f.  Septana,  Fever,
septan — f. Sesquialtera, Hemitritaea—f. Sex- 
FkCES
350          FEIGNED DISEASES
tana,  Fever,  sextan—f. Simplex, Ephemera,
Fever, simple—f. Singultosa, Fever, singultous
—f. Soporosa, Fever, apoplectic—f. Stercoralis,
Fever,  stercoral—f. Sthenica, Synocha —f.
Stomachica inflammatoria, Gastritis—f. Subin-
trans, Fever, subintrant—f. Sudatoria, Fever,
diaphoretic,  Hydropyretus,  Sudor anglicus—
f. Syncopalis, Fever, syncopal—f.  Syphilitica,
Fever,  syphilitic—f. Tabida, Fever, colliqua-
tive, Hectic fever—f. Tertiana, Fever, tertian,
Tertian fever—f. Tonica, Synocha—f. Topica,
Neuralgia, facial—f. Toxica, Fever, yellow—
f. Tragica, Fever, tragic—f.Traumatica, Fever,
traumatic—f. Tropica, Fever, yellow—f. Ty-
phodes, Typhus—f. Urticata, Urticaria—f. Ute-
rina,  Metritis—f. Vaga,  Fever,  anomalous,
see Planetes—f. Variolosa, Variola—f. Vermi-
nosa, Fever, infantile remittent, F. verminous,
Helminthopyra — f. Vernalis, Fever, vernal—
f.  Vesicularis, Miliary  fever, Pemphigus—f.
Virginum, Chlorosis.
  FkCES, Faeces.
  FkCONDATION, Fecundation.
  FkCONDITk, Fecundity.
  FEC'ULA,Fas'cula,diminutiveoffxx, 'lee.3
An immediate principle of vegetables, com-
posed of  hydrogen, oxygen,  and  carbon.  It
exists in several plants, and has different names,
according to that  which furnishes it.  When
extracted from wheat or barley,  it is called
starch, Am'ylum.  When from Cycas circina'-
lis, Sago;—from  Orchis mo'rio,  Salep.   We
say, also, Fecula of the Potato, Bryony, Arum,
Manioc, &e.
  Fecula  Green.  This name is given to a
green, solid matter of variable character, which
is believed to be resinous, and which renders
turbid several kinds  of juices, extracted from
vegetables.   It is, also, called Chlorophyll.
  Fecula Amylacea, Amylum—f. Marantae,
Arrow root—f. Tapioka, see Jatropha manihot.
  FECULENCE, Faculen'tia, Facositas,Fax,
Lemma, Fa'ces, Lee, Deposit, Dregs.  In Phar-
macy, feculent,albuminous, ox other substances,
which are deposited from turbid fluids.
  FECULENT,  Faculen'tus,  Hypot'rygus,
Trygo'des. ' Foul, dreggy, excrementitious;3 as
a feculent fluid, feculent evacuations, &c.
  FECUND, Fecun'dus, Facun'dus, (F.) Fe-
cond.  Same  etymon as  the next.  Fruitful,
Prolific.
  FECUNDATION, Facunda'tio, Impregna-
tion, Imprsegna'tio, Ingravida'tio, Prasgna'tio,
Gravida'tio, Praegna'tus Fructiflca'tio, Cye'tis,
Encye'sis, Encymo'sia, (F.) Ficondation. The
act by which, in organized beings, the material
furnished by the generative organs of the female,
unites  with that prepared by those of the male,
so that a new being results.
  FECUN'DITY, Eutoc'ia, Facun'ditas, Pro-
ductivitas, (F.) Ficonditi.  The faculty of re-
production, possessed by organized bodies.
  It has been estimated that throughout a coun-
try, taking  one  marriage  with  another, not
more  than 4 children are  the  result;  and in
towns  only 35 children to 10 marriages.
  FEE, Sostrum.
  FkGARITE, Cancer aquaticus, Stomatitis,
ps eudo-membranous.
  FEIGNED DISEASES,  Morbi dissimula'ti
seu simula'ti seu cela'ti seu infitia'ti seu pseu-
da'lei; Sim'ulated diseases, Pretend'ed dis-
eases,  (F.) Maladies dissimulies, M.  simu-
lies, M. feintes, M. supposies.  The  tricks
employed, by impostors, to induce a belief that
they are attacked with diseases when they are
not.  These  are generally assumed by beggars
to obtain alms;  by criminals  to escape pu-
nishment ; and by  soldiers to be exempt from
duty.
  The following table exhibits the chief feigned
diseases, with the means of detection.
A TABLE OF  FEIGNED, PRETENDED, SIMULATED, OR EXCITED  DISEASES OR
                                 DISQUALIFICATIONS.
Diseases, &c.
How Feigned.
How Detected.
I. Abortion.
2. Abstinence.
Amaurotic
Blindness.
4. Apoplexy.


 i. Cachexia,  Ane-
 mia, andDebility

G.   Excretion
  Calculi.
 Cancerous
cer.
^. Catalepsy.
Ul
 C By staining the clothes and body with
 I   borrowed blood.
  .....•..........................   By constant and minute attention.
 f         _                          ("Amaurosis is characterized by dilated
 1 By applying the extract of belladonna J   pupil. Where these substances have
 |   or the datura stramonium to the eyeA   been applied, the effects will go off in
 I                                   L  ten days or a fortnight.
 J By falling down as if deprived of sen- $ B7  P°werful  stimulants;  an electric
 >   sation and consciousness.          }   shock; application of hot water, ster
 C                                  C   nutatones, actual cautery, &c.
 f Using substances to make the face ap- f By examining  if the pulse be strong,
- I   pear pale and livid.  Indulging freely J   and the skin hot, and whether there
. |   in wine, and privation of sleep prior •   be loss of appetite or of strength, or
 I.   to examination.                   L  swelling of the limbs.
 C                                  C By the aid of chymistry.   We are ac
 < Putting sand, pebbles, &c. in to the urine. <   quainted with the chymical compo-
 '      .                           ^   sition of urinary calculi.
 f By gluing on a portion of a spleen with fn    ...
 j   the smooth side to  the skin leaving j B? notlcIng whether there be signs of
 ~\   on the outside the appearance of ani   cachexia, and by attentive examma-
 l.   ulcerated surface.                  ^  tion of the part.
 j        .                          TBy powerful stimulants, as recommend
 j Jiyseeming  to be suddenly motionless, j   ed under  apoplexy.  Letting fall a
-{   the joints remaining flexible, and ex-«<
    ternal objects making no impression. {
drop of boiling water on the back,
Proposing to use the actual cautery
and seeing whether the pulse rises. 
FEIGNED DISEASES           351           FEIGNED DISEASES
Diseases, &c.
How Feigned.
How Detected.
9. Chorea.
10. Contraction of
 Joints in General.
11. Contraction of 1
  the Fingers.      (
12. Convulsions.
13. Opake Cornea.
14. Cutaneous  Dis-
                                     ("By examining  the  patient whilst  he
 By assuming the convulsive motions of)    may  imagine  himself  unobserved,
   a part which characterize chorea.    "S    and seeing whether the convulsive
                                     \_   motions go on then.
                                    C Mode of discrimination  sometimes so
 .................................<   obscure as to deceive the most prac-
i                                    I   tised and attentive.
                                   .  ("Introduce a cord between the fingers
                                     5    and the palm of the hand, and gra-
                                         dually apply weights so as to expand
                                         the ringers.  Confine him so that he
                                         cannot obtain his food without using
                                     (_   his clenched hand.
                                      rWhen feigned, they do not present the
                                         rigidity of muscles or the rapidity of
                                    J    action  which characterize the real.
                                     J    The mode  of detection  must  be the
                                     (^   same as in  epilepsy.
                                    /   The existence  of the opacity can be
                                    *   detected by attentive observation.
■<
                    C Produced by the application of a strong ^
                    1   acid, by acrid powders, as quicklime, >
                    (   &c.                              }
                    f Some articles of diet will bring on urti- f
                   I    curia or nettle-rash, in particular I
                        individuals,  as  shell-fish, bitter al- i
                        monds,  &c.  By  acrids, acids,  or I By careful examination on the part of
  eases.            ^   any irritants applied  to  the surface.^   practitioner and nurse.
                        An ointment of tartarized antimony |
                        causes a painful  pustular eruption, j
                    (^   See Porrigo, in this list             (_
                    }                                    C The really deaf and dumb acquire  an
15. Deaf-Dumbness, v...............................J   expression of countenance and ges-
                    J                                    (_   tures which it is difficult to assume.
                    f                                     f"Make a noise when not expected, and
                                                          !'i   see if the countenance varies or pulse
                      It may be  assumed or excited by put- J
                        ting a pea in the ear, or by inserting<
                        irritants, so as to induce inflammation 1
                        and temporary loss of function.       J

                      Some persons possess  the power of C If suspected, the plan recommended un
                           spending or moderating the action <   der apoplexy, will be found mosteffi
                           the heart                      f   cacious.
16. Deafness.
17. Death.
18.  Debility,
  Cachexia.

19. Deformity.
20. Delivery.
C Some
<   sus
I   ofl
rises.   Put to sleep by opium, and
then fire a pistol close to the ear,
when  he  may be  thrown off his
guard.   Examine the ear to  see if
any trick has been played there
21. Diarrhcsa.
22. Dropsy.
23. Dysentery.
After enlargement produced artificially,
  a subsidence of the tumefaction; the
  parts  being moistened by borrowed
  blood, and the child of another sub-
  stituted as the female's own.
Examine the part and its articulation,
  naked, and compare it with the op-
Said to have been caused by a mixture
  of vinegar and burnt cork. (?)   May
  be occasioned by the use of any of the
  purgative roots, &c
  JMay be  feigned,  like  pregnancy, by
    wearing pads.  The anasarcous con-
    dition of the lower limbs has been
    caused by applying a ligature round
 I   them.  By inflating the cellular mem-
 [   brane of the abdomen.
 I'M ay be feigned, like diarrhoea, by add-
J   ing a little blood to the evacuations,
 j   or by introducing a  soap or some
 1^   more irritating suppository.
Can only be positively detected by exa
  mination par vaginam.   Soon after
  delivery, the vagina will be relaxed
  and the lochial discharge  be flowing
  —in greater  abundance, the  shorter
  the time that may have elapsed since
  delivery.
When diarrhoea is feigned by the lower
  classes, inspect the linen; if clean the
  bowels are probably not much out of
  order.  Let every individual  have a
  close stool of his own; and  inspect
  the evacuations, taking care that one
  suffering under the disease does not
  lend his evacuations to another.

Can be detected by attentive examina-
  tion.  There  will be a want of that
  leucophlegmatic habit, which  accom-
  panies and characterizes dropsy.
■{ Same rules as under diarrhoea.
 I______________________ 
FEIGNED DISEASES           352             FEIGNED DISEASES
Diseases, &c.
How Feigned.
How Detected.
24. Epilepsy.
25. Fever.
26. Fistula in Ano.
27. Fractures.
28. HiEMATEMESIS.
29. HAEMOPTYSIS.
                                     I
■ The foaming of the mouth has been pro- J
j duced by keeping a piece of soap in it. 1
f Sensation in epilepsy is totally abolished
   If any remain,disease probably feigned,
    Incontractility of pupil, which occurs
   in epilepsy, cannot be feigned. Same
   means to be used  as in feigned apo-
[  plexy.
r The deceit is generally developed by a
   day  or two's examination.  Where
   flour or chalk has been used to whiten
   the tongue, the line of demarcation,
   between  the whitened  part and the
   clean, healthy margin of the tongue, is
   too well marked to escape observation.
By careful examination.
30. Hemorrhoids.

31. Heart,Diseases
  of,  see  Palpita-
  tion.
32. Hepatitis.
  By various stimulants, as wine, brandy,
    pepper; swallowing a small quantity
    of tobacco, or introducing it into the
    anus.  Flour or chalk used to whiten
    the tongue.  Redness of skin, caused
    by friction with a hard brush.

 f By making an  incision near the verge f
    of the anus,  and introducing into it
    an  acrid tent, such  as  the  root of*
    white hellebore,  &c.
 f There is generally nothing but the man's~|
    own testimony.  He complains of pain |
■{   in the part; if fracture of the skull be )■ By attentive examination.
    feigned, he states, perhaps, that he be- j
 (.  comes deranged on tasting liquor.   J
C By  drinking the blood of some  animal, C „    ...   „«•  ..  „__,„  . .,  „ ..
j   „   •   °        ,    j r   -j    j i By cutting on  the supply oi the fluid
I   ££R£V£^ ",md' "{   '-K&f-bBL
 ( By secreting bullock's blood for the pur- f Blood from the lungs is frothy and light
J   pose of colouring the saliva; making j   coloured.  Mouth  and fauces  must-
j   small  incisions in the mouth; using)   be carefully inspected, and  the indi
 {   bole armeniac or paint of vermilion.  ^  vidual be observed.
 f By  introducing bladders of rats or oP\
J   small fish partly into the rectum.     | m,              ,  •
1 The linen has  also been stained with fThe means are ob™USi
 L  borrowed blood.                   J
33. Hernia.

34. Hydrocele.

35.  Hydrocepha-
   lus.
36. Hysteria.
37. Insanity.
' Unless the person be a well educated im
   postor, acute inflammation of the liver
   will  be  detected by the absence of
   marks of strong inflammatory action.
    Chronic liver disease is, frequently.
   not characterized  by well  marked
   symptoms, and  hence,  when as-
   sumed, is difficult of detection.
C In the same manner as hydrocele;—by } m.   -, t  .-
[   inflation.                       M The detection is easy.
 By puncturing the skin of the scrotum, }
   and inflating the cellular membrane. )
] By  opening  the  integuments of the}
:   head, near  the  vertex,  e.  g.  and >
   blowing in air.                     \
Da
Do.
38. Jaundice.
39. Lameness.
                                     f Does not easily resist the application of
                      .............2   strong sternutatories to  the nostrils.
                                     (   Attentive examination necessary.
                                      f The expression of countenance cannot
                                      j   easily be feigned.  Nor can the affec-
                      .............^   tion be kept up so long as in real men
                                         tal alienation.  The  individual can-
                                      ^   not do so long without food, sleep, &c.
f By colouring the skin with an infusion  ( The eyes cannot be coloured, although
    of  turmeric or tincture of rhubarb,  i   smoke Jias been  used for this pur-
    Clay-coloured  stools  produced by  i
    taking daily a small quantity of xanA
    riatic  acid.  High-coloured  urine  \
    by  rhubarb takeninternally.
L,
pose.   The  skin must be  washed
to remove the colouring matter if
any exist, and the supply of acid and
rhubarb be prevented,
                                    r By two persons taking hold of the indi-
By keepmg  the  limb  in  a contracted     vidual and moving rapidly along with
  state, and resisting any  efforts  to J    him; and when they are tired, having
  move u>                           ■    relays.   The impostor will generally
                                    [_   give in. 
FEIGNED DISEASES           353           FEIGNED DISEASES
40. Menstruation.  5 ?v siain]nS the clothes and body with '
                    \ borrowed blood.
Diseases, See.
How Feigned.
How Detected.
41. Myopia.
  Short- Sightedness.
J
I By cutting off the supply.
f Present an open  book, and  apply the
    leaves close to the nose.  1 f it cannot
■{   be read  distinctly, when thus placed,
    or when glasses proper for short-sight-
    edness are used, the disease is feign d.
12. Ophthalmia.
43. Ozena.
44. Palpitation.
f Excited by a variety of acrid and corro- r
    sive substances applied to the eye; as i
    lime, &c.                         |  When  ophthalmia  is thus excited, its
  A portion of black muslin, spread over i    pTOgress js ordinarily very rapid, ani
    the cornea.  The eyelashes are some- •           •• ■  • ■■  •-' --- - *-—
    times extracted, and caustic applied to
ving at its height within a few hours.
 j   with decayed cheese, and putting the V
 I   imbued sponge into the nostrils.      i
 f White hellebore, given  in the  dose of<
 !   10  or  12 grains, and repeated, will I
1   occasion  general  indisposition, and V Cut off the supply.
 1^   undue  action of the heart           j
45. Pains.
46.  Shaking Palsy.
47. Paralysis.
48.  Phthisis
  monalis.
PUL
49. Polypus Nasi.
30. Porrigo.
  Sculled Head.
il. Pregnancy.
52. Prolapsus Ani. .

53. Prolapsus Ute-
  ri.
54. Pulse,  Weak- j
  ness or Defect.
  of.               i
i5. Chronic  Rheu-
  matism.          '
     See Pain.      '
                                       The  detection is here often difficult.
                                         The non-existence of pain cannot be
                                         proved,and great pain maybe present
                                         without any appearance externally.
                                       The  imposition is more frequently de
                                         tected by inconsistencies and contra
                                      |   dictions in the patient's history of the
                                      I   case, than in any other manner.
                                      r May  be suspected, if the person be in an
                                     J   ordinary  state  of  vigour.  Try  vio-
                                     "4   lent remedies   and means,  recom
                                      (_   mended under  Chorea.
}                                    ( Violent  remedies are  here  required.
£..............................)   Cold affusion, actual cautery, electric

; Individuals with long necks  and con- y.        '
    traded  shoulders  have  simulated [
    phthisis, by covering the chest with J By attentive examination  of the symp
    blisters, cicatrices of issues, &c; and ■   toms.
 i   by taking drugs which cause paleness. \_
   means of a sponge fastened to it.    J
i By applying nitric acid to the head, af -|
   ter protecting the face with fatty sub- I
   stances; but the chronic state is imi- j
   tated  by  the  use of depilatories of )►
   different kinds applied sometimes in |
   patches, so as to  resemble the For- j
   rigo decalvans.                   J
 By wearing pads,  and assuming  the C
   longing  after  particular  articles ow
   diet, &c.                          (
 By a portion of the intestine of the ox, ^
   in which a sponge, filled with a mix- >
   ture of blood and milk is placed.     j
By the absence of the areola;  the pre-
  sence of a pad;  and, if necessary, by
  examination per vaginam.
By a similar fraud.

By ligatures applied to the correspond-
   ing arm.
By examining whether the  arteries of
  the two arms beat alike; and if a li
  ture be placed on the arm.
56. Scrofula.
f                                    ("By examining the  general habit, and
J  By exciting  ulcers below the angles J   observing, whether the ulcerations be
i    of the jaw.                        }   glandular,  and the  discharge  of  a
                                     \^_  scrofulous character.______________ 
FEIGNED  DISEASES
354
FEMORAL
Diseases, &c.
How Feigned.
How  Detected.
57. Scurvy.
58. Stammering.
59.   Stricture  of
  the Urethra.
60.Swelling of the
  Legs.
By covering the teeth with wax, and C By examining the general habit; whe-
  then applying acid, corrosive  sub-^   ther debilitated, cachectic, and possess-
stances to the gums.
1 By ligatures round the thighs.
■-<
f   ingthe usual general signs of scorbutus.
 "Simulators of this defect generally state,
    that it is connate, or ascribe it to a fit
    of apoplexy or severe fever.  Where
    the  organs of speech were perfect,
    and the moral evidence of the pre-
    vious existence of the infirmity was
    not satisfactory, the French authori-
    ties used to confine the soldiers, and
    not  supply  them  with food, until
    they called for it without slammer
    ing,
L
1 By passing a bougie.

? Examine the limbs uncovered.
61
(i:  .                     j .       TBy using sternutatories.  By the ab-
  Ligatures  are sometimes used to pre-    *, *f snmp  , ..      *  ° a*
Syncope.        ■{   vent the pulse being felt.  By apply-^
                                                            sence of some of the symptoms of

                        ing lotions to the face to make it pale. ^  ffifiL facT*116 ^ "^ "
                    f Persons  have  possessed  the power of C
62. Tympany.       <   swallowing air, so as to distend  theJ
                    t   stomach, and simulate tympany.     \_
                    fBy introducing a  tent,  imbued with
                        blistering plaster into the ear, and re-
                        peating the application, until the tube
                        becomes ulcerated, and a discharge of
63. Ulcer of the!    puriform matter is established.  The ,
  Ear.             i    fetid smell is imitated, by dropping"^
                        into the ear a mixture of empyreuma-
                        tic  oil,  asafoetida and  old  cheese.
                        Also, by introducing a little  honey
                    I   into the meatus.
                    fBy corrosives, or irritants.   Sometimes ("Artificial ulcers have,  usually, a more
64. Ulcers of the j    by abrasion, by rubbing sand on  the J    distinct margin, and are more readily
By careful examination.
Legs, &c
65. Bloody Urine, s
66.  Incontinence
  of Urine.
'•{   shin-bone.  At others, they are pre ^   healed than others; the  latter being
 j   tended, by gluing on  a piece of a I   generally indicative of an impaired
 t   spleen or the skin of a frog.        v_  constitution.
 fThe fruit of the Indian  Fig (Cactus fBy making the patientpass his urine in
     opuntia) colours the urine as red as I   the PFesenf of the physician, and ex-
     blood.  Cantharides will  cause it J   amining the vessel before and after.
     Blood  may  also  be procured and ;   B?  cut,inS l?^ S,UPP,V of a?y
     mixed with the urine.                  substance,  which could cause  the
                                     L  appearance.
                                     rDifiicult, at times, of detection.  Give

   ...............................i
 J-   ..                             L
the person a full dose of opium, and
introduce  the  catheter when he  is
asleep.  If there be urine, the incon
tinence is feigned.
J By a ligature, placed tightly round the ^
  limb.   They may be excited in this;         .  .
  manner, or aggravated if already ex-"^, Bv examuung the bmb.
  isting.                            I
I
  FEL, Bile—f. Anguilla?,  see  Bile—f. Bovi-
num, Bile of the Ox—f. Bovis, see Bile—f. Na-
turae, Aloes—f. Tauri, see Bile—f. Terra?, Lu-
dus  Helmontii—f.  Ursi, see Bile—f. Vitri, see
Vitrum.
  FELINEUS, Bilious.
  FELLEUS,  Biliary, Bilious.
  FELLIDUCUS, Cholagogue.
  FELLIS OBSTRUCTIO, Icterus—f. Super-
fusio, Icterus—f. Suffusio, Icterus.
  FELON, Paronychia.
  FELTING, from Anglo-saxon Felc, cloth or
stuff  made  without weaving.   Tangling.   A
term applied to the hair when inextricably in-
' terlaced, as occasionally in women from inat-
i tention.
   FkLURE DE GLASER, Fissure, glenoid.
   FELWORT, Gentiana lutea.
   FEMALE, Fem'ina, Gyne, (F.)Femelle.  In
 animals, the one that engenders and  bears the
 young.   It is, also, used adjectively;—as, the
 Female sex, &c.
   Female Parts, Vulva.
   FEMELLE, Female.
   FEMEN, Thigh, Vulva.
   FEMINA, Female.
   FEMME EN COUCHE, Puerpera.
   FEM'ORAL,  Femoraiis, from femur, 'the 
FEMORALIS
355
FERREIN
thigh-bone.3  Belonging or relating to the thigh;
as Femoral artery, Femoral hernia, &c.  See
Crural.
  FEMORALIS, Triceps cruris.
  FEMORO-CALCANIEN PETIT,  Plan-
tar muscle—f. Popliteal, great,  Sciatic nerve,
great—f. Popliti-tibial, Poplitaeus muscle.
  FEM'ORO-TIB'IAL, Femoro-tibia'Hs.  Be-
longing to the femur and tibia.   The Femoro-
tibial articulation is the knee-joint.
  FEMUR, Merus, Me'rium, Os fem'oris. The
thighbone. (F.)L'osdelaCuisse. Thestrongest
and longest of all the bones of the body, extend-
ing from the pelvis to the tibia, and forming the
solid part of the thigh.   The femur  is cylindri-
cal, slightly curved anteriorly, unsymmetrical
and  oblique  downwards and inwards.   The
body of the bone is prismatic, and has, behind,
a prominent ridge, the linea aspera.
~U
Processes.<(
 pper or
 Pelvic
Extremity.
Inferior or
   Tibial
Extremity.
Head supported on a
  column or neck.
Great trochanter.
Lesser trochanter.
External condyle.
Internal condyle.
External tuberosity.
Internal tuberosity.
  The femur ossifies from five points:—one on
each process of the pelvic  extremity;  one in
the body of the bone; and two on the condyles.
It is articulated with the pelvis, tibia, and pa-
tella.  See Thigh.
  FkMUR COL DU, Collum femoris—f. Mo-
ventium septimus, Iliacus internus—f. Moven-
tium sextus, Psoas magnus—f. Summum, Vulva.
  FENESTRA.   A  window.  (F.) Fenetre.
Anatomists have  given this name to two aper-
tures, situate in the inner paries of  the cavity
of the tympanum.  The one of these is the Fe-
nest'raova'lis, F. vestibula'ris, Fora'men ova'le
It is oval-shaped;  situate at the base of the s tapes,
and corresponds with the cavity of the vesti-
bule.   The other is the Feneslra rotun'da, F.
Cochlea'ris, Fora'men rotun'dum.  It is closed
by a fine, transparent  membrane, called Mem
bra'na Tympani  secun'daria, Tympanum mi
nus seu secunda'rium, Membra'na fenestras ro-
tun'da, and corresponds to the inner scala of
the cochlea.
  Fenestra Oculi, Pupil.
  FENESTRAL, Fenestra'tus, from fenestra,
'a window.3  (F.) Fenetri et Fenestri.   Ban-
dages, compresses, or plasters with small  per-
forations or openings, are so called.  The open-
ings prevent the detention of the discharge.
  FENESTRATUS, Fenestral.
  FENESTRk, Fenestral.
  FENETRE, Fenestra.
  FENETRk, Fenestral.
  FENNEL, Anethum—f.  Dogs3,  Anthemis
cotula—f. Flower, Nigella—f. Hog's, Peuceda-
num—f. Sweet, Anethum—f. Water, Phellan-
drium aquaticum.
  FENOUIL,  Anethum—/. d'Eau, Phellan-
drium aquaticum—■/. Marin, Crithmum mariti-
mum—■/. de Pore, Peucedanum—-/. Puant, Ane-
thum graveolens.
  FENTE, Fissure—/. Capillaire, see Pilatio
—■/. Glinoidale, Fissure, glenoid—■/. Orbitaire,
Orbitar fissure—■/. Orbitaire infirieure, Sphe-
nomaxillary  fissure—/. Sphino-maxillaire,
Spheno-maxillary fissure—-/. Sphenoidale, Sphe-
noidal fissure.
  FkNUGREC, Trigonella foenum.
  FENUGRECK, Trigonella fcenum.
  FER, Ferrum—-/. Acetate de, Ferri acetas—
/. Carbonate de, Ferri protocarbonas—■/. Chaud,
Pyrosis—-/. Hydrate de, tritoxide de, iEtites—
/. Iodure de, Ferri iodidum, see Iodine—■/. Lae-
tate de, Ferri  Lactas—/. Limaille de, Ferri
limatura—-/. Peroxide de, Fern subcarbonas—
/. et de Potasse, tartrate de, Ferrum tartariza-
tum—■/. et de Potassium,  Cyanure de, Potassii
Ferrocyanuretum—r-f. et de Potassium, Protocya-
nure de, Potassii Ferrocyanuretum—•/. Sulfate
de, Ferri Sulphuretum—•/. Sulfure de, Ferri
Sulphuretum.
  FERALIS PEDICULUS, see Pediculus.
  FERINE, Feri'nus; 'savage, brutal;3 The-
rio'des.  A term, applied to any malignant or
noxious disease.   In France it is used only
when joined to Toux ;  Toux ferine, a dry, ob-
stinate, and painful cough.
  FERMENT, Fermen'tum, (quasi fervimen-
tum,)  Zyma, Zymo'ma, Leven, (F.) Livain.—
The Iatrochymists applied this name to imagi-
nary  substances, Fermen'ta mor'bi, to which
they attributed the power of producing diseases,
by  exciting a fermentation in the humours.
  FERMENT A'TWN,Fermenta'tio,Zymo'sis,
^stua'tio,  Causis,  Brasmos.   An intestinal
movement, occurring spontaneously in a liquid;
whence  result  certain  substances, that did not
previously exist in it.
  The chemical physicians attributed all dis-
eases to an imaginary fermentation of the hu-
mours.
  Fermentation, Putrefactive, Putrefaction.
  FERMENTUM   CEREVISIA,  Yest —f.
Morbi, Ferment—f. Ventriculi, Gastric juice.
  FERN, FEMALE, Asplenium filix foemina,
Pteris aquilina—f. Male, Polypodium filix mas
—f. Bush,  Comptonia asplenifolia — f. Gale,
Comptonia  asplenifolia—f. Meadow,  Compto-
nia asplenifolia—f. Rock, Adiantum pedatum—
f. Root, Polypodium vulgare— f. Sweet, Adian-
tum pedatum, Comptonia asplenifolia—f. Sweet,
shrubby, Comptonia asplenifolia.
  FERNAMBUCO  WOOD, Caesalpinia echi-
nata.
  FERRAMEN'TUM, Side'rion,  Instrumen'-
tum fer'reum.  Any surgical instrument, made
of iron.  By the vulgar,  in France, the word
ferrements means the instruments used in diffi-
cult labours.
  FERRARIA, Scrophularia aquatica.
  FERRATUS, Chalybeate.
  FERREIN, Canal of, Ductus Ferrei'ni.  A
triangular channel, which  Ferrein  supposed to
result from the approximation of the free edges
of the eyelids applied to the globe of the eye;
and which he considered  adapted  for directing
the tears towards the puncta lachrymalia, during
sleep.   The canal is, probably, imaginary.
  The same name is  likewise given to the cor-
tical canals,— the first  portions of the urinife-
rous ducts, whilst still in the cortical substance
of the kidney.
  Ferrein, Pyr'amid of, Pydamis  Ferrei'ni.
Each of the papilla? of the kidney, according to
Ferrein, consists of,  at least, 700  subordinate
cones or pyramids.  To these last, the name
'pyramids of Ferrein,' Pyramides rena'les Fer-
rei'ni, Fascic'uli pyramida'les, has been given. 
FERRI ACETAS              356         FERRI SUBCARBONAS
   FERRI ACE'TAS, Extrac'tum martis ace'-
 ticum, Ace'ticum martia'le, Ac''etate of Iron, Iron
 liquor, (F.) Acitate defer. A preparation of the
 Dublin Pharmacopoeia, made by digesting 1 part
 of carbonate of iron in 6 parts of acetic acid for
 three days, and filtering.  Dose, as a tonic and
 astringent, n^v to trj_xx in water.
   Ferri ^Erugo, F. Subcarbonas—f. et Ammo-
 nia? murias, Ferrum ammoniatum—f. Ammo-
 nio-chloridum, Ferrum ammoniatum.
   Ferri Ammonio-citras, Ammonio-citrate of
 iron, Citrate of ammonia and iron.  Prepared
 by adding ammonia to citrate of iron, so as to
 neutralize the  excess of acid.   Dose, gr. v, to
 gr. viij.
   Ferri Ammonio-tartras, Ammonio-tartrate
 of Iron.  This salt is best made by dissolving
 to saturation freshly  precipitated  hydrated ox-
 ide of iron in a solution  of bitartrate of ammo-
 nia, and evaporating to dryness.   It is very
 soluble.  The dose is five grains or more in pill
 or solution.
   Ferri Arsenias, Arseniate of Iron—f. Bro-
 midum,  see Bromine—f. Nitratis Liquor, see
 Tinctura Ferri muriatis—f. Sesquinitratis,  li-
 quor, see Tinctura Ferri muriatis—f. Borussias,
 Prussian blue—f. Carbonas, F. subcarbonas—f.
 Carbonas Saccharatum, see F. Protocarbonas—
 f. Carbonatum, Graphites—f. Carburetum, Gra-
 phites.
   Ferri Citras, Citrate of Iron.  Two citrates
 of iron have been prepared of late—the Sesqui-
 Citrate or Citrate of the Sesquioxide; and the
 Citrate of the  protoxide.  They  resemble, in
 their medical properties, the tartrate and  the
 lactate of the metal.
   Ferri Cyanuretum, Prussian blue—f. Deu-
 tocarbonas fuscus, F. subcarbonas—f. Deutoxy-
 dum nigrum, ^Ethiops martial—f. Ferrocyanas,
 Prussian  blue—f. Ferrocyanuretum,  Prussian
 blue—f. Hydriodas, F. Iodidum—f. Hydrocya-
 nas, Prussian blue—f. Hypercarburetum, Gra-
 phites.
   Ferri Io'didum, F. lodure'tum, F. Hydri-
 odas, Iodide, Ioduret or Hydriodate of Iron, F.
 Iodure de fer, (lodin. 3j ij, Ferri rament. ^j, Aq.
 destillat. Oiss.)  Mix the iodine with a pint of
 the distilled water in a porcelain or glass ves-
 sel, and gradually add the iron filings, stirring
 constantly.   Heat the mixture gently until the
 liquid acquires a light greenish colour; then fil-
 ter, and after the liquid has passed, pour upon
 the filter half a pint of the distilled water, boil-
 ing hot.   When this has passed, evaporate the
 filtered liquor, at a temperature not exceeding
 212°, in an iron vessel to  dryness; keep the dry
 iodide in a closely stopped bottle.  (Ph. U. S.J
 See, also, Iodine.
   Ferri Ioduretum,  F.  Iodidum.
   Ferri Lactas, Lactate of Iron, Lactate of
 Protoxide of Iron, (F.)  Lactate de Fer.  Pre-
 pared by digesting in a sand bath, at a low tem-
 perature, diluted  lactic acid  with  iron filings.
 It is employed in the same cases as the precipi-
tated subcarbonate of iron, and especially  in
chlorosis.  Twelve grains of the  lactate may
be given  in the  24 hours,  in the form of lo-
zenges.
  Ferri Limatu'ra VwR.\viCA'T!A,Pu'rified Iron
Filings .-—purified by means of the magnet, for
internal use.  The filings are, also, called Feiri
Scobs, F. Ramen'ta et Fila, Martis Limatu'ra,
Spec'ulum In'dicum, Ferri in pulverem resolu'-
 tio, (F.) Limaille de Fer.  They are considered
 to possess the general properties of iron:—the
 iron becoming oxidized.
   Ferri  Oxidum Fuscum, F. subcarbonas—f.
 Oxidum Nigrum, Oxydum ferri nigrum—f. Oxi-
 dum rubrum, Colcothar, Ferri subcarbonas—f.
 Oxidum hydratum, Ferrum et Oxydum hydra-
 tum—f. Percyanidum, Prussian blue—f.  Pila,
 F. limatura—f. et Potassae tartras, Ferrum tar-
 tarizatum—f. Potassio-tartras, Ferrum tartari-
 zatum.
   Ferri  Phosphas, Phosphate  of Iron, (Ferri
 Sulphat. ^v, Sodae Phosphat. %vi, Aqua, cong.
 Dissolve the sulphate  of iron and phosphate of
 soda, severally in four pints  of the water; then
 mix the solutions, and set the mixture by, that
 the powder may  subside; lastly, having poured
 off the  supernatant liquor, wash the phosphate
 of iron with water, and dry it with a gentle heat.
 —Ph. U.  S.)  Dose, 5  to 10 grains as a chaly-
 beate.  Rarely used.
   Ferri Potassio-Tartras, Ferrum tartariza-
 tum.
   Ferri  Protocarbonas,  Protocarbonate of
 Iron, (F.) Carbonate de fer.   The protocarbo-
 nate of iron, thrown down from a solution of
 the sulphate of iron by the carbonate of soda,
 readily attracts oxygen and becomes converted
 into the sesquioxide.   To prevent this, it may
 be associated  with honey and  sugar, and  the
 mixture be reduced by evaporation to a pilular
 consistence.   The mass constitutes the Ferru-
ginous  Pills — Pilules ferrugin^uses, of Val-
 let—Vallet's Pills. See Pilula? Ferri Carbona-
 tis.  The Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia contains the
 Ferri Car'bonas Sacchara'tum, Sac'charine Car'-
 bonate of Iron prepared in this manner.  It is the
 Ferrum Carbon'icum Saccharatum of Klauer.
   The protocarbonate  is given in the same dis-
 eases as the lactate  of iron.   Ten or  fifteen
 grains in the course of the twenty-four hours.
   Ferri Protosulphas Viridis, F. sulphas—f.
 Prussias, Prussian blue.
   Ferri et Quinijk Citras, Citrate of Iron
 and Quinia, formed by the union of four parts
 of citrate of iron  and one part of dtrate of qui-
nia, has been prescribed in cases where a com-
bination of these  tonics is indicated.
   Ferri Ramenta, F. limatura—f. Rubigo, F.
subcarbonas—f. Scobs, F. limatura—f. Sesqui-
oxidum, F. subcarbonas praecipitatus.
   Ferri Suecar'bonas, F. Car'bonas, Ferrum
prcecipita'tum, Chalybis  Rubigo praepara'ta,
Ferri Rubigo.  (The  last two  terms, as well
as Ferru'go, are applied to the subcarbonate or
rust, JEru'go Ferri, Cacaferri,  formed by  the
action of moist air on metallic iron.)  A protox-
ide of iron, oxidized by the  decomposition of
water;  the carbonic acid being attracted from
the air.  Dose, gr. v to ^ss and  more.
   The Ferri Subcarbonas may  be precipitated
from  sulphate of iron by carbonate of soda.
The following is  the formula of  the Pharmaco-
poeia of the United States:—Ferri sulph. §viijj
soda carb. §ix; aquae bullient. cong.   Dissolve
the sulphate of iron and carbonate of soda seve-
rally in four pints of the water, then mix the so-
lutions, and having stirred the  mixture, set it
by that the powder may subside; having pour-
 ed off the  liquor  wash the subcarbonate with
hot water, wrap  it in  bibulous  paper, and  dry
 with a  gentle heat.  It is, also, called  Ferri
sesquiox'idum, Ox'idum ferri fuscum, Ox'idum 
FERRICUS HYDRAS           357
FERRUM
ferri  rubrum,  Deuto-car'bonas Ferri fuscus,
Crocus martis  ape'riens, Sesquioxide or perox-
ide of iron, (F.) Peroxide  de fer, Safran de
Mars apiritif.
   Ferri Sulphas, Sal Martis, Vitriolum Mar-
tis, Vitriolum Ferri, Ferrum Vitrioldturn, Sul-
phas vel Protosulphas  Ferri viridis,  Calcadi-
num, Calcator, Calcotar, Chalcan'thum, Cal-
ctte'a, Atramen'tum suto'rium, Vilriol, Vitrio-
lum viridS, An'ima Hep'atis, Sulphate of Iron,
Green Vitriol, Copperas, (F.) Sulfate de fer.
The Pharmacopoeia of the United States directs
it to  be matle  by the action of sulphuric acid
^xviij, on Iron wire, cut in pieces, gxij—water,
a gallon—evaporating, crystallizing, and drying
the crystals  on bibulous paper.  This salt is
 inodorous, and of a strong styptic taste.   The
crystals are light green, transparent,  rhomboi-
dal;  and soluble in two parts of  water.   It is
 tonic and anthelmintic.  Lose, gr. j.  to vj  and
 more.
   Ferri Sulphas  Calcinatum, Colcothar.
   Ferri Sulphure'tum,Sw^^re*of Iron,Iron
pyrites, (F.) Sulfure de fer; may be made by
 heating one part of sublimed  sulphur, over three
 parts of iron filings in a crucible until the mass
 begins to glow. It is employed as a ready  means
 for obtaining hydrosulphuric acid gas by the ad-
 dition of sulphuric or chlorohydric acid.
   Ferri Tartarum, Ferrum tartarizatum—f.
 Tritoxydum, Colcothar.
   FERRICUS HYDRAS, Ferrum oxydum hy-
 dratum.
   FERRUGINEUS, Chalybeate.
   FERRUGINOSUS, Chalybeate.
   FERRUGO, Ferri subcarbonas, Ferrum oxy-
 datum hydratum.
   FERRUM,  Mars, Side'ros,Metallumhxma-
 topo'et'icum, Iron, (F.) Fer.  A metal of a bluish-
 gray colour; fibrous texture; brilliant and fine-
 grained fracture.   Specific  gravity  7.600 to
 7.800 : hard, ductile, malleable, and magnetic.
 The  medicinal virtues of iron are tonic;  pro-
 ducing fetid eructations, when it takes  effect,
 owing to its meeting with acid in the stomach,
 which oxidizes it, and causes the evolution of
 hydrogen  gas.  When given  in the  metallic
 state, the filings are chiefly used : but the oxides
 and salts are most commonly employed.
   Ferrum Ammonia'tum, Mu'rias Ammo'nia
 et Fer>i,  Ferri  ammo'nio-chlo'ridum,  Flores
 martia'les, Flores  salis ammoni'aci martia'les,
 Ens martis, Ens  Ven'eris Boy'lei, Sal Martis
 muriat'icam  sublima'tum,  Sal  ammoniacum
 martia'll,  Ammo'nium  muriaticum martia'tum
 seu martiaie,  Aroph  Paracelsi,  Calen'dula
 minera'les, Ferrum ammoniaca'le, Ammo'niated
 Iron, Ammo'nio-chloride of  Iron, (F.) Muriate
 d'ammoniaque et de fer.  A submuriate  of am-
 monia with  red muriate of iron.  (Ferri Sub-
 carb. §iij ; acid muriat. f. %x; ammon. muriat.
 Ibijss; aq.  destillat. Oiv. Mix the subcarbonate
 with the  acid  in a glass vessel and digest for
 two  hours; then add  the muriate, previously
 dissolved  in distilled water, and having filtered
 the liquor, evaporate to dryness.   Rub to pow-
 der.—(Ph. U. S.) )  Dose,  gr. iij. to gr. xv.
   Ferrum Ammoniacale, F. ammoniatum—f.
 Borussicum, Prussian blue—f. Carbonicum  Sac-
 charatum, Ferri protocarbonas—f. Cyanogena-
 tum, Prussian blue—f.  Haematites, Haematites
 —(.  Magnes attractorium, Magnet.
   Ferrum Oxyda'tum Hydra'tum, Ferri Ox-
idum Hydra'tum (Ph. U. S.), Ferrugo, Hydras
Fer'ricus, Hydro-oxide  of Iron, Hydrated Ox-
ide of Iron, Hydrated peroxide  of Iron,  Hy-
drated Tritoxide of Iron.  It may be prepared
by taking a  solution of sulphate of iron, in-
creasing its dose of oxygen by heating it with
nitric acid, and precipitating'the oxide by  add-
ing pure ammonia in excess, washing the  pre-
cipitate and keeping it moist.
   The following is the  formula adopted by the
Pharmacopoeia of the  United States,  (1S42,)
Ferri Sulph. §iv; acid, sulphuric, f. giiiss,  Liq.
ammonia q. s.,  aqux Oij.  Dissolve  the  sul-
phate of iron in the water, and having added
the sulphuric acid, boil the solution: then add
the nitric acid  in  small portions,  boiling the
liquid for a minute or two after each addition,
until the acid ceases to produce a dark colour.
Filter the liquid, allow it to cool, and  add the
liquor ammonia? in excess, stirring the mixture
briskly; wash the precipitate with water, until
the washings cease to  yield a precipitate with
chloride of barium, and keep it close in bottles
with water sufficient to cover it.
   It  has been  brought forward, of late, as an
antidote to arsenic; and many cases of its effi-
cacy have been published.
   From 10 to  20 parts of the hydrated oxide
would seem  to be more than sufficient  to  con-
vert 1 part of arsenious acid into the basic salt
of iron.
   Ferrum Oxydulatum  Hydrocyanicum,
Prussian blue—f. Potabile, F. tartarizatum—f.
Praecipitatum,  Ferri subcarbonas.
   Ferrum Tartariza'tum, Tartras Potas'sse
et Ferri, Tar'tarum Ferri, Ferri  et  Potassa
 Tartras, Tar'tarus chalybea!tus, Mars solu'bi-
lis, Tartraskal'ico fer'ricus, Chalybs tartariza'-
tus, Tartarus martia'lis, Ferri potassio-tartras,
 Tartras Potas'sa ferrugino'sus, Ferrum potab'-
ile,  Globus  martia'lis,  Glob'uli Tar'tari  mar-
tia'les  seu martia'les solu'ti seu martia'ti seu
tartra'tis ferri et lixivix, Boli Martis, Pyri
martia'les,  Tartarized Iron, Tartrate of Po-
tassa and Iron, (F.)  Tartrate de potasse el
de fer, Boule  de Mars, Boule de Nancy, B.
 de Molsheim, B. d'Acier.  (Ferri subearb. ,^iij,
 Acid, muriat.  f. §x ;  Liquor Potassa, Ovss;
 Potass. Bitart.  ^vijss, Aqua destillat. cong.
 iss.  Mix the subcarbonate of iron  and the mu-
 riatic acid, and digest for two hours;  pour the
 solution into a gallon of the distilled water; set
 aside for an  hour, and pour off the  supernatant
 liquor.  To this add the liquor potassa?; wash
 the  precipitate formed frequently  with water,
 and, while yet moist, mix it  with the bitartrate
 of potassa and  half a gallon of the distilled wa-
 ter.  Keep the mixture at the temperature of
 140° for 30 hours, frequently stirring; filter the
 solution, and evaporate by  means of  a water
 bath, at the same temperature, to dryness.—
 (Ph. U. S.))  It is one  of the  mildest of the
 salts of iron, and not unpalatable.  Dose, gr. x.
 to £ss.
   The  Tinctu'ra Martis  Aperiti'va,  Tincture
 of Ludwig; Alcohol cum Sulphate Ferri tar-
 tarisa'tus;   Tinctura Martis  Glauberi is, es-
 sentially, a  solution of  this salt.   It is  also
 called  Eau  de  Boule, and  is used  in contu-
 sions.
   Helvetius's  Styptic was  composed  of the
filings of iron and  tartar, mixed to a proper
 consistence with French brandy. It was called 
FERTILITY               35
in England  Eaton's Styptic; but  this is now
formed of Sulphate of Iron.
  Ferrum Vitriolatum, Ferri sulphas—f. Vit-
riolatum ustum, Colcothar—f. Zooticum, Prus-
sian blue.
  FERTILITY, Fecundity.
  FER'ULA, Fanon, Palette, Splint—f. Afri-
cana, Bubon galbanum—f. Asafoetida, see Asa-
foetida—f. Persica, see Sagapenum.
  FESSES, Nates.
  FESSIER,Gluteal—/. Grand,  Glutaeus
maximus—/. Moyen, Glutaeus medius—/. Pe-
tit, Glutaeus minimus.
  FETID, Fa'tidus, Dyso'des, Caco'des, Bro-
mo'sus, Graveolens.  Having a bad smell.
  FETUS, Fcetus.
  FEU ACTUEL, Cauterium—/.  Persique,
Herpes  zoster, see  Anthrax—/. Potential, see
Cauterium—/. Sacri,  Erysipelas—/. St. An-
toine, Erysipelas—/. Sauvage, Ignis sylvaticus
—/. Volage, Ignis sylvaticus.
  FEUX DE DENTS, Strophulus—/. Vola-
ges, Porrigo larvalis.
  FEVE, Vicia faba—/. de  Carthagene, Ha-
billa  de Carthagena—/. a Cochon, Hyoscya-
mus—/.  kpaisse,  Sedum  telephium—/.  des
Marais, Vicia faba—-/. de Sainte Ignace, Ig-
natia amara—/. Purgatif, Ricinus communis.
  FEVER,  Febris, fxom feritas, ' wildness,3 or
from fervor, 'heat,3 or fxom februo, ' I purify:3
Pyr, Pyr'etos, nvotroc, (F.) Fievre. One of the
most frequent and dangerous affections to which
the body  is  liable.   A person has an attack of
fever, when he is affected with  rigors, followed
by increased heat of skin, quick pulse, languor,
and lassitude.  Rigors, increased heat, and fre-
quency of pulse have each been assumed as the
essential character  of fever.  It is not charac-
terized, however, by any one, but depends upon
the coexistence of many symptoms.   Fevers
have  been usually divided into idiopathic  or
essential, and into  symptomatic.   The  idiopa-
thic arise without any obvious local cause. The
symptomatic  are dependent upon local irrita-
tion.   Idiopathic fevers  may be  divided into
three classes: 1.  Those attended with distinct
paroxysms:—intermittents.  2. Remittent and
continued fevers: and, 3. Fevers,  complicated
with eruptions, or the exanthematous.  These
divisions  admit of great variety, owing to cli-
mate, season, soil, age, &c.  All ages  and cli-
mates are liable to fever; and its exciting causes
are very numerous.  These causes may be com-
mon; as  irritations in the  intestines; external
injuries, stimulants, &c; or they  may be spe-
cific; as miasmata, contagion, &c.  The great-
est diversity has prevailed regarding the theory
of fever.  Its primary seat has been placed in
the brain, mucous membrane  of  the stomach
and intestines, skin, nerves, blood-vessels, liver,
vena  cava,  pancreas, &c.   It would  seem,
however, that although, in fever, the whole of
the  functions are  morbidly  impressed,  the
arguments in favour of the  impression being
first  made  on the  nervous  system  and  the
capillary system of vessels are the strongest.
The exciting cause of fever, whatever it may
be, produces an irregular action of the capillary
system, which is soon conveyed to the rest of
the  system, owing to the extensive sympa-
thy which  exists between every part of the
body; and  it is probable, that all those local
inflammations  and  congestions are  the con-
8               FEVER

sequence, rather than the cause, of this disor-
dered condition of the  system.  The general
character of fever is clearly shown by exami-
nation of the blood.  When fever is devoid of
inflammatory   complication,  the quantity  of
fibrin is  in no  case augmented.  It frequently
remains  in the  healthy proportion, and at times
diminishes to an extent not  met with in any
other acute disease.  The alteration of the blood
in fevers, which consists  generally in a dimi-
nution of the fibrinous element, is the reverse
of what occurs in inflammation.
  Many  phenomena of fever  are influenced by
that periodicity, which we notice in the execu-
tion of several of the functions of the body.  The
types of  intermittents  are strong evidences of
such an influence.
  In the treatment of fever, it  is important, 1.
To bear  in mind  its tendency, particularly in
the case  of the exanthemata, to run a definite
course, and terminate  in  restoration to health.
2. The disposition to local determination or hy-
peraemia? :—the most frequent cause of the  fatal
termination of  fever; a circumstance requiring
the vigilant attention of the physician.  3. That
the symptoms  must be attentively studied, in
order to deduce, as far as possible from them,
the indications  of cure.  Lastly, attention must
be paid  to  the  prevalent epidemic.  There are
particular seasons in which fevers are very ma-
lignant;  and others in  which they are as mild;
circumstances which necessarily have an effect
upon  the treatment.
   Fever, Ade'no-Meninge'al, Febris aie'no-
meningea,Febris mesenter' ica(^AG\.w\,)Morbus
muco' sus,Febris muco'sa; Mucous fever,Gastro-
duodenop'yra, Pitu'itous Fever, Catar'rhal Fe-
ver,  Phlegmap'yra, Phlegmop'yra,  Phlegma-
top'yra,  Gastro-Bronchltis.  Fever,  accompa-
nied  with  considerable mucous secretion; espe-
cially from the digestive tube.
  Fever, Adynam'ic, Febris adynam'ica, As-
thenicop'yra, Asthenicopy'retus, Asthenop'yra,
Asthenopyr'etus.  Fever  attended with great
prostration of the vital powers—as Typhoid and
Tymus  fever.
  Fever, Algid, see Algidus.
   Fever, Anom'alous, Febris anom'alus, F.
erratica, F. irregularis, F. vaga.   A fever,
whose progress and type are  irregular.
   Fever, Aphon'ic, Febris apho'nica.  A va-
riety of intermittent, in which  the voice is lost
during the paroxysm.
  Fever,  Apoplec'tic,  Febris  apoplec'tiea,
Com'atose Fever, Febris comato'des, F. Lethal-
gica,  F. soporo'sa. An  intermittent or  con-
tinued fever, attended  with  apoplectic symp-
toms.
   Fever,  Articular Eruptive, Dengue—f.
Articular rheumatic, Dengue.
   Fever, Artificial, Febris  artificia'lis, Ft-
bris arte promo'ta.   Fever produced designedly
by the internal or external use of stimulants.
   Fever, Asthen'ic, Febris asthen'ica. Fever
accompanied with debility.   It  may  include
every variety  of  fever under  certain circum-
stances,  but is generally appropriated to typhus.
   Fever, Asthmat'ic, Febris  asthmat'ica.  A
pernicious  intermittent,  accompanied  with
symptoms of asthma.
   Fever, Ataxo-adynam'ic; Febris atax'o-ady-
nam'ica.  Fever characterized by symptoms of
ataxia and adynamia. 
»9                 FEVER
                  FEVER                35

  Fever, Barcelona, Fever, yellow—f. Bas-
tard, Illegitimate fever.
  Fever, Bil'ious, Febris bilio'sa, F. polyehol-
ica, Syn'ochus bilio'sa, F. aso'des, F. choler'ica,
F.gas'trica,F. hepatica, Cholep'yra, Cholepyr'-
etus, Hepatogastrocholo'sis, Febris  cholepyrel-
ica, Enterop'yra bilio'sa, Choloze'mia febri'lis.
The common remittent  fever of summer and
autumn; generally supposed to be owing to, or
connected with, derangement of the  biliary sys-
tem.
  Fever, Bilious Remitting, Yellow, Fever,
yellow—f.  Bladdery,  Pemphigus—f. Bouquet,
Dengue—f.  Brain,  F. cerebral, Phrenitis—f.
Brain,  water,  Hydrocephalus  internus — f.
Bucket,  Dengue—f. Bulam, Fever, yellow—f.
Camp, Typhus  gravior.
  Fever, Cardial'gic, Febris cardial'gica. A
variety of pernicious intermittent, accompanied
with violent cardialgia during the paroxysm.
  Fever,  Cardit'ic.  Intermittent fever, ac-
companied with pain at the heart.
  Fever,  Catarrhal, F.  adeno-meningeal.
  Fever,  Cepmalal'gic, Febris eephalal'gica.
A pernicious intermittent, accompanied  with
intense pain of the head.  Also, intermittent
cephalalgia.
  Fever,  Cer'ebral, Brain fever.  Fever, ge-
nerally of an ataxic  character, in which the
brain is considerably affected.
  Fever,  Childbed,  Fever,  puerperal, Puer-
peral Fever—f. Childbed, Low, see Peritonitis.
  Fever, Chol'eric, Febris choler'ica.  A va-
riety of pernicious intermittent, accompanied
with symptoms of cholera morbus.
  Fever,  Choleric,  of Infants,  Cholera  in-
fantum.
  Fever,  Chronic, Febris chronica.   Some
authors apply this name to protracted fevers;
others to hectic fever.
  Fever, Colliquative, Febris tab'ida, Febris
colliquatlva.   Fever, characterized  by  rapid
emaciation, copious evacuations, and rapid pros-
tration of  strength.
  Fever,  Comatose, F. apoplectic.
  Fever,  Conges'tive, Febris congesti'va. Fe-
ver accompanied by obscure symptoms ; or by
great oppression and depression; in which it is
difficult—and often impossible—to  induce reac-
tion.  Congestive fevers occur in various parts
of this country, especially  in the fall; and they
are very common in India. The term  conges-
five fever is often used in some parts of the
south of the United States very indefinitely—
ro include winter typhus  and typhoid fevers,
typhoid pneumonia, as well as intermittents and
autumnal remittents.—Dickson.
  Fever,  Continent, see  Continent and Con-
tinued fever—f. Continual, see Continued fever
—f. Continued,  common, Synochus.
  Fever, Convul'sive, Febris convulsiva.  A
pernicious intermittent, accompanied  by con-
vulsions.
  Fever, Delir'ious, Febris cum delirio, (F.)
Fivere dilirante.   A  pernicious intermittent,
characterized by delirium in the paroxysms.
  Fever,  Dep'uratory, Febris depurato'ria.
A fever, to which was attributed the property of
purifying  the blood; or which  indicated, that
*uch a supposed depuration had  occurred.
  Fever,  Diaphoret'ic, Febris diaphoret'ica,
Febris sudato'ria.  A pernicious intermittent,
with excessive sweating during  the fit.
  Fever, Diary, Ephemera.
  Fever, Diges'tive. The chilliness, followed
by increased heat and quickness of pulse, which
frequently accompanies digestion.
  Fever,Double,(F.)Fievre double ou doublee.
An intermittent, which has two paroxysms in a
given time, instead of one.
  Fever,  Double-Quartan.  A fever, whose
paroxysms occur two days in succession, and
fail the third day; the first paroxysm resem-
bling the 4th; and the second the 5th.
  Fever,  Double-Quotidian.  An intermit-
tent, whose paroxysms return twice every day
at corresponding hours.
  Fever, Double-Tertian.  An intermittent,
whose paroxysms return every day; the  first
corresponding with the 3d, the second with the
4th, and so on.
  Fever, Duodec"imane, Febris duodecima'na.
A supposititious intermittent, whose paroxysms
recur on the 12th day, or every 11 days.
  Fever,  Dynamic, Synocha—f. Endemial,
Remittent  F.—f. Endemic, Remittent F.—f.
Endemical, Remittent F.—f. Enteric,  see  Ty-
phus—f. Ephemeral, Ephemera.
  Fever, Epilep'tic, Febris epilep'tica A va-
riety of pernicious  intermittent, accompanied
with attacks of epilepsy.
  Fever, Erot'ic, Febris  erot'ica,  (F.) Fievre
d'amour.  A chronic fever,  occasioned by un-
propitious love.
  Fever,  Errat'ic, see Erratic—f. Eruptive,
Exanthematica—f. Eruptive, articular, Dengue
—f. Exacerbating, Remittent Fever.
  Fever,  Gan'grenous, Febris gangrano'des.
Fever,  accompanied by gangrene of various
parts, and especially of the limbs and genitals.
Senac describes an intermittent of this kind.
  Fever,  Gastral'gic  An intermittent ac-
companied with acute burning lacerating  pain
at the stomach.
  Fever, Gastric,  Febris gas'trica, F. gas'-
trica bilio'sa, Gastrocholo'sis, Hepatogastrocho-
lo'sis, Stomachic fever,  Syn'ochus  Bilio'sa.
A name, given by some to bilious fever, which
has  appeared   to be dependent on an affec-
tion of the stomach.  Also, called Menin'go-
gastric fever, Febris meningo-gas'trica, Menin-
go-gastri'tis, Harvest fever, (F.) Fievie de la
Moisson, F. Miningo-gastrique.
  Fever,  Gastro-Adynam'ic,  Febris gastro-
adynam'ica.  A fever, in which the symptoms
of bilious fever are joined with those of adyna-
mic fever.
  Fever,  Gastro-Angioten'ic.   A fever, in
which the symptoms of bilious are united with
those of inflammatory fever.
  Fever,  Gastro-Atax'ic.  A fever, in which
the symptoms of bilious fever are united with
those of ataxic fever.
  Fever, Gibraltar, Fever, yellow—f.  Har-
vest,  F. Gastric—f. Haemagastric,  F. yellow.
  Fever, Hsmop'toic, Febris Hamoptoica. A
variety of masked intermittent, in which peri-
odical haemoptysis is the chief symptom.
  Fever,  Hay, Catarr'hus  asti'vus,  Summer
Catarrh, Hay Asthma, Rose Catarrh,  Summer
Bronchitis. A catarrh to which certain persons
are subject in summer, and which  has  been as-
cribed in  England to the effluvium of  hay, but
this is not the probable cause.  It is a catarrh
with  sneezing,  headache, weeping, snuffling 
FEVER                 360                 FEVER
and cough, with, at times, fever and general1
discomfort.  It is not uncommon in this coun-
try.   It disappears spontaneously,—to recur on
subsequent years about the same period.
  Fever, Heedom'adal.   A supposititious fe-
ver, whose paroxysms return weekly, and on
the same day.
  Fever, Hectic, see Consumption, and Hectic
Fever.
  Fever, Hepat'ic or Hepatal'gic.  A perni-
cious intermittent, with violent pain in the right
hypochondrium.
  Fever, Hill.  A modification of remittent,
occurring in the hilly districts of India.
  Fever, Hospital, Typhus gravior.
  Fever, Hu'moral, Febris humora'lis.  Fever,
in which an alteration or  deterioration of the
humours is suspected.
  Fever,  Hun'gary, Febris  Hungar'ica  seu
Pannon'ica seu Morbus  Ungaricus,  Cepha-
lon'osus, Vermis cer'ebri, (F.) Fievre Hongroise
ou de Hongrie.  An epidemic typhus, common
amongst the soldiers in barracks, in Hungary.
  Fever, Hydrophob'ic, Febris kydrophob'ica.
Pernicious intermittent with dread of liquids.
   Fever, Hyster'ic, Febris hyster'ica.  Hys-
teria, accompanied by fever.  Hysteria, occur-
ring with each paroxysm of intermittent.
   Fever, Icteric, Febris icter'ica.  Fever, ac-
companied by jaundice.   Some intermittents
exhibit this complication at each paroxysm.
   Fever,  In'fantile Remit'tent, Febris in-
fan'tum remit'tens, F. vermino'sa, (of many),
Spurious worm fever, Remittent fever of chil-
dren, F. muco'sa vermino'sa, Hec'tica infantilis,
Febris lenta.   A fever occurring in childhood,
which  often assumes many of the characters
of hydrocephalus.  It appears generally to be
dependent upon a morbid condition of the sto-
mach and bowels.
   Fever, Inflammatory, Synocha.
   Fever,  Insid'ious.  Fever,  which, at  first,
 seems devoid of danger, but subsequently be-
 comes of a more or less malignant character.
   Fever, Intermittent, see Intermittent fever
 —f. Jail, Typhus gravior—f. Jungle, see Jungle
 fever—f. Lenticular, Miliary fever.
   Fever,  Lo'chial, Febris lochia'iis.  That ac-
 celeration of the circulation which sometimes
 occurs  during the discharge of the lochia.
   Fever,  Lung, Catarrh, Pneumonia.
   Fever,  Malig'nant, Febris malig'na. Fever
 which  makes  its approaches  insidiously, and
 subsequently  becomes formidable.  Any fever
 which exhibits a very dangerous aspect.
   Fever, Malig'nant, Typhus gravior—f. Ma-
 lignant  pestilential, Fever, yellow—f. Marsh,
 Elodes (febris.)
   Fever,  Masked, Febris larva'ta, (F.) Fievre
 larvie, Dead Ague, Dumb Ague.  Anomalous
 intermittent,  the paroxysms of which have not
 the regular stages.
   Fever, Meningo-gastric, Fever gastric.
   Fever,  Mesenter'ic, Febris mesenterica.  A
 name given,  by Baglivi,  to a species of fever
 which  appears to have belonged either to the
 mucous or bilious.
   Fever, Milk, Febris lac'tea, (F.) Fievre de
 lait  ou laiteuse, F. Lactie; Galactop'yra, Ga-
 lactopyr'etus.  The  fever, which precedes  or
 accompanies the secretion of milk in women re-
 cently delivered.  It comes on generally about
 the  third day after delivery, and  is  character-
ized by quick pulse ; increased heat; redness of
face; diminution or temporary suspension of the
lochial discharge; tumefaction and  tension of
the breasts.  It commonly terminates in twenty-
four hours, and often with profuse perspiration.
It requires the use of antiphlogistics, with dry
diet.                                     '
  Fever, Mixed, Synochus—f. Mucous,  F.
adeno-meningeal.
  Fever  Nephrit'ic, Febris nephrit'ica.   In-
termittent fever, accompanied with nephritic
pain during the paroxysm.
  Fever, Nervous, Febris nervo'sa seu neuro'-
des, Febris  lenta nervo'sa, Neurop'yra, Neu-
ropyr'etus.  A variety of Typhus; the Typhus
mitior of Cullen.  By  many, however, it  is
esteemed a  distinct disease.  See Typhoid fe-
ver.
   Fever, Nervous,  with  Exanthematous
Eruption, Typhus.
   Fever, Non'ane, Febris nona'na.  A suppo-
sititious  fever, whose paroxysms recur every
ninth day, or every eight days.
   Fever, Oc'tane, Febris octa'na.  An inter-
mittent,  whose paroxysms recur every eighth
day.
   Fever, Paludal,  Intermittent—f. Paroxys-
mal, Remittent fever—f. Periodic, Intermittent.
   Fever, Period'ical,  Febris periodica.   An
intermittent or remittent fever.
   Fever Pernic"ious, Febris pernido'sa.  In-
termittent fever,  when attended  with  great
danger,  and which  destroys the  majority of
those affected by it in the first  four or five pa-
roxysms ; sometimes in the very first.
   Fever, Pestilen'tial, Febris pestilentia'lis.
The Plague.   Also  a severe case  of typhus.
The yellow fever and sweating  sickness have,
likewise, been thus designated.
   Fever, Pituitous, F. adeno-meningeal.
   Fever, Pleurit'ic   An intermittent or re-
mittent, accompanied with inflammation of the
pleura.
   Fever, Pneumon'ic,  Febris pneumon'ica, an
intermittent,  accompanied with inflammation
of the lungs.  Also, pneumonia.    ^,
   Fever,  Puer'peral,  Febris puerpera'lis,
 Childbed fever, (F.) Fie'vre puerpirale.  This
name has been given to several acute diseases,
supervening  after delivery.  It means, gene-
rally, a  malignant variety of peritonitis, which
 runs  its  course  very rapidly, and passes into a
 typhoid  condition,  unless  met, at  the very
 onset, by the most active depleting measures.
 By the generality of practitioners, it is esteemed
 to be eminently contagious;  some, however,
 deny that it is so.  See Peritonitis, and Puer-
 peral fever; ,
   Fever, Puerperal   Adynamic  or Malig-
 nant, see Peritonitis.
   Fever, Puking, Milk sickness.
   Fever, Pu'rulent,  Febris purulen'ta.   Fe-
 ver,  which accompanies suppuration.
   Fever, Putrid, Typhus  gravior.
   Fever, Quintan, Febris quinta'na. A fever,
 whose paroxysms return  every fifth day.  It
 is seen rarely, if ever.
   Fever, Quotidian,  see  Quotidian—f.  Red
 Tongue, see Typhus.
   Fever, Reg'ular, Febris regula'ris seu tx-
  quislta.  An intermittent  whose  paroxysms
  follow  a determinate  type.  It is opposed to
  atypic.   Sometimes opposed to anomalous. 
FEVER
361
FEVERISHNESS
   Fever, Remittent, see Remittent Fever—f.
 Remittent, infantile, see Fever, infantile remit-
 tent—f. Remittent of children, F. infantile re-
 mittent—f. Rheumatic, Rheumatism, acute—f.
 Root, Triosteum perfoliatum.
   Fever, Scorbu'tic, Febris scorbutica.   The
 febrile movement, which sometimes accompa-
 nies scorbutus or scurvy.
   Fever, Sec'ondary.   A febrile condition,
 which recurs in certain affections after having
 ceased; such  as  the  secondary fever, which
 comes on at  the time of the maturation of the
 variolous  pustules, or as the eruption of scar-
 latina, &c, disappears.
   Fever, Septan, Febris septa'na.  An inter-
 mittent, whose paroxysms recur every six days,
 and consequently on the seventh.
   Fever, Sextan, Febris sexta'na.  A fever,
 which recurs every five days, and consequently
 on the sixth.
   Fever, Simple, Febris simplex.   Simple fe-
 ver is that which has no predominant charac-
 ter—bilious, inflammatory, or  nervous; and
 which is unaccompanied by any local determi-
 nation, hyperemia, or complication.  It may
 be continued, remittent, or  intermittent.
   Fever, Simple  Continued.  This  is the
 most  favourable form of continued fever, and
 has a tendency to wear itself out, provided only
 the laedentia be avoided.  The prognosis is
 consequently favourable, and  the  treatment
 simple; consisting in perfect repose of body and
 mind, abstinence, and relieving the thirst  by
 cold drinks.
   Fever, Singul'tous, Febris  singulto'sa seu
 lygmo'des seu lyngo'des.  Fevex, accompanied
 with singultus or hiccough.
   Fever, Spotted, Typhus gravior.
   Fever, Ster'coral, Febris stercora'lis.  Fe-
 ver, produced  by an accumulation of fa?ces in
 the intestines.
   Fever, Stomachic, Gastric Fever.
   Fever, Strangers3.  Yellow, or remittent
 fever, which is endemic  in  certain places, and
 to which strangers are especially,liable.
   Fever, Subcontinuax, Remittent Fever.
   Fever, Subintrant, Febris subin'trans. An
 intermittent, in which one paroxysm is scarcely
 finished before the other  begins.
   Fever, Sweating, Sudor Anglicus.
   Fever, Syn 'copal, Febris syncopa'Us,F.mi-
 nu'ta, (F.)  Fievre syncopale.  A  variety of
 pernicious intermittent,  in  which there is, in
 every  paroxysm, one or more faintings.
   Fever, Synochoid, Synochus.
   Fever, Syphilit'ic, Febris syphilitica.  Fe-
 ver, accompanying  syphilis, or supposed to  be
 owing to a syphilitic taint.
   Fever, Ter'tian, Febris tertia'na.  A fever,
 whose paroxysm returns on the third day, and
 consequently every two days.
   Fever, Trag"ic, Febris Trag'ica.  A  low
 fever, in which the patient declaims like an ac-
 tor during the delirium.
   Fever, Traumat'ic, Febris traumatica.  The
 fever, which  supervenes on wounds or great
 surgical operations.
   Fever,  Typhoid, see  Typhus—f. Typhoid
 of India, Cholera—f. Typhous, Typhus.
   Fever, Ver'minous, Febris vermino'sa, Hel-
minthop'yra,  worm fever.  Fever, produced by
the presence  of worms in the digestive tube, or
accompanied  by their expulsion.
        21
   Fever, Vernal, Febris verna'lis.   An inter-
 mittent or other fever occurring in the spring.
 Vernal intermittents were formerly considered
 salubrious.
             " An ague in the spring
              Is physic for a king."

   Fever, Vesicular, Pemphigus.
   Fever,  Wal'cheren, Gall-sickness.   The
 remittents and intermittents to which the Bri-
 tish troops were exposed, who were attached to
 the expedition to Walcheren, in 1809.
   Fever, Water Brain, Hydrocephalus inter-
 nus—f. Winter, see Tongue, black—f. Worm,
 Verminous F.—f. Worm, spurious, Fever, infan-
 tile remittent.
   Fever, Yellow, Febris flava, F. seu Pestis
 America'na, Cholo'sis America'na, Ochrotyphus,
 Loimocholo'sis, F. flava Americano 'rum, Pesti-
 len'tiahamagas'trica,Pestis occidenta'lis seuin-
 tertropica, Vom'itus niger, Epan'etus malignus
flavus, Remitt'ens ictero'des, Tritaeoph'ya Ameri-
 ca'na, Typhus ictero'des, F. tropicus, F. contin'-
 ua pu'trida ictero'des  Caroliniensis,  F. Elo'-
 des ictero'des, Febris malig'na bilio'sa America,
 Ochrop'yra, Syn'ochus ictero'des, Fievre mate-
 lote, Febris malig'na flava In'dia Occidentaiis,
 Ende'mial Causus of the West Indies, Causus
 tropicus endemicus, Bilious remitting yellow
fever, Malignant pestilen'tial fever, Fievre
jaune d'Amirique, Fievre  gastro-adynamique,
 Typhus miasmatique ataxique  put ride jaune,
 T. jaune, Vomito prieto, Vomito negro, Mai de
 Siam, Fievre de la Barbade, F. de Siam, F. Ic-
 tirique, F. Gastro-hipatique, Hatmagas'tric Fe-
 ver or Pes'tilence, Black vomit, Febris toxica,
 Febris tropica, Typhus  d'Amirique,  Bulam
 Fever, Gibraltar Fever, Barcelona Fever.  A
 very  acute and dangerous  febrile affection;  so
 called, because complicated, in its second stage,
 with  jaundice, and accompanied by vomiting of
 black matter.  Sauvages,  Cullen, and others
 regard it as a variety of typhus; and Pinel as a
 species of gastro-adynamic, or bilious putrid
 fever.  It occurs, endemically, only within the
 tropics; but it has been  met with  epidemically
 in  the temperate regions.  Broussais  regards
 the disease as gastro-enteritis,  exasperated by
 atmospheric heat; so that it  runs through its
 stages with much greater rapidity than  the gas-
 tro-enteritis of our climates.  The yellow co-
 lour of the skin, according to him, is owing to
the inflammation of  the small  intestine,—and
especially of the  duodenum,—augmenting the
secretion of the liver, and at  the same time
preventing its  discharge into  the duodenum.
The pathology of this affection, as well as its
origin, is still unsettled.  The treatment must
generally be of the  most active nature at the
onset; consisting in bleeding largely, and exhi-
biting mercury so as to excite a new action, if
possible;—the other symptoms being combated
according to general principles.  It must vary,
however, according to the epidemic.
  FEVERBUSH, Laurus benzoin, Prinos.
  FEVERFEW, Matricaria.
  FE'VERISH,  Feb'riens,  Febrico'sus. (F.)
Fievreux; from febris,  'fever.3  That which
causes fever, as feverish food, feverish diathe-
sis, &c.  Also, the state of one labouring under
fever.
  FE'VERISTd"XESS, Febricita'tio.  The state
of having fever.  A slight febrile disorder. 
FEVERROOT
   FEVERROOT, Pterospora andromedea.
   FEVERTREE, Pinckneya pubens.
   FEVERWOOD, Laurus benzoin.
   FEVERWORT,  Eupatorium  perfoliatum,
 Triosteum.
   FIBER, Castor fiber.
   FIBRA, Fibre—f. Aurea, Coptis—f. Sangui-
 nis, Fibrin.
   FIBRE, Fibra, Is, Ctedon, Filum.  An or-
 ganic filament, of a solid consistence, and more
 or  less extensible, which enters into the com-
 position of every animal and vegetable texture.
 The simple or elementary fibre of the ancients,
 from a particular assemblage and arrangement
 of which every textvre of the  body was  con-
 ceived to be constituted, seems  entirely ideal.
 The moderns usually admit, with Haller  and
 Blumenbach, three elementary fibres or tissues.
 1. The cellular or laminated, formed chiefly of
 thin plates, of a whitish colour and extensible,
 which seems to consist of concrete gelatin.  2.
 The nervous, pulpy, or  med'ullary, formed of
 a soft substance, contained in a cellular sheath,
 and consisting of albumen united to  a fatty
 matter.  3. The muscular, composed of round
 filaments, of a grayish  or reddish colour, and
 formed of fibrin.  Chaussier has  added to these
 the albugineous  fibre, but  it seems to  differ
 from the cellular fibre only  in greater conden-
 sation of the molecules.
   A very small  or  ultimate fibre is called a
 Fibril, Fibril la.
   Fibre, Albugineous, see Albuginea.
   FIBRES, REMAK.   Fibres  described by
 Remak as  peculiar to the  sympathetic  nerve,
 but which Valentin considers to be neurilemma,
 and to consist of fibro-cellular bundles.
   FIBRIL, see Fibre.
   FIBRILLA, Fibril.
   FIBRIN or Fib'rin, Fibrine, Fibri'na, Fi-
 bri'ne,Fibra san'guinis, Mate'riafibro'sa, Lym-
pha plas'tica.   An immediate animal principle
 —solid, white, and inodorous; insipid; heavier
 than  water;  without action on  the vegetable
 blues: elastic, when moist; hard and  brittle
 when dry.  It enters  into  the composition of
 the chyle and the blood, and forms the chief
 part of the muscles of red-blooded animals.  In
 certain diseased actions, Fibrin  or Coagulable
 lymph, gluten, is separated from the blood, and
 is found  in considerable quantity on the sur-
 faces  of membranes, and in the cavities of the
 body.  Fibrin is likewise a proximate princi-
 ple of vegetables, and differs but little in che-
 mical composition from animal fibrin; nor does
 it differ much from albumen and casein.  It is,
 however, more organizable than either.  Albu-
 men,  indeed, possesses no plastic powers;  but
 it appears to be converted into fibrin, which ac-
 quires such powers by some peculiar action of
 the living tissue.
   Fibrin is very nutritious.
   FIB'RITSlOlJS,Fibrino'sus. That which is com-
 posed of fibrin, or has the appearance of fibrin.
   FIB R 0 -CARTILAGE, Fibro-cartila'go.
 An organic tissue, partaking of the nature of the
 fibrous tissue, and of that of cartilage.   It  is
 dense, resisting, elastic, firm, supple, and flexi-
 ble.  Fibro-cartilages are distinguished into,—
 1. Membraniform,  or those which serve as
 moulds to  certain parts, as  the ala? nasi  and
 eyelids.   2. Vaginiform, or those which  form
 sheaths for the sliding of tendons.  3. Interar-
52                  FICUS

 ticular, those which are met with in the move-
 able articulations.  4. Uniting, (F.) Fibro-car-
 tilages d'union, which form a junction between
 two bones, as the symphysis pubis.  Fibro-
 cartilages are sometimes, formed adventitiously,
 as  the result of a morbid process  in different
 organs.
   Fibro-Cartilages, Tarsal, see Tarsus.
   FIBRO-MUCOUS,Fibro-muco'sus. Possess-
 ing the nature of fibrous and of mucous mem-
 branes.  A term applied to fibrous membranes,
 which are intimately united with other mem-
 branes  of  a mucous  nature, as the  pituitary
 membrane, the membrane of the urethra, &c.
   FIBRO-SEROUS,  Fibro-sero'sus.  Possess-
 ing the nature of fibrous and serous membranes.
 Membranes, composed of a fibrous, and a se-
 rous sheet, intimately united:—as the Dura Ma-
 ter, Pericardium, Tunica albuginea testis, &c.
   FI'BROUS, Fibro'sus.  Composed of fibres.
 Certain membranes, as the  dura mater, perios-
 teum, ligamentous capsules of the joints, &c.
 are fibrous.  The fibrous system of  Bichat in-
 cludes the  system of  organs formed  by the al-
 bugineous  fibre of  Chaussier.  It comprises,
 particularly, the periosteum and perichondrium;
 the articular capsules and ligaments; the  ten-
 dons ; the dura mater, pericardium, tunica scle-
 rotica, tunica albuginea testis, outer membrane
 of the spleen, &c.   Under  simple fibrous tis-
 sues, certain writers have classed the white and
 yellow fibrous tissues, and areolar tissue. Both
 the yellow and the white  may be detected in
 the areolar tissue.   The  white is said to exist
 alone in ligaments, tendons, fibrous membranes,
 aponeuroses, &c.  The yellow exists separately
 in the middle coat of the arteries, the chorda?
 vocales, ligamentum nuchae of quadrupeds, &c.
 It differs from the white  in possessing  a high
 degree of elasticity.
  Fibrous Matter  of  the Brain, see Cere-
 brum—f. Membranes, see Membranes, fibrous.
  FIB'ULA, Cruris ra'dius, Canna minor, Os
 per'one, Perone'um, Foc'ile minus, Sura, Arun'-
 do minor, Fist'ula Cruris, Tibia minimi, Os
 tib'ise minus, ' a clasp.3   The  splinter bone of
 the leg.  (F.) Pironi.  The long, small bone,
 situate at the outer part of the leg.   The supe-
 rior or tibial extremity of the fibula is rounded
 and forms the caput or head.   It is articulated
 with the tibia.   Its inferior or tarsal extremity
 is broader  than the superior.  It is articulated
 with the tibia and astragalus, and  forms the
 malleolus externus or outer ankle by means of
 its coronoid process.  The body  of  the bone
 has three faces, having more or less prominent
 edges.  It is separated  from  the  tibia  by the
 interosseous  space, and is developed by three
 points of ossification;  one at the body, and one
 at  each extremity.   It prevents the foot from
 turning outwards.
   FIBULAR, Peroneal.
   FIBULATIO, Infibulatio.
   FIC, Ficus.
   FICAIRE, Ranunculus ficaria.
   FICARIA, Scrophularia aquatica—f. Ranun-
 culoides, Ranunculus ficaria.
   FICATIO, Ficus.
   FICOSA EMINENTIA, Ficus.
   FICUS, Syce, Sy'cea, Sycum, Syeo'sis, Sy
 co'ma, Fica'tio, Fico'sus Tumor, Fico'sa emi-
 nen'tia, Matis'ca, (F.) Fie.  A fleshy excres-
 cence, often soft and  reddish,  sometimes hard 
FIDGETS
363      FIMBRIAE CARNOSiE COLI
and scirrhous, hanging by a peduncle, or formed
like a  fig;  occurring on the eyelids,  chin,
tongue, anus, or organs of generation.  The fici
seated on the  last  mentioned parts are  gene-
rally of a syphilitic character.
  Ficus, F. Carica.
  Ficus Car'ica.  The systematic name of the
fig tree.  (F.)  Figuier.   Carica, Ficus, Ficus
vulga'ris,  Ficus  commu'nis, Syce, avKt], (F.)
Figue:  the fig—Ficus, (Ph. U. S.)—is a plea-
sant fruit when ripe;  as well as when dried in
the state in which it is found in the shops.  It
is used, at times, in place of a cataplasm; espe-
cially in gum boils.
  Ficus Indi;e Grana, Coccus cacti—f. Indica,
Musa paradisiaca, see Caoutchouc and Lacca—
f. Religiosa,  see Lacca.
  FIDGETS.  Of doubtful etymology.  Dys-
phoria simplex, D. nervo'sa, Erethis'mus sim-
plex, Titubatio,  (F.) Fritillement.  General
restlessness and troublesome uneasiness of the
nerves and muscles; with increased sensibility,
and inability  of fixing the attention, accom-
panied with a perpetual desire of changing the
position.   See Agacement des Nerfs.
  FIDICINALES, Lumbricales manus.
  FIEL, Bile.
  FIELD WEED, Anthemis cotula, Erigeron
 Philadelphicum.
   FIEVRE, Fever—/.  d'Accis, Intermittent
fever—-/. Adynamique, Typhus—■/. Algide, see
Algidus—■/. d'Amour, Fever, erotic—-/. Angeio-
tinique, Synocha—f. Annuelle, see Annual Dis-
eases—-/. Ardent, Ardent fever, Synocha—-/.
Ataxique, Typhus—/. de la Barbade, Fever,
yellow—•/. Bulleuse, Pemphigus—-/. des Camps,
Typhus gravior—/.  Catarrhale, Catarrh—f.
Catarrhale epidimique,  Influenza—/.   Ciri-
brale, Cerebral fever—■/. Ciribrale des Enfans,
Hydrocephalus internus—-/. Cholirique, Cho-
leric fever —/.  de  Consomption,  see  Con-
sumption—■/. Continente  inflammatoire,  Syno-
cha—/. Dilirante, Fever, delirious—-/. Double,
Fever,  double—■/. Doublie, Fever, double—-/.
Entiro-mesentirique, Typhoid fever—f.Etique,
Hectic  fever—■/.  Gastro-adynamique, Fever,
yellow—-/. Gastro-hipatique, Fever, yellow—
/. Hectique,  Hectic fever—-/. de  Hongrie, Fe-
ver, Hungaric—/. d'Hopital, Typhus gravior—
/. Ictirique,  Fever, yellow—-/. Inflammatoire,
Synocha—•/.  Intermittente,  Intermittent  fever
—■/. Irritative, Synocha—/. Jaune d'Amirique,
Fever,  yellow—f. Lactee, Fever, milk—-/.  de
Lait, Fever,  milk—f. Laiteuse, Fever, milk—
/. Larv'ee, Fever, masked—-/. Lenticulaire, Ty-
phus gravior—■/. du  Levant, Plague—/. des
Marais, Intermittent Fever—-/. Matelote, Fe-
ver, yellow—-/. Miningo-gastrique, Fever, gas-
tric—-/. Misenterique, see  Typhus—f.  de  la
Moisson, Fever,  gastric—•/. Morbilleuse, Ru-
beola—-/. Nerveuse, Typhus mitior—-/. Noso-
romiale, Typhus gravior—■/. Ortiie, Urticaria
—/. Oscitante, Oscitant fever—-/. Piriodique,
Intermittent fever—-/. Piripneumonique, Pneu-
monia—■/. Pernicieuse dilirante,  see Delirious
/'. Pleuritique, Pleurisy—-/. des Prisons,Typhus
gravior—/. Pneumonique, Pneumonia—-/. Pour-
prie, Scarlatina—•/. Puerpirale, Fever, puerpe-
ral, see Peritonitis—/. Quarte, Quartan—-/. Quo-
lidienne,  Quotidian—■/. Rimittente, Remittent
fever—-/. Rhumatismale, Rheumatism, acute—
/. Rouge, Roseola?, Scarlatina—f.  Sanguine,
Synocha—■/. Semitierce, Hemitritaea—■/. de Siam,
Fever, yellow—/. Suante, Sudor Picardicus—
/. Syncopate, see Fever syncopal,  and Synco-
pal—/.  Tierce, Tertian fever—/. Typhoide,
see Typhus—/. Visiculaire,  Pemphigus.
   FlkVREUX, Feverish.
   FIG, INDIAN, Cactus opuntia.
   FIGUE, see Ficus carica.
   FIGUIER, Ficus carica—/. d'Inde, Cactus
opuntia.
   FIGURATIO, Imagination.
   FIGURE, Countenance.
   FlGURk, (F.)  An epithet for  a compres-
sive bandage, applied over the head after bleed-
ing from the  frontal vein.  It has also been
called bandage royal.
   FIGWORT, Scrophularia nodosa—f. Water,
greater, Scrophularia aquatica.
   FILACEOUS, Filamentous.
   FIL'AMENT, Filum, Filamen'tum, fxovafi-
lum,  'a thread.3   This word  is used synony-
mously -with fibril; thus, we say, a nervous or
cellular  filament or fibril.  Also, the glairy,
thread-like substance, which forms in the urine
in some diseases, and which depends on a parti-
cular secretion from the mucous membrane of
the urinary passages.
   FILAMEN'TOVS,Filamento'sus. Filaceous;
threadlike; filiform. Containing threadlike sub-
stances, as the Tunica filamento'sa or Decidua:
—Filamentous urine ; urine containing thread-
like substances.
   FILAMENTUM, Fra?num.
   FILARIA HOMINIS BRONCHIALIS,  see
Worms—f. Medinensis, Dracunculus—f. Oculi,
see Worms.
   FILBERT, Corylus avellana.
   FILELLUM, Fr3?num.
   FILET (DE LA LANGUE,) Fraenum—/.
de la Verge, Fraenum penis—■/. Opiration du,
see Fraenum.
   FILETUM, Framum linguae.
   FILICULA, Polypodium  filix mas.
   FIL'IFORM,  Filiformis,  from filum, 'a
thread,3 and forma, 'form;3 having the shape of
a thread; as the filiform papillae of the tongue.
See Papillae.
   FILING, Limatio.
   FILIPENDULA, Spiraea  filipendula.
   FILIUS ANTE PATREM, Tussilago.
   FILIX FCEMINEA, Pteris aquilina—f. Flo-
rida, Osmunda regalis—f. Mas,  Polypodium filix
mas—f. Nympha?a, Pteris aquilina—f. Veneris,
Adiantum pedatum.
   FILLE, Girl.
   FILLET, Fascia.
   FILTRA'TION, Filtra'tio, Percola'tio, E'thi-
sis, Ethis'mus.   A pharmaceutical operation,
which consists in  passing a fluid through a filter
or strainer, for the purpose of clarifying it.  In
ancient physiology, it meant the action by which
the different humours of the body are separated
from the mass of the blood.
   FILTRUM. A filter. Any porous material;
such as sand, some kinds of freestone, powdered
charcoal, pounded glass, flannel, unsized paper,
&c, through which a fluid  is  passed for the
purpose of separating it from  the matters sus-
pended in it.
   FILUM, Filament—f. Tamiaforme, Taeniola.
   FIM'BRIA, Parar'ma.  A  band; a fringe;
as the fimbria or fimbriated extremity  of the
Fallopian tube.
   FIMBRIAE CARNOS^E COLI, Epiploic ap- 
FIMUS                  3C
pendages—f. Tubarum Fallopii, see Tube, Fal-
lopian.
  FIMUS,Bor'borus, Onthus, Stercus.  Dung:
excrement.
  Fimus seu Stercus An'seris, Goose-dung,
was applied as  a poultice  to the feet in malig-
nant fever.  See Chenocoprus.
  Fimus Equi'nus, Stercus equi non castra'ti,
Stone horse-dung, was once thought anti-pleu-
ritic.
  Fimus Vacoe,  Cow-dung, was employed as
a cataplasm, especially in gout.
  FINCKLE, Anethum.
  FINGER, Digitus—f. Ring, Annular finger
—f. Stall, Digitale.
  FINIS ASPERSE ARTERIiE, Larynx.
  FIOLE, Phiala.
  FIRE,  PERSIAN, Anthracion—f. St. An-
thony's, Erysipelas—f. Weed, Senecio.
  FIRE-DAMP,  Hydrogen, carburetted.
  FIRING, Cauterization.
  FIR,  SCOTCH, Pinus sylvestris—f. Spruce,
Norway, Pinus abies—f.  Tree, silver, Euro-
pean, Pinus picea—f. Yew-leaved, Pinus abies.
  FIR-MOSS, UPRIGHT, Lycopodium selago.
  FISHSKIN, Ichthyosis.
  FISH-TONGUE.  An instrument—so called
from its shape—used by some dentists for the
removal of the dentes sapientia?.
  FISSICULA'TIO, from fissiculare, 'to cut
off,3' open,3' make incisions.3  An old word for
an opening made with a scalpel.
  FISSIPAROUS, see Generation.
  FISSURA, Fissure—f.  Capillorum, Distrix
—f. Contrajacens, Contra-fissura—f. Magna
vulvae, see Rima—f. Pilaris, Trichismus.
   FISSURE,   Fissu'ra, Schisma, Scissu'ra,
Rhege,  Rhegma,  Rhegmus, from  findere, 'to
cleave;3 a long and narrow cleft or opening in
a bone—Rhagi, o*.yr\, Ceasma, Ktair^a.   (F.)
Fissure, Fente.
  Fissure has various acceptations.  1. A frac-
ture, Catag'ma fissu'ra, in which the  bone is
cracked, not separated, as in fracture. 2. A nar-
row, long, and superficial solution of continuity,
around  the external openings of  the  mucous
membranes.  A sort of chap, observed on the
hands, particularly on  the  callous  hands, of
workmen, in certain mechanical employments.
3. Small, chapped ulcerations, sometimes no-
ticed in young children, owing to the contact of
the faeces and urine with the fine delicate skin
of the thighs, nates, and  genital  organs.   4.
Clefts of a more or less deep nature, occurring
on the genital organs in the vicinity of the anus,
in those labouring under syphilis.  These are
usually  called rhagades.
  Fissure, Capillary, see Pilatio.
  Fissure, Central. The aggregate of the ca-
vities or ventricles of the brain.   Meckel consi-
ders this but one cavity in the form of a cross.
  Fissure of Glaser, Fissure,  glenoid—f. of
Glaserius, f. Glenoid.
  Fissure, Glenoid, Fissure of Glaser or Gla-
se'rius,  (F.)  Fissure ou  Scissure  de  Glaser,
Fente glenoidale ou Filurede Glaser, divides the
glenoid cavity of the temporal bone into two parts,
and gives passage to the chorda tympani, &c.
  Fissure, Infraorbitar, Suborbitar fissure—
f. Orbitar, see Orbitar fissure—f. Orbitar, infe-
rior, Spheno-maxillary fissure—f. Orbitar, su-
perior, Sphenoidal Fissure.
  Fissure of Rolan'do.  A transverse fissure
34                FISTULA

 placed between two superior cerebral convolu-
 tions, which are met with above the fissure of
 Sylvius.
   Fissure, Semilu'nar.  A notch at the ante-
 rior edge of the cerebellum, where  it receives
 fibres which connect it to the cerebellum and
 mesocephalon.
   Fissure of SYX.'vivs,Fissu'ra vel Fossa Mag-
 na Syl'vii.   A deep, narrow  sulcus, which
 ascends obliquely backwards from the temporal
 ala of the sphenoid bone  near to the middle of
 the parietal bone; and which parts the anterior
 and middle lobes of the cerebrum on each side.
   Fissure of Sylvius, Ventricle, fifth.
   FIS'TULA, Syrinx, Syrin'ga, Aulos—when
 of a small size, Aulis'cos.  A solution of con-
 tinuity, of greater or less depth, and sinuosity;
 the opening of which is narrow, and the disease
 kept up by an  altered texture of parts, so that
 it is not disposed to heal.  A fistula is incom-
 plete or blind, when it has but one opening; and
 complete when there are two, the one commu-
 nicating with an internal cavity, the other  ex-
 ternally.   It is lined, in its whole course, by a
 membrane, which seems  analogous  to mucous
 membranes.  Incomplete fistula may be inter-
 nal or external.   The former are those which
 open  internally; the latter those which open
 externally.  External incomplete fistula  are
 kept up by caries or necrosis of bones, by ex-
 traneous bodies in any of the living textures,
 or by purulent cavities, the walls of which have
 not become united. Internal incomplete fistula
 generally soon become complete, since the dis-
 charge that escapes from them into the cavities
 into which they open, has a constant tendency to
 make its way outwardly, and soon occasions
 ulceration of the integuments.   Fistula? have
 received different names  according  to the dis-
 charge which they afford, and the organs in which
 they are seated,—as lachrymal,biliary,salivary,
 synovial,urinary—Fis'tula u^i'nmJJ'rias.  The
 great object of treatment, in fistulous sores, is
 to bring on an altered  condition  of the parietes
 of the canal, by astringent or stimulating in-
 jections,  caustics, the  knife,  pressure,  &c.
 Those which are  dependent on  diseased bone,
 cartilage,  tendon,  &c.,xdo not heal  until after
 the exfoliation of the diseased part. Fistula
 of excretory ducts are produced either by an
 injury of the duct itself or by the retention and
 accumulation of the fluids to which they havs
 to give passage.   Thus, Fis'tula lachryma'tis,
 Dacryosyr'inx, Emphrag'ma lachryma'le,  Hy-
 drops sacci lachryma'tis,  Dropsy of the lachry-
 mal sac, commonly proceeds from the oblitera-
 tion of the nasal duct, or  from atony of the la-
 chrymal sac; which circumstances prevent ths
 tears from passing into the nostrils.
   Fistula in Ano, Archosyr'inx, generally oc-
 curs from some mechanical pressure or impedi-
 ment.  The principal indication  in the treat-
 ment of these fistula? of the excretory canals
 being to put a stop to the constant discharge of
 the secretions, &c, through the preternatural
 channel, the fistulous  passage is at  times  laid
 open, and a communication established with the
 natural excretory  canal; at others, strong pres-
 sure is employed to procure its obliteration.
   Fistula Belliniana,  Uriniferous tube—f-
 Cibalis,  ffisophagus—f. Cruris,  Fibula—f.  Du-
 ra? matris, Sinus of the dura mater—f. Lachry-
 malis, see Fistula—f. Nervorum, Neurilemma— 
FISTULES  STERCOR AIRES     365
FLEXOR
f. Sacra, Medulla spinalis, Vertebral column—f.
Spiritalis, Trachea—f.  Urinaria, Urethra—f.
Ureterum renum, see Calix—f. Urinae, see Fis-
tula—f. Ventriculi, GEsophagus.
  FISTULES STERCORAIRES,see Sterco-
raceous.
  FIS'TULOUS, Fistulo'sus, Syring'icus, Sy-
ringo'des. Relating to, or resembling, a fistula;
as ' a fistulous opening.3
  FITROOT, Monotropa uniflora.
  FIVE  FINGERS, Panax quinquefolium.
  FIXED, Fixus,  from  figere, 'to fasten.3   A
body not capable of being volatilized by fire is
said to be fixed.   Thus, we say fixed  oils, in
contradistinction to volatile oils.
  FIXEN, MINERAL  WATERS OF.  This
spring is four  leagues from Waldsassen, in Ba-
varia.   It contains carbonic acid, holding  in
solution carbonates of lime and magnesia, chlo-
rides of lime and  magnesia, carbonate  of soda
and silica.  In Bavaria, it replaces the Seltzer
water.
  FIXI DENTES.  The teeth  of the second
dentition.
  FLABELLA'TION, Flabella'tio, from flabel-
lare, to agitate the air.   An operation, recom-
mended by  Ambrose Pare,  which consists  in
keeping the fractured limbs cool, as well as the
dressings surrounding them, by the renewal of
the air around them, either by the use of a fan,
ox the repeated change of position of the parts
SlflGCt 6(1
  FLABELLUM ET VENTILABRUM COR-
DIS, Pulmo.
  FL ACCID'ITY, Flacciditas, from fiacddus,
'flabby,' 'soft.3  Softness of a  part so  as  to
offer little resistance on pressure.
  FLAG, BLUE, Iris  versicolor—f. Myrtle,
Acorus calamus—f. Root, Acorus calamus,
  FLAGELLATIO, Mastigosis.
  FLAMBE, Iris Germanica—-/. Bdtard, Iris
pseudacorus.
  FLAMBOISE, Ignis sylvaticus.
  FLAME, VITAL, Vital principle.
  FLAMMA, Fleam—f. Cordis,  Biolychnium
—f. Vitalis, Biolychnium.
  FLAMME, Fleam—f.Vitale,Vital principle.
  FLAMMETTE, Fleam.
  FLAMMON, Lachesis rhombeata.
  FLAMMULA,  Fleam—f.  Cordis, Biolych-
nium—f. Jovis, Clematis recta—f. Vitalis, Ani-
mal heat, Biolychnium,  Vital principle.
  FLANCS, Flanks.
  FLANKS, Ilia, Ilea, La'gones, Lap'ara, Ce-
neo'nes, (F.) Flancs, Les lies.   The regions of
the body, which extend on the sides, from the
inferior margin of the chest to the crista ilii.
  FLAP  OPERATION of  AMPUTATION,
Amputation  a lambeaux.
  FLATUARIUS, Alchymist.
  FLAT'ULENCE, Flatulen'tia, Flatus, Fla-
tuos'itas, Aeriflux'us, Pneumato'sis ventric'uli
et Pn. enter'ica, Pneumatosis, Bdes'ma, Hyper-
pneus'tia, Clydon, Pkysa,  Polyphy'sia, Li-
mo'sis Fla'tus, Ereux'is, Bombus, Flatuosity,
Wind, (F.)  Ventositi,  Flatuositi.   Emission
of wind by the mouth or anus, or accumulation
of wind in the digestive  tube.
  FLATULENT, Windy.
  FLATULENT1A, Flatulence.
  FLATUOSITk, Flatulence.
  FLATUOSITY, Flatulence.
  FLATUS, Crepitation, Flatulence—f. Furi-
osus, Ambulo-flatulentus—f. Spina?, Spina ven-
tosa.
  FLAVEDO CORTICUM CITRI, see Citrus
medica.
  FLAVOUR,from(F.)flairer,'to smell.3 The
quality of a sapid body, which is  appreciated
by the taste and smell combined, and more es-
pecially  by the latter.   Some  physiologists
consider, that  flavour is effected through the
smell alone.
  FLAVUS, Yellow.
  FLAX, COMMON, Linum usitatissimum—
f. Purging,  Linum catharticum—f. Seed, see
Linum usitatissimum—f.  Toad, Antirhinum
linaria.
  FLEA, COMMON, Pulex irritans.
  FLEABANE, GREAT, Conyza squarrosa—
f. Various-leaved,  Erigeron heterophyllum—f.
Bane,  Canada, Erigeron Canadense—f. Phila-
delphia, Erigeron  Philadelphicum—f. Skevish,
Erigeron Philadelphicum.
  FLEAM, Flamma, Flam'mula, Schaste'rion,
Fosso'rium, Phlebot'omum.  A surgical instru-
ment  used  for  the operation  of phlebotomy.
(F.) Flamme, Flammette.  It consists of a small
metallic box, containing a spear-pointed cutting
instrument, which, by means of a spring, can
be forced into the vein.   It is  much used in
Germany and some other  European countries,
and is  not unfrequently employed in America;
but  is scarcely ever seen in France or Great
Britain.
  FLEAWORT, Plantago psyllium.
  FLkCHISSEUR, Flexor—/. Court commun
des  orteils, Flexor brevis digitorum  pedis—
/.  Court du petit  doigt, Flexor parvus mini-
mi digiti—•/. Court du petit orteil, Flexor bre-
vis minimi digiti pedis—/. Profond des doigts,
Flexor profundus  perforans—•/.  Sublime  des
doigts, Flexor sublimis perforatus—-/. Superfi-
ciel des doigts, Flexor sublimis perforatus—-/.
Court  du gros orteil, Flexor brevis pollicis pe-
dis—•/. Grand commun des orteils, Flexor lon-
gus  digitorum  pedis profundus  perforans—-/.
Long commun des orteils, Flexor longus digi-
torum pedis profundus perforans—•/. Long du
gros orteil, Flexor  longus  pollicis  pedis—-/.
Court  du Pouce, Flexor brevis pollicis  manus.
  FLECTENS PAR LUMBORUM, Quadratus
lumborum.
  FLEGMEN, Flemen.
  FLEMEN, Flegmen.  A tumour about the
ankles. Also, a chap on the feet and hands.
  FLERECIN,  Gout.
  FLESH,  Caro,  Sarx, (F.) Chair.  Every
soft part of  an animal is so named; but more
particularly the muscles, which are called mus-
cular flesh.
  Flesh, Proud, Fungosity.
  FLETUS, Lachrymatio.
  FLEURS,  Flowers,  Menses—/. Blanches.
Leucorrhoea—-/. de Muscade, Mace—-/.  de Sou-
fre, Sulphur sublimatum.
  FLEXIBILITY, Flexibilitas, from flectere,
'to bend.3  Capability of being bent.  A physi-
cal property of the tissues, which varies greatly
according to the structure.  The tendons exhibit
this property in a marked  manner.
  FLEXIO, Campsis.
  FLEX'ION,  Flex'io,  Campl,  from flectere,
'to bend.3  The state of being bent.  The ac-
tion of a flexor muscle.
  FLEXOR. Same etymon. (F.) Flechisseur. 
FLEXOR
366
FLEXOR
A muscle, whose office  it  is to bend certain
parts.
  Flexor  Brevis Digito'rum Pedis  Perfo-
ra'tus, F.  Sublimis, Flexor brevis, Flexor di-
gito'rum brevis sive perforatus pedis, Perfora'-
tus seu flexor secun'di interno'dii digito 'rum pe-
dis, Calcanio - sous -phalangettien  commun,—
Calcanio-sous-phalanginien commun,— (Ch.)
(F.) Muscle court flichisseur commun des or-
teils.  A muscle, placed at the middle of the
sole of the foot.  It is narrower and thicker be-
hind than before, where  it is  divided into four
portions.   It  arises from the  posterior part of
the inferior surface of the os calcis, and is in-
serted  at the inferior surface of the second  pha-
lanx of the last four toes.  It bends the second
phalanges of the toes on the first, and the first
on the metatarsal bones; in this manner  aug-
menting the concavity of the vault of the  foot.
  Flexor  Brevis Minimi  Digiti, F. parvus
minimi digiti.
  Flexor  Brevis Min'imi Dig"iti Pedis, Pa-
ra'thenar minor,  (F.) Court flichisseur du  petit
orteil,  Tarso-sous-phalangien  du petit  orteil—
(Ch.)   A  muscle, situate at  the anterior and
outer  part of the sole  of the  foot.  It arises
from the posterior extremity of the fifth meta-
tarsal  bone, and  is inserted into the posterior
part of the first phalanx of the little toe, which
it bends.
  Flexor  Brevis Pol'licis Manus, Flexor se-
cun'di interno'dii, Thenar, Flexor primi et secun'-
di ossis pol'licis, (F.) Court flichisseur du pouce
—Carpophalangien du pouce.—(Ch.) Demi-in-
terosseux du pouce.  A muscle, situate at the
outer part  of the  palm, of the hand.   It is di-
vided  into two  portions by the tendon of the
Flexor longus pollicis.  It  arises from the os
magnum, the  anterior annular ligament of the
carpus and the third metacarpal bone; and is
inserted into the superior part of the first  pha-
lanx of the thumb, and  into the two ossa  sesa-
moidea at  the articulation of  the  first  phalanx
with the first metacarpal bone.  Its use  is to
bend the first phalanx of the thumb on the first
metacarpal bone; and the latter upon the tra-
pezium.
  Flexor Brevis Pol'licis PEVis,Flexor brevis,
Flexor hallucis vel brevis pol'licis, (F.) Tarso-
phalangien du pouce, Court flichisseur du gros
orteil, Tarso-sous-phalangettien du premier or-
teil—(Ch.)  It  is situate at  the  anterior and
inner  part of the sole of the  foot; is thin and
narrow behind, thick and divided into two por-
tions before.  It arises  from the inferior part
of the os calcis and the last two cuneiform bones,
and is inserted at the inferior part of the base of
the first phalanx of the  great toe, and  into the
two sesamoid bones of the corresponding meta-
tarso-phalangian articulation. It bends the first
phalanx of the great toe on  the first metacarpal
bone.
  Flexor  Carpi Radialis, Palmaris  magnus
—f. Carpi  ulnaris, see Cubital (muscles)—f.
Hallucis, F. brevis pollicis pedis—f. Hallucis
longus, F. longus pollicis pedis.
  Flexor  Longus Digito'rum Pedis Profun-
dus Per'forans;  Perforans seu  Flexor pro-
fundus, Perodactyle'us, Peronodactyl'ius, Pe-
ronodactyliae'us, Peronedactylius, Flexor  digi
to'rum longus sive Perforans pedis, Perforans
seu Flexor tertii internodii digito'rum pedis;
(F.)  Tibio-phalangettien — (Ch.), Grand  ou
long flichisseur commun des orteils.  A muscle,
situate at the posterior, and deep-seated part of
the leg.  It is broader at its middle than extre-
mities, the inferior of which is divided into four
portions.   It arises  from the posterior surface
of the tibia; and its tendons are attached to  the
posterior part of the lower surface of the three
phalanges  of the  last four toes.   It bends  the
three phalanges on each other, and the toes on
the metatarsus, and extends the foot on the leg.
  The Accesso'rius Flexo'ris  Longi Digito'rum
Pedis, Caro quadra'ta Sylvii,  C. accesso'ria,
Massa car'nea'Jaco'bi Sylvii, Planta'ris verus,
(F.) Accessoire du long flichisseur commun des
orteils, Carrie,  is a small muscle of the sole of the
foot, which passes obliquely from the os calcis
to the outer edge  of the  flexor longus,  whose
force  it augments, and corrects its obliquity.
  Flexor Longus Pol'licis MANUS,F/«xor lon-
gus pollicis, Flexor tertii interno'dii, Flexor ter-
tii internodii sive longis'simus pollids; (F.)Ra-
dio-pkalangettien  du pouce,—(Ch.)  Situate at
the anterior and profound part of the forearm.
It arises from  the upper three  quarters  of the
anterior surface of the radius and interosseous
ligament, and is inserted, by a tendon, into the
anterior surface   of the  last phalanx  of the
thumb.  It bends the second  phalanx of the
thumb on the first; the first on the correspond-
ing metacarpal bone, and this upon the radius.
It can, also, bend the hand on the forearm.
  Flexor Longus Pollicis ]?Ems,Flexor Hallu-
cis velPollicis longus, (F.) Pironio-phalangien
du gros orteil, Long flichisseur du gros orteil,
Pironio-sous-phalangettien du pouce, — (Ch.)
It is situate  at the posterior and profound part
of the leg.  It  arises from the posterior surface
of the fibula and the interosseous ligament, and
is inserted, by  means of a long tendon, into the
inferior part of the  first phalanx of the great
toe.  It bends  the third  phalanx on the first,
and this  upon the  corresponding  metatarsal
bone.   It augments  the concavity of the sole of
the foot, and extends the  foot on the leg.
   Flexor Parvus Min'imi Dig"iti, Abdue'tor
minimi digiti, Hypoth!enar Riola'ni, Flexor bre-
vis minimi digiti manus, Hypoth'enar minimi
digiti, (F.) Carpo-phalangien du petit doigt,—
(Ch.) Court flichisseur du petit doigt.  It arises
from  the anterior  annular ligament of the car-
pus and the process of the os unciforme, and is
inserted at the inner side of the superior extre-
mity of the first phalanx of the little finger. It
bends the first  phalanx of the little finger.
   Flexor Perforans, F. profundus perforans
—f. Perforatus, F. sublimis perforatus—f. Primi
internodii, Opponens pollicis—f. Primi inter-
nodii digitorum  manus,  Lumbricalis manus—
f. Primi et secundi ossis pollicis, F. brevis pol-
licis manus.
   Flexor Profun'dus Per'forans, F. Profun-
dus, F. Per'forans, F. Per'forans vulgo profun-
dus, Flexor ter'tii interno'dii digito'rum manus
vel Per'forans manus; (F.) Cubito-phalanget-
tien commun—(Ch.,) Flichisseur profond  des
doigts. A thick, flat, long muscle, seated beneath
the Flexor sublimis perforatus.  Its upper extre-
mity is simple, and arises from the anterior sur-
face of the ulna and from the interosseous liga-
ment. Its inferior  extremity terminates by four
tendons which, after having passed through the
slits in the sublimis, are  inserted into the ante-
rior surface of the  last phalanges  of the four 
FLEXURA
367
FLUX
fingers.  It bends the third phalanges on the
second; and, in other respects,  has the  same
uses as the Flexor sublimis perforatus.
  Flexor  Secundi  Internodii  Digitorum
Pedis, F. brevis digitorum pedis—f.  Tertii in-
ternodii, F. longus pollicis manus—f. Tertii in-
ternodii digitorum maniis, F. profundus perfo-
rans—f.  Tertii internodii digitorum pedis, F.
longus digitorum pedis profundus perforans—
f. Ossis metacarpi pollicis, Opponens pollicis—
f. Perforatus pedis, F. brevis digitorum pedis—
f. Sublimis, F. brevis digitorum  pedis.
  Flexor Subli'mis Perfora'tus, F. Perfora'-
tus, (F.) Flichisseur sublime ou superfidel des
doigts, Epitroklo-phalanginien commun;—(Ch.)
It is a thick, flat, muscle, seated at the anterior
part of the forearm. Its upper extremity, which
is simple, arises from the internal condyle of the
os humeri;—from the coronoid  process of the
ulna, and from the anterior edge of the radius.
Its lower extremity divides into four tendons,
which slide under the anterior annular liga-
ment of the carpus, and are  inserted into the
second phalanges of the last  four fingers, after
having been slit to allow the  tendons  of the
flexor profundus  to pass through them.  This
muscle bends  the second phalanges on the first;
these on the carpal bones, and the hand on the
forearm.
   FLEXURA, Curvature—f. Sigmoidea, Sig-
moid flexure.
   FLIXWEED,  Sisymbrium sophia.
   FLOCCI, see Villous membranes.
   FLOCCILEGIUM, Carphologia,
   FLOCCORUM VENATIO, Carphologia.
   FLOCCULI, see Villous membranes.
   FLOR DE MIS TELA, see Mistura.
   FLORENCE, CLIMATE OF.  This agree-
able Italian city is by no means a favourable
residence for the phthisical invalid.   Sir Jamos
Clark affirms, indeed, that he does  not know
any class of invalids for whom  Florence offers
a favourable residence.   It is subject to sudden
vicissitudes of temperature, and to cold piercing
winds during  the winter and spring.
   FLORES BENZOES, Benjamin,  flowers of
—f. Boracis,  Boracic  acid—f. Macidos,  see
Myristica moschata—f. Macis, Mace—f. Mar-
tiales, Ferrum ammoniatum—f. Salis ammoniaci
martiales, Ferrum ammoniatum.
  FLORIDA, CLIMATE OF,  see  Saint Au-
gustine.
   Florida, Waters of.  Near  Long Lake, in
Florida,  United  States, which  communicates
with St. John3s River by a small creek, there
is a vast fountain of hot mineral  water, issuing
from a bank of the river.  From its odour it
would seem to be sulphureous.
  FLORION, Influenza.
  FLOS, Anthus.  A flower.  Also, the finest
and noblest part of a body.
  Flos,  Jovis, Crocus—f. Salis, Soda, subcar-
bonate of—f. Sanguineus monarch, Tropaeolum
majus—f. Virginitatis, Hymen.
  FLOUR, COLD, Pinoli—f. Potato, see Sola-
num tuberosum.
  FLOWER DE LUCE, Iris Germanica.
  FLOWERS, Flores, (F.) Fleurs.  The ancient
chymists gave this name to different solid and
volatile  substances, obtained by sublimation.
The term is not yet entirely banished from chy-
mical and medical language, as Flowers of Ben-
jamin, Flowers of Sulphur, &c.
   Flowers, Menses.
   Flowers,  Four  Carmin'ative,  Quat'uor
flores carminati'vi, were chamomile, dill, fever-
few, and melilot.
   Flowers, Four Cordial, Quat'uor flores cor-
dia'les, were formerly, borage, bugloss, roses,
and violets.
   FLUCTUATIO, Fluctuation — f. Aurium,
Tinnitus aurium.
   FIA1CTX1 A'TION,Fluctua'tio, fxom fluctus,
1 a wave;'  Undula'tio, (F.) Ondulation.  The
undulation of a  fluid collected in any natural
or artificial cavity, which is felt by pressure or
by percussion, properly practised.  In ascites,
the fluctuation is felt by one of the hands being
applied to one side of the abdomen, whilst the
other side is  struck with the other hand.  In
abscesses, fluctuation is perceived by pressing
on the  tumour,  with one or two fingers alter-
nately, on opposite points.
   FLUELLEN, Antirhinum elatine.
   FLUELLIN,  Veronica.
   FLUEURS, Menses—/. Blanches, Leucor-
rhoea.
   FLUID, Flu'idus, fxomfluere, 'to flow.5 The
human body is chiefly composed of fluids.  If
one, weighing 120 pounds, be thoroughly dried
in an oven, the  remains will be found not to
weigh more than 12 or  13 pounds; so that the
proportion of fluids to  liquids in the  body is
about 9 or  10 to  1.
   Table of Fluids of the Human Body.
1. Blood.
2. Lymph.
                 Transpiration of the mucous,
                   serous, and synovial mem-
                   branes; of the cellular mem-
                   brane ; of the adipous cells;
                   of  the  medullary mem-
                   brane; of the interior of the
                   thyroid gland; the thymus;
                   suprarenal capsules;  eye;
                   ear; vertebral  canal,  &c.
                'Sebaceous  humour  of  the
                   skin; ceramen; gum of the
                   eye; mucus of the mucous
                   glands and follicles; that of
                   the tonsils, of the glands of
                   the cardia, the environs of
                   the anus, the prostate,  &c.
                ' Tears ;  saliva;  pancreatic
                   fluid; bile; cutaneous trans-
                   piration; urine; fluid of the
                   glands of Cowper; sperm;
                   milk;  of the  testes  and
                   mammae  of the  new-born
                   child.
   Fluid, Cephalo-rachidian, Cephalo-spinal
fluid—f. Cephalo-spinal, Cephalo-spinal fluid—
f. Cerebro-spinal,  Cephalo-spinal fluid—f. of
Scarpa, Vitrine auditive.
   FLUIDUM NERVEUM, Nervous fluid—f.
Cerebro-spinale, Cephalo-spinal fluid.
   FLUKE, Distoma hepaticum—f. Liver, Dis-
toma hepaticum.
   FLUMEN DYSENTERICUM, Dysentery.
   FLUOR, Flux—f. Albus Intestinorum, Coe-
liac flux—f. Albus malignus, Gonorrhoea impura
—f. Muliebris, Leucorrhoea—f.  Muliebris non
Gallicus, Leucorrhoea—f. Sanguinis pulmonum,
Haemoptysis—f. Sanguinis vesica?,Cystorrhagia.
   FLUX,  Fluxus, Proflu'vium, Fluor,  from
3.  Exhaled or
  Perspiratory.
4.  Follicular.
5.  Glandular. 
FLUXIO  ALBA
368
FOZTUS
 fluere,  ' to flow.3  A discharge.  Rhysis.   In
 nosology, it comprises a series of affections, the
 principal symptom of which is the discharge of
 a fluid.  Generally it is employed for dysentery.
   Flux, Bilious, Fluxus bilio'sus. A discharge
 of bile,  either by vomiting or by stool, or by
 both, as in cholera.
   Flux, Bloody, Dysentery—■/. de Bouche, Sa-
 livation—-/. Bronchique, Bronchorrhcea—-/. Dy-
 sentirique, Dysentery—•/. Hipatique, Hepatir-
 rhoea—-/. Muqueux,  Catarrh—■/. Mtiqueux  de
 Pestomac, Gastrorrhcea—-/. Muqueux de la ves-
 sie, Cystirrhoea—f. Root, Asclepias tuberosa—
 /. Salivaire, Salivation—-/. de Sang, Haemor-
 rhagia, Dysentery—f. Sebaceous, Stearrhcea—
 /.  de Sperme, Spermatorrhoea—•/. de Sueur,
 Ephidrosis—f. Weed, Sysimbrium  sophia—•/.
 d'Urine, Diabetes—•/. de Ventre, Diarrhoea.
   FLUXIO ALBA,Leucorrhcea—f. Arthritica,
 Gout—f. Vulvae, Leucorrhoea.
   FLUXION, Flux'io, Ajflux'us.  A  flow of
 blood or other humour towards any organ with
 greater  force than natural.  A determination.
 Thus we say, in those  disposed  to apoplexy,
 there is a fluxion or determination of blood to
 the head.
   FLUXION CATARRHALE, Catarrh—/.
 sur les Dents, Odontalgia.
   FLUXION DE POITRINE, (F.) By this
 name, the French often  understand  acute pul-
 monary  catarrh, or pleurisy,  but most com-
 monly peripneumony.
   FLUXUS,  Discharge—f. Alvinus, Diarrhoea
 —f. Chylosus,Cceliac flux—f. Cceliacus, Cceliac
 flux—f. Cceliacus per Renes, Chyluria—f. Cru-
 entus cum tenesmo, Dysentery—f. Dysenteri-
 cus, Dysentery—f. Hepaticus, Hepatirrhcea, see
 Hepateros—f.Lientericus,Lientery—f. Lunaris,
 Menses—f. Matricis, Leucorrhoea—f. Menstru-
 alis,  Menstruation—f. Menstruus, Menses—f.
 Muliebris, Leucorrhoea—f. Saliva?, Salivation—
 f. Splenicus, Melaena—f. Venereus, Gonorrhoea
 impura—f.  Ventriculi, Gastrorrhcea.
   FLYTRAP, Apocynum androsaemifolium.
   FOC'ILE.  This name was formerly given
 to the bones  of  the leg, as well as to those of
 the forearm.
   Focile Majus, Tibia—f. Inferius seu majus,
 Ulna—f. Minus,  Fibula—f. Minus seu superius,
 Radius.
   FCECUNDATIO, Fecundation.
   FOZCUNDITAS, Fecundity.
   FCECUNDUS, Fecund.
   FCEMEN, Perina?um.
  FCENICULUM, Anethum—f. Aquaticum,
 Phellandrium aquaticum—f. Erraticum, Peuce-
 danum  silaus—f. Porcinum,  Peucedanum—f.
 Vulgare, Anethum.
  FffiNUGREEK, Trigonella foenum.
  FCENUM CAMELORUM, Juncus odoratus
 —f. Graecum, Trigonella foenum.
  FGETAB'ULUM.  An encysted abscess.—
 Marcus Aurelius Severinus.
  FffiTAL, Fataiis.  Relating  to the fcetus.
 A name, given to the parts connected with the
 fcetus.  Thus we say—the fatal surface of the
placenta, in contradistinction to the uterine or
 maternal surface.
  Foetal Circulation differs from that of the
 adult in  several  respects.  Commencing  with
 the placenta, where it probably undergoes some
 change analogous to what occurs in the lungs in
 extra-uterine existence, by the umbilical vein
 as far as the liver, where a part of it is poured
 into the vena porta; the other proceeds into
 the  vena cava inferior; the latter,  having re-
 ceived the suprahepatic veins, pours its blood
 into the right auricle.   From the right auricle,
 a part of the blood is sent into the right ventri-
 cle; the rest passes directly through  into the
 left auricle, by the foramen ovale.   When the
 right ventricle contracts, the blood is sent into
 the pulmonary artery; but as the function  of
 respiration is not going on, no more blood passes
 to the lungs than is necessary for their nutri-
 tion ; the remainder goes directly through the
 ductus arteriosus into the aorta.  The blood,
 received by the  left auricle from the lungs, as
 well as that which passed through the foramen
 ovale, is transmitted into the left ventricle; by
 the contraction of which it is sent into the aorta,
 and  by means of the umbilical arteries, which
 arise from the hypogastric, it  is returned to the
 placenta.
  Foztal Head.  The diameters of  this at the
 full period are as follows:—I. The  Bipanetal
 or transverse, extending from  one parietal pro-
 tuberance to the other, and measuring 3£ inches.
 2. The Temporal, from one temple to another,
 3 inches.  3. The Occipito-mental, from the oc-
 ciput to the chin  ; the greatest of all, 5 inches.
 4. The Occipito-frontal or antero-posterior, 4|
 or 4f inches.  5. The Cervico-bregmatic, from
 the nape of  the neck to the centre of the ante-
 rior  fontanelle.   6.  The Fr onto-mental, from
 the forehead  to  the chin,  about 3§  inches.
 7. The Trachelo-bregmatic, from the front of the
 neck  to the  anterior fontanelle, 3$  inches.
8. TheVertical diameter, from the vertex to the
base of the cranium.
  Fct:tal Nutrition, Cyotrophy.
  FffiTATlON,  Pregnancy.
  FOETICIDE, Faticid'ium; from foetus, and
caedere,'to kill;' Aborticid'ium. Criminal abor-
tion.
  FCETIDUS, Fetid.
  FCETOR, Dysodia— f. Oris, Breath, offen-
sive.
  F02TUS, Fetus, Cye'ma, Onus ventris, Sar-
dna,  from feo, ' I bring forth.3  The unborn
child.  By xii^*, Cye'ma, Hippocrates meant
the fecundated, but  still imperfect,  germ.  It
corresponded with the  term  embryo,  as now
used; whilst su/Jousv,'  embryo,3 signified the fcetus
at a more advanced stage of utero-gestation.
The  majority of  anatomists apply to the germ
the name embryo,  which it retains until the third
month of gestation,  and with some until the
period of quickening; whilst fcetus is applied to
it in its latter stages.  The terms are, however,
often  used indiscriminately.   When the ovule
has been  fecundated in  the  ovarium, it  pro-
ceeds slowly towards, and enters the  uterus,
with which it becomes ultimately  connected
by means of the placenta.   When  first seen,
the fcetus has the form of a  gelatinous  flake,
which some have compared to  an ant,  a grain
of barley, a worm curved upon itself; &c.  The
fcetal increment is very rapid  in the first, third,
fourth, and sixth  months of its formation, and
at the end of nine months,  it has attained its
full dimensions.  Generally,  there is  but one
fcetus in utero; sometimes, there are two; rarely
 three.   The foetus presents considerable diffe-
rence in its shape, weight, length, situation  in
 the womb, proportion of its  various parts  to 
FOIE
369
FONTANELLA
each other, arrangement and texture of its or-
gans, state of its functions at different periods
of gestation, &c.   All these  differences are
important in an obstetrical and  medico-legal
point of view.   The  following table exhibits
the length and weight of the fcetus at different
periods of gestation, on the authority of different
observers.  Their discordance is striking.  It
is proper to remark, that the Paris pound—Poid
de Marc—of 16  ounces, contains 9216 Paris
grains,  whilst the  avoirdupois contains only
8532.5 Paris  grains, and that the Paris inch is
1.065977 English inch.
	Beck.	Maygrier. Length.	Granville.	Beck.	Maygrier.	Granville.
				1	Weight.	
At 30 days.	3 to 5 Imes	10 to 12 lines	V		9 or 10 grains	"""
2 months.	2 inches	4 inches	1 inch	2 ounces	5 drachms	20 grains
3 "	3£ do	6 "	3 inches j	2 to 3 "	2^ ounces	1^ ounces
4 "	5 to 6 do	8 «		4 to 5 "	7 or 8 "	
5 "	7 to 9	10 «		9 or 10 «	16 "	
6 "	9 to 12	12 «	9 inches	1 to 2 lbs.	2 pounds	1 pound
7 "	12 to 14	14 "	12 "	2 to 3 "	3 "	2 to 4 "
8 "	16	16 «	17 " |	3 to 4 «	4 "	4 to 5 «
   Fcetus in Fcetu,  Cryptodidymus.
   Fcetus Septimes'tris. A seven months'fcetus.
   Fcetus Zephyrius, Mole.
   FOIE, Liver—-/. d'Antimoine, Oxidum stibii
 sulphuretum—•/. de Soufre,  Potassa? sulphure
 turn.
   FOLIACEUM ORNAMENTUM, see Tuba
 Fallopiana.
   FOLIE, Insanity—•/. des Ivrognes, Delirium
 tremens.
   FOLLETTE, Influenza.
   FOLLICLE,Follic'ulus, Cystis,diminutive
 of Follis, a bag.  See Crypta.
   Follicles, Ciliary, Meibomius, glands of—
 f. of De Graaf, Folliculi Graafiani—f.  of Lie-
 berkiihn, see  Intestine—f. Palpebral,  Meibo-
 mius, glands of— f.  Solitary, Brunner3s glands
 —f. Synovial, Bursa? mucosae.
   FOLLICULE, Crypta—/. Ciliaire,  Meibo-
 mius, gland of—■/. Dentaire,  Dental follicle—
/. Palpibral, Meibomius, gland of.
   FOLLICULI GRAAFIA'NI, O'vula Graa-
fia'na,Follicles or Vesicles of De Graaf,Ova'rian
 res'ides.   Small spherical vesicles deposited in
 the stroma of the ovary, which have two coats;
 the inner termed ovicapsule and ovisac.  They
 exist in the fcetus.   The ovum—ovule of some
 —is contained in them.
   Folliculi  Rotundi et  Oblongi Cervicis
 Uteri,  Nabothi glandulae—f. Sanguinis,  Glo-
 bules of  the  blood  — f.  Sebacei,  Sebaceous
 glands.
   FOLLICULOSE GLAND, Crypta.
   FOLLICULUS, Vulva—f. Dentis,  Dental
 Follicle—f. Fellis, Gall-bladder—f. Genitalis,
 Scrotum.
   TO FOMENT,  Fove're,  (F.) Etuver, Bas-
siner.  To apply a fomentation to a part.
   FOMENTATION, Fomenta.'tio, Fotus, Py'-
rin,  Thermas'ma, Chlias'ma, ^one'sis, Perfu'-
 w'o, Asper'sio,  Fomen'tum, (quasi fovimentum,)
from fovere,' to bathe.3 A sort of partial bath-
ing,  by  the application of cloths, which have
boon previously dipped in hot water or in some
medicated  decoction.  They  act,  chiefly,  by
virtue of their warmth and moisture, except in
the case of narcotic  fomentations, where some
additional effect is obtained.
  A dry fomentation  is a warm, dry application
to a part;—as  a hot brick, wrapped in flannel;
 —a bag, half filled with  chamomile  flowers
 made hot, &c.
   Fomentation Herbs, Herba pro fotu.  The
 herbs, ordinarily sold under this title by the
 English apothecary, are—southernwood, tops of
 sea wormwood, chamomile flowers,  each two
 parts : bay leaves, one part.  ^ iij ss of these to
 Ovj of water.
   FOMENTUM, Fomentation.
   FOMES MORBI, Fames mali.   The focus
 or seat of any disease.  (F.) Foyer.
   Fomes  Ventriculi, Hypochondriasis.
   FOM'ITES, from  fomes, 'fuel, any  thing
 which retains  heat.3   Enaus'ma,  Zop'yron.
 A term,  applied to substances which are sup-
 posed to  retain contagious effluvia; as wool-
 len goods, feathers, cotton, &c.
   FO NOTION, Function.
   FOND, Fundus.
   FONDANT, Solvent.
   FONGIFORME, Fungoid.
   FONGOIDE, Fungoid.
   FONGOSlTk, Fungosity.
   FONGUS, Fungus—/. Midullaire, Encepha-
 loid.
   FONS, Fontanella — f.  Lachrymarum,  see
 Canthus — f. Medicatus, Water, mineral—f.
 Pulsans,   Fontanella—f. Pulsatilis,  Fontanella
 —f. Salutarius, Water, mineral—f. Soterius,
 Water, mineral.
   FONSANGE, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 Fonsange is  situate near  Nismes in France.
 The water is sulphuretted.
   FONTA'NA, CANAL OF.  A  canal  of a
 triangular shape, at the inner side of the ciliary
 circle; partly formed  by the groove at the in-
 ner edges of the cornea and sclerotica.
  FONTANEL'LA. A fontanel /—diminutive
 of fons, 'a fountain.3  Fons pulsatilis, Fons
pulsans,   Vertex  pal'pitans,  Fons,  Bregma,
 Fontic'ulus,  Lacu'na,  Mould.   The   open-
ing  of the head.   A  name,  given to a space
occupied  by a cartilaginous membrane,  in  the
fcetus and new-born child; and situate  at  the
union of the angles of the bones of the cranium.
There are six fontanels. 1. The great or sincip'-
ital  or anterior, situate at  the junction  of the
sagittal and coronal sutures.  2. The small or
bregmatic ox posterior, situate at the part where 
FONTES
370
FORCEPS
 the posterior  and superior angles of the parie-
 tal bones  unite with the upper part of the os
 occipitis.  3..The two sphenoidal, in the tem-
 poral  fossa?;  and,  4. The two mastoid, or of
 Casserius, at  the union of the parietal, occipi-
 tal, and temporal bones.
   FONTES,  see Fons—f. Medicati Plumbarii,
 Plombieres, Mineral waters  of—f. Sulphurei
 calidi, Waters, mineral, sulphureous.
   FONTICULE A POIS, see Fonticulus.
   FONTIC'ULUS, Fontanella,  Exuto'dum,
 Ex'utory, Issue, (F.) Fonticule,  Cautere.  A
 small ulcer produced  by art,  either  by the
 aid of caustics or of cutting instruments; the
 discharge  from which is kept  up with a view
 to fulfil certain therapeutical indications.  The
 Pea issue, (F.) Fonticule a pois, is kept up by
 means of  a pea  placed  in it.  This pea, (F.)
 Pois a cautere, is  sometimes formed of wax;
 at others,  the young, blasted fruit of the orange
 is  employed.   The common dried garden pea
 answers  the  purpose.   The seton  is  also  an
 issue.
   FOOD, Aliment—f. of the Gods, Asafoetida.
   FOOL'S STONES, MALE, Orchis mascula.
   FOOT, Pes—f. Flat,  see Kyllosis—f. Grif-
 fon's, Gryphius pes.
   FOOTLING CASE.  A presentation of the
 foot or feet in parturition.
   FORA'MEN,  Trema, from foro, < I  pierce.3
 Aulos, (F.) Trou.  Any cavity, pierced through
 and through.  Also, the orifice of a canal.
  _ Foramen Alveolare Anterius, see Pala-
 tine canals—f. Alveolare posterius, see Pala-
 tine canals—f. Amplum pelvis, Obturatorium
 foramen—f. Aquaeductus Fallopii, F. stylomas-
 toideum—f. Auditorium externum,  see Audi-
 tory canal, external—f. Auditorium  internum,
 see Auditory  canal, internal—f. of Bichat, see
 Canal, arachnoid—f. of  Botal,  see Botal fora-
 men—f. Caecum ossis maxillaris superioris, see
 Palatine canals.
   Foramen Caecum of the Medul'la Oblon-
 gata, or of Vicq. d3Azyr ;  (F.) Trou borgne.
 A tolerably deep fossa at the  point  where the
 medium furrow at  the anterior surface of the
 medulla oblongata meets the pons.
   Foramen Cjecum of the Tongue, see Cae-
 cum foramen and Tongue—f. Carotid, see Caro-
 tica foramina.
   Fora'men Centra'le  et  Limbus Lu'teus
 Ret'in^: ; the  central foramen and yellow spot
 of the retina; discovered by Sommering. Mac'-
 ula lu'tea, (F'.)  Tache  jaune.   It  is  situate
 about two lines to the outside of the optic nerve
 and in the  direction of the axis of the' eyes.
   Foramen  Commune  Anterius,  Vulva__f.
 Commune  posterius, see Anus—f. Condyloid,
 see Condyloid—f. Conjugationis,  see Conjuga-
 tion—f. Ethmoideum,  Orbitar foramen, inter-
 nal—f. Incisivum, see Palatine canals—f. Infra-
 orbitarium, see Suborbitar canal—f. Infrapubia-
 num,  Obturatorium foiamen—f. Jugulare, La-
 cerum posterius foramen—f.  Lacerum in'basi
 cranii, Lacerum  posterius foramen—f. Lace-
 rum inferius, Sphenomaxillary fissure—f. Lace-
 rum superius, Sphenoidal fissure—f. Magnum
 see Occipital  bone—f.  Mastoid, see Mastoid
 foramen—f. Mental, see  Mental foramen.
  Foramen of Monro.  An opening  behind
the anterior  pillar  of  the fornix,  somewhat
above  the  anterior  commissure, by  which the
 third ventricle communicates with the  lateral
 ventricle.
   Foramen of Morgagni, see Ca?cum foramen
 and Tongue—f. Obturatorium, Obturator fora-
 men—f. Oculi, Pupil—f.  Oodes, Ovale fora-
 men—f. Orbitarium internum,  Orbitar fora-
 men, internal—f.  Orbitarium superius, Orbi-
 tar foramen, superior,  F.  supraorbitarium—f.
 Ovale, Botal foramen, Fenestra ovalis, Obtura-
 torium  foramen, Ovale  foramen—f. Palatinum
 anterius, see Palatine canals—f. Palatinum pos-
 terius, see Palatine canals—f. Palato-maxillare
 see Palatine canals—f. Rotundum, Fenestra
 rotunda—f. Spheno-spinosum, Spinale foramen
 —f. Thyroideum,  Obturatorium  foramen__f.
 of Winslow, Hiatus of Winslow.
   Foram'ina Thebe'sii. Openings resembling
 vascular orifices found below the orifice of the
 vena cava  superior in the  right auricle, which
 are supposed to be the openings of veins.
   FORATIO,  Trepanning.
   FORCE, from fortis, ' strong.3   Vis, Poten'-
 tia, Energi'a, Dy'namis, Cratos.   Any  power
 which  produces  an  action.  Those powers
 which are  inherent in organization are called
 vital forces. We say, also, organic force, and
 muscular force, to  designate that of the or-
 gans in general, or of the muscles in particular.
 To the latter the word Dynamis, Swa/au, cor-
 responds ; and the absence of this force is term-
 ed adyna'mia.   The vital forces have  to be
 carefully studied by the pathologist.  The doc-
 trine of diseases is greatly dependent on their
augmentation or diminution; freedom or oppres-
sion, &c.
  Force of Assimilation, Plastic force—f.
Catalytic, see Catalysis—f.  of Nutrition, Plastic
force—f. Vital, Vis vitalis—/. Vitale, Vis vitalis.
  FORCE-REAL, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 The name of a mountain, situate four leagues
from Perpignan in France.   The  water is cha-
 lybeate.
  FORCEPS,  quasi, ferriceps, from ferrum,
 'iron,3 and  capio, ' I take.3  Pincers, Labis,
 Volsella.   An instrument for removing bo-
 dies,  which it  would be inconvenient  or im-
practicable  to  seize with the   fingers. (F.)
Pinces, Pincettes.    There are various kinds
of forceps,  1.  The  ordinary  kind,  contained
 in every dressing-case, for  removing lint, &c,
from  wounds  or ulcers.   (F.)  Pinces  a an-
neaux.  2.  Dissecting or Lig'ature or Arte'rial
Forceps, (F.) Pinces d dissection, P. d liga-
ture, to lay hold of delicate  parts.   3. Polypus
 Forceps, Tooth  Forceps, Forceps of Museux for
 laying hold of the tonsils  or other parts to be
 removed. 4. The Bullet Forceps, Strombul'cus,
 (F.) Tireballe,  &c. 5. The Lithot'omy Forceps,
 Litholabon, Lithogo'gum, Tenac'ula, Volsella,
which resembles the Craniotomy  Forceps, (F.)
 Tenet tes.
  Forceps is also an instrument used by obstet-
rical practitioners to embrace the head, and
bring it through the pelvis.  It consists  of two
branches, blades or levers; one of which, in the
 case of the short forceps,  is  passed over the
 ear of the  child, and the other opposite to the
 former, so  that the  blades may  lock.   When
 the head is securely  included  between  the
 blades, the operation of extraction can be com-
 menced.  See Parturition.
   Forceps Arterial, see  Forceps—f. Bullet,
 see Forceps—f. Craniotomy,  see Forceps—f- 
FORD'S BALSAM  OF HOREHOUND  371
FOSSA
Deceptoria,  see Forceps—f.  Lithotomy, see
Forceps—f. of Museux, see Forceps—f. Poly-
pus, see Forceps—f. Tooth, see Forceps.
  FORD'S BALSAM OF  HOREHOUND, see
Balsam of horehound.
  FOREARM, Antibra'chium, Pygml,  Pars
infe'rior  bra'chii, Cu'bitus, (F.) Avant-bras.
The  part of  the  upper extremity,  comprised
between the arm and the hand.  It is composed
of two bones—radius and ulna—and 20 muscles.
  FOREHEAD, Front.
  FORENSIC ANATOMY, see Anatomy—f.
Medicine, Medicine,  legal.
  FORESKIN, Prepuce.
  FORFEX,  Scissors—f. Dentaria,  Dentagra.
  FORGES, MINERAL WATERS OF.   For-
ges is situate four leagues from  Gournay,  in
the department of  Seine  Inferieure, France.
There are three springs,  which are acidulous
chalybeates.   They are called Royal, Reinette,
and Cardinal, in honor of Louis XIII., Queen
Anne of  Austria, and Cardinal Richelieu, who
used them.
  FORMATIVE, Plastic.
  FORMI'CA, Myrmex.  The ant or pismire.
(F.y.Fourmi.  It contains an acid juice and gross
oil, which were formerly  extolled as  aphrodi-
siacs.  The chrysalides of the animal are said
to be diuretic and carminative; and  have been
used in dropsy.  2.  Also  the  name of a black
wart, verru'ca formica'ria, with a broad  base
and cleft surface; so  called because the pain at-
tending it resembles  the biting of an ant, uv%-
fxr\y.ia, myrme'cia.—Forestus.   3. A  varicose
tumour on the anus and glans  penis.  4.  Also,
miliary herpes.
  Formica Ambulatoria, Herpes circinatus—
f. Corrosive, Herpes exedens.
  FORM'ICANT, Myrme'cizon, Formlcans,
fxom formica, 'an ant.3  (F.)Fourmillant.  An
epithet given to the  pulse, Pulsus formlcans,
when extremely small, scarcely perceptible,
unequal, and  communicating  a  sensation like
that of the motion of an ant through a thin tex-
ture.
   FORMICA'TION, Formica'tio, Myrmeeias'-
mos, Myrmeclasis, Myrmecis'mus, Myrmeco'-
sis, Stupor formlcans.  Same etymon.   (F.)
Fourmillement.  A  pain, compared with that
which would be caused by a number of ants
creeping on a part.
  FORMIX, Herpes esthiomenus.
  FORMULA, from forma, 'a form.3   (F.)
Formule, Ordonnance.  The receipt for the for-
mation of a compound medicine; a prescription.
  FORM'ULARY,  Formula'rium,  Codex me-
dicamenta'rius, Nartke'da, Narthe'cium, Nar-
thex.   A collection of medical formula? or re-
ceipts.
  FORMULE, Prescription.
  FORMYL,  PERCHLORIDE  OF,  Chloro-
form.
  FORNIX, 'an arch  or vault.'  For'nix cer'-
ebri, Cam'era, Fornix trilat'erus,  Psalis, Psa-
lidium,  Testu'do cer'ebri, Arcus medulla'ris,
(F.)  Trigone ciribral—(Ch.,) Voute a  trois
piliers,  Triangle Midullaire.  A  medullary
body in  the  brain,  below the  corpus callo-
sum and  above the middle  ventricle, on the me-
dian line.  This  body, which is  curved upon
itself, terminates anteriorly by a prolongation,
which constitutes its anterior pillar  or  crus,
(F.) Filler antirieur,  and posteriorly  by two
  nilar  prolongations,  called posterior pillars
   crura.   See Achicolum, and Vault.
  Fornix Cerebri, Fornix.
  FORPEX, Scissors.
  FORTIFIANT, Corroborant, Tonic.
  FORTRAITURE, Hysteralgia.
  FOSSA,Fo'vea, from fodio,' I dig.3 Scamma.
A cavity of greater or less depth, the entrance
to which is always larger than the base.  The
fossae of bones have been called simple, when
they belong to one bone only, as the parietal
fossa; and  compound, (F.) Fosses compos'ees,
when several concur in their formation, as the
orbitar fossa, temporal fossa, &c.
  Fossa Amyg'daloid, Amygfdaloid excava'-
tion.  The space between the anterior and pos-
terior pillars of the fauces, which is occupied
by the tonsils.
  Fossa Amyn't*. A kind of bandage, used in
fractures of the nose; so called, by Galen, from
Amyntas of Rhodes, its inventor.  It consisted
of a  long band, applied round the head, the
turns of which crossed at the root of the nose.
  Fossa Canina, Canine fossa.
  Fossa Cerebel'li, (F.) Fosse ciribetteuse.
The inferior occipital fossa, which  lodges the
corresponding portion of the cerebellum.
  Fossa Corona'lis, Coro'nal ox frontal fossa.
A depression on the orbitar plate of the frontal
or coronal bone,  which supports the anterior
lobe of the brain.
   Fossa Coronoidea, Cor'onoid fossa.  A ca-
vity before th» inferior extremity of the hume-
rus, in which the coronoid process of  the ulna
is engaged during the flexion of the forearm.
  Fossa Cotyloidea, see Cotyloid.
   Fossa, Digas'tric, Fossa digas'trica. A deep
groove on the mastoid portion of the temporal
bone, which gives origin to the digastric muscle.
   Fossa Ethmoida'lis, Ethmoid fossa. A shal-
low gutter on the upper surface of  the cribri-
form plate of the  ethmoid bone, on which is
lodged  the  expanded portion of the olfactory
nerve.
   Fossa Genu, Poples.
   Fossa Guttura'lis, Gut'tural fossa.  The
depression which forms the guttural region of
the base of the cranium, between the foramen
magnum and posterior  nares.
   Fossa Hyaloidea,  see Hyaloid (Fossa)—f.
Iliac, see  Iliac fossae—f. Infraorbitar, Canine
fossa—f. Infraspinous,  see Infraspinata fossa—
f. Ischio-rectal, Perineal fossa — f. Jugularis,
Jugular fossa—f. Lachrymalis, Lachrymal fossa
—f. Magna Muliebris, Vulva—f. Magna Sylvii,
Fissura Sylvii.
   Fossa,  Mental, Fossa menta'lis.  A small
depression on each side of the symphysis on the
anterior surface of the body of the maxilla in-
ferior, for the attachment of muscles.
   Fossa Navicularis, Navicular fossa.
   Fossa Occipita'lis, Occipital fossa.  The
occipital fossae are four in number; the superior
or  cerebral,  and  the inferior  or cerebellous.
They are  separated by a groove,  which lodges
the lateral sinus.
   Fossa Ovalis,  see Ovalis fossa—f.  Palatina,
Palate—f.  Perina?i, Perineal fossa—f. Pitui-
taria, Sella Turcica.
   Fossa Poplite'a, Poplite'al fossa,.  The hol-
low of the ham;—the popliteal region.
  Fossa Scaphoides, Navicularis fossa—f. Sub-
orbitar, Canine fossa. 
FOSSE BASILAIRE          372
FRAENUM
  Fossa, Subpyram'idal, F. subpyramida'lis.
A deep fossa under the pyramid and behind the
fenestra rotunda in the middle ear, remarkable
for  its constancy, and pierced by several fora-
mina at the bottom.
  Fossa  Supra-sphenoidalis, Pituitaria fossa
—f. of Sylvius, Ventricle, fifth—f. Umbilicalis,
see Liver.
  Foss* Cerebra'les, Cer'ebral fossa.  Fossa?
or excavations at  the base  of the cranium.
They are nine in number;  three  occupy  the
median line, and three are placed at each side.
They are distinguished  into  anterior, middle,
and posterior.
  Fossae Digitales, see Impression.
  FOSSE BASILAIRE, Basilary fossa—/.
Sous-ipineuse, Infra-spinata fossa—-/. Sus-ipi-
neuse, Fossa supra-spinata.
  FOSSES  CONDYLOIDIENNES, Con-
dyloidea  foramina—/.  Nasales,  Ouvertures
postirieures des,  Nares, posterior.
  FOSSETTE,(F.) Diminutive offossa. Scro-
bio'ulus, Both'rion.  Several depressions are so
called.  A dimpled chin, Fossette  du menton,
consists in a slight  depression, which certain
persons have on  the chin.  2. A dimple of the
cheek,  (F.) Fossette  des  joues, a depression
which occurs on the cheeks of certain persons
when they laugh.  Scrobic'ulus cordis, Anticar'-
dion,Pracor'dium, (F'.) Fossette du caur.  The
depression  observed on a level with the xiphoid
cartilage at the anterior and inferior part of the
chest.  It is, also, called^ of the stomach, (F.)
Creux de Pestomac.
  FOSSETTE,  Fos'sula, A'nulus, Bothrium,
is also a small ulcer of the transparent cornea,
the centre  of which is deep.
  FOSSETTE  ANGULAIRE   DU  QUA-
TRlkME  VENTRICULE, Calamus scripto-
rius—f. du Caur, Scrobiculus cordis.
  FOSSORIUM, Fleam.
  FOSSULA. Argema, Fossa, Fossette, Fovea.
  FOTHERGILL'S PILLS, see  Pilula? aloes
et colocynthidis.
  FOTUS, Fomentation—f. Communis, Decoc-
tum papaveris.
  FOUGkRE FEMELLE,  Asplenium  filix
fcemina,  Pteris  aquilina—/. Grande,  Pteris
aquilina—/. Male, Polypodium filix mas.
  FOULURE, Sprain.
  FOUNDLING  HOSPITAL,  Brephotro-
pheum.
  FOURCHE,   (F.) fourchi, 'cleft,3 from
furca, 'a  fork.3   Aposte'ma Phalan'gum.  A
French provincial term  for small  abscesses,
which form on the fingers and hands of working
people.  Also, an instrument, invented by M.
J. L. Petit for compressing  the ranine artery,
in cases of hemorrhage from that vessel.
  FOURCHETTE', Fur cilia, a little fork.
Fur'cula.  A surgical instrument used for rais-
ing  and  supporting the tongue, during the ope-
ration of dividing the fraenum.
  Fourchette, in  anatomy, is,  1. The posterior
commissure  of  the labia majora, called  also,
Franum and Fur'cula.   2. The cartilago ensi-
formis : so called from its being sometimes cleft
like a  fork.  Also, the semilunar notch at the
superior or clavicular extremity of the sternum.
  FOURMI, Formica.
  FOURMILLANT, Formicant.
  FOURMILLEMENT, Formication.
  FOUSEL  OIL, see Oil, Fusel.
   FOVEA,  Diminutive Fove'ola, from fodio,
' I dig.'  Bothros.  A slight depression.  Fes'-
sula. The pudendum muliebre; see Vulva. Al-
so, the fossa navicularis.  A vapour bath for
the lower extremities.
   Fovea Axillaris,  Axilla—f. Hemisphtprica,
see Crista vestibuli—f.   Lacrymalis, Lachry-
mal fossa—f. Oculi, Orbit—f. Semi-elliptica
see Crista Vestibuli.
   FOVEOLA, Fovea.
   FOXBERRY, Arbutus uva ursi.
   FOXGLOVE, Digitalis.
   FOYER, Fomes morbi.
   FRACTURA, Fracture—f. Dentis, Odonto-
clasis.
   FRACTURE, Fractu'ra, fromfrangere,frae-
tum, ' to break,3 ' bruise.3 Catag'ma, Catag'ma
Fractu'ra, Catax'is, Clasis, Clasma, Agme, Ag-
ma, Diar'rhage.   A  solution of continuity in
a  bone, Osteoclasis.  A simple  fracture is
when the bone  only  is divided.  A compound
fracture is a division  of the bone with a wound
of  the  integuments  communicating with the
bone,—the bone, indeed, generally protruding.
In a comminuted fracture, Alphite'don, axqxTij-
$ot, Carye'don Catag'ma, xaovr\Sov xa.Ta.yua, the
bone  is broken  into  several pieces; and in a
complicated fracture there is, in addition to the
injury done to the bone, a lesion of some con-
siderable vessel, nervous trunk, &c.  Fractures
are  also termed transverse, oblique, &c, ac-
cording to their direction.   The treatment of
fractures  consists, in general, in reducing the
fragments when displaced;  maintaining  them
when reduced; preventing the symptoms, which
may be  likely to arise;  and combating  them
when they occur.  The reduction of fractures
must be effected by  extension, counter-exten-
sion, and coaptation.  (See these words.)   The
parts are kept  in apposition by position, rest,
and an appropriate  apparatus.  The position
must vary according to the kind  of fracture.
Commonly, the fractured limb is  placed on a
horizontal or slightly inclined plane, in a state
of extension; or rather in a middle state between
extension and flexion, according to the case.
   FRACTURE EN RAVE, Raphanedon.
   FRACTURES PAR RESONNANCE, see
Contrafissura.
   FR.ENA MORGAGNII,  F. of  the Valve of
Bauhin.
   Fr^naof the Valve of Bauhin, (F.) Freins
de la  valvule de  Bauhin.   A name given by
Morgagni to the projecting lines formed by the
junction of the extremities  of the two lips of
 the ileo-ccecal valve.  They are also called Frxna
 and Retinae'ula Morgagnii.
   FRENULUM, see Fra?num, Bride—f. Cli-
 toridis,  Fraenum clitoridis—f. Novum, Taenia
 semicircularis.
   FRiENUM, Fre'num; (F.) Frein,' a bridle.'
 Frae'nulum, Filellum, Filamen'tum.  ' A small
 bridle.3   A  bridle.  Names given  to several
 membranous folds, which bridle and retain cer-
 tain organs.
   Frjenum Cl.itoxl'ix)Is,Fra'nulum Clitoridis,
 (F.) Frein du  Clitoris.  A slight duplicature
 formed by the union  of the internal portions of
 the upper extremity  of the nymphae.
   Fraenum Glandis, F. Penis.
   Fraenum Labio'rum, (F.) Frein  des levrts.
 There are two of these ;  one for the upper, the
 other for the lower lip.  They unite these parts 
FRAGARIA               373        FRAYEUR NOCTURNE
to the maxillary bone, and are formed by the
mucous membrane of the mouth.
  Frjenum Linguae, Fra'nulum seu Vin'culum,
Lingua, Glossodes'mus, File'tum, (F.)Filet ou
Frein de  la  langue, is a triangular reflection,
formed by the mucous membrane of the mouth,
and situate between the inferior paries of that
cavity and the inferior surface of the tongue.
When the  fraenum extends as far  as the  extre-
mity of the  tongue, it cramps its movements,
interferes  with sucking, &c.   This  inconveni-
ence is remedied by carefully snipping it with
a pair of scissors.  The French call this Pope-
ration du filet.
  Fraenum Penis, F. seu Fra'nulum seu Vin'-
culum  Prapu'tii, F.  Glandis, Cynodes'mion,
Cynodes'mus,  Vin'culum Canlnum, (F.) Filet
ou Frein de la verge, is a membranous  reflec-
tion which fixes the prepuce to the lower part
of the glans.  When too short, it prevents the
prepuce from sliding over the glans.
  Fr-enum Pr^putii, F. Penis.
  FRAGA'RIA, from fragro, 'I smell sweetly.'
The Strawberry, Fraga'riavesca, Chama'batos,
(F.) Fraisier.  The fruit is agreeable and whole-
some, and the roots have been used as tonic and
slightly diuretic.  The fruit is  the Fragum,
xopaoov, of the ancients; (F.)  Fraise.
  Fragaria Vesca, Fragaria.
  FRAGILE VITREUM, Fragilitas ossium.
  FRAGILTTAS, Ruptibilitas, from frango,
' I break.' Fragility, Brittleness.  The state of
being easily broken or torn.
  Fragil'itas  Os'sium, Osteopsathyrosis,
Brit'tleness of the bones, Friability of the bones,
Paros'tia frag'ilis, Frag'ile vit'reum.   Patho-
logists have  given this name to the extreme fa-
cility with which bones  break in certain dis-
eases of the osseous texture.   It is owing to a
deficiency of the animal matter.
   FRAGMENT, Fragmen'tum, Fragmen, Ra-
men'tum,  from  frangere,  'to break.3  The
 French use  this term for the two  portions of a
fractured bone ; thus, they speak of the superior
and inferior fragment.
  Fragments, Precious.  A name formerly
given,  in  Pharmacy,  to the  garnet, hyacinth,
emerald, sapphire and topaz.  The Arabs falsely
attributed to them cordial  and alixiterial pro-
perties.
  FRAGON, Ruscus.
  FRAGUM, see Fragaria.
  FRAISE, see Fragaria.
  FRAISIER, Fragaria.
   FRAMBGE'SIA, Framba'sia, Lepra fungif-
e-ra, from  Framboise, (F.) A raspberry.  Syph'-
ilis In'dica, Antkra'cia  ru'bula,  Thymio'sis,
 Thymio'sis  seu Lues In'dica, Variola Amboi-
nen'sis, Lepra fungif'era,  Scroph'ula  Moluc-
ca'na.  The Yaws, Epian, Plan.  A disease
of the Antilles and of Africa; characterized by
tumours, of a contagious character, which resem-
ble strawberries, raspberries, or champignons;
ulcerate, and are accompanied  by emaciation.
The Plan,  for so the Indians call it,  differs
somewhat in America and Africa.
  Pian of America, Framba'sia America'na,
Antkra'cia Ru'bula  Americana, occurs under
similar circumstances with the next, and seems
to be transmitted by copulation.   The tumours
have a similar form, and are greater in propor-
tion to their paucity.   In some cases  they are
mixed with  ulcers.
  Pian of Guin'ea, Framba'sia Guineen'sis,
Antkra'cia Ru'bula Guineen'sis, is common
amongst the negroes, especially in childhood and
youth.  It begins by small spots, which appear
on different parts, and especially on the organs
of generation and around the anus ;  these spots
disappear, and are transformed into an  eschar,
to which an excrescence  succeeds, that grows
slowly, and has the shape  above described.
  The treatment is  nearly the same in the two
varieties.   The tumours will yield to mercurial
friction, when small.   When large  they must
be destroyed by caustic. In both cases, mercury
must be given to prevent  a recurrence.
  An  endemic disease resembling  yaws was
observed in the Feejee Islands by the medical
officers of the United States3 Exploring Expedi-
tion.   It is called by the  natives Dthoke.
  Frambcesia Illyrica, Scherlievo—f. Scotica,
Sibbens.
  FRAMBOISE, Rubus idaeus.
  FRANCOLIN, Attagen.
  FRANGES SYNOVIALES,  Synovial
glands.
  FRANGULA ALNUS, Rhamnus frangula.
  FRANKINCENSE,  COMMON,  see  Pinus
abies—f. True, Juniperus lycia.
  FRANZENSBAD,  MINERAL  WATERS
OF.  A celebrated water at  Eger in Bohemia,
which contains sulphate  of soda, carbonate of
iron, and carbonic acid gas.  The springs are
also called Franzensbrunnen.
  FRASERA CAROLINIENSIS, see Calumba
—f. Officinalis, see Calumba—f. Walteri, see
Calumba.
  FRATERNITAS, Adelphixia.
  FRATRATIO, Adelphixia.
  FRAXINELLA,  WHITE, Dictamnus albus.
  FRAX'INUS EXCEL'SIOR.   The systema-
tic  name of the Ash tree,  Frax'inus, Ornus seu
Fraxinus sylves'tris, Bume'lia seu Macedon'iea
Fraxinus, Bumeli a. Ord. Oleineae.  (F.) Frene.
The fresh bark has a moderately strong, bitter-
ish taste.   It has been said to possess resolvent
and diuretic qualities, and has been given in in-
termittents.  The seeds, called Birds' tongues,
Lingua avis, Ornitkoglos'sas, have been exhi-
bited  as diuretics, in the dose of a drachm.  Its
sap has been extolled against deafness.
  Fraxinus Macedonica, F. Excelsior.
  Fraxinus Ornus, Fraxinus Me'lia. The sys-
tematic name of the tree whence manna flows.
This substance is also called Manna Calabri'-
na, Ros  Calabri'nus,  Aerom'eli, Drosom'eli,
Drysom'eli, Mel a'e'rium.  In Sicily, not only
the Fraxinus Ornus, but also the rotundifolia
and excelsior are  regularly cultivated  for the
purpose of procuring manna, which is their con-
densed juice.  In the Ph. U. S. it is assigned to
the Ornus  Europaa.   Manna  is  inodorous,
sweetish, with a very  slight degree of bitter-
ness ;  in friable flakes, of a whitish or pale  yel-
low colour; opake,  and soluble  in  water and
alcohol.  It is a  laxative, and is used as a pur-
gative for children, who  take it readily on ac-
count of its sweetness.  More  generally it is
employed as  an adjunct to other  purgatives.
Dose, ^ss to  §ij.   Its  immediate principle is
called Mannite or Mannin.  This has been re-
commended by Magendie as a substitute for
manna.  Dose ^ij for children.
  Fraxinus Rotundifolia, F. ornus.
  FRAYEUR NOCTURNE, Panophobia. 
FRECKLES
374
FRIGORIFIC
   FRECKLES, Ephelides.
   FREEMAN'S  BATHING  SPIRITS,  see
 Linimentum saponis compositum.
   FREIN, Fraenum—/. du  Clitoris, Fraenum
 clitoridis—/. de la Langue, Fraenum lingus—/.
 des Levres, Fraenum laborium—-/. de la Verge,
 Fraenum penis.
   FREINS DE  LA  VALVULE DE BAU-
 HIN, Fraena of the valve of Bauhin.
   FREIN WALDE,  MINERAL  WATERS
 OF. These springs are in Brandenburg, twelve
 leagues from Berlin.   They contain chloride of
 sodium, sulphate of magnesia, muriate of mag-
 nesia, sulphate of  lime, carbonates of lime and
 magnesia, iron, &c, and are  used in asthenic

   FREMISSEMENT, Shuddering.
   FRkMISSEMENT CATAIRE (F.),'Cat3s
 purr.'  Laennec has given this name to  the agi-
 tation which is sensible to the hand, when ap-
 plied on the praecordial region, and which he
 considers a sign of ossification or other contrac-
 tion of the auriculo-ventricular openings.  This
 name was chosen  by him from the analogy of
 the sound to the purring of a cat.
   FREMITUS, Bruissement,  Frimissement,
 Shuddering.
   The Pec'toral or Vocal Fremitus or Pectoral
 Vibra'tion is an obscure diffused resonance of the
 voice, which is felt when the hand is applied to
 the chest.
   FRENA, Alveolus.
   FRENE,  Fraxinus  excelsior—■/. kpineux,
 Xanthoxylum clava Herculis.
   FRENULUM, see Fra?num.
   FRENUM, Fraamm.
   FRET, Herpes.
   FRkTILLEMENT, Fidgets.
   FRICATIO, Friction.
   FRICATORIUM, Liniment.
   PRICE, Fricum,  Frico'nium.  A medicine
 which the ancients employed under the  form of
 friction.   They distinguished the Frice siccum
 and F. molle—Gaubius.
   FRICONIUM, Frice.
   FRICTA, Colophonia.
   FRICTIO, Friction—f. Humida, see Friction
 —f. Sicca, see Friction.
   FRICTION, Fric'tio, Frica'tio,  Anat'ribe,
 Anatrip'sis, Trypsis, Chirap'sia, from fricare,
 1 to rub.'  The action of rubbing a part of the
 surface  of the body more  or less forcibly,
 with the hands, a brush,  flannel, &c, consti-
 tuting Xerotrib'ia,  Xerotrip'sis, Fric'tio sicca,
 or dry friction; or with ointments, liniments,
 tinctures, &c, constituting moist friction, Fric'-
 tio hu'mida.  It is a useful means for exciting
 the action of the skin.
   Friction Sound, Bruit de frottement.
   FRICTRIX, Tribade.
   FRICTUM, Liniment.
   FRICUM, Frice.
   FRIGEFACIENTIA, Refrigerants.
  FRIGID, Frig'idus, (F.) Froid:  same ety-
 mon as Frigidity.   Cold. Not easily moved to
 »txual desire.  Impotent.
  FRIGIDARIUM, Bath, cold.
   FRIGID'ITY, Frigiditas,  from fngidum,
• cold.'  A sensation of cold.   Also, impotence
and  sterility.  Frigidity of the stomach is  a
state of debility of that  organ, imputed to ex-
ressive venery,—the Anorexia  exhausto'rum
of Sauvages.
  FRIG1DUS, Frigid.
  FRIGORIF'IC, from fdgus, 'cold,3 and jto,
' I make.3  That which has the power of pro-
ducing cold.  The  best Frigorific Mixtures
are the following.  Their effects are  owing to
the  rapid absorption of heat when solids pass
into the liquid state.

     Frigorific Mixtures with Snow,
       Mixtures.
Snow, or  pounded ice,  two
  parts by weight;
Chloride of Sodium, -    -  1,
Snow or  pounded ice,  -    5.
Chloride of Sodium,  -    -  2.
Mur. of Ammonia, -   -    1.
Snow or pounded ice,     - 24.
Chloride of Sodium,    -   10,
Muriate of Ammonia,     -  5.
Nitrate of Potash, -   -    5,
Snow or pounded ice, -    - 12.
Chloride of Sodium,   -    5.
Nitrate of Ammonia, -    -  5.
Dilut. Sulph. Acid,    -    2.
Snow,    -    -    -    -  3.
Concentr. Mur.  Acid,  -    5.
Snow,    -    -    -    -  8.
Concentr. Nitrous Acid,     4.
Snow,    -    -    -     -  7.
Chloride of Calcium,   -    5.
Snow,    -    -    -     -  4.
Crystall. Chloride of Calcium, 3.
Snow,    -    -   -     -  2.
Fused Potash,    -    -    4.
Snow,    -    -   -     -  3.
Therm, falls.
to—5°
S   to—12°
to—18°
   to—25°
from+320
   to—23°
from+320
   to—27°
from+320
   to—30°
from-L.320
   to—40°
from+320
   to-50°
from+320
   to-51°
  Frigorific Mixtures may also be made by the
rapid solution of salts, without the use of snow
or ice.  The salts must be finely powdered and
dry.

    Frigorific Mixtures without Snow.
     Mixtures.
Mur. of Ammonia,   -    -  5
Nitrate of Potash,  -    -    5
Water,   -    -    -    - 16
Mur. of Ammonia,      -    5. "|
Nitrate of Potash,    -    -  5. (
Sulphate of Soda,  -    -    8. f
Water,   -    -    -    - 16. J
Nitrate of Ammonia,    -    1. (
Water    -    -    -    -  1. f
Nitrate of Ammonia,    -    1.
Carbonate of Soda,   -    -  1.
Water, -    ...    1.
Sulphate of Soda,    -    -  3.
Dilut. Nitrous Acid,    -    2.
Sulphate of Soda,    -    -  6.
Mur. of Ammonia,      -    4.
Nitrate of Potash,    -    -  2.
Dilut. Nitrous Acid,    -    4.j
Sulphate of Soda,    -    -  6. j
Nitrate of Ammonia,    -    5. i
Dilut. Nitrous Acid, -    -  4. \
Phosphate of Soda, -    -    9. >
Dilut. Nitrous Acid, -     -   4. J
Phosphate of Soda, -    -    9
Nitrate of Ammonia, -    -  6
Dilut. Nitrous Acid,    -    4
Sulphate of Soda,
Muriatic Acid,               5
Sulphate of Soda,    -    -  5
Dilut. Sulphuric Acid,   -    4
:|
Tlierm.falls.
  from+500
    to—10°
from+50"
  to+10°

from+50o
  to+ 4°
from+500
  to-7°
from+500
  to-3°

from+30c
  to-l0°
from+500
   to-14°
from+500
   to-13°
from+50o
   to-21°
from+50o
   to-0°
from+50°
I 
FR1GUS
375
FUCUS
  FRIGUS, Cold—f. Tenue, see Rigor.
  FRISSON. Rigor.
  FRISSONNEMENT,  Horripilation.
  FROGLEAF, Brasenia Hydropeltis.
  FROG  TONGUE, Ranula.
  FROGS' SPAWN, Sperma ranarum.
  FROID, Cold, Frigid—/. Glacial, Ice-cold.
  FROISSEMENT,(F.) 'Rubbing, bruising.3
  FROISSEMENT  PULMONAIRE.   A
name  given  by M. Fournet to a  respiratory
sound,  which communicates to the  ear  the
sensation of  the rubbing  (froissement)  of a
texture compressed against a hard body.  It is
by no means well defined.
  FROLEMENT, (F.) ' Grazing or touching
lightly.3
  FROLEMENT PkRICARDIQUE. Rust-
ling noise of the pericardium.   A sound resem-
bling that produced by the crumpling of a piece
of parchment or of thick  silken stuff, accom-
panying the systole and diastole of the heart.
It indicates roughness of  the pericardium  in-
duced by disease.
  FROMAGE, Cheese.
  FROMENT, Triticum.
  FRONCEMENT,  Corrugation.
  FRONCLE, Furunculus.
  FRONDE, Funda.
  FRONT, Frons, Meto'pon, Forehead, Brow.
That  part of the visage, which extends  from
one temple to the other, and is comprised in a
vertical direction, between the roots of the hair
and the supereiliary ridges.
  FRONTAL, Fronta'Us.  Relating or belong-
ing to the  front.   This name  has been given
to several  parts.   Winslow,  Sommering, and
others, call the anterior part  of the  occipito-
frontalis—the frontal muscle oxfronta'lis, Mus-
culo' sa Frontis Cutem movens  substan'tia Par
(Vesalius).
  Frontal Artery, A.supra-orbita'lis, is'given
off by the ophthalmic, which is itself a branch
of the internal carotid.  It makes its exit from
the skull at the upper part of the base of  the
orbit,  and ascends the forehead between  the
bone and the orbicularis palpebrarum; dividing
into three  or four branches, which are distri-
buted to the neighbouring  muscles.
   Frontal Bone, Os frontis,  Os corona'lS, Os
i nverecun'dum, Meto'pon, Os puppis, Os Ratio'-
nis.  A  double bone in the fcetus, single in the
adult, situate at the base of, the cranium, and
at the superior part of the face.   It forms the
 vault of  the orbit; lodges the ethmoid bone in
 ;i notch at its middle  part; and is articulated,
 besides,  with the sphenoid, parietal, and nasal
 bones, the ossa unguis, superior maxillary, and
 malar bones.
   Frontal Furrow extends upwards from the
 frontal spine, and  becomes gradually larger in
 its course, to lodge the  upper part of the supe-
 rior longitudinal sinus,  and to  give  attachment
 to the falx cerebri.
   Frontal  Nerve,  Palpibro-frontal—(Ch.,)
 is the greatest of the  three branches of  the
 ophthalmic nerve,—the first division of the 5th
 pair.  It proceeds along the superior paries of
 the orbit, and divides into two branches :—the
 one,  internal, which  makes its exit  from the
 orbitar fossa, passing beneath the pulley of the
 oblique  muscle:—the other, external, issuing
 from the same  cavity, by the foramen orbita-
 rium superius.
  Frontal Protu'berance, Frontal tuberosity,
Tuber front a'le, Suggrun'dium super cilio' rum.
The protuberance of the frontal bone above the
superciliary arch.
  Frontal  Si'nuses, Fronta'les Sinus, Meto-
pan'tra,  Prosopan'tra, Sinus  Supercilia'res,
S.pituita'rii frontis, Caver'na frontis, are two
deep cavities in  the substance of the  frontal
bone, separated from each other by a medium
septum, and opening, below, into the anterior
cells of the  ethmoid bone.
  Frontal  Spine, Crista inter'na, is  situate in
the middle of the under part of the bone, and is
formed by the coalescence of the inner tables
for the attachment of the  falx cerebri.
  Surgeons  have given the name Fronta'lis,
to a  bandage or topical application to the fore-
head.  Such have, also,  been called, xgofitru-
moia and avax.0HX11y.aTa.
  Frontal  Tuberosity, Frontal protuberance.
  FRONT A'LE, fxom frons, 'the forehead.3 A
medicine applied to the forehead.
  FRONTALIS ET OCCIPITALIS, Occipito-
frontalis.
  Frontalis Verus, Corrugator supercilii.
  FRONTO-ETHMOID FORAMEN, Ca?cum
foramen—/. Nasal, Pyramidalis nasi—-/. Sour-
cilier,  Corrugator supercilii.
  FROSTBITE, Congelation.
  FROSTWEED,  Erigeron Philadelphicum,
Helianthemum Canadense.
  FROSTWORT, Helianthemum Canadense.
  FROTH'Y, from Gr. a^oc, ' froth.' (?) Spu-
mo'sus,  (F.) Spumeux, Ecumeux, Mousseux.
An epithet  given to the  faeces  or sputa, when
mixed with air.
   FROTTEMENT,see Bruit  de frottement.
   FROTTEMENT GLOBULAIRE. A name
given  by M. Simonnet, to the  pulse in aortic
regurgitation, when it is jerking,  and, in well
marked  cases, appears as if the blood consisted
of several little masses, which passed in succes-
sion under the finger applied to the artery.
   FRUCTIFICATIO, Fecundation.
   FRUCTUS HORDEI,  Fruit, (summer)—f.
 Immaturus, Abortion.
   FRUGI V'OROUS, Frugiv'orus, from fruges,
 'fruits,' and voro, 'I eat.'  One that eats fruits.
   FRUIT,  Fructus, from frui,' to  enjoy:3 Car-
pos.   In a medical sense it may be  defined  to
 be;—that part of a plant which  is taken  as
 food.   The effects of fruits on the  body, in a
 medical as well as a dietetical point of view, are
 various. They may be distinguished into classes:
 for, whilst  the  Cerealia, for  example, afford
 fruits, which are highly nutritious, the Summer
 Fruits (Fructus  Horai,) which include straw-
 berries, cherries, currants,mulberries, raspber-
 ries, figs, grapes, &c. are refrigerant and grate-
 ful, but afford little nourishment.
   FRUMENTUM, Triticum—f. Corniculatum,
 Ergot—f. Cornutum,Ergot—f. Luxurians,Ergot
 —f. Temulentum, Ergot—f. Turgidum, Ergot.
   FRUSTRATOIRE (F.) Any liquor, taken a
 short  time after eating, for the purpose of assist-
 ing  digestion, when difficult.   Sugared water,
 eau sucrie,  or water with the addition of a little
 brandy, or  some aromatic substance,  is com-
 monly used for this purpose.
   FRUTEX  BACCIFER  BRAZILIENSIS,
 Caa-ghivuyo—f. Indicus  spinosus, Cara schulli.
   FUCUS, F. vesiculosus, Paint.
   Fucus Amyla'ceus, Ceylon  Moss, Marine 
FUGA D.EMONUM           376                FUNCTION
  Moss.  This moss belongs to the natural order
  Algae.  It was introduced some years ago into
  England, from India.   It is white, filiform and
  fibrous, and has  the usual  odour of sea-weeds.
  Its medical properties are similar  to those of
  Irish moss.
    Fucus, Bladder, F. vesiculosus.
    Fucus Crispus, Lichen Carrageen, Chondrus,
  Ch. crispus, Spharococ'cus crispus, Ulva crispa,
  Chondrus polymor'phus, Irish moss, Carrageen
  or Corrigeen moss, (F.) Mousse d'Islande, M.
 perlie. This Fucus, of the Natural Family Alga,
  is found on the coast of England, Ireland, West-
  ern France, Spain, and Portugal, and as far as
  the tropics.  It is  also a native of  the United
  States.  In Ireland, it is used by the poor as an
 article of diet.   As met with in America, it is
 of a light yellow colour, and  resembles plates
 of horn, crisped and translucent. An agreeable
 jelly is obtained from it by boiling it in water or
 milk, which forms a good article of diet in con-
 sumptive cases.  Its properties are indeed ex-
 actly  like those of the Iceland Moss.
    Fucus Helmintho-corton, Corallina Corsi-
 cana—f. Saccharine, Rhodomela palmata.
    Fucus Vesiculo'sus, Quercus Marina, Fu-
 cus, Bladder Fucus, Sea Oak, Sea Wrack, Yel-
 low Bladder Wrack, (F.) Varec  visiculeux,
 Chene marin.   It  has been said to  be a useful
 assistant to sea-water, in the cure of disorders
 of the glands.   When the wrack,  in fruit, is
 dried, cleaned, exposed to a red-heat in a cruci-
 ble with a perforated lid, and is reduced to pow-
 der, it forms the JE'thiops vegetabilis—the Pul-
 vis Quercus Marina of the Dublin  Pharmaco-
 poeia—which is used, like the burnt sponge, in
 bronchocele and other scrofulous swellings. Its
 efficacy  depends  on the  iodine  it  contains.
 Dose, gr. x. to^ij,  mixed in molasses or honey.
 See Soda.
   FUGA  DJEMONUM, Hypericum  perfora-
 tum.
   FUGA'CIOUS, Fugax, from fugere, ' to fly.'
 An epithet given to certain symptoms, which
 appear and disappear almost immediately after-
 wards; as a fugacious redness,—a  fugacious
 swelling, Tumor fugax, &c
   FUGAX, Fugacious.
   FUGE,  from fugo, 'I expel,3 ' an expeller.'
 A common suffix. Hence Febrifuge, Vermifuge,
 &c.
   FU'GILE, Fugil'la.  This term has several
 acceptations.  It means, 1. The cerumen of the
 ear.  2.  The nebulous  suspension  in, or de-
 position  from, the  urine.  3.  An abscess near
 the ear.—Ruland and Johnson.  4. Abscess in
 general.
   FUGILLA, Fugile.
   FULGUR, Astrape.
   FULIG'TNOUS, Fuligino'sus,  Lignyo'des,
 from fuligo,' soot.3 Having the colour of soot.
 An epithet  given to certain parts, as  the lips,
 teeth, or tongue, when they assume a brownish
 colour, or rather are covered with a coat of that
 colour.
   FULI'GO, Lignys,   Soot, (F.)  Suie, &c.
 Wood  soot,  Fuligo  Ligni,  consists of  volatile
alkaline  salt,  empyreumatic oil, fixed alkali,
&c.  A tincture,  Tinctu'ra Fulig"inis,  pre-
pared  from it, has been  recommended as a
powerful  antispasmodic in hysterical cases.
(Fulig. lign. 31J. potass, subcarb. loss,  ammon.
muriat. §j. aquafiuviat. Oiij.  Digest for three
 days.)  This tincture bears the name Soot drops
 and Fit drops.  An ointment of soot has been
 used in various cutaneous diseases.
    Fuligo  Alba Philosophorum, Ammonia
 murias.
    FULIGO'K ALI, from fuligo,' soot,' and kali,
 'potassa.'  This is an analogous preparation to
 anthrakokali; soot being  used  in  the place of
 coal.   It  is  employed in  the  same  diseases.
 What might be regarded  as a weak solution of
 fuligokali has been used for many years in Phi-
 ladelphia, under  the  names medical  lye, soot
 tea, alkaline solution, and dyspeptic lye.
   FULLERS' EARTH, Cimolia purpurescens
   FULMEN, Astrape.
   FULNESS, Reple'tio,  Plenitude, Pletho'ra.
 Also,  a feeling of weight  or distention in  the
 stomach or other part of the system.
   FUMA'RIA, Fuma'ria  officina'lis,  Fumus
 terra, Capnos, Herba melancholif'uga, Fu'mi-
 tory, Common Fu'mitory, Fumiter'ra, Sola'men
 Scabioso'rum, (F.) Fumeterre.   The leaves are
 extremely succulent, and have  a bitter, some-
 what saline, taste.  The infusion of the dried
 leaves and the expressed juice of the fresh plant
 have been extolled for their property of clearing
 the skin of many disorders of the leprous kind.
   Fuma'ria Bulbo'sa, Aristolochia faba'cea,
 Coryd'alus bulbo'sus, Capnor'chis.  The root of
 this plant was  formerly  given as an emmena-
 gogue  and anthelmintic.   (F.) Fumeterre bul-
 beuse.
   FUMETERRE, Fumaria.
   FUMIGATIO, Fumigation—f. Antiloimica
 Gaubii, see Disinfection—f. Guytoniensis, see
 Disinfection—f. Smythiana, see Disinfection.
   FUMIGA'TION, F'umiga'tio, from fumus,
 ' smoke.'  Suffltus,  Suffifio,  Suffumina'tio,
 Suffumig"ium,  Suffimen'tum, Apocapnis'mus,
 Thymlama,   Epithymlama, Hypothymi'ama,
 Hypothymi'asis, Thymlasis, Capnis'mos, Hy-
 pocapnis'mos, Hypat'mus, Hypatmis'mus, Ana-
 tkymi'asis, from fumus, ' smoke.'   An opera-
 tion, the object of which is to fill  a circum-
 scribed space with gas or  vapour; with the in-
 tention either of purifying the air, of perfuming
 it, or of charging it with a substance proper for
 acting  upon a part of the  surface of the human
 body.   Hence, fumigations have been distin-
 guished  into aqueous, aromatic, sulphureous,
 mercurial, disinfecting, Guytonian, &c.  Ben-
 zoin generally constitutes the chief  ingredient
 in the Fumigating Pastilles, to which any va-
 riety of odoriferous  substances may be added.
 The following is one formula:
  gj. Benzoin, gj, cascarillae ^SS, myrrh. "$],ol.
 myrist., ol. caryoph. aa gtt. x, potassa nitrat.
 gss, carbon, lign. gvj, mucil. trag. (q. s.).
  Fumigation, Chlorine, see Disinfection—f.
 Nitrous, see Disinfection—f. Oxymuriatic, see
 Disinfection.
  FUMITERRA, Fumaria.
  FUMITORY, Fumaria.
  FUMUS  ALBUS, Hydrargyrum—f. Citri-
nus, Sulphur—f. Terra?, Fumaria.
  FUNAMBULA'TIO, fxom funis, 'a cord,'
and ambulare, • to walk.'  An exercise with the
ancients, which consisted in scaling ropes.
  FUNCTION, Func'tio,Ac'tio,(F.) Fonction;
from fungor,  ' I act,3 'perform.'  The action
of an organ or system of organs.   Any act, ne-
cessary for accomplishing  a vital phenomenon.
A  function is a special office  in the animal 
FUNDA
377            FURFURACEOUS
 economy, which has as its instrument, an organ
 or apparatus of organs.  Thus, respiration is a
 function.  Its  object is the conversion of ve-
 nous into arterial blood, and  its instrument is
 the lungs.  The ancient physiologists divided
 the functions  into  vital, animal, and natural.
 They called vital  functions those which are
 essential to life, as innervation,  circulation, re-
 spiration ; animal functions, those which belong
 to the encephalon;  viz: the functions of the in-
 tellect, the affections of the mind, and the volun-
 tary motions;  and  natural functions, Faculta'-
 tes  seu Actio'nes natura'les,  those relating to
 assimilation, such as the actions of the abdominal
 viscera, of  the absorbent and exhalant vessels,
 &c.  Bichat divided the functions into those
 which  relate to the preservation of the indivi-
 dual, and those that relate to the  preservation
 of the species.  The former he subdivided into
 animal and organic.   The animal functions or
 functions of relation are those of the intellect,
 sensation, locomotion, and voice.  The organic
 functions include digestion, absorption, respira-
 tion, circulation, secretion, nutrition, and calo-
 rification.  The functions, whose object is the
 preservation of the species—the organic, nutri-
 tive or vegetative functions—are all those that
 relate to generation;—such as conception, ges-
 tation, accouchement,  &c.  Each  of these ad-
 mits of numerous  subdivisions in  a complete
 course  of Physiology;—for so the doctrine of
 the functions is called.
   FUNDA, Sphen'done, (F.) Fronde. A band-
 age, composed  of  a fillet or long compress,
 cleft at  its extremities to within  about two
 inches of its middle.   It is used in diseases of
 the nose and  chin, and especially in cases of
 fracture of the  lower jaw.  In such case it has,
 also, been called Mentonniere, because placed
 beneath  the chin;  from (F.)  Menton,  'the
 chin.'
   FUNDAMENT, Anus—f.  Falling down of
 the, Proctocele.
   FUNDAMEN'TAL,  from  fund are, 'to lie
 deeply.3  Some anatomists have called the sa-
 crum Os Fundamenta'lS, because it seems to
 serve as a base  to the vertebral  column.   The
 sphenoid bone  has, likewise,  been  so denomi-
 nated, from its being situate at the  base of the
 cranium.
   FUNDUS, (F.) Fond. The base of any or-
 gan which ends in a neck, or has  an external
 aperture; as the Fundus vesica?, F. uteri, &c.
 Also, the Vulva.
   Fundus Vagina, Laquear vaginae.
   FUNES CORDIS, Columnae carneae—f. Se-
 micirculares, Semicircular canals.
   FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE, see  Papilla? of
 the Tongue.
   FUN'GOID,  Fungdldes, Myco'des, Fungi-
for'mis,  Fun'giform,  (F.) Fongo'ide,  Fongi-
forme, from fungus,' a  mushroom,3 and udo?,
' resemblance.3   That which has the shape of,
or grows in  some measure like a mushroom, as
the  fungoid or fungiform  papillae  of the
tongue.
   Fungoid Disease, Encephaloid.
   FUNGOSTTY,  Fungos'itas,  Caro luxu'-
dans, C.  fungo'sa, Ecsarco'ma, Proud Flesh,
Hypersarco'ma,  Hypersarco'sis, (F.) Fongo-
siti.  The quality of that which is  fungous:—
fungous  excrescence,  Excrescen'tia fungo'sa.
The fungosities which arise in wounds or ul-
        25
 cers, are easily  repressed by gentle compres-
 sion, dry lint, the sulphas cupri, or other gentle
 caustics.  At times, the more powerful are ne-
 cessary, and, sometimes excision is required.
   FUNGUS, Myces,  (F.)  Fongus, Champig-
 non.  The mushroom  order of plants; class
 Cryptogamia, in the Linnaean system.  In Pa-
 thology  the  word is commonly used  synony-
 mously with fungosity, myco'sis. M. Breschet
 has proposed to restrict the term fungosity to
 vegetations which  arise on denuded surfaces,
 and to apply the term  fungus  to the tumours
 which form  in the substance of the textures,
 without  any external  ulceration.   Fici, and
 warts,  for example, would be  fungi  of  the
 skin.
   Fungus Albus Saligneus, Boletus suaveo-
 lens—f. Articuli, Spina ventosa—f. Bleeding,
 Haematodes fungus—f. Cancrosus haematodes,
 Haematodes  F.—f. Cancrosus  medullaris,  see
 Encephaloid—f. Cerebralis, see Encephaloid—
 f. Cerebri, Encephalocele—f. Cynosbati, Bede-
 guar—f.  Haematodes,   Haematodes   fungus—f.
 Igniarius, Boletus  igniarius—f. Laricis, Bole-
 tus laricis—f. of Malta, Cynomorion cocci-
 neum—f. Medullaris, see  Encephaloid—f. Me-
 lanodes, Melanosis—f. Melitensis, Cynomorion
 coccineum—f.  Petraeus marinus,  Umbilicus
 marinus—f.  Quercinus, Boletus igniarius—f.
 Rosarum, Bedeguar—f. Salicis, Boletus suaveo-
 lens—f.  Sambucinus, Peziza auricula.
   FUNICULUS, Cord—f. Spermaticus,. Sper-
 matic cord—f. Tympani, Chorda tympani.
   Funic'ulus Umbilicalis, Funis umbilica'lis,
 Intestin'ulum, Vin'culum umbilicaie, Umbilical
 cord, Navel string, from Funis, ' a cord.' (F.)
 Cordon  ombilicale.  A cord-like  substance,
 which extends from the placenta to the umbili-
 cus of the fcetus.  It is composed of the cho-
 rion, amnion, an albuminous secretion called
 the Jelly  of the Cord, cellular substance, an
 umbilical  vein,  and two  umbilical arteries.
 The former conveys the  blood from the pla-
 centa to the fcetus—the latter  return it.  All
 these parts are surrounded by a sheath—Inves-
 titu'ra seu Vagi'na funic'uli umbilica'lis.   Its
 usual length is from  16  to 22 inches.
   Funiculus Varicosus, Cirsocele.
   FUNIS, Cord,  Laqueus—f. Argenteus, Me-
 dulla spinalis—f. Hippocratis, Achillis tendo—
 f. Umbilicalis, Funiculus umbilicalis.
   FUR, Enduit.
   FURCELL A, Fur'cula; diminution of furca,
 ' a fork.'  The upper part of the sternum, the
 clavicle.  The Fourchette.
   Furcella Inferior, Xiphoid cartilage.
   FURCHMUHL, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 These Bavarian  springs contain carbonic acid,
 sulphuretted  hydrogen, carbonates of lime and
 soda; chlorides of lime and magnesium, oxides
 of iron and magnesium, &c.
   FURCILLA, Fourchette.
   FURCULA, Furcella, Clavicle, Fourchette.
  FUREUR UTERINE, Nymphomania.
   FURFUR, Bran,  Pit'yron, Ach'yron, Apo-
 bras'ma, Lemma, Cantabru'no, (F.) Son.  The
 decoction is sometimes employed as an emollient.
  FURFURA, Scarf.
  FURFURA'CEOUS, from furfur,  'bran.'
Scurfy, Canica'ceous, Pithyri'nus, Pityro'ides,
Pityro'des.  Resembling bran.   A name given
to eruptions, in  which the  epidermis is  de-
tached in small scales resembling bran.  Also, 
FURFURATIO
378
GALACTOMETER
a bran-like sediment observed at times in the
urine;—Urinafurfura'cea, Sedimen'tum Uri'na
pityroides.
  FURFURATIO, Porrigo, Pityriasis.
  FURFURISCA, Pityriasis.
  FU'RIA INFERN A'LIS.  A kind of vermi-
form insect, scarcely two lines long, common
in Sweden, which flies about and stings  both
man and animals, exciting the most excrucia-
ting torture.
  FURIBUNDUS, Maniodes.
  FURIOSUS, Maniodes.
  FURIOUS, Maniodes.
  FURNAS, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A
thermal chalybeate water  in St.  Michael's,
Azores, which contains carbonic acid, and car-
bonate of  iron.
  FURONCLE, Furunculus.
  FURONCLE  GUEPIER.   A malignant
boil, Wasp's nest boil, which generally attacks
the nape and region of the neck,  and rarely
others  than  old people. Hence it has been
called Old People's boil.
  FUROR, Mania—f. Brevis, Rage—f. Mania,
Mania—f. Uterinus, Nymphomania.
  FURROW,  MENTO-LABIAL, see Mento-
labial furrow.
  FURUNCULI  ATONICI, Ecthyma—f.
Ventriculus, see Furunculus.
  FURUN'CULUS, from fudare, 'to  make
mad.3   Chi'adus, Chloli, Doth'ien,  Dothion,
Furun'culus suppurato'dus, F. Verus, F. be-
nig'nus, Phyma furun'culus,  Absces'sus nu-
clea'tus.  A furuncle, a boil, a  bile.  (F.) Fu-
roncle, Fronde, Clou.  A  small  phlegmon.
which appears under the form of a conical, hard,
circumscribed tumour, having  its  seat  in the
dermoid texture.  At the  end  of an uncertain
period, it becomes  pointed, white or yellow,
and gives exit to pus mixed with blood.  When
it breaks, a small, grayish, fibrous mass some-
times appears, which consists of dead cellular
tissue.  This is called the Core, Setfast, Ven-
tric'ulus  seu Nucleus Furun'culi, (F.) Bour-
billon.  The abscess does  not  heal until after
its separation.  The indications of  treatment
are,—to discuss by the application of leeches
and warm fomentations;—or, if this cannot be
done, to encourage suppuration  by warm, emol-
lient  cataplasms.  When  suppuration  is en-
tirely established, the part may be opened or
suffered to break, according to  circumstances.
  Furunculus   Gangrjenosus,  Anthrax—f.
Malignus, Anthrax.
  FUSkE PURULENTE, (F.)   The long
and sinuous  route, which pus takes,  in certain
cases, in making its way to the  surface.  These
Fusies almost always form beneath the skin
between the muscles; or along aponeuroses,
bones, tendons,  &c.
  FUSEL OIL, see Oil, Fusel.
  FUSTIC  TREE, Cladrastis tinctoria.
  FUTUTOR,  Tribade.
G.
  The Greek G, r, with the ancient Greek physi-
cians, signified an ounce.—Rhod. ad Scribonium.
  GABALLA, Cabal.
  GABELLA, Mesophryon.
  GABIR'EA, yctpioia.  A fatty kind of myrrh,
mentioned by Dioscorides.
  GiEOPHAGIA, Geophagism.
  G^EOPH'AGUS,  from yaia,  'earth,'  and
ip&yw,' I eat.' One who eats earth.
  GAGEL, Myrica gale.
  GAGUE SANG, Caque-sang.
  GAHET, Cagot.
  GAIAC, Guaiacum.
  GAILLET ACCROCHANT, Galium  apa-
rine—g.  Crochant, Galium aparine—g. Jaune,
Galium verum—g. Vrai, Galium verum.
  GAINE, Vagina or sheath—g. de PApophyse
stylo'ide,  Vaginal process of the temporal bone
—g. de la veine porte, Vagina or sheath of the
vena porta.
  GALA, yaxa, genitive ya/axroc, milk; hence:
  GALACTACRA'SIA, from y*A«, 'milk,3
and axpaaia,  ' imperfect mixture.3  A morbid
mixture or constitution of the milk.
  GALACTACRATIA, Galactia.
  GALACTAGOGA, Galactopoietica.
  GALACTAPOSTEMA, Mastodynia aposte-
matosa.
  GALAC'TIA, Galactirrha'a, Galactorrha'a,
from yaha,' milk.3   Lactis redundan'tia, Poly-
galactia, Galactoze'mia.   A redundant flow of
milk, either in a female who is suckling, or in
one who is not.  It may occur without being
provoked by suckling.  When to a great extent,
it sometimes causes W'asting;  Tabes lac'tea, T.
nutri'cum.  Dr. Good uses Galac'tia, in his No-
sology, for  ' morbid flow or deficiency of milk,'
Galactacrati 'a.
  GALACTICUS,  Lactic.
  GALACTIFER,  Galactophorous.
  GALACTINE, Casein.
  GALACTINUS,  Lactic.
  GALACTIRRHCEA, Galactia.
  GALACTIS, Galaxias.
  GALACTIS CHESIS, Galactos'chesis, Lac-
tis reten'tio, from yalct,  'milk,3 and !»■/•"', 'to
restrain.3   Retention or suppression of milk.
  GALACTITES, Galactis.
  GALACTOCATARACTA,  Cataract,
(Milky.)
  GALACTO'DES, from  y*x*.,  'milk,3 and
sicJoc, 'resemblance.3  In Hippocrates, the term
signifies milkwarm, and likewise a milky co-
lour, as of the urine—uri'na galacto'des.
  GALACTODI^E'TA, Dise'ta lac'tea, from
ya\u, ' milk,3 and Siana, ' diet.3  A milk diet.
  GALACTODIARRHOEA, Cceliac  Flux.
  GALACTOGANGLION, Milk knot.
  GALACTOHiE'MIA, Galactosemia, from
y*\a,'milk,'  and '*ip.a, 'blood:' Lactis son-
guinolen'ti Excre'tio.   The secretion of bloody
or bloodlike milk.
  GAL ACTOM ASTOPARECTOMA, Masto-
dynia apostematosa.
  GALACTOM'ETER,La<*«m'eter,fromyaa«.
' milk,' and f^nfov,  ' measure.'  An instrument
for appreciating the quantity of cream in milk-
It is a kind of graduated separatory  or eprou- 
179               GALEOPSIS
             GALACTONCUS             3

vette,—the degrees on the scale indicating the
thickness of the layer of cream that forms on
the surface of the milk.
   GALACTON'CUS, Tumor  lac'teus, from
yaXn, ' milk,' and ayKos,' a swelling.3   A milk
tumour.
   GAL AC T O P H 'AGOUS,  Galactoph'agus,
Lactiv'orus,  sometimes used  substantively;
from yala, ' milk,' and (px.ya>, ' I eat.'  That
which  feeds on milk.   A name given to certain
people, with whom milk appears to constitute
the chief nourishment.
   GALACTOPHORA, Galactopoietica.
   GALACTOPH'OROUS, Galac'tifer, Lac'ti-
fer, Lactiferous, from yala, 'milk,' and ipegai,
' I carry.3  That which carries milk.
   Galactoph'orous or Lactif'erous  Ducts,
are those  which convey the milk, secreted by
the mammary gland, towards the nipple, where
their external orifices are situate.  The Lac-
teals have also been so called.
   GALACTOPH'ORUS.  Some  accoucheurs
have given this name to an instrument intended
to facilitate sucking, when  the faulty confor-
mation of the nipple prevents the child from
laying hold of it.
   GALACTOPH'YGUS,  from  yala,  'milk,'
and iptuytiv, 'to shun.'  That which arrests or
disperses the secretion of milk.  Hence Galac-
toph'yga Medicamen'ta.
   GALACTOPLA'NIA, Metastasis seu Aber-
ra'tio seu Viae extrddrdindrise lactis, Galactor-
rhea erro'nea, from ya\n, ' milk,' and vhavrj,
' wandering.3  Extravasation of milk into the
cellular membrane.   Secretion  of milk else-
where  than from the breasts.
   GALACTOPLERO'SIS, from yala,  'milk,'
and ,TA»;pu>a7c,' repletion.'  Redundance of milk.
   GALACTOPOEA, Galactopoietica.
   GALACTOPOESIS, Galactopoiesis.
   GALACTOPOIESIS, Galactosis.
   GALACTOPOIETTCA, Galactoph'ora, Ga-
'actago'ga, Galactopoe'a, from yala,' milk,' and
Trortco,  ' I make.'  Substances, to  which has
been attributed  the property of favouring the
secretion of milk and augmenting its quantity.
   GALACTOPO'SIA, from y*JU, ' milk,' and
/roo-tc,  'drink.'  The drinking of milk.  Treat-
ment of a disease by means of milk.
   GALACTOP OTES, Galactop'otus, Lactipo-
tor.  Same etymon.   A drinker of milk.   One
subjected  to a milk diet.
   GALACTOPYRA, Fever, milk.
   GALACTOPYRETUS, Fever, milk.
   GALACTORRHEA, Galactia—g. Erronea,
Galactoplania—g. Saccharata, Saccharorrhoea

   GALACTOSACCHARUM, Saccharum lac-
tis.
   GALACTOSCHESIS, Galactischesis.
   GALACTOSIS,  Galactopoie' sis, Galacto-
poe'sis, Secre'tio lactis, from yala.xxofi.ai, ' I am
changed into milk.'   The secretion or forma-
tion of milk.          _
  G AL ACTOT'ROPHE, Galactotrophia, from
yala, '  milk,3 and ipoipr;, ' nourishment.3   Nou-
rishment by means of milk.
   GALACTOZE'MIA, from yala,' milk," and
'»«/«, ' loss.'  Loss of milk.   Also, Galactia.
  GALACTU'CHOS, from ya\t, ' milk,3 and
t/tir, ' to have.3   Suckling.   Giving milk.
  GALACTURIA, Chyluria.
  GALANGA, Maranta galanga.
   GALANGAL, Maranta galanga.
  ' GALANGALE, Cyperus longus.
   GALARIPS, Allamanda.
   GALAXIA, Thoracic duct.
   GALAX'IAS, Galacti'tes, Galac'tis.  A milk
 stone.  A stone supposed to be capable of pro-
 moting the secretion of milk.
   GALBANUM, see  Bubon   galbanum—g.
 Long-leaved, Bubon galbanum.
   GAL'BULUS, from galbus,  'yellow.'   A
 kind of congenital jr.undice, in which the yel-
 low colour continues through life.  It is rather
 a defect in colour than a disease.—Vogel.
   GALE, Myrica gale—g. Odorant,  Myrica
 gale—g. Sweet, Myrica gale.
   GALE, Psora—g. Canine, Psoriasis—g. kpi-
 dimique,  Eczema—g. Miliaire, Psoriasis—g.
 Sicke, Lichen, Psoriasis.
   GA'LEA.   A helmet, from yalt], ' a cat;3 of
 the  skin  of which it was  formerly made.   A
 name given to the amnios, and also, to the band-
 age of Galen.  In Pathology, it indicates a head-
 ache affecting the whole head.  See, also, Caul.
   Galea  Aponeurot'ica Cap'itis, Ga'lea ten-
 din'ea Santori'ni, Ga'lea  cap'itis, Membra'na
 epicra'nia.  The tendinous expansion, which
 unites the frontal and occipital portions of the
 occipito-frontalis muscle.
   GALE AMAUROSIS, Amaurotic cat's eye.
   GALEAN'CON, Galian'con, from yalta,' a
 cat,'' a weasel,3 and a.yxmv,' an elbow.'  Mus-
 tela'neus.  One who has two short arms.
   GALEAN'THROPY,  Galeanthro'pia, from
 yalt], 'a cat,' and av&gomoc, ' a man.'  A va-
 riety of melancholy in which the patient  be-
 lieves himself changed into a cat.  An affection
 similar to lycanthropy and  cynanthropy.
   GALE'GA  OFFICINA'LIS, Galega,  Ruta
 capra'da, Goat's  rue, (F.)Rue de ehevre, Faux
 Indigo.   It is  slightly aromatic, and was once
 used as a sudorific and alexiterial, in malig-
 nant fevers, &c.
   Galega Virginia'na, Tephro'sia Virginia'-
 na,  Turkey pea,  Virginia Goat's rue or  eat
 gut, is used in some parts of the United States
 as an anthelmintic.  The decoction of the root
 is given.
   GALENE, Graphites.
   GALENEA, Graphites.
   GALEN'IC, Galenical, Galen'icus,  Gale'-
 nius, from Galenus.   That which relates  to
 the doctrine of Galen or to Galenism.   Used,
 substantively, for drugs that are not chymical.
   Galenic Medicine, Galenism.
   GA'LENISM, Galenic medicine.   The doc-
 trine of Galen.
   GA'LENIST, Galenis'ta, Galenis'tes. A fol-
 lower of the doctrine of Galen.
   GALENIUS, Galenic.
   GALEOBDOLON, Galeopsis.
   GALEOPDOLON, Galeopsis.
   GALEOPSIS, Lamium album.
   Galeop'sis, Galiop'sis,  Galeob'dolon, Gale-
 op'dolon, La'mium rubrum, Urti'ca iners magna
fatidis'sima, Stachys fa'tida, Hedge nettle,
 (F.) Ortie morte des bois.   This plant was for-
 merly reckoned a vulnerary and anodyne.
  Galeop'sis  Grandiflo'ra,  G.  Ochroleu'ca.
 G. Seg"etum,  Herba Sided'tidis.  This plant
 is regarded in Germany as a bitter resolvent,
 It is the basis, also, of a celebrated nostrum, the
 Blankenkeimer Tea,  called, likewise,  Liebers
pectoral and phthisical herbs (Liebersche 
GALEROPIA
380
GANGLION
 Brust oder Au szehrungs-Kr auter,)
 which has enjoyed  great  repute in pectoral
 complaints.  The tops of  the  plant are given
 in decoction, (§j, boiled in a pint of water for
 a  quarter  of an  hour.)  This  quantity to be
 taken in a day.
   Galeop'sis  Versic'olor, and  G.  Villo'sa,
 are possessed of the same virtues.
   Galeopsis Ochroleuca, G.  grandiflora—g.
 Segetum, G. grandiflora.
   GALEROPIA, Oxyopia.
   GA'LI A.  An ancient composition, in which
 ^alls were an  ingredient;  the  Galia  pura.
 There was, also, a Galia aromatica, moscha'ta
 vel musca'ta, which consisted  of a mixture of
 several perfumes, such as musk.
   GALIANCON, Galeancon.
   GALIOPSIS, Galeopsis.
   GALIP^A FEBRIFUGA,  Cusparia febri-
 fuga—g. Officinalis, see Cusparia febrifuga.
   GALIPOT, see Pinus sylvestris.
   GA'LIUM, (from ya\*,< milk,3 because some
 species curdle milk.)  G. verum.
   Galium Album, G. Mollugo.
   Ga'lium Apari'ne, Apadne, Lappa, Pkilan-
 ehro'pus, Ampelocar'pus, Omphalocar'pus, Ixus,
 Aspharln.e, Asper'ula, Goose-grass, Cleaver's
 bees, Cleavers, Goose-share, Hayriff.  Family,
 Rubiacea?.  Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.
 (F.) Gaillet accrochant, G.crochant, Gratteron.
 The expressed juice has been given as an aperi-
 ent diuretic in incipient dropsies; also, in cancer.
   Galium Luteum, G. verum.
   Galium Mollu'go, Galium  album, Greater
 ladies'  bed-straw, Alys'sum Plinii, (F'.) Cail-
 lelait blanc.   The herb and flowers have been
 used, medicinally, in epilepsy.
   Ga'lium Tincto'rum, an American species,
 closely allied in properties to G. verum.
   Ga'lium Verum, Ga'lium, G. lu'teum,  La-
. dies'  bed-straw,  Cheese-rennet, Bed-straw,
 Cleavewort,  Goose-grass,  Savoyan, Clabber-
 grass, Milk sweet, Poor Robin, Gravel-grass,
 (F.) Gaillet jaune, G. vrai, Vrai  Caillelait.
 The tops were used  in the cure of epilepsy.
 The leaves and flowers possess the property of
 curdling milk.
   GALL, Bile, Glass, see  Eczema Impetigino-
 des, Quercus infectoria, and Vitrum—g. of the
 Earth, Prenanthes—g. Nut, see Quercus infecto-
 ria—g. of the Ox, see Bile—g.  Sickness, Fever,
 Walcheren—g. Turkey, see Quercus infectoria.
   GALL-BLADDER, Vesic'ula fellis, Chol-
 lecyst,  Cholecyst'is, Follic'ulus  fellis,  Cystis
 fellea,  Vesica fellea, Vesic'ula bills,  Vesica
 friiia'ria,Follic'ulus felleus, Cystis choled' ochus,
 (F.) Visicule du fiel ou Visicule biliaire,Riser-
 voir de la bile.  A membranous, pyriform re-
 servoir, lodged in a superficial depression at the
 inferior surface of  the right lobe of the liver.
 It receives, by the  hepatic and cystic ducts, a
 portion of the bile secreted by the liver, when
 the stomach is empty, which becomes in it more
 acrid, bitter, and thick.  It receives an artery
 called  the cystic.   Its  veins  empty into the
 vena porta.   Its nerves come  from the hepatic
 plexus, and its lymphatic  vessels join those of
 the liver.
   GALLA, see Quercus infectoria—g. Maxima
 Orbiculata, see Quercus infectoria.
   GALL.E QUERCUS, see Quercus infectoria
 —g. Tinctoria?, see  Quercus infectoria—g. Tur-
 (icae, see Quercus infectoria.
  GALLATURA, Molecule.
  GALLI GALLINACEI CAPUT, Gallina-
ginis caput.
  GALLINAC'INIS CAPUT, Galli gallina'-
cei Caput, Caput gallina'ceum,Verumonta'num
Crista  urethra'lis,  Crete  urithrale,—(Ch. )
from  Gallinago,  'a  woodcock.3  An oblong
rounded, projection,  formed by  the mucous
membrane in the spongy portion of the urethra
at the sides of which the ejaculatory ducts open.
  GAL'LIPOT.  Perhaps from gala, 'finery.'
(?)   A pot painted and glazed or merely glazed,
and commonly used to hold medicines.
  GALLITRICHUM, Salvia sclarea.
  GALLSTONES, Calculi, biliary.
  GALLUS, Eunuch.
  GALREDA, Gelatin.
  GAL'VANISM, Galvanis'mus, Electric'itas
znima'lis, E. Galvan'ica vel metallica, Irrita-
men'tum metallo'rum vel metaliicum,Voltaism,
Volta'ic Electricity.   A series of phenomena,
consisting in sensible movements, executed by
animal parts, which are  endowed with irrita-
bility, when placed  in  connexion with two
metallic  plates  of different  nature, between
which a communication  is established by di-
rect contact or by means of a metallic  wire.
Galvanism  has been employed medicinally  in
the same cases as electricity, and  especially in
neuralgic affections.   It is often applied in the
form of plates,—" Mansford's plates." In asth-
ma, for  example, a small blister,  the size of a
dollar, may be placed on the neck over the
course of the phrenic and pneumogastric nerves,
and another on the side in the region of the dia-
phragm.  One metal is placed mediately or im-
mediately over the  vesicated surface on the
neck, and another over that in the side.  They
are then connected by means of a wire.  The
new nervous impression, in this  way induced,
is often signally beneficial.
  GALVANOPUNCTURE, Electropuncture.
  GAMBA, Patella.
  GAMBARUS, Crab.
  GAMBIER, see Nauclea gambir.
  GAMBOGIA,  Cambogia.
  GAMMARUS, Crab.
  GAM'MATA FERRAMEN'TA. Cauteries,
having the shape of  the Greek letter r;  which
were used for cauterizing hernias.
  GAMMAUT.   The  Italians,  according  to
Scultetus, gave this name to a kind of crooked
bistouri, used for opening abscesses.
   GAMMISMUS, Psammismus.
   GAMPHE, Gena.
   GAMPHELE, Gena, Maxillary Bone.
   GANGAME, Epiploon.
   GANGAMUM, Epiploon.
   GANGLIA CEREBRI POSTICA, Thalami
nervorum opticorum—g. Nervorum, Ganglions,
nervous, see Ganglion—g. Sensory, see Sensory
ganglia.
   GANGLIAR,  Ganglionic.
   GANG'LIFORM, Gang'lioform, Ganglifor'-
mis. Having the shape of a ganglion. A name
generally given to a knot-like enlargement, in
the course of a nerve.
   GANGLI'OLUM, Diminutive  of ganglion.
A small ganglion.
   GANG'LION, Gangiium, 'a knot.3  A name
given to organs differing  considerably from
each other in size, colour, texture, functions,
&c.  They are divided into glandiform, lym- 
GANGLION
381
GANGRENE
phalie,  and nervous.   1. Glandiform gang-
lions, called  also adenoid, vascular, and san-
guineous ganglions, blind glands, aporic glands,
glandula  spuria,  &c, are organs of whose
functions  we  are, in  general, ignorant;  and
which have the appearance  of glands.  They
are formed of agglomerated globules, pervaded
by blood-vessels, surrounded by cellular mem-
brane, and contain a milky or yellowish fluid.
To this class belong the thymus, thyroid, and
supra-renal glands.   2.  Lymphatic ganglions.
See Conglobate.  3.  Nervous ganglions, Gan-
glia seu Nodi seu Nod'uli Nervo'rum, Ganglio'-
nes,  Tumo'res  seu Plexus  ganglioform'es,
Plexus glandifor'mes, Tuber'cula nodo'sa Ner-
vo'rum, Diverticula spirituum  anima'lium.
Enlargements or knots  in the course of a nerve.
They belong, in general, to  the system of the
great sympathetic.  One, however, exists on
the posterior  root of every spinal  nerve, and
on one cerebral,—the  5th.  Bichat regarded
them as so many small brains, or  centres of
nervous action, independent of the encephalon,
and intended exclusively for organic life.   Be-
ing formed by the union of the cerebral  and
spinal nerves, they may send out the influence
of both these nervous  centres to the  parts to
which the nerves proceeding from them are dis-
tributed.   We  know not, however, their pre-
cise uses,  although it is probable that they may
be connected with the nutrition of the part, on
which the nerves proceeding  from them are
dispersed.
   Ganglion.  Same etymon.   Emphy'ma en-
cys'tis ganglion.  A globular, hard,  indolent
tumour, without change in  the colour of the
skin; of a size varying from that of a pea, to
that of an  egg, and always situate in the course
of a tendon.  The tumour is formed of a viscid,
albuminous fluid, contained in a cyst of greater
or less thickness. The  cyst is sometimes loose;
but in the  majority of  cases it communicates,
by a narrow footstalk, with the sheath of a
tendon, or even with the synovial capsule of a
neighbouring articulation.  The causes are ge-
nerally unknown.  The treatment consists in
compression, percussion, the use of discutients,
extirpation, or incision.
   Ganglion  Abdominale,  G. semilunar—g.
Adenoid,  G.  glandiform—g. of Andersch,  Pe-
trous  ganglion—g. Annular,  see  Ciliary liga-
ment—g.  Auricular, Oticum G.—g. Azygous,
see Trisplanchnic  nerve—g.  Cardiac, Cardiac
plexus—g. Cerebelli, Corpus dentatum—g. Ce-
rebri  Anterius,  Corpora striata—g. Ciribral
infirieur,  grand, Thalami nervorum opticorum
—g. du Cervelet, Corpus dentatum—g. Ciliare,
Corpus dentatum—g. Ciliary, Ophthalmic gan-
glion.
   Ganglion of Ehrenritter, Ganglion nervi
glosso-pharynge'i supe'rius, G. jugula'rS supe'-
rius, G. Ehrenritteri seu Mulled.  A reddish-
gray mass on  the  glosso-pharyngeal' nerve in
the foramen  lacerum,  above the ganglion of
Andersch.
   Ganglion of  Gasser, Gan'glinm seu Gan'-
glion Gasseri, Moles gangliformis, Intumes-
cen'tia gangliformis seu semiluna'ris.  A se-
micircular knot on the 5th pair of nerves, before
its division into three branches.
   Ganglion, Glandiform,  see Ganglion—g.
Impar, see Trisplanchnic nerve—g. Jugulare
Superius, G. of Ehrenritter—g.  Laiteux, Milk-
j knot—g. Lenticular, G. ophthalmic—g. Lym-
 phatic, Conglobate gland—g. Maxillo-tympa-
 nique, Oticum G.—g. of Meckel, Sphenopala-
 tine G.—g. Mulleri, G. of Ehrenritter—g. Na-
 sopalatine, see Nasopalatine ganglion—g. Nervi
 glosso-pharyngei superius, G. of Ehrenritter—
 g. Ophthalmic, see  Ophthalmic ganglion—g.
 Optic, Quadrigemina tubercula—g. Orbitar, G.
 ophthalmic—g. Oticum, Oticum G.—g. Petrosal,
 see Petrous ganglion.
   Ganglion of the Pneumogastric  A  gan-
 glionic structure  in  the pneumogastric as it
 passes through the foramen lacerum posterius.
   Ganglion  of Ribes.  A  nervous ganglion
 said to exist upon the anterior communicating
 artery of the brain, and to be found at the point
 of junction of the right  and  left trunks of the
 sympathetic.
   Ganglion  Sanguineous,  G. glandiform—g.
 Sensory, see Sensory ganglia—g. Solare, G. se-
 milunare—g. Sphenoidal, Sphenopalatine  gan-
 glion—g. Splanchnicum, G. semilunare—g. Su-
 pirieur du cerveau (grand,) Corpora striata—g.
 Surrinal, G. semilunare—g. Transversum, G.
 semilunare—g. Vascular, G.  glandiform—g. de
 Vieussens, Cceliac plexus.
   GANGLIONARY, Ganglionic.
   GANGLIONES GANGLIOFORMES, Gan-
 glions, nervous.
   GANGLIONIC,  Ganglionicus,  Gan'glio-
 nary, Gan'gliar.  Relating to ganglia. Nerves
 are so called  in the course of which ganglions
 are met with; as the greater part of the branches
 of the great sympathetic or  trisplanchnic, the
 posterior roots of the spinal nerves, &c.
   Ganglionic Nerve, Trisplanchnic nerve.
   GANGIAfMI'TI§,Gangliltis, from yayylior,
 'a ganglion,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of a nervous ganglion.  Sometimes
 used for inflammation of a lymphatic ganglion.
   Ganglionitis Peripherica et Medullaris,
 Cholera.
   GANGLIUM, Ganglion—g. Gasseri,Ganglion
 of Gasser.
   GANGR^ENA ALOPECIA, Alopecia—g.
 Caries,  Caries—g.  Nosocomiorum,  Hospital
 gangrene—g. Oris, Cancer aquaticus—g. Ossis,
 Spina ventosa—g. Ossium, Caries—g. Pottii,
 see Gangrene—g. Pottii, Gangrene of old  peo-
 ple—g. Pulmonum, Necropneumonia—g. Seni-
 lis, Gangrene of old  people—g.  Sphacelus,
 Sphacelus—g. Tonsillarum, Cynanche maligna
 —g.  Ustilaginea, Ergotism—g. Vaginae,  Col-
 pocace.
   GANGR^NESCENTIA,  Gangraenosis.
   GANGR^ENICUS, Gangrenous.
   GANGR^ENODES, Gangrenous.
   GANGR^ENOPS'IS, Cancer aquaticus; also,
 gangrenous inflammation of the  eyelids.  Ble-
 pharitis gangrano'sa.—Siebenhaar.
   GANGRiENO'SIS, Gangranescen'tia, from
 yayyqana, ' gangrene.'  The  state of being gan-
 grenous  or of becoming gangrenous.
   GANGRiENOSUS, Gangrenous.
   GANGRENE,  Gangra'na, Cancre'na, Hot
 mortification, (F.) Gangrhie, G. Chaude, As-
 phyxie des parties.  Privation of life or partial
 death  of an  organ.  Authors have  generally
 distinguished mortification  into tv^p stages;
 naming  the first incipient or gangrene.  It is
 attended with a sudden diminution  of feeling
 in the part affected; livid discoloration; detach- 
GANGRENE DE LA BOUCHE     382
GASTER
ment of the cuticle, under which a turbid fluid
is effused;  with crepitation, owing to the dis-
engagement of air  into the  cellular texture.
When  the  part has become  quite black, and
incapable of all feeling, circulation, and life, it
constitutes the second stage, or mortification,
and is  called sphacelus.   Gangrene, however,
is frequently used synonymously with mortifi-
cation,—local asphyxia being the termemployed
for that condition, in which the parts are in a
state of suspended animation, and, consequently,
susceptible of resuscitation.   When the part is
filled with fluid entering into putrefaction, the
affection is called humid gangrene, (F.)  Gan-
grene humide: on the other  hand, when it  is
dry and shrivelled, it constitutes dry gangrene;
(F.) Gangrene seche.  To this class belongs the
gangra'na senilis,  G. Pot'tii, Presbyosphac"-
elus, or spontaneous gangrene of old people,
which  rarely admits of cure.  Whatever may
be the kind of gangrene, it may be caused by
violent inflammation,  contusion, a burn, conge-
lation, the ligature of a large arterial trunk,  or
by some internal cause inappreciable to us.
  The treatment, both of external and internal
gangrene, varies according to the causes which
produce it.  Gangrene from  excessive inflam-
mation is obviated by antiphlogistics; and that
from intense cold  by cautiously restoring the
circulation by cold frictions, &c.  When the
gangrene has become developed, the separation
of the  eschars must be encouraged by emollient
applications, if there be considerable reaction;
or by tonics and stimulants if the reaction be
insufficient.
  Gangrene of the Lungs,  Necropneumonia.
  GANGRENE DE LA BOUCHE, Cancer
aquaticus—g. Chaude, Gangrene—g.  Froide,
Sphacelus—g. Humide, see Gangrene-—g. Shche,
see Gangrene—g.  Hopital, Hospital gangrene
—g.du Poumon, Necropneumonia—g. des Solo-
nois, Ergotism.
  GAN'GRENOUS,  Gangra'nicus, Gangra-
no'sus, Gangrano des. Affected with or  re-
lating  to gangrene.
  GANJAH,  Gunjah.
  GANTELET (F.), Chirothe'ca, Fas'cia di-
gita'lis, Gauntlet; from (F.) gant, a glove.  A
sort of bandage, which envelops the hand and
fingers, like a glove.   It  is made with a long
roller, about an inch  broad;  and is  applied so
that the fingers are covered to their tips, when
it is called Gantelet  entier ou complet.   The
Demi-gantelet includes only the hand and base
of the  fingers.  Both bandages are used in frac-
tures and luxations of the  fingers, burns of the
hand, &c.   See Chirotheca.
  GANTS DES DAMES, Condom—g.  de
Notre  Dame, Digitalis.
  GAPING, Yawning.
  GARANCE, Rubia.
  GARCINTA MANGOSTA'NA.  The sys-
tematic name  of the Mangos'tan or Mangous' -
tan tree, Mangosta'na. It grows in great abun-
dance  in Java and the Molucca  islands.   The
fruit, which is about the  size of an  orange, is
delicious, and is eaten in almos^ every disorder.
The dried baik is used medicinally in dysentery
and tenesmus; and a strong decoction has been
much esteemed in ulcerated sore throat.
  GARDE-MALADE, Nurse.
  GARDEROBE, Artemisia abrotanum.
  GARDEROBES, Faeces.
  GARDOUCHES, Vesiculae seminales.
  GARETUM, Poples.
  GARGALISMUS, Gargalus.
  GARGALOS, Gargalus.
  GAR'GALUS, Gargale, Gargalis'mus, Ti-
tilla'tio, Irdta'tio, Pruritus.  Titillation, ir-
ritation,  itching.   Also, masturbation;  and,
rarely, animal magnetism.
  GARGAREON, Uvula.
  GARGARISATIO, Gargarism.
  GAR'GARISM, Gargaris'mus, Gargaris'ma,
Anagargalic'ton, Gargaris'mum,  Collu'tio, Di-
aclys'ma,  Anagargaris'ton, Anagargarism'us,
Anaconchylis'mus, Anaconchylias'mus, Titilla-
men'tum, from  yaqyaoitu, 'I wash the  mouth.'
A gargle.   Any liquid medicine, intended to be
retained in the mouth, for a certain time, and
to be thrown in contact with the uvula, velum
pendulum, tonsils, &c.  For  this purpose, the
liquid  is agitated  by the air issuing from the
larynx, the head being thrown back.  Gargles
are employed in cynanche tonsillaris and other
diseases of the fauces, and are made of stimu-
lants, sedatives, astringents, refrigerants,  &c,
according to circumstances.
  The process is termed gargling,gargarisa'tio.
  The term colluto'rium or collutorium oris is
generally restricted to a wash for the mouth.
  GARGET, Phytolacca decandra.
  GARGLE, Gargarism.
  GARGLING, see Gargarism.
  GARGOUILLEMENT, Borborygmus, Gur-
gling.   See Rale muqueux.
  GARLIC,  Allium—g. Hedge,  Alliaria.
  GAROSMUM, Chenopodium vulvaria.
  GAROU BARK, Daphne gnidium.
  GARRETUM, Poples.
  GARROPHYLLUS, Eugenia caryophyllata.
  GARROT'F.), from garrotter, 'to tie fast.3
A small  cylinder of wood, used  for tightening
the  circular  band, by which the arteries of a
limb are  compressed, for the purpose of sus-
pending the flow of blood in cases  of hemor-
rhage, aneurism, amputation, &c.
  GARROTILLO, Cynanche maligna.
  GARRULITAS, Loquacity.
  GARUM, yagov.  The ancient Romans gave
this name to  a kind of pickle made by collect-
ing  the liquor which  flowed from  salted and
half putrefied fish.  It was used as a condiment.
—The Geoponics, Humelberg on  Apicius, Mar-
tial, &c.
  GAS, see Gaz—g. Ammoniacale, Ammonia—
g. Animale sanguinis, G. sanguinis—g. Azoti-
cum, Azote—g. Azoticum oxygenatum, Nitro-
gen, gaseous oxide of—g. Hepaticum, Hydrogen,
sulphuretted—g.   Hydrogenium   sulphuretum,
Hydrogen, sulphuretted—g.  Intoxicating, Ni-
trogen, gaseous oxide  of—g. Laughing, Nitro-
gen, gaseous oxide of—g.  of the Lungs, Gas,
pulmonary—g. Nitrous, dephlogisticated, Ni-
trogen, gaseous oxide of—g. Oxygenated muri-
atic acid, Chlorine—g. Oxymuriatic acid, Chlo-
rine—g. Palustre, Miasm, marsh—g. Paradise,
Nitrogen, gaseous oxide of—g. Sulphuris, Sul-
phurous acid.
  GASCARILLA, Croton cascarilla.
  GASTEIN,  MINERAL  WATERS  OK
Gastein  is in the Noric Alps, Austria.  The
waters are thermal.   Temp. 10b° to 11«° Fah.
  GASTER, ya<rr^.  The abdomen. At times,
but  rarely, the uterus.   Also, the stomach, in
particular; Hence: 
              GASTERALGIA             3

  GASTERALGIA, Gastralgia.
  GASTERANAX.  A name given by Dolaeus
to a hypothetical vital principle, correspending
to the Archa?us of  Van Helmont, the seat  of
which he placed in the lower belly.  See Bith-
nimalca.
  GASTERANGEMPHRAXIS,  Gasteran-
giemphraxis.
  GASTERANGIEMPHRAXTS, Gasteran-
gemphrax'is, Gasteremphrax'is.   Obstruction
of the pylorus, from ya<rTi?g, ' stomach,3 ay/a,
' I strangle,3 and t^poao-o-w, ' I obstruct.3—Vo-
gel.   Also,  and properly, obstruction or con-
gestion in the vessels of the  stomach.
  GASTERASE, Pepsin.
  GASTERASTHENI'A, ImbeeilHtas seu
Aton'ia seu  Lax'itas -ventric'uli; from yaartjQ,
'stomach,3 and aafovn*, 'debility.3   Debility
of the stomach.
  GASTERECHE'MA, Sonitus stomach'icus;
from yao-Tjjo,' the stomach,3 and tj^ua,' sound.3
Sound presumed to be heard on auscultating the
region of the stomach.
  GASTEREM PHR AXIS,  Gasterangiem-
phraxis.
  GASTERHYSTEROTOMY, Ca?sarean Sec-
tion.
  GASTR^E'MIA;  fromyao-rf/g, 'thestomach,3
and 'ai/aa, '  blood.'  Determination of blood to
the  stomach.
  GASTRALGIA,  Cardialgia.
  GASTRANEURYSMA, Gastrectasis.
  GASTREC'TASIS,  Gastrecta'sia,  Gastra-
neurys'ma, Dilata'tio Ventric'uli: from yavTr.g,
' the stomach,3 and txrxatg, '  dilatation.3  Dila-
tation of the stomach.
  GASTRELCOBROSIS.Gastrobrosisulcerosa.
  GASTRELCO'SIS, Ulcera'tio seu  Exulce-
ra'tio seu Ul'cera Ventric'uli, from y^an-r^, 'the
stomach,'  and  'ilxiaau;,  'ulceration.'  Ulcera-
tion of the stomach. When accompanied with
hectic, it constitutes Gastrophthlsis, Gastroph'-
tho'e.
  GASTRELYTROTOMIA,  see  Cesarean
Section.
  GASTRENCEPHALO'MA,Gffl5*romye/o'«*a,
Gastromyelo'sis,Gastroencephalo'sis; fxomyaa-
Ttjp, ' the stomach,'  and  ty*.tq*l<.s,  < the brain.3
Encephaloid of the stomach.
  GASTRENCHYTA,  Stomach pump.
  GASTRENTERIC, Gastroentericus.
  GASTRENTERITIC, Gastroenteritic.
  GASTRENTEROMALA'CIA, Gastrentero-
malaxis, from yuoTijQ, 'stomach,3  tvxtpov, 'in-
testine,3 and /u-aKaKiu, 'softening.'   Softening
of the stomach and intestines.
  GASTREPATICUS,  Gastrohepatic.
  GASTREPATI'TISJnfiamma'tio ventric'uli
et hep'atis; from y*orrtQ, ' stomach,' and '»?7rog,
' liver.'  Inflammation of the stomach and liver.
  GASTREPIPLOICUS, Gastroepiploic.
  GASTRERETHISTA;  from  yaarijo, 'sto-
mach,3 and  te,t8ita,  ' I irritate.'  Irritation  of
the  stomach.
  GASTRIC, Gas'tricus; from yaarng,'the sto-
mach.3  Belonging or relating to the stomach.
  Gastric  Ar'teries  are  three  in  number,
Arte'ria gastro-epiplo'ica dextra, A. gastro-epi-
ploica sinis'tra, and A. corona'ria ventri'culi.
  Gastric Juice, Succus gas'tricus, Men'stru-
um  seu Fermentum Ventric'uli, (F.) Sue Gas-
trique, Gastric Acid.   A  fluid, secreted from
the mucous membrane of the  stomach.  As met
B3             GASTROBROSIS

 with, it is a mixture of the fluids secreted by
 that organ with those of the supra-diaphragma-
 tic portion of the alimentary canal.  Owing to
 such admixture, the most contrary  properties
 have been assigned to it.  That such a fluid is
 secreted, which concurs powerfully in digestion,
 is evident from many considerations, and has been
 positively proved by the author and numerous
 others.  It is always found to contain, in man,
 chlorohydric and acetic acids.  The gastric fluid
 in  cases of sudden death  sometimes corrodes
 and perforates the stomach; giving rise to inte-
 resting questions in medical jurisprudence.
   Gastric Nerves.   The two cords by which
 the pneumogastric nerves terminate, and which
 descend on the two surfaces of the stomach; as
 well as the filaments of the great sympathetic,
 which accompany the  gastric vessels.
   Gastric Plexus, Plexus corona'rius ventri'-
 culi.  A nervous net-work, formed by the solar
 plexus.  It accompanies the Arteria coronaria
 ventriculi, and passes along the  lesser  curva-
 ture of the stomach, to which it gives branches.
   Gastric Veins follow the same distribution
 as  the arteries, and open into  the Vena porta
 abdominis.
   GAS'TRICISM, Gastricis'mus, from yaimip,
 'the  stomach.'  A name by which is  desig-
 nated the medical theory, that refers all, or al-
 most all, diseases to an accumulation of sabur-
 rae in the digestive passages.
   GASTRILOQUE, Engastrimythos.
   GASTRILOQUIST, Engastrimythos.
   GASTRILOQUUS, Engastrimythus.
   GASTRIMARGUS, Glutton.
   GASTRINUM, Potash.
   GASTRISMUS, Gluttony, see Saburra.
   GASTRITTC, Gastriticus; same etymon as
 the rest.  Relating to gastritis.
   GASTRI'TIS, from yacrrjyo, 'the stomach,3
 and itis, denoting inflammation.  Ventric'uli
 inflamma'tio, Cauma gastritis, Empres'ma gas-
 tritis, Inflamma'tio gastritis, Cardialgia  in-
 flammato'ria,Febris stomach'ica inflammato'ria,
 Inflamma'tio ventric'uli, I. stom'achi, Phleg'-
 mone ventric'uli. Inflammation of the stomach,
 (F.) Inflammation de PEstomac, Gastrite, Ca-
 tarrhe gastrique.  A disease, characterized by
 pyrexia; great anxiety; heat and pain in  the
 epigastrium, increased by taking any thing into
 the stomach;  vomiting and hiccup.  Gastritis
 may  either be seated in  the peritoneal or mu-
 cous coat.  It is most frequently in  the latter
 (Esogastri'tis,Endogastri'tis,Gastromy coded'-
 tis,) being excited directly by acrid ingesta.  It
 requires the most active treatment;—bleeding,
 blistering, fomentations, diluents, &c.  Some
 degree of inflammation of the  mucous coat of
 the stomach  is considered by the followers of
 Broussais to be present in almost all fevers;
 and the  various forms of dyspepsia have been
 supposed by some to be nothing more than chro-
 nic en dogastritis.
   Gastritis Arthritica, Coeliagra.
   GASTRO-ARTHRITIS, Gout—g.  Ataxia,
 Dyspepsia—g. Atonia, Dyspepsia—g. Bronchi-
 tis, Fever, adenomeningeal—g. Entirite intense,
 Synocha—g. Entirite, with nervous affection
 of the brain,  see Typhus—g. Enteritis, follicu-
 lar, Dothinenteritis; see  Typhus.
   GASTROBRO'SIS,  Perfora'tio Ventric'uli,
 Gastrorrhex'is, (F.) Perforation de PEstomac ;
 from yaorrjo,' the stomach,' and flowo-ic,' the act 
GASTROCELE             384            GASTROPHRENIC
of gnawing.3   Corrosion and perforation of the
stomach.
  Gastrobro'sis Ulcero'sa, Gastrelcobro'sis.
Destruction and perforation of the coats of the
stomach by ulceration.
  GASTROCE'LR,  from yaorrft, ' the belly,3
and xr\lr\, 'a tumour.3  Hernia of the stomach,
Hernia ventric'uli, (F.) Hernie de PEstomac.
Hernia, formed by the stomach through the up-
per part of the linea  alba: a disease, the exist-
ence of which has been doubted by many.  See
Epigastrocele.
  GASTROCHOLOSIS, Fever, gastric.
  GASTROCNEME, Sura.
  GASTROCNEMIA, Sura.
  GASTROCNE'MII, from yaoxriQ,' the belly,3
and miim, 'the leg.3  The name  of the  two
fleshy masses  which  occupy the  posterior and
superficial part of the leg; (F.) Gastrocnimiens,
Jumeaux de la jambe, Gemelli, Bifimoro-calca-
niens—(Ch.:) the two constituting the Gas-
trocnemius exter'nus,  of English anatomists.
These  muscles are distinguished  into internal
and  external, which are distinct above, but
united  at  their inferior extremity.   They are
long, flat, and thick; and arise—the former from
the posterior  part of the outer condyle of the
femur; the latter, from the posterior part of the
inner condyle of the  same bone.   The aponeu-
rosis, which unites these muscles below, joins
with that  of the Solaris, and forms  with  it, a
large tendon, which, under the name Tendo-
A chillis, is inserted at the posterior part of the cal-
caneum.   These muscles extend the foot on the
leg, and the leg on the foot.  They can, also, bend
the leg and the thigh  reciprocally on each other.
For the Gastrocnemius internus, see Soleus.
  GASTROCNEMIUM, Sura.
  GASTROCCELIACUS, Coeliac.
  GASTROCOELICUS, Coeliac.
  GASTROCOLIC, see Epiploon, gastrocolic.
  GASTROCOLICA, Cardialgia.
  GASTROCOLI'TIS, from ya^r^, 'stomach,'
and xuilov, 'colon.3  Inflammation of the sto-
mach and colon.
  GASTROCOLPOTOMIA,   see  Caesarean
section.
  GASTRODID'YMUS, Did'ymus,  Sympkyo-
gas'trius, Psod'ymus ; from yao-Ttj^,' the belly,3
and Stdvpoc, 'a twin.3  A monstrosity in which
twins are united by  the abdomen.
  GASTRODUODE'NAL, Gastroduodena'Hs;
from yao-Tj/o,  ' stomach,3 and duodenum.  Re-
lating to the  stomach and duodenum.
  GASTRODUODENOPYRA, Fever,  adeno-
meningeal.
  GASTRODYNE,  Cardialgia.
  GASTRODYNIA, Cardialgia—g. Flatulenta,
Colica flatulenta.
  GASTROENTERIC, Gastroenterics, Gas-
trenter'ic,  Gastrenter'icus, from  yaor^,  'the
stomach,3 and trrt^ov, 'intestine.3  Relating to
the stomach and intestine,
  GASTROENTkRITE, Gastroenteritis.
  GASTROENTER1TTC, Gastroenterit'icus,
Gastrenterit'ic, Gastrenterit'icus ; same etymon
as the  next.   Relating to gastroenteritis.
  GASTROENTERITIS,  Inflamma'tio  Ven-
tric'uli et  Intestino'rum, (F.) Gastro-entirite,
Gastro-enteric disease, from  yaaxt\q, 'the sto-
mach,' tvxtpov, 'an intestine,' and  itis, a suffix
denoting  inflammation.  Inflammation  of the
stomach and  small  intestine.   According  to
Broussais, the essential fevers of authors are
gastro-enteritis, simple, or complicated.
  GA?>TROEYIY'EOIC,Gastro-epiVlo'icus,Gas-
trepiplo'icus, from  yaaxr^, 'the stomach,' and
tTtnKoov, 'the epiploon.'  That which relates
to the stomach and epiploon.
   Gastroepiploic Arteries, or Gastric infe-
rior, are two in number, and distinguished into
right and left.  The right, also called Gastro-
hepatic, Gas'trica inferior dextra, Gastro-epip-
loica dextra, is furnished by the hepatic artery.
It descends behind the pylorus, and passes from
right to left, along the great curvature of the
stomach.  It gives branches to  the pancreas,
duodenum, stomach, omentum majus, and ter-
minates by anastomosing with the Gastro-epi-
ploica sinis'tra, Gas'trica sinistra, Gas'trica
infe'rior sinis'tra.  This—the left—arises from
the splenic artery.   It is of  considerable mag-
nitude, and passes  from left to right, along the
great curvature of the stomach, distributing its
branches more particularly to the stomach and
omentum majus.   It terminates by joining the
right gastro-epiploic.
   Gastroepiploic Ganglions are the lympha-
tic ganglions  or  glands, situate  towards the
great curvature of the stomach, between the
two anterior lamina? of the omentum majus.
   Gastroepiploic Veins are distinguished, like
the arteries, into right and left.   They empty
themselves;—the former, into the superior me-
senteric: the latter, into the splenic vein.
   GASTROH^MORRHAGIA,Haematemesis.
   GASTROHEPATTC,  Gastro-hepaticus,
Hep'ato-gas'tricus,Gastrepat'icus; from yarr^n,
' the stomach,' and 'inag,' the liver.'  Relating
to the stomach and liver.  This name has been
given to several organs.  See Epiploon, gastro-
hepatic, &c.
   GASTROHYSTEROTOMY, Caesarean sec-
tion.
   GASTROLIENALIS, Gastrosplenicus.
   GASTROLITHI'ASIS, from ya<m,o,'the sto-
mach,' and li&ttnig, 'formation of stone.3  The
formation of concretions, gastrol'ithi, in the sto-
mach.
   GASTROMALACIA, Gastromalaxia.
   GASTROMALAX'IA,Gastro-mala'cia,Gas-
tromalaco'sis, Malacogas'ter, Malaxis ventric'-
uli, Dissolu'tio ventric'uli, Emollit'io ventric -
uli, Pseudophlogo'sis ventric'uli resolutlva et
colliquatlva,  Metamorpho'sis ventric'uli gela-
tinifor'mis,  (F.) Ramollissement de PEstomac,
from yao-Tt]^, 'the  stomach,3 and na\*%ts, 'soft-
ening.3  Softening of  the stomach, induced at
times  by the  gastric secretions after  death.—
Resolu'tio ventric'uli autopeptica.
   GASTROMANTIS, Engastrimythus.
   GASTROMETROTOMlA,Ca?sarean section.
   GASTROMYCODERIS,  see Stomach.
   GASTROMYCODERITIS, see Gastritis.
   GASTROMYELOMA, Gastroencephaloma.
   GASTRONOSUS, Gastropathia,
   GASTROP'ATHY, Gastropathia, Gastron'-^
osus, Gastronu'sus, from yao-rri^,' the stomach,
and tuS'.c, ' disease.3   Disease of the stomach.
   GASTROPHRENIC,  Gastro-phrenicus,
 from yao-rrtQ,' the stomach,' and cpgfvtc, 'the dia-
 phragm.'  Belonging  to the stomach  and dia-
 phragm.                               .
   Gastrophrenic Ligament is a reflection ol
 the peritoneum, which descends from the infe-
 rior surface of the diaphragm to the cardia. 
GASTROPHTHISIS
385
GELATIN
   GASTROPHTHISIS, Gastrelcosis.
   GASTROPHTHOE, Gastrelcosis.
   GASTRO'RAPHY,  Gastrorrha'phia,  Gas-
 tror'rkapkS, Sutu'ra abdomina'lis, from yao-nw,
 'the belly,3 and fa<pI;, 'a suture.3  The suture
 used for  uniting wounds penetrating the abdo-
 men, when they are too extensive  or too une-
 qual to be kept in contact by position, adhesive
 plaster, or appropriate bandages.  The inter-
 rupted and quilled sutures are those chiefly em-
 ployed.
   GASTRORRHAGIA, Ha?matemesis.
   GASTRORRHEXIS,  Gastrobrosis.
   GASTRORRHOE'A, from Y*<rrtj<>, ' the sto-
 mach,3 and Qta,  'I  flow.3  Blennorrhea  seu
 Fluxus ventric'uli, (F.) Flux muqueux de Pes-
 tomac, Catarrhe stomacal.  A morbid condition
 of the stomach, which consists in the secretion
 of an excessive  quantity of  mucus  from the
 lining membrane of the stomach.  Also, Cceliac
 flux.
   GASTROSCIR'RHUS, Indura'tio ventric'uli
 scirrho'sa, Scirrhus  seu carcino'ma ventric'uli.
 Scirrhous induration or cancer of the stomach.
   GASTROSCOPIA, Abdominoscopia.
   GASTROSIS.  A generic name for diseases
 which are seated in the stomach.—Alibert.
   GASTROSPLE'NIC, Gastrosple'nicus, Gas-
 tro-liena'lis, from y^o-Ttjo, 'stomach,3 and o-nKtjv,
 'the spleen.3  Relating to stomach and spleen.
   GASTROSTENOSIS, Stricture of the  sto-
 mach.
   Gastrostenosis  Cardi'aca et Pylor'ica ;
 from yarrijO, 'the stomach,3 and artvog, 'nar-
 row.3   Narrowness of the cardiac and pyloric
 orifices of the stomach from cancer of that organ.
   GASTROT'OMY, from  y«oT>;e,'the belly,'
 and  to/K7/, 'incision.3   Several different opera-
 tions have been so called.  1. The Caesarean
 Section.  2. An incision made into the abdomen
 for  the purpose  of removing some  internal
 strangulation or volvulus;  or to reduce hernia,
 Laparot'omy: and, 3. The opening made in the
 stomach,  to remove  a foreign body which has
 passed into it through the oesophagus.
   GASTRYPERNEU'RIA, from y«.<r<rr1?, 'sto-
 mach,3 'u,7«o, 'above,3 and rtuoer,  'a nerve.'
 Morbidly increased activity of the nerves of the
 stomach.
   GJTEAU FkBRILE, Ague cake.
   GATTILIER, Vitex.
   GAUDIA FCEDA, Masturbation.
   GAULTHERIA, Gaulthe'da seu Gualthe'-
 da procum'bens,  Gautie'ra  repens,  Mountain
 Tea, Partridge Berry, Berried Tea, Grouseber-
 ry, Deerberry, Spice berry, Tea berry, Redberry,
 Winter green, Redberry   Tea,  Ground  berry,
 Ground ivy, Ground holly, Hill berry, Box
 berry,  Chequer berry.   An American plant,
 which  is  one of the principal articles of the
 materia medica of some  Indian  tribes.  The
 infusion of the leaves is stimulant and anodyne,
 and is said to have been used,  with advantage,
 in  Asthma.  The  oil—Oleum Gaultheria, Ph.
 U. S.,—is used, chiefly on account of  its plea-
sant  flavour, to cover the  taste of other medi-
cines.
  GAUNTLET, Gantelet.
  GAUQUAVA, Smilax China.
  GAUTIERA REPENS, Gaultheria.
  GAY FEATHER, Liatris spicata.
  GAY AC, Guaiacum.
  GAZ, GAS,  Air.   Van  Helmont  first  de-
3. Positively de-
 leterious gazes.
 signated by  this  name, — the etymology  of
 which is  unknown,—the carbonic acid deve-
 loped in the vinous fermentation.  Afterwards,
 the term was appropriated to every permanent-
 ly elastic fluid; that is, which preserves its
 aeriform state at all temperatures: and ulti-
 mately  it was extended to all aeriform bodies;
 —which were divided into permanent and non-
 permanent  gazes.   The latter are generally
 teimed vapours:—they return to the liquid state,
 when a portion of their caloric is abstracted.
 The permanent  gazes, or gazes properly so
 called, are numerous, and may be divided into
 four sections with regard to their effects on the
 animal economy.
                f Carbonic   acid, ammoniacal
 1.   Irrespirable i  gaz, muriatic acid gaz, deu-
       gazes.      toxide of azote, nitrous acid
                (^  gaz, and  chlorine.
 2. Negatively de- |n  ,          .
  ,  . ".     *    < Hydrogen, azote.
  leterious gazes. \  J   B
                 Oxygen, protoxide of azote,
                   carburetted hydrogen, car-
                   bonic oxide,  sulphuretted
                   hydrogen, and arseniuretted
                   hydrogen.

   It is proper to remark that the term respira-
 ble has been very differently employed by dif-
 ferent writers.  Sometimes  it has meant the
 power of supporting  life when applied to the
 blood in the lungs.  At others, all gazes have
 been deemed irrespirable, which are incapable
 of being introduced into the lungs by voluntary
 efforts,—without any relation to their power of
 maintaining vitality; and this is  perhaps the
 best  sense.  The gazes were, at one time, em-
 ployed in medicine, under great expectations,—
 especially  by the  enthusiastic  Beddoes; but
 they are now scarcely ever had  recourse to.
 They differ, considerably, in their effects on the
 animal economy.   Some, as oxygen, are ex-
 citing ; others, as nitrogen, depressing;  whilst
 others, again, as the Protoxide of azote or laugh-
 ing gaz, produce the most singular effects.
  Gaz,  Pul'monary, Gaz of the lungs.  A
 name given to the expired air; which contains,
 —besides common air, an increase of carbonic
 acid, water, and some animal  matter.
  Gaz Sang'uinis, Gaz anima'le san'guinis,
 Hal'itus san'guinis, Aura san'guinis, Hamat'-
 mus.  The  halitus, or  vapour, given off by
 freshly drawn blood.
  GAZELLE, Antilopus.
  GkANT, Giant.
  GEBARPULVER,  Ergot.
  GEDE'OLA.  The convex part of the liver.
 Du Cange.
  GEILENAU,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 Geilenau is a village in the grand  duchy of
 Nassau,  at no great distance  from Frankfort.
 The waters contain carbonic acid, carbonate,
 sulphate  and phosphate of soda, chloride of so-
 dium, carbonate of lime, magnesia and iron.
  GEISMAR, MINERAL WATERS OF. The
mineral waters of Geismar in Bavaria are aci-
dulous chalybeates.
  GEISUM, Geison.  The part of the  frontal
bone over the eyes.
  GELAPPIUM, Convolvulus jalapa.
  GELASINI  DENTES, Incisive teeth.
  GELASMUS, Canine laugh.
  GELATIN, Gelatine,  Gelatina,  Galreda, 
GELATINA AQUATICA        36
from  (F.)  Gelie, 'gelly or jelly.'  An imme-
diate  animal principle.  It is semitransparent,
insipid, inodorous, insoluble in cold water, very
soluble in  hot;  which it  thickens, and trans-
forms into  gelly on cooling.  Gelatin is a very
nutritious substance;  and, when dissolved in a
considerable quantity of water, forms an emol-
lient  fluid,  much used in therapeutics, but not
the most easy of digestion.
  Gelatin  of  Wharton, Gelatina  Wharto-
nia'na, Jelly of the Cord.  A soft, dense, fluid,
gelatinous  substance, which  envelops the um-
bilical cord, and is conceived, by some, to  be
inservient to the nutrition of the fcetus.
  GELATINA  AQUATICA, Brasenia hydro-
peltis.
  GELATIO, Congelation.
  GELkE, Gelly.
  GELLY, Jelly, Jus gela'tum, Gelu, Jus coa-
gula'tum, (F.)  Gelie.  A  substance  of a soft
consistence, tremulous, and transparent, which
is obtained by an appropriate treatment, from
animal  and vegetable matteis: hence the dis-
tinction into animal and vegetable jelly.  The
former is merely a concentrated solution of ge-
latin, left to cool.
  Vegetable Jelly  is found in the  juice of the
currant, mulberry, and of almost all acid fruits,
when ripe.  It is of itself colourless, but almost
always retains a little colouring matter of the
fruit which has furnished it.  It has an agreea-
ble taste; is scarcely soluble  in cold water, but
boiling water dissolves it readily: the jelly  is,
however, almost all deposited on  cooling.  If
this aqueous solution be boiled for a long time.
it becomes analogous to mucilage, and loses the
property of being  jellied on cooling.
  GELSEMI'NUM NITTDUM, Yellow Jes'-
samine.  The flowers, root, &c, of this shrub
are narcotic, and the effluvia from the former
are said sometimes to induce  stupor.
  GELU, Gelly.
  GELUS, Risus.
  GEMELLI, Gastrocnemii, Ischio-trochante-
rianus, Testicles.
  GEMEL'LUS, Gem'inus, Did'ymus,' a twin.'
(F.) Jumeau, Jumelle, Besson, Bessonne.  One
of two  children, twins, born at the  same ac-
couchement, or  gestation.   Also relating  to
twins, as "a twin conception."
  Gemellus Mus'culus.  Cowper applies this
name to the long portion of the triceps brachia-
lis united to the inner portion.
  GEMINI, Ischio-trochanterianus, Testicles.
  GEMINUM  CENTRUM SEMICIRCU-
LARE, Taenia semicircularis.
  GEMINUS, Gemellus.
  GEMMA, Granulation —g. Oculi, Crystal-
line.
  GEMMIPAROUS, see Generation.
  GEMUR'SA,  a  Corn; also  a name  given  by
the ancients to  a disease seated  between the
toes;—the  nature of which  is  unknown to us.
  GEN, Gen'esis,  'generation,' fromytwau, 'I
make.3  Hence Rydxogen,  Osteogeny, &c.
  GENA. TheCheek, Genys, Parela, Gamphe,
Gamphe'lB,  Gnathos, Gnathmus,  Mala,  (F.)
Joue.   The cheeks form the lateral parts of the
mouth.  Externally, they have no precise limits:
they are continuous, above, with the lower eye-
lid ; below,  they  descend as far as the base of the
jaw;  before, they terminate at the alae nasi, and
at the commissures of the lips; and behind, at
36             GENERATION

 the ear.  Their thickness varies, according to
 the degree of fatness of the individual.  They
 are formed of three layers;—one dermoid, an-
 other muscular, and the third mucous.
   GENC1VES, Gingiva?.
   GENEPAS, Lanu'go prima,  Probar'bium.
 The downy hairs, which first cover the cheek.
 Also, a bandage  which passes under the chin
   GENE ION, Beard,  Mentum.
   GENERAL ANATOMY, see Anatomy.
   GENkRALE, Influenza.
   GENERATIO, Generation — g. ^Eqjiivoca,
 see Generation—g. Calculi, Lithia—g. Homo-
 genea, see Generation—g. Primigena, see Ge-
 neration—g. Primitiva, see Generation—g. Ori-
 ginaria, see Generation—g. Spontanea, see Ge-
 neration.
   GENERATION,  Genera'tio, Gen'esis, Gonl,
 Gonus, Procrea'tio,  from ytvw,  or yivvaa, 'I
 engender.3  Under this name physiologists com-
 prehend the aggregate of functions, which con-
 cur, in organized beings, towards the production
 of their kind.  The act of generation means the
 union of the sexes.  See Coition.  The writers
 of antiquity believed,  that all organized bodies
 are produced either by what is termed univocal
 or regular generation, (Homogen'esis, genera'-
 tio homogen'ea, propaga'tio,) which applies to
 the upper classes of animals and vegetables, or
 by spontaneous generation, (Autogonia, hete-
 rogen'esis, genera'tio  heterogen'ea, aquiv'oca,
 primitiva, primig"ena, origina'ria, sponta'nea,)
 which they considered applicable to  the very
 lowest classes only, as  the mushroom, the worm,
 the frog, &c.   There are still  many distin-
 guished naturalists  who consider that beings
 low in the scale of animality, are produced in the
 latter way.   Spontaneous generation and equi-
 vocal generation have  been regarded  by many
 to be synonymous.  Others, however, mean by
 spontaneous generation, the production of anew
 being from the mere combination of inorganic
 elements; whilst by equivocal generation they
 understand the evolution of a new being from
 organized  beings dissimilar  to  themselves,
 through some irregularity in their functions, or
 through the incipient  decay or degeneration of
 their tissues.  As to the mode in which regular
 generation is accomplished,  there have been
 many views.  According  to  the  doctrine of
 Hippocrates, and of the ancient philosophers,
 the ovaries of the female furnish a prolific fluid,
 similar to that of the male; and the fetus results
 from the mixture of the two seeds in copulation.
 Steno and others conceived,  that  the ovaries
 contain ova, which are not  developed until vivi-
 fied by  the male sperm.   Bonnet and  Spallan-
 zani believed  in the  pre-existence of germs,
 created since the origin of the world, but en-
 cased in each other, and becoming developed in
 succession; whence it would  follow that  the
 ovary of the first female must have contained
 the germs of all subsequent generations: and
 that the number of these germs must go on al-
 ways  diminishing,  until  ultimately  extinct,
 This was the system of the evolution of germs.
 According to Leeuenhoek, the ovaries do not
 contain eggs, but vesicles destined to receive
 animalcules;  which, in his view, live  in the
 sperm.  Thousands of these animalcules  are
 thrown into the  uterus during copulation,  and
 the most expeditious  and vigorous reaches the
 ovary, after having scattered and destroyed its 
GENITAL
               GENEROUS               36

competitors.  Buffon—admitting the hypothesis
of the  two seeds—supposed that they were
formed of molecules proceeding from every part
of the body of each parent; and that, by a kind
of elective affinity, those  which were fur-
nished  by the head, the trunk, or the extremi-
ties of the male parent, could only unite with
those proceeding from the same parts of the fe-
male.  Before him, Maupertuis, admitting, with
many of the ancient philosophers, the system
of Epigenesis,  and adopting, as  regarded the
composition of the sperm, a theory analogous to
that of Buffon, had supposed that the molecules,
capable of being organized, were attracted to-
wards a centre; that the nose attracts the two
eyes ; the body, the arms; the arms, the hands,
&c, nearly as the particles of a salt, dissolved
in a liquid, arrange themselves in  regular crys-
tals around the same nucleus.  These and va-
rious other systems have been successively pro-
posed and rejected, and the mystery of genera-
tion remains impenetrable.
  The simplest kind of reproduction does not re-
quire sexual organs. The animal separates into
several fragments, which form so many new in-
dividuals.  This is Fissip'arous generation.
Gemmip'arous generation consists in the forma-
tion of buds, sporules or germs on some part of
the body,  which at a particular  period drop off
and form as many new individuals.  In Ovip'-
arous generation, the egg is  hatched out of the
body;  in ovovivip'arous generation the new be-
ing is  hatched in the excretory passages.  In
vivip'arous generation, the  new  individual is
born under its appropriate form; and in marsu'-
pial or marsupiate generation, the young being,
born at a very early stage of development, is re-
ceived and nourished in a marsupium or pouch.
   All the acts comprising the function of gene-
ration in  man  may be referred  to five great
heads.  1. Copulation.  2. Conception ox fecun-
dation.  3. Gestation or Pregnancy.  4. Deli-
very or Accouchement: and,  5. Lactation.
   Generation,  Act of, see Generation—g.
Equivocal, see Generation—g. Fissiparous, see
Generation — g. Gemmiparous, see Generation
—g. Marsupial, see Generation—g. Organs of,
female, see Vulva—g.  Oviparous, see Genera-
tion—g. Regular,  see  Generation—g. Sponta-
neous, see Generation—g.Univocal, see Genera-
tion—g. Viviparous, see Generation.
   GENEROUS, Genero'sus.   A  name given
to wines which contain a great  quantity of al-
cohol.
   GENESIOL'OGY, Genesiolog"ia, from ytve-
att,' generation,3 and loyoc, 'a discourse.3 The
doctrine of generation.
  GENESIS, Generation.
  GENET, Spartium scoparium—g. aBalai,
Spartium scoparium — g.  des Teinturiers, Ge-
nista tinctoria.
  GENETHLIACUS, from  yivMio?, 'natal,3
' pertaining to nativity.3  A name, given by the
ancients to certain astrologers,  who, from the
state of the heavens at the time  of the birth of
an individual, predicted  his future  character
and the events of his life.
  GENETTCA, from ytvtatc, 'origin,3 'rise.3
Diseases of the sexual functions :  the 5th class
in Good's Nosology.
  GENETICOS, Genital.
  GENEVA, Gin—g. Hollands, see Spirit.
  GENEVRIER, Juniperus communis.
  GENGIVITE, Ulitis.
  GkNI, Genian.
  GE'NIAN, Genia'nus, Ge'nial, from yevtiov,
1 the chin.3  The Genian apoph'ysis or Process,
(F.) Apophyse Ginienne ou gini, is situate at
the posterior part of the symphysis rnenti, and
is formed of four small tubercles.
  GENIE, Ge'nius.  The  French sometimes
apply this term  to diseases  nearly synony-
mously  with nature; as Genie inflammatoire,
G. bilieux, G. adynamique.  Some use it in th&
same sense as type ; Ginie intermittent.  The
unwonted predominance of any mental faculty
is also so called.
  GkNI EN, Genian.
  GENIkVRE, Gin, Juniperis communis (the
berry.)
  GENI'OGLOSSUS, Genio-hyoglos'aus, from
ytttiov,  'the chin,3 and y\wvo-*, 'the tongue.'
Mesoglossus,  Mesoglot'tus,   Nonus   lingua
mus'culus.  The name  of a  flat,  triangular
muscle, which  extends from the genian apo-
physis to the inferior surface of the os hyoides
and tongue, which it carries forward.
  GENIOHYODES, Geniohyoideus.
  GENIOHYOGLOSSUS, Genioglossus.
  GENIOHYOIDES, Geniohyoideus.
  GENI'OHYOIDEUS, Geniohyo'des,  Genio-
kyoi'des, Mento-bicorn'eus, from ytvtiov, ' the
chin,' and 'notice, ' the os hyoides.3  A muscle,
which arises from the genian apophysis, and is
inserted at the anterior part of the body of the
os hyoides.  Its use is to raise  the os hyoides,
and carry it forwards. It may, also, contribute
to depress the lower jaw in contracting towards
the os hyoides.
  GENI'0-PHARYNGE'US,from ytvtm, 'the
chin,3  and  <papuy£, 'the  pharynx.3  A name
given, by some anatomists, to a bundle of fibres,
which passes from the lower  jaw to the sides'
of the pharynx, and forms part of the constrictor
pharyngis superior.
  GENT PA OBLONGIFO'LIA, Huito.  A
plant of Peru, with the juice of which  the In-
dians paint their legs to protect them  against
the stings of insects.
  GENIPI  ALBUM,  Artemisia rupestris—g.
Blanc, Artemisia rupestris.
  GENISTA, Spartium scoparium—g. Cana-
densis, see Rhodium lignum.
  Genis'ta Spino'sa In'dica, Bahel  Schulli.
 An oriental tree,  a decoction of the  roots of
which is diuretic.   The leaves boiled in vine-
gar have the same effect.—Ray.
  Genis'ta Tincto'ria, Dyers' broom, Dyers'
weed, Green weed, Wood waxen, (F.) Genit des
 Teinturiers. A shrub cultivated in this coun-
try and in Europe. The flowering tops and  seed
have been used in medicine.  It has the same
properties as Spartium scoparium.
  GENTTAL, Genita'lis,  Genet'icos.  Same
etymon as  Generation.  That  which  belongs
to generation.
  Gen'ital Organs,Sex'ualOrgans,Puden'da,
Natura'lia, Natu'ra, JEda'a,  Me'zea,  Me'sa,
Mo'don, Interfemine'um, Genital parts, Noble
parts, Nat'ural parts, Private parts, Privities,
Privy parts, Privy Members, the Parts, Partes
genita'les,  Partes  generatio'ni inservien'tes,
Me'dea, Veren'da, P. obsca'na, Genitalia, Gen-
net'ica,  Gymna,  Membra  puden'da,  Or'gana
generatio'ni inservientia, (F.) Organes geni-
taux, Parties ginitales, P. honteuses, P. gini- 
GENITALE               38
toires, P. nobles, P. sexuelles,  P. naturelles,
les Parties.   The parts that are inservient to
the reproduction of the species.  These are very
different in the male and female.  In man, they
are numerous;  some secreting the sperm, as the
testicles and their appendages ; others retaining
it, as the vesiculae seminales; and another for
carrying it into the organs of the female,—the
penis.  In the female, the parts of generation
form an apparatus, perhaps more complicated
than that of the male.  Some are inservient to
copulation, as the vulva, vagina, &c; others to
conception and the preservation of the  product
for  a determinate time, as the  uterus and its
appendages;  whilst  others  concur in  the  ali-
mentation of the infant  after  birth,  as  the
mammae.
  GENITALE, Sperm-g. Caput, Glans.
  GENITALIA, Genital organs.
  GENTTO-CRURAL  NERVE, Nervusgen'-
ito-crura'lis,  Subpu'bian nerve, Inter'nal in'-
guinal nerve.  A branch of the second lumbar
nerve, which passes through the psoas  muscle,
and, approaching the femoral arch, divides into
two branches,—an internal or scrotal, and an
external, or femoral cutaneous branch.
  GENITU'RA.   That which is fecundated or
engendered in the maternal womb.  This word
has been used synonymously with embryo, fcetus,
and infant.   Also, the sperm;  and the penis.
See Gone.
  GENIUM, Mentum.
  GENNETICA, Genital Organs.
  GENNETICOCNES'MUS, from ym*«, ' I
engender,' and Kvtjo-^o;, 'itching.3  Itching of
the genital organs.
  GENNETICON'OSI, Genneticonu'si,  from
ywi;T(xoc, 'genital,3  and vooog, 'disease.'  Dis-
eases of the genitals.
  GENOA,  CLIMATE OF.   The climate of
this  Italian city and its vicinity has been often
selected as favourable for the phthisical valetu-
dinarian during the winter, but it is now  ad-
mitted to be decidedly improper for pulmonary
affections, being subject to frequent  and  rapid
changes of temperature, and to dry cold winds
from the  north, alternately with warm moist
winds from the south-east.—Sir James  Clark.
  GENONU'SI, Morbi sexiXs, from ysvo?, 'sex,'
and rovrr.c, < disease.3 Sexual diseases.
  GENOS, Sex.
  GENOU,  Genu.
  GkNOUILLES, (Corps,) Corpora  genicu-
lata.
  GENRE,  Genus.
  GENSANG, Panax quinquefolium.
  GENTIA, Gentianina.
  GENTIAN, Triosteum —g. Blue, Gentiana
catesbaei—g. Catesbian, Gentiana catesbaei—g.
White,  Laserpitium latifolium — g. Southern,
Gentiana catesbaei—g.  White, Triosteum—g.
Yellow, Gentiana lutea, see Calumba.
  GENTIANA,  G. lutea —g. Alba, Laserpi-
tium latifolium — g. Cachenlaguen, Chironia
Chilensis — g.  Centaurium, Chironia  centau-
rium.
  Gentiana  Catesb^'i; G. Catesbia'na, Blue
Gentian, U. S. Cates'bian Gen'tian, Southern
Gentian, Blubells, Bitterroot.  It is a pure and
simple bitter, and the root may be used wher-
ever that of the Gentiana lutea is proper.
  Gentia'na Chirayta, 'i.Chiraylta, Hend-
ce'a Pharmacear'cha,Swer'tia, Chiraylta, Aga-
8            GENYANTRITIS

tho'tes chiraylta, Ophe'lia chira'ta, Chiret'ta
Chiraylta, Chirae'ta.  A native of India, which
has been much employed in that country, in
dyspepsia, and as an antiperiodic in intermit-
tents.   It is  preferred by some to sarsaparilla,
where the latter is considered to be indicated —
as after large quantities of mercury have been
taken, or where profuse salivation has been in-
duced.   It has also been advised  in atonic leu-
corrhoea. It  yields its  virtues to alcohol and
water.
  Gentia'na  Lu'tea.  The systematic nam*
of the officinal gentian; Gentia'na major, G.
vet'erum, Gentia'na rubra, Yellow Gentian, Fel-
wort, Gentia'na.  Ord. Gentianeae. (F.)  Gen-
tiane jaune.   This is  a plant common in the
mountains of  Europe.   The root is almost in-
odorous, extremely bitter,  and yields its vir-
tues to ether,  alcohol,  and water.  It is tonic
and  stomachic; and in  large doses, aperient.
Dose,  gr. x.  to  J}ij.   It is most frequently,
however, used in infusion or tincture.
  Gentiana  Major, G. lutea—g.  Peruviana,
Chironia Chilensis—g. Rubra, G. lutea—g. Ve-
terum, G. lutea.
  GENTIANE  JAUNE, Gentiana lutea.
  GENTIANI'NA,  Gentianine,  Gentianiv,
Gentia'nia, Gentia.  A  supposed neutral sub-
stance,  obtained  from gentian, and, by some,
presumed to be its active principle.  It is not
so.
  GENTILITIUS, Hereditary.
  GENU, Gony, yow, (F.)  Genou.  The arti-
culation  of the leg with the  thigh;—the Femo-
ro-tibial joint. It is the most complicated in
the body, and is  formed by the  inferior extre-
mity of the femur, the superior extremity of the
tibia, and the  rotula.   The articular surfaces of
the bones are  covered by layers of cartilage-
more or  less thick—and by the synovial mem-
brane of the  articulation.  The  soft parts of
this joint are,—the ligamentum patellae, two la-
teral ligaments, distinguished by  the names in-
ternal and external; a  posterior ligament;  two
crucial  ligaments,—the  one  anterior, and the
other posterior ; two interarticular fibro-carti-
lages : some albugineous fibres, which form an
imperfect capsule, &c.   The knee receives its
arteries from  the femoral and popliteal.  They
bear the name articular.  Its veins have the
same distribution as the arteries, and discharge
their blood  into  the  saphena and crural.  Its
nerves are furnished by the sciatic, popliteal,
and  crural.   The joint  is protected by the
tendons and muscles which surround it.
  The French use the  term  Articulation en ge-
nou for a joint, in which the head of a bone is
received into  a bony cavity of another, where
it rolls and moves in all directions.
  GENUGRA, Gonagra.
  GENUINUS, Legitimate.
  GENUS, (F.)  Genre.   A collection or group
of species, analogous to each other;  and which
can  be united by common  characters.  When
a species cannot be referred to a  known genus,
it constitutes a distinct one.
  Genus Curationis, Ratio medendi.
  GENYANTRAL'GIA,  from y.M/*»,  'the
maxilla,3 avr^ov, ' the antrum,'  and  *lyo->
' pain.'  Pain in the antrum of Highmore.
  GENYANTRI'TIS, from ynt,or, ' the nw-
illa,' avr^ov,  'the  antrum,'  and ids, denoting 
GENYANTRUM
389
GEUM
inflammation.  Inflammation of the antrum of
Highmore.
  GENY ANTRUM, Antrum of Highmore.
  GENYOCYNANCHE, Cynanche parotida?a.
  GENYS, ytvv;,' the jaw;' also the chin. See
Gena.
  GEOFFRiE'A INERMIS, Geoffra'a, Geof-
froy'a, Cabbag'ium, Cabbage  Tree, Cabbage
Bark Tree, Andi'rainerm'is. Nat. Ord. Legu-
minosa?.   Sex. Syst. Diadelphia  Decandria.
Geoffraa Jumaicen'sis, Worm-Bark Tree. The
odour of the bark is very unpleasant.  It is an-
thelmintic and cathartic. Dose, of the powder,
9J  to^ij-
  Geoffr^e'a Surinamen'sis, Andi'ra Surina-
men'sis, has similar properties.
  Huttenschmidt has separated  their   active
principles, to  which he has given the  names
Jamaicine and Surinamine.  They are all al-
kaline.
  GEOFFROYA, Geoffraea inermis—g. Jamai-
censis, G. inermis.
  GEOG'RAPHY, MEDICAL, Geogra'phia
Med'ica.  The description of the surface of the
globe as regards the influence  of situation on
the health, vital functions,  and diseases of its
inhabitants—vegetable and animal;  but princi-
pally on those of man.
   GEOPH'AGISM, Geophag'ia, Gaophag'ia,
from yrj,' earth,3 and <p*y(», ' I eat.3  The act
or  practice of eating earth.   See Chthonopha-
gia.
   GERiEOLOG'TA, Geratolog"ia, from yr,Qa?,
i old age,3 and loyoq, ' a discourse.3  The doc-
trine, or a description, of old age.
   GER'ANIS, from ytgavoc, 'a crane,'which
 it resembled.   A bandage, used by the ancients
 in  cases of  fractured clavicle.   Some  authors
attribute  it to  Hippocrates; others, to Peri-
 genes.
   GERA'NIUM,  same  etymon, because  its
pistil is long, like the bill of the crane.  The
 Crane's Bill.
   Geranium  Maculatum,  see  Geranium and
 G. Moschatum.
   Geranium  Moscha'tum ; Erodium Moscha-
tum, (F.) Bee de grue  musqui.  A European
 plant, esteemed to be excitant and diaphoretic.
   Geranium  Noveboracense,  G. Maculatum.
   Geranium Robertia'num : Stinking Crane's
 Bill, Herb Robert, (F.) Herbe a Robert, Bee de
 Grue Robertin.  This  plant was, at one time,
 used as an antispasmodic and slight stimulant;
 as well as for an external application in various
 painful sores and inflammations.
   Most of the species of geranium have been
 used as  astringents.   In some of the north-
 western parts of the United States, the root of
 the Geranium  maculatum—Gera'nium,  (Ph.
 U.  S.)—G.  Noveboracen'sS, Spotted  Crane's
 bill, Crowfoot, Alum root, Tormentil, Stork bill
 —is called Racine a Becquet, after a person of
 that name.   It is highly extolled by the West-
 ern Indians as an antisyphilitic.
   GERAS, Senectus.
   GERM, Germen, Blaste,  Blaste'ma.  The
 rudiment of a new being, not yet developed, or
 which is still adherent to the mother.
   GERMANDER, COMMON, Teucrium cha-
 maedrys—g. Creeping, Teucrium chamaedrys—
 g. Marum,  Teucrium marum—g. Small, Teu-
 crium chamasdrys—g.  Water,  Teucrium scor-
 dium.
  GERMANDRkEAQUATIQUE, Teucrium
scordium—g. Maritime, Teucrium marum—g.
Officinale, Teucrium chamaedrys—g. Scorodone,
Teucrium scordium.
  GERME FAUX, Conception, false.
  GERMEN, Germ, Sperm—g. Dentale, Den-
tal Pulp—g. Falsum, Mole—g. Spurium, Con-
ception, false.
  GERMINAL CELL, see Cytoblast—g. Mem-
brane and Vesicle; see Molecule—g.  Nucleus,
see Molecule—g. Spot, see Molecule.
  GERMS, DISSEMINATION OF,  Pansper-
mia.
  GEROBOS'CIA, Gerontobos'cia, from yrtqag,^
' old age,' and ^ooxij,' food.'  Nourishment or
maintenance proper for the aged.
  GEROCOMEUM,  Gerocomium.
  GEROCO'MIA, Gerocom'icl, Gerontocom'ice,
from  ytqav,  ' an  aged person,3 and y.ouhv, ' to
take care of.3  The part of medicine whose ob-
ject  is the preservation  of the health of the
aged:—the hygiene of old people.
  GEROCOMICE, Gerocomia.
  GEROCOMI'UM,  Gerocome'um,  Presbyodo-
chi'um, Gerontocomi'um,  Gerotrophe'um, same
etymon.   An hospital for the  aged.
  GEROFLE, see Eugenia caryophyllata.
  GEROFLkE  JAUNE, Cheiranthus cheiri.
  GERONTOBOSCIA, Geroboscia.
  GERONTOCOMICE,  Gerocomia.
  GERONTOCOMIUM, Gerocomium.
  GERONTO'PIA, from yrj^ag, ' old age,' and
a>i//, ' the eye.'   Weakness of sight of the aged.
  GERONTOTOXON, Gerotoxon.
   GERONTOXON, Gerotoxon.
  GEROTOX'ON, Gerontox'on, Gerontotox'on,
 Mac'ula cor'nea arcua'ta, Arcus senilis; from
 yt^wv,' an old person,' and Toi-ov, ' a bow.'  A
 bow-shaped obscurity at the  under margin of
 the cornea, common to old people.
   GEROTROPHEUM, Gerocomium.
   GEROTROPHIA, Geroboscia.
   GERSA, Plumbi subcarbonas—g.  Serpenta-
 riae, see Arum maculatum.
   GEST A, ' things done,' from gerere, gestum,
 1 to do,' ' carry.' A Latin term, introduced by
 Halle, into medical  language,  to designate,
 among the  objects which belong  to hygiene,
 the  functions which  consist  in the  voluntary
 movements of muscles  and  organs.  In the
 class of Gesta are found sleep, the waking state,
 movements or locomotion, and rest.
   GESTA'TION, Gesta'tlo, Phora,  from ges-
 ture, 'to carry.'  The time, during which a
 female who has conceived, carries the embryo
 in  her uterus.   See Pregnancy.   Gestation,
 likewise, signifies the bearing or carrying of an
 individual;  a kind of exercise, easier than that
 in which he moves by virtue  of his own pow-
 ers.  Thus, we speak of gestation o?i horseback,
 in a carriage, &c.
   Gestation, Protracted. Pregnancy pro-
 tracted beyond  the  usual  period.   See  Preg-
 nancy.
   GESTICULATION,  Gesticula'tio, same
 etymon.  The act of making many gestures;
 a symptom in disease, which always indicates
 very vivid sensations. It is met writh in nume-
 rous affections.
   GEUM, G. rivale—g.  Palustre,  G. rivale.
   GeumRiva'le,G. palus'tre, Wateravens,(F.)
 Benoite aqnatique, B. des Ruisseaux.  Family, 
GEUMA
390
GINGLYMOID
 Rosacea?.  Sex.  Syst.  Icosandria  Polygynia.
 The root of this plant, Geum (Ph. U. S.), is as-
 tringent.  It has been much extolled in the cure
 of intermittents, diarrhoeas, hemorrhages, &c.
   Geum Urba'num,  Caryophylla'ta, Caryo-
 phyllus vulga'ris, Sanamun'da, Lagophthal-
 mus,   Caryophyl'la,  Janamun'da,  Common
 avens, Herb Bennet, Herba  benedic'ta,  (F.)
 Benoite.  The root of this  plant  has  a  smell
 not unlike that of cloves.   Taste bitterish,
 austere; virtues yielded to water and  alcohol.
 It has been used in intermittents, dysentery,
 chronic diarrhoea, debility, &c.  Dose, gss  to
 gj of the powder.
   Geum Virginia'num,  White avens, Avens,
 Evan root,  Choc'olate  root,  Bennet,  Throat
 root, Cureall, (F.) Benoite de Virginie, is com-
 mon from Maine to Carolina and Kentucky,
 flowering in June and July.  It has the same
 medical properties as Geum rivale.
   GEUMA, Taste.
   GEUSION'OSI,  from  ytvoi?,  'taste,' and
 too-os,' disease.3  Geusionu'si.  Diseases of the
 organ or sense of taste.
   GEUSIS,  Taste.   Rarely,  the  root of the
 tongue—Radix  lingua.
   GEUTHMOS, Taste.
   GEZIR, see Pastinaca opoponax.
   GkZIT, Cagot.
   GkZlTAIN, Cagot.
   GHERKIN, see Cucumis sativus.
   GHITTA JEMOCO, Cambogia.
   GIALAPPA, Convolvulus jalapa.
   GIANT, Gigas, (F.) Giant.  One much above
 the ordinary stature.
   GIBBA, Hump.
   GIBBER, Hump.
   GIBBEROSITAS, Gibbositas.
   GIBBOS'ITAS, Gibberos'itas,  Cypho'sis,
 Rhachio-cypho'sis, fxom'F.) Gibbeux, (L.) Gib-
 bus, 'something  arched or vaulted, prominent.'
 Gibbosity,  Gib'bousness, Curvature  of the
 spine, Hybo'ma.  A symptom which occurs in
 different diseases; particularly in  rickets and
 caries of the vertebra?.  See Hump.
   Gibbositas Cariosa, Vertebral disease.
   GIBBOUSNESS, Gibbositas.
   GIBBUS,Hump-g. Pottii, Vertebral disease.
   GIBLETS.   According to  Minsheu,  from
 Gobbet,  Goblet;  but, according  to Junius,  from
(F.) Gibier, 'game.'  The word seems to be
the old  (F.)  Gibelez, Gibelet, &c, i. e.  Gibier,
(L.) Cibarium,  food, (F.) Abattis.   It  means,
generally, the parts which are cut off  from  a
goose before it is roasted.  Also, the extremities
of fowls, such as  the head, wings, feet; to which
are sometimes  added, the liver, gizzard,  &c
Soup, made from these,  is moderately nutri-
tious.
  GIDDINESS,  Vertigo.
  GIGANTEUS, Gigantic.
   GIGANTESQUE, Gigantic.
  GIGAN'TIC,  Gigante'us, Giganto'des, (F.)
Gigantesque.  Relating to one  much above the
ordinary stature.
  GIGANTODES, Gigantic.
  GIGARUS  SERPENT ARIA,  Arum  dra-
cunculus.
  GIGAS, Giant.
  GIL ARUM, Thymus serpyllum.
  GILEAD,  BALM OF, see Amyris opobal-
samum.
  GILET DE FORCE, Waistcoat, strait.
   GILL, Glecoma hederacea.
   Gill-go-by-cround, Glecoma hederacea.
   GILLA THEOPHRASTI, Zinci sulphas-
 g. Vitrioli, Zinci sulphas.
   GILLE'NIA  STIPULA'CEA, Small-flow-
 ered Irldian Physic has the same properties as
   Gille'nia Trifolia'ta, Spira'a trifolia'ta
 common  Gille'nia,  Indian  Physic,  Western
 Drop-wort, Indian  Hippo, Ip'ecac, Bowman's
 root, Meadow sweet, Beaumont root. Nat. Ord.
 Rosacea?.  Sex. Syst.  Icosandria Pentagynia.
 The root of this shrub,—Gille'nia, (Ph. U. S.)
 —which grows plentifully in the United States,
 is a safe and efficacious emetic,  in the dose of
 about 30 grains.   It resembles,  in its proper-
 ties, the ipecacuanha.
   GILLIFLOWER, Dianthus caryophyllus.
   GIM'BERNAT'S LIGAM ENT.  A fibrous,
 triangular expansion, which is detached from the
 posterior and inner part of the crural arch, and
 is inserted into  the crest of the pubis.  This
 ligament forms the  inner part of the superior
 aperture of the crural  canal.  It is one of the
 most frequent causes of strangulation in crural
 hernia.
   GIN,  Hollands, Gene'va, (F.) Genievre.
 This spirit,  which is  distilled from corn and
 juniper berries, or  from  some  substitute for
 them, is largely used in Great Britain; and is
 extremely detrimental, to  the  lower  classes
 particularly.  It possesses the  properties of
 other spirituous liquors; but is, in popular me-
 dicine, more  used than other varieties, in cases
 of colic or intestinal pain of any kind.  See
 Spirit.
   GIN DRINKERS3 LIVER, Liver, nutmeg.
   GINGEMBRE, Amomum zingiber.
   GINGER,  Amomum zingiber—g. Beer pow-
 der,  see Amomum  zingiber—g.  Indian, Asa-
 rum canadense—g. Jamaica, concentrated es-
 sence of, see  Amomum zingiber—g. Preserved,
 see Amomum zingiber—g. Wild, Asarum Ca-
 nadense.
  GINGIBRA'CHIUM,- from gingiva,  < the
 gums,3  and  brachium,  ' the  arm.3   A name
 given to the scurvy, because the gums  and
 arms are  chiefly affected  by it.   It has, also,
 been called  Gingipe'dium, because the lower
 limbs are in many cases the  seat of scorbutic
 spots.
  Gingierachium, Porphyra nautica.
  GINGIPEDIUM,  see Gingibrachium,  Por-
 phyra nautica.
  GINGI'ViE, from gignere, ' to beget,3 be-
 cause the  teeth are, as it  were, begotten in
 them.(?) The gums, ovkh, U'la, Carnic'ula,(F.)
 Gencives.  The  portion of the mucous mem-
 brane of the mouth which covers  the maxillary
 bones to the level of the alveolar arches.  The
 gums are formed of a red tissue, more or less
 solid, and of  a fibro-mucous nature, which ad-
 heres strongly to the necks  of the teeth, and
 transmits, between the roots  and their alveoli,
 a very thin expansion,—the alveolo-dental peri-
 osteum. The gums fix the teeth and contribute
 greatly  to  their solidity.   In the aged, after
 the loss of the teeth, they become fibrous and
 very solid, and are inservient to mastication.
  GINGIVA'LIS,  Ulet'icus, U'licns; from
gingiva, ' the gums.'  Relating  to the gums.
  GING'LYMOID,  Ginglymoideus,  Gingly
mo'des,  from yiyylv/moc, 'a  ginglymus,' and
 tiSo?,' resemblance.'  Resembling a ginglymm 
GINGLYMUS
391
GLANDULA
or hinge.  An epithet applied  to joints which
resemble a hinge, as a ginglymoid joint.
  GIN'GLYMUS, Cardinamen'tum, Cardo,'a
hinge.3  (F.) Ckarniere, Articulation en ckar-
niere.  A species of diarthrodial  articulation,
which only admits of motion in two directions,
like  a hinge, — as the knee-joint or elbow-
joint.
  GINSENG, Panax quinquefolium—g. Blue,
Caulophyllum thalictroides—g. Yellow, Caulo-
phyllum  thalictroides—g. Horse, Triosteum—
g. White, Triosteum.
  GIRAFFE, Dengue.
  GIRARD ROUSSIN, Asarum.
  GIRDLE,  Cingulum.
  GIRL.  This seems, formerly, to have been
an appellation common to both sexes.  Many
etymologists deduce  the  word from the Su.
Goth. Karl, 'a man.'  It  means a young fe-
male, (L.) Filia, from tpiltiv, ' to love.' Virgo,
(F.) Fille.
  GIROFLE, see Eugenia caryophyllata.
  GISSA, Cynanche parotidaea.
  GIZZARD, Ventriculus callosus.
  GLABELLA, Mesophryon.
  GLABRITIES, Calvities.
   GLACE, Ice.
   GLACIALE, Mesembryanthemum crystalli-
 num.
   GLACIALIS HUMOR, Crystalline.
   GLACIES, Ice.
   GLADIOLUS, Machaerion—g.   Caeruleus,
 Iris Germanica.
   Gladi'olus Commu'nis, G.  vulga'ris, Victo-
 ria'lis rotun'da,  Cornflag, Victoria'lis femi-
 ne'a, (F.)  Glayeul.   The  root of  this  plant
 has been considered  aphrodisiac.  Applied in
 cataplasm, it has been extolled against scrofu-
 lous tumours.
   Gladiolus Luteus,  Iris  pseudacorus — g.
 Vulgaris, G. communis.
   GLADIUS, Penis.
   GLAMA, Lippitudo, Chassie.
   GLAND, Glan'dula, Gran'dula, from glans,
 'an acorn, a  kernel.'  Aden.   The ancient
 anatomists gave this name to a number of organs,
 of a texture generally soft, and a shape more or
 less globular, but differing greatly in their na-
 ture and functions.   They applied it, for  in-
 stance, 1. To those organs which separate from
 the blood, any fluid whatever. When such  or-
 gans were composed of several lobules, united
 by  common vessels,  they received the name
 conglomerate glands, as the parotid, pancreas,
 &c.  2. To the  reddish and spongy, knot-like
 bodies, which are met with  in the course of the
 lymphatics.  These   they  called  conglobate
 glands;—see Ganglion (lymphatic;) and 3dly
 and lastly, to various other  organs, whose inti-
 mate texture and functions  are still unknown,
 as the Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Glands
 of Pacchioni, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland,
 Supra-renal glands, &c.   Chaussier restricts
 the word gland to those softish, granular, lo-
 bated organs, composed of vessels, and a parti-
 cular texture, of which there are seven kinds
 in the human body, viz. the lachrymal, sali-
 vary, and  mammary, the  testicles, the liver,
 pancreas, and  kidneys.  These are  all des-
 tined to draw from the blood the molecules  ne-
 cessary for the formation of new fluid; and to
 convey these fluids externally, by means of one
 or more excretory ducts.   Several  glands  be-
sides their excretory ducts, 'have especial re-
servoirs, in which the fluids, secreted by them,
collect, remain  for a greater or  less space of
time, and undergo slight modifications before
being evacuated;—such are,  the  gall-bladder
for the liver, the urinary bladder for the  kid-
neys, &c.   Each gland has an organization pe-
culiar to it, but we know not the intimate na-
ture of the globular  texture.—Malpighi  be-
lieved that the vessels terminate in small, solid
masses, to which he gave the name—glandular
grains. In these, he considered, the excretory
ducts originate.  Ruysch thought that the glands
are entirely vascular, and that the excretory
ducts are immediately continuous with the vasa
afferentia, &c.  The best view, perhaps, is, that
the exhaling or secreting vessel is distributed
on the animal membrane, which forms the blind
extremity of the excretory  duct, and that the
secretion  is effected through it by means of
cells.
  The term glande (F.), is  sometimes appro-
priated to the tumour formed by inflammation
or engorgement of a lymphatic ganglion.
  GLAND, Glans—g. Accessory, of the Paro-
tid, see Parotid—g. Globate, Conglobate gland
—g. Prostate, Prostate—g. Salivary, abdominal,
Pancreas.
   GLAND AGE, Adenophyma.
   GLANDE, Gland -g. Thyroide,see Thyroid
gland.
  GLANDERS, Equinia—g.  Farcy,  see
Equinia.
   GLANDES  BRONCHIQUES, Bronchial
glands—g. Conglobies,  Conglobate  glands—g.
de  Croissance, Waxing kernels—g. de Meibo-
mius, Meibomius, glands of.
   GLANDIFORM CORPUSCLE, Acinus-g.
Ganglion, see  Ganglion.
   GLANDIUM, Thymus.
   GLANDS, see Quercus Alba—g.  Accessory,
Cowper's glands—g. Agminated,Peyer's glands
— g. Aporic, Ganglions, glandiform—g. Blind,
 Ganglions, glandiform—g. Havers's,  Synovial
 glands—g. of Bartholinus, Cowper's glands of
the female—g. Cowper's, see Cowper's glands
 —g. of Duverney, Cowper's glands of the fe-
 male—g. Lenticular, Lenticulares  glandulae—
 g.  LieberkClhn's, Lieberkiihn's glands, see In-
 testine—g. Miliary, Sebaceous glands—g. Oil,
 Sebaceous glands—g. Peyer's, Peyeri glandulae
 —g. Renal, Capsules, renal—g.  Sebaceous, see
 Sebaceous glands—g. Solitary, Brunner's glands
 —g. of Tyson, Sebaceous glands of Tyson—g.
 of Vesalius, Bronchial  glands—g. of Willis,
 Albicantia corpora, Mamillary tubercles.
   GLANDULA, Gland—g. ad  Aures, Parotid
 —g. Avicennoe,  Encystis—g.  Bartholiniana,
 Sublingual gland—g.  Basilaris, Pituitary gland
 —g.  Colli,  Tonsil—g.  Innominata  Galeni,
 Lachrymal gland—g. Lachrymalis, Lachrymal
 gland—g. Mucosa, Conglobate gland—g. Pine-
 alis, Pineal gland—g. Pituitosa, Pituitary gland
 —g. Riviniana, Sublingual  gland—g. Salivalis
 abdominis, Pancreas—g. Socia  Parotidis, see
 Parotid—g. Thymus, Thymus—g. Thyreoidea,
 Thyroid gland.
   Glandule:  Agminate, Peyeri glandulae—g.
 Articulares, Synovial glands—g. Assistentes,
 Prostate—g.  Brunneri,  Brunner's glands—g.
 Cervicis uteri, Nabothi glandulae—g. Dura? ma-
 tris, G. Pacchioni—g. Durae meningis, G. Pac-
 chioni—g. in  Agmen congregata? intestinorum, 
GLANDULAIRE
392
GLOBULE
 Peyeri glandulae—g. Intestinales, Peyeri glan-
 dulae—g. Meibomianae, Meibomius, glands of—
 g. Mucosae  coagminatae  intestinorum,  Peyeri
 glandulae—g.  Mucipara?  racematim  congesta?
 intestinorum,   Peyeri  glandulae—g.   Myrti-
 formes,  Carunculae myrtiformes—g.  Odoriferae
 Tysoni, see Sebaceous glands—g. Peyeriana?,
 Peyeri glandula?—g. Plexiformes, Peyeri  g.—
 g. Prostatae mulierum, see Corpus glandulosum
 mulierum—g.  Sebaceae  ciliares,  Meibomius,
 glands of—g. Solitariae, Brunner's glands—g. Spu-
 ria?, Peyeri glandulae, Ganglions, glandiform—g.
 Sudoriferae, see Perspiration—g. Suprarenales,
 Capsules, renal—g.  Tysoni, Sebaceous  glands
 of Tyson—g.  Vasculosae, Conglomerate glands
 —g. Vesalianae, Bronchial glands.
   GLANDULAIRE, Glandular.
   GL AND'UL AR, Glandularis, Glandulo'sus,
 (F.) Glandulaire, Glanduleux:  having the ap-
 pearance,  form, or  texture of  Glands; as a
 glandular body, a glandular texture, &c.
   GLANDULEUX, Glandular.
   GLANDULO'SO-CARNEUS. Ruysch gives
 this epithet  to fleshy excrescences  which he
 found in the bladder.
   GLANDULOSUS, Glandular.
   GLANS, ('an acorn.')  Balanus, Cyt'taros,
 Cuspis,  Caput, C. Penis, Genita'le caput, (F.)
 Gland.  The extremity of the penis and of the
 clitoris.   The glans  penis  is  of a conical,
 slightly flattened shape.   It is continuous with
 the urethra, which opens  at its apex;  and is
 circumscribed  by a  projecting edge called the
 Coro'na glandis.  It is covered by a thin  mu-
 cous membrane; is furnished, at its base, with
 sebaceous  follicles,  called glan'dula odorif-
 era Tyso'ni, the secretion from which  is termed
 Smegma prepu'tii; and can, almost always, be
 covered by the reflection of the skin, called the
 prepuce.  Lastly, it is formed of a spongy tex-
 ture, susceptible of being thrown into erection.
   Glans, Bronchocele, Pessary, Suppository.
   Glans Clitor'idis is smaller.  It  is imper-
 forate, and likewise covered with a sort of pre-
 puce formed  by the  mucous membrane  of the
 vulva.
   Glans Jovis Theophrasti, Fagus castanea
 —g. Ulna?, Olecranon—g. Unguentaria guilan-
 dina moringa, Myrobalanus.
   GLAREA, Gravel.
   GLASS, Vitrum.
   GLAUBER'S SALTS,  Soda, Sulphate of.
   GLAUCEDO, Glaucoma.
   GLAUCOMA, from ylavnog,  ' sea-green.'
 Glauco'sis, Glauce'do, Catarac'ta glauca, Oc'-
 ulus cse'sius, Cae'sius, Phtharmaglauco'ma,Pa-
 rop'sis glauco'sis, Apoglauco'sis.  Amongst the
 older pathologists, this word was used synony-
 mously with cataract.  It is now ordinarily
 applied to opacity of the vitreous humoUr or of
 the tunica hyaloidea, which manifests itself by
 a  grayish, or greenish spot, apparent through
 the pupil.  The diagnosis is generally difficult;
 and the disease is almost always incurable.
   Glaucoma Woulhousi, Cataract.
   GLAUCOSIS, Glaucoma.
   GLAYEUL, Gladiolus vulgaris—g. Puant,
 Iris fcetidissima.
   GLECHOMA HEDERA'CEA, Heder'ula,
 ChamTcle'ma, Calamin'tahumil'ior, Chamacis'-
 sus, Hed'era terres'tris, Nep'eta glecho'ma, Pa-
 nace'a  pec'toris, Ground icy, Gill,  Gill-go-by-
ground, Alehoof, Robin runaway, (F.) Lierre
 terrestre,  Terrette.  This plant has a  strong
 smell, and  a bitterish, somewhat  aromatic
 taste.  It has been considered expectorant and'
 tonic.
   GLECHON, Mentha pulegium.
   GLECHONI'TIS.  Wine, impregnated with
 the Glechon,  yKi]xm') mentha  pulegium,  ox
 penny-royal.
   GLEET, see Gonorrhoea.
   GLEME, Chassie, Lippitudo.
   GLENE,  y\^v-   The pupil.  The anterior
 part of the eye.  The eyeball.   The eye.  Ac-
 cording to some, the crystalline lens.  Also
 a glenoid cavity.
   GLEN1TIS, Phacitis.
   GLENOID, Glene.
   Gle'noid, Glenoid'al, Glenoida'lis, Glendi'-
 des, Gleno'des, Gleno'ldeus, from ylr\vi\,  'the
 pupil,'and u$ng, 'resemblance.' (F'.) Glindide,
 Glinoidale.   Any shallow,  articular cavity,
 Glene, which receives the head of a bone; such
 as, 1. The glenoid cavity ox fossa of the scapula,
 Fossa gleno'idea, Omocot'yle, Acetabulum hu'-
 meri, Ca'vitates hu'meriglenoides, Entypo'sis, is
 situate at the anterior angle of the scapula; and
 is articulated with the  head of the  humerus.
 2. The glenoid cavity or fossa of the temporal
 bone.   It is seated between the two roots of the
 zygomatic process, and receives the condyle of
 the lower jaw.
  Glenoid Lig'ament, (F.)  Ligament Gleno'i-
 dien, is a  fibro-cartilaginous ring or bourrtlet
 which seems  formed by the expansion of the
 tendon of the long head of the biceps brachialis,
 and surrounds the glenoid cavity of the scapula,
 the depth of which it  increases.
  GLkNOIDALE, Glenoid.
  GLISCHRAS'MA, Glis'chrotes, from yxar-
 <%ganw, (yhia, 'glue,') 'I become glutinous.'
 Lentor, viscidity.—Hippocrates.
 _ GLISCHROCH'OLUS, from yx.^oc, 'vis-
 cid,' and %oht>, ' bile.'  An epithet for excre-
 ment which is glutinous  and bilious.
  GLISCHROTES, Glischrasma.
  GLISOMARGO, Creta.
  GLOBE, Bandage (head) —g. of the  Eye,
 see Eye—g.  Flower, Cephalanthus occidenta-
 lis.
  GLOBULAIRE PURGATIVE, Globularia
alypum.
  GLOBULA'RIA AL'YPUM,  Globula'ria,
 Montpel'lier  Turbith, (F.) Globulaire purga-
tive, Turbith  blanc.  The leaves of this plant
are bitter, and have been used in intermittents
and in constipation.   See Alypon.
  GLOB'ULE,  Glob'ulus, Spha'rion, Spkat-
rula: a small globe.
  Globules of the Blood,  Blood-corpuscles,
Blood-disks,  Blood-vesicles,  Glob'uli, Vesic,'-
ulx, Spha'rulae seu Follic'uli san'guinis, (F.)
 Globules du  sang, are small, circular bodies,
which are particularly  observable  when the
transparent parts  of cold-blooded animals are
examined by the aid of the microscope.  They
were first seen by Malpighi, and are met with
in the blood of all  animals.  The globules of
blood are circular in the mammalia, and elliptical
in birds and cold-blooded animals.   They are,
also, flat in all animals, and composed of a cen-
tral nucleus  enclosed  in a  membranous  sac.
Chemically they consist of hacmatin and globu-
lin—hacmato- globulin. 
93        GLOSSO-EPIGLOTTICUS
       GLOBULE D'ARANTIUS        3!

          Size of the Globules.
Sir E. Home and Bauer, with >1.1700th part of
  colouring matter, .        )     an inch.
Filer,    .    -    -         1.1930
Sir E. Home and Bauer, with- (1 onon
  out colouring matter,  -   \  '
Jurin,   -                   1.2000
Miiller, -                   1.2300 to 1.3500
Hodgkin, Lister, and Rudol- | , ,ftftn
  phi,   --..   J *-<wou
Sprengel,     -    -    -    1.3000 to 1.3500
Cavallo, -    -    -    -   t 1.3000 to 1.4000
Blumenbach and Senac,  -    1.3330
Tabor,  -    -    -    -    1.3600
Milne Edwards,    -    -    1.3900
Wagner,-    -    -    -    1.4000
Kater,   ....    1.4000 to 1.6000
Prevost and Dumas,     -    1.4056
Haller, Wollaston, and Weber, 1.5000
Young,  ...    .    1.6060
  GLOBULE  D'ARANTIUS,  see  Sigmoid
valves—g. du Sang, Globule of the blood.
  GLOBULES, PUS, see Pus.
  GLOBULI ARTERIARUM TERMINI,see
Acinus—g. Sanguinis, Globules of the blood—
g. Tartari martiales, Ferrum tartarizatum—g.
Tartratis ferri et lixivia?, Ferrum tartarizatum.
  GLOB'ULIN, Glob'uline, Blood ca'sein. The
colourless substance that remains after the ab-
straction of  the colouring matter of the blood-
corpuscle.   It is a peculiar  albuminous princi-
ple.   The globulin of Berzelius consists of the
envelopes of the blood globules, and  of the part
of their contents that  remains after the extrac-
tion  of the haematosin.   Lecanu  regards it as
identical with albumen ; and, according to Mul-
der,  it  belongs to the combinations of protein.
  The term globulin  is likewise  given by M.
Donne to small  granulations appertaining to
the chyle, which are  observable  in the blood
with the microscope.  They are small  white
roundish,  isolated or  irregularly agglomerated
grains;  of about  the  1-300 of a millimetre in
diameter, and are regarded by M.  Donne as the
first  elements of the blood globules. They are
the white granulated corpuscles of Mandl.
  GLOBULUS ARANTII, see Sigmoid valves
—g.  Nasi, see Nasus—g. Sanguineus, Punctum
saliens—g. Stapedis Ossis, Os orbiculare.
  GLOBUS HYSTERICUS, Nodus  Hyster-
icus, An'gone, Auad'romS.  A sensation, expe-
rienced by hysterical persons, as if  a  round
body were rising from the abdomen towards the
larynx, and producing a sense of suffocation.
  Globus Major see  Epididymis — g. Minor,
see Epididymis—g. Martialis, Ferrum tartari-
zatum.
  Globus Uteri'nus.  A term applied by ac-
coucheurs to the round tumour, formed by the
uterus  in the lower part of the abdomen, imme-
diately after delivery.
  GLOMERATE, Conglomerate.
  GLOSSA, Glotta, 'the tongue.'   The power
of speech.  Speech.   Hence:
  GLOSSAGRA, Glossalgia.
  GLOSSAL'GlA,  Glos'sagra, from  yhwooa,
'the tongue,' and alyuc, 'pain.'  Pain in the
tongue.
  GLOSSANIS'CHUM, Glossanoch'eus, Glos-
san'ochum, from ylvo-o-a, 'tongue,3 and avt^nr,
' to hold up.3  An instrument for holding  up
the tongue.
        26
  GLOSSANOCHEUS, Glossanischum.
  GLOSSANOCHUM, Glossanischum.
  GLOSSAN'THRAX, Pestis glossan'tkrax,
from ylaoaa,  ' the tongue,3 and av-9va$, ' a car-
buncle.3  Carbuncle of the tongue.   A disease
more common in cattle than man.
  GL OSSEPIGLOTT IC, Glossepiglott'icus.
Relating to the tongue and epiglottis, as Liga-
men'tum glossepiglotticum.
  GLOSSIANUS, Lingual muscle.
  GLOSSI'TIS,  from ylwera,  'the tongue,'
and itis, a suffix denoting  inflammation.  Glos-
son'cus  inflammato'rius,  Angi'na  lingua!ria,
Inflamma'tio  Lingua, Inflammation of  the
tongue,  (F.) Inflammation de la Langue. When
confined to the mucous membrane, it is of slight
importance.  That  which affects the whole of
the tongue is  a serious disease, and requires the
vigorous use of antiphlogistics.  It is rare.'
  GLOSSOC'ACE, from  ylwooa, ' the tongue,3
and xaxog, 'evil.' Ulceration of the tongue with
symptoms of  adynamic fever.
  GLOSSOC ARCINO'MA, Glossoscir'rhus,
Carcino'ma Lingua, from ylma-va,' the tongue,'
and xapxivwu*, 'cancer.'  Cancerof the tongue.
  GLOSSOCAT'OCHUS, Glossocat'oche, from
yliaaaa,  ' the  tongue,' and xare^-a', ' I arrest.'
Lingua Deten'tor, Spec'ulum Oris, (F.) Abais-
seur de  la langue.   An instrument, the inven-
tion of which is attributed to Paulus of iEgina,
and which was employed  to depress the tongue,
in order to examine diseases of the fauces.  It
was composed of two branches;  one of which
had, at its extremity, a plate for depressing the
tongue;  whilst the  other, shaped like a horse-
shoe, was applied under the chin.   The finger,
or the handle of a spoon, or a spatula, is now
alone used in similar cases.  See Catagoglos-
sum.
  GLOSSOCE'LE, from  ylwaoa, 'the tongue,3
and xi]>j], 'hernia,' 'tumour.' Hernia of the
Tongue, Paraglos'se, Prolap'sus lingua, Glos-
somegis'tus,  Glossopto'sis. Projection  of the
tongue from the mouth.   It depends, generally,
on an inflammatory swelling of the organ.  At
times, however, a chronic glossocele, or sort of
cedematous engorgement, is met with;  which
proceeds to a great length;  and deforms  the
dental arches, the lips, &c.  Inflammatory glos-
socele must  be  combated by antiphlogistics.
In the cedematous  kind, such as  is sometimes
caused  by  excessive salivation, the infiltrated
fluid  may be  pressed back by the hand of the
practitioner, to get the tongue behind the teeth;
and it may be kept there by a piece of gauze
tied over the  mouth.  The chronic, elongated
kind sometimes  requires amputation of a por-
tion of the organ.
  GLOSSOCOMA, Glossospasmus.
  GLOSSOC'OMON, Glossoc'omum, Glossoco-
mi'on, from ylwrtra, 'the  tongue,'  and  ko/xhv,
'to  guard.' The ancients gave this name to a
small case for holding the  tongues of their
wind-instruments.   By extension,  it was  ap-
plied to  the box  or cradle in which  fractured
limbs were  kept.  We  find, in  the ancient
writers, a Glossocomon of Hippocrates, of Nym-
phodorus, Galen, &c.
  GLOSSODESMUS, Fraenum linguae.
  GLOSSO-EPIGLOT'TICUS.   That which
belongs  to the  tongue and epiglottis.   Some
anatomists have so  denominated certain fleshy
fibres, which  pass from the base of the tongue 
GLOSSOGRAPHY
394
GLUTEUS  MAGNUS
towards the epiglottis.  These muscles are more
evident in some of the mammalia than in man;
and their use seems to  be,—to raise the epi-
glottis, and to remove it farther from the glottis.
Santorini, who described them after Eustachius,
calls them Retracto'res Epiglot'tidis.
  GLOSSOG'RAPHY,  Glossogra'phia,  from
yxuo-a-a, 'the tongue,' and  yqn-ifrj, 'a descrip-
tion.'  An anatomical description of the tongue.
  GLOSSO-HYAL.   A name given, by Geof-
froy Saint-Hilaire, to the posterior cornua of the
os hyoides.
  GLOSSOL'OGY, Glossolog'ia, from y\uoaa,
'the tongue,' and xoyoc,'atreatise,"a discourse.'
A treatise on the tongue.
  GLOSSOL'YSIS,  Glossople'gia, Paralysis
lingua, from y\urto-a, 'the tongue,' and kvo-u,
' solution.'  Paralysis of the tongue.
  GLOSSOMANTI'A, Progno'sis ex lingua,
from yxwvo-a, 'the tongue,' and pavTttx, 'divi-
nation.3  Prognosis from the state of the tongue.
  GLOSSOMEGISTUS,  Glossocele,  Para-
glosse.
  GLOSSON'CUS, from ylw<rfa,' the tongue,'
and oyy.og,' tumour.3 Exonco'sis lingua. Swell-
ing of the tongue.
  Glossoncus Inflammatorius, Glossitis.
  GLOSSO-PALATINUS, Glosso-staphylinus
—g. Pharyngeal, Pharyngo-glossal.
  GLOSSO-PHARYNGEAL, Glosso-pharyn-
geus—g. Nerve, Pharyngo-glossal nerve.
  GLOSSO-PHARYNGEUS,  Glossopharyn-
geal,  from ylatrtra,  'the tongue,3 and (paqvyk,
'the pharynx.3  Belonging to the tongue and the
pharynx.  Some anatomists thus designate cer-
tain fleshy bundles, which arise from the lateral
parts of the base of the tongue, and are inserted
into the parietes of the pharynx.  They form
part of the constrictor pharyngis superior.
  GLOSSOPLEGIA, Glossolysis.
  GLOSSOPTOSIS, Glossocele.
  GLOSSOSCIRRHUS, Glossocarcinoma.
  GLOSSOSCOPTA,from y\a><?<r*,< the tongue,'
and vxoniu,' I view.' Inspection of the tongue
as an index of disease.
  GLOSSOSPAS'MUS, Glossoco'ma, Spasmus
lin'gua,fromylacrir a,'the tongue,3andarraaftut,
'spasm.'  Cramp or  spasm of the tongue.
  GLOSSOSPA'THA, Spat'ula pro  ore, from
ylao-o-a, ' the tongue,' and o-n-adr,, 'spatula.'   A
spatula for pressing down the tongue to enable
the fauces to be examined.
  GLOSSO-STAPHYLINUS,  from yx»<rffa,
'the tongue,'and o-rxyvlii, 'the uvula.'   Glos-
sopalatlnus, Pala'to-glossus, Constric'lor Isth-
mi Faucium.  A small, thin, narrow, and long
muscle,  which  arises from  the base of the
tongue, and  is inserted at the inferior and lateral
part of the velum palati, in the anterior pillar
of which it is situate.  Its use  is to contract
the isthmus  faucium, by  depressing the velum
■ >alati, and raising the base of the tongue.
  GLOSSOSTERE'SIS,  Lingua  extirpa'tio,
from ylwc-Ta, 'the tongue,'and oteoj;!ti5, 'priva-
tion.'  Extirpation of the tongue.
  GLOSSOSTROPHTAjfromy-io.crrTaj'tongue,'
and <rTg«?a>, 'I turn.'  Doubling of the point of
the tongue upwards  and backwards,—said  to
have been a mode of suicide. (?)
  GLOSSOT'OMY, Glossotom'ia, from ylu>cwa,
'the tongue,' and atuitn-, 'to cut.'  Dissection
of the tongue.   Amputation of the tongue.
  GLOSSYPERTROPH IA,from yxver*,' the
tongue,' 'vn-tf, 'over,' and rpuptiv, 'to nourish.'
Hypertrophy or supernutrition of the tongue.
  GLOTTA, Glossa, Tongue.
  GLOTTIS, y\u)TTi;, (also, 'the mouth-piece
of a flute,') Lig'ula.   A small oblong aperture,
situate at the upper  part of the  larynx.  This
aperture is comprised between  the chorda vo-
cales.  It is narrow, anteriorly; wider, posteri-
orly; and is capable  of being modified by mus-
cular contraction, as may be required by the
voice.   It is by the  chorda?  vocales, that voice
is produced.   The glottis is nearly an inch Ion"
in the  adult  m»le: — less in the female and
child.
  Glottis is, by some, used synonymously with
ventricle of the larynx:  with others, it includes
the whole of the larynx.
  Glottis, Lips  of  the, Thyreo-arytenoid li-
gaments.
  GLOUGLOU  D'UNE  BOUTEILLE,
Gurgling.
  GLOUTERON,  Arctium Lappa—g. Petit,
Xanthium.
  GLOUTIUS, Gluteal—g. Maximus et exti-
mus, Glutaeus maximus—g. Secundus et me-
dius, Glutaeus medius—g. Tertius et intimus,
Glutaeus minimus.
  GLOUTON, Glutton.
  GLOW WORM, Cicindela.
  GLUANT, Glutinous.
  GLUCOSE, from  ylvxvc, 'sweet.'   A name
for starch sugar, diabetic  sugar or the sugar of
fruits.
  GLUCOSURIA, Diabetes mellitus.
  GLUE  BONE, Osteocolla.
  GLUE, FI^H, Ichthyocolla.
  GLUTEUS MAGNUS, G. major—g. Major,
G. Maximus.
  Gluteus Max'imus, Glutce'us major, Max-
imus et ex'timus glou'tius, G. magnus, Ilio-sa-
cro-fimoral; Sacro-fimoral, (Ch.,) (F.) Muscle
grand  fessier. This muscle is situate  at the
posterior part of  the pelvis, and at the upper
andposterior part of the thigh. It is large, thick,
and quadrilateral; it is attached, above, to the
posterior part of the  crista ilii,to the part of the
ilium comprised between the crista and the up-
per curved line, to the posterior surface of the
sacrum,  coccyx,  and great sacro-sciatic liga-
ment ;  and below,  it terminates by a broad apo-
neurosis, which is inserted into the rugged sur-
face that descends from the trochanter major
to the  linea aspera of the femur.  This muscle
extends the thigh on the pelvis, and rotates the
thigh outwards.   It  is greatly concerned in sta-
tion and progression.
  Gluteus  Me'dius, Glou'tius  Secun'dus et
-ne'dius. (F'.) Ilio-trochantirien: GrandIlio-tro-
chantirien, (Ch.,) Moyen Fessier. This muscle
is situate in part  beneath the preceding; it is
broad,  very thick, radiated and triangular;  at-
tached, above, to the crista ilii, and to the part
of the  outer surface of that bone comprised be-
tween  the three anterior fourths of its crista, its
upper  curved line, and its lower; and below, it
ends by a tendon, inserted at the upper edge of
the great trochanter.  It is an  abductor of the
thigh;  but can turn  the  thigh outwards or in-
wards, according  as its posterior or inferior fi-
bres are thrown separately into contraction.
  Glutze'us Min'imus, Glnta'us minor, Ilio-is-
ckii-lrockanterien,Ter'tins etIn'timus Glou'tius
(F.) Petit  Fessier;—Petit Ilio-trochantirien 
GLUTEAL
395           GNATHOPLASTICfi
(Ch.)  This muscle, which is  situate beneath
the preceding, is flat, triangular, and with radi-
ated  fibres.  It  is attached, above, to the exter-
nal surface of the os ilii, from the inferior curved
line  to the acetabulum;  and, below, is inserted
into the anterior part of the great trochanter. It
has the same uses as the preceding.
  Gluteus Minor, G. minimus.
  GLU'TEAL, Glou'tius, Gluta'us, from ylcv-
rog,  'the  nates' or 'buttocks.'  (F.) Fessier.
That which belongs or relates to the nates. This
name has been given to many parts which com-
pose the nates.
  Gluteal Aponeurosis. The upper and back
part  of the femoral fascia.  In it is a remarka-
ble opening, called the gluteal arch, for the pas-
sage of the gluteal vessels and nerves.
  Gluteal Arch, see Gluteal aponeurosis.
  Gluteal Artery, Poste'dor Iliac  Artery,
(Q.) Art er e fessier e, is one of thelargestbranches
of the hypogastric.  It makes  its exit from the
pelvis at  the upper part of the superior sciatic
foramen;  gains the posterior part of the pelvis,
and  divides into two branches;—the one super-
ficial, the other deep-seated.   The  last subdi-
vides into three secondary branches, whose ra-
mifications are  distributed particularly to the
Glutai, Longissimus Dorsi, Sacro-lumbalis, &c.
and  anastomose with the sciatic and internal
circumflex arteries.
   Gluteal Nerve, (F.)Nerf Fessier, isa large
branch, furnished  by the 5th pair of lumbar
nerves.   It is chiefly distributed to the glutaei
muscles.
   Gluteal Vein, (F.)  Veine fessiere, follows
the  same march as  the artery of the same
name.
   GLUTEN, Glu'tinum, Lentor,' glue, paste.3
An  immediate  principle of vegetables.   It  is
soft, of a  grayish white, viscid consistence, and
very elastic.  Exposed  to the air, it becomes
hard, brown, and fragile; and,  in moist air, pu-
trefies.  Water and alcohol do not dissolve it.
It is soluble in vegetable, and  in weak  mineral
acids, at  a high temperature.    The farina?, in
which it  is found, are those preferred for the
preparation of bread;  on account of the property
it has of  making the paste rise.  It is a com-
pound of protein, and hence  has been ranged
amongst the "proteinaceous alimentary princi-
ples" by Dr. Pereira.   By washing wheaten
dough with a stream of water, the gum, sugar,
starch and vegetable albumen are removed : the
ductile, tenacious, elastic, gray mass left is the
gluten, common gluten, Beccaria's gluten. Pure
gluten is the soluble portion on boiling common
gluten in  alcohol.
   Gluten Articulorum, Synovia—g.  Becca-
ria's, see  Gluten—g. Bread, see Bread, gluten—
g. Common, see Gluten—g. Pure, see Gluten.
   GLUT!, Nates.
   GLUTIA, Nates, Quadrigemina corpora.
   GLUTINANS,  Agglutinant.
   GLUTINATIF, Agglutinant.
   GLUTINATIO, Agglutination.
   GLUTINECX, Glutinous.
   GLU'TINOUS, Glatino'sus, Collo'des, from
gluten, ' paste, glue.3 (F.) Glutineux,  Gluant.
An  epithet given to substances taken from the
animal or vegetable kingdom, and endowed  with
unusual  viscidity.  The decoetions of marsh-
mallows, and figs, and the jelly of hartshorn
nrp.  said to be glutinous.
  GLUTINUM, Gluten.
  GLUTOI, Nates.
  GLUTTON, same etymon as the next.  Gas-
trimar'gus, Hel'luo, Mando, Gulo'sus, Lurco,
(F.) Glouton,  Gourmand,  Goulu.  An exces-
sive eater.
  GLUT TONY, from glutio,' I swallow,' glut-
tus, ' the gullet.'  Limo'sis Helluo'num, Gas-
tris'mus, (F.)  Gourmandise.  Excessive appe-
tite, owing often to habitual indulgence.
  GLUTTUS, Oesophagus.
  GLUTUS, Trochanter major.
  GLYCANSIS, Edulcoration.
  GLYCAS'MA,  from  yw%vg,  'sweet.'   A
sweet wine, prepared from most.—Linden.
  GLYCERATON, Glycyrrhiza.
  GLYCERIN, see Fat.
  GLYCIPICROS, Solanum dulcamara.
  GLYCISIDE, Pa?onia.
  GLYCYPHYTON, Glycyrrhiza.
  GLYCYRRHI'ZA, from ykvkv(, 'sweet,'and
fjfiTa,' a root.'   Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Liquori"-
tia,Liquoril'iaSeythica,Glycera'ton,Glycyph'-
yton, Liq'uorice,  Adip'sos, Aleacas,  Al'imos,
(F.) Riglisse.  Ord. Leguminosae.  Sex. Syst.
Diadelphia Decandria.   The root of this south-
ern European plant is inodorous; has a  sweet
taste;  is mucilaginous;  and leaves, when un-
peeled,  a degree of bitterness in the  mouth. It
is used as a demulcent, and chiefly in  catarrh.
The extract, made from it and sold in the shops,
is known under the name Spanish Liquorice or
Liquorice Juice, (F.) Jus de Riglisse.
  Pectoral Balsam of Liquorice—a  quack pre-
paration— is said by Dr.  Paris to consist chiefly
of Paregoric Elixir, strongly impregnated with
Oil of Aniseed.
  GLYCYRRHCE'A, from ywxug, 'sweet,3 and
5«u, 'I  flow.'   A discharge of saccharine fluid
from the system.
  Glycyrrhcea Urinosa, Diabetes  mellitus.
  GLYSTER HERBS, Berbae pro  Enem'ate.
The herbs ordinarily sold by the English apo-
thecary under this title, are :—mallow leaves.
one part; chamomile flowers, one part.  (§iss
to  Oj of water.)
   GNAMPSIS, Curvature.
   GNAPHALIUM DIOICUM,Antennaria
dioica.
  Gnaphalium  Margarita'ceum;  Cudweed,
Life everlasting.  An indigenous plant,  grow-
ing in woods  and fields, and flowering in Au-
gust.  Its virtues are not defined, and the same
may be said of
  Gnaphalium PolYceph'alum; Sweet-scented
Life everlasting.
  GNATHALGIA, Neuralgia maxillaris.
   GNATHANCYLO'SIS,  from  yrudog,  'the
jaw,3 and ayxiwrn;, ' stiffness of joint.'   An-
cylosis of the  lower jaw.
  GNATHI'TIS, Inflamma'tio gena, from yva-
6og,' the cheek, the jaw.3  Inflammation of the
cheek or upper jaw.
   GNATHMUS, Gnathus.
  GNATHOCEPH'ALUS, from yvafac,  'the
jaw,' and kiji-jIyj, 'head.'   A monster who has
no  head visible externally, but  exhibits volu-
minous jaws.—G. St. Hilaire.
  GNATHOCYNANCHE, Cynanche paroti
da?a.
  GNATHONEURALGIA, Neuralgia maxil-
laris.
  GN ATHOPL AS TICE, from 7 v*3q(, 'cheek,' 
GNATHOPLEGIA
396
GOMPHIASIS
 and TXao-r/xof,'formative.3   The formation of
 an artificial cheek.
   GNATHOPLE'GIA, from yv*6og, and xltjyv,
 1 a stroke.3  Paralysis of the cheek.
   GNATHORRHAG'TA, from yvadot,  and
 'priyw/ti, 'to burst forth.3 Hemorrhage from the
 internal surface of the cheeks.
   GNATHOSPASMUS, Trismus.
   GNATHUS, Gnathmus,from xvaa,'I scrape,
 rub.3  The cheek, the jaw.   Also, the part of
 the jaws  in which the teeth are fixed.—Hip-
 pocrates, Foesius.  See Bucca, Gena, and Max-
 illary Bone.
   GNESIOS,  Legitimate.
   GNOME, Intellect.
   GNOSIS, yvtoTtc, ' knowledge.3  A  common
 suffix, as in Diagno'sis, Progno'sis, &c.
   GOACONAZ, see Toluifera balsamum.
   GOATS' BEARD, COMMON, Tragopogon.
   GOATS' THORN, Astragalus verus.
   GOBELET EMETIQUE, Goblet, emetic.
   GOBLET,  EMETIC, Poc'ulum emeticum,
 Calix vomito'ria, (F.) Gobelet  imetique.   A
 vessel, made by pouring melted antimony into
 a mould.   By putting wine into this and allow-
 ing it to stand some  time, it acquires the pro-
 perty of producing vomiting.  This kind of eme-
 tic has been long  rejected, as the practitioner
 could never be certain of the dose he exhibited.
   GODFREY'S  CORDIAL.   A celebrated
 nostrum, for which Dr. Paris has given the fol-
 lowing formula.   Infuse  gix of sassafras and
 of the seeds of carraway, coriander, and anise,
 of each ^j, in  six pints of water.   Simmer  the
 mixture until  reduced to Ibiv: then add Ibvj of
 treacle, and  boil the whole for a few minutes.
 When cold, add 3; iij of tincture of opium.  The
 following form is recommended by a committee
 of the Philadelphia college of Pharmacy.  Tinct.
 Opii, Oiss; Syrupi Nigri, Oxvj ; Alcoholis, Oij;
 Aquae, Oxxvj ; Carbonatis Potassa, gijss; Olei
Sassafras, f. giv,  M.  It is anodyne.
   GODRONNk (Canal,)  Cana'lis Petitia'-
 nus, Couronne ciliaire, Canal de Petit, Canal
goudronni, Bul'lular canal of Petit.  Petit gave
this name (from (F.)godron, 'a plait or fold,3)
to the semicircular canal, formed by the tunica
hyaloidea  around the edge of the crystalline;
because it appears, as it were, plaited or fes-
tooned.
   GOGGLE-EYE, Strabismus.
   GOITRE, Bronchocele—g. Leaf, see Lami-
 naria.
   GOITRE STICKS.  In South America the
stems of a seaweed are so called, because they
are chewed by  the inhabitants where goitre pre-
vails.—Royle.
   GOITREUX, (F.)  One  affected by Goitre
ox Bronchocele.
   GOLD, Aurum, Chrysos, Sol, Rex metallo'-
rum, (F.) Or.   A solid, yellow, very brilliant,
hard, very ductile, malleable,  tenacious, and.
heavy metal;  found in nature, either in its  na-
tive state, or combined with a little silver, cop-
per or iron. S. g. 19.25.
  Muriate of Gold,  Chloride of Gold, Auri
 Chlo'ridum, A. Ter chlo1ridum, A. Mil das  A.
 Chlorure'tum,  A.  Muriaticum, A. Chlora'tum
A. Oxydula'tum muriaticum, A. Soli'turn, (F.)
 Chlorure  d'or, Muriate  d'or,  Hydrochlorate
d'or, has been  admitted into the Pharmacopoeia
of the United States, and into that of Paris, &c.
 The  formulae,  however, differ.   That  of the
 United States is a muriate with two bases; and
 is prepared, according to the form of Dr. Chres-
 tien, \>y dissolving the gold in a  mixture of ni-
 tric and muriatic acids, and adding chloride of
 sodium to the residuum after evaporation; then
 redissolving and evaporating slowly to dryness.
 The Parisian formula for the  Muriate d'or,
 Murias  seu Chlorure'tum  Auri, consists in
 simply dissolving the gold in the acids, and
 evaporating to dryness.  It  has been recom-
 mended as an antisyphilitic in old, rebellious,
 venereal affections, exostoses, and in venereal,
 scrofulous or cancerous glandular enlargements.
 Dose, gr. J -8th to gr. ss, rubbed on the tongue
 or gums.   Internally, one-sixteenth of a grain,
 in pill.
   Various other preparations, as the Cy'anide or
 Ter cy'anide, (Auri Cyanidum, A.Cyanure'tum,
 A. Tercyanidum, (F.) Cyanure d'or;) the me-
 tallic gold in a state of division (Aurum metal-
 licum, Pulvis Auri) obtained by amalgamating
 gold with mercury and driving the latter off by
 heat, and in the form of filings (Aurum lima'-
 turn;)  the Chloride of Gold and Sodium, (Au-
 rum muriaticum natrona'tum, A. muriaticum,
 A. chlora'tum natrona'tum, Chlore'turn  Au'ri-
 cum Chlore'to na'trii,  Mu'rias Au'rico-na'tri-
 cum, Chlorure'tum auri et natrii, So'dii auro-
 terchlo'ridum, Hydrochlorate or muriate of Gold
 and  Soda, (F.)  Chlorure d'or et de Sodium,
 Hydrochlorate ou muriate d'or et de Sonde ; the
 Nitromuriate of Gold, (Aurum  Nitrico-muri-
 at'icum, Auri nitromu'rias, (F.) Nitromuriatt
 d'or,) the Oxide of Gold, (Auri Ox'idum, Au-
 rum Oxida'tum, Auri teroxidum, Peroxide of
gold, Auric acid, (F.) Oxide d'or,); and the Io-
dide of Gold, (Auri lo'didum, A. lodure'tum,
(F.) Iodure d'or,) have been employed in the
like affections, and with similar results.
   Gold-Beater's  Skin.  The intestina recta
of the ox, which have been beaten quite smooth,
for the manufacture of gold leaf.  Used as a
defensive dressing for slight cuts, &c.
   Gold,  Chloride of, see  Gold—g.  Cyanide
of, see Gold—g. Hydrochlorate of, see Gold—g.
Iodide of, see Gold—g. Muriate of, see Gold
—g.  Nitro-muriate of, see Gold—g. Oxide of,
see Gold—g. Peroxide  of, see  Gold—g. Tercy-
anide of, see Gold—g. and Sodium, Chloride of
oxide of, see Gold—g. and Soda, hydrochlorate
of, see Gold—g. and Soda, muriate of, see Gold.
   Gold Leaf, Aurum folia!turn, Aurum in li-
bellis.  Used to gild  pills and to plug carious
teeth.
   Gold Thread, Coptis.
   GOLDEN  ROD, Solidago virgaurea.
   GOLDENS. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
   GOLDEN-SEAL, see  Calumba, Hydrastis
 Canadensis.                            ,
   GOLDWASSER, see Spirit.
   GOLFE, Sinus—g.  de la Veine jugulaire,
 see Jugular veins.
   GOLUNCHA, Menispermum cordifolium.
   GOMME, Gumma, Gummi—g. Adraaant,
 Tragacanth—g. Ammoniaque, Ammoniac gum
—g. Arabique, Acaciae gummi—g. Astringent!
 de Gamble, see Butea frondosa—g. Caragne,
 Caranna—g.  Carane,  Caranna — g. Guaiac,
 Guaiacum—g. Gutte, Cambogia—g. de Lierre,
 see Hedera helix—a. du Pays, Gummi nostras
 g. Siraphique,  Sagapenum.
   GOMPHI'ASIS, Gomphias'mus, from youfos, 
GOMPHIASMUS
397
GONORRHOEA
•a nail.'  A disease of the  teeth, and  particu-
larly of the molares; looseness of the  teeth in
their sockets. Agomphlasis. Pain in the teeth.
Odontalgia.
  GOMPHIASMUS, Gomphiasis.
  GOMPHIOI, Molar teeth.
  GOMPHOMA, Gomphosis.
  GOMPHO'SIS, Cardinamen'tum, Clava'tio,
Gompho'ma, Coagmenta'tio, Inclava'tio, from
yoayos, 'a nail.'  Enaompho'sis.  An immo-
vable articulation, in which one bone is  received
into another, like a nail  or peg into  its hole.
Gomphosis is only met with in the articulations
of the teeth with the alveoli.  It is, also, called
Articulation par implantation.
  GOMPHUS, Clavus.
  GONACRASIA, Spermatorrhoea.
  GONACRATIA, Spermatorrhoea.
  GON' AGR A, Gon'yagra, from yew,' the knee,'
and ayq*., 'a prey.'  That  which attacks the
knees.  Gout in the knees.   Paracelsus calls it
Gen'ugra.
  GONAL'GIA, from yow, 'the knee,' and *l-
y*g, 'pain.'  Pain in  the  knee.   GonyaVgia.
This is almost always produced by gout.   It
may, however, depend on some other disease,
either  of the knee or of another part —particu-
larly of the  hip-joint.
   GONARTHRI'TIS, from yow,  'the knee,'
apfyov, 'joint,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the knee-joint.
  GONARTHROCACE, Gonocace.
   GON AURA, see Sperm.
   GOjXDOLE OCULAIRE,Scanhinm oculare.
   GONDRET'S AMMONIACAL  CAUSTIC,
Pommade  de  Gondret — g. Counter-irritant,
Pommade de Gondret.
   GONE,  Gonos, Genitu'ra.  The semen;
(hence, gonorrhoea)—the uterus,offspring. Hip-
pocrates.  See Epigone and Generation.
   GONECYSTIDES, Vesiculae seminales.
   GONECYSTI'TIS,  Inflamma'tio vesicula'-
rum semina'lium, from  yovy,  ' sperm,'  Kvrrnt,
'bladder,'  and  itis, 'denoting  inflammation.'
Inflammation of the vesiculae seminales.
   GONEPCEUS, Spermatopoeus.
   GONEPOIETICUS, Spermatopoeus.
   GONFLEMENT, Swelling.
   GONGRONA, Bronchocele.
   GONGROPHTHISIS,  Phthisis pulmonalis.
   GONGYL1DIUM, Pilula.
   GONGYLION, Pilula.
   GONGYLIS, Pilula.
   GONOBOLIA, Ejaculation, spermatic.
   GONOC'ACE,  Gonarthroc'ace, from yow,
 ' the knee,3  and xix.og,' evil.3  Tumor genu al-
 bus.   White swelling of the  knee.  Hydrar-
 thrus.
   GONOCELE, Spermatocele.
   GONOI'DES, from ywrt, 'seed,3  and tiSog,
 'appearance.3  Genitu'ra simHis.  Similar to
 sperm.  Sperm'atoid,Spermatoi'des, Spermato'
 des.   A term  appropriated to any substance,
 which resembles sperm.
   GONOPOIETICUS, Spermatopoeus.
   GONORRHkE BATARDE, Gonorrhoea
 spuria.
   GONORRHOEA..  Erroneously called from
 }.<,>»;,  'sperm,3 and §«&>,  'I  flow,3  because  the
 older  writers believed it to be a flux of semen.
 Blennorrha'gia, Blennorrha'a, Blennure'thria,
 Phallorrha'a,  Medorrha'a, M. viri'lis,  Catar'-
rhus  Gonorrha'a, C. ure'thrae, Urethritis, In-
flamma'tio  ure'thrae, Urethralgia, Proflu'vium
muco'sum  ure'thra, Blennorrha'a  urethra'lis,
Catar'rhus urethra'lis, (F.) Ecoidement, Uri-
thrite, Uritrite.  An inflammatory discharge of
mucus from the membrane of the  urethra in
both sexes; and from that of the prepuce in man,
and the vagina in woman.   It may be excited
spontaneously, or by irritants applied directly
to the membrane;  but is, usually, produced by
impure connexion.   Two great varieties have
been generally reckoned.—l. Gonorrhoea Pura
vel Benig'na.  That which does not follow an
impure connexion;  (F.)  kchauffement; the
Blennorrhag'ia benig'na,Caulorrha'a benig'na,
Catar'rhus Ure'thra, Gonorrha'a catarrha'lis,
G. non contagio'sa:—and  2. Gonorrhoea Im-
pu'ra,  malig'na,  contagio'sa, syphilitica, et
virulen'ta ; Fluor albus malig'nus, Fluxus ve-
ne'reus, Blennorrha'a luo'des, Myxio'sis, Lues
gonorrho'ica,  Scroph'ula? gonorrho'icae, Tuber'-
eula gonorrho'ica, Clap, (F.) Chaudepisse; that
which is the result of impure commerce.  The
French, also, distinguish the Chaudepisse seche,
or that, unaccompanied with discharge; and the
 Chaudepisse  cordie,  Gonorrhcea corda'ta, or
that accompanied with chordee, and which, of
course, occurs only in the male.  It is the kind
which most frequently engages the attention of
the practitioner, and  is  characterized by mu-
cous  discharge from the urethra or vagina inter-
mixed with specific matter, and accompanied
by burning pain on  micturition.  It is decidedly
infectious.  It is,  however, a distinct disease
from syphilis, and never produces it.  Its dura-
 tion is various, but  the inflammatory symptoms
usually subside  in  four  or  five weeks; leaving
 generally behind more or less of the gonorrhoea
 mucosa or gleet.   Gonorrhoea of  every kind,
 attended with any inflammatory symptoms, is
 best  treated  by the antiphlogistic  regimen;
 avoiding every kind of irritation, and  keeping
 the body cool by  small doses of salts, and the
 urine diluted  by the mildest fluids.   After the
 inflammatory symptoms  have subsided, cubebs,
 or the balsam of copaiba, exhibited in the dose
 of a teaspoonful,  three  times a day, will be
 found effectual: indeed, during the existence of
 the inflammatory symptoms, it often affords de-
 cided relief.   Injections  are rarely required.
   Sometimes, gonorrhoea affects the glans; when
 it is called Gonorrhaa Spu'ria, G. Balani, Ba-
 lanoblennorrha'a,   Balanorrha'a,   Balanitis,
 Blennorrha'gia spu'ria vel notha, (F.)Blennor-
 rhagie du gland,  Gonorrhie bdtarde, Fausse
 Blennorrhagie. It requires only cleanliness and
 cooling lotions.
   Some other varieties of gonorrhoea have been
 enumerated, but they are of little moment.
   In consequence of repeated attacks of gonor-
 rhoea, or of the debility induced by  a single at-
 tack, it not unfrequently  happens, as already
 remarked, that a constant, small discharge oc-
 curs, or remains behind, after all danger of in-
 fection is  removed.  The  great difference be-
 tween it and  gonorrhcea is, that it  is uninfec-
 tious.  The discharge consists of globular par-
 ticles, contained in a slimy mucus, and is gene-
 rally devoid of that yellow colour, which cha-
 racterizes the discharge of gonorrhcea virulenta.
 It is unattended with pain, scalding, &c.  To
 this  state the names Gleet,  Gonorrha'a muco'sa,
 Blennorrha'a chron'ica, Blennorrha'a, &C. have 
GONOS                  39
been given.  It is commonly a disease of some
duration, and demands the use of the copaiba,
astringent injections; and, if obstinate, the in-
troduction of the bougie.
  Gonorrhoea Balani, G. spuria—g. Benigna,
Leucorrhcea—g. Catarrhalis, G. pura—g. Chor-
data, Chordee.
  Gonorrhoea Dormien'tium,G. Oneirog'onos.
The seminal discharge, which occurs during
sleep,  and  is occasioned by libidinous dreams.
Pollution.
  Gonorrhoea Laxo'rum, G. libidino'sa, Sper-
morrhx'a atonica,  consists of a  pellucid dis-
charge from the urethra, whilst awake, without
erection of the penis, but with venereal thoughts.
  Gonorrhoea Laxorum, Pollution, G. libidi-
nosa—g. Mucosa, (gleet,)  see Gonorrhoea—g.
Noncontagiosa, G. pura—g. Notha inveterata,
Leucorrhcea—g. Oneirogonos, G. dormientium,
Pollution—g. Vera, Pollution, Spermatorrhoea.
  GONOS, Gone.
  GONOSTROMA, Proligerous disk.
  GONY, yow, Genu, 'the knee;' hence:
  GONYAGRA, Gonagra.
  GONYALGIA, Gonalgia.
  GONYC'ROTUS, from yow, ' the knee,' and
kjotew,  ' I  strike.'   One who  is knock-kneed,
or in-kneed.  See Entogonyancon.
  GONYON'CUS, from yow, 'the knee,' and
oyxoc,  ' a tumour.'  A swelling of the knee.
  GOODYE'RA PUBES'CENS, Tussa'ca reti-
cula'ta, Satyr'ium,  Neott'ia, Rattlesnake leaf,
Networt, Netleaf, Scrofula weed.  An indige-
nous plant, used  empirically in scrofula—the
fresh  leaves being applied to the sores.  It is
employed by the Indians.
  GOOSEFOOT,  Chenopodium  anthelminti-
cum—g. Angular-leaved, Chenopodium  bonus
Henricus—g. Stinking, Chenopodium vulvaria.
  GOOSEGRASS, Galium aparine, G. verum.
  GOOSESHARE,  Galium aparine.
  GOOSESKIN, Horrida cutis.
  GORDIUS MEDINENSIS, Dracunculus.
  GORGE, Throat—g. Grosse, Bronchocele—
g. Mai de, Cynanche.
  GORGERET,  Gorget— g.  Litkotome, Gor-
get, Lithotomy—g.  a. Repoussoir, see Gorget.
  GORGET, fxom(F.)gorge,'the throat.'"C«-
na'lis  canalicula'tus,  Ductor canalicula'tus,
(F.) Gorgeret.  An  instrument representing a
long gutter, in the shape of a throat, which is
especially employed in the operations of litho-
tomy and fistula in ano.
  Gorget, Cutting, see Gorget and Lithotomy.
  Gorget, Lithot'omy, (F.) Gorgeret Litho-
tome,  Cutting Gorget,  is the one used in the
operation  for the stone, for the purpose of di-
viding the prostate and the neck of the bladder,
so as to enable the surgeon to introduce the for-
ceps, and extract the stone.  At the end of this
gorget  is a  crest or beak, which fits the groove
of the  staff,  and  admits of the  gorget being
passed along  it into the bladder.  Besides cut-
ting, there  are also  blunt gorgets, intended to
be introduced into the wound—their concavity
serving as  a guide  for the forceps  into the
bladder.
  The  chief modifications in the gorget have
been made by Andouillet, Bell, Blicke, Brom-
field, Cline,Desault,Foubert,Hawkins, Larrey,
Lefevre, Michaelis, Thomas, &c.
  Gorget  for  Fistula in Ano  consists of a
semi cylindrical, wooden staff; four inches long,
8                  GOUT

without including the handle, and  furnished
with  a wide groove.  This is introduced  into
the rectum to prevent the point of the bistoury
from  injuring the intestine, when the internal
orifice of the fistula is deeply situate and it is
desirable to perform the operation by incision.
This  instrument, invented by Marchettis, has
been modified by Percy, Runge, &e.
  Desault invented an instrument for conduct-
ing the wire by the  anus, in the  operation for
fistula by ligature.  He  called it Gorgeret a
repoussoir.
  GORGO'NEI FONTES.   Fountains, de-
scribed by Libavius, as containing water which
possessed a petrifying property ; probably, wa-
ter holding in solution supercarbonate of lime.
  GORGOSSET, Pyrosis.
   GOSIER, Pharynx, Throat.
  GOSSUM, Bronchocele.
  GOSSYPTUM,  Gossypium  Herba'ceum;
Gossipion Xylon,  Xylum, Bombax,  Cotton,
(F.) Coton.  Family Malvacea?.   Sex. Syst.
Monadelphia Polyandria.  The seeds of the Cot-
ton Tree, Gossipium arbor'eum, have been ad-
ministered in coughs, on  account  of the muci-
lage they contain. The cotton wool is used in
medicine for making moxas, &c.
  GOTIUM, Bronchocele.
  GOUDRON, see Pinus sylvestris.
  GOUET, Arum maculatum.
  GOUkTRE, Bronchocele.
  GOULARD'S  LOTION, see  Lotion, Gou-
lard's.
  Goulard Water, Liquor plumbi subacetatis
dilutus.
  GOULU, Glutton.
  GOURD, Cucurbita—g.Bitter,Cucumis colo-
cynthis—g.  Bottle, Cucurbita pepo.
  GOURD WORM, Distoma hepaticum.
  GOURMANDISE, Gluttony.
  GOURME, Porrigo larvalis.
  GOUSSE, Legumen.
  GOUT, Arthritis, Arth'ragra, Arthralgia,
Morbus domino'ram,Malum articulo'rum, Mor-
bus articula'ris,  Gutta,  Arthro'sia Pod'agra,
Podalgia, Pod'agra, Arthriticus verus, Ar-
thritis Podagra, Podagra Arthritis, Flux'io
arthritica, Febris  arthritica, F. podag'riea,
Arthrodynia podag'riea,  Cauma  podag'ricum,
Flerecin, Gastro-arthritis, Misopto'chos, (F.)
Goutte.  The gout was formerly  regarded as a
catarrh, and received its name from (F.)\ goutte,
(L.) gutta, ' a drop;' because it was believed to
be produced by a liquid, which distilled, goutte
a goutte, ' drop by drop,' on the diseased part.
This name, which seems to have been first used
about the year 1270,  has been admitted into the
different languages of Europe.  Gout is an in-
flammation of the fibrous and ligamentous parts
of the joints.  It almost  always  attacks, first,
the great  toe;  whence it passes to  the other
smaller joints, after having produced, or been
attended with, various sympathetic effects, par-
ticularly in the digestive organs : after this, it
may attack the greater articulations.  It is an
affection which is extremely fugitive, and van-
able in its recurrence.  It may be acquired or
hereditary.   In  the  former case, it rarely ap-
pears before the age of thirty-five; in  the latter,
it is  frequently observed earlier. It  is often
difficult to distinguish it from rheumatism.  A
combination is, indeed, supposed to exist some-
times ; hence called  Rheumatic gout.  During 
GOUT                  395
the paroxysm or fit, a burning, lancinating pain
is  experienced  in the affected joint, attended
with tumefaction,  tension, and redness.  One
or more joints  may be  attacked, either at the
same time or in succession ; and, in either case,
the attack terminates by resolution in a few
days.   This is the Arthritis acu'ta, inflamma-
to'ria vel regula'ris, Regular gout, Arthro'sia
pod'agra regula'ris, Arth'ragra legitima seu
vera seu genui'na seu normaiis, (F.) Goutte
rigulilre chaude.  At other times, pains in the
joints exist, of more or less acute character;
the swelling being without redness.   These
pains persist, augment, and diminish irregularly,
without exhibiting intermission, and,  conse-
quently,  without having  distinct paroxysms.
The disease is then called atonic, asthenic, im-
perfect or irregular gout,  Chronic G., Arthri-
tis  atonica vel asthen'ica, Arthro'sia Poda-
gra, larva'ta, Dysarthrltis.   It is, also, com-
monly  called in France Goutte froide, Goutte
blanche.   It may appear primarily, or  succeed
attacks of regular gout.
   Gout does not always confine itself to the
joints.   It may attack the  internal  organs:
when it is called Arthritis  aber'rans seu erra-
tica seu planetica, Arth'ragra anom'ala, Pod'-
agra   aber'rans,   Vare'ni,  Wandering, mis-
placed, or anomalous gout, (F.) Goutte vague.
  Retrograde gout, Arthritis retrog'rada, Poda-
gra retrog'rada, Arthro'sia Podagra  compli-
ca'ta, Rece'dent, mispla ced gout,  (F.) Goutte
remontie, G. malplacie, G. rentrie, is  when it
leaves  the joints suddenly and attacks some in-
ternal organ, as the stomach, intestines, lungs,
brain,  &c.
   Gout is also called, according to the part it
may affect, Podagra, Gonagra, Chiragra, &c.
It may be acute or  chronic, and may give rise
to concretions, which are  chiefly composed of
urate of soda.   See Calculus, (Arthritic.)   It
may, also, give occasion to nodosities,  when it
is called Arthritis  nodo'sa, (F.) Goatte nouie.
   The treatment is of the antiphlogistic kind,
and the local disorder should be but little inter-
fered with.  Colchicum seems  to  have great
power over the disease.  It forms the  basis of
the Eau midicinale d'Husson; a celebrated
French gout remedy.  The  bowels must be
kept regular by rhubarb and magnesia; and a
recurrence of the  disease be prevented by ab-
stemious habits.
   Gout, Diaphragmatic, Angina pectoris—g.
Rheumatic,  see Rheumatism, acute—g. Weed,
Ligusticum  podagraria.
   GOUT, Taste.
   GOUTTE, Gout, Gutta— g. Blanche, Gout
(atonic)—g. Froide, Gout (atonic)—g. Malpla-
cie, Gout, (retrograde)—g. Nouie,  Gout (with
nodosities)—g. Riguliere chaude, Gout (regu-
lar)—g. Remontie, Gout (retrograde)—g. Rent-
rie, Gout, (retrograde)— g. Rose, Gutta rosea—
g. Sciatique, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea— g. Se-
reine, Amaurosis—a.Vao-tte, Gout (wandering.)
   GOUTTEUX, Arthritic.
   GOUTTIERE (¥.), Collic'iae.  A gutter in
a  bone,  like that  used for carrying off rain.
Some of these cavities are intended to facilitate
the sliding  of tendons,  such  as the Gouttiere
Bicipitale or Bicipital groove.   Others, as the
Gouttiere sagittate or Sagittal groove,  lodge
blood-vessels  and   especially  veins.   Others,
again,  are merely intended for the support of
9                 GRANA

~"  •                                 .<
 certain organs; as the Gouttiere basilaire ox
 Basilary fossa which supports  the medulla
 oblongata.
   GOUTTIERE BICIPITALE, Bicipital
 groove—g. Lacrymale, Lachrymal groove—g.
 Sacre, Sacral groove.
   GOUTY RHEUMATISM, see Rheumatism,

   GOUVERNAIL DU  TESTICULE,  Gu-
 bernaculum testis.
   GOWLAND'S LOTION, see Lotion, Gow-

   GOWN,  RED, Strophulus—g. Yellow,  Ic-
 terus infantum.
   GRACILIS, Macer, Macilen'tus.  Slender,
 lean.  Also, the slender Rectus inte'rior fem'-
 oris sive Grac'ilis interior, Sous-pubio-criti-
 tibial, Sous-pubio-pritibial (Ch.) Droit ou grile
 interne de la cuisse.  This muscle is situate at
 the  inside of the thigh.   It is  thin and very
 long; and arises from the descending ramus of
 the  pubis, to be inserted  at the inner and infe-
 rior part of the tuberosity of the tibia. It bends
 the  leg and causes abduction of the thigh.   See
 Grele.
   Gracilis, Anterior, Rectus femoris.
   GRAD'UATE, Gradua'tus, from Gradus,' a
 step,'  ' a degree.'  In medicine, one who  has
 attained a degree,—usually, the degi ee of doctor.
   GRiEA, ye^aia.  The  pellicle, which forms
 on milk.  The folds of skin round the umbili-
 cus.  An old woman.
   GRAIN, Granum;  the 60th part of a Troy,
 and the 72d part of a Poids de marc  drachm.
   GRAINE D'ECARLATE, Coccus cacti—
 g. Muse, Hibiscus abelmoschus—g. deTurquie,
 Zea mays—g. d'Aspic, see Phalaris Canariensis
 —g. de Paradis, Amomum grana paradisi—g.
 de Perroquet, Carthamus tinctorius (seed.)
   GRAISSE, Pinguedo—g.deMouton, Sevum
 —g. d'Oie, Adeps anserina—g. OxyginiejFJn-
 guentum acidi nitrosi—g. de Pore, Adeps prae-
 parata.
   GRAMEN .EGYPTIACUM, G.  Crucis cy-
 perioidis—g. Caninum, Triticum repens.
   G r a m e n  Crucis Cyperioi'dis, Gramen
 JEgyptiacum, JEgyp'tian Cock's foot  grass.
 The roots and plants possess the virtues of the
 Triticum repens, and  have been recommended
 in the  earlier stages  of dropsy.  They were,
 formerly, considered to possess many other pro-
 perties.
   Gramen  Dioscoridis,  Triticum  repens—g.
 Major, Sarsaparilla Germanica—g.  Orientale,
 Juncus odoratus—g.  Repens, Triticum repens
 —g. Rubrum, Sarsaparilla Germanica.
   GRAMIA, CHASSIE, Lippitudo.
   GRAMINIVOROUS,  Graminiv'orus, from
 gramen, 'grass,' and voro, 'I eat.'  Feeding or
 subsisting on grass.
   GRAMMARIUM,  Scruple.
   GRAMME, yfau/jLi].   An  ancient weight,
 equivalent to the 24th part of an ounce, or to
 24 grains, or a scruple, avoirdupois.  At  the
 present  day, the  gramme is equal in weight to
 a cubed centimetre of water ;  or to  18  grains,
 poids de marc—15.414 grains, Troy.
   Gramme, Iris,  Line.
   GRANA,  Hemicrania—g. Molucca, Croton
 tiglium—g.  Moschi,  Hibiscus abelmoschus—
 g. Orientis, see  Menispermum cocculus—g.
 Tiglii seu Tiglia, see Croton tiglium—g. Tilii,
 Croton tiglium. 
GRANADILLA, APPLE-SHAPED    40
   GRANADILLA, APPLE-SHAPED, Passi-
 flora maliformis.
   GRANATI RADICIS CORTEX, seePunica
 granatum.
   GRAND  DORSAL, Latissimus dorsi.
   GRANDEB'ALtE.   The hair which grows
 in the arm pits.
   GRANDINOSUM OS, Cuboid.
   GRANDO, Chalaza.
   GRANDULA, Gland.
   GRANIV'OROUS, Graniv'orus, from gra-
 num,  ' a grain,3 and voro, ' I eat.3  Feeding
 or subsisting on grain or seeds.
   GRANTRISTUM, Anthrax.
   GRANULAR DEGENERATION OR DIS-
 ORGANIZATION OF THE KIDNEY, Kid-
 ney, Bright's disease of the.
   Granular  Conjunctiva,  Trachoma—g.
 Eyelid, Trachoma—g. Liver,  Cirrhosis.
   GRANULATED LIVER, Cirrhosis.
   GRANULA'TION, Granula'tio, from gra-
 num,  'a grain.3  Gemma, (F.)  Bourgeon, B.
 charnu.  Granulations are the reddish, conical,
 flesh-like shoots, which form at  the surface of
 suppurating wounds and ulcers.   They are the
 product  of inflammatory excitement, and may
 be produced in indolent ulcers, by exciting the
 parts  by proper stimulants.  They form  the
 basis of the cicatrix.
   Granulation is, likewise, a name given by
 the  modern  French physicians  to an  organic
 lesion, consisting  in the  formation of small,
 round, firm, shining, semi-transparent tumours,
 of the size and shape of millet  seed or of a pea;
 which are met with in  the lungs particularly,
 and in considerable quantity; often without ma-
 terially interfering  with their functions.
   GRANULATIONS CkRkBRALES, Glan-
 dulae Pacchioni.
   Granula'tions Mil'iary, or Miliary tu'ber-
 cles, are the small  transparent grains, of vari-
 able size, from that of a millet seed to that of a
 grain of hemp, which are presumed to be  the
 primitive state of tubercles.
   GRAN'ULE,  Gran'ulum; diminutive of gra-
 num, 'a grain.3   A small grain;  a small com-
 pact particle, a cytoblast.
   Gran'ules Sem'inal, Gran'ula seminis.  Mi-
 nute, rounded, granulated  bodies, observable in
 the semen, which are, in  all cases, much less
 numerous than the spermatozoids. See Sperm.
   GRANVILLE'S  LOTION, see Lotion, Gran-
 ville's counter-irritant.
  GRAPE, see Vitis vinifera—g. Sea-side, see
 Kino.
  Grape-Cure,  (F.)  Cure  du  raisin, (G.)
 Traubencur.  A mode of medication  in
 Germany, which consists in  the use of  the
 grape for both meat and drink; nothing more at
 the farthest  being allowed than a  piece of dry
 bread.  This diet is continued for weeks.   Its
 effects are altogether revellent, and resemble in
 many respects those of hydropathy.
  Grapes, Dried, Uva? passa?.
  GRAPHIDOIDES, Styloid.
  GRAPHIODES,  Styloid.
  GRAPHIOIDES, Styloid.
  GRAPHIS'CUS,  Graphis'cus  Dloclis.   An
 instrument invented by Diodes for extracting
 darts.   It is described by Celsus.
  GRAFHI'TES,Pli'.mba'go,Supercarbure'tum
Ferri,  Carbure'tum  Ferri, Ferri  Carbona'tum,
F. Supercarbure'tum, Carbo minera'lis, Gale-
10                 GRAVEL

 ne'a, Gale'ni,  Carburet of iron, Black lead,
 Wad, (F.) Crayon noir, Plombaaine.  This
 substance has been esteemed slightly astringent
 and dessiccative.  It  has  been  advised  by
 Weinhold in the cure of herpes.
   GRAPHOIDES, Styloid.
   GRAS DES  CADAVRES, Adipocire—g.
 de Jambe,  Sura—g. des Cimetieres, Adipocire
 —g. de Jambe, Sura.
   GRAS FONDURE (F.), Diarrha'a adipo'-
 sa, literally molten grease.  A species of diar-
 rhoea, referred  to by old writers ; accompanied
 with great emaciation, and in which the evacu-
 ations contain  fat-like matter.   According to
 Sauvages,  the  Gras-fondure differs from col-
 liquative diarrhoea in  not being attended with
 hectic fever.
   GRASS, Asparagus—g. Bitter, Aletris fari-
 nosa—g. Canary,  cultivated, Phalaris Canad-
 ensis—g.  Couch, Triticum  repens—g.  Dog,
 Triticum   repens—g.  Egyptian  cock's  foot,
 Gramen crucis  cyperioides—g. Goat's, Scorzo-
 nera—g. Knot, Polygonum aviculare—g. Sweet,
 Acorus Calamus—g. Vipers', Scorzonera.
   GR ASSET, (F.)  The anterior region of the
 thigh, bounded below by the patella.
   GRASSEYEMENT (F.),  Sonus  blasus,
 Rotacis'mus, from (F.) gras, ' thick,3' speak-
 ing  thick.3  According to Sauvages, a vicious
 pronunciation  of the  letter  r.  They  who
 speak thick, like the inhabitants of Newcastle,
 in England, or  of Havre, in France, have diffi-
 culty in pronouncing the r, and they frequently
 substitute for it the letter I; but this does not
 properly constitute Grasseyement.  It consists
 in this: that, in words in which the  letter r is
 joined to another consonant, a  sort of burring
 or guttural rolling is  heard, nearly like that
 produced by gargling.   See Rotacism.
   GRASUS, Cinabra.
   GRATELLE, Psoriasis.
   GRATIA DEI, Gratiola officinalis.
   GRATIOLA CENTAURIODES, G. offici-
 nalis.
   Gratio'la Officina'lis, Digitaiis minima,
 Gra'tia Dei,  Gratiola Centaurio'ides, Hedge
 hyssop, Herb of Grace.  It is a  native of the
 South of Europe.   (F.) Herbe aupauvrekomme.
 The plant is inodorous;  taste  strong, bitter,
 nauseous.  It is possessed of anthelmintic, pur-
 gative, emetic, and diuretic properties.  Dose,
 ten grains.
   GRATTERON, Galium aparine.
   GRATTOIR,  Raspatorium.
   GR AVA TIF, Heavy.
   GRAVE, Serious—g.Plant,Datura sanguinea.
   GRAVEDO, Catarrh, Coryza—g.  Neonato-
 rum, Snuffles.
   GRAVEL, Lith'ia rena'lis  areno'sa, Lithi'-
 asis nephritica, L. rena'lis, (F.) Gravelle.  A
 disease occasioned by  small concretions, simi-
 lar to sand or gravel, Gla'rea, (F.) Gravier,
 which form in  the kidneys, pass along the ure-
 ters to the bladder, and are expelled with the
 urine. These concretions, which are commonly
 composed of uric acid and an animal matter,
 are deposited at the  bottom of the  vessel, im-
 mediately after the excretion of the urine; and,
 by their hardness and resistance  under the fin-
 ger, differ considerably from the ordinary sedi-
 ment of that liquid.   A vegetable diet and al-
 kaline drinks are the best prophylactics.  See
 Calculi,  Urinary.  A  fit of the Gravel, Ne- 
GRAVE LEUX              40
phral'gia  calculo'sa seu areno'sa,  Co'lica ne-
phritica, is the excruciating suffering induced
by the passage of gravel from the kidney to the
bladder.  It can only be relieved by opiates, the
warm bath, &c.
  When the  deposit is in fine particles,  it is
termed  Sand,  Are'na, Are'uula,  Psam'ma,
Psammus.
  Gravel Grass, Galium verum.
  Gravel, Pileous or  Hairy, (F.) Gravelle
pileuse.  A species of gravel containing hairs,
phosphate of lime, ammoniaco-magnesian phos-
phate, and a little uric acid.—Magendie.
  GRAVELEUX, Calculous.
  GRAVELLE, Chalaza, Gravel—#. Pileuse,
Gravel, pileous.
  GRAVEOLENS, Fetid.
  GRAVIDA, Pregnant.
  GRAVIDITAS,Fecundation, Pregnancy—g.
Abdominalis, Pregnancy, abdominal—g. Extra-
uterina,  see  Pregnancy—g. Extra-uterina in
Ovario, Pregnancy, ovarian—g.  Extra-uterina
Secundaria, Metacyesis—g. Interstitialis, Preg-
nancy, interstitial—g. Molaris, Mole—g. Spu-
ria,  Pregnancy, false—g. Tubaria,  Salpingo-
cyesis—g. Uteri substantia, Pregnancy, inter-
stitial—g. Uterina, Pregnancy.
  GRAVIER,  Gravel.
  GRAV1METER, Areometer.
  GRAVIS, Heavy.
  GRAVITY,  SPECIFIC, Gravitas specif -
ica,  (F.) Pesanteur spirificjuc.  The  relation
between the  weight of a body  and its bulk,
thus, supposing four bodies to be of the  same
size, but which weigh, one four, another three,
another two, and the fourth one;  the specific
gravity of the first, will be four times greater
than that of the last.  The specific gravities of
different  bodies  are, therefore, as the weights,
bulk for bulk.   For solids, and  liquids, water
is taken as the unit; atmospheric air for the
gases.   Thus, water is  1.000; mercury at the
common temperature, 13.58.  Whence, we con-
clude mercury is between thirteen and fourteen
times heavier than water.
  GRAY  MATTER OF  THE  BRAIN, Cor-
tec cerebri.
  GREASE,  BARROW'S,  Adeps suilla—g.
Goose, Adeps anserina—g. Molten, Gras-fon-
dtire.
  GREENHEART, see Bebeeru.
  GREENHOW'S  TINCTURE  FOR  THE
TEETH,  Spiritus armoraciae compositus.
  GREEN SICKNESS, Chlorosis.
  GREENWEED,  Genista tinctoria.
  GRELE (F.), Grac'ilis, 'long  and thin.'
This epithet is given by the  French to various
parts, as the
  Apophyse  Grele  du Marteau, the slender
apoph'ysis or process of the malleus, a  long
process situate at the anterior part of the  neck
of the malleus, which passes out by the fissure
of Glaserius.  It is also called the Apoph'ysis
of Ran, although it was already known to Fa-
bricius ab Aquapendente and to Caecilius  Fol-
Iius.  „
  GRELE, Chalaza—g. Interne de la cuisse,
Gracilis.
  GREMIL  OFFICINALE, Lithospermum
officinale.
  GREMIUM, Vulva.
  GRENADE, Influenza.
  GRENADIER, Punica granatum.
II              GROSSESSE

   GRENADIN, see Punica granatum.
   GRkNIERS, Vesiculae seminales.
   GRENOUILLE, Rana esculenta.
   GRENOUILLETTE, Ranula.
   GREOULX, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 Sulphuretted  springs  in the  department of
 Basses-Alpes, France.
   GRESSURA, Perina?um.
   GRESSUS, Walking.
   GREVEURE, Hernia.
   GRIELUM, Apium petroselinum, Smyrnium
 olusatrum.
   GRINCEMENT  DES DENTS, Bryg-
 mus.
   GRINDERS, Molar teeth—g. Asthma, see
 Asthma, grinders3—g. Rot. Asthma, grinders'.
   GRIPES, Tormina, Colic.
   Gripes, Watery.   A popular  name for a
 dangerous form of diarrhoea, common in Eng-
 land, which does not differ essentially from the
 cholera infantum of this country.
   GRIPHOSIS, Onychogryphosis.
   GRIPPE  (F.), from gripper,  ' to gripe,'
 ' catch hold of.3   A  vulgar name for several
 catarrhal diseases,  which have reigned epide-
 mically ;  as the Influenza.
   GRIPPE, Pinched.
   GROAN, see Suspirium.
   GROATS,German  Grutze; Grutum,Ave'-
 na excortica'ta; (F.)  Gruau, Oatmeal, (York-
 shire.)  Oats, hulled,  but  unground,  (Lanca-
 shire.)  Hulled oats,  half ground.  Oats that
 have the hulls taken off; Grits.   When crushed,
 they are termed Embden groats.
   A decoction of  these  is administered  as  a
 diluent and demulcent.
   Groats, Cracow, Semolina.
   GROG-BLOSSOMS, Gutta rosea.
   GROG-ROSES, Gutta rosea.
   GROMWELL, Lithospermum officinale.
   GROOVE, Furrow, Sulcus, (F.) Rainure.
 Icelandic, grafa, Sax. srapan, to dig.  A chan-
 nel  or gutter, in a bone or surgical  instrument.
 See Coulisse.
   GROOVED.   Same etymon.   Sulca'tus,
 Stria'tus,  Canalicula'tus,  (F.)  Cannel'e  ou
 Caneli ou Canaliculi ; Canaliculated. Having
 a small channel or  gutter.
   GROS, Drachm—g. Cou, Bronchocele.
   GROSEILLIER NOIR, Ribes nigrum—g.
 Rouge, Ribes rubrum.
   GROSSE  GORGE, Bronchocele.
   GROSSESSE, Pregnancy—g. Abdominale,
 Pregnancy, abdominal—g. Afatale, Pregnancy,
 afcetal—g. Bigiminale, Pregnancy, bigeminal
 —g. Complexe, Pregnancy, complex—g. Com-
 posie, Pregnancy, compound—g. Contre-nature,
 Pregnancy, extra-uterine—g. Fausse ou appa-
 rente, Pregnancy, false—g. Fatale, Pregnancy,
 foetal—g. Gazo-hystirique,  Pregnancy, gazo-
 hysteric—g.  Himalo-hystirique,  Pregnancy,
 hemato-hysteric—g. Hydro-hystirique, Preg-
 nancy, hydro-hysteric—g. Inter-extra-utirine,
 Pregnancy, complex—g. Ovarienne, Pregnancy,
 ovarial—g. Sarco-hysterique, Pregnancy, sarco-
 hysteric—g. Sarcofatale, Pregnancy, sarcofce-
 tal—g. Simple, Pregnancy, solitary—g- Soli-
 taire,  Pregnancy,   solitary—g.  Trigeminals,
 Pregnancy, trigeminal—g. Triple,  Pregnancy,
 trigeminal—g. Tabaire, Pregnancy, tubal—-g.
 Utiro-abdominale, Pregnancy, utero-abdominal
 —g.  Utiro-ovarienne, Pregnancy,  utero-ova-
 rian— g. Utiro-tubaire, Pregnancy, utero-tubal. 
GROSSULARIA NON  SPINOSA
402
GUM ANIME
  GROSSULARIA NON  SPINOSA, Ribes
nigrum.
  GROUILLEMENT  D'ENTRAILLES,
Borborygmus.
  GROUND  BERRY, Gaultheria—g.  Holly,
Gaultheria—g. Ivy, Gaultheria—g.  Nut, Ara-
chis hypogea, Pignut.
  GROUND  PINE, Teucrium chamaepitys—
g. p. French, Teucrium iva.
  GROUNDSEL, Senecio.
  GROUSEBERRY, Gaultheria.
  GROWTH, from Dutch g r o e y e n, Cres-
centia, Anaplo'sis, Anaptyx'is, (F.) Croissance.
The development of the body; particularly in
the direction of its height.  Also, any adven-
titious tissue; thus, we speak of a morbid growth
ox formation.
  GRUAU, Groats.
  GRUMEAU, Coagulum.
  GRUMOUS, Grumo'sus, from grumus,  'a
clot.3  Clotted.
  GRUMUS, Coagulum.
  GRUTUM.  'Groats.3   Grutum  Milium,
Milium.  A hard white tubercle of the skin, re-
sembling, in size and appearance, a millet-seed.
It is confined to the face.  See, also, Groats.
  GRYPH'IUS PES.   The Griffon's foot, (F.)
Pied de Griffon.  An instrument of which Am-
brose Pare speaks, which was used for extract-
ing moles from the uterus.
  GRYPHOSIS, Onychogryphosis.
  GRYPO'SIS,from>ou/ioco, 'I incurvate.3  In-
curva'tio.  Curvature or crookedness in gene-
ral.  Crookedness  or incurvation of the nails.
See Onychoaryposis.
  GRYPOTES, see Grypus.
  GRYPUS.  One who has a crooked or aqui-
line nose.  The  condition is termed Gry'potes.
  GUA'CO,  Hua'co.   The name of a plant,
Eupato'rium Guaco, described by Humboldt and
Bonpland under the name Mika'nia G?^«co,which
gr^ws in the valleys of Madalena, Rio-Cauca,
&c, in South America.  The negroes use the
juice against the bites  of poisonous  reptiles; —
both  in the way of prevention and cure.  It has
been, of late, brought  forward as a remedy in
cholera.
  GUAIACINE, see Guaiacum.
  GUAIACUM, G. OfiicinaiS; G. America'-
uum, Lignum vita, L. sanctum, L. benedic'-
tum,  Palus  sanctus,  Lignum In'dicum, Ha-
giox'ylum, (F.) Gayac, Ga'iac; Gomme Guaiac.
The resin and wood are both  used in medicine.
Their odour is  slightly fragrant; taste warm
and bitter, of the resin  more so than of  the
wood.  The  resin  is concrete, brittle; colour,
externally, greenish; internally grayish.  Wa-
ter dissolves about one-tenth;  alcohol 95 parts.
It  is soluble, also, in liquor potassa 15 parts,
liquor ammonia 38  parts.   The  powder is
whitish, but  changes to green in the air.  The
base  of the guaiacum is a peculiar resin, called
 Guaiacine.
   Guaiacum is stimulant and  diaphoretic; and
in  large doses, purgative.  It is administered
in chronic rheumatism, gout, cutaneous diseases,
and the sequela? of syphilis.  Dose of resin, gr.
 v to xx:—to purge, gr. xx to xl.
   GUALTHERIA, Gaultheria.
   GUANO,— according to Tschudi, properly
Huanu,—is formed of the excrements of differ-
ent kinds of marine birds—mews, divers, sheer-
breaks, &c, but especially of the Sula varie-
ga'ta.  It is found in enormous  layers in the
South American islands of the Pacific, and is
used as manure.
  GUARANA, Paullinia.
  GUARAPO.  A  fermented liquor made, in
Peru, of sugarcane pulp and water.  It is a very
favourite beverage of the negroes.—Tschudi.
  GUARD (for a bed,) Alese.
  GUARERBA ORBA, Momordica elaterium.
  GUAVA APPLE, Psidium pomiferum.
  GUAYAVA, Psidium pomiferum.
  GUBERNAC'ULUM DENTIS,  (Gubtma-
culum, ' a rudder.3)  A cord, which passes from
the follicle of the permanent tooth along a small
long canal behind the alveolus of the milk tooth,
and  becomes continuous with the  gum.  The
gubernaculum has  been supposed to direct the
permanent tooth outwards.   The  canal has
been termed Iter dentis.
  Gubernaculum  Testis, G. t. Hunted, Li-
gamen'tum suspenso'rium  Testis, (F.) Gouver-
nail du testicule.   A triangular, fibro-cellular
cord; which, in the foetus, arises from the ra-
mus of the ischium and the skin of the scrotum,
and proceeds to the posterior part of the  testi-
cle,  before this organ issues from the abdomen.
It is a continuation of the fascia superficialis,
and, by contracting to occasion the descent of
the testicle, it lengthens the fibres of the lesser
oblique muscle; so as to  produce  the cremas-
ter,  and is  itself  expanded  to  constitute the
dartos.
  GUEPE, Wasp.
  GUERISON, Cure.
  GUkRISSABLE, Curable.
  GUI, Viscnm album.
  GUILANDI'NAMORIN'GA.  A plant,
which affords the Ben  nut, and the  lignum ne-
phriticum.  It is also called  Morin'ga Oleif-
era, M. Zeylan'ica, Ben,  Glans unguenta'ria,
Ben Nux,  BaVanus  Myrep'sica,  San'dalum
caru'leum,  Oily Acorn or Ben nut.  It is a
West India nut which furnishes an oil, O'leum
Balani'num, that  does not become rancid by
age, and is hence used by perfumers.  It is pur-
gative.
  The wood of the Guilandina  is  called Lig-
num Nephriticum, and has been used in decoc-
tion, in affections of the urinary organs.
   GUIMAUVE, Althaea—g. Veloutie,Hibiscus
abelmoschus.
   GULA, GEsophagus, Pharynx.
   GUL^E IMBECILLITAS, Pharyngoplegia
—g. Principium, Pharynx.
   GULLET, CEsophagus.
   GULOSUS, Glutton.
   GUM  ANIME, Anime—g. Arabic, Acacia?
 gummi—g. British,  Dextrin—g.   Butea,  see
 Butea frondosa—g. Caranna, Caranna—g. Dra-
 gon, Tragacantha—g. Elastic, Caoutchouc—g.
 Falling away of the, Ulatrophia—g. Hemlock,
 see Pinus Canadensis—g. Indigenous, Gummi
 nostras—g. Juniper, Sandarac—g. Orenburg,
 see Pinus larix—g. Red, Strophulus—g.  Resin,
 Gummi resina—g. Sandarach, Sandarac—g. Se-
 neca, Acacia? gummi—g.  Senega, Acacia? gum-
 mi—g. Shrinking of the, Ulatrophia—g. Sweet,
 Liquidambar  styraciflua—g.  Tragacanth, Tra-
 gacanth—g. Tree,  brown, see Kino—g. White,
 Strophulus—g. Yellow, Icterus infantum.
   Gum-Lancet, D end sealpium,  Odontog'ly-
 phon, (F.) Dichaussoir.   An  instrument  for
 separating the gum from the cervix of the toothj 
                GUMBOIL               41

prior to extraction.  It is  formed much like a
fleam.  The operation itself is called Lancing the
gums, Den1Hum scalptu'ra, (F.)Dichaussement.
  GUMBOIL, Parulis.
  GUMMA, (F.) Gomme.  An elastic tumour,
formed in the periosteum, occupying particular-
ly the cranium and  sternum, and produced by
the syphilitic virus, when it has been long in
the constitution.  It is so called, because, when
opened, it contains a matter like gum.
  GUMMI, Commi, m/i/u, (F.) Gomme.  An
immediate principle of vegetables.  It is a solid
uncrystallizable, inodorous substance, of a maw-
kish taste, unchangeable in the air, insoluble in
alcohol, but soluble in water,  with which it
forms a mucilage.  It is  obtained from vari-
ous species of mimosa and prunus ; and conse-
quently there are many varieties of gum.  They
are  used in medicine as demulcents, emollients,
and relaxants,  particularly  in  catarrh,  intes-
tinal irritations, &c.;  and  in Pharmacy, they
are  employed in the  formation of emulsions,
pills, &c.
  Gummi Acacia Arabics, Acaciae  gummi—
g. Acanthinum, Acaciae gummi—g. Adstringens
Pothergilli, Kino—g. Ammoniacum, Ammoniac
— g.  Anime, Anime — g.  Arabicum, Acacia?
gummi—g. Astragali  Tragacanthas, Tragacan-
tha—g.  Bogia, Cambogia—g. Brelisis, Caranna
— g.  Gamandrae, Cambogia—g. Gambiense,
Kino —g. de Goa, Cambogia—g. Gutta, Cam-
bogia—g. Hedera?, see  Hedera helix—g. de Je-
mu, Cambogia—g. Juniperi, Sandarac—g. Lac-
cae,  Lacca—g. Ladanum, see Cistus creticus—
g. Lamac, Acaciae gummi—g. Leucum, Acaciae
gummi.
  Gummi Nostras, (F.) Gomme du Pays;  In-
div"enous Gum. These generic names aregiven
to several species of gum, which  flow sponta-
neously from certain  European fruit trees,—
such as the almond, cherry, peach, apricot, &c.
The indigenous gums have nearly the same pro-
perties as gum Arabic, but they are inferior to it.
  Gummi  Panacis, see Pastinaca opoponax—g.
ad Podagram, Cambogia.
  Gummi-Resi'na, Gum-Resin.  A milky juice,
obtained by making incisions into the  branches,
stalks and  roots of  certain  vegetables.   Gum-
resins are compounds of resins, gum, essential
oil,  and different other vegetable matters.  They
are  solid, opake, brittle, of a strong odour, acrid
taste, variable colour, and are heavier than wa-
ter.  Water dissolves a part of them, and alco-
hol  another;  hence  proof spirit is the proper
menstruum.  The generality of the gum-resins
are  powerful stimulants to the whole or to parts
of the economy.  The chief are asafatida, gum
ammoniac,  euphorbium, galbanum,  camboge,
myrrh, olibanum, opoponax, scammony, aloes,
&c.
  Gummi  Rubrum  Adstringens  Gambiense,
Kino, see Butea Frondosa—g. Serapionis, Aca-
ciae gummi—g. Thebaicum, Acacia?  gummi—
g. Tragacantha, Tragacantha.
  GUMMIDODES, Mucilaginous.
  GUMMIODES, Mucilaginous.
  GFMMOSUS, Mucilaginous.
  GUMS, Gingivae.
  GUNJAH, Ganjah.   The dried hemp plant,
which has flowered, and from which the resin
has  not been removed.  It yields to alcohol 20
per  cent,  of a resinous extract, composed  of
the  resin—churrus, and green colouring mat-
>3     GUTTJE ABBATIS ROUSSEAU

 ter.  The Gunjah is used for  smoking.  The
 larger leaves  and capsules, without the stalks,
 constitute Sidhee,  Subjee or Bang, which is
 used to form with water an intoxicating drink.
 See Bangue.
   GURGITELLO, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 A thermal spring in the isle of Ischia.  Temp.
 at its source,  176° Fah.   It contains carbonic
 acid, carbonates of lime,  magnesia, iron and
 soda, sulphates of lime and soda, chloride of so-
 dium and silica.
   GURGLING.   'Gushing  with  noise,' as
 water  from  a  bottle.   (F.)  Gargouillement,
 same etymon as gargle.   The rhonchus or
 rale heard on auscultation when there is a ca-
 vity in the lungs  containing pus.  It is  the
 '  cavernous rattle,' Rale caverneux.  If the ca-
 vern be large, this  rale will nearly resemble
 the gurgling of a bottle (glouglou d'une  bou-
 teille;) if, on the contrary, the cavern be small,
 it will  not differ from the rale muqueux.
   GURGULIO, Penis, Uvula.
   GUSTATIF, (Nerf,) see Lingual nerve.
   GUSTATION, Degustation, Taste.
   GUSTATORY NERVE, see Lingual Nerve.
   GUSTUS,  Taste—g. Depravatus, Parageus-
 ia.
   GUT, Intestine—g. Blind. Caecum.
   GUTS, SLIPPERINESS OF THE, Lientery.
   GUTTA,  Apoplexy,  Cambogia, Gout—g.
 Gamandrae, Cambogia—g. Gamba, Cambogia—
 g. Opaca, Cataract.
   Gutta. A Drop, Stalag'ma, Alun'set, Stilla,
 (F.) Goutte.   A quantity of liquid, generally
 valued, in pharmacy, at the weight of a grain.
 It is clear, however, that the weight must vary
 according to the  nature of the liquid :—a drop
 of ether, cannot weigh as much as one of sul-
 phuric  acid.   The form of the mouth of the
 phial likewise alters the size of the drop. These
 and other circumstances have induced the Lon-
 don  College to institute  the minim, which- is
 the sixtieth part of a fluidrachm.   See Mini-
 mum.
   Gutta Percha.   The concrete juice of a
 tree, which is indigenous in Singapore and its
 vicinity, and belongs to the natural order Sapo-
 taceae.   Plunged in  boiling water it softens
 when it may be moulded like caoutchouc to any
 form, which  it  retains on  cooling.  Splints
 have been made of it.
   Gutta Rosacea  Syphilitica, Crown of Ve-
 nus.
   Gutta Rosea, Gutta Rosa'cea, Ion'thus co-
 rymb'ifer, Crusta serpigino'sa, C. prurigind'-
 sa,  Acne rosa'cea, Rose'ola acno'sa, Thyladi'-
 tis, Bacchia,  Butiga, Carbuncled Face, Rosy
 Drop or Whelk, Copper-nose, Bottle-nose, Grog-
 blossoms, Grog-roses,  (F.) Couperose,  Goutte
 Rose, Bourgeons, Dartre pustuleuse couperose.
 An  eruption of small,  suppurating  tubercles,
 with shining redness, and an irregular granular
 appearance of the skin of the part of the  face
 which is affected.  The redness commonly ap-
 pears first at  the end of the nose, and then
 spreads on both sides.   It is often produced by
 hard drinking.  Its cure must be attempted by
 regular regimen, and cooling means internally:
 weak spirituous or saturnine lotions externally.
 The affection  is usually very obstinate.
   Gutta Serena, Amaurosis.
   GUTTM ABBATIS  ROUSSEAU, Lauda-
 num abbatis Rousseau—g. Ammoniaci, see Am- 
i04                 HABIT
        GUTTALIS  CARTILAGO        4

moniac gum—g. Acida? tonica?, Elixir acidum
Halleri—g. Nervinae,  Alcohol sulfurico-aethe-
reus ferri.
  GutTjE Nigr.k, Ace'tum o'pii, Common Black
Drop.  (Opii£viij. aceti destillat. Riij, Infuse.)
It is milder than the tincture of opium.—Gray.
  The celebrated Black Drop, Lan'caster  or
Quaker's Black Drop, may be made as follows:
take half a pound of opium  sliced; three pints
of good verjuice,  (juice of  the  wild  crab,)
one  and a half ounce  of nutmegs, and half  an
ounce of saffron.  Boil to  a proper thickness
and add a quarter of a  pound of sugar, and two
spoonfuls of yeast.  Set the whole in a warm
place, near the  fire, for six  or eight weeks;
then place it in the open air until it becomes a
syrup.  Lastly, decant, filter, and  bottle it up,
adding a little sugar to each bottle.   One drop
is equal to three  of laudanum; and it is nearly
devoid of all the unpleasant exciting effects of

  GUTTALIS CARTILAGO, Arytenoid Car-
tilage.
  GUTTERIA,  Bronchocele.
  GUTTUR.  The throat;  the  larynx; the
trachea.
  Guttur Globosum, Bronchocele—g.  Tumi-
dum, Bronchocele.
  GUTTURAL, Guttura'lis, from guttur, 'the
throat.'  Relating or belonging to  the throat.
  The Superior Thyroideal Artery is sometimes
called Guttural Artery.
  A Guttural Cough is one occasioned by irri-
tation of the larynx or trachea.
  A Guttural Sound is one produced, as it were,
in the throat.
  GUTTURIS OS, Hyoides os.
  GUTTURNIA, Arytenoid cartilages.
  GYMNA, Genital organs.
  GYMNASION, Exercise.
  GYMNA'SIUM, from yv/uvog, 'naked.'  Pa-
Ixs'tra.  An establishment amongst the ancients,
intended for bodily exercises, as wrestling, run-
ning, &c.
  GYMNAST,  Gymnas'tes, Gymnasia; same
etymon.  The manager of a gymnasium.  One,
whose profession it is to prevent or cure diseases
by gymnastics.
  GYMNAS'TICS, Gymnas'tica,  Medici'na
gymnas'tica seu euec'tica, Somacet'ics.  Same
etymon.  That part of hygienic medicine which
treats of bodily exercises. It is called Medical
Gymnastics.  The ancients had also Athletic
Gymnastics, and Military Gymnastics.  Hero-
dicus, of Selivraea, first proposed  gymnastics for
the cure of disease.
  GYMNODO'DUS  CANADEN'SIS,  Coffee
Tree, Mahogany, Nickar Tree, Bondue.  An in-
  HAB-EL-KALIMBAT,Pistaciaterebinthus.
  HABE'NA.  A  Bridle, Telamon   A ban-
dage for uniting the lips of wounds;  which, in
many instances, replaced the suture.—Galen.
  HABENiE  OF  THE  PINEAL  GLAND,
see Pineal gland.
  HABIL'LA DE CARTHAGE'NA, Bejuio,
Carthage'na Bean, (F.) Feve de Carthagene.
digenous tree, which grows from Ohio to Lou-
isiana, the leaves of which are  cathartic and
said to  contain cytisin.  The seeds  are good
substitutes for coffee.
  GYMNOSIS, Denudation.
  GYN^E'CANER, from ywtj, 'a woman,' and
avt]q,  'a man.'  Vir effamina'tus.  An effemi-
nate man.
  GYN^ECEA, Gyna?ceia.
  GYN^ECEI'A, Gynacla,  Gynace'a,  from
ywij, 'a woman.'  The catamenia;—the lochia.
The diseases of women in general.—Hippoc-
rates, Galen, Foesius.
  GYN^ECEUM, Antimonium, Vulva.
  GYN^ECE'US, from yvv*, ' a woman.'  Be-
longing  to women.  Female.   Feminine.
  GYNiECIA, Gynaeceia, Menses.
  GYNiECOLOG"lA, Gynecology, from yon,
' a woman,' and \oyoc, 'a description.3  The doc-
trine of the nature, diseases, &c.  of women.
  GYNiECOMA'NIA, from  ym„,  'woman,'
and /Ami*., 'mania,3 'rage.'  That species of in-
sanity,  which arises  from love for women.
Some have used  the word synonymously with
nymphomania.
  GYN^ECOMAS'TUS, Gynacomas'thus, fxom
yv\t], 'woman,3 and uaoxot,  'a breast.3 A man
whose breasts are as large as those of a woman.
—Galen, Ingrassias.
  A considerable enlargement of the breasts of
a female was formerly  called Gynaecomas'ton.
  GYN.'ECOMYS'TAX,  from ywv, 'woman,'
and uwrrai, 'the beard.'  The hair on the pubes
of women.—Rolfink.
  GYNJECOPHO'NUS,from ywr,, 'a woman,'
and <pa»vi;, 'voice.'   A man  who has an effemi-
nate voice.
  GYNANDRIA, Hermaphrodeity.
  GYNANDRUS, Gynanthropus.
  GYNANTHRO'PUS, Gynan'drus.  An her-
maphrodite who belongs more to the male than
to the female sex.
  GYNATRE'SIA, from ywv, 'a woman,'and
a-rg»Toc, ' imperforate.3  Closure  or imperfora-
tion of the external parts of generation of the
female.
  GYNE, Female.
  GYNECOLOGY, Gyna?cologia.
  GYNIDA, Hermaphrodite.
  GYNOARIUM, Ovarium.
  GYPSY-WEED, Lycopus Virginicus.
  GYRI CEREBRI, Anfractuosities (cerebral,)
Convolutions (cerebral,)—g. Cochlea?, Scala? of
the  Cochlea.
  GYROMIA VIRGINIC A, Medeola Virginica.
  GYROPHLE, see Eugenia caryophyllata.
  GYROPHORA, see  Tripe de Roche.
  GYRUS, Anfractuosity, Convolution.
A kind of bean of South America, famed as an
effectual antidote for the poison of all serpents,
if a small quantity be eaten immediately.
  HABIT, Habitu'do, from habere, ' to have or
to hold;3 Assuetu'do, Mos, Usus, Consuetu'do,
Ethos, 'si/c, Hexis, Ethmos'ynl, (F.) Habitude,
Accoutumance.  Habit is the aptitude for re-
peating certain acts:—or, a facility, which re-
H. 
HABITUDE
405
ILEMATIN
suits from the frequent repetition of the same
act.  It is, according to vulgar expression, ' a
second  nature.'  Habit may predispose to cer-
tain diseases, or it may protect us against them.
It ought not to be lost sight of, in attending to
the progress of disease, or its treatment.
  Habit of Body, Constitu'tio, Hab'itus, Hab'-
itus Cor'poris, Catas'tasis, Hezis, Epiphani'a,
(F.) Habitude extirieure, Habitude du corps.
The aggregate of the physical qualities of the
human  body.
  HABITUDE, Habit—A. du Corps,  Habit of
body—h. Eitirieure, Habit of body.
  HABITUDO, Habit.
  HABITUS, Habit of body—h. Apoplecticus,
Apoplectic habit—h. Corporis, Habit of body.
  HACHISCH, Bangue.
  H^EMA, 'atfta, 'aiAtorcf, 'blood.'
  HiEMACHROINE, Ha?matine.
  H^EMACHRO'SES,  ( (G.) Hamachrosen,)
from laifx.a, ' blood,' and ^poioig,  ' coloration.'
A family of diseases in which the blood has its
colour  different from usual, as in purpura and
cyanosis.— Fuchs.
  HyEMACY'ANIN, from <aiy.a, ' blood,' and
xuaroc, ' blue.'   A blue colouring matter, de-
tected  by Sanson in healthy blood, and in bile
by some chemists, but not by others.
  HiEMADON'OSUS, from 'ama, ' blood,' and
*o<rog, ' a disease.'  Hamatangion'osus, Hama-
tangionu'sus, Hamatangio'sis.   Disease of the
blood-vessels.
  H^EMADOSTO'SIS, from  '«/,*«,  'blood,'
and no-Toi<r/-, 'a bony tumour.'  Ossification  of
the blood-vessels.
  H^EMADYNAMETER, Haemadynamometer.
  H^EMADYNAMOM'ETER, Hamadynam'-
eter; from 'aiua, ' blood,' Swa/tig, ' power,3 and
(*tre,ov, ' a measure.3  An instrument for  mea-
suring  the force of the blood in the vessels.   It
consists of a bent glass tube, the lower bent
part of which is filled with mercury.  A brass
head is fitted into the  artery, and a little of a
solution of soda is interposed between  the mer-
cury and the  blood, which  is allowed to enter
the tube for the purpose of preventing its co-
agulation. The pressure of  the  blood on the
mercury in the descending portion of the bent
tube causes the  metal  to rise in the ascending
portion; and  the degree to which it rises indi-
cates the pressure under which the blood moves.
  H^EMAGASTRIC PESTILENCE, Fever,
yellow.
  H.EMAGOGUM, Pa?onia.
  H^EMAGOGUS, from 'aip*,  ' blood,3 and
aya>,' I drive off.3  A medicine which promotes
the menstrual and hemorrhoidal discharges.
  HEMALO'PIA,  Haemophthalmia,  Haema-
lopis.
  H^EMALOPIS, Ha?mophthalmia.
  H^EMALOPS, Haemophthalmia.
  H^EMAPERITONIRRHAG "IA,  (F.) Hi-
mapidtonirrkaL'ie:  from'ai^*, ' blood,3 mptta-
ruiov, 'peritoneum,3  and paytj,  ' a violent rup-
ture.'   An exhalation of blood into the perito-
neum.
  HJSMAPHiE'IN, Haematophadum,  Hacmo-
phe'um, from 'ai/j.u,  'blood,'  and <paicc, 'of a
dusky  colour.3  A term applied  by Simon  to
the brown colouring matter of the blood, sup-
posed  by some to be nothing more than ha?ma-
tin modified by an alkali.
  H^EMAPH'OBUS, Hamopk'obus, fiom'aipa,
' blood,3 and <t>o(io<;, ' dread.3  One who has  a
dread of blood:—who cannot look at it without
fainting.
  HAiM.AFOR'IA,Hamataporia,Haematopor'-
ia, Oligoha'mia, Oliga'mia, from 'ui^u, 'blood,'
and  a.noqo<, ' poor.3  Paucity of blood.   See
Anaemia.
  H^MAPTYSIS, Haemoptysis.
  H^lMAS, 'aiua;, gen. 'aipaoog.  A blood-
vessel.
  H^EMASTATIC A, Haematostatica.
  H,EMASTAT'1CE, from '*,,.«, ' blood,' and
ic-rr^t,' I remain,' ' reside.3   A science, which
treats of the strength of the blood-vessels; Hy-
mastatics.
  H^EMATANGIONOSUS, Haemadonosus.
  H^EMATANGIOSIS, Ha?madonosus.
  HiEMATAPORIA, Haemaporia.
  H^EMATAPORRHOSIS, Cholera.
  H^EM ATEC 'LYSIS, Hsemotex'ia, Hsmotex'-
is, Hacmatosep'sis, San'guinis dissolu'tio.  Dis-
solution of the blood.
  H^EMATEL^UM, see Blood.
  H^EMATEM'ESIS, from '«^«, 'blood,' and
tuea>, ' I vomit.'  Vom'itus cruen'tus,  Hamor-
rha'gia Hamatem'esis, Vom'itus seu Vomit'io
San'guinis,  Gastrorrha'gia,  Gastro-hsemorr-
hag'ia, Hamorrhag'ia ventric'uli, Haemorrha' a
ventric'uli, Vomiting of Blood,  (F.) Himati-
mese, Vomissement  de sang.  Haematemesis  is
generally preceded by a feeling of oppression,
weight; and dull or pungent pain  in the epi-
gastric,  and   in  the  hypochondriac  regions;
by  anxiety,  and,  occasionally, by syncope.
Blood is then passed by vomiting, and some-
times, also, by stool,—the blood being generally
of a grumous aspect.   Haematemesis may be
active or passive; acute or chronic.  The blood
effused proceeds, almost  always, from  a san-
guineous exhalation at the surface of the mucous
membrane of the stomach.   It is often observed
in females, whose menstrual secretion is irre-
gularly performed.  It is not of much danger,
except when connected with disease of some  of
the solid viscera of the abdomen.  On dissec-
tion of those  who  have  died from protracted
ha?matemesis,—for  the acute kind is. compara-
tively devoid  of danger,—the  mucous  mem-
brane of the stomach is found red and inflamed,
or black, and  the vessels considerably dilated.
Complete abstinence from food;  rest; the hori-
zontal posture; bleeding, if the hemorrhage be
active; cold, acidulous  drinks, &c, constitute
the usual treatment.
  HJEMATENCEPHALUM, Apoplexy.
  H^MATEPAGOGE, Congestion.
  H^MATERA, Hepatirrhcea.
  H.EMATERUS, Sanguine.
  HjEMATERYTHRUM, Ha?matin.
  H^EMATEXOSTOSIS,  Osteosarcoma.
  HjEMATHIDROSIS, Sudor cruentus.
  HxEMATHORAX, Ha?matothorax.
  H^MATIASIS, Ha?matonosus.
  HiFMAT'lCA,from'»f^«, 'blood.'  Diseases
of the sanguineous function:—the third class  in
the nosology of Good.
  Haematica Doctrina, Hsematology.
  H^EMATICUS,  Sanguine.
  HjEMATIDROSIS, Sudor cruentus.
  HM'MATIN ,Haemati'na, Hem'atine, Hama'-
tosin, Hem atosine, Hamater'ythrum,  Hamer'-
ythrum,  Zobhem'atin, Hemachro'in, Cru'orin,
Rubrin, Glob'ulin of some; from 'snp.a, 'blood.' 
H^EMATINUS              40
The red colouring principle  of the blood.  It
resides in distinct particles or globules of the
blood, and, in  the opinion of some observers,
in the envelope of the  globules.   It appears to
be  of a peculiar character, and one that has not
yet been determined by the chemist.   That the
colour of the blood is not owing to the perox-
ide of iron which it contains is shown by the
fact mentioned  by Scherer, that he removed the
iron by acids, and yet  a deep red tincture was
formed  when alcohol  was added to  the  resi-
duum.
  H^EMATINUS, Sanguine.
  HiEMATIS'CHESIS, Hamis'chesis, Hamo-
cryph'ia, from letifxn,  ' blood,'and io-^hv,  'to
suppress.'   The  retention or suppression of a
natural or artificial flow of blood.
  H^EMATISMUS, Epistaxis, Ha?morrhagia.
  H^EM ATISTH'MUS, from w,««,' blood,' and
io-&uo(, '  pharynx.'  Hemorrhage  into the pha-
rynx.
  HAEMATITES,  Haemati'tis,  from  'a.IHa,
'blood.'   Resembling  blood.  Lapis  Hemati-
tes.   A  beautiful ore of iron, called also,
Bloodstone, O'chrea rubra, Ox'ydum fer'drum
crystalliza'turn nati'vum, Ferrum Haematites.
When finely levigated,   and freed  from  the
grosser parts, by frequent washings with water,
it has been long recommended in hemorrhage,
fluxes, uterine  obstructions,  &c, in  doses of
from one scruple to three or four.  Also, a vessel
that contains blood, 'ai^tar/r/f <pxei/>.
  H^EMATMUS, Gaz sanguinis.
  H^MATOCATHAR'TICA,  from  '*<««*,
'blood,'  and x.a6aqa-tg,  'purification or  purga-
tion.'  Remedies for purifying the blood.
  HEMATOCELE,  from '*/,««, ' blood,3 and
xij/»;,  ' tumour.3  A  tumour  formed  by blood.
By some, this term  has  been applied to a tu-
mour formed by blood, effused into the cellular
texture of the  scrotum.   Others  have used it
for tumours arising from effusion of blood into
the tunica vaginalis:—haematocele,  according
to them, differing from hydrocele, only in the
character of the  effusion.—Heister.   Others,
again, have applied it to effusions  of blood into
the interior of the tunica albuginea itself.—
Richter.   The  first  is the usual acceptation.
It is most commonly caused by wounds or con-
tusions; and requires the use of antiphlogistics,
discutients, &c.  Sometimes it is necessary to
evacuate the effused blood.
  Hematocele Arteriosa, Aneurism.
  HiEMATO-CEREBRIFORM  DISEASE,
Encephaloid.
  H^EMATOCHE'ZIA,  from 'a,,**,  'blood,'
and ^ef&', ' I go to stool.'  Series cruen'tu; Ca-
t.arrhex'is vera, Enterorrhag'ia dmplex, Di-
arrha'a cruen'ta seu sanguinolen'ta, Hae'mato-
diarrkaa, H morrhag'ia  intestino'rum, Erl-
tero-kumorrhag'ia, (F.) Himorrhagie des in-
testins, Econlement de sang par PIntestin. Dis-
charge of blood by stool.  See Melaena.
  HvEMATOCHYSIS, Ha?morrhagia.
  H^EMATOCffi'LIA, from '*.,**,  'blood,'
and Koiht,' the cavity  of the abdomen.'   Effu-
sion of blood into  the abdomen.
  H^EMATOCOL'PUS, from '<*«««,  'blood,'
and koxtoc, ' vagina.'  Effusion of blood into
the vagina.  Accumulation of blood owing to;
occlusion of the vagina.
  H/EMATOCYANOSIS, Cyanopathy.
  H.EMATOCYSTE,  Hematoma saccatum.
16         HEMATOMETACHYSIS

   1LEMATOCYSTIS, from '*««*,' blood,' and
 xvo-a-if, ' bladder.'  Hemorrhage  into the blad-
 der.
   H^EMATO'DES, Hscmatotdes, Sanguineus,
 Hxm'atoid, He'matoid, from 'aifna, 'blood,' and
 e'<Toc,' appearance.' That which contains blood,
 or has the character of blood.
   H.kmatodes Fungus, Hcematomy'ces, Fungus
 cancro' sus kaemato'des, Mela'na fungo'sa car-
 cino'des, Angidio spoil gus, Angiomy'ces,Haema-
 tospon'gus, Tumor fun go'sus  sanguin'eus seu
 anom'alus, Spon'goid inflammation, Pulpy or
 Med'ullary Sarco'ma, Carcino'ma Hamato'des,
 Carcino'ma  Spongio'sum, Bleeding  Fungus
 Soft Cancer, (F.) Carcinome sanglante, Hema-
 toncie fongoide.   An extremely alarming, car-
 cinomatous affection, which was first described,
 with accuracy, by Mr. John Burns, of Glasgow.
 It consists in the development of cancerous tu-
 mours, in which the inflammation is accompa-
 nied with violent heat and pain, and with  fun-
 gous and bleeding excrescences.  Even when
 the diseased part is extirpated, at a very early
 period, recovery rarely follows: other organs
 being generally implicated at the same time.
 Fungus haematodes was the term first applied
 to the disease by Mr. Hey of Leeds.  Mr. J.
 Burns called  it Spongoid  inflammation, from
 the spongy, elastic feel, which peculiarly cha-
 racterizes  it, and  continues even after ulcera-
 tion has taken place.  The disease has, most
 frequently, been  met with in the eyeball, the
 upper and lower extremities, testicle and mam-
 ma : but it  occurs in the uterus, ovary, liver,
 spleen, brain, lungs, thyroid gland, and in the
 hip and shoulder-joint.
   Some  French  surgeons designate,  by  this
 name, those  tumours  which were formerly
 termed anormales, caverneuses, variqueuses,
 called Erectiles by Dupuytren, Himatondes by
 Alibert, Telangiectasia by Graft?.
   HEMATODIARRHCEA, Haematochezia.
   H^EMATOGASTER, from 'a,^,   'blood,'
 and  yao-wp, 'stomach.'   Effusion of.blood into
 the stomach.
   H.EMATOGLOBULIN, see Globules of the
 blood.
   H^EMATOGRA'PHIA,  Hamatog'raphy,
 from 'at/**, ' blood,' and yqayii, ' a description.'
 A description of the blood.
   H.F-MATOID, Hcematodes.
   H^EMATOL'OGY, Hematology, Hamato-
 log'ia, Hamat'ica doctri'na, (F.) Himatologie,
 from 'aiua, 'blood,' and loyoi;,  'a discourse.'
 That part of medicine which treats of the blood.
   HyEMATOLOf.Y, Pathological, (F.) Himato-
 logie pathologique.   Observation of the blood
 to detect its varying characters in disease.
   H.EMATOL'YSES,  ( (G.) Hamatolysen,)  '
 from 'tiu-i, 'blood,' and hwic,' solution.3  An
 order of diseases in which there  is diminished
 coagulability of the blood.—Fuchs.
   H^EMATO'MA,   Thrombus,  Tumor   san-
 guineus.  A bloody  tumour,  especially of the
 scalp of the new-born.
   H^emato'ma Sacca'tum.  An encysted  tu-
 mour containing blood—HamatocystC.
   H.EMATOMANTIA, from '«/,««,  'blood,'
 and  fjiaiTut, ' divination.' Judgment of disease
 from the appearance of the blood.
   HEMATOMATRA, Metrorrhagia.
   HEMATOMETACT1YSIS, Transfusio san-
 guinis. 
HEMATOMETRA
407
HEMATURIA
  HEM ATOM ETRA, Metrorrhagia.
  H.KMATOMMA, Haemophthalmia.
  HE M A T 0 MPHALOCE'LE, Hamatom'-
phalum, Haematom phalus, from 'aijii*, 'blood,3
o^qxxxoc, 'the  navel,3  and xr,h.ri, 'a tumour.'
Umbilical hernia, the sac of which encloses a
bloody serum; or which has, at its surface, a
number of varicose  veins; constituting Vari-
com'phalus.
  HEMATOMPHALUM, Ha?matomphalo-

  H^MATOMYCES, Hcematodes fungus.
  HEMATON'CUS,  (F.) Himatoncie, from
'at/za,  'blood,'  and oyxot,  'a tumour.3  Alibert
has given this name to the Navi mater'ni, Vari-
cose  tumours.  He admits three varieties:—the
II. fongoide, H. framboisie, and H. tubireuse.
  HEMATON'OSUS; Hamatlasis, Hsemato-
pathi'a, Hacmopathla,  from 'ui/ua., ' blood,' and
»joo?, ' disease.'  A disease of the blood.
  HEMATOPATHIA, Ha?matonosus.
  HEMATOPEDESIS, see Diapedesis.
  HEMATOPERICAR'DIUM,  from '*„u«,
'blood,'andvtptx.zedior, 'pericardium.' Effusion
of blood into the pericardium.
  HEMATOPHEUM, Ha?mapha?in.
  HEMATOPHILTA, Hamophil'ia,  Hcemor-
 rhophil'ia, Ifliosyncra' sia harmorrhag'ica, from
 'iifjux, ' blood,' and yilia, ' I love.'  A hemor-
 rhagic diathesis.
   HEMATOPHLEBESTASIS.  Sudden sup-
 pression of a hemorrhage;—from ariaig 'aipi*-
 xot  <p*.i(iwv, 'suppression of the blood of  the
 veins.'—Galen.
   HEMATOPHOB'IA,  Hacmophob'ia,  from
 '*t/ta,' blood,' and (popoc,' dread.' Dread or hor-
 ror at the sight of blood, producing syncope, &c.
   IIEMATOPHTHALMIA, Haemophthalmia.
   HEMATOPHT'HORES, (G.)  Hdmatoph-
 thoren; from 'aty.*, ' blood,'and<j>Aoe*, 'corrup-
 tion.'  An order  of diseases in the classification
 of Fuchs, in which  the blood is materially al-
 tered in its composition, as in typhus.
   UJEMATOFISIS,(F.)Hi'matopisie. M.  Ca-
 puron, of Paris, has  applied the term Hima-
 topisie utirine, from analogy with Hydropisie
 utirine, to a  collection of blood which some-
 times takes place in the uterus, when, owing to
 faulty conformation, the exit of the menstrual
 flux is prevented.
  HEM ATOFE A'TslA,Haematoplane'sis, from
 •ttfta, ' blood,' and axarn, ' wandering.'  A vi-
 carious hemorrhage.
   ILematopla'nia  Menstrua'lis,  Menstrua-
 tion, vicarious.
   HEMATOPLETHORA, Plethora.
   HEMATOPCEA, Ha-matopoetica.
   HEMATOPOESIS, Haematosis.
   HEMATOPOET ICA, Hxmatopoz'a, from
 •*tpi*, 'blood,' and uoita, 'I  make.'   Agents
 that favour haematosis.  Iron was called by the
 ancients metal'lnm ktematopoet'icum.
   HEMATOPOIESIS, Harnatosis.
   HEMATOPORIA, Hamaporia.
   HEMATOPS, Hsrmophthalmia.
   HEMATOPSIA, Hcemophthalmia.
   HEMATOPTYSIA, Hemoptysis.
   HEMATOPTYSIS, Ha?moptysis.
   HEMATORRHACHIS, Apoplexia myeli-
 tica.
   HEMATORRHAGIA, Hasmorrhagia,
   HEMATORRUCEA, Hrmorrhagia.
   IIEMATORRHOSIS, Cholera.
  HEMATORRHYSIS, Ha?morrhagia.
  HEMATOSCHEOCE'LE,  Haemoscheoce'le,
Hamatos'cheum, from  'it/*.*,  'blood,'  ocr/to*,
'scrotum,'  and xtjIii, 'rupture.'  Effusion of
blood into the scrotum.
  HEMATOSCHEUM, Haematoscheocele.
  HEMATOSCOP'IA, Hamoscop'ia, Himor-
rkoscopie, from 'aiu*, 'aiuxTo^,  'blood,'  and
o-x.ontw, ' I view.'  An examination of blood
drawn.
  HEMATOSEPSIS, Haemateclysis.
  HEMATOSIN, Ha?matin.
  HEMATO'SIS, Examato' sis,Enhamato'sis,
Hamatopoie'sis, Hamatopoe' sis,Procrea'lio san-
guinis; Derarboniza'tion, Atmospheriza'tion of
the blood; Sanguiflea'tion; from 'aty.*, 'blood.'
The transformation  of the venous blood and
chyle into arterial blood by respiration.  Called,
also, Aera'tion, Arterializa'tion of the blood.
Formation of blood in general.
  HEMATOSPILIA, Purpura hemorrhagica.
  HEMATOSPONGUS, Ha?matodes fungus.
  HEMATOSTAT'ICA, from '*,,<»,' blood,'
and o-Ta.Tix.rj, 'statics.' Ischa'mia,Hamastat'ica,
Hamatostat'ics, Hamostatics, Ena'ma, Hima-
tostatiques,  Himastatiques,   Himostatiques.
Tke doctrine of the motion of the blood in liv-
ing bodies.   Also, remedies for stopping blood.
— Catastaltica.
  HEMATOS'TEON, from 'a/,,*, 'blood,3 and
t>o-jtov,  ' a bone.3  Effusion of blood into  the
bones or joints.
  HEMATOSYMPHORESIS, Congestion.
  HEMATOSYNAGOGE, Congestion.
  HEMATOTELANGIOSIS, Telangiectasia.
  HEMATO'TIS,  Hamdtus, from '«<,**,
'blood,' and ;vc,  gen.  ujtoc, 'the ear.'   Effu-
sion of blood into the inner ear.
   HEMATOTHO'RAX,  Hamatho'rax,  Ha-
 mop'tysis  inter'na,  Pleurorrha'a sanouin'ea,
Pneumorrha'gia interna, Hemorrhag'ic Pleu'-
 risy,fxom'ai(jia, 'blood,'and 6o>puz,  'the chest.'
 Extravasation of blood into the chest.
   HEMATOX'YLON  CAMPECHIA'NUM,
 Aca'cia Zeylonica, Logwood.   The part of the
 tree, used in medicine, is the wood, Hamatox'-
 yli Lignum, Li" num Campechen'se, L. Campe-
 chia'num, L. Campesca'num, L. In'ddcum, L.
 Sappan, L. Brasilia'num rubrum, L. caru'leum,
 (F.) Bois de Campeche.  Family, Leguminosae.
 Sex. Syst. Decandria Monogynia.  Logwood is
 almost inodorous; of a sweetish, subastringent,
 taste; and deep red colour.  Its virtues are ex-
 tracted both by water and alcohol.  It is astrin-
 gent and  tonic, and is used in the protracted
 stage of diarrhoea and dysentry.
    HEMATURESIS,  Hematuria.
    HEMATU'RIA, Hamature'sis, from 'ai^u,
 'blood,'and cug*i», 'I make urine.'   Voiding of
 blood by urine.  Hamorrha'iiia hamatu'ria, H.
 ex vins urinal dis,Ilumure' sis.Hamu'ria.Mictio
 cruen'ta, M. Sanouin'ea, Mietus Cruen'tus seu
 Sanguineus, Hamorrha'a  via'rum urinaria-
 rum.Sanguis in Uri'na, Bloody urine, (F.)Pis-
 sement de san<r, Himaturie.   Hemorrhage from
 the raucous membrane of the urinary passages.
 Like other hemorrhages, it may be active or pas-
 sive. It may proceed from the kidneys, bladder,
 or  urethra.   The essential symptoms are;—
 blood,  evacuated by the urethra; preceded by
 pain in the region of the bladder or kidneys, and
 accompanied by  faintness.   Whencesoever  it
 proceeds,  hematuria  always take3 place  by 
HEMATUS
408
HEMOPTYSIS
exhalation.  Rupture of vessels is by no means
common  in the mucous membranes.   Active
hematuria requires general or local blood let-
ting; diluent and cooling drinks; absolute  rest,
and the horizontal posture.   The chronic  kind
is more troublesome.   It requires acidulated or
aluminous  drinks; chalybeates and tonics  in
general.   When haematuria is excessive,  cold
injections may be thrown into the rectum  or
into the vagina of women, and topical applica-
tions be made to the perinaeum.
  Hematuria  Cystica,  Cystorrhagia — h.
Ejaculatoria, Spermatocystidorrhagia — h. Se-
minalis,  Spermatocystidorrhagia — h.  Stillati-
tia, Urethrorrhagia.
  HEMATUS, Hasmatotis.
  HEMAXIS, Blood-letting.
  HEMENCEPHALUS, Apoplexy.
  HEMERYTHRUM, Haematin.
  HEMIDROSIS, see Diapedesis.
  HEMISCHESIS, Ha?matischesis.
  HEMl'TIS, from 'aipa, 'blood,' and ids, a
suffix denoting inflammation.  Inflammation of
the blood.  (F.) Himite.  The alteration of the
blood, which occurs in inflammatory diseases.
—Piorry.
  HEMO-ARTHRITIS,Rheumatism,(acute.)
  HEMOCARDIORRHAG"IA,  Apoplex'ia
cordis, Apoplexy of the heart, fxom'ai^a, 'blood,'
KaQSi*.,'the heart,'and's»/>iu,ai,'I break forth.'
Effusion of blood into the substance of the heart.
  HEMOCERCH'NOS.   This term  has re-
ceived two acceptations, owing to the different
senses in which meixvo? is employed;  signify-
ing, sometimes, hissing; at others,  dry.   Con-
sequently, the hellenists have translated the
compound word,  at times, by spitting of blood,
with hissing in the throat; at others, by evacu-
ation of dry matters.
  HEMOCRYPHIA, Ha?matischesis.
  HEMODES, Sanguine.
  HEMO'DIA, Hamodias'mus,  Hemo'dia,
Hebetu'do seu Stupor Den'tium, from 'aifiwSia,
' I stupify.'  Pain of the teeth,—and more es-
pecially Agacement, or the setting on edge of
those bodies by acid or acerb substances.  It is
also called Odon'tia Stupo'ris, Odontalgia ha-
mo'dia, Dolor den'tium a strido're, Cataplex'-
is,  Odontamblyog'mus,  Odonthyperasthe'sis,
 Tooth-edge.
   HEMODIASMUS, Haemodia.
   HEMOIDES, Sanguine.
   HEMOPATHIA, Ha?matonosus.
   HEMOPERICAR'DIUM, Pericarditis  ex-
sudato'ria, from 'aip*,' blood,' and pericardium.
 Effusion of blood into  the pericardium.
   HEMOPERITONE'UM, from 'u.^'blood,'
 and  7ifg Toiaiov,  'peritoneum.'    Effusion  of
 blood into the peritoneum.
   HEMOPEX'IE,  (G.) Hdmopexien,  from
 'aijua, 'blood,' and 7nj:ic,  'coagulation.'  An
 order  of diseases in which there is increased
 coagulability of the blood.—Hyperino'sis san'-
guinis .—Fuchs.
   HEMOPHEUM, Haemaphein.
   HEMOPHILIA, Haematophilia.
   HEMOPHOBIA, Haematophobia.
   HEM OPHTHALMIA, Haematophthal'-
 mia,  Hxmatop'sia, from  'aiua,  ' blood,'  and
 t>if&*l/jiog,  'eye.'   Hamalo'pia,  Hamalo'pis,
 Ha'malops.   Effusion of blood into the eye.
 When the extravasation is external, it is  called
 H. exter'na, Hyposphag'ma  and  Hamalops ex-
ternus;  when internal, Hamophthal'mia inter'-
na;  Hydrophthalmus  cruen'tus, Hypoch'ysis
hamato'des, Hxmatom'ma, and Hae'malops in-
ter'nus.  A blood-shot eye.
  HEMOPLANIA  MENSTRUALIS,  Men-
struation, vicarious.
  HEMOPLETHORA, Plethora.
  HEMOPROCT1A, Hasmorrhois.
  HEMOPTOE,  Ha?moptysis—h.  Laryngea
et Trachealis, Tracheorrhagia.
  HEMOPTOSIS, Hemoptysis.
  HEMOPTYSIS,  from <«i/ua, 'blood,' and
nrva>, '  I spit.'  Spitting of blood, Hiemorrha-
gia Haemop tysis, Hacmap'tysis, Haematoptys'ia,
Hsematop'tysis,  Emp'toe, Emop'toe,  Empto'ica
pas'sio, Hamoptys'mus,  Hamopto'sis, Sputum
sang'uiriis, San'guinisfluor pnlmo'num, Emop-
to'ica pas'sio, Hamotis'mus, Hamorrhce'a ptd-
mona'lis,  Cruen'ta  exspui'tio,  Hamorrha!gia
pulmo'nis, Pas'sio hamopto'ica, Rejec'tio sang-
uinis e  pulmo'nibus, Expectora'tio sanguinis,
Hamorrha'gia  Bron'chica,   Pneumorrha'gia,
Pneumonorrhag"ia,  Pneamonorrha'a, Bron-
chorrha'gia, Emp'tysis, Hamop'toe, Sputum
cruen'tum,  (F.) Himoptysie, Crachement de
sang, Expectoration de sang. Hemorrhage from
the mucous membrane of the lungs;  character-
ized by the expectoration of more or less florid
and frothy blood.  It is  generally preceded by
cough;  dyspnoea; sense of heat in the  chest,
&c.  It is important to discriminate between
haemoptysis, produced by some accidental cause
acting irregularly or periodically on the lungs;
and that  which is,  as it were, constitutional,
and dependent on some organic affection of the
lungs, or some faulty conformation of the chest.
These  two varieties differ as  much in their
prognosis and method of treatment,  as in their
causes.   Constitutional haemoptysis  is a serious
disease, almost always  announcing  phthisis
pulmonalis.  The accidental  variety is chiefly
dangerous by frequent recurrence, or too great
loss of blood.
   Thegeneral causes of haemoptysis are the same
as those of  other kinds of hemorrhage.  It has,
besides, particular causes; such as too greatex-
ercise of the lungs;—loud speaking, playing on
wind instruments, breathing acrid vapours, &c.
It usually occurs  between puberty and the age
of 35.  A sudden  and terrific kind of haemopty-
sis is sometimes met with ; consisting in a great
afflux of blood  into the lungs.  This has been
called Pulmonary  Apoplexy, Apoplex'ia pul-
mona'lis, A. pulmo'num, Pneumorrha'gia, In-
farc'tus kamorrkag'icuspulma'num, (F.) Apo-
plexie  pulmonaire, Himoptysie foudroyante,
Himorrhag'ie interstitielle du Poumon.  Infil-
 tration of blood into  the air cells  may occur
 without any ha?moptysis.
   Physical signs.  Percussion may not always
 aid us in haemoptysis, but generally a circum-
 scribed dulness will be  perceived.  The inspi-
 ratory murmur, on auscultation, is feeble or
 absent, locally; and is replaced by bronchial
 respiration  and bronchophony.  A fine liquid
 crepitus is detected around the affected part;
 and in the larger  tubes, near the spine, a liquid
 bubbling rhonchus is usually heard. The value
 of these  signs  is  determined  by the  nature of
 the expectoration.   The treatment of hemop-
 tysis must be like that  of internal  hemorrhage
 in general.
    Hemoptysis Interna,  Haematothorax—h. 
HEMOPTYSMUS
409            HEMORRHOIDAL
 Laryngea  et  Trachealis,  Tracheorrhagia—h.
 Phthisis, Phthisis pulmonalis.
   HEMOPTYSMUS, Hemoptysis.
   HEMORMESIS, Hyperaemia.
   HEMORRHACHIS, Apoplexh myelitica.
   HEMORRHAGE, Haemorrhagia.
   HEMORRHA'GIA, from 'atf**, 'blood,' and
 q^ywp.1, ' I break  forth.'  San'guinis proflu'-
 vium copio'sum, Sanguifiux'us ,Haematoch'ysis,
 Aimorrhce'a, Hsemorrha'a, Haematorrhag'ia, Hse-
 matis' mus,Haematorrha' a, Haemator'rhysis, Ha-
 morr'hysis, Proflu'vium  seu Prorup'tio  seu
 Eruptio sanguinis,Profu' sio Sang'uinis, Hem'-
 orrhage, Hemorrhage, Bleeding, Loss of blood,
 Rupturing, bursting, or breaking of  a blood-
 vessel, (F.) Himorrhagie ou Himorhagie, Perte
 de sang, Fluxde Sang. Any discharge of blood
 from vessels  destined to  contain it; with or
 without rupture of their coats.   Hemorrhages
 may be spontaneous or traumatic: the first be-
 long to the domain of medicine, the latter to
 that of surgery.  They  may, also, be internal
 or external,; general—as  in  scurvy—or  local.
 The hemorrhages by exhalation—those  which
 chiefly interest the physician—have been classed,
 by Pinel,  as  follows :—1. Hemorrhage of the
 Mucous  Membranes ; Epistaxis, Hasmoptysis,
 Haematemesis, Haemorrhoids, Haematuria, Ute-
 rine Hemorrhage.  2. Hemorrhage of the Tis-
 sues; Cutaneous, Cellular, Serous, Synovial.
   Hemorrhages  have generally been  distin-
 guished into active and passive : in other words,
 into those dependent upon augmentation of the
 organic actions, and those dependent upon de-
 bility.  According to Broussais, no spontaneous
 hemorrhage is passive ; all are active,—that is,
 produced by increased action and excess of ir-
 ritation of the blood-vessels : they may  occur
 with debility,  but not from debility.  He calls
 those only passive hemorrhages, which are ow-
 ing to an external  lesion of the  vessels.  He-
 morrhages have been, by some, divided into con-
 stitutional, or those depending on original con-
 formation :—accidental, or those produced by
 some adventitious cause; supplementary or those
 which succeed others; symptomatic,criticaldkc.
   When  hemorrhage  takes place into any tis-
 sue, or is  interstitial, it receives  the  name,
 with many, of apoplexy.
   Active Hemorrhage,Hemorrhag'ia acti'va, H.
 arterio'sa,  Cauma kaemorrkag'icum, Angeior-
 rhag'ia, occurs chiefly in the young  and pletho-
 ric.  Good living ; the use of fermented liquor—
 excessive exercise,  or too sedentary a life, may
 perhaps be ranked as  predisponent  causes.
 It is commonly preceded by heaviness and
 pulsation in the  part,—owing to the afflux of
 blood  and   consequent  hyperaemia,—and by
 coldness of the extremities.  The blood, eva-
 cuated, is  generally of a florid red.  In  such
 active  hemorrhages, the  great  indications of
 treatment will be, to  diminish plethora where
 it exists, and to lessen the heart's action. Bleed-
 ing, purgatives, and cold, will be the chief agents.
  Passive Hemorrhage, Hamorrkag'ia passl-
va, H. Veno'sa, Profu'sio, P. hamorrhagica, oc-
 curs in those of weak constitution ; or who have
 been  debilitated by protracted  disease,  poor
diet, long watching, excessive evacuations, &c.
  The direct causes may be :—previous active
hemorrhage;  scorbutus, or any thing capable
of inducing atony or asthenic hyperaemia of the
small vessels.  These  hemorrhages are not pre-
        27
 ceded by excitement or by any signs of local
 determination.  They are usually accompanied
 by paleness of the countenance ; feeble pulse ;
 fainting,  &c.  The indications  of  treatment
 will be :—to restore the action of the small ves-
 sels and the general tone of the system ;  hence
 the utility of styptics and cold externally ;  and
 of tonics and astringents, creasote,  mineral
 acids, &c, internally.  Hemorrhage  also oc-
 curs from mechanical hyperemia, as when  hae-
 moptysis is produced by tubercles in the lungs;
 haematemesis by disease of some of the solid
 viscera of the abdomen, &c.
   In Traumatic Hemorrhages, or those which
 are the consequences of wounds of arterial or
 venous trunks, the blood is of a florid red co-
 lour, and issues by  jets and pulses, if it pro-
 ceed from an  artery; whilst it is of a deeper
 red, issues slowly and by a continuous flow, if
 from a vein.  If the capillary vessels be alone
 divided, the blood is merely effused at the sur-
 face of the wound.  Of the means used for ar-
 resting these traumatic hemorrhages, some act
 mechanically as absorbents, ligature, and com-
 pression ; others chymically, as fire, caustics,
 creasote, astringents, &c.
   Haemorrhagia Activa Narium, Epistaxis—
 h. Bronchica, Haemoptysis—h. Cerebri,  Apo-
 plexy—h. per Cutem, Sudor cruentus—h.  per
 Diaeresin, see Diaeresis—h.  per Diapedesin, Dia-
 pedesis—h.  Faucium,  Stomatorrhagia—h.
 Gingivarum,Ulorrhagia—h. Haematemesis, Hae-
 matemesis—h. Haematuria, Haimaturia—h. Hae-
 moptysis, Haemoptysis—h. Hepatica, Hepatha?-
 morrhagia—h. Hepatis, Hepatorrhagia—h.  In-
 testinorum,  Haematochezia—h. Mucosa, seeHae-
 morrhois—h. Nabothi, see  Parturition—h. Na-
 rinea,  Epistaxis—h.  Narium,  Epistaxis—h.
 Oris, Stomatorrhagia—h. Penis, Stimatosis—h.
 Pulmonis, Haemoptysis—h. Renum, Nephror-
 rhagia—h. Universalis, Purpura hasmorrhagica
 —h. Uterina, Metrorrhagia—h. Ventriculi, Ha?-
 matemesis—h. Vesicas, Cystorrhagia.
   HEMORRHINIA, Epistaxis.
   HEMORRHINORRHAGIA, Epistaxis.
   HEMORRHGE'A, from '*tM.a, 'blood,' and
 qta>, ' I flow.'  Hamorrkag'ia, Loss of blood.
 Some writers have  proposed  to  restrict this
 name to passive hemorrhages.
   Hemorrhoza Petechialis, Purpura  haemor-
 rhagica—h.  Pulmonalis, Haemoptysis—h. Ute-
 rina,  Metrorrhagia—h. Vasorum  haemorrhoi-
 dalium, Ha?morrhois—h. Ventriculi, Haemateme-
 sis—h. Viarum urinariarum, Haematuria.
   HEMORRHOI'DAL, Hemorrhoidal, Ha-
 morrho'ida'lis,Hxmorrhoideus. Relating to he-
 morrhoids ; as hemorrhoidal flux, hemorrhoidal
 tumours, &c.
   Hemorrhoidal  Arteries have been distin-
 guished into superior, middle, and inferior.   1.
 The first is the termination of the inferior me-
 senteric artery, which assumes the name supe-
 rior  hemorrhoidal, when it reaches the upper
 and posterior part of the rectum.   2. The mid-
 dle hemorrhoidal is furnished by the hypogas-
 tric or internal pudic.  It ramifies on the infe-
 rior and anterior part of the rectum.  3. The
 inferior hemorrhoidal arteries are branches of
 the internal  pudic, furnished to the inferior part
 of the rectum and to the muscles of the anus.
  Hemorrhoidal  Nerves.  These  emanate
from the sciatic and hypogastric plexuses; and
cover the rectum with their numerous filaments. 
HEMORRHOIDALES NODI       410
HEMOSPASTIC
   Hemorrhoidal Veins follow the same distri-
 bution,  and generally  empty  themselves into
 the lesser mesenteric.   Some of them assist in
 the formation of the hypogastric vein.
   Hemorrhoidal Vessels, Vasa seda'lia, are
 those vessels which are distributed  to the rec-
 tum—the seat of hemorrhoids.
   HEMORRHOIDALES NODI, Haemorrhois.
   HEMORRHOIDES, see  Hsmorrhois—h.
 Ca?ca?, see Haemorrhois—h. Fluentes, Haemor-
 rhois—h. Furentes, see Haemorrhois—h.  Maris-
 cosae, Haemorrhois—h. non Fluentes, Haemor-
 rhois—h. Oris, Stomatorrhagia.
   HEMOR'RHOIS, Aimor'rkois,  Asclepias'-
 mus,  fxom 'ainu, 'blood,'  and qtu>, 'I flow.'
 Aimor'ro'is, Proc'tica Maris'ca, Maris'ca, Proc-
 talgia Hamorrko'ida'lis, Morbus Hamorrkoi-
 dalis, Piles, (F.) Himorrho'ides.  The essential
 symptoms  of  this  affection are:—Livid and
 painful  tubercles  or  excrescences, (Hemor-
 rhoidal  Tumours,)  usually attended with a
 discharge of mucus or  blood, (Hemorrhoid'al
flux, Proctorrkcz'a, Hamoproc'tia, Hamorrha'a
 vasorumkamorrhoida'lium, (F.) Himaproetie.)
 The most common causes of piles are a  seden-
 tary life; accumulation of faeces in the rectum;
 violent  efforts  at stool; pregnancy, &c.   The
 precursory symptoms are:—pains in the loins;
 stupor of the lower limbs; and uneasiness in the
 abdomen and rectum, with more or less gastric,
 cerebral, and indeed general disorder;—consti-
 tuting the Diatk'esis Hamorrhoida'lis, Motus
 seu   Turba  Hamorrhoida'lis,  and  Moli'men
 Haemorrkoida'le,  of most  of  the  writers of
 Continental Europe.  To these  symptoms fol-
 low one  or more  round, smooth, renitent, pain-
 ful,  pulsating, and erectile tumours, around the
 margin of the anus,  or within  the anus; some
 pouring  out blood occasionally.   After  having
 remained, for a  time, tense, and painful, they
 gradually  shrink and  disappear.  The  chief
 symptomsjoccasionedby hemorrhoidal tumours,
 when much inflamed, are : constant pain, liable,
however, to exacerbations, and obliging the pa-
tient to preserve  the horizontal posture, and to
become augmented by the least pressure, or by
the passage of the faeces.
   Haemorrhoids  have  generally been  distin-
 guished into—Hamorrho'ides Fluen'tes seu Ma-
dsco'sa,  Proc'tica Maris'ca cruen'ta,  Bleed-
ing  or Open Piles ; and  into H. non fluen'tes,
Proc'tica Maris'ca caeca, Ilrmorrho'i'des  creca,
Haemorrhoida'les  nodi  seu furen'tes, Shut or
blind piles.  They have, also, been divided into
internal  or occult, and external, according to
their situation; and into accidental or constitu-
tional.
   Hemorrhoidal  Tumours are extremely trou-
blesome, by their disposition to frequent recur-
rence ; and they are apt to induce fistula ; other-
wise, they are  devoid  of danger.  When ana-
tomically examined,  they are found not to con-
sist in a  varicose  dilatation of the veins  of the
rectum;  but  to be  formed   of  a very  close
spongy,  texture;  similar to that which sur-
rounds the orifice of the vagina; and to be erec-
tile, like it.  They are surrounded by a deli-
cate membrane, and  have no internal cavity.
The treatment, in mild  cases of hemorrhoidal
tumours, is simple.  Rest; the horizontal pos-
ture ;  the  use of mild  laxatives, as  sulphur,
castor oil, and emollient  glysters, will be suffi-
cient.  If they be much inflamed, leeches may
 be applied; and warm cataplasms or cold lo-
 tions, according to circumstances, be prescribed,
 with abstinence, and cooling drinks.   After-
 wards, an ointment, composed of powdered galls
 and opium, may afford relief.   It is in the re-
 laxed kind, that such ointment, and the inter-
 nal use of Ward's Paste, can alone be expected
 to afford much benefit.  If, after repeated  at-
 tacks, the tumours  remain hard and painful,
 and threaten fistula, they may  be removed.
   By Hemorrhoidal Flux, Fluxus hsemorrhoida-
 lis, Proctorrha'gia, is meant  the  hemorrhage
 which takes place from the rectum, owing to
 hemorrhoids.  It is a common affection.  The
 quantity  of blood  discharged  is various:  at
 times, it is very trifling;  at others, sufficient
 to induce  great debility, and  even death.  It
 is  announced  and accompanied by the same
 symptoms, as  precede and  attend hemorrhoi-
 dal tumours.   Like other hemorrhages it may
 be active or passive; accidental or constitutional.
 The  prognosis is  rarely  unfavourable.  The
 affection may, almost always, be relieved by
 properly adapted means.  These resemble such
 as are necessary in  hemorrhages  in general.
 Perfectquietude,—mental and corporeal,—light
 diet,  cooling drinks ; bleeding if the symptoms
 indicate it; astringents, (if the disease be pro-
 tracted and passive,) such as the Tinctura Ferri
 Chloridi ;  aspersions of cold water on the anus:
 astringent  injections ;  plugging and compres-
 sion.   Such will  be the  principal  remedial
 agents.  When the hemorrhage has become ha-
 bitual or  is vicarious, some caution  may be
 required in checking it; and, if inconvenience
 arise  from  a sudden suppression, its return may
 be solicited  by  the  semicupium, sitting over
 warm water; aloetic purgatives, glysters, irri-
 tating suppositories, &c; or leeches may be ap-
 plied to the anus.
   To the  internal bleeding pile, a soft, red,
 strawberry-like elevation of the mucous mem-
 brane, Dr.  Houston, of Dublin, gives the name
 vascular tumour.  For its removal he recom-
 mends the application of nitric acid, so as to
 produce sloughing of its surface.
   Some authors  have described a species  of
 Leucorrkce'a Ana'Hs ; or whitish discharge from
 the anus, which often attends ordinary haemor-
 rhoids.   This they have called Proctica maris'-
 ca muco'sa, Hamor'rko'is alba, Hamorrha'giti
 muco'sa, Leucor'rho'is, &c.  It  requires no spe-
 cial mention.
   Hbmorrhois  ab  Exania,  Proctocele—h.
 Procedens, Proctocele.
   HEMORRHOIS'CHESIS, from  'cuuoq^,
 ' Heemorrhois,'  gem, 'I flow,'and kt/hm,'I re-
 strain.' Reten'tiofluxus hacmorrho'ida'Hs. Sup-
 pression or retention of the  hemorrhoidal flux.
   HEMORRHOPHE'SIS, Absorp'tio sangui-
nis, from 'tifj.a, ' blood,'  and e,otpuu>, ' I sip up.'
 Absorption of blood.
   HEMORRHOPHILIA, Hasmatophilia.
   HEMORRHOSCOPIA, Ha?matoscopia.
   HEMORRHYSIS, Ha?morrhagia.
   HEMOSC HEOCELE, Hsmatoscheocele.
   HEMOSCOPIA, Ha?matoscopia.
  HEMOSPAS'TIC, (F.) Himospasique,from
'uiiua,' blood,3 and o-txhoi, ' I draw.'  An agent
which draws or attracts  blood  to a part; as a
cupping-glass.   The  operation is termed Wa-
mospa'sia, (F.)  Himospasie.  It is generally ap-
plied to a process by which the air is exhausted 
HEMOSTASIA
411
HALLUCINATION
over a considerable surface, as over one or more
of the extremities, by an appropriate pneumatic
apparatus.
   HEMOSTA'SIA, Hamos'tasis, Epid'esis,
San'guinis stagna'tio, (F.) Himostasie, from
'mfia,' blood,3 and oxtmg, ' stagnation.3   Stag-
nation of  blood.   This name has also, been
given to  any operation, the object of which is
to arrest the flow of blood.
   HEMOSTATICS,  Haematostatica.
   HEMOTELANGIOSIS, Telangiectasia.
   HEMOTEXIA, Hremateclysis.
   HEMOTEXIS, Hemateclysis.
   HEMOTISMUS, Haemoptysis.
   rlA^MOT'ROPHY, Hamotropk'ia;fxom'ama,
'blood,'and rqopx,  'nourishment.'  Excess of
sanguineous nourishment.—Prout.
   HEMURIA, Hematuria.
   HEMURESIS, Hematuria.
   HEMYDOR, Serum of the blood.
   HEREDITARIUS, Hereditary.
   HESITATIO, Balbuties.
   HEVEA GUIANENSIS,see Caoutchouc.
   HAGARD, Haggard.
   HAGE'NIA ABYSSINTCA, Brayera anthel-
min'tica.   An Abyssinian  tree  of the family
Rosacea?, Sexual  system, Icosandria  Digynia,
which the  natives plant round their habitations,
as an ornament.   The infusion or  decoction of
its flowers is employed by  them as an anthel-
mintic especially in cases of tape-worm.   It is
called, th'?re, Cusso or Kosso.
   HAGGARD, (F.) Hagard.  The French use
the term, Air hagard, GZil hagard, 'Haggard
'dr,' '  Haggard eye,'  for a physiognomy,  in
which there is at once an expression of mad-
ness and  terror.
   HAGIOSPERMUM, Artemisia santonica.
   HAGIOXYLUM, Guaiacum.
   HAIL, Chalaza.
   HAIR, Sax. hxji, Crines, Pilus, Thrix,(F.)
Poll.  A conical, corneous  substance ; issuing
to a greater or  less distance from the skin, to
the tissue of which it adheres by a bulb, Bul-
bus pili, seated in the cellular  membrane,—
where alone it is sensible.  The hair receives
various names  in different parts—as  Beard,
('ilia, Eyebrows, Hair of the hend,( Capilli,)Si.c.
   Hair,  Falling  off of  the, Alopecia—h.
Matted, Plica—h. Plaited, Plica—h. Trichoma-
tose, Plica.
   Hair-worm, Seta equina—h. Muscular, Dra-
cunculus.
   HAL,  Salt.
   HALA'TION, Hala'tium; diminutive of '«>,<-,
 salt.'  A  pungent remedy, with the ancients,
which  contained salts.
   IIALCHEMI'A.  The alchymists so  called
the art of  fusing salts: from 'axe, ' salt,'and
X*",' I pour out.'—Libavius.
  HALCYON, Alcyon.
   HALCYONIUM ROTUNDUM,Pila marina.
  HALE,  Ephelides.
  HALEINE, Breath—h.  Courte, Dyspnoea.
  HALEL.E'ON, Halela'um, from 'alg, 'salt,'
and tlaiov, 'oil.3  OleumSalimixtum. A mix-
ture of oil  and salt, for removing  swellings of
the joints—Galen.
  HALETERATION, Alteration.
  HALF-CASTE, Half-Cast, see Caste.  A
term  applied in  India, to  the offspring of a
Hindoo and a European. Since, extended to the
"ffspring  of mixed races.  The subjoined  list
from Tschudi's  Travels in Peru, 1838—1842,
shows  the parentage of the different varieties
of half-casts, and also the proper designations
of the latter, as observed in South America.
          Parents.                Children.
White Father and Negro Mother,  Mulatto.
White Father and Indian Mo her,  Mestizo.
Indian Father and Negro MothfT,  Chino,
White Father and Mu.alta Mother, Cuarteron.
                            ( Creole (only distin-
                            I iruished  from  ths
White Father and Mestiza Mother,\ while by a pale-
                            | brownish tomplex-
                            Uom )
White Father and China Mother,  Chino-blanco.
White Father and  Cuarterona Mo-) .-, - . .
  th,r,.....Jttuinu-rr..
White Father and Quintera Mother, White.
Negro Father and Mu atta Mother, Zanibo-negro.
Neg o Father and Mestiza Motl.er, Mulatto oscuro.
Negro Father and China Mother,   Zambo chino.
Negro Father and Zamba Mother, {^^ck™ ^
Negro Fa'her and Cuarterona or( Mulatto (rather
  Q^intf-ra Mother,    -   -   iriaik)
Indian Falher and Mulalia Mother, Chino-oscuro.
                            l Me:tizo-claro (fre
Indian Father and Mestiza Mother, ^ quently very beau-
 l Me:ti:
,< quent
 ( ful.)
 Indian Father and China Mother,   Chino-cholo.
 Indian Fitherand Zamba Mothei,  Zambo-claro.
 Indian Falher  with  Ciiina-chola j Indian(withrather
  Mother,.....j .-hort frizzy hair.:
 Indian Fiither and Cuarterona 01 C Me>tizo  (rather
  Quintera Mother,    -    -    I brown.)
 Mulatto Father and Zamba Mother, ■) "?*" I*''J? miFPT
                             I anle race )
 Mulatto Father and Mestiza Mo-  I Chino (of rather
  ther,    .....    J dear complexion..
 Mulatto Father and China Mother,  Chinc(rattterdarlt.;
   See Mulatto.
   HALICA, Alica.
   HALICACALUM, Physalis.
   HALICES,  Pandiculation.
   H A LIN A'TRUM, Halinltrum,lIaloni'trum.;
 from 'a\c,  'salt,' and natrum or natron.   A
 name given by the ancients to subcarbonate ol
 soda, containing a little subcarbonate of am-
 monia, which  is found,  ready-formed,  on  the
 plaster of damp  walls, in places inhabited by
 man or animals.   Also Potassae nitras.
   HALINITRUM, Halinatrum.
   HALINUS, Saline.
   HAL'ITUOUS, Halituo'sus,  from halitus,
 'vapour.'  (F.) Halitueux.  The skin is said to
 be halitueuse, when covered with a gentle mois-
 ture.  The vapour, exhaled in all the cavities
 of the body, so  long as the blood is w arm, is
 called Hal'itus.  The odorous vapour, exhaled
 by the blood itself whilst warm, is called Hal'-
 itus Sang'uinis.
  Halitus,Breath—h. Oris Fcetidus,Breath,of-
 fensive—h.  Sanguinis, Gaz sanguinis.  See Ha-
 lituous.
  HALL, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  The
 springs of Hall, in Upper Austria,contain iodine.
  HALLUCINATIO  HYPOCHONDRIASIS,
 Hypochondriasis —h. Vertigo, Vertigo.
  HALLUCIN AT I ON, Halludna'do, Halud-
 na'tio, Falla'cia, lllu'sio sen'sus,  Socor'dia,
 Aln'siu,,  lllu'sio,  Alludna'tio, Parora'sis, Som-
 nia'tio in statu vigili, Ido'lum, Waking dream.
 Phan'tasm, from  allucinari, 'to err;'  'to  be
 deceived.'  A morbid  error in one or more of
 the senses.   Perception  of objects,  which do
 not in fact exert any impression on the external
 senses.   Hallucination, almost always,  if not
always, depends on disorder of the brain, but is
not an index of insanity, unless the patient be-
lieves in  the existence of the subject  of the hal-
lucination. 
HALLUS
412
HARMONY
  HALLUS, Pollex pedis.
  HALLUX, Pollex pedis.
  HALME, Muria.
  HALMYRO'DES, Salsugino1'sus,from 'a.lpv-
^f, (laKuri, 'sea-water,' '**?, 'salt,')'a salt li-
quor.'   An epithet given to any  affection, in
which  the heat feels pungent under the finger
of the physician.—Hippocrates.
  HALMYRUS,  Saline.
  HALO, Areola.
  Halo  Signa'tus.   The  impression made
by the ciliary processes on the  anterior surface
of the vitreous humour.  So called from its con-
sisting of a circle of indentations.—Sir C. Bell.
Called by Haller, Stria retina subject'a liga-
men'to cilia'ri.
  HALODERE'UM,   from '«*?,  'salt,'  and
<Ttpociov, 'a collar,' (Stqt], 'neck.')   Colla'rium
sali'num.  A collar of salt applied to the neck,
as in cases of croup.
  HALOGENE,  Chlorine.
  HALOIDUM  OXYGENATUM,  Potassa?
murias hyperoxygenatus.
  HALONIITIS, Induration of the cellular tis-
sue.
  HALONITRUM, Halinatrum.
  HALOS, Areola.
  HALOT'YLE, Cul'cita sali'na,  from  '*JU.
' salt,' and rvlr\,' a bolster.'  A bolster or pillow
of salt recommended in croup.
  HALS, 'alg,  'salt;' hence  Halogene,  Ha-
loid, &c.
  HALTERES.   Pieces of lead  held in the
hands of the  ancients to assist them in leaping.
  HALUCINATIO, Hallucination.
  HALYCODES, Saline.
  HALYSIS  MEMBRANACEA,  Bothrioce-
phalus latus—h. Solium, Ta?nia solium.
  HAM, Poples.
  HAMAME'LIS VIRGINIA'NA, if. Virgin'-
ica, Witch hazel, Winter witch hazel, Snap-
ping   Hazelnut,  . Winter  bloom.    The  bark
of this tree, which is  a native of the United
States, is somewhat bitter and  sensibly astrin-
gent ;  but it  has not been much used.   A  cata-
plasm  of the inner rind of the bark is said to
have been found efficacious in painful inflamma-
tion of the eyes.
  HAMARTHRI'TIS,Holartkri'tis, Catkolar-
thri'tis, Arthritis universa'Us, from '^ia., ' at
once,'  and *q8qinc, 'gout.3  Gout in  all the
joints.  Universal gout.
  H AM'MA, Nodus, 'a tie.3   A knot, used for
retaining bandages on any part.—Hippocrates.
 a friiss
* HAMPSTEAD, MINERAL WATERS OF.
These  waters, situate  in the neighbourhood of
London, are a good chalybeate.
  HAMULAR PROCESS, see Hamulus.
  HAM'ULUS.  Diminutive of kamus, 'a
hook.3  A hook  or crook:  Ancis'tron.  Also,
any hook-like process;  as the hamulus or hamu-
lar process of the pterygoid process.
   HAMUS,  see Hamulus.
  HANCHE, Haunch.
  HAND, Manus.
  HANDS, DROPPED, Hand drop.  A popu-
lar term for the paralysis of the hand,  induced
by the action of lead.
  HANGERS, Crusta genu equina?.
  HANGNAIL,  (F.) Envie.  A portion of epi-
dermis, detached so as to  tear  the integument
in the  vicinity of the finger nails.
  HANNEBANE, Hyoscyamus.
  HAPANTIS'MUS, Badly formed, from nct(>
or 'anag,  'all.3   Oblitera'tio comple'ta.  The
matting or growing together of organic parts.
  HAPHE, 'uifr), ' feeling, touch.'  Hence:
  HAPHON'OSI, Haphonu'si, from 'aiftj, 'the
touch.3  Morbi tactus.   Diseases of the sense
of touch.
  HAPLOACNE, Acne simplex.
  HAPLOPATHI'A, from 'anloc,' simple,' and
na&og, ' disease.'   Morbus simplex.  A simple
or uncomplicated affection.
  HAPLOTOM'IA,  Simplex sec'tio,  Incis'io
simplex, Opera'tio simplex, from 'anlog,' sim-
ple,' and xout], ' incision.'  A simple incision.
  HAPSIS, Touch.
  HAPTODYSPHOR'IA, Tactus dolorificus;
from 'aqn, ' touch,'and JWpcnoc,' difficult to be
borne.'   Painful to the touch.
  HAPTOT'ICA,  Haptot'ice,   from 'a?,,
'touch.' The doctrine of the phenomenaof touch.
  HARD, (G.)  hart, Durus,  Scleros, (F.)
Dur.  That which offers much resistance. In
anatomy,  the hard parts are those which com-
pose the  osseous basis  of the body; in other
words, the skeleton.  See Pulse, hard.
  HARDESIA, Hibernicus lapis.
  HARDHACK, Spira?a tomentosa.
  HARE-LIP, Lagochllus,  Lagos'toma, La-
gon'tomum, Lagen'tomum, La'bium Leporlnwm,
Olopho'nia Labii Loba'la, Lepori'num rostrum,
(F.) Bee  de Lievre.   A fissure or perpendicu-
lar  division of one or both lips.   It has been so
called, in  consequence  of the upper lip of the
hare being thus divided.  Hare-lip is generally
congenital; at other  times it is accidental, or
produced  by a wound, the edges of which have
not been brought into contact, and have healed
separately.   It is simple, when there is but one
division;  double, when there are two; and.com-
plicated, when there is, at the same time, a di-
vision or  cleft of the superior maxillary bone
and of  the  palate—Cleft palate, Wolf's jaw,
Rictus  luplnus; or  a  projection  of the teeth
into the separation of the lip.
  In the Hare-lip operation, there are  two in-
dications  to be  fulfilled. First, to pare, with
the knife  or scissors, the edges of the cleft, and,
afterwards, to preserve  them in contact; in or-
der to cause adhesion.  This last object is ac-
complished  by means of pins,  passed  through
the edges  of the division; in other words by the
twisted suture.   The projecting  teeth must,
of course  be previously removed.  If there be
separation of the palate, it will  become less
and less after the union  of the lip, or the opera-
tion of  staphyloraphy may be performed upon
it.
  Hare's Ear, Bupleurum rotundifoliuhi—h.
Eye, Lagophthalmia.
  HARGNE, Hernia— k. Anivrysmale, Cir-
somphalus.
  HARICOT,Phaseolus vulgaris—h. Granddt
Perou,  Jatropha curcas.
  HARMALIA, Aliment.
  HARMONY,  Harmo'nia, Harmos, primarily
from aqta, 'I adjust.'  Anatomists have called
Suture  by  Harmony   or  simply Harmony,
False  or  superficial suture, Sutu'ra  os'stun
spu'ria, Compa'ges os'sium per lin'eam sim'ph'
cem, an immovable articulation,  in which the
depressions  and  eminences,  presented by the
bony surfaces, are but slightly marked; so that 
13                HEART
                HARMUS                4

it might be presumed, that the junction of the
bones took place by simple apposition of their
surfaces.  An instance  of harmony occurs in
the union of the superior maxillary bones with
each other.
  HARMUS, Articulation, Harmony.
  HARROGATE, MINERAL WATERS OF.
The  villages of High and Low  Harrogate  are
situate in the centre of the county  of  York,
near Knaresborough, twenty miles from  York,
and fifteen from Leeds.  Here are several valu-
able  sulphureous and chalybeate springs.  The
sulphureous springs contain chloride of sodium,
chloride of calcium, chloride of magnesium, bi-
carbonate of  soda, sulphohydric acid, carbonic
acid,  carburetted hydrogen, and azote.  The
chalybeate springs contain protoxide of iron,
chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, chloride
of calcium, chloride of magnesium, carbonic
acid, azote, and oxygen.  For the former Har-
rogate is celebrated and frequented.
  Harrogate Salts,  Artificial, are much
employed, and not unfrequently by those who
drink the genuine water for the  purpose  of in-
creasing its aperient  power.  They may be
made as follows:—Sulph. Potass, cum Sulph.
gvj ;  Potass, bitart. ^j :  Magnes. Sulph.  in
pulv. gvj. M.  The usual dose is a tea-spoonful
in a small tumblerful of tepid water early in the
morning.
  Har'rogate Water, Artifi"cial, may be
formed of common salt ^v, water Oiij, impreg-
nated with the gas from sulphuret of potass, and
sulphuric acid aa §iv.  The following form has
also been recently recommended,  r*.  Sulpkat.
Potass,  cum sulph. (Ph. Ed.)  gj: Potass, bi-
tart. £ss: Magnes. sulpkat.  ^vj : Aqua des-
tillat. Oij.  One half to  be taken for a dose.
  HARTFELL, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Hartfell Spa is about five miles from Moffat, in
Scotland.  The water is a chalybeate, and is
much used.
  HARTSHORN, Cervus, Cornu cervi, Liquor
cornu cervi—h. Red, Spiritus lavandula? com-
positus—h. and Oil, Linimentum ammonia? car-
bonatis.
  HARTS'  TONGUE, Asplenium scolopen-
drium.
  HARTWORT  OF  MARSEILLES,  Seseli
tortuosum.
  HAST A, Penis—h. Nuptialis, Penis—h. Vi-
rilis, Penis.
  HASTELLA, Splint.
  HASTINGS, CLIMATE OF.   This place
has the reputation of being one  of the mildest
and  most sheltered winter residences on the
south coast  of  England.   Owing to its low
situation,  and the  height of the neighbouring
cliffs, it is protected in a great degree from all
northerly winds; and  hence is found a favour-
able residence generally for invalids labouring
under diseases of the chest.
  HASTULA REGIS,  Asphodelus ramosus.  .
  HATFIELD'S TINCTURE, see  Tinctura
Guaiaci ammoniata.
  HAUNCH, Coxa, Coxen'dix, of the Latins;
tt>/r"»> or '^xiov, of the Greeks, Ancka, Isckion,
Hip, Cossa, (F.) Hancke.   The region of the
trunk which is formed  by the  lateral parts of
the pelvis and the hip joint, including the soft
parts.  In women, on account  of the greater
width of the pelvis, the haunches are more
marked and prominent than in men.
  HAUSTUS, Po'tio, Potiun'cula. A Draught.
A liquid medicine, which can  be taken at a
draught.
  Haustus Niger, see Infusum sennae compo-
situm.
  HAUT MAL, Epilepsy.
  HAVANNAH,  CLIMATE  OF.  The cli-
mate of Cuba is often selected for the phthisi-
cal invalid during the winter months,  and so
far as regards elevation and comparative equa-
bility of temperature, it is more favourable for
those of weak lungs than that of the  United
States.  The mean annual temperature is high
(78°,) but the difference between  the mean
temperature of the warmest and coldest months
is twice as great as at Madeira.
  HAWKNUT, Bunium bulbocastanum.
  HAWTHORN, WHITE, Mespilus oxyacan-
tha.
  HAY, CAMEL'S, Juncus odoratus.
  HAY ASTHMA, Fever, Hay.
  HAYRIFF, Galium aparine.
  HAZEL, BEAKED,  Corylus rostrata—h.
Crottles, Lichen  pulmonarius—h. Nut, snap-
ping, Hamamelis Virginiana—h. Nut tree, Co-
rylus avellana—h. Witch, Hamamelis Virgi-
niana.
  HEAD, Sax. heapo*>, hear©, heaved; the past
participle of heapan, ' to heave up.3  Caput, Ce-
phale, xKpalm, Cy'be, xvfin, (F.) Tete.  The head
forms the upper extremity of the body, and tops
the skeleton.  It consists of  the  cranium and
face.  The first, which comprises all the supe-
rior and posterior part,  has the encephalon in
its  cavity: the latter forms  only the anterior
part, and serves as the receptacle for the greater
part of the organs of the senses.
  Head, Water in the, Hydrocephalus.
  Head Ache,  Cephalaea,  Cephalalgia — h.
Ache, intermittent, Cephalalgia periodica—h.
Ache, sick, Cephahea spasmodica.
  HEADY, same etymon. (F.) Capiteux. That
which inebriates readily.  An epithet, applied
to wines, which possess  this quality.
  HEAL-ALL, Collinsonia Canadensis, Pru-
nella vulgaris.
  HEALING, Curative—h. Art, Medicine.
  HEALTH, Sanitas.
  HEALTHY, Salutary.
  HEARING, HARDNESS OF, Deafness—h.
Perverse,  Paracusis perversa.
  HEART, Sax. heorc, Germ. Herz, Cor,
Cear, Cer, Car'dia, xtaq, xttq, xaqSia, (F.) Caur.
An azygous muscle,  of an irregularly pyrami-
dal shape ; situate obliquely and a little to the
left side,  in  the chest;—resting on the  dia-
phragm by one of  its surfaces:—suspended by
its base from the great vessels;  free and mov-
able in the rest of its extent, and surrounded by
the pericardium.  The right side of the  body of
the heart is thin and sharp, and is called Margo
acu'tus: the  left side is thick  and  round, and
termed  Margo obtu'sus.  It  is  hollow  within.
and contains four cavities ; two of which, with
thinner and less fleshy walls,  receive the blood
from the  lungs and  the  rest  of the body, and
pour it into  two others, with  thick and very
fleshy parietes, which send it to the lungs and
to  every part of the body.   Of these cavities.
the former are called auricles, the latter ven-
tricles.  The  right auricle and right ventricle
form the Pulmonic or right or  anterior heart,
(F.) Caur du poumon,   C. du sang noir, C. 
HEART
414
HEAT
droit, C. antirieur: and the left auricle and ven-
tricle the  systemic,  corporeal, left,  or  aortic
heart, (F.) Caur du corps, C. gauche, C. aor-
tique  ou C. rouge.   In the adult, these are
totally distinct from each other, being separated
by a partition;—the septum  cordis.  Into the
right  auricle,  the vena?  cava?, — superior  and
inferior,—and  the coronary  vein, open.  The
pulmonary artery arises  from the right ventri-
cle ;  the four  pulmonary veins open into the
left auricle, and the aorta arises from the left
ventricle.
  The mean weight of the heart, in the  adult,
from the twenty-fifth to the sixtieth year, is,
according  to  Bouillaud,  from eight  to nine
ounces.  The  dimensions, according to  Lob-
stein and Bouillaud, are  as follows:—Length,
I'rom  base  to apex,  five inches  six  lines;
breadth,  at the  base, three inches; thickness
of the walls of the left ventricle,  seven  lines;
at a  finger's  breadth above  the  apex, four
lines; thickness of the walls of the right ven-
tricle, two and  a quarter lines; at the apex,
half a line; thickness of right auricle one line;
of the left  auricle, half a line.   The  heart  is
covered, externally, by  a very thin, membra-
nous reflection from the pericardium. The mus-
cular structure  of which it  is constituted  is
much thicker  in the parietes of the  ventricle
than in that of  the auricles.   Its cavities are
lined  by a  very  delicate membrane, the  endo-
cardium, which is continuous  with the  inner
membrane  of  the  arteries, as regards the left
cavities, and with that of the veins, as regards
the right.  Its  arteries—the coronary—arise
from  the   commencement of the  aorta.  Its
nerves proceed, chiefly, from the pneumogastric
and the cervical ganglions of the great sympa-
thetic.  The heart is the great agent in the
circulation.  By its contraction, the blood  is
sent over every  part of the body.   Its  action
does not seem to be directly owing to nervous
influence, received from  the brain or  spinal
marrow, or from both.   The circulation may,
indeed, be  kept up, for some time, if both brain
and spinal  marrow be destroyed.
  When the ear  is applied to the chest, a dull,
lengthened sound is heard, which  is synchro-
nous with the arterial pulse.   This is instantly
succeeded by a sharp, quick sound, like that of
the valve of a bellows or the lapping of a dog,
and this is  followed by a period of repose. The
first sound  appears to be mainly produced  by
the contraction of the ventricles; the second by
the reflux  of the blood against the semilunar
valves.  These are what are  called the Sounds
of the Heart.  Dr. C. J. B. Williams thinks that
the word lubb-dup, conveys a notion of the two
sounds.  The  Beating or Impulse of the heart,
against the parietes of the  chest is  mainly
caused, perhaps, by the  systole  of the  heart,
which tends to project it forwards. It is doubted,
however, by some, whether the impulsion be
produced by  the dilatation or the contraction
of the ventricles.
  The heart is subject to different  organic dis-
eases; the chief of which are aneurism, contrac-
tion of the apertures, and  rupture of its parietes.
  Heart, Atrophy of the, Atrophia seu Ari-
du'ra Cordis,  Phthisis Cordis, Cardiatroph'ia,
Acardiotroph'ia.   A condition  of the organ in
which there is  diminution in the  thickness of
the parietes of the whole organ.
  Heart, Dilatation of the, see Aneurism—
h. Displacement of the, Ectopia  Cordis—h.
Fatty, Steatosis cordis.
  Heart, Hypertrophy of the, Hypertrophia
Cordis, Hypercor'dia, Hypersarco'sis  Cordis
Hypercardiotroph'ia,  Cor bovlnum, (F.)  Hy-
pertrophic du Caur.  Supernutrition of the mus-
cular parietes of the  heart, which are thicker
than usual;  the cavities  being  generally dimi-
nished.  The  physical signs which indicate it
are the following.  In cases of long standing
the praecordial region  is generally prominent;
the pulsations of the  heart are visible over a
greater extent than natural; and a  marked vi-
bration is communicated to the hand when placed
on the cardiac region.   The dull sound on  per-
cussion is more extensive than  natural; and on
auscultation there is a permanent increase of the
force and extent of the heart3s  action;  there is
no increase, however, of  frequency, and the
rhythm  is  regular.   The  pulse is generally
strong, full, and hard.
  Heart, Hypertrophy with Dilatation of
the, Active an'eurism, Eccen'tric hy'pertrophy.
In this affection, the  pulsations can be seen
and  felt over a  larger space, and the  apex is
more to the left and lower down than natural.
The impulse is less steady, but at times more
violent than what accompanies simple hyper-
trophy.  Percussion gives more distinct  evi-
dence  of the  enlargement, the  sound being
more extensively dull.  On auscultation, the
impulse is  often  violent, but irregular : in ex-
treme cases it produces the sensation of a large
mass of flesh  rolling or  revolving beneath the
ear.   The  pulse is strong, full and vibratory.
The shock of  the heart's action is often trans-
mitted to the whole person, and to the bed on
which the patient is lying.
  Heart, Concentric Hypertrophy  of the,
Cardiarctie, is when  the parietes augment at
the expense of the cavities.
  Heart, Neuralgia of the, Angina Pectoris
—h. Rupture of the, Cardiorrhexis—h. Sounds
of the, see  Heart.
  Heart's Ease, Viola tricolor.        ^
  Hearts, Lymph, Lymphatic hearts—h. Lym-
phatic, Lymphatic hearts.
  HEARTBURN, Ardor ventriculi, Cardialgia.
  HEARTWORT, Laserpitium  album.
  HEAT,  past participle  of Sax. ha?ran, 'to
make warm.'  Calor, Therma, Si^ui}. (F.)Cha-
leur.  The material cause, which produces the
sensation—or  the particular sensation itself—
produced by a body of an elevated temperature,
on  our  organs,  especially on the  organs of
touch.  Modern chymists have given the name
Calo'dc to the  principle, whatever may be its
nature, which is the cause of heat.  When we
touch a body of a temperature  superior to our
own, a portion of caloric passes from the body
to the hand, and produces the sensation of heat.
If, on the contrary, we touch a body of a  tem-
perature inferior to our  own, we communicate
a portion of our caloric to it, and experience
the sensation  of cold.   Our own sensations are
but  imperfect indexes of temperature.   Two
men meeting  at the  middle of a mountain,—
the one ascending, the other descending,—will
experience  different  sensations.   The one as-
cending, passes from a warmer to a colder at-
mosphere ;—the one  descending from a colder
to a warmer.   The chief  instrument for mea- 
HEAT
415
HEAT
suring heat, used in medicine, is the thermome-
ter.   Of  this there  are  three  kinds;—that  of
Fahrenheit, that of Reaumur, and that of Cel-
   The human body can bear a high degree of
heat diffused  in the  atmosphere.   There  are
cases on record, where air of 400° and upwards,
of Fahrenheit's scale, has  been breathed  with
impunity for  a  short time.   It  can  likewise
withstand very severe cold.   In the expedition
of Capt. Back to  the Arctic regions, the  ther-
sius or the Centigrade.   The  following Table
exhibits  the  correspondence of these  different
thermometric scales.
mometer was as low as—70° of Fahr.  Exces-
sive heat disposes the body to  gastric and in-
testinal diseases, and particularly to inflamma-
tion and  enlargement of the  liver; hence, the
frequency of  such affections  within  the torrid
zone.   Heat is often  used  therapeutically: the
actual cautery, at a white heat, disorganizes the
tat).  , Ke^ u. i  » entig.jj  Fan.  | Reai,  | Cente |[  Fah.   |  Keau. |  C ntig.
21?a	80 00
2U	79.55
2104	79 11
i09	78.60
208	78.22
207	77.17
20ti	77.33
i05	76.88
204	76.44
20.')	76.00
202	75.55
201	75.il
200	74.00
199	74.22
198	73.77
197	73.33
196c	72.88
195	72.44
194	72.00
191	71.55
1:2	71.11
19!	70.66
190	70.22
189	(9.77
lt-8	(•9.:3
187	(.8 f 8
180	68.44
18.1	68.00
184	67.55
18.1	07.U
182	66.66
181	66.22
180	65-77
179	65.33
178d	C4."8
177	04-44
176	61.00
175	63.55
174*	(3.11
173	12.6!i
172	62.22
171	61.77
170	61.33
169	60.88
168	60.44
167/	60.00
166	59.55
165	59.11
164	58.66
Ki:i	58.'-'2
162	57.77
161	57.33
1(0	56.c8
159	56.44
158	56.00
157	55.55
156	55.11
155	54.66
154	54.22
153	53.77
152	53.33
151	52.88
150	52.44
149	52.00
100.00
 99.44
 98.88
 98.33
 97.77
 97.22
 96.66
 16.11
 95.55
 95.00
 94.44
 93.88
 93.33
 (2.77
 92.22
 91.60
 91.11
 !0.55
 90.00
 89.44
 88 88
 88.33
 87.77
 87 22
 80 66
 86 II
 85.55
 85.00
 81.44
 a3.88
 83.33
 £2.77
 82.22
 81.66
 81.11
 80.55
 80.00
 79.44
 78.88
 78.33
 7".77
 77.22
 76.06
 76.11
 75,15
 75.'.0
 7!.44
 73.88
 73.33
 7'.'.77
 72.22
 7'.'56
 71.11
 70.-55
 70.60
 6'.!4
 68.-8
 68.33
 07.77
67.22
C6.66
66.11
65.55
65.00
Fah.
148
147
146
145
144
143

141*
140
139
138
137
136
i:>5
134
133/j
132
131
130
129
128
127
126
125
124
123
122
121
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
no;
10,1
108
107
10GJ
165
1044
103
102Z
101
100m
99
98M
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
SO
89
88
87
86
Keau  |  CenIie.
 51.55
 51.11
 59.6".
 50.-.2
 49.77
 49.33
 48.88
 48.44
 48.00
 47.55
 47.11
 46.66
 46.22
 45.77
 45.33
 44.84
 44.-'5
 41.00
 43.55
 43.11
 42.66
 42.22
 41.77
 41.33
 40.88
 40.44
 40.00
 39.55
 39.11
 38.66
 38.22
 37.77
 37.33
 36.88
 36.44
 36.00
 35.55
 35.11
 34.66
 34.22
 33.77
 33.33
 32.>8
 32.44
 32.00
 31.55
 31.11
 30.66
 30.22
 29.77
 29.33
 28.88
 28.44
 28.00
 27.55
 27.11
 26.66
 26.22
 25.77
 25.33
24.88
24.44
24.00
 64.44
 63.88
 63.33
 62.77
 62.22
 61.66
 61.11
 60.55
 60.00
 59.44
 58.b8
 58.33
 57.77
 57.22
 56.66
 56.11
 55.55
 55.00
 54.44
 53.88
 53.33
 52.77
 52.22
 51.66
 51.11
 50.55
 50.00
 49.44
 48.88
 48.33
 47.77
 47.22
 40.66
 46.11
 45.55
 45.00
 44.44
 43.88
 43.33
 42.77
 42.22
 41.60
 41.11
 40.55
 40.00
 39.44
 38.HS
 38.33
 37.77
 37.22
 36.66
 36.11
 35.55
 35.00
 34.44
 33.88
 33.33
 32.77
 32.22
 31.66
 31.11
1(S.? 5
30.00
 85
 84
 83
 82
 81o
 80
 79
 78
 77
 76p
 75
 74
 73
 72
 71
 70
 69
 68
 67
 66
 65
 64
 63
 62
 61
 60
 59
 58
 57
 56
 55
 54
 53
 52
 51
 50g
 49
 48
 47
 46
 45
 44
 43
 42
 41
 40
 39
 3-!
 37
 36
 35
 34
 33
 32r
 31
 30s
 29
2H
27
26
25
24
23
  23.55
  2i.ll
  22.66
  22.22
  21.77
  21.33
  20.88
  20.14
  20.01
  19.55
  19.11
  18.60
  18.22
  17.77
  17.33
  16.88
  16.44
  16.00
  15.55
  15.11
  14.66
  14.22
  13.77
  13 33
  12.88
  12.44
  12.00
  11.55
  11.11
  10 66
  10 22
  9.77
  9.3)
  8.88
  8.44
  8.00
  7.55
  7.11
  6.66
  0.2 >
  5 77
  5.33
  4.88
  4.44
  4.00
  3.55
  3.11
  2.R6
  2.22
  1.77
  1.^3
  0.88
  0.44
  0.00
—0.44
—0.88
—1.33
—1.77
__2.22
—2^66
—3.11
—•'.ss
—4.00
  29.44
  28.88
  28.33
  27.77
  27.22
  26 66
  26.11
  25 55
  25.00
  24.44
  23.88
  23.33
  22.77
  22.22
  21.66
  21.11
  20.55
  20.00
  19.44
  18.88
  18 33
  17.77
  17 22
  16.66
  16.11
  15.55
  15.00
  14.44
  13.88
  13.33
  12.77
  12.22
  11.66
  11.11
  10.55
  lO.OO
  9.44
  8.88
  8.33
  7.77
  7.22
  6(0
  6 11
  5.-5
  5.00
  4 44
  3 88
  3.33
  2 77
  2.22
  1 66
  1.11
  0.55
  0.00
-0.55
-1.61
—1.60
—2 22
—2.77
—3.33
—3.f8
-4 41
-5 00
22
21
20m
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
 9
 8
 7«
4
3
2
1
0
1
2to
3
4
5
0
- 9
-10
-lly
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
-24
-25
-20
-27
-28
-29
-30
-31
-32
-33
-34
-35
-36
-37
-38
-39i
-40
 — 4.44
 — 4.88
 — 5.33
 — 5.77
 — 6.22
 — 6.66
 — 7.11
 — 7 55
 — 8 00
 — 8.44
 — 8.88
 — 9.33
 - 9.77
 —10.22
 —10.66
 — 11.11
 — 11.55
 — 12.00
 —12.44
 —12.88
 —13.33
 — 13.77
 —1422
 — 14 66
 —15 11
 —15.55
 —16.00
 —16.44
 —10.88
 —17.33
 -17.77
 — 18.22
 —18.66
 -19.11
 —19.55
 —20.00
 -20.44
 —20.88
 —21.33
 —21.77
 —22 22
 —22 66
 -23.' 1
 —23.55
 —24.00
 —24.44
 —24.88
 -25.33
 -25.77
 —26 22
 -2666
 -27.11
 —27 55
 —28.84
—28.00
—28.88
—29 33
—29.77
—30.22
-30 66
—31.11
—31 55
—32.00
 — 5.55
 - 6.11
 — 6.66
 — 7 22
 — 7.77
 — 8.33
 — 8.88
 — 9.44
 —10 00
 — 10.55
 — 11.11
 —11.66
 — 12.22
 — 12.77
 — 13.33
 — 1388
 —14.44
 —J5.00
 —1555
 — 16.11
 — 16.66
 -17.22
 — 17.77
 — 18.33
 —18.88
 —19.44
 —20.00
 -20.55
 —21.11
 —21.66
 -22 22
 -22.77
 —23.33
 -23.88
 -24.44
 —25.00
 —25 55
 —26.11
 —26 66
 -27.22
 —27.77
 —28.33
 -28.88
 -2".44
 —30 00
 -:,0.55
 —31.11
 —31.69
 —32.22
 —32.77
 —33.33
 —33.88
 —34.44
 —35 00
 -35.55
 -36.18
—36 66
—37 22
—37 77
—38.23
—38.88
—39 44
—40.00
  a Water boils 'Barom. 30 inches.)
  6 Heat of a stove, borne  by Dr. So-
lander.
  c Heat (,f a stove, borne for 10 mi-
nute* by bii Joseph Banks  and Dr.
8ol,*in<ler.
  d Wilier simmers.
  e Alcohol boils.
 /Very pure ether distils.
    fPees' wax milts.
    Spermaceti melts.
  t Temperature at which liquids are
often drunk.
  j Heat observed in Scarlatina.
  k Temperature of the common hen.
  I Temperature of arterial blood.1?]
  mTemper-nine  of venous  blood.
Phosphorus melts.
  n Ftliei  boils,  o Nitricether boils.
  p Muriatic ether boils.
  q Medium temperatureof the globe.
  r Ice in. Its.
  s Milk freezes
  t Vinegar freezes
  u Strong »ine freezes.
  v A mixture of one part of alcohol
and three of water freezes.
  w Cold at the hattle of F.ylau, 1F07.
  x A mixture of equal parts of a'co-
hoi and water freezes.
  y A mixture of two  parts of alco
hoi and one of water feezes.
  i Melting (joint of quicksilver. 
HEAT                 416              HEDYPHONIA
parts to which it is applied : a lesser degree oc-
casions violent inflammation.  Heat higher than
that of the human body is excitant; of a lower
degree, sedative.  Excessive cold acts as a pow-
erful sedative—inducing sleep, the tendency to
which, after long exposure,becomes irresistible,
See Cold.  Many of the topical  applications—
as cataplasms—act wholly by virtue of their
warmth and moisture.
  Heat, Inter'nal, (F.)  Chaleur interne, is a
sensation of heat  felt by the patient,  but not
sensible to the touch.  External heat, (F.) Cha-
leur extirieure, that which can be felt by others.
Heat, Ardor, is called moist,(F.) kaliteuse,when
accompanied with moisture, like that felt after
bathing;  dry, (F.)  seche, when the skin has
not  its ordinary softness.   It is called acrid
and pungent,  (F.) acre et mordicante, when it
conveys a disagreeable  tingling  to the fingers.
The French employ the terms nervous heat and
erratic heat, Chaleur nerveuse and Chaleur er-
ratique for that  which comes by flushes, alter-
nating with chills, and which moves rapidly
from one part  to another.  M. Double has used
the term septic heat, (F.) Chaleur septique, for
that which produces a piquante sensation on
the hand, similar to that of the acrid heat, but
milder and more  uniform, and  which  is  ac-
companied with feebleness  and frequency  of
pulse, &c.
  Heat, Acrid, see Acrid—h. Prickly, Lichen
tropicus.
  HEAT, Ardor vene'reus, (F.) Chaleur des
animaux, Rut, is  the periodical sexual  desire
experienced by  animals.   It  is  supposed by
many to be owing to the periodical maturation
and discharge  of ova,—Ovula'tion.
  HEATH, COMMON, Erica vulgaris.
  HEAVINESS, Somnolency.
  HEAVY, Gravis, (F.) Gravatif, from Sax.
heapan, ' to heave.'   An epithet given  to any
pain, which consists in a sensation of weight or
heaviness, or is accompanied by such sensation.
  HEBDOMADARIA, Octana.
  HEBE, <»;|S)?.  This word has been employed
to designate, 1. The first hair that grows on the
pubes, 2. The pubic  region, and 3. Puberty.
  HEBETES, Adolescens.
  HEBETOR, Adolescens.
  HEBETUDO  ANIMI, Imbecility—h. Den-
tium, Haemodia—h. Visus, Amblyopia, Caligo.
  HEBREWS, MEDICINE OF THE.  Medi-
cine seems to have been at a very low ebb with
the ancient Hebrews.  Of anatomy they knew
nothing.   Their physiology was imperfect and
filled with superstitions; and their therapeutics
unsatisfactory.  Hygiene appears to have been
most attended  to.  Of the other departments of
medicine we cannot judge of their knowledge.
  HECATOMPHYLLUM, Rosa centifolia.
  HEC'TEUS, 'fxTfuc.  A Greek measure, con-
taining about 72  chopines or pints.
  HECTIC FEVER, Febris hec'tica, Hecticop'-
yra, Hecticopyr'etos,  Hec'tica,  Amphimerina
hec'tica,Febris phthis'ica, Syntecop'yra, Syntec-
ticop'yra, Febris marasmo'des, Marasmop'yra
Febris tab'ida, Leucopyr'ia, Epan'etus hec'tica,
Febris lenta,  F. amphimer'ina hec'tica, Febris
amato'ria,  Cklsro'sis amato'da, (F.)  Fie'vre
Hectique,F. ktique, from 'tijic, 'habit of body;'
because in this  disease every part of the body
is emaciated;  or perhaps, from sxt»jc<«, ' I con-
sume,' ' I am exhausted.'  The name of a slow,
continued, or remittent  fever, which generally
accompanies the end of organie affections, and
has been esteemed idiopathic, although it is pro-
bably always  symptomatic.  It  is the  fever of
irritation  and debility; and is characterized by
progressive emaciation; frequent pulse; hot
skin,—especially of the palms of the hands and
soles of the feet;  and, towards the end,  colli-
quative sweats and diarrhoea.  Being sympto-
matic, it can only  be removed by getting rid of
the original affection.   This is generally diffi-
cult and almost hopeless in the disease, which
it most commonly accompanies,—consumption
  HECTICA, Hectic Fever—h. Infantilis, Fe-
ver, infantile remittent.
  HECTICOPYRA, Hectic fever.
  HECTICOPYRETOS, Hectic fever.
  HEC'TISIS, (F.)  Etisie.   Same  etymon.
The state of those  who have hectic fever.
.  HEC'TOGRAMME,Hec^m7ra'OTa,fromW
tov, 'a hundred,' and  ye.auft.et.. A measure of
100  grammes, i. e. 3 ounces, 1 drachm, and 44
grains, Troy.
  HECTOLITRE.  A measure containing 100
litres or 26.42 wine pints.
  HECUSIUS, Voluntary.
  HEDEO'MA, Hedeo'ma pulegioi'des, Cunila
pulegio'ldes, Metis'sa pulegio'ides, Pennyroyal,
Tickweed, Stinking Balm, Squawmint.  Sex.
Syst. Diandria Monogynia; Nat. Ord. Lahia-
tae.   An indigenous plant, common in all parts
of the  United States, and  which, where  it is
abundant, perfumes the air  for a considerable
distance.   It is employed in the same cases as
the mints and the English pennyroyal. In popu-
lar practice it is used as an emmenagogue.
  The Oieum Hedeo'mae (Ph.  U. S.) or Oil of
Pennyroyal is used as a stimulating carmina-
tive, dropped on sugar.   Dose, 2 to 6 drops.
  HEDERA ARBOREA, H. Helix.
  Hed'era Helix, Hed'era arbo'rea, Bac'ckica,
Cissos, kiooos, Cittos, y.moc, Ed'era, Corymbe'-
tra,  Corym'bos,  Ivy,  (F.)  Lierre.  The  taste
of ivy leaves  is bitter, styptic, and nauseous.
They are  not used  in medicine.  According to
Haller, they were  recommended  in Germany
against the atrophy of children; and the  com-
mon people of England sometimes apply them
to running sores and to keep issues open.  The
berries were supposed, by the ancients, to have
an emetic and purgative quality; and a watery
extract was made  from them, called by Quer-
cetanus Extractum purgans.  From the  stalk
of the tree a resinous juice exudes in warm cli-
mates, called Gummi Hed'erae, (F.) Gomme de
lierre,  Resine  de  lierre.  It is  possessed of
tonic and astringent properties, but is not used.
  Hedera Terrestris, Glecoma hederacea.
  HEDERULA, Glecoma hederacea.
  HEDISARUM ALKAGI, Agul.
  HEDRA, 'td^a,  'idq,t,  'a  vestige.'  A  frac-
ture of the bones of the cranium, in which the
trace of the fracturing instrument is still per-
ceptible.   It was, also, used,  by  the ancients,
for the anus, for excrement, and for the bottom
of an abscess.
  HEDROCELE,  Proctocele.
  HEDYCH'ROUM,  from <»tV(, ' sweet,' and
%qoa,' colour.'  A remedy of a pleasant colour.
Applied to certain  trochs, the chief constituent
of which was Theriac.
  HEDYPHO'NIA, from  Voc,  'sweet,' and
<pwvt], ' voice.' Sweetness of voice. 
HEDYPNETJSTTJS            41'
  HEDYPNEUS'TUS, Hedyp'nous, from 'yivt,
' sweet,' and nvta,' I breathe.' Breathing sweet-
ly or softly.  Smelling sweetly.
  HEDYSMA, Condiment.
  HEEL, see Calcaneum.
  HELCENTERITIS, Dothinenteritis.
  HELCODES, Ulcerous.
  HELCOL'OGY,  Helcolog'ia; from 'tXnog,
'ulcer,' and Koyos, ' discourse.'  The doctrine
of, or a treatise on, ulcers.
  HELCOMA, Ulcer.
  HEECOPHTIIAL'M.IA,Opkthal'miaulcero^
sa.  Ophthalmia with ulceration.
  HEL'COS, from'«^xof, 'an ulcer.'  Hence:
  HELCOSIS, Elcosis, Ulceration—h. Cerebri,
Encephalopyosis—h. Laryngis, Phthisis laryn-
gea—h. Pulmonalis,  Phthisis  pulmonalis—h.
Renalis, Nephrelcosis—h.  Uteri,  see  Metro-
phthisis^—h. Vesicae, Cystophthisis. ■
  HELCOSTAPHYLO'MA; from 'tXxoc, 'ul-
cer,' and oraqivliofii a,' staphyloma.'   Staphylo-
ma ending  in ulceration.
  HELCOXERO'SIS, from 'txxoc,' ulcer,' and
Sijgoiow?, 'dryness.'  The drying of an ulcer.
  HELCTICA, Epispastics.
  HELCUS, Ulcer.
  HELCYD'RION,.He%^'mm, 'duvSqiov, Ul-
cus'culum,  a small  ulcer, a superficial ulcera-
tion of the  cornea—Galen, Paulus, Foesius.
  HELCYS'TER, from  H\%a,  ' I draw.'  An
iron hook or crotchet for extracting  the fcetus.
See Crotchet.
  HELENIUM, Inula helenium.
  Helen'ium Autumna'le, False Sunflower,
Sneezewort,  Sneezeweed, Swamp Sunflower,
Yellow  star, Ox-eye.    An  indigenous herb,
with large  golden-yellow  compound flowers,
which appear in August.   All its parts are bit-
ter and somewhat  acrid, and when snuffed up
the nostrils in powder are powerful sternuta-
tories.
  HELIANTHEMUM  CANADEN'SE, Cm-
tus  Canadensis, Frostwort, Frostweed, Rock-
rose.  An  herbaceous plant having large  yel-
low flowers, which grows in all parts of the
United States, and flowers, in the Middle States.
in June. It has an astringent,  slightly aroma-
tic and  bitterish taste.  It has been  prescribed
in scrofula, but probably is nothing more than
an aromatic tonic.
  HELIASIS, Astrabolismus, Insolation.
  HELICIA, Age.
  HEL'ICINE,Helic'inus,Helico'ldes, Helico'-
des, from Helix, 'the tendril of  the vine.'   Re-
sembling the tendril of the  vine.
  Helicine Arteries of the penis, as described
by J. Miiller, are short vessels given off from the
larger branches, as well as fromthe finest twigs
of the artery of the organ :  most of those come
off at a  right angle, and project into the cavity
of the spongy substance, either terminating ab-
ruptly or swelling out into  a club-like  process
without again subdividing.  Almost all these
vessels are  bent like a horn, so that the  end de-
scribes half a circle or somewhat more.  They
have a great resemblance to the tendrils of the
vine, whence their name.   A minute examina-
tion of  them, either with the lens or the  mi-
croscope, shows that, although they at all times
project  into the  venous cavities of the corpora
cavernosa, they are  not entirely naked,  but are
covered with a delicate membrane, which, un-
der the microscope, appears granular.
7      HELMET-FLOWER, YELLOW

   HEL'ICIS MAJOR.  A muscle of the ear,
 which originates from the anterior, acute part
 of the helix, upon which it ascends and  is in-
 serted into the helix. It pulls the part into which
 it is inserted a little downwards and forwards.
   Helicis Minor.   This muscle originates
 from the  under and fore part of the helix, and
 is inserted into the helix, near the fissure in the
 cartilage, opposite  the  concha.   Its use is to
 contract the fissure.
   HELICOIDES, Helicine.
   HELICOTRE'MA, from 'txt%, 'helix, coch-
 lea,' and  Tfnipa, ' a foramen.'   The  hole  by
 which the two  scalae of the cochlea communi-
 cate at the apex.
   HELIGMUS, Convolution.
   HELIKIA, Age.
   HELIOSIS, Astrabolismus, Insolation.
   HELIOTROPE,  Heliotropium Europaeum.
   HELIOTROPION, Cichorium intybus.
   HELIOTRO'PIUM EUROPIUM, Verru-
 ca'ria.  The He'liotrope, (F.) Tournesol, Herbe
 aux vermes.  This plant is considered to pos-
 sess aperient properties; and to be capable of
 destroying cutaneous excrescences; hence one
 of its names.
   HELIX, Capre'olus, from n\tiv, 'to envelop,'
 'surround.'  The fold  is  thus  called,  which
 forms the outer circumference or ring  of the
 external ear.
   Helix,  Limax.
   Helix  Poma'tia.  A large  kind of  snail,
 transported from the south of Europe to Eng-
 land by Sir Kenelm Digby, for his lady when in
 a decline.   It was considered highly restorative.
   HELLEBORASTER, Helleborus fcetidus.
   HELLEBORE, Dracontium foetidum—h.
 American, Veratrum viride—h. Black, Helle-
 borus  niger—k. Blanc, Veratrum  album—k.
 Noir, Helleborus niger—h. Stinking, Hellebo-
 rus  fcetidus—h.  Swamp, Veratrum viride—h.
 White, Veratrum album.
   HELLEBORIS'MUS, Elleboris'mus.   The
 method of treating disease, amongst the ancients,
 by hellebore.   This comprised not only the
 choice, preparation,  and administration of the
 medicine, but,  likewise,  the  knowledge and
 employment of preliminary precautions and re-
 medies proper for aiding  its  action, and pre-
 venting the pernicious effects which  it might
 occasion.
   HELLEBORUS, H. niger—h. Albus, Vera-
 trum album—h. Trifolius, Coptis.
   Helleb'orus  Fce'tidus, Helleboras'ter, Elle-
 bor aster, Stinking Hellebore or Bear's foot, Set-
 terwort,  (F.)  Hellibore  ou  Ellibore  fitide,
 Pied de Griffon.  The leaves of this plant are
 said to be anthelmintic.  The smell of the fresh
 plant is extremely fetid, and the taste bitter and
 acrid.  It usually acts as a cathartic.
   Helleborus  Niger,  Melampo'dium,  Mela-
 norrhi'zum, Ec'tomon, Black Hellebore, Christ-
 mas Rose, (F.)  Hellibore  noir.   The root of
 this European plant—Helleb'orus, (Ph. U. S.)—
 has a disagreeable odour, and bitter, acrid taste.
 It is possessed of cathartic properties, and has
 been recommended as an emmenagogue.   It has
 been given in mania, melancholia, dropsy, sup-
 pressed menses, &c.  Dose, gr. x. to 9 j, as a
 cathartic.
  HELLECEBRA, Sedum.
  HELMET-FLOWER, YELLOW, Aconitum
 Anthora. 
HELMET POD              41
  HELMET POD, Jeffersonia Bartoni.
  HELMINS, Plur. Helmin'thes seu Elmin'-
thes, from 's\/4/vc, 'a worm.5  A worm; an en-
tozoon :'■—hence:
  HELMINTHAGOGUE, Anthelmintic.
  HELMINTHI, Worms.
  HELMINTHIA,  Helminthiasis —h. Alvi,
Worms.
  Helmin'thia Errat'ica. Worms,introduced
by accident and without finding a proper habi-
tation in the stomach or intestines; producing
spasmodic  colic, with severe tormina, and oc-
casionally vomiting or dejections of blood; the
12th genus of the order Enterica,  class Caliaca,
of Good.
  Helminthia Podicis, Worms.
  HELMINTHIASIS, from 'tXinvc,'a worm.'
A generic name for the condition which gives
occasion to the  presence of intestinal worms.
It is, also, called Helmin'thia, Vermina'tio,
Morbus vermino'sus, Status vermino'sus, Sa-
bur'ra vermino'sa, Scoleci'asis, Scolece'sis.  En-
tozoogen'esis, Parasitis'musintestina'lis, Worm
disease, Invermina'tion.   See Worms.
  HELMINTHIC, Anthelmintic.
  HELMINTHOCHORTUM, Corallina Cor-
sicana.
  HELM1NTHOCOLICA, Colica verminosa.
   HELMINTHOCORTON, Corallina Corsi-
cana.
  HELMINTHOL'OGY, Helmintholog'ia,
from 'du n?, 'a worm,' and Xoyoc,' a description.'
A treatise on worms.
  HELMINTHOP YRA,   Helminthopyr'etos,
Febris vermino'sa, from 'tlfj.iv?, 'a worm,' and
W£, 'a  fever.'   Fever occasioned by worms.
See Fever, verminous.
  HELMINTHOPYRETOS, Helminthopyra.
  HELMINTHUS GORDII, Seta equina.
  HELODES, Elodes.
  HELONIAS OFFICINALIS, see Veratrina.
  HELOPYRA, Elodes (febris.)
  HELOPYRETUS. Elodes (febris.)
  HELOS, Clavus, Marsh.
  HELO'SIS,  Helo'tis:  from tt\a>,  'I turn.'
Eversion of the eyelids, and convulsions of the
muscles of the eyes.  Plica Polonica. Stra-
bismus.
  HELOTIS, Helosis, Plica.
  HELUS, Clavus, Helos.
  HELXINE, Parietaria.
  HEMACHROIN, Hsematin.
  HkMAPkRITONIRRHAGIE, Hamaperi-
tonirrhag'ia; from 'a(/cc<,'blood,' peritonaeum,
and pr,yrvui,' I break forth.'  Hemorrhage  into
the peritoneum.
  HEMAPROCTIE, Haemorrhois.
   HEMASTA PIQUES, Hsematostatica.
  HkMATIDROSE, Sudor cruentus.
  HEMATIN, Heematin.
  HEMATO-ENCEPHALIE, Apoplexy.
  HEMATOID, Haematodes.
  H/lMATOLOGIE, Hasmatology.
  HEMATOLOGY", Hematology.
  HEM.1TOMYELIE, Himorrhagie de la Mo-
Vile Epiniere.
  HkMATONCIE, Haematoncus, see Haema-
todes fungus—h. Fongdide, Haematodes fungus.
  HfiMATOPISIE, Haematops.
  HEMATORRHACHIS,  Apoplexia myel-
itica.
  HEMATOSIN, Hcematin.
  HEMERA, 'rlfite,a, ' a day.'   Dies.  Hence:
                  HEMINA

   HEMERALOPIA, see Nyctalopia.
   Hemeralo'pia,  from 'imtqx, 'the  day,' and
 07iTOju.fi, ' I see.'  Hameralops, Dyso'pia tene-
 bra'rum, Caligo tenebra'rum, Parop'sis Noctif-
 uga, Visits diur'nus,  Nyctalo'pia, (of some,)
 Nyctotyphlosis,   Amblyo'pia  crepuscula'ris,
 Ca'citas crespuscula'ris seu noctur'na,  A'des
 diur'na, Day-sight, Day-vision, Ren blindness,
 Night  blindness, (F.) Vue diurne, Aveugle-
 ment de Nuit.  A disease  in which the eyes
 enjoy the  faculty of seeing, whilst the sun is
 above the horizon; but are incapable of seeing
 by the aid of artificial light.  Its causes are not
 evident.  The eye, when carefully examined,
 presents no alteration, either in its membranes
 or humours.
   HEM'ERALOPS,  Dorea.   One  labouring
 under hemeralopia.  Also, Hemeralopia.
   HEMERATYPHLOSIS, Nyctalopia.
   HEMERODROMA, (febris) Ephemera.
   HEMEROPATHI'A; from 'r,^a, 'a  day,'
 and TraQoc,  'an affection.'  A disease, which
 continues only a  day; or,  which is only ob-
 served during the day.
   HEMI, 'mi, 'rjuinvc, 'half,' 'semi.' Hence:
   HEMIAMAUROSIS, Hemiopia.
   HEMIANDRUS, Eunuch.
   HEMIANOR, Eunuch.
   HEMIANTHROPIA, Mania.
   HEMIANTHROPUS, Eunuch, Maniac.
   HEMrAZYGA, (Vena) See Azygos vein.
   HEMICEPHAL^A, Hemicrania.
   HEMICEPHAL.^EUM, Sinciput.
   HEMICEPHALIUM, Sinciput.
   HEM1CEPHALUM, Sinciput.
   HEMICEPH'ALUS,  Semiceph'alus,   from
 (>jftt, 'half,' and neipaXv, 'head.'  One who has
 half a head.
   HEMICRA'NIA, Hemicephala'a, Migra'na,
 Grana, Hemipa'gia, Hemipe'gia, Heterocrdnia,
 Monopa'gia, Monope'gia,  Cephala'a Hemicra'-
 nia, Hemipathi'a, Megrim, from 'rjt/iavc, 'half,'
 and Ke,aviov,' cranium.'  (F.) Migraine.   Vain,
 confined to one half the head.  It is almost al-
 ways of an intermittent character;—at times,
 continuing only as long as the sun is above the
 horizon; and hence sometimes called Sun-pain,
 —and is cured by cinchona, arsenic, and the
 remedies adapted for intermittents.
   Hemicrania Idiopathica, Neuralgia,  facial.
   HEMIDES'MUS WT>ICUS,Peripldca In'-
 dica, Ascle'pias Pseudosar'sa, Indian Sarsapa-
 rilla.   A H industhanee plant, the root of which
 has a peculiar aromatic odour, and a bitterish
 taste.  It  is used in  India  as a substitute for
 sarsaparilla.
   HEMIDIAPHORE'SIS,  Transpira'tio Uni-
 lat era; from '(;■«»,' half,' and (Wa p>i<m, 'perspi-
 ration.' Perspiration of one half the body.
   HEMIEC'TON, Hemiec'teon, Semisex'twm.
 A vessel capable of containing 36 chopines or
 pints, and  in which fumigations were made in
 diseases of the uterus and vagina.—Hippocr.
   HEMIM'ELES, from Wi-Uf, 'one-half,' and
 iit^oc, 'a limb.'  A genus  of monsters in which
 the upper or lower extremities are very defec-
 tive—mere  stumps, and  the  fingers and toes
 are entirely wanting or  very imperfect.—G.
 St. Hilaire.
   HEMIMCE'RION,  from V«■•>«> and  '""?*'
 'apart.'  'One half.'—Foesius.   Also, half a
 drachm.—Erotian.
I  HEM'INA.  A Greek measure, answering to 
HEMIOBOLION             41!
the Cotyle, xcnixy, i. e. one half the sextarius, 1
or about half a pint, English.
  HEMIOEOL'ION, Hemiob'olon.  Half the
obolus.   A weight of about five  grains.—Gor-
raeus.
  HEMIO'LION.  A weight of 12 drachms,
or oz. I A.—Galen.  See Sescuncia.
  HEMIOPI A, Hemiop'sis, Hemiopi'asis, Suf-
fu'sio dimid'ians, Visus dimidia'tus, Marmor'-
ygS Hippoc'ratis, Hemiamauro'sis, Amauro'sis
dimidia'ta, fxom 't]utnvc, 'one half,' and otttuuu,
'I see.'   Depraved vision, in which the person
sees onlv one half of an object.
  HEMTOPIASIS, Hemiopia.
  HEMIOPSIS, Hemiopia.
  HEMIPA'GES, Dicoryphus dikypogas'trius,
 Oc'topus synapheocepk'alus, from 'nut, 'half,'
and  irriyrvui, 'I  fasten.'  A monstrosity, in
which twins are united from the navel to the
vertex.—I. G. Saint  Hilaire.
  HEMIPAGIA, Hemicrania.
  HEMIPATHIA, Hemicrania.
  HEMTPEGIA, Hemicrania.
  HEMIPHO'NIA, from V, 'half,' and <pcovy,
'voice.'  Great  weakness of voice.
  UEMIFLE'GIA,Hemiplex'ia,Paral'ysis He-
miplegia, Semiple'gia,  Semi-sidera'tio,  from
'ii/nfuc, 'one half,' and nxtaa-a,  or irxcrxo, 'I
'strike.'  Paralysis of one side of the body.  See
Paralysis.  One, so palsied, is said to be hemi-
pleg'ie, semi-sidera'tus.
  Hemiplegia Facialis, Paralysis, Bell's.
  HEMIPLEXIA, Hemiplegia.
  HEMIPROSOPLEGIA, Paralysis, Bell's.
  HEMISPHjER^E  CEREBRI, Hemispheres
of the brain.
  HEMISPHERE,  Hemispkm'ra, Hemisphae'-
rium; from 'i;ui<tvc,  'one half,'and o-o*iea,'a
sphere.'   One half of  a  sphere  or of a  body
having a spheroidal shape. The hemispheres of
the brain, Hemisphae'rae cerebri,  are the upper
spheroidal portions of the brain, separated from
each other by the falx cerebri.
  HkMITE, Haemitis.
   HEMITRITAEA, (FEBRIS,) F.  Semi-ter-
tia'ua,  Febris sesquialtera, (F.) Semi-tierce,
Fievre  demitierce.   A semi-tertian fever, so
called because it seems to possess both the cha-
racters of the tertian and quotidian intermittent.
—Galen, Spigelius.
  HEMIUNCIA, Hemiuncion.
  HEMIUN'CION, Hemiun! cia,Semun'cia,Se-
miun'da.  Half an ounce.
  HEMLOCK,  Conium maculatum—h. Ame-
 rican, Cicuta maculata—h. Bastard, Chaerophyl-
 lum  sylvestre—h. Common, Conium  macula-
 tum—h. Dropwort,  OInanthe—h.  Gum, see
 Pinus Canadensis—h.  Pitch, see Pinus  Cana-
 densis—h. Spruce, Pinus Canadensis—h. Water,
 American, Cicuta maculata—h. Water,  fine-
 leaved,   Phellandrium  aquaticum—h.  Water,
 Cicuta aquatica—h. Wild, Cicuta maculata.
   HhMOCARDIOPLASTIES, see Polypus.
   HEMODIA,  Haemodia.
  HEMO-ENCEPHALORRHAGIE,   Apo-
plexy.
   HkMOHkPATORRHAGlE, Hepatorrha-

b HEMOMYkLORRHAGIE, Apoplexy, spi-
nal.
  HEMOPTYSIE, Haemoptysis—A. Foudroy-
ante, see Haemoptysis.
   HEMORRHAGE, Haemorrhagia—h.  From
9          HEPATEMPHRAXIS

 the bladder, Cystirrhagia—h. From  the  intes-
 tines, Melaena—h. Interstitial, Apoplexy—h.
 From the  pituitary  membrane, Epistaxis—h.
 From the skin, Sudor cruentus—h. Spinal, Apo-
 plexy, spinal—h. Uterine, Metrorrhagia.
   HEMORRHAGIC PLEURISY, Hsematotho-
 rax.
   HkMORRHAGIE BUCCALE,  Stomator-
 rhagia—h. Ciribrale, Apoplexy—h.  du, Foie,
 Hepatorrhagia—h. Interstitielle, Apoplexy—h.
 Interstitielle du  Poumon, Haemoptysis—h. des
 Intestins,  Haematochezia—h.  de  la Matrice,
 Metrorrhagia—h. Meningie, Apoplexy, menin-
 geal—h. de la Mo'elle ipinie.re, Apoplexia mye-
 litica—h.  Nasale, Epistaxis—h. de  la Vessie,
 Cystirrhagia.
   HEMORRHAGIP'AROUS,iTeWorrAa^>ar#;
 from hamorrkagia,  'hemorrhage,' and padre,
 ' to bring forth.'   That which gives occasion to
 hemorrhage: thus, softening of the neurine may
 be hemorrhas'iparous.
   HEMORRHINIE, Epistaxis.
   HEMORRHOID AIRE, (F.)  One who is
 subject to hemorrhoids.
   HEMORRHOIDES, Haemorrhois—A. Avtu-
 gles. Caeca? hapmorrhoides.
   HkMORRHOSCOPIE, Haematoscopia.
   HP.MOSPASIE,  Haemospasia.
   HEMOSPASIQUE, Hsemospastic.
   HEMOSTASIE, Haemostasia.
   HE3IOSTATIQUES,  Haematostatica.
   HEMP, INDIAN, Apocynum cannabinum,
 Bangue.
   HEMPSEED, see  Cannabis sativa.
   HENBANE, Hyoscyamus.
   HEN-BLINDNESS, Hemeralopia.
   HENNk, Lawsonia inermis.
   HENRICEA PHARMACEARCHA, Genti-
 ana chirayita.
   HENRTCUS RUBENS, Colcothar.
   HEPAR, 'uTorp, 'genitive,' '^otoc, 'liver.'
 A name  for substances  resembling liver  in
 appearance.  The ancient name for  the liver
 of sulphur, Hepar sul'phuris ; which is  some-
 times a compound of sulphur and  potassium;
 at others, of sulphur and potassa.   See Potassae
 sulphuretum.
   Hepar  Adulterinum,  Spleen.
   Hepar  Antimonia'tum is a compound of a
 sulphuret of antimony and an alkali.   See Oxy-
 dum stibii sulphuretum.
   Hepar  Martia'le.  A compound of sulphu-
 ret of potass and an oxide of iron.
   Hepar  Sanguinis, see Blood—h.  Sinistrum,
 Spleen—h. Sulphuris salinum, Potassae sulphu-
 retum—h. Sulphuris volatile, Ammoniae sul-
 phuretum—h. Uterinum, Placenta.
   HEPATAL'GIA,  Hepatodynia, Neuralgia
 he'patis, Colica hepat'ica; from 'y^ao, 'liver,'
 and aXyoc, 'pain.' Pain  in the liver.  Neural-
 gia of the liver.   (F.) Nivralsrie du  Foie.
   Hepatalgia Calculosa, Colica hepatica—h.
 Petitiana,  Turgescentia  vesiculae  felleae — h.
 Phlegmonoides, Hepatitis.
   HEPATAPOSTE'MA, from '««(, 'the li-
 ver,' and unoo-TiifAa,  'an abscess.'  Abscess of
 the liver.
   HEPATARIUS, Hepaticus.
   HEP ATECIIE'MA,Sonituskepat'icus,fxom
 lr\yrae>, 'liver,' and 'ij/^i«> 'sound.'   Sound ren-
 dered by the liver on percussion.
   HEPATEMPHRAX'IS, from '^ttoj, ' liver,' 
HEPATENCEPHALOMA        420            HEPATIZATION
and tfx^a.o-0-oi, 'I obstruct.'  Hepatic obstruc-
tion.—Ploucquet.
  HEPATENCEPHALO'MA,  Hepatomyelo'-
ma, Fungus  he'patis medulla'ris, from  'tjvaq,
'liver,'and tyx.ttpa\og, 'encephalon.'  Encepha-
loid of the liver.
  HEPATE'RUS, Hepat'icus, Jecora'rius.  A
variety of diarrhoea, Fluxus hepaticus.—Gorr.
  HEPATHiEMORRHAC'IA,  Hamor-
rkag'ia h*patica, Hepatorrhag'ia, Apoplex'ia
hepat'ica,  (F.) Himorrhagie du  foie, Himohe-
patorrhagie, from'nnae,,'liver,'and'ctif*oqq*.yia,
'hemorrhage.'  Hemorrhage from the liver.
  HEPAT'IC, Hepat'icus, Hepata'rius,  Hepa-
te'rus, Hepato'ides, Hepato'des, Jecora'rius, from
'r]rr*q, 'the liver.'  Belonging or relating to or
resembling liver.
  Hepatic Ar'tery, Arte'ria Hepat'ica,  one of
the three branches given off by the cceliac.  It
passes towards the inferior surface of the  liver;
where it divides into two branches, a right and
left, which proceed towards the corresponding
parts  of that organ.  The right branch  gives
off the cystic artery.   Before dividing, the he-
patic artery sends off two considerablebrancb.es,
the A. pylorica and Gastro-epiploica dextra.
  Hepatic Duct, Ductus hepat'icus, (F.) Ca-
nal hepatique, is about three  fingers' breadth
in length, and of the size of a quill.   It is
formed by the  union of  the biliary ducts, and
joins  the  cystic  duct at a very acute angle, to
form  the ductus choledochus.   Its function is
to convey the bile from the liver towards the
duodenum.
  Hepatic Plexus, Plexus hepaticus, consists
of nervous filaments, sent by the cceliac plexus
to the liver, which accompany the hepatic ar-
tery.
  Hepatic Veins or Supra-hepatic veins, Vena
cava kepaticae, (F.) Veines sus-hipatiques, In-
tralobular veins, do  not follow the course of
the arteries of the same  name.  They arise in
the substance of the  liver; converge towards
the posterior  margin of  that viscus, and open
into the vena cava inferior.  They convey away
the blood carried to the liver by the hepatic ar-
tery and vena porta.
  HEPAT'ICA.   A  name formerly given to
medicines which were believed capable  of re-
moving diseases of the liver.
  Hepatica, Anemone hepatica, see H. triloba
—h. Americana, H. triloba—h.  Fontana, Mar-
chantia polymorpha—h. Nobilis, Anemone he-
patica—h. Stellata, Asperula odorata.
  Hepatica Tril'oba, H.  America'na, Trifo'-
lium  au'reum, Liverwort,  Liverweed, Trefoil,
Noble  Liverwort, (F.) Hepatique des jardins.
This plant—Hepat'ica (Ph. U. S.)—is a  gentle
astringent, but not possessed of much virtue.
  HEPATICULA, Hepatitis, chronic.
  HEPATICUS, Hepateros—h. Flos, Anemone
hepatica.
  HEPATIFICATIO, Hepatization.
  HEPATIQUE ETOILkE, Asperula odorata
—h. des Fontaines, Marchantia  polymorpha__
h. des Jardins, Hepatica triloba.
  HEPATIRRHCE'A, Fluxus hepat'icus, Dys-
enteria hepat'ica, Diarrha'a hepaticx,  Hepa-
torrha'a,   Hepatocholorrha'a,    Hepatodysen-
teria,  Hepatorrha'gia, Haemate'ra,  Aimate'ra,
(F.)  Flux hipatique, from 'r/7r=to, 'the  liver,'
and i>iu},  'I  flow.'   A  species of diarrhoea
 in which the excreted  matters seem to come
 from the liver, or are much mixed with bile.
   HEPATIS  EMUNCTORIA,  Inguen-h.
 Suspensonum,  Ligament, suspensory, of the
 liver.
   HEPATISATIO, Hepatization—h. Pulmo-
 num, Hepatization of the Lungs.
   HkPATISATION,  Hepatization—h. Grise,
 see Hepatization—A. Rouge, see Hepatization'
   HEPATITES VENA, Cava vena.
   HEPATI'TIS, Empres'ma hepatitis, Cauma
 hepatitis, Inflamma'tio he'patis, I. Jecino'ris
 Febris  hepat'ica  inflammato'ria, Bepatal'gia
 phlegmono'i 'des,Morbus jecino'ris, Hepatophleg'-
 mone, Inflammation of the liver, (F.) Hepatite
 Inflammation du foie, Piece (Provincial.)  It
 may be seated either in the peritoneal covering,
 Sero-hepati'tis, or in the substance of the liver, or
 in both,  Puro-hepatltis,  and  may be acute or
 chronic. The peculiar symptoms are;—pain in
 the right hypochondrium, shooting to the back
 and right shoulder, and increased  on pressure;
 difficulty of lying on the left side; sometimes
 jaundice with cough, and synocha. Its termina-
 tion is generally by resolution: in tropical cli-
 mates it often runs on to suppuration, Jec'oris
 vom'ica, Hepatitis apostemato'sa, the abscess
 breaking either externally, or forming a commu-
 nication with the intestines or chest, or breaking
 into the cavity of the abdomen.  The causes are
 those of inflammation  in general.  Heat pre-
 disposes to it;  hence  its greater frequency in
 hot climates.   On dissection of those who have
 died of it, the liver has  been found  hard and
 enlarged; colour of a deep purple; or the mem-
 branes have been more  or less vascular; or ad-
 hesions,  or tubercles, or hydatids, or abscesses,
 or biliary calculi may be met with.   The
 treatment must be bold.  Bleeding, general and
 local, fomentations, blisters, purgatives, and the
 antiphlogistic regimen.   In hot climates espe-
 cially, a new action must be excited by mercury
 as early as possible.
   Hepatitis Apostematosa,  see Hepatitis.
  Hepatitis, Chronic, Hepatitis chronica, In-
flamma'tio he'patis lenta, Hepatitis occulta, He-
 patic ula,Subinflamma'tio he'patis, ( F.) Chrorio-
 hipatite, Chronic liver  disease, is not as com-
 mon as is believed.  It may be suspected from
 the  existence of the  symptoms  above  men-
 tioned, when in a minor  degree; enlargement,
 constant dull  pain in the region of the liver;
 sallow countenance; high-coloured urine; clay-
 coloured faeces, &c.  The great object of treat-
 ment is to excite a new action by mercury and
 counter-irritants, and to keep the liver free by
 cathartics.
  Hepatitis  Cystica,  Cholecystitis—h.  Oc-
 culta, H. chronic.
   HEPATIZATION,  Hepatisa'tio,  Hepatifi-
 ca'tio, from '^n-nq,' the liver.'   Conversion into
 a liver-like substance.   Applied to the lungs
 when gorged with effused matters, so that they
 are no longer pervious to the air ;—Hepatisa'tio
 pulmo'num, Carnifica'tio pulmo'num.  In such
 state, they are said to be hepatized.
   Hepatization, Red,(F.) Hipatisationrouge,
 Endurcissement rouge, Ramollissement rouge,
 characterizes the first stage of consolidation of
 the lungs in pneumonia.
   Hepatization, Gray, (F.)  Hipatisation
 grise, Induration grise, Ramollissement  gris, 
HEPATIZON               421                  HERBA
 Infiltration purulente, characterizes the third
 stage, or stage of purulent infiltration.
   HEPATIZON, Chloasma.
   HEPATOC'ACE, from V«e,  'liver,' and
 y.axc(, 'evil.'  Gangrene of the liver.
   HEPATOCE'LK,, from'»7iag,'the liver,'and
 Ml*, 'a tumour;' Her'nia hepat'ica;  Hernia
 of the Liver.   The liver has never been found
 entirely out of the abdominal cavity.  Increase
 of its bulk, or injuries of the parietes of the ab-
 domen, have been the sole cause of the protru-
 sions which have  been  occasionally met with,
 especially in infants, in whom the upper part of
 the linea alba  is very weak, and indeed scarcely
 seems to exist.  Sauvages has  distinguished
 two species of hepatocele:—the ventral (in the
 linea alba,) and the umbilical or hepatomphalum.
   HEPATOCHOLORRHCEA, Hepatirrhoea.
   HEPATOCO'LICUM.  A  ligament of the
 liver, described by Haller, as  passing from the
 gall-bladder  and  contiguous  sinus portarum,
 across the duodenum to the colon.  Another,
 termed Hepato-renal, descends from the root of
 the  liver to the kidney.  They are both peri-
 toneal.
   REPATOCYS'TIC,Hepatocys'ticus,Cystid-
 rpat'icus,fxom  'nvaP, 'the  liver,' and xvotis,
 ' bladder.'   Relating  to the liver and gall-blad-
 der.
   Hepatocystic ~DuCT,Ductus hepatocyst'icus,
 Choledoch duct.
   HEPATODYNIA, Hepatalgia.
   HEPATODYSENTERIA,  Hepatirrhoea.
   HEPATOGASTRIC, Gastrohepatic.
   HEPATOGASTROCHOLOSIS, Fever bi-
 lious, Fever, gastric.
   HEPATOGRAPHY,  Hepatogra'phia; from
 '*rag, 'the  liver,'and  y§*?», 'a description.'
 The part of anatomy which describes the liver.
   HEPATOH^E'MIA,   Hyperemia he'patis,
 Hepatic Engorgement, (F.) Hyperimie du Foie,
 from 'mrnq,' the liver,' and 'aifta,' blood.' San-
 guineous congestion of the liver.
   HEPATODES, Hepatic.
   HEPATOIDES, Hepatic.
   HEPATOLITHPASIS,  from  '^raq,  'the
 livex,'and hiSiao-ic, ' formation of stone.'   The
 formation of  concretions, Hepatolitki, in the
 liver.
   HEPATOL'OGY, Hepatolog'ia, from '^nag,
 'the liver,' and Xoyog, 'a discourse,'' treatise.'
 A treatise on the liver.
   HEPATOMALA'CIA, Malaco'sis he'patis,
 (F.) Ramollissement du Foie.  Softening of the
 liver.
   HEPATOMYELOMA, Hepatencephaloma.
   HEPATON'CUS, from 'nr*e,  'the  liver,'
 and  oyxoc,  ' a tumour.'  Tumefaction of the
 liver.
   HEPATOPAREC'TAMA,  from 'nnag, 'the
 liver,'and TagfKTa^a,' considerable extension.'
 Excessive enlargement of the liver.
   HEPATOPATHI'A,   from   '„/r*o,  'liver,'
 and a-ufloc, ' suffering.'  Disease of the liver.
  HEP ATOP ATH IE CANCER EUSE,  He-
 patoscirrhus—h. Tuberculeuse, Hipatostrumo-
 sie.
   HEPATOPHLEGMONE, Hepatitis.
  HEPATOPHTHI'SIS, Phthisis hepat'ica,
from '»//?«§, 'the liver,' and q>8ia>, 'I consume.'
Consumption from suppuration of the liver.
  HEPATORRHAGIA,  Hepatirrhoea,  Hepat-
haemorrhagia.
   HEPATORRHEX'IS, from 'n?r*q,  'liver,'
 and e,iiitg, « rupture.'  Rupture of the liver.
   HtiPATORRHCEA, Hepatirrhoea.
   HEPATOSARCOMIE, Hepatoscirrhus.
   HEPATOSCIR'RHUS, from V«?,  ' liver,'
 and o-xip^ot, ' cancerous induration.'  Scirrhus
 he'patis, Encephalo'sis of the liver, Carcino'ma
 of the liver, (F.) Hipatosarcomie, Hipatopathie
 cancireuse,  Caneer du Foie.  Scirrhus  or Can-
 cer of the liver.
   HEPATOSTRUMOSIE, Tuber'cula he'pa-
 tis, (F'.) Tuberrules duFoie, Hipatopathie tuber-
 culeuse; from 'rfta.%, 'the  liver,' and  struma,
 'a tumour,' 'a  scrophulous tumour.'  Tuber-
 cle of the liver.
   HEPATOT'OMY, from V«o, 'the liver,'
 and rifivw, ' I cut.'  Dissection of the liver.
   HEPIALOS,  Epialos.
   HEPS, see Rosa canina.
   HEPSEMA, Decoction.
   HEPSESIS, Decoction.
   HEPTAL'LON GRAVEOLENS, Hogwort,
 Bear's fright.   An indigenous plant, which has
 a  fetid porcine smell; and is said to be  used by
 the Indians as a diaphoretic, cathartic, &c.
   HEPTAPHAR'MACUM,  from 'trrra,  'se-
 ven,'and ya.qy.axov, 'a  remedy.'   A medicine
 composed of seven  substances; cerusse, lith-
 arge, pitch,  wax, colophony,  frankincense, and
 bullock's fat.  It was regarded as laxative, sup-
 purative and healing.
   HEPTAPHYLLUM, Tormentilla.
   HEPTAPLEURON,  Plantago major.
   HERACLEUM, see H. lanatum—h. Gummi-
 ferum, see Ammoniac gum.
   Heracle'um  Spondyl'ium, Branca  ursi'na
 Germanica, Spondyl'ium,  Cow Parsnep, All-
 heal,  (F.) Berce, Branc-ursine bdtarde, Fausse
 Acanthe.   Family, Umbelliferae.  Sex. Syst.
 Pentandria Digynia.  The root of this  plant
 has a strong, rank smell; and a pungent almost
 caustic taste.  It has been given as a tonic, sto-
 machic  and  carminative; both in powder and
 in decoction.  The Russians, Lithuanians, and
 Poles obtain from  its seeds and leaves, by fer-
 mentation, a very intoxicating spirituous liquor,
 which they call  Parst.
   The root of Heracle'um Lana'tum, Master-
 wort, Cow parsnep,—Heracle'um (Ph. U. S.)__
 is  in the secondary list of the Pharmacopoeia of
 the United States.
   HERACLEUS MORBUS,  Epilepsy.
   HERB, Herba, Bot'anS.   Any ligneous plant
 which loses its stalk during the winter.
   Herb Christopher,  Actaea  spicata—h. of
 Grace, Gratiola  officinalis—h. Mastich,  com-
 mon,  Thymus mastichina—h. Mastich,  Syrian,
 Teucrium marum—h. Robert, Geranium Rober-
 tianum — h.  of  Saint Cunegonde, Eupatorium
 cannabinum—h.  Sophia, Sisymbrium sophia—
 h.  Trinity, Anemone hepatica.
   HERBA, Herb—h. Alexandrina, Smyrnium
 olusatrum—h. Anthos, Rosmarinus—h. Benedic-
 ta, Geum urbanum—h.Britannica, Rumex hydro-
 lapathum—h. Canni,  Artemisia santonica—h.
 Cardiaca, Leonurus cardiaca—h. Cardui vene-
 ris, Dipsacus fullonum—h. Dorea, Solidago vir-
gaurea—h. Felis, Nepeta—h. Genipi, Achillea
atrata—h. Ignis, Lichen pyxidatus—h.  Melan-
cholifuga, Fumaria—h. Militaris, Achillea mil-
lefolium—h. Papillaris,  Lapsana —h. Paraly-
seos, Primula veris—h. Paralytica, Primula ve- 
HERB^E PRO ENEMATE
422
HERNIA
ris—h.  Patae  lapinae, Leonuru3 cardiaca — h.
Pulicaris,  Plantago  psyllium — h.  Quercini,
Lichen  phcatus—h.  Sacra, Verbena officinalis
—h. Salivaris, Anthemis pyrethrum—h. Sideri-
tidis, Galeopsis grandiflora—h.  Tabaci,  Nico-
tiana tabacum—h. Trinitatis, Anemone hepati-
ca—h. Trinitatis, Viola tricolor—h. Veneris,
Adiantum  pedatum—h. Ventis, Anemone Pul-
satilla—h.  Zazarhendi, Origanum.
   HERBvE PRO ENEMATE,  Glyster  herbs
—h. pro fotu, Fomentation herbs.
   HERBALIST, Herborist.
   HERBARIUM, from herba, a plant.  A col-
lection of plants.  Generally applied to a collec-
tion of dried plants—Hor tus  siccus.  In  Phar-
macy, a plant that is used entire.
   HERBARIUS, Herborist.
   HERBE, Herb—k.  au Cancer,  Plumbago
Europaea—h.aux Chantres, Erysimum—h. aux
Charpentiers, Justitia pectoral is—h. aux Chats,
Nepeta, Teucrium marum—h. au  Coq, Tana-
cetum balsamita—h. au  Cuillers, Cochlearia
officinalis — h. aux  Ecrouelles, Scrophularia
nodosa—h. aux kcus, Lysimachia  nummularia
—h.  a Eternuer, Achillea ptarmica — h. aux
Gueux, Clematis vitalba—h.  a la Houette, As-
clepias Syriaca—h. aux  Mamelles, Lapsana—h.
aux Mouches, Conyza squarrosa—h. au Pauvre
homme, Gratiola officinalis — h. aux Perles,
Lithospermum officinale—h.  u Pisser, Pyrola
umbellata—h. d la Poudre de Chypre, Hibis-
cus  abelmoschus—h. aux Poux,  Delphinium
staphisagria—h. aux Puces commune, Plantago
psyllium—h. a Robert, Geranium Robertianum
—h. de Sainte Barbe, Erysimum barbarea—h.
Sainte Christophe, Actaea spicata—h. de Saint
ktienne,  Circaea lutetiana—/*. de Saint Jean,
Artemisia  vulgaris—h.  de Saint Roc.h,  Inula
dysenterica—h. aux Sorciers, Circar-a lutetiana
—h. aux Vermes, Heliotropium Europaeum.
   HERBIVOROUS, Herbiv'orus,  from herba,
' grass,' and voro, ' I  eat.'  An epithet applied
to animals  which feed on herbs.
   HER'BORIST, Herba'rius.  One who  deals
in useful plants.  An Herb'alist or  Herb'arist.
   HERBORIZA'TION,Her4aV«wi  inquisifio.
An excursion, made with the view of collect-
ing plants.   Such excursions are  directed by
the Apothecaries' Company of London, for the
use of their apprentices, &c.
  HERBS, FIVE CAPILLARY, Quinque her-
ba capillares, were, anciently, hart's tongue,
black, white, and  golden maiden-hair,  and
spleenwort.
  Herbs, Five Emol'lient,  Quinque  herba
emollien'tes,  were, anciently,  beet, mallow,
marsh-mallow, French mercury, and violet.
  HERCULES ALLHEAL,  Pastinaca opopo-
nax.
  HERCULEUS MORBUS,  Epilepsy.
  HEREDITARY, Haredita'rius, Heredita'-
dus,  Gentilitius, Sym'phytos, Syn'gcnes, from
hares, ' an  heir.'  An epithet given to diseases,
communicated from progenitors.  Such diseases
may exist at birth; or they may supervene at a
more  or less advanced period  of existence.
  HERMAPHRODE'ITY,  Hermaphrodis'ia,
Hermaphroditis mus, Hermaphrodis'mus,  Fab'-
dca  androg"yna, Androgyn'ia,  Gynan'dria,
Hermaph'rodism; from 'Egu»;c, 'Mercury,' and
Aipe.uv'iTii,'  Venus.'  Appertaining  to Mercury
and Venus.  Union  of  the two sexes in the
»&me  individual.
  HERMAPHRODISIA,Hermaphrodcity.
  HERMAPHRODITE. Same etymon.  Her-
maphrodi'tus, Gynida,  Androg"ynus.  One
who possesses the  attributes of male  and fe-
male : who unites in himself the two sexes.  A
term, applied to an  animal or plant which is, at
the same time,  both  male and female.  True
hermaphrodites are  only met with in the lower
degrees of the animal scale, amongst the zoo-
phytes, mollusca, or  gasteropodes.  The indi-
viduals of the human species, regarded as her-
maphrodites, owe this appearance to a vicious
conformation of the genital organs; a  kind of
monstrosity, which renders them unfit for ge-
neration,  although  an attentive  examination
may exhibit the true sex.   Hermaphrodites
have, likewise, been described, who, instead of
uniting  the attributes of  both sexes, cannot be
considered male or  female. These have been
called neutral hermaphrodites.
  HERMAPHRODiTlSMUSHermaphrodeity.
  HERMAPHRODITUS,  Hermaphrodite.
  HERMET'ICA  DOCTRI'NA,  Hermetica
ars, (F.) Hermitiqne.   The doctrine of Hermes,
a celebrated Egyptian philosopher, who is con-
sidered  the father of alchemy.  That  part of
chymistry, whose  object  was the pretended
transmutation of the metals.
  HERMODAC'TYLUS, Dactyle'tus, An'ima
articulo'rum, from 'V^w, ' Mercury,' and iax-
xvXsg, '  a finger;' or rather from Hermus, a ri-
ver in  Asia, upon whose banks it grows, and
SaxTvXoc. ' a date;' or  from 'Ep^c 'Mercury,'
and  da-xTvXx, 'a  date;'   (F.) Hermodactyle,
Hermodacte ou Hermodate.  The  root of the
Hermodactyl was formerly used as a cathartic.
By some, it is supposed to be identical with the
Ids tubero'sa.  The best testimony seems to be
in favour of its  being a  variety of the colchi-
cum,—the Colchicum Illyr'icum.
  HERMODA TE, Hermodactylus.
  HERMOPH'ILUS,  from 'E^»,c, 'Mercury,'
and (fiAoc,' a lover.'  One  who is fond of mer-
cury as a medicine.
  HER'NIA, Ramex, Ruptu'ra, R. hemio'sa,
Crepatu ra, Ectopia hemio'sa, Cel', Rupture,
(F.) Hargne, Descente, Effort, Greveure, Rom-
penre.   Any tumour,  formed by the displace-
ment of a viscus or  a portion of a viscus, which
has escaped from its  natural  cavity by some
aperture and projects externally.  Hernia? have
been divided into,—1. Hernia of the  Brain;
Encephalocele; 2 Hernia of the Thorax; Pneu-
mocele; 3. Hernia of the Abdomen.
  Abdominal Hemiae axe remarkable for their
frequency, variety, and  the danger  attending
them.   They are produced by the protrusion of
the  viscera, contained in  the abdomen, through
the natural or accidental apertures in the parietes
of that  cavity.   The  organs, which form them
most frequently, are the intestines and the epi-
ploon.   These hernial have been divided, accord-
ing to the aperture  by which they escape, into:
  1. In guiualox Supra-Pu'bianHerniae. These
issue by  the inguinal canal:  they are called
Bubonoce'le, when small; and Scrotal  Hernia
or Oscheocele, in man, when they descend into
the scrotum;—Vulvar  Hernia  or  Puden'dal
or La'bial Hernia, Episioce'lB, in women, when
they extend to the labia majora.  2. Crural or
Fem'oral  Hernia, Me'roce'te, wheri they issue
by the  crural canal.  3. In.fra-Pu'bian Hernia,
(F.) Hemie sous-pubienne, Oodeoce'le, Her'nia 
HERNIA                 423          HERNIE CHARNUE
I'ora/m'inis ova'lis, where the viscera escape
through  the  opening,  which gives passage to
the infra-pubian vessels.  4. Ischiat'ic Hernia;
when it  takes  place through the  sacro-sciatic
notch. 5. Umbilical Hernia, Exom'phalos, Om-
phaloce'le; when it occurs at the  umbilicus or
near  it.   6.  Epigas'tric  Hernia ; — occurring
through the linea alba, above the umbilicus.  7.
Hypogas'tric or Infra-umbilical Hernia, Calio-
ce'le, Hypogastrore'le,—when it occurs through
the linea  alba  below  the  umbilicus.  8.  Peri-
na'al Hernia,  Mesoscelocele, Her'nia perinae'i,
Pednaoce'le, Perineoce'le— when it takes place
through the levator ani, and appears at the pe-
rineum.   9.  Vag'inal  Hernia, Coleoce'lB seu
Elytrocele—through the parietes of the vagina.
10. Diaphragmatic Hernia, Diaphragmatoce' -
Ii; when it passes through the diaphragm.
   Herniae are likewise distinguished,—accord-
ing to the viscera forming them,—into  Entero-
ce'le, Epiploce'le, En'tero-epi/doce'le,(lastroce'le,
Cysloce'le, Hepatoce'le, Splenoce'li, &c.
   When a hernia can be restored to  its natural
cavity, by the aid of pressure, &c, properly ap-
plied, it  is said to be reducible.   It  is, on the
contrary, irreducible, when adhesion, bulk, &c.
oppose its return.  When the aperture, which
has given passage to the hernia, occasions more
or less constriction on the protruded portion,
the hernia is said to be incarcerated or strangu-
lated: and, if the constriction  be not removed,
constipation, hiccough, vomiting, and all the
signs of violent inflammation, followed  by gan-
grene, supervene, with alteration of  the fea-
tures, small pulse, cold extremities, and death.
   The therapeutical indications are,—1. As re-
gards reducible hernia;—to replace the viscera
in the abdomen by the taxis; and to retain them
there by the use of a truss, which, if properly
adapted, may effect a radical cure.   2. As  re-
gards irreducible hernia;—to support the tumour
by an appropriate suspensory  bandage.   3. As
regards strangulated  hernia:—to have recourse
to the taxis;  blood-letting; warm bath;  tobacco
glysters; ice to the tumour; and, if these should
not succeed, to perform  an operation, which
consists  in dividing the covering of the hernia,
and cutting the aponeurotic ring,  which causes
the strangulation ;—reducing the displaced vis-
cera, unless their diseased condition should re-
quire them to  be  retained  without;—dressing
the wound appropriately ; restoring the course
of the faeces by means of gentle glysters ;—pre-
venting or combating inflammation of the ab-
dominal   viscera ;—conducting the  wound to
cicatrization, by appropriate means ; and after-
wards supporting the cicatrix  by  a bandage.
   Hernia, Aneurismal, Cirsomphalus—h. Ar-
teriarum,  see  Aneurism—h. of  the Bladder,
C.ystocele—h.   Bronchialis,  Bronchocele—h.
Carnosa, Sarcocele—h. of the Cerebellum, Pa-
rencephalocele—h. Cerebri, Encephalocele.
   Hernia, Concen'ital,  Hernia congenita, is
a protrusion  of some  of the contents of the ab-
domen into the Tunica vaginalis  testis, owing
to a want of adhesion between its sides, after
the descent of the testicle.
   Hernia Corneje, Ceratocele—h. Crural, Me-
rocele—h. Epiploic,  Epiplocele—h.  Femoral,
Merocele—h. Foraminis  Ovalis,  see  Hernia—
h. Gutturis,  Bronchocele—h. Hepatica, Hepa-
it»cele.
   Hernia Hlmora'lis, Empres'ma  Orchitis,
Didymi'tis, Orchitis, Orchidi'tis, Inflamma'-
tio  tes'tium, Infiamma'tion  of  the  Testicle,
Swelled  Testicle, Hernia  Ven'eris, Orchioce'le,
Orihidoce'le, Orchidon'cus,  (F.) Inflammation
du testicule, Orckite, Chaudepisse tombie dans
les Bourses.   Swelling and inflammation of the
testicle is a common  symptom of gonorrhcea;
but it may arise from external injuries, or from
other causes.  It is a disease, which cannot be
mistaken, and the treatment must obviously be
strongly  antiphlogistic, supporting  the testicle
during the treatment, and for some time after-
wards : methodical compression has also been
found useful.  The disease is not generally of
a serious character, going off as suddenly as  it
comes on.   As it affects  the epididymis more
especially, when supervening on  gonorrhcea or
blennorrhcea, it  is sometimes termed blennor-
rkag"ic epididymitis.
  Hernia Incarcerata, Entero-peristole—h.
Inguinalis, Bubonocele—h. Intestinalis, Entero-
cele—h.  Intestinalis omentalis, Entero-epiplo-
cele — h. Iridis, Ptosis Iridis — h. Ischiatrca,
Ischiocele—h. Lienalis, Splenocele.
  Her'nia Lit'rica, H. e Divertic'ulo Intestl-
ni.   Hernia first described by Litre,  in  which
the intestinal canal proper is not included in the
hernial sac, the  protruded portion  of intestine
consisting of a digital prolongation of the ileum,
which Litre concluded was formed by the gra-
dual extension of a knuckle of the  bowel, that
had been engaged in the inguinal canal.
  Hernia of the Liver, Hepatocele—h. Omen-
tal, Epiplocele—h. Parorchido-enterica, Paror-
chido-enterocele—h. Perinaei,  see  Hernia—h.
Pharyngis, Pharyngocele—h.Phrenic,Diaphrag-
matic hernia—h.Pinguedinosa Scroti, Liparocele
—h. of the Pleura, Pleurocele—h. Pleurica et
pulmonalis, Pleurocele—h. Pudendal,  Pudendal
hernia—h. Sacci lacrymalis, Lachrymal hernia,
Mucocele—h.Scrotalis,Scrotocele—h.Seminalis
scroti, Spermatocele—h. of the Stomach, Gas-
trocele—h. Suprapubian, H. inguinal—h. of the
Tongue,  Glossocele—h. Umbilicalis, Epiplom-
phalon, Exomphalos—h. Umbilici Aquosa, Hy-
dromphalum—h. Uteri, Hysterocele—h. Vari-
cose, Cirsocele—h. Varicosa, Varicocele—h.
Venarum, Varix—h. Veneris, Hernia humoralis
—h. Ventosa, Physocele—h. Ventral, see Ven-
tral—h. Ventriculi, Gastrocele—h. Vesicae Uri-
naria?, Cystocele—h. Zirbalis, Epiplocele.
  HERNIAIRE, Hernial, Herniaria glabra.
  HER'NIAL,  Hernia'rius,  (F.) Herniaire.
Belonging to, or concerning hernia:—as Her-
nial Bandage, Hernial Sac, &c.
  The (F.) Hernii, is applied to a part enve-
loped in a hernial sac ;  Hemieux, Cele'ta, Celo'-
tes, Rup'tured, means one affected with hernia;
and Ckirurgien herniaire, one who devotes him-
self to the treatment of hernia.
  HERNIA'RIA GLABRA, Milligra'na, Em'-
petrum, Rupture-wort; from hernia, ' rupture.'
(F.)  Herniaire,  Tarquette,  Ilerniole.  This
plant, which, as its name imports, was formerly
considered efficacious  in  the cure of  hernia,
seems destitute of all virtues.
  HERNIARIUS, Hernial.
  HERNIE  CHARNUE,  Sarcocele—h.  de
PEpiploon, Epiplocele—h. de PEstomac, Gas-
trocele—h.Inguinale, Bubonocele—h. du Nom-
bril, Exomphalos—k.  Ombilicale, Exomphalos
—h. de la Vessie, Cystocele. 
HERNIE
424
HETEROS
   HERNlk, Hernial.
   KFA\mFMF]lRAG'M[l§,Herniemphrax'is,
 from  Hernia,  and  tuipqxyfto;, 'obstruction.'
 The  mechanical obstruction of a hernial canal
 for the radical cure of the hernia.
   HERNIEUX, Hernial.
   HERNIOLE, Hermaria glabra.
   HERNIOT'OMY,  Celotomia.
   HEROIC,  Hero'icus,  Heroins,  Hero'us,
 from '»04jc, ' a hero.'   An epithet applied to re-
 medies or practice of a violent character.
   HERPEDON, Herpes.
   HERPEN, Herpes.
   HERPES, Erpes,  Herpe'don, Herpen, from
 'tqnu,' I creep;' because it creeps and spreads
 about the skin; Ecphly'sis Herpes, Cytis'ma
 Herpes, Tetter,Fret, (F.) Dartre, Olophlyctide.
 A vesicular disease, which, in most of its forms,
 passes through a regular course of increase, ma-
 turation,  decline, and termination in from  10
 to 14 days.  The vesicles arise in distinct, but
 irregular clusters, which commonly appear  in
 quick succession, and near together, on an in-
 flamed base; generally attended with heat, pain,
 and considerable constitutional  disorder.  The
 term, like all others which refer to cutaneous
 diseases, has not been accurately defined. The
 ancients had three varieties;  the miliary, n.ty-
 xe.tuio(; vesic'ular, yhvKTaivtudrig, andero'ding,
 ta-dioyivog.  Bateman has  the following varie-
 ties.   1.  Herpes PhlyctjEno'des, Herpes mi-
 lia'ris, Ecphly'sis Herpes Milia'ris, (F.)Dartre
 phlycteno'ide, in which the vesicles  are millet-
 sized; pellucid; clusters commencing on an un-
 certain part of the body, and being progressively
 strewed over the rest of the surface; succeeded
 by fresh  crops.  2.  Herpes  Zoster,  Zoster,
 Zona ig'nea, Z. serpigino'sa, Ignis Per'sicus,
 Cinzilla, Sacer ignis, Ecphly'sis Herpes zoster,
 Herpes  peris'celis, Erysip'elas zoster, Erysip'-
 elas phlyctano'i'des, E. pustulo'sa, Zona, Cir'-
 cinus, Perizo'ma, (F.) Ceinture, C. dartreuse,
 Feu Persique, krysipele pustuleux, Shingles :
 in which the vesicles are pearl-sized; the clus-
 ters spreading round  the body like a girdle:
 at times  confluent, and occasionally preceded
 by constitutional irritation.  3. Herpes Circi-
 na'tus, Formica ambulato'ria, An'nulus repens,
 Herpes  Serpigo, Serpigo, Ecphly'sis  Herpes
 Circina'tus, Ringworm, Vesic'ular  Ringworm,
 consisting of vesicles with  a reddish base,
 uniting in rings: the  area of the rings slightly
 discoloured, often followed by fresh crops.   4.
 Herpes Labia'lis, and 5. Herpes  PrjEputia'-
 lis,  Aphtha prapu'tii,  Ulcus'cida prapu'tii,
 appearing, respectively, on  the lips and pre-
 puce:—6. Herpes Iris, Iris, Rainbow-worm,
 —occurring in small circular patches, each  of
 which is  composed of concentric rings of dif-
 ferent colours.   To these may be added, Her-
 pes Ex'edsns, Ecphly'sis Heipes ex'edens, Her-
pes esthiom'enus, H.  depas'cens, H. ferus, H.
 estiom'enus, Lupus vorax, Formica corrosi'va,
Formix, Pap'ula fera,  Ulcerative  Ringworm,
 Nir'les,  A'gria, (F.)  Dartre  rongiante,   in
 which the vesicles are hard; clusters thronged;
 fluid dense, yellow or reddish, hot, acrid, cor-
 roding the subjacent skin, and spreading in ser-
 pentine trails.
  All the  varieties  demand simply an antiphlo-
 gistic treatment, when attended with febrile
 irritation.  The  herpes  circinatus, alone, re-
 quires the use of astringent applications, which
 have the power of repressing the eruption.
   Herpes Depascens, H. exedens—h.  Esthio-
 menus, H. exedens—h. Estiomenus, H. exedens
 —h. Farinosus, Pityriasis—h. Ferus, H. exe-
 dens—h. Furfuraceus, Pityriasis—h. Furfura-
 ceus circinatus, Lepra, H. exedens—h. Miliaris
 H. phlyctaenoides—h. Periscelis, H. zoster—h.'
 Serpigo, H. circinatus—h. Tonsurans, Porrigo
 decalvans.
   HERPET'IC,  Herpeficus,  (F.) Dartreux.
 Possessing the nature of herpes.
   HERPETOG'RAPHY,  Herpetograph'ia;
 from 'fp7r»f,  ' herpes,' and yo*<j»;, ' a descrip-
 tion.'   A description of the different forms of
 herpes.
   HERPE'TON,  Herpeticon, from 'e§b-8/», 'to
 creep.'  A creeping eruption  or ulcer.—Hip-
 pocrates.
   HERPYLOS, Thymus serpyllum.
   HERRENSCHWAND'S  SPECIFIC,  see
 Specific of Herrenschwand.
   HESPERIS ALLIARIA, Alliaria.
   HETEROCHRON' 1C US,   Heterocll ronns,
 from 'txtpoc, 'other,' and /gow, 'time.'  Re-
 lating to difference of time.
   Pulsus heterochronies.  A pulse of varying
 rhythm.  An irregular or intermittent pulse.
   HETEROCHYMEU'SIS; from 'mgoc,
 'other,'and ^vutwric, 'mixture.'  A state  of
 the  blood  in which it  contains other matters
 than in health, as  urea, bile, &c.
   HETEROCLITE, see Homology, and Tis-

   HETEROCRANIA, Hemicrania.
   HETEROCRIN'IA, from 'txt^,' other,'and
 x§ii>u), 'I separate.'  Modification in the situa-
 tion of secretions.—Andral.
   HETEROGENESIS, see Generation.
   HETEROLALIA, Heterophonia.
   HETEROLOGOUS TISSUES, see Tissues.
   rIF.TEROMORVH'I^M,He.teromorphis'mns,
 from 'fTfpc?, ' other,' and uoq^n, ' shape.'   A
 deviation from the natural shape of parts.
   HETEROMORPHOUS, see Homology.
   HETEROPATHIC, Allopathic.
   HETEROPHO'NIA,  from  'srE?oc,  'other,'
 and  <pmvt], ' voice.' A cracked or broken voice.
 A change  of  the  voice  or  speech—Heterola'-
 lia.
   HETEROPHTHAL'MIA, from'^oof,
 'other,' and oy&aXuog, 'eye.'  A difference  in
 the  two eyes,—as when one squints, or is of a
 different colour.
   HETEROPLAS'TY,iT<?*ero^'fi«g,i&<«ro-
pla'sia, from  '«Ttgoc, 'other,'  and  TrXao-au, 'I
 form.'  Irregular  plastic or formative opera-
 tions, that do not  admit of exact classifica-
 tion.
   HETEROPROSO'PUS; from '£Tfoof,' differ-
 ent,' and jiqao-urn'A',' countenance.'   Amonster
 having two faces.—Gurlt.
   HET'EROPUS, from  '«t5?oc, 'other,' and
 Tiov:, 'foot.'   One who has one  foot different
 from the other.
   HETEROREXIA, Malacia.
   HETERORRHYTH'MUS;  from  'itiqoc,
 1 other,' and gi;(1«of, ' rhythm.'  Having another
 rhythm.  An  epithet given to  the pulse, when
 it  is  such, in any  individual, as is  usually felt
at a  different age.
   HETEROS, from 'sTtgoc, 'the one of two,'
 ' the other.'  Hence: 
           HETEROSARCOSES          4S

  HETEROSARCO'SES, from 'trtqog,' other,'
and o-«g£, 'flesh.'   A class  of diseases which
consist in the  formation of  accidental  tissues.
—Gendrin.
  HETEROTAX'IA, (F.)  Hiterotaxie: from
'tTfgoc, and  t»;<c, ' order.'   A  malformation,
which consists in  the general transposition  of
organs.  A change in the relation-of organs.
  HETEROTOP'IA, from <mrc,' other,' and
rorrot,' place.'  A deviation from the natural
position of parts.
  HETRE, Fagus sylvatica.
  HEUCHERA,see H. cortusa—h. Acerifolia,
H. Cortusa.
  Heuche'ra  Cortu'sa, H. America'na, H.
Acerifo'lia,  H. Vis'cida, Cortu'sa America'na,
Alum Root, American San'icle, Ground-maple,
Cliff-weed, Split-rock.   The root Heuckera—
(Ph. U. S.)—is a powerful astringent, and is
the basis of  a  cancer powder.  The American
Indians apply the powdered root to wounds,
ulcers, and cancers.  It is  said  to have been
sold for colchicum.
  Heuchera Viscida, H. Cortusa.
  HEUDELOTIA AFRICANA,see Bdellium.
  HEVEA  GUIANENSIS, see  Caoutchouc.
  HEXAGIUM, Sextula.
  HEXIS, 't%i<, habit, habit of body, constitu-
tion.   Hence,  hectic, cachectic, &c.
  HIA'TUS, from kiare,' to gape,' ' to open.'
A foramen or  aperture.  Mouth.   The vulva.
Also, yawning.
  Hiatus Diaphrag'matis Aor'ticus, Semi-
dr'culus exsculp'tus.  The  opening in the dia-
phragm for the passage of the abdominal aorta.
  Hiatus Fallopii, see Aquaeductus  Fallopii
—h. Occipito-pitreux, Lacerum  posterius fora-
men—k.  Spkeno-pitreux,  Lacerum   anterius
foramen.
  Hiatus of Winslow, Fora'men of Winslow.
An opening—situate behind the lesser omen-
tum, and behind the vessels and  nerves of the
liver—which forms a communication between
the peritoneal  cavity and that of  the omenta.
  HIBER'NICUS LAPIS,  Teg'ula Hiber'nica,
Arde'sia  Hiber'nica,  Harde'sia, Irish Slate.
A kind of slate  or very hard  stone, found in
different parts of Ireland, in masses of a bluish-
black colour, which  stains  the hands.  It has
been taken, powdered, in spruce beer, against
inward contusions.
  HIBISCUS, Althaea.
  Hibis'cus Abelmos'chus, Abelmos'chus mos-
cha'tus.   The name of the  plant, whose seeds
are called Grana Moschi or Muskseed.  It is
the Belmus'ckus, Abelmos'chus,  Granum Mos-
chi, Kef mia  JEgyptiaca,  Moschus Ar'abum,
JEgyp'tia moscha'ta, Bamix moscha'ta, Alce'a,
Alcea Ind'ica,  Alcea JEgyptiaca Villo'sa, Abel-
mosch, Abelmusk, Musk-mallow, (F.) Graine
de Muse, Herbe  a la poudre de Chypre,  Am-
brette,  Guimauve veloutie.  It is indigenous in
Egypt and the Indies.  The seeds are chiefly
used as perfumes ;  and especially in the forma-
tion of Cyprus Powder.
  Hibis'cus Popule'us, Balimba'go.   A small
Molucca tree.  The fruit is full of a juice simi-
lar to camboge. The root is emetic. It is used
in chronic diarrhoea, colic, dyspepsia, &c.
  HICCOUGH,  Singultus.
  HICCUP, Singultus.
  HIDRISCHESIS, Hidroschesis.
        2S
5              HILLBERRY

  HIDROA, Desudatio,  kchauboulures,  Hy-
droa, Sudamina.
  HIDRON'OSUS, Hidronu'sus,  from US^t,
' sweat,' and vo<roc, ' a disease.'  Accompanied
by violent  sweats.  Sudor Anglicus.
  HIDRONUSUS, Hidronosus.
  HIDROPEDES1S, Ephidrosis.
  HIDROPHOROS, Sudoriferous.
  HIDROPOETICUM, Sudorific.
  HIDROPYRA, Sudor Anglicus.
  HIDROPYRETOS, Sudor Anglicus.
  HIDRORRHCEA, Ephidrosis.
  HIDROS, 'idqm<;, Sudor, 'sweat.'  Hence—
Hidropyra, Hidrosis, &c.
  HIDROS'CHESIS,  Hidris'chesis,  Reteu'tio
sudo'ris, from 'i8pu>g, ' sweat,' and aytaig, 're-
tention.'  Suppression of perspiration.
  HIDRO'SIS, Hydro'sis,Suda'tio, fxom 'tSpiog,
' sweat.'  Sweating, Ephidrosis.
  HIDROTERION, Achicolum.
  HIDROTERIUM, Sudorific.
  HIDROTICUM, Sudorific.
  HIDRO'TIUM,Diminutiveof'i6>u)S, 'sweat.'
A gentle sweat or perspiration.
  HIDROTOPOEUM, Sudorific.
  HlEBLE, Sambucus ebulus.
  HI/ERA  DIACOLOCYN'THIDOS,  from
'itqog,  ' holy.'  Hiera of Colocynth.  An elec-
tuary,  composed of 10 parts of colocynth,  as
much agaric, germander, white horehound, sta-
chas:—5 parts of opoponax, as muchsagapenum,
parsley, round birthwort root and white pepper;
—4  parts of spikenard, dnnamon, myrrh, and
saffron; and 3 pounds, 3 ounces, and 5 drachms
of honey.
  Hiera of Colocynth, H.  Diacolocynthidos
—h. Logadii, Hiera picra.
  H iera Picra, from 'itqog,' holy,' and mxqog,
' bitter.'   Holy bitter, Pulvis  aloet'icus, for-
merly  called Hiera loga'dii, when made into an
electuary with honey.  It  is now kept in  the
form of dry powder;—prepared by mixing soco-
trine aloes one  pound, with 3 ounces of canella
alba.  See Pulvis aloes cum canella.
   Hiera Syrinx, Vertebral column, Epilepsy.
  HIERACI'TES, 'itqaxirijc, from 'ttqaB,  'a
hawk,' Lapis Acdpitrum.  The ancient name
 of a precious stone; believed to be capable of
 arresting the hemorrhoidal flux.—Pliny, Galen,
 Paulus.
  HIERA'CIUM  MURO'RUM, Pulmona'ria
 Gall ica, Auric'ula mu'ris major, (F.)  Eperviere
des  mur allies,  Pulmonaire des Francois.  A
 European plant, which is a slight tonic.
   Hiera'cium Pilosel'la.  The systematic
 name of the Auric'ula Muris, Pilosel'la, Myo-
 so'tis,   Mouse-ear,  (F.)  Piloselle, Oreille  de
 Souris.  This plant contains a bitter, lactescent
juice:  which has a slight degree of astringency.
 The roots are more powerful  than the leaves.
  HIERANOSUS, Chorea, Epilepsy.
   HIERAX, Accipiter.
   HIEROBOTANE, Verbena officinalis.
  HIEROGLYPH'ICA,  from  'itqog, 'holy,'
and  yXvupot, 'I  carve.'  A  name given to  the
signs employed in medicine; and  also to  the
folds in the hands, feet, and forehead, which
afford chiromancy its pretended  oracles.
  HIEROPYR, Erysipelas.
  HILL'S  BALSAM OF HONEY, see Balsam
of Honey, Hill's—h. Essence of Bardana, Tinc-
tura guaiaci ammoniata.
  HILLBERRY, Gaultheria. 
HILL  FEVER
426
HIRUNDINARIA
  HILL FEVER, see Fever, hill.
  HILON, (F.) Hilum, improperly Hilus.   A
name given by some writers to a small blackish
tumour,  formed by the protrusion of the iris
through an opening in the transparent cornea,
so called from its comparison with  the kite  or
black mark presented by the vicia faba at one
of its extremities.  In Botany, the Hile or Hilum
is the cicatricula of a  seed, which indicates the
place by which it was attached in the cavity of
the pericarp.  It is the  umbilicus of the  seed.
The fissure of the spleen, kidney, &c, is, also,
sometimes called Hilus.
  HILUS, Hilum.
  Hilus Liena'lis, lncisu'ra liena'lis.  The
concave part of the spleen.
  Hilus Rena'lis, lncisu'ra rena'lis. The con-
cave part of the kidney.
  HIMANTOMA, see Himas.
  HIMANTOSIS, Himas.
  HIMAS, 'iftag,  'a  thong  of leather.'  The
uvula; likewise, elongation and extenuation  of
the uvula. It is also called Himanto'sis, Himan-
to'ma. See Staphyloedema.
  HIMEROS, Libido.
  HIP, Haunch—h. Bone, Ischium—h.Disease,
Coxarum morbus—h.  Joint, Coxofemoral arti-
culation—h. J'ree, Rosa canina.
  HIP'PACE, 'innaxn, from 'mnog, ' a horse.'
Ca'seus Equlnus.  A  cheese  prepared  from
mare's milk.
  HIPPANTHRO'PIA,from'i7r7ro?,'ahorse,'
and av&qu>7iog, ' a man.'  A variety of melan-
choly, in which the  patient believes himself
changed to a horse.  The Greek word 'utnav-
dqwnoe, means the fabulous  Centaur.
  HIPP ASIA, Equitation.
  HIPPEIA, Equitation.
  HIPPEUSIS, Equitation.
  H IPPlATER,  Hippiatrps, Med'icus equa'-
rius.  A farrier.   A  horse doctor.   Used also
for one who treats the diseases of other domestic
animals;  Veterina'rius,  Mulomed'icus, Med'i-
cus Veterina'rius, Zoiatrus.
  HIPPIATRI'A,  Hippiat'rica, Hippiat'rice,
Mediclna equa'ria, from lmno;, 'a  horse,' and
/arotxj), 'medicine,' (F.) Hippiatrique.  A sci-
ence, whose object is  the knowledge of the dis-
eases of the horse.  It  is  sometimes made to in-
clude other domestic animals.  See  Veterinary

  HIPPIATRIQUE, Hippiatria.
  HIPPIATRUS,  Hippiater.
  HIPPO, Euphorbia corollata—h. Indian, Gil-
lenia trifoliata.
  HIPPOCAMPE GRANDE, Cornu  am-
monis.
  HIPPOCAMPUS MAJOR, Cornu ammonis.
  Hippocam'pus Minor,Pes hippocampi minor,
Pes hippopot'ami minor, Unguis, Unguis Hal-
leri, O'crea, Collic'ulus ca'veas, posterio'ris ven-
triculo'rum latera'lium, Calcar a1 vis, Un'ciform
Eminence, (F.) Ergot, Eperon.  A medullary
tubercle or projection, observed in the posterior
cornu of the lateral ventricle of the brain.
  HIPPOCRAS, Claret.
  HIPPOCRATES, CAP OF, Bonnet d'Hippo-
crate—h. Sleeve, Chausse.
  HIPPOCRAT'IC, Hippocrat'icus. Relating
to Hippocrates, or  concerning his doctrine,—
as Hippocratic doctrine, Hippocratic face,  &c.
  HIPPOC'RATIST.  A partisan of the Hip-
pocratic doctrine.
   HIPPOGONYOLEPUS, Crusta genu equins.
   HIPPOLAPATHUM, Rumex patientia.
   HIPPOLITHUS, Bezoard of the Horse.
   HIPPOMARATHRUM, Peucedanum silaus.
   HIPP OP ATHOL'OGY, Hippopatholog' ia,
from 'innoc, ' a horse,' naSof, ' a disease,' and
Xoyos, ' a discourse.'  A knowledge of the dis-
eases of the horse.  Pathology of the horse.
   HIPPOPUS, see Kyllosis.
   HIPPOS, Equus.
   HIPPOSELINUM, Smyrnium olusatrum.
   HIPPOSTEOL'OGY, Hipposteolog"ia, from
'in-Trot, ' a horse,' ootsoi', ' a bone,' and hoyo;,' a
discourse.'  Osteology of the horse.
   HIPPOT'OMY, Hippotom'ia, from 'i^oc, ' a
horse,'  and xt/xvtir, ' to cut.'  Anatomy of the
horse.
   HIPPURIC ACID, see Acid, hippuric.
   HIPPU'RIS  VULGA'RIS, from '«tt0?, <a
horse,' and ovq*, 'a tail.'  The systematic name
of the  Horse's  Tail, Mare's  Tail% Equise'-
tum minus, Equise turn, (F.) Prele, Presle,
Asprele.  It is  an astringent,  and frequently
used, as tea, by the  vulgar, in diarrhoea and
hemorrhage. The same virtues are attributed
to the Equise'tum arven'se, fluviat'ill, limo'-
sum, &c.
   HlPPUS, Equus, Nicta'tio, from 'nrvo;, 'a
horse.'  A disease of the  eyes, in which, from
birth, they perpetually twinkle, like those of a
man on horseback.  Also, a tremulous condi-
tion of the iris,  which occasions repeated alter-
nations  of contraction and  dilatation  of the
pupil; Iridot'romus, Tremor Iridis.
   HIPS, Sax. heopa.  The fruit of the dog-rose,
Rosa Cani'na:  chiefly used as a confection.
See Confectio Rosae Caninte.
   HIRCIS'MUS, Hircus,Hirquus, from hircus,
'a goat.'  Stinking like a  goat:—applied espe-
cially to the odorous secretions  of the axilla.
   HIRCUS, Canthus (greater), Hircismus, Tra-
gus—h. Alarum, Cinabra.
   HIRQUITALITAS, from hircus,  ' a goat;'
parapho'nia pu'berum. Goat's voice.  See Ego-
phony.
   HIRQUUS, Hircys, Canthus (greater), Hir-
cismus, Tragus.
   HIRSU'TIES, Das'yma, Das'ytes, Tricho'-
sis,  Hirsu'ties,  Hairiness.   Growth of hairs
on extraneous parts, or, superfluous growth on
parts; as in cases of bearded women.—Good,
   HIRUDO, The Leech, Sanguisu!ga,Bdelh.
In medicine, the Hiru'do  Medicina'lis, Bdella
Medicina'lis, Medicinal  Leech, (F.) Sangsue,
is employed. In the United States H.  decora
is used.  The leech lives in  fresh water, ami
feeds on the blood of animals, which it sucks,
after having pierced the skin  with its three
sharp teeth.  This habit has been taken advan-
tage of, to produce local blood-letting.  In ap-
plying the leech, the part must be wiped dry;
and if there be  difficulty in making it, a little
milk or cream may be applied.  When satiated,
it will drop off, and by applying a little salt or
vinegar to its head it will disgorge the blood.
A good English  leech will take about half an
ounce of blood, including that  which flows by
fomenting the part subsequently. The Ameri-
can takes less.
   Hirudo  Artificialis,  Antlia sanguisuga—
h. Decora, see Hirudo—h. Medicinalis, Hirudo.
   HIRUNDINARIA,  Lysimachia  nummula-
ria. 
HIRUNDO                42"
  HIRUN'DO,CAe/'&Vftm, from haren'do,' stick-
ing;'  because  it sticks  its  nests against  the
houses.  (?)  The Swallow.  The nests of  the
swallow were once employed as rubefacients,
boiled in vinegar.
  HISPANICUM VIRIDE,  Cupri subacetas.
  HISPIDITAS, Dystoechiasis, Phalangosis.
  HISPIDULA, Antennaria  dioicum.
  HISTODYAL'YSIS,  from 'tang,  'organic
texture,' and itaXvan,' dissolution.'  A morbid
dissolution of the tissues.
  HISTOGEN'IA,  Histog"eny, from 'iaroc,
'the organic texture,' and ytvto-n;,' generation.'
The formation and development of the organic
textures.
  HISTOLOGIC AL; same etymon as the next.
Relating to histology.   Applied, also, at times,
to the natural transformations that occur in the
tissues in  the  embryo, in contradistinction to
morphological, which applies to the alterations
in the form of the several parts of the embryo.
  HISTOL'OGY, from '/a-Toc, 'the organic tex-
ture,' and Xoyog, 'a  description.'    Anatomy
(general.)  The term is also more particularly
appropriated to the minute anatomy of the  tis-
sues.
  HISTON'OMY, Histonom'ia; from 'io-to;,
' the organic texture,'  and vopoe, ' law.'  The
aggregate  of laws, which preside over the  for-
mation and arrangement of the organic tissues.
  HIS'TORY, MED'ICAL,  Histo'ria Medici'-
nae.  A  narration of the chief  circumstances,
and the persons connected with them, in  the
progress of medicine.
  HIST'OS, 'lo-rof, ' the  organic texture.' Tex-
t.ilra  seu Tela  organ'ica.
  HISTOT'OMY, Histotom'ia,  from  '.o-toc,
' organic texture,' and Top.r\,' incision.' Dissec-
tion of the tissues.
  HIVE SYRUP, Syrupus  scillae compositus.
  HIVES, Cynanche trachealis, Varicella.
  HOARSENESS, Raucedo.
  HOB-NAIL  LIVER, Cirrhosis of  the liver,
Liver, nutmeg.
  HOG-LICE, Onisci aselli.
  HOGWORT, Heptallon graveolens.
  HOLANENCEPHA'LIA; from <oXef, 'en-
tire,'  and anencepha'lia,  'absence  of brain.'
Entire absence of brain,—the same  as Anen-
cephalia.—G.  St. Hilaire.
  HOLARTHRITIS, Hamarthritis.
  HOLCE, 'oIkt,, 'a dram.'—Galen.
  HOL'CIMOSj'oAx.^ofjfrom'&XKJj,' a weight.'
A tumour of the liver.
  HOLCUS SORGHUM, Panicum Italicum.
  HOI-ERA, Cholera.
  HOLLANDS, Gin.
  HOLLY, AMERICAN, Ilex opaca—h. Com-
mon,  Ilex aquifolium—h. Dahoon,  Ilex vomi-
toria—h. Ground, Pyrola maculata—h. Ground,
Pyrola umbellata—h. -Sea,  Eryngium mariti-
raura.
  HOLLYHOCK, COMMON, Alcea rosea.
  HOLMICOS, Alveolus.
  HOLMOS, Mortar.
  HOLOCYRON, Teucrium chamaepitys.
  HOLONARCO'SIS, from '*/sc, ' whole,'and
lapxaatt, ' stupor.'  Narcosis of the whole body.
Torpefactio universa'Us.
  HOLOPHLYCTIDES, Phlyctaena.
  HOLOSTEUM ALSINE, Alsine media.
  HOLOSTEUS, Osteocolla.
  HOLOTETANUS, see Tetanus.
7               HOMOIOSIS

   HOLOTONIA, Holotonicus, Tetanus.
   HOLOTONTCUS,  'cXo;,  ' the whole,'  and
xttvoi, ' I stretch.' Holotonia.  A spasm of the
whole body.  A variety of tetanus.—Sauvages.
   HOL'YWELL, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Holywell is  a  town in Wales;  and takes its
name from the famous well of St. Winifred. It
is a  simple  cold water, remarkable for it3
purity.
   HOMAGRA, Omagra.
   HOMEOPATHY, Homoeopathy.
   HOMERDA, Stercus humanum.
   HOMESICKNESS, Nostalgia.
   HOMILIA, Coition.
   HOMIOSIS, Homoiosis.
   HOMME, Homo.
   HOMO, (F.) Homme, Man,—the chief and
 most perfect  of the  mammalia;  in Greek,
 uvdqomog, Anthro'pos, from ava, ' upwards,' and
 rqcra, 'I turn,' because man, alone, of all  ani-
 mals, possesses the  natural power  of standing
 erect.  He is, also, the only animal whose in-
 cisor teeth, wedged in a projecting jaw, are ab-
 solutely vertical.  Man  is  especially distin-
 guished from other  mammalia by the faculty,
 which he possesses, of classing his ideas; com-
 paring them with each other; and  connecting,.
 representing  and transmitting them by signs
 and  articulate  sounds.  He possesses, in the
 highest degree, all the attributes of intelligence,,
 memory, judgment, and imagination.  He in-
 habits all countries,—the burning regions of the
 torrid zone, and the chilling  atmosphere of the
 polar climes.  In different  situations, he pre-
 sents, in his figure, colour, and stature, differ-
 ences, which have caused the human race to-be
 divided by naturalists into  races or varieties.
 The number  of such races can only be approxi-
 mated.  Cuvier  admits but three, the Caucasian,
 Negro,  Mongolian; to these may be added the
 American. Every division must necessarily be
 arbitrary, and the individuals composing each
 variety are far  from being alike.
   Homo Alatus, see Alatus—h.  Fatuus, Idiot.
   HOMOED'RUS,  from ouov, ' together,' and
 tfpa, ' seat.'   Having  the same seat.  Morbi
 homoedri: — Diseases that have the  same seat.
   HOMOEOMORPHOUS, see Homology.
   HOMCEOPATH, Homoeopathist.
   HOMCEOPATH'IC,  Homaopath'icusr  Ho-
 maop'athes.  Relating  to Homoeopathy.
   HOMCEOP'ATHIST, Ho'maopatk,  Homao-
 pathicus,  Homaopathis'ta,  Homaopathis'tes.
 One who  follows Homoeopathy.
   HOMCEOFATHY, HomaopatU'a, Ars  ho-
 maopath'ica,  Homeop'athy, from 'ouoiog, ' like,'
 and  Tradoc, 'affection.'  A  fanciful  doctrine,
 which maintains, that disordered actions in the
 human body are to be cured  by inducing other
 disordered actions of the same kind, and  this
 to be accomplished by infinitessimally  small
 doses, often of apparently inert agents; the d'e-
 cillionth part of a grain of charcoal, for exam-
 ple, is an  authorized dose.
   HOMOEOZ'YGY, from 'o/xoiog,  ' like,'  and
 tvyow, 'I join  together.'  (F.)  Soi-pour-soi.
The law of association of organs, by which  like
parts adhere  to like parts.—Serres.
   HOMOETHNIA, Sympathy.
   HOMOGENESIS, see Generation.
   HOMOIOPATHIA, Sympathy.
   HOMOIOSIS, Homio'sis, from 'opmoa,' I re- 
HOMOLINON
428
HOSPITAL
 semble,'' I assimilate.'  An elaboration of the
 nutritious juice, by which it becomes proper
 for assimilation.
   HOMOLINON, see Apolinosis.
   HOMOL'OGY,from'c^cto?,'like,'and xoyoc,
 ' a description.'  The doctrine of similar parts.
 Thus, the two sides of the body are said to be
 •' homologous.' Homologous or homceomorpilous
 tissues, are those that resemble  others ; in op-
 position to heterologous, het'eroclite, or hetero-
 morpk'ous, which are new formations.
   HOMONOPAGIA, Cephalalgia.
   HOMOPH'AGUS, from 'a>,uof,  'raw,'  and
 9*yu>,'  I eat.'  One who eats raw flesh.
   ROMOFL AS'TY,Homobpla'sia, fxom'ofce ioc,
 • like,' and nX%o-Q-o», ' I form.' The formation of
 homologous tissues.
   HOMOPLATA, Scapula.
   HOMOT'ONOS,  JEquaiis,  from 'o/co?,
 ' equal,' and tovoc,  ' tone.'  That which has the
 same tone.   A continued fever, whose symp-
 toms have an equal intensity during the whole
 course of the disease, has been so called.   See
 Acmasticos and Synocha.
   HONESTY, Lunaria  rediviva.
   HONEWORT, FIELD, Sison amomum.
   HONEY, Mel—h.  Balsam of,  Hill's,  see
 Mel—h. Bloom, Apocynum androsaemifolium
 —h.  of Borax, Mel boracis—h. Clarified, Mel
 despumatum—h. Prepared, Mel praeparatum—
 h. of Roses, Mel rosae—h. of Squill, compound,
 Syrupus Scillse Compositus.
   HONEYCOMB  BAG, Reticulum.
   HONGLANE, Coptis teeta.
   HONOR CAPITIS, see Capillus.
   HONORARIUM, Sostrum.
   HONTEUX, Pudic.
   HOODWORT,  Scutellaria lateriflora.
   HOOK,  Sax.  hoce,  hooc, Dutch,  h o e c k,
 Uncus,Unci'nus, Anc'yra, (F.) Erigne, Airigne
ou krine.   An instrument, consisting of a steel
wire, flattened at  the  middle, and having the
 extremities crooked and pointed.  Some hooks
are furnished with  a handle at one extremity—
the other  having one or two hooks;—consti-
tuting the single and double hook.  The  Hook
is used by anatomists and surgeons to lay hold
of, and raise up, certain  parts, the dissection of
which is delicate, or which would slip from the
 fingers.
   The Tenaculum  is a variety of Ihe Hook.
   Hook, Blunt, Ich'thya, Ich'thye, Onyx, Un-
guis ferr'eus.  An instrument which is passed
over the flexures of the joints to assist in bring-
ing down the fcetus in parturition.
   HOOP TREE, Melia azedarach.
   HOOPER'S PILLS,Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhs.
   HOOPING-COUGH,  Pertussis—h.  Roche's
Embrocation for the, see Roche.
  HOPITAL, Hospital.
   HOPLOCHRIS'MA,  from 'oa-xov,  'a wea-
pon,' and xi'va*, ' salve.'  Unguen'tum arma'-
rium, Arm'atory Unguent.  A salve which was
supposed to cure wounds  by sympathy,—the
instrument with which the wound was inflicted
 being anointed with it.
   HOPLOMOCH'LION, ' owXofxo XUov, from
'onXov,' aweapon,'  and fio^Xoc,'  a lever.' The
name of an iron machine or  apparatus, which
 embraced the whole body like armour. A figure
of it is given by Fabricius ab Aquapendente.
   HOP  PILLOW, see  Humulus lupulus—h.
 Plant, Humulus lupulus.
   HOQUET, Singultus.
   HOR^EA, Menses.
   HOR.EOTES, Maturity.
   HORDEI  MALTUM, Malt. ,
   HORDEOLUM,  diminutive of  Hordenm,
 ' Baxley.'Orde'olum, Pos'thia, Sclerophthalmia,
 Crithc, Crithid'ion, Cry the, a Stye, a Sty an. ( F.)
 Orgelet,  Orgeolet.  A small,  inflammatory tu-
 mour, of the nature of a boil, which exhibits
 itself near the free edge of the eyelids, particu-
 larly near the inner angle of the eye.
   HOR'DEUM,  Or'deum, Crithe.   The seeds
 of Hordeum vulga'rS,  or Scotch Barley, are
 ranked amongst the Cerealia. (F.) Orge.  They
 afford a mucilaginous decoction, which is em-
 ployed as a  diluent and  antiphlogistic.  The
 seeds of the Hordeum dis'tichon and  H. hexas'-
 tichon possess similar properties.  Barley is
 freed from its shells in mills; and, at times, is
 rubbed into small, round grains, somewhat like
 pearls, when it  is called  Hordeum  perla'tum,
 Pearl  Barley, (F.)  Orge perli, and forms the
 Hordei sem'ina tu'nicis nuda'ta, of the pharma-
 copoeias,—Hordeum (Ph. U. S.)
   Hordeum Causticum, Veratrum sabadilla—
 h. Galacticum, Oryza.
   HOREHOUND, Marrubium—h. Black, Bal-
 lota fcetida—h. Germander-leaved, Eupatorium
 teucrifolium—h.  Stinking, Ballota fcetida—h.
 Water, Lycopus Virginicus—h. Wild, Eupato-
 rium teucrifolium.
   HORME, Instinct.
   HORM1NUM, Salvia horminum.
   HORMON, Enormon.
   HORN, Cornu.
   HORNSEED, Ergot.
   HORNY  EXCRES'CENCES, Lepidosis,
 Ichthylasis cornig"era, Cor'nua cuta'nea, (F.)
 Comes de la peau. Certain excrescences, which
 occasionally form on some part of the skin, and
 resemble in shape, the horns of an animal.
   HORRENTIA, Horripilation.
   HOR'RIDA CUTIS,  Goose-skin,  Cutis an-
 serina.  A state of the skin accompanying the
 rigor of an intermittent.
   HORRIPILA'TION,  Horripila'tio, Horror,
 Horren'tia, Phrice, Phricas'mus,  Phriclasis,
 Phri'cia, from horrere,'to bristle up,' andjrilus,
 'hair.'   (F.) Horripilation,  Frissonnement,
 General chilliness, preceding fever, and accom-
 panied with bristling of the hairs over the body.
   HORROR, Horripilation—h. Ciborum, Dis-
 gust for food.
   HORSE BALM, Collinsonia Canadensis.
   HORSE CANE, Ambrosia trifida.
   HORSE CHESTNUT, JEsculus hippocasta-
 num.
   HORSE CRUST, Crusta genu equinae.
   HORSEFLYWEED, Sophora tinctoria.
   HORSEMINT, Ambrosia  trifida, Monarda
 coccinea  and M. punctata—h.  Sweet, Cunila
mariana.
   HORSE RADISH, Cochlearia armoracia.
   HORSE'S  TAIL, Hippuris vulgaris.
   HORSEWEED, Ambrosia  trifida, Collin-
sonia Canadensis.
   HORTULUS  CUPIDINIS, Vulva.
   HORTUS, Vulva—h. Siccus, Herbarium.
   H OS'PITAL, primarily from hospes,' a guest'
Nosocomlum, Adynatocomlum, Adyna.todochi -
um, Xenodoce'um, Xenodoche'um, Infiim'ary,
Infirma'rium, Infirmato'rium,  Nosodochi'um,
 Valetudina'rium, (F.) Hopital.  An establish- 
HOSTIARIUS               429         HUMID UM NATIVUM
ment  for the reception  of the sick, in which
they are maintained  and treated  medically.
Hospitals were first instituted about  the end
of the 4th century ; a period at which the word
voo-oxouttov was employed, for the first time, by
St. Jerome.   They  may be general, receiving
all cases; or special, admitting only the subjects
of certain diseases.
  Hos'pital Gangrene, Phageda'na gangra-
no'sa ; Putrid or Malignant Ulcer, Gangr a'na
Nosocomio'rum,Hos'pital Sore, Gangra'na con-
tagio'sa, Putre'do,(F.)Pourriture ou Gangrene
d'hdpital.   Gangrene, occurring  in wounds  or
ulcers, in hospitals  the  air of which has been
vitiated by the accumulation of patients,  or
some other circumstance.  Hospital gangrene
— many different varieties of which  are met
with, and always accompanied or preceded by
fever—commonly commences with suppression
of the suppuration  of the  wound, which  be-
comes covered  with a grayish  and tenacious
sanies.  The gangrene  then  manifests  itself.
It extends from the  centre of the  ulcerated sur-
face towards the edges;  these become  swollen,
painful, and everted; and the patient dies with
all the signs  of typhus.   The treatment must
be varied according to circumstances.  Some-
times, it requires the  use of stimulating, acid,
caustic, and antiseptic applications ; with, oc-
casionally, the actual cautery, aided by the ex-
hibition of tonics, internally:—at  others,  the
antiphlogistic regimen and emollient  applica-
tion may be necessary.
  HOSTIARIUS, Pylorus.
  HOT SPRINGS,  see Virginia, Mineral Wa-
ters of.
  HOUBLON, Humulus lupulus.
  HOUGH, Poples.
  HOUNDS' TONGUE, Cynoglossum.
  HOUPPE NERVEUSE, see  Papilla—h.du
Menton, Depressor labii inferioris, Levator labii
inferioris.
  HOURGLASS CONTRACTION OF THE
UTERUS, see  Chaton.
  HOUSELEEK, Sempervivum tectorum—h.
Small, Sedum.
  HOUSEMAID'S  KNEE, see Knee, House
maid's.
  HOUSE-SURGEON, Resident  Surgeon.
Usually a senior pupil or graduate, who attends
in an hospital, to every accident and disease, in
the absence of the regular physician or surgeon.
It answers, in the British hospitals, to the kleve
interne of the French.
  HOUX, Ilex aquifolium—h. Petit, Ruscus—
h. Apalachine,  flex  vomitoria.
   HUACACACHU, Datura sanguinea.
  HUACO, Guaco.
   HUANU, Guano.
  HUCKLEBERRIES, see Vaccinium.
  HUDSON'S  PRESERVATIVE FOR THE
TEETH AND GUMS, see Tinctura Myrrha;.
  HUILE,Oi\—h. d'Absinthe, Artemisia absin-
thium (oil of)—h.  d'Acajou, see Anacardium
occidentale.
   HUILE ACOUSTIQUE (F.), Oleum acus'-
ticum, Acoustic oil.  An oil  for deafness, pre-
pared of olive oil, §ij., garlic, ox-gall and bay-
leaves, each gj; boiled for a quarter of an hour,
and strained.
   HUILE DAMANDES, Oleum amygdala-
rum—h. d'Aneth, see Anethum graveolens—h.
Animate, Oleum animale—h. Animate de Dippel,
Oleum animale Dippelii—h. Animalisie par in-
fusion, Oleum animalizatum per infusionem—
h. Amis, see Pimpinella anisum—h. Aromatique,
Oleum animalizatum per infusionem—h. d'Au-
rone, Artemisia abrotanum (oil of)—h. de Cacao,
Butter of cacao—h. de Carvi, Carum (oil)—h.
de Cidrat, Oleum cedrinum—h. depetits Chiens,
Oleum animalizatum  per  infusionem — h. de
Come de Cerf, Oleum animale Dippelii—h. de
Gabian, Petrolaeum—h. de Girofle, see Eugenia
caryophyllata—h. de Lauder, Unguentum lau-
rinum—h. de Lis, see Lilium candidum—h. de
Morelle,see Solanum—h.de Morue, Oleum jeci-
noris  aselli—h. de Noix, see Juglans cinerea—
h. d'CEillette, Papaver (oil)—h. de Ricin, see
Ricinus communis—h. de Succin, see Succinum
—h. Verte, Balsam, green, of Metz—h. de Vin
douce, Oleum aethereum.
  HUILES ANIMALES, Olea animalia—h.
Empyreumatiques,  Olea  empyreumatica —h.
Essentielles, Olea volatilia—h. Fixes on grasses,
Olea fixa—h. Fugaces, Olea fugacia—h. Midi-
cinales, Olea  medicinalia—h.  Volatiles, Olea
volatilia.
  HUIT DE CHIFFRE.  Figure  of 8.  A
bandage in which  the turns are crossed in the
form of the figure 8.  Such is the bandage used
after bleeding from the arm.
  HUITO, Genipa oblongifolia.
  HUITRE, Ostrea.
  HUM, VENOUS, Bruit de diable.
  HUMBLE, Rectus inferior oculi.
  HUMECT AN'TIA. A name formerly given
to drinks, which appeared to possess the pro-
perty of augmenting the fluidity of the blood.
  HU'MERAL,  Humera'lis.  That which be-
longs to, or is connected with,  the arm or hu-
merus.
  Hu'meral Ar'tery, Arte'ria  humera'lis, see
Brachial artery.
  HUMERO-CUBITAL,Bxachia\is anterior—
h. Sus-mitacarpien, see Radialis—h.Sus-radial,
Supinator radii longus.
  HU'MERUS,  Sca'pula, Omos,  Armus, (F.)
kpaule.  The most elevated part  of the arm.
The bones, which  concur in forming it, are;—
the scapula, head of the humerus  and the cla-
vicle, united together  by strong ligaments, and
covered by numerous  muscles.
  Hu'merus, Os Hu'meri, Os bra'chii, Os adju-
to'rium, Os brachia'll, Bra'chium, Lacer'tus, is
the cylindrical, irregular bone of the arm; the
upper extremity of which has a hemispherical
head connected with the scapula;  and two tu-
berosities or tubercles, a greater and lesser, for
the attachment of muscles, between which is
the Bicip'ital groove or Fossa.  At the inferior
extremity may be remarked—the inner condyle,
the outer condyle ;  the small head, which is ar-
ticulated with the  radius;  the trochlea articu-
lated  with the ulna, &c.   The  humerus is de-
veloped by seven  points of ossification:—one
for the  body; one for the  head;  one  for the
greater tuberosity; one for the trochlea; one for
the epitrochlea; one  for the epicondyle;  and
another for the lesser  head.
  Humerus Summus,  Acromion.
  HUMEUR AQUEUSE, Aqueous humour—
h. Hyaldide, Corpus vitreum.
  HUMEURS FRO IDES,  Scrofula.
  HUMIDE RADICALE.Hnmidnm radicale.
  HUMIDUM NATIVUM, H.  radicale—h. 
HUMILIS
430
HYDARTHRUS
Nativum  Articulorum,  Synovia — h. Primi-
genium, H. radicale.
  Hu'midum  Radica'le, Hu'midum primige'-
nium seu Nati'vum  seu  Semina'le;  Radical
Moisture, (F.) Humide radicale.  Names for-
merly given to the liquid which was conceived
to give flexibility and proper consistence to the
different organic textures.
  Humidum Seminale, H. radicale.
  HUMILIS, Rectus  inferior oculi.
  HUMILUS, Humulus lupulus.
  HUMOR, Humour—h.  Albugineous, Aque-
ous humour—h. Articularis,  Synovia—h. Ce-
ruminous, Cerumen—h. Doridis, Water, sea—
h. Genitalis, Sperm—h. Glacialis,  Crystalline,
Corpus  vitreum—h. Hyalinus seu  Hyaloides,
Corpus vitreum—h. Lacteus, Milk—h. Lachry-
malis, Tear—h. Melancholicus, see Mercuria-
lis—h. Mercurialis, see Mercurialis—h.  Mor-
gagnianus,  Morgagni, humor of—h.  Ovatus,
Aqueous humour—h.  Oviformis, Aqueous hu-
mour—h. Pericardii, see Pericardium—h. Puru-
lentus, Pus—h. Seminalis, Sperm—h. Venereus,
Sperm—h. Vitreus, Corpus vitreum.
  HU'MORAL, Humora'lis,  from  humere, ' to
moisten.'  Proceeding from, or connected with,
the  humours.
  HU'MORISM, Hu'moral Pathology, Patho-
hg'ia humera'lis.   A medical theory, founded
exclusively on the parts  which the humours
were  considered to play in the  production of
disease.  Although traces of this system may
be found in the most remote antiquity, the crea-
tion, or, at all events, the arrangement of it may
be  attributed  to Galen, who enveloped  it in
metaphysical  subtleties relating to the union
between  the  elements and the  four  cardinal
humours.
  HU'MORISTS.  The Galenical  physicians,
who attributed all diseases  to the depraved state
of the humours, or to vicious juices collected in
the  body.
  HUMOUR, Humor, Hygra'sia,  Hygre'don,
Hygrum.  Every fluid substance of an organized
body;—as the blood,  chyle, lymph, &c.  The
Humours, x^^h Chymi, Humo'res,  differ con-
siderably as to number and quality in the differ-
ent  species of organized beings; and even in
the  same species, according to the state of health
or disease.  The ancients reduced them to four;
which they  called car'dinal humours; — the
blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and  atrabilis or
black bile.  A modern classification of the hu-
mours is given under Fluid.
  HUMP.  Perhaps from  umbo, ' the boss of a
buckler;' Hunch, Gibber, Gibbus, Gibba, Tuber,
(F.) Bosse.   A prominence, formed by a devi-
ation of the bones of the trunk.   Commonly, it
is formed by the spine or sternum, and is seated
at the posterior or anterior part of the trunk.
It may, also, be produced  by deviation of  the
ribs or pelvis.  The  spine may be curved in
three principal directions.  1. Backwards, the
most  common  case; this  the ancients  called
y.u<pa><rig, Cypho'sis, Gibbos'itas.  2. Forwards,
xogJW/c, Lordo'sis, Recurva'tio; and, 3, Late-
rally, oxoXioiatg, Scolio'sis, Obstipa'tio.   Most
curvatures  occur at a very early age, and are
caused by scrofula, rickets, &c; and, not  un-
frequently they are accompanied by caries of
the  vertebrae.   See Vertebral disease.
  HU'MULUS  LU'PULUS, Hamulus,  Con-
volvulus peren'nis; the Hop-plant.  Nat. Ord.
 Urticeae. (F.) Houblon,  Vigne du nord.  Its
 cones or strobiles, Hu'muli strobili (Ph. L.,)
 Humulus, (Ph. U. S.) have a fragrant  odour;
 and a bitter, aromatic taste, depending on a pe-
 culiar principle, named Lu'pulin, extractive and
 essential oil, which may be extracted, equally
 by water and spirit, from  the dried strobiles.
 The Hop is employed  as a tonic and hypnotic,
 and enters into the composition of ale and
 beer.
   The Hop pillow, Pulvi'nar Hu'muli, has long
 been used for producing sleep.
   HUNCH, Hump.
   HUNGARICA FEBRIS, Fever, Hungary.
   HUNGER, Anglo-Saxon, hunsep,  Fames,
 Limos,  Peine,  Peina,  Esu'ries, Jeju'nium,
 Jeju'nitas, Esurit'io,  Esurlgo,  (F.) Faim.
 The necessity for taking food.  Hunger is an
 internal sensation, which some authors have at-
 tributed to the friction between the sides of the
 stomach in its empty state ; others to the com-
 pression of the nerves, when the organ is con-
 tracted; others,  to  the  action of the gastric
 juice, &c.  It is dictated by the wants of the
 system: farther we know not.  See Appetite.
   HUNGER-CURE, Limotherapeia.
   HUNGRY, Famelicus, Li'micus, Limo'des:
 same etymon.  Affected with hunger.
   HYACINTHUS MUSCARI, Bulbus vomi-
 torius.
   HYALEUS, Hyaline.
   HY'ALINE, Hyalinus, Hyale'us, Vit'rtus,
 Vit'reous. Glassy.
   Hyaline Substance, Cytoblastema.
   H Y ALI'TIS,Inflamma'tio tu'nica hyaldidea:
 from Hyaloid and itis, denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of  the hyaloid membrane of the
 eye.
   HY'ALOID,   Hyalo'des, Hyaloides,  from
 cva\og,' glass,' and nSog,' resemblance.'  Vitri-
 form ; resembling glass.
   Hyaloid Canal, see Hyaloid membrane.
   Hyaloid Fossa, Fossa Hyaldidea, is a  cup-
 like excavation  in the  vitreous  humour, in
 which the crystalline is imbedded.
   Hy'aloid Membrane,  Tu'nica Hyaldidea,
 Membra'na Arachnoi'dea, T. vit'rea, is the ex-
 tremely delicate membrane, which forms the
 exterior covering of the vitreous humour, and
 transmits within it prolongations, which divide
 it into cells.   Fallopius discovered this mem-
 brane, and gave it the name Hyaloid. On a level
 with the entrance of the optic nerve  into the
 eye, the hyaloid membrane  has been described
 as forming, by reflection,  a cylindrical canal,
 which pierces the vitreous  humour from behind
 to before, as far as the posterior part of the
 crystalline.  See Canal, hyaloid.
   HYALONIXIS, see Cataract.
   HYALONYXIS, see Cataract.
   HYALOS, Vitrum.
   HYANCHE, Cynanche  tonsillaris.
   HYBOMA, Gibbositas.
   HYBRID, (F.)  Hybride, from the  Greek,
 'vppig, 'v(!pi$o(, ' mongrel.'  A being born of two
 different species,—as the mule.   The term is
 applied to plants as well as to animals.  It is
 often also used to designate words which are
 formed from two different  languages,—as uter-
 itis, for inflammation of the uterus, in place of

i   HYDARTHROSIS, Hydrarthrus.
|   HYDARTHRUS, Hydrarthrus. 
HYDATID
431
HYDRARGYRI
   HY/'DATID, Hy'datis, Bulla, Aqu'ula, Hy-
 dro'a, Hydrocys'lis, Hygrocys'tis,  Tania hyda-
 tig''ena, Echinococ'cus huma'nus, from 'victq,
 ' water.'  This name was long given to every
 encysted t u mour which contained an aqueous and
 transparent  fluid.   Many pathologists, subse-
 quently, applied it to vesicles, softer than the
 tissue of membranes, more or less transparent,
 which are developed within organs, but with-
 out adhering to their tissue.  It is by no means
 clear, that these formations are really entozoa.
 They have been found in various parts of the
 body;  sometimes  in  the uterus, occasioning
 signs nearly similar to those of pregnancy, but
 being sooner or later expelled.  The expulsion
 is generally attended with more or less hemor-
 rhage.   See Acephalocystis.
   Hydatis, Aqu'ula,  Phlycta'nula, Verru'ca
 Palpebrarum, Milium, also, meant small, trans-
 parent tumours of the eyelids.—Galen, C. Hof-
 mann.
   HYDATIDES CERVICIS  UTERI, Nabo-
 thi glandulae.
   HYDATIDOCE'LE, Hydatoce'le, from 'v8a-
 r/c,  'hydatid,' and xtikv,  'a tumour.'  Osche-
 ocele containing hydatids; the Oscheoce'le hy-
 datido'sa, Hydatidoscheoce'le of Sauvages.
   HYDATIDOIDES, Hydatoid.
   HYDATIDO'MA, from 'vozng, 'hydatid.'
 A tumour caused by hydatids.
   HYDATIDOSCHEOCELE, Hydatidocele.
   HYDATINUS, Hydatoid.
   HYDATIS FINNA, Cysticercus cellulosae.
   HYDATIS'MUS, fromWtoo, ' water.'  The
 noise caused by the fluctuation of pus contained
 in an abscess.—Aurelian, Foesius.
   HYDATOCELE, Hydatidocele, Hydrocele.
   HYDATOCH'OLOS,  from  'vdwg, 'water,'
 and xo\ii, ' bile.'  Aquoso-bilious.  An epi-
 thet given to  evacuated matters  when mixed
 with water and bile.—Hippocrates, Foesius.
   HYDATODES, Aqueous.
   WY'DATOIT),Hydatoldes, A'queous, Aquo'-
 sus,  Hydato'des,  Hydatinus, Hydatido'des,
 Hydatidoi'des, from 'vSetq, ' water,'  and ttdog,
 ' resemblance.'  Watery.  Resembling water.
 This name has been given to the  membrane of
 the aqueous humour; and, also, to the aqueous
 humour  itself.   Vinum hydato'des;  wine and
 water.
   HYDATONCUS, Anasarca, ffidema.
   HYDATOPOS'IA, from 'vd*p,  ' water,' and
 noaic, ' drinking.'  Water-drinking:—hence
   HYDATOP'OTES.   A water-drinker.
   HYDERICUS; Hydropic.
  HYDERODES, Hydropic.
  HYDERONCUS, Anasarca, ffidema.
  HYDEROS, Anasarca, Hydrops.
  HYDOR, 'vSwg, and Hydas, 'uSag, 'genitive,5
 'v8*to<;, ' water.'  Hence:
  HYDRACHNIS,  see Varicella.
  HYDRA DEN, Conglobate gland.
  HYDRADENITIS, Inflamma'tio glandula'-
 rum lymphatica'rum, from Hydraden, ' a lym-
phatic gland,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of a lymphatic gland.
  HYDRiE'DUS, from <vim?, 'water,' and*i-
ioia, ' genital  organs.'   CEdema of the female
organs.
  HYDREMIA, Hydroaemia.
  HYDRAGOGA, Hydragogues.
  HYDRAGOGIA,  Hydragogues.
  HYDRAGOGICA, Hydragogues.
   HY'DRAGOGUES, Hydrago'ga, Hydra-
go'gia, Hydrago'gica, Hydrop'ica, Hydrot'ica,
Aquid'uca,  from 'vSvte,, ' water,' and *yw, ' I
expel.' Medicines, believed to be capable of ex-
pelling serum effused into any part of the body.
These are generally cathartics or diuretics.
   HYDRAGOGUM BOYLEI,  Argenti nitras.
   HYDRALLANTE, False Waters.
   HYDRAM'NIOS from <vtat,  ' water,'  and
' amnios.'   An excessive quantity of the liquor
amnii.
   HYDRANGEITIS, Angeioleucitis.
   HYDRANGIA, Lymphatic vessels.
   HYDRANGIOGRAPHIA, Angeiohydrogra-
phy-
   HYDRANGIOTOMIA, Angeiohydrotomy.
   HYDRARGYRANATRIP'SIS, Hydrargy-
rentrip'sis, from 'vSo*qyvqo(, ' quicksilver,' and
avaTgii^if, ' rubbing in.'  The rubbing in of a
preparation of  quicksilver:—Hydrargyrotrip'-
sis.
   HYDRARGYRENTRIPSIS, Hydrargyrana-
tripsis.
   HYDRARGYRI  ACETAS,  Hydrargyrus
acetatus—h. Bichloridum,H. oyxmurias—h. Bi-
cyanidum, H. cyanuretum—h. Biniodidum, H.
iodidum rubrum—h. Binoxydum, H. oxydum ru-
brum—h. Bisulphuretum,  H. sulphuretum ru-
brum—h. Borussias, H.  cyanuretum—h. Bro-
midum, see  Bromine—h. Calx alba, Hydrargy-
rum praecipitatum—h. Chloridum, H. submurias
—h. Chloridum corrosivum,  H. oxymurias—h.
Chloridum mite,  H. submurias.
   Hydrar'gyri Cyanure'tum, H. Borus'sias,
H. Bicyanidum, Hydrar'gyrum Cyanogena'-
tum,  H. Hydrocyanicum, Prussias Hydrar'-
gyri,  Cyan'uret or Prussiate of Mercury, (F.)
Cyanure de Mercure  (Ferri Ferro-cyanuret.
§iv; Hydrarg.  oxid. rubr. ,^iij, vel q. s.; Aqua
destillat.  Oiij.  Put  the  ferro-cyanuret  and
three ounces of the oxide of mercury, previously
powdered and thoroughly mixed together, into
a glass vessel, and pour on two pints of the dis-
tilled water.  Boil the mixture, stirring  con-
stantly ; and if, at the end of half an hour, the
blue colour  remains, add small portions of the
oxide of mercury, continuing the ebullition until
the mixture becomes  of a  yellowish colour;
then filter through paper.  Wash the residue in
a pint of the distilled water, and filter.   Mix
the solution and evaporate till a pellicle appears,
and set the liquor aside, that crystals may form.
To purify the crystals, subject it tore-solution,
evaporation, and  crystallization.—Ph. U.  S.j
This  preparation has  been   strongly recom-
mended as a powerful antisyphilitic, and is ad-
mitted into the Parisian codex.  Twelve  to
twenty-four grains may be dissolved in a quart
of distilled water, and three  or four spoonfuls
of the solution be taken daily, in a glass of any
appropriate liquid.
  Hydrargyri Deuto-ioduretum, see Iodine
—h. Hyperoxodes, Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum.
  Hydrargyri Io'didum, I'odide or Protlodide
of Mercury, (F.) Protiodure de Mercure, (Hy-
drarg. 5jj, Iodin. gv, Alcohol q. s.  Rub the Mer-
cury and Iodine together, adding sufficient alco-
hol to form a soft paste, and continue the tritura-
tion till the globules disappear.  Dry the Iodide
in the  dark, with a gentle heat, and keep it in a
well stopped bottle, the light excluded.—Ph.
U. S.)  For properties and doses, see Iodine.
  Hydrargyri  Iodidum Rubrum, H. Biniod'- 
HYDRARGYRI
432
HYDRARGYRI
idum, Red I'odide, Bini'odide, Deuti'odide and
Peri'odide of Mercury, (F.) Deutiodure de Mer-
cure.   (Hydrarg. corros. chlorid. §j;  Potassii
Iodid. gx, aqua  destillat. Oij.   Dissolve the
chloride in a pint and a half, and  the iodide  of
potassium in half a pint of distilled water, and
mix the solutions.  Collect the precipitate on a
filter, and having washed it with distilled water,
dry it with a moderate  heat, and keep it in a
well stopped bottle.—Ph. U. S.) For properties
and doses, see Iodine.
  Hydrargyri Murias basi Oxydi imperfec-
ta  H. oxymurias—h. Murias  corrosivum,  H.
oxymurias — h. Murias dulcis sublimatus,  H.
submurias—h. Oxygenatus, H. Oxymurias—h.
Murias spirituosus liquidus, Liquor  hydrargyri
oxymuriatis—h. Murias suboxygenatus praeci-
pitatione paratus, Hydrargyrum precipitatum.
  Hydrargyri Nitras, Nitras Hydrar'gyri  in
crystallos concre'tus, Nitrate of Mercury.   It
is employed in syphilis;  and,  externally,  in
fungous,  obstinate ulcers.
  It is used in the  formation of the  Soluble
Mercury of  Hahnemann.
  Ward's White  Drops,—a once  celebrated,
antiscorbutic nostrum,—were prepared by dis-
solving mercury in nitric acid, and adding a so-
lution of  carbonate of ammonia; or, frequently,
they consisted of a solution of sublimate with car-
bonate of ammonia.
  Hydrargyri Ni'trico-oxydum, Hydrargy-
rus nitra'tus ruber, Mercu'rius corrosi'vus ru-
ber,  Mercurius pracipita'tus  corrosi'vus, M.
pracipita'tus ruber, Area'num coralli'num, Mer-
curius coralllnus, Pulvis prin'cipis, Pracipi-
ta'tus ruber, Ox'ydum hydrar'gyri comple'tum,
O. hydrargyr'icum, Panace'a mercu'rii rubra,
Pulvis Joan'nis de  Vigo, Oxo'des hydrargyri
rubrum, Hyperoxo'des hydrargyri, Ox'ydum hy-
drar'gyri nit'ricum, Oxydum hydrargyri ru-
brum per ac'idum nit'ricum, Hydrar'gyri oxy-
dum rubrum, (Ph. U. S.) Nitric oxide of mer-
cury, Red precipitate, (F.) Oxide nitrique  de
mercure.   (Hydrarg. ijxxxvj; Acid, nitric, f.
§xiv; Aqua Oij.  Dissolve the mercury, with a
gentle  heat, in  the acid and water  previously
mixed, and  evaporate to  dryness.  Rub  into
powder, and heat in a very shallow vessel till red
vapours  cease  to rise.—Ph.  U.  S.)   It is a
stimulant and escharotic, and  used as such  in
foul ulcers, being sprinkled on the  part in fine
powder,  or united with lard into an ointment.
  Hydrargyri Oxodes  Rubrum, Hydrargyri
nitrico-oxydum—h. Oxydi murias ammoniacalis
Hydrargyrum praecipitatum—h. Oxydulum ni-
grum, H. Oxydum cinereum.
  Hydrargyri Oxydum Cine'reum,  Oxydum
hydrargyri  nigrum, JEthiops per se, Mercu'-
rius niger Mosca'ti, Oxydum hydrargyro'sum,
Oxydum hydrargyr'icum praecipita'tum, Oxyd'-
ulum hydrar'gyri nigrum, Pulvis mercuria'lis
dne'reus, Mercurius cine'reus, Turpe'thum ni-
grum,  Mercurius pracipita'tus niger, Gray or
black oxide of Mercury, (F.)  Oxide de mercure
cendri, Oxide gris  ou  noir de mercure, Pro-
toxide de mercure.   This  oxide is made in va-
rious ways.   It may be  formed by boiling sub-
muriate of mercury  in lime water.   The dose
of this Pulvis Hydrargyri cinereus  is  from
two to ten grains.  There are four other prepa-
rations of it in estimation, viz:—Plenck's solu-
tion, made by rubbing mercury with mucilage.
2. By rubbing equal parts of sugar and mercury
together.  3. A compound of honey or liquorice
and purified mercury.  4. The blue pill and
ointment.  All these  possess the usual proper-
ties of mercury.
  The Hydrargyri Oxydum Nigrum of the Ph.
U. S. is made as follows:—Hydrarg. Chlorid.
mit.,   Potassae ia, §iv, Aquae  Oj.  Dissolve
the Potassa in the water, allow the dregs to
subside, and pour off the clear solution.  To
this add the chloride, and stir constantly till
the black oxide is formed.  Pour off the super-
natant liquor, wash the black  oxide with dis-
tilled water, and dry with a gentle heat.
  The Mercurius solu'bilis of Hahnemann is
formed from a black oxide of Mercury.  It is
the Mercurius solu'bilis Hahneman'ni seu oxy-
dum hydrargyri nigri  median'te ammo'nia ex
protonitra'te hydrar'gyri pracipita'tum.  It is
used in the same cases as the Hydrargyri oxy-
dum cinereum.
  Hydrargyri  Oxydum  Nigrum H. oxydum
cinereum—h, Oxydum  nigrum mediante am-
monia et protonitrate hydrargyri praecipitatum,
see H. oxydum  cinereum—h.  Oxydum nitri-
cum,  Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum.
  Hydrargyri  Oxydum Rubrum, H. Binoz'-
ydum, Mercurius  calcina'tus, Hydrar'gyrus
Calcinatus, (F.) Oxide de 'mercure rouge, Red
oxide  of  mer'cury.  (Made  by  precipitation
from a solution of bichloride of mercury by so-
lution of potassa.)
  It is stimulant and  escharotic; and, in large
doses  emetic.  Owing  to the  violence of its
operation it is seldom given internally.
  Hydrargyri Oxydum Rubrum per Acidum
Nitricum, Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum—h. Ox-
ydum saccharatum, Hydrargyrum saccharatum
—h. Oxydum sulphuricum, Hydrargyrus vitrio-
latus.
  Hydrargyri  Oxymu'rias, H.  Chlo'ridum
Corrosivum, H.  Bichlo ridum, (Ph. U.  S.)
Hydrar'gyrus muria'tus, Mu'rias hydrargyri
corrosi'vus,  Murias  hydrargyri oxygenatus,
SubHma'tus corrosivus, Mercurius corrosivus,
Mercurius corrosivus sublima'tus, Hydrargyri
permu'rias, Supermu'rias hydrargyri, Murias
hydrargyri basi oxydi imperfec'ti, Murias hy-
drargyri  corrosivum,  (F.)  Deutochlorure de
mercure, Bichloride de  mercure, Muriate oay-
gini  de Mercure, Sublimi corrosif; Bichlo'ride
of mercury, Oxymuriate of mercury, Corrosive
sublimate, Corrosive muriate of mercury.  (Hy-
drarg. Ibij. Acid. Sulphur, lbiij. Sodii Chlorid,
ftiss.   Boil  the  mercury with the  sulphuric
acid until the sulphate of mercury is left dry.
Rub  this, when cold,  with the  chloride of
sodium, in an earthenware mortar; then sub-
lime  with a gradually increasing  heat.—Ph.
U. S.)  It is used as an antisyphilitic stimulant
in venereal complaints; old cutaneous affections,
&c.   Gr. iij to Oj of water is a good gargle in
venereal sore throats,  or an injection in go-
norrhcea.  Externally,  it is applied in cases of
tetter, and to destroy fungus, or stimulate old
ulcers.  Dose, gr.  1-16 to gr. 1-8 in pill, once
in twenty-four hours.  White of egg is the best
antidote to it, when taken in an overdose.
   Hydrargyri  Permurias, Hydrargyri oxy-
murias—h.  Proto-ioduretum, see Iodine—h.
Proto-tartras, H. tartras—h.  Prussias, H. cya-
nuretum—h. Saccharum vermifugum, Hydrar-
gyrum saccharatum.
   Hydrargyri  Submu'rias,  H.  Cklor'idum, 
33            HYDRARGYRUM
              HYDRARGYRI             4

H. Chlo'ridum  mitt,  Calom'elas,  Calom'eli,
Hydrar'gyrum muriaticum mite, C. Torqueti,
Draco mitiga'tus,Submu'rias hydrargyri mitis,
Submu'rias Hydrargyri sublima'turn,  Mercu'-
rius dulds, M.dulcis sublima!tus;—when preci-
pitated, M.dulcis precipita'tus,—Panace'aMer-
curia'lis (when nine times sublimed,) Murias
hydrargyri dulcis sublima'tus, Mercurius sub-
limatus dulcis,Mercu'rius Zo'ticus Hartmanni,
Aq'uila, Manna Met alio'rum, Pauchymago'-
gum miner a'le, P. Querceta'nus, mild Chloride,
proto-chloride, submuriate and mild Muriate of
Mercury, Calomel, (F.) Mercure doux, Proto-
ehlorure de mercure.   Mild chloride  of Mer-
cury is thus directed to be prepared in the Phar-
macopoeia of the United States.  Mercury, Ibiv;
Sulphuric Acid,lbiij; Chloride of Sodium, ftiss;
Distilled water,  a sufficient quantity.  Boil two
pounds of the mercury  with the sulphuric acid,
until the sulphate of mercury  is left  dry.  Rub
this, when cold,  with the remainder of the mer-
cury, in an earthenware mortar, until  they are
thoroughly mixed.  Then add the chloride of
sodium,  and  rub it with the  other ingredients
till all the globules disappear  : afterwards sub-
lime.  Reduce the sublimed  matter to a very
fine powder,  and wash it frequently with boil-
ing distilled water, till the washings afford no
precipitate upon the  addition  of liquid ammo-
niae ; then dry it.  Properties.  Antisyphilitic
and sialagogue; in large doses,  purgative.  Dose,
one or two grains given at night gradually ex-
cite ptyalism.   Gr. v to xx, purge.   Children
bear larger doses than adults.
   The Black Wash, Lo'tio Hydrar'gyri nigra,
is formed of calomel, gij, Lime water, Oj. Used
for syphilitic sores.
   Hydrargyri Submurias Ammoniatum, Hy-
drargyrum praecipitatum—h. Subsulphas flavus,
Hydrargyrus vitriolatus—h. Subsulphas peroxi-
dati, Hydrargyrus vitriolatus—h. Sulphas, Hy-
drargyrus vitriolatus,  H. S. flavus,  Hydrargy-
rus vitriolatus.
   Hydrargyri  Sulphure'tum  Nigrum, H.
sulphure'tum cum  sul'phure,  Hydrargyrus vel
mercurius cum sul'phure, JEthiops minera'lis,
Hydrargyrus  e sul'phure, Pulvis hypnot'icus,
JEthiops narcoticus, (F.) Sulfure de mercure
noir, Black sulphuret of mercury, Sulphuret of
mercury with sulphur, JEthiops mineral. (Hy-
drarg.,  Sulphur aa Ibj.  Rub together till the
globules disappear.)  Used chiefly in scrofulous
and cutaneous affections.   Dose, gr. x. to ^ss.
   Hydrargyri Sulphure'tum Rubrum,  H.Bi-
sulphuretum, Hydrargyrus  sulphura'tus  ruber,
Minium purum, Minium Graco'rum,  Magnes
Epilep'sise, Ammion, Purpuris'sum, Cinnab'a-
ris,Mercurius Cinnabari'nus,  Cinab'aris,Cina-
ba'rium, Bisulphuret or Red Sulphuret of Mer-
cury, Cin'nabar, Vermilion, (F.) Sulphure de
Mercure rouge, Cinabre.  (Hydrarg. ^xl; Sul-
phur, ^viij.  Mix the mercury with the sulphur
melted over the  fire; and as soon as the mass
begins to swell remove  the vessel from the fire,
and cover it with considerable force to prevent
combustion.  Rub  the  mass into powder and
sublime.  Ph. U. S.)
   It is an antisyphilitic, but is chiefly used in
fumigation against venereal ulcers of the nose,
mouth and throat;—^ss being thrown on a red-
hot iron.  This  preparation is  the basis of a
nostrum, called Boerhaave's Red Pill.
  Hydrargyri Supermurias, H. oxymurias.  I
  Hydrargyri  Tartras, H.  Proto-tartras,
 Tartrate of mercury.  Antisyphilitic.   Dose,
 one or two grains twice a day.
  Hydrargyri et Arsenici Iodidum, Arsenic
 and Mercury, iodide of.
  Hydrar'gyri et Qui'nIjE Proto-chlo'ridum,
 Protochloride of Mercury and Quinia.  A com-
 bination of mild chloride of mercury and qui-
 nia, lately administered in obstinate cutaneous
 diseases.
  HYDRARGYRIA, Eczema mercuriale.
  HYDRARG YRI'ASIS, Hydrargyro'sis, Mer-
 curialis'mus, from  'uipapyv^og, 'mercury.'  A
 disease induced by the use of mercury ; Morbus
 Mercurial'lis. Poisoning by mercury.  Eczema
 mercuriale.
  HYDRARGYRICUM, Mercurial.
  HYDRARGYRIUM, Mercurial.
  HYDRARGYROSIS,  Eczema  mercuriale,
 Hydrargyriasis.
  HYDRARGYRO-STOMATITIS,  see  Sali-
 vation, mercurial, and Stomatitis, mercurial.
  HYDRARGYROTRIPSIS,  Hydrargyrana-
 tripsis.
  HYDRAR'GYRUM,  Hydrar'gyrus, from
 'oSae,, ' water,'  and aq-)vqog, 'silver;' Mercu'-
 rius, Argentum vivum, A. mo'bile, A. fusum,
 A. fugiti'vum, A. liq'uidum, Missadan, Fumus
 albus, Area arcano'rum, Da'dolus, Mater metal-
 lo'rum,'Mercury', Quicksilver, (F.)Mercure, M.
 cru, Vif Argent.  A fluid, brilliant metal; of a
 slightly bluish white colour; fluid above—39° of
 Fahr. and under 656°. S. g., when liquid, 13.568
 (Cavendish;) easily oxydized.  Metallic quick-
 silver does not act on the body, even when taken
 into the stomach. When oxydized and combined
 with acids,  it acts powerfully.   It has been
 exhibited in cases of constriction of the bowels
 and in intussusception, from a  notion that it
 must certainly pass through  the bowels by its
 gravity. The water, in which  mercury  has
 been boiled, has been recommended as a vermi-
 fuge;  but it probably enjoys no such property,
 as chemical tests do not exhibit the presence of
 the metal.   When the  crude metal is  distilled
 in an iron retort, it forms the Hydrar'gyrum
 puriflca'tum.
  Hydrargyrum Ammoniato-Muriaticum, H.
 praecipitatum—h. Cyanogenatum,  Hydrargyri
 cyanuretum.
  Hydrargyrum cum Creta (Ph. U. S.), Hy-
 drargyrus cum creta, Mercurius  alkalisa'tus,
 Mercury with chalk, (F.) Mercure avec la craie,
 JE'thiops alcalisa'tus.   (Hydrarg. ,^iij: Cretae
 praparat. §v.  Rub them together till the glo-
 bules  disappear.  Ph. U. S.)  A protoxide of
 mercury, formed by trituration with carbonate
 of lime.  It is somewhat uncertain; and conse-
 quently not much employed as a mercurial.  It
 possesses the properties  of the  black  oxide of
 mercury, and maybe advantageously exhibited
 in cases of diarrhoea in children, dependent upon
 acidity  and  vitiated secretions.   Dose,  gr. v
 to £ss, twice a day, in any viscid substance.
  Hydrargyrum cum Magne'sia of the Dub-
 lin Pharmacopoeia resembles  it in properties.
  Hydrargyrum Hydrocyanicum,Hydrargyri
 cyanuretum—h. Iodatum, see Iodine—h. Ioda-
 tum flavum,  see Iodine—h.  Iodatum rubrum,
 see Iodine—h. Iodidulatum, see Iodine—h. Mu-
riaticum Mite, Hydrargyri submurias—h. Pe-
riodatum, see Iodine.
  Hydrargyrum Pk^cipita'tum, H. ammo- 
HYDRARGYRUS
434     HYDRENTEROMPHALOCELE
 nia'tum, (Ph. U. S.) Hydrargyrum ammonia'-
 to-muriat'icum, Hydrar'gyri ammo'nio-chlo'ri-
 dum, Mercurius cosmet'icus, Mu'rias oxidi hy-
 drargyri ammoniaca'lis, Submu'rias  ammonl-
 aco-hydrargyricus, Calx Hydrargyri alba, Sub-
 mu'rias Hydrargyri ammoniatum, S. H. Prx-
 cipita'tum, Murias hydrargyri sub-oxygena'-
 tus  pracipitatio'ne para'tus,   Pracipita'tum
 album, Ammo'nio-chloride  of Mercury, Wldte
 precipitate of Mercury, White precipitate, Cal-
 dna'tum majus Pote'rii, (F.) Sous-muriate de
 mercure pricipiti ou Pricipiti blanc. (Hydrarg.
 chlorid. corros. §vj, aqux  destillat.  cong., Li-
 quor ammoniae f. ,^viij.  Dissolve the chloride
 in the water, with the aid  of heat, and to the
 solution, when cold, add  the solution of ammo-
 nia, frequently stirring.  Wash  the precipitate
 till it is tasteless, and dry it.—Ph. U. S.)
   A peroxide, combined with muriatic acid and
 ammonia, forming a triple  salt.  It  is used in
 powder, to destroy vermin; and, united with
 lard, for the same purpose, as well as in scabies
 and some other cutaneous affections.
   Hydrargyrum Sacchara'tum, JE'thiops sac-
 chara'tus, Mercu'rius sacchara'tus,  Ox'idum
 hydrargyri sacehara'tum, Sac'charum hydrar-
 gyri vermif'ugum.  A mild mercurial formula
 in several of the Pharmacopoeias of continental
 Europe; formed by triturating one part of mer-
 cury with two of white sugar.   It is used in
 the venereal  affections of children.
   HYDRARGYRUS, Hydrargyrum.
  Hydrargyrus Aceta'tus, Sperma mercu'rii,
 Terra folia'ta mercurii,  Mercurius  aceta'tus,
 Hydrargyri  Ace'tas, Acetas vel Proto-ace'tas
 Hydrargyri,  Ac"etate  of mercury.   This was
 the basis of Keyser's pills, and was once much
 celebrated in the cure of the venereal disease.
 The dose is from three to five grains, but  it is
 not much used.
  The formula for Keyser's anti-venereal pills
 was as  follows: Hydrarg. Acet. j^iv, Manna
 ,?xxx, Amyl.  j|ij, Mac. G. Tra.g. q. s. into pills
 of gr. vj. each.  Dose, two pills.
  Hydrargyrus Calcinatus, Hydrargyri oxy-
 dum rubrum—h. cum Creta, Hydrargyrum cum
 creta—h. Muriatis, Hydrargyri oxymurias—h.
 Nitratus ruber, Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum.
  Hydrargyrus Phosphora'tus, Phosphuret'-
 ted mercury.   This preparation  has  been re-
 commended   in cases  of  inveterate  venereal
 ulcers, but is now  scarcely used.
  Hydrargyrus SulphuratusRuber,Hydrar-
 gyri sulphuretum  rubrum—h.  cum  Sulphure,
 Hydrargyri sulphuretum nigrum—h. e Sulphure,
 Hydrargyri sulphuretum nigrum.
  Hydrargyrus Vitriola'tus, Turpe'thum mi-
nera'le, Mercurius emeticus flavus, Calx mer-
 curii  vitriola'ta, Mercurius caus'ticus flavus,
 M. lu'teus, Hydrargyri sulphas, H.  S. flavus
 (Ph. U.S.), Subsulphas Hydrargyri flavus, Ox-
 ydum hydrargyri  sulphu'ricum, Subsulphas
hydrargyri peroxida'ti, Turbith  min'eral, (F.)
 Sous-sulfate  de mercure ou turbith  miuiral.
 (Hydrarg. %iv, Acid. Sulph. ^vj.   Mix in a
 glass  vessel and boil in a sand bath till a dry
 white mass  remains.   Rub this  into powder,
and throw it  into boiling water.  Pour off the
 liquor, and wash the yellow precipitated pow-
der repeatedly with hot  water;  then dry it—
 Ph. U. S.)   Two grains  of this  mercurial  act
 on the stomach violently.  It is  sometimes re-
 commended as an errhine in amaurosis.
   HYDRARTHRON, Hydrarthrus.
   HYDRARTHROS, Hydrarthrus.
   HYDRARTHROSIS, Hydrarthrus.
   HYDRAR'THRUS, Hydarthrus, Hydrar'-
thrus  synovia'lis, Hydrops articulo'rum,  Hu-
drarthron,Hydrar'thros Melice'ria,Spinavento'-
sa of Rhazes and Avicenna, Arthritis Hydrar'-
thros, Hydarthrosis, Hydrarthrosis, Emmyx'-
iumarticula'ri, Tumor albus ;—White swelling •
from't'<fu>g, 'water,'and a^fr^or, 'a joint.'  (F.)
Tumeur blanche, T. lymphatique des articula-
tions.  The  French surgeons apply the term
Hydrarthrus to  dropsy of the  articulations.
White swelling is an extremely formidable dis-
ease.  It may attack any one of the joints; but
is most  commonly met with in the knee, the
haunch, the foot, the  elbow, and  generally oc-
curs  in  scrofulous children.   It  consists,  at
times, in tumefaction,  and softening of the soft
parts and ligaments, which surround the joints;
at others, in swelling and caries of the articular
extremities of bones;  or both these states may
exist at the same time.   The treatment consists
in the employment of counter-irritants; the use
of iodine internally and externally, &c.  Also,
Synovia.
   HYDRASTIS EXV AWSA,Great freshwater
Tortoise.  On the sandy banks of rivers in Pe-
ru this animal buries its eggs, from which the
Indians extract oil.   Its flesh supplies well fla-
voured food.—Tschudi.
   HYDRASTIS, H. Canadensis.
   Hydras'tis Canadensis, Hydrastis, Warns'-
ra Canaden'sis, Hydrophyll'um verum, Yellow
Root, Orange Root, Yellow Puccoon, Ground
Rasp'berry,  Yellow Paint, Golden  Seal, In'-
dian paint, Eyebalm.  It is used in  Kentucky
as a " mouth  water," and as an outward appli-
cation in wounds and  local inflammations.
   HYDRELJE'0]Sl,Hydrolae'um,fxom'vdae,,'-m-
ter,'and sxa/ov, 'oil.' A mixture of waterand oil.
   HYDRELYTRON, see Hydrocele.
   HYDREMA, ffidema.
   HYDRENCEPHALITIS, Hydrocephalus in-
ternus.
   HYDRENCEPHALIUM, Hydrocephalus in-
ternus.
   HYDRENCEPHALOCE'LE, Hydrocephak-
ceie, from '«<?&>§, 'water,' tyxtyaXoc,  'theence-
phalon,'  and xi]\r\, 'rupture, protrusion.'  A
monstrosity in which there is a fissure of the
cranium, the  integument of the head being pre-
sent,  and forming a hernial sac in which the
brain lies outside the skull—the sac containing
a large quantity  of serous fluid.  Also, Hydro-
cephalus chronicus.
  HYDRENCEPH'ALOID, from <i»*»(, 'wa-
tex,'  iyy.apa.KtK, 'the brain,'and n$os, 'resem-
blance.'  Resembling hydrencephalus. Hydren-
ceph'aloid disease,  Spu'rious hydrocephalus,
Pseudo-encephalitis.   Disorders of the bowels,
and exhaustion in children, are at times attended
with hydrencephaloid symptoms.
  HYDRENCEPHALUS,  Hydrocephalus in-
ternus.
  HYDRENTEROCE'LE,from'i/o-o>e,' water,'
EVTegov,' intestine,' and xrjXrj, ' a tumour.'  In-
testinal hernia, the sac of which encloses fluid.
  HYDRENTEROMPHALOCE'LE, Hydren-
terom'phalus, fxom'udwi^,' water,' tvrt^ov,'intes-
tine,' ofnyaloc,' umbilicus,' and xj^»,  ' rupture.'
Umbilical hernia with intestine and water in the
sac. 
HYDRENTEROMPHALUS        43£
  HYDRENTEROMPHALUS, Hydrenterom-
phalocele.
  HYDREPIGASTRIUM, see Ascites.
  HYDREPIPLOCE'LE, from «»&.{, 'water,'
'.Tiinxoor,  'omentum,'  and k»m,   'rupture.'
Omental hernia, with water in the sac.
   HYDREPIPLOM'PHALUS,  Hydrepiplom-
phaloce'lt, from'i/Joig, 'water,' t7r/^oov,'omen-
tum,' and  o^epaAo?,  'umbilicus.'   Umbilical
hernia, with omentum and water in the sac.
  HYDRETRUM, Ascites.
  HYDRIASIS, Hydrosudotherapeia.
  HYDRIATER, see Hydropathic.
  HYDRIATRIA, Hydrosudotherapeia.
  HYDRIATRICA ARS, Hydrosudotherapeia.
  HYDRIATRICUS,  see Hydropathic.
  HYDRIATRUS, see Hydropathic.
  HYDRIODAS KALICUS, see Potassae hy-
driodas.
  HYDRIODIC  ACID, see Acid, hydriodic.
  HYDRO'A, Hidro'a, Aqu'ula, Boa, Planta
noctis, from 'udwq,' water.'  An affection, which
consists in an accumulation of water or  serous
fluid under  the epidermis.   Some  have used
hydro'a synonymously with sudamina ;  others
with pemphigus.   In  the first case, it has ge-
nerally, however,  been written  hidro'a, from
'icTooif,' sweat,' and in the  latter hydro'a.  See
Hydatid.
  HYDROiE'MIA, Hydrae'mia;  from  'uduq,
'water,' and '*ipia,' blood.'  Anaemia. The state
of the blood in which the watery constituents are
in excess.
  HYDROAEROPLEURIE, Hydropneumo-
thorax.
  HYDROA'RION, Hydro'oph'oron,  Hydro'a'-
rlum, Hydro'dva'rium, Hy'drops ovarii, Ascites
ovarii, A. sacca'tus, (F.) HydropisiedePovaire,
from  'vSu^,  'water,'  and  wa^'ov,  'ovarium.'
Dropsy of the ovarium.
  HYDRO ATA, Sudamina.
  HYDROBLEPH'ARON,  Hy'drops Pal'pe-
brx, Blepharade'ma aquo'sum, GZde'ma  palpe-
bra'rum.  An oedema or  watery swelling of
the eyelids; from 'vfwq, 'water,' and phtifaqcr,
'eyelid.'
  HYDROCARDIA,  Hydropericardium, see
Pericardium.
  HYDROCATARRHOPHE'SIS,/7y^romtor-
rhoph'ia, from 'uJVf, 'water,' and naxa^eoiDtiv,
' to sip up.' Absorption of water from without.
  HYDROCE'LE, Hydrops Scroti,  H. testicu-
lo'rum,  Hydroscheoce'll, Hydatoce'le, Hydros'-
cheum, Hydror'chis, Hydroschionie, (Alibert,)
from %Swg, 'water,' and  x.t;Xrj, 'a tumour.'  A
collection of serous fluid in  the cellular texture
of the scrotum or in  some of the  coverings,
either of the testicle or spermatic cord.  To the
first of  these  varieties the names—External
Hydrocele, H. ademato'des, (F.)H. par infiltra-
tion have been given;  and to the second, those
of Hydroce'le inter'na, H.  tu'nicx  vagina'lis
tes'tis, Hydrel'ytron, (F.) H. par epanchement.
When the collection occurs in the envelope of
the testicle, it is called H. of the tunica vagi-
nalis ; and the epithet congenital is added, when
the interior of the membrane, in which it is si-
tuate, still communicates freely with the cavity
of the abdomen.   When it  exists in the  sper-
matic cord, it is  called encysted, or diffused
Hydrocele of the spermatic cord, as the case may
be.  The tumour of the distended scrotum is
j           HYDROCEPHALUS

 oblong : greater below than above;  indolent and
 semi-transparent.  When it becomes  inconve-
 niently large, the fluid may be evacuated by
 puncturing with a trocar, but, as the fluid  col-
 lects again, this operation can only be consi-
 dered  palliative.  The radical  cure  consists,
 usually, in injecting, through the canula of the
 trocar, which has been left in, after puncturing,
 some irritating liquid, as wine.  This is kept
 in the tunica vaginalis  for a few minutes, and
 then withdrawn.  The coat inflames;  adhesion
 takes place, and the cavity is obliterated.
   Hydrocele Peritonei, Ascites—h.  Spinalis,
 Hydrorachis.
   HYDROCENO'SIS, from 'vSoiq, 'water,' and
 Ktvaxric, 'evacuation.'  The evacuation of water
 morbidly accumulated in the body.
   HYDROCEPHALE, Hydrocephalus.
   HYDROCkPHALE AIGUE, Hydrocepha-
 lus internus.
   HYDROCEPHALICS, Hydrocephalus in-
 ternus.
   HYDROCEPHALIUM, Hydrocephalus.
   HYDROCEPHALOCELE, Hydrencephalo-
 celc.
   HYDROCEPHALOECTASIE, Hydroce-
 phalus chronicus.
   HYDROCEPHALUS,  Hydroceph'alum, Hy
 drocra'nia,  Hydrocra'nium,  Hydrocephalium,
 Hydroceph'ale,  Hydrops Capitis,  H.  Cer'ebri,
 from 'uowp, 'water,'  and xiy*.Xr],  'the head.'
 Water in the head, Dropsy of the head, Dropsy
 of the brain. A collection of water within the
 head.  It may be internal or external.
   Hydrocephalus  Acutus, H. internus—h.
 Acutus senum,  Apoplexy, serous—h. Externus,
 H. chronicus—h. Meningeus, H.  internus.
   Hydrocephalus  Chron'icus,  Hydrencepha-
 loce'll, Hydrops Cap'itis, Hydrocephalus exter-
 nus, (F.) Hydrociphale, Hydrociphaloectasie, of
 some, commonly commences at an early period
 of existence, and the accumulation  of fluid  gra-
 dually produces distension of the brain, and of
 the  skull, with separation of the  sutures.  It
 commonly proves fatal before puberty.
   Hydrocephalus Externus, CEde'ma cap'itis,
 Cephalade'ma,  of some is a mere infiltration
 into the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the cra-
 nium.
   Hydrocephalus  Inter'nus, Hydrocephalus
 acu'tus, H. meninge'us, Hydrops cer'ebri, Ence-
 phalalgia hydrop'ica, Encephalitis exsudato'-
 ria, Encephalitis seu Meningitis Infan'tum,
 Morbus cerebra'iis Whyt'tii, En'tero-cephalop'-
 yra  Infan'tum, Hydrophlogo'sis  Ventriculo'-
 rum cer'ebri, Encephaloch'ysis, Phrenic'ula hy-
 drocephalica, Hydrenceph'alus, Hydrencephall-
 tis,  Hydrencephalium, Hydrocephalltis,  Hy-
 dromeningi'tis,  Febris  Hydrocephalica, Apo-
 plex'ia hydrocephalica, Carus hydrocephalus,
 Water Brain Fever, (F.)  Hydrociphale  aigue,
 Fievre ceribrale des Enfans, is generally seated,
 according to modern observers, in the meninges
 and  surface of the encephalon, and is  a tuber'-
 cular meningitis,Meningitis tuberculo'sa, En-
 cephalostrumo'sis, (F.) Miningite tuberculeuse
 ou granuleuse.   It is observed particularly in
 childhood.   Its march is  extremely acute and
 often very rapid; admitting, generally, how-
 ever, of division into three stages.  The symp-
 toms of the first stage are those of general  feb-
 rile  irritation,  with head-ache, intolerance of 
HYDROCHAMAIMELUM        436
HYDROGEN
light and  sound, delirium, &c.   Those of the
second, which generally denote that the inflam-
mation has ended in effusion, are, great slow-
ness of pulse, crying out as if in distress, moan-
ing, dilated pupil,  squinting, &c; and lastly,
in the third stage;—profound stupor, paralysis,
convulsions,  involuntary  evacuations,  quick
pulse, and frequently death.   The disease is of
uncertain  duration; sometimes,  destroying in
two or three days; at others, extending to two
or three weeks.  The prognosis  is unfavoura-
able.   The treatment must be active dur-
ing the stage  of excitement,—precisely that
which is necessary in phrenitis.   In the second
stage, the  indication is;—to promote the ab-
sorption of the effused fluid.  This must be done
by counter-irritants, and mercury, chiefly. On
dissection, water is generally found in the ven-
tricles, or at the base of the brain; or there are
evidences of previous vascular excitement, as
effusions of coagulable lymph, &c.
   Hydrocephalus Spurius, Hydrencephaloid,
(disease.)
   HYDROCHAMAIMELUM, Infusum anthe-
midis.
   HYDROCHEZIA, Diarrhoea serosa.
   HYDROCHLORATE D'OR, see Gold.
   HYDROCHLORINAS  NATRICUS, Soda,
muriate of.
   HYDROCHOLECYSTIS, Turgescentia ve-
siculae fellea?.
   HYDROCH'YSES, (G.) Hydrochysen, from
'vdu^, 'water,' and xoo-k, 'effusion.'  A family
of diseases, according to the classification  of
Fuchs, in which there is a sudden effusion  of
serous fluid, as in serous apoplexy; hydrocepha-
lus, &c.
   HYDROCIRSOCE'LE, Hygrocirsoceic, Hy-
groce'U,  from 'vSao, 'water,' mqaos, 'varix,'
and xyXi],  ' tumour.'   A tumour,  formed by the
varicose distention of the veins of the spermatic
cord, and by the accumulation of serous fluid
in the cellular texture of the scrotum.
   HYDROCCELIA, Ascites.
   HYDROCOTYLE UMBELLATUM, Aca-
ricoba.
   HYDROCRANIA, Hydrocephalus.
   HYDROCRANIUM, Hydrocephalus.
   HYDROCRITHE, Decoctum  Hordei.
   HYDROCYANIC ACID, Ac'idum Hydro-
 cyanicum; from  SJaig,  'water,' and  xvavog,
 ' blue.' Prussic Acid, Ad'idum Prus'sicum, A.
 Borus'sicum, A.  Zoot'icum, A. Zootin'icum,
  Cyanohy'drir,  Acid,  Cyanhy'dric Acid,  (F.)
 Acide Hydrocyanique  ou  Prussique.   This
 acid exists in a great variety of native  combi-
 nations in the vegetable  kingdom, and imparts
 to them  certain properties, which have been
 long known and esteemed;  as in the bitter  al-
 mond, Cherry laurel, leaves of the Peach tree,
 kernels  of fruit, pips of apples, &c.   When
  concentrated, it is liquid, colourless, of a strong
  smell and taste, at first  cool, afterwards burn-
  ing.  Its s. g. at 7° centigrade, is 0.7058.  It is
  very volatile, and enters into ebullition at 80°
  Fahr.  It  speedily undergoes  decomposition,
  sometimes in less than an hour, and consists of"
  a peculiar gazeous  and  highly inflammable
  compound of carbon  and azote, to  which  the
  name Cyan'ogen has been assigned; and of hy-
  drogen, which acts as the acidifying principle:
  hence  its name  Hydrocyanic  acid.   In  the
  Pharmacopoeia of the United States, (1842,) two
formulae for its preparation are given,—the one
from the Ferro-cyanuret of Potassium; the other
from the  Cyanuret of Silver.  According to
Magendie, the  acid, prepared after  Scheele's
method—the one in common use—is of irregu-
lar medicinal power; he, therefore, recommends
Gay Lussac's acid, diluted with 6 times its vo-
lume, or 8.5 times its weight of distilled water,
for  medicinal purposes, and this he calls Me-
dic'inal Prussic Acid.  Dr. Ure has proposed
that the  specific  gravity should indicate  that
which  is  proper for medicinal exhibition;  and
after comparative  experiments of the gravity
of the acids, obtained by different processes, he
states, that the acid, usually prescribed, is of s.
g. 0.996 or 0.997.   Great caution  is, however,
necessary. One drop of pure prussic acid may
instantly destroy, and the  animal  show hardly
any traces of irritability, a few moments after
death.   It has been advised in laryngeal phthi-
sis, in pulmonary phthisis, pulmonary inflamma-
tion and irritation, dyspepsia, uterine affections,
hectic  cough, cancer, chronic rheumatism, and
mania, and as a local remedy in impetiginous
affections; but, although possessed of powerful
sedative properties, it is so unmanageable and
the preparation so uncertain, that it is not much
used.  The Dose of Scheele's Acid, or of the
Medicinal Prussic Acid, is from a quarter of a
drop to two drops.
  HYDROCYS'TIS, from 'udwq, 'water,' and
Kva-ng, 'a bladder.'  A cyst containing a wa-
tery or serous fluid.  An  hydatid.  Also, sac-
cated ascites.
  HYDRODERMA, Anasarca.
  HYDRODES, Aqueous.
  HYDRODIARRHC5A, Diarrhoea, serous.
  HYDRCEDEMA, ffidema.
  HYDRO-ENCkPHALORRHkE,  Apo-
plexy, serous.
  HYDRO-ENTERO-EPIPLOCE'LE,ifyrfra-
epiplo-enteroce'lS ; from 'tiding, 'water,' tvxi^n,
'intestine,' and tmnXoov, 'omentum.'  Entero-
epiplocele, the sac of which  contains a serous
fluid.
  HYDRO-E NTE RO-E PI PLOM PHALUM,
from  'vdue,,  'water,' ivreqov,  'an  intestine,'
 tnnrxoijv, 'the caul,' and ouyaXoc, 'the navel.'
 Umbilical hernia, the sac of which contains in-
 testine, epiploon, and serum.
   HYDRO-ENTEROM'PHALUM, Hydrevte-
 rom'phalum; from 'udwq, 'water,' ivrtqov, 'an
 intestine,'and o^axoc,'the  umbilicus.'  Her-
 nia umbilicalis, the sac of which contains in-
 testine and serum.
   HYDRO-EPIPLOCE'LE, from Wcuo,'watery
 tvnrXmv, 'omentum,' and  hum, 'a  tumour.
 Hernia, formed by omentum, the sac of which
 contains serum.
   HYDRO-EPIPLO-ENTEROCELE, Hydro-
 entero-epiplocele.
    HYDRO-EPIPLOMPH'ALUM, from '•ft*
 'water,' t7rm\oov, 'the omentum,' and out*-*''c>
 'the umbilicus.'  Umbilical hernia, the  sac of
 which contains epiploon and serum.
    HYDROG'ALA, from <uSwo, 'water,' and
 yaKu, 'milk.'  A mixture of water and milk'
    HYDROGASTER, Ascites.
    HY'DROGEN, Hydrogen'lum, Inflam'maUe
 air, Phlogis'ton, Princip'ium hydrogenet'icrm,
 P. hydrot'ieum, Mephitis infiammab'ilis, (r •)
 Hydrogene, from 'vowg, 'water,' and yn>r*w,'l
 produce.'  This  gas, when breathed, proves 
HYDROGENE
437
HYDROPHOBIA
fatal from containing no oxygen.  When di-
luted with two-thirds of atmospheric air, it oc-
casions some diminution of muscular power and
sensibility, and a reduction of the force of the
circulation.  It has been respired in catarrh,
haemoptysis, and phthisis.
  Hydrogen, Carburetted, Inflammable air,
Fire damp, of miners—obtained by passing the
vapour of water over charcoal, at the  tempera-
ture of ignition, in an iron tube—has been found
possessed of similar properties, when diluted,
and has been used in like cases.
  Hydrogen, Sulphuretted, Hydrosulph'uric
acid,  Hydrothion'ic acid,  Hydrothi'on, Gaz
hepaticum, Gaz hydrogen'ium sidphurd'turn,
Mephitis hepat'ica, (F.)Acidehydrosulfurique,
may be disengaged  from any of the sulphurets
by the addition of a strong acid.  It is a violent
poison, but has been recommended  to  be  in-
haled, diluted, to allay the increased irritability
which occasionally exists after diseases of the
lungs.  See Hydro-sulphuretted Water.
  HYDROGENE, Hydrogen.
  HYDROGENkSES.  Baumes gives this
name to  diseases which he fancifully considers
to depend upon disturbed hydrogenation.  In it
he includes intermittent and remittent fevers.
  HYDROGENOSULPHURETUM AMMO-
NI ACiE LIQUIDUM, Ammoniae sulphuretum.
  HYDROGLOSSA, Ranula.
  HYDROHEMIE, Anaemia.
  HYD ROHYM E N I'TI S,   Orrhohymeni'tis,
 from 'vfa>£,  'water,' 'vu»v, 'a  membrane,' and
 itis, denoting inflammation.   Inflammation  of
 a serous  membrane.
   HYDROL^EUM, Hydrelaeon.
   HYDROLAPATHUM, Rumex hydrolapa-
 thum.
   HYDROLATA, Aquae destillatae.
   HYDROLATS, Aquae destillatae.
   HYDROL'OGY,  Hydrolog'ia, from  <vS«g,
 'water,' and Xoyo;, 'a  discourse.'  A  treatise
 on water.  By the term Medical Hydrology
 is meant that part of physics, whose object is
 the study of water, considered  as it respects
 medicine; and consequently embracing that of
 mineral  waters.   Medical Hydrog'raphy com-
 prises the study of the influence exerted by the
 sea or by navigation on the health of man.
   HYDROLOTIF, Lotion.
   HYDROMA'NIA, from S<5o.e, 'water,'  and
 piuvit,' mania.'  A name given  by Strambi to
 pellagra in which the patient  has a strong pro-
 pensity  to drown himself.
   HYDRO-MEDIASTI'NUM, Hydrops medi-
 astlni.   Effusion of serous fluid into the medi-
 astinum.
   HY'DROMEL, Hydrom'eli, fxom'vSo^, 'wa-
 ter,' and piXi, ' honey.'  Aqua mulsa, Melitl-
 tis, Mulsum, Melic'ratum, Mellic'ratum, Brag-
 gart, Medo.  A liquid medicine, prepared with
 an ounce and a half of honey and a pint of tepid
 water.  It is used as a demulcent and laxative,
 and is generally known under the names Simple
 hy'dromel,  Vinous hy'dromel, Mead, Hydrom'-
 eli vino'sum.  It is a drink made by ferment-
 ing honey and water, and is much used in some
 countries.
    HYDROMENINGITIS, Hydrocephalus in-
  ternus.
    HYDROMETER, Areometer.
    UYBROME TRA,Hydrome'tria,Hyster'ites,
 Hysterade'ma, Hydrops u'teri; from 'v$u>£, 'wa-
ter,'and piyng*,  'the womb.'  Dropsy of the
womb.  A  disease characterized  by  circum-
scribed protuberance in the hypogastrium,—
with  obscure fluctuation,  progressively  en-
larging, without  ischury or pregnancy.  If it
ever occur, it must be a rare disease.
  HYDROM'PHALUM, Hydrops umbilica'lis,
Exom'phalus aquo'sus, Her'nia umbilici aquo'-
sa, from 'v8wq,' water,' and o/aqahos,' the navel.'
A tumour, formed by the accumulation of se-
rum in the sac of umbilical hernia;  or simply
by distension of  the navel in cases of ascites.
   HYI>ROMYRIN'GrA,Hydromyrinx,H,jdrops
tym'pani, from 'oSaq, ' water,' and myringa or
myrinx,' the membrana tympani.'  Dropsy of
the drum of the  ear ; giving rise to difficulty of
hearing,—Dyseca'a hydropica.
   HYDROMYRINX, Hydromyringa.
   HYDRONCUS, Anasarca, ffidema.
   HYDRONEPHROSIS; (F.) Hydroniphrose,
Hydrorinale distension, from  'vdag,  ' water,'
and vtipqoc, 'kidney.'   An accumulation  in the
kidney, owing to the obstruction of the tubes
of the papillae.—Rayer.
   HYDRONOSUS, Hydrops.
   HYDRONUSUS, Hydrops.
   HYDROOPHORON, Hydroarion.
   HYDROOVARIUM, Hydroarion.
   HYDROPiEDESIS, Hydropedesis.
   HYDROPATHIC,  Hydropath'icus, Hydri-
 alricus, from 'vSwp, 'water,' and nation, 'dis-
 ease.'  Relating to hydropathy or the  water
 cure,—as a hydropathic physician,—Hydriater,
 Hydridtrus.
   HYDROPATHY, Hydrosudotherapeia.
   HYDROPEDE'SIS,  Hydropade'sis,   from
 'vStee,, ' water,' and midia,' I break out.'  Ephi-
 dro'sis.   Excessive sweating.
   HYDROPEGE, Water, spring.
   H Y DROPERIC ARDIA, Hydropericardium.
   HYDROPERICARDITIS,  Hydropericardi-
 um.
   HYDRO?FA\IC AR'mVM.,Hydropericar'dia,
  Hydropericardltis,  from 'i.'<Tu>g, 'water,' and
 pericardium; Hydrops Pericardii, Hydrocar'-
 dia, Dropsy of the pericar'dium, (F.) Hydro-
 pisie du Pericarde.   This  is not  a  common
 disease.   Palpitations; irregular or  intermit-
 ting pulse; excessive dyspnoea, amounting often
 to orthopncea, and dulness over a large space on
 percussion, will cause the  pericardium  to be
 suspected.  The treatment is that of dropsies
 in general.  It  is, usually, however, of the ac-
 tive kind.
    HYDROPkRIONE, from Way, 'water,'
 wtpi,'' around,' and a>ov,' an egg, or ovum.'  The
  sero-albuminous substance secreted by the lining
  of the uterus,  prior to the arrival of the  im-
  pregnated ovum in that cavity.—Breschet.
    HYDROPkRITONIE, Ascites.
    HYDROPHAL'LUS,  from  lvS<>%,  'water,'
 and  vxXXo;, 'the male organ.'  ffidema of the
  male organ.
    HYDROPH1MOSIS, Phimosis oedematodes.
    HYDROPHLEGMASIA  TEXTUS  CEL-
  LULARIS, Phlegmasia alba.
    HYDROPHLOGOSIS VENTRICULO-
  RUM CEREBRI, Hydrocephalus internus.
    HYDROPHO'BI A,Paraphobia, Parophobia,
  Phobodip' son,  Phen'gydron,  Pheugophobia,
  Cynolys'sa, Cynolys'sum, Morbus  hydrophob'-
 icus seu  hydroph'obus, Lyean'che,  Lycan'chis,
  Aerophobia, Phrenitis latrans, Lytta, Lijssa, 
HYDROPHOBUS
438
HYDROPS
Lyssa cani'na, Pantophobia, Rabies  cam -
na, Erethis'mus  hydrophobia, Clonos hydro-
phobia, Hygrophobia,  Canine madness, (F.)
Rage; from W/>,' water,' and <po(iog, 'dread.'
  The term Rabies is more appropriate for the
aggregate of symptoms resulting from the bite
of rabid animals.   Hydrophobia literally signi-
fies, a 'dread  of water;' and, consequently,
ought to be applied to  one of the  symptoms of
rabies, rather than to the disease itself.   It is a
symptom  which appears occasionally in other
nervous affections.   Rabies is susceptible  of
spontaneous development in the dog, wolf, cat,
and fox, which can thence transmit it to other
quadrupeds or  to  man;  but it has not  been
proved that it can supervene,—without  their
having been previously bitten,—in animals of
other species;  or that the latter can, when bit-
ten, communicate it to others.  Many facts in-
duce the belief, that the saliva and bronchial
mucus are the sole vehicles of the rabid virus;
the effects of which upon the economy some-
times appear almost immediately after the bite,
and  are, at others, apparently dormant for  a
considerable period.  The chief symptoms are
—a sense  of dryness  and constriction of the
throat; excessive thirst; difficult deglutition;
aversion for, and horror at, the sight of liquids
as well as of brilliant objects; red, animated
countenance; great nervous irritability; frothy
saliva; grinding of the  teeth, &c.   Death most
commonly happens  before the fifth day.  Hy-
drophobia has hitherto resisted all therapeutical
means. Those which allay irritation are obvi-
ously most called for.  In the way of preven-
tion, the bitten part should  always be excised,
where practicable; and cauterized.
  In  some cases, symptoms like  those which
follow the bite of a  rabid animal  are said  to
have  come on  spontaneously.  This affection
has been termed nervous or spontaneous hydro-
phobia.
  HYDROPHOBUS, Lyssodectus.
  HYDROPHTHALMIA, from Stag,'water,'
and  o^)&ahfiO(,  'the  eye.'  Hydrophthalmus,
Dropsy of the eye, Hydrops Oc'uli,  Buphthal-
mus, Zoophthal'mus, Oc'ulus Bovlnus, Oculus
Bu'bulus, Oculus Elephan'tinus,  Ophthalmop-
to'sis, Parop'sis Staphylo'ma simplex, (F.) Hy-
drophthalmie, Hydropisie de Pail.   This affec-
tion is caused, at times, by an increase in the
quantity of the  aqueous, at others, of the vitre-
ous, humour.   In the  former  case, the iris  is
concave anteriorly, and pushed backwards :—
in the latter it is convex, and pushed forwards.
Most commonly, the disease  seems to depend
on both humours at the same time.  Hydroph-
thalmia sometimes affects both eyes; at others,
only one.  Children are more exposed to it than
adults  or  old  persons.  The  treatment  must
vary  according to  the cause; its longer  or
shorter duration;  greater or less  extent, &c.
Hence, according to circumstances, hydragogue
medicines, purgatives,  general and local blood-
letting, blisters, setons, moxa,  cupping-glasses,
fomentations, collyria, and fumigations of dif-
ferent  kinds have  been employed.  When all
means fail, and the disease continues to make
progress, the fluid may be evacuated, by a punc-
ture made with a cataract needle  at the lower
part of the transparent cornea.
  Hydrophthalmia, Conical. Staphyloma  of
the cornea.
  HYDROPHTHAL'MION.  Same  etymon.
An cedematous swelling of  the conjunctiva in
hydropic persons.
  HYDROPHTHALMUS,  Hydrophthalmia-
h. Cruentus, Haemophthalmia.
  HYDROPHYLLUM   VERUM,  Hydrastis

  HYDROPHYSOCE'LE, Hydropneumatocl-
le, from Wuig, ' water,' yv<ra, ' wind,' and />,),*
' a tumour.'  Hernia, which contains a serous
fluid and gas.
  HYDROPHYSOME'TRA; from 'odo^, 'wa-
ter,' <?vo-*a>, 'I inflate,' and /t»/rou, ' the womb.'
A morbid condition of the womb, in which both
fluid and air are contained in it.
  HYDROPTC,  Hydrop'icus,  Hy'phydros,
Hyder'icus, Hydero'des, Drop'sical, (F.) Hy-
dropique.  One  labouring under dropsy.  Re-
lating to dropsy.  Also, an antihydropic, and a
hydragogue.
  HYDROPIPER, Polygonum hydropiper.
  HYDROPISIA, Hydrops.
  HYDROPISIE, Hydrops—A.  du Bas-ven-
tre, Ascites—k. Ciribrale suraigu'e, Apoplexy,
Serous—h. de  PCEil,  Hydrophthalmia—h. de
POvaire, Hydroarion—h. du Piricarde, Hy-
dropericardium—h. des Plevres,  Hydrothorax
—h. de Poitrine, Hydrothorax—h. de la Visi-
cule du Fiel, Turgescentia vesicae felleae.
  HYDROPISIS, Hydrops—h. Vera, Anasarca.
  HYDROPISMUS, Hydrops.
  HYDROPLEURIE, Hydrothorax.
  HYDROPNEUMATOCELE,  Hydiophyso-
cele.
  HYDROPNEUMON, Hydropneumonia.
  H Y D R OPNEUMO'NIA, Hydropneu'mon,
QZde'ma pulmo'num chronicum, Hydrops pul-
monum cellulo'sus, Anasar'ca pulmonum, Hy-
drops pulmonum, from 'vSaq, ' water,' and7im-
uuv, ' the lung.'  Dropsical infiltration of the
lungs.  See ffidema of the lungs.
  H YDROPNEUMOSAR'C A, from 'odwq, 'wa-
ter,' nvtvfia, ' wind, air,' and aap\, ' flesh.' An
abscess, containing water, air, and matters si-
milar to flesh.—M. A. Severinus.
  HYDROPNEUMOTHO'RAX,  Hydroabo-
pleurie, from   'vSwq,  'water,' nvivfAttv,  'the
lung,' and  8uq*%, ' the chest.'  Pneumothorax
with  effusion  of blood  into  the  chest.  See
Pneumothorax.
  HYDROPOI'DES, from 'uJVg, 'water,'and
rroitu, ' I make.'  An epithet for watery excre-
tions, such as sometimes take place in hydropics.
  HYDROP'OTA, Hydrop'otes, Pota'tor Aqua;
from  'viceg, 'water,' and noTi\(, 'a drinker.1
A Water Drinker. One who drinks only water,
or drinks it in an extraordinary quantity.
  HYDROPS, from'u<U>n, 'water,' Phlegma-
tia, Hy'deros, Affec'tus hydero'des, Hydrop'isi*,
Hydropis'ia, Hydropis'mus, Hydrop'sia, Hy-
drorrhcr'a,  Hydrorrhoe, Hydrorrkoiis, Polyhy'-
dria, Hydron'osus, Hydronu'sus, Dropsy, (F.)
Hydropisie.  A preternatural  collection of a
serous fluid in any cavity of the body, or in the
cellular texture.  When the cellular texture of
the whole body is more or less filled with fluid,
the disease is called Anasar'ca or Leucophlegma-
tia;—and when this variety is local or partial)
it is called GZde'ma. The chief dropsies, desig-
nated from their seat, are:—Anasarca, Hydro-
cephalus, Hydrorachitis, Hydrothorax, Hydro-
pericardium Ascites,Hydrometra,Hydrocele,iiC. 
HYDROPSIA
439   HYDROSULPHURETTED  WATER
  Encyst'ed  Dropsy, Hydrops  sacca'tus in-
carcera'tus  vel cys'ticus,  is that  variety in
which the fluid is enclosed in a sac or cyst; so
that it has no communication  with the surround-
ing parts.  Dropsy of the Ovarium, Hydrops
Ova'rii, Ascites Ova'rii, Ascites sacca'tus, is
an instance  of this variety.
  Dropsy may be active or passive.  The former
consists in an increasedactionof theexhalant3,so
that those vessels pour out much more fluid than
is absorbed: the latter arises  from a state of ato-
ny of the absorbent vessels, which allows of an
accumulation of fluid.   It may also be mecha-
nical, or  produced by obstructions to the circu-
lation,  as in  cases of diseased  liver. Active
dropsy, occurring accidentally in a sound indi-
vidual, generally ends favourably.  That which
supervenes  on other diseases, or is symptomatic
of some internal affection, is rarely curable.
  The  treatment consists in  the use of all those
remedies, which act on the various secretions:
so that the  demand being increased, the supply
will have to be increased accordingly; and in
this manner some of the collected fluid may be
taken  up by  the  absorbents.   To  this  end,
bleeding, if the dropsy be very active; purga-
tives, diuretics, sudorifics, sialagogues, &c, are
the remedies chiefly  depended upon.
  Hydrops Abdominis, Ascites—h. Abdominis
aereus, Tympanites—h. Abdominis saccatus,
see Ascites—h. Anasarca, Anasarca—h. Ana-
sarca acutus,  see  Anasarca—h. Articulorum,
Hydrarthrus—h. Ascites,  Ascites—h. Capitis,
Hydrocephalus —  h.  Capitis,  Hydrocephalus
chronicus — h. Cavitatis columnae vertebralis,
Hydrorachis—h.Cellularis artuum, ffidema—h.
Cellularis totius corporis, Anasarca—h.  Cellu-
losus,  Anasarca—h.  Cerebri,  Hydrocephalus,
Hydrocephalus internus—h. Cysticus, see As-
cites—h. Glottidis, ffidema  of the Glottis—h.
Intercus,  Anasarca — h.   Leucophlegmatias,
Leucophlegmatia—h. ad Matulam, Diabetes—
h. Mediastini, Hydromediastinum—h. Medullae
spinalis, Hydrorachis—h. Metellae, Diabetes—
h. Oculi, Hydrophthalmia—h. Ovarii, Hydroa-
rion—h. Palpebrae,  H ydroblepharon—h. Pec-
toris, Hydrothorax—h. Pericardii, Hydroperi-
cardium—h. Pleurae,  Hydrothorax—h. Pulmo-
nis, Hydrothorax—h. Pulmonum,  Hydropneu-
monia,  ffidema of the Lungs—h. Pulmonum
cellulosus,  Hydropneumonia—h. Sacci lachry-
malis, Fistula lachrymalis—h.Scroti, Hydrocele
—h.Siccus et flatulentus,Tympanites—h.Spinae,
Hydrorachis—h. Spinae vertebralis,Hydrorachis
—h. Subcutaneus,  Anasarca—h.  Testiculorum,
Hydrocele—h. Thoracis, Hydrothorax—h. Tu-
barum Fallopii, Hydrosalpinx—h. Tympani,
Hydromyringa—h. Tympanites, Tympanites—
h. Umbilicalis, Hydromphalum—h. Uteri, Hy-
drometra—h. Vesicas felleae,  Turgescentia vesi-
culae felleae.
  HYDROPSIA, Hydrops.
  HYDROPYR'ETOS, from'^g,  'water,'and
Ti/gf<roc,  ' fever;'  Febris sudato'ria.   Fever
with sweating.  Hidropyretos would be more
proper; from  'itigux,  'sweat.'   See Sudor An-
glicus.
   H YDRORA'CHIS, from 'ufiae,, ' water,' and
qn/ig,  ' the spine.'  Hydrorrha'chis, Hydrora-
'iii'tis, Hydrorrha'chia, Myeloch'ysis, Hydrops
Cavita'tis ColumnxVertebra'tis,  H. Spina ver-
tebra'lis, Hydrops  medulla spina'lis, Hydro-
ceie spina'lis, Hydrorachi'tis spino'sa, Hydrops
spina.  An  effusion  of serum, often owing
to inflammation of the spinal  membranes—
myelitis exsudati'va—and forming a soft, fre-
quently transparent,  tumour;  constituted of
the membranes  of the spinal  marrow, which
are distended  and projecting backwards  from
the vertebral canal,  the  posterior paries of
which,  when the  affection is congenital, is
wanting to a certain  extent—Spina bifida,
Atelorackid'ia, Hydrorra'ckis dehis'cens,  Spl-
nola.   The disease is often accompanied  with
paralysis of the  lower extremities.  It is con-
genital, and  situate  in the lumbar or sacral
regions. It is almost always fatal:—the tumour
rupturing, and death occurring instantaneously.
On dissection, a  simple separation or complete
absence of the spinous processes of the verte-
brae is perceived, with, at times, destruction or
absence of spinal marrow.  The treatment is
the same as in hydrocephalus chronicus; and, as
in  it,  advantage seems occasionally  to  have
been derived by puncturing with a fine needle.
   Hydrorachis Dehiscens, see  Hydrorachis.
   HYDRORACHITIS, Hydrorachis.
   HYDRORCHIS, Hydrocele.
   HYDRORENALE  DISTENSION,  Hy-
dronephrosis.
   HYDRORRHACHIA, Hydrorachis.
   HYDRORRHACHIS, Hydrorachis.
   hYDRORRHAGIE, Apoplexy,  serous.
   HYDRORRHOE,  Hydrops.
   HYDRORRHCEA,  Hydrops.
   HYDRORRHOUS, Hydrops.
   HYDRORTHOPNffi'A, from <udwf,< water,'
and opdovroia,' difficulty of breathing, except in
the erect posture.' Orthopncea, owing to a col-
lection of water in the chest.
   HYDROSAC'CHARUM, Aqua sacchara'ta,
(F.) Eau sucrie.  Sugared water.
   HYDROSAL'PINX, Hydrops  tuba'rum Fal-
lo'pii;  from  'vtap,  'water,' and o-xXnty$, 'a
tube.'  Dropsy of the Fallopian tube.
   HYDROSAR'CA, from  <vdu,p, ' water,' and
o-aqi,  ' flesh.'  A tumour, containing a fluid, as
well as portions of flesh. Also, Anasarca.
   HYDROSARCOCE LE, from  <u(J0,e,' water,'
'«?£, ' flesh,'  and x»;xry, la tumour.'  Sarcoky-
droceie.  A  tumour,  formed  by a sarcocele,
complicated with dropsy of the tunica vagina-
lis.
   H YDROSC H EOCE'LE, Oscheocele aquo'sa,
from 'vdioq, 'water,' o<r/eov, 'the scrotum,' and
k»\», ' rupture.'   A collection of water in the
scrotum.   Hydrocele.
   HYDROSCHEONIE, Hydrocele.
   HYDROSCHEUM, Hydrocele.
   HYDROSIS,  Hidrosis.
   HYDROSTATIC   TEST  OF  INFANTI-
CIDE, see Docimasia.
   HYDROSUDOPATHY.Hydrosudotherapeia.
   HYDROSUDOTHERAPEI'A, Hydrop'athy,
Hydropathi'a,  Hydro sudop'athy,  Hydrlasis,
Ars hydriat'rica, Hydriatri'a,  Watercure, (G.)
Wassercur,  from 'vSiuq,  ' water,' sudo,  '  I
sweat,' and  QtoaTtva,  'I remedy.'   A  badly
compounded word, formed to express the  mode
of treating diseases  by cold water, sweating,
&c.
   HYDROSULPHURETTED   WATER,
Aqua  hydro sulphur a ta simplex, Aqua hepat'-
ica, (F.) Eau hydro-sulphur ie simple.   (Sul-
phuret of iron 1000 parts, sulphuric acid 2000
parts, distilled water 4000 parts; add the water 
HYDROSULPHURETUM        440
HYLISMUS
 to the acid, and put the sulphuret of iron into a
 retort, to which a Wolff's apparatus of 5 or 6
 vessels is adapted; the last containing about an
 ounce of potassa, dissolved in a quart of water.
 Pour the diluted acid gradually on the sulphu-
 ret ;  and, ultimately, throw away the water in
 the last vessel. Ph. P.)  It is stimulant, dia-
 phoretic,  and  deobstruent,  (?) and is  used in
 rheumatism, diseases of the skin, &c".
   It has been, also, called Ac1idum Hydrothion'-
 icum liq'uidum.
   HYDROSULPHURETUM AMMONIA-
 CUM AQUOSUM, Ammoniae sulphuretum—
 h. Ammoniacum,  Ammoniae sulphuretum.
   HYDROTHION, Hydrogen, sulphuretted.
   H YDROTHO'RAX, from 'oSap,' water,' and
 fiaiootl, 'thechest.' Hydrops Thora'cis, Hydrops
 pec'toris, Hydrops pulmo'nis, H. pleura, Ste-
 thoch'ysis, Pleurorrha'a lymphat'ica, PI. sero'-
 sa, Dyspna'a  et Orthopna'a hydrothorac'ica,
 (F.)  Hydropisie de Poitrine, H. des Plevres,
 Dropsy of the Chest.   Idiopathic Hydrothorax,
 termed by Laennec  Hydropisie des plhvres,
 Dropsy  of the Pleura,—by Piorry,  Hydro-
 pleurie, is a rare  disease, and difficult of dia-
 gnosis.  It generally exists only on one side
 which, if the fluid effused be considerable, pro-
 jects more than the other.  Dyspnoea, and fluc-
 tuation perceptible to the ear, are characteristic
 symptoms.  When the chest is examined with
 the stethoscope, respiration is found to be want-
 ing every where, except at the root of the lung.
 The sound is also dull  on percussion.
   Effusion into the chest, as a result of inflam-
 mation of some thoracic viscus, is as common
 as the other is rare.  It is usually a fatal symp-
 tom.   It  has been called symptomatic hydro-
 thorax.
   In  Hydrothorax, the  course of  treatment,
 proper in dropsies in general, must be adopted.
 Diuretics seem, here, to be especially useful;
 probably on account of  the great activity of
 pulmonary absorption.   Paracentesis can rarely
 be serviceable.
   Hydrothorax Chylosus, Chylothorax—h.
 Purulentus, Empyema.
   HYDROTICA,  Hydragogues.
   HYDRO'TIS, from  'vSag, 'water,' and our,
 gen. oitoc, 'the  ear.'  Dropsy of the ear.  Pro-
 perly, an accumulation of  mucous or muco-
 purulent matter in the  middle ear.
   HYDRURESIS, Diabetes.
   HYDRURIA, Diabetes, see Urine.
   HYERES.  This small town, agreeably situ-
 ate on the declivity of a hill, about 2 miles from
 the Mediterranean, and 12 from Toulon, is the
 least exceptionable residence in Provence for
 the pulmonary invalid.  It is in some measure
 protected from the northerly winds; but not
 sufficiently so  from the mistral to render it a
 very desirable residence for the phthisical.__Sir
 James Clark.
  HYGEA, Hygiene, Sanitas.
  HYGEIA, Sanitas.
  HYGEISMUS, Hygiene.
  HYGEOLOGY, Hygiene.
  HYGIANSIS, Sanitas.
  HYGIASIS, Sanitas.
  HYGIASMA, Medicament.
  HYGIAS'TICA  DOCTRI'NA. The doctrine
of health.  The doctrine of the restoration of
health.
  HYGIASTICUS, Salutary.
   HYGIEA, Sanitas.
   HYGIEIA, Hygiene, Sanitas.
   HYGIEINUS, Salutary.
   HYGIEIOLOGIA, Hygiene.
   HYGIENE (F.), (generally Anglicised and
 pronounced Hy'geen,)  from (vym*,  ' health.'
 Hygds'mus,  Hygiei'nc, Hy gie'sis, Hygiei'a'
 Hygie'a, Hyge'a, Hygiene, Hygienics,'Conser-
 vatlva medicina, Hygeolog'ia, Hygieiolog"ia
 Hygeology, Hygiology; from 'vyn^, ' healthy.'
 The  part of medicine whose object is the pre-
 servation of health.  It embraces a knowledge
 of healthy man, both in society,  and  individu-
 ally, as well  as of the objects used and em-
 ployed by him, with their influence on his con-
 stitution and organs.  See Regimen.
   HYGIEN'IC,(F.)Hygiinique. Sameetymon.
 Relating to Hygiene—as ' hygienic precautions,
 hygienic rules,'  &c. &c.
   HYGIENICS, Hygiene.
   HYGIkNIQUE, Hygienic.
   HYGIERUS, Salutary.
   HYGIESIS, Hygiene.
   HYGIOLOGY, Hygiene.
   HYGRA, from 'vda>g, ' water,' or 'vygo;, 'hu-
 mid.'  Liquid plasters;—Hygremplas'tra.
   HYGRASIA, Humour.
   HYGRECHE'MA, from 'oygoc, 'humid,' and
 tyiifj.*, 'sound;' Son'itus flu'idi.   The sound of
 fluid, heard  by auscultation, or otherwise.
   HYGREDON, Humour.
   HYGREMPLASTRA, Hygra.
   HYGROBLEPHAR'ICI,  from  'vy^,  'hu-
 mid,' and (IXtqaqov,  'eyelid;'  HygrophthaV-
 mid.  The  excretory ducts of the lachrymal
 gland have been so called.
   HYGROCATARAC'TA; from S>§ot,'hu-
 mid,' and x.aTazaKT»c, 'cataract;'  Catarac'ta
 liq'uida.  Liquid or fluid cataract.
   HYGROCELE, Hydrocirsocele.
   HYGROCOLLYRIA, see Collyrium.
   HYGROCYSTIS, Hydatid.
   HYGROL'OGY, Hygrolog"ia,  from 'Ws,
 'humid,' and  >.oyog, 'a discourse.'  The  ana-
 tomy of the fluids of the body.
   HYGROMA, from Sygcf, 'humid.'  Tumor
 cys'ticus sero'sus, Cys'ds  sero'sa.  Dropsy of
 the bursae mucosae.
   HYGROM'ETRY, Hygromet'ria, Hygrosco'-
pia; from 'vyqog,  'humid,'  and utrqor, 'mea-
 sure.'  The part of physics which concerns the
 measurement of the dryness  or humidity of the
atmosphere.  It is probable, that diseases are
as frequently caused by the varying moisture
of the atmosphere as by changes in its weight
or temperature.   The hygrometer ought,  con-
sequently, to form part of every apparatus for
medical meteorological observations.
   HYGRON, Liquor.
 .  HYGROPHOBIA, Hydrophobia.
   HYGROPHTHAI/MIA,from'uypoc,'humid,!
and ovdaXfi ia,' inflammation of the eye.'  Oph-
thalmia with much lachrymation.
   HYGROPHTH ALMICI,  Hygroblepharici.
  HYGROPISSOS, see Pinus sylvestris.
  HYGROSCOPIA, Hygrometry.
   HYGROTES, Humour, Liquor.
   HYGRUM,  Humour.
   HY'LE, 'virh  Mate'ria,  'Matter.'   Wood.
Materia Medica; also, the Philosopher's stone.
  Hyle Iatrice, Materia Medica.
  HYLISIS, Colatio.
  HYLISMUS, Colatio. 
HYLISTER
441
HYOSCYAMUS
  HYLISTER, Colatorium.
  HYLOPH'AGOUS, from 'vXr,, 'wood,'  and
qayw,' I eat.'  One that feeds upon the young
shoots of trees, roots, &c.  Hylophagous tribes
yet exist in some parts of Africa.
  HYMASTATICS, Hremastatice.
  HYMEN, 'i>i<>;i', which signifies 'marriage,'
 nuptial songj'' membrane or pellicle.'  Claus-
irum seu Flos seu Sigil'lum seu Custo'dia seu
Colum'na seu Zona virginita'tis, Flos virgina -
lis, Virginia, Cir'cuius membrano'sus, Bucton,
Intersep'tum virgina'U,  Cento virgina'lis, Ar-
gumeri' tamIntegrita'tis,Munimen'tumseuZona
Castita'tis, Pannic'ulus kymena'us  seu virgi-
na'lis, Eugion, Valvula vagi'na, Membran'ula
luna'ta vagina.   The semilunar, parabolic, or
circular fold, situate at the outer orifice of the
vagina in virgins, especially during youth, and
prior to menstruation.  This membrane is or-
dinarily ruptured by the first venereal act, and
is effaced  by accouchement; some irregular
flaps remaining, to which the name Carun'cida
Myrtifor'mes has been given by reason of their
resemblance to the leaves of the myrtle.  Many
circumstances of an innocent character  may
occasion a rupture or destruction of this mem-
brane.   It  is often, indeed,  found  absent  in
children soon after birth; whilst it may remain
entire after copulation.   Hence the  presence
of the hymen does  not absolutely  prove vir-
ginity; nor does its absence prove incontinence;
although its presence would be prima facie evi-
dence of continence.
   Hymen, Membrane—h.  Diaphratton, Medi-
astinum.
   HYMENjEA,  see  Copal—h. Courbaril, see
Anime.
   HYMEN'ICA  AMENORRHCE'A.   Ame-
norrhea occasioned by closure of the hymen.
   HYMEN'ICUS,   Hymeno'des,  from 'vutir,
'hymen,'&c.  Relating to the hymen.   Also,
membranous.
   HYMENI'TIS, from 'vunv, 'a membrane,'
and itis, denoting inflammation.  Membranous
inflammation.   Inflammation  of  an  internal
membrane.
   HYME'NIUM, Membran'ula,  diminutive of
'vuijv, 'a membrane.'  A fine, delicate  mem-
brane.
   HYMENODES, Hymenicus.
   HYMENOGANGLIITIS, Cholera.
   HYMENOG'RAPHY, Hymenogra'pkia,fxom
 'vuriv, 'a membrane,' and yqu<t>v>, 'I describe.'
 That part of anatomy whose object  is the de-
 scription of the different membranes.
   HYMENOL OGY, Hymenolog'ia, from V»i',
 'a membrane,' and  Xoyog, 'a description.'  A
 treatise on the membranes.
   HYMENORRHAPHY,  Hymenorrha'phia;
 from 'vutjv, ' the hymen,' and qaq>i], 'a suture.'
 A form of elytrorrhaphy, in which the opera-
 tion is performed in the natural situation of the
 hymen.
 ; HYMENOT'OMY,Hymenotom'iajxom'vaw,
 ' a membrane,' and rtuioi, ' I  cut,'  ' I dissect.'
 The part of anatomy which treats of the dis-
 section of the membranes.  The term has also
 been applied to the incision of the hymen, prac-
 tised  in certain  cases of imperforation of the
 vagina, in order to give  exit to the blood re-
 tained  and accumulated in the cavity of the
 uterus.
   HYMN1UM, Amnios.
         29
  HYO: in composition, an abridgment of Hy-
oides, os.
  HYOBASIOGLOSSUS, Basioglossus.
  HYOCHONDROGLOSSUS, Hyoglossus.
  HYODEOGLOSSUS, Hyoglossus.
  HYODEOTHYREODES, Thyreohyoideus.
  HYODES, Hyoides.
  HYO-EPIGLOT'TICUS, Hyodepiglol'tieus.
Belonging to the os hyoides and epiglottis.  Some
anatomists have given the name Hyo-epiglottic
ligament to a bundle of condensed cellular tissue,
which passes from the posterior part of the body
of the hyoid bone to  the base of the epiglottic
fibro-cartilage.
  HYO-G LOSS O-BASI-PHAR YNGIEN,
Constrictor pharyngis.
  HYOGLOS'SUS, Hyodeo-glossus, Hyo-chon-
dro-glossus, Hypsiloglossus, Cer'ato-glossus of
Douglass and Cowper: Basio-Cerato-Chondro-
glossus.   A large, thin, quadrilateral muscle,
situate at the anterior and  superior part of the
neck. Its insertions at three different points
of the os hyoides permit it to be divided into
three  portions:—the first, (Cerato-glossus of
Albinus) is attached  to the great cornu of the os
hyoides: the second, (Basio-glossus of Albinus,)
arises from the superior part of the body of the
same bone; and the third, (Chondro-glossus of
Albinus,) arises from the lesser cornu and the
cartilage,  situate  between the body and the
greater cornu.  The fibres of these three bun-
dles  are  inserted into  the  lateral and inferior
parts of the tongue.  This muscle depresses the
base  of the tongue,  or raises the os hyoides,
when the tongue  is fixed.
   HYO-THYREOIDEUS, Thyreo-hyoideus.
   HYO-THYROID, Thyreo-hyoid.
   HYOID BONE, Hyoides, os.
   HYOI'DES, OS, Os Bicor'ne, Os hypseloi'des,
 Os Lambdo'i'des,  Os  Gut'turis, Os Lingua, Os
 Lingua'le, Upsilo'i'des, Ypsilo'ides.  The Hyoid
 Bone; from the Greek v, and ttdoc, 'shape.' Hyo'l-
 deus, Hyo'des. The hyoid bone is a very movable,
 osseous arch; of a parabolic shape;  convex be-
 fore, and suspended horizontally in the substance
 of the soft parts of the neck, between the base
 of the tongue and the larynx.   This bone, sepa-
 rated entirely from the rest of the skeleton, is
 composed of five distinct portions, susceptible
 of motion on each other.   The first, and most
 central,  is the body of the hyoid,  Ossic'ulum
 me'dium Hyoi'dis, which affords attachment to
 several muscles;  the two others are lateral, and
 bear the  name of branches or greater cornua.
 The last two are smaller, situate above the other,
 and are known under the  name  lesser  cornua
 and styloid cornua,the Ossapisiform'ialingua'-
 lia of Sommering.  The os hyoides is ossified
 from five points.
   Hyoides Primus,  Sterneo-hyoideus.
   HYOIDEUS, Hyoides.
   HYOIDIS QUARTUS MUSCULUS, Omo-
 hyoideus.
   HYOSCY'AMUS, from <w, ' a swine,'  and
 xva/uoc, ' a bean.'  Faba suil'la, Bengi., Jusquia-
 mus, Hyoscyamus niger,  Apollina'ris, Alter'-
 cum, Ag'one,  Alter can'genon, Henbane,  Poi-
 son  Tobac'co, Stinking nightshade, (F.) Jus-
 quiaume,  Feve  a  Cochon,  Hannebane  Pote-,
 lie.   The leaves and  seeds  are the parts used
 in medicine.  Their odour is narcotic and pe-
 culiar ; taste insipid  and  mucilaginous.  The
 virtues are yielded  to proof spirit.  Hyoscya- 
HYPACTICUS
442
HYPERCRISIS
mus  is narcotic, anodyne, antispasmodic, and
slightly stimulant.  It is used as a substitute
for opium, where the  latter  disagrees;  and is
applied, externally, as a cataplasm in  cancer
and glandular swellings.  Dose, gr. iij to x of
the powder.
  Hyoscyamus  Albus, White Henbane,  pos-
sesses similar virtues.
  Hyoscyamus  Luteus, Nicotiana rustica—h.
Peruvianus, Nicotiana tabacum.
  HYPACTICUS, Cathartic.
  HYPiE'MIA,from 'uno,' beneath,' and '««^*,
' blood;'  Oliga'mia,  Oligoha'mia,  Ance'mia.
Deficiency  of blood.—Andral.  Also, extrava-
sation of blood.
  HYPAGOGE, Dejection.
  HYPAGOGUS, Laxative.
  HYPALEIM'MA, Hypalim'ma, Hypaleip'-
tum, Hypalip'tum, from 'unaxtiyuj, ' I anoint.'
An ointment or liniment to be rubbed or  spread
on a  part.
  HYPALEIPTRIS, Hypaleiptrum.
  HYPALEIP'TRON, Hypaleip'trum,  Hypa-
Idptris, Hypaliptrum, Specilium, Spatha.  A
sort of spatula for spreading ointments.—Hipp.
  HYPALEIPTRUM, Hypaleiptron.
  HYPALEIPTUM, Hypaleimma.
  HYPALIMMA, Hypaleimma.
  HYPALIPTRUM, Hypaleiptron.
  HYPAMAURO'SIS, from  'urn, ' under,' and
amaurosis; Amauro'sis imperfec'ta. Imperfect
amaurosis; Meramauro'sis.
  HYPAPOPLEX'IA, from  'utto, ' under,' and
apoplexia.  An incomplete attack of apoplexy.
  HYPATMISMUS, Fumigation.
  HYPATMUS, Fumigation.
  HYPAUCHE'NIUM, from 'uro, 'under,'and
xo%t}v, ' the neck.'  A pillow or cushion  for the

  HYPECCHORESIS, Dejection.
  HYPECCHORETICUS, Laxative.
  HYPELATUS, Cathartic, Laxative.
  HYPENANTIOMA, Allopathy.
  HYPENANTIOSIS, Allopathy.
  HYPE'NE, 'ontjvr].  The beard, which grows
under the chin,  according to  some.  Also, the
upper lip.—Vesalius.  See Mystax.
  HYPfcR, 'vrrt^, 'above,"in excess.' Hence:
  HYPERACU'SIS, Oxyecoia, Hyper ac'oe,
Phthongodyspho'ria, from 'untp, 'above,' and
axoy, ' audition.'  Excessive sensibility of the
organ of hearing.
  HYPERADENO'SIS, Hyperadeno'ma, Hy-
pertrophia glandula'rum,fxom 'v^ep,' in excess,'
and aivr, ' a gland.'  Hypertrophy of a gland.
  HYPERiE'MI A, Hyperhai'mia, Hcemorme'sis,
(F.)Hyperimie,Angiohimie,fxom'ontp, 'above,'
and  'aift*,  ' blood.'   Preternatural accumula-
tion  of blood  in the capillary vessels, more
especially  local  plethora.   Congestion.—An-
dral. Various  forms of hyperaemia are ad-
mitted by  pathologists,—for example, the ac-
tive or sthenic;  as in the various phlegmasiae,—■
the asthenic or  passive, from weakness of ves-
sels ; the cadaveric, or that which forms imme-
diately before or after death; and  the hyposta-
tic, which occurs in depending parts.
  Hyperemia  Abdominis, Coeliaemia—h. Ac-
tiva, Inflammation—h. Capitis, Cephalaemia—
h. of the Brain, Stethaemia—h. Cerebri,  Cepha-
laemia—h.  Pectoris, Stethaemia—h. Pulmonum,
Stethaemia—h.of the Lungs, Stethaemia—h. He-
patic, Hepatohaemia.
  HYPERESTHESIA,  Hyperaesthesis — h.
Linguae,  Hypergeustia—h.  Olfactoria,  Hype-
rosphresia—h. Plexus cardiaci, Angina pectoris.
  HYPERiESTHE'SIS, Hypcmstha'sia, Ox-
yasthe'sia,  (F.)  Hypiresthesie, from  'u»eg,
' above,' and uia^ntrn:,  ' the  faculty of feeling.'
Excessive sensibility.
  HYPERANTHRAXIS, see Cholera.
  HYPERAPH'IA, OxyaplU, Oxyaphia, from
'urrte,, 'in excess,' and 'atptj, 'touch.'  Exces-
sive acuteness of touch.
  HYPERAPHRODIS'IA,  from <im»g,' in ex-
cess,' and Aippodixri, ' Venus.'  Excessive vene-

  HYPERASTHENI'A,from't/7re?,'in excess,'
and *.<r6tv(iu, ' weakness.'  Excessive debility.
  HYPERAUXE'SIS,  from <</5r*g, ' over,'
'above,' and avl-tjcic, 'augmentation.'  Hyper-
epid'osis.  Excessive increase or enlargement
of a part;—as Hyperauxe'sis Iridis, an exces-
sive enlargement of the iris, so as  to stop up
the  pupil.
  UYFERROUIC(attitude) 'excessive,' (Wig,
'above, over,' and paXXw, '  I throw.')  Galen,
by this term, designates certain extraordinary
attitudes, in which the limbs and vertebral co-
lumn are in a state of complete extension or
flexion.
  HYPERBOREAN, from 'wtq,  'beyond,'
and /3og8ac, 'the north wind.'  A race of men
found at  the  extreme north of the two conti-
nents,  in the vicinity of the polar  circle.  It
includes the Thibetans, Ostiaks, Kamtschadales,
Laplanders, Samoiedes, Esquimaux, &c.
  HYPERCARDIA, Heart, hypertrophy of the.
  HYPERCARDIOTROPHIA, Heart, hyper-
trophy of the.
  HYPERCATAPINO'SIS,from lwtp, 'inex-
cess,' and xararmttv, ' to sip up.'   Excessive
activity of absorption.
  HYPERCATHAR'SIS,  Hyperine'sis, Hype-
rinos, Superpurga'tio, Effrenita'tio, fromWfg,
' in excess,' and y.xdagoig, ' purgation.'  Super-
purgation.
  HYPERCENO'SIS, from 'untp,' in excess,'
and y.trw3-ig, ' evacuation.'  Excessive evacua-
tion, as of blood, bile, &c.
  HYPERCERASIS, Staphyloma of the cornea.
  HYPERCERATOSIS,  Staphyloma  of  the
cornea.
  HYPERCHOLIA, Polycholia.
  H YPERCINE'SI A, Hyper cine'sis, fxom'un^,
' above, over,' and Kivwric (tuna,' I move,') 'mo-
tion.'  Excessive  motion.  Under  the term
hypercinesis, Romberg includes the spasmodic
neuroses.
  Hypercinesia  Nervosa, see Irritable—h.
Uterina, Hysteria.
  HYPERCINESIS GASTRICA, Hypochon-
driasis.
  HYPERCONJONCT1VITE, see Ophthal-
mia.
  HYPERCORYPHO'SIS, from 'U7ng, 'above/
and Kogv$», 'the vertex;'  the extreme pointof
any thing.  The lobes of the liver and lungs.—
Hippocrates.
  HYPERCRIN'IA, Hyperdiac'risis, Chymo-
ze'mia, from  'u«g,  'above,' and xgivu, 'I sepa-
rate.'  A morbid increase in the quantity of the
secretions.
  HYPER'CRISIS,  same  etymon.  Suptretr-
cre'tio, Superevacua'tio. An excessive crisis,or
evacuation; a flux.—A very  violent, critical 
HYPERCYESIS
443
HYPERPLEXIE
effort, or too copious critical evacuations.—Ga-
len.
  HYPERCYESIS, Superfcetation.
  HYPERDERxMATO'SIS, Hyperdermato'ma,
Hyperdermo'sis, Hyperdermo'ma, from 'vntp,' in
excess,' and otPua,' skin.' Hypertrophy of the skin.
  HYPERDIACRISIS, Hypercrinia.
  HYPERDIURESIS, Diabetes.
  HYPERDYNAMIA, Hypersthenia.
  HYPERDYNAMIC, Hyperdynamics, from
't/a-eg, ' in excess,' and cW^ac,' strength.'  Ap-
pertaining to  or having the characters of hy-
perdynamia, or  excessive strength of the vital
powers more especially.
  HYPERECHEMA,  see Exaggerated.
  HYPERECHESIS, see Exaggerated.
  HYPEREM'ESIS, Hypererne,s'ia;  Vom'itus
profu'sus, from 'u>reg, 'in excess,' and ipno>, 'I
vomit.'   Excessive  vomiting after an emetic.
  HYPERkMIE, Uypexxmia—h.du Cerveau,
Cephalohaemia—h. Ciribrale,  Cephalohaemia—
h. du Foie, Hepatohaemia—h. de la  Mo'elle ipi
mere, Hypermyelohaemia—h. des  Poumons,
Stethaemia.
  HYPERENCEPHALOTROPHIE; from
(vntq, 'in excess,' tyxiipaxor, 'the encephalon,'
and too9»;, 'nourishment.'  Hypertrophy of the
encephalon.—Piorry.
  HYPERENCEPH'ALUS,from'u7r«o,'above,'
and  xtipxXy,  'the head.'   A   monster  whose
brain is situate  in the skull.—G. St. Hilaire.
  HYPERENDOSMOSE, Inflammation.
  HYPERENERGI'A, from 'vntp,  'in excess,'
and tvtpytt*, 'activity.'   Excessive  activity, as
of the nervous system.
  HYPEREPHIDROSIS, Ephidrosis.
  HYPEREPIDOSIS, Hyperauxesis.
  HYPERERETHIS'IA, from '.;mg, 'in ex-
cess,' and tqtditw, ' I excite.'   Excessive irri-
tability.
  HYPERES'IA, 'xnrtptma, 'a  ministry.' This
word is  sometimes applied to the organs;—
when it means function.
  HYPERESTHESIE, Hyperaesthesia.
  HYPERETRIA, Midwife.
  HYPERGEN'ESIS, from 'urceg,' in excess,'
aaid  ytvta ic, ' generation.'  The excess  of for-
mative power,  which  gives occasion to mon-
strosities by excess of parts.
  HYPERGEUS'TIA, Hypergeu'sis,  Hyper-
asthe'sia lingux, Oxygeu'sia, from 'vrrtp, 'above,
and ytve-Ti;,' taste.' Excessive sensibility of
the organ of taste.
  HYPERH^EMATOSIS, Inflammation.
  HYPERH/EMIA, Hyperaemia.
  H YP E RHEPA TO TR OP HIE,  Hypertro-
phia he'patis, (F.) Hypertrophic du  Foie; from
•i/TBf,' in excess,' '^ag, 'the liver,' and rqixpi;,
•nourishment.'  Hypertrophy of the liver.
  HYPERHIDROSIS, Ephidrosis.
  HYPERHO RA, from  'vntp, 'in excess,' and
■otpx, 'time.'   Premature development  of the
body, or of some part.
  HYPERI'CUM BACCAF'ERUM.Arbus'cula
Summifera Brazilien' sis, Caa-opia.  A Brazil-
ian  tree,  whose bark  admits  a juice, when
wounded, which resembles  gamboge.
  Hypericum Perfora'tum, Hypericum, Fuga
Da'monum, Androsa'mum, Co'don, Perforated
ox Common St. John's  Wort, (F.) Millepertuis
ordinal' e.  It is aromatic and  astringent, and
enters into a number of aromatic preparations;
and, amongst others, into the Falltrancis. The
Oil of St. John's Wort, O'leum hyperid, Bal'-
samum  hyperid sim'plex, is  made by infusing
§iv. of the flowers in a quart of olive oil.  It is
vulnerary.
  HYPERIDROSIS. Ephidrosis.
  HYPERINESIS, Hypercatharsis.
  HYPERINOS, Hypercatharsis.
  HYPERINO'SIS, from STfg, 'above,' and
if, mc,  ' flesh.'  The condition of the blood in
which it contains an increase in the proportion
of fibrin, a decrease of  the capsules in propor-
tion to the excess of fibrin, and an increase of
the fat,—as in inflammation.   In proportion to
the increase of the  fibrin and  fat, and the  de-
crease of the corpuscles, the whole solid resi-
due will be  diminished.  Also,  morbidly  in-
creased muscular activity.—Siebenhaar.
  HYPERLYMPH'IA,(F.)%«r^Ai«;
from'uTrtg,' in excess,' and lympha.  Excessive
formation or accumulation of lymph.
  HYPERMETROHEMIE, Metrohaemia.
  HYPERMYEOLOHE'MIA, (F.) Hyperi-
mie de la  Mo'elle kpiniere,  Congestion san-
guine rachidienne, from 'vmg, ' in excess,' pjui-
Aoc,' marrowr,' and 'aiua, 'blood.'  Hyperemia
of the spinal marrow.
  HYPERNEPHROTROPHIE, from 'oTreg,
'in excess,' vttppoc,' kidney,' and re,oq>v, 'nou-
rishment.'   Hypertrophy of the kidney.
  HYPERNEU'RIA, from '„Ttg, 'in  excess.'
and vivqov,' a nerve.'  Excessive nervous  ac-
tivity.
  HYPERNEURO'MA, same  etymon.  Mor-
bid development of the neurine or nervous
mussGs
  HYPERO-PHARYNGEUS,  Palato-pharyn-
geus.
  HYPERO'A, from 'wrtq,' upon,' and owr, ' a
high place.'  The palatine arch,—the base of
the cranium.
  Hyperoa, Palate.
  HYPEROI'TIS, Inflamma'tio pala'ti, Angi'-
na  Palati'na, (F.) Inflammation du  Palais,
from  hyperoa,  'the palate,'  and ids,  a  suffix
denoting inflammation.   Inflammation  of  the
velum palati.
  HYPEROOCHAS'MA, from Wgaa,' the pa-
late,'and yao-fi.a,' an opening;' Lycos'toma, Pa-
la'tum fissnm.  Fissure of the palate.
  HYPEROPSIA, Oxyopia.
  HYPEROS, Pilum.
  HYPEROSMIA, Hyperosphresia.
  HYPEROSPHRE'SIA, Hyperos'mia, Hyper-
asthe'sia olfacto'ria, Olfac'tus acu'tus, from
'vnso, and oo-ipgricrie, ' smell.'  Excessive acute-
ness of smell.
  HYPEROSTOSIS, Exostosis.
  HYPERPATHI'A, from 'onto, 'in excess.'
and vafiog,' suffering.' Excessive sensibility in
disease.
  HYPERPHLEBOSIS, from 'vntg, ' in  ex-
cess,' and <p\t\v, ' a vein.' Too great develop-
ment of the venous system—predominant veno-
sity.
  HYPERPHLEGMASIA, Hyperphlogosis.
  HYPERPHLOGO'SIS, Epiphlogo'sis, Hyper-
phlegma sia, Inflamma'tio peracu'ta, from  'uTtg.
' above,' and ipXoyao-tg,' inflammation.'  A Iiigl
degree of inflammation.
  HYPERPHRENIE, Mania.
  IIYPERPIMELE, see Polysarcia.
  HYPERPLEXIE, Ecstasis. 
HYPERPNEUSTIA           444       HYPOCHONDRIACISMUS
  HYPERPNEUSTIA, Flatulence.
  HYPERPRESBYTIA, Presbytia.
  HYPERSARCHIDIOS, Physconia.
  HYPERSARCO'MA, Hypersarco'sis, Hyper-
sarafis, from  'v-riq, ' above,' and <rao£, ' flesh.'
A soft  fungous excrescence, especially such as
appears upon  ulcerated parts.—A fungosity.
  HYPERSARCOS1S, Excrescence, Fungosi-
ty—h.  Cordis, Heart, hypertrophy of the.
  HYPERSARXIS, Hypersarcoma.
  HYPERSPADIAS, Epispadias.
  HYPERSPASMIA, Convulsion.
  HYPERSPLENO TROPHIE, Splenoncus.
  HYPERSPONGIA, Spina ventosa.
  HYPERSTHENI'A, Hyperdynamia, Hyper-
zoodyna'mia,  Status inflammato'rius  verus;
from 'ujrtg, 'beyond,' and o-6tvog,  'strength.'
Super-excitement.  A morbid condition, cha-
racterized by over-excitement of all the vital
phenomena.
  HYPERSTHENICUS, Active.
  HYPERTONIA, 'unso,' beyond,' and rovoc,
•tone.'  Excess of tone in parts.  It is opposed
to atony.
  H YPERTROPHiE'MI A, from 'vmq,' above,
rgo<?r;,  'nourishment,' and 'aiy.a, 'blood.'  A
state in which the plastic powers of the blood
are  increased.
  HYPERTROPHIA CORDIS, Heart, hyper-
trophy of the—h. Glandularum, Hyperadenosis
—h. Hepatis, Hyperhipatotrophie—h.  Intesti-
norum, Enterhypertrophia—h. Lienis, Splenon-
cus—h. Splenis, Splenoncus.
  HYPERTR OP HIE DU CQHUR, Heart,
hypertrophy of the—h. du Foie, Hyperhipato-
trophie—h. de la Rate, Splenoncus—h.du Corps
Thyro'ide,  Bronchocele.
  HYPERTROPHIED, see Hypertrophy.
  HY'PERTROPHY,  Hypertrophia, from
•u.i.«g, 'beyond,' and rqo^rj, 'nourishment.' The
state of a  part in which the nutrition is per-
formed with  greater  activity;  and which, on
that account,  at length acquires  unusual bulk.
The part thus affected is said to be hypertrophied.
  HYPERURESIS, Enuresis—h. Aquosa, Dia-
Testes.
  HYPERURORRHEE, Diabetes—h. Sac-
marine, Diabetes (Mellitus.)
  HYPERZOODYNAMIA, Hypersthenia.
  HYPEX'ODOS,  :vnt;°2t>t, from 'wo, 'be-
neath,' and t$o$og, 'passing  out.'   An alvine
discharge or flux.—Hippocrates.
  HYPEZOCUS, Diaphragm, Pleura.
  HYPHA, Texture.
  HYPHiEMA, Ecchymoma.
  HYPHiEMATO'SIS, from 'vno,' under,' and
'•aifjUTuio-ig, '  sanguification.'  Morbidly dimi-
nished  haematosis.—Sanguifica'tio debil'ior.
  HYPH^MOS, Subcruentus.
  HYPHE, Texture.
  HYPHYDROS, Hydropic.
  HYPINO'SIS, Hypoplas'ma, from  'orro, ' un-
der,' and m, ivof, ' flesh.'  The condition of the
blood in which  the  quantity of fibrin is fre-
quently less than  in health, or if it amounts to
the usual  quantity its proportion to  the blood
corpuscles is  less than in health : the quantity
of corpuscles is either  absolutely increased or
their proportion to the fibrin is larger than in
healthy blood; the quantity of solid constituents
is also frequently larger than in health.  Such
is the  condition of the blood in fevers, hemor-
rhages, and polysomia.—Simon.
  HYPNiESTHESIS, Somnolency.
  HYPNIA'TER, (F.)Hypniatre, from <vvtoc,
'sleep,' and  targoc, 'a physician.'  A name
given to deluded or designing persons who have
affirmed that they were able, during their 'mag-
netic sleep,' to diagnosticate disease and its ap-
propriate treatment.
  HYPNOBATASIS, Somnambulism.
  HYPNOBATES, Somnambulist.
  HYPNOBATESIS, Somnambulism.
  HYPNOBATIA, Somnambulism.
  HYPNO'DES, 'uTv&'Jy, from 'vno, ' under,'
and 'uTroc, ' sleep.'  One in a state of slumber
or somnolency.
  HYPNODIA, Somnolency.
  H YPNOLOG'ICA, Hypnolog'icl. The part
of hygiene which treats of sleep.
  HYPNOL'OGY, Hypnolog'ia, from  'umoe,
and xo/of, 'a  discourse.'   Same  etymon.  A
treatise on sleep.  The doctrine of sleep.
  HYPNONERGIA, Somnambulism.
  HYPNOPOEUS, Somniferous.
  HYPNOS, Sleep.
  HYPNOSIS  BIOMAGNETICA, Sleep,
magnetic.
  HYPNOTICUS, Somniferous.
  HYPNOTIZED, Mesmerized.
  HYPO, 'vno,' under,' 'sub.'  In composition,
  Hypo,  Hypochondriasis.
  HYP07EMA, Ecchymoma.
  HYPOXEMIA, Ecchymoma.
  HYPOBLEPH'ARUM, from 'vrro, ' under,5
and pMqaqov, ' eyelid.'   Tumefaction under
one or both eyelids.  Also, an artificial  eye,
placed under the eyelids.
  HYPOCAPNISMA, Suffimentum.
  HYPOCAPNISMUS, Fumigation.
  HYPOCARO'T>ES,Subsopora'tus,fxom'viro,
'under,' and **g:i?, 'a heavy sleep.'  One who
is in a state approaching carus.—Hippocrates.
  HYPOCATHAR'SIS, from 'uno, 'beneath,'
and xaS-aooic,' purgation.'  Too feeble purga-
tion.   A  word opposed to hypercatharsis.
  HYPOCATHARTICUS, Laxative.
  HYPOCAUS'TUM,fromWo,'beneath,'and
naiai, ' I burn.' A name  given to a stove, or
any such  contrivance, to sweat in.  Also, a fur-
nace in any subterraneous place, used for heating
baths:—'vnoxavorov,  Balnea!rium, Vapora'-
rium.
  HYPOCEPHALiE'UM, from 'vno,' under,'
and xtif.aXr}, ' head.'  A pillow  for the head.
  HYPOCERCHA'LEON, from 'vno, and xfg-
X*Xio$, 'hoarse.'  Roughness of the fauces af-
fecting the voice.—Hippocrates.
  HYPOCHLOROM'ELAS, sub-pal'lidl  ni-
gricans, from 'ut'j, /\«>goc, ' green,' and fit\a(,
' black.'  A term applied to one whose skin is
pale, with a blackish hue.—Hippocr., Galen.
  HYPOCHOILION, Abdomen.
  HY'POCHONDRE,  Hypochon'drium,  Sub-
cartilagin'eum, Re'gio Hypochondrl aca,  Hy-
pockon'driac  Region, from 'vno, 'under,' and
/oiogsc, 'a cartilage.'   Each lateral and supe-
rior region of the abdomen is so called, becausa
it is bounded by the cartilaginous margin of tha
false ribs, which forms the base of the chest.
There is  a right and a left hypochondrium.
  HYPOCHON'DRIAC,    Hypochondrl acus;
same  etymon.  Belonging to hypochondriasis.
One labouring under hypochondriasis.
  HYPOCHONDRIACISMUS, Hypochondria-
sis. 
HYPOCHONDRIALGIA          445
  HYPOCHONDRIALGIA, Hypochondriasis.
  HYPOCHONDRIASIS. Same etymon. Alu'-
sia hypochondriasis, Morbus hypochondrl acus,
M. Resiccato'rius, M. Ructuo'sus, Malum hy-
pochondrl acum, Hallucina'tio  hypochondria-
ds, Hypochondriacis'mus, Hypockondricis'mus,
Dyspep'sia hypochondriasis, Pas'sio hypochon-
driaca, Affec'tio hypochondriac a, Anathymi'asis,
Hypercine'sis  gastrica,  Splenes,  Melancholia
nervea, M. flatuo'sa, M. hypochondrl aca, Suf-
foca'tio  hypochondrl aca,  Morbus flatuo'sus,
M. erudito'rum, Fomes ventric'uli, Hypochon-
drism, Hypo,  Spleen,  the Vapours, the En-
glish Malady, Low Spirits, (F.) Hypochondrie,
Maladie imaginaire, Maladie Anglaise, Affec-
tion vaporeuse, Vapeurs.  This disease is pro-
bably so called, from the circumstance of some
hypochondriacs having felt an uneasy sensation
in the hypochondriac regions.   The  disease
seems  really to be, as  Pinel  has  classed it, a
species of  neurosis, and of mental alienation,
which  is  observed in persons who in other
respects are of sound judgment, but who reason
erroneously on whatever  concerns  their own
health.  Hypochondriasis  is characterized by
disordered  digestion,  without fever or local
lesion; flatulence;  borborygmi;  extreme in-
crease of sensibility; palpitations; illusions of
the senses; a succession  of  morbid feelings,
which  appear  to simulate  the greater  part of
diseases; panics; exaggerated  uneasiness of va-
rious kinds; chiefly in what regards the  health,
&c.  Indigestion  has usually been considered
the cause of hypochondriasis.  They are, un-
questionably, much connected with each other:
but there  is every reason to  believe, that the
seat of the affection is really, though function-
ally, in the brain.  The disease almost always
appears at the  adult age, most commonly in ir-
ritable individuals; and, in  those exhausted, or
rather in the habit of being exhausted, by men-
tal labour, overwhelmed with  domestic or pub-
lic affairs, &c.
  The treatment is almost entirely moral. The
condition of the digestive function must, how-
ever, be accurately attended to.
  HYPOCHONDRICISMUS, Hypochondriasis.
  HYPOCHONDRISM, Hypochondriasis.
  HYPOCHOREMA, Excrement.
  HYPOCHORES1S, Dejection,  Defecation,
Excrement.
  HYPOCHORETICUS, Cathartic.
  HYPOCHYMA, Cataract.
  HYPOCHYROS1S, Baryecoia.
  HYPOCHYSIS H^MATODES, Haemoph-
thalmia.
  HYPOCISTUS, Cytinus.
  HYPOCLEP'TICUM, from 'v-ro, 'beneath,'
and nXt-rro), ' I steal.'  A chymical vessel, for-
merly used for separating oil from water.
  HYPOCffiLlS, Palpebra inferior.
  HYPOCffiLIUM, Abdomen.
  HYPOCffiLUM, Hypocoilon, Palpebra infe-
rior.
  HYPOCOI'LON, Hypocaion,  Hypocce'lum,
Hypoc'ylum, from 'otto,  'under,' and xciXtr, 'a
cavity.'  A cavity situate under the lower eye-
lid.  The lower eyelid itself.
  HYPOCOPHOSIS, Baryecoia, Deafness.
  HYPOCRA NIUM (Apostema), from 'vno,
' under,' and *p*viov, 'the cranium.'  A collec-
tion of pus between the cranium and dura ma-
ter.
HYPOGLOSSIADENITIS
   H YPOC YLUM,Hypocoilon,Pa1 pebra inferior.
   HYPOCYSTEOTOJVIIA, see Lithotomy.
   HYPODERIS, Epideris.
   HYPODERMAT'OMY,  Hypodermatom'ia:
 from 'vrro, ' under,' otp^a, 'the skin,' and to^?,
 ' incision.'  The section of subcutaneous parts,
 as of tendons and muscles.
   HYPODERMIS, Clitoris, Epideris.
   HYPODERRHIS, Epideris.
   HYPODESMA, Bandage.
   HYPODESMIS, Bandage.
   HYPODYNAMIC, Adynamic.
   HYPODYN'IA, from 'vno, 'under,' and>c1uv>,.
 ' pain.'  Dolor mitis seu  lenis.  A slight pain.
   HYPOGALA,  Hypopyon.
   HYPOGASTRAL'GIA,  from 'vrroyainpioy,
 ' the  hypogastrium,' and aXyo;, ' pain.'  Pain
 in the hypogastrium.
   HYPOGASTRIC,Hypogas'tricus. Relating
 or belonging to the hypogastrium.
   Hypogastric Artery, A.Iliaca inter'na, A.
 Iliaca poste'rior,  A. pelvienne, (—Ch.) is the
 more  internal of the two branches into which
 the primary iliac divides.  It descends into the
 cavity of the pelvis, and gives off a considerable
 number of branches, which arise, at times, se-
 parately, at  others, by common trunks.  These
 branches  are, 1,  The posterior, i. e. the ilio-
 lumbar arteries, lateral, sacral, and gluteal.  2.
 The anterior, i. e. the umbilical, vesical, and
 obturator.   3. The internal, the middle hemor-
 rhoidal arteries, uterine, and vaginal in women.
 4. The inferior, i. e. the  ischiatic arteries, and
 internal pudic.
   Hypogastric Operation  of  Lithotomy.
 (F.) Taille hypogastrique. The high operation,
 or that practised above the pubes.
   Hypogastric Plexus,  Plexus sous-misenti-
 rique of Winslow, is situate at the lateral and
 posterior parts of the rectum ahd the bas fond
 of the bladder.  It is formed  by the sacral
 nerves and the inferior mesenteric plexus, and
 gives off numerous filaments, which accompany
 the arteries that  pass to  the rectum and geni-
 tal organs.
   Hypogastric Vein furnishes nearly the same

   HYPOGASTRION, Abdomen.
   FLYFOGA'STRI\nA,Hypogas'trion,fxomtvrs,
 'under,' and y<nornq, 'the stomach or  belly:'
 Etron, rjTqov, Venter imus, V. parvus, Aqualic'-
 ulus, Sumen, Rumen.  The lower part of the
 abdomen.  The Hypogastric region, Re'gio ky-
pogas'trica seu hypogas'tria, which extends as
 high as three fingers' breadth beneath the um-
 bilicus, is divided into the three secondary re-
 gions—one middle or pubic, and two lateral or
inguinal.
   HYPOGASTROCE'LE, from 'vno, 'under,'
yao-iyq, 'the stomach or belly,' and xrjxrj, 'atu-
mour.'  Hernia in the hypogastric region, oc-
curring through the separated  fibres  of  the
 lower part of the  linea alba.  See Hernia, hy-
pogastric.
   HYPOGASTROT)IJ)'YM'US,Did'ymusSym-
pkyohypogas'tricus, Ischiopages, from 'vrro,' un-
der,' yao-Tt]^, 'the  belly,' and dtdvuoc, ' a twin.'
A monstrosity in which twins are united by the
hypogastrium.— Gurlt.
  HYPOGASTRORIXIS, Eventration.
  HYPOGLOSSA, Hypoglottides.
  HYPOGLOSSIA, Hypoglottides.
  HYPOGLOSSIADENl'TIS.from't^o.'under," 
HYPOGLOSSIDIA
446
HYPOSPADIA
yXuo-o-a,' tongue,' ad»v,' a gland,' and itis, denot-
ing inflammation.  Inflamma'tio glanduldrum
sublinguaiium;  Inflammation of the  sublin-
gual gland.
  HYPOGLOSSIDIA, Hypoglottides.
  HYPOGLOSSIS, Ranula.
  HYPOGLOSSIUM, Ranula.
  HYPOGLOSSUM,  Ruscus hypoglossum,
Ranula.
  HYPOGLOS'SUS, from Wo, 'under,'  and
yXwsrau, 'the tongue.'  That  which is under the
tongue.
  Hypoglossus, Hypoglossal Nerve, Nerf Hy-
poglosse ou Grand  Hypoglosse, Hypoglossien
(Ch.), Lingual N., Gustatory N., Lingua'lis
Me'dius, is the ninth pair of nerves of many ana-
tomists.   It arises by ten or twelve very fine
filaments from the grooves, which separate the
corpora pyramidalia from theC. olivaria; issues
from the cranium  by the foramen condyloideum
anterius;  and  divides,  near  the angle  of the
jaw, into two branches;  the  one the cervica'lis
descendens or descen'dens noni. It forms, with
the cervical plexus, a large  anastomotic arch,
and furnishes  branches  to several of the mus-
cles of the neck. The other, the lingual branch,
is the continuation of the principal trunk, and
gives its numerous filaments to the muscles of
the tongue and pharynx.  The ninth pair com-
municates motion to the muscles to which it is
distributed.
  HYPOGLOTTIA, Hypoglottides.
  HYPOGLOTT'IDES,(PILUL^,)iT^o^o*'-
sia,Hypoglot'tia,Hypoglos'sa, Hypoglot'ta, Hy-
poglossidia, Pil'ula sublingua'les. Pills placed
under the  tongue to dissolve  there.
  HYPOGLOTTIS, Ranula.
  HYPOGLU'TIS,  from  «„«,  'under,'  and
ylovrog, ' the nates.'  The lower and projecting
part of the nates.—Gorraeus.
  HYPOGNATHADEN, Submaxillary gland.
  HYPOGNATHADENrTIS.H^o^Wa^Tu'-
tis, from hypognathaden, the submaxillary gland,
and itis, denoting  inflammation.  Inflammation
of the submaxillary gland.
  HYPOLEPSIOMANIA, Melancholy.
  HYPO'MIA, from 'v-ro, ' under,' and tvftog,
■ the  shoulder.'   The projecting  part  of the
shoulder.—Castelli, Galen.
  Hypomia, Axilla.
  HYPOMNESIS, Memory.
  HYPONARTHECIE, Hyponarthe cia,from
'ano,  ' under,'  and vapbtji, ' a splint.'  A  term
used by M. Mayor  for  his  mode of treating
fractures by position  only,—the  limb  resting
upon a properly cushioned board or splint.
  HYPONEU'RIA, from 'wo, 'under,'  and
rsvpov, ' a  nerve.'  Morbidly diminished ner-
vous energy.
  HYPON'OMOS,  Ulcus subtus depas'cens,
from 'vro, ' under,' and vspia,' I feed.'  A deep
fistula or ulcer.
  HYPON'YCHON,  from 'vno, 'under,'  and
wru^, the nail.'  Ecchymo'ma Hyponychon. Effu-
sion of blood under a nail.
  HYPOPATHI'A,  Subaffec'tio,  from  'vro,
'■ under,' and rra&og,  'disease.'  A disease of a
slight character.
  HYPOPATUS, Dejectio.
  HYPOPE'DIUM,from'utto,'under,'and a-ouc,
' the foot.'  A cataplasm for the sole of the  foot.
  HYPOPH'ASIS,  from 'vno, 'under,'   and
<fatra, 'I appear.'  That state of the eyes in
which the white only is seen through the open-
ing of the eyelids.—Hippocrates.
  HYPOPHLEGMASIA, Subinflammatio.
  HYPOPH'ORA, from 'vno,' under,' and <,,,/>„,
' I carry;' Ulcus sinuo'sum seu fistulo'sum.  A
fistulous ulcer.—Galen.  A dejection.
  HYPOPHTHALMIA, Hypopyon.
  HYPOPHTHAL'MION, from 'vno,' under,'
and o<p$a.Xjuog,' the eye.'  That part under the
eye  where  oedema generally  commences  in
chronic diseases and in cachexia.—Hippocrates
  HYPOPHYSIS, Cataract, Epigone—h. Cere-
bri, Pituitary gland.
  HYPO'PIUM, from Wo, 'under,' and uy,,
' eye.'  The part of the face under the eye:—
a black eye.
  Hypopium os, Malae os.
  HYPOPLASMA, Hypinosis.
  HYPOPLEURIUS, Pleura.
  HYPOPO'DIA, Supplanta'lia, Suppeda'nea,
from 'vno, ' under,' and nov;, ' the foot.'  Re-
medies, as sinapisms, which are applied under
the foot.
  HYPO'PYON, Hypopyum, Hypophthal'mia,
Pyophthalmia, Empye'sis seu Diapyesis Oc'-
uli,  Oc'ulus purulen'tus, Lunella, Hypog'ala,
Hypopyum lac'teum, Pyo'sis, Abscessus Oc'uli,
Parop'sis Staphylo'ma purulentum; from'wrs,
'under,'  and nvov, 'pus;' because the pus is
under the cornea.  This name  has been given
to small  abscesses between the laminae of the
cornea, as well as to  different purulent collec-
tions in the chambers of the eye; hence, some
pathologists have distinguished Hypo'pyon  of
the  chambers, from Hypo'pyon of the Cor'nea.
In abscesses of the chambers, the purulent mat-
ter is mixed with the aqueous humour, which
it renders turbid; and is, deposited particularly
at the  lower part  of the eye;  forming behind
the cornea a kind of  whitish  crescent, that
rises more or less before the pupil, and closes
it entirely or in part.   It requires the use of
local and general antiphlogistics, and sorbefa-
cients.  At  times, it is  necessary to puncture
the cornea and evacuate the pus.
  HYPOPYUM LACTEUM, Hypopyon.
  HYPORIN'ION, Hyporrhirlinm, from 'uro,
1 under,'  and pa,  ' the nose.'  That part of the
beard  which grows  beneath the nose.  The
mustaches.  Also, the upper lip.
  HYPORRHYSIS, Defluxion, Prolapsus.
  HYPOSA'PRUS, Subputris, Putres'cens.
Growing putrid.   Slightly putrid.
  HYPOSAR'CA, from'utio, 'under,' andjra?\,
1 flesh.'  Hyposarcidios, Anasarca.  In Linne's
and in Cullen's  Nosology, it  is synonymous
with Physconia.
  HYPOSARCIDIUS, Anasarca, Hyposarca.
  HYPOSARCO SIS, from Wo, ' under,'and
o-agxuurjf, 'a fleshy growth.'   A small fleshy
growth:—a  wart.
  HYPOSIAGONARTHRI'TIS,  from '</*o,
' under,' <rt*yu>v,' the jawbone,' *p6pov,' a joint,
and itis,  denoting  inflammation; Inflamma'tio
artic'uli maxilla inferio'ris.  Inflammation of
the joint  of the lower jaw.
  HYPOSIALADENlTIS,Hypognathadenitis.
  HYPOSPA'DIA, from  'vn,  'under,'  and
a?rctu),  ' I draw.'   A  malformation, in which
the canal of the urethra, instead of opening at
the apex  of the glans, terminates at its base, or
beneath the penis, at a greater or less distance
from the  symphysis pubis.  When the orifice 
17               HYSTERIA
             HYPOSPADIAS             4^

of the urethra is very near the root of the penis,
the  scrotum is  divided,  as it were, into  two
great  labia;  and this malformation has often
been taken for a case of hermaphrodism.   Hy-
pospadias is ordinarily incurable; and an  idea
has  been entertained that it is the cause of im-
potence.  It is  not exactly so; but it renders
impregnation less probable.
  HYPOSPA'DIAS,  Hypospadia'us,   Hypo-
spadias.   One affected with hypospadia.
  HYPOSPHAG'MA, from Wo, 'under,' and
rtpatto,' I kill.'  The coagulated blood, which
is collected when an animal is killed and used
for  food.  Also, an  effusion  of  blood, espe-
cially under the conjunctiva.
  Hyposphagma, Haemophthalmia.
  HYPOSTAPHYLE, Staphylcedema.
  HYPOSTAPHYLITIS, Staphylcedema.
  HYPOSTASES,  from 'vno,  'under,'  and
araaii, ' the act of  placing.'  Morbid deposi-
tions in the body.
  HYPOSTASIS, Sediment.
  HYPOSTAT'IC,  Hypostaticus,  from 'vno,
'under,' and o-rao/c,  ' stagnation.'  Relating to
hypostases, sediments or depositions.
  Hypostatic Hyperemia.  A  congestion of
blood in the vessels of a part caused by its de-
pending position.
  HYPOSTEMA, Sediment.
  HYPOSTHENIC, Contrastimulant.
  HYPOS'TROPHE, 'vnoo-Tgow, 'change of
position,' from  Wc,  and o-rgtifm, 'I  turn.'
Act of a patient turning himself.  Also, a re-
lapse or return of a disease.—Hippoc, Foesius.
  HYPOSYPH'ILIS, from 'vno,  ' under,' and
Syphilis.  A  mild form of syphilis.
  HYPOTH'ENAR, Sub'vola, from 'vno,' un-
der,' and ^Evag, 'the palm of the hand or sole
of the foot.'
  Hypothenar Eminence is the fleshy projec-
tion of the  palmar surface of the hand, which
corresponds with the little  finger, and is  sup-
ported by the fifth metacarpal bone.  This emi-
nence is formed of four muscles: the Palmaris
brevis, Adductor minimi digiti, Flexor brevis
minimi digiti, and  Opponens minimi digiti.
The name Hypothenar has also been given to
different muscles of the hand.   The Hypothenar
min'imi digiti of Riolan  comprehended the Ab-
ductor, Flexor brevis and Opponens minimi di-
giti;  and his  muscle,  Hypothenar pol'licis,
corresponded to the Abductor, and a portion of
the  Flexor brevis  pollicis.   Winslow  called
muscle petit hypothinar ou hypothinar du petit
doigt, the Adductor minimi digiti.
  Hypothenar Minimi Digiti, Flexor parvus
minimi digiti—h. Minor metacarpeus, Abductor
minimi digiti—h. Riolani, Flexor parvus mini-
mi digiti.
  HYPOTHETON, Suppository.
  HYPOTHYMIAMA, Fumigation.
  HYPOTHYMIASIS, Fumigation.
  HYPO'TIUM, (Emplastrum;) from 'otto,
' under,' and ov;, ' the ear.'  Emplastrum au-
ricula'rl ; a plaster applied behind or under the
ear.
  HYPOTROPE, Relapse.
  HYPOTROPHTA, from 'vno,  ' under,' and
tooqh, ' nourishment.'  Scanty nourishment, or
nutrition.
  HYPOTROPIASMUS, Relapse.
  HYPOTRYGUS, Feculent.
  HYPOUTRION, Abdomen.
  HYPOZO'MA, from Wo, 'under,' and tw»-
w/jit, ' I bind round;' Membrana succin'gens.
A  membrane or septum, as  the  mediastinum,
diaphragm, &c.
  HYPPOCRAS, Claret.
  HYPSELOGLOSSUS, Basioglossus.
  HYPSILODES, OS, Hyoides, os.
  HYPSILOGOSSUS, Hyoglossus.
  HYPSOPHO'NUS,  from 'vipog, 'high,' and
ipan'ii, ' voice.'  One who has a clear loud voice.
  HYPSOSIS, Sublimation.
  HYPTIASMA, Supination.
  HYPTIAS'MOS, from  Wt<«?u>, ' I lie with
the face upwards.'   Lying in a supine posture.
Also, inversion of the stomach,  as in nausea,
regurgitation, or vomiting.—Hippocr., Galen.
  HYPU'LUS,from We, and ovhn, 'cicatrix.'
Imperfectly cicatrized.
  Ulcera Hypu'la.   Ulcers healed at the top,
but not at the bottom.
  HYRTOCHEILIDES,  Labia pudendi.
  HYSSOP, Hyssopus—h. Hedge, Gratiola offi-
cinalis.
  HYSSOPI'TES.   Ancient name of a  wine,
of which  hyssop was  the chief ingredient, and
which Dioscorides extolled in chronic inflam-
mation of the chest.   It was regarded as diu-
retic and emmenagogue.
  HYSSO'PUS, from  the  Hebr.  Azob, Cassl-
ala, Hyssopus officina'lis, Common hyssop.   It
has been chiefly used as an aromatic, stimulant,
and pectoral, in the form of infusion.
  HYSTERA, 'vortpa, 'vo-uq,h  ' the uterus.'
Hence:
  Hystera, Secundines.
  HYSTERAL'GIA, Hysterodyn'ia, (F.) For-
traiture, from 'vo-riga, ' the uterus,' and aKyoc,
' pain.'  Pain in the uterus.  Irritable uterus,
(F.) Nivralgie de Puterus.  Hippocrates uses
the epithet  Hysteral'ges, 'vrttqaXyns,  for any
thing that excites uterine  pain;  and,  espe-
cially, for vinegar.
  Hysteralgia  Catarrhalis,   Metrorrheu-
ma—h.  Galactica, Phlegmatia alba dolens—h.
Lochialis, Dyslochia—h.  Rheumatica, Metror-
rheuma-
  HYSTERATRE'SIA,from 'vo-rtpa, 'the ute-
rus,' and  arpifTor,  ' imperforate.'  Imperfora-
tion of the os uteri.
  HYSTERELCO'SIS, from 'vnrepa, ' uterus,'
and 'tXxoc, ' an ulcer.'  U'teri exulcera'tio, Ute-
ri ulcus.   Ulceration of the uterus.
  HYSTERELOSIS, Hysteroloxia.
  HYSTEREMPHYSEMA, Physometra.
  HYSTE'RIA, Hystericis'mus,  Hysterismus,
Hysterias,  Hysterlasis,  Hysteropathla, Hy-
percine'sia uteri'na, H. hyste'iia, Uteri adscen'-
sus, Suffoca'tio hyster'ica, S. uteri'na, S. Mu-
lie'rum, Asthma u'teri, Prafoca'tio matri'cis seu
uterlna, Sy spa'sia hysteria, Malumhyster'icum,
M. hystericohypochondrlacum, Vapo'res uteri1-
ni,Affec'tio hysterica, Passio hysterica, Morbus
hystericus,Strangula'tio uteri'na,S.Vulva,Va-
pours, Hyster'ics, Hysteric fit, (F.) Hystirie,
Mai de Mere, Maladie  imaginaire, Passion
hystirique, Suffocation utirine, Etranglement,
kpilepsie  utirine, Vapeurs,  Maux de Nerfs,
from 'vo-Ttqa,' the uterus.'  A species of neurosis,
classed amongst the spasmi by  Sauvages and
Cullen, and  in the Nivroses  de la gineration,
by Pinel.   It received the  name of hysteria,
because it was reputed to have its seat  in the
uterus.  It generally occurs in paroxysms; the 
HYSTERIAS
448
HYSTRIX
principal characters of which consist in alter-
nate fits of laughing and crying, with a sensa-
tion as if a  ball set out from  the  uterus and
ascended towards the stomach, chest, and neck,
producing a sense of strangulation.   If the at-
tack be violent, there is,  sometimes, loss  of
consciousness  (although  the presence of con-
sciousness generally distinguishes it from epi-
lepsy) and convulsions.  The duration  of the
attacks is very variable.  It appears to be de-
pendent upon irregularity of nervous distribu-
tion in very impressible persons, and is not con-
fined to the female; for well  marked cases  of
hysteria  are occasionally  met with in men.
During the fit,—dashing cold water on the face;
stimulants applied to the nose or  exhibited in-
ternally, and antispasmodics  form  the  thera-
peutical agents.  Exercise, tranquillity of mind,
amusing  and agreeable occupations  constitute
the prophylactics.   See Mania,  dancing.
  Hysteria Cataleptica,  Catalepsy.
  HYSTERIAS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERIASIS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERICISMUS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERICS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERIE, Hysteria.
  HYSTERISMUS, Hysteria.
  HYSTERITES, Hydrometra.
  HYSTERITIS, Metritis, Hydrometra.
  HYSTEROCARCINOMA,Metrocarcinoma.
  HYSTEROCE'LE, from Wi-sg*,' the womb,'
and  x»aj;, ' hernia.'   Hernia uteri,  Hernia of
the womb.   This is a rare disease.   The womb
may protrude through the inguinal or the cru-
ral canal, or through the lower part  of the linea
alba.
  Hysterocele Nuda, Prolapsus  uteri.
  HYSTEROCOLICA, Colica  uterina.
  HYSTEROCNES'MUS; from Wi-£o«,' ute-
rus,' and  x.v»o-/*ot,  ' itching.'   Pruritus  of the
uterus or genitals.
  HYSTEROCYESIS, Pregnancy.
  HYSTERO-CYSTIC, Hys'terocys'ticus, fxom
'uOTfga, ' the uterus,' and xva-ng,' the bladder.'
Relating to the uterus and bladder.  Some au-
thors have called Hystero-cystic  Retention  of
urine, that which is caused by the compression
of the bladder by the uterus, during  pregnancy.
  HYSTERO-CYSTOCE'LE,  from So-tso*,
' the womb,' x.v<rTtg, '  the bladder,' and xrjXr;, ' a
tumour.'  Hernia  of  the uterus complicated
with displacement of the bladder.
  HYSTERODYNIA, Hysteralgia.
  HYSTERffiDEMA, Hydrometra.,
  HYS'TEROID,  Hystero'des, Hysteroi'des,
from' hysteria,' and tiSug, ' resemblance.'  Re-
sembling  hysteria;—as  a  hysteroid disease,
symptom, &c.
  HYSTEROL'OGY,  Hysterolog'ia,  from
'ua-rsoa,' the uterus,' and wyo;,' a description.'
A treatise on the sound and morbid uterus.
  HYSTEROLOX'IA, Hysterelo'sis,  Obliq'-
uitas u'teri, Situs  obllquus uteri,  l'iexio seu
versio incomple'ta uteri, Inclina'tio  uteri, Me-
troloxia, Metrocampsis, Uterus  obllquus,  U.
Inclina'tus;  from 'uiTfga, 'the  uterus,' and
\o loc,  ' oblique.'  An oblique  position of the
uterus, occurring during pregnancy.  Antever-
sion of the uterus, Hysterolox'ia anterior, An-
teversio uteri, Prona'tio uteri,  Venter propen-
dens ; and Retroversion of the uterus, Hystero-
lox'ia posterior, Retrover'sio   uteri, Refiex'io
uteri completa, are varieties.
  HYSTEROMALA'CIA, Hysteromalaco'su.
Hysteromalaco'ma, Metromalaco'sis, Mrtroma-
laco'ma, Malaco'sis uteri, Emollit'ies uteri mor-
bosa, Putrescen'tia u'terigrav'idi, from 'urripi
' the uterus,' and u*.\*x\a, 'softness.'  Softness
of the uterus during pregnancy, which renders
it liable to rupture in labour.
  HYSTEROMALACOMA, Hysteromalacia,
  HYSTEROMANIA, Nymphomania.
  HYSTEROMOCHLIUM, Lever.
  HYSTERON'CUS, from  WTeoa,  'the ute-
rus,' and  oyy.o;, ' tumour.'  Tumor  uteri. A
tumour of the uterus.
  H YSTERO-P ARAL'YSIS, from WtSo«, 'the
uterus,' and rra^axvan, ' paralysis.'   Paralysis
of the uterus.
  H YSTEROPATHI'A, from 'vanqa,' the ute-
rus,' and  ?ra.6og, ' suffering.'  Disease or suf-
fering in the uterus.  Also, hysteria, and deute-
ropathia.
  HYSTEROPHYSE, Physometra.
  HYSTEROPH'YSIS,from 'vmtia, 'the ute-
rus,' and <t>von,  'wind.'  Distention of the ute-
rus with air; Emphysema  uteri.
  HYSTEROPLEGIA, Hysteroparalysis.
  HYSTEROPOLYPUS,  Metropolypus.
  HYSTEROPSOPHIA, Physometra.
  HYSTEROPTO'SIS, fxom'vm^a, 'the
womb,' and  nrwo-is, ' fall;' Prolapsus uteri.
Also Inversio uteri, Anas'trophe uteri.  In a
general sense, a protrusion of any of the genital
organs or of excrescences from them into the
genital passages; JEdoptosis.
  Hysteroptosis, Prolapsus uteri—h. Vagina;
prolapsus, Prolapsus vaginae.
  HYSTERORRHAGIA  SANGUINEA, Me-
trorrhagia.
  H Y STERORRHEXIS, Uterus,ruptureof the.
  H YSTERORRHCEA, Metrorrhagia—h. Mu-
cosa, Leucorrhcea.
  HYSTEROSALPINX, Tube, Fallopian.
  HYSTEROSCIRRHUS, Metroscirrhus.
  HYS'TEROSCOPE, from 'u<mg*,  \ the ute-
rus,' and o-xontw,' I view.'  A metallic mirror
used in inspecting the state of the os uteri, for
throwing  the rays of a taper to the bottom of
the speculum uteri.—Colombat de l'Isere.
  HYSTEROSTOMA, Os uteri.
  HYSTEROSTOMAT'OMUS, from <»<rrt<w,
' the womb,' cvo^a, ' orifice,' and te/ueiv, 'to
cut.'   An instrument invented by  Coutouly
for dividing the os uteri, when it is important to
deliver immediately, as  in cases of convulsions.
  HYSTEROSTOMIUM, Os uteri.
  HYSTEROTOM'IA, Hysterotomy.  Same
etymon as Hysterotomus.   Caesarean section.
Also, dissection of the uterus.
  HYSTEROTOMOTOCIA,  Caesarean  sec-
tion.
  HYSTEROT'OMUS,  from «»<rTi?«, 'the
womb,' and rtfi.vtiy, ' to cut.'   An instrument
for dividing the womb through the vagina. It
is a kind of Bistouri  cachi, and is intended to
divide  the cervix uteri.
   HYSTREMPHYSEMA, Physometra.
  HYSTRIASIS, Hystriciasis.
  rlYSTRICIASIS,Hystri'asis,Hijs'triT,Hys-
tricis'mtis, Cerostro'sis, Tricho'sis seto'sa,ftorn
'imrsgiS,' a hedgehog or porcupine.'  A disease
of the hairs, in which they stand erect like the
quills of the porcupine.
   HYSTRICISMUS, Hystriciasis.
   HYSTRIX, Hystriciasis. 
IAMA                  449              ICHTHYOSIS
I.
  IAMA, Medicament.
  IAMATOLOGY, Materia medica.
  I AMATOSYNTAXIOLOGIA, see  Pre-
scription.
  IAMATOSYNTAXIS, see Composition.
  IAMATOTAXIOLOGIA, see Prescription.
  IASIMOS, Curable.
  IASIS, Curation.
  IATERIA, Medicina.
  IATERIUS, Medicinal.
  IATRALEIP'TICE, Iatraliptice (Ars), Ia-
traleiptic method; same etymon.  The method
of treating diseases adopted by the Iatraleiptes,
that is, by friction chiefly.
  IATRALEP'TES, Iatraleip'tes, Iatralip'ta,
Iatroleip'tes, Med'icus Unguenta'rius;  from
taT/>oc, 'a  physician,'  and axtupa, 'I  anoint.'
One who treats diseases by unguents, frictions,
and by external means generally.  Prodicus, a
disciple of iEsculapius, was the chief of the la-
traleptes.
   IATRALIPTES, Iatraleiptes.
   IATRALIPTICE, Iatraleiptice.
   IATREUSIOLOG'IA,  from ixrqtvo-,;,  'the
exercise of the art of healing,' and xoyog, ' a de-
scription.'   The doctrine of the exercise of the
healing art.—Reil.
   IATREUSIS.  The exercise of the healing
art.
   IATRIA, Medicine.
   IATRICE, Medicina.
   IATRI'NE, Medicina.  Also, a female prac-
titioner of  medicine; a midwife.
   IATRI'ON, Iatre'on, Iatron.  The  house or
office of a  physician  or  surgeon.   Also, the
physician's fee or honorarium.
   IATROCHEMIA, Chymiatria.
   IATROCHYMIA, Chymiatria.
   IATROGNOMICA, latrognom'ice ;  from
latroc?, 'a  physician,'  and ytva>o-xa>, 'I know.'
A knowledge of medical objects.—Hufeland.
   IATROLEIPTES, Iatraleiptes.
   IATROLOG"IA, Iatrology, from i*Too?, ' a
physician,' and *.»yoc, 'a description.'  A trea-
tise on physic and physicians.
   IATRO-MATHEMATICAL  PHYSI-
CIANS, Iatromathematici, Mechanical physi-
cians.
   IATROMECHANICI,  Mechanical  physi-
cians.
   IATRON, Iatrion.
   IATROPHYSICS, Physics, medical.
   IATROSOPHIS'TA, from taroot, ' a physi-
cian,' and o-opiarrit, ' one skilled in an art or sci-
ence.'  A  learned, or theoretically educated
physician.
   IATROTECH'NA, Iatroteck'nes;  from i*-
rpoc,  'a physician,' and rtxv'b 'art-'  A practi-
cal physician  or surgeon.
   IATROTECHNICE, Medicina, Therapeu-
tics.
   IATRUS, Physician ; also, a surgeon.
   IBERIS, Lepidium iberis—i. Sophia, Carda-
mine pratensis.
   IBICUIBA, Becuiba, Becuiba nux.   A spe-
cies of nut from  Brazil,  the emulsive kernel
of which is ranked amongst balsamic remedies.
   IBIS,  i|Si$.  A bird held sacred by the Egyp-
tians.  When  sick, it is asserted, that it was
wont to inject the water of the Nile into its fun-
dament : whence,  according to  Langius, was
learned the use of  glysters.
  IBISCHA MISMALVA, Althaea.
  IBISCUS, Althaea.
  IBIXUMA, Saponaria.
  ICE, Sax.  ir,  Gla'cies, Frozen water, (F.)
Glace.  Iced water is much used internally, as
the best refrigerant in fever.   It is,  also, ap-
plied externally,  in cases of external inflam-
mation, as well as in phrenitic, and  hernial af-
fections, &c.
  ICE-COLD, Icy cold, (F.) Froid glacial.  A
very strong morbid sensation of cold, compared
by the patient to that which would be produced
by the application of pieces of  ice.
  ICELAND, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Hot  springs are found in every part of Iceland.
The most noted of these  is one  called Geyser,
two  days' journey from Hecla, and  near Skal-
holt.  The diameter of the basin is 59 feet; and
the height to which the water is thrown, is often
more than 100.  The heat of the water is 212°.
  ICE-PLANT, Mesembryanthemum crystal-
linum, Monotropa uniflora.
  ICHNUS, i/voS.  The foot.   The sole of the
foot.  The heel.
  ICHOR, /%og,  Ichos.  The  serum of  the
blood, Sanies, Sordes, Virus, Pus ma'lignum,
 Tabum. A thin, aqueous, and acrid discharge.
  ICHOROIDES, Ichorous.
  ICH'OROUS. Ichoro'sus, Ichoro'i'des, Sanio'-
sus,  Sanions.  Belonging  to or resembling
ichor.
  ICHTHYA, Hook, blunt.
  ICHTHYOCOL'LA, from  t%Sut,  'a fish,'
and  xo/Ua, ' glue.'  Colla Pis'cium, Isinglass,
 Fish-glue, (F.) Ichthyocolle, Colle de  Poisson.
 A name given to the dried fish  bladder of  the
 Acipenser huso, and other species of acipenser,
 which is almost wholly composed  of gelatin,
 and  is employed in medicine in the formation
 of nutritive  jellies.  It is, also, occasionally
 used in anatomical injections.   The English
 Court Plaster is made with it.
  ICHTHYOPH'AGISTS, Ichthyoph'agi, from
 <<%_9vg,' a fish,' and q>ayu>, ' I eat.'  People who
 feed  habitually on fish;—generally the most
 uncivilized of mankind.
  ICHTHYOPHAGOUS, Piscivorous.
  ICHTHYOSE, Ichthyosis.
  ICHTHYOSIS, from l%9vti  'a  fish,' from
 the resemblance of the scales to those of a fish.
 Lepido'sis Ichthylasis, Lepra Ichthyo'sis,  Le-
 pido'sis Ichthyosis,  Alvaras  nigra  (Arab.),
 Impetigo excorticatlva,  (F.) Ichthyose;  Fish-
 skin,  Porcupine  Disease.    A permanently
 harsh, dry, scaly, and in some cases, almost
 horny texture of the integuments of the  body,
 unconnected  with internal  disorder.  Willan
 and  Bateman have two varieties,  1". simplex,
 and  I. cornea.  Alibert has three, the I. nacrie
 or pearly, the I. cornie, and the I. pellagre or
 pellagra.
  Ichthyosis Pellagra, Pellagra.
  Ichthyosis Seba'cea, Seba'ceous Ichthyo'sis. 
ICHTHYOTOXICUM          450
IDIOTISM
 A morbid incrustation of a concrete sebaceous
 substance upon the surface of the epidermis,
 confounded, according to Mr. E.  Wilson, with
 ichthyosis, to which it bears a close resemblance.
 In many cases there is neither redness nor heat,
 nor  is the affection often accompanied  by con-
 stitutional symptoms.
   ICHTHYOTOX'ICUM,from ix9vg,  'a fish,'
 and  rij/xov, ' a poison.'  Fish poison.
   I'CICA ARACOUCHI'NI.   Aracouchini is
 a balsam, extracted by incision, from this tree
 in  Guyana.  The Galibis  use  it for  healing
 wounds.
   Icica Icicariba, see Amyris elemifera.
   ICTERE, Icterus—i. Bleu, Cyanopathy—i.
 des Nouveau-nis, Icterus  infantum—i. Noire,
 Melaena.
   ICTERICUS, Antiicteric.  Also,   relating
 to, or resembling Icterus,—Ictero'des.
   ICTERITIA ALBA, Chlorosis—i.   Flava,
 Icterus—i. Rubea, Erysipelas—i. Rubra, Ery-
 sipelas.
   ICTERODES, Ictericus.
  ICTERUS, Ic'terus flavus, I. verus, from
 iktu, a species of weasel, whose eyes are yel-
 low(?), Morbus arcua'tus vel arqua'tus, Auru'-
go, Auri'go,  Morbus  reoius, Morbus lute'olus,
 Cholelith'ia  icterus,  Choliha'mia,  Cholopla'-
nia,   Cholo'sis,  Dermatocholo' sis,  Suffu'sio
 a/urigino'sa seu fellis  seu bills, Icteritia flava,
Ileus flavus, I. Ic.teroldes,  Cachex'ia icter'ica,
Fellis suffu'sio, Fellis obstruc'do, F.  Super'-
fu'sio, Bilious  Dyscrasy, Jaundice, Yellows,
(F.)  Ictere, Jaunisse, Bile ripandue.  A dis-
ease, the  principal symptom of which  is yel-
 lowness of the skin and eyes, with white faeces,
and high-coloured  urine.  It admits of  various
causes; in fact, any thing which  can directly
or indirectly obstruct the course of the  bile, so
that  it is taken into the mass of blood and pro-
duces the  yellowness  of surface; the bile being
separated by the kidneys, causes yellowness of
urine, and its being prevented from reaching
the intestine occasions the pale-coloured faeces.
The  prognosis, in ordinary cases, is favourable;
—when complicated with hepatic  disease, un-
favourable.  The  treatment  is  simple:—an
emetic or  purgative, given occasionally so as
to elicit the  return of the bile to its ordinary
channels;  light tonics; unirritatingdiet; cheer-
ful company, &c.
  Icterus Albus, Chlorosis.
  Icterus Infan'tum,  I.  Neonatorum, Pa-
dict'erus,  Auri'go neophyto'rum, Yellow gum,
Yellow gown, (F.) Ictere des nouveau-nis, is a
common  affection  and  frequently dependent
upon obstruction of the choledoch duct, by the
meconium.   It requires  time; and castor oil,
occasionally.
  Icterus Melas, Meliena—i. Neonatorum, I.
infantum—i. Niger, Melaena.
  ICTODESFGETIDUS,Dracontiumfcetidum.
  ICTUS.  'A stroke or blow;' Plege,Plaga.
Ictus solis, a stroke of the sun.  See Coup de
soldi.  Ictus, also, means the  pulsation of an
artery, and the sting of a bee or other insect.
  Ictus, Blow—i. Cordis et arteriarum, Pulse
—i.  Sanguinis,  Apoplexy—i.  Solis, Coup de
soldi.
  IDE'A, I'dea, Ido'lum, Ideach (1 Paracelsus)
(F.)  Idie.   The image or representation of an
object in the mind; from uda, 'I see.'
  Ide'a, Fixe©  or Predominant, I'dea fixa,
 Ideopeg'ma.   Tension of the mind on one no-
 tion; often observed in insanity.
   I'dea Morbi.  Knowledge or idea of a dis-
 ease.
   IDEACH, Idea.
   IDE'AL,  Idea'lis.  Mental,  notional, fan-
 cied.
   Morbi  ideates.   Ideal diseases.   Diseases of
 the imagination.
   IDkE, Idea.
   IDEN'TITY (PERSONAL,)Iden'titas,fxoxa
 idem, ' the same.'  Sameness.  It is sometimes
 a  question  in  legal  medicine to  decide upon
 personal identity:  that  is, whether  an  indivi-
 dual be the same he  represents himself to be.
 Physical marks form the great criteria.
   IDEOL'OGY, Ideolog'ia,  from  ttSu,,' I see,'
 and Xoyog, ' a discourse.'  The science of ideas.
 Intellectual philosophy.
   IDEOPEGMA, Idea, fixed.
   IDkOSYNCHYSlE, Delirium.
   IDIOCRASIS, Idiosyncrasy.
   IDIOCTONIA, Suicide.
   IDIO-MIASMATA, see Miasm.
   IDIOPATHI'A,  Idiopathela,  Protopathi'a,
 Pro'prius affectus, Morbus  idiopath'icus seu
 proprius seu prima'rius seu  protopathicus seu
 origina'lis, Malum primal'riumfxom itiiot, 'pecu-
 liar, proper,' and naSoc, ' an  affection.'  A pri-
 mary disease;  one not depending on any other.
   IDIOPATHIC,  Pro'prio habitu,  Constitu.
tio'nS pro'prid pendens, Idiopath'icus, Idiop'a-
thes.   Primary affections and their symptoms
are so denominated.
   IDIOPTCY, Achromatopsia.
   IDIOSYNCRASI A, Idiosyncrasy—i. Hamior-
rhagica, Haematophilia—i. Olfactoria, Parosmia.
   IDIOSYNCRASY,  Idioc'rasy,  Idiosyn'cra-
sis,  Idiosyncra'sia, Idiotroph'ia,  Idioc'rasis,
ldiosyncris'ia, from iSiog, 'peculiar,' o-w, 'with,'
and xqaois, ' temperament.'  A peculiarity of
constitution, in which one person is affected by
an agent, which, in numerous  others, would pro-
duce no effect.  Thus shell-fish, bitter almonds,
produce urticaria in some, by  virtue of their
idiosyncrasies.  Others  faint at  the sight of
blood, &c.
   IDTOT, Idio'ta, 'foolish,  stupid, ignorant.'
Now used for one who is fatuous, or who does
not possess sufficient intellectual faculties for
the social condition, and for preserving himself
from danger,—Homo fat'uus.
   IDIOTIA, Idiotism.
  ID'IOTISM, Idiotis'mus,  Idiotla, ImleciV-
litas mentis;  Mo'ria  demens Ana.'a, Mo'ria,
Moro'sis, Fatu'itas, Amen'tia, Stupid'itas, Ve-
cor'dia, Imbecill'itas Inge'nii, Idiocy, Idiotcy,
Fatuity. (F.)Dimenceinnie, Idiotisme.  Same
etymon.  A  species of unsound mind, charac-
terized  by more or less complete obliteration
of the intellectual and moral  faculties.  It may
supervene on  mania and melancholia, when it
is termed Demen'tia, but more commonly it de-
pends  upon original  conformation.  It may,
also, be symptomatic of organic disease of the
brain, which has come on after birth.  Idiotism
exists  in  various  degrees.  Some idiots are
mere automata, exhibiting scarcely any sensi-
bility to external impressions; others are ca-
pable of articulating a few words, and possess
certain  mental  emotions to  a  limited extent.
The  physiognomy is  usually vacant, step un- 
IDIOTISME               451          ILEX AQUIFOLIUM
steady, and  articulation imperfect or broken.
The affection is almost always incurable.
  IDIOTISME, Idiotism.
  IDIOTROPHIA, Idiosyncrasy.
  IDOLUM, Hallucination, Idea.
  IDROSIS, Ephidrosis.
  IF, Taxus baccata.
  IFFIDES, Plumbi subcarbonas.
  IGDE, Mortar.
  IGDIS, Mortar.
  IGNA'TIA AMA'RA. The systematic name
of the plant which affords St. Ignatius's Bean.
Faba In'dica,Faba Sancti Igna'tii, Faba febrif-
uga, (F.) Ignatie, Five de Saint Ignace.  The
seeds arebitterand poisonous,containing Strych-
nia ; which see.
  IGNA TIE, Ignatia amara.
  IGNAVIA, Inertia — i.  seu Ignavitas  par-
tium genitalium, Impotence.
  IGNIS, ' fire.'   Hence :
  Ignis  Actualis, Cauterium — i. Animalis,
Animal heat.
  Ignis Cal'idus.  'A hot fire.' A violent in-
flammation, about to degenerate into gangrene.
  Ignis Columella, Erysipelas.
  Ignis Frig"idus.  'A cold fire.'   Sphacelus.
  Ignis Naturalis, Animal heat.
  Ignis Persicus, Anthrax, Herpes zoster—i.
Philosophicus,  Phosphorus—i.  Potentialis, see
Cauterium—i. Sacer, Erysipelas, Herpes zoster
—i. Sancti Antonii, Erysipelas.
  Ignis  Sapien'tium.  The ancient name for
the heat of horses' dung.
  Ignis Sylvat'icus, J. sylves'tris, I.  volat'-
icus, I. vola'grius, Stroph'ulus sylves'tris, S.
volat'icus, (F.) Feu sauvage, F. volage, Flam-
boise. Probably, the Porrigo larva'lis or crusta
lactea of infants.   Also, a transient redness of
the face and neck, sometimes observed in hys-
terical and chlorotic females.
  Ignis Sylvestris, J. sylvaticus.
  Ignis Vitalis, Animal heat.
  Ignis  Volagrius,  I. sylvaticus—i. Volati-
cus, I. sylvaticus.
  IGNIVOROUS, Pyrophagus.
  IGNYE, Poples.
  IGNYS, Poples.
  ILAPHIS, Arctium lappa.
  ILEA, Flanks.
  ILECH,  Y'lech, Eri'as,  Ilias'ter,  Ylia'ter,
Elias'ter, Ilias'trum, Ilei'ados, llei'dos, Ilel-
adum, Ili'adus.  Terms used by Paracelsus to
designate the first matter:—the  beginning of
every thing.
  ILEIADOS, Ilech.
  ILEIADUM, Ilech.
  ILEIAS, Ilech.
  ILEIDOS, Ilech.
  ILEI'TIS; from ileum,' the intestine, ileum,'
and ids, a suffix  denoting inflammation.  In-
flammation of the ileum.
  ILEO-CHOLOSIS, Diarrhoea, bilious.
  IL'EO-COLIC, Ileo-colicus. Relating to the
ileum  and colon:—as the  ileo-colic  valve  or
valve of Bauhin.
  ILEO-COLITIS,  Enteritis.
  ILEO-DICLIDITE. see Typhus.
  ILEO-LUMBAR,  iieo-lumba'lis,  Hio-lum-
ba'ris. Belonging to the ilium and lumbar region.
  Ileo-lumbar Artery,  Ilio-lumbar artery,
Iliaco-mus'cular, (Ch.), is given off by the hy-
pogastric, opposite the base of the sacrum.  It
ascends behind the psoas  muscle,  and divides
into two branches;—an ascending and a trans-
verse, which give off numerous ramifications to
the neighbouring parts.
  Ileo-lumbar  Ligament, Ilio-lumbar Lig'a-
ment, Ilio-lumbo-ver'tebral ligament, Vertebro-
iliac lioament, is a broad, membraniform, trian-
gular ligament, extending horizon tally from the
transverse process of the 5th lumbar vertebra
to the upper and posterior part of the iliac crest.
It unites the vertebral column with the pelvis.
  IL'EON, Ileum, Eil'eon, Ilium, Intestlnum
dicumvolu'turn,from u>.uv, 'to turn,' 'to twist.5
Anatomists have given this name to the longest
portion of the small intestine, which extends
from  the jejunum to the  caecum.   It was so
called, from its forming a  considerable number
of convolutions.
  ILEOPYRA,  see Typhus.
   ILEOSIS, Ileus.
   1 LEO-TYPHUS, see Typhus.
  ILES, Flanks.
  ILEUS, Eileos, from nitre, ' I twist or con-
tract.'  Co'lica Ileus, Enterele'sia, Enterelo'sis,
Colica  spasmodica, Ileus spasmodicus, Chor-
dap'sus, Passio  III aca, Iliac Passion, Volvu-
lus,  Ileo'sis, Misere'rc mei, Convolvulus, Tor-
men'tum, Intercep'tio Intestino'rum,(F.) Colique
de Misiricorde, C. de Miserere.   A disease,
characterized by deep-seated pain of the abdo-
men, stercoraceous vomiting, and obstinate con-
stipation.   It is  often occasioned by hernia ob-
structing the passage of the faeces through a part
of the  intestinal canal.   The term Ileus has
been  applied to various  affections—to simple
nervous colic, intussusception, and  to strangu-
lation of the small intestine, &c.   Various  re-
medies have been employed;—the majority for
the purpose of procuring alvine evacuations,—
as purgatives, in draught, pill, or glyster; sup-
positories,  tobacco glysters;  pure  mercury;
leaden  bullets;  antispasmodics and narcotics;
blisters to the epigastrium; ice by the mouth or
injected into the rectum.  Some of these  have,
occasionally, succeeded,—especially the tobacco
glyster, and ice  to the tumour, where the dis-
ease has been occasioned by strangulated hernia.
It is very dangerous.
   Ileus Flavus, Icterus—i. Icteroides, Icterus
—i.  Inflammatorius, Enteritis.
   ILEX AQUIFOLIUM.    The  systematic
name of the Common Holly, Aquifo'lium, Agri-
fo'lium, (F.) Houx, H. commun ou Chene vert.
The leaves of this plant have been recommended
as tonic, astringent, and  antiseptic, and have
been prescribed  in atonic gout; intermittents;
dyspepsia,  &c.  Hicine, the active  principle,
has also been advised.   It is obtained by dis-
solving the alcoholic extract of the leaves of the
holly in water, and successively treating it with
the subacetate of lead, sulphuric acid, and car-
bonate  of lime.   The filtered and  evaporated
product is then dissolved in  alcohol; the mix-
ture filtered and  evaporated in shallow vessels.
   Ilex Cassine, Ilex vomitoria.
   Ilex Major.  From the berries of this tree,
called by the  Spaniards Bellotas, a juice may
be expressed, which forms a slightly astringent
emulsion with wajer, and has been recommend-
ed by some Spanish physicians in humid cough,
haemoptysis, &c.
   Ilex Mate, Ilex paraguensis.
   Ilex Opa'ca, American Holly,gxows through-
out the Atlantic portion of the United States. 
ILIA
452
ILION
It is siid to possess the same properties as the
European variety.
  Ilex  Paraguen'sis,  I. Mate.  A native  of
Paraguay, which affords the celebrated Mattee,
or Mati, drunk in place of the  Chinese tea by
the people of Paraguay.
  Ilex Vomito'ria, Ilex Casi'ne, Cassi'na, Da-
hoon holly, Apalachine Gallis, South-Sea Tea,
Ev'ergreen  Casslne, Cassee'na, Yaupon, Yo-
pon, (F.)  The des Apalaches, Hour Apalachine,
Apalachine, Thi de la  Mer du Sud.  A tree,
indigenous in the southern parts of the United
States.  The leaves, when dried, are aromatic,
stimulant, stomachic, and expectorant, and are
used as  a tea.   When fresh they are emetic and
cathartic.
  ILIA, Flanks.
  ILIAC, Iliacus, from Ilia, 'the flanks.'   Re-
lating to, or connected with,  the flanks.
  Iliac Arteries, Arte'da Iliaca.  This term
has been given to several arteries.   The Pri-
mary Iliacs, (F.) A. Iliaques primitives,—Pel-
vicrurales, (Ch.) arise from  the bifurcation  of
the aorta,  opposite the body of the 4th lumbar
vertebra, and  descend, in a divergent manner;
until, opposite the sacro-iliac symphysis, they
divide into  two considerable trunks,— the in-
ternal Iliac ox hypogastric (which see) and the
external iliac—Portion Iliaque de la crurale,
(Ch.)   This proceeds from the sacro-iliac junc-
ture as far as the crural arch, when it assumes
the name Femoral Artery.  Before passing under
the arch it  gives off two pretty considerable
branches,—the Epigastric and the Circumfiexa
Ilii.  This last, which  is called, also, anterior
Iliac by some anatomists,-^-Circonflexe de PIl-
ium; (Ch.) leaves the external iliac at the cru-
ral  arch.   It ascends along the  outer edge  of
the iliacus muscle, anddivides into two branches,
—an internal and an external.
  The Iliaca Inter'na Minor vel Ilio-lumbalis
is a small artery, which sometimes arises from
the hypogastric"; at others, from the beginning
of the gluteal.   It is sent, chiefly, to the psoas
and iliacus internus muscles.
  Iliac Crest, Crista  Il'ii,  is the upper mar-
gin of the ilium. (F.) Crete Iliaque.  It  is
very thick, and curved like  the Italic S.   It
affords attachment to the  broad muscles of the
abdomen.
  Iliac Foss,e are two in number; the internal,
the depression presented  by  the  ilium on its
interior, and at the  upper part in  which the
Iliacus  internus  is lodged:—and the external,
an excavation on the outer surface of the same
bone, occupied by the Glutai muscles.
  Iliac Muscle, Internal, Iliacus internus
Muscle,Iliacus,Iliaco-trochantirien (Ch.); Fe-
mur moven'tium sep'timus, Iliac muscle, is situ-
ate in the  fossa iliaca, and at the anterior and
superior part of the thigh.  It is broad, radiated,
triangular;  and is attached,  above, to the  two
upper thirds of the fossa  iliaca, and  to the in-
ternal  part of the iliac  crest:—below, it termi-
nates by a tendon, which is  common to  it and
the  psoas magnus, and  is fixed into the  lesser
trochanter.  When this  muscle  contracts,  it
bends the pelvis on the thigh, and conversely.
It  is also a rotator of the thigh outwards, and
prevents the trunk from failing backwards.
  Iliac Passion, Ileus.
  Iliac Regions, Regio'nes ili'acx, Inan'ia, are
the sides of the abdomen between the ribs and
the hips.
   Iliac  Spines, Spinous  Proc"esses of  the
Ilium, are four  in number.  They are  distin-
guished into anterior and posterior.   Of the an-
terior, one is superior.  It bounds the crista ilii
anteriorly, and affords origin to the sartorius
muscle.   The other  is inferior, and receives
the tendinous origin of the  rectus femoris.
   The two  Posterior Iliac Spines axe divided
like the anterior, into superior and inferior.
They afford insertion  to  strong  ligaments
which unite the  ilium with the sacrum.
   ILIACO-TROCHANTkRIEN, Iliacus in-
ternus.
   ILIACUS, I. internus—i. Externus, Pyrami-
dalis.
   ILIADUS, Ilech.
   ILIASTER, Ilech.
   ILIASTRUM, Ilech.
   ILINGOS, Vertigo.
   ILIO-ABDOMINAL, Obliquus internus ab-
dominis—i. Aponivrosi-fimoral,  Fascia  lata
muscle—i.  Costal,  Quadratus  lumborum—t.
Cresti-tibial, Sartorius—i. Femoral, Coxo-fe-
moral—i. Ischii-trochanterien, Glutaeus mini-
mus—i. Lombo-costo-abdominal, Obliquus in-
ternus abdominis—i. Lumbalis, Ileo-lumbar,
see Iliac arteries—i. Lumbi-costal, Quadratus
lumborum—i. Lumbo-vertebral ligament, Ileo-
lumbar-ligament.
  IL'IO-PECTINEA, belonging to the ilium
and to the pecten or pubis.
  Ilio-pectineal Eminence is so called from
being formed by the  junction of the ramus of
the ilium with that of the pubis.  It affords at-
tachment to the  psoas minor.
  Ilio-Pectinea Linea, or Linea innominata,
is  the projecting line or ridge of the ilium and
pubis, which forms part of the brim of the pel-
vis.
   ILIO-PRkTIBIAL, Sartorius.
   Ilio-Psoi'tis,  from Ilium, ' the ilion,' xptntc,
1 the  loins,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the ilium and psoas muscle.
   ILIO-PUBO-COSTO-ABDOMINAL, Ob-
liquus externus abdominis—i. Rotulien, Rectus
femoris—i.  Sacral, Sacro-iliac—i. Sacral arti-
culation, Sacro-iliac articulation—i. Sacro-fe-
moral, Glutaeus major.
   Ii.io-scb.otA.i.,Ilio-scrotaiis. Professor Chaus-
sier calls  thus the external twig, furnished by
the anterior branch of the  first lumbar pair of
nerves.   It distributes its  ramifications to the
muscles of the abdomen, and to the integuments
of the groin, pubes and scrotum.
   ILIO-TROCHANTkRIEN,  Glutseus  me-
dius—i. Trochantirien petit, Glutaeus minimus.
   IL'ION, Ilium, Ileum,  Haunch bone.   The
largest of the three bones which constitute the
os innominatum  in the foetus and child.  It was
probably so called from its seeming to support
the intestine ileon; or, perhaps, because its crest
is  curved upon  itself, from ttXtu>,' I twist,' 'I
roll.'  This portion of the os innominatum is
usually so called in the adult.  The posterior
surface  is called Dorsum,  the  internal VenUr.
The upper semicircular  edge is the Crista or
Spine:  at the anterior part of which is the an-
terior and superior spinous  process; and, be-
low, the anterior and inferior spinous process.
At the back part of the spine are two spinous 
ILITHYIA
453
IMPETIGO
processes, the posterior and superior, and pos-
terior and inferior.  See Iliac.
  ILITHYI'A,Eilti6vta,Luclna, Juno Lucina.
The Goddess who presided over parturient fe-
males, with the Greeks and Romans.
  ILIUM,  Ileum, Ilion.
  ILKESTON,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
Ilkeston is  in Derbyshire, England, about eight
miles from Nottingham.   The water  contains
carbonates of lime and soda, chloride of calcium,
sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of soda, carbonic
acid, sulphohydric acid, and a little iron.
  ILLACHRYMATIO, Epiphora.
  ILLECEBRA,'Sedum—i. Major, Sedum tele-
 phium.
  ILLEGITIMATE, Illegit'imus,  from in,
'negation or opposition,' and legitimus, 'legiti-
mate;' from lex, legis, 'law.'  That which  is
contrary to law: which has not the conditions
required by law,—as an illegitimate birth—one
out of wedlock.
  Illegitimate or Bastard Fevers are those
whose progress is  anomalous.
  ILLICIUM ANISA'TUM, Yellow-flowered
 Anise, Aniseed  Tree,  Star Anise,  Anisum
 stella'tum, Anisum Sinen'se, Semen  Badian,
 (F.) Arris de la  Chine, A. itoili, Badiane.
 Fam.  Magnoliaceae.   Sex.  Syst. Polyandria
 Polygynia.  The  seeds are used like the ani-
 seed.  The same tree is supposed to furnish the
 aromatic bark, called Cortex Ani'si  Stella ti,
 Cortex Lavola.
   Illicium anisatumis said to furnish much of the
 so called Oil of Anise used in the United States.
   Illicium Florida'num, Florida Anise Tree,
 Star Anise, Sweet Laurel. An evergreen shrub,
 the bark, leaves, &c, of  which, have a spicy
 odour like  anise, and might be used for it.
   Illicium Parviflo'rum, a shrub of the hilly
 regions of  Georgia and Carolina, has  a  flavour
 closely resembling that of sassafras root.
   ILLINITIO, Inunction.
   ILLITIO,  Inunction.
   ILLITUS, Inunction.
   ILLOS, Eye, see Strabismus.
  'ILLO'SIS, Ilo'sis, from iXXos, 'the eye.'
 Distortion of the eyes.  Strabismus.
   ILLUSIO  SENSUS, Hallucination.
   ILLUSION, Hallucination.
   ILLUTAMENTUM, see  Illutatio.
   ILLUTA'TIO, from in, ' upon,' and lutum,
 ' mud.'  A word  used, by the ancients, for the
 act of covering any part of the body with mud,
 —illutamen'tum—with therapeutical views.
   1LOSIS, Illosis.
   IMAGINATION, Imagina'do, Figura'tio,
 Phanta'sia,  Dianoe'ma, from imago, ' image.'
 The faculty of forming in the mind  an assem-
 blage of  images  and combinations  of ideas,
 which are  not always in connexion with exter-
 nal objects.
   IMBALSAMA TION, Embalming.
   IMBECILITY,  Imbeciliitas,  Stupiditas,
 Hebetu'do  an'imi.  Weakness, especially of the
 intellect;  incoherency; Imbeciliitas mentis.
   IMBECILLIS, Infirm.
   IMBECILLITAS INGENII, Idiotism, Im-
 becility— i.  Mentis, Idiotism, Imbecility—i.
 Ventriculi, Gasterasthenia.
    IMBER'BIS, Imber'bus, Agenelos, Apo'gon.
 One devoid of beard.  •
   IMB1BITI0, Absorption, Imbibition.
  IMBIBIT'IOTSS,Imbibit"io,Emp'osis,Endos-
mose, Aspiration, from imbib'ere,  (in, and
bibere,)  ' to drink, to  imbibe.'  The action, by
which a body becomes penetrated  by a  liquid.
See Endosmose.  Many of the phenomena of
absorption are owing to imbibition.
  IMBREX NARIUM, Septum narium.
  IMMERSUS, Subscapularis muscle.
  IMMINENCE, Imminen'tia, from im„ and
manere, * to stay.' Staying over, or upon ; im-
pending.  Some authors have  designated, by
this term, the period  which precedes the inva-
sion of a disease;  and when certain indications
foretell its approach.
  IMMINENCE MORBIDE, Diathesis, Pre-
disposition.
  IMMISSIO CATHETERIS, Catheterismus.
  IMMISSOR, Catheter.
  IMMOBILITAS,  Acinesia—i.  Pupillae,
Amaurosis.
  IMMODERANTIA, Intemperance.
  IMMODERATIO, Intemperance.
  IMMOVABLE APPARATUS, see Appara-
tus, immovable.
  IMMUTANS,  Alterative.
  IMPAC'TION, Impac'tio, from impingere,
(im, and pangere,) ' to strike against.'  A frac-
ture of the cranium, ribs, or sternum, with de-
pression of some  of the  fragments  and  projec-
tion of  others externally.   See Ecpiesma.
  IMPA'TIENS BALSAM'INA, Balsam weed,
 Touch-me-not. This probably resembles the
other species in its properties.
  Impa'tiens Fulva and  I. Pal'lida, Touch-
me-not, Jewel weed, Balsam  weed, Slippers,
 Celandine,  Quick-in-the-hand, Weath'ercocks.
 Indigenous plants, having tender, juicy, almost
 transparent  stems, and  yellow flowers, which
 appear  in July and  August.  It  is found in
 low moist ground in every  part of the Union.
 The properties are probably the same as those of
   Impa'tiens  Noli-me-tan'gere  of Europe,
 which has an acrid taste, and acts as an emetic,
 cathartic, and diuretic.
   IMPEDIMENTUM, Emphragma.
   IMPERATO'RIA, I.  Ostru'thium, Ostru-
 tkium, Astran'tia, Magistran'tia,  Masterwort,
 (old F'.) Austmche. The roots of this plant were
 formerly considered divinum remedium.  They
 are merely aromatic and bitter, and are not used.
   IMPERFORATE, Atretus.
   IMPERFORATIO, Imperforation—i. Ani,
 Atresia ani  adnata,  Proctatresia—i. Pupillae,
 Synezizis—i. Uteri,  Metratresia.
   IMPERFORA'TION, from im,  'in,' per,
 ' through,' and forare,' to bore.'  Imperfora'tio,
 Atre'sia, Atretis'mus, Cap'etus.   Absence of a
 natural aperture; as, of the mouth, anus, vulva,
 nostrils, &c.   It is congenital, being dependent
 upon faulty  conformation.
   IMPERFORATION DE L'ANUS, Atre-
 sia ani adnata.
   IMPETIGINOSITAS, Impetigo.
   IMPETI'GO, from impeto,' I infest.' Impeti-
 ginositas, Darta, Der'bia, Im'petus,  Petlgo,
 Ecpye'sis impetigo, Phlysis impetigo, Lepra
 squammo'sa, Running Scall or Tetter, Crusted
 Tetter, Pustular or Humid  Tetter, Scall, Cow-
 rap, (F.) Dartre, D. crustacie, D.  croiiteuse,
 Lepre humide, Militagre.  A word used in vari-
 ous acceptations.  In some writers it is synony-
 mous with itch.  In others, it means a variety of
 herpes.  Sauvages employs it as a generic term, 
IMPETUM FACIENS          454                INCISIFS
under which he comprises syphilis, scorbutus,
rachitis,  elephantiasis, lepra, the  itch,  tinea,
scrofula,  &c.  It forms, also, a genus in the class
Cachexia of Cullen.   In Bateman, it is the first
genus of  the 5th order, Pustida, and is defined
—the humid  or running tetter; consisting of
small pustules, denominated Psydracia.  It is
unaccompanied by fever; not  contagious,  or
communicable by inoculation.  He has five
species:—the /. figura'ta, I. sparsa, I. erysipe-
lato'des, I.  scabida, and /. rodens.  See Psori-
asis.
  Impetigo Excorticativa, Ichthyosis—i. Fi-
gurata, Porrigo lupinosa—i.  Pellagra, Pellagra
—i. Ulcerata, Zerna.
  IMPETUM FACIENS, Enormon.
  IMPETUS, Impetigo, Paroxysm.
  IMPLICATIONES RETICULARES NER-
VORUM, Plexus  nervorum.
  IMPLIC'TTI MORBI,Implica'ti seu c.ompli-
ca'ti Morbi.  Diseases, which exist in an organ;
and produce, concurrently,  disorders in other
organs.
  IMPLUVIUM, Embrocation, see Bath.
  IMPOSTHUME, Abscess.
  IM'POTENCE,  Acrati'a,  Impoten'tia, I.
generan'di, Agenne'sia, Agen'nesis, Igna'viaseu
Ignav'itas  partium gcnita'lium, (F.) Impuis-
sance, from  im,  ' priv.,' and  potens,  ' able.'
Loss of power over one or  more of the mem-
bers.  Commonly, it means want of sexual
vigour; incapacity for copulation;  and chiefly
on the part of the male. Asty'sia, Astyph'ia,
Asyno'dia, Adynamia viri'lis.   It has,  also,
been used synonymously with sterility.   Impo-
tence may be absolute or relative, constitutional
or local, direct or  indirect, permanent or tempo-
rary.
  IMPOTENTIA, Adynamia,  Impotence—i.
Generandi, Impotence.
  IMPO VERISHED, Effe'tus, Depaupera'tus,
(F.) Appauvd.  ' Having become poor;' origi-
nally from (L.) pauper,' poor.'   The Humorists
applied this epithet to a humour, deprived of a
part of its constituents, and  particularly to the
blood. This fluid was  considered to  be im-
poverished  when  it was pale, without the pro-
per consistence, and abounding  in serum.  It
was, on the  contrary, rich, in  their opinion,
when of a scarlet colour;   possessing  consis-
tence; when  it coagulated  promptly, and the
quantity  of serum, compared with that of the
clot, was by no means considerable.
  IMPR^GNATIO, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
  IMPREGNATION, Fecundation.
  IMPRES'SION, Impres'sio (in, and premere,
pressum,' to press,')  Pros'bole, (F.) Empreinte.
A more or  less deep  indentation which certain
organs seem to make on  others.   The inequali-
ties observable on the bones, which appear to
be made by the superjacent organs.
  Impres'sions Dig"ital, Impressio'nes  digi-
ta'ta  cra'nii, Fossa  digita'les, are the depres-
sions  of various forms, observable  at the inner
surface of the cranium, which look, at first view,
as if they were made with the fingers.
  IMPU'BER, Impu'bes, Impu'bis, Ane'bus,
Capilla'tus, from  in, ' negation,' and pnbertas,
' puberty.'  (F.) Impubere.  One who has not
attained the age of puberty.
  IMPUBES, Impuber.
  IMPUDICUS, see Digitus.
  IMPUISSANCE, Impotence.
  IMPULSE, DIASTOLIC, Back stroke of the
heart.  A jog or stroke which has been termed
the ' back stroke,' felt at the end of each pulsa-
tion, and which would seem to be owing to the
refilling of the ventricles.
  Impulse of the Heart, see  Heart.
  IMPURITATES ALVINA, Faeces.
  INANIA, Iliac regions.
  INANITIATED, see Inanitiation.
  INANITIA'TION, Inanitia'tio, same  ety-
mon.  The act of being exhausted for want of
nourishment.  One  so exhausted is said to be
inanitiated.
  IN ANIT "ION,Inanit'io,Han'itaSffxoxnina-
nire, 'to empty;' cenosis. Exhaustion for want
of nourishment.   To die from inanition is te
die from  exhaustion.
  INAPPETENTIA, Anorexia, Dysorexia.
  INARTICULATIO, Enarthrosis.
  INAURA'TION,  Inaura'tio,  from in,  and
aurum,' gold.' The gilding of pills or boluses.
  INCANTAMENTUM, Charm.
  INC ANT A'TION, Incanta'tio, Incantamen'•
turn, Ep'ode, from in, and cantare,' to sing,'—
for example, a magical song.  A mode of curing
diseases by charms, &c, defended by Paracel-
sus, Van Helmont, and others.
  INCARCERA'TIO, Chatonnement, Incarce-
ration—i. Intestinorum interna, Enteremphraxis
—i. Intestinorum, Enteroperistole.
  INCARCERATION, Incarcera'tio,fxom in,
' in,' and career, ' prison.'  A hernia is said to
be  incarcerated,  Hernia incarcera'ta, when,
owing  to constriction about the neck of the
hernial sac or elsewhere, it cannot be reduced
with facility.  Incarceration is sometimes used
in the same sense as strangulation.
  INCAR'NANS,  Incarnati'vus, Sarco'ticus,
Stalticns, Plero'ticus, Anaplero'ticus, from in,
and  caro,  carnis, 'flesh.'   Medicines which
were fancied to promote the regeneration of
the flesh.   Certain bandages and sutures have,
also, been so called.
  INCARNATIO,  Incarnation—i.  Unguium,
Onychogryphosis.
  INCARNATION, Incama'tio, same etymon.
Growth of flesh or granulations.
  INCARNATUS, Carneous.
  INCEN'DIUM, from incendere, (in, and can-
dere,)  'to  burn.'  Pyrca'a, nv^xai*, Causis,
Phlogo'sis. A burning  fever  or any burning
heat.—Incen!dium febrile, Inceri sio.—Willis.
Inflammation, Phlegmon.
  Incendium Spontaneum, Combustion,human.
  INCENSIO. Incendium.
  INCENTIVUM, Stimulant.
  1NCERA TION, Incera'tio, Encero'sis,  from
cera, ' wax.'  The  act  of  incorporating  wax
with some other body; or, rather, that opera-
tion whose object is to communicate to a dry
substance the consistence of wax.
  INCERNIC'ULUM, from incernere, (in and
cernere,) ' to sift.'   A strainer or sieve.
  INCESSIO, Bath, half, Semicupium.
  INCESSUS, Walking.
  INCIDEN'TIA, from  incidere, (in, and eir-
dere,)  ' to cut.' (F.) Incisifs.  This name wan
formerly given to medicines to which was at-
tributed the property of cutting thick or coagu-
lated humours.  The fixed alkalies, hydrosul-
phurets of alkalies, sulphurous water, &c, were
considered to belong to this class.
  INCISIFS, Incidentia. 
INCIS10                 455                  INCUS
  INCISIO, Cut, Incision—i. Simplex, Haplo-
tomia.
  INCIS'ION, Incisio, En'cope, lncisu'ra, In-
n'sus, Tome, (F.) Taillade.  A methodical di-
vision of soft parts with a  cutting instrument.
  INCI'SIVE,  Incisi'vus,  Inciso'rius, Fossa
incisi'va, F. myrtifor'mis, is a depression in the
superior maxillary bone, above the incisor teeth.
  Incisive Bone, Intermaxillary bone—i. Canal,
see Palatine canals.
  Incisive  Teeth, Incisor Teeth, Denies in-
dso'res, tomici, denes, dichasteres, gelasi'ni,
primo'res, raso'rii.   The teeth  which occupy
the anterior part of the upper and lower  jaws
are so called, because they  are used for cutting
the food in  the  manner of cutting instruments.
  INCISIVUS,  MUSCULUS,  Levator   labii
superioris proprius—i. Inferior, Levator  labii
inferioris—i. Lateralis et pyramidalis, Levator
labii superioris alaeque nasi—i. Medius, Depres-
sor alae nasi.
  INCISOR TEETH, Incisive teeth.
  INCISO'RIUM, Tomlon.  An operating ta-
ble.  A scalpel.
  INCISOR1US, Incisive.
  INCISURA, kchancrure, Incision—i.  Cru-
cialis, Crucial  Incision—i. Ischiadica Major,
Sciatic  notch,   greater—i. Ischiadica Minor,
Sciatic notch, lesser—i. Lienalis, Hilus lienalis
—i.Renalis, Hilus renalis—i. Scapularis, Notch,
scapular.
  Incisu'ra Trag"ica, Notch of the Concha.
A wide deep and rounded notch, which  sepa-
rates the tragus from the antitragus.
  INC IS URES DE SANTORINI, Santorini,
fissures of.
  INCISUS, Incision.
  INCITABILITY, Irritability.
  INCITAMENTUM, Stimulus.
  INCITANS, Stimulant.
  INCITATIO, Stimulation.
  INCLAVATIO, Gomphosis, see Wedged.
  INCLINATIO, Decline—i. Coeli, Climate.
  INCLUSION, MONSTROSITY  BY,  Em-
bditement.
  INCLUSUS, Wedged.
  INCOCTUS, see Crudity.
  INCOHERENCE, Incohe'rency, (F.) Ana-
toluthie,  Rivasserie; from in,  negative, co,
con, cum, ' with,' and hierere, ' to stick.'   Want
of  dependence  of one part on another.   The
eondition of the mental  manifestations in de-
mentia, &c.
  INCOMPATIBLE, from in,' negation,' and
tompetere,  ' to  agree.'   A substance,  which
cannot be prescribed with another, without in-
terfering with its chemical composition or me-
dicinal activity.
  INCONTINENTIA,  from in,  'negation,'
and contiueo, 'Icontain;' Anepis'chesis.   'In-
continence.'  ' Inability  to retain the natural
evacuation.'  Abuse of the pleasures of love.
  Incontinentia Alvi,  Diarrhoea—i. Urinae,
Enuresis, Scoracrasia.
  INCORPORATION, Incorpora'tio, Corpo-
raltio, Ensomato'sis, Metensomato'sis, from in,
and corpus, ' a body.'  An operation, by which
medicines are mixed with soft or liquid bodies,
in order  to give  them a certain consistence.
Also, the thorough admixture of various  sub-
stances.
  INCRASSAN'TI A, Incrassati'va, Inviscan'-
tia, Spissan'tia, Ecpyc'tica, Condensan'tia, Pa-
chyn'tica, Pycnot'ica, Pycnicmas'tica, from in,
and crassus, 'thick.'  Medicines which were
formerly believed to possess the power of thick-
ening the humours, when too thin.  All muci-
laginous  substances were so regarded.
  1NCRASSATIVA, Incrassantia.
  IN'CREASE, Incremen'tum, Auxis,  Auxe'-
sis, from in, and  crescere, ' to  grow.' (F.)
Accroissement.   Augmentation of the size or
weight of a body,  by the  application of new
molecules around those which already exist.
  INCREMENTUM, Augmentation, Increase.
  INCRUCIATIO, Decussation.
  INCRUST A'TION,Incrusta'tio, fxomin,and
crusta, '  a crust;'  Conlasis. The act of form-
ing a  crust on the surface of a body, as well as
the crust itself.  Also, the calcareous deposites
or cartilaginous plates, which  sometimes form
in organs.
  INCUBA'TION, Incuba'tio, Incubifio,  In-
cu'bitus,  from incubare, (in, and cnbare,) ' to lie
upon.'  This word, which is used in natural
history for the sitting of birds upon their eggs,
is employed, figuratively, in medicine, for  the
period that elapses between the introduction of
a morbific principle into the animal  economy
and the invasion of the disease.
  INCUBITIO, Incubation.
  INCUBITUS, Incubation.
  INCUBO, Incubus.
  IN'CUBUS.  Same etymon,  ln'cubo, EpiaV-
tes, Ephialtes  noctur'nus,  Ephialtes, Epilep'-
sia nocturna, Asthma noctur'num, Pnigalion,
Suc'cubus, Oneirodynia gravans, Erethis'mus
oneirodynia, Noctur'na oppres'sio,  Epib'ole,
Babuzica'rius,  Nightmare, (F.)  Conchemar,
Cauchevieille,  Cochemar,  Oneirodynie grava-
tive.  Same etymon.  A sensation of a distress-
ing weight at the epigastrium during sleep, and
of impossibility of motion, speech or respira-
tion ;  the patient at length awaking  in  terror,
after  extreme anxiety.  The nightmare is often
the effect of difficult  digestion or of an uneasy
position  of the body.   At other times, it occurs
in consequence  of severe emotions.  The sen-
sation of suffocation was formerly ascribed to
the person's being possessed, and the male spiri ts
were  called incubes—the female succubes. The
disease requires no particular treatment. The
causes must be avoided.
  Incubus Vigilan'tium, Ephialtes  vigilan'-
tium, E. hypochondrl aca, Daymare.   This is
produced during wakefulness ; the sense of pres-
sure being severe and extending over the abdo-
men ; respiration frequent, laborious, and con-
stricted ; eyes fixed; sighing, deep and violent;
intellect  undisturbed.
  INCUNABULA, Swathing clothes.
  INCUNEATIO, see Wedged.
  INCU'RABLE,  Incnrab'ilis,  Insanab'ilis,
Analthes, Anaees'tos, Atherapeu'tus,  from  in,
negative, and cura, cure.   That  which is  not
susceptible  of cure;—applied to both patients
and diseases.
  INCURIA, Acedia.
  INCURSUS ARTERIARUM,  Pulse.
  INCURVATIO, Gryposis.
  INCUS, (in,  and cudo, ' I hammer,') 'an  an-
vil.'  Acmon, Os incu'di  simile, Ossic'ulum
Incudi seu  mola'ri  denti  compara'tnm, (F.)
Enclume.  One of the small  bones of the ear,
so called from its  fancied resemblance to a
smith's anvil.   It is situate in the cavity of the 
INDEX
456
INERTIA
tympanum, between the malleus and orbiculare.
Its  body is  articulated  with the malleus;  its
horizontal ramus, which is the shortest, cor-
responds with the entrance of the mastoid cells;
and its vertical ramus is articulated with the
os  orbiculare.  The  incus  is  composed of a
compact tissue, and is developed from a single
point of ossification.
  INDEX,  Dig'itus  index seu secun'dus seu
salutator'ius, Demonstra'tor, Iudica'tor, Indica-
to'rius,  Lich'anos, Deic'ticos,  from  indicare,
'to point out.'  The forefinger, index finger.
See Digitus.
  INDIAN ARROW WOOD, see Eunonymus
—i. Paint,  Hydrastis Canadensis—i. Physic,
Gillenia trifoliata—i. Physic,  small-flowered,
Gillenia stipulacea.
  INDI AN A, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A
medicinal spring,  near  Jeffersonville, is much
frequented.  Its waters are strongly impregnated
with  sulphur and iron.
  IN'DICANT, Iu'dicans,  Endeic'ticos, (F.)
Indicatif.   Same etymon as index.  Any thing
which, in the course of a disease  or in  what
precedes or accompanies it, concurs in pointing
out the means to be used for its cure.
  INDICATIF, Indicant.
  IN'DICATING DAYS, Dies In'dices, D. In-
dicato'rii seu Indican'tes,  D. contemplan'tes,
(F.) Jours indieateurs. Hippocrates and others
have  thus called the middle day of the septenary;
because they imagined, that  indications  were
sometimes given then of the crisis which would
occur in the last day  of the  septenary.
  INDICATION, Indicatio, Accusa'tio,Dela'-
tio, Endeixis, Endexis, Boethemat'icum  Se-
melon.  The object  proposed in  the employ-
ment of any means which  are had recourse to
for the  cure of disease.   It may also be defined
—the manifestation  afforded  by  the  disease
itself of what is proper to be done  for its re-
moval.
   INDICATOR, Extensor proprius indicis, see
Digitus, and Index.
   INDICUM, Indigo.
   INDICUS COLOR,  Indigo.
   INDIGENCE, Want.
   INDIC'ENOUS, Indig"ena.  Whatever is
native in a  country, in  opposition to exotic ; as
an  indigenous remedy, indigenous disease,  &c.
   INDIGESTION,  Dyspepsia —i.  Alkaline,
see Dyspepsia—i. Neutral,  see Dyspepsia.
   INDIGITATIO, Intussusceptio.
   INDIGNABUNDUS, Rectus externus oculi.
   INDIGNATORIUS, Rectus externus oculi.
   INDIGO, Indigum, Iildicum, Indicus color,
Pigmen'tum Iildicum.   A dye-stuff, in  small
solid masses, of a  deep azure  blue colour, and
devoid  of smell  and taste.  It  is obtained, by a
fermentative process, from  Indigofera anil, I.
argerltea, and I. tincto'ria, and is sometimes used
by the  apothecary for colouring certain prepa-
rations. It has likewise been administered inter-
 nally, of late, in spasmodic diseases, especially
in  epilepsy.  The dose may be at first grains,
but it may  be elevated to drachms.
   INDIGO, F4Z7X,Galegaofficinalis—i.Weed,
 Sophora tinctoria—i. Wild, Sophora tinctoria—
 i. Yellow,  Sophora tinctoria.
   INDIGOFERA, Sophora tinctoria—i. Anil,
 see Indigo—i. Argentea, see Indigo—i. Tincto-
 toria, see Indigo.
   INDIGUM, Indigo.
  INDISPOSITION, Mala disposit'io, Dys-
phoria,(F.)  Malaise.  A slight functional dis-
turbance, which may scarcely bear the name of
disease.  A feeling of sickness—sensus  agri-
tu'dinis.
  IN'DOLENT, Indolens, from in, privative,
and dolere,' to be in pain.'  Exhibiting little or
no pain.  An  epithet particularly applied to
certain tumours.
  INDOLENTIA, Anodynia.
  IN'DOLES.  A natural disposition or charac-
ter.
  Indoles An'imi.   The natural disposition
or character  of mind.
  Indoles Morb/.   The nature or character of
a disease.
  INDOSYNCLONUS, Beriberi.
  INDUC'TIO, Apago'ge, from inducere, (in,
and ducere, ' to lead.')  A word used especially
for the action of extending a plaster upon linen.
  INDUCULA, Waiscoat, strait.
  INDUMENTUM CORDIS, Pericardium-i.
Nervorum, Neurilema.
  INDU'RANS, (in and durus,)  Sclerot'icus,
Sclerun'ticus, Scleryn'ricus.  A medicine which
hardens  the parts to which it is applied.
  INDURATIO, Induration—i. Intestinorum,
Enteropathia cancerosa—i. Maligna, Scirrhus
—i. Renum, Nephroscleria—i. Telae cellulosae
neonatorum,  see  Induration — i.  Ventriculi
scirrhosa,  Gastroscirrhus.
  INDURA'TION,  Indura'tio,   Sclerys'ma,
Sclerys'mus, Callos'itas, Indurescen'tia, Poro'-
ma,  Poro'sis,  (F.)  Endurcissement.   The
hardness which supervenes, occasionally, in an
inflamed part.   It is one of the  terminations of
inflammation, and is owing to a change in the
nutrition of the part.
  Induration of the Cellular Tissue,  In-
dura'tio seu Oppila'tio  telx  cellulo'sse  neona-
to'rum, Ethmyphotylo'sis, Compact  (Ede'ma of
Infants, Cat ochus Infantum, Induratio cellu-
lo'sa, Sclere'mia, Sclere'ma, Sclero'ma, Sclero-
derma,  Cutis tensa chronica, Dermatoperiscle-
ro'sis,  Dermatoperisclerysmus, Ethmyphoty-
losis, Haloniltis, Phlegmasia cellula'ris, Scir-
rhosar'ca neonatorum, Sclerlasis neonato'rum,
Sclero'sis, Sdpa'tio tela cellulo'sa Infan'tum,
 Skinbound Disease, (F.) Endurcissement du
tissu cellulaire; QZdeme du tissu cellulaire des
nouveau-nis, Asphyxie lente des nouveau-nes,
 is a  disease which attacks  infants a few days
 after  birth,  and which Chaussier proposed to
 call Sclireme; from c-y.ligog, 'hard.'
   The  Induration of the cellular tissue of the
 adult, Sclerosteno'sis cuta'nea, has been regarded
 as  the result of  inflammation of the corium,
 Ckorionltis.
   Induration  of the Brain,  Sclerencephalia
 —i.  Grise, see Hepatization.
   INDURESCENTIA, Induration.
   IN D U' SIUM, Chitonis'cos.   Strictly, 'a
 shirt,' ' a small tunic;' but some have so called
 the amnion.
   INEDIA, Fasting.
   INER'TIA, from  in, 'privative,' and ars,
 artis, 'art,' (?)  Igna'via,  Ener'vitas.   Slug-
 gishness, inactivity.
   Iner'tia  of the Womb,  (F.)  Inertie de  la
 matrice.  The diminution and even total cessa-
 tion  of the contractions of the  uterus during
 labour; as well as the species of  languor into 
INERTIE DE LA MATRICE      457
INFLAMMATION
which it sometimes falls after the expulsion of
the fcetus.
  INERTIE DE LA MATRICE, Inertia of
the womb.
  INESIS, Cenosis.
  INETHMOS, Cenosis.
  INFANCY, Infan'tia, fxom in, 'negation,'
and fans, from fad, ' to speak.'  Early child-
hood.  Childhood; Nepiotes,Paidl a, (F.) En-
fance.  It generally  includes the age from birth
till the seventh year.  See Age.
  INFANS, Paldion,  Nepion,  (F.)  Enfant.
An infant; a child;  one  in infancy.
  Infans recens natus, Nouveau-ni.
  INFANTIA, Infancy.
  INFANTICIDE, Infanticl dium,  Tecnoc-
tonia, fxova infans,'a child,'and cadere,1 to kill.'
The murder of a child newly born, or on the
point of being born.  It may be perpetrated by
the mother, or by some other person,—either by
commission, that is,  in consequence of a direct,
voluntary act;—or by omission of those cares
which are necessary for the preservation of the
new-born.
  INFARCTUS, Emphraxis—i. Intestinorum,
Enteremphraxis — i.  Lactei  extremitatum,
Phlegmatia dolens—i.  Lienis, Splenoncus—i.
Uteri, Metremphraxis.
  INFECTION, see Contagion.
  INFECUNDITY, Sterility.
  INFECUNDUS, Sterile.
  INFER'NAL, lnfer'mis; 'relating to hell.'
A name applied to caustic—Lapis Inferna'lis—
on account of its strong, burning properties.
  INFIBULA'TIO,  Fibula'tio, Infibula'don,
Ancterias'mus;  from fibula,  'a clasp.'   (F.)
Bouclement.  An operation, formerly practised,
which consisted in passing a  ring through the
prepuce, after having drawn it over the glans;
—in order  to prevent  coition.  The ancients
employed infibulation with their gladiators, to
preserve all their strength by depriving them
of venery;  In  the  women, to preserve their
chastity, the ring was passed  through the labia
majora.
  INFILTRATION, Infiltra'tio, from filtr are,
'to filter.'  Effusion.   The accumulation of a
fluid  in  the areolae of any texture, and par-
ticularly of the cellular membrane.   The fluid
effused is ordinarily serous;—sometimes blood
or pus, faeces or urine.   When  infiltration of
serum is general, it constitutes anasarca; when
local, adema.
  INFILTRATION   PURULENTE,  see
Hepatization.
  INFIRM,Infirm'us,Imbe'cilfis,Deb'ilis,As'-
theues, from in, negative, and firmus, 'firm.'
Not firm or  sound ; weak ; feeble.
  INFIRMARIUM, Hospital.
  INFIRMARY, Hospital.
  INFIRMATORIUM,  Hospital.
  1NFIRMIER (F.), from infirmus, (in, ne-
gative, and firmus.)  Infirmd'rius, Nosoc'omus,
Cura'tor  infirmo'rum.  One  employed in an
hospital or infirmary to take care of the sick.
  INFIRMITY, Infir'mitas,  Asthenia,  Ar-
rhos'tia, Invaletu'do.  Any disease which has
become  habitual, either  owing to its chronic
character, or its numerous relapses.
  INFLA MED, Inflamma'tus,(Y'.)Enflammi,
phloi/osed, according to  some.   Same etymon
as inflammation.  Affected with inflammation.
         30
  INFLAMMABLE AIR, Hydrogen, carbu-
retted.
  INFLAMMATIO, Inflammation, Phlegmon
—i.  Abdominalis, Enccelitis—i. Articuli Max-
illae  Inferioris, Hyposiagonarthritis—i. Auris,
Otitis—i. Bronchiorum, Bronchitis—i.  Caeci,
Typhlo-enteritis—i. Capsulae  lentis,  Phacohy-
menitis—i. Cerebelli,Cerebellitis—i. Clitoridis,
Nymphitis—i. Conjunctivae, see Ophthalmia—
i.  Corneae,  Ceratitis—i.  Coxae,  Osphyitis —i.
Cystidis felleae, Cholecystitis—i. Epiglottidis,
Epiglottitis — i.  Erysipelatosa, Erysipelatous
inflammation—i. Faucium, Cynanche, Isthmitis
—i.  Gastritis, Gastritis—i. Genae, Gnathitis—i.
Genarum, Melitis—i. Gingivae, Ulitis—i. Glan-
dularum lymphaticar,um, Hydradenitis—i.Glan-
dularum  lymphaticarum,  Lymphadenitis — i.
Glandularium sublingualium, Hypoglossiadeni-
tis—i.  Gulre, Oesophagitis—i.  Hepatis,  He-.
patitis—i. Hepatis lenta, Hepatitis (chronic)—
i. Interna, Empresma—i.  Intestinorum, Ente-
ritis—i. Iridis, Iritis—i. Jecoris, Hepatitis—i.
Laryngis, Laryngitis—i. Lienis,  Splenitis—i.
Ligamentorum, Syndesmitis—i. Linguae, Glos-
sitis—i. Mediastini,  Mesodmitis—i. Medulla)
Spinalis, Myelitis—i. Musculi psoas, Psoitis—
i.  Musculorum, Myositis—i.  Musculorum ab-
dominalium, Myocceliitis—i.  Nervorum,  Neu-
ritis—i. Oculorum, Ophthalmia—i. ffisophagi,
ffisophagitis—i.  Omenti, Epiploitis—i.  Ossis,
Ostalgitis—i. Ovarii, Oaritis—i. Palati, Hype-
roitis — i. Pancreatis, Pancreatitis — i. Paren-
chymatica, Parenchymatitis—i. Parotidum, Pa-
rotitis,  Cynanche parotidaea—i.  Pectoris acu-
ta, Pneumonia—i. Peracuta, Hyperphlogosis,
Hyperphlegmasia— i. Pericardii, Pericarditis—
i. Periostei, Periostitis — i.  Periostei orbitae, Pe-
riorbitis—i. Peritonaei, Peritonitis—i. Pharyn-
gis, Cynanche pharyngea—i. Phrenitis,Phrenitis
—i.  Pleurae, Pleuritis —i. Pneumonica, Pneumo-
nia— i.  Pulmonum, Pneumonia—i. Renum, Ne-
phritis— i. Renum succenturiatorum, Parane-
phritis—i. Retinae, Dictyitis, Retinitis—i. Scle-
roticae,  Sclerotitis—i. Scroti, Oschitis—i.  Septi
transversi, diaphragmitis—i. Sinuum  fronta-
lium, Metopantritis-^i. Stomachi, Gastritis—i.
Superficiei internee cordis, Endocarditis—i. Te-
Iae cellulosae, Ethmyphytis—i. Telae fibrosae,
Inohymenitis — i. Testium, Hernia humoralis
—i.   Tonsillarum, Cynanche  tonsillaris—i.
Tunicae  hyaloideae,  Hyalitis — i.  Tympani,
Tympanitis—i. Urethras, Gonorrhcea—i. Ute-
ri, Metritis—i. Uteri catarrhalis,  see Metritis
—i.  Uteri et Peritonaei,  Metroperitonitis—i.
Uvulae, Uvulitis—i. Vasorum, Angeitis—i. Va-
sorum lymphaticorum, Angeioleucitis—i. Ven-
triculi,  Gastritis—i. Ventriculi et intestinorum,
Gastro-enteritis—i. Vesicae, Cystitis—i. Vesi-
cae felleae, Cholecystitis.
  INFLAMMATION,  Inflamma'tio, fxomin,
' within,' andflamma, 'flame,"fire;' Phleg'monr,
Phlogo'sis Ecphlogo'sis, Epiphleg'ia, Exap'srs,
Phlegma'sia, Canso'ma, Emires'ma, Phlo'gia,
Hype.rendosmose (Dutrochet,)  Incendium, Hy-
perhamato'sis, H'.perw'mia act Iva. Phlebo/lero'-
sis ecphrac'tica, Angi'te, is so called in conse-
quence  of the acute or burning pain, felt in a
part  affected with it.  An irritation in a part of
the body is occasioned by somp stimulus;- owing
to which the blood flows into the capillary ves-
sels  in  greater abundance than  natural, and
those vessels become  over-dilated and enfee-
bled; whence result pain, redness, heat, ten- 
INFLAMMATION            458           INFRA-COST ALES
 sion, and swelling ;  symptoms which appear in
 greater or less severity, according to the struc-
 ture, vital properties, and functions of the part
 affected,  and its connexion with other parts,
 as well as according to  the constitution of the
 individual.  The inflammations of the cellular
 and serous  membranes greatly agree;—and
 those of the mucus and skin ;  the former being
 more active, and constituting the phlegmonous
 variety;—the latter, the erythematic or erysipe-
 latous.  Inflammation may end  by resolution,
 suppuration, gangrene, adhesion, effusion, or in-
 duration.  Each of  the inflammations of inter-
 nal organs has  received a name according to the
 organ affected;—as,gastritis, cephalitis, enteri-
 tis,  hepatitis, &c.   Besides the  above inflam-
 mations, there is considered* to be an instinctive
 kind established for the union of parts  which
 have been divided,  whether  the union takes
 place immediately, or by the aid  of an interme-
 diate body.  This is the adhesive inflammation.
 See  Adhesion, Callus, Cicatrix.   Broussais con-
 sidered that  the term inflammation should in-
 clude  every local  exaltation of the organic
 movements which  is  sufficiently great to dis-
 turb  the  harmony  of the functions,  and  dis-
 organize the  texture in which it is situate.   He
 farther extended the name inflammation to irri-
 tations which do not  induce disorganization of
 the  textures, and which had been previously,
 and  are still, called fevers.
   Examination of the blood drawn always ex-
 hibits an increase of the fibrinous element—the
 average proportion of which,  in healthy blood,
 is about 3 in the thousand.  In inflammation, it
 at times  rises  as high as 10.  In fevers unac-
 companied with inflammation, the  proportion
 is natural, or below  the average;  but whenever
 inflammation supervenes, it immediately rises.
   External inflammation is easily detected by
 the characters already mentioned:—internal, by
 disturbance of function and pain upon pressure;
 but the last sign is  often not  available.   Both
 forms require the removal of  all  irritation, and
 the reduction of vascular excitement and ner-
 vous irritability ; hence,  blood-letting—local
 and general—sedatives,  refrigerants, and coun-
 ter-irritants  become valuable remedies in al-
 most all cases of inflammation.
  INFLAMMATION DES AMYGD ALES,
 Cynanche tonsillaris—Ides Arteres, Arteritis—
 i. of the Bladder, Cystitis—i. de la Bouche, Sto-
 matitis—i.des  Bronches, Bronchitis—i. du Ca-
 eum, Typhlo-enteritis—i. of  the Caecum,  Ty-
 phlo-enteritis—i. du  Cerveau et du  Cervelet,
 Phrenitis—*. du Caur, Carditis—i. du Colon,
 Colitis—i. de la Conjonctive, see Ophthalmia
 —i. of the Diaphragm, Diaphragmitis—i. Diph-
 theritic,  Diphtheritis — i. of the  Ear,  Otitis—
 i. de  PEpiglotte, Epiglottitis—i.  de PEsto-
 mac, Gastritis—i. of the Eye, Ophthalmia—i.
 du  Foie,  Hepatitis—i. des  Gencives,  Ulitis—
 i. General, Synocha—i.  of the Internal  Mem-
 brane of the Heart, Endocarditis—i. Internal,
 Empresma—i.  des   Intestins,  Enteritis—i. of
 the Iris, Iritis—i. of the Kidney, Nephritis—i. de
la Langue, Glossitis—i.  of the Larynx, Laryn-
 gitis—i. of the Liver, Hepatitis—i. de la Duetts,
 Uvulitis—i. of  the  Lungs. Pneumonia—i. of"
 the Malpighian Podies, Kidney, Bright's disease
of the—i. des Mamelles, Mastitis—*. de la Ma-
trice, Metritis—i. de la Membrane alviolo-den-
taire, Periodontitis—i.de la Membrane sireuse
 ciphalo-rachidienne, Meningitis—i. of the Me-
 sentery, Mesenteritis—i. de la Mo'elle epiniere
 ou rachidienne, Myelitis—i.  of  the  Mouth,
 pseudo-membranous, Stomatitis, pseudo-mem-
 branous—i. of the  Mouth, pultaceous, Aphthae
 —i. des Muscles, Myositis—i. des Nerfs, Neu-
 ritis—*'. de I'CEil, Ophthalmia—i. de POreille
 Otitis—i.  de  POvaire, Oaritis—i.  du  Palais,
 Hyperoitis — i.  du  Parenchyme  pidmonaire
 Pneumonia—i. de la Parotide, Cynanche paro-
 tidaea—i. Pellicular,  Diphtheritis—i. du Peri-
 carde,  Pericarditis—i.  of  the Pericardium
 Pericarditis — i. du Piritoine, Peritonitis—i. of
 the Peritonaeum, Peritonitis—i. of the  Pleura
 Pleuritis—i.  de  la Plevre,  Pleuritis—i.  des
 Poumons, Pneumonia—i. du Muscle psoas, Pso-
 itis—i. de la Rate, Splenitis—i. des Reins, Ne-
 phritis—i. Spongoid, Ha?matodes Fungus, see
 also Encephaloid—i. of the Stomach, Gastritis
 —*. de la Testicule, Hernia humoralis—i. of the
 Testicle,Herniahumoralis—i.des Tissusblancs
 Angeioleucitis—i. of the Tongue, Glossitis—».
 des Vaisseaux Lymphatiqnes, Angeioleucitis—
 i. des Veines, Phlebitis—i. de la Visicule du Fiel,
 Cholecystitis—;". de la  Vessie,  Cystitis—i. of
 the Womb, Metritis.
   INFLAMMATIUN'CULA,  Subinflarrma'-
 tio.   A  superficial and often insignificant in-
 flammation of the skin, as  in many cutaneous
 affections.
   I N F L A M'M A T 0 R Y,  Inflammato'rius;
 Phlog"icus,Phlogo'des,Phlogis'ticus,he\ongmg
 to inflammation;—as, inflammatory tumour, in-
flammatory fever, &c.  The blood is said to be
 inflammatory when cupped or buffy.
   INFLATIO, Emphysema, Puffiness, Colica
 flatulenta—i.  Parotidum, Cynanche parotida;a
 —i. Uteri, Physometra.
   INFLEXIO, Campsis.
   INFLUENCE, Influenza.
   INFLUENTIA, Influenza.
   INFLUENZA.  The Italian for  'Influence.'
 Influenza  Europce'a, Influen'tia,  Catar'rhus
 epidem'icus, Febds catarrha'lis epidemica, Ca-
 tar'rhus  a conta'gio,  Rheuma epidem'ic.um,
 Morbus  Verveclnus,  M.  Catarrha'lis,  Syn'-
 ochus catarrha'lis, Deflnxio  catarrha'lis,  M.
 Arie'tis, Cephalalgia  contagio'sa  (epidemics
 of the 16th and 17th centuries:) (F.) Tac, La-
 dendo, Quinte, Florion, Coqueluche,Baraqnett»,
 Generate, Grippe, Follette,  Grenade, Coquette,
 Cocote, Petite Poste, Petit Courier, Allure, Fi-
 evre catarrhale ipidirnique, Influence,  Epide-
 mic catarrh.   A  severe form of catarrh occur-
 ring  epidemically, and generally  affecting a
 number of persons in a community.  See Ca-
 tarrh, epidemic.  Gluge, from his investiga-
 tions, considers, that  the following  is the chro-
 nological order of the return of the influenza:
 —14th century, 1323,1326—15th century,14I0,
 1411,  1414—16th century, 1510, 1557, 1562,
 1574,  1580,and 1533— 17th century, 1658,1669,
 1675,   1693—ltth century, 1708,  1712, 1729,
 1732,  1733, 1742, 1743, 1761, 1762,  and  1775-
 19th century,  1800, 1803, 1831, and 1833.  To
these  may  be added 1837, and 1843.
  Influenza Europ^a, Influenza.
  INFORMITAS,  Deformation.
  INFORTUNIUM, Contrafissura.
  INFRA-ATLOID.^US, Sub-atloidaeus.
  INFRA-AXOID^US, Sub-axoidaeus.
  INFRA-COSTALES, see Intercostal mus-
  es. 
59               INFUSUM
          INFRA-MAXILLARIS          4,

  INFRA-MAXILLARIS, Sub-maxillary.
  INFRA-ORBITAR, Sub-orbitar.
  INFRAPUBIAN LIGAMENT, Triangular
ligament.
  INFRA-SCAPULARIS, Subscapularis.
  INFRA-SPINALIS, Infra-spinatus.
  INFRA-SPIN A TUS, Infraspina'lis, from
infra, 'beneath,' and spina,' a spine.'  Situate
beneath the spine of the scapula;—Infra Spi-
na'lis.
  Infra-Spina'ta Fossa, (F.) Fosse sous-ipi-
neuse.  A large excavation on the posterior
surface of the scapula, beneath its  spine.  It is
filled by the
  iNFRA-SpiNATUS-MMsc/e, Grand Scapulo-tro-
thitirien, Super scapula'ris inferior (Ch.), (F.)
Sous-ipineux, which is broad, flat, and trian-
gular.   It is attached, by its base, to the three
inner  quarters of the fossa; and is inserted, by
a long tendon, into the middle part of the great
tuberosity of the os humeri, (Trochiter.)  It
turns  the arm outwards, and, when the arm is
elevated, carries it backwards.
  INFRINGENS, Corrigent.
  INFUNDIBULUM, (in  and  fundere, ' to
pour out.')  A Latin word signifying a Funnel:
—Choa'ne, Chonos, (F.) Entonnoir.  A name,
given to many parts which, more or less, re-
semble a funnel. It is particularly appropriated
to the following organs:—
  Infundibulum of the  Brain,  Infundib'-
ulum seu Pelvis  seu Choa'na  seu Cy'atkus
seu Scyphus seu Concha seu Lacu'na seu Em'-
bolum seu Aquaduc'tus seu Labrum seu Con-
tavitas conchuldris seu Processus orbicularis
Cer'ebri, (F.) Entonnoir du ventricule moyen du
cerveau, Tige Pituitaire, Tige sus-sphinoidale.
A depression in the inferior paries of the mid-
dle ventricle, above the pituitary gland.  It
was, anciently, regarded as a canal by  which
the fluid collected in the ventricles of the brain
was evacuated, and poured into the nasal fossae.
  Infundib'ulum Cerebri, I. of the Brain.
  Infundibulum of the Cochlea, 1. Coch'lea,
Scyphus Vieussen'ii, S. audito'rius, Cucullus,
Cana'lis Scala'rnm  commu'nis.   This, with
the modiolus, forms the nucleus around which
the gyri of the cochlea pass.  It is an imper-
fect funnel, the apex of which is common with
that of the modiolus; and the base is covered
with the apex of the cochlea, termed Cu'pola.
  In  Surgery,  infundibula are  used to  direct
steam or vapours; to conduct the actual cautery
to certain morbid parts, &c.
  Infundibulum of the Ethmoid Bone, or of
the Nasal Fossa.   One of the  anterior cells
of that bone, which  is  broad and expanded
above, and narrow below; opening, above, into
the frontal sinus; below, into the anterior part
of the middle meatus  of the nasal fossae.
  Infundibulum of the Heart, Conus arte-
riosus—i. of the Kidney, see Calix—i. Lachry-
male,  Lachrymal Sac—i. Tubarum Fallopii, see
Tube, Fallopian—i. Ventriculi, (Esophagus.
  INFUSION, In fa'sio, En'chysis, from in-
fundere, (in, and fundere,) 'to pour in,' 'to in-
troduce.'  A pharmaceutical operation,  which
consists in  pouring a hot or cold  fluid upon a
substance whose medical virtues  it is desired
to extract.   Infusion is, also, used for the pro-
duct of this operation.  In Surgery, infusion—
Chirur'gia infuso'ria, Ars cli/sma'tica nova—is
the act of introducing into the veins medicinal
substances, by aid of an instrument called In-
fusor.  This mode  of introducing medicines
was called Ars infuso'ria.
  Infusion  of Angustura, Infusum CuspariaB
—i. of Buchu, Infusum Diosmae—i. of Calum-
ba, Infusum calumbae—i. of Cascarilla, Infusum
cascarillae — i.  of Catechu,  Infusum  catechu
compositum—i. of Chamomile, Infusum anthe-
midis—i. of Cinchona, Infusum cinchonae—i. of
Cloves, Infusum caryophyllorum—i. of Cuspa-
ria, Infusum cuspanae—i. of Fox-glove,  Infu-
sum digitalis—i. of Gentian, compound, Infusum
gentianae compositum — i.  of Hops, Infusum
humuli—i. of Horseradish,  compound, Infusum
armoracis compositum—i. of Linseed, Infusum
lini compositum—i. of Mint, compound, Infusum
menthae  compositum—i. of Orange-peel,  com-
pound,  Infusum  aurantii  compositum—i. of
Pinkroot, Infusum spigelian—i. of Quassia,  In-
fusum quassiae—i. of Rhatany, Infusum Kra-
meriae—i. of Rhubarb, Infusum rhei—i. of  the
Rose, Infusum rosae compositum—i. of Sarsa-
parilla, Infusum sarsaparillae—i. of Senna,  In-
fusum sennae compositum—i. of Simarouba, In-
fusum simaroubae—i. of Slippery elm, Infusum
ulmi—i. of Thoroughwort, Infusum eupatorii
—i. of Tobacco, Infusum tabaci—i. of Valerian,
Infusum Valerianae—i. of Virginia snakeroot,
Infusum serpentariae—i. of Wild cherry, Infusum
pruni Virginianae.
   INFUSOIR (F.), same etymon.  An instru-
ment for injecting medical substances into  the
veins.  It was a  kind of funnel, the elongated
apex of which was stopped by a  metallic rod,
which could be withdrawn when the apex was
introduced into a vein.
   INFU'SUM, En'chyma.  The product of an
infusion.
   Infusum Acaciae  Catechu, I. catechu com>-
positum—i. Amarum vinosum, Vinum gentiana
compositum—i. of Angustura, I. cuspariae.
   Infusum  Anthem'idis, Hydrochamaime'lumr
Infusion of Chamomile.  (Antkemid.flor. gss.
aq. fervent. Oj. Macerate for ten  minutes in a
covered vessel, and strain.  Ph. L.)  Dose, f.
3J  to f. giss.
   Infusum  Armora'cia  Compos'itum,  Com-
pound infusion  of Horseradish.  (Armorac.
rad. concis. sinapis cont. sing, gj, aqua fer-
vent. Oj. Macerate for  two hours  and strain.)
Dose, f. gj to f. ^iij.
   Infusum Auran'tii Compos'itum, Compound
Infusion of Orange Peel.   (Aurant. cort. sice.
^ij. limon. cort. recent. £j, earyoph. cont. gss.
aq. fervent. Oss. Macerate for 15  minutes, and
strain.  Ph. L.)  Dose, f. giss to f. gij.
   Infusum Brash, Wort—i. Bynes, Wort.
   Infusum Calum'ba, I. Calom'bx, I. Colombx,
Infusion  of Columba.  (Calumb.  rad. concis.
gss. aq. fervent. Oj.  Macerate for two  hours,
and strain.  Ph. U. S.)  Dose, f. giss to f.giij.
   Infusum Caryopiiyl'li, Infusion of Cloves.,
(Caryopk. contus. 31J. aq. fervent. Oj.  Mace-
rate for two hours, and strain.)   Dose, f. giss
to f. Jij.
  Infusum  Cascaril'l/e, Infusion of Casca-
rilla.  (Cascarill. contus. gj. aq. fervent. Oj
Macerate for two hours, and strain.) Dose, f.
^iss to f. gij.
  Infusum Cassis Senna, I. sennas composi-
tum.
  Infusum  Cat'echu Compos'itum, Infusum
Catechu, I.  Aca'cia Catechu; Infusion of Ca- 
INFUSUM               460              INGLUV1ES
 techu.  (Catechu, in pulv. gss. cinnam. cont.
 2j.  aq. ferv. Oj.  Macerate  for an hour, and
 strain.)  Dose, f. giss to f. §ij.
   Infusum Cincho'na, J. Cinchonalancifo'lia,
 Infusion of Cinchona.   (Cinch, contus. §j. aq.
 fervent. Oj. Macerate for two hours, and strain.)
 This infusion may also be made from the same
 quantity  of bark in  coarse powder by the pro-
 cess of displacement with hot  or cold water.
 Dose, f. 3J to f. giij.  The Pharmacopoeia of
 the  United States has an  Jnfu'sum Cincho'na
 Compositum, which is made as follows, (Cin-
 chon. in pulv. gj., Acid. Sulph. aromat. f. £j.
 aqua Oj.  Macerate for twelve hours,  occa-
 sionally shaking,  and  strain.)  Dose same as
 the  last.
   Infusum Colomba, I. calumbae.
   Infusum Cuspa'ria, I.Angustu'ra, Infusion
 of Cuspa'ria.  (Cuspar. cort. contus. gss. aq.
 ferv. Oj.   Macerate for two hours,and strain.)
 Dose, f. §j to f. giij.
   Infusum Digita'lis, I. Digitalis purpu'rea;
 Infusion of Foxglove.  (Digital. Jjj. aq. ferv.
 Oss.  Macerate, and add  sp. cinnam. f. gj.)
 Dose, f. §j.
   Infusum Dios'ma, Infusion of Buehu.  (Di-
 osm. §j.; aq. bullient. Oj.  Macerate for four
 hours in a covered vessel, and strain.—Ph. U.
 S.)   Dose f. §jss.
   Infusum Eupato'rii, Infusion of Thorough-
 wort.  (Eupator. gj; aq. bullient. Oj.  Mace-
 rate  for  two hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.)
 Dose, f. gij.
   Infusum Gentia'na Compos'itum, Compound
 Infusion  of Gentian.  (Gentian, contus. gss,
 Aurant. cort., Coriandr. contus.  aa. gj; Alcohol.
 dilut. f. giv., Aqua f. gxij. First pour on the
 alcohol, and three hours afterwards, the water;
 then macerate for twelve hours, and strain.—
 Ph.  U. S.)   Dose, f. gj.tof. gij.
   Marsden's Antiscorbu'tic Drops, an empirical
 preparation, consist  of a solution of corrosive
 sublimate in an infusion of gentian.
   Infu'sum Hu'muli, Infusion of Hops.  (Hu-
 mul. §ss;  Aq. bullient, Oj.  Macerate for two
 hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.) Dose, f. t^iss to
 3 iij.
   Infu'sum Krame'ria, Infusion of Rhat'any
 (Kramer, contus. gj; Aq. bullient. Oj.   Mace-
 rate  for four  hours, and  strain.—Ph. U. S.)
 Dose, f. §iss.
   Infusum Lini, I. L. compositum.
   Infusum Lini Compos'itum, J. Lini, (Ph. U.
 S.)  I. Lini  usitatis'simi;  Infusion of  Lin-
 seed.  (Lini  sem.  cont.  gss. glycyrrh.  rad.
 cont. gij,  aqux fervent. Oj.  Macerate for four
 hours, and strain.)  Dose, a teacupful, ad libi-
 tum.
   Infusum Malti, Wort.
   Infusum Mentha Compos'itum, Compound
 Infusion of Mint.  (Fol. menth. sat. sice, ^ij,
 aq. fervent, q. s. ut. colentur. f. f, vj.  Macerate
 for half an hour;  and, when cold, strain:  then
 add—sacch. alb. 51J, ol. menth. sat. gtt. iij, dis-
 solved in tinct. card. c. f. §ss.  Ph. D.)  Dose,
 f.  sj to f.  3iij.
   Infusum Picis  Empyreumatica  Liquida,
 see Pinus  sylvestris—i. Picis liquidum, see Pi-
 nus sylvestris.
   Infusum Pruni Virginia'na, Infusion of
 Wild Cherry Bark.  (Prun. Virginian, cont.,
 §ss,  Aqux, Oj.  Macerate for  two hours, and
strain.  Ph. U. S.)
   Infusum Quassia, I. Quassia excel sa; In-
 fusion of Quassia.  (Quassia lign. cone, Jjij,
 aq. ferv.  Oj.  Macerate for two hours and
 strain.)   Dose, f. gj. to f. §iv.
   Infusum Rhei, An'ima Rhei,  Infusion  of
 Rhubarb.  (Rhei cont. ^j. aq. ferv. Oss.  Ma-
 cerate for two hours and strain.)  Dose, f.  Ij
 to f. giv.
   Infusum Rosa Compos'itum, J. Rosx GaV-
 lica; Infusion of the Rose.   (Ros. Gallic petal
 exsicc. ^iv, aq. fervent. Oiiss, acid, sulph. d. f.
 giij, sacch. purif. giss.  Add the water, and
 afterwards  the acid; — macerate  for half an
 hour; strain, and add the sugar.)  Dose, f. Jiss
 to Oss.
   Infusum Sarsaparil'la, Infusion of Sarsa-
 parilla.  (Sarsaparill. contus. £j,aqua bullient,
 Oj.  Digest for two hours in a covered  vessel,
 and strain.—Ph. U. S.)  It may also be prepared
 by displacement.  Dose, f. gij to f. giv.
   Infusum Senna, /. S. Compos'itum, I.Cassix
 Senna,  I. Senna simplex, Infusion of Senna.
 (Senna  j|j, coriandr. contus. J^j, aq. ferv. Oj.
 Macerate for an hour, and strain.)  Dose. f. §j
 to f. giv.
   The Black Draught, Black Dose, Haustus ni-
 ger, is usually formed of this infusion.  It may
 be made of infus. senna f. §v, aq. cinnam.  f,
 gj, manna _^iv, magnes. sulph. gvj.  Dose, a
 wine-glassful.
  Selway's Prepared Essence  of Senna  is a
 concentrated infusion of the  leaves, in combi-
 nation with an alkali.
  Infusum Senna Compositum, I. sennas.
  Infusum Serpenta'ria, Infusion of Virginia
 Snakeroot.  (Serpentar. §ss, aq. bullient. Oj.
 Macerate for two hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.)
 Dose, f. §iss.
  Infusum Simarou'ba, Infusion  ofSimarou-
 ba. (Simaroub. cort. cont. gss. aq. fervent. Oss.
 Macerate for  two hours,  and strain.  Ph. L.)
 Dose, f. gij.
  Infu'sum  Spige'li^,  Infusion of Pinkroot.
 (Spigel. gss, aq. bullient. Oj. Macerate for two
 hours, and strain.—Ph. U. S.)  Dose, f.  ^iv to
 Oss.
  Infusum Tab'aci, Infusion of Tobacco. ( Ta-
 baci.fol. 3J, aq.ferv. Oj. Macerate for an hour,
 and strain.)
  Infusum Ulmi, Infusion of Slip'pery Elm.
 This preparation, in  the Pharmacopoeia  of the
 United States, is  made by infusing one ounce of
 slippery  elm bark in a pint of boiling water.
  Infusum Valeria'na, Infusion of Vale' rian.
 (Rad. valerian, in crass, pulv. gss, aq. fervent.
 Oj.  Macerate for an hour, and strain.  Ph. D.)
 Dose, ^iss to ^ij.
  INGE'NIUM, (Morbi). The genius of a dis-
 ease.  This word is  employed, especially by
 the French, synonymously with nature.  They
 speak, for  instance,  of Ginie  inflammatoire,
 bilieux, &c. Some, also, use ginie in the place
 of type of an intermittent.
  1NGESTA, from in, and gerere, gestum, 'to
 bear or  carry  into.'  Substances,  introduced
 into the body by the digestive passages; as food,
 condiments, drinks, &c.
  INGLU'VIES,  Aples'tia,Victus intemperan'-
tia:—Gluttony, tnsatiableness;  also, the Crop
or Craw of Birds, (F.) Jabot, and the  first
stomach ox paunch of ruminant animals—Pen'-
ula, Lumen, Venter magnus.  Also, the Pha-
rynx. 
INGRASSIAS              461               INJECTION
   INGRAS'SfAS, APOPH'YSES  OF.   The
 lesser alae of the sphenoid bone.
   INGRAVIDATIO, Fecundation.
   INGRESSUS SUPERIOR, Cardia.
   INGUEN, Bubon, Bubo,' the groin.'  JEda'-
 on,  uifotov, He'patis emuncto'ria,  (F.)  Aine.
 The oblique fold or depression which separates
 the abdomen from  the thigh.  It is only, pro-
 perly speaking, a line that extends from the an-
 terior and superior  spinous process of the ilium
 to the  middle part  of the horizontal ramus of
 the pubis.
   IN'GUINAL, Inguina'lis, fxominguen,' the
 groin.'   Belonging  or relating  to  the  groin.
 This  epithet has been given to  various parts
 met with in the region of the groin or inguinal
 region.
   Inguinal Artery is that portion of the fe-
 moral  artery situate immediately beneath the
 crural arch in the inguinal region.
   Inguinal Canal is a canal, about two inches
 in length, proceeding obliquely downwards, in-
 wards and forwards at the lower part  of the
 abdomen; through which passes the spermatic
 cord, in men, and  the round ligament  of the
 uterus in women.   This  canal is formed, infe-
 riorly and anteriorly, by  the aponeurosis of the
 greater oblique  muscle; posteriorly by the
fascia transversalis, which is joined to the pre-
 ceding aponeurosis, and  forms with it a deep
 channel, into which are received the lesser ob-
 lique and transversalis muscles.  The inguinal
 canal has two  apertures;  the one, the lower
 and inner, is called the inguinal or  abdominal
 ring.  It is bounded by  two strong tendinous
 pillars, which fix it—the  innermost to the sym-
 physis, the outermost to the spine of the  pubis.
 The upper and outer aperture is formed by the
 fascia transversalis. From the edge of this aper-
 ture arises a membranous funnel,—a prolonga-
 tion of the fascia transversalis,—which receives
 the spermatic vessels; forms their proper sheath,
 and accompanies them as far as the  testicle.
 On its inside lies the epigastric artery.  Above
 it, is the lower edge of the  transversalis mus-
 cle : and, below, it is bounded by the channel
 of the greater oblique.   By following the ob-
 lique direction of this canal, and passing,  con-
 sequently, on the outside of the epigastric arte-
 ry, the viscera are displaced, so as to constitute
 internal inguinal hernia.
  In'guinal Re'gion, Re'gio inguina'lis, Bubo,
 Iniruen.  The region of the groin.
  Inguinal Ring, Abdominal Ring, An'nulus
 abdom'inis, (F.) Anneau Inguinal, is the in-
 ferior aperture of the inguinal canal.
  IN'GUINO-CUTA'NEUS.  A name given
 by Professor Chaussier to the middle ramus  of
 the anterior branch of the first lumbar nerve;
 because it sends its numerous filaments  to the
 groin, scrotum, and to the skin of the  superior
 part of the thigh.
  INH^RENS, Inherent.
  INHALATIO, Absorption, Inhalation— i.
 Cutis, see Absorption.
  INHALATION, Inhala'tio;  from in and
halare, 'to breathe.'  The  act of drawing air
 into the lungs—Inhala'tio pulmona'lis.  Also,
 absorption.
  INHA'LER,  MUDGE'S.   An apparatus for
 inhaling the steam of hot  water, in affections of
 the air-passages.  It consists of a pewter tank-
 ard provided with a lid, into which a flexible
 tube  is inserted.  Through this, the vapour is
 inhaled.
   INHE'RENT, Inha'rens, (in, and harens.)
 That which adheres, or which is joined or uni-
 ted to any thing.
   Inherent Cautery,  (F.) Cautere inhirent,
 is the actual  cautery,  left in contact with a
 part until it is  reduced to the state of a deep
 eschar.
   INHUMATION, Inhuma'tio, from inhumo,
 (in, and humus,) ' I put into the ground.' In-
 huma'tio. The  sepulture of the dead.  This
 belongs to the subject of medical police.
   INIODYMUS, Diprosopus.
   INION, tviov.   Some of the Greek physicians
 gave  this' name to the occiput:  others to the
 back  part of the neck,  and the muscles of the
 occiput.  Blanchard says it  is the commence-
 ment  of the spinal marrow.
   INITIS, Inohymeni'tis, from ic, gen. ivog,
 ' a fibre,'  and itis, a suffix denoting inflamma-
 tion.   Fibrous inflammation.
  INITIUM,  Arche—i. Asperae arteriae, La-
 rynx—i. Extuberans Coli, Caecum.
  INIUM, mov.  The  nucha.   Also, the mus-
 cles at the back of the neck.
  INJACULATIO.   A  term employed by
Van Helmont to designate an acute pain of the
stomach, with rigidity and immobility of the
body.
  INJECTED,  Injec'tus, from  injicere, (in,
and jacere,)  ' to  throw into.'   The face and
other  parts are  said to be injected, when the
accumulation  of blood  in the capillary vessels
gives them an evident red colour.   A subject
or part of  a subject, is also said to be injected,
when  its vessels  have been filled, by the anato-
mist, with an appropriate composition.
  INJECTION, Injec'tio, Eis'bole: same ety-
mon.   The act of introducing, by means of a
syringe or other  instrument, a liquid into  a ca-
vity of the body.  The  liquid injected is also
called an injection. Anatomists use injections
—Injectio'nes anatomical—for filling the  cavi-
ties of vessels, in order that they may  be  ren-
dered more apparent, and their dissection be
facilitated.  For this  purpose,  they employ
 syringes of different dimensions, and various
 materials.  The most  common injections are
 made  of soot, wax, and turpentine, coloured
 with  lamp-black, vermilion,  &c.   There are
 three  kinds chiefly used by anatomists,—the
 coarse, the fine, and the minute.  The following
 are formulas for each.

             Coarse Injection.
                  No. 1.
  Pure yellow wax, oz.  xvj.
  Bleached rosin, oz. viij.
   Turpentine varnish,  by measure, oz. vj.
                   No. 2.
   Yellow rosin, lb. ij.
   Yellow wax, lb. j.
   Turpentine varnish, a sufficient quantity to
    make the mixture flexible when cold.

                   No. 3.
   Tallow, lb. ij.
  White wax,  oz. x.
  Common oil, oz. vj.
  Venice turpentine, oz. iv.
Mix and liquefy over a slow fire or over boil-
  ing water. 
INJECTION
462
INNOMINATUM
To make any of these mixtures
    Red—add vermilion, oz. iij.
    Yellow—King's yellow, oz. iiss.
    White—best flake white,  oz. vss.
    p ,  -, ■     \ best flake white, oz. iiiss.
               ) fine blue smalt, oz. iiiss.
    Dark lue—blue verditer, oz. xss.
    Black-  '.amp-black, oz. j.
         ! powdered verdigris, oz. ivss.
             best flake white, oz. iss.
             powdered gamboge, oz. j.

              Fine Injection.
  Brown spirit varnish, oz. iv.
  White spirit varnish, oz. iv.
  Turpentine varnish,  oz. j.
To make this mixture
    Red—add vermilion, oz. j.
    Yellow—Ring's yellow, oz. j£.
    White—best flake white, oz. ij.
    T io-ht Vil   3 fine °^we smalt, oz. iss.
      5       ) best flake white, oz. j'i.
    Dark-blue—blue verditer, oz. iv.
    Black—lamp-black, oz. ss.
             Minute Injection.
  Take of transparent size, broken to pieces, or
    Isinglass, oz. viij.
    Water,  lb. iss.  Dissolve.
To make this mixture
    Red—add vermilion, oz. v.
    Yellow—King's yellow, oz. iv.
    White—best fiake white, oz. v.
    Blue—fine blue smalt, oz. viij.
         ! powdered verdigris, oz. iij.
             best fiake white, dr. ij.
             powdered gamboge, dr. j.
    Black—lamp-black, oz. j.

              Cold Injection.
   White lead and red lead, each oz. iv; linseed
     oil, enough to form a thick paste when
     they are rubbed well  together.  Liquefy
     this paste with turpentine varnish,  oz.
     viij.
  The advantage of this mixture  is, that  the
subject  need not be heated.

  In order to inject the arteries, the injection
must be forced from the  great trunks towards
their ultimate  ramifications.   To  inject  the
veins, on the contrary, it  is indispensable,  on
account of their  valves, to send the injection
from the smaller divisions towards the greater.
The lymphatics are usually injected with mer-
cury.   The  practitioner  injects,   by forcing
with a syringe, liquids, such as emollient, nar-
cotic, stimulant,  and other decoctions  or  in-
fusions, into different  hollow organs,  as  the
rectum, vagina,  nasal fossae,  urethra,  tunica
vaginalis, auditory canal, &c, to fulfil various
therapeutical indications.
  The following  injection has been strongly
recommended by Dr. Horner to preserve  the
dead body.
  Take of Liverpool, St. Ubes,
    or Turk's Island Salt,   oz. 3G avoird.
    Nitrate  of potassa,      "  19
    Carbonate of soda,      "  8
    Molasses (Sugar-house,) "   4 by  meas.
    Water,                  six pints.
  The saline constituents  to be dissolved first
of all in boiling hot water; the molasses to be
afterwards stirred in: the  starch  to be mixed
well with half a pint of cold water, and then
to be stirred in with  the  other articles.   As
soon as it begins to boil, the whole mass swells
up, when it  must be removed from the fire.
On the proper reduction of temperature it is fit
for use.
  Injection, Mattiiews's, see Tinctura can-
tharidis.
  Injectiones Anatomica, see Injection.
  INK, Atramentum.
  IN-KNEED, Entogonyankon.
  INNATE, from in,  and natus, 'born.'   In-
born.
  Innate Diseases, Morbi conna'ti,  M. con-
gen'id, (F.)  Maladies innies.  Diseases with
which the infant is born.  They are not always
hereditary, as hereditary diseases are not always
innate.
  INNERLEITHEN,  MINERAL WATERS
OF.   These  springs, situate near the Tweed,
and supposed to be the scene of  " St. Ronan's
Well," contain chlorides  of sodium  and cal-
cium, and carbonate of magnesia.
  INNERVATION, Innerva'tio, from in,' in,'
and nervus, ' a  nerve.'  By this term is meant
—the nervous influence, necessary for the main-
tenance of life and the  functions of the various
organs;—an  influence  of whose character  and
source we are ignorant.  It seems to resemble
the galvanic or electric agencies.   See Nerves.
  INNOMINATUM,  Anon'ymum, from  in,
priv.  and nomen, 'a name.'  (F.) Anonyme.
Having no name.
  Innomina'ta  Arte'ria,  Brachio-cephalic
artery, A. brachio-ciphalique (Ch.),—Arte'ria
anon'yma, Right  Subclavian, (F.) Artere  in-
nominie,  is  the trunk common  to the right
primitive carotid and  to  the subclavian.  It
arises from the anterior part of the arch of the
aorta, ascends obliquely to the right, along the
trachea;  and, after a course of about an inch in
length, divides  into two trunks, which go off at
right angles.  The one is external—the right
subclavian proper;  the  other  superior—the
primitive carotid, of the same side.
  Innominata  Cartilago, Cricoid.
  Innominata Cav'itas.  A cavity of the outer
ear, between the helix and anthelix.
  Innominatum Fora'men.   A foramen, near
the middle of the  anterior surface of the pars
petrosa of the  temporal bone, leading back-
wards for the passage of the  Vidian nerve, re-
flected from  the 2d branch  of the 5th to  the
portio dura of the 7th pair.
  Innominata Linea, see Ilio-pectinea Linea.
   Innominati  vel  Anonymi, Nervi.   Some
anatomists have thus called the  nerves of  the
fifth pair.
  Innominatum Os, Os Coxen'dicis, Os Coxx,
Os anon'ymum, Os pelvis latera'll, (F.) Osin-
nomine, Os Coxal, Os anonyme,  &c.   A very
large, flat bone, which forms the  anterior  and
lateral paries of the pelvis.   It is curved upon
itself in two opposite directions.  In the first
periods of life,  it is composed of three portions;
—the  ilium, ischium,  and pubis,  which  join
each other in the acetabulum.  It is articulated
before with its fellow,—behind, with the sacrum;
and laterally with the femur.
   Innominata  Mino'ra  Ossa,—Lesser Ossa
innominata, Ossic'ulainnomina'ta.  Some ana-
tomists have given this name to the three cu-
neiform bones of the tarsus. 
INNOMINATUS             463               INSOMNIA
  Innominata  Ossicula, Innominata  minora
ossa—i. Tunica Oculi, Sclerotic.
  Innominata  Vena  of Vieussens.  Vieus-
sens has given this name to two or three veins,
which arise on the anterior surface and right
margin of the heart; and open into the auricle
towards its right  margin.  The term  Vena
Innominata of Meckel is given to the brachio-
cephalic veins, which are generally included in
the description of the subclavian vein, and cor-
respond to the arteriae innominatae, being formed
by the union of the internal jugular vein and the
subclavian properly so called, which correspond
to the common carotid and subclavian arteries.
  INNOMINATUS, Anonymous.
  INNUTRITIO OSSIUM, Rachitis.
  INOCULATION, Inocula'tio, Insl'tio,Insi"-
tio vadola'rum,from inoculare,(in, andoculus,
'an eye,') 'to ingraft.'  Any operation by which
small-pox, for example, may be  artificially
communicated, by introducing the virus of the
particular disease  into the economy, by means
of a puncture  or scratch  made  in the skin.
When the word  inoculation is  used alone, it
usually means that for  the small-pox.—Vario-
lation.
  Inoculation, Cowrox, Vaccination—i. Jen-
nerian, Vaccination.
  INOC'ULATOR,  Same etymon.  In'sitor.
One who practises inoculation.
  INODULAR TISSUE, see Tissue, inodular.
  INODULE, Tissue, inodular.
  INOHYLOMA, Tumor, fibrous.
  INOHYMENi'TIS: from «c,gen.,»o?,'afibre;'
'vfAijv,' a membrane,'and itis, denoting inflam-
mation. Inflamma'tio tela fibro'sa.  Inflamma-
tion of the fibrous tissue.
  INOPOLYPUS, see Polypus.
  INORGAN'IC, Inorganicus ; from in, priv.
and or'gan'im, ' an organ.'  A term applied to
bodies which have no organs ;—such as mine-
rals.   At  the present day naturalists admit of
but two classes of bodies,—the organized and
inorganic.  Parts of the body, which, like the
epidermis are devoid of blood-vessels and nerves,
have been called anorganic.
  INOSCLERO'MA, from.?, gen. mo^,'a fibre,'
and  akr^ufxa, 'induration.' Induration of the
fibrous tissue.
  INOSCULATIO,  Anastomosis.
  INQUIES, Inquietude.
  INQUIETATIO,  Inquietude.
  INQUI'ETUDE,  Inquietu'do,  In'quies,  In-
quieta'tio, Jacdta'do, from in, priv. and quies,
' rest.' Agitation or trouble, caused by indispo-
sition.  Restlessness.
  1NQUINAMENTUM, Miasm.
  INQUISITIO MEDICO-LEGALIS, see Me-
dico-legal.
  INSALIVATION, Insaliva'tio, from in, and
saliva. The mixture of the food with the sa-
liva, and other secretions of the mouth.
  INSALU'BRIOUS,Insalu'bris,Nose'ros,No-
so'des.  That which is  unhealthy,—which in-
jures the health.
  INSANABILIS, Incurable.
  INSANIA, Mania—i. Cadiva,  Epilepsy—i.
Lupina, Lycanthropia — i. Puerperarum, Ma-
nia,  puerperal.
  INSANITY, Insa'nia;  from in, privative,
and  sanus,  'sound;' Mental aliena'tion, Aba-
liena'tio seu Aliena'tio  Mentis, Arrep'tio, Un-
sound Mind,  Derange'ment, Deranged  intel-
lect, Cra'ziness, Apkros'yne, Ecphro'nia, Ee-
phros'yne, Paral'lage, Parallaxis, Delir'ia, Ve-
sa'nia, Delirium, (Crichton,) Insipien'tia, (F.)
Folie, Egarement d'Esprit, Paraphrinie.  This
term includes all the varieties of unsound mind,
—Mania, Melancholia, moral Insanity, Demen-
tia, and idiocy, which see.
  Insanity, Incoherent, Dementia—i. Moral,
Pathomania—i. Puerperal, Mania, puerperal—i.
Senile, Delirium senile—i. Suicidal, see Suicide.
  INSCRIPTIO'NESTENDIN'EjE MUSCU-
LO'RUM, Intersectio'nes  seu Enervatio'nes
tendin'ex musculo'rum, Interme'dia ligamenta'-
lia  seu ner'vea.  The tendinous portions which
cross several muscles, and especially the straight
muscles of the abdomen.
  INSENESCENTIA, Agerasia.
  INSENSIBILITY, Anxsthe'sia, Insensibil'-
itas.  Loss or absence of sensibility.  It is very
common in cerebral affections, and may extend to
every part, or be limited to one or more.  Some
organs are much  more  sensible  than  others.
The bones, cartilages, ligaments, &c, are insen-
sible in health, but acutely sensible in disease.
  INSEN'SIBLE,  Sensibilita'tS carens.  That
which is devoid of sensibility.  This word is
applied, also, to phenomena which cease  to be
appreciable to  the senses.   Thus, we say, the
pulse becomes insensible.
  INSERTION, Inser'tio, Symph'ysis, Eno'-
sis, from  inserere, (in, and  serere, ' to join or
knit,')' to ingraft.'  (F.) Attache.   The attach-
ment of one part to another.  Insertions occur
chiefly on bones, cartilages, and fibrous organs;
thus, we speak of the  insertion of muscular fi-
bres into a tendon or aponeurosis; the insertion
of a tendon, aponeurosis, or ligament, into a car-
tilage or bone.   The word insertion has  like-
wise been used by pathologists, for the act of
inoculating or introducing a virus into the body.
  INSES'SIO, from insidere, (in, and sedere,)
' to sit in.'  This term is,  sometimes, applied
to a vapour bath, the  person being seated in a
perforated  chair, beneath which a vessel, filled
with hot water, or the hot decoction  of  some
plant is placed.  See Semicupium.
  INSESSUS, Bath, half.
  I~NSIDEN'TIA,Epis'tasis. Anything which
swims on or in  the urine.  It is opposed to the
Hypostasis or subsiden'tia.
  INSIPIENTIA, Insanity.
  INSISIO CILIORUM, Blepharoplastice.
  INSITIO, Inoculation—i. Dentis, Transplan-
tatio Dentis—i. Variolarum, Inoculation.
  INSOLATION, Insola'tio, from in, and sol,
' the sun;' Aprica'tio, Helio'sis. Heli'asis, Siri'-
asis.  Exposure to the sun.  Exposure of a pa-
tient to the rays of the sun is, sometimes, had
recourse to, with the view of rousing the vital
forces, when languishing, or of producing irrita-
tion of the skin.  Insolation is occasionally used
in the same sense as coup de soldi.
  In Pharmacy, insolation means the drying of
chemical and pharmaceutical substances.
  INSOLAZIONE DE PRIMTVERA, Pel-
lagra.
  INSOM'NIA, Insom'nitas, Sahara, Zaara,
Pervigilium, Pernoctn'tio,  Ayp'nia, Agryp'-
nia, Ahyp'nia, Anyp'nia, Typhoma'nia, Sleep'-
lessness,Vig"ilance, fxomin, privative, and som-
nus, ' sleep,' ' absence of  sleep.'   This  may
exist alone, and constitute a true disease; or
it may be connected with another affection. It 
INSOMNIUM
464
INTEMPERANCE
is an unequivocal sign of suffering in some or-
gan ; even when the patient experiences no pain.
   INSOMNIUM, Somnium.
   INSPECTIO MEDICO-LEGALIS, see Me-
dico-legal.
   INSPTRATEUR, Inspiratory.
   INSPIRA'TION, Inspira'tio, Empneumato'-
sis,  Eisp'noe, Adspira'tio, Aspira'tio, from in,
'in,' and spiro, 'I breathe.'   The  action by
which the air penetrates into the interior of the
lungs.   A movement  opposed  to  that of expi-
ration.  As regards the average quantity of air
received  into the lungs at each inspiration,
there is much discrepancy amongst observers.
The following table sufficiently exhibits this.
                              Cubic inches at
                             eacli inspiration.
Reil,..........................42 to 100
Menzies,
Sauvages,
Hales,
Haller,
Ellis,         \..................40
Sprengel,
Sommering,
Thomson,
Bostock,
Jurin,..........................35 to 38
Fontana,.......................35
Richerand,......................30 to 40
Dalton,.........................30
Herholdt,...................... 20 to 29
Jurine,........................20
Allen  and Pepys,............... 16^
J. Borelli,...................---15 to 40
Goodwyn,......................14
Sir H. Davy,...................13 to 17
Abernethy and Mojon,............12
Keutsch,........................ 6 to 12
   Inspiration of Venous Blood.  By this is
meant  the aspiration of blood towards the heart,
occasioned by the approach to a  vacuum  pro-
duced  by the  dilatation  of the thorax  during
inspiration.
   INSPIRATORY.  Same etymon.   Inspira-
tio'ni inser'viens, (F.) In.spirateur.   A name
given to muscles, which, by their contraction,
augment the size of the chest, and thus produce
inspiration.   The diaphragm  and intercostal
muscles are  the chief agents of inspiration.  In
cases where deep inspirations are necessary,
the action of these muscles is aided by the con-
traction of the pectoralis major and  pectoralis
minor, subclavius, serratus major anticus, sca-
leni, serratus  posticus superior, &c.   Most of
these muscles become inspiratory, by  taking
their fixed point  at the part which they ordi-
narily  move, and  elevating the ribs.
   INSPISSATIO, Py end sis, from in, and spis-
sare, '  to thicken.' The act of  rendering thick;
as in the formation of an extract—Succus  In-
spissa'tus.
   INSTEP,  Collum  pedis, (F.) Coude-pied,
Cou,  du pied.  The projection at the upper  part
of the  foot, near its articulation with the leg__
the tarsus.
   INSTILLATIO, Instillation.
   INSTILLATION,  Enstalaxis, Instilla'tio,
from in, ' into,' and stilla,' a  drop.'   The  act
of pouring a liquid drop by drop.
   INSTINCT, (L.) Instinc'tus, 'inwardly
moved.'  Bru'tia,  Horme.  The action  of the
living  principle,  whenever manifestly direct-
ing its operations to the health, preservation,
or reproduction of a living frame or any part of
such  frame — Mollmen natu'ra  saluta'rinm.
The law of instinct is, consequently, the  law
of the living principle, and instinctive actions
are the actions of the living principle.  Instinct
is natural.   Reason is  acquired.
  INSTINCTIVE, Instinc'tus. Same etymon.
Relating to or caused  by instinct;  as instinc-
tive actions.  See Emotional.  Those instinc-
tive actions  of animals  which are owing to
impressions made on the  sensory ganglia, ex-
citing respondent motor influences that are pro-
pagated to the various  muscles of the body, are
termed by Dr. Carpenter consensual.
  INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE, see Theory
of medicine.
  INSTITUTUM  ORTHOPiEDICUM,  Or-
thopedic institution.
  IN'STRUMENT, lnstrumerl tum,Or'ganum.
A tool, an agent.
  INSTRUMEN'TUM CHIRUR'GICUM.  A
surgical tool or instrument.
  Instrumentum Digestionis. The digestive
apparatus.
  Instrumentum Instrumentorum, Manus.
  INSUFFICIENCY, from in, and suffident.
Inadequateness to any end  or purpose,—as In-
sufficiency of the valves of the heart;  (F.) In-
sufftsance des valvules du  Caur;—a condition
in which they are not  adapted, as in health, to
properly close the apertures.
  INSUFFISANCE DES VALVULES BU
CCEUR, Insufficiency of the valves of the heart.
  INSUFFLATION, Insuflia'tio, from in, sub,
and flare, ' to blow.' The act of blowing a gas
or vapour into some cavity of the body; as when
tobacco smoke  is injected  into the rectum; or
when air is blown into the  mouths of new-born
children to excite the respiratory functions.
  IN'SULA CER'EBRI, OF REIL.  The in-
termediate lobe of the  brain.  Lobus interme'-
dius cer'ebri.   A remarkable group of convolu-
tions within the fissure  of Sylvius. It is called,
by Cxuveilhiex, Lobule of the Fissure of Sylvius,
Lobule of the corpus striatum.
  Insula Sanguinis, see Blood.
  INSULTUS, Attack, Paroxysm.
  INTEGRITAS, Sanitas.
  INTEG'UMENT, bitegumen'tum,Tegumen'-
tum, Teg'umen, Teg'imen, Tegmen, Involu'crum
seu  Velamen'tum corp'oris commu'ne; Vela'men
seu Velamenturn natlvum, from in and tegere,
'to cover.'  (F.) Tegument.  Any thing which
serves  to cover, to envelop.  The skin, in-
cluding  the cuticle,  rete mucosum, and cutis
vera is the common integument or tegument of
the  body.
  INTEGUMENTA  FCETUS.  The  mem-
branes surrounding the fcetus in utero.
  INTELLECT,  Intellec'tus, Nous, Mens,
Gnome, Noos, Nils, Noe'sis, Syn'esis, from in-
telligere, (inter,  'between,'  and  legere,  'to
choose;') 'to understand,''conceive,''know.'
(F.)Ente,ndement,hndligence. The aggregate
of the intellectual faculties—perception, forma-
tion of ideas, memory,  and  judgment.
  Intellect, Deranged, Insanity.
  INTELLIGENCE, Intellect.
  INTEMPERANCE,  hitemperan'tia;  If-
moderan'tia, Immodera'tio,  Acra'sia, Acola'sia,
Ples'moue, Amet'ria, Aples'tia, from in, 'nega-
tion,' and temperare,' to temper.'  Immoderate 
INTEMPERIES             465    INTERkPINEUX  CERVICAUX
use of food and drink, especially the latter;—a
fruitful source of disease.
  INTEMPE'RIES.  Same etymon.  Dyscra'-
da. Derangement in the constitution of the
atmosphere  and of the  seasons; bad constitu-
tion ; derangement, or disorder in the humours
of the body.
   INTENSIVUS, Entaticos.
   INTENTION, luten'tio, from in,andtendere,
'to stretch.'  Propositum.  The object which
one proposes.  In surgery, a wound is said to
heal by the first intention, Reic'nio per primam
intentidnem, when cicatrization occurs without
suppuration; union by the second  intention,
Reu'nio per secun'dam intentio'nem, being that,
which does  not occur until the surfaces  have
suppurated.  To obtain union by the  first in-
tention, the edges of a recent wound  must be
brought  in  apposition and kept together by
means of adhesive plasters and a proper ban-
dage.  Delpech has substituted for those ex-
pressions, Reunion primitive, and Riunion se-
condaire.
   INTERANEA, Entrails.
   IN T E R A R TI C'ULAR, Interarticula'ris.
Parts situate between the articulations are so
called; as interarticular cartilages, interarticu-
lar ligaments, &c.
   INTERCA'DENCE, Intercaden'tia, Interci-
den'tia, from inter, ' between,' and  cadere, ' to
fall.'  Disorder of the  arterial pulsations, so
that, every now  and then, a supernumerary
pulsation occurs.   The pulse, in such case, is
said to be intercurrent.
   INTER'C ALARY, Inter cola'ris,   Inter'ci-
dens, from inter calare, 'to insert.' Embol'imos,
Interpola'tus, Provocato'rius.  The days which
occur between those that are critical.  The
term has, also,  been applied to the days of apy-
rexia in intermittent fevers.
   INTERCELLULAR   SUBSTANCE,  see
Cytoblastema.
   INTERCEP TIO, from inter, 'between,' and
capere, ' to  take.'  A bandage, by the aid of
which the ancients proposed to arrest  the pro-
gress of the material cause of gout and rheu-
matism; and which consisted in covering the
affected  limbs  with carded  wool;  surrounding
them, afterwards, with broad bandages, applied
from the fingers to the axilla, or from the toes
to the groin.
   Interceptio Intestinorum, Ileus.
   INTERCERVICAUX, Interspinals colli.
   INTERCIDENS, Intercalary.
   INTERC1DENTIA, Intercadence.
   INTERCILIUM, Mesophryon.
   INTERCLAVICULAR, lnterclaviada'ris,
from inter,  ' between,' and clavicula, 'a clavi-
cle.'  That which is placed between the clavi-
cles.
   Interclavicular  Lig'ament is a fibrous
bundle, placed transversely above the extre-
mity of the  sternum, between the heads of the
two clavicles.  This ligament is flat.  Its fibres,
which are always longer above than below, are
separated by small  apertures, which  are tra-
versed by vessels.  It prevents the separation
of the two clavicles in the forced depression of
the shoulder.
   INTERCOSTAL, Intercosta'lis, from inter,
' between,'  and costa, ' a  rib.'  Mesoplea'rus,
Mesopleu'rius.   That, which is situate between
the ribs.  (F.) Sous-costal.
  Intercostal  Ar'teries  vary  in  number.
There is constantly, however, a supe'rior, Ar-
te'ria Intercosta'lis supe'rior vel Intercosta'lis
subcla'via, which is given off from the poste-
rior part of the subclavian, and which sends
branches into the first two or three intercostal
spaces; and,  generally, eight or nine inferior
or aortic intercostals.  These arise from the la-
teral and posterior parts of the pectoral aorta, and
ascend obliquely in front of the vertebral co-
lumn, to gain the  intercostal spaces,  where
they divide into a dorsal branch and an inter-
costal, properly so called.
  Intercostal Muscles are distinguished into
internal,—ivter-plivrocostaux of Dumas,—and
external.   The former are  inserted into  the
inner lip,  the latter into the outer lip of the
edge of the ribs.   The fibres of the external in-
tercostals are directed obliquely downwards and
forwards; and those of the internal downwards
and backwards.   Both are inspiratory or expi-
ratory muscles,  according as they take their
origin on the upper or lower rib.   Some small,
fleshy fibres,  seen  occasionally at  the  inner
surface of the  thorax,  descending  obliquely
from one rib  to another, have been called In-
fracostales.
  Intercostal Nerve, Trisplanchnic nerve.
  Intercostal Nerves, Branches souscostales,
(Ch.)  Costal or Dorsal  nerves, proceed from
the  anterior  branches of the dorsal nerves.
They are twelve in number, and are distributed
especially to the muscles of the parietes of the
chest and abdomen.
  Intercostal Space,  Interval'lum seu In-
terstil'ium intercosta'le, Mesopleu'rum, Meso-
pleu'rium, is the  interval which separates one
rib from that immediately above or below it.
  Intercostal Veins are distinguished like the
arteries.  The right superior intercostal vein is
often wanting.   When it exists, it opens into
the back part of the subclavian.  The same vein
of the left side is very large.   It communicates
with the demi-azygos, receives the  left bron-
chial vein, and opens  into  the corresponding
subclavian.  The  right  inferior  intercostal
veins open into  the vena azygos; and those of
the left into the demi-azygos.
  INTERCUR'RENT, Intercur'rens, from in-
ter, 'between,' and currere,' to run.'   Diseases
are  so called  which  supervene  at  different
seasons of the year, or which cannot be consi-
dered as belonging to any particular season.—
Sydenham.  A disease  is  likewise  so called
which occurs in the course of another disease,
as Intercurrent Pneumonia.
  INTERCUTANEUS, Subcutaneous.
  INTERDENTIUM, from inter, 'between,'
and dens,  ' a  tooth.'  The  interval between
teeth of the same order.—Linden.
  INTERDIGITAIRE, Interdigital.
  INTERDIG'ITAL, Interdigita'lis, (F.) In-
terdigitaire, same etymon as  the  next.  That
which relates to the spaces between the fingers.
Interdigital space, (F.) Espace interdigitaire,
is used, also, for  the commissure  between the
fingers.
  INTERDIGITTUM, from inter,' between,'
and digitus, 'a finger.'  A corn or wart, which
grows between the fingers and toes, especially
between the latter.—Pliny.
  INTERkPINEUX CERVICAUX, Inter-
spinales colli. 
INTERFEMINEUM           466            INTEROSSEOUS
  INTERFEMINEUM, Perinaeum, Vulva, Ge-
nital organs.
  INTERFINIUM NARIUM, Septum narium.
  INTERFORAMINEUM, Perinaeum.
  INTERITUS, Death.
  INTERLOBULAR,   Interlobula'ris,  from
inter, 'between,' and lobulus, 'a small lobe.'
That which is between lobes,—as of the lungs.
  Interlobular Tissue, Textum interlobula'-
r6, Liaameritainterlobula'riapulmo'num. The
cellular tissue between the pulmonary lobules.
  INTERMAXILLARY. Intermaxilla'ris,—
from  inter,  'between,'  and madlla, 'a jaw.'
That  which  is situate between the maxillary
bones.
  Intermaxillary Bone, Incisive, Palatine,
ox Labial bone,  is a bony portion, wedged  in
between the  two superior maxillary  bones,
which supports the upper incisors.  This bone
is found in the mammalia; and, also, in the hu-
man foetus.
  INTERMkDE, Excipient.
  INTERMEDIA LIGAMENT ALIA SEU
NERVE A, Inscriptiones tendineae musculorum.
  INTERMEDIATE VASCULAR SYSTEM,
Capillary system.
  INTERMlS'SION, Intermis'sio, Dialrip'sis,
Dialip'sis, Tempus intercalate, luterval'lum,
from  inter, 'between,' and mittere, 'to  put  or
send.' (F.) Intermittence.  The interval which
occurs between two paroxysms of an intermit-
tent or other disease—during which the patient
is almost in his natural state.  There is  said to
be intermission of the  pulse, when, in a given
number  of pulsations,  one or  more may  be
wanting.
  INTERMITTENCE, Intermission.
  INTERMITTENT,  Intermit'tens.  Same
etymon.  That which has intermissions.
  Intermittent  Fever, Febris intermit'tens,
Dialeip'yra, Intermittens, An'etus, Ague, Ag%ie
and Fever, Pallidal Fever, Periodic Fever, (F.)
Fievre intermittcnte, F.  d'Acces, F. des marais,
F. Piriodique, is a fever chiefly produced  by
marshy miasms, and consisting of paroxysms,
with  a complete state of apyrexia in the inter-
vals.  The chief types are the Quotidian, Ter-
tian, and Quartan.  The  symptoms of inter-
mittents are those of a decided and completely
marked cold stage : (F.) Stade de froid, attend-
ed  with paleness; collapse; impaired sensibi-
lity;  and coldness, more  or less diffused,  fol-
lowed by general rigors.  After this occurs the
hot stage; Stade de la Chaleur, the heat  return-
ing partially and irregularly, and at length, be-
coming universal, and much above the standard
of health.   The pulse is now hard and strong;
tongue  white; urine high-coloured; thirst con-
siderable.   At length, the svjeating stage (F.)
Stade de Sueur, makes its appearance;   the
moisture usually beginning on  the  forehead,
face, and neck,and soon extending universally;
the  heat abating; thirst  ceasing;  the urine
throwing down  a sediment, and  the functions
being gradually restored to their wonted state.
The tertian type is the most common, and  the
 quartan the most severe.   The quotidian more
readily changes into a remittent and continued fe-
ver.  The quartan has, generally, the longest cold
stage, the tertian the longest hot.  The exciting
causes are marsh miasmata. Ague.also.occursin
districts where there are no marshy emanations.
 Such districts are, generally, of a volcanic  na-
ture; farther we know not.  When the diseaso
has once attacked an individual it is apt to re-
cur.  The prognosis is,  in general, favourable,
as far as regards life; but long protracted inter-
mittents are apt to induce visceral obstructions
and engorgements, which  may end  in dropsy.
In some countries, the disease is of a very per-
nicious character.  The indications of treatment
are, 1, To abate the violence of the paroxysm;
and 2. To prevent its return.   The first indi-
cation requires the adoption of the general prin-
ciples and remedies required in ordinary fever.
The second is the most irnportant.  The period
of apyrexia is that for action.   The means for
fulfilling this indication are:—the use of eme-
tics, purgatives, cinchona, quinia, &c, arsenic,
and forcible impressions made on the mind of
the patient.
  INTERMUSCULAR, Intermuscula'risfrom
inter, 'between,'  and musculus, 'a muscle.'
That which is placed between muscles.
  Intermuscular  Aponeuro'ses are aponeu-
rotic laminae or septa, situate between muscles,
to which they often give attachment.
  INTER'NAL,/wwer, Inter'nus.   That which
is placed on the inside.  This epithet  is given
to parts that look towards an imaginary central
plane, which divides  the body into two equal
and symmetrical portions, as  well as to those
which  correspond with a  cavity.  Thus, we
say the inner surface of the arm or thigh—tht
inner surface of the skull, &c.
  Internal Diseases, Morbi inter'ni,axe those
which  occupy  the inner  parts of the body.
Their investigation belongs to the physician;
external diseases falling under the management
of the surgeon.
  INTERNODI A DIGITORUM MANUS,
Phalanges  of the fingers—i. Digitorum pedis,
Phalanges of the toes.
  INTERNO'DIUM, Mesogon'ium. from inter,
'between,' and  nodus, 'a  knot.'  The part of
the fingers between the joints. A phalanx.
   INTERNUNTII DIES, Critical days.
   INTERNUS AURIS,  Tensor tympani-i.
Mallei, Tensor tympani.
   INTEROS'SEI  PEDIS,  Mitatarso-phalan-
gien-latiral, (Ch.)   The number, arrangement,
shape, and uses of these are the same as in the
case of the preceding muscles.  Four are dor-
sal, and three plantar; six belong to the three
middle  toes and one to the  little toe.  The great
toe is  devoid of them.   As in the hand, they
are distinguished, in each toe, into abductor and
adductor.
   INTEROS'SEOUS, In ter os'sens.  That which
is situate between the bones; from inter,' be-
tween,' and os,' a bone.'
   Interosseous Ar'teries of the Forearm
and Hand.  Of these there are several.  l.Thfl
common interosseous artery arises from the pos-
terior part of the ulnar, a little below the bicipi-
tal tuberosity of the radius; passes backwards
and divides into two branches: the one called
anterior interosseous descends vertically, ante-
rior to the interosseous ligament; the other,
called posterior interosseous, passes above that
 ligament,  appears at its posterior part and di-
 vides  into  two great branches,—the posterior
 recurrent radial and  the posterior interosseous,
 properly so called.  In the hand,—1. The dorsal
 ■metacarpal interosseous arteries are given off
 by the dorsalis carpi,  a  division of  the radial 
INTEROSSEUX DE LA  MAIN    467
INTERTINCTUS
artery.  2. The Palmar interosseous arteries,
which arise from  the  convexity of the  deep
palmar  arch, and give off the middle interos-
seous arteries.  3.  The dorsal interosseous of
the index, proceeding directly from the radial
artery.  In the foot, are distinguished—I. The
dorsal interosseous  arteries, three in number,
which arise from the artery of the metatarsus,
a branch of the dorsalis tarsi.  2. The plantar
interosseous arteries, which  are, also, three in
number, and arise from the plantar arch.
   Interosseous  Lig'aments.   Ligaments
seated between certain bones, which they unite;
such are the ligaments between the radius and
ulna, and between  the tibia and fibula.
   Interosseous Muscles.   These occupy the
spaces between the bones  of the metacarpus
and  metatarsus; and, consequently, belong,—
some to the hand, others to the foot.
   Interosseous Nerve is a branch, given off
by the  median nerve,  which  descends before
the interosseous ligament,  accompanying the
artery of the same name.
   Interosseus Maniis,  (F.)  Muscle interos-
seux de la main.—Mitacarpo-phalangien-la-
teral suspalmaire  et mitacarpo-phalangien la-
teral, (Ch.)  These muscles are seven in num-
ber; two for each of the three middle fingers, and
one for  the little finger.   Four are situate on
the back of the hand, and  three  only in  the
palm.  They are inserted into the metacarpal
bones, and send a  tendon to the tendon of the
extensor communis.  According to their office,
they  are,  to each  finger an adductor  and an
abductor.   The  index  has a  dorsal abductor
and a palmar one.   The middle finger has two
dorsal muscles for  adductor and abductor; the
ring finger has a dorsal adductor and a palmar
abductor;  and the little finger has only one in-
terosseous abductor, which is palmar.  These
muscles  produce abduction and adduction of
the fingers, which they can also extend, owing
to their connexion  with the extensor tendons.
   Interosseus Secundus, Prior medii digiti—
i.  Quartus, Prior annularis.
   Interosseous Veins have  the same arrange-
ment as the arteries.
   INTEROSSEUX DE  LA MAIN, Inte-
rosseus manus.
   INTERPELLATE, (Morbus,) from inter-
pello, ' I interrupt.'  A term, by which Para-
celsus designated those diseases whose progress
is  unequal, and paroxysms irregular.
   INTERPLEVRO-COSTAUX,  Intercostal
muscles.
   INTERPOLATUS, Intercalary.
   INTERRUPTIO   MENSTRUATIONIS,
Amenorrhoea.
   INTERSCAPULAR, Interscapula'ris, (in-
ter, and  scapula.)  That which is between the
shoulders; as the interscapular region.  The
interscapular cavities,  Cavita'tes  interscapu-
la'res, are the depressions between the scapulae
and spinous processes of the vertebrae.
  INTERSCAPU'LIUM.  The  spine  of the
scapula.
  INTERSECTIO, Decussation, Intersection.
  INTERSECTION,  Intersec'tio, Diac'opl,
from  inter, between,' and seco, 'I  cut.'  The
point where two lines meet and cut each other.
The name, aponeurotic intersection, is given to ;
fibrous bands, which certain muscles present in j
their length, and by which they seem  inter-
rupted.   Aponeurotic intersections  are  found
in the recti muscles of the abdomen;  in  the
semi-membranosus, complexus, sterno-thyroi-
deus, &c.
  INTERSECTIONES TENDINE^E  MUS-
CULORUM, Inscriptiones  tendineae musculo-
rum.
  INTERSEPIMENTUM THORACIS, Me-
diastinum.
  INTRRSEPTA HORIZONTALS  PAC-
CHIONI, Tentorium.
  INTERSEPTUM, from inter, 'between,'
and  septum, 'a  partition.'  Cion, xion1.  The
uvula;  also, the septum  narium.  The dia-
phragm.
  Interseptum  Narium,  Septum narium—i.
Virginale, Hymen.
  INTERSPI'N AL, Inter spina'lis, from inter,
'between,' and spina,' the spine.' That which
is seated between the spinous processes.
  Interspinal  Lig'ament, Membra'na  inter-
spinal lis, (F.) Ligament interipineux.  These
occupy the intervals between the  spinous pro-
cesses in the back and loins.  In the neck, they
are replaced by the muscles of the same name.
They prevent the too great flexion of the spine,
and keep the spinous processes in  situ.
  INTERSPINA'LES  COLLI, Spina'les Colli
mino'res, Spina'ti, (F.)  Interipineux-cervicaux,
Intercervicaux,  (Ch.)  These are twelve  in
number, and occupy, in two parallel rows, the
intervals between the spinous processes of the
cervical  vertebrae, from that of the atlas and
vertebra dentata, to that between the last cer-
vical and first dorsal vertebrae.  They are flat,
thin, and quadrilateral. These muscles con-
tribute  to  the extension of  the neck and  to
throwing the head backwards.
  Interspinalks Dorsi et  Lumbo'rum ; por-
tions of the Transversaire-ipinenx, of  Boyer,
and the sacrospinal of Chaussier.  These mus-
cles are of two kinds.   The one (Muscle grand
ipineux  du dos,  of Winslow)  representing
fleshy bundles of different lengths, applied upon
the lateral  surfaces of  the spinous  processes,
from the third dorsal vertebra to the  second
lumbar.  The other (Musi I e petit epineux du
dos, Winslow) covered by the preceding.  They
are situate on each side of  the interspinal liga-
ment, in the form of small, short flat bundles,
which pass from one spinous process to the se-
cond, third or fourth above it.  These muscles
aid  in extending  the vertebral column; and in-
cline it a  little to one  side, when they act on
one side only.
  INTERSTICE, Interstil'ium,  Arxo'ma,
from inter, 'between,' and sto, 'I stand.' Dias-
tema, Interval'lnm.  Anatomists  have  given
this  name  to the intervals between  organs.
The iliac crest, crista ilii, for example, has two
lips and an interstice between them, which af-
fords attachment to the lesser oblique muscle
of the abdomen.
  Interstice, Pore.
  INTERSTIT"IAL, Interstitia.'lis, same ety-
mon.  Applied to that which occurs in the in-
terstices of an organ,—as "interstitial absorp-
tion," "interstitial pregnancy," &c.
  INTERSTITIUM,   Interstice—i.  Ciliare,
Ciliary  ligament—i. Intercostale, Intercostal
space—i. Jugulare, Throat.
  INTERTINCTUS, Discreet. 
INTERTRACHkLIENS         468
INTOXICATIO
  INTERTRACHkLIENS,  Intertransver-
sales colli.
  INTERTRANSVERSAIRES  DES
LOMBES, Intertransversales lumborum.
  INTERTRANSVERSA'LIS, Intertransver-
se rius.  That which  is placed between  the
transverse process of the vertebrae.
  Intertransversales Colli, (F.) Intertrans-
versaires  cervicaux, Intertrachiliens,  (Ch.)
These are small,muscular bundles;  quadrilate-
ral ; thin and flat; situate, in pairs, in the inter-
vals between  the  transverse processes of the
neck, except  between  the first  and  second,
where there is only one.  They  are distin-
guished into anterior and posterior.  The  for-
mer are six in number; the latter five.   These
muscles bring the transverse  processes of the
neck  nearer each  other, and contribute to the
lateral flexion of the neck.
  Intertransversales  Lumbo'rum, Mus'culi
intertransversi lumbo'rum, (F.) Intertransver-
saires des lombes.   These are almost  entirely
fleshy, and ten in number; five on each side.
They are similar to the preceding in  general
arrangement; except that they are more marked,
and not placed in two rows.  Each intertrans-
verse space  contains only one.  They are quad-
rilateral, and flat.  The first occupies the space
between the transverse  processes of  the first
lumbar and  last dorsal vertebra; and the last is
between that of the fourth and fifth lumbar ver-
tebrae.  These muscles incline the  lumbar  re-
gion laterally; and straighten it when  inclined
to one side.
  INTERTRIGO, Chafing—i. Podicis,  Chafing.
  INTERVAL, LUCID, see Lucid.
  INTERVALLUM,  Intermission, Interstice
—i. Intercostale, Intercostal space.
  INTERVENIUM, Mesophlebium.
  IN T E RVE RTE B RAL, Intervertebra'lis,
(inter, and  vertebra.)   That which is situate
between the vertebrae.
  Intervertebral  Car'tilages,  Interverte-
bral fibro-cartilages, Ligamen'ta intervertebra'-
lia.   These organs are of a fibro-cartilaginous
nature; sections of a cylinder; flexible;  whitish;
resisting; and situate between the bodies of the
vertebrae,—from the space between the second
and third as far as that between the last verte
bra and sacrum.   Their form is accommodated
to that of the vertebra with which they are in
connexion;  so that,  in the neck and loins, they
are oval, whilst in the  dorsal region  they are
nearly circular.
   INTESTABILIS, Castratus.
   INTESTATUS, Castratus.
   INTESTIN,  Intestine.
   INTESTINAL,  Intestina'lis,  from  intus,
' within.' That which belongs to the intestines,
—as  intestinal canal,  &c.  Bordeu  uses  the
term Pouls intestinal for a pulse, which he con-
ceived to announce an approaching crisis by the
intestines.
   Intestinal Juice, Succus entericus.
   Intestinal  Tube or Tract, Cana'lis seu
 Tractus intestino'rum.  The canal formed by
the intestines from the pyloric orifice of the
stomach to  the anus.
   INTESTINE, lntestlnum, En'teron, Chor-
da, Gut, Nedyia  (pi.), Pan'tices  (pi.) Boel'li
(pi.), Bowel, (F.) Intestin, Boyau. A  musculo-
membranous canal, variously convoluted, which
extends from the stomach to the anus, and is
situate in the abdominal  cavity;  the  greater
part of which it fills.  In man, its length is
six or eight  times that of the body.  It is di-
vided into two principal portions, called small
intestine and large intestine.   The former, ln-
testlnum len'ue, I. grac'ile, (F.) Intestin p-rele
constituting  nearly  four-fifths of  the whole
length, begins at the stomach and terminates
in the right  iliac region.   It is divided into du-
odenum, jejunum and ileum.   Some anatomists
give the name small intestine to the two latter
only; which are kept in place by the mesentery
and form a large paquet, occupying the umbili-
cal and hypogastric regions, a part of the flanks,
of the iliac regions, and  of  the cavity of the
pelvis.   It  is composed of, 1. A serous mem-
brane, which is  peritoneal.  2. Of a muscular
coat, whose  fibres are very pale, and are placed,
in part,  longitudinally;  but  the greater part
transversely.  3. Of a whitish, mucous mem-
brane; villous, and forming folds or valves—
valvula  conniventes—at its  inner surface, and
furnished with a considerable number of mu-
cous  follicles,  called glands of Lieberkiihn,
( Crypts or Follicles of Lieberkiihn,) and Brun-
ner, and, perhaps, those of Peyer may be added.
The arteries of the small intestine proceed from
the superior mesenteric; its veins open into the
vena porta.   Its nerves proceed from the supe-
rior mesenteric plexus.   The great intestine,
lntestlnum crassum, Megalocaiia, (F.) Gros
intestin, forms a sequence to the small.  It is
much shorter, and is solidly attached in the re-
gions of the abdomen which it occupies. It be-
gins in the  right iliac region; ascends along
the right flank,  till  beneath the liver, when it
crosses the upper part of the abdomen, descends
into the left iliac fossa, and plunges into the
pelvic cavity, to gain the anus.  The great in-
testine is usually divided into three portions,—
the eacum,  colon  and rectum.  It  receives it3
arteries from the superior and inferior mesente-
ries.   Its veins open into the vena porta.  Its
nerves are  furnished by  the mesenteric plex-
uses.  Its lymphatic vessels, which are much
less numerous than those of the small intestine,
pass into the ganglions or glands seated between
the different reflections of the peritoneum, which
fix it to the abdominal parietes.   The use of
the intestines is,—in the upper part, to effect
the chylification of the food and the absorption
of the chyle;—in the lower, to serve as a reser-
voir, where the excrementitious portion of the
food collects; and, also, as an excretory duct,
which effects its expulsion.
   INTESTINORUM L^VITAS, Lientery.
   INTESTINULA  CEREBRI,  Anfractuosi-
 ties  (cerebral) — i.  Meibomii,   Meibomius,
 glands of.
   INTESTINULUM, Funiculus umbilicalis.
   INTESTINUM CELLULATUM, Colon-
 i.  Circumvolutum, Ileon—i. Crassum, Colon,
 see  Intestine—i. Gracile,  see  Intestine— i.
 Grande,  Colon—i.  Laxum,  Colon—i. Majus,
 Colon—i. Medium, Mesentery—i. Plenum, Co-
 lon—i. Rectum, Rectum—i. Tenue, see Intes-
 tine.
    INTIMUM UNGUIS, Nail, root of the.
    INTONATIO INTESTINALIS, Borboryg-
 mus.
    INTORSIO, Distortion.
    INTOXICATIO,  Poisoning—i. Arsenicalis, 
INTOXICATION
469
IODINE
 Arsenicismus—i. Opiaca, Meconismus—i.  Sa-
 turnina, Saturnismus.
   INTOXICATION, Poisoning—i. des Ma-
 rais, see Miasm.
   INTOXICATION  SATURNINE.  Lead
 poisoning.  The aggregate of symptoms which
 present  themselves prior to an attack of lead
 colic.—Tanquerel des Planches.
   IN TRA-PELVIO-TROCHANTkRIEN,
 Obturator internus.
   INTRICATURA,  Decussation.
   INTRIN'SIC,  Intrirlsecus;  from  intra,
 ' within,' and secus,' towards.'  Applied to the
 internal muscles of certain organs; as those of
 the ear, tongue, and larynx.  Linnaeus gave the
 name Intrinsed to internal diseases.
   INTROITUS PELVIS,  see  Pelvis—i. Va-
 ginae, Rima vulvae.
   INTROMISSION, Intromis'sio; from intro,
 'within,' and mitto, 'I send.'   The act of in-
 troducing one body into another, as Intromissio
 Penis,  (F.) Intromission de la Verge.
   INTROSUSCEPTIO, Intussusceptio—i. En-
 tropium, Entropion.
   INTUBUM, Cichorium endivia—i. Errati-
 cum, Cichorium intybus.
   INTUMESCENCE,  Intumescen'tia, Onco'-
 sis, Dionco sis, from intumescere, (in and tu-
 mescere,) ' to swell.'   Augmentation of size in
 a part or in the whole of the body.  Sauvages
 uses the word Intumescen'tia for an order of dis-
 eases,  in which he  comprehends  polysarcia,
 pneumatosis, anasarca, oedema, physconia, and
 pregnancy.
   INTUMESCENTIA GANGLIFORMIS,
 Ganglion of Gasser—i.  Lactea Mammarum,
 Sparganosis—i. Lienis, Splenoncus—i. Semilu-
 naris, Ganglion of Gasser.
   INTUSSUSCEPTIO, from intus, 'within,'
 and suscipio, ' I receive.'  Introsuscep'tio.  In
 physiology;—the mode of increase peculiar to
 organized bodies.  In pathology, like Convol'-
 vulus, Volvulus intestino'rum,  Suscep'tio  In-
 testino'rum, Chordap'sus,  Enteroparisago'ge,
 Parisago'gB intestino'rum, Indigitatio,  Tor-
 men'tum and Invagina'tio, it  means the intro-
 duction of one part of the intestinal canal into
 another, which serves it  as a sort of vagina or
 sheath.  Generally, it is the upper part of the
 email intestine, which is received into the low-
 er, when the intussusception is  said to be  pro-
 gressive.   At times,  however, it is ret'rograde.
 As the disease cannot be  positively detected by
 the symptoms, it must be treated upon general
 principles.   At times, the invaginated portion
 has separated and been voided per anum,—the
 patient recovering.   The disease is, however,
 of a very dangerous character.
   INTYBUM, Cichorium endivia.
   INTYBUS HORTENSIS, Cichorium endi-
 via.
   INULA,  see Inula helenium—i. Common,
 Inula helenium.
   I\ ula Dysenter'ica.  The systematic name
 of the  Lesser Inula,  Cony'za, me'dia, Ar'nica
 Sueden'sis, Ar'nica spu'ria, Cunila mas'cula,
 Cony'za, Cunila'uo,  (F.) Annie antidysenti-
\rique, Herbe de, Saint Roch.  Nat.  Ord. Com-
 positae.  This plant was once considered to pos-
 sess great antidysenteric virtues.   The whole
;plant is acrid and somewhat aromatic.
   Inula Hele'nium.   The systematic name of
Ithe Elecampane, En'ula campa'na, Ele'nium,
Necta'rium, Helinium, Common  Inula,  (F.)
Aun've.   The root, Inula (Ph. U.  S.) was  for-
merly in high esteem  in dyspepsia, cachexia,
pulmonary affections, &c.   It is now scarcely
used.
  Inula, Lesser, Inula dysenterica.
  INUNCTIO, Inunction, Liniment.
  INUNCTION, Inunc'tio,Perunr,'tio, Illit'io,
Ulltus, Illinit'io, Oblinit'io, Chrisis, Catach'-
risis, Diach'risis, Epich'risis, Unctio.  A li-
niment.  Also, the  act of  rubbing in.  (F.)
Onction.
  INUNDATIO, Depuration.
  INUSTIO, Cauterization, Cauterium.
  INUSTORIUM, Cauterium.
  INVAG"INATED,  Invagina'tus, from in,
and  vagina,'a sheath.'   Applied to a part,
which is received into another, as into a sheath.
  The invaginated or  slit and tail bandage is
one  in which strips or tails pass through appro-
priate slits or button holes.
  INVAGINATIO,  Intussusceptio.
  INVALETUDO, Infirmity.
  INVALID, Valetudinary.
  INVALIDUS, Valetudinary.
  INVASIO, Arche, Attack, Paroxysm.
  INVERMINATION, Helminthiasis.
  INVERSIO  PALPEBRARUM,  Entropion
—i.  Uteri, Hysteroptosis, Uterus, inversion of
the.
  INVERSION DE LAMA TRICE, Uterus,
inversion of the.
  INVERTENTIA, Absorbents, Antacids.
  INVESTITURA FUNICULI UMBILICA-
LIS, see Funiculis umbilicalis.
  1NVETERATUS, Chronic.
  INVISCANTIA, Incrassantia.
  JNVISCATIO OC'ULI.  A morbid adhe-
sion  of the  eyelids to each other, or to the globe
of the eye.  Also, gluing together of the eye-
lids by a viscid secretion.
  INVOLU'CRUM, Involumen'tum, from in-
volvere, 'to fold in.'  A covering; hence Invo-
lu'cra  cer'ebri, the  membranes of  the brain.
Involu'cra nerv'orum, the sheaths of the nerves.
  Involucrum Cordis, Pericardium — i.  Cor-
poris commune, Integument—i.  Linguae,  see
Tongue—i. Membranaceum,  Decidua  reflexa
—i.  Nervorum, Neurilema—i.  Reti compara-
tum, Retina.
  INVOLUMENTUM, Involucrum.
  JNVOLVENTIA, Demulcents.
  10DE, Iodine.
  IODES,  ^ruginous.
  IODIDE OF AMMONIUM, see Iodine—i.
of Arsenic, see Iodine—i. of Iron, see Iodine—i.
of Lead, see Iodine—i. of Potassium, see Iodine
—i.  of  Quinine, see  Iodine—i. of Starch, see
Iodine—i.  of Sulphur,  see Iodine—i. of Zinc,
see Iodine.
  IODIDUM AMYLI, see  Iodine—i. Hydrar-
gyricum, see  Iodine—i. Hydrargyrosum,  see
Iodine—i. Plumbi, see Iodine—i. Sulphuris, see
Iodine.
  I'ODINE, Iddina, Io'dinnm, Iodin'ium, lo'-
dum, lo'dium, lo'nium, lo'nnm, (F.) lode; from
wine, viola'ceus, 'of a violet colour,' so called
from the violet flavour it exhales when volatilized.
It is  contained in the mother waters of certain
fuci,  and is obtained by pouring an excess of con-
centrated sulphuric acid on the water obtained
by burningdifferent fuci, lixiviating the ashes and
concentrating the liquor. The mixture is placed 
IODINIA                470            IRID^A EDULIS
in a retort to which a receiver is attached, and
is boiled.  The iodine  passes over and is con-
densed.  It is solid, in the form of plates;  of a
bluish gray  colour, of  a  metallic brightness,
and smell similar to that of the chloride of sul-
phur.   Its sp. gr.  is, 4.946.  When heated, it
becomes volatilized, and affords the  vapour
which characterizes it.   With oxygen it forms
the Iodic acid, and with hydrogen the Hydrio-
dic.  The  tincture  of  iodine and the  iodides
have been  employed with great success in the
treatment of goitre and of some scrofulous af-
fections.  It must  be administered  in a  very
small dose and for a long period.  It is said  to
be apt,  however,  to induce  cholera  morbus,
signs of great  nervous  irritability and emacia-
tion of the mammae. When these symptoms,
collectively  termed I'odism, Iodo'sis, and Io-
din'ia, are urgent, the dose may be diminished,
or it  may  be wholly discontinued,  and after-
wards resumed.
   Various preparations  of Iodine are employed
in medicine; as the Iodide of Iron (Ferri lo'-
didum, F. lodure'tum, (F.) lodure dufer,which
is sorbefacient  and tonic, in the dose of 3 or 4
grains; the Protlodide of Mercury, (Hydrar-
gyri Proto-lodure'tum,  H. lo'didum, Hydrar'-
gyrum  loda'tum flavum, H.  lodula'tum, H.
loda'tum, lo'didum Hydrargyro'sum, Hydrar-
gyri  Proto-lo'didum,)  sorbefacient  and  anti-
syphilitic in the dose of l-12th of  a grain; the
Deutlodide of Mercury, (Hydrar'gyri Deuto-
Iodure'tum,H.  lo'didum rubrum, Hydrargyrum
loda'tum rubrum, H. Perioda'tum, lo'didum Hy-
dra gyricum, Biniodideof Mercury,)withsimi-
lar virtues,  in the dose of 1.Kith of a grain; the
Iodide of Starch,(lo'didumvel lodure'tum Am-
yli, Am'ylum loda'tum,) a weaker preparation
than the usual forms of  iodine;  the  Iodide of
Quinia, (lo'didum  Quinia,) used in scrofulous
cases,  where iodine and tonics  are  indicated;
the Iodide of Lead, (Plumbi lo'didum, P. lodu-
re'tum, (F.) lodure de plomb,) used externally in
strumous swellings; the Iodide of Potassium,
(in solution  Hydriodate of Potassa,)  see  Po-
tassae Hydriodas;—the  lodo-hydrargyrate  of
Potassium, (Potas'sii  Iodo-kydrar'gyras, P.
Hydrargyro-iodidum.) made by adding 8 grains
of iodide of potassium, dissolved  in  10  or 15
minims of water,  to  11  grains  of the deut-
iodide of mercury,—the properties of which are
like those of the iodides of mercury; the Iodide
of Sulphur, (lodure'tum Sulphuris, Sulphuris
lo'didum, Sulphur  loda'tum,) used externally
in cutaneous diseases, (gr. x. to cerate f,\.) and
the Iodide of Zinc, (Zimi lo'didum, Z. loda'-
tum,) externally (.^j. to lard ^j.); the Iodide of
Ammonium,  (lo'didum, see lodure'tum  Am-
monia, Hydriodate of Ammonia, used in lepra
psoriasis, &c,  in the form of ointment, Qj__
gj ad adipis %];)  and the Iodide  of Arsenic,
(Arsen'ici lo'didum,) given internally in similar
affections, gr. 1-1 (Ith three times a day; or used
externally, (gr. iij ad adipis Ij.)
  IODINIA, see Iodine.
  IODINIUM, Iodine.
  IODINUM, Iodine.
  IODISM, see Iodine.
  10DITJM, Iodine.
  I'ODOFORM,  lodofor'ma, (F.)  lodoforme,
so called from  its analogy to chloroform.  It
is obtained  by the reaction on each other of io-
dine, bicarbonate of potassa, water  and alcohol.
It is in crystalline plates of a beautiful citrine
colour; and may be given in Ihe same cases as
the  other  preparations of iodine.  Dose, one
grain three times a day.
   IODOHYDRARGYRATE  OF  POTAS-
SIUM, see Iodine.
   IODOSIS, see Iodine.
   IODUM, Iodine.
   IODURETUM AMMONIA, see Iodine—i.
Amyli, see Iodine—i. Sulphuris, see Iodine.
   IODYMUS, Dicephalus.
   ION, Viola.
   IONIA, Teucrium chamaepitys.
   IONID'IUM MARCUCCI, Cinchunchnlli—
a  South American plant.   Sex. Syst. Pentan-
dria Monogynia;  Nat. Ord. Violariae; said to be
extremely efficacious in the Mai de San Lazaro
of Columbia.
   IONIUM, Iodine.
   IONTA, see Excretion.
   IONTHUS, Varus, Violet Eruption, from m,
'the violet,' and uvQcc, 'a flower,' or oifloc,'foul-
ness.'  An unsuppurative, tubercular tumour;
stationary; chiefly on the face.  A genus in the
class Harnatica, order  Phlogotica of Good.
   Iontiius Corymbifer, Gutta rosea—i. Varus,

  IONUM, Iodine.
  IOTACIS'MUS, from  the Greek letter Iota.
Defective articulation,—the patient not being
able to pronounce the palatals j and g soft.
  IPECAC, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Eu-
phorbia corollata, Gillenia trifoliata, Ipecacuan-
ha, Triosteum.
  IPECACUAN'HA.  In  common parlance,
often abridged to Ipecac.   The pharmacopoeia!
name  of  the Cepha'/is ipecacuan'ha,  Colli-
coc'ca  ipecacuan'ha,  Cagosanga, Ipecacuan'ha
root, Ipecacuan'ha radix, Radix Brazilien'sis.
Nat. Ord.  Cinchonaceae.  It is also obtained
from the  Psycho'tria  emet'ica of  Peru. The
odour of the root—Ipecacuanha, (Ph. U. S.)—
is  faint and peculiar; taste bitter, subacrid and
mucilaginous; both water  and alcohol  extract
its virtues, which depend on a peculiar  princi-
ple, called Emetia. It is emetic in large doses;
sudorific in smaller.   Dose, as an  emetic, gr.
xx to xxx,—alone, or united with tartarized an-
timony, gr. i to ij.
  Ipecacuanha, Euphorbia corollata—i. Bat-
tard, Triosteum  perfoliatum—i. Blanc de Pile
de France, Asclepias  asthmatica—i. Blane  de
St. Domingue, Asclepias curassavica—i. of the
Isle of France, Cynanchum vomitorium.
  Ipecacuan'ha, White, is obtained from dif-
ferent  species of Richardsonia and Ionidinm.
Viola ipecacuan'ha also affords it.  It is weaker
than the gray.
  IPO, Upas.
  IPOMffiA JALAPA, Convolvulus jalapa.
  IRA, Rage.
  IRACUNDUS, Rectus externus oculi.
  IRALGIA; Irealgia,  Iridal'gia, from /g«,
'the iris,' and *Xyoc, 'pain.'  Pain in the iris.
  IRASCIBLE,  Rectus externus oculi.
  IREALGIA, Iralgia.
  IREONCION,  Iriancistron.
  IRIANCISTRON, Iridancist'ron, Ireon'rion,
from tote,  and ayxt^npr, 'a hook.'  A hooked
instrument, used by Schlagintweit in the forma-
tion of an  artificial pupil.
  IRIDiE'A  EDULIS. One of the Algae, eaten
in  Scotland and the south-wast of England. 
                IRIDALGIA               4'

  IRIDALGIA, Iralgia.
  IRIDANCISTRON, Iriancistron.
  IRIDAUXE'SIS, from Iris, I'ridis, and ivfy-
vte, 'augmentation;' Staphylo'ma  I'ridis, Sta-
phylo'ma U'veie, hidonco'sis. Lymphon'cns I'ri-
dis.  Exudationoffibrininto thetissueof the iris.
  IRIDECTOMEDIALYSIS, see Coretomia.
  IRIDECTOMIA, Coretomia.
  IRIDENCLEISIS,  see Coretomia.
  IRIDENCLEISMUS, see Coretomia.
  IRIDERE'MIA,  from /?k, and  toyuoc., 'de-
prived of;'  Iridostere'sis.   Absence  of iris,
either apparent or real.
  IRIDOCELE, Ptosis iridis.
  IRIDOCOLOBOMA, Coloboma iridis.
  IRIDODIALYSIS, Coretomia.
  IRIDOMALA CIA, from ,e,c,'the iris,'and
fcaXaxta, ' softness.'   MoUescence  or softening
of the iris.
  IRIDOMELANO'MA, Iridomelano'sis, from
<g«r,'the  iris,'and futXitur,' to  colour black.'
The deposition of black matter on  the tissue of
the iris.
  IRIDONCO'SIS, Tddon'cns,  Hyperonco'sis
Iridis,from /gie,' the  iris,'  and oyxog, 'a swell-
ing.'  Tumefaction or thickening  of the iris.
Also, Iridauxesis.
  IRIDONCUS, Iridoncosis.
  IRIDOPERIPHAKIT1S; from ,g,5,  'the
iris,' ntoi, 'around,' and phacitis, inflammation
of the  lens.  Inflammation of the  anterior he-
misphere of the capsule of the lens.
  IRIDOPTOSIS, Ptosis iridis.
  IRIDOR'RHAGAS, Iridorrho'gi, Iridorrkox,
Iridoschis'ma,F.ssu'ra I'rids, from /o/c, 'iris,'
and g«>»c, ' a fissure.'  Fissure of  the iris.
  IRIDORRHOGE, Iridorrhagas.
  IRIDORRHOX, Iridorrhagas.
  IRIDOSCHISMA,  Iridorrhagas.
  IRIDOSTERESIS, Irideremia.
  IRIDOTENCLEISIS, Coretomia.
  IRIDOTOMIA, Coretomia.
  IRIDOTROMUS, Hippus.
  IRIS, tfit;, Gramml.  So called  from its re-
sembling the rainbow in variety of colours.  A
membrane, stretched  vertically at  the anterior
 Eart of the eye, in the midst of  the  aqueous
 umour, in which it forms a kind of circular,
flat partition, separating the anterior from the
posterior chamber.  It is perforated by a circu-
lar opening called the pupil, which is constantly
varying its  dimensions, owing to  the  varying
contractions of the fibres of the  iris.   Its pos-
terior surface  has been called uvea, from the
thick, black varnish  which covers  it.   The
greater circumference of the iris  is adherent
to the ciliary processes and circle.  It has an
external plane of radiated fibres and an  internal
one of circular fibres, which serve—the one to
dilate, the other to contract the aperture of the
pupil.  The iris receives the irian nerves.  Its
arteries are furnished  by the long ciliary arte-
ries, which form two circles by their anastomo-
ses; the one very broad, near the great circum-
ference; the other, smaller, and seated around
the circumference of the pupil.  The veins of
the iris empty themselves into the  Vasa vorti-
cosa, and into the long ciliary veins.   The use
of the iris seems to be,—to regulate by its di-
latation or contraction the quantity of luminous
rays necessary  for distinct vision.  The differ-
ent colours of the iris occasion  the variety in
the colours of the human eye.
                   IRON

  Iris, see Herpes Iris—i. Common, I. Germa-
nica—i. Commun,!. Germanica—i. de Florence,
I. Florentina.
  Iris Florenti'na,  Florentine iris or orris,
(F.)  Iris de Florence.   The  rhizoma of this
plant is extremely acrid in its recent state; and,
when  chewed, excites  a  pungent heat in the
mouth, that continues  for several hours.  When
dried, the  acrimony is  lost, or nearly so, and
the smell is very agreeable.  It is indebted to
its  agreeable  flavour  for  its retention  in  the
pharmacopoeias, although it is ranked as an ex-
pectorant.
  Iris Fcetidis'sima,  Spath'ula fa'tida, Xyris,
Stinking iris, (F.) Iris puant, Glayeul puant.
The root has been esteemed antispasmodic and
narcotic.
  Iris German'ica.  The systematic name of
the Flower-de-Luce, Iris nostras, Aier'sa, Iris
vulga'ris, Common iris  or orris, Gladiolus ca-
ru'leus, (F.) Iris  commun, Flambe.  The fresh
roots have a disagreeable smell and an acrid,
nauseous taste.   They  are powerfully cathar-
tic, and are given in dropsies, where such reme-
dies are  indicated.
  IRIS  DES MARAIS, I.  pseudacorus—i.
Nostras, I. Germanica—i. Palustris,  I. pseu-
dacorus.
  Iris Pseudac'orus.  The systematic name
of the Yellow water-flag, Iris palus'tris, Gladi-
olus lu'teus, Ac'orus  vulga'ris, Ac'orus adul-
teri'nus, Pseudac'orus,  Bu'tomon, Ac'orus pa-
lus'tris,  (F.) Iris des marais,  Faux acore,
Flambe bdtard, Acore bdtard.   The  root  has
an acrid, styptic taste.  It is an errhine, sialo-
gogue, and  acrid  astringent.   The expressed
juice is diuretic,  and  said to be a useful appli-
cation to serpiginous and other cutaneous affec-
tions.   Rubbed on the  gums, or chewed,  it is
said to cure toothache.
  IRIS  PUANT, I.  fcetidissima—i. Stinking,
I. fcetidissima.
  Iris Versicolor, Blue flag.  The rhizoma
of this is an active cathartic, and has been much
used, as  such, by the American Indians.   It is
reputed to be diuretic.
  Iris Vulgaris, I. Germanica.
  IRISITIS, Iritis.
  IRITIS, Inflammation of the iris, Inflamma'-
tio I'ridis,  Irisltis.  The  chief symptoms  are;
—change in the colour  of the iris; fibres less
movable; tooth-like processes shooting into the
pupil; pupil irregularly contracted, with  the
ordinary signs of inflammation of the eye.  If
the inflammation do not yield, suppuration takes
place; and, although  the  matter may be  ab-
sorbed, the iris remains immovable.  It is often
caused by syphilis. The general principles of
treatment are, to  deplete largely  and exhibit
mercury freely; along with attention  to other
means advisable in ophthalmia.  The free use
of quinia is sometimes serviceable.  When the
inflammation is seated  in the  serous covering
of the iris, it is termed Iritis serosa.
  IRON, Ferrum—i. Acetate of, Ferri acetas—
i. Ammoniated, Ferrum ammoniatum—i. Am-
monio-citrate  of,  Ferri ammonio-citras — i.
Ammonio-chloride of, Ferrum ammoniatum—i.
Ammonio-tartrate of. Ferri ammonio tartras—
i. and Ammonia,citrateof,Ferri ammonio-citras
—i. Bromide of, see Bromine—i. Carbonate of,
saccharine, Ferri  proto-carbonas—i. Carburet
of, Graphites—i. Black oxide of, Oxydum ferri
ri 
IRREDUCIBLE
472
1SCHIATIC
 nigrum—i. Citrate of, Ferri citras—i. Ferro-
 cyanuret of, Prussian blue—i. Ferroprussiate
 of, Prussian blue—i. Filings,  purified,  Ferri
 limatura purificata—i. Hydrated oxide  of, Fer-
 rum oxydatum hydratum—i. Hydrated peroxide
 of, Ferrum oxydatum hydratum—i. Hydrated
 tritoxide of, Ferrum  oxydatum hydratum—i.
 Hydriodate of, Ferri iodidum—i. Hydro-oxide
 of, Ferrum oxydatum hydratum—i. Iodide of,
 see Iodine—i. Iodide of, Ferri iodidum—i. Iodu-
 ret of, Ferri iodidum—i. Lactate of, Ferri lac-
 tas—i. Liquor, Ferri acetas—i.  Peroxide of,
 Ferri subcarbonas—i. Phosphate of, Ferri phos-
 phas—i. Pills of, compound, Pilulae ferri com-
 positae—i. Protocarbonate of, Ferri protocar-
 bonas—i.  Protoxide  of,  lactate of, Ferri lac-
 tas — i. Pyrites,  Ferri  sulphuretum — i. and
 Quinia,  citrate  of, Ferri et Quiniae citras—i.
 Sesquinitrate of, Solution of, see Tinctura ferri
 muriatis—i. Sesquioxide of,  Ferri  subcarbonas
 —i. Sulphate of, Ferri sulphas—i. Sulphuret of,
 Ferri sulphuretum—i. Tartarized,  Ferrum tar-
 tarizatum—i.Trito-hydro-ferrocyanateof, Prus-
 sian blue—i. and Potass, tartrate of,  Ferrum
 tartarizatum.
   IRREDU'CIBLE, (F.) Irreducible.   An epi-
 thet given to fractures, luxations, herniae, &c,
 when they cannot be reduced.
   IRREDUCIBLE, Irreducible.
   IRREG'ULAR,  Irregularis, Anom'alous;
 from im,' privative,' and regula, ' a rule.'  A
 term chiefly applied to the types of a  disease;
 and, also, to the pulse, when its beats are sepa-
 rated by unequal intervals.
   IRREPTIO, Attack.
   IRRIGATION, Irriga'tio,  Embroca'tio, Ir-
 rora'tio : ' the act of  watering or moistening.'
 The methodical application of water to an af-
 fected part, to keep it constantly wet.
   IRRITABIL1TAS, Irritability—i. Morbosa,
 see Subsultus  tendinum—i. Vesicae, Cystere-
 thismus.
   IRRITABIL'ITY, Irritabil'itas, from irrito,
 (in, ' privative,' and ritus,' the usual manner,')
 (?) ' I  provoke.'   Vis irritabilita'tis, Vis Vita,
 Vis in'sita of Haller, Vis vita'lis, of  Gorter,
 Oscilla'tio of Boerhaave, Tonic power of Stahl,
 Vita pro'pria, Inherent  power, Contractility,
 Excitability, Incitability, &c.  A power, pos-
 sessed  by all living, organized bodies, of being
 acted upon by certain stimuli, and of  moving
 responsive to stimulation.   It is the ultimate
 vital property.
   IR'RITABLE,  Irritab'ilis.   That which  is
 endowed with irritability.  Every  living orga-
 nized tissue is irritable; that is, capable of feel-
 ing an  appropriate stimulus,  and of moving re-
 sponsive to such stimulus.  Irritable   is often
 used in the same sense as impressible, as when
 we speak of an irritable  person, or habit, or
 temper.  This last condition  has been variously
 termed—Debilitas nervo'sa, D.Err.tliis ica,Hy-
per cine! sia nervo'sa, Neurasthenia,. Neurosthe-
nla, Sensibilitas  anomala, S.  Morbo'sa, S.
 aucta.
   IRRITAMEN. Irritant, Stimulus.
   IRRITAMENTUM, Erethism, Irritant, Sti-
 mulus—i. Metallicum, Galvanism.
   IR'RITANT, Irritans, Irrita'men, Irrita-
 menti/m.  That which causes irritation  or pain,
 heat and tension; either mechanically, as punc-
 tures, acupuncture, or scarification; chemically,
as the alkalies, acids, &c; or in a specific man-
ner, as cantharides, &c.
  Irritants are of great use in the treatment of
disease.
  IRRITATING POISON, see Poison.
  1RRITATIO, Erethism, Gargale, Irritation
  IRRITATION, Irrita'tio, Erethis'mus. The
state of a tissue or organ, in which there is ex-
cess of vital movement; commonly manifested
by  increase of the circulation and sensibility.
Broussais defines irritation to be;—the condi-
tion of an  organ, the  excitation of which is
carried to so high a degree, that the equilibrium
resulting from the balance of all the functions
is broken.  In this signification, he  also uses
the word sur-irritation, which he considered as
a higher degree, and as the essential cause of fe-
ver.  Irritation is the precursor of inflammation.
  Irrita'tion, Morbid,  Constitu'tional irri-
tation, is that excitement which occurs after
injuries done to the  body,  or to any part there-
of;—constituting cases  of diseased sympathy.
  IRRORATIO, Irrigation.
  IS, Fibre.
  ISA'TIS  TINCTO'RIA, Woad, Pastel.   A
European plant, whose  leaves have a fugitive
pungent  smell, and an acrid durable  taste.
They are not used, however, in medicine at the
present day; but are the source of the dye-stuff,
woad.
  ISCA, Boletus igniarius.
  ISCHiE'MIA, from <o/u>, 'I retain,' and 'aiua,
' blood.'   Morbid retention or suppression of an
habitual flux of blood, as of the hemorrhoidal or
menstrual flux or of epistaxis.  See Haematos-
tatica.
  ISCH^E'MON, Ischa'mum.  Same etymon.
A medicine which restrains or stops bleeding.
  IS'CHESIS, from m^sir,  'to retain.'  Sup-
pression or retention of a discharge or secretion.
  ISCHIA, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.  In
this volcanic isle, five miles from Naples, there
are several thermal waters, one of which—that
of Gurgitello—raises the thermometer of Fahr.
to 167-.
  ISCHIACUS, Ischiatic.
  ISCHIADICUS MORBUS, Neuralgia femo-
ropoplitaea—i. Nervus,  Sciatic nerve.
  ISCHIADOCELE, Ischiocele.
  ISCHIAGRA^  Is'chias,  Ischialgia,  from
injrtor, ' the haunch,' and ayqa, ' a seizure.'   A
name given  to ischiatic gout.  Femoro-popliteal
neuralgia has, also,  been so called.
  ISCHIALGIA, Ischiagra—i. Neuralgia fe-
moro-poplitaea.
  ISCHIAS,  Ischiagra—i.  Nervosa Antica,
Neuralgiafemoro-pretibialis—i.NervosaCotun-
nii, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea—i.  Nervosa di-
gitalis, Neuralgia cubito-digitalis—i. Nervosa
postica, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea—i. a Spar-
ganosi, Phlegmatia  dolens.
  ISCHIATTC,  Ischiadic,  Ischiat'icus,  h-
chiadicus, Ischiacns, Sciatic, from ta/tor, 'the
haunch;' whence the word Sciatic.  An epithet
given to parts connected with the ischium.  The
Sciatic  Notches,   (F.)  Echancrures  hchia-
tiques, are formed by this bone; the Ischiatic
Spine belongs to it, and gives attachment to the
small sacrosciatic ligament.  The Tcjberos ity
of the Ischium, Os se/lenta'riitm, Tuber Is'chii,
(F.)  Tubeiosite sciatique,  is formed by it.  It
receives  the insertions  of  different muscles of 
ISCHIATICUS             473               ISCHOMENIA
 the  thigh, and forms the projection  on which
 the body rests when seated.
   Ischiatic Artery,Sciatic Ar'lery,(F.)Artere
 Fimoro-Poplitie (Ch.) arises singly from the hy-
 pogastric, or with the gluteal; and seems to be
 really a continuation of the trunk of the hypo-
 gastric.  It issues from the pelvis, at the lower
 part of the great sciatic notch; and, afterwards,
 divides into a considerable number of branches,
 which are distributed particularly to the poste-
 rior and superior region of the thigh.
   Ischiatic Region, Sciat'ic region;  Regio is-
 chiadica.  The region  of the hip.
   Ischiatic  Vein presents the same arrange-
 ment.
   ISCHIATICUS, Sciatic.
   ISCHIATOCELE, Ischiocele.
   ISCHIDRO'SIS, Sudo'ris suppres'sio,  Oligid'-
 da, from iaXu>, ' I restrain,' and 't§owg,'  sweat.'
 Suppression of perspiration.
   ISCHIOBLEN'NIA,iscAoMe«'m«,from ioXm,
 'I restrain,'  and (SXtvra, 'mucus.'   The sup-
 pression of a morbid but habitual discharge of
 mucus.
   ISCHIO-CAVERNO'SUS.  Belonging to the
 ischium and  corpus cavernosum.
   Ischio-Cavernosus muscle, Collatera'lis, Di-
 rec'tor penis, Erec'tor penis, Sustenta'tor Penis,
 Ischio-ure'thral (Ch.) is a small, long, flat mus-
 cle, which surrounds the origin of the  corpus
 cavernosum.  It is fixed below to the inner side
 of the tuberosity of the  ischium, and above to
 the  root of the  penis, where it is confounded
 with the fibrous membrane of the corpus caver-
 nosum.  It draws the root of the penis down-
 wards and backwards.
   Ischio-Cavernosus of the female, Erector-
 •clitor'idis, Sustenta'tor  clitoridis, Superior ro-
 tun'dus clitor'idis, (F.) Ischio-clitoridieu, Is-
 chio sous-clitorien, (Ch.), is arranged nearly as
 in the male, but is less bulky.  It arises,  by apo-
 neurosis,  from the tuberosity of the ischium,
 and terminates by embracing the corpus caver-
 nosum of the clitoris, to the erection of which
 it appears to contribute.
   ISCHIOCE'LE, Ischiatoce'le,  Ischiadoce'li,
 Hernia ischia'tica; from iaXtor, 'the  ischium,'
 and  xiiXv, ' tumour.'  Ischiatic hernia.  One in
 which the viscera issue  by the  great  sciatic
 notch.  It is a rare disease.  The protruded
 parts must be reduced—the patient being placed
 in a favourable position, and they must be re-
 tained by a bandage.
   ISCHIO-CLITORIA'NUS.   That  which is
 connected with the ischium and clitoris.
   Ischio-Clito'rian Artery of Chaussier is a
 division of the internal pudic, which furnishes
 the two arteries of the clitoris—the superficial
 and deep-seated.
   Ischio-Clitorian Nerve, of the same pro-
 fessor, is the superior branch of the pudic nerve,
 which is distributed to the clitoris.
   ISCHIO-CLITORIDIEN,Ischio-cavexnons
 —i.   Coccygeus,  Coccygeus—i.  Creti-tibiol,
 Semi-tendinosus—i. Femoralis, Adductor mag-
 nus—i. Fimoro-pironier, Biceps flexor cruris
 —i. Perineal, Transversus perinaei—i. Popliti-
fimoral, Semi-membranosus—i. Popliti-tibial,
 Semi-membranosus—i.  Pritibial, Semi-tendi-
 nosus—i.  Sous-Clitorien,  Ischio-cavernosus—
 i. Sot's-troehanterien,  Quadratus femoris—i.
 Spini-trochantirien, Ischio-trochanterianus—i.
 Urethral,  Ischio-cavernosus.
        31
  IS'CHION, Ischium, Os ischii, Os coxen'dicis,
Hip bone, Seat bone, (F.) Os de Passiette.  The
lowermost of the three portions which compose
the os innominatum in the fcetus and young in-
dividual.  The inferior region of the same bone
has, also, been called ischium, in  the adult.
According to Hesychius, the ancients designated
by the word  ischion, the capsular ligament  of
the coxo-femoral articulation, as well  as the
articulation itself.   Some derive the word from
lojrig, the lumbar region; others from the verb
irrjfcu, 'I arrest,' 'I retain;'—because that bone
serves as a base or support for the trunk, when
we are seated.
  Ischion,Haunch.
  ISCHIOP'AGES, from Ischion, and nayia,  'I
fasten.'  A monstrous union of two foetuses, in
which they are attached to each  other by the
ischia.—Geoffroy St.  Hilaire.  See Hypogas-
trodidymus.
  ISCHIOPHTHI'SIS, Tabescoxa'ria,Phthisis
ischiad'ica,fxom loyior, 'ischium,' and phthisis.
Phthisis in consequence  of suppuration of the
hip joint.
  ISCHIO-PROSTAT'ICUS.  Winslow, Sanc-
torini, Albinus, and  Sommering,  have given
this name to the fibres of the transversus peri-
naei muscle, which go towards the prostate.
  ISCHIO-RECTAL FOSSA, Perineal fossa.
  ISCHIOSIS, Neuralgia femoro poplitaea.
  ISCHIO-TROCHANTERIA'NUS, Gemini,
Gemel'li.  Part of the Marsupia'lis of Cowper;
Car'neum Marsu'pium,  I' schio-spin i-trochanti-
rien, Secun'dus et ter'tius quadrigeminus, (F.)
Muscle  canneli, Accessoire a Pobturateur in-
terne.   Two small,  fleshy  bundles, long and
flat, which arise,—the superior on the outside
of the sciatic spine;  the inferior  behind the
tuberosity of the ischium.   Both pass horizon-
tally outwards, and are attached to  the  tendon,
of the obturator internus, which they accom-
pany  into  the fossa of the  trochanter.  These
muscles are rotators of the lower limb outwards.
They can, also, turn the  pelvis on the femur, in
standing on one foot.
  ISCHL, MINERAL WATERS OF.  These
springs, which  are in Upper Austria, contain
iodine and bromine.
  ISCHNOPHO'NIA, from ioXvog, 'slender,'
and (puivy,  'voice.'   Slenderness of  voice.—
Hippocrates,  Galen.
  ISCHNOTES, Emaciation.
  ISCHO, loyru, 'I keep back,' 'I restrain,'  'I
hold firm.'  Hence:
  ISCHOBLENNIA, Ischioblennia.
  ISCHOCENO'SIS, from ioXu, ' I arrest,' and
xtvwotg,' evacuation.'  Retention or suppression
of a natural evacuation—as of the menses.
  ISCHOCHOL'IA, from ioXw, ' I arrest,' and
XoXt;, 'bile.'  Reten'tio  bills.   Retention  or
suppression of the biliary secretion.
  ISCHOCOILIA, Constipation.
  ISCHOCOPRIA, Constipation.
  ISCHOGALACTIA,  Reten'tio lactis, from
ioXm,  and yaXa, ' milk.'   Want of milk in the
mammae.
  ISCHOLO'CHIA, or Ischolochi'a, Lochios'che-
sis, Suppres'sio lochio'rum, from ioXiu, ' I re-
strain,'  and  XoXtia,  'the  lochial   discharge.'
Reten'tio lochio'rum.  Suppression of the lochial
discharge.
  ISCHOMENIA, Amenorrhoea. 
ISCHONEURALGIA
474
ITEA
  ISCHONEURALGIA,Neuralgiafemoro-pop-

  1SCHOPHONIA, Balbuties.
  ISCHOSPER'MIA,  from  iaXw,  'I retain,'
and ontpua, 'sperm.'   Seminis reten'tio.  Re-
tention or suppression of the spermatic secretion.
  ISCHURET'IC, Ischureticum. Same etymon
as the next.  A medicine for relieving suppres-
sion of urine.  A diuretic.
  ISCHU'RIA, Uri'nx suppres'sio, Stoppage of
urine, Suppres'sio lo'tii, Paru'ria  retentio'nis ;
from ioXm, 'I arrest,' T retain,' and ovqov,
' urine.'  Impossibility of discharging the urine.
Generally restricted to suppression of the se-
cretion, or to renal Ischuria or Anu'ria, Anu-
re'sis.
  Ischuria  Vera  is  that  in which the urine
having accumulated in the bladder, the patient
is unable to pass  it, notwithstanding the incli-
nation which constantly  distresses him.   In
False  ischuria, Paru'ria inops, Paru'ria re-
tentio'nis  rena'lis, Ischuria notha  seu spu'ria,
of some, (F.) Suppression  d'Urine, owing  to
some disease of the kidney or uterus, the urine
cannot reach the bladder.
  Ischuria has likewise received various other
names, according  to the seat and  character of
the obstacle which opposes the exit of the urine :
hence the expressions—Renal, Ureteric, Vesical,
Urethral, and Calculous Ischuria. Vesical Ischu-
ria is synonymous with  Retention of urine,
which see.
  Ischuria Cysto-phlegmatica,  Cystirrhoea
—i. Phimosica, see Phimosicus—i. Spasmodica,
Cystospasmus—i. Spuria, see Ischuria—i. Ure-
thralis a phimosi, see Phimosicus—i. Vera, see
Ischuria—i. Vesicalis,  Retention of urine.
  ISINGLASS, Ichthyocolla.
  ISIR, Elixir.
  ISIS NOBILIS, see Coral.
  ISLE  OF WIGHT,  CLIMATE OF.  This
beautiful island is a favourable summer retreat
for invalids.  Undercliff is the situation  chosen
as a winter residence for phthisical valetudina-
rians.   Cowes, Niton,  Sandown, Shanklin, and
Ryde, are delightful summer residences.
  ISOCH'RONOUS, lsoch'ronus, Isochron'ius,
Isod'romus, from  iaog,  ' equal,' Xoorog, ' time.'
That which takes place in the same time, or in
equal times.  The pulsations of the arteries, in
various parts of the  body, are nearly isochro-
nous.
  ISOCH'RYSON, Auro  compar;  from ioog,
' equal,' and Xgvaog, ' gold.'   A  collyrium, de-
scribed by Gaien as worth its weight in gold.
Libavius has also given this name to an amal-
gam, made with  equal parts of antimony and
mercury.
  ISOC'RATES; from i<roc, 'equal,' and xtpav-
tvui,' I mix.'  A mixture of equal parts of wine
and water.—Hippocrates.
  ISODROMUS,  Isochronous.
  ISOLUSINE, see Polygala senega.
  ISOM'ERIC, Isomer'icus, Isom'erus, Isoma'-
rus, Isom'orus, from  inog, 'equal,' and ,tcego?,
' part.'   An epithet applied  to different bodies
which agree in composition, but differ in pro-
perties.  The condition is termed Isom'erism.
  ISOMERISM,  see Isomeric.
  ISOMORPHISM, see Isomorphous.
  ISOMOR'PHOUS, Isomor'phus, Isomor'phi-
cus,  from  ia->g,  'equal,'  and ptooyri, 'form.'
An epithet  applied to different  bodies  which
have  the  same crystalline form.  The  condi-
tion is called Isomorphism.
  ISOPATHI'A, from urog, 'equal,' and  Taflof,
' disease.'  This term  has been  used  by some
of the German writers to signify the cure of
diseases by the disease itself, or its products ;—
under the hypothesis, that every contagious dis-
ease  contains  in  its contagious  matter  the
means for its cure;—thus, that variola may be
cured by homoeopathic doses of variolous mat-
ter; syphilis, with venereal matter, &c, &c.
  Isopathia has been used by an American
writer—Dr. J. M. B. Harden, of  Georgia—to
mean "Parallelism of Diseases; " "the  dis-
position  of diseases to 'anastomose with each
other,' or to wear  each other's livery."
  ISSUE, Fonticulus—i. Peas, Aurantia  cu-
rassaventia, see Fonticulus.
  1STHME DU GOSIER,  Isthmus of  the
fauces.
  ISTHMION, Isthmus, Pharynx.
  ISTHMITIS, Inflamma'tio  Fau'cium, I. pa-
la'ti, Angi'na simplex, Cynan'che simplex, An-
gina mitis, A. faucium, Angor fau'rium, (F.)
Angine simple. Inflammation of the fauces.
See Cynanche pharyngea, and Angina.
  ISTHMOCATAR'RHUS; from i^amc, 'the
fauces,'and xiraggooj, 'catarrh.'   Catarrh of
the fauces.
  ISTHMODYN'IA, from i<rQuor, ' the fauces,'
aad noum, ' pain.'   Pain in the fauces.
  ISTHMOPLE'GIA; from t^og, 'the
fauces,' and nXr\yr\, 'a stroke.'  Paralysis of
the fauces.
  ISTHMOS, Pharynx.
  ISTHMOTYPHUS, Cynanche maligna.
  ISTHMUS,  Isth'mion.  A  tongue of land
joining a peninsula  to a continent, or  which
separates two seas. Anatomists have given the
name Fauces, Isthmus of the  Fauces, Isthmus
Fau'cium, Claustrum Gut'turis, (F.) Isthme du
gosier, to the strait which separates the  mouth
from the pharynx. It is formed above by the
velum palati and  uvula;  at the sides, by the
pillars of the fauces and the tonsils; and below,
by the base of  the tongue.
  Isthmus of  the  Fossa  Ova'lis;  Isthmus
Vieusse'nii, Striga cartilagino'sa cordis, is the
prominent arch formed above the fossa ovalis
by the union of the two  pillars which  bound
the cavity.
  Isthmus of the  Thyroid Gland is a narrow
band that unites the two chief lobules composing
the thyroid gland.
  Isthmus Hepatis, see Lobulus anonymus—
i. Urethrae, see  Urethra—i. Vieussenii, Isthmus
of the fossa ovalis—i. Vieussenii, see  Ovalis

  ITALICUS  MORBUS, Syphilis.
  ITCH, Psora—i. Bakers', see Psoriasis— i.
Barbers', Sycosis—i.  Grocers', see Psoriasis—
i. Weed, Veratrum viride.
  ITCHING,   Parap'sis  pruritus,  Au'talgia
prurigino'sa, Pruritus,  Prurigo, Cnesmos,
C ties ma, (F.) Prurit, Demangeaison.   A  sen-
sation, more inconvenient than painful;  seated
especially at  the  surface of  the body,  and
which provokes the patient to scratch the part.
It may be either an external or an internal  sen-
sation; that is, produced by an external body,
or by some modification  in the organic actions
of the part to which it is referred.
  ITEA, Salix. 
ITER DENTIS
475          JATROPHA  CURCAS
  ITER DENTIS, see Gubernaculum dentis—
i. Femineum, Perinaeum—i. ad Infundibulum,
Vulva—i. a Palato ad Aurem, Eustachian tube
—i. ad Quartum ventriculum, Aquaeductus Syl-
vii—i. ad Tertium ventriculum, Vulva—i. Uri-
nae, Urethra—i. Urinarium, Urethra.
  ITHYPHAL'LUS, from t#vg,' straight,' and
<!>aAM>f,' penis.'  An amulet, in the form of a
penis, anciently worn round the neck, to which
were attributed alexiterial properties.
  ITINERARIUM, Conductor, Director.
  ITIS; from n»g, 'bold,'' rash.'  A suffix de-
noting inflammation ;—as encephalitis, inflam-
mation of the encephalon;—Pleurae's, inflam-
mation of the pleura.
  IVA, Teucrium iva—i. Arthritica, Teucrium
chamaepitys — i.  Moschata  Monspeliensium,
Teucrium iva—i. Pecanga, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  IVETTE  MUSQUkE,  Teucrium iva—*.
Petite, Teucrium  chamaepitys.
  1VOIRE, Ivory.
  IVORY; Ebur, El'ephas, (F.) Ivoire.  The
tusk of the  elephant.  It is chiefly composed
  JABOT, Ingluvies.
  JACA INDICA, Thymus mastichina.
  JACEA, Viola Tricolor—j.  Ramosissima,
Centaurea calcitrapa.
  JACENS, Sick.
  JACK IN THE HEDGE, Alliaria.
  JACKSON'S BATHING SPIRITS, Lini-
mentum saponis compositum.
  JACOBAEA, Senecio Jacobaea.
  JACOBkE, Senecio Jacobaea.
  JACOBSON'S ANASTOMOSIS, see Petro-
sal ganglion.
  JACTATION, Jactita'tion, Jacta'tio, Jac-
ta'tus, Rhiptas'mos,  Jactita'tio, from jactare,
'to toss about.'  Extreme  anxiety;  excessive
restlessness;—a symptom observed in serious

  JACTITATIO, Inquietude.
  JADE  NkPHRlTE  ou  ORIENTALE,
Nephreticus lapis.
  JAGRE, see Tari.
  JALAP, Convolvulus jalapa, Phytolacca de-
candra—j. Cancer root, Phytolacca decandra—
j. Wild, Convolvulus  panduratus.
  JALAPA, Convolvulus jalapa.
  JALAPINE, see Convolvulus jalapa.
  JALAPIUM, see Convolvulus jalapa.
  JALAPPA,  Convolvulus  jalapa—j. Alba,
Convolvulus mechoacan.
  JALEYRAC, MINERAL WATERS OF.
These  waters  are  situate  two leagues from
Mauriac in France, on the road from Clermont
in  Auvergne.  The waters contain  lime  and
carbonate of soda, and are esteemed to be tonic,
aperient, &c.
  JAMAICA,  see West Indies—j. Bark tree,
Hursera gummifera.
  JAMAICINE, see  Geoffraea inermis.
  JAMBES DE BARBADE, see  Elephan-
tiasis—j.du Cervelet, Corpora restiformia.
  JAMBIER, Tibial—j. Anterieur,  Tibialis
anticus—j.  GrUe, Plantar muscle—,;'. Posti-
rieur, Tibialis  posticus.
of phosphate of lime, and is used for the fabri-
cation of pessaries, artificial teeth,  handles of
instruments, &c.  Formerly,  it entered into
some  pharmaceutical preparations,  when cal-
cined to whiteness.  It was regarded as astrin-
gent and anthelmintic, and was called Spo-
dium.
  IVRESSE, Temulentia.
  IVY, Hedera helix, Kalmia angustifolia—i.
Big, Kalmia latifolia—i. Ground, Glecoma he-
deracea.
  IXIA, Varix, Viscum album.
  IXINE, Atractylus gummifera.
  IXIR, Elixir.
  IXOS, Viscum album.
  IXUS, Galium aparine.
  IXYOMYELITIS;  from ilvc, 'the lumbar
region,' ftvtXog,' marrow,' and itis, denoting in-
flammation.  Inflammation of the spinal mar-
row in the  lumbar region.
  IXYS, Ix'ya, Ix'ye.  Used by different au-
thors  for the  ilia, flanks, and loins; most fre-
quently for the last.—Hippocrates.
  JAMES'S ANALEPTIC PILLS, see Ana-
leptica.
  JAMESTOWN WEED, Datura stramonium.
  JANAMUNDA, Geum urbanum.
  JANIIHA MANIHOT, Jatropha manihot.
  JANITOR, Pylorus.
  JANITRIX, Porta vena.
  JANON-TARENTISME, Tarantismus.
  JANUS, Dicephalus.
  JAQUIER, Artocarpus.
  JARRET, Poples.
  JARRETIER, Poplitaeus muscle.
  JARRET1ERE (F.), Peris'celis, a garter,
from garetum or garretum, in low Latin, the
ham.  A kind of furfuraceous herpes, which
occupies the part of the leg where the garter is
worn.
  JASMIN, Jasminum officinale.
  JASMINUM ARABICUM, Coffea Arabum.
  Jasmi'num Officina'le, Jasminum, Jeseml-
num; the Jes'samine, (F.) Jasmin.  The flowers
of this  beautiful plant have a very  fragrant
sinell, and a bitter taste.  They afford, by dis-
tillation, an essential  oil;  which is much es-
teemed  in  Italy, for rubbing paralytic limbs,
and in the cure of rheumatic pains.
  JASPER, Jaspis.
  JASPIS,  Jasper. A precious stone, supposed
by the ancients to be  capable of arresting he-
morrhage when woAi as an amulet.
  JATROPHA  CURCAS, Ric"inus  major,
Ricinol'des, Pi'neuspurgans, Pinko'ties In'did,.
Faba cathar'tica, Avella'na cothar'tica, Nux ca-
thar'dca America'na, Nux Barbaden'sis; Phy-
sic Nut,(F.) Pignon d'Inde, Midicinier cathar-
tique, Grand haricot de Pirou, Pignon de Bar-
baric,, Noix cathartique, N. Amiricaine ou des
Barbades.   Nat. Order, Euphorbiaceae.  The
seeds of  this plant afford a quantity of oil, given,
in many places, like the castor oil; to which,
indeed, it is nearly allied.   They contain a pe-
culiar acid,  the Jatrophic or Igasuric, 
JAUNDICE               47
  The seeds of Jatropha Multif'ida are called
Purging Nuts, and give out a similar oil.
  Jatropha Elastica, see Caoutchouc.
  Jatropha  Man'ihot,  Jan'ipha Manihot.
The plant affording the Cassa'da or Cassa'va
Root, Caca'vi, Cassa'vc, Caza'bi, Pain de Ma-
dagascar, Ric'inus minor,  Man'ioc, Magnoc,
Maniot, Yucca, Maniibar, Aipi, Aipima coxera,
Aipipoca, Janipha.  The juice  of the root is
extremely acrid and poisonous. What remains,
after expressing it, is made into cakes or meal;
of which the cassada or cassava bread is formed.
This bread constitutes a principal food  of  the
inhabitants of those parts where it grows.
  The fecula of the root forms Tapioca, Cipipa,
Fec'ula Tapio'ka, which is very nutritious.
  A factitious Tapioca is met with in the shops,
which is in very small, smooth, spherical grains,
and  is supposed to be prepared from  potato
starch. It is sold under the name pearl tapioca.
  JAUNDICE, Icterus—j. Black, Melaena—j.
Red, Phenigmus.
  JAUNE, Yellow—j. d'QTluf, see Ovum.
  JAUNESSE, Icterus.
  JAW BONE, Maxillary Bone.
  JEAN-DE-GLAINES,   ST., MINERAL
WATERS OF. These waters are situate two
leagues from Billom in Auvergne.  They con-
tain  chloride of calcium, and carbonate of mag-
nesia; dissolved in  an excess of carbonic acid.
  JECINUS, Liver.
  JECORARIA, Marchantia polymorphia.
  JECORARIUS,  Hepateros, Hepatic.
  JECORIS VOMICA, see  Hepatitis.
  JECTIGATIO.   A word  used by Van Hel-
mont for  a species of epilepsy or convulsion.
  JECUR, Liver—j. Uterinum, Placenta.
  JEFFERSO'NIA BARTONI,Common Twin-
leaf, Yellow root, Helmet pod, Ground Squirrel
Pea.   An indigenous plant, belonging to Nat.
Ord. Berberideae, Sex. Syst. Octandria Mono-
gynia ; which possesses medical properties ana-
logous to those of hydrastis.
  JEJUNITAS, Hunger.
  JEJUNITIS; a term of hybrid formation,—
/rom Jejunum, ' the intestine jejunum,' and
itis, a suffix denoting inflammation.  Inflamma-
tion of the jejunum.
  JEJUNIUM, Hunger, Fasting.
  JEJU'NUM, fromjejunus,' empty;' Nestis,
vijo-tk, Nesti'a.   The part of the small intestine
comprised between the duodenum and ileum.
It has been so called, because it is  almost  al-
ways found empty in the dead body.
  JELLY, Gelly—j. of the Cord,  Gelatin of
Wharton—j. Water, Brasenia hydropeltis.
  JERGON, see Arrow-poison.
  JERKING RESPIRATION,  Respiration,
jerking.
  JERKS, see Mania, dancing.
  JERSEY, CLIMATE X)F.   Jersey  is the
largest of the islands  of the British Channel,
and is most frequented by invalids.  Its climate
closely resembles that of the south-west coast
of England, and especially of Penzance, and it
is adapted to the same class of invalids.
  JERUSALEM OAK OF AMERICA, Che-
nopodium anthelminticum.
  JESEMINUM, Jasminum officinale.
  JESSAMINE, Jasminum officinale—j. Yel-
low, Gelseminum nitidum.
  JEUNESSE, Adolescence.
  JEWEL WEED, Impatiens balsamina.
'6          JUGLANS CINEREA

   JEW'S EAR, Peziza auricula—j. Harp, Tril-
 lium latifolium.
   JIMSTON WEED, Datura stramonium.
   JOANNESIA PRINCEPS, Anda.
   JOANNETTE, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Several springs are found at Joannette, about
 five leagues from Angers, in France. The waters
 are both cold and warm, and contain sulphate of
 lime; subcarbonate of soda, chloride of sodium-
 some iron; chloiide of calcium, and, sometimes,
 a kind of saponaceous matter. They are chiefly
 used as a tonic  in chlorosis, leucorrhoea, &c.
   JOE PYE,  Eupatorium perfoliatum.
   JOHNE, MINERAL WATERS OF. Johne
 is a village near Dol in France-Comte, France,
 where is a mineral spring, which contains sub-
 carbonate of soda, and subcarbonates of magne-
 sia and iron.   It  is  used chiefly as a bath in
 certain diseases of the  skin, and in atonic af-
 fections.
   JOINT, Articulation—j. Ball and socket,
 Enarthrosis—j. Dove-tail, Suture—j. Stiff, An-
 kylosis.
   JONAS, MINERAL WATERS OF.  This
 spring is situate to the south-west of Bourbon-
 l'Archambault, in France.  The waters contain
 chloride of calcium and sulphate of lime; chlo-
 ride of sodium, and sulphate of soda; carbonate
 of iron and carbonic acid gas.  They are tonic
 and aperient.
   JOUAN, ST., MINERAL WATERS OF.
 St. Jouan is a village, near Saint-Malo,in France.
 The water is a cold chalybeate.
   JOUBARBE ACRE, Sedum—j. des Toits,
 Sempervivum tectorum—j. des Vignes, Sedum
 telephium.
   JOUE, Genu.
   JOULOS, Julus.
   JOUR, Dies.
   JOURS CANICULAIRES, Dog  days—;.
 Critiques, Critical days—j. Indicateurs, Indi-
 cating days.
   JO VIS FLOS, Crocus—j. Glans, Juglans.
   JUCATO CALLELOE, Phytolacca decan-
 dra.
   JUD^E'US,  Juda'icus  (Lapis,) Phcenicl-
 tes Lapis, Tecolithos, (F.) Pierre Judaique.
 A stone, found in Judaea, Palestine, &c.  Called,
 also, Lapis Syriacus. It was formerly esteemed
 to be diuretic and lithontriptic.
   JUDGMENT, Judic'ium, (F.) Jugement.
 The faculty of the intellect, by which ideas are
 compared with each other,  and their relative
 worth appreciated.
   JUDICATORII DIES, Critical days.
   JUDICIUM, Judgment.
   JUGAL, Zygomatic—j. Process, Zygomatic
 process.
   Jugal Region, Re'gio juga'lis.   The region
 of the cheek bone.
   JUGALE OS, Malae os.
   JUGALIS, Zygomatic.
   Jugalis Sutura, from tvyov, 'ayoke.' The
 suture which unites  the Os Mala or Os Ju-
 ga'le with the superior maxillary bone.   Also,
 the sagittal suture.
   JUGEMENT, Judgment.
   JUGLANS  CINER'EA (Jovis glans,) But-
 ter Nut, Oil Nut,  White Walnut.  The inner
 bark of the root of this tree, Juglans (Ph. U.S.),
 which is abundant in the United States, is used
 in medicine, in  the form of extract, as  an effica-
 cious and  mild  laxative, in doses of from 10 to 
JUGULAR               47'
£0 grains.   It is in  the secondary  list  of the
Pharmacopoeia of the United States.
  Juglans Re'gia,  Juglans,' Nux Juglans,
Car'ya basilica, xaqva, Carya.  The Walnut,
(F.) Noyer, (the tree;) Noix, (the nut.)  The
unripe fruit, in the state in which it is pickled,
was  formerly esteemed  to  be  anthelmintic.
The putamen or green rind of the walnut has
been  celebrated as a powerful antisyphilitic,
and used as a sort of diet drink.  The kernel is
an agreeable article of dessert;  but, like  all
nuts, is  difficult of digestion.  The expressed
oil, Huile de Noix, is used in France as  an ali-
ment, and, like other fixed oils, is laxative.
  Various preparations of  the leaves have been
recommended in scrofulous affections.
  JUG'ULAR, Jugula'ris,from jugzdum, 'the
throat.'  Relating to the throat.
  Jugular Fossa, Fossa Jugula'ris, is a cavity
in the petro-occipital suture.  It is formed  by
the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and
by the occipital bone, and lodges the origin of
the internal jugular vein.  It  is,  sometimes,
called thimble-like cavity.
  Jugular  Veins, Vena  Jugula'res, V. spha-
git'ides,  V.  apoplec'dca, V. sopora'les.  These
are situate at the lateral and anterior parts of
the neck.  They are two on each side; one  ex-
ternal, the  other internal.   1. The External
Jugular Vein,  Trachilo-sous-cutani, (Ch.) is
of less  size than the internal.  It descends,
almost vertically, along the anterior and lateral
part of the neck, from the cervix of the  lower
jaw to the subclavian vein, into which it opens,
a little above the internal jugular.  It is formed
by the internal maxillary, superficial temporal,
and posterior auricular veins.  It is this vein,
which is commonly opened in bleeding  in the
neck.  2. The  Internal Jugular Vein, V. Ci-
phalique (Ch.) Vena apoplec'dca, is much larger
and more deeply seated than the preceding.   It
descends, vertically, along the anterior and la-
teral part of the neck, from  the posterior part
of the foramen lacerum posterius as far as the
subclavian vein.  It commences at the sinus of
the jugular vein, (F.) Golfe de la veine jugu-
laire, and receives the blood, which returns by
the sinus of the  dura mater, and that  of the
facial, lingual, pharyngeal, superior thyroid,
occipital, and diploic veins.
  JUGULUM,  Clavicle,  Throat—j.  Uteri,
Collum uteri.
  JUGUM  PENIS, Presse-urhhre.
  JUICE, EXPRESSED, see Succus.
  JUJUBE, Jujuba, Ziz'yphum. The fruit of
Rhamnus Ziz'yphus, Ziz'yphus vulga'ris, a na-
tive of the south of Europe.  It was formerly
ranked amongst  the pectoral fruits.  It  has an
agreeable sweet taste.  The fruits of two other
species of Zizyphus—Z. jujuba, a native of the
East  Indies, and Z. lotus,  growing in  North
Africa, possess  similar properties to Zizyphus
vulgaris.
  Jujube Paste, Paste of jujubes.
  JUL APIUM, Julep—j. Camphorae, Mistura
camphorae.
  JULEB, Julep.
  JULEP, Jula'pium, Jule'pus, Zula'pium;
Juleb of the Persians.  A  sweet drink.  A de-
mulcent, acidulous or mucilaginous  mixture.
  Julep,  Camphor,  Mistura camphorae—j.
Camphrc, Mistura camphorae.
  JULUS,  Julos, Ioulos, jot^of.   The first
7                JURIBALI

 down that appears upon the  chin.—Rufus of
 Ephesus.
   JUMEAU, Gemellus.
   JUMEAUX DE LA JAMBE, Gastrocne-
 mii.
   JUMELLE, Gemellus.
   JUMENTOUS URINE, Urine jumenteuse.
   JUNCTURA, Articulation.
   JUNCUS ODORATUS, Andropo'gon scha-
 nan'thus, Fanum camelo'rum,  Juncus aromat'-
 icus, Camel's hay,  Sweet rush, Schanan'thus,
 Schanan'tkum, Scanan'thum, Cal'amus odora'-
 tus, Squinan'thus, Gramen orienta'le, (F,)Jonc
 odorant.  The dried plant, which is generally
 procured from Turkey and  Arabia,  has an
 agreeable smell,  and a warm, bitterish taste.
 It was formerly used as a stomachic  and deob-
 struent.
   JUNGLE  FEVER.  A variety of remittent
 occurring in the jungle districts of India.
   JUNIPER TREE, Juniperus communis.
   JUNIP'ERUM VINUM. Wine impregnated
 with juniper berries.
   JUNIP'ERUS  COMMU'NIS,  Arceu'thos,
 Juniper  tree;  Akat'alis,  Akalera.  Family,
 Coniferae.  Sex.  Syst. Dicecia  Monadelphia.
 The tops and berries, Junip'erus (Ph. U.. S.),
 are ordered in the pharmacopceias.  Their odour
 is strong, but not  unpleasant.  Taste warm,
 pungent.  Properties dependent upon essential
 oil, which they yield to both water and alcohol.
 Dose, Qj, t° 3ssj rubbed with  sugar.  In  Hol-
 land, juniper  berries are used for flavouring the
 gin.  The oil, O'leum junip'eri, possesses the
 virtues of the plant.  It is called, by Ruland,
 Targar.  (F'.) Geuivrier (the  plant,) Geniivre
 (the berry.)
   Juniperus Lycia. This plant—Thu'rea, Th.
 virga, Arbor  thurif'era, has been  supposed to
 afford the true frankincense, Cedros Olib'anum,
 Thus Libano'tos, Libano'tum, Lib'anos, Thus
 mas'culum,  Thus  verum, (F.)  Encens.  By
 some, however, it is supposed to be the produce
 of an Amyris, and by others of Boswel'lia ser-
 ra'ta.   The odour of olibanum is peculiar and
 aromatic : taste bitterish and slightly pungent;
 partly soluble in alcohol, and forming a milky
 emulsion, when triturated with water.  It was
 formerly used in dysentery and haemoptysis,
 but is now never employed except as a perfume
 in a sick room.
   Juniperus  Sabi'na, Sabina, Savi'na, Sabi'na
 ster'ilis, Bruta, Cedrus baccif'era, Common or
 barren savin; Bralhu, Brathys, Ba'rathron, Bo'-
 rathron, (F.) Sabine, Savinier.  The odour of
 savin leaves is strong and disagreeable.  Taste
 hot, acrid, and bitter, depending on an essential
 oil.  Their  operation  is  stimulant, emmena-
 gogue, anthelmintic, and abortive; externally,
 escharotic.  Dose, internally, gr. v to x of the
 powder.  As an escharotic, they are applied in
 powder or formed into a cerate.  The essential
 oil, O'leum Sabi'na  (Ph. U. S.), has the virtues
 of the savine.  Dose two to five drops.
   Juniperus  Virginia'na, Red cedar.  This
 tree is known throughout the United States by
 the name of savine, and is often used for the
 same purposes.
   JUNK, Pad.
   JUNO  LUCINA, Ilithyia.
   JUPITER, Tin.
   JURIBALI, Euribali.  A tree in the forests
 of Pomeroon.  Fam. Meliaceae.  Class, Octan- 
JURISPRUDENCE, MEDICAL      47
dria.  Nat.  Order, Monogynia.  The bark is
febrifuge, and may be given in powder or infu-
sion, (^j ad  aq. bullient. Oij.)
  JURISPRUDENCE, MEDTC AL, fxom jus,
juris,' law,' and prudentia, ' knowledge.' Ju-
dspruden'tia Med'ica.  This word is often used
synonymously with Legal Medicine.  It is now,
as frequently perhaps, employed for the imbo-
died laws and  regulations that relate to  the
teaching and practice of medicine.
  JUS,  Zomos,  Zomidium,  Sorbit'io,  Sor'-
bitum.  Soup,  broth,  or bouillon—j. Coagula-
tum, Gelly.
  JUS D'HERBES, (F.) The juice of certain
vegetables   administered  as  depuratives;   as
that of fumitory, burdock, water trefoil, &c,
  Jus Jelatum, Gelly—j. de Riglisse, see Gly-
cyrrhiza—j. de Viande, see Bouillon.
  JUSQUIAMUS, Hyoscyamus.
  JUSQUIAUME, Hyoscyamus.
  K.  This letter was formerly used to desig-
nate a compound of gold.
  KAATH, Catechu.
  KAA WY.  Ancient name of an Indian drink,
prepared from maize.
  KABALA, Cabal.
  KAEMPFERIA  GALANGA,  see  Maranta
galanga.
  Kampfe'ria Rotun'da.  Called after Kamp-
fer, the  naturalist;  Zedoa'ria,  Z. rotun'da,
Amo mum zedoa'ria, Colchicum  Zeylanicum,
Zed'oary, (F.) Zidoaire rond.  The  roots  of
this Ceylonese plant have a fragrant smell, and
warm, bitterish, aromatic taste.  They are  in
wrinkled, gray, ash-coloured, heavy, firm, short
pieces;  of a brownish-red colour within; and
are stimulant and carminative. Dose, >)j to  gj
of the powder.
  According  to some, round zedoary is fur-
nished by Curcuma zerumbet;—the long, Ze-
doa'ria longa, by Cur'cuma zedoa'ria.
  KAHINCE RADIX, Caincae radix.
  KAIB, Kay I.  A word employed by the al-
chemists for sour and coagulated milk.
  KAJEPUT, Cajeput.
  KAKOCHYMIA, Cacochymia.
  KALI, Potash—k. Acetas, Potassae acetas—
k. Aeratum, Potassae carbonas—k. Causticum,
Potassa  fusa—k. Causticum cum calce, Potassa
cum calce—k. Chloricum, Potassae  murias hy-
peroxygenatus—k. Hydriodinicum, see Potassae
hydriodas — k. Nitricum, Potassae  nitras—k.
Oxalicum acidulum, Potass, oxalate of—k. Prae-
paratum, Potassae subcarbonas—k. Praeparatum
e tartaro, see Potash—k.  Purum,  Potassa fusa
—k.  Spinosum  cochleatum,  Salsola  kali__k.
Subcarbonas, Potassae subcarbonas—k. Sulphas
Potassae sulphas—k. Sulphuricum, Potassae sul-
phas—k. Sulphuretum, Potassae sulphuretum__
k. Tartarizatum, Potassae tartras—k. e Tartaro,
see Potash—k. Vitriolatum, Potassae sulphas.
  KALICUM HYDRAS, Potassa fusa.
^8               KENTUCKY

   JUSTICIA BIVALVIS, Adulasso—j. Adha-
 toda, Adhatoda.
   Justic"ia Ecbol'ium, Carim curini.  A Ma-
 labar plant, the root of which, and the leaves,
 in  decoction, are considered in the country to
 be lithontriptic.
   Justicia Pectora'lis.  A West India plant,
 which is slightly astringent. (F.) Carmantine,
 C. Pectorale, Herbe aux- Charpentiers.
   JU VANS, Auxil'ium, Remed'ium.   A medi-
 cine or substance of any kind, which relieves a
 disorder.  An adjuvant.
   JUVENIS,  Adolescens.
   JUVENTUS, Adolescence.
   JUXTAPOSITION,  Juxtaposil'io,  from
 juxta,' near to,' and ponere, positum,' to place.'
 The  mode  of increase  proper to minerals;
 which consists in the  successive application of
 new molecules upon those that form the primi-
 tive nucleus.  It is opposed to intussusception.
  KALIUM  IODATUM, see Potassae hydrio-
das.
  KALMIA  ANGUSTIFO'LIA.  Called after
Kalm, the botanist.  Ivy, Narrow-leaved Kal-
mia or Laurel, Dwarf Laurel, Sheep  Laurel.
This plant has the same virtues as K. latifolia,
So also has
  Kalmia Glauca, Swamp Laurel.
  Kalmia, Broad-Leaved, K. latifolia.
  Kalmia Latifo'lia, Broad-leaved Kalmia,
Calico bush, Laurel, Mountain Laurel, Rose
Laurel, Big Ivy, Spoonwood, Lambkill, Sheep-
poison, Broad-leaved Laurel.  This plant kills
sheep and other animals.   The Indians use it
as a poison.  The powdered leaves have been
applied successfully in tinea capitis; and a de-
coction of it has been used for the itch.  The
powder, mixed  with lard, has been applied in
herpes.
  Kalmia, Narrow-leaved, K. angustifolia,
  KALO, Arum esculentum.
  KAMPHUR, Camphor.
  KAPHUR, Camphor.
  KARABE, Asphaltum.
  KARABITIS, Phrenitis.
  KARCINOSEN, Carcinoses.
  KARENA, Carena.
  KASSADER, Convolvulus panduratus.
  KASSAUDER, Convolvulus panduratus.
  KATASARCA, Anasarca.
  KATASTALTICA, Astringents.
  KAVA, Ava.
  KAVIAC, Caviare.
  KAYL, Kaib.
  KELOID,  Cancroid.
  KELOTOMIA,  Celotomia.
  KELP, Varec.   The impure mineral alkali,
obtained by burning certain marine plants. See
Soda.
  KENNELWORT, Scrophularia nodosa.
  KENTUCKY, MINERAL WATERS OF.
The Olympian  springs in this  state are near
the sources of Licking river.  There are three
different  kinds, in the space of half a mile.
                                   K.
N. B.—Most of the terms derived from the Greek are found under the letter C. 
KERATITIS
479  KILBURN, MINERAL WATERS OF
One of these is  saline, impregnated  with sul-
phur;—another is chalybeate,  and a  third a
sulphureous spring.  In various parts of Ken-
tucky, there are saline waters, which are fre-
quented by invalids.   The Salines at Bigbone,
formerly employed in the manufacture of salt,
are now resorted to by invalids. A spring, near
Harrodsburg in Mercer county, is strongly im-
pregnated with sulphate of magnesia.
  KERATITIS, Ceratitis.
  KERATO-GLOSSUS, Cerato-glossus.
  KERATO-IRITIS, Aquo-membranitis.
  KERATONYXIS, Ceratonyxis.
  KERATO-PHARYNGEUS, Cerato-pharyn-
geus.
  KERATO-STAPHYLINUS, Cerato-staphy-
linus.
  KERATOTOMUS, Ceratotomus,  Knife, ca-
taract.
  KERMES,  Chermes, Alkermes. One of the
species of the genus kermes lives on a  green oak,
and is called Coccus ilicis, Kermes animal, Coc-
eum, Cocci granum,  Coccum  baph'icum seu in-
fecto'rium, tincto'rum, scarlatlnum,  &c.  The
oak, to which allusion has been made, is known
by  botanists under the name Quercus coccifera,
and grows abundantly in the uncultivated lands
of  southern France, Spain, and in the islands
of  the Grecian Archipelago.   The kermes, in-
habiting  it, has  the appearance  of a small,
spherical, inanimate  shell.  Its colour is red-
dish-brown, and  it is covered with  a  slightly
ash-coloured  dust.  This is the kermes of the
shops.  It is now only used in dyeing; but was
formerly reputed to possess aphrodisiac, analep-
tic, anti-abortive, and other virtues.
  Kermes, Mineral, see Antimonii sulphure-
tum praecipitatum.
  KERNEL, Tubercle.
  KERNELS, WAXING, see Waxing kernels.
  KERUA, Ricinus communis.
  KETCHUP,  Catchup.  A pickle prepared
from the liquor of the mushroom, walnut, toma-
ta,  &c.
  KETMIA  JEGYPTIACA, Hibiscus  abel-
moschus.
  KEY, Sax. caes, Clavis, Cleis, Clavis Arlgli-
ca, (F.) Clef de Garangeot.   An instrument,
used for extracting teeth.  It consists of a firm
handle, with a claw at right angles to it, and
moving upon a pivot.  This claw embraces the
tooth. It has undergone several modifications;
and hence various instruments are used under
this denomination.  The French have the Clef
a pompe, Clef a pivot, and Clef d noix.
  KEYRI CHEIRI  Cheiranthus cheiri.
  KHALA MIMUC, Bit noben.
  KIAS TER, Chiaster, from Xiuttn ,'to cross.'
A  species of bandage, having the form of the
Greek letter, /, which the ancients used for ap-
proximating, and  maintaining  in contact, the
fragments of the patella, in cases of fracture of
that bone.  It was applied  in the form of the
figure 8.
  KIB1ST1TOME, Cystitome.
  KIDNEY.  Its etymology is uncertain. Se-
renius derives it fancifully from Su. Goth, qued,
the belly; and  nigh, (quasi, quidney.)   Ren,
Nephros, Protme'sis, (F.) Rein.   The kidneys
are the  secretory organs of the  urine.  They
are two glands, situate deeply,—the  one on the
 right, and the other on the left  side,—in the
hypochondres: at the sides of the lumbar ver-
tebrae;  behind the  peritoneum; and in the
midst of an abundant, fatty  cellular tissue,
Tu'nica adipo'sa.  The kidney is of a reddish-
brown colour; oval form; and  flattened on two
surfaces.  It has, at its internal margin, a deep
fissure, by which the renal vessels and nerves
enter or quit the  organ, and the ureter issues.
It resembles pretty accurately, the haricot or
kidney-bean.  Two substances are readily dis-
tinguishable in it;—the outer,secerning or cor-
tical, Substantia corlica'lis,  S. glandulo'sa,
which secretes the urine; and  the inner, tubu-
lar,  medullary  or  uriniferous, Substan'tia
medulla'ris, S. Tubulo'sa,  S.  Fibro'sa, which
appears under the form of small cones or un-
equal papillx, each resulting from the union of
small capillary tubes, adherent by one of their
extremities  to the cortical substance; and open-
ing,  by  the  other, at the summit of the  cone,
into  calices, a species of membranous tubes,
more or less  numerous,  which  transmit the
urine of the papillae to the pelvis.   By this
(pelvis) is meant a small, membranous sac, of
an irregularly oval shape, at the base of which
are the orifices of the calices, and the other ex-
tremity of which is continuous with  the ureter.
The  kidney is surrounded  by a fibrous mem-
brane proper to  it, Perineph'rus. It has been
affirmed, of late, by Mr.  Bowman,  that the
renal artery is distributed to the corpora Mal-
pighiana,  where the watery portion of the
urine is separated.  The blood then becomes
venous, and is distributed by  different vessels
to the convoluted tubes through which the pro-
per urine is  secreted.   Hence the blood passes
into  the renal vein.  The intermediate vessels
between the Malpighian bodies and  the convo-
luted tubes,  have been termed the Portal System
of the Kidney.
  Kidney, Bright's Disease  of the, Morbus
Brightii, M. albuminensis, Nephritis albumi-
no'sa, Neph'ria, Uroze'mia albumino'sa, Ca-
chec'tic nephritis,Nephritis socia'ta,Asso'ciated
nephritis, Inflammation of the Malpig'hian cor'-
puscles, Disease of Bright, Gran'ular Degene-
ration or Disorganized'tion of the Kidney, Gra-
nular Kidney, of Bright,(F.) Maladie de Bright,
Niphrite albumineuse, Etat Granuleux ou Dige-
nirescence granulie du Rein, Albuminurorrhie.
A granular  disease of the  cortical part of the
kidney, which gives occasion to the secretion
of urine that contains albumen, and is of less
specific gravity  than  natural, and  which  de-
stroys by inducing other diseases.  It w-as first
described by Dr. Bright of London, about twenty
years ago.
   Kidney,  Granular,  of Bright,  Kidney,
Bright's disease  of the.
   KI'ESTEINE, Ki'estein, properly Ky'esteine,
Ky'estein, Kystein, Cy'esteine or Cy'estein, from
xvttr, 'to be pregnant,' and toQijc, 'a  garment
or pellicle.' A peculiar substance, which form?
a pellicle on the urine of a pregnant female when
allowed to stand for a few days.  It is  whitish,
opalescent,  slightly granular, and may be com-
pared to the fatty substance that swims on the
surface of soups, after they have been allowed
to cool.  When taken in. conjunction with other
phenomena, it is a valuable aid in the diagnosis
of early pregnancy.
   KILBURN,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
 These springs contain carbonic acid, sulphohy- 
KILOGRAMME             48(
dric acid;  carbonates of lime, magnesia, and
iron; sulphates of  soda, lime, and magnesia,
and chloride of sodium.
  KILOGRAMME, Chiliogram'ma,fxom XiXioi,
<a thousand,'  and yqauua,  'a gramme.'   The
weight of a thousand grammes;—two pounds,
eight ounces,  one  drachm,  and  twenty-four
grains, Troy.
  KILOLITRE, from XtXmi, ' a thousand,' and
i.noa, 'a litre.'  A  measure containing a thou-
sand litres.
  KINA KINA, Cinchona.
  KINANCIE, Cynanche.
  KINCOUGH, Pertussis.
  KINDCOUGH, Pertussis.
  KINGCURE, Pyrola maculata.
  KING'S EVIL, Scrofula.
  KINICI ACETAS, Quinia, acetate of.
  KININUM, Quinina.
  KINKINA, Cinchona.
  KINO, Gummi Gambien'se, Gummi rubrum
iidstrin'gens Gambien'se, African kino, East
India kino, Amboy'na kino, Gummi adstrin'gens
Fothergilli.  The trees, whence one variety of
this resin is obtained, are not botanically ascer-
tained.  The London college  ascribe it to Pte-
rocar'pus erina'cea;  the Edinburgh to Eucalyp'-
t us resinif''era, and the Dublin to Butea f rondo'sa.
The Pharmacopoeia of the United States, (1842,)
defines it  to be " an extract obtained from an
uncertain plant."   On wounding the bark, the
kino flows drop by drop.  A West India va-
riety is said to be derived from Coccoloba uvif-
e.ra or Sea-side Grape; and a Botany Bay kino
is said to be the concrete juice of Eucalyp'tus
resinif era or brown gum-tree of New Holland.
Sex. Syst. Icosandria Monogynia.   Nat. Ord.
Myrtaceae.  Kino consists  chiefly  of  tannin,
gallic acid, oxide of iron, and colouring matter.
It is inodorous; the taste a sweetish bitter; and
it is sometimes gritty between the teeth.  It
comes  to  us  in fragments of a dark ruby red
colour, and is easily pulverized. Its properties
are powerfully astringent.  Dose, gr. x to gr.
xx in powder.
  KIONORRHAPHIA, Staphyloraphy.
  KI'OTOME, Kiot'omus, from xion, ' a pillar,'
• support,'and rturnv, 'to  cut.'  (F.) Coupe-
bride.  An instrument invented by Desault,  to
cut any accidental  brides or filaments in the
rectum and bladder; and which he afterwards
used for the removal of the tonsils.  It is com-
posed of a flat, silver sheath, open at one  edge.
This sheath is provided with a cutting blade,
which can be  forced through the opening, and
thus all  the parts can be divided with which it
comes in contact.
  KIPPERNUT,  Bunium bulbocastanum.
  KIR ATE.   A weight of four grains, accord-
ing to Blancard.
  KIRKLAND'S NEUTRAL CERATE, see
Cerate, Kirkland's Neutral.
  KIRRHONOSIS,  Cirrhonosis.
  KIRRHOSIS, Cirrhonosis.
  KIRSCHWASSER(G.), 'Cherry water.'
An alcoholic  liquor,  obtained from  cherries
bruised with'their  stones, by subjecting  them
to distillation, after  having caused them to fer-
ment.  See Spirit.
  KISSINGEN, MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
These springs, in Bavaria, contain carbonic acid
and chloride of sodium.
0                 KNIFE

   KIST.   A weight of 14 grains.—Paracelsus,
   KLAPROTHII SULPHAS, Cadmii sulphas.
   KLAPROTHIUM  SULPHURICUM, see
 Cadmii sulphas.
   KLEPTOMA'NIA; from xXtnrw, 'I steal,'
 and mania.  Insanity, with an irresistible pro-
 pensity to steal.
   KLOPEMA NIA, Clopema'nia, fxom xXonr\,
 'theft,'and fiana, 'mania.'  Monomania, with
 an irresistible desire to steal.
   KNARESBOROUGH, MINERAL  WA-
 TERS OF, see Harrogate, mineral waters of.
   KNEADING, Shampooing.
   KNEE, HOUSEMAID'S.  An inflammation
 of the bursa, which in most individuals  is in
 front of the patella, and  is apt to inflame and
 enlarge from  effusion  in those in whom it is
 subjected to much pressure.  Hence its name.
 It is a form of capsular rheumatism.
   KNEE SCAB, Crusta genu equinae—k. En-
 circled hoof, Crusta genu equinae.
   KNIFE. Sax. cniF.  Swed. K n i f.   Dan.
 K n i v.  (F.) Canif, Culter, Smile, Cultellus,
 Tomei'on, Tome'us, Machx'ra, Machx'rion, Ma-
 chx'ris, (F.) Couteau.  A  cutting instrument,
 used  in surgery  to  divide the soft parts, and
 which only differs from the bistouri or scalpel
 in being commonly larger.
   The most common knives are the following:
   Knife,  Amputa'tion,(F.) Couteau a amputa-
 tion, C. droit, Culter rectus. This is the largest
 of the knives used in surgery.   Formerly, they
 were curved; now they are  straight, and pro-
 vided with one or two edges.
   Knife,  Cat'aract, Ceratot'omus, Keratot-
 omus, (F.) Couteau d cataracte.  The cataract
 knives of Richter, Wenzel, Ward, and others,
 being  intended to perform the  section of the
 transparent cornea, are so shaped as to exactly
 fill the small wound made by them; and thus
 to prevent the discharge of the aqueous hu-
 mour, until the section is completed.  The blade
 of the knives of  Wenzel and Ward  resembles
 a  very narrow lancet, blunt in  the posterior
 five-sixths of one of its edges.   The blade of
 that of Richter  is pyramidal, cutting through
 the whole  length of its inferior edge, and also
 blunt in the five-sixths of the upper.
   Knife,  Cheselden's.  A knife with a  fixed
 handle; very  convex on its  edge, concave on
 the back, which was used by Cheselden in litho-
 tomy.
   Knife, Crooked, Culter falca'tus, Culter cur-
 vus, (F.)  Couteau courbe.  A knife, which is
 crooked and concave on its  cutting edge.  It
 was formerly employed  in amputation of the
 limbs.
   Knife, Crotchet, Cultellus uncus, (F.)Cou-
 teau d crochet.  A steel  instrument, composed
 of a round staff, furnished with a handle at one
 extremity, and at the other with a curved knife.
 It was formerly used to cut to pieces monstrous
 foetuses in utero, and to open  the head  when
 necessary.
   Knife,  Double-Edged, Anceps  cultellus,
 Amphis'mela,  Amphis'm'de, Catling, (F.) Cou-
 teau a deux tranchans, Couteau disardculateur,
 C. interosseux.  A knife, the blade of which is
 straight and sharp on both sides.  It is used for
 disarticulating bones;  and for cutting  the soft
 parts situate between the bones, in amputation
 of the leg and forearm. 
KNIFE EN SERPETTE        481
KYST
   KNIFE EN SERPETTE (F.), Couteau en
 serpette.  A sort of knife, of the shape of a ser-
 pette or pruning-knife, invented by Desault for
 dividing the bony paries of the maxillary  si-
 nus, for the purpose of extracting fungi from it.
   Knife,  Lentic'ular,  Culter lenticula'ris,
 (F.)  Couteau  lenticulaire.   An  instrument,
 used  in  the  operation of  trepanning, for re-
 moving  inequalities in the inner  table of the
 skull, which may have been left by the crown
 of the trephine around the opening made by it.
 It is  formed of a lenticular button, fixed at the
 extremity of an  iron staff, which  is convex on
 one side, flat on the other; sharp at both edges,
 and mounted on an ebony handle.
   Knife, Lithot'omy, (F.) Couteau lithotome.
 A name, given by Foubert to a large knife, the
 narrow blade of which, four and a half inches
 in length, was sharp in its whole extent, and
 made an obtuse angle with  the  handle.  He
 used  it in the lateral operation.
   KNOCK-KNEED, Entogonyancon.
   KNOT, Tubercle.
   Knot, Packer's,  (F.)  Naud  d'emballeur.
 A compressive bandage, used for arresting he-
 morrhage  from  the  temporal artery or  its
 branches.  The naud d'emballeur is made with
 a double-headed  roller, five ells long.  A gra-
 duated compress is placed over the opening in
 the artery, and the bandage is applied over it;
 the balls of the roller being carried horizontally
 round to the opposite temple, where they are
 crossed obliquely and carried back to the part
 where the compress is situate.   The hands are
 then  changed with the rollers, crossing them
 so as to form a knot, and taking one above the
 head; the other  beneath the  chin.  They are
 then crossed again, so as  to form several knots,
 one above the  other.  This bandage is called,
 by some surgeons, Solar or oblique chevestre, or
 capistrum.
   Knot, Surgeon's, Nodus chirur'gicus, (F.)
 Nceud du chirurgien.  A double knot made by
 passing  the  thread  twice  through the same
 noose. This  knot is used frequently in the liga-
 ture of arteries,  the umbilical cord, &c.
   KNOTBERRIES, Rubus chamaemorus.
   KNOTGRASS, Polygonum aviculare.
   KNOTROOT, Collinsonia Canadensis.
   KNOT WEED, Collinsonia Canadensis, Poly-
 gonum aviculare.
   KOINO-MIASMATA, see Miasm.
   KOLERUS, a name given by Paracelsus  to
 a dry ulcer.
   KOLPORRHAPHY, Elytrorrhaphy.
   KOLTO, Plica.
   KOOCHLA TREE, Strychnos nux vomica.
   KOPYOPIA, see Copyopia.
   KORIS, Cimex
   KOSSO, Hagenia Abyssinica.
   KOUMIS, Kumyss.
   KRAME'RIA, Ratan'kia, Rhatan'ia, Ral-
cvnhy,  (F.) Ratanhie.   Krameria, Krameria
triandra,—Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.
Nat.  Ord. Polygaleae, — is a native of Java.
The root has a bitter taste; and is  astringent,
diuretic, and detergent.  Dose, Qj to ;zj.
  Krame'ria Ixi'na, or Ratanhy of the Antil-
les, has similar virtues.
  KREOSOTON, Creosote.
  KUA KAHA, Curcuma longa.
  KUMYSS, Koumyss,  Koumis.  A beve-
rage used in families by the people of Yakutz.
 It  resembles sour buttermilk, without being
 greasy.   According to Sir George  Simpson, it
 is prepared in a very simple way from mare's
 milk, which  is merely allowed to stand for
 some days in a leathern churn till  it becomes
 sour. It is then bottled for use.  This drink
 is rather nutritious than exhilarating; but from
 the same material the Burats and the Kirghez
 prepare  an intoxicating spirit in which they
 indulge to excess.
   KUSSAUDER, Convolvulus panduratus.
   KUTKULEJA, Caesalpinia bonducella.
   KUTOOKURUNJA, Caesalpinia bonducella.
   KUTUBUTH.   An Arabic  name for a spe-
 cies of melancholy in which the patient is ne-
 ver quiet at any one place, but wanders about
 here  and there.  Also, the  name of an insect,
 which lives at the surface of stagnant waters,
 and is in  a constant state of agitation.  Some
 lexicographers imagine that it is on account of
 this last circumstance, that the name of the in-
 sect  has been given to the disease.
   KYANOSIS, Cyanopathy.
   KYAPUTTY, Caieput.
   KYESTEINE, Kiesteine.
   KYLLO'SIS, from xvXXos, 'crooked,"lame.'
 Cyllo'sis.  Professor Chaussier so calls congeni-
 tal distortion of the feet, Clubfoot, Talipes,
 (F.)  Pied  bot.  Of this there are many  va-
 rieties.  In one, the  foot,  instead of resting
 on the soil,  by the  whole  plantar  surface,
 touches it only with the metatarso-phalangian
 articulations.   It seems as if turned backwards
 and broken upon the leg, (Pes Equi'nus, Hip'-
 popus, Oxypo'dia.)  In other  persons the foot
 is twisted inwards, (Varus,  Blasop'odes, Blx'-
 sopus, Cylloepus, Cyllop'oda, Cyllopod'ion, Lo-
 ri'pes, (F.) Cagneux,) so that it rests only on
 the ground on its outer edge; or it  may be
 twisted outwards, (Valgus,) or rest only on its
 inner edge.  In the flatfoot or splayfoot, Sar'-
 apus, Plat'ypus, Platypodia, (F;) Pied plat,
 the plantar  surface of  the foot is flattened in-
 stead of being concave.
   These  deformities  are  rarely  accidental.
 They are almost always congenital, and may be
 rectified, at an early period, by proper mecha-
 nical means to strengthen the  foot gradually
 and restore it  to its proper shape and direction;
 and if these means fail, the  tendons and mus-
 cles concerned in the deformity may be divided.
   KYNA, Pastinaca opoponax.
   KYPHOSIS, see Cyphosis—k.Inflammatoria,
 Vertebral disease—k. Paralytica, Vertebral dis-
 ease.
   KYST, Cyst, Kystis, Cystis, from xv<rTtc,
 'a bladder,' 'pouch.'   (F.) Kyste.  This term
 is generally applied to pouches or sacs, without
 opening, and commonly of a membranous na-
 ture,  which are accidentally developed in one
 of the natural cavities, or in the substance of
 organs.  Many theories have been successively
 emitted to explain  the  formation of cysts, but
 none are entirely satisfactory. Some are formed
 by a thin, translucent membrane; having scarce-
 ly the thickness of the  arachnoid; others of a
 whitish, fibro-cellular membrane, more or less
 thick.  Some contain  cartilaginous or  bony
 flakes.  The greater part have but one  cavity;
others, on the contrary, have several, separated
by complete or imperfect septa, as is frequently
seen in those  developed in the ovaries.  The
matter contained in cysts is sometimes  limpid, 
KYSTE                 48
serous, yellowish white, reddish, and, at others,
more or less thick, albuminous, adipous, or case-
ous.  The  tumour, formed by them, is called
Encysted, which  see.
  KYSTE, Kyst—k. Anivrysmal, Aneurismal
sac.
  KYSTEIN, Kiesteine.
  KYSTHITIS,  Cysthlds, from *.vo-$og, ' the
   LABARIUM, from labi, 'to fall.'  Loose-
 ness of the teeth.
   LABDACISMUS, Lallation.
   LABDAMEN, Cistus creticus.
   LABDANUM, see Cistus creticus.
   LABE,  A^a.u., 'I  seize,' 'I  take,' 'the
 act of grasping.'   Invasion.  Also, employed
 to denote the first paroxysm of fevers.—Galen,
 Hippocrates.
   LABEO, Chilon.
   LABES, Chilon, Macula.
   LABIA INTERNA seu MINORA, Nymphae
 —-1. Pudendi, Lips of the  vulva—1.  Pudendi
 minora, Nymphae.
   LABIAL, Labia'lis, from labium, 'a lip.'
   LABIAL, Orbicularis oris.
   Labial Artery. Haller and  Sabatier  call
 thus the facial artery of  the majority of anato-
 mists.  The labial arteries, properly so called,
 coronary arteries of the lips, (F.) Coronaires
 des levres, are two  in number.   The superior
 arises from the facial, above, and very close to,
 the commissure of  the lips.  It  is large  and
 tortuous, and  is distributed to the upper  lip.
 The lower arises from the facial, at a consider-
 able distance  from  the  commissure,  and pro-
 ceeds, in a serpentine course, into the substance
 of the lower lip, to which it is distributed.
   Labial Glands.  This name is given to a
 multitude of muciparous follicles, of some size,
 round, prominent, and separate from each other,
 which are found on the  inner surface of the lips,
 below the mucous membrane.
   Labial Veins are distinguished, like the ar-
 teries, into superior and inferior.   They open
 into the facial vein;—a division of the internal
jugular.
   LABIALIS, Orbicularis oris.
   LABIDOMETER, Labimeter.
   L ABIM'ETER, (F.) Labimhre ou Labidome-
tre, from Aa/Sic,  XajiiSoc, 'forceps,' and  /<fTg-.v,
'measure.'  A scale adapted to the handles of
the forceps, which indicates the distance of the
blades from each  other, when applied to the
head of the child in utero.
   LABIS, Forceps.
   LABIUM, Lip—1. Leporinum, Harelip—1.
Uteri, Amphideum.
   LABLAB, Dolichos  lablab.
   LABORANS, Sick.
   LA BORATOIRE, Laboratory.
   LABORATOR1UM, Laboratory—1. Chymi-
cum seu pharmaceuticum, Pharmacopoeia.
   LAB'ORATORY, Laborato'rium, Ergaste'-
rion,(F.) Laboratoire,fromlaborare, 'to work.'
A name given to any place for preparing che-
mical or pharmaceutical products, &c.
   LABORIOSUS, Sick.
                  LACCA

vagina.'  Inflammation of the vulva and of the
mucous membrane of the vagina.
  KYSTHOPTO SIS, from xto-fl t, 'the vagi-
na,' and  iwnu,,' I fall.'  Prolapsus  or  inver-
sion of the vagina.
  KYTTARRHA'GIA, from xvxra^ov,' an al-
veolus,'  and  or,yvui<i, 'I break  forth.'   Dis-
charge of blood from an alveolus.
   L ABO'RIOUS.  Delivery is said to be labo-
rious, Partus laborio'sus, Mogostoc'ia, (F.) Ac-
couchement laborieux, when attended with more
difficulty and suffering than usual.  With some,
laborious labour  means one  that requires the
use of instruments.   See Dystocia.
   LABOUR, Parturition—1. Difficult, Dystocia
—1. Morbid, Dystocia—1.  Pains, see Pains—1.
Premature, Parturition,(premature)—1. Preter-
natural,  Metatocia,  see Parturition—1. Show,
see Parturition.
   LABRISULCIUM, Cheilocace, Stomacace.
   LABRUM, Lip—1. Cerebri, Infundibulum of
the brain.
   LABRUSCA,  Bryonia alba.
   LAB'YRINTH, Labyrinth'us, Antrum  luc-
cino'sum.  A place, full of turnings, the  exit
of which is  not  easily discoverable.  Anato-
mists have given this name to the aggregate of
parts, constituting the internal ear, Labyrinth'-
us auris in'tima, In'tima pars or'gani audltus.
The Labyrinth is situate between the tympa-
num and meatus auditorius internus.  It is com-
posed of several  cavities, which communicate
with each other in the dried bone; as the vesti-
bule, cochlea,  semicircular canals, &c.  It is
lined by periosteum, and also by a pulpy mem-
brane, constituting the membranous labyrinth,
on which the auditory nerve is regularly dis-
persed.  This membrane forms two sacs in the
vestibule, called sac'culus  vestibuli and sac'-
culus, (q. v.) respectively, which  resemble in
shape that of the bony cavities containing them.
Each  sac contains  calcareous  matter, consti-
tuting the Otolithes and Otoconies.  When the
sac is laid open, upon the upper and outer part,
a partition appears, partaking of the  nature of
the sac, and called by Meckel, Septum vestib'-
uli nervo'so-membrana'ceum.
   Labyrinth, Membranous, see Labyrinth.
   LABYRINTHUS, Labyrinth—1. Auris Inti-
mae, see  Labyrinth.
   LAC,  Milk,  Lacca—1. Ammoniaci, Mistura
ammoniaci—1. Amygdalae, Emulsio amygdala?
—1. Asafcetidae,Mistura asafcetidae—1. Avis, Al-
bumen ovi—1. Guaiaci, Mistura Guaiaci—I
Gum, Lacca—1. Lunae, Marga Candida—1. Ma-
ris, Sperm—1. Primum Puerperae, Colostrum—
1.  Seed, Lacca—1. Shell, Lacca—1. Stick, Lacca
—1. Sulphuris, Sulphur praecipitatum—1. Terrae,
Magnesiae carbonas—1. Virginis, Virgin's milk.
   LACCA, from  lakah, Arab.   Gummi lacca,
Sdck-lac, Gum-lac,  Seed-lac,  Shell-lac,  (F.)
Laque.   Lac is a substance  formed  hy an in-
sect, and deposited on different species of trees,
chiefly in the East Indies,—for example, on Cro-
ton laccifernm,and two species of Ficus,—Ficut
religio'sa, and F. In'dica.  The various kinds,
L. 
LACERATION
483
LACTANS
distinguished in commerce, are stick-lac, which
is the substance in its natural state, investing
the small twigs of the tree; and seed-lac, which
is  the  same broken off.  When melted, it is
called shell-lac.
  Lac was, at  one time, used in  the form of
tincture, as a tonic and astringent; and it still
forms part of particular dentifrices.
  LACERATION, Lacera'tio, RhegS, Rheg-
mus,  Rhegma, Ruptu'ra, Rupture, from lace-
rare, 'to tear:'—Dilacera'tio, Sparag'ma, (F.)
Arrachement, Dichirement, Dilaceration.  The
act of tearing or rending.  The breach made by
tearing or rending; as a lacerated wound, Tresis
vulnus lacera'tum, Laceratu'ra, Vulnus lacera'-
tum.
   LACERATURA, see  Laceration.
   LACERTA, Lizard.
   LACERTI  CORDIS, Columnae carneae—1.
Musculorum, Muscular fasciculi.
   LACERTULI CORDIS, Columnae carneae.
   LACERTUS, Brachium, Muscle.
   LAC'ERUM.   Same  etymon.  Any  thing
torn, or appearing as if torn.
   Lac"erum  Fora'men  Ante'rius, (F.) Trou
dichiri antirieur, Hiatus spheno-pitreux, (Ch.)
is an irregular opening, formed by the sphenoid
and petrous portion of the temporal bone.  This
foramen transmits the third, fourth, and sixth
pairs of nerves and the first branch of the fifth
pair to the eye and its appendages.
   Lacerum  Foramen   Poste'rius, Foramen
jugula'rc,  F.  lacerum in Basi Cra'nii, (F.)
 Trou  dichiri postirieur, Hiatus occipito-pi-
treux, (Ch.) is formed  by the. occipital  bone,
and the inferior edge  of  the petrous  portion of
the temporal  bone.   Through it, the  internal
jugular vein, the  eighth pair of nerves, and  ac-
cessory nerve pass out of the cranium.
   LACHESIS PICTA, see Arrow-poison.
   Lachesis Rhombea'ta, Flammon.  A poi-
sonous  serpent common  in the lower forests of
 Peru.
   LACHRYM A, Tear; see, also, Vitis vinifera.
   L ACH'RYMAL, Lacryma'lis, from lac'ryma,
'a tear.'  Belonging to the tears.   This epithet
is given to various parts.
   Lachrymal Artery proceeds from the oph-
thalmic ; and distributes  its principal branches
to the lachrymal  gland.
   Lachrymal Canal or Duct,  Nasal Canal
or duct, Cana'lis lacryma'lis, Canalis or'bita
nasa'lis, Ductus nasa'lis orbitx, Cana'lis sacci
lacryma'lis, Ductus ad Nasum, is formed by
the superior maxillary bone,  os unguis, and os
turbinatum inferius; and is seated in the outer
paries of the nasal fossae. It is lined by a pro-
longation of the mucous membrane of the lach-
rymal sac; and its inferior orifice is furnished
with a valvular duplicature.   This duct trans-
mits the tears, which have been absorbed at the
great angle of the eye  by the puncta lacrymalia,
into the nasal  fossa.
   Lach'ry.mal Caruncle, seeCarunculalacry-
malis.
   Lachrymal Fossa,FossaseuFo'vea lacryma'-
lis, is  a slight depression at the upper part of
the orbit, which lodges the lachrymal gland.
   Lachrymal Gland,  Glan'dula lacryma'lis
sen innomina'ta   Gale'ni, is   seated in a  de-
pression of the  frontal bone at the  upper,
anterior, and outer part  of that orbit.  It is of
about  the  size of an  almond; and of an oval
shape,  flattened  above and below:—its great
diameter  being  the antero-posterior.   It  is
composed of several small lobules, united by
cellular tissue, and separated  by it as well as
by vessels and nerves which creep in the inter-
vals.   This gland has seven or eight excretory
ducts, which open behind the upper eyelid. Its
use is to secrete  the tears, and pour them on the
globe of the eye  by the excretory ducts.
  Lachrymal Groove, (F.) Gouttiere  lacry-
male, is the bony channel,  which lodges the
lachrymal sac.  It is seated at the anterior and
inner part of the orbit, and is formed by the os
unguis and the ascending process of the  upper
jaw bone.
  Lachrymal  Hernia, Lachrymal Tumourt
Her'nia Sacci Lacryma'lis, is  when the tears
enter the puncta, but cannot pass to the nose,
and accumulate.   By  Anel,  this was   called
Dropsy of the Lachrymal Sac.
  Lachrymal Nerve  is  the  smallest  of the
three branches formed by the ophthalmic nerve.
It is distributed, particularly to the lachrymal
gland and to the upper eyelid.   In its course it
gives off a  spheno-maxillary and a malar fila-
ment.
  Lachrymal Papilla, see Lachrymal Puncta.
  Lachrymal Passages, Via lacryma'les, (F.)
Voies lacrymales.  The organs concerned in the
secretion of tears, in spreading them over the
eye, and taking them up again to transmit them
into the nasal fossae.  The lachrymal passages
are composed of the lachrymal gland, caruncle,
puncta, ducts, lachrymal sac, and nasal duct.
  Lachrymal  Puncta, Puncta Lacryma'lia,
Spiramina Palpebrarum, (F.)  Points  lacry-
maux,  axe  two  small, round, and contractile
openings, situate in the centre  of a tubercle
or papilla, Pa/dlla lachrymdlis, Tuber'culum
lachryma'le, about a line and a half  distant
from the inner commissure of the eyelids, and
continuous  with the lachrymal ducts.   These
ducts,  Lacryma'les Canalic'uli, Cana'les seu
Ductus lacryma'les, Ductus lacrymales latera'-
les, D. punctdrum lacrymalinm, Cor'nua lac-
ryma'lia  seu lima'eum, Collic'ia punrto'rum
lacryma'Hum, Canalic'uli  lima'eum,  Cornua
Lima'eum,  (F'.) Conduits lacrymavx, are two
in number—a superior and an inferior—which
extend from the puncta to the lachrymal sac.
They  seem formed by a very delicate prolon-
gation of the conjunctiva, which is continuous
with the mucous  membrane of the lachrymal
sac, (F.) Reservoir des larmes:—the  Saccus
seu Sinus seu Lacus lacryma'lis, Dacryocys'-
tis, Infundib'ulum lacryma'le, Sactrus  lacry-
ma'lis.
  LACHRYMALTiBERCLE.seeLachrymal puncta.
  Lachrymal Veins accompany the artery of
the same name, and open into the ophthalmic
and palpebral veins.
  LACHRYMATIO, Epiphora.  Also, a pro-
fuse secretion of tears from any cause :—weep-
ing, Fle.tiis, Plora'tio, Plora'tus.
  LACINLE  TUBARUM FALLOPII,  see
Tube,  Fallopian.
  LAC IS, Plexus.
  LACMUS TINCTORIUS, Lichen roccella.
  LACONICUM, Vaporarium, see Stove.
  LACQ, Laqueus.
  LACRUMA,  Tear.
  LACRYMA, Tear.
  LACTANS, Nurse. 
LACTATION
484     LiEMOSTENOSIS SC1RRHOSA
  LACTATION, Lacta'tio,  Thela'sis,  The-
las'mus,  from lacteo, (lac, 'milk,') 'I suckle,'
' I give  milk.'   Suckling: — the giving  of
suck, (F.) Allaitement.   The  French  have
four  varieties of lactation.  1. Allaitement ma-
ternel—Maternal Lactation, when the mother
suckles the child.  2. A.  itranger mercenaire,
—when another suckles  it.  3. A.  artificiel,
when the child is brought up by hand.  4.  A.
animal, when the child is suckled by an animal.
  LACTEALS, Chyliferous vessels.
  LACTENS, Sucking child.
  LACTES, Mesentery, Pancreas.
  LACTEUS, Lactic.
  LACTIC, Lac'teus, Galac'ticus, Galac'tinus,
milky, from  lac, 'milk.'   Appertaining  to
milk.
  Lactic Acid,  Ac'idum  Lac'teum, Acid of
milk, Acidum Lactis,  (F.)  Acide Lactique.
This has been recommended as a therapeutical
agent in atonic  dyspepsia, owing to  its being
presumed to be one of the gastric acids secreted
in health.  It is given either in the form of le-
monade or of lozenges.  The acid is obtained
either from milk or from the juice of the red
beet.
  LACTICA, Typhoid.
  LACTICANS, Nurse.
  LACTICINIA, Parotid.
  LACTIFERE, Lactiferous.
  LACTIF'EROUS, Galactoph'orous,  Lac'ti-
fer,  (F.) Lactifere, from  lac, 'milk,' and fero,
'I carry.'  Milk-conveying.
  Lactiferous  Vessels, Lactiferous  Ducts,
 Tub'uli lactiferi vel Ductus lactiferi seu lac'-
tea,  (F.) Vaisseaux ou conduits lactifires, are
the excretory ducts of the mammary gland.
  Lactiferous or Lacteal Swelling.  A  tu-
mefaction of the breast, supposed by Sir Astley
Cooper to arise from a large collection of milk
in one of  the lactiferous tubes,  the result of
chronic inflammation of the tube near the nip-
ple, with closure  of its aperture,  and oblitera-
tion of the  canal for an inch or more.  The tube
requires  to be punctured.
  LACTIF'U&A, Lac'tifuge,fxomlac,' milk,'
and  fugo,  '1 drive away.'  Medicines  which
dispel milk.
  LACTIGO, Porrigo larvalis.
  LACTIN'IA, from lac,  'milk.'  Food pre-
 pared with milk.
  LACTIPOTOR, Galactopotes.
  LACTIS  REDUNDANTIA,  Galactia —1.
 Retentio,  Galactischesis — 1.   Sanguinolenti
 Excretio, Galactohaemia.
  LACTISUGIUM, Antlia lactea.
  LACTIVORUS, Galactophagous.
  LACTOMETER, Galactometer.
  LACTU'CA,  from  lac, 'milk;' so called,
 from its milky juice.  Lactuca Sati'va, Lettuce,
 Garden  Lettuce, Eunu'chium Meco'nis, Thri-
 dax, Cherbas, (F.) Laitue ordinaire, is used as a
 wholesome salad.  The  seeds possess a quan-
 tity of oil, which, when formed  into an emul-
 sion, has been advised in ardor urinae, &c.
   The inspissated juice, Lactuca'rium, Thrid'-
 acl, resembles, in odour and appearance, that
 of opium, and is, like it, narcotic, but uncer-
 tain.  Dose, gr. j to x and more.
   Lactuca Elongata, see L. virosa—1. Gra-
 veolens, L. virosa—1. Sylvestris, L. scariola.
   Lactuca Scari'ola, L. Sylves'tris, Scariola,
 (F.) Laitue Scariole, L. Sauvage, possesses a
stronger degree of bitterness than L. sativa.
It has similar virtues with the next.
  Lactuca  Viro'sa,  L. graveolens, Strong-
scented Lettuce, (F.) Laitue vireuse. The odour
of this plant, the leaves of which are used in
medicine, is strongly narcotic, and the taste bit-
ter.  They are narcotic, diuretic, and aperient;
and have been used in dropsies.  Lactu'ea elon-
ga'ta, or Wild Lettuce of the  United States,
has been employed for L. virosa.
  LACTUCIMEN, Aphtha}.
  LACTUCIMINA, Aphtha?.
  LACTUMEN, Porrigo larvalis.
  LACTUMINA, Aphthae.
  LACU'NA,from lacus, 'a lake or deep ditch.'
A Fossa or Ditch.  Anatomists have given this
name to small cavities in the mucous mem-
branes,  the  parietes of which secrete a viscid
humour.  Certain lacunae are but the excretory
orifices of mucous crypts.   They are very  visi-
ble in the rectum, vagina, urethra,  &c.  Some-
times lacuna is used synonymously with crypt.
  Lacuna, Crypta, Fontanella—1.  Cerebri, In-
fundibulum of the brain, Pituitary  gland.
  Lacuna  seu Sulcus seu  Sul'culus Labii
Superioris, Amab'ilB, Amato'rium, Philtrum,
Phile'trum.   The hollow of the upper lip under
the nose.
  LAOUNiE GRAAFIA'NJE,L.muco'sx vul-
va.  The mucous follicles of the vagina.
  Lacunje Mucosae Vulvae.  L.  Graafianae—1.
Palpebrarum, Meibomius, glands of.
  LACU'NAR, La'quear, 'an  arched roof.'
The roof of a chamber. Hence,
  Lacu'nar Or'bit.2E.  The roof of the orbit.
  Lacunar  Ventriculi   Quarti  Superior,
Valvula Vieussenii.
  LACUNE  DE LA  LANGUE,  Caecum
foramen.
  LACUS LACRYMALIS, Lachrymal sac.
  Lacus Lacryma'rum.  A small  space in the
inner angle of the eye between the lids, towards
which the tears flow,  and at which the triangu-
lar canal formed between the closed lids termi-
nates.
  LADA, Piper nigrum.
  LADANUM, see Cistus creticus.
  LAD END O, Influenza.
  LADIES' MANTLE, Alchemilla.
  LADIES' SLIPPER, YELLOW, Cypripe-
dium luteum.
  LADIES' SMOCK, Cardamine  pratensis.
  LADRER1E (F.), fxom xaifoog,' deformed.'
(F.) Liproserie, Maladrerie.  A vulgar name
for elephantiasis, or  lepra.  Also, an hospital
for the reception of the leprous, Leprosa'rium,
Domus leprosa'ria.
   LADYBIRD, Coccinella septempunctata.
   LADYBUG, Coccinella septempunctata.
   LADYCOW, Coccinella septempunctata.
   LADY CRESPIGNY'S PILLS, see Pilute
 Aloes et Kinae Kinae.
   LADY HESKETH'S  PILLS,  see Pilute
 Aloes et Kinae Kinae.
   LADY WEBSTER'S   PILLS, see Pilube
 Aloes et Kinae Kinae.
   LJEMOS, Pharynx.
   LiEMOSCIR'RHUS, Cancer pharyn'gis  et
 msoph'agi, Lamosteno'sis seu Dyspha'gia scir-
 rhoma; from \a<fjLO(, 'the pharynx or oesophagus.
 Cancer of the pharynx or oesophagus.
   L.^MOSTENOSIS  SCIRRHOSA, Laemo-
 scirrhus. 
l^sio
485       LANCE DE MAURICEAU
  LjESIO, Lesion.
  LiETIFIC ANTIA, fxomlatifico, (latus,and
facio,) ' I make glad.' Medicines formerly used
as cordials, in depression of spirits, &c.
  LJEVIGATIO, Levigation.
  L^VITAS INTESTINORUM, Lientery.
  LAGENTOMUM, Harelip.
  LAGNEA, Coition, Satyriasis, Sperm.
  LAGNEIA, Coition, Satyriasis, Sperm.
  LAGNESIS, Furor Foemininus, Nymphoma-
nia—1. Furor masculinus, Satyriasis—1. Salaci-
tas, Satyriasis.
  LAGNEUMA, Coition, Sperm.
  LAGNIA, Satyriasis.
  LAGNOSIS, Satyriasis.
  LAGOCHEILUS, Harelip.
  LAGONES, Flanks.
  LAGONOPONOS, Pleurodynia.
  LAGONTOMUM, Harelip.
  LAGOPHTHAL'MIA, from Xayog, 'a hare,'
and  oy&a.Kf*og,  'an eye.'   Lagophthal'mus,
Hare's Eye; Lepori'nus Oc'ulus, (F.)  QUil de
Lievre.  A vicious arrangement of the upper
eyelid, which is so retracted that it cannot co-
ver the globe of the eye during sleep.  It has
been asserted that this condition of the eye is
natural in the hare when asleep.
   LAGOPHTHALMUS, Lagophthalmia,  Ge-
um urbanum.
   LAGOSTOMA, Harelip.
   LAICHE,  Sarsaparilla  Germanica—I.  des
Sables, Sarsaparilla Germanica.
   LAIT, Milk—/. Adoucissant, Looch ex ovo—
I. d'Anesse, Milk, asses'—I. d'Amandes, Emul-
sio amygdalae—/. d'Asafatida, Mistura asafce-
 tidae—/. de Beurre,  Buttermilk—/. de  Brebis,
Milk,  ewes'—I. Cailli, Curds—I. de  Chhvre,
 Milk,  goats'—I. Epanclii, L.  r'epandu—I. de
 Femme,  Milk,  human—I. de  Jument, Milk,
 mares'—I. de Poule, see Ovum.
   LAIT RkPANDU,  (F.) Lait ipanchi. A
 popular  expression in France, under which is
comprehended every kind of disease (and  par-
ticularly vague pains) occurring after delivery,;
all being ascribed to diffusion or deposition of
milk.
   LAIT DE VACHE, Milk  of  the  cow—/.
 Virginal, Virgin's milk.
   LAITERON DOUX, Sonchus oleraceus.
   LAITIAT, (F.)   Sour whey, in which dif-
 ferent wild fruits have  been  macerated.   Said
 to  be  much used in the Jura  as a refreshing
 drink.
   LAITUE ORDINAIRE,  Lettuce—/. Sau-
 vage,  Lactuca  scariola—/.  Scadole, Lactuca
 scariola—/. Vireuse, Lactuca virosa.
   LAKEWEED, Polygonum hydropiper.
   LALIA, Voice, articulated.
   LALLATION,  Lalla'tio,  Lambdacis'mus,
 Labdacis'mus, Lullaby speech.  Sauvages  uses
 this term for a vicious  pronunciation, in which
 the letter L. is improperly doubled, or softened,
 or substituted for R.
   LAMAC, Acaciae gummi.
   LAMBDACISMUS, Lallation.
   LAMBDOID, Lambdoi'dal, Lambdo'i'des,
 Lambdo'des, Lambddideus, from the Greek let-
 ter A, XaupSa., and tiSoc 'shape,'' resemblance.'
 Anatomists have given  the name Lambdoidal
 Suture, Sutil'ra Lambdo'ida'lis seu lambdo'ides
 seu lambdo'idea, S. Prora to the suture, formed
 by the parietal  bones  and  the occipital, be-
 cause  it resembles the letter A, lambda, of the
Greeks.  It is  the Occipitoparietal suture—
Suture occipitale, (Ch.)  In this suture, the ossa
Wormiana  are most frequently met with; and
the denticulations are most distinctly marked.
  LAMB EAU, (F.)   A flap of flesh:—hence
Plaies a lambeavx, Flap-wounds,—Amputation
a lambeaux,—Flap operation of amputation.
  LAMBITIVUM, Eclectos.
  LAMBKILL, Kalmia latifolia.
  LAME,  Lamina—/. Cornie, Taenia semicir-
cularis—/. Ruyschienne, Ruyschiana tunica.
  LAMELLA, Lamina.
  LAMEL'LAR, Lamello'sus, Laminated,(F.)
Lamelleux, Lammeux, composed of thin lami-
nae or leaves—as the Lamellar or laminated
tissue ; i. e. the cellular tissue.
   LAMELLEUX, Lamellar.
   LAMENESS, Claudication.
   LAMINA, Lamella, (F.) Lame.   A thin,
flat part of a bone;   a  plate or table,  as the
cribriform  lamina or plate of the ethmoid bone.
Lamina and Lamella  axe generally used syno-
nymously; although  the latter is properly a
diminutive of the former.
   Lamina  Cribrosa   Ossis Ethmoidei,  see
Cribli—1. Medullaris triangularis cerebri, Lyra
—1. Prima cutis, Epidermis.
   Lamina  Peritonei Externa.  The outer
lamina or fold of the peritonaeum.
   Lamina  Spira'lis, Septum  scala,  Septum
coch'lea atidito'ria.   A partition  between the
scalae of the cochlea.   The largest part of this
next the modtolus is formed of bone.   The re-
mainder, or that part  next the  opposite side of
the scalae,  is composed of a cartilaginous mem-
brane, called, by Valsalva, Zona Cochiex.  By
some anatomists, the  lamina is divided into a
Zona os'sea, and Z. mollis.  By others, it is con-
sidered to  consist of' four laminae, when ex-
amined with a strong  glass : a Zona os'sea, next
to the modiolus—a Zona coria'cea, on the outer
side of this: a Zona  vesiculalris—and a Zona
membrana'cea, which is,  perhaps, the  lining
membrane of the cochlea.
   Laminje SpoNGiosiE Nasi, Turbinated bones.
   LAMINA'RIA DIGITA'TA, Tangle.  One
of the Algae eaten in Scotland,  and  hawked
about the streets  with the Pepper-dulse.
   The leaf of a sea-weed—a species of Lamina-
ria is employed  in the Himalayas under the
name of goitre leaf, so called because chewed
by the inhabitants where goitre prevails.
   LAMINATED, Lamellar.
   LAMINEUX, Lamellar.
   LA'MIUM ALBUM, Urti'ca mor'tua,  Ga-
leop'sis  Archangel ica, Dead  Nettle,  White
Arch'angel Nettle, (F.) Ortie  blanche, Ortie
morte.  Infusions  of this plant have been recom-
mended in uterine hemorrhage, and leucorrhcea.
It is not used.
   Lamium  Montanum, Melittis  melissophyl-
lum—1. Rubrum, Galeopsis.
   LAMOTTE, MINERAL  WATERS OF,
These thermal springs are in the department of
Isere, France. Temperature,  184°.
   LAMPOURDE, Xanthium.
   LAMPROPHO'NUS, from \*/ave,og, 'clear,'
and (pwvrj, ' voice.'  One who has a clear voice.
   LAMPSANA, Lapsana.
   LAMPYRIS, Cicindela.
   LANA PHILOSOPHORUM, Zinci oxydum.
   LANARIA, Saponaria, Verbascum  nigrum.
   LANCE DE  MAURICEAU, (F.) An in- 
LANCEOLA
486
LAPIS
 strument invented by Mauriceau for perforating
 the head of the fcetus.  A perforator.
   LANChOLA, Lancet.
   LANCET, Lance ola, Lancet'ta, Schaste'rion,
 Scalprum ch rur'gicum, (F.) Lancette,—diminu-
 tive of lancea,  ' a lance.'  A surgical instru-
 ment, used in the operation of phlebotomy.  It
 is  composed of two parts, the handle, (F.)
 Chasse, and the blade, (F.) Lame.  The former
 is made of two small plates  of ivory, bone, or
 shell,  moveable on the blade for whose preser-
 vation they are intended.   The blade is formed
 of  well polished  steel.  Lancets  are made of
 different shapes; some  being broad-shouldered
 —others, spear-pointed.   The  French distin-
 guish  three kinds: L Lancette a grain d'orge,
 which on account of the almost oval shape of
 its point makes a large opening.  2. The L. a
 langue de serpent, which is very narrow towards
 the point;  and, 3. The L.  a  grain d'avoine,
 which holds a medium station between the two
 former, and is generally preferred.
   The Abscess Lancet is merely a large lancet
 for the purpose of opening  abscesses.
   LANCE ITA, Lancet.
   LANCETTE, Lancet.
   LANCETTIER, (F.)   A lancet case.
   LANCINANT, Lancinating.
   LANCINATING, Lan'cinans,  from land-
 nare, (lancea, 'a lance,')  'to strike or thrust
 through.' (F.) Lancinant, (substantive klance-
 ment.)  A  species of pain, which consists in
 lancinations or shootings, similar to those that
 would  be produced by the  introduction of a
 sharp instrument into the suffering  part.  It is
 especially in cancer  that this  kind of  pain is
 felt.
  LAND'S END, CLIMATE  OF.  The cli-
 mate of the Land's End, in England, resembles
 that of the south of  Devonshire, but is more
 relaxing.   It is considered  to be most likely to
 prove beneficial in consumptive cases, in which
 the disease is accompanied  by an irritated state
 of the  pulmonary mucous membrane, producing
 a dry  cough.   Where the  system  is relaxed,
 and the secretion from the lungs considerable,
 the climate, it is conceived, will generally prove
 injurious.  As a  brumal retreat, the southern
 coast of Devonshire would seem to be prefera-
 ble to it.
  LANGEAC, MINERAL WATERS OF—
 Acidulous, mineral waters at Langeac, in the
 department of Haute-Loire, France.  They are
 employed as refrigerant, aperient, and diuretic.
 They contain carbonic acid, carbonates of soda
 and magnesia, and a little iron.
  LAN Gil AQUA EPILEP'TICA, Epilep'tic
 Water  of Langius, formerly  employed against
 epilepsy.  It was  composed of the flowers of
convallaria  and  lavender,  Spanish wine,  cin-
namon, nutmeg, mistletoe, peony and dittany
roots, long pepper, cubebs, and rosemary flowers.
  LANGUE, Tongue—/. Abaisseur de la, Glos-
socatochus—/. de Carpe, see Lever—/, de Cerf,
 Asplenium scolopendrium—/. de Chien, Cyno-
glossum—/. de  Serpent, Ophioglossum  vulga-
tum.
  LANGUEUR, Languor.
  LANGUOR,  Aph'esis, (F.)  La.ngueur.  A
species of atony, depression, or debility, which
generally comes on slowly.
  L ANT A'NA, Sage Tree, Blueberry, (F.)Cail-
hau. The leaves of this indigenous plant form a
 fine-scented tea like L. Camaraox Bahama Tea;
 and L. Pseudothe'a or Brazil Tea.  The tea is
 used as a diaphoretic.
   LANU'GO,  Pili cutis, Pluma,  from Lana
 ' wool.'   The soft fine hair on different parts of
 the body, especially of the young.
   Lanugo  Prima,  Geneias—1. Pudendorum
 Pubes—1. Siliquae hirsutae, see  Dolichos pru!
 riens.
   LANUVIUM, Vulva.
   LAONI'CA  CURATIO seu  CURA.   A
 mode of treating the gout, which  consisted in
 the employment of local applications, proper
 for evacuating the morbific matter.(?)
   LAOS, Tin.
   LAPACTICUS, Cathartic, Laxative.
   LAPARA, Abdomen, Flanks, Lumbi.
   LAPAROCE LE, from Ka/iuoa, 'the lumbar
 region,' and xr{Xn, 'rupture.'  Lumbar Hernia
 through a separation of the fibres of the quad-
 ratus lumborum, and a protrusion of  the apo-
 neurosis of the transverse muscle, on the out-
 side of the mass common to the sacro-lumbalis
 and longissimus dorsi.—Cloquet.
   LAPAROCYSTOTOMIA, see Lithotomy.
   LAPARO-ELYTROTOMIA, Ceesarean Sec-
 tion.
   LAPARO-ENTEROT'OMY,Lap'aro-«nrero.
 tom'ia; from Xava^a, the ' lumbar  region,'the
 'abdomen;' tvftQov, ' intestine,' and to^i/, 'in-
 cision.'  The operation of opening the abdomen
 and intestinal canal, for the removal of disease.
   LAPAROSCOPIA,  Abdominoscopia.
   LAPAROTOMY, see Gastrotomy.
   LAPATHOS, Rumex acutus—1. Aquaticum,
 Rumex hydrolapathum—1. Chinense, Rheum—
 1.  Orientale, Rheum—1. Sanguineum,  Rumex
 sanguineus—1.  Unctuosurfi,  Chenopodium bo-
 nus Henricus.
   LAPE, Mucus.
   LAPIDIL'LUM, from  Lapis,  'a stone.'
 Blasius has given this name to a  kind of scoop,
 used, in his time, for extracting stone from the
 bladder.
   LAPILLATIO, Lithia.
   LAPILLI GLANDULiE  PINEALIS, see
 Pineal gland.
   LAPIL'LUS, diminutive of Lapis,'a stone.'
 A small stone ; gravel; a grain of sand.
   LAPIS, Calculus—1. Accipitrum, Hieracites
 —1. Aerosus,  Calamina—1.  Ammoniaci, see
 Ammoniac gum—1. Animalis, Blood—1. Ar-
 menius, Melochites—1. Aureus, Urine—1. Bezo-
 ardicus, Bezoar—1. Caeruleus, Cupri sulphas—
 1. Calaminaris, Calamina—1. Carneolus, Corne-
 lian—1. Causticus, Potassa cum calce—1. Caus-
 ticus, Potassa fusa—1.  Collymus, ^Etites—1.
 Contrayervae, Pulvis  contrayervae compositus
 —1. Cyanus, L. lazuli.
   Lapis  Divi'nus, L. Ophthalmicus seu Oph-
 thalmicus St. Ivesii.  (Cupri sulphat.,alumin.
 Potass, nitrat. aa £j.   Melt together, adding  at
 the end Camphor £js.)  Employed to make an
 eye-water, gij ad Aqua §iv.
  Lapis Fulmineus, Ceraunion—1. Hematites,
 Haematites—1. Heracleus, Magnet—1. Infernalis,
 Argenti nitras—1. Infernalis alkalinus, Potassa
 fusa—1. Infernalis sive septicus, Potassa cum
 calce—1. Judaicus, Judaeus (lapis.)
  Lapis Laz'uli, Lapis Cy'anus, Asitlci, Lat1'
ulite, (F.) Pierre  d'azur, Outremer.  A stone,
of a beautiful blue colour: opake: and close-
grained; fracture, dull.  It is composed of silex; 
LAPPA
487
LARYNGITIS
alumine; carbonate and sulphate of lime; oxide
of iron, and water.  It was formerly looked upon
as a  purgative and emetic, and given in epi-
lepsy.
  Lapis  Malucensis, Bezoard of the  Indian
porcupine—1.  Nauticus,  Magnet—1. Ophthal-
micus, L. Divinus—1. Ophthalmicus St. Ivesii,
L. Divinus—1. Phcenicites, Judaeus  (lapis)—1.
Porcinus, Bezoard  of the Indian porcupine—1.
Prunellae, Potassae  nitras fusus sulphatis pau-
cillo mixtus—1. Sardius, Cornelian—1. Septicus,
Causticum commune—1.  Septicus, Potassa fusa
—1.  Specularis, S.  lucidum—1. Syderitis, Mag-
net—1. Syriacus, Judaeus (lapis)—1. Vini, Po-
tassae supertartras impurus.
  LAPPA, Arctium lappa, Galium aparine,Lip-
pitudo—1. Minor, Xanthium.
  LAPPULA HEPATICA, Agrimony.
  LAPSA'NA, Lampsa'na, Na'pium, Papilla-
ris  herba, Dock-cresses, Nipple-Wort,  ( F. )
Lampsane, Herbe aux Mamelles.   This plant is
a lactescent  bitter.  It has  been chiefly em-
ployed, however, as an external application to
sore nipples, &c.
  LAPSUS PILORUM,  Alopecia.
  LAQ,  Laqueus.
  LAQUE, Lacca.
  LAQUEAR, Lacunar.
  La'quear  Vagi'njE, Fundus Vagina.  The
part of the vagina in which the cervix uteri ter-
minates.
  LAQUEUS,  Funis.   A  cord, ligature  or
bandage, with running knots;—a Noose, a loop,
Brochos,  Pach'etos, (F.) Lay ou Lacq.  The
term is applied  to a bandage or  fillet of any
kind, attached by means of a loop upon any
part, with the view of fixing it;  as in  certain
cases of labour, where a hand or foot presents;
or to facilitate extension in luxations and frac-
tures.
  Laqueus Gut'turis, ' Noose of the throat.'
Violent inflammation of the tonsils, in which
the patient appears as if  suffocated by a noose.
According to  some, gangrenous cynanche.
  LARCH, Pinus larix.
  LARD, Adeps suilla.
  LARDACk, Lardaceous.
  LARDA'CEOUS, Larda'ceus, Lar'deus,
 Lardiform, Lardifor'mis, (F.) Lardaci; from
lardum,  ' lard,'  the fat of bacon.   An epithet
given to certain organic alterations  in the tex-
tures, whose aspect and consistence resemble
 lard.
  LARDEUS, Lardaceous.
  LARDIFORM, Lardaceous.
   LARGE, Broad.
   LARIX, Pinus larix.
   LARKSPUR,  BRANCHING, Delphinium
consolida.
   LARME, Tear.
   LARMOIEMENT, Epiphora.
  LA-ROCHE POSAY, MINERAL WATERS
OF.  Simple  sulphurous waters in the depart-
 ment of Vienne, France.
  LARVA, Mask.
  LARYNGE,  Laryngeal.
  LARYNGE'AL, Larynge'us, (F.) Laryngi,
 Laryngien.   Same etymon as Larynx.  That
which belongs to the larynx.
   Laryngeal Arteries are given off from the
 thyroid arteries.
   Laryngeal Nerves, (F.)  Nerfs Laryngis,
are  two  in number;—a  superior  and inferior.
The superior laryngeal nerve is given off from
the trunk of the pneumogastric, at  the  upper
and deep part of the  neck.  It passes down-
wards and inwards, behind the  internal carotid
artery, and divides into two secondary branches;
the one, external, which distributes its filaments,
on the  outside of the larynx, to the sterno-thy-
roid, hyo-thyroid, constrictor  inferior,  crico-
thyroid muscles, &c.  The other, the internal,
which  crosses  the thyro-hyoid  membrane, and
gives filaments to the epiglottis, the  mucous
membranes of the  pharynx and larynx, to  the
arytenoid gland, the arytenoid and crico-thyroid
muscles, and ultimately anastomoses with  the
inferior laryngeal nerve.  The inferior laryn-
geal nerves or recur'rents, Nervi reversi'vi, Ra-
meaux Trachiaux(Chaus.,)axise from the trunk
of the pneumogastric within the thorax.   They
ascend in the furrow,  which separates the tra-
chea from the oesophagus, to be distributed  on
the neck, after having  been reflected;—the  left
around the arch of the aorta; the right, around
the corresponding  subclavian.   They send  off
filaments to the cardiac  plexuses; to the pari-
etes of the oesophagus, and trachea; to the thy-
roid gland:  to the inferior constrictor of the
pharynx;  the posterior and lateral crico-aryte-
noid and thyro-arytenoid muscles; and  to the
mucous membrane of the pharynx and larynx.
  Laryngeal Phthisis, Phthisis laryngeal—1.
Sound, Laryngeche.
  Laryngeal Veins  open into the internal
jugular.  Winslow gives the name laryngeal to
the superior thyroid artery.
  Laryngeal Voice,  see Voice.
  LARYNGE'CHE,from Xagvyt,'the larynx,'
and n^l or jio^oc, 'sound.'  The laryngeal  sound
heard by the stethoscope during breathing  and
speaking.
   LARYNGIEN, Laryngeal.
   LARYNGISMUS  STRIDULUS,  Asthma
thymicum.
   LARYNGITE, Laryngitis—/. Muqueuse,
Laryngitis (simple)—/. CEdimateuse,  ffidema
of  the glottis—/.  QZdimateuse et siro-puru-
lente, ffidema of the glottis—/. avec Production
de Fausses membranes, Cynanche trachealis—/.
Pseudo-membraneuse, Cynanche trachealis—/.
avec Sicrition de Pus,  Phthisis  laryngea—/.
Sus-glottique, ffidema of the  glottis—/. Stri-
duleuse, Asthma thymicum—/. Sous-muqueuse,
ffidema of the glottis.
   LARYNGITIS, from Larynx, and itis, a
suffix denoting inflammation; Inflamma'tio  La-
ryn'gis,  Cynanche larynge'a,  Angi'na laryn-
gea, (F.) Laryngite,  Catarrhe laryngien,  An-
sine  laryngi,  Inflammation of the Larynx.
This disease, in some measure, resembles croup;
but is  usually devoid of that peculiar sonorous
inspiration, which attends the  latter.   There
is, also, pain  upon pressing the larynx; and,
whilst laryngitis is a disease of more advanced
life, croup attacks children.   The membrani-
form exudation is, also, absent; probably, be-
cause the inflammation, being seated above the
glottis, the coagulable lymph is readily expec-
torated.   It  requires the most active  treat-
ment.
   Simple Laryngitis is called by some mucous
Laryngitis, Laryngitis acu'ta, L. muco'sa acuta,
(F.) Laryngite muqueuse, to distinguish it from
submucous Laryngitis or ffidema of the glot-
tis. 
LARYNGOCACE
488
LATERITIOUS
   Chronic Laryngitis is  generally regarded as
synonymous with  laryngeal  phthisis;  but it
may exist independently.
   Laryngitis Acuta, Laryngitis—1. Chronic,
see Phthisis Laryngea—1.  Mucosa acuta, La-
ryngitis—1.  Mucous,  Laryngitis (simple)—1.
ffidematous, ffidema of the glottis—1. Seropuru-
lenta, ffidema glottidis—1. Submucous, ffidema
of the  glottis—1. et Tracheitis chronica,  see
Phthisis laryngea—1.  et  Tracheitis infantilis,
Cynanche trachealis.
   LARYNGOCACE, Cynanche trachealis.
   LARYNGO-CATAR'RHUS, Catarrhus La-
ryngeus et trachea'lis.  Catarrh affecting  the
larynx and trachea more especially, as indicated
by alteration of the voice—hoarseness—itching
and sensation of  burning  in those parts; short
cough and  expectoration, &c.
   LARYNGO - ET -TRACHEO -PHTHISIS,
Phthisis laryngea.
   L ARYNGOG' RAPHY,  Laryngogra'phia;
from  xaovyt, 'the larynx,'and yg*<?q, 'a  de-
scription.'  An  anatomical description of  the
larynx.
   LARYNGOL'OGY, from x*gvy$, 'the  la-
rynx,' and xoyog, ' treatise.' A treatise on  the
larynx.
   LARYNGOPH'ONY, Tracheoph'ony, Laryn-
geal voice, Tracheal voice; from Larynx, and
yuvi], ' voice.'   The  sound  heard  in  health,
when the stethoscope is placed over the larynx
or trachea, at the time a person speaks.  The
voice appears to pass immediately up to the ear
of the  auscultator.   A similar  physical sign
exists when  there is a cavity in the lungs, and
the instrument is placed over it whilst the pa-
tient speaks.  See Pectoriloquy.
   LARYNGOPHTHISIS, Phthisis laryngea.
   LARYNGOSTASIS, Cynanche trachealis.
   LARYNGOSTENO'SIS;  from *agu>£, 'the
larynx,' and  otsv&xti?,' contraction.'  Contrac-
tion or narrowness of the  larynx.
   LARYNGOT'OMY, Laryngotom'ia,  from
xa.pvy£, 'the  larynx,'and  rtfivuv,'to cut.'   A
surgical operation,  which consists in  opening
the larynx, either to extract a foreign body, or
to remedy an obstruction of the glottis.  The
operation  is, sometimes, erroneously  called
Bronchotomy and Tracheotomy.
   LARYNGO-TRACHEITIS,  Cynanche tra-
chealis—1. Tracheitis with Diphtheritic exuda-
tion, Cynanche trachealis.
   LAR'YNX, X^xjyl,  ('a  whistle.')   Caput
seu Oper'culum seu Init'ium seu Finis supe'rior
seu Ter'minus superior seu Pars primi as'pera
arte'ria.  The  apparatus  of voice is situate at
the superior and anterior part of the neck; and at
the top of the trachea, with which it communi-
cates.   It is  composed of four  cartilages,—the
thyroid, cricoid,  and two  arytenoid; is moved
by a number of muscles, and lined by a mucous
membrane, having certain membranous reflec-
tions, constituting the superior ligaments of the
glottis, &c.

        Parts composing the Larynx.
1.  Cartilages,
C Thyroid.
) Cricoid.
j Two Aryt
£ Epiglottis.
,-tenoid.
2. Muscles.  ■{
I
Extrinsic,
Intrinsic,
  Sterno-thyroid.  '
  Constrictors of the
    pharynx.
  All the  muscles of
    the hyoid region.
 r Crico-thyroid.
  Crico-arytenoid, pos-
    terior.
  Cryco arytenoid, la-
    teral.
| Thyro arytenoid.
[ Arytenoid.
3. Mucous Membrane,
                        C Epiglottic.
4. Glands,.............^ Arytenoid.
                          Thyroid
5. Membranes,
{ Thyro-hyoid.
{ Crico-thyroid.
6. Ligaments,......... \ Crico-arytenoid.
    s                   ( 1 hyro-arytenoid.
  The vessels and  nerves of the larynx are
called laryngeal.
  The larynx is destined to give passage to the
air, in the act of respiration, and to impress
upon it certain modifications, which constitute
voice.   Its  dimensions vary in different in-
dividuals.  In  men,  it is always  larger,  and
situate lower than in women.
  Larynx, Pellicular or Plastic Inflamma-
tion of the, Cynanche trachealis.
  LAS'ANUM, Sella familiar ica, (F.) Chaist
percie.  A close stool.
  LASC1V1A, Satyriasis.
  LASCIVITAS, Satyriasis.
  LASCIVUS, Libidinous.
  LASER, Laserpitium—/. a Larges feuilles,
Laserpitium latifolium.
  LASERPIT'TUM,  Laser,  Sil'phium, om(
aixipiov.  A term applied, anciently, both to a
plant and its  juice, with the nature of neither
of which we possess any precise  information,
Bentley, Laurence,  Geoffroi, &c.-, regard it to
have been the same as asafcetida:—Theophras-
tus,  Dioscorides, and  the ancient scholiast of
Aristophanes, however, by assigning a sweet
and agreeable flavour  to the  laserpitium, dis-
countenance  the  idea.  From  whatever plant
obtained, it was  so  rare, and consequently so
costly, that  the  Romans deposited it in the
public  treasury.  It  was obtained from Cyrene
—Succus Cyrena'icus—and likewise from Per-
sia—the latter being  the most valuable.  The
Laserpitium is called by Avicenna, Altikit.
  Laserpitium Latifo'lium,  Gentia'na alba,
White  Gentian, Cerva'ria alba;  (F.) Laser a
larges  feuilles.  The root of this plant is bitter
and tonic.
  Laserpitium Siler,Ses'eli,S'dermonta'num;
Heart-wort, Sermountaiu.  The seeds and roots
are possessed of aromatic properties.
  LASSITUDE  OCULAIRE, Copyopia.
  LASSITUDO, Copos.
  LATENS  IN  ORE, Pterygoideus internus.
  LATENT, Latens, from latere, ' to lie hid.'
' Lying hid,' ' concealed.'  An epithet applied
to certain diseases or states of disease, in which
the symptoms  are  so concealed and obscure,
morbi occulti, as to  escape the observation of
the physician.  Thus, we say latent inflamma-
tion, latent period of small-pox.
  LATERITTOUS, Lateril'.us, Lateric'ivs,
from later, 'a  brick.'  An epithet applied to
the brick-like sediment, occasionally deposit 
89                LAURUS
        LATESCENTIS CHORDAE       4

in the urine of people afflicted  with fever.
Sedimen'tum nri'n-SB lateric'ium.
  LATESCENTIS  CHORDS   (Musculus),
Palmaiis  longus.
  LATEX  NIVEUS, Milk.
  LATHYRIS, Euphorbia lathyris.
  LATIB'ULUM, from lotto, ' I lie hid.'  The
foyer of a febrile poison; whence  it spreads to
every part to induce a paroxysm.   See Clapier.
  LATTCA.  Same etymon.  Amphimerina
lat'ica of Sauvages.   A species of quotidian re-
mittent, whose  paroxysms are very long, and
which is  accompanied  with latent heat (?)
whence its name.
  LATICES LACTEI, Receptaculum chyli.
  LATIS'SIMUS COLLI, Platysma myoides.
  Latissimus Dorsi, Aniscalp'tor,  Brachium
movens quartus, (F.)  Lombo-humeral, (Ch.,)
Dorsi-lombo-sacro-humiral, Muscle grand dor-
sal, M. tres large du  dos.   A  flat  muscle;
broad, especially  below:  thin; quadrilateral;
and situate at the posterior, lateral and inferior
region of the trunk.  It is attached to the pos-
terior half of the  outer lip to the crest of the
ilium; to  the posterior surface of  the sacrum;
to the spinous processes of the six  or seven last
dorsal vertebrae, to all those of the loins, and
to the last four false ribs, and is inserted by a
strong tendon at  the posterior edge of the bi-
cipital groove of the humerus.  Its upper fibres
are almost horizontal: the middle very long and
oblique upwards and outwards: and the anterior
almost vertical.  This  muscle carries the arm
backwards, depressing  it, and making it turn
on its axis.  It also draws backwards and down-
wards the prominence of the shoulder.  When,
suspended by an arm, we make an effort to raise
ourselves, it draws the trunk towards the arm.
It can, also,  raise the ribs by assuming its fixed
point on the humerus, and become an inspira-
tory muscle.
  LATITUDO HUMERI, Scapula.
  LATTICE  WORK, Cancelli.
  LATUS, Broad—1. Ani, Levator ani.
  LAU, see Spirit.
  LAUCA'NIA,  Leuca'nia, Lau'chant,  from
Xolvu,  ' I  enjoy,'  ' I take.'  The fauces and
oesophagus.  Also, the chin.—Gorraeus.
  LAUCHANE, Laucania.
  LAUD'ANUM or LAUDA'NUM.  Perhaps
from  laus,  ' praise;'  lauda'tum,  ' praised.'
Every preparation  of  opium, solid or liquid,
but more particularly the extract  and tincture,
and especially the latter.
  Laudanum Abba'tis Rousseau, Gutta Ab-
batis Rousseau, Vinumopia"tumfermentatio'ne
para'tum,  Abbe Rousseau's Drops. (Mel.  Nar-
bonnens, 5xij, aqua calida Oiij. Set in a warm
place, and, as soon as  the mixture ferments,
add opium ffw, dissolved in water, f.  ,^xij. Let
it ferment for a month,  and evaporate to f. §x:
strain, and add rectified spirit of wine ^ivss.)
  Laudanum,  Ford's, Vinum  opii—1. Liquid,
Tinctura opii—1. Liquidum Hoffmanni, Vinum
opii—1. Liquidum  Sydenhami, Vinum opii—1.
Opiatum, Extractum opii—1. Simplex, Extrac-
tum opii.
  LAUGH,  Risus—1. Sardonic, Canine laugh.
  LAUGHING, Risus.
  LAUGHTER, Risus.
  LAUREL, Kalmia latifolia, Magnolia macro-
phylla— \. Broad-leaved, Kalmia  latifolia — 1.
        32
Cherry, Prunus lauro-cerasus — 1.  Common,
Prunus lauro-cerasus—1. Dwarf, Kalmia angus-
tifolia—1.  Mountain, Kalmia latifolia, Rhodo-
dendron—1. Narrow-leaved, Kalmia angustifo-
lia—1. Poison, Prunus lauro-cerasus—1.  Rose,
Kalmia latifolia—1. Sheep, Kalmia angustifo-
lia—1. Swamp, Kalmia glauca—1. Sweet, Illi-
cium Floridanum—1. Water, see Prunus lauro-
cerasus—1. White, Magnolia glauca.
  LAURENT,  SAINT, MINERAL  WA-
TERS OF.   A thermal spring, five leagues
from Joyeuse in France.  Temp. 127° Fahr.
  LAURENTIA  PINNATIF'IDA, Pepper-
dulse.  One of the Algae,  eaten in  Scotland,
and hawked about the  streets of Edinburgh
along with Lamina'ria digit a1 ta or Tangle.
  LAUREOLA, Daphne laureola.
  LAURIER, Laurus—/. Alexandrin, Ruscus
hypoglossum—/. Amandier, Prunus lauro-cera-
sus—/. Cirise, Prunus lauro-cerasus—/.  Rose,
Nerium oleander.
  LAURO-CERASUS, Prunus lauro-cerasus.
  LAURUS, Laurus nobilis, Daph'nS, Sweet
Bay.   Nat. Ord.  Laurineae.   (F.)  Laurier.
The leaves  and  berries have a sweet, fra-
grant smell, and an aromatic, astringent taste.
Sweet bay has been advised as a stomachic and
carminative, but is now rarely used.   It  is,
sometimes, employed  as  a fomentation and  in
glysters; and  the  berries are an ingredient in
the Emplastrum Cumini.
  Laurus Alexandrina Angustifolia,  Rus-
cus hypoglossum—1. Camphora, see Camphor.
  Laurus Ben'zoin, Benzoin odoriferum, Lau-
rus Pseudo-benzoin, Spice  wood, Spice bush,
Allspice bush, Wild allspice, Spice berry, Fever
wood, Fever bush.  An indigenous shrub, grow-
ing in moist, shady places  in  all parts of the
United States;  flowering early in spring.  All
parts of the shrub have a spicy, agreeable fla-
vour, which is strongest  in the bark and ber-
ries.  An infusion  or decoction of the  small
branches is used in popular practice as a ver-
mifuge, and agreeable drink in low fevers. The
bark has been used in intermittents; the ber-
ries, dried and powdered, for allspice.   The
oil of the berries is used as an excitant.
  Laurus Cas'sia. The species of laurus which
yields the Cassia lig'nea, Casia, Cassia cinna-
mo'mea, Cortex Canella Malabar'ica, Cassia
lignea Malabar'ica, Xylo-cassia, Canella Ma-
labarica et Javen'sis, Canella  Cuba'na, Arbor
Judaica, Cassia Canella, Canellifera Mala-
bar'ica, Cortex cras'sior, Cinnamo'mum Mala-
bar'icum, C. In'dicum, C. Sinen'sS, Calihac'ha
canella, Wild Cinnamon, Malabar Cinnamon,
Cassia. (F.) Cannelle de Malabar ou de Java
ou de la Chine ou des Indes ou de Coromandel,
C. fausse, C. matte, Casse en bois, Casse aro-
matique.   The bark and leaves abound  with
the flavour of cinnamon, for which they may be
substituted;  but they are much weaker.  The
unopened  flower  buds are  used in the same
manner.
  Laurus  Cinnamo'mum, Cinnamo'mum,  C.
Zeylan'icum, Darse'ni,  Darsi'ni,  Cinnamon,
Xylo-cinnamomum,  Cuurdo  Canella.   (F.)
Cannelle, Baume de Cannelle, Cannelle offici-
nale.  Cinnamon bark, which  is obtained also
from the Cinnamo'mum aromat'icum, is stimu-
lant and carminative, and is employed, chiefly,
as a grateful aromatic, to cover the taste of nau-
seous remedies.  Dose, gr. x. to 9j.  The.Flow- 
LAUTISSIMA VINA
490
LEATHER FLOWER
ars, called Cassix Flores in the shops, possess
aromatic and  astringent virtues, and may be
used wherever cinnamon is required.  The vo-
latile oil of the bark—O'leum Cinnamo'mi—Oil
of Cinnamon, is officinal in the Pharm. U. S.
  Laurus Culil'awan, Cinnamo'mum Culila-
wan.  The tree that affords the Cortex Culila-
wan, Culilawan,  Culitlawan, Cortex caryo-
phyllo'ides, C.  Caryophylloides Amboinerlsis.
This bark resembles the  sassafras  in  appear-
ance and properties, and  is used in Java as a
condiment.
  Laurus Malabathrum, see Malabathrum—
1. Nobilis, Laurus—1. Pseudobenzoin, L. Ben-
zoin.
  Laurus Sas'safras, Sassafras, Cornus mas
odora'ta, Anhuiba, Ague-free.  Indigenous in
the United States.  Sassafras wood and root,
and especially the bark of the root, Sassafras
Radi'cis Cortex (Ph. U. S.) have been consi-
dered stimulant,  sudorific  and diuretic.   The
virtues depend upon essential  oil, Oleum Sas-
safras, the odour of which is not unlike that of
fennel.   It has been used in cutaneous diseases,
chronic rheumatism, &c.
  The  pith  of the stems, Sassafras medulla,
abounds in gummy matter, which it readily
imparts to water, forming a limpid mucilage,
which  is much employed as  a collyrium in
ophthalmia, and as a drink in dysentery, ca-
tarrh, &c, (one dram of the pith to a pint of
boiling water.)
  LAUTIS'SIMA  VINA.  Wines  were  for-
merly so called,  which were strongly impreg-
nated with myrrh.
  LAVAMENTUM, Clyster, Enema.
  LAVANDE, Lavendula.
  LAVANDULA, Lavendula.
  LAVEMENT, Clyster, Enema—/. Anti-
spasmodique, Enema foetidum.
  LAVENDER, COMMON,Lavendula—l.Sea,
Statice  limonium, Statice Caroliniana.
  LAVEN'DULA, from  lavo, 'I  wash;' so
called  from  being used in baths.   Laven'dula
spica, L, vera, Lavan'dula, (Ph.  U. S.) Com-
mon Lavender, (F.) Lavande, Aspic, Spic.  The
odour of lavender flowers is fragrant and agree-
able; taste warm and bitterish—depending upon
an essential oil.  It has been  used as a stimu-
lant;  particularly in the  form  of the oil,—
O'leum laven'dula. The dried leaves have been
employed as an errhine.
  The  French  use  the  Lavendula stachas,
Stachas et Stickas  Arabica, French Lavender,
of which they have a compound syrup, Syru-
pus de stcech'ade compositus:  given as a  pec-
toral.
  LAVER GERMANICUM, Veronica becca-
bunga—1. Odoratum, Sisymbrium nasturtium.
  LAVIPEDIUM, Pediluvium.
  LAW MEDICINE, Medicine, legal.
  LAWSO'NIA INER'MIS, Alcan'na vera, A.
Orienta'lis,  Cyprus antiquo'rum, Ligus'trum
JEgyptiacum, Smooth Lawso'nia;  (F.)  Henni.
An East Indian and African plant,  the root of
which is slightly  astringent.
  In India, the root of the Lawso'nia spinosa is
employed in lepra andother cutaneous affections.
  LAX, Diarrhoea.
  LAXANS, Laxative, Relaxant.
  LAX'ATIVE, Laxati'vus, Laxans, Le'niens,
from laxare, 'to loosen;'  Minorati'vus, Solu-
ti'vus, Alvid'ucus, Hypecchoret'icus, Hypago'-
gas, Hypel'atus, Hypocathar'ticus, Lapac'ticus.
A medicine which generally opens the bowels;
such as tamarinds, manna, &c.
   LAXATIVUS INDICUS, Cambogia.
   LAXATOR  AURIS INTERNUS, L. tym-
pani.
   Laxa'tor Minor Tym'pani.   A very small
muscle which extends from the upper part of
the external auditory canal, and  is inserted at
the inferior part of the process of the handle of
the malleus.  Its  existence is denied by most
anatomists.
   Laxa'tor Tym'pani, L. major tym'pani, Ex-
ter'nus mallei, A nte'rior mallei, Obllquus auris,
Externus auris vel  Laxator inter'nus, Enstd-
chii mus'culus, (F.)  Antirieur du maiteau,
Sphini-salpingo-mallien.   A muscle  which
arises from the spine of the sphenoid bone and
from the cartilage of the Eustachian tube, and
is inserted, by a tendon, into  the apophysis of
Rau.  It relaxes the membrana tympani.
   LAXITAS, Atony—1.  Alvi,  Diarrhoea—1.
Ingestorum, Lientery—1. Intestinorum, Lien-
tery—1. Scroti, Rhachosis—1. Ventriculi, Gas-
terasthenia.
   LAX'ITY, Laxi'tas, Laxness.  Condition of
a tissue, when loose  or relaxed; or of one which
wants  tone.  We say laxity of fibre, laxity of
skin, to express, that those parts have lost some
of the tenseness proper to them.
   LAZARETTO, Lazaret, Lazar-house,from
(I.) lazzero, 'a leper.'  A solitary.edifice in
most seaports of  magnitude, intended for the
disinfection of men and goods, proceeding from
places  where contagious diseases are prevailing.
   LAZULITE, Lapis lazuli.
   LEAD, Plumbum—1.  Black,  Graphites—1.
Chloride of, Plumbi chloridum—1. Iodide of,—
see Iodine—1. Oxyd of, semi-vitrified, Plumbi
oxydum semivitreum—1. Red, Plumbi oxydum
rubrum—1- Subcarbonate of, Plumbi superacetas
—1. Superacetate of,  Plumbi superacetas—1.
Tannate  of, see Tannin—I. White, Plumbi sub-
carbonas.
   LEAD-POISONING, Molybdo'sis,  Morbus
plum'beus, Cacochymia plwm'bea, (F.)Intoxica-
tion saturnine.  Morbid phenomena induced by
lead received into the system.
   LEADWORT, Plumbago Europaea.
   LEAF, SOUR, Andromeda arborea.
   LEAMINGTON.MINERALWATERSOF.
Saline  waters at Leamington, about two miles
east of Warwick,  England, which contain chlo-
ride of sodium, sulphate of soda, and chlorides
of calcium and magnesium.
   LEANNESS, Emaciation.
   LEAP, Sax. hlaepan, Saltus, Salit'io, Exal"-
sis, (F.) Saut;  Bound, Jump,—the  act of
leaping.   Muscular-movement or movements,
by which the body is detached from the soil by
the forcible and sudden extension of the lower
limbs,  previously  flexed upon the pelvis.
   LEAPING AGUE.  This disease is said by
the Scotch writers  to be characterized by in-
creased efficiency, but depraved direction of the
will,  producing an  irresistible  propensity to
dance,  tumble, and  move about  in a fantastic
manner, and often with far more than the na-
tural vigour, activity and precision!  See Ma-
nia, dancing.
   LEATHER FLOWER, Clematis viorna-L
Wood, Dirca palustris. 
LEBANON
491
LENOS
  LEB'ANON, MINERAL WATERS  OF.
The spring at Lebanon, 26 miles east of Albany,
New York, is an almost pure thermal. Temp.
72° Fahr.
  LECHENEION, Torcular Herophili.
  LECHO, Puerpera.
  LECHOPYRA, Puerperal fever.
  LE CRAN, Cochlearia armoracia.
  LECTISTER'NIUM, from lectus, ' a bed,'
and stemere,' to spread.'  The arrangement of
a bed so as to adapt it  to a particular disease.
Also, a supplication, with the Romans, in times
of public danger, when beds or couches were
spread for the gods, as if they were about to
feast, and their images were  taken  down from
their pedestals and placed upon these couches
around the altars.  The lectisternium was first
introduced in the time of a pestilence.—Livy.
  LECTUA'LIS,  from  lectus, 'a bed.'   An
epithet applied to a protracted disease.
  LECTULUS, Stramineus, Fanon.
  LkDE SAUVAGE, Ledum sylvestre.
  LEDOYEN'S DISINFECTING  LIQUID.
A solution of nitrate of  lead, used as an anti-
septic and antibromic.
  LEDUM  LATIFO'LIUM,  Labrador'  Tea,
grows in damp places, in Canada and the Uni-
ted States.  The leaves have a pleasant odour
and  taste, and  have been used as  tea.  They
have also been esteemed pectoral and tonic.
  Ledum Palus'tre, Rosmarinus sylves'tris,
Anthos sylves'tris,  Marsh  Tea, (F.) Lede ou
Romarin sauvage.   Nat. Ord. Ericineae. Sex.
Syst. Decandria Monogynia.  This plant has a
bitter, subastringent taste, and was formerly
used in Switzerland in place of hops: the vir-
tues are equivocal.
  LEE, Feculence, Lixivium, Ley, Lye.
  LEECH, Hirudo.
  LEEK, Allium porrum.
  LEES, SOAP, Liquor  potassae.
  LEG, (Danish,)  Crus,  Scelos, Cneme.  The
portion of the lower extremity, which extends
from the knee to the foot.  It consists of three
bones;  T bia, F bula, and  Patella, and,  also
of a  great  number of muscles,  vessels,  and
nerves.  The  projection, formed  by the mus-
cles at the back part of the leg, has received the
name of Calf of the leg.  It is the special at-
tribute of man, and proves  that he is destined
to be biped.
  Leg, Swelled,  Phlegmatia dolens—1.  Co-
chin, see Elephantiasis.
  LEGITIMATE, Legilimus, from lex, legis,
'law;'  Genulnus,  Gne'sios.  An epithet ap-
plied to things which are according to rule.  A
legitimate child, (F.) Enfant ligitime, is one
conceived or born  during  marriage.   Legiti-
mate dn-eoses, (F.) Maladies ligitimes, axe those
which follow a  regular march.
  LEGNA, from Myvov,' a fringed edge.'  The
orifice of the  pudendum muliebre, or of the
uterus.
  LkGUME, Legumen.
  LEGU'MEN, from  lego, 'I gather:'  (F.)
Legume, Gousse.  So  called because it is usu-
ally gathered by the hand, instead of being
reaped.  All kinds of pulse, as peas, beans, &c,
are thus termed.
  LEGUMIN, Casein.
  LEICHEN, Lichen.
  LEI'OPUS, Ld'opus, Planeus, Ptautus, Plo-
tus, from xtiot, * smooth,' and nods, ' a foot.'
One who is affected with flat-footedness, splay-
footedn.ess, Leiopod'ia, Liopod'ia.  One,  the
soles of whose feet are flat,  instead of having
the concavity which they commonly present.
  LEIOSIS, Comminution.
  LEIPH^E'MIA, Liphx'mia: same etymon aa
Leiphaemos.  Poverty or  paucity of blood.
  LEIPHiEMOI, Achroi.
  LEIPH^E'MOS, Lipha'mos, (F.) Leipheme,
from xtmo>, ' I want,' and '■aifx.a, ' blood.'   A
word sometimes used adjectively; at others, sub-
stantively, either for a vicious state of the blood
—or rather for a sort of anaemia—or for the  pa-
tient who labours under this  condition.
  LEIPHEME, Leiphaemos.
  LEIPO, Lipo.
  LEIPODERMIA, Aposthia.
  LEIPODER'MOS, Lipoder'mos, from Xtma,
' I  want,' and  foot*.*, ' skin.'   One  who wants
a part of his skin.  It is  especially applied to
one who wants the prepuce.  See  Apella and
Aposthia.
  LEIPOMERIA, Lipomeria.
  LEIPOPSYCHIA, Syncope.
  LEIPOTHYMIA, Syncope.
  LEIPYR IAS, fromxu*w,  ' I want,' and nvg,
' fire ' or ' heat.'  A species of continued fever,
referred to by the Greek  physicians, in which
there is burning heat of the internal parts and
coldness of the  extremities.  Avicenna  de-
scribed, under this  name, a kind of hemitri-
taea.
  LEMA, Chassie.
  LEME, Lippitudo.
  LEMITHOCORTON,  Corallina Corsicana.
  LEMMA, Cortex, Feculence, Furfur, Sedi-
mentum.
  LEMNISCUS, Pessary, Tent.
  LEMON GROUND,  Podophyllum monta-
num—1. Juice, artificial, see  Citrus medica—1.
Peel, see Citrus medica—1. Tree, Citrus medi-
ca—1. Wild, Podophyllum montanum.
  LEMONADE', Limona'da, (F.) Limonade,
Lemon juice diluted with water and sweetened-
See Citrus medica.
  Lemonade,  Dry, (F.) Limonade seche.  Ci-
tric or  tartaric acid reduced to powder and
mixed with sugar.   Lemonade Powders may
be  made as follows:—Pound  j$j£ of citric acid,
with a few drops of essence of lemon-peel  and
§j  or more of lump sugar. Divide into six pa-
pers, each of which will make a glass of lemo-
nade.  See Citric acid.
   Limonade  Gazeuse, (F.), is  an agreeable
drink prepared  by adding syrup  of  lemons,
raspberry, &c, to water saturated with car-
bonic acid.
  Lemonade, Nitric. Nitric acid considerably
diluted with water, and sweetened.
   Lemonade, Sulphuric, and Lemonade, Tar-
taric, are made with the sulphuric and tar-
taric acids.
  LEMOSITAS, Chassie, Lippitudo.
  LENIENS, Laxative, Lenitive,
  LEN1S, Lenitive.
  LENITIVE, Lenitlvus,   Lenis, Len'iens,
Epia'ma, Mit'igans, from lenio, ' I assuage.'
A medicine, which allays irritation or palliates
disease; also, a laxative medicine.  A lenitive
electuary is one that purges gently.
  LENOS, Torcular Herophlii. 
LENS
492
LEPRA
  LENS, Ervum lens—1. Crystalline, Crys-
talline.
  LENTIC'ULA.  Dim. of lens,' a lentil.'  A
freckle.  Also, the eruption of lenticular fever.
See Ephelides.
  LENTICULAR GANGLION, Ophthalmic G.
  LENTICULARES GLANDULE,Lentic'-
ular glands.   Mucous  follicles,  having  the
shape of a lentil, which are observed especially
towards the base  of the tongue.
  LENTIGO, Ephelides.
  LENTIL, Ervum lens.
  LENTILLE,  Ervum lens—/. Crystalline,
Crystalline—1. Ers, Ervum ervilia.
  LENTIS'CINUM VINUM.  Wine impreg-
nated with mastich; from Lentiscus,' the mas-
tich tree.'
  LENTISCUS VULGARIS, Pistacia lentis-
cus.
  LENTITIA, Lentor.
  LENTITIS, Phacitis.
  LENTITUDO, Lentor.
  LENTOR, Lentif'ia, Lentitu'do, from lentus,
' clammy.'  A viscidity or siziness of any fluid.
See Gluten.
  LENUM, Torcular Herophili.
  LEONTI'ASIS, Leontion, from X.tav,' a lion.'
A name given to  lepra of the face, from some
fancied resemblance between the countenance
of those labouring under it and that of the lion.
To this kind of lepra the  epithets le'onine  and
le'ontine have been given.
  LEONTICE  THALICTROIDES, Caulo-
phyllum thalictroides.
  LEONTION, Leontiasis.
  LEON'TODON TARAX'ACUM, Urina'ria,
Caput Mon'achi, Dens leo'nis, Dandell on,Piss-
a-bed, Puffball, (F.) Pissenlit, Liondent.   Or-
der Compositae.  The young leaves are some-
times eaten as salad.  The  roots  are, also,
roasted  and used as a substitute  for coffee.
The root, Tarax'acum, (Ph. U.  S.,) is, more-
over, reputed to be aperient and diuretic; hence
its vulgar name.   Its efficacy is doubtful.
   LEONTOPODIUM, Alchemilla.
   LEONU'RUS, from xtm,' a lion,' and ovga,
' a tail.'  Lion's  Tail.
  Leonurus Cardi'aca,  Agripal'ma  Gallis,
Marru'bium, Cardi'aca crispa, Herba cardiaca,
II. Pata laplna, Motherwort, Throatwort,(F.)
Agripaume.  Its properties are those of a nau-
seous bitter; and hence it has been used in hys-
teria and other nervous affections.
   Leonurus Lanatus, Ballota lanata.
   LEOPARD'S BANE, ROMAN, Arnica mon-
tana, Doronicum  pardalianches.
   LEPAS,  Lepis, Xtnag, gen. XtTiadog; Xtmg,
gen. XtmSog, 'a scale.'
  LEPER,  see Leprous.
  LEPID'IUM, from Xtmg, ' a scale;' so called
from its supposed  usefulness  in  cleansing the
skin from scales and impurities.   Pepper-wort.
   Lepid'ium Ibe'ris,  Ibe'ris,  Cardamantica,
Sciatica cresses.  This plant possesses a warm,
penetrating, pungent  taste, like other cresses,
and is recommended as an antiscorbutic, anti-
septic, and stomachic.
  Lepidium Sati'vum,  Nastur'tium horten'se,
Garden cress, Dittander, (F.) Cresson alinois,
Cresson des Jardins.  This plant possesses
warm, stimulating properties, and is used  like
the last.
  LEPIDODES, Squamous.
  LEPIDOIDES, Squamous.
  LEPIDOSARCO'MA, Tumor squamifor'mis
carno'sus.   A  fleshy tumour,  covered  with
scales; from Xtmg, 'a scale,' and oaoxwpa, 'a
fleshy  tumour.'  Marcus Aurelius Severinus
describes tumours of  this kind  in the interior
of the mouth.
  LEPIDOSES, Scaly diseases.
  LEPIDOSIS  ICHTHYIASIS, Ichthyosis-
1. Ichthyiasis cornigera, Horny  excrescences—
1. Lepriasis, Lepra—1. Pityriasis, Pityriasis—
1. Psoriasis, Psoriasis.
  LEPIRA, Lepra.
  LEPIS, Scale.
  LEPORINUM LABIUM, Harelip—1.  Ros-
trum, Harelip.
  LEPORINUS OCULUS, Lagophthalmia.
  LEPRA, Lepira, from Xtmg, 'a scale.'  £«.
pido'sis Lepri'asis, Lepro'sis, Lepro'sitas, Viti-
ligo, Lepra Graco'rum, Herpes furfural cent
eircina'tus,  Leprosy,  (F.) Llpre, Mai Saint-
Main, Dartre furfuracie arrondie.  This term
has been applied to various affections, very dif-
ferent in character.   1. To the Leprosy of tht
Jews,  Leuce,  Lepido'sis Lepriasis  canes'cens,
Lepra Mosa'ica seu Hebrao'rum,—a variety of
the Alphos or Lepra alphoides.  The leuce was,
generally, not  scaly,  but consisted  of smooth,
shining patches, on which the hair turned white
and silky, and the skin, with the muscular  flesh,
lost its sensibility.  It was incurable.  2. To
the Elephantiasis or  Lepra of the  Arabs, see
Elephantiasis; and 3. To the Lepra of the Greeks,
which includes all the varieties met with at the
present day.  It ischaracterizedbyscalypatches
of different sizes, but  having always nearly a
circular form.   Bateman and Willan describe
three chief varieties of this lepra.
  1. Lepra alphoides, Lepido'sis Lepri'asis al'-
bida, Alphos,  Morpha'a alba, Vitiligo alphus,
Al'baras alba,  Albaras,  Albaros, Lepre icail-
leuse of Alibert, White leprosy.  An affection,
characterized  by white patches, surioundedby
a rose-coloured areola, whieh appears here and
there on the surface;  depressed  in the middle.
  2. Lepra  nigricans, Lepra melas, Vitiligo
melas, V. Nigra, Morphx'a nigra, Lepra macu-
lo'sa nigra, Al'baras  nigra, Melas, Lepido'sis
lepri'asis nigricans,Black leprosy; in which the
scales are livid; the  size of half a  dollar; and
diffused over the body, but less widely than in
the Alphoides.  The French pathologists usually
admit three species of lepra, to which they give
the epithets scaly, (squameuse,)  crustaceans,
(crustacie,) and tubercular, (tuberculeuse,) ac-
cording as the  skin may be covered with scales,
crusts, or tubercles.
  3. Lepra vulga'ris, Lepido'sis lepri'asis vul-
ga'ris, Dartre  furfuracie arrondie, of Alibert,
characterized as follows: scales glabrous, whitish,
size of a crown piece; preceded by smaller red-
dish and glossy elevations of the skin, encircled
by a dry, red, and slightly elevated border; often
confluent; sometimes covering the whole of the
body except the face.
  Lepra appears to  be  endemic in Egypt, in
Java, and certain parts of Norway and Sweden.
Imperfect and  faulty  nutriment appears to con-
tribute to  its  development. The  means, best
adapted for its removal, are:—a mild, unirri-
tating diet, emollient fomentations—sulphureoui 
LkPRE                 49
baths, fumigations, &c; but, often, all remedial
agents  will be found ineffectual.
  Lepra Arabum, Elephantiasis Arabica—1.
Borealis, Radzyge—1. Fungifera, Frambcesia—
1. Graecorum, Lepra—1. Hebraeorum, see Lepra
—1. Ichthyosis, Ichthyosis—1. Lombardica, Pel-
lagra— 1. Maculosa nigra, L. Nigricans—1. Me-
diolanensis,  Pellagra—1. Mercurial,  Eczema
mercuriale—1. Mosaica, see Lepra—1. Norwe-
gian, Radzyge—1. Squamosa, Impetigo—1.  Tau-
rica, Mai de Crimie.
  LkPRE,  Lepra—/. des  Cossaques,  Mai de
Crimie—/. kcailleuse, Lepra alphoides—/, Hu-
mide, Impetigo.
  LEPRICUS, Leprous.
  LEPROSARIUM, Ladrerie.
  LkPROSERIE, Ladrerie.
  LEPROSIS, Lepra.
  LEPROSITAS, Lepra.
  LEPROSY, Lepra—1. Black, Lepra nigricans
—1. Norwegian,  see Radzyge—1. White, Lepra
alphoides.
  LEP'ROUS, Lepro'sus,Leprolicus, Lep'ricus,
Lepro'des.   Relating to or resembling or affect-
ed with leprosy;  a leper.
  LEPSIS, Attack.
  LEPTAN'DRIA VIRGIN'ICA,  Veronica
Virginica,   Calver's  physic.   An indigenous
plant, which grows throughout the United States,
and flowers in August.  The flowers are white,
and terminate the stem in a long spike.  A va-
riety with purple flowers has been described, as
  Leptandria Purpu'rea,  Physic root, Black
root, Whorlywort,  Culvert  root,  Brinton  root,
Bowman root.  The root is bitter and nauseous,
and when fresh  is emetic  and cathartic.  In
the dried state it is more uncertain.   Dose of
the powder gr. xx to gj.
  LEPTO, LEPTOS, Xtnrog, ' thin,' ' light.'
Hence:
  LEPTOCHRO'A,  Leptochros, from Xtnrog,
1 thin, fine,' and Xgoa, XQoia, ' the colour of the
skin: the skin.'  Fineness, thinness of skin.
  LEPTOCHYM'IA, from Xtnrog, ' thin,' and
Xvuog,  'a juice.'  Morbid thinness of the juices.
  LEPTOHYME'NIA,  from  Xtnrog,  'thin,'
and 'ufinv, 'a membrane.'  Thinness, delicacy
of membrane.
  LEPTOMER'IA, from Xtnrog, 'thin, fine,'
and ntpog,' a part.'  Fineness, delicacy of bodily
formation.
  LEPTONTIQUES, Attenuants.
  LEPTOPHONIA, Oxyphonia.
  LEPTOTHRIX, Leptotrichus.
  T.EFTOT'RICH\J$,Leptothrix,fxomXt7trog,
' fine,' and -9pi$, ' hair.'  One who has fine  hair.
  LEPTOTROPH'IA,  Microtroph'ia,  Micro-
trapezia, from Xtnrog,' light,' and rqotfv, ' nou-
rishment.'   Light nutrition.
  LEPTYNSIS;  Emaciation.
  LEPTYNTICA, Attenuants.
  LEPTYSMOS, Emaciation.
  LEREMA, see Dementia.
  LERESIS, see Dementia.
  LERUS,  Delirium, see Dementia.
  LE'SION, Lx'sio,fxomlasus,' hurt,'' injured.'
Derangement, disorder;  any  morbid  change,
either in the exercise of functions or  in the
texture of organs.  Organic lesion is synony-
mous with organic disease.
  LESSPVE, Lixivium.
  LESSIVE DES SAVONNIERS,  Liquor
             LEUCONECROSIS

 potassae.  Also, a solution of caustic soda in
 water, containing about 3 parts of soda to 8 of
 water.
   LESSIVE DE TARTRE, Liquor potassae
 subcarbonatis.
   LETALITAS, Mortality.
   LETHALIS, Lethiferous, Mortal.
   LETHALITAS, Mortality.
   LETHAR'GIC, Lethar'gicus,  Veterno'sus,
 (F.)  Lithargique.  Relating to lethargy; af-
 fected with lethargy.
   LkTHARGIQUE, Lethargic.
   LETH'ARGY, Lethar'gia,Lethar'gus, Carus
 lethargus, Veter'nus, Obliv'io iners, from Xt]Sr],
 ' oblivion,' and aoyia, ' idleness.'   A constant
 state of stupor from which it is almost impos-
 sible to arouse the individual;  and, if aroused,
 he speedily relapses into his former condition.
   LE'THEON, from Xn&r,, ' oblivion.'  A name
 given by some to sulphuric ether, when inhaled
 as an anaesthetic agent.
   LETEIF'EROVS,Le'tkifer,Letkaiis,Lethif-
 icus, Mor'tifer, from Xrj6ti, ' death,' and iftga,
 ' I bear.'   Death-bearing;  deadly.
   LETHUM, Death.
   LETTUCE, Lactuca—1. Indian, see Calumba
 —1. Strong-scented,  Lactuca virosa—1. Wild,
 Lactuca elongata.
   LETUM, Death.
   LEUCADES, see Sclerotic.
   LEUCvETHIOPIA, see Albino.
   LEUC^ETHIOPS, Albino.
   LEUCANIA, Laucania.
   LEUCANTHEMUM,  Anthemis  nobilis,
 Matricaria ehamomilla—1. Vulgare,  Chrysan-
 themum leucanthemum.
   LEUCE, Lepra (of the Jews.)
   LEUCELECTRUM, Succinum (album.)
   LEUCITIS, Sclerotitis.
   LEUCODENDRON, Melaleuca cajapute.
   LEUCCENUS, see Wine.
   LEUCOIUM, Lunaria rediviva—1. Luteum.
 Cheiranthus cheiri.
   LEUCO'MA, from Xivkoc, ' white.'  Oculo'-
 rum  albu'go, Leucom'ma, Leuco'sis, Albu'go,
 Albula,  Ceratoleuco'ma, Epkelotes.  Leucoma
 and Albugo axe often used synonymously to de-
 note a white opacity of the cornea.  Both are
 essentially different  from nebula of the  cor-
'nea;  nebula being usually the result of chronic
 ophthalmy and an effusion of  a milky serum
 into the texture of the  delicate continuation of
 the  conjunctiva over  the  cornea;—the others
 are the result of violent, acute ophthalmia.  In
 this state, a thick, coagulable lymph is extra-
 vasated from the arteries, sometimes superfi-
 cially, at other times deeply into the substance
 of the cornea.  On other occasions, the disease
 consists of a firm, callous cicatrix on this mem-
 brane,—the effect of a wound or ulcer  with
 loss of substance.  The affection is more  diffi-
 cult of cure in proportion to its duration and to
 the age of the individual;  the activity of the
 absorbents being greater in youth.  If inflam-
 mation still exist, antiphlogistics must be per-
 severed in, and, afterwards, gentle stimulants
 be used to excite absorption; along with the in-
 ternal use of mercury or iodine.
   Leucoma, Albumen—1. Margaritaceum, see
 Margaritaceus.
   LEUCOMMA, Leucoma.
   LEUCOMORIA, Cuttubuth.
   LEUCONECRO'SIS, from  Xtvxog, < white,' 
LEUCONYMPH.EA           494       LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS
and «*gi»o7r,«death.'  A form of dry gangrene,
—the opposite in appearance to anthraconecro-

  LEUCONYMPHiEA, Nymphipa alba.
  LEUCOPATHIA, see Albino, Chlorosis.
  LEUCOPHAGIUM, Blanc-manSer.
  LEUCOPHLEGM AS I A,  Leucophlegmatia
—1. Dolens puerperarum, Phlegmatia dolens.
  LEUCOPHLEGMATIA, Leucophlegmasia,
Hydrops leucophlegma das, Tumescen'lia  pi-
tuito'sa,  from  *sux<sc,  ' white,' and  ipxtya*,
'phlegm.'  A dropsical  habit.  Some writers
use the  word  synonymously  with anasarca
and oedema; others with emphysema.
  Leucophlegmatia iETHiopuM, Chthonopha-
gia.
  LEUCOPIPER, Piper album.
  LEUCOPYRIA,  Hectic fever.
  LEUCORRHflE, Leucorrhcea.
  LEUCORRHCE'A, Fluxus vel fluor mulie'-
bris, Proflu'vium mu'ie'bre, Cursus matri'ds,
Fluxusmatri'cis, E'ytrltis, Coleosltis, Colpitis,
Distilla'tio u'teri, Flaxio alba, F. Vulva, Ulcus
u'teri, Catar'rhus genita'lium,  Hysterorrhie'a
muco' safiatame'nia alba,Menses a bi,Men'strua
alba,  Menorrhagia alba, Fluor mulie'bris non
Gal'licus, Bhn.netyt'ria, Gonorrha'a benig'na
nothainvetera'ta, Purga'do mulie'bris alba, Alba
purgamen'ta, Cachexia uterlna, Rheuma u'teri,
U'teri Cory'za, Medorrha a femina'rum insons,
Blennorrha'a seu Blennorrha'gia genita'lium,
JEdaobtennorrha'a seu Medob'ennorrha'a femi-
na'rum;  The whites;  (F.) Fleurs ou Flueurs
blanches, Pertes  blanches, Ecoulement blanc, Ca-
tarrhe utirin, Perte utirine blanche, from Xtvxog,
' white,'and qtoi,' I flow.'  A more or less abund-
ant discharge of a white, yellowish, or greenish
mucus; resulting from acute or chronic inflam-
mation  or from irritation  of the  membrane
lining the  genital organs of the female.   Va-
ginal Leucorrhaa  has been termed  Blennor-
rhaa seu Fluor albus vagi'na, Leucorrha'a,
Medorrha'a vagina, Vaginitis, Eiytroblennor-
rha'a, Colporrha a:—Uterine Leucorrhaa has
received the names Fluor a'bus uteri, Leucor-
rha'aseu Medorrha'a uteri, Metroblennorrha'a,
(F.)  Leucorrhie utirine, Catarrhe  utirin.  It
is often attended with pain and a sense of hea-
viness in the loins,  abdomen and thighs;  disor-
dered digestive functions, &c, so that, at times,
the health suffers largely, although there are
few females, who are not occasionally subject
to moderate leucorrhcea.  Attention to the ge-
neral health, change of air, keeping up a perspi-
rable state of the surface by flannel worn next
the skin, the horizontal  posture, &c, do more
than pharmaceutical agents; which are almost
entirely   confined  to  astringent   injections.
These may be employed, when the  discharge is
so great as to require them.
  Leucorrhcea  Analis, see Haemorrhois—1.
Nabothi, see Parturition.
  LEUCORRHOIS, see Haemorrhois.
  LEUCO'SES; from xtvxoc, 'white.'   In the
nosology of M.  Alibert, all the diseases of the
lymphatic apparatus.  The 7th family  in his
 Nosologic.  In  that of Fuchs, it is a family of
diseases,  (G.)  Leukosen, which includes the
 various forms of anaemia.
  Leucoses, Leucoma, Paleness.
  LEUK or LOCCHE, MINERAL WATERS
OF.  Saline, chalybeate waters,about six leagues
distant from Sion.  They contain chloride  of
sodium, with a little sulphate of magnesia; sul-
phate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, carbonic
acid, and protoxide of iron.
  LEVAIN, Ferment.
  LEVATOR  AN'GULI  ORIS, Abdu'em
labio'rum, Eleva'tor labiorum commu'nis, Cani'.
nus, (F.) Sus maxillo-labial. Petit sus-maxillo-
labial(Ch.), Muscle canin.  A small, flat, long,
quadrilateral muscle, which  arises from the
fossa canina,  and is  inserted at the commissure
of the  lips,  where it is  confounded with the
triangularis.   It raises the corner of the mouth,
and draws it  towards  the ear.
  Levator Ani, Levator magnus seu internus,
Latus ani, Eleva'tor ani, Sedem attol'lens, (F.)
Pubio-coccygien annulaire,Sous pnbio-coccygien
(Ch.), Releveur de Panus. A muscle, situate at
the lower part of the pelvis.  It is broad, flat,
quadrilateral, and broader above than below.
It represents a kind of membranous partition,
which closes the outlet of the pelvis, and the
upper concavity of which is  opposed to that of
the diaphragm.   It is attached,  above, to the
posterior surface of the  body of the pubis, to
the upper part of the obturator foramen, and to
the spine of the ischium; and is inserted into
the coccyx, into an aponeurotic  line common
to it and its fellow, and into the lateral parts of
the rectum.   This muscle supports the rectum;
raises  it, and carries it upwards during the
evacuation of the  excrement.   It can, also,
compress  the bladder and vesiculae seminales,
and thus favour the expulsion of the urine and
sperm.
  Levator Ani Parvus, Transversus perinaei
—1. Auris, Attollens  aurem—1. Coccygis, Coc-
cygeus—1. Menti, Levator labii inferioris—1.
Oculi, Rectus superior oculi—1. Proprius sca-
pulae, L. scapulas.
  Levator  Labii Inferio'ris,  Levator menti,
Elevator labii inferio'ris, Incislvus inferior,
 Elevator labii inferioris  pro'prius, Mas'cuius
penicilla'tus, (F.)Houppe du menton, Releveur
de la levre infirieur,  Releveur du menton.  A
portion of the mento-labial of  Chaussier.  A
small muscle situate before the symphysis menti.
It is thick, conical; and attached by its apex to
a fossette at the side of the symphysis in the in-
ferior maxillary bone.   Its fibres proceed di-
verging and  vanishing in the manner of a tuft,
(F.) Houppe, on the skin  of the chin.  This
 muscle raises the chin, and pushes upwards the
 lower lip.
  Levator  Labii Superio'ris Al^que Nasi,
 Incislvus latera'lis et pyramida'Hs, (F.) Grand
 sus-maxillo-labial, (Ch.,) Elivateur commun it
 Paile du nez et de la levre supirieuie.   This
 muscle is a  fleshy, thin, triangular bundle, situ-
 ate at the sides  of the nose.  It arises from the
 ascending  process  of the  superior maxillary
 bone: thence its fibres descend in a diverging
 manner, a part being  inserted into the ala of the
 nose, and a part losing themselves in the upper
 lip.  This muscle  raises the upper lip and ala
 nasi, which  it draws  a little outwards.
   Levator Labii Superioris Proprius, Mus'-
 culus incislvus, Elevator labii superioris pro-
 prius, (F.) Moyen sus-maxillo-labial, (Ch.,)Or-
 bito-maxillo-labial.  This thin, flat, quadrilateral
 muscle is situate at the middle and inner part
 of the face.  It arises from the os malae and the
 os  maxillare superius, and is inserted into the 
LEVATORES COSTARUM       495
LIBRA
upper lip, which it raises, at the same time car-
rying it a little outwards.
  Levator Pala'ti, Levator Palati Mollis, Pe-
trosalpin'go-staphyllnus, Salpin'go. Staphyll-
nus inter'nus, Salpingo-staphylinus, Pter'igo-
staphylinus  externus,  Spheno-staphylinus,
Spheno-palati'nus,  Peristaphylinus internus
superior,Pitro-staphylin, (Ch.) This muscle is
long, narrow and almost round above; broader
and flatter inferiorly.  It arises from the lower
surface of the pars  petrosa; from the cartilage
of the Eustachian tube; and is inserted into the
substance of the velum palati.  Its use is to
raise the velum palati.
  Levator Pal'pebr^e Superio'ris, Palpebra
superioris primus, Apertor Oc'uli, Ape'riens Pal-
pebra'rum rectus, Reelu'sor palpebrarum, (F.)
Orbito-palpibral  (Ch.), Orbito-sus-palpibral,
klivateur de la paupiere supirieure.  A long,
small, thin muscle, situate at  the upper part of
the orbitar cavity.  By its posterior extremity
it is inserted into the little ala of the sphenoid
bone, immediately  in front of the foramen op-
ticum, and, by its anterior extremity, which is
expanded, it terminates at  the upper margin of
the tarsal cartilage of the eyelid.  This muscle
raises the  upper eyelid; draws it  backwards,
and sinks it in the orbit.
   Levator Pros'tatje, (F.) Releveur de la pros-
tate. Santorini has given this name to the an-
terior fibres of the levator ani, which embrace
the prostate.
   Levator Scap'ul*:, Eleva'tor Scapula, Ele-
vatorseu Mus'culusPatien'tia, Angula'risvulgo
Levator pro'prius,— (F.)  Trachilo-scapulaire
(Ch), Angulairede Pomoplate,Releveur de Pomo-
plate.  This muscle is so called, because it is
attached to the upper and internal angle of the
scapula.  It is situate at the posterior and late-
ral  part of the neck, and at  the upper part of
the  back.   It  is long, flat, and broader above
than below.  In this latter direction, it is inserted
into the superior internal angle of the  scapula;
and, in the former, into the tops of the transverse
processes of the first four cervical vertebrae. It
depresses  the  prominence of the  shoulder, by
raising the posterior angle of the scapula, on
 which  it impresses a  kind of rotary motion.
 It can,  also, draw the head to one side.
   Levator Ure'thrae, (F.) Releveur de PU-
 rethre.   Santorini  describes under  this name a
 portion of the  transversus perinaei muscle.
   LEVATORES COSTARUM, Supracostales.
   LEVEN, Ferment.
   LEVER, from levare, 'to lift up.'  Vectis,
 Mochlus,Porrec'tum.  An inflexible rod, moving
 round a fixed point, and used for moving bodies,
 bearing burdens, or raising them.  The point on
 which the  lever moves is called the Fulcrum,
 Hypomoch'lion.  The  force  which moves the
 lever is called the power; and the weight to be
 moved, the resistance.   There are three kinds
 of levers.   A lever of the first kind has the ful-
 crum between the power and resistance. A lever
 of the  second kind has the resistance between
 the fulcrum and power; whilst a lever of the
 third kind has the power between the fulcrum
 and resistance.  In the locomotive system of
 the human body, we  have examples of all the
 three kinds.   The bones represent levers: the
 muscles of locomotion are powers; the weight
 of parts to be moved constitutes the resistance.
 The fulcra are, at times, the joints; at others,
the ground, &c.  The head moves on the neck
as a lever of the first  kind; the  first cervical
vertebra forming the fulcrum.  We rise on tip-
toe by a lever of the second kind, the fulcrum
being the ground under the toes;  and we have
examples of a lever of the third kind in the
flexion of the fore-arm on the arm, in the ele-
vation of the arm, &c.
   Lever, Hystero-moch'lium, Mochlis'cus, Vee-
ds obstetric'ius, Vectis, (F.) Levier, is an in-
strument, curved at  the extremity, and having
a fenestra.   It is used to assist the extraction of
the child's head, when  instrumental aid is ne-
cessary. Levers are, also, used by the dentist
for extracting  stumps, &c.   The Levier de
PEcluse, Langue de  Carpe, Trivelin or Punch,
is employed for  extracting the molar teeth.
   LEVI'ATHAN PENIS,Pria'pusCeti,BaleJ-
nas.  The penis of the whale.  This singular
medicine was, at one time, given, in powder, in
cases of dysentery and leucorrhcea.
   LEVIER, Lever—/. de Pkcluse, see Lever.
   LEVIGATION, Laviga'tio, from lavigare,
(lavis, 'smooth,') 'to polish.' Porphyriza'tion.
An operation, by which bodies are reduced to
very fine powder.   It  is performed by putting
substances, already pulverized, into water; the
coarser parts are not long in being deposited,
whilst the finer  molecules remain suspended in
the water.  The liquor is decanted into another
vessel,  and suffered to remain at rest, until the
fine particles are collected at the bottom.  The
fluid  part is then separated by decantation.
   LEVISTICUM, Ligusticum levisticum.
   LkVRE, Lip.
   LEVRES GRANDES, Labia pudendi— I.
Petites, Nymphae—/.  de  la  Vulve, Labia pu-
dendi.
   LEVURE, Yest—l. de la Bilre, Yest.
   LEXIPHARMACUS, Alexipharmic.
   LEXIPYRETICUS, Febrifuge.
   LEY,Lixivium,Lye—l.Soap,Liquor potassae.
   LEZARD, Lizard.
   LIATRIS SPICATA, Gayfeather, Button
 snakeroot.  An indigenous plant, growing in
 meadows and moist grounds in the middle and
 southern states.  Its beautiful purple compound
 flowers are in a spike. They appear in August.
 The  root has been considered diuretic.
   Lia'tris Scario'sa and L.Squarro'sa, TAroa<-
 wort, Sow-wort,  Backache  root,  Devilsbite,
 Blazing star. Prairie pines, Rough root, are
 called, from their reputed powers in bites from
 the rattlesnake, Rattlesnake's  master.  The
 roots, bruised, are applied to the wound, and the
 decoction, in milk, is given interally.
   LIBANOTIS CORONARIA,  Rosmarinus.
   LIBANOTUS, see Juniperus lycia.
    LIBANUS, Juniperus lycia.
    LIBER PHARMACEUTICUS, Dispensa-
 torium.
    LIBIDINIS  SEDES, Clitoris.
    LIBIDINOSUS, Libidinous.
    LIBIDINOUS, Libidino'sus; Lasci'vus, Ve-
 neriv'agus;  from libido, ' lust.'   Lewd; lust-
 ful.
    LIBI'DO. Desire, necessity. Authors speak
 of Libido uri'na, Libido intesti'ni.   Some em-
 ploy it synonymously with Prurigo;  others,
 with Salacitas, Lubi'do, Hi'merus.
    LIFOS, from ivfita, 'I distil.'  A defluxion
 from the eyes.—Galen.
    LIBRA, Pound. 
LICHANOS
   LICHANOS, Index, see Digitus.
   LICHEN,  kux'iv or xiXt]v,  (pronounced
 Liken,) Exor'mia Lichen, Leichen, Serpigo,
 Volat'ica,  Pap'ula, P.  sicca,  Petlgo, Pus'-
 tula  sicca, Sca'bies sicca, S.  a'gria,  Liche-
 ni'asis adulto'rum, Li'chenous rash, (F.) Gale
 seche, Dartre  furfuracie  volante, Poussie.
 The  cutaneous  affection, described  under this
 name by the Greek writers,  is not  clearly de-
 fined.  Some have believed it to be the Impe-
 tigo, but this is doubtful.  The name is, now,
 generally applied to a diffuse eruption of red
 pimples, accompanied by a troublesome sense
 of tingling or pricking.  Drs. Willan and Bate-
 man  define it,—" an extensive eruption of pa-
 pulae affecting adults, connected with internal
 disorder, usually terminating in scurf; recur-
 rent, not contagious."   One of their varieties,
 however, the Lichen Tropicus, does not accord
 well with this definition;.for it affects children
 as well as adults, and is unconnected with in-
 ternal disorder.
   Lichen A'grius,Exor'mia Lichen ferus,Liehen
 agrius, Pap'ula a'gria, is distinguished by pim-
 ples  in clusters or patches, surrounded by a
 red halo; the cuticle growing gradually harsh,
 thickened,  and  chappy, often preceded by ge-
 neral irritation.   In addition to antiphlogistics,
 a cooling ointment may be used, to allay itching.
   Lichen Circumscrip'tus is  characterized by
 clusters or patches of papulae, having a well de-
 fined margin, and an irregularly circular form :
 continuing for six or eight weeks.  These va-
 rieties require but little  medicinal  treatment.
 The antiphlogistic plan is all that is necessary.
   Lichen Liv'idus.   The papulae have a dark
 red or livid hue, without any fever.  The  pa-
 pulae are more  permanent in this variety.   It
 requires the mineral acids and bark.
   Lichen Pila'ris, Exor'mia Lichen pilaris, is
 merely a modification of the preceding; the pa-
 pulae appearing  at the roots of the hair.
   Lichen Simplex, Exor'mia Lichen  simplex,
 consists of an eruption of red papulae, appearing
 first on the face or arms, and afterwards extend-
 ing over the body ; preceded for a few days by
 slight febrile irritation  which usually  ceases
 when the eruption appears,—with an  unplea-
 sant sense of tingling during the night.  It ge-
 nerally dies away in ten days or a fortnight.
   Lichen Tropicus, Exormia Lichen tropicus,
 Eczes'ma, Es'sera, (?) Sudamina, (?) Prickly
 Heat, Summer Rash.  The pimples are bright
 red, and of the size of a small pin's head : with
 heat, itching, and  pricking,  as if by needles.
 It is  local; produced by excessive  heat; and
 disappears when the  weather becomes cooler,
 or the individual is inured to the climate.
   Lichen Urtica'tus, Exor'mia Lichen  urtico'-
 sus, is another  variety.  The  Nettle  Lichen
 consists of papulae, accompanied by wheals like
 those of nettle rash.
   Lichen Arborum, Lichen pulmonarius—/.
 Blanc de Neige, L. caninus—/.  Bottler,  L.
 pyxidatus.
   Lichen Cani'nus, Lichen ciner'eus terres'tris,
Muscus cani'nus, Phys'cia niva'lis,  Peltig"era
cani'na, Ash-coloured Ground Liverwort, (F.)
Lichen contre-rage, Lichen blanc de neige.  This
cryptogamous plant was, for a long time, con-
sidered capable of preventing and curing Rabies
canina.  It  has, also, been used in  mania and
in  spasmodic asthma.
»6                LIENTERY

   Lichen Cinereus Terrestris, L. caninus—
 1. Carrageen, Fucus crispus—1. Cocciferus, L.
 pyxidatus—/. contre Rage, L. caninus—/. En-
 tonnoir, L. pyxidatus.
   Lichen Islan'dicus, Muscus Islandicus, M.
 cathar'dcus, Clado'nia Islan'dica, Phys'cia Is-
 landica, Cetra'ria Islandica; Parme'lia Islan'-
 dica, Iceland Lichen or Liverwort or Moss, (F.)
 Lichen d'Islande.   This plant is  inodorous
 with a bitter and  mucilaginous  taste.   It is
 esteemed to be tonic, demulcent, and nutrient.
 Dose, gj to jjiv, being first steeped in  water
 holding in solution some carbonate of potass to
 extract the bitter, and  then boiled in milk.  A
 bitter principle  has been extracted from it,
 termed Cetrarin, which has been given in in-
 termittents.
   Lichen  Plica'tus, Muscus arbo'reus seu
 Querclni  Herba.   This plant is applied, by
 the  Laplanders,  as  an astringent, to bleeding
 vessels;  and to  parts which  are  excoriated
 after long journeys.
   Lichen Pulmona'rius, Muscus pulmonarius
 querclnus, Pulmona'ria arbo'rea,  Loba'ria pul-
 monaria, Lichen ar'borum, Sticta  pulmona'cea,
 Oak Lungs, Tree  Lungwort, Hazel Crottles,
 (F.) Lichen pulmonaire.   This plant is sub-
 astringent, and rather acid.   It was once in high
 repute for curing diseases of the lungs.
   Lichen  Pyxida'tus,  Muscus Pyxida'tus,
 Scyphoph'orus pyxida'tus,  Mus'eulus pyxoi'-
 des  terres'tris, Lichen pyxida'tus major, Lichen
 cocciferus, Herba Ignis, Cup Moss, (F.) Lichen
 entonnoir, Lichen  Bditier, L. Pyxide.   This
 plant is sub-astringent, and has been used in
 decoction in hooping-cough.
   Lichen Roccel'la, Roccella, Litmus, Lacmvs
 tincto'rins, Orchill, Cana'ry  Arched., Chinney
 Weed, Herb  Archell, (F.) Orseille.  The  chief
 use  of this plant is as a blue dye.   It has been
 employed to allay cough in phthisis, &c
   Lichen Saxat'ilis, Muscus Cra'nii humu'ni,
 Us'nea.   This moss, when found growing on a
 human skull, was formerly in high  estimation
 against head affections, &c.
   Lichen Stellatum,  Marchantia polymorpha,
   LICHENIASIS ADULTORUM, Lichen-1.
 Strophulus, Strophulus.
   LIEBERKUEHN'S GLANDS or FOLLI-
 CLES, so called from  their first describer, are
 fine, capillary, blind sacs, the openings of which
 are  from  l-20th to l-30th of a line in diameter,
 so closely placed over  the whole  of the small
 intestine  as  to give the  mucous  membrane a
 general  sieve-like  or  perforated  appearance.
 They secrete the succus entericus.
   LIEBERSCHE  AUSZEHRUNG'S
 KRAUTER,  see   Galeopsis  grandiflora — /.
 Brustkranter, see Galeopsis grandiflora.
   LIEGE, Suber.
   LIEN (F.), Vin'culum.  A  band, strap or
 garter, used in certain operations; as to tie pa-
 tients during the operation of lithotomy :  to fix
 the apparatus in fracture, &c. Also,  the spleen.
   LIEN  ACCESSORIUS, Lienculus—1. Suc-
 centuriatus, Lienculus.
   LIEN'CULUS, diminutive of lien, 'spleen.'
 Lien succenturia'tus seu accesso'rius.  A super-
 numerary spleen.
   LIENOSUS, Splenic.
   lAElZ'TERY ,Lienter'ia, from xeiog,' smooth,'
 and  svteoov, ' intestine.' La'vitas seu Laxitas
 intestino'rum, Diarrha'a Lienter'ia, Fluxus 
LIERRE
497
LIGAMENT
Lienter'icus, Chymorrha'a seu Lax'itas ingesto'-
rum, Bromato'ec'crisis, Diarrha'a dyspep'tica,
D. cum apepsid, D. Ingesto'rum, Slip'periness
of the Guts.  Frequent liquid evacuations, the
food only half digested.   This condition is al-
ways  symptomatic of great irritation in the
intestinal canal; the sensibility of which  is so
much augmented that it cannot bear the sojourn
of the food in it.
   LIERRE, Hedera helix—/. Terrestre,  Gle-
coma hederacea.
   LIFE, Sax. lip, lyF, Vita, Bios, Biote, Zoe,
Pneuma, Spir'itus, (F.)  Vie.  The state of or-
ganized  beings, during which,  owing  to the
union of an unknown principle with  matter,
they are capable  of performing functions dif-
ferent from those  that  regulate other natural
bodies;  all of  which functions, however nu-
merous and diversified, work to one end.  Life
has only a limited duration; beyond which,—
the organic functions ceasing to be  executed,
— the body is given up  to  the agency of che-
mical affinity.  Hence Bichat has  defined life
to be—the  aggregate of the functions which
resist death.  On account of the difference that
exists among  the vital functions, he has applied
the term Organic Life to the functions inser-
vient to composition and  decomposition;—as
digestion,  respiration, circulation,  calorifica-
tion, absorption, secretion,  and nutrition; and
Animal  Life, to the functions which connect
man and animals with external bodies; as the un-
derstanding, sensations, locomotion, and voice.
   Life Everlasting, Gnaphalium margarita-
ceum—1. Everlasting, sweet-scented, Gnapha-
lium polycephalum.
   Life's Blood, Cillo.
   LIG'AMENT, Ligamen'tum; from ligare, 'to
bind;' Desmos,  Syndes'mos, Colliga'men, Cop'-
ula.  A name given to fibrous structures, which
serve to unite bones, and to form articulations;
hence the division intointerosseous and articular
ligaments.  They are of a white, close texture;
are but little extensible, and difficult  to break.
The name ligament has, also, been given to any
membranous fold, which  retains an organ in its
situation.
    Table  of the Principal Ligaments.
                  f Capsular ligament.
1.  Of the  Lower \  Suspensory  ligament  of the
Jaw.
2.  Connecting
  Head  with
    j   stylo-glossus.
    I Lateral ligament
    [Two  capsular ligaments  be-
       tween atlas and head.
the  Circular ligament.
the  Two capsular between atlas
       and axis
these
other.
Of  the  other
 Vertebrae.
first and second
 Vertebra,   and] Perpendicular ligament.
with each   Two lateral or moderator liga-
              ments.
            Transverse ligament and  its
          [   appendices.
            Anterior common.
            Crucial intervertebral.
            Ligaments running from the
              edge  of the bony arch and
              spinous process of one ver-
         •I    tebra to that of the next
            Interspinous ligament
            Ligamentum nuchce.
            Intertransverse.
            Capsular.
           k Posterior or internal common.
 Of  the  Ribs,
Sternum, fyc.
                   ' Capsular of the heads of ribs.
                    Capsular of the tubercles.
                    Ligamenta  transversaria in-
                      terna.
                    Ligamenta transversaria  ex-
                      terna.
                    Ligamenta cervicis  costarum
                      externa.
                    Ligamentous fibres  running
                      from the margins of the ex-
                      tremities of the ribs  to the
                      corresponding cartilages.
                    Radiated ligaments from car-
                      tilage of ribs to the sternum.
                    Capsular ligaments of the car-
                      tilages of the ribs.
                    Proper membrane of sternum.
                    L. of cartil ago-en siformis.
                    Tendinous expansions   over
                  ^   the intercostales, &c
                  "Two transverse,—one  supe-
                     rior, one inferior.
                    Ilio-sacral.
                    Capsular of  the  sacro-iliac
                     synchondrosis.
                   Two sacro ■ ischiatic, —  poste-
                     rior  and anterior, with  the
                     superior and inferior appen-
                     dices.
                   Longitudinal of os coccygis.
                   Inguinal ligament
                   Capsular of symphysis pubis.
                    Ligament of  foramen thyroi-
                     deum.
                  f Radiated ligament.
                  I Capsular.
                  | Interclavicular.
6. Of the Clavicle. \ Ligamentum rhomboideum.
                   Claviculo acromial.
                   Conoid.
                   Trapezoid.

7. Of the Scapula. \ £nterior tegular.
    J              I  "roper posterior.
8. Of the Shoulder-}.,    ,
      Joint.       } Capsular.

                  f Capsular.
                  I Brachio-ulnar.
                  | Brachio-radial.
9.  Of  the  Elbow-j Coronary of the radius.
                  ] Anterior and  posterior  acces-
5.  Of the Pelvis.  <
Joint.
                     sory.
                   Intermuscular of the os hu-
                  ^  meri.
10.  Carpal Extre- f Interosseous ligament.
  mity  of Radius J Oblique or chorda transversa*
  andUlna,andbe-\   lis cubiti.
  tween those bones. [ Capsular.

11.  Between Fore- $ £aPsftr' ,
                   1 wo lateral.
                   Mucous.
arm and Wrist.
12.  Of Carpus.
C Annular.
I Capsular.
                   Short  ligaments, — oblique,
                     transverse,   capsular,  and
                  (^  proper.
13.  Between  Car- } Articular lateral.
  pal  and  Meta- > Straight, perpendicular, &c.
  carpal Bones.    )
14.  Between  the^\
  extremities   of!
  the   Metacarpal f
  bones.          j
Interosseous, at the bases and
  heads,—dorsal, lateral, pal-
  mar. 
LIGAMENT
498          LIGAMENTUM IRIDIS
  \
id]
15. At the  base of]
  the  Metacarpal j
  bone   of   the t Capsular,
  Thumb,  and at f Lateral
  the first joint of
  the Fingers.
16. Of the first an
  second joints of |
  the Thumb,  and I Capsular.
  second and third ( Lateral.
  joints of the Fin- i
  gtrs.          J
                  f Annular.
                   Vaginal or flexor tendons.
17.  Retaining the  V aginal or crucial of the pha-
  Tendons of the    langes.
  Muscles  of tlte-{ Accessory of the flexor ten-
Hand and Fin-
gers m situ.
natum.
19,
Of  the
  Joint.
Knee-
of  the
                     dons.
                   Posterior annular.
                   Vaginal of extensors.
                  I Transverse of extensors.
                  | Capsular and accessory slips.
18.  Connecting the | Round or  teres ligament
  Os Femoris with) Cartilaginous ligament.
  the  Os  innomi-. Double  cartilaginous  liga-
                     ment.
                   Ligamenta mucosa.
                  * Lateral,—internal  and exter-
                     nal.
                   External  short lateral liga-
                     ment.
                   Posterior ligament
                   Ligament  of the patella.
                 ~{ Capsular.
                   Ligamentum alare,—majus et
                     minus.
                   Ligamentum mucosum.
                   Two  crucial, — anterior and
                     posterior.
                  I Transverse.
                   Capsular.
                   Interosseous.
                   Anterior superior.
                  > Posterior superior.
                   Anterior  ligament
                     fibula.
                   Posterior of fibula.
                   Deltoides of  tibia
                  ^ Capsular.
                   Capsular.
                   Short ligaments.
                   Capsular,  broad superior, and
                     lateral ligaments, connecting
                     astragalus and naviculare.
                   Superior, lateral, and inferior,
                     fixing os  calcis to os  cu-
                     boides
                   Long, oblique, and rhomboid,
                     forming the  inferior liga-
                     ments.
                   Superior superficial, interosse-
                     ous and inferior transverse
                     ligaments, fixing the os na-
                     viculare and os cuboides.
                  I Superior  lateral, and plantar,
                     which fix the os naviculare
                  I  and cuneiform
                   Superior  superficial and plan-
                     tar, connecting the os cu-
                     boides,  and  os cuneiforme
                  I  externum.
                    Dorsal and plantar,  uniting
                  I   the ossa cuneiformia.
                   The  proper capsular of each
                  ^   bone.
20. Connecting Fi
  bula and Tibia.
21. Connecting the
   Tarsal with  the*
   Leg Bones.
22. Ligaments of
   the Tarsus.
23. Ligaments  be-
  tween    Tarsus
  and Metatarsus
24.    Con
  the   Met
  Bones

25.  Of  the  Pha-
  langes  of  the
   Toes.
'.uiursus. r;

nnecting
'.tatarsaU
 Capsular.
 Dorsal .plantar, lateral, straight,
   oblique, and transverse.
 Dorsal,  plantar,  and lateral,
   connecting  the metatarsal
   bones.
L Transverse ligament*.
I Capsular.
> Lateral.
                    Annular.
                    Vaginal of the tendons of the
                      peronei.
                    Laciniated.
26. Retaining  the   Vaginal of the tendon  of the
   Tendons  of  the     flexor longus pollicis.
  Muscles  of  the\ Vaginal  and crucial  of the
   Foot  and  Toes \   tendons  of the flexors of
in situ.
  the toes.
Accessory  of the flexor  ten-
  dons of the toes,
Transverse  of  the extensor
  tendons.
  Ligament, Anterior, of the Bladder.  A
name given by the older anatomists to a por-
tion of the superior pelvic  aponeurosis, which
becomes attached to the front of the neck of the
bladder.
  LIGAMENT ART ARIEL,  Arterial  liga-
ment—1.  Cervical  supraspinal, see Supraspi-
nosa ligamenta—/. Ciliaire, Ciliary ligament.
  Ligament, Cor'onary, of the Liver, is a
reflection formed  by the peritoneum, between
the posterior margin of the liver, and the lower
surface of the diaphragm.  See Falx.
  Ligament, Costo-Xiphoid,Xiphoid ligament
—1. Dorso-lumbo-supraspinal, see Supraspinosa
ligamenta—1. of Fallopius, Crural arch—1.Gim-
bernat's,  see Gimbernat's ligament — 1. Gloss-
epiglottic, see Glossepiglottic—1. Infra-pubian,
Triangular ligament — /. Interepinenx,  Inter-
spinal ligament—1. Palmar inferior, Metacarpal
ligament—1. Poupart's,  Crural arch—/. Rond,
Ligamentum  teres—/.  Sur-ipineux cervical,
see  Supra-spinosa  ligamenta—/. Sur-ipineux-
dorso-lombaire, see Supraspinosa ligamenta.
  Ligament,  Suspen'sory, of the  Liver,
Ligamen'tum latum,  Suspenso'rium He'patis,
is a large triangular reflection,  formed by the
peritoneum between the  superior surface of the
liver and the diaphragm.  It  is constituted  of
two layers, and is continuous, below, with ano-
ther reflection, called the Falx of the Umbilical
Vein.  See Falx.
  LIGAMENTA  INTERLOBULARIA PUL-
MONUM, Interlobular  tissue — 1. Interverte-
bralia, Intervertebral cartilages—1.  Lata uteri,
see Uterus—1. Rotunda uteri, Round ligaments
of the uterus.
   LIGAMENTOSUS, Ligamentous.
  LIGAMENTOUS, Ligamentdsus. Having
the character, or relating to, a ligament.
   LIGAMENTS, BROAD, OF  THE  UTE-
RUS, see Uterus — /.  Croisis, Crucial liga-
ments—/. Cruciformes,  Crucial ligaments—/-
Jaunes, Yellow ligaments—/. Larges de Puti-
rus, see Uterus—1. of the Larynx, inferior, Thy-
reo-arytenoid ligaments—/. Ronds de Puterus.
Round ligaments of the uterus.
   LIGAMENTUM IRIDIS, Ciliary ligament
—1. Nuchae, Cervical ligament — 1. Suspenso-
rium hepatis, Suspensory ligament of the liver
—1. Suspensorium testis, Gubernaculum testis. 
LIGATIO                 499            LILY,  GROUND
   LIGATIO,  Fascia,  Ligature — 1. Lingua?,
 Aphonia.
   LIGATION, see Ligature.
   LIGATURA, Ligature,  Fascia—1. Glandis,
 Phimosis.
   LIG'ATURE, Ligatu'ra, Liga'tio, Alligatu'-
 ra,Deliga'tio, Vinctu'ra,Fascia, Epid'esis, from
 ligo,'I bind.' This word has various accepta-
 tions.  It means,  I. The thread with which an
 artery or vein is tied, to prevent  or arrest he-
 morrhage.   2. The cord,  or thread, or wire,
 used for removing tumours, &c.  3. The-band-
 age used for phlebotomy.   Ligature is, also,
 sometimes  applied to the act of tying an artery
 or considerable vessel—Liga'tion. When the ar-
 tery alone  is tied, the ligature is said to be im-
 mediate; when any of the surrounding parts are
 included, it is said to be mediate.  The ligature
 occasions obliteration or adhesion of the arterial
 parietes, by cutting through the middle and in-
 ternal coats; the adhesion being favoured by the
 formation of a coagulum, which acts, in some
 degree, as  a  barrier against the impulse of the
 blood, and  subsequently disappears  by absorp-
 tion.
   LIGHT, Sax.  leoht,  liht, (G.)  Licht—
 Lux, Lumen, Phos,(F.) Lumiere.  An extreme-
 ly rare fluid, diffused over  the universe; ema-
 nating from the sun and fixed stars; traversing
 more than  four millions of leagues in a minute;
 passing through transparent bodies, which re-
 fract it according to their density and combus-
 tibility ; and arrested by opake bodies, by which
 it  is reflected at an  angle equal to the angle of
 incidence.  It is the cause of colour in all bo-
 dies ; being entirely reflected by white surfaces
 and absorbed by black.  It is  decomposed in
 passing through a transparent prism into seven
 rays—red,  orange, yellow,  green, blue, purple,
 and violet.
   Light acts  upon  the body  as  a  gentle and
 salutary stimulus.  It urges to exercise, whilst
 privation of it induces sleep and inactivity, and
 disposes to obesity.  Hence it is, that, in rural
 economy, animals,  which  are  undergoing  the
 process  of fattening,  are  kept in obscurity.
 When  vegetables are deprived of light, their
 nutrition is interfered with, and they become
 etiolated.  To a certain extent this applies to
 animals, and there  is every reason to believe,
 that want  of light  prevents the  due develop-
 ment of organized bodies.  It  has been  found,
 that when tadpoles were deprived of light, they
 did not undergo the  perfect  metamorphosis into
 the frog, but that monstrosities from arrest of
 development were induced.
   LIGHTNING, Astrape.
  LIGHTS,  RISING OF THE,  Cynanche
 trachealis.
  EIGNE, Line—/. Jpre, Linea  aspera—/.
 Blanche, Linea alba—/. Courbe. Curved line—/.
 Midiane de Pabdomen, Linea alba — /.  Sous-
trochantirienne, Linea aspera.
  LIGNIN, from  Lignum,  'wood.'   Ligneous
or  woody fibre; the fibrous structure of vege-
table substances.
  LIGNUM  ALOES, Agallochum—1. Aspala-
thi, Agallochum—1. Benedictum, Guaiacum—1.
Brasilianum rubrum, H^matoxylon campechia-
num—1. C.-pruleum,  Haematoxylon  campechia-
num — 1. Campechense, Haematoxylon  cam-
pechianum—1. Campechianum, Haematoxylon
campechianum—1. Campescanum, Haematoxy-
 lon campechianum—1. Colubrinum, see Strych-
 nos—1. Febrifugum, Quassia—1.  Haematoxyli,
 Haematoxylon  campechianum — 1.  Indicum,
 Guaiacum, Haematoxylon campechianum—1. In-
 felix, Sambucus — 1. Nephriticum, Guilandina
 Moringa (the wood)—1. Pavana?, Croton tig-
 lium— 1. Quassiae, see  Quassia—I.  Sanctum,
 Guaiacum—1. Sandalinum, see Pterocarpus san-
 talinus—1.  Sappan, H*matoxylon campechia-
 num—1. Serpentum, Ophioxylum serpentinum
 —1. Vitae,  Guaiacum.
   LIGNYODES, Fuliginous.
   LiGNYS, Fuligo.
   LIG'U LA, Lin'gula.  The clavicle, also, the
 glottis and epiglottis.   A measure containing
 3 drachms and a scruple, or about half an ounce.
 Also, a species of bandage or ligature.—Scri-
 bonius.
   LIGUSTICUM FffiNICULUM, Anethum.
   Ligus'ticum Levis'ticum, from Aiyi/arixot,
 appertaining to Ligur'ia.  Levis'ticum, Laserpi-
 tium German icum, l.igusticum,  Lovage, (F.)
 Liveche, Ache des montagnes.   The properties
 of this plant are said to be stimulant, carmina-
 tive, emmenagogue, &c.
   Ligusticum Podagra'ria, Podagra'ria, JEgo-
 po'dium podagraria, Ses'eli  agopo'dinm. An-
 gel'ica sylvestris, Gout weed.  A British plant,
 once considered useful in cases of gout.
  LIGUSTRUM ,-EGYPTIACUM, Lawsonia
 inermis.
   Ligus'trum Vulga're, Privet,  Privy, (F.)
 Tro'ene.  A shrub, which grows  wild  both in
 Europe and the United States, usually in hedges.
 The leaves are  astringent and bitter; and  the
 flowers, which are snow white, and of an agree-
 able odour, have been employed in  decoction
 in sore throat, and ulcerous stomatitis.   The
 berries are said to be cathartic.
  LIGYSMA, Distortion.
  LILAC,  COMMON,  Syringa vulgaris.
  LI LI, Lilium Paracelsi.
   LILIA'GO.  Dim. of Lilium, the lily; Spi-
 derwort; Lilias'trum.  This plant was formerly
 sai>i to be alexipharmic and carminative.
  LILIASTRUM, Liliago.
  LIITUM CAN'DIDUM,  L. album, Crinon.
 The white lily.  (F.) Lis blanc.   The infusion
 of the flowers  of the lily in olive oil is emol-
 lient, and  often applied externally, under the
 name of Lily oil, (F.) Huile de lis. The scales
 of the bulb, roasted, are sometimes employed
 as maturatives.
  Lilium Convallium, Convallaria maialis.
  Lilium  Paracel'si, Tinctu'ra  Metallo'-
 rum, Lili.   A medicine employed by Paracel-
 sus.   It was prepared by melting  in a crucible
 four ounces of each of the following alloys: An-
 timony and iron, antimony and tin, antimony
 and  copper, previously  mixed with  eighteen
 ounces of nitrate of potass and as much salt of
 tartar.  The melted  mass, when  pulverized,
 was  treated with rectified alcohol,  which really
 dissolved only the potass set "at liberty by the
 decomposition experienced by the nitre and salt
 of tartar.  The Lilium Paracelsi was  used as a
 cordial.   It entered into the composition of the
 theriacal elixir, he.
  LILY, GROUND, Trillium  latifolium —1.
May, Convallaria maialis — 1.  Pond, Nelum-
bium luteum—1. Pond, White, Nymphaea  odo-
 rata—1.  Toad, Nyrrprn a odorata—1. of the Val-
 ley,  Convallaria maialis—l.Water, Little, Bra- 
LIMA,  (CLIMATE OF)        500
LINEAMENT
*
genia hydropeltis—1. Water, Sweet, Nymphaea
odorata—1. Water, sweet-scented, Nymphaea
odorata—1.  Water, white, Nymphaea alba—1.
Water, yellow, Nymphaea lutea—1.  White,
Lilium candidum, Nelumbium luteum.
  LIMA, (CLIMATE OF.)  The climate  of
Peru does not appear to be favourable to the
generation  of consumption;  and Lima would
seem to be  a good residence for  the phthisical
valetudinarian.   Many have been benefited by
a residence there; but when they have gone
farther south, as to Chili, the effect, according
to Dr. M. Burrough, has generally been fatal.
  LIMA DENTARIA, Scalprum dentarium.
  LIMACIEN (F.), from limacon, the cochlea
of the ear.   A branch of the acoustic or laby-
rinthic nerve sent to the cochlea.
  LIMACON, Cochlea Limax—/. Rampes du,
see  Cochlea.
  LIMACUM CORNUA, see Lachrymal
puncta.
  LIMANCHIA, Abstinence.
  LIMATIO, from lima, 'a file.'  Filing:  an
operation employed by the dentist more espe-
cially to prevent immediate contact of the teeth
with each other.
  LIMATURA FERRI,  Ferri Limatura.
  LIMAX, Helix, the Slug ox Snail.  (F.) Li-
macon, Colimacon, Escargot. A syrup has been
prepared from these  animals, which has been
given in phthisis, &c.  The  raw snails have
also been taken in consumption.  They have
been used as food.
  LIMB, Membrum.
  LIMBUS ALVEOLARIS,  Alveolar border
—1. Luteus retinae, see Foramen centrale— 1.
Posterior corporis striati, Taenia semicircularis.
  LIME.  A fruit like a small lemon, the juice
of which is strongly acid, and much used for
making punch.   It is, also, used in long  voy-
ages as an antiscorbutic, &c.   It is a species of
lemon, the  fruit of Citrus a"cida.
  Lime, Calx—1.  Carbonate of, Creta—1. Chlo-
ride of,  Calcis chloridum—1. Chlorite of, Calcis
chloridum—1. Chloruret of, Calcis chloridum—
L Hydrate of,  see Calx—1. Hypochlorite  of,
Calcis chloridum—1.  Muriate of, solution  of,
see Calcis murias—1. Oxymuriate of, Calcis
chloridum—1.  Slaked, see Calx—1. Sulphuret
of,  Calcis sulphuretum—1. Tree, Tilia—1. Wa-
ter, Liquor calcis—1. Water, compound, Liquor
calcis compositus.
  LIMICUS, Hungry.
  ™lTT,R0PHES' see Trisplanchnic nerve.
  LIMNE, Marsh.
  LIMNE'MIC,  Limnx'mic, Limnhe'mic, Lim-
nm'micus, Limnha'micus, from xi^», 'a marsh,'
and 'ccifxa,  blood.'  An epithet given to affec-
tions induced by paludal emanations; (F.) Af-
fections  limnhcmiques.
  LIMOCTON'IA, Abstinence.  Abstinence^
death.   Death from hunger; from a.-oc,' hun-


  LIMON, see Citrus medica.
  LIMONADA,  Lemonade.
   LIMONADE  Lemonade-/. Gazeuse,  see
 Lemonade—I.Seche,Lemonade,dry; see Citric
 acid.
  LIMONIUM,  Statice  limonium—1. Malum,
 see Citrus medica.
   LIMONUM BACCA, see  Citrus medica.
   LIMOS, xtyiot, ' hunger.'  Hence:
  LIMO'SIS, Stomach disease,Morbid appetite.
A genus in the class Caliaca, order Enterica,
of Good.
  Limosis Cardialgia Mordens, Cardialgia—
I. Cardialgia sputatoria, Pyrosis—1. Dyspepsia,
Dyspepsia — 1.  Expers,  Anorexia—1.  Expers
protracta, Fasting—1. Flatus,  Flatulence—1.
Helluonum, Gluttony—1. Pica, Malacia.
  LIMOTHERAPEI'A, JYestitherapela, Nes-
totherapel a, Nestiatria, Peinotherapi'a, Cura-
tio morbi per ine'diam, from xi/xog, 'hunger,'and
dtpanaa, 'treatment.'  Hunger-cure.  Cure by
fasting.
  LIMUS, Limos.
  LIN, Linum usitatissimum—/. Graines de,
see Linum usitatissimum—/. Purgatif, Linum
catharticum.
  LIN AIRE, Antirhinum linaria.
  LINAMENTUM, Linteum.
  LINARIA, Antirhinum linaria—1. Vulgaris,
Antirhinum linaria.
  LINCTUARIUM, Eclectos.
  LINCTUS, Eclectos—1. Albus, Looch album
—1. Amygdalinus, Looch album—1. ad Aphthas,
Mel boracis—1. de Borace, Mel boracis—1. Com-
munis, Looch album.
  LINDEN TREE, Tilia.
  LINE, Lin'ea, Gramme,  (F.) Eigne.  Extent
in length, considered without regard to breadth
or thickness.  As a measure, it means the  12th
part of an inch.
  Median Line of the Body is an imaginary
line supposed to set out from the  top of the  head
and to fall between  the feet, so as to divide the
body vertically in two equal and symmetrical
parts.
  LINEA, Line.
  Linea Alba,  L. A. Abdom'inis,  (F.) Ligne
blanche, Ligne mediane de l'abd»men, (Ch.)
Candid'ula abdominis lin'ea, Lin'ek centra'lis,
A tendinous, strong, and highly  resisting cord;
extending from the ensiform cartilage of the
sternum to the symphysis  pubis, with the urn-
bilicusnearits middle.  The linea alba is formed
by the decussation of the aponeurosis of the ab-
dominal muscles;  and  its use is to limit the
movement of the chest backwards; to prevent
it from separating too far from the pelvis, and
to furnish a fixed point  for the  muscles of the
abdomen, in their contraction.
  Linea  Aspera,  (F.) Ligne dpre, Ragged
ridge, Ligne  sous-trochantirienne, (Ch.)  A
rough projection at the posterior surface of the
femur, which  gives attachment to muscles.
  Linea  Candidula  Abdominis,  L. alba—1.
Centralis, L. alba—1. Innominata, Ilio-pectinea
Linea.
   LINEiE  SEMILUNA'RES  are the lines,
which bound the outer margin of the recti mus-
cles of the abdomen.  They are formed by the
union of  the  abdominal tendons.   The  lines
which cross these  muscles are called Linea
transver'sx.
   Line* Tib'ijE, An'guli tib'ia.  Sharp lines on
the tibia.
   Linea  Transversa,  see L. semilunares.
   LINE AIRE, Linear.
   LIN'EAMENT, Lineamen'tum, from  linea,
 ' a line.'  A delicate  trait observed  on  the
 countenance, which constitutes its special cha-
 racter, enables us to preserve its image,  and is
 the cause of resemblance to others.  A feature.
   Bonnet gave the  name Lineament to the first 
LINEAR
501
LINIMENTUM
traces of organization in the embryo of man and
animals.
  LIN'EAR, Linea'ris, Linea'rius.   Same ety-
mon.   (F.) Liniaire.  Pathologists apply the
epithet linear to fractures which are very nar-
row, and in which the fragments are scarcely
separated.
  LINE'OLA; a diminutive of Linea, 'a line.'
A small line.
  Line'ola Mamma'rum.  The white lines on
the breasts.
  LINGUA, Tongue—1. Bovis, Anchusa offici-
nalis—1. Canina, Cynoglossum—1. Cervina, As-
plenium scolopendrium—1. Exigua, Epiglottis
—1. Prognosis  ex, Glossomantia—1. Serpenta-
ria, Ophioglossum vulgatum.
  Lingua Avis,  see Fraxinus  excelsior—1.
Detentor, Glossocatochus—1. Exoncosis, Glos-
soncus—1. Scalpium, Cure-langue.
  LIN'GUAL, Lingua'lis, from  lingua, 'the
tongue.'  Relating or belonging to the tongue.
   Lingual Ar'tery, Arte'ria lingua'lis, arises
from the external carotid; and, after  several
tortuosities, reaches the base of the tongue, be-
comes horizontal, and, under the name Ranine,
advances  to the tip, where it anastomoses with
 its fellow.  In  its course, it gives offthe Dor-
 salis lingua and sublingual.
   Lingual Muscle, Lingua'lis, Basio-glossus,
 (Cowper), Glossia'nus, is a small,  long, fasci-
 culus of fibres, hidden beneath the sides of the
 tongue, between the  hyoglossus and styloglos-
 sus muscles, which are  on the outside, and the
 genioglossus, within. This muscle  passes from
 the base  to the tip of the tongue; and, at its
 sides, is  confounded with the  muscles just re-
 ferred to.  It shortens the tongue, depresses its
 point, and can carry it to the right  or left side.
    Lingual Nerve  is a name which has been
 given to  the ninth pair or hypoglossus; which
 see.   Lingual nerve is, also, a term applied to
 a branch given off from the Inferior maxillary,
 or third branch of the fifth pair.  Near its  ori-
 gin it anastomoses with, or simply runs close
 to, the chorda tympani.  It afterwards gives off
 a considerable  number of filaments, which are
 distributed to the tongue, and some of which
 are said to have been even traced as far as the
 papillae;—a distribution which has occasioned
 it  to be regarded as the Gustatory nerve, (F.)
 Nerf gustatif.
    Lingual Vein  follows nearly the same dis-
 tribution as the artery.   It opens  into  the in-
 ternal jugular.
    LINGUALIS,  Lingual muscle.
    LINGULA, Ligula—1. Fistulae, Epiglottis.
    LINI  USITATISSIMI  SEMINA,  see Li-
 num usitatissimum.
    LINTMENT, Linimen'tum., Litus, Enchris'-
 ton, Catachris'ton,  Perich'risis,  Perichris'ton,
 Aleiph'a, Aleim'ma, Enchris'ta, Frictum, Fri-
 cato'rium,  Inunc'tio, from linire,  'to anoint
 gently,'  'to  anoint.'  An unctuous medicine,
 containing usually oil or lard, which is used ex-
 ternally  in the form of friction.
    LINIMENT  AMMONIACAL, Linimen-
 tum ammoniae—/. de Carbonate d'Ammoniaque,
 Linimentum ammoniae carbonatis.
    LINIMENT  ANTIHEMORRHOID ALE
 DE SIEUR ANDRY, (F.)  This is formed
  of Narbonne honey, Olive oil and Turpentine.
    LINIMENT ANTIPARALYTIQUE, (F.)
Composed of subcarbonate of ammonia, alcoho-
lized oil; black soap, and oil of rosemary.
  Liniment, Antiscrof'ulous, of Hufeland.
It is composed of fresh ox gall, White Soap,
Unguentum  althatx, Volatile oil of petroleum,
Carbonate of ammonia, and Camphor.
  LINIMENT  CALCALRE, Linimentum
aquae calcis—1. Camphor, Linimentum campho-
rae—/. Camphri, Linimentum camphorae—1. of
Cantharides, camphorated, Linimentum e can-
tharidibus  camphoratum—/. Cantharide  cam-
phri, Linimentum  e cantharidibus camphora-
tum—/. d'Eau de chaux, Linimentum aquae cal-
cis—1. of Lime water, Linimentum aquae calcis
—/. de Mercure, Linimentum  hydrargyri—1.
Mercurial,  Linimentum hydrargyri—/. Olio-
calcaire, Linimentum aquae calcis.
   LINIMENT RESOLUTIF DE  POTT,
composed of oil of turpentine and muriatic acid.
Used in rheumatism, swellings, &c.
   Liniment, Saint John Long's.   A liniment
used by a celebrated empiric at the commence-
ment of the second quarter of the 19th century.
It is said to have consisted of oil of turpentine,
and acetic add, held in suspension by yolk of
egg.   It was a powerful counterirritant.
   LINIMENT DE SAVON, Linimentum sa-
ponis  compositum—/. de  Savon opiaci,  Lini-
mentum saponis et opii.
   LINIMENT  SAVONNEUX  HYDRO-
SULFURE DE JADELOT.  Composed of
sulphuret of potass, gvj, white  soap ftij,  oil of
poppy ftiv,  oil of thyme gij : used in itch.
   Liniment, Simple, Linimentum  simplex—1.
 Soap, Linimentum saponis—1. Soap and opium,
 Linimentum saponis et opii—1. Soap, compound,
 Linimentum  saponis compos.—1. Turpentine,
 Linimentum terebinthinae—1. of Verdigris, Li-
 nimentum  aeruginis—I. de Vert-de-gris,  Lini-
 mentum aeruginis—/. Voladl, Linimentum am-
 moniae fortius.
   LINIMENTUM, Liniment.
   Linimen'tum ^Eru'ginis, Ox'ymelJEru'ginis,
  Unguen'tum JEgyptiacum, Melli'tum de aceta-
 te cupri, Liniment of verdigris, (F.) Liniment
 de Vert-de-gris, Miel d'acetate de cuivre. (JEru-
 gin. cont. ijj, acet. gvij, mellis despum.  pond.
 ^xiv.  Liquefied, strained, and inspissated by
 boiling.  Ph. L.)  It is used as an escharotic
 and detergent;—diluted, as a gargle in venereal
 ulcerations and in foul ulcers.
   Linimentum  Album, Ceratum cetacei, Un-
 guentum cetacei—1. ad Ambustiones, L. aqure
  calcis.
   Linimentum Ammo'nia, Sapo ammoniaca'/is,
  Linimen'tum  ammonia'tum seu ammo'nicum seu
  Anglica'num, Sapo ammo'nia olea'ceus, Ungu-
  en'tum album resol'vens, Oleum ammonia'tum,
  Linimentum ammo'nia, Strong liniment of am-
  monia, (F.) Liniment voladl ou ammoniacal,
  Savon ammoniacal.  (Liq. ammon. f. §j, olei
  oliva, f. gij.  Mix.  Ph. U. S.)  A stimu-
  lating and rubefacient soap.
    Linimentum  Ammo'nia Carbona'tis, Lini-
  ment of subcarb'onate of  ammo'nia, Linimen-
  tum ammo'nix, Linimentum volatile; Harts-
  horn and oil, (F.) Liniment de carbonate d'am-
  moniaque.  (Solut. subcarb. ammon.  f. fij,olei
  oliv. f. 3iij.  Shake till they unite.)   A stimu-
  lating liniment, mostly used to  relieve rheu-
  matic pains,  bruises, &c.
    Linimentum Ammoniatum seu Ammonicum, 
LINIMENTUM
502
LIP
    L. ammoniae fortis—1. Anglicanum, L. Ammo-
    niae fortis—1. ad Aphthas, Mel boracis.
      Linimentum Aqua Calcis, Linimentum Cal-
    cis, (Ph. U. S.) Oleum lini cum calce, Sapo cal-
    ca'rius, Linimentum ad ambustio'nes, Liniment
    of lime water, (F.) Liniment d'eau de chaux,
*   Savon calcaire,  Liniment  calcaire, Liniment
    olio-calcaire.  (Old lini; aqux calcis, au partes
    aequales.  Misce.)  A  cooling  and  emollient
    application to burns and scalds.
      Linimentum Arcai, Unguentum elemi com-
    positum—1. de Borate, Mel boracis—1.  Calcis,
    L. aquae calcis.
      Linimentum Cam'phora, Oleum camphora'-
    tum, Solu'tio camphora oleo'sa, Camphor lini-
    ment, (F.) Liniment  Camphri.  (Camphora
    giv, olei olivie, f. gij.  Dissolve.)  It is used
    as a stimulant and discutient.
      Linimentum  Cam'phora  Compos'itum,
    Ward's  essence  for  the  headache, Compound
    camphor liniment (Camphor gij, liq. ammonia
    f. gii, spirit, lavand. f.  Oj.  Ph.  L.)   It  is
    stimulant and anodyne.
      Linimentum e Cantharid'ibus Camphora'-
    tum, Camph 'orated liniment of cantharides, ( F.)
    L. cantharide camphri, (Tinct. cantharid. gsg,
    ol.  amygd. dale, giv, sapon. amygd. gj, cam-
    phor, gss.  Dissolve the camphor in the oil, and
    add this mixture to the tincture and soap.  Ph.
    P.)  Rubefacient, and discutient.
      Linimentum Canthar'idis, Liniment of Spa-
    nish Flies, (Cantharid. in pulv. gj:  Ol. Tere-
    binth. Oss.  Digest for three hours  by means
    of a water bath, and strain.   Ph. U. S.) Used
    as an excitant liniment in typhus, &c.
      Linimentum Hydrar'gyri, Mercrlrial lini-
    ment,  (F.) L. de mercure, (Ung. Hyd. fort.,
    adip. prxp. aa giv, camphora gj, sp. reel, g t.
    xv,  liquor ammon. f.  giv.  Rub the camphor
    with the spirit; add the ointment and lard; and,
    lastly, gradually  add the solution.  Ph. L.)   It
    is used as a stimulant and discutient to venereal
    swellings, &c.
      Linimentum PLUMBATUM,Unguentum plumbi
    superacetatis—1.  Saponaceum opiatum,  L. sa-
    ponis et opii.
      Linimentum Sapona'ceum Hydrosulphura'-
    tum.  (Common  Soap, 500 p.  Liquefy in a
    water bath in an  earthen vessel; and add white
    poppy oil, 250 p.  Mix intimately, and add dry
    sulphuret of potass, 100 p.  Beat together, and
    add  oil of poppy-seed, 750 p.  Ph. P.)   In cu-
    taneous affections, as psora, herpes, &c.
      Linimentum  Saponato-camphoratum,  L.
    Saponis camphoratum.
      Linimentum  Sapo'nis,  Tinctu'ra  saponis
    eamphora'ta (Ph. U. S.)  Camphorated  Tinc-
    ture of Soap, Soap Liniment. (Saponis concis.
    giv: camphor, gij, Ol.Rosmarin. f. gss. alco-
    h*l.  Oij.  Digest the soap and alcohol in a wa-
    ter bath,  until the former is dissolved;  filter,
    and add the camphor and oil—Ph. U. S.) Used
    in sprains, bruises, and as an embrocation.
      Linimentum Sapo'nis Camphora'tum, L. S.
    compos'itum, L. Sapona'to-camphora'tum, Bal-
    sa/mum opodeldoc, Tinctura saponis eamphora'-
    ta, Opodeldoch, Steer's opodeldoch, (F.) L. de
    Savon.   Compound soap  Liniment.  (Sapon.
    vulgar, giij, Camphor, gj, Ol. Rosmarini, Ol.
    Origan, aa f. gj,  Alcohol Oj. Digest the soap
    with the alcohol in a sand bath, until it  is dis-
    solved;  then add the camphor  and  oils, and
    when they are dissolved, pour the liquor into
 broad-mouthed bottles.—Ph. U. S.)  Stimulant
 and anodyne; in bruises, local pains, &c.
   Freeman's Bathing Spirits consist of lin. sa-
 pon comp. coloured with Daffy's elixir.
   Jackson's Bathing Spirits differ from Free-
 man's in the addition of some essential oils.
   Linimentum  Saponis et Opii, L. sapona'-
 ceum  opia'tum,  Soap  and opium liniment
 Bates's anodyne balsam,Balsamum anod'ynum
 Tinctura saponis et opii, (F.) L. de Savon opi-
 aci.  (Saponis duri giv, opii gj, camphoi a gij,
 olei rorismarin. f.  gss, alcohol  Oij.  Ph.E.)
 Anodyne; in chronic rheumatism and local
 pains in general.
   Linimentum Simplex, Simple liniment, (Ol.
 oliv. 4 p. cerx albx 1 p. fiat linimentum. Ph.
 E.)  Emollient, used in chaps, &c.
   Linimentum Simplex, Unguentum cerae.
   Linimentum Terebin'thina, Turpen'tine li-
 niment.   (Cerat. resinx, Ibj, ol. terebinth. Oss.
 Melt the cerate and stir in the oil.)  A stimu-
 lant; applied to burns, &c.
   Linimentum Volatile, L. ammoniae carbo-
 natis.
   LINNiE'A BOREA'LIS. This plant, called
 after Linna:us, has a bitter, subastringent taste;
 and is used, in some places, in the form of fo-
 mentation, in rheumatic pains.  An infusion in
 milk is  used in  Switzerland  for the cure of
 sciatica.
   LINOSPERMUM, see Linum usitatissimum.
   LINSEED, see Linum usitatissimum.
   LINT, Carbasus, Linteum.
   LINTEAMEN, Linteum, Pledget.
   LINTEUM, Ij. carptum seu rasum, Lintea'-
 men, Oth'one, Othon'ion, Car'basus, Car'basa,
 Car'pia,  Motos, Mote, Motum,  Linamen'tum,
 Tilma,  Xystos,  Xysma,  Achne,  Lint, (F.)
 Charpie.   A soft, nocculent substance, made
 by scraping old linen cloth, (F.) Charpie  rapi$,
 or by unravelling old linen cut into small pieces
 —(F.) Charpie brute ; and employed in surgery
 as a dressing to wounds, ulcers, &c, either sim-
 ply or covered with ointment.
   Linteum Carptum, see Linteum—1. Rasum,
 see Linteum.
   LINUM, see Linum usitatissimum.
   Linum  Cathar'ticum, L. minimum, Cha-
 mali'num, Purging flax, or Mill  mountain,
 (F.) Lin purgalif.   This plant is possessed of
 cathartic  properties, and has a bitterish, disa-
 greeable  taste. Dose, gj in substance.
   Linum  Crudum,   see  Apolinosis—1.  Mini-
 mum, L. Catharticum.
  Linum  Usitatis'simum, Common  flax, (F.)
 Lin.  The seed Linum (Ph. U. S.), Sem'ina
 lini u sit ads'si mi, Linosper'mum, Linseed,Flax-
 seed, (F.) Grains de lin, are inodorous, and al-
 most tasteless; yielding mucilage to warm wa-
 ter, and oil by expression.  They are demul-
 cent and emollient.  Linseed, when ground into
 powder, forms a good emollient poultice.  It is
 only necessary to stir the powder into boiling
 water.  The oil, Oleum  lini, Flaxseed oil, is
 emollient and demulcent.
  LIONDENT, Leontodon taraxacum.
  LION'S  FOOT, Prenanthes-1.  Tail, Leo-
 nurus.
  LIOPODIA, Leiopodes.
  LIOPUS, Leiopus.
  LIP, Sax. and Germ. L i pp e, Cheilos, La-
bium, Labrum, (F.)  Levre.   The lips are com-
posed of different muscular fasciculi, nervei 
LIPA
503
LIQUOR
and vessels, covered by the  skin and mucous I
membrane of the mouth.  They circumscribe
the anterior aperture of that cavity; and  are
inservient to mastication, pronunciation,  &c.
They are distinguished into upper and lower—
Anochei'lon, and Catocheiion—and are placed in
front of each jaw, forming the anterior aper-
ture of the mouth between them.   They unite
at each side, and form what  are called the an-
gles or  commissures of the mouth—Chalini.
Their -free edge is covered with a mucous mem-
brane, of a more or less vivid red, according to
the individual.  They receive their arteries
from the external carotid.  Their veins open
into the  two jugulars.  Their lymphatic ves-
sels descend into the ganglions situate beneath
the chin.  Their nerves are derived from the
infra-orbitar, mental, and facial.
  Lips, La'bia,  (F.) Levres de la vulve, are
folds belonging to the genital organs  of the fe-
male, and distinguished into—1. Labia puden'-
di, Labia majo'rit, Episi'a, Ala puden'di mulie'-
bris, Hyrtochei'lides, Rapes, Ala  majo'res,
Crem'noi,  (F.)  Grandes  Livres.  These  are
two membranous folds, thicker above than be-
low, which limit the vulva laterally, and ex-
tend from the inferior part of the mons veneris
to  the perinaeum.  They unite anteriorly and
posteriorly, forming commissures; the posteri-
or of which is called Fourchette.   Their outer
surface is convex; formed of skin and covered
with hair.  The inner  surface is  red and co-
vered by a mucous membrane, continuous with
that lining the other parts of the vulva.   The
space between the skin and  mucous membrane
is filled with a  fatty tissue and fibrous bands,
some fibres of the constrictor vaginae muscle,
vessels, and nerves.
   We speak, also, of the I'ps of a wound, ul-
<-.er, &c, when alluding to the edges of these
solutions of continuity.
   LIPA, Al*-*, fat; also, Lippitudo.
   LI'PARA, from Xtraoo,;, 'fatty,'  and Xma,
• fat.'  Plasters, containing much oil  or fat.
   LIPARIA, see Polysarca.
   LIPAROCE'LE, Lipoce'le, from Xnra^ot,
'fatty,' and  x>/A>/, 'tumour.'   A  Lipo'ma, or
fatty tumour of the scrotum, Her'nia pingue-
dino'sa scroti.
   LIPAROLE, Pomatum, Pommade.
   LIPAROTES, see Polysarcia.
   LIPAROTRICH'IA, from Xirrae.og, ' fat,' and
*{i£,' hair.'  Too great oiliness of the hair.
   LIPASMA, see Polysarcia.
   LIPEMANIA, Melancholy, see Lypemania.
   LIPH^EMIA, Leiphsemia.
   LIPHiEMOS, Leiphaemos.
   LIPO or LEIPO, \f ,*-», ' I leave,"  I forsake.'
 Hence, Leipopsychia, Leipothymia.
   LIPOCELE,  Liparocele.
   LTPODERMIA, Aposthia.
   LIPODERMOS, Leipodermos.
   LIPO'MA, Lypo'ma, from xmot, 'fat,' 'a
fatty tumour.'   A fatty tumour of an encysted
or other character.
   LIPOME'RIA,  Lripome'ria, from xtivu, ' I
leave,' and /tceg'c, a part.'  Monstrosity from
arrest of development,  or from defect.  Defi-
ciency of one or more of the parts of the body;
for example, where a person only has four fingers.
   LIPOPSYCHIA, Syncope.
   LIPOS, Pinguedo.
   LIPOSIS, see Polysarcia.
  LIPOTHYMIA, Syncope.
  LIPPA, Chassie.
  LIPPIA, Adali.
  IAFPITVDO,Ophtkalmiachron'icaof some.
Lippitude, Blear-eye, Lappa, Lipa, Xerophthal-
mia, Lema, Leme,,  Lemos'itas, Gleme, Glama,
Gra'mia.  A copious secretion of the sebaceous
humour of the eyelids, which renders them gum-
my.  It is owing to a state of chronic inflam-
mation of the tarsal margins; the eyelids being
generally red,  tumefied, and painful.
  Lippitudo Neonatorum, see Ophthalmia.
  LIPPUS, Chassieux.
  LIPSIS ANIMI, Syncope.
  LIPSOTRICHIA, Alopecia, Calvities.
  LIQUAMU'MIA, Adeps huma'nus. Human
fat—Ruland and Johnson.
  LIQUARIUM, Syrupus simplex.
  LIQUATIO, Liquefaction.
  LIQUEFA'CIENT,  Liquefa'ciens, from li-
quidus, ' liquid,' and facere, ' to make.' A me-
dicinal agent, which  seems to have  the power
of liquefying solid depositions.  To this  class
mercury, iodine, &c. have been referred  by
some.
  LIQUEFACTION,  Liqua'tio, Liquefac'tio;
(same etymon.)  Transformation of a solid sub-
stance into a liquid.  It is used particularly in
speaking of metals and fatty bodies.
  LIQUEUR  D'ALUMINE  COMPOSkE,
Liquor  aluminis compos. — /. Arsinicale, Li-
quor arsenicalis—/. Fumante de Boyle, Ammo-
niae sulphuretum — /. Fumante de Boyle, Li-
quor fumans Boylii—/. Volatile de come de cerf,
Liquor volatilis cornu cervi—/. de Cuivre am-
moniacal, Liquor  cupri ammoniati—/. de Fer
alcaline, Liquor ferri alkalini—I. de Sous-aci-
tate de plomb, Liquor plumbi subacetatis—/. de
Potasse, Liquor potassae—/. de Sous-carbonate
de potasse, Liquor potassae subcarbonatis.
  LIQUID, DISINFECTING, BARRETT'S,
see Barrett's disinfecting  liquid—1.  Disinfect-
ing, Labarraque's. Liquor  sodae chlorinatae—1.
Disinfecting, Ledoyen's, see  Ledoyen's disin-
fecting liquid.
  LIQUIDAMBAR ASPLENIFOLIA, Comp-
tonia asplenifolia—1. Officinalis, see  Styrax—1.
Peregrina, Comptonia asplenifolia.
  Liquidam'bar Styracif'lua, Liquidam'bra,
Sweet gum. The name of the  tree which affords
the Liquid amber and  Storax liquida, Styrax
liquida or Liquid storax.  Liquid  amber is a
resinous juice of a yellow colour, inclining to
red;  at first of about the consistence of turpen-
tine; by age, hardening  into a solid, brittle
mass.  It is not used medicinally.
  Styrax Liquida is obtained from  this  plant
by boiling.  There are two sorts :—one  more
pure than the other.  It is used, occasionally,
as a stomachic, in  the form of plaster.
  LIQUIDUM  NERVEUM, Nervous fluid.
  LIQUIRITIA,  Glycyrrhiza.
  LIQUOR, Liqua'men,  Hygron,  Hy'grotes.
(F.) Liqueur.   A name given to many  com-
pound liquids, and especially  to those the  bases
of which are water and alcohol.
  Liquor  Acidus  Halleri,  Elixir  acidum
Halleri—1. iEthereus, Ether—1. jEthereus sul-
phuricus, Spiritus  aetheris sulphurici.
  Liquor  Alu'minis Compos'itus,  Aqua alu'-
minis compos'ita,  Aqua alumino'sa Batea'na,
Compound  solu'tion  of  Alum, (F.) Liqueur
d'alumine composie. (Aluminis, zinci sulphat. 
LIQUOR                 504                 LIQUOR
 sing, gss, aqua fervent.  Oij.  Dissolve  and
 filter through paper.)  Detergent and stimulant.
 Used as a collyrium,  when properly diluted, in
 ophthalmia;  as an injection in gleet,  leucor-
 rhoea,  &c.
    Liquor Ammo'nia, Liq. ammonia, purx, Al-
 cali ammoniacum fluidum, Ammo'nia liq'uida,
 A. caus'tica liquida, A. pura liquida, Lixivium
 ammoniacale,Spiritus salis ammoniaci aquo'sus,
 Aqua ammonix, Aqua ammonia caus'tica, Li-
 quid ammonia, Solution of ammonia, (F.) Am-
 moniaque liquide.  (Directed to be made in the
 Pharm. U. S.  from muriate of Ammonia, in
 fine powder;  and Lime, each a pound; distilled
 water'  a pint;  water,  nine fluidounces.  The
 water  is employed to slake  the  lime;  this is
 mixed with the muriate of ammonia and  put
 into a glass retort in a sand bath.   Heat is ap-
 plied so as to drive off the ammonia, which is
 made to pass  into a quart bottle containing the
 distilled water.  To every ounce of the product
 three and  a half fluidrachms  of distilled water
 are added, or as much as may be necessary to
 raise its s. g. to 0.96.   This Liquor Ammoniae
 may also be made by mixing one part of liquor
 ammoniae  fortior with two parts  of distilled
 water. (Ph. U. S.  1842.) )  The Liquor Am-
 monia fortior, or stronger solution of ammonia
 (Ph. U. S.) is an aqueous solution of ammonia
 of the s. g. 0.882.  It is stimulant, antacid, and
 rubefacient. Dose gtt. to xx,  in water or milk.
   Liquor Ammonia Aceta'tis, Alcali  ammo-
 niacum ateta'tum,  Alcali  volatile aceta!turn,
 Aqua aceta'tis ammo'nix, Solution of acetate of
 ammonia, Aqua ammo'nia aceta'ta, Ace'tas am-
 monia, Spirit of Minder e' rus,Sal ammoniacum
 vegetabile, Spir'itus ophthalmicus Mindere'ri,
 Sal aceto' sus ammoniaca'lis. (Ammon. carbon.
 gij, acid. acet. dil. tbiv; or add the salt till  the
 acid  is saturated.  A  sudorific:  externally,
 cooling.  Dose, f. gij to f. giss.
   Liquor  Ammonia Subcarbona'tis, Solu'tio
 subcarbonatis  ammonia, Aqua carbonatis am-
 monix, Solution of  subcarbonate of ammonia.
 (Ammonix  carbon,  gviij, aqua  destillat. Oj.
 Dissolve and filter through paper.)  Use;—the
 same as that of the carbonate of ammonia, (q. v.)
   Liquor  Ammonii  Hydrothiodis,  Ammoniae
 sulphuretum—1. ex  Ammonia et oleo succini,
 Spiritus ammoniae succinatus.
   Liquor Am'nii, Aqua amnii.  The liquor of
 the  amnios.  (F.)  Eaux  de Pamnios.  The
 fluid exhaled by the amnios, and which envelops
 the fcetus during the  whole period  of  utero-
 gestation.  It is often simply called the waters,
 (F.) Les Eaux.   Its  relative quantity dimi-
 nishes as pregnancy advances, although its ab-
 solute quantity  continues to increase till the
 period of delivery.   In some women only five
 or  six  ounces are  met with:  in  others, it
 amounts to pints.   It is limpid, yellowish, or
 whitish; exhales a faint smell, and has a slightly
 saline taste.  It contains water in considerable
 quantity;  albumen;  chloride of sodium;  phos-
 phate of lime;  an alkaline substance;  and a
 particular acid.   It  facilitates the dilatation of
 the uterus, and aids delivery by acting as a soft
 wedge enclosed in its  membranes, &c.   It is
 probably inservient  to useful  purposes  in the
 nutrition of the fcetus.
   Liquor,  Anodyne,  Hoffmann's, Spiritus
astheris sulphurici  compositus—1.  Anodynus
martialis, Alcohol sulphurico-aethereus ferri.
    Liquor  Arsenica'lis, L. potas'sx arsenltis
 (Ph. U. S.), Solu'tio arsenicalis, S. arsenica'ta,
 S. arsenltis kal'icx, Arsenical solution, Min'-
 eral solvent, Ar'senis potas'sx liq'uidus, Ar'-
 senis potassx aquo'sus, Fowler's solution of ar-
 senic, Solvens minera'le, Italian poison, Aqua
 Tofa'na, (?) Aqua Toffa'nia, Acqua delta Toffa-
 na, Acqua  di Napoli, Acquet'ta, Tasteless air 114
 drop, (F'.) Liqueur  arsinieale.   (Acid. Arse-
 nios. in pulverem subtilem triti, potassa car-
 bonatis pur., sing. gr. lxiv., aqux  destillat. q.
 s.  Boil together the arsenious  acid and car-
 bonate of  potassa with twelve fluidounces  of
 distilled water, in a glass vessel, until  the ar-
 senic is dissolved.  When the solution is cold,
 add Tinct.  lav and. c. f. giv, and  as much dis-
 tilled water as will make the whole one pint.
 Ph.U.S.). f. gj, contains gr. ss.  of the arse-
 nious acid.  Dose, g»- xx.
   Liquor  Arsenici et  Hydrargyri Iodidi,
 see Arsenic and  Mercury,  iodide of—1. Barii
 chloridi, Baryta, muriate,  solution of—1. Bel-
 losti, L. Hydrargyri nitrici—1. Calcii chloridi,
 see Calcis  murias.
   Liquor Calcis, Solu'tio calcis, Aqua calcis,
 Aqua benedic'ta, Calca'ria pura liq'uida, Aqua
 calca'rix usta, Solution of Lime, Lime Water,
 (F.)  Eau de chaux.  (Calcis  giv.  aq. destill,
 cong.  Pour the  water on the lime, and stir.
 Let it stand in  a covered vessel  three hours;
 bottle the  lime and  water in  stopped bottles,
 and use the clear solution.)  It is  astringent,
 tonic, and  antacid; and is used  in diarrhoea,
 diabetes, heartburn, &c, and as a lotion to foul
 and cancerous  ulcers, &c.   Dose, gij, to Oss,
 in milk.
   Liquor   Calcis Compos'itus,  Aqua  calcis
 composita,  Compound lime water, Aqua bene-
 dic'ta composita,  (F.) Eau de chaux compose.
 (Lign. guaiac. ras. Ibss, rad. glycyrrh. gj, cort.
 sassafras, gss;  semin. coriand. %ij, liquor col-
 ds, Ovj.  Macerate for two days, and filter.)
 It is stimulant, diaphoretic, and astringent, and
 is used in cutaneous affections.
   Liquor Calcis Muriatis, see  Calcis murias
 — 1. Cereris, Cerevisia — 1.  Chloreti natri, L.
 sodae chlorinatae—1. Chlorini, see  Chlorine—1.
 Chlorureti natri, L. Sodae chlorinatae—1. Chlo-
 rureti sodae, L. sodae chlorinatae.
   Liquor Cupri Ammonia'ti,  Aqua cupri am-
 monia'ti, Aqua sapphari'na, Blue eyewater, So-
 lution of ammoniated copper; (F.) Liqueur ou
 Eau de cuivre ammoniacal.   (Cupri  ammoniat.
 gj. aqux destill.  Oj.  Dissolve and filter the
 solution  through paper.  Ph.  L.)  Corrosive
 and detergent.   Used externally to foul ulcers;
 and diluted  with an equal part of distilled wa-
 ter, it is applied by means of a hair pencil to
 specks and films on the eye.
  Liquor Cupri Sulpha'tis Compos'itus, Aqua
 cupri vitriola'd composita.  (Cupri sulpkat.,
 alumin. sulphat. aa. giij, aqua pura Oij, acid
 sulph. gij.   Boil  the  salts  in  the water until
 they are dissolved; then filter the liquor, and
 add the acid.)  Used as an astringent in epis-
 taxis, &c. It was also called Aqua Styp'tica.
  Liquor Cyreniacus, Benjamin—1. Excitans,
 Spiritus ammoniae  succinatus.
  Liquor Ferri Alkali'ni, Solution of Alka-
line Iron, (F.)  Liqueur de fer alcaline. (Ferri
giiss, acid,  nitric, gij, aqua destillat. f. gvj,
liq. potass, subcarb. f. gvj.  To the acid and wa-
 ter mixed, add the iron; and,  after the effer- 
LIQUOR                 505                 LIQUOR
vescence, add the clear solution, gradually, to the
liq. potassa  subcarb.; shaking it  occasionally
till it assumes a deep brown-red colour, and the
effervescence stops.  After  six hours' settling,
pour off the clear solution.  Ph. L.)  It is to-
nic, like other preparations of iron.  Dose, f.
gss to f. giss.
  Liquor Ferri  Io'didi, Solution of Iodide of
Iron, Syru'pus Ferri io'didi,  Syrup of I'odide
of Iron.  (Iodin.  gij, Ferri lament, gj, Mel.
despumat.  f. gv,  Aqua destillat.  q.  s.  Mix
the iodine with f. gx of the distilled water, in
a porcelain or glass vessel, and gradually add
the iron filings, constantly stirring.  Heat the
mixture gently until the liquor acquires a light
greenish colour; then, having  added the honey,
continue the heat a short time, and filter. Last-
ly, pour distilled water upon  the filter, and al-
low it to pass until the whole of the filtered
liquor measures twenty fluidounces.  Keep the
solution in closely stopped bottles.—Ph. U. S.)
Dose, 10 to 30 drops.
   Lini on Ferri  Muriatis, Tinctura ferri mu-
riatis—1. Ferri Nitratis, see Tinctura ferri mu-
riatis— 1.  Ferri  Sesquinitratis, see Tinctura
ferri muriatis.
   Liquor Fumans Boy'lii, Sulphure'tum Am-
mo'nia  Hydrogena'tum,   Hydrosulphure'tum
Ammonia,  Tinctu'ra  Sulphuris  Volat'ilis,
Aqua Sulphure'ti Ammonia, Boyle's Fuming
liquor,  (F.) Liqueur fumante de Boyle.  Itis
possessed of  nauseating and emetic properties,
and has been given in diabetes  and diseases of
excitement as a deoxygenizer!
   Liquor  Fuming,  Boyle's, Liquor  fumans
Boylii—1.  Fuming, of Libavius, Tin, muriate
of—1. Genital, Sperm—1. of  Hartshorn, vola-
tile, Liquor volatilis cornu cervi.
   Liquor  Hydrar'gyri Nitrici, L. Bellosti,
(F.) Eau mercurielle, Eau contre la gangrene,
Remede du Due d'Antin,  R.du  Capucin, (Hy-
drarg.  120 p., acid nitr. (33°,) 150 p.  Dis-
solve, and  add to the solution, distilled water,
900 p. Ph. P.)  Dose, two  or three drops in a
glass  of water.  Not much used.
  Liquor  Hydrar'gyri Oxymuria'tis, Solil-
tion of Oxymuriate of Mercury.  Liquor Swiete-
nis, L. Syphiliticus Tarneri, Mu'rias hydrar-
gyri spirituo'sus  liq'uidus, Solutio Muria'tis
hydrar'gyri oxygenati, Liquor or Solution of
Corro'sive Sub'limate or of Van Sudeten. (Hyd.
oxym. gr. viij, aquae destill. f. gxv, sp. red. f.
gj.  Dissolve in the water and  add the spirit.
Ph.L.)  Dose, f.  gss, or f.  gj.
  Norton's  Drops,  Green's  Drops, and  So-
lomon's Anti-Impetig"enes — all  nostrums—
seem  to be disguised  solutions of Corrosive
Sublimate.
  Liquor Hydriodatis Arsenici et Hydrar-
gyri, Arsenic and mercury, iodide of.
  Liquor Io'dini Compos'itus, Solu'tio Potas'-
sii  Io'didi lodure'ta, Compound Solution of
Iodine, Lugol's Solution.  (Iodin. gvj, Potass.
iodid. giss, Aqux  destillat.  Oj.   Dissolve the
iodine and iodide of potassium in the water.—
Ph. U.  S.)   Dose, g". vj. ad xij, in sugared
water.
  Liquor Lithargyri Subacetatis, L. plum-
bi  subacetatis—1.  Lithargyri  subacetatis com-
positus, Liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus.
  Liquor of Monro, Solution of Monro.   A
solution, used by Monro for the preservation of
anatomical preparations.  It was composed of j
        33
alcohol at 22° or 24°, with a drachm of nitric
acid to each pint.
   Liquor Morphi'na seu Morphia Aceta'tis,
Solution  of Acetate of Morphia, An'odyne
Drops. (Acetate of morphia, gr.  xvj, disdlled
water, f. gvj, dilute acetic acid,f. gij.)   Dose,
from six to twenty-four drops.
   Liquor Morphi'na seu Mor'phia Sulpha'-
Tis, Solution of Sulphate of Morphia.  (Mor-
phia sulphat.  gr. viij, aqua destillat.  Oss.
Dissolve the sulphate of morphia in the water.
Ph. U. S.)   Dose, f. gj to f.  gij—containing
from an eighth to  a quarter of a grain.
   Liquor Natri Oxymuriatici, L. Sodae chlo-
rinatae—1. Nervinus Bangii, Tinctura aetherea
camphorata—1. Oleosus  Sylvii, Spiritus ammo-
niae aromaticus—1. Opii sedativus, (Haden's,)
see Tinctura opii.
   Liquor Opii Sedati'vus.  An empirical pre-
paration by a London druggist of the name of
Battley.  It is presumed to be a  solution of
acetate of morphia, or of opium, in some form
in vinegar.   It is devoid of many of the narcotic
effects of opium.
   Liquor Ovi Albus,  Albumen ovi—1.  Pan-
creaticus, see Pancreas—1. Pericardii, see Peri-
cardium—1. Plumbi acetatis, L. P. subacetatis—
1.  Plumbi diacetatis,  Liquor Plumbi subace-
tatis.
   Liquor Plumbi Subaceta'tis, Liquor Sub-
aceta'ds Lithar'gyri, Solution of Subacetate of
Lead,  Liquor Plumbi Aceta'tis, L. P. Diaceta-
tis, Goulard's Extrac'tum Satur'ni, Lithar'gyri
Ace'tum, (F.) Liqueur de sous-acitate de Plomb.
(Plumb, acet. gxvj, Plumb, oxid. semivitr. in
pulv. subtil, gixss, aq. destillat. Oiv.   Boil to-
gether in a  glass  or  porcelain vessel, for  half
an hour, occasionally adding distilled  water, so
as  to preserve the  measure. Filter through pa-
per, and keep the solution in  closely stopped
bottles.—Ph. U. S.) It is used externally as a
cooling astringent, and discutient, when diluted
with distilled water.
   Liquor Plumbi Subaceta'tis Dilu'tus, Li-
quor  Subaceta'tis Lithar'gyri  Compos'itus,
Aqua  Satur'ni, Ace'tas Plumbi dlu'tum alco-
hol'icum, Diluted  Solu'tion of Subac''etate of
Lead, Aqua veg"eto-minera'lis, Tinctu'ra plum-
bo'sa, Aqua  Lithar'gyri Aceta'ti composita, Li-
quor Plumbi Aceta'tis dilu'tus, Goulard water,
(F.) Eau blanche, Eau de Goulard, Eau vigi-
to-minirale,  White Wash, Royal Preventive.
(Liq. plumbi subacet. f. gij, aqua destillat. Oj.
Ph. U. S.)   Properties  the same as the last,
but feebler.
   Liquor Potas'sa, Aqua  Potas'sa,  Aqua
Kali Caustici, Solution of Potash, Lixivium,
magistraie, L. Sapona'rium, Soap Lees, Aqua
Kali puri,  Soap  Ley,  Lixivium cau'slicum,
Potas'sa liq'uida, (F.) Eau, Solution ou liqueur
de  Potasse,  Potasse liquide,  Lessive des  Sa-
vonniers. (Potassa carb. Ibj, calcis Ibss, aqux
destill. fervent,  congium.  Dissolve the alkali
in Oij  of the water, and add the remainder of
the lime.  Mix the whole: set aside in a close
vessel, and,  when cold, filter  through  calico.
Ph. L.)  It  is antilithic in cases of  uric acid
calculi, and antacid.  Externally, stimulant and
escharotic.  Dose, gtt- x to xx.
  Liquor Potassa Arsenitis, L.  arsenicalis
—1. Potassae Carbonatis, L. P. Subcarbonatis.
  Liquor Potassa Citra'tis, Solution of Ci-
trate of Potassa, Neutral Mixture, Saline 
LIQUOR
506
LITHIA
 Mixture.  (Succ. Limon. Oss, Potass. Carbo-
 nat. q. s.) saturate by the carbonate of potassa,
 and filter; or, Acid. Citric gss; Ol. Limon. fty-
 ij; Aqux  Oss, Potass.  Carbonat. q.  s.; dis-
 solve,  saturate  by  the  carbonate of  potassa,
 and filter. Ph. U. S.)  Used in fever, but pro-
 bably of little or no efficacy.
   Liquor Potassa  Subcarbona'tis,  L. P.
 Carbonatis (Ph. U. S.), Aqua  Subcarbonatis
 Kali,  O'leum  Tar'tari per deliq'uium, Aqua
 Kali, Lixivium Tartari, Aqua Kali prapara'd,
 Oil of Tartar, Saline oil of Tartar, Solu'tion
 of Subcar'bonateof Potass,(F.)Liqueurde sous-
 carbonate de Potasse, Lessive de Tartre, (Po-
 tass, subcarb. Sj, aqux destillat. f. gxij.  Dis-
 solve and filter through paper.)  Dose, gtt. x to
 xxx.
   Liquor Potassii  Iodidi  seu  Potassa Hy-
 drioda'tis, Solution of Iodide of Potassium or
 of Hydriodate of Potass. (Potassii iodid. gr.
 36, aqux destillat. f. gj.)  Dose, gtt. xx, three
 times  a day.
   Liquor, Propagatory, Sperm—1. Prostati-
 eus, Prostatic liquor—1. Puris, see Pus.
   Liquor Sang'uinis.   This term  has been
 given by Dr. Babington to one of the constitu-
 ents of the blood, the other being the red parti-
 cles.  He considers, from his experiments, that
 fibrin and serum do  not exist as such in circu-
 lating  blood, but that the Liquor Sangidnis—
 Plasma,  of  Schultz,  Coagulable or   plastic
 Lymph—when removed from the circulation
 and no longer subjected to the laws of life, has
 then, and not before, the property of separating
 into fibrin and serum.   It  is the oxyprotein
 of the  liquor sanguinis,  after the red particles
 have  subsided, which,  according  to Mulder,
 forms the buffy coat of inflammatory blood.
   Liquor of Scarpa, Vitrine auditive.
   Liquor Sem'inis.  The homogeneous, trans-
 parent fluid, in which the spermatozoa and se-
 minal granules are suspended.—Wagner.
  Liquor Soda Chloridi, L. sodae chlorinatae.
  Liquor  Soda  Chlorina'ta, L. soda chlo'-
 ridi, L. soda oxymuriat'ica, L. chlore'ti natri,
 L. chlorureti natri, L. chloreti sodx, L. chloru-
 re'ti soda, Natrum  chlora'tum liq'uidum, L.
 natri oxymuriat'id, Aqua natri oxymuriat'id,
 Labarraque's Disinfecting Liquid, Solution of
 Chlorinated Soda. (Calcis Chlorinat. Ibj; Soda
 Carbonat. B&ij; Aqua cong. iss.  Dissolve the
 carbonate of soda in three pints of the water,
 with the aid of heat.  To the remainder of the
 water  add, by  small portions at a time, the
 chlorinated lime,  previously  well  triturated,
 stirring the mixture after each addition.  Set
 the mixture by for several hours, that the dregs
 may subside; decant the clear liquid, and mix
 it with the solution of carbonate of soda. Last-
 ly, decant  the clear liquor  from the precipi-
 tated carbonate of lime, pass it through a linen
 cloth, and keep it in bottles secluded from the
 light;  Ph. U. S.)   Used  in the same cases as
 the chloride of lime.   Internally, 10 drops to a
 fluidrachm, for a dose.   Diluted with water, it
 is an excitant and disinfectant in various morbi
externi.
  Liquor Soda Effervescens, Acidulous wa-
ter, simple—1. Sods  Oxymuriaticae, L. sodae
 chlorinatae—1. Sulphuricus Alcoolisatus, Spiri-
 tus aetheris sulphurici—1. Swietenis, L. hydrar-
gyri oxymuriatis—1. Syphiliticus Turneri, L. j
hydrargyri oxymuriatis—1.  Tartari emetici, j
 Vinum antimonii  tartarizati—1. of Van Swie-
 ten, Ji. hydrargyri oxymuriatis.
   Liquor Volat'ilis Cornu Cervi, L. volat'-
 ilis Cornu Cervi'ni, Volatile Liquor of Harts-
 horn, Spir'itus Lumbrico'rum, Spir'itus Mille-
 peda'rum, Spir'itus Cornu Cervi,  Liquor vo-
 lat'ilis os'sium; Hartshorn, Spirit of Hartshorn
 Bone  Spirit,  (F.) Liqueur volatile de Come
 de cerf.   This is a solution of subcarbonate of
 ammonia, impregnated with empyreumatic oil.
 It possesses the same virtues as the subcarbo-
 nate of ammonia.  It is in common use to smell
 at, in faintings, &c.
  Liquor Volatilis Ossium, L. Volatilis cornu
 cervi.
  Liquor Zinci  Sulpha'tis cum Camph'ora,
 Aqua Zinci vitriola'ti cum Camphora, Aqua vi-
 triolica camphora'ta, Aqua ophthal'mica, Com-
 mon Eye  Water.   (Zinci sulph. gss,  camphor,
 gij, aq. bullient. Oij; dissolve and filter.) Used
 as a lotion for ulcers; or, diluted with water,
 as a collyrium.
  LIQUORICE,  Glycyrrhiza—1. Bush, Abrus
 precatorius—1. Juice, see Glycyrrhiza—1. Re-
 fined, Extractum glycyrrhizae—1. Spanish, see
 Glycyrrhiza—1. Wild, Aralia nudicaulis.
  LIQUORITIA, Glycyrrhiza.
  LIRIODEN'DRON, Liriodendron tulipifera,
 Tulipifera  Lirioden'dron, Old wife's shirt,
 Tulip  Tree, Poplar Tree, Tulip-bearing Poplar,
 American Poplar, White Wood, Cypress Tree,
 (New  England,)  (F.)  Tulipier.  The bark—
 Liriodendron  (Ph. U. S.) — especially of the
 root, of this noble forest tree, which is indige-
 nous in the United States, is a strong  aromatic
 bitter, and has been employed advantageously
 as a tonic.    An  active  principle  was sepa-
 rated from it by Professor J. P. Emmet of the
 University of  Virginia, and has been called L%-
 rioden'drin.   It is not used in medicine.
  LIS BLANC, Lilium candidum—/. Aspho-
 dele, Asphodelus ramosus.
  LISERON, GRAND, Convolvulus sepium
 —/. des Haies, Convolvulus sepium—/. Mecha-
 meek, Convolvulus panduratus.
  LISTON'S  ISINGLASS  PLASTER,  see
 Sparadrapum adhaesivum.
  LITE,  xiTn.  A plaster, formerly made of
 verdigris, wax, and resin.—Galen.
  LITHAGO'GUM, from xtfos, 'a  stone,' and
 aya, 'I expel.' A remedy which was  supposed
 to possess the power of expelling calculi. Also,
a lithotomy forceps.
  LITHANTHRAX, Carbo fossilis.
  LITHARGE, Plumbi oxydum  semivitreum
—1. of Gold, see Plumbi oxydum semivitreum
—1. of Silver, see Plumbi oxydum semivitreum.
  LITHARGYRI ACETUM, Liquor plumbi

  LITHARGYRUM, Plumbi oxydum semivi-
 treum.
  LITHARGYRUS, Plumbi oxydum semivi-
treum.
  LITHAS, Urate.
  LITHATE, Urate—1. of Soda, Urate of soda.
  LITHEC'TASY, from  xi6oc, 'a stone,' and
 txrzaic, 'dilatation;' Cystec'tasy.   An opera-
tion which consists  in  extracting  stone from
the bladder by dilating the neck of the organ,
after making an incision in the perineum, and
opening the membranous  portion of  the ure-
thra.
  LITH'IA, Lithi'asis, Lithogen'ia,  Uri'asis, 
LITHLE CARBONAS         507
LITHOTOMY
Urolithiasis,  Cachex'ia  calculo'sa,  Cal'culi
Morbus, Lapilla'tio, Genera'tio cal'culi,  from
xt6o(, 'a stone.'  The formation of stone, gra-
vel, or concretions in the human body.   Also,
an affection in which the eyelids are edged with
small, hard, and stone-like concretions.
  Lith'ia, Car'bonate  of, Lithia Car'bonas,
(F.) Carbonate de  Lithine.  A salt found in
certain mineral waters, which have been service-
able in lithuria.  Hence, it has been suggested
in that morbid condition.
  Lithia Renalis Arenosa,Gravel—l.Renalis,
Nephrolithiasis—1. Vesicalis, Calculi, vesical.
  LITHIiE  CARBONAS,  Lithia, carbonate
of.
  LITHIASIS,  Lithia—1.  Cystica,  Calculi,
vesical—1. Nephretica, Gravel, Nephrolithiasis.
  Lithi'asis  Pvlmo'nvm, Pulmoiies tartariza'-
ti.  The formation of concretions in the lungs,
occasioning at times the  Phthisis  calculo'sa,
Phthisic calculeuse, of Bayle.
  Lithiasis Renalis Arenosa, Gravel—1. Re-
nalis, Nephrolithiasis—1. Vesicalis, Calculi, ve-
sical.
  LITHIC,  Lith'icus.   Same etymon.  Be-
longing to lithic or uric acid, or to stone: hence
Lithic Diath'esis: the habit of body which fa-
vours the deposition of  lithic acid  and the
lithates from the urine.
  Lithic  Acid, Uric acid.
  LITHINE, CARBONATE  DE,  Lithia,
carbonate of.
  LITHOCENOSIS, Lithotrity.
  LITHOCYSTOTOMY, Lithotomy.
  LITHODIALYSIS, Lithotrity.
  LITHODRAS'SIC, Lithodras'sicus, (F.) Li-
thodrassique,from Xi&og, 'a stone,' and dgxrouv,
' to seize hold of.'   An  epithet given to a form
of stone forceps—Pince lithodrassique—used
in the operation of lithotrity, by MM. Meirieu
and Tanchou.
  LITHOGENIA, Lithia.
  LITHOID, Litho'des, Lithoides;  from *t-
6oc,' stone,' and e/<Foc, ' resemblance.'  Of the
nature of  stone, or resembling stone: as
  LITHOIDES OS, see Temporal bone.
  LITHOLABE (F.),  Litholabum.   An in-
strument employed for laying hold of a stone in
the bladder, and keeping it fixed, so that litho-
tritic instruments can act upon it.
  LITHOLABON, Forceps, (Lithotomy.)
  LITHOL'ABUM, from xiQoc,  ' a stone,' and
xi/i/lara,  'I seize.'  An instrument concerned
in extracting stone  from the bladder.   It had
various shapes.—Fabricius  ab Aquapendente,
Hildanus.  See Litholabe.
  LITHOMETRA, from Xifot, ' a stone,' and
ittijT/i*, ' the uterus.'  Osseous, or other  con-
cretions of the uterus.
  LITHONTRIPTIC, Lithontrip'ticus, Li-
thonthryp'tic,  Calculifragus,   Saxifmgus,
from xt&of, 'a stone,' and d^onrw, 'I break
in pieces.'  A remedy  believed to be  capable
of dissolving  calculi in the urinary  passages.
There is not much reliance to be placed upon
such remedies.  By antilithics, exhibited ac-
cording to the chemical  character of the calcu-
lus (see Calculi, urinary,) the disease  may be
prevented from increasing;  but  most  of the
vaunted lithontriptics for  dissolving the cal-
culus already formed have been found unworthy
of the high  encomiums which have accompa-
nied their introduction.
  LITHOP^'DION, Infans lapide'us, Osteo-
pedion, from xtSoc, ' a  stone,' and  n<ti;, * a
child.'  A fcetus, petrified in the body of tha
mother.
  LITHOPRINIE, Lithotrity.
  LITHOPRIONE, from Kt6ot,' a stone,' and
vgiwv, ' a saw.' An instrument proposed by M.
Leroy for preventing the fragments of a callus,
when subjected to lithotrity, from falling  into
the bladder.  It is a variety of litholabe.
  LITHORINEUR, from XtQoc, ' a stone,' and
Qmtv, ' to file.'  An instrument,  proposed by
MM. Meirieu and Tanchou for  filing  down
calculi in the bladder.
  LITHOS, Calculus.
  LITHOSPER'MUM OFFICINA'LE, Mil-
ium Solis, jEgon'ychon, Gromwell, Bastard Al-
kanet, (F.) Grimil offidnal, Herbe aux Perles.
The seeds of this plant were formerly supposed,
from their stony hardness,  (Xi9og,  'a stone,'
and ontQfia,' seed,') to be efficacious in  calcu-
lous affections.  They have, also, been  consi-
dered diuretic.
  Lithospermum Villosum, Anchusa tinctoria.
  LITHOTERETHRUM, from Xi6og, ' stone,'
and rtQttv, ' to rub.'   A lithotritor.
  LITHOTHRYPSIS, Lithotrity.
  LITHOTHRYPTORS, see Lithotrity.
  LITHOTOME, Lithot'omus, from XiSog, <a
stone,' and rtfivw,' I cut.' This name has been
given to a number of instruments of different
shapes and sizes, which are used  in the opera-
tion for the  stone, to cut the neck or body of
the bladder.  They ought, with more propriety,
to be called Cystotomes.
  The Lithotome Cachi of Frere  Come  is the
most known, and is still occasionally used.  It
is composed of a handle, and a flattened sheath,
slightly curved: in this there is  a cutting blade,
which can be forced out, by pressing upon a bas-
cule or liver, to any extent that may be wished
by the operator.
  A Double Lithotome was used by Dupuytren
in his bilateral operation.  See Lithotomy.
  LITHOT'OMIST.  Same etymon. Lithot'-
omus.  One  who  devotes himself entirely to
operating for the stone.  One who practises li-
thotomy.
  LITHOT'OMY,  Lithotom'ia,  Cystotom'ia,
Urolithotomia,Sectiovesica'lis,Lithocystot'omy,
same etymon.  (F.) Taille.   The operation by
which a stone is  extracted from the bladder.
The different methods, according  to which this
operation may be practised, are reducible to five
principal; each of which has experienced nu-
merous modifications.
   1.  The Method of Celsus, Meth'odus Celsia'-
na, Cystotom'ia  cum appara'tu parvo, Appara'-
tus Minor, Cutting on the  Gripe.   This  con-
sisted in cutting upon  the stone, after having
made it project at the perinaeum  by means of
the fingers introduced into the rectum.   This
method was attended with several inconvenien-
ces ; such as the difficulty of dividing the parts
neatly, injury done to the bladder,  as well as
the impossibility of drawing down the stone in
many persons.  It is sometimes, also,  called
Meth'odus Guytonia'na; from Guy de Chauliac
having endeavoured to remove from it the dis-
credit into which it had fallen in his time. It
was termed  Apparatus  Minor,  (F•) Le petit
appareil, from the small number of instruments
required in it. 
LITHOTOMY
508
LITHUS
    2.  Apparatus Major.   This method was in-
  vented, in 1520, by John de Romani, a surgeon
  of Cremona, and communicated by him to Ma-
  riano-Santo-di-Barletta,  whence it was  long
  called Mariano's Method, Sec'tio Maria'na. It
  was called Apparatus Major, and Cystotom'ia
  vel Meth'odus cum appara'tu magno,  (F.) Le
  grand appareil,  from the number  of instru-
  ments required in it.  An incision was made on
  the median line; but the neck  of the bladder
  was not comprehended in it.  It was merely
  dilated.   The greater apparatus was liable to
  many inconveniences,  such  as ecchymoses;
  contusion;  inflammation of the neck  of the
  bladder;  abscesses;  urinary  fistulae;  inconti-
  nence of urine; impotence, &c.
    3.  The High  Operation, Apparatus  altus,
  Cystotom'ia cum apparatu alto, C. hypogas'tri-
  ca, Epicystotom'ia,  Laparocystotomia, Sectio
  seu Meth'odus Franconia'na, S. Hypo gas'trica,
  S. alta, (F.) Haut appareil,  Taille Hypogas-
  trique, Taille sus-pubienne, was first practised
  by Peter Franco, about the middle of the 16th
  century. It consisted in pushing the stone above
  the pubis by the fingers introduced into the
  rectum.   Rousset afterwards proposed to make
  the bladder rise above the pubis by injecting it.
  The method had  fallen  into  discredit,  when
  Frere Come revived it.   It is used when the
  calculus  is very  large.  It was  practised by
 opening first the membranous part of the ure-
 thra upon the catheter passed into the canal.
 Through this  incision, the Sonde  d dard—a
  species of catheter, having a spear-pointed sti-
 let—was introduced  into the bladder.  An in-
 cision was then made into the linea alba, above
 the symphysis pubis, of about four or five  fin-
 gers'  breadth, and the peritoneum detached to
 avoid wounding it.   The stilet was  pushed
 through the bladder,  and  used  as a director for
 the knife, with which the  bladder was divided
 anteriorly, as far as the neck; and the stone ex-
 tracted.  It was performed in England by Doug-
 lass, in 1719, and since by others with various
 modifications.
   4. The Lateral Operation, Hypocysteotom'ia,
 Cystotom'ia latera'lis, Sec'tio  latera'lis, Appa-
 ra'tus latera'lis, (F.) Appareil  lateralisi, so
 named from the prostate gland  and neck of  the
 bladder being cut laterally, was probably  in-
 vented by Peter Franco.   It  was introduced
 into France by Frere Jacques  de Beaulieu.
 He performed it'with rude instruments,  in-
 vented by himself, and improved by the sug-
 gestions of some of the Parisian surgeons.  In
 England, it received  its earliest and  most im-
 portant improvements from the celebrated Che-
 selden.  It is the method practised at the pre-
 sent day, according to different modes of pro-
 cedure.  In this method,.the patient is placed
 upon a table; his legs and thighs are bent and
 separated;  the hands being tied to  the  feet.
 The perinaeum is then shaved, and a staff is  in-
 troduced into the bladder; the handle being
 turned towards the right groin of the patient.
 An oblique incision is now made from the raphe
to the middle of a line drawn from the anus to
the tuberosity of the ischium of the left side;
arid taking the staff for a guide, the integuments,
cellular tissue of the perinaeum, membranous
portion of the urethra, transversus perinaei mus-
cle, bulbo-cavernosus, some fibres of  the leva-
tor ani, the prostate and neck  of the bladder,
  are successively divided.  For this latter part
  of the operation, the knife, the beaked bistoury,
  Bistouri  ou Lithotome Cachi, cutting gorget,
  &c, are used according to the particular pre-
  ference.  The forceps  is now introduced into
  the bladder, and the  stone  extracted.  In the
  operation care must be taken not to injure tha
  rectum, or the great arterial vessels, distributed
  to the perinaeum.
   A variety of the Lateral Apparatus, called by
  the French Appareil  latiral, consisted in cut-
  ting into  the  bas-fond of the bladder, without
  touching the neck of that organ: but it was soon
  abandoned on account of its inconveniences.
   The Bilateral Operation  is founded on that
  of Celsus.  It consists in making an incision
  posterior  to the bulb of the  urethra, and ante-
  rior to the anus, involving both sides of the pe-
  rineum by  crossing the raphe at right angles:
  an incision  is then made through the mem-
  branous part of the urethra, and the  prostate
  may be cut bilaterally, either with the double
  lithotome of  Dupuytren, or the prostatic bi-
  sector of Dr. Stevens, of New York.
   5. Lithotomy by the Rectum,Proetocy stotomia,
 Sec'tio recto-vesica'lis, (F.)  Taille par  la Rec-
 tum,  Taille posterieure,  T.  Recto-visicale.
 This  was proposed by Vegetius in the 16th
 century; but it was never noticed  until M. San-
 son, in the year 1817, attracted attention to it;
 since which  time it has been  successfully per-
 formed in many instances.  It consists in pene-
 trating the bladder through  the  paries corre-
 sponding with the  rectum, by first cutting the
 sphincter ani and rectum about the root of the
 penis, and penetrating the bladder by the neck
 of that organ, dividing the prostate, or by its
 bas-fond.
   Lithotomy in women, from the shortness of the
 urethrals a comparatively insignificant operation.
   Lithotomy by the  Rectum, see Lithotomy
 —1. by the Vagina, see Lithotomy.
   LITHOTRESIS, Lithotrity.
   LITHOTRIPSY, Lithotrity.
   LITHOTRIPSY, Lithotrity.
   LITHOTR1PTORS, see Lithotrity.
   LITHOTRITES, see Lithotrity.
   LITHOTRITEURS, see Lithotrity.
   LITHOTRITOR, see Lithotrity.
   LITHOT'RITY,  Lithotri'tia,  Lithotrypsy,
 Lithotripsy,  Lithotkrip'sy, Lithothrypsis, Li-
 thotre'sis, Litkotripsis, Lithoceno'sis, Lithodial'-
 ysis,  Lithoprinie, from Xt&og, 'a stone,' and
 Tpi/9«>,' I break.'  The operation of breaking or
 bruising  the stone in the bladder.   It has been
 performed, of  late years, with  success, by
 French, and, after them, by English and Ame-
 rican surgeons.  The instruments  employed for
 this purpose  are called in the abstract, Litho-
 trites,  Lithotriteurs, Lithot'ritors,  Lithotriptors
 and Lithothryptors.  The most celebrated are
 those of Civiale, Jacobson,  Heurteloup and
 Weiss.   See  Brise-Pierre articule and  Percu-
 teur a Marteau.
  LITHOXIDURIA,  from  Xt&og,  'a  stone,'
oxide,  and ovpov, ' urine.'  The  discharge of
urine containing lithic  or xanthie oxide.
  LITHU'RIA, Lithourorrhie (Piorry;) from
XtQog, ' a stone,' and ovpov, ' urine.'  The condi-
tion of the  system  in which deposits of lithic
acid and the lithates take place from the urine.
See Urine.
  LITHUS, Calculus. 
LITMUS
509
LIXIVIATION
  LITMUS, Lichen roccella.
  LITRA, Pound.
  LITRE,  Litra.  A measure containing a
cubed decimetre, which is equal nearly to 2.1135
pints.  The ancients gave the name litra, Xiroa,
to a measure capable of  containing 16  ounces
erf liquid.
  LITUS, Liniment.
  LFVkCHE, Ligisticum levisticum.
  LIVER, Sax. lipep, Hepar, Jecur, Jec"inus,
(F.) Foie.  The  liver is the largest gland in
the body.   It is an  azygous organ; unsymme-
trical; very heavy; and ofa brownish-red colour;
occupying the whole of the right hypochondrium,
and a part of the epigastrium.   Above, it corre-
sponds to the diaphragm;  below, to the stomach,
transverse colon, and  right kidney;  behind, to
the vertebral column, aorta, and vena cava; and
before, to the base of the  chest.   Its upper sur-
face  is convex;  the lower, irregularly convex
and concave, so that anatomists have divided the
organ into three lobes,—a large or right or colic
lobe;—a lesser lobe, lobule,  or inferior lobe, the
Lobulus Spigelii,—and a middle or left  lobe.
At its inferior surface,  are  observed;—1. A
Sulcus or Furrow or Fissure, called horizontal
or longitudinal, Great  fissure,  Fossa  Um-
bilica'lis,  (F.) Sillon  horizontal, longitudinal,
S. de la veine ombilicale ; Sulcus anteroposte-
rior Jec'oris, S. horizonta'lis Jec'oris, S. longi-
tudina'lis Jecoris, S. sinis'ter Jecoris, S.  Um-
bilicaiis, which lodges, in the fcetus, the umbi-
lical vein  and ductus venosus.   2. The Princi-
pal Fissure, termed  Sulcus  Transversus  vel
Sinus Porta'rum, Fissure  of the  Vena porta,
Portal Fissure, (F.) Sillon  transversal ou de la
veine porte, which  receives  the sinus  of the
vena porta.  3. The Fissure of the Vena Cava
infe'rior, Sillon. de la veine  cave infirieure, si-
tuate at the  posterior  margin of the organ, and
lodging the vena cava inferior.  4. The Lo-
bulus Spige'lii,  or  posterior portal eminence.
5. The anterior portal eminence, Auriga vel
Lobulus  anon'ymus.   6. Depressions  corre-
sponding to  the upper surface of the stomach,
gall-bladder, arch of the colon, right-kidney,
&c.   Continued  from the fossa  umbilicalis is
a small fossa, called Fossa Ductus Veno'si, be-
tween the left lobe and Lobulus Spigelii.  The
posterior  margin of the  liver  is  very thick;
much more so than the anterior.  The  liver is
surrounded by a serous or peritoneal covering,
which forms for it a suspensory or broad liga-
ment and two lateral and  triangular ligaments.
See Falx.   The blood-vessels of the liver are
very numerous.   The hepatic artery and vena
porta furnish it with the blood necessary for its
nutrition and the secretion of bile.  The hepatic
veins convey away the blood, which has served
those  purposes.   The lymphatic  vessels  are
very numerous; some being superficial;  others
deep-seated.  The nerves are, also, numerous,
and proceed from the pneumogastric, diaphrag-
matic, and from the hepatic plexuses.
  The intimate structure of the parenchyma of
the liver is not understood.   When cut, it pre-
sents  a porous appearance,  owing to the divi-
sion  of a  multitude of small vessels.   When
torn, it seems formed  of granulations;—the in-
timate structure  of which has  given  rise  to
many hypotheses.  In these  granulations  are
contained  the radicles of the excretory ducts of
the bile;  the  union of which constitutes  the
hepatic  duct.  According to M.  Kiernan, the
intimate structure consists of a number of lo-
bules composed of intralobular or hepatic veins,
which convey the blood back that has been in-
servient to the secretion of bile.  The inter-
lobular  plexus of veins is formed by branches
of the vena porta, which contain both the blood
of the  vena  porta and of the hepatic  artery;
both of  which, according to Mr. Kiernan, fur-
nish the pabulum of the biliary secretion.   The
biliary  ducts form  likewise  an interlobular
plexus,  having an arrangement similar  to  that
of the interlobular veins.  Mr. Kiernan's views
are embraced by many anatomists; but are de-
nied by some.
  The  liver  is the only organ,  which, inde-
pendently of the red blood  carried to it by the
hepatic  artery, receives black blood by the vena
porta.   The  general opinion is, that the vena
porta is the  fluid which furnishes bile, whilst
that of the artery affords blood for the nutrition
of the liver.  It is probable, however, that bile
is secreted by the latter vessel.
  The liver is liable to a  number of diseases.
The principal are—Hepatitis or  inflamma-
tion,  cancer, biliary  calculi,  encysted  and
other tumours or tubercles, hydatids, &c, and
it has, at times, been the fashion to refer to it
as the cause of symptoms with which  it is in
no wise connected.
  Liver, Hepar.  Under this name the ancient*
designated several substances, having a brown-
ish colour, analogous to that of the liver; and
composed of sulphur and some other body.  See
Potassae Sulphuretum, Liver of Sulphur.
  Liver of Antimony is the semi-vitreous sul-
phuret,  &c.
  Liver, Granulated, Cirrhosis of the liver—
1. Gin-drinkers', Liver, Nutmeg—1. Granular,
Cirrhosis of the liver.
  Liver-Grown, Tu'mido jec'ore  pra'ditus.
Having  a large liver.
  Liver, Hobnail, Cirrhosis  of  the liver—1.
Mammillated, Cirrhosis of the liver.
  Liver, Nutmeg.   An appearance of the liver
when cut across, resembling that of the section
of a nutmeg;  supposed by some to be the re-
sult of  intemperance in the use of alcoholic
drinks;  but occurring under other causes.   The
terms whisky liver, and  gin-drinkers' liver,
occasionally applied  to it, are,  consequently,
not distinctive.
  Liver  Spot,   Chloasma—1. Tuberculated,
Cirrhosis of the  liver—1. Weed, Hepatica tri-
loba—1. Whisky, Liver, nutmeg—1. Wort, He-
patica triloba, Marchantia polymorpha—l.Wort,
ground,  ash-coloured, Lichen caninus—1. Wort,
Iceland, Lichen Islandicus—1. Wort, noble, He-
patica triloba.
  LIVIDUS MUSCULUS, Pectinalis.
  LIVOR, Suggillation—1.   Sanguineus, see
Ecchymoma.
  LIVRE, Pound.
  LIXIVIA  TARTARIZATA,  Potassae  tar-
tras—1.  Vitriolata, Potassae sulphas—1. Vitriola-
ta sulphurea, Potassae sulphas  cum sulphure.
  LIXIVIJE seu KALICUM ACETAS, Po-
tassae acetas.
  LIXIVT AL, Lixivio'sus; fxomlixivium,'\ee.'
(F.) Lixivial, Lixivieux.   An ancient term for
salts obtained by washing vegetable ashes,—
such as  the fixed alkalies.
  LIXIVIATION, Elixivia'tion, Lixivia'tio, 
LIXIVIUM
same etymon.  An operation which consists in
washing wood ashes with water, so as to dissolve
the soluble parts.  The filtered liquor is the lee.
  LIXIVIUM, Lixivia, Conia, Lee, Ley, Lye,
(F.) Lessive.  Any solution  containing  potass
or soda—Sal lixivio'sum—in excess; from lix,
' potash.'
  Lixivium Ammoniacale, Liquor ammoniae—
1. Ammoniacale aromaticum, Spiritus ammoniae
aromaticus—1. Causticum, Liquor potassae—1.
Magistrate,  Liquor  potassae—1.  Saponarium,
Liquor potassae—1.  Tartari,  Liquor  potassae
subcarbonatis.
  LIZARD, Lacer'ta, Lacer'tus, said to  be so
called in consequence of its limbs resembling
the arms (lacerti) of man (?).  Saura, Sauros,
(F.) Lizard. Lizards were formerly employed
in  medicine as  sudorifics; and  were, at one
time, extolled in  syphilis, cutaneous affections
and in cancer.
  LOADSTONE, Magnet.
  LOATHING,  Disgust.
  LOBARIA PULMONARIA, Lichen pulmo-
narius.
  LOBE,  Lobus.   A round,  projecting part of
an organ.   The liver, lungs  and brain, for ex-
ample, have lobes.
  Lobe of  the  Ear, Lob'ule of the Ear, is a
soft rounded prominence, which terminates the
circumference of the pavilion inferiorly, and
which is pierced in  those who wear rings.
  The under surface of the brain is divided
into two anterior, two lateral, two posterior, and
two intermediate  lobes or processes.  These
Chaussier calls lobules of the brain: the cerebral
hemispheres he terms lobes.
  Lobe, Biven'tral. A wedge-shaped lobe of
the cerebellum, situate behind the amygdala.
  LOBE  DUODkNAL, Lobulus Spigelii—/.
Pancriatique, Lobulus Spigelii—/. Petit dufoie,
Lobulus Spigelii—/. de Spigel, Lobulus Spigelii.
  LOBELIA, BLUE, L. syphilitica.
  Lobe'lia  Cardina'lis,  Lobelia  coccin'ea,
Trache'lium Americanum, Car'dinal  Plant,
Car'dinal Flower, Scarlet Lobelia.  This species
is also indigenous  in the United States.  It
blooms in autumn, having beautiful carmine
flowers.  The root is a reputed anthelmintic
with the Indians.
  Lobelia Coccinea, L. Cardinalis.
  Lobe'lia  Infla'ta, Indian Tobac'co,  Wild
Tobac'co, Puke Weed, Asthma Weed, Eyebright,
Emetic Weed, Lobe'lia  (Ph. U. S.)  The pro-
minent virtues of this American plant are those
of an emetic.  In smaller doses  it is sedative,
and has been given as a pectoral in croup, asth-
ma, &c.  It is, also, sudorific and cathartic, and
is an acronarcotic poison. Twenty grains act
as an  emetic.
  Lobelia, Scarlet, L. Cardinalis.
  Lobelia Syphilit'ica, Lobelia reflex'a, Ra-
ttnn'cuius Virginia'nus, Blue Lobelia, Blue Car'-
dinal Flower.  The root of this plant which is
indigenous in the United States, is  an  emetic
and drastic eathartie.  It has been used against
syphilis;  hence its name.  The  mode of pre-
paring it is to boil gss of the dried root in Oxij
of water, until the  fluid is  reduced to  Oviij.
Dose, Oss.
  LOBES, CEREBRAL, see Lobe.
  Lobes of the  Liver, Pinna  seu Lobi seu
Pin'nula He'patis.   See Lobule.
  Lobes, Optic, Quadrigemina tubercula.
HO           LOCHIORRHAGIA

   LOBI HEPATIS, Lobes of the liver—1. Pul-
 monum, see Pulmo.
   LOB'ULAR, Lobula'ris.  Same  etymon as
 Lobule.  Relating to or belonging to a lobule:
 —as lobular pneumonia, (F.) Pneumonie lobu-
 laire, P. mamelonnee,P. dissiminie; pneumonia
 anatomically characterized by nuclei of red or
 gray hepatization disseminated in variable num-
 bers in one or both lungs.
   LOB'ULE, Lob'ulus, diminutive of Lobus. A
 little lobe.  Mr. Kiernan uses the term lobule
 for the acinus of the liver of many anatomists.
   Loeule oe the Corpus  Striatum, Insula
 cerebri—1. of the Ear, Lobe of the  Ear—1. of
 the Fissure of Sylvius, Insula cerebri.
   LOBULE DUFOIE, Lobulus Spigelii.
   LOBULUS  ACCESSORIUS ANTERIOR
 QUADRATUS, L. anonymus.
   Lob'ulus Anon'ymus,L. accesso'rius ante'rior
 quadra'tus, L. quadratus, (F.) kminence porte
 antirieure. This is situate in the liver between
 the  passage for the  round ligament and  the
 gall-bladder, and is less prominent, but broader
 than the Lobulus caudatus.  From the lobulus
 anonymus a bridge runs across the passage for
 the round ligament.  It is called Pons vel Isth-
 mus he'patis.
   Lobulus Catjda'tus, Proces'sus  caudatus.
 This is merely the root or one of the angles of
 the  lobulus Spigelii,  advancing towards the
 middle of the lower side of the great lobe, and
 representing a kind of tail.
   Lobulus Posterior, L. Spigelii—1. Posticus
 papillatus, L. Spigelii—1. Quadratus, L. anony-
 mus.
   Lobulus Spige'lii, L. poste'rior, L. posticus
 papilla'tus, (F.) kminence porte postirieure, Lo-
 bule ou Petit lobe du foie, Lobe de Spigel, Lobe
 duodinal, L. pancriatique, is situate near the
 spine, upon the left side of the great lobe of the
 liver, and is of a pyramidal shape, projecting,
 like a nipple, between the cardia and vena cava,
 at the small curvature of the stomach.
   LOBUS, Lobe.
   LOCAL, Loca'lis,Top'icus, Mer'icus,Partia'-
 lis, Topical, (F.) Locale, Topique.   An affec-
 tion is  called  local—Morbus Loca'lis,—when
 confined to a  part,  without implicating the
 general system; or, at all events, only second-
 arily.  Local  is  thus opposed to general.  A
 local or topical application is one used exter-
 nally.  See Topical.
   LOCH, Looch.
   LOCHADES, see Sclerotic.
   LOCHI'A or LO'CHIA, Purgamen'ta Puer-
 pe'rii seu  U'teri, Purga'tio puerpe'rii, Lyma,
 from XoXo;, 'a woman in childbed;' (F.) Suites
 de  couches,  Vidanges.  The  cleansings.  A
 serous  and sanguineous discharge  following
 delivery.  During the first two or three days,
 it is  bloody, but  afterwards becomes  green-
 coloured, and exhales a disagreeable and pecu-
 liar odour.  The duration, quantity and charac-
 ter of the discharge vary according to numerous
 circumstances.  It flows from  the part of the
 uterus which formed  a medium of communica-
 tion between  the mother  and  foetus, and con-
 tinues,  usually, from 14 to 21 days.   See Par-
 turition.
   LOCHIOCffiLIITIS, Puerperal fever.
   LOCHIODOCHIUM, Lochodochium.
   LOCHIOPYRA, Puerperal fever.
   LOCHIORRHA'GIA,  from XoXut,  and 
LOCHIORRHCEA            511
%r\ywfj.i, 'I make an irruption.'  An immode-
rate flow of the lochia.  Hemorrhage from the
uterus in the childbed state.
  LOCHIORRHffi'A,  from  \oXti*,  'the
lochia,' and §«<«,' I flow.'  The discharge of the
lochia.
  LOCHIORUM RETENTIO, Ischolochia.
  LOCHIOSCHESIS, Ischolochia.
  LOCHOCH, Looch.
  LOCHODOCHI'UM, Lochiodochium,  from
29jo?, 'a female in childbed,'and dtXopici.i,' I
receive.'  An  institution  for  the reception of
pregnant and childbed females.  A  Lying-in
hospital.
  LOCH OS, Puerpera.
  LOCI, Uterus—1. Muliebres, Uterus, Vulva.
  LOCKED JAW, Trismus.
  LOCOMOTILITY, see Locomotion.
  LOCOMOTION, Locomo'do, from locus,« a
place,' and movere,' to move.'  An action pecu-
liar to animal bodies, by which they transport
themselves from place to  place.  The faculty
is sometimes called Locomotiv'ity and Locomo-
til'ity.
  Locomotion of an Artery, is the movement
produced in a vessel with a curvature, by the
impulse of the blood sent from the heart, which
tends to straighten the artery, and causes the
movement in question.
  LOCOMOTIVITY, see Locomotion.
  LOCUS NIGER, see Peduncles of the Brain.
  Locus Perfora'tus Anti'cus.  A triangular
flat surface of the brain, which corresponds to
the posterior extremity of each olfactory process.
  Locus Perforatus Posticus, Tarini pons.
  LOCUST EATERS, Acridophagi—1. Plant,
Cassia Marilandica—1. Tree, Robinia Pseudo-
acacia—1. Yellow, Cladrastis tinctoria.
  LODOICEA, see Coco of the Maldives.
  LOECHE, MINERAL WATERS OF.Leuk,
mineral waters of.
  LffiME, Plague.
  LffiMIA, Plague.
  LffiMlCUM, see Lcemology.
  LffiMOCHOLOSIS, Fever, yellow.
  LffiMOGRAPHY, Loimography.
  LffiMOLOGIUM, see Lcemology.
  LffiMOL'OGY,  Lamolog"ia,  from xoiuog,
'plague,' and Xoyoc, 'a description.'  The doc-
trine of plague and pestilential diseases.  A trea-
tise on the same,—La'micum, Lcemolog'ium.
  LffiMOPHTHALMIA, see Ophthalmia.
  LffiMOPYRA, Plague.
  LffiMOS, Plague.
  LOGADES, Sclerotic.
  LOGADITIS, Sclerotitis.
  LOGIATROS, Logiater; from  \oytt, 'a
word,' and iare,o<;,  'a physician.'  In  the bad
sense, a physician without experience; a mere
theorist.  In the good sense, a rational physi-
cian ; one who treats disease according to theo-
retical or scientific principles.
  LOGOS, Reason.
  LOGWOOD, Haematoxylon Campechianum.
  LOG "Y, xoyoc, ' a description.' A suffix de-
noting ' a treatise or description.'  Hence, An-
giology and Neuxology, &c.
  LOHOCH, Looch.
  LOIMOCHOLOSIS, Fever, vellow.
  LOIMOG'RAPHY, Loimogr'aph'ia, Lcemog'-
raphy, from xoi/xo(,' plague,'and yoaipot, ' I de-
scribe.'   A description of the plague and pesti-
lential diseases.
1         LONGISSIMUS DORSI

  LOIMOLOGY, Lcemology.
  LOIMOS, Plague.
  LOINS, Lumbi.
  LOLIACEUM RADICE REPENTE, Triti-
 cum repens.
  LOMBAIRE, Lumbar.
  LOMBO-ABDOMINAL, Transversalis ab-
 dominis—/. Costal, Serratus posticus inferior—
 /. Costo-tracheiien,  Sacro-lumbalis—/. Dorso-
 spinal, Transversalis  dorsi—/. Dorso-trachi-
 lien, Longissimus dorsi—/. Humiral, Latissi-
 mus dorsi—/. Sacri, Lumbo-sacral.
  LOMBRIC, Ascaris lumbricoides.
  LOMBRICOIDE, Ascaris lumbricoides.
  LONCHADES, see Sclerotic.
  LONCHADITIS, Sclerotitis.
  LONCHITIS, Polypodium filix mas.
  LONG, Longus, Macros.  That which  is
 much greater in length than in breadth;  as the
 long bones.  The epithet is, also, applied to se-
 veral muscles, to distinguish them from others
 of similar function, when the latter are shorter.
 We say, for instance, long flexors, and long ex-
 tensors, in opposition to  short flexors, and short
 extensors.
  LONG DU COU, Longus colli—/, du Dos,
 Longissimus dorsi.
  LONG^EVUS, Macrobiotic.
  LONGANON, Rectum.
  LONGAON, Rectum.
  LONGAS, Rectum.
  LONGEVITY,  Longa'vitas, Macrobio'sis,
 Macroblotes.   The prolongation of existence
 to  an advanced  age.  Haller collected  exam-  i
 pies of more than  one thousand centenarians. '"
 He had knowledge  of sixty-two persons aged
 from 110 to 120 years; of twenty-nine, from
 120 to 130 years;  and of fifteen, who had at-
 tained from 130 to 140 years.   Beyond this ad-
 vanced  age, examples of longevity are much
 more rare and less sufficiently attested.
   The following list of instances of  very ad-
 vanced ages has been given:
                         Lived. Age.
 Apollonius of Tyana, A. D.  99 - 130
 St. Patrick,  .    .    .   491 -122
 Attila,   ....   500-124
 Llywarch Hen,     .    .   500-150
 St. Coemgene,      .        618 - 120
 Piastus,  King of Poland,.   861 - 120
 Thomas Parr,.     .    .  1635-152
 Henry Jenkins,     .    .  1670-169
 Countess of Desmond,   .  1612-145
 Thomas Damme,   .    .   1648 -154
 Peter Torten,      .    .  1724 -185
 Margaret Patten,   .    .  1739 - 137
 John Rovin and wife,    .  1741 - 172 and 164
 St. Monagh or Kentigen,   1781 - 185
   LONGIS'SIMUS DORSI,  Semi-spina'tus,
 (F.) Lombo-dorso-trachilien, Portion costo-
 trachilienne du sacrospinal, (Ch.,) Long dor-
 sal, Long du dos, is situate vertically at the
 posterior part of the trunk, and fills, in a great
 measure, the  vertebral furrows.   It is thick
 and almost square below; thin  and pointed
 above.   It is attached to the posterior surface
 of  the sacrum, to the transverse  processes of
 all the lumbar and  dorsal vertebrae, and to the
 inferior  margin of  the  last 7 or 8 ribs.   It
 maintains the vertebral column in a straight
 position; straightens  it  when bent forwards,
 and can even carry it back.  It also assists in
 the rotatory motion of the trunk. 
LONG-SIGHTEDNESS
   Longissimus Femoris, Sartorius—1.  Oculi,
 Obliquus superior oculi.
   LONG-SIGHTEDNESS, Presbytia.
   LONGUS COLLI, (F.) Pri-dorso-cervical,
 Pridorso-atlo'idien, (Ch.,) Long du cou.  This
 muscle is  situate at the anterior and superior
 part of the vertebral column.  It is long, flat,
 and broader at  its middle than at its extremi-
 ties, which are pointed.  It  is attached  to  the
 anterior surface of the  bodies of the first three
 dorsal and  last  six cervical vertebrae; to  the in-
 tervertebral ligaments; to the anterior edge of
 the transverse processes of the last five cervical
 vertebrae;  and  to the tubercle on the anterior
 arch of the first.  This muscle bends the cervi-
 cal vertebrae upon each other and upon the dor-
 sal vertebrae.   If the upper portion acts on one
 side only, it occasions  the rotation of the atlas
 on the vertebra dentata;  and, consequently, of
 the head on the neck.
   LONICE'RA  PERICLYM'ENUM,  Pery-
 clim'enum,  Caprifo'lium, Common  Woodbine,
 (F.)  Chevre-feuille.   This  common  plant is
 slightly astringent and tonic, and was formerly
 much used in gargles.
   LOOCH, Lohoch, Loch, Lochoch, Look.   A
 linctus.  See Eclegma and Eclectos.
   Looch absque Emulsio'ne Para'tum, Look
 pripari sans emulsion; Looch prepared with-
 out  emulsion.  (Puiv. g. trag. gr. xvj — gr.
 XXX, ol. amygd. dulc. gss. sacchar. gj, aqua
 giij, aqua flor. aurant. gij.  Mix by rubbing
 in a marble mortar.)  Demulcent.
   Looch Album, Looch amygd all num, Linctus
 albus, L, amygdalinus, L. commu'nis, Ecleg'-
 ma album, Eclegma gummo'so-oleo'sum, (F.)
 Looch  blanc, L. b. amygdalin, L. b. pectoral.
 (Amygd. dulc. gss, amygd. amar. No. ij, sac-
 char, alb. giv.  Make an emulsion by gradually
 adding giv of water.  Then take pulv. traga-
 canth. gr.  xvj, ol.  amygd. dulc. recent, gss,
 sacch. gij.  Add the almond milk gradually
 to this, and afterwards aq.flor. aurant. gij, Ph.
 P.)   it is demulcent and pectoral.
   Looch Amygdalinum, L. album—/. Blanc,
 L. album—1. cum Croco et pistaciis, L. viride
 —1. of Egg, L. ex Ovo.
   Looch ex Ovo, Potio seu emulsio seu mis-
 tu'ra leniens seu oleo'sa, Looch pectora'le lerl-
 iens, Looch of Egg, (F.) Look d'auf,  Looch
 rouge, Emulsion  huileuse,  Mixture calmante,
 Potion pectorale, Lait adoucissant.  (Vitell.
 ovi.  recent, gss, ol. amygd. dale, giss, syrup.
 althxx, gj.  Rub in a mortar, and add by  de-
 grees,  aq. flor. aurant. gj, aq. papav. rhaad.
 gij.  Ph. P.)   Virtues the same as the pre-
 ceding.
  LOOCH ROUGE, L. ex  Ovo-/. Vert,  L.
 viride.
  Looch Vir'ide, Look cum crocl et pista'ciis,
 (F.) Looch vert.   (Syrup. Violar.  gj,  tinct.
 croci g». xx. aqua^iv. Mix, and add pistacia
 semin. sice. gvj. Ph. P.)  Virtues like the last.
  LOOK,  Looch—/. d'GZuf, Looch ex  ovo__
/. Pripari  sans emulsion, Looch absque emul-
sione paratum.
  LOOSE STRIFE, CREEPING, Lysimachia
nummularia.
  LOOSENESS, Diarrhoea —1. of the  Teeth,
Odontoseisis.
  LOPEZ  RADIX, Radix lopezia'na, Radix
In'dica lopezia'na.  The root of an unknown
Indian tree, not possessed of any remarkable
12                 LOUPE

 smell or taste, or of any appearance of resinous
 matter.  It has been extolled, notwithstanding,
 in cases of colliquative diarrhoea. Gaubius com-
 pares its action to that of simarouba, but thinks
 it more efficacious.
   LOPHADIA, Lophia.
   LOPHIA, Lopha'dia.   The first vertebra of
 the back,—Ver'tebra dorsi prima.—Gorraeus.
   LOPIMA, Fagus castanea.
   LOQUACITY, Garru'litas; from loquor,' I
 speak.' (F.)Babillement.  The act of speaking
 with volubility.   It is sometimes a symptom
 of disease, and is observable in hysteria, &c.
   LOQUELA, Voice, articulated—1. Abolita,
 Aphonia—1. Blaesa, Balbuties—1. Impedita, Ba-
 ryphonia.
   LORDO'SIS, Lordo'ma, from Xoe$o<,' curved,'
 'bent;' Repanda'tio,  Repan'ditas.   A  name
 given to curvatures of the bones in general;
 and  particularly  to  that  of  the vertebral co-
 lumn forwards;  Spina dorsi intror'sum flexa,
 Emprosthocyrto'ma.  This  gives  rise to the
 projection  of  the  sternum  called  chicken-
 breasted.
  LORIND MATRI'CIS, Epilepsia uteri'na,
 Convulsi'vus u'teri morbus.  A barbarous  name
 given to a pretended epilepsy of the womb.
   LOT, Urine.
  LOTIO, Enema, Lotion—1. Saponacea, see
 Sapo.
  LOTION, Lo'tio, Lotu'ra, from lavare, la-
 tum,  ' to wash.'   (F.) Hydrolotif.  A fluid ex-
 ternal application.  Lotions are ordinarily ap-
 plied by wetting  linen in  them and keeping it
 on the part affected.
  Lotion, Gowland's.  An empirical prepara-
 tion.  (Bitter almonds, gj, sugar, gij, distilled
 water, ffiij.  Grind together,  strain,  and add
 corrosive  sublimate,  J}ij, previously  ground
 with  sp. vini rect. gij.)  Used  in obstinate
 eruptions.
  Lotion,  Granville's  Counter Irritant,
 Granville's Lotion,  Granville's   antid'ynous
 lotion.  Of this lotion, Dr. Granville gives two
 forms—a milder,  and a stronger.   The milder
 is made as follows: Liq. ammon. fort.  f. gj,
 Sp. Rosmarin.f. gvj, Tinct. camphor, f. gij,M.
  The stronger is made as follows: Liq. am-
 mon.  fort.  f. gx,  Spir. Rosmar. f. gss, Tinct.
 camphor, f. gij, M.
  The stronger  lotion vesicates   rapidly.  A
 piece of cotton or linen  folded six or seven
 times, or a piece  of thick flannel  may be im-
 bued  with them, and laid on the part to be ir-
 ritated for a few minutes.
  Lotion, Hannay's, Preven'dve wash.  This
 famous nostrum, for the prevention of venereal
 infection, was nothing more than a solution of
 caustic potass.
  Lotion, Hydrocyan'ic, Lotio Ac'idi Hydro-
 cyanici.  (Hydrocyanic add, f. giv, rectified
 spirit of wine, f. gj, distilled water, f. gxss.)
 Used with much success in impetigo, &c.
  Lotion, Struve's,  for  Hooping-Cough.
 (Antirn. et Potass, tart,  gj, Aqua, gij.  Add
 tinct. cantharid.  gj.)
  LOTIUM, Urine.
  LOTURA,  Lotion.
  LOTUS SYLVESTRIS, Trifolium melilotus
 —1. Virginiana, Diospyros Virginiana.
  LOUCHEMENT, Strabismus.
  LOUCHES, see Strabismus.
  LOUPE, Wen. 
LOUSE
513
LUMBAR
   LOUSE, Pediculus.
   LOUSINESS, Phtheiriasis.
   LOUSY  DISEASE, Phtheiriasis.
   LOUTRON, Bath.
   LOVAGE, Ligusticum levisticum.
   LOVE, Eros,  amor,  from Sax. lupian, (G.)
 lieben, 'to love.'  (F.) Amour.   A tender
 and elevated feeling, which attracts one sex to
 the other.  Love is occasionally a cause of dis-
 ease, especially of insanity.
   Love Apple  Plant, Solanum lycopersicum
 —1. Pea, Abrus  precatorius.
   LOW SPIRITS, Hypochondriasis.
   LOWER, TUBERCLE OF,  Tuber'culum
 Lowed.  Anatomists have given this name to
 a small projection, the existence of which is by
 no means constant, and which is found in  the
 sinus venosus, between the superior and infe-
 rior cava.
   LOXARTHRUS, Loxar'thrum, from xol-og,
 'oblique,' and ctodpov, 'articulation;'  (F.) Per-
 version de la tete des os et des muscles.  A vi-
 cious deviation or direction of the joints, with-
 out spasm or luxation,—as in  clubfoot.
   LOXIAS, Torticollis.
   LOXOPHTHALMUS, Strabismus.
   LOZANGIA,  Lozenge.
   LOZENGE, Tabella.
   LOZENGES, BARK, Tabellae cinchonae—1.
 of Catechu and magnesia, Tabellae antimoniales
 Kunckelii—1. Faustinus's, Faustini pastilli—1.
 for the Heart-burn, Trochisci carbonatis calcis
 —1.  Magnesia,  Tabellae  de  magnesia—1. of
 Marshmallows, Tabellae de althaea—1. of Oxalic
 acid, Tabellae acidi oxalici—1. Pectoral, black,
 Trochisci glycyrrhizae glabrae—1. Pectoral, of
 emetine, Trochisci emetinae pectorales—1. Rhu-
 barb,  Tabellae de rheo—1. of Scammony  and
 senna, compound,  Tabellae de  scammonio et
 senna—1. Spitta's, see  Trochisci  glycyrrhizae
 cum  opio—1. Steel, Tabellae de  ferro—1. of
 Steel, aromatic, see Tabellae de ferro—1. Sul-
 phur, simple, Tabellae de  sulphure simplices—
 1.  Sulphur,  compound,  Tabellae  de  sulphure
 compositae—1. of Sulphuret of antimony,  Ta-
 bellae antimoniales Kunckelii—l.Worm,Ching's,
 see Worm lozenges, (Ching's.)
   LUBIDO, Libido—1. Intestini, Voluntas  de-
 sedendi.
   LUBRICANTIA, Demulcents, Emollients.
   LUBRICUM  CAPUT,  Penis.
   LUCCA,  MINERAL WATERS AND
 CLIMATE  OF.   The baths and waters, near
 this ancient Italian city, have been long cele-
 brated.  They are  thermal,  and resemble, in
 properties, those of Plombieres in France,  and
 of Bath in  England.  They  contain  carbonic
 acid, sulphates of alumina, soda, magnesia,  and
 iron.   There are  ten different sources, the tem-
 perature of which varies from 94° to 130° Fahr.
   Lucca is much frequented in summer; partly
 on account of its mineral waters, but more on
 account of the coolness of the situation.
   LUCID, Lu'cidus.  In medicine, the word
 lucid is particularly applied to the intervals,
 Intervalla lu'cida, of apparent  reason, which
 occur in mental alienation.
   LUCIF'UGUS, from  lux, lucis, 'light,'
 and 'fugere,' 'to shun;' Photoph'obus, Photo-
phob'icus.  Dreading or avoiding the light.
   LUCINA, Ilithyia.
   LUCOMANIA, Lycanthropia.
   LUCUMA, (S.)  A fruit which grows  in
 the southern provinces of the coast of Peru,
 and the north of Chili.  It is round;  and the
 gray-brown husk encloses a fibrous, dry, yel-
 low-colored fruit with its kernel.—Tschudi.
   LUCUMORIA'NUS; probably from Lux,
 ' light,' and morari, ' to tarry.' Continuing for
 several days: hence, Dormil'io lucumoria'na.
 A morbid sleep persisting for several days,
   LUDUS  HELMONTII, L. Paracelsi,  Fel
 terra,  A calcareous stone, the precise nature
 not known, which was used by  the ancients
 in  calculous affections.  The term  was also
 applied to every species of calculous concretion
 occurring in the animal body.
   Ludus Paracelsi, L. Helmontii.
   LUES, Disease, Plague, Syphilis—1. Divina,
 Epilepsy—1. Dysenterica, Dysentery—1. Go-
 norrhoica,  Gonorrhoea  impura—1.  Gutturis
 epidemica, Cynanche maligna—1. Indica, Fram-
 boesia—1.  Inguinaria,  Plague — 1.  Polonica,
 Plica—1. Sarmatica, Plica—1. Syphilis, Syphilis
 —1. Syphilodes,  Syphilis  pseudo-syphilis—1.
 Trichomatica,  Plica—1. Venerea, Syphilis—1.
 Scorbutica, see  Purpura.
   LUETTE, Uvula—/. Visicale,  see Urinary
 bladder.
   LUGDUS, Erysipelas.
   LUJULA, Oxalis acetosella.
   LULLABY  SPEECH, Lallation.
   LUMBA'GO, from Lumbi, ' the loins.'  Ar-
 thro'sia lumbo'rum, Lumbago rheumatica, Ne-
 phralgia rheumatica, Rhachirrheu'ma, Rachior-
 rheu'ma,  Rheumatis'mus  dorsa'lis,  Ospkyr-
 rheu'ma.  Rheumatism affecting the lumbar re-
 gion.
   Lumba'go  psoadica,  L.  npostemato'sa,  L.
 ab arthroc'ace.—Pain in  the loins from abscess.
 See Psoitis.
   Lumbago a Nisu, see Effort.
   LUMBAR, Lumba'ds vel Lumba'lis, (F.)
 Lombaire.  Belonging or having  reference to
 the loins.
   Lumbar Abscess, Psoas abscess, Aposte'ma
 psoaticum,   Absces'sus  lumbo'rum,   Morbus
 psoadicus.  This abscess is so called from the
 matter being found on the side of the psoas muscle,
 or betwixt that and the iliacus internus.  Be-
 tween these muscles is a quantity of loose, cel-
 lular substance; and, when an abscess takes
 place there,  it can find no outlet  except by a
 distant  course.  Generally,  it descends along
 the  psoas muscle, forming a  swelling imme-
 diately beneath  Poupart's ligament;  at times,
 however, it extends down the thigh under the
 fascia.  Severe hectic follows the bursting of
 the abscess, and often death.  Its causes are,
 —scrofula, injury to the loins, &c.
  When, from the pain of the back continuing
 for some time, with other symptoms, the dis-
 ease is suspected, caustics, or the moxa, applied
 opposite the transverse processes of the lumbar
 vertebrae, must  be recommended; and, when
 the abscess  is ready for opening, it may be
 emptied by repeated discharges of the matter,
 through a small opening, made with a lancet,
 or small lancet-pointed trocar.   The medical
 treatment will consist in supporting the system,
 under the great restorative efforts required of it.
  Lumbar Arteries are four or five in num-
ber on each side.  They arise from the sides of
the abdominal aorta, and pass behind  the  mus-
cles situate in front of the lumbar portion of the
spine, to gain the broad muscles of the abdomen. 
LUMBARIS  EXTERNUS        514
LUPUS
They give off, 1. Spinal branches.  2. Anterior,
posterior, and external muscular branches.
  Lumbar Nerves are five in number, and issue
from the vertebral column by the spinal fora-
mina  of the  loins.  The" first lumbar nerve
gives off three branches:—the external or ilio-
scrotal; the middle or  inguino-cutaneous, and
the internal or infra-pubian.  Along with the
three pairs-  below it, it forms  the  lumbar
plexus.
  Lumbar Plexus, Portion lombaire du plexus
crural  (Ch.), Plexus Lombo-abdominal.  This
plexus is formed by the union of the Rami com-
munican'tes of the anterior branches of the first
four lumbar nerves.  It is situate -behind the
psoas muscle, and before the transverse pro-
cesses  of the lumbar vertebrae.   It furnishes,
besides the branches which  proceed from the
first pair, several filaments, that are distributed
to the psoas muscle, to the iliacus, the integu-
ments, and glands of the groin; and three great
branches—the crural,  obdurator,  and lumbo-
sacral.
   Lumbar Region, Lumbi.
   Lumbar Veins have  an arrangement analo-
gous to that of the arteries of the same name.
They communicate with  the vertebral sinuses,
azygous veins, &c, and pass into the vena cava
inferior.
   LUMBARIS EXTERNUS, Quadratus  lum-
borum—1. Internus, Psoas magnus.
   LUMBI, The  loins,  the lumbar region, Re'-
gio lumba'lis, Lap'ara, Psoa, Osphys. The pos-
terior regions of the abdomen,  comprised be-
tween  the base  of the  chest and the pelvis.
The parts which enter into the formation of the
lumbar region,  are—the skin;  a considerable
quantity of cellular texture; broad and strong apo-
neuroses ;—theLatissimusDorsi,Obliquus exter-
nus,and Obliquus internus abdominis,Transver-
salis abdominis, Quadratus  lumborum, and the
mass common to the Sacro-lumbalis, Longissi-
mus dorsi andMultifldus  spina. These muscles
 surround  the lumbar  region of the vertebral
 column.  The vessels, nerves, &c, of the loins,
 are called lumbar.
    LUMBO-SACRAL.   Belonging to the lum-
 bar and sacral regions.  (F.) Lombo-sacri.  Bi-
 chat calls thus  a very iarge nerve,  given off
 from the anterior branch of the  fifth lumbar
 pair, which descends into the pelvis before the
 sacrum to join the sciatic plexus.
    LUMBRICA'LIS,  Vermicula'ris.   Resem-
 bling a iumbricus, or ' earthworm.'  A name
 given to  small muscles,  met with in  the palm
 of the hand and sole of the foot.
    Lumbricales Man us, Fidid.nd'les, Flexor primi
 interno'dii  digito'rum manus  vel perfora'tus
 lumbrica'Hs, (F.) Annuli-tendino-phalangiens,
 Palmi-phalangiens.  Four  small, fleshy, thin,
 round, long, fusiform fasciculi, situate in  the
 palm  of the  hand,  and  distinguished into
 first,  second, third, and fourth, counting from
 without  to within. They  arise  from the ten-
 dons  of the flexor  communis  digitorum, and
 are inserted at  the outer,and posterior side of
 the superior extremity of the first phalanges of
 the last four fingers.  These muscles bend the
 fingers on the metacarpus,  and  fix the tendons
 of the flexor digitorum communis.
    Lumbricales Pedis, (F.) Planti-tendino-pha-
 langiens, Planti-sous-phalangiens, (Ch.) They
 are analogous  to those  of the  hand in form,
number, and arrangement.  They increase the
flexion of the toes, and draw them inwards.
  LUMBRICUS, Ascaris lumbricoides—1. La-
tus, Bothriocephalus latus, Taenia solium—1.
Teres hominis, Ascaris lumbricoides.
  LUMBUS VENERIS,  Achillea millefolium.
  LUMEN, Light,  Pupil—1.  Constans, Phos-
phorus.
  LUMIERE, Light.
  LUNA, Argentum, Moon—1. Albini, Sciatic
notch,  lesser—1. Potabilis, Argenti nitras.
  LUNAR, Lunatic.
  LUNA'RE OS, Os semiluna're.  The second
bone in the upper row of the carpus.
  LUNARIA, Menses.
  Luna'ria Redivi'va, Leuco'ium, Bulbonach,
Satin, Honesty.  Said, by Ray, to be a warm
diuretic.
  LUNARIS, Lunatic.
  LU'NATIC,  Lunat'icus, Lund ris,  Luna'-
rius, Lunar, from Luna, * the moon.'  Relating
to the moon.   An  epithet given to diseases
which are supposed to appear at certain phases
of the moon, or to  those who are affected by
them.  The term lunatic is  restricted to one
labouring under lunacy,  or mental alienation;
—Moonstruck,  Selenohle'tus.
  LUNATICUS, Epileptic, Lunatic, Somnam-
bulist.
  LUNATISMUS, Somnambulism.
  LUNE, Moon.
  LUNELLA, Hypopyon.
  LUNES, Menses.
  LUNETTES ORD IN AIRES, Spectacles.
  LUNG, Pulmrj—1. Black, of coal miners, An-
thracosis—1. Cancer of the, Phthisis, cancerous
—1. Fever, Catarrh, Pneumonia.
  Lung, Perforating  Abscess of the.  A
purulent collection, which forms exterior to
the lung, and afterwards perforates its tissue, so
that it is evacuated through the bronchial tubes.
  Lung Proof, Docimasia pulmonum—1. Wort,
 Pulmonaria—1. Wort, cow's, Verbascum nigrum
—1. Wort, tree, Lichen pulmonarius.
   LUNULA UNGUIUM,-see  Nail—1. Sca-
 pulae, Notch, scapular.
   LUPIA, Encystis, Wen—1. Junctura,  Spina
 ventosa.
   LUPI'NUS.  Under this term the white lupin,
 Luplnus al'bus, is  meant, in some  pharmaco-
 poeias.  The seeds, which were much eaten in
 the days of Pliny and of Galen, are now ne-
 glected.   The meal is,  however, occasionally
 used as an anthelmintic, and  as a cataplasm.
   LUPULI'NA, Lu'pulin, Lupulinic glands.
 A substance which exists in the humulus lupu-
 lus or hop.  It is in the form of small, shining,
 yellowish grains, which cover the base of the
 scales of  the hop;  is pulverulent, and of  an
 aromatic odour.  When analyzed,  it is found
 to contain resin, volatile oil  in  small quantity,
 and a bitter principle.   It is aromatic and to-
 nic, and—according to Dr. Ives—narcotic.
    LUPULINIC GLANDS,  Lupulina.
    LUPUS, ' the wolf.'   So named from its ra-
  pacity.  Ulcus  Tubercula'sum,  Cancer  lupus,
  Noli me tangere, Phymato'sis  lupus.  Tuber-
  cular excrescences, with ragged, spreading ulce-
  rations, chiefly about the alae nasi, where they
  destroy the skin, &c, for some depth.  Some-
  times they appear  in the cheek, circularly, or
  in the shape of a sort of ringworm, destroying 
>15         LYCOSA  TARENTULA
                 LURCO                 5

the substance and leaving a deep and deformed
Cicatrix.  The knife or caustic should be used
to separate the  sound  from the morbid parts.
Arsenic has been given internally with advan-
tage.   See, also, Lycoides.
  Lupus  Cancrosus,  Cancer—1.  Varicosus,
Naevi—1. Vorax, Herpes exedens.
  LURCO, Glutton.
  LURID, Lu'ridus.  Pale, yellow, sallow;—
applied to the complexion.
  LUROR, Paleness.
  LUSCIOSITAS, Luscitas, Myopia.
  LUSCIOSUS, Borgne, Myops.
  LUS'CITAS, Luscios'itas, Luscit'ies.  Stra-
bismus.  The term has also been given to all
those  cases of obliquity in which  the eye is
fixed in an unnatural position.—Beer.
  LUSCITIES, Luscitas.
  LUSTRAMENTUM, Cathartic.
  LUSCUS, Borgne.
  LUT, Lute.
  LUTE, Lutum, (' mud,') Cxmen'tum.   (F.)
Lut.   A  composition  employed  either for
closing apertures in a pharmaceutical instru-
ment,  or  for covering the  surface  of retorts,
tubes,  &c, which have to support  a  great de-
gree of heat.   Lutes are composed differently,
according to  the object to  be accomplished.
Commonly they are made of linseed meal and
starch.  The fat lute  is formed of  clay and
drying oil.  Sometimes, the white  of egg and
lime are used; and that which is employed for
covering vessels, intended to be strongly heated,
is made of clay, sifted sand, and water.
  LUTEUS, Yellow.
  LUTRON, aouTgov.   A bath.  Also, an oph-
thalmic medicine.—Galen.
  LUX, Light.
  LUXATIO, Luxation—1. Imperfecta, Sprain.
  LUXATION, Eluxa'tion, from luxare, ' to
put out of place.'  Dislocation,  Olisthe'ma,
Apoped'asis,  Luxa'tio,  Disloca'tio, Ec'clisis,
Strem'ma, Luxatu'ra, Ectopia, Ecpto'sis, Elap'-
sus, Lygis'mus, Emo'tio, Ec'slasis, Exarthre'-
ma, Exartkro'ma, Exarthre'ma luxa'tio, Ex-
arthro'sis, Exo'sis,  Exothe'sis,  Paratop'ia,
Streblo'sis, Deloca'tio,Exarticula'tio, (F.) Lux-
ation,  Dislocation, Diboitement.  A  displace-
ment of a part from  its proper situation.  A
putting out of joint.  A displacement of two or
more bones, whose articular surfaces have lost,
wholly, or in part, their  natural  connexion;
either owing to external violence,  (accidental
luxation,) or  to disease of some of the parts
about the joint (spontaneous luxation.)  Lux-
ation is complete when  the bones have entirely
lost their natural connexion; incomplete, when
they partly preserve it; and compound,  when
a wound communicates with the luxated joint.
The general indications of treatment,  are;—1.
To reduce the protruded bone to its  original
place.   2. To retain it in situ.   3. To obviate
any attendant or consequent symptoms.
  To  reduce requires extension, counter-ex-
tension, and coaptation.
  LUXEUIL, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Sa-
line waters, at the town of Luxeuil, at the foot
of the Vosges, in  the  department of Haute
Saone.  Five springs  are thermal,  and two
cold.   They  seem to  contain  carbonic  acid,
carbonates of iron and lime, and chloride  of
sodium; and are employed as  aperient, tonic,
and stimulant.
  LYCAN'CHfi,  Lycan'chis, from  Xvxog, {a
wolf,' and ay%u,  ' I strangle.'  Wolf quinsy,
Wolf choak;—as  Cynanche means Dog  choak.
Also, hydrophobia.  See Lycoides.
  LYCANCHIS,  Lycanche.
  LYCANTHROPE, see Lycanthropia.
  LYCANTHROPIA, from xvxoc,  'a  wolf,'
and arS^wvcg,' a man:' Lyca'on,Insa'nia lupi'-
na, Lycoma'nia.  A variety of melancholy, in
which the person believes himself to be changed
into a wolf, and imitates the voice and  habits
of that animal.  One so circumstanced is called
a Ly'canthrope, Lycanthro'pus.
  LYCANTHROPUS, see Lycanthropia.
  LYCAON, Lycanthropia.
  LYCHNIDIUM, Biolychnium.
  LYCHNIS SYLVESTRIS, Saponaria.
  LYCHNIUM, Biolychnium.
  LYCOI'DES, Lyco'des, from xvxog,e a wolf,'
and ttfog, 'form.'   Lupo similis.  An epithet
for a species of cynanche, called, also, Lupus,
and Strangulator, and absurdly attributed to
excessive retention of sperm in its  reservoirs
and its passage into the blood (?).—Galen.
  LYCOPE DE VIRGINIE, Lycopus Vir-
ginicus.
  LYCOPER'DON, from 2u*oc,'a wolf,'  and
rrtqSw,  ' I break wind;'  L.  Bovis'ta, Crepitus
Lupi, Puff-ball, Bull Fists, Mollipuffs, Bovis'-
ta, (F.) Vesseloup.  The puff ball dries into a
very fine, light  brownish dust, which is some-
times used  as a mechanical styptic  to  arrest
hemorrhage.
  Lycoper'don Tuber, Tuber Agriocas'tanum,
Trubs, Tuber ciba'rium, T. Guloso'rum, Til-
bera  Terra,  Truffle,  Tuckaho,  (F.)  Truffe.
A fleshy, firm body, unknown in  its mode of
reproduction, which is  found under ground,
especially in different parts of France, Italy,
&c, and is  much  esteemed as an aliment.  It
seems to belong to the champignons, and has a
particular perfume.   Aphrodisiac virtues have
been ascribed to it.
  LYCOPO'DIUM, from Xuxog, ' a wolf,' and
rrovg, ' a foot.'  L.  Clava'tum, Cingula'ria,
Muscus  clava'tus,  Club-moss, Wolf's-claw.
This is the largest of the  European mosses.
The  dust, which fills the capsules of  its spikes,
is very inflammable, and hence has been called
Vegetable Sulphur;—and,  also, Fari'na  seu
Pulvis seu  Semen seu  Sulphur Lycopo'dii.  It
is used in France  to roll pills and boluses in;
and in medicine is a desiccative, in the excoria-
tions to  which infants are  liable.-  It  is  col-
lected chiefly in Switzerland and Germany for
commerce.
  Lycopodium  Sela'go, Muscus erec'tus, Up-
right Club-moss, Fir Club-moss, Upright Fir-
moss.  The decoction of this plant acts  vio-
lently as an emetic and purgative; and was
formerly, on this account, used as an abortive.
It is  also employed to  kill vermin.
  LY'COPUS, L.  Virgin'icus, Bugleweed, Wa-
ter Bugle,  Water Horehound,  Gypsy  Weed,
Paul's Bet'ony, (F.) Lycope de Virginie.  This
indigenous herb, Sex. Syst.  Diandria Monogy-
nia, Nat. Ord.  Labiatae, grows throughout the
greater part of the United States.  The whole
herb is said to be slightly narcotic.   It is given
in infusion, (  Lycop. gj; ad fervent.  Oj.)
  Lycopus  Virginicus, Lycopus.
  LYCOREXIS, Fames lupina.
  LYCOSA TARENTULA, see Tarantula. 
LYCOSTOMA
516
LYMPHOCHEZIA
   LYCOSTOMA, Hyperoochasma.
   LYE, Lixivium, Ley—1. Dyspeptic, see Fu-
 ligokali—1. Medical, see Fuligokali.
   LYGISMUS, Luxation.
   LYGMODES, Singultous.
   LYGMUS, Singultus.
   LYGODES,  Singultous.
   LYING-IN STATE, Parturient state.
   LYMA, Lochia.
   LYMPH, Lympha, from wupn, ' water,' by
 changing v into X.   White Blood, Lympha Nu-
.trit'ia.   A name  given to the fluid contained
 in the  lymphatic vessels and  thoracic duct  of
 animals, which have been made  to  fast for 24
 hours.   According to  Chevreul, the lymph of
 the dog contains water, fibrin, albumen, com-
 mon salt, subcarbonate of soda, phosphates  of
 lime and magnesia, and carbonate of lime. The
 properties and composition  of  lymph vary
 somewhat according to the  part whence the
 lymphatic vessels obtain  it.   Generally, it  is
 under the form of  a  transparent, slightly alka-
 line  fluid, sometimes of a madder-red or yel-
 lowish  colour,—of a spermatic odour, and sa-
 line taste; soluble in water,—the solution be-
 coming turbid, when mixed with alcohol. When
 left to  itself, it coagulates.  The clot or solid
 portion becomes of a scarlet red, if put in con-
 tact with oxygen;  and of a purple red, if placed
 in carbonic acid.
   Like the blood,  the lymph consists of a fluid
 in which lymph corpuscles are suspended.
   The lymph is probably the product of internal
 absorption in different parts of the body: it then
 flows along the lymphatic vessels, uniting with
 the chyle, and is poured with it into the veins;
 thus becoming one of the materials of the blood.
 According to others, the blood, when it reaches
 the arterial  radicles, is divided into two por-
 tions,—the one red, which is carried to the
 heart,—the other serous or white, which is ab-
 sorbed by the lymphatic vessels, and constitutes
 the lymph.  By others, again, the lymphatics
 are considered  to  be the vessels of return for
 the white blood sent to certain tissues.  White
 blood, however, has  probably  no existence.
   Lymph, Coagulable,  Liquor sanguinis—1.
 Corpuscles, see Lymph—1. Hearts, Lymphatic
 hearts—1. Plastic, Liquor sanguinis.
   LYMPHA, Lymph—1. Muculenta narium,
 Nasal mucus—1. Nutritia, Lymph—1. Pancrea-
 tis, see  Pancreas—1. Pericardii,  see  Pericar-
 dium—1. Plastica, Fibrin.
   LYMPHADENITIS: from lympha, 'lymph,'
 and adenitis, < inflammation of a gland.'  In-
flamma'tio glandula'rum lymphatica'rum, Ade-
 nitis lymphat'ica, (F.) Adinite lymphatique.
 Inflammation of a lymphatic gland or ganglion.
   LYMPH^DUCTUS, Lymphatic vessels.
   LYMPHANGEITIS, Angeioleucitis.
   LYMPHANGIA,  Lymphatic vessels.
   LYMPHANGIECTASIA  Lympheurys'ma;
 from lymph, ayytiov, 'a  vessel,'  and txraoig,
 ' dilatation.'  Dilatation of lymphatic vessels.
   LYMPHANGITIS, Angeioleucitis.
   LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY,  Lympkangio-
graphia; from lymph, ayytiov, ' a vessel,' and
 yoa<py, 'a description.' A description  of the
 lymphatic vessels.
   LYMPHANGIOITIS, Angeioleucitis.
   LYMPHANGIOL'OGY, from  Lymphangi-
 on, 'a  lymphatic,' and Xoyog, 'a description.'
 A treatise on the lymphatics.
  LYMPKANGIOT'OMY,Lymphangiotom'ia;
from lymph, ayytiov, ' a vessel,' and rouv, ' in-
cision.'  The anatomy or  dissection  of  the
lymphatic vessels.
  LYMPHANGON'CUS,  Lymphon'cus; from
lymph, ayytiov,  'a vessel,'  and oyxog, 'a tu-
mour.'  Tumefaction of the  lymphatics.
  LYMPHATIC, Lymphat'icus. That which
relates to lymph.
  Lymphatic Hearts.  Lymph Hearts.  The
frog and several other animals are provided with
large receptacles for the  lymph immediately
underneath the skin, which exhibit distinct and
regular pulsations like  the sanguiferous heart.
Their use appears to be—to  propel the lymph.
  Lymphatic System is that particular system
of organs which is inservient to the formation
and circulation of lymph.  These organs are:
  1. Lymphatic Ganglions or Glands,  see
Conglobate.
  2.  Lymphatic  Vessels,  Lymphaduc'tus,
Lymphangi'a, Lymphange'a, Vena lymphat'ica,
Ductus sero'si, Vasa lymphatica, V. resorben'-
tia, Vasa hydrago'ga, Hydrangi'a.  These are'
very numerous.  Arising at the surface of mem-
branes  and in the tissue of the organs, they
carry into the veins the lymph from those parts.
Lymphatic  vessels are  found in every part of
the body.   Wherever they are met with, how-
ever, they  form  two orders,—one superficial,
the  other deep-seated; — the two  orders fre-
quently communicating with each other.  Lym-
phatic vessels are generally smaller than arte-
ries and veins.  They  are very thin, diapha-
nous, and cylindrical;  but present, here and
there, more or  less considerable  dilatations,
caused  by valves in their interior.  They are
slightly tortuous in their course; their anasto-
moses are very numerous, and they often cross
each other, forming successive  plexuses.  Of
the arrangement of the extreme radicles we are
ignorant.  All the branches, before joining the
principal trunks, pass through lymphatic gan-
glions,  in which they are convoluted, or sub-
divide almost ad infinitum.   They are formed
of an outer cellular membrane and an internal
coat, similar to that of the veins; of the latter,
the valves are formed.   All  the  lymphatics of
the  body ultimately discharge themselves into
the subclavian and internal jugular veins. Two
of these trunks  are considerably larger than
the  others,—the thoracic duct,  and the great
trunk of the right side, (F.)  La grande veine
lymphatique droite.  The former receives  the
lymphatics of the abdomen, of the lower extre-
mities, the left side of the thorax, the left upper
extremity,  and the corresponding  side of  the
head and neck; the latter receives those of the
right upper extremity,  and of the right side of
the head, neck and thorax.
  LYMPHATITIS, Angeioleucitis.
  LYMPHE DE COTUGNO, Cotunnius, li-
quor of.
  LYMPHEURYSMA, Lymphangiectasis.
  LYMPHITIS, Angeioleucitis.
  LYMPHIZATION.  A term used by Pro-
fessor  Gross to signify effusion of coagulable
lymph. It is not  a happy word, inasmuch as
lymph has  another meaning, whilst the term
'coagulable lymph' is now almost abandoned.
  LYMPHOCHE'ZIA, from lympha,' lymph,'
and ;t»j£ai, 'I go to stool.'  Serous diarrhoea. 
LYMPHONCUS             5P
  LYMPHONCUS, Lymphangoncus—1. Iridis,
Iridauxesis.
  LYMPHOPYRA, Fever, adeno-meningeal.
  LYMPHO'SIS.   The preparation or elabora-
tion of lymph.
  LYMPHOT'OMY, from  lympha, 'lymph,'
and rtpivia,' I cut.'  Dissection of the lympha-
tics.
  LYNCH'S EMBROCATION. An emollient
nostrum, formed of olive oil impregnated with
bergamot and other essences, and coloured with
alkanet root.
  LYNGO'DES, Singultous—1.  Febris, Fever,
singultous.
  LYNGYODES, Singultous.
  LYNN WAHOO, Ulmus alata.
  LYNX, Singultus.
  LYPE, Athymia.
  LYPEMANIA, Melancholy.
  LYPEROPHRkNIE, Melancholy.
  LYPOMA, Lipoma.
  LYPOTHYMIA, from Ivrn,  'sadness,' and
&vf*oc, 'heart, courage.'  Very great sadness or
despondency.
  LYRA, xve.a, 'the lyre.'  Psalter,  Psalte'-
rium, Corpus Psallo'ldes, Lyra Da'vidis, Lam'-
ina medulla'ris triangula'ris cerebri. The under
surface of the posterior part of the body of the
fornix is impressed with numerous transverse
and oblique  lines, which have been so called
from some resemblance they bear to the ancient
lyre.
  LYRINGIUM, Eryngium campestre.
  LYSIA, Lysis.
  LYSIMA'CHIA  NUMMULA'RIA, Num-
mula'ria, Hirundina'ria, Centimor'bia, Creeping
Loose  Strife, Money Wort, (F.)  Herbe  aux
ecus.   This plant was formerly  accounted vul-
nerary.  It has been considered to possess anti-
scorbutic and astringent qualities, and has been
used in leucorrhoea.
  M.   This letter signifies, in prescriptions,
manipulus, 'a handful.'  Also, misce, 'mix.'
See Abbreviation.
  MACAPATLI, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  M AC ARO'NI.  An alimentary paste, mould-
ed of a cylindrical shape, and formed of rice or
wheaten flour.  It is eaten—when boiled—in
soup—prepared with cheese, &c.
  Also, a name formerly given to a pulverulent
compound of sugar and glass of antimony, car-
ried into France by the Italian monks, and em-
ployed at the hospital La Chariti in the treat-
ment of painters' colic.
  MACE, see  Myristica moschata.
  MACEDONISIUM, Smyrnium olusatrum.
  MACER, Gracilis.
  MACERATION, Macera'tio, from macero,
' I soften by water.'   An operation which con-
sists in infusing, usually without heat, a solid
substance  in a liquid, so as to extract its vir-
tues.
  MACERONA, Smyrnium olusatrum.
  MACES, see Myristica moschata.
  MACHiERA, Culter, Knife, Penis.
  MACH^ERIDION, Macheerion.
7              MAC HO IRE

   Lysimachia Purpurea, Lythrum salicaria.
   LYSIS, Lysia, fxom xvto, 'I dissolve.'  Solu-
tion.   A common suffix; also, a name given
to  crises  which  are  operated  insensibly;
that is, gradually and without critical symp-
toms.
   LYSSA, Hydrophobia—1. Canina, Hydropho-
bia.
   LYSSAS, Maniodes.
   LYSSETER, Maniodes.
   LYSSODECTUS, from xvao-a,' canine mad-
ness,' and daxvoi, 'I bite.' Hydroph'obus; Cani
rabido morsus.  One who has been bitten by a
mad dog, or is actually labouring under hydro-
phobia.
   LYSSODEGMA, Lyssodeg'mus, Lyssodexis,
same etymon.  The bite of a mad dog.
   LYSSODEXIS, Lyssodegma.
   LYTE'RIOS,  Xvrt]^io;, (from  Xvw, 'I dis-
solve,') ' solving.' An epithet given to those
signs which announce the solution of a very
violent disease.
   LYTHRUM S ALIC A'RI A, Lysima'chiapur-
pu'rea, Salica'ria:—the  Common  or Purple
 Willow Herb. The herb, root, and flowers pos-
sess a considerable degree of astringency, and
are used, occasionally, in the cure of  diarrhoea
and dysentery, leucorrhoea, haemoptysis, &c.
   LYTTA  VESICATORIA, Cantharis.
   Lytta Rufipes.  A variety of Lytta, pecu-
liar to Chili, which  is more active  as a vesi-
cant than the cantharis, or the  lytta next de-
scribed.
   Lytta Vitta'ta, Can'tharis vittata, Pota'to
Fly,  (F.) Cantharide tachetie.   Four species
of meloe that blister are found  in the United
States. The lytta vittata feeds principally upon
the potato plant, and, at the proper season  of
the year, may be collected in immense num-
bers.  The potato fly resembles the cantharides
in every property, and is fully equal to them.
  MACHiE'RION, Machx'ris, Machxrid'ion,
Gladiolus.   A knife.   An amputating  knife.
Rufus  of  Ephesus asserts,  that  the  Aru-
spices  gave this  name to a part of the liver
of animals.
  MACH^ERIS, Knife, Novacula.
  MACHA'ON, from ,uaXaa>,' I desire to fight.'
The son of iEsculapius, and a celebrated phy-
sician.   Hence:
  MACHAO'NIA seu  MACHAON'ICA ARS.
Medicine.  The Healing Art: — so called after
Machaon, the son of ^Esculapius.
  MACHINAL, Mechan'icus.  This epithet
is added  especially by French writers  to the
word movement, to express that the will takes
no part in it.
  MACHINE',  Machina,  Machinamen'tum,
Mech'ane, Mechane'ma.  A more or less com-
pound instrument, used in physics and chymis-
try  to  put a body in motion, or to produce any
action whatever.  Physiologists sometimes use
it for the animal body ;—as the machine or ani-
mal machine.
  MACHLOSYNE, Nymphomania.
  MACHOIRE, Maxillary bone—m. Diacra- 
MACIES
518
MAGISTERY
 nienne,  Maxillary  bone, lower—m. Syncrani-
 tnne, Maxillary bone, superior.
   MACIES, Atrophy, Emaciation—m. Infan-
 tum, Tabes mesenterica.
   MACILENTUS, Gracilis.
   MACIS, see Myristica moschata.
   MACRAU'CHEN, from ptxgoc, 'long,' and
 cw/ijv, 'the neck.'  Longo  collo pra'ditus.—
 One who has a long neck.—Galen.
   MACRE FLOTTANTE, Trapa natans.
   MACRITUDO, Emaciation.
   MACROBIOSIS, Longevity.
   MACROBIOTES, Longevity.
   MACROBIOTIC,   Macrobiot'icus,  Macro-
 bi'otus,  Macro'bius, Longa'vus, from  uaxgog,
 'great,'  'long,' and ^toc, 'life.'   That which
 lives a long time.  The macrobiotic art is the
 art of living a long time.
   MACROBIOTUS, Macriobiotic.
   MACROBIUS, Macrobiotic.
   MACROCEPH'ALUS, from putlog,  'great,'
 (long,' and m <faXtj,' head.'  Qui magnum habet
 caput.   ' One who has alarge head.'  This epi-
 thet  is  given  to  children born with heads so
 large that they seem to be hydrocephalic; but
 in which the unusual  development is owing to
 a large size of the brain.  Such are supposed to
 be more  than ordinarily liable to convulsions.(?)
 The term has also been applied by Hippocrates
 to certain Asiatics  who had  long heads.  See
 Capitones.
   MACROCO'LIA, from ^xoos,  'great,' and
 kwXov, 'a limb.'   Great length of limbs in ge-
 neral, and of the lower limbs  in particular.
   MACRODACTYLUS, from juax^,' great,'
 and  SaxroXot, ' a finger.'  Having long  fingers.
   MACROGLOSSA, see Macroglossus.
   MACROGLOS'SUS,  from fiux^og, 'large,'
 and  yXuo-o-*., ' tongue.'  One  who  has  a very
 large or  prolapsed tongue.  See Paraglossa.
   MACRONOSI^E, Chronic diseases.
   MACROPHAL'LUS, from uay.gog, 'large,'
 and <paxxo;, ' the male organ.'  A large  size of
 the male organ.
   MACROPHO'NUS, from umtooc,' great,' and
 Qoivrj, 'voice.'  One who has a strong voice.
   MACROPHYSOCEPH'ALUS, from ^axgos,
 ' long,' quoa,' air,' and xtqaXij,' head.'  A word
 used by Ambrose  Pare to designate an augmen-
 tation of the head of the fcetus, produced by a
 sort  of emphysema, which retards delivery.
   MACROPIPER, Piper longum.
   MACROPNffi'A, from ua^oa,  'long,' and
 mea,' I breathe.'  A long and deep respiration.
   MACROP'NUS, Macrop'noos.  One who
 breathes  slowly:—a word met with in some
 authors.—Hippocrates.
   MACROP'ODUS, Mac'ropus, from ^aKgot,
 'great,' and trou;,  'foot.'  One who has  a large
 foot.
   MACROR, Emaciation.
   MACROR'RHIS, from u*xes<;, 'great,' and
g/f or £iv, 'nose.'  One who has a long nose.
   MACROS, Long.
   MACROS'CELES, Crura longa habens; from
/unx^og, 'long,'and o-xtxog, 'the leg.'  One who
has long  legs.
   MACROSI^E, Chronic diseases.
  MACROTES,  from uaxooc,' great,' and oug,
'an ear.'   One who  has long ears.
   MACROTRYS RACEMOSA, see Actaea ra-
cemosa.
  MACULA.  A  spot.  Dyschra'a,  Celis,
 Labes, (F.) Tacke.   A permanent discoloration
 of some portion of the skin, often with a change
 of its texture.  Ephelis, Navus, Spilus, &c,
 belong to Maculae.
   Macula, Molecule—m. Carneae, Caligo—m.
 Corneae arcuata, Gerotoxon—m. Corneae mar-
 garitacea, Paralampsis—m. Cribrosa, see Au-
 ditory canal, internal—m. Fusca, Ephelides—
 m.  Germinativa, see Molecule—m.  Hepatica,
 Chloasma materna, Nasvus—m. Lenticularia,
 Ephelides—m. Lutea retinae, see Foramen cen-
 tralo—m. Matricalis,  Naevus—m.  Matricis,
 Naevus—m. Solaris, Ephelides.
   MACULAE ANTE OCULOS VOLITAN-
 TES, Metamorphopsia.
   MACULOSUS, Sable.
   MADAR, Mudar.
   MADARO'SIS, from p*»oe, 'bald.'  Mada-
 ro'ma, Made'sis, Madar'otes, Made'ma, Mad'-
 isis, Deplumu'tio, Milpka, Milpho'sis, Ptilo'-
 sis, Calvldes.  Loss of  the  hair, particularly
 of the eyelashes.
   MADAROTES, Madarosis.
   MADDER, DYERS',  Rubia.
   MADEIRA, CLIMATE OF. This island
 is much frequented by pulmonary invalids, on
 account  of the  mildness and equability of its
 climate.  Owing, indeed, to the mildness of the
 winter, and the coolness of the  summer, toge-
 ther with the  remarkable equality of the  tem-
 perature  during  day and  night, as well as
 throughout  the  year, it  has been considered,
 that the  climate of Madeira is the finest in the
 northern hemisphere.  Sir James Clark  is of
 opinion that there is no place on the continent
 of Europe, with which he is acquainted, where
 the  pulmonary  invalid  could reside with  so
 much advantage, during the whole year, as in
 Madeira.
   MADELEON, Bdellium.
   MAD EM A, Madarosis.
   MADESIS, Depilation, Madarosis.
   MADISIS,  Depilation, Madarosis.
   MADISTE'RIUM, Madiste'rion, Trichola'-
 bium, Tricholabis, Volsella.  Tweezers.   An
 instrument for extracting hairs.
   MADNESS,  CANINE, Hydrophobia— m.
 Raving or furious, Mania.
   MADOR, Moisture.  A cold sweat.
   MADREPORA OCULATA, see Coral.
   MADWEED, Scutellaria lateriflora.
   MAEA, Midwife.
   MAEEIA, Obstetrics.
   MAEIA, Obstetrics.
   MAEUTRIA, Midwife.
   MAGDA'LIA,  Magda'leon,  Magdalis.
 Crumb of bread.   Any  medicine, as a  pill,
 formed of crumb of bread.  A roll of plaster.
   MAGEIRICE, Culinary art.
   MAGGOT PIMPLE, see Acne.
   MAGIS, uayig, 'a  cake.'  A sort of cake,
 composed of cloves, garlic  and cheese  beaten
 together.—Hippocrates.
   MAGISTERIUM, Magistery—m. Bismuthi,
 Bismuth, subnitrate of—m. Jalapae, Resin of Jalap
—m. Marcasitae, Bismuth, subnitrate of—m.
Plumbi, Plumbi subcarbonas—m. Sulphuris, Sul-
phur lotum—m. Tartari purgans, Potassae acetas.
  MAG"ISTERY, Magiste'rium, from magis-
ter, 'a master.'  Certain  precipitates from sa-
line solutions were formerly so called; as  well
as other  medicines, the preparation of which
was kept secret. 
MAGISTRAL               519
  Magistery of  Bismuth,  Bismuth,  subni-
trate of.
  MAG"ISTRAL,Magistra'lis. Same etymon.
Extempora'neous.  Medicines  are  so  called
which are prepared extemporaneously.   Offici-
nal medicines are such as have been prepared
for some time before they are prescribed.
  MAGISTRANTIA, Imperatoria.
  MAGMA,  ftaypta,  (F.) Marc.   The thick
residuum, obtained after  expressing  certain
substances to extract the fluid parts from them.
The grounds which remain after treating a sub-
stance  with water, alcohol, or any other men-
struum.  Also, a salve of a certain consistence.
  Magma or  Marc of Olives is the residuum
after the greatest possible quantity of oil has
been extracted from olives by making them fer-
ment. It was formerly employed as a stimulant,
under the form  of a bath—to which the name
Bain de Marc was given by the French.
  Magma or Marc  of Grapes,  Bry'tia, was
once employed for the same purposes.
  MAGNES, Magnet.
  Magnes Arsenica'lis. (Sulphur, white arse-
nic, and common antimony, of each equal parts.
Mix by fusion.)  It is corrosive. See Magnetic
plaster.
  Magnes Epilepsia, Hydrargyri sulphuretum
rubrum.
  MAGNE'SIA, Abamahas, Chambar, Terra
omnia, Magnesia terra,Talcearth; fxommagnes,
' the magnet;' because it was supposed to have
the power of attracting substances from the air.
Its  metallic base is magne'sium.
  Magnesia, M. usta, M. calcina'ta, Calcined
Magnesia, Oxide of magne'sium, (F.) Magni-
de brulie, Magnisie, M. Caustique.  This is ob-
tained  by exposing carbonate of magnesia  to
a strong  heat.  It is inodorous; taste very
slightly bitter;  in the form of a white, light,
spongy, soft powder.  S. g. 2.3; requiring 2000
times its weight of water for its solution.   It
is  antacid, and  laxative when it meets with
acid in the stomach.  Dose, gr. x. to gj  in
water or milk.
  Magnesia  Aerata, Magnesiae carbonas—m.
Alba, M. carbonas—m. Calcinata, M. usta—m.
Edinburgensis, Magnesias carbonas.
  Magnesia, Effervescing, Moxon's. (Mag-
nes. carb.; M. sulphat.;  Sodse bicarbon., Acid
tartaric,  aa. partes aequales; to be pulverized,
well dried, mixed and enclosed in bottles her-'
metically sealed.)
  Magnesia, Fluid.  Under this name a pre-
paration is designated, which consists of a so-
lution of carbonate of magnesia in carbonated
water.  It is also termed carbonated magnesia
water, aerated magnesia water, and condensed
solution of magnesia, (F.)  Eau magnisienne.
  Magnesia, Henry's, Magnesias carbonas—
m. Mitis, Magnesias carbonas — m. Muriate of,
Magnesii chloridum—m.  Nigra, Manganese,
black oxide of.
  Magnesia Opali'na.   A name given by Le-
mery to a mixture of equal parts of antimony,
nitrate of potass, andchloride of sodium, (decre-
pitated.)  It has emetic properties, but is not
used.
  Magnesia Salis Amari, Magnesiae carbonas
—m. Salis Ebsdamensis, Magnesias carbonas—
m. Saturni, Antimonium—m. Solution of, con-
densed, M. fluid—m. Terra, Magnesia—m. Vi-
triolata, Magnesiae sulphas—m. and Soda, sul-
J                MAGNET

 phate of, see Soda, sulphate of—m. Usta, Mag-
 nesia.
  Magnesia  Car'bonas,  M.  Subcar'bonas,
 Magnesia, (Dublin,) M. aerata, M. carbonica,
 M. alba, Subcar'honate of Magnesia, Henry's
 Magnesia, M.  Subcarbonica,  M.  Mitis, M.
 Ediuburgen'sis,  M. Salis Ebsdamen'sis, M.
 Salis ama'ri, Car'bonas magne'sicum, Lac terra,
 Hypocar'bonas magne'sia, T.  amara aera'ta,
 T. absor'bens minera'lis, T. Talco'sa oxyanthra-
 co'des,  (F.)  Sous-carbonate ou carbonate de
 Magnisie, Magnisie aerie,  M. blanche, M.
 crayeuse, M. douce, M. effervescente, M. mo-
 yenne, Poudre de Sentinelli, P. de Valentini,
 P.  du Comte de Palme.  Prepared from sul-
 phate of magnesia by subcarbonate  of potass.
 It is inodorous;  insipid; light; white; spongy;
 opake;  effervescing with acids; insoluble in
 water.   Properties the  same as the last; but
 the carbonic  acid, when  set  free, sometimes
 causes unpleasant distension.
  Magnesia Hypocarbonas. M. carbonas—m.
 Subcarbonas,  M. carbonas—m. Vitriolicum,
 Magnesiae sulphas.
  Magnesia  Sulphas, Sulphas Magnesia pu-
 rifica'ta,  Magnesia vitriola'ta, Sal cathar'ti-
 cus  ama'rus, Sal catharticum amarum, Sal
 ama'rum, S. Anglica'num, Sulphate of Mag-
 nesia,  Sal Epsomen'sis, Sal  catharticus  An-
 glica'nus, Sal Sedlicen'sis,  Sal Ebsdamen!'sS,
 S. Seydschutzen'se,  Terra ama'ra sulphu'rica,
 Vitriolicum  Magne'six, Epsom Salt,  Bitter
 purging  Salt,   (F.)   Sulfate  de magnisie,
 Sel admirable de Limiry, Sel d'Egra.  Gene-
 rally  obtained  from  sea  water.  Its taste is
 bitter and disagreeable.  It is  soluble in an
 equal quantity of water at 60°.  It is purgative
 and diuretic.  Dose, as  a cathartic, gss  to gij.
  MAGNkSIE AERkE, Magnesiae carbonas
 —m. Blanche, Magnesiae carbonas—m. Brulie,
 Magnesia usta — m. Carbonate de,  Magnesias
 carbonas—m. Caustique, Magnesia usta—m.
 Crayeuse, Magnesiae carbonas—m. Douce, Mag-
 nesiae carbonas—m. Effervescente, Magnesiae
 carbonas—m. Moyenne, Magnesiae carbonas—
 m. Souscarbonate de,  Magnesiae carbonas—m.
 Sulfate de, Magnesiae sulphas.
  MAGNE'SII  CHLO'RIDUM, Chloride of
 Magne'sium,  Muriate of Magnesia. This bit-
 ter deliquescent salt has been given as a mild
 and  effective  cholagogue cathartic, in the dose
 of half an ounce  to the adult.   Being deliques-
 cent, it may be  kept dissolved in its weight
 of water.
  MAGNESIUM, see Magnesia—m. Chloride
 of, Magnesii chloridum — m.  Oxide of, Mag-
 nesia usta.
  MAGNET,  Magnes, Magne'tes, Ferrum
 magnes  attracto'rium,  Sideri'tes,  Sideri'tis,
 Lapis heracle'us, L. Syderi'tis, L. nau'ticus,
 Magnltis, so called from Magnes, its disco-
 verer, or  from Magnesia, whence  it was ob-
 tained;  (F.)  Aimant;  The magnet  or load-
 stone.   An amorphous, oxydulated ore of iron,
 which  exerts an attraction on unmagnetized
 iron, and has the property of exhibiting  poles;
 that is, of pointing by one of its extremities to
 the north.  This.pre, by constant or long rub-
 bing, communicates its properties to iron; and
 thus artificial  magnets are formed.   Magnetic
 ore is  found  in  many countries, and particu-
 larly in the island of Elba.   The  magnet is
 sometimes used to extract spicula of iron from 
MAGNETES
520
MALABATHRUM
 the eye or from  wounds.   It has been em-
 ployed as an antispasmodic;  but acts only
 through the  imagination.   The  powder has
 been given as a tonic.  In Pharmacy,  it is used
 to purify iron filings.  It attracts the iron, and
 the impurities remain behind.  It formerly en-
 tered, as an ingredient, into several plasters, to
 draw  bullets and heads  of arrows from the
 body—as the Emplastrum divinumNicolai, the
 Emplastrum nigrum of Augsburg, the Opodel-
 doch, and Attractivum of Paracelsus, &c.
   MAGNETES, Magnet.
   MAGNETIC, Magneticus.  Same etymon.
 That which belongs or relates to magnetism;—
 mineral or animal.
   Magnetic Fluid.  A name given to the im-
 ponderable fluid to which the magnet  owes its
 virtues.  By analogy it is applied to a particu-
 lar principle, supposed to be the source  of or-
 ganic  actions, which affects, it is conceived,
 the nervous system principally, and is suscepti-
 ble of being transmitted from one living body
 to another, by contact or simple approximation,
 and especially under the influence of fixed vo-
 lition.  See Magnetism, Animal.
   Magnetic  Plaster.  A  plaster, at present,
 not used.  It had for its base a mixture,  called
 Magnes arsenica'lis; formed of equal parts of
 antimony, sulphur and arsenic melted  together
 in a glass cucurbit.  The name Magnetic plas-
 ter was, likewise,  given to  such as contained
 powdered magnet.
   MAGNETINUS,  Potassae supertartras im-
 purus.
   MAGNETISM,  AN'IMAL,  Mes'merism,
 Neurogdmia, Bioga'mia,   Biomagnetis'mus,
 Zoomagnetis'mus, Exon'eurism,  (proposed by
 Mr. H. Mayo,)  Telluris'mus, Anthropomagne-
 ds'mus, Gar'gale,  Gargalis'mus  Gar'galus.
 Properties attributed to the influence of a par-
 ticular principle, which has been compared  to
 that which characterizes the magnet.  It is sup-
 posed to be transmitted from one person  to an-
 other, and to impress peculiar modifications on
 organic action, especially on  that of the nerves.
 The discussions, to which  this strange  belief
 has given rise, are by no  means terminated.
 There is no evidence whatever of the existence
 of such a fluid. Highly impressible persons can
 be thrown into  a  kind of hysteric  sleep and
 somnambulism, but farther than this, the efforts
 of the magnetizer cannot reach.  It is a mode of
 action upon the nerves through the medium  of
 the senses.
   MAGNITIS, Magnet.
   MAGNITUDO CORPORIS,  Stature.
   MAGNOC,  Jatropha manihot.
   MAGNOLIA GLAUCA, Small Magnolia,
 Magnolia, Swamp Sas'safras, Elk Bark, In-
 dian Bark, White Laurel, Sweet Bay,  Beaver
 Wood, White Bay,  Cinchona of Virginia, Cas-
 tor Bay, Sweet magnolia.  The bark  is pos-
 sessed of tonic properties, resembling those of
 cascarilla, canella,  &c.  The same may be said
 of the Magnolia tripet'ala or Umbrella tree;
 the M. acamina'ta or Cu'cumber tree,  the M.
grandiflo'ra and M. macrophylla, Laurel, Elk
wood, Silverleaf, Big leaf, White bag, Beaver
 Tree, Elk bark, Big bloom.
   MAGNUM  DEI DONUM, Cinchona.
   Magnum Os.  The third bone of the lower
 row of the carpus, reckoning from the thumb.
 It is the largest bone of the carpus; and is, also,
 called Os capita'tum; (F.) Grand Os.
   MAGRUMS.  A popular name in  the state
 of New York for a singular convulsive affec-
 tion, which resembles chorea.  It rarely, how-
 ever, occurs before the adult age; never ceases
 spontaneously, and when  fully developed,  is
 devoid of any paroxysmal character.
   MAGUEY, Agave  Americana.
   MAHMOUDY, Convolvulus scammonia.
   MA HO GAN FkBRIFUGE, Swietenia fe-
 brifuga.
   MAHOGANY,  Gynocladus Canadensis—m.
 Mountain, Betula lenta—m. Tree, Swietenia
 mahogani.
   MAIANTHEMUM, Convallaria maialis.
   MAIDENHAIR, Adiantum capillus veneris
 —m.  American, Adiantum pedatum—m. Ca-
 nada,  Adiantum pedatum — m. Common, As-
 plenium trichomanoides—m. Golden, Polytri-
 chum—m. White, Asplenium ruta muraria.
   MAIEIA, Obstetrics.
   MAIEUSIS, Parturition.
   MAIEUTA, see Parturition.
   MAIEUTER, Accoucheur.
   MAIEUTES, Accoucheur.
   MAIEUTICA ARS, Obstetrics.
   MAIGREUR, Emaciation.
   MA1LLET, Mallet.
   MAILLOT, Swathing clothes.
   MAIN, Manus.
  MAIS, Zea mays.
  MAJORANA, Origanum majorana—m. Sy-
 riaca, Teucrium marum.
  MAL D>AMOUR,  Odontalgia.
  MAL DES ARDENS. A name  given to
 a  species  of pestilential erysipelas or Saint
 Anthony's fire, which reigned epidemically in
 France, in 1130.
  MAL D'AVENTURE, Paronychia—m. di
 Breno, Scherlievo—m. Caduc, Epilepsy.
  MAL DE  CRIMkE (F.), Lepre des Cos-
 saques, Lepra Tau'rica.  A variety of lepra in
 the Crimea.
  MAL DE DENT, Odontalgia—m. d'Esto-
 mac, Chthonophagia—m.  Divin, Epilepsy—m.
 d'Enfant, Pains (Labour)—m. di Fiume, Scher-
 lievo—m.  Francois, Syphilis—m. de  Gorge,
 Cynanche—m.  Haut, Epilepsy—m. de  Ma-
 choire, Trismus—m. de Mer, Nausea marina—
 m. de Mire, Hysteria—m.de Misere, Pellagra—
 m. de Naples, Syphilis—m. Petit,  Epilepsy—
 m. da  Roi, Scrofula—m. Rouge de Cayenne,
 Elephantiasis of Cayenne—m. Saint Antoine,
 Erysipelas—m. Saint Jean, Epilepsy—m. Saint
 Main,  Lepra, Psora—m. di Scherlievo, Scher-
 lievo—m. de Siam, Fever, yellow.
  MAL DE  SAN LAZARO, Cocobay. A
 leprous disease common in Columbia, S. Ame-
 rica, and said to be cured  by the Cuichunchulli-
  MAL DEL SOLE, Pellagra-w.  de So-
logne, Ergotism—m. de Terre, Epilepsy—m. a
 Tete, Cephalalgia—m. del Valle, Proctocace—
 m. Vat, see Anthrax.
  MALA, Gena—m. Aurea, see Citrus auran-
 tium.
  MALABATH'RINUM.  Ancient name of
an ointment and a wine,  into which the mala-
bathrum entered.
  MALABATHRUM,  Cadeji-lndi.   The
leaves  of a tree of the  East  Indies.   These
leaves entered into the theriac, mithridate, and
other ancient electuaries.  They are believed 
MALACC2E RADIX           521
MALIS
 to be from a species of laurel—Laurus Cassia;
 but, according  to others, from Laurus Mala-
 bathrum.  The O'leum Malabathri is obtained
 from it.
   MALACCA RADIX, Sagittarium alexi-
 pharmacum.
   MALACHE, Malva rotundifolia.
   MALA'CIA, from ^umxki*, 'softness.'  A
 depravation of  taste, in which an  almost  uni-
 versal loathing is combined with an exclusive
 longing for some particular article of*food.  If
 the patient desires substances that are not eata-
 ble or noxious, it  constitutes Pica, Pisso'sis,
 Pitto'sis, Heterorexia, Heterorrkex'ia, Cissa,
 Citto'sis, Citta, Lima'sis, Pica, Allotriopha'gia,
 Picacismus, Pica'tio, Depra'ved ap'petite, (F.)
 Envie.  These symptoms accompany  several
 nervous  affections,—those of females in parti-
 cular.  In pregnancy  it is  common,  and  is
 termed Longing.
   Malacia Africanorcm, Chthonophagia—m.
 Cordis, Cardiomalacia.
   MALACISMUS, Mollities.
   MALACOGASTER, Gastromalaxia.
   MALACOPHONUS.from^o***, a, 'softness,'
 and <pwi»;, ' voice.'  One  who has a soft voice.
   MALACOPOEA, Emollients.
   MALACORIUM, see  Punica granatum.
   MALACOSAR'COS,  from paXa^, 'soft,'
 and aa«£, 'flesh.'  One of a soft constitution:
 habitu cod pods mollio'ri prx'ditus.—Galen.
   MALACOSIS,Mollities—m. Cerebri, Molli-
 ties cerebri—m. Cordis, Cardiomalacia—m. He-
 patis, Hepatomalacia—m. Uteri, Hysttromala-
 cia.
   MALACOSTEON, Mollities ossium.
   MALACTICA, Emollients.
   MALACTICUM, Relaxant.
   MALADE, Sick.
   MALADIE, Disease — m. Anglaise,  Hypo-
 chondriasis— m. Bleue,  Cyanopathy — m. de
 Bright, Kidney, Bright's disease of the—m. de
 Cruveilheir, see Brash, weaning—m. Cuculaire,
 Pertussis—m. Glundulaire, Elephantiasis Ara-
 bica—m. Imuginaire, Hypochondriasis, Hyste-
 ria.
   MALADIE  DES MINEURS.  Anaemia
 occurring in the workers  in mines.
   MALADIE NOIRE, Melaena—m. duPays,
 Nostalgia—m. Pidiculaire, Phtheiriasis—m. de
 Pott, Vertebral disease—m. Typho'ide, see Ty-
 phus—m. Vinirienne, Syphilis—m. de Vinus, Sy-
 philis—m. de Werlhof, Purpura haemorrhagica.
   MALADIES ACQUISES, Acquired dis-
 eases— m.  Annuelles,  Annual diseases — m.
 Chroniques, Chronic diseases—m.  Connies,
 Connate diseases—m.  Dissimulies, Feigned
 diseases—m. Externes,  External diseases—m.
 Feintes, Feigned diseases—m. Innics,  Innate
 diseases — m.  Legitimes,  see Legitimate — m.
 Nerveuses,  Nervous  diseases—m.  Simulies,
 Feigned diseases—m. Supposies,  Feigned dis-
 eases—m. Venteuses, Pneumatosis.
   MALADIF, Sickly.
   MALADRERIE, Ladrerie.
   MALADY, ENGLISH, Hypochondriasis.
   M ALiE, OS, from malum,' an apple;' so call-
 ed from its roundness.   Os mala're, Os Juga'-
 le, Os Jugamen'tum, Os Genx, Zygo'ma, Os Zy-
gomat'icum, Os Hypo'pium, Os Subocula're, Os
 Pu'dicnm, (F.)  Os Malaire, Os Zygomatique,
 Os de la Pommettc.   The  cheek or malar bone.
 This bone is situate at the lateral and superior
        34
  part of the face; and constitutes the zygomatic
  region of the cheek.  It is irregularly quadri-
  lateral.  Its outer surface is convex, covered by
  museles  and  skin, and  pierced with canals,
  called malar, through which vessels and nerves
  pass.  Its upper surface  is concave, and forms
  part of the orbit.  Its posterior surface is con-
  cave, and enters into  the composition of the
  temporal fossa.  This bone is thick and cellu-
  lar.  It is articulated with the frontal, temporal,
  sphenoid, and superior maxillary bones, and is
  developed by a single point of ossification.
    The part of the  face  rendered prominent by
  this bone, the French call Pommette.
    MALAG'MA, from p^Xao-o-m,' I soften.'  An
  emollient cataplasm, and, in general, every lo-
  cal application whieh  enjoys the  property  of
  softening organic tissues.
    MALAISE, Indisposition.
    MALAKIEN, Mollities.
    MALAMBO BARK, Matias.
    MALANDRIA.  A species of lepra or ele-
  phantiasis.—Marcellus Empiricus.
    MAL ANDRIO'SUS, Leprous. Affected with
  a species of lepra.
    MALAR, Mala'ris, from mala, ' the cheek.'
  Belonging to the cheek,—as the malar bone.
    Malar Process, Zygomatic process.
    MALARE OS, Males os.
    MALARIA, Miasm.
   MALA'RIOUS,  Mala'rial.   Owing to, or
 connected with Malaria,—as a malarious soil,
 malarious disease, &c.
   TO  MAL'AX ATE, MolllrS, Subig"erS,
 Malacissa're,  (F.)  Malaxer,  from fcaXctaoce,
 ' I soften.'  To produce  softening of drugs,
 by kneading them.   The process is called Ma-
 laxa'tion, Malaxa'tio.
   MALAXATION, see To malaxate.
   MALAXIA VENTRICULI, Gastromalaxia.
   MAL AXIS, Mollities —m. Cordis,  Cardio-
 malacia.
   MALAZISSATUS.   One in whom  the tes-
 ticles have not descended. It has, also, been
 used synonymously with emascula'tus and mu-
 liera'tus.—Castelli.
   MALCE, Chilblain.
   MALE, Mas, Mas'culus. Of the sex  that be-
 gets young.  Not female.  What belongs to the
 male  sex; as the male organs of generation.
   Male,  Axilla—m. Organ, Penis.
   MALEFICIUM, Poisoning.
   MALIA, see Equinia.
   MALIASMUS, Malis, see Equinia.
   MALICHORIUM, see Punica granatum.
   MALICORIUM, see Punica granatum.
   MALIE, Equinia.
   MALIG'NANT, Malig'nus, (F.) Malin. A
 term  applied to any disease whose  symptoms
 are so aggravated as to threaten the destruction
 of  the patient.  A disease of  a  very  serious
 character, although  it may be mild  in  appear-
 ance;—Morbus malignus.
   MALIN, Malignant.
  MALINGERER; from(F.)Malingre,'sick-
 ly.' A simulator of disease, so termed in the
 British military service.
  MALIS, Malias'mos, Cuta'neous vermina'-
tion.  The cuticle or skin infested with animal-
cules,—Phthiri'asis, Parasitis'mus  superfic"-
id.  In Persia,  this affection  is produced by
the Guinea worm;  in South America,  by the 
MALLEOLAR
522
MAMEI
  Chigre;  and  in  Europe, occasionally  by the
  Louse.  See Equinia, and Phtheiriasis.
    Malis Dracunculus, Dracunculus—m. Gor-
  dii, Dracunculus—m. Pediculi, Phtheiriasis.
    MALLEOLAR, Malleola'ris, from  malleo-
  lus, ' the ankle.'   Belonging or relating to the
  ankles.
    Malleolar Arteries are two branches fur-
  nished by the anterior tibial about the  instep;
  the one—the internal—passes transversely be-
  hind the tendon of the tibialis anticus to be dis-
  tributed in the vicinity  of the malleolus inter-
  nus :—the other—the external—glides  behind
  the tendons of the extensor  communis  digito-
  rum pedis and the peroneus brevis, and sends its
  branches to the parts which surround the outer
  ankle, as well as to the outer region of the tarsus.
    MALLEOLUS.  Diminutive of malleus, 'a
  mallet, or hammer;' Rasce'ta, Raste'ta, Rascha,
  Rasetta, Rase'ta, Sphyra,  Talus, Diab'obos,
  Tale'olus, Peza; the Ankle, (F.) Malliole,  Che-
  ville du Pied.  The two projections formed by
  the bones of the leg at their inferior part.  The
  inner belongs to  the tibia;  the  outer  to the
  fibula.  The ankles afford  attachment to  liga-
  ments, and each has a sort of gutter, in which
  certain tendons slide.   See  Malleus.
    MALLET, Malleolus, (F.)Maillet.  A  kind
  of hammer, used with a gouge, for removing or
 cutting bones, in  certain surgical  and anatomi-
  cal operations.
    MAL'LEUS, Malleolus, Ossic'ulum Mal-
 leolo assimila'tum, (F.) Marteau.   The longest
 and outermost of the four  small  bones  of the
 ear.   It is situate at the outer part of the tym-
 panum, and is united to  the membrana tympa-
 ni.  It has, 1. An ovoid head, which is articu-
 lated  behind with the incus, and  is supported
 by a narrow part called the neck: this has, ante-
 riorly, a long apophysis, which is engaged in the
 glenoid fissure, and is called the Apophysis or
 Process, Proces'sus grac'ilis, of  Rau.   It af-
 fords attachment to the anterior mallei muscle.
 2.  A handle, which forms an obtuse angle with
 the neck, and corresponds  to the membrane of
 the tympanum, which it seems to draw inwards.
 It  is furnished at its upper extremity with a
 process—the  processus  brevis, to which  the
 internus 'mallei is  attached.   This bone  is de-
 veloped by a single point of ossification.
   Malleus, Equinia—m. Slender Process of
 the, Grele apophyse du marteau.
   MALLOW, COMMON, Malva—m.  Com-
 pound decoction of, Decoctum malvae composi-
 tum—m. Yellow,  Abutilon cordatum.
   MALO DI SCARLIEVO, Scherlievo.
   MALOGRANATUM, Punica granatum.
   MALPIGHI, ACINI OF, Corpora Malpighiana.
  MALPIG'HIA  MOUREL'LA,  (F.)  Mou-
 reillier,  Simarouba faux.  The bark of  this
 shrub—a native of Cayenne—is reputed to be
 febrifuge, and useful in diarrhoea.
  MALPIGHIAN BODIES, Corpora Malpig-
 hiana— m. b.  Inflammation of the, Kidney,
 Bright's disease of the.
  MALT,  Sax. mealc,  Dutch m o u t,  Teut.
malt; from paxzrra), 'I soften;'  Bync, Mal-
tum, Hor'dei maltum, Bra'siurn, (F.) Dreche.
Barley made  to germinate, for the purpose of
forming beer.  It  has been recommended in
medicine, as antiscorbutic, antiscrofulous, &c.
  Malt Spirit.  A spirit distilled from  malt.
It is the basis of most of the spirituous cordials.
   MALTA, CLIMATE OF.  The climate of
 Malta is pretty equable, the range of tempera-
 ture  in  the twenty-four  hours being  rarely
 more than 6°.  The air is almost always dry
 and clear.   The most disagreeable wind is the
 sirocco, which is  the source of more or less
 suffering to the pulmonary invalid.  The winter
 climate is favourable.  Dr. Liddell thinks that
 no place which he has seen in the south of Europe
 can compete with Malta, for a mild, dry, bracing
 air in November, December, and part of Janu-
 ary;  and during the other  winter and spring
 months, he thinks it is equal to any of them.
   MALTHA,  Malthe,  from fiuxaTtu,  'I
 soften.'  Wax, particularly soft wax.
   MALTHACTICA, Emollients.
   MALTHAXIS, Mollities.
   MALUM, Disease, Melum—m. Articulorum,
 Gout—m. Caducum, Epilepsy—m. Caducum
 pulmonum, Asthma—m. Canum, see Pyrus cy-
 donia—m.  Coense, Averrhoa carambola—m.
 Cotoneum, see Pyrus cydonia—m. Hypochon-
 driacum,  Hypochondriasis—m.  Hystericum,
 Hysteria—m. Insanum, see Solanum Melonge-
 na—m. Ischiadicum, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea
 —m. Lazari, Elephantiasis.
   Malum Mor'tuum.   A species  of lepra,  in
 which the affected portions of skin seem to be
 struck with  death.
   Malum Pilare, Trichosis—m. Pottii, Ver-
 tebral disease—m. Primarium, Idiopathia—m.
 Spinosum, Datura stramonium—m. Terrestre,
 Atropa Mandragora—m. Venereum, Syphilis.
   MALUS AURANTIA MAJOR, Citrus au-
 rantium.
   Malus In'dica, Bilumbi biting-bing of Bon-
 tius.   The juice  of this East India tree is cool-
 ing, and is drunk as a cure for fevers.  The
 leaves, boiled and made into a cataplasm with
 rice, are famed in  all sorts of tumours.  The
 juice, mixed with arrack, is drunk for the cure
 of diarrhoea.  The ripe fruit is eaten as a deli-
 cacy ;  and the unripe is made into  a pickle for
 the use of the table.
   Malus Limonia Acida, see Citrus medica—
 m. Medica, see Citrus medica.
   MALVA, Malva sylves'tris,  M. vulga'ris.
 Common  Mallow, (F.) Mauve sauvage.  The
 leaves and flowers are chiefly used  in fomenta-
 tions, cataplasms, and emollient enemata.  Its
 properties are demulcent.
   Malva rotundifo'lia, Mal'ache, Moloche, has
 like  virtues; as well as the other varieties.
   MALVA VISCUM, Althaea.
   MALVERN, WATERS  OF.  The village
 of Great Malvern, (pronounced Maw'vern,) in
 Worcestershire, England, has for many years
 been celebrated for a spring of remarkable pu-
 rity, which has acquired the name of the Holy
 well.  It is a carbonated water; containing car-
 bonates of soda and iron, sulphate of soda, and
 chloride of sodium, and is  chiefly used  exter-
 nally, in cutaneous affections.
  MAMA-PIAN.  An  ulcer of a bad aspect,
 which is the  commencement of the pian; and
 which, after having destroyed the flesh, extends
 to the bones.  It  is also called the Mother of
 Plans;—La mere  des plans.
  MAMEI, Mamoe, Momin or  Toddy  Tree.
 From incisions made in the branches of this
West Indian tree, a copious discharge of pellu-
cid liquor occurs, which  is  called momin  or 
MAMELLE               52
Toddy wine.  It is  very diuretic, and is es-
teemed to be a good antilithic and lithontriptic.
  MAMELLE, Mamma.
  MAMELON, Nipple.
  MAMELONNE, Mammillated.
  MAMELONS DU REIN, Papillae of the
kidney.
  MAMILLA, see Mamma.
  MAMMA, from mamma,  one of the earliest
cries of the infant, ascribed to a desire for food.
Masthos, Mast us, Mazos, Thele, Titthos, Ru-
ma,  Uber.   The female  breast, (Mammilla,
Mamilla being the male breast,) (F.) Mamelle.
A glandular organ,  proper  to a class of ani-
mals— the mammalia — and intended for the
secretion of milk.  The mammae exist in both
sexes,  but they acquire a  much greater size
in the female;  especially  during pregnancy
and  lactation.   In  women,  before  the  age
of puberty, the breasts  are  but little  deve-
loped.  At this  period, however, towards the
central part of each breast, the  skin  suddenly
changes  colour,  and  assumes  a  rosy  tint.
It is  of  a reddish  brown  in  women  who
have  suckled  several  children.  This circle
has a  rugous  appearance, owing  to  the  pre-
sence of sebaceous glands,  and  is called Are'-
ola or Anre'ola.   These  glands furnish an
unctuous fluid for defending the nipple from
the action of the  saliva of the sucking infant.
In the  midst of the aureola  is the nipple, a co-
noidal  eminence, of a rosy tint, susceptible of
erection, and at the surface of which the galac-
tophorous ducts open.  Besides the skin cover-
ing them, the breasts are, also, composed of a
layer  of fatty  cellular tissue,  more  or  less
thick;  of a large gland; excretory ducts;  ves-
sels, nerves, &c.  See Mammary.
  The breasts are called the bosom, (F.) Sein.
  MAM'MARY, Mamma'rius,  from  mamma,
' the  breast.'   Relating to the breasts.
  Mammary Abscess,  Mastodynia apostema-
tosa.
  Mammary Arteries are three in  number.
They are distinguished  into—1. The  Internal
Mammary, Arte'ria sterna'lis, A. Sous-sternal
(Ch.)  Internal thorac'ic.   It arises  from the
subclavian and  descends obliquely  inwards,
from its origin to the cartilage of the third rib.
Below the diaphragm it divides into two branches;
the one external, the other internal.   From its
origin until its bifurcation, it gives branches to
the muscles and glands of the neck, to the thy-
mus, mediastinum,  pericardium, and  oesopha-
gus.   In  each intercostal space, it gives off in-
ternal and external musculo-cutaneous branches,
and also, on each side, the superior diaphragma-
tic.  Its two ultimate branches are distributed
on the  parietes of the abdomen, and anastomose
with the  external mammary, intercostal, lum-
bar, circumfiexa ilii, and epigastric arteries. 2.
The  External Mammary Arteries are two in
number, and are distinguished into superior and
inferior.    The  superior  external  mammary,
First of the thoracics (Ch.,) Superior external
thoracic, Superior thoracic,  is furnished by the
axillary  artery.    It  descends obliquely for-
wards between the pectoralis major and pecto-
ralis minor, to which it is  distributed by a con-
siderable number  of branches.   The inferior
external mammary, the  second of the  thoracics
(Ch.,)  Long or  inferior thoracic, arises from
the axillary artery, a little below the preceding.
!3            MAMMILLARY

 It descends vertically over the  lateral  part of
 the thorax;  curves, afterwards, inwards;  be-
 comes subcutaneous and  divides into a number
 of branches, which surround the breast.   It
 gives branches to the pectoralis major, serra-
 tus major anticus, the  intercostal muscles, the
 glands of the axilla and the integuments of th*
 breast.
  Mammary Gland is the secretory organ of
 the milk.  It is situate in the substance of the
 breast, to which it gives shape and size.  The
 tissue of this gland results from the assemblage
 of lobes of different size, united intimately by
 a dense cellular tissue.   Each of these is com-
 posed of several lobules, formed of round gra-
 nulations, of a rosy white colour, and of the
 size of a poppy  seed.   The glandular  grains
 give rise to the radicles of the excretory canals
 of the mamma, which are called galactophorous
 or lactiferous.   These excretory vessels unite
 in ramusculi, rami, and in trunks of greater or
 less size;  collect towards the  centre  of  the
 gland; are tortuous, very extensible and semi-
 transparent.  All terminate in sinuses,  situate
 near  the base of the nipple,  which are com-
 monly from 15 to 18 in number.  These sinuses
 are very short, conical, and united  by cellular
 tissue.  From  their summits, a fasciculus of
 new ducts sets out, which occupy the centre of
 the nipple and open separately at its surface.
 The arteries of the mammary gland come from
 the thoracic, axillary, intercostal, and internal
 mammary.  The veins accompany the arteries;;
 the nerves are furnished by  the intercostals, and
 brachial plexus; the lymphatic vessels are very
 numerous, and form two layers.  They com-
 municate with those  of  the thorax, and pass
 into the axillary ganglions.
  Mam'mary  Sarco'ma, Mastoid  sarcoma of
 Abernethy, Emphy'ma sarcoma mamma'rum.
 A tumour, of the colour and texture of the mam-
 mary  gland; dense and whitish;  sometimes
 softer and brownish; often producing,  on  ex-
 tirpation, a  malignant  ulcer with indurated
 edges.  Found in various parts of the body and
 limbs.
  Mammary Veins follow the same course as
 the arteries, and have received the same deno-
 minations.  The  internal  mammary  vein, of
 the right side, opens  into  the superior cava;
 that of the left,  into  the  corresponding sub-
 clavian vein.   The external mammary veins
 open into the axillary vein.
  MAMME'A  AMERICA'NA.  The  syste-
 matic name of the tree on  which the  mamme*
 fruit grows.  This fruit has a delightful flavour
 when ripe; and is much cultivated in Jamaica,
 where it  is generally  sold in the  markets as
 one of the best fruits of the island.
  MAMMELLA, Nipple.
  MAMMIFORM, Mastoid.
  MAMMILLA, Mamma (male,) Nipple.
  MAMMILLAE MEDULLARES, see Mam-
 millary.
  MAMMILLARIS, Mastoid.
  M AM'NIIA, ARY,Mammilla'ris,fxom Mam-
 milla, ' a small breast, a nipple.'  See Mastoid.
  Mammillary Em'inence is a name given, 1.
 To more or less marked prominences on the in-
 ner surface of the bones of  the cranium, which
 correspond to the anfractuosities  of  the  cra-
 nium.  2. To white,  round, medullary tuber-
 cles, of the size of a pea, situate at the base of 
MAMMILLATED            524                 MANIA
the brain, behind the gray substance from which
the Tige pituitaire, of the French anatomists,
arises.  These Mammillary Tubercles, Cor'pora
albican'tia, C. Candican'tia, C. Mammilla'ria,
Mammillx medulla'res, Prominentia albican'-
tes, Proces'sus  mammilla'res cer'ebri, Proten-
rio'nes glandula'res, Eminen'tix candican'tes,
Prio'rumcrurumfor'nicis bulbi,Willis's Glands,
(F.) Bulbes de la voiite  a trois piliers, Tuber-
cles pisiformes, (Ch.) are united to each other
by a  small grayish band, which corresponds
with  the third  ventricle.  They receive the
anterior prolongations of the  fornix.  Some
ancient anatomists, taking the nervous trunks,
to which Willis first gave the name of olfactory
nerves, for simple appendages  of the brain,
called them, on account of their shape, Carun'-
aulx mammilla'res.  Vesalius, Fallopius, Colum-
bus, and several others, termed them Proces'sus
mammilla'res cer'ebri ad nares.
   MAMMILLATED, (F.) Mamelonni, from
mamma, 'the female breast.'  That which has
mammiform projections  on its surface.
   Mammillated Liver, Cirrhosis.
   MAMMO'SUS, from Mamma, 'breast.'
Having large breasts.
   MAMOE, Mamei.
   MAN, Aner, Anthropos, Homo.
   MAN-IN-THE-GROUND, Convolvulus pan-
duratus.
   MANCHE D'HIPPOCRATE, Chausse.
   MANCURANA, Origanum.
   MANDIBULA, Maxillary bone;
   MANDIBULARS MUSCULUS, Masseter.
   MANDO, Glutton.
   MANDRAGORA, Atropa mandragora.
   MANDRAGORITES,  from ^avSoayooa, the
At'ropa mandrag'ora or  mandrake.  Wine in
which the roots of mandrake  have been in-
fused.
   MANDRAKE,  Atropa mandragora,  Podo-
phyllum peltatum, P. montanum.
   MANDUC ATIO, Mastication—m. Difficilis,
Bradymasesis.
   MANDUCATORY NERVE, see Trigemini.
   MANGANESE, BLACK OXIDE OF, Man-
gane'sii ox'idum, M. Binox'idum, Tetroxide
of manganese, Magne'sia nigra, Mangane' slum
vitrario'rum, M. oxyda'tum nati'vum seu ni-
grum, Mangane'sium ockra'ceum nigrum, M.
oxyda'tum nati'vum, Man'ganum  oxyda'tum
nativum,  Molybda'num magne'sii, Oxo'des
man'gani natlva, Perox'ydum mangane'sii ni-
grum nativum, Superox'ydum  manganicum,
(F.)  Oxyde noir de manganese. This oxide is
not much  used in medicine.  It has been ad-
vised to dust the affected parts, in tinea capitis,
with the powder.
   MANGANESE, OXYDE NOIR DE, Man-
ganese, black oxide of.
   Man'ganese,  Sulphate  of, Mangane'sii
Sulphas, M. Protox'idi Sulphas, Sulphate of
Protoxide of  Man'ganese.  A rose-coloured
and very  soluble  salt, isomorphous  with sul-
phate of magnesia.  It  is prepared  on a large
scale for the use  of the  dyer, by heating in a
close vessel, peroxide of  manganese and coal,
and dissolving  the impure  protoxide thus ob-
tained in sulphuric acid, with the addition of a
little chlorohydric acid  towards the end of the
process.   The  solution is evaporated to dry-
ness, and again exposed  to a red heat, by which
the persulphate of iron is decomposed.  Water
then dissolves the pure sulphate of manganese,
leaving the oxide of iron behind.
  This salt has been recently recommended
as a  cholagogue, in doses of  a drachm or
two.
  Manganese, Tetroxide of, M. Black oxide
of.
  MANGANESII BINOXIDUM, Manganese,
black oxide of—m. Oxidum, Manganese, black
oxide of—m.  Peroxydum nigrum  nativum,
Manganese, black oxide of—m. Protoxidi sul-
phas, Manganese, sulphate  of—m.  Sulphas,
Manganese, sulphate of.
  MANGANESIUM  OCHRACEUM   NI-
GRUM, Manganese,  black oxide of—m. Oxy-
datum nativum seu nigrum, Manganese, Black
oxide of—m.  Vitrariorum, Manganese,  black
oxide of.
  MANGANI  OXODES  NATIVA, Manga-
nese, black oxide of.
  MANGANICUM  SUPEROXIDUM,  Man-
ganese, black oxide of.
  MANGANUM OXYDATUM NATIVUM,
Manganese, black oxide of.
  MANGIF'ERA IN'DICA.  The Mango tree,
(F.) Manguier.  A  tree cultivated over Asia,
and  in South  America.  Mangos, when ripe,
are juicy;  of a good flavour; and so fragrant
as to perfume the air to a considerable distance.
They are eaten, either raw or preserved with
sugar.  From the expressed juice a wine is pre-
pared ; and the remainder of the kernel can be
reduced to  an excellent flour for bread.
  MANGO TREE, Mangifera Indica.
  MANGONISATIO, Falsification.
  MANGO'NIUM, Falsification.
  MANGOSTAN, Garcinia mangostana.
  MANGOSTANA, Garcinia mangostana.
  MANGOUSTAN, Garcinia mangostana.
  MANGUIER, Mangifera Indica.
  MANI, Arachis hypogaea.
  MA'NIA,  Furor, Hemianthro'pia, Furor
mania, Insa'nia,Delir'ium manlacum, Ecphro'-
nia  mania, Delirium mania, D. furio'sum,
Mania tiniversa'Hs, Vesa'nia mania, (F.) Ma-
nie, Hyperphrinie, Raving or furious madness;
from fiaimuai, 'I am furious.'  With  some,
it means insanity.  Disorder of the intellect,
in which there is erroneous judgment or hal-
lucination, which impels to  acts of fury.  If
the raving  be not directed to a single object, itis
mania properly so called;  if to one  object, it
constitutes monomania, which term is, however,
usually given to melancholy.  Mania attacks
adults chiefly;  and  women  more  frequently
than men.  The prognosis  is unfavourable.
About one-third never recover; and they who
do  are apt to  relapse.   Separation  is one of
the  most effective  means  of treatment, with
attention to the corporeal condition  and every
thing that  can add to the mental comfort of the
patient,  and turn his thoughts away from the
subjects of his delusion.  In the violence of the
paroxysms, recourse must be had to the strait
waistcoat, the shower  bath,  &c.  Separation
 should be continued for  some weeks  during
 convalescence, with the view of preventing a
 relapse.
   Mania,   Dancing.   Dancing  plague.  A
 form of convulsion, which  has appeared, at
 various  times, epidemically under the form of
 St. Vitus's dance, St. John's  dance, Tarantism,
 Hysteria, Tigretier (in Abyssinia), and diseased 
MANIACUS              52
sympathy;  and which has been fully described
by  Hecker in his  'Epidemics of the  Middle
Ages.'  See Convulsionnaire.
  A form of convulsion, induced by religious
phrenzy, has been vulgarly called the Jerks.
  Mania Epileptica, see Epilepsy—m. Ero-
tica, Erotomania—m. Lactea,  M.  puerperal—
m. Melancholica, Melancholy—m. a Pathemate,
Empathema—m. a Potu, Delirium tremens.
  Mania, Puer'peral,  Ma'nia puerpera'rum
acu'ta,  M. puerpera'lis, M. lac'tea, Insa'nia
puerpera'rum, Encephalopathl a  puerpera'lis,
Puerperal Insanity.  Mania which supervenes
in the childbed state.
  Mania Puerperarum Acuta, M. puerperal
—m.  sine Delirio, Pathomania—m. a Temu-
lentia, Delirium tremens—m. Pellagria, Pel-
lagra.
  MANIACUS, Maniodes.
  MANICA HIPPOCRATIS, Ckausse.
  MANIE, Mania—m. Sans dilire, Empathe-
ma.
  MANIGUETTA, Amomum grana paradisi.
  MANIIBAR, Jatropha manihot.
  MANILU'VIUM,  Manulu'vium, from ma-
nus, ' the hand,' and lavo, ' I wash.'  A bath
for the hands.  It may be rendered stimulating
by  means of muriatic acid, mustard,  &c.
  MANIOC, Jatropha manihot.
  MANIO'DES, Mani'acus, Maniacal.  One
labouring under  mania;  Hemianthro'pus, Fu-
rio'sus, Furibund'us, Lyssas,  Lysse'ter.
  MANIPULATION, from manus, 'a hand.'
Mode of working in the arts.
  MANIP'ULUS,  (F.)  Poignie.   The quan-
tity of a substance capable of filling the hand.
A handful.   See Fasciculus.
  MAN-MIDWIFE, Accoucheur.
  MANNA, see Fraxinus ornus—m. Briancon,
see Pinus larix—m.  Calabrina, see Fraxinus
ornus—m.  Croup,  Semolina—m. Metallorum,
Hydrargyri submurias.
  MANNEQUIN, Fantom.
  MANNIKIN, Fantom.
  MANNIN, see Fraxinus ornus.
  MANNITE, see Fraxinus ornus.
  MANOEUVRE (F.), from main, 'the hand,'
and auvre, ' work.'  Opera'tio chirur'gica  vel
obstet'rica.   The practice of surgical or obstet-
rical operations on the dead body or phantom.
  MANSFORD'S PLATES, see Galvanism.
  MANSORIUS, Buccinator.
  MANSTUPRATIO, Masturbation.
  MANTELE, Bandage (body.)
  MANTI'A, Man'dca, Man'tice, in English,
mancy; a common suffix,  denoting ' divination;'
Divina'tio,  Pradivinatio, Prasa'gium.
  MANTILE, Bandage  (body.)
  MANTLE, Panniculus carnosus.
  MANU'BRIUM, from  manus,' a hand.' The
handle of any thing:—as manu'brium mallei,
petiolus mat lei, ' the handle of the malleus.'
  Manubrium, Chasse—m. Manus, Radius.
  Manubrium Sterni.   The uppermost broad
part of the sternum.
  MANULUVIUM, Bath, hand, Maniluvium.
  MANUS, Cheir, Chir,  Instrumentum Instru-
mentorum, (F.) Main.   The hand.  The part
which terminates the  upper extremity in man,
and which is inservient to prehension and touch.
It extends from the fold of the wrist  to the ex-
tremity of the fingers.   The hand is sustained
by a bony skeleton, composed of a number of
5         MARCHIONIS PULVIS

 pieces, movable on each other; of muscles, ten-
 dons, cartilages, ligaments, vessels, nerves, &c.
 It is divided into three parts—the carpus or
 wrist,  the metacarpus, and fingers.  Its  con-
 cave surface is called the palm; the convex sur-
 face the back of the hand.  The facility of be-
 ing able to oppose the thumb to the fingers in
 order to seize objects forms one of the distinc-
 tive characters of the human  hand.
   Manus  Christi  Perla'ta.  A name an-
 ciently given to troches, prepared of pearls and
 sugar  of  roses.   They were called Manus
 Christi sim'plices, when pearls were not em-
 ployed.
   Manus Dei.  An ancient plaster, prepared of
 wax, myrrh, frankincense, mastich, Gum am-
 moniac, Galbanum, oil, &c.  See Opium.
   Manus  Hepatis, Porta  vena — m.  Jecoris,
 Porta vena—m. Parva majori adjutrix, see Di-
 gitus.
   MANUSTUPRATIO, Masturbation.
   MANUSTUPRATOR, Masturbator.
   MANYPLIES, Omasum.
   MAPLE, Acer  saccharinum — m. Ground,
 Heuchera cortusa.
   MARAIS, Marsh.
   MARANTA  ARUNDINACEA, Arrow
 root.
   Maran'ta Galan'ga, Alplnia galan'ga,
 Amo'mum galanga, Galanga.  The  smaller ga-
 lan'gal.  Two kinds of galangal are mentioned
 in the pharmacopoeias;—the greater  obtained
 from Kampferia galanga,  and  the  smaller,
 from the  root of Maranta galanga.   Th«
 dried root is brought fiom  China, in pieces,
 from one to two inches in length, but scarcely
 half as thick; branched; full of knots and joints,
 with several circular rings, of a reddish brown
 colour, on the outside, and  brownish within.
 It was formerly much used  as a warm stoma-
 chic bitter;  and generally  ordered in bitter in-
 fusions.
   MARASCHINO, see Spirit.
   MARASMOP'YRA,  Febris marasmo'des,
 from fu.apa<Tfj.o(, 'marasmus,'and n-vf,  'fever.'
 Fever  of emaciation in general. Hectic fever.
   MARASMUS, Atrophy—m. Phthisis, Phthi-
 sis pulmonalis.
   Marasmus Seni'lis, Tabes senum.  Progres-
 sive atrophy of the aged.
   Marasmus Tabes, Tabes—m. Tabes dorsa-
 lis, Tabes dorsalis.
   MARATHRITES, from uaqctSr^v, 'fennel.'
 Wine impregnated with fennel.
   MARATHROPHYLLUM, Peucedanum.
   MARATHRUM, Anethum—m.  Sylvestre,
 Peucedanum.
   MARAUGIA, Metamorphopsia.
   MARBLE, Marmor.
   MARBRE, Marmor.
   MARC, Magma.
   MARC ASITA, Bismuth—m. Alba, Bismuth,
 subnitrate of—m. Plumbea, Antimonium.
   MARCASIT.E MAGISTERIUM, Bismuth,
 subnitrate of.
   MARCHANTIA POLYMOR'PHA, -ff^-
 icafonta'na, Lichen stella'tum, Jecora'ria, Liv'-
 erwort,  (F.)  Hipatique des  fontaines.  Thifi
 plant is mildly pungent and bitter.   It is re-
 commended  as aperient, resolvent, and  anti-
 scorbutic; and is used in diseased liver, &c.
   MARC HE LA, Walking.
   MARCHIO'NIS PULVIS,  Powder of the 
MARCORES
526
MARSH
Marquis.  A powder,  formerly considered to
be anti-epileptic; and composed of Male peony
root, Mistletoe, Ivory shavings,  Horn  of the
hoof of the stag, Spodium, Tooth of the mono-
don, coral, tire.
  MARCORES, Atrophy, Emaciation.
  MARCORY, Stillingia.
  MARkCAGEUX, Elodes.
  MAREO, Puna.
  MARE'S TAIL, Hippuris vulgaris.
  MARGA CANDIDA, Lac  luna.  An an-
eient  name  for a  variety of  spongy,  white,
friable marl, which was employed as an astrin-
gent and  refrigerant.
  MARGARETIZZA, Scherlievo.
  MARGARITA, Pearl.
  MARGARITA'CEOUS, Margarita'ceus,
(F.) Nacri; from Margarita, 'pearl, mother of
pearl.' Resembling, or of the nature of, mother
of pearl,—as Leuco'ma Margarita'ceum; Pearl-
like leucoma.
  MARGARON, Pearl.
  MARGELIS, Pearl.
  MARGELLIUM, Pearl.
  MARGINl-SUS-SCAPULO-TROCHITk-
RIEN, Teres minor.
  MARGO, Bord—m. Dentatus, see Retina—m.
Orbitalis, see Orbit.
  MARGUkRITE, PETITE, Bellis—m. des
Prhs, grande, Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum.
  MARIENBAD, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
Celebrated springs in Bohemia.  The Kreuz-
brunn  contains sulphate of soda, carbonate of
iron, and carbonic acid.
  MARIGOLD, DIAMOND FIG, Mesembry-
anthemum crystallinum—m.  Garden,  Calen-
dula officinalis—m. Single, Calendula officina-
lis—m. Wild, Calendula arvensis.
  MARIS, yua^ic.   Ancient name of a measure,
containing 83 pints and 4 ounces.
  MARISCA, Ficus, Haemorrhois.
  MARJOLAINE, Origanum majorana.
  MARJORAM COMMON,  Origanum—m.
Wild,  Origanum—m.  Sweet,  Origanum ma-
jorana.
  MARJORANA,  Origanum  majorana—m.
Mancurana, Origanum.
  MARMALADE, Marmelade.
  MARMARYGE, see Metamorphopsia.
  MARMARYGO'DES, 'brilliant.'  An epi-
thet, joined particularly to the  word »<pSux^sf,
to  indicate  a  brilliant eye,  a  flashing  eye.
An eye  which  transmits the image of imagi-
nary objects.   See Metamorphopsia.
  MAR MELADE, Marmela'da, Marmela'ta,
Marmalade, Miva.   Parts of vegetables, con-
tacted with sugar, and reduced to a pultaceous
consistence.
  Marmelade  of  Apricots.  A marmelade,
prepared  with two parts of ripe apricots de-
prived of their stones, and one part of  white
sugar.
  Marmelade of Fernel, M.  of Tronchin.
  Marmelade  of  Tronchin,  or of Fernel.
A kind of thick looch, of an  agreeable taste,
prepared  with  two ounces of  oil of sweet al-
monds, as much syrup of violets,  manna in
tears,  very fresh pulp of cassia, 16 grains of
gum tragacanth, and two drachms of orange
flower water.  It is used as a laxative, demul-
cent, and pectoral.
  MARMELATA, Marmelade.
  MARMOR, Marble, Calcis Car'bonas durus,
(F.)  Marbre.  White  granular  carbonate  of
lime.  Used in pharmacy for the preparation of
a pure lime, and the disengagement of carbonic
acid.
  MARMORATA AURIUM, Cerumen.
  MARMORYGE,  see Metamorphopsia—-m.
Hippocratis, Hemiopia.
  MAROUTE, Anthemis cotula.
  MARRIOTT,  DRY  VOMIT  OF.  This
once  celebrated emetic,  called dry, from its
being exhibited  without drink, consisted  of
equal portions of tartarized antimony and sul-
phate of copper.
  MARRONIER D'INDE, ^Esculus Hip-
pocastanum.
  MARROW, My'elos, Medulla,  Medullary
Juice, Axun'gia de Mum'ia, Sax.  mens, (F.)
Mo'elle, Sue midullaire. The oily, inflammable,
whitish  or yellowish juice, which fills the me-
dullary canal of the long bones, the cancellated
structure at the extremities of those bones, the
diploe of flat bones, and  the interior of short
bones.  The marrow is furnished by the exha-
lation of the medullary membrane.  It is fluid
during life, and  appears under the form of
small points or brilliant grains after death. It
is enveloped in the medullary membrane.
  Marrow, SprNAL, Medulla spinalis—m. Ver-
tebral, Medulla spinalis.
  MARRUBE BLANC,Maxxubium—m.Noir,
Ballota  fcetida.
  MARRU'BIUM,  Marrubium  vulga'rl, M.
album, Pra'sium, Phrasum,  Horehound, (F.)
Marrube blanc.  The leaves have a moderately
strong, aromatic smell; and a very bitter, pe-
netrating, diffusive, and durable  taste.  It has
often been given in coughs and asthmas*united
with sugar.   Dose, g ss to gj, in infusion; dose,
of extract, gr. x. to gss.
  Ford's Balsam of Horehound  is made as
follows :—horehound; liquorice root, aa lbiij and
§ viij; water, q. s. to strain Ibvj.  Infuse. To
the strained liquor add:—proof spirit or brandy,
M2; camphor, gj  and gij; opium and benjamin,
aa, gj;  dried  squills,  gij;  oil of aniseed,%)t
honey, lbiij and gviij—Gray.   It is pectoral.
  Marrubium, Leonurus cardiaca—m. Nigrum,
Ballota  fcetida.
  MARS, Ferrum—m. Solubilis, Ferrum tar-
tarizatum.
  MARSEILLES, (CLIMATE OF.)  The re-
marks made  upon the  climate of Montpellier
apply even in greater  force to  that of Mar-
seilles.   It possesses all the objectionable qua-
lities of the climate of  south-eastern France.
  MARSH, Limne, Helos,  Palus, Sax. menre,
(F.) Marais.  Marshy districts give offemana-
tions, which are  the fruitful source of  disease
and  the  cause of great  insalubrity in  many
countries.  The chief  disease,  occasioned by
the  malaria or miasm, is  intermittent  fever.
Hence it becomes important to  drain such re-
gions, if practicable.   Some marshy countries
are  not  so liable to phthisis pulmonalis, and
it has been  found, that where intermittent*
have been got rid of by  draining, consump-
tion  has, at  times, become frequent.  The
most unhealthy  periods  for residence  in  a
marshy district are during the existence of the
summer and autumnal heats; at which times
the water becomes evaporated, and the  marshy
bottom  is more  or less exposed  to the sun's
rays.   This postulatum seems necessary for the 
MARSHALL'S CERATE         52
production  of the miasmata:  for whilst the
marsh is well covered with water, no miasm is
given off.
  Marsh Poison, Miasm (marsh)—m. Mallow,
Althaea—m. Root, Statice Caroliniana—m. Tea,
Ledum palustre.
  MARSHALL'S CERATE, see Cerate, Mar-

  MARSHY, Elodes.
  MARSIPIUM,  Marsupion.
  MARSUM, Mar'siam, Mar'sicum.  An an-
cient wine of Marsia, in Italy, which was used
as an astringent in certain diseases of the mouth.
  MARSUPIAL, see Marsupion.
  M ARSUPIALIS, Ischio-trochanterianus, Ob-
turator internus.
  MARSUPIATE, see Marsupion.
  MARSU'PIO N, Marsypion, Marsip'pon,
Marsu'pium, Marsipium, Sac'cuius.  A sac or
bag, with which any part is  fomented.   Also,
the abdominal pouch in the  kangaroo, opos-
sum, &c, into which the young, born at a very
early stage of development, are received and
nourished with milk  secreted from glands con-
tained within the  pouches.  Such animals are
termed  Marsu'pial,  Marsu'piate, Marsupia'-
lia.  See Generation.
  MARSUPIUM, Scrotum—m. Musculosum,
Dartos.
  MARSYPION,  Marsupion.
  MARTEAU, Malleus.
  MARTIAL, Chalybeate.
  MARTIALIS,  Chalybeate.
  MARTIANA POMA, see Citrus aurantium.
  MARTIA'NUM UNGUEN'TUM, (F.) On-
guent de Soldat, Soldier's ointment.  This was
composed of bay berries, rue, marjoram, mint,
sage, wormwood, basil, olive oil, yellow wax, and
Malaga wine.  It was  invented by Martian;
and was employed by soldiers as a preservative
against cold.
 "MARTIS LIMATURA, Ferri limatura.
  MARUM C0RTUS1, Teucrium marum—m.
Creticum,  Teucrium marum—m.  Syriacum,
Teucrium marum— m. Verum,  Teucrium ma-
rum—m. Vulgare, Thymus mastichina.
  MAS, Male, Modiolus.
  MASCHALE, Axilla.
  MASCHALI.EUS, Axillary.
  MASCHALIS,  Axilla.
  MASCHALISTER, Axis.
  MASCHALON'CUS, Maschalopa'nus, from
(uao^xj), 'the axilla,' and cyxcc, 'a  tumour.'
A tumour or bubo or swelling in the axilla.
  MASCHALOPANUS, Maschaloncus.
  MASCULA, Tribade.
  MASCULUS, Male.
  MASESIS, Mastication.
  MASHUA, (S.) A tuberous root, of a flat
pyramidal shape, which is cultivated and cooked
like the  potatoe by the Serranos of Peru.  It is
watery and insipid, but nevertheless is  much
eaten by them.  The Indians use the mashua
as a medicine in  dropsy, dyspepsia, and dys-
entery.  The plant is unknown to botanists.—
Tschudi.
  MASK, Larva,  (F.) Masque.   Abandageap-
plied over the face, as a sort of  mask, in cases
of burns, scalds,  or erysipelas.  It  serves to
preserve the parts from the contact of air, and
to retain topical  applications  in situ.  It  is
made of a piece of linen, of the size of the face,
in which apertures are made corresponding to
!7             MASTICATION

the eyes, nose, and mouth, and which is fixed
by means of strings stitched to the four angles.
   MASLACH,  Moslich, Am'phion, Anfion.
A medicine much used by the Turks, and into
the composition of which opium enters.  It is
excitant.
   MASQUE, Mask.
   MASS, piaLn., Maza,Massa, from fx*<r<ru>, 'I
mix.'  The compound, from which  pills have
to be formed.
   MASS A, Mass—m. Carnea  Jacobi Sylvii,
see Flexor longus digitorum pedis  profundus
perforans—m. de Dactylis, Paste, date—m. de
Extracto glycyrrhizae, Pasta glycyrrhizas, &c.
—m. de Gummi Arabico, Paste, marshmallow
—m. de Zizyphorum fructu,  Paste of jujubes.
   MASSAGE, Shampooing.
   MASSEMA, Mastication.
   MASSEMENT, Shampooing.
   MASSES APOPHYSA1RES, see Verte-
bras.
   MASSESIS, Mastication.
   MASSE'TER,from^acr*o,ccai,'Ieat,"Ichew.'
Mus'culus mandibula'ris,(F.) Zygomato-maxil-
laire.  A muscle situate at the posterior part of the
cheek, and lying upon the ramus of the lower
jaw-bone.  It is long, quadrilateral, and  is at-
tached, above, to the  inferior edge and to the
inner surface of the zygomatic arch; below, it
terminates at the angle of the  jaw, and at the
outer surface and inferior margin of the ramus
of that bone.  It is composed  of an intermix-
ture of fleshy and aponeurotic fibres.   Its office
is to raise the lower jaw, and to act in mastica-
tion.
   Masseter Internus, Pterygoideus internus.
   MASSETERIC, Mas'seterine,  Masseter'-
icus, Masseteri'nus.   Relating or belonging to
the masseter muscle.
   Masseterine Artery arises from the trunk
of the internal maxillary or temporalis  pro-
funda posterior, and is distributed to the mas-
seter muscle, after having passed, horizontally,
through the sigmoid notch of the lower jaw-bone.
   Masseterine Nerve is given off from the
inferior maxillary branch of the fifth pair.   It
passes through the sigmoid notch, and is dis-
tributed  on the inner  surface of the masseter.
In luxation of the  lower jaw, this nerve is
strongly  stretched, and considerable pain, con-
sequently,  produced.
   Masseterine Vein has the same distribution
as the  artery.   It opens into the internal max-
illary vein.
   MASSETERINUS, Masseteric.
   MASSICOT, Plumbi oxydum semivitreum.
   MASSING, Shampooing.
   MASSULA, Molecule.
   MASTADENITIS, Mastitis.
   MASTALGIA, Mastodynia.
   MAST AX, Mystax.
   MASTEMA, Masticatory.
   MASTERWORT, Heracleum lanatum, Im-
peratoria, Angelica atropurpurea.
   MASTESIS, Mastication.
   MASTHELCOSIS.Mastodyniaapostematosa.
   MASTHOS, Mamma.
   MASTICATION,  Mastica'do,  Mase'sis,
Masse'sis,  Masse'ma,  Maste'sis, Manduca'tio,
Commanduca'tio, from fiao-nym, 'I chew.'
The action of chewing or bruising food, to pre-
pare it for  the digestion it has to undergo in the
stomach.   This is executed by the joint action 
MASTICATORY            528                MATERIA
of the tongue, cheeks, and lips, which push the
alimentary substance between the teeth;  and
by the motions of the lower jaw it is cut, torn,
or bruised.
  MASTICATORY, Masticato'rium, Maste'-
ma,  Diamaste'ma.   Same  etymon.  A  sub-
stance, chewed with the intention of  exciting
the  secretion of saliva.
  Masticatory Nerve, see Trigemini.
  MASTICH, see Pistacia lentiscus—m. Herb,
common, Thymus mastichina—m. Herb, Syri-
an,  Teucrium marum—m.  Tree,  Pistacia  len-
DISCUS
  MASTICHINA GALLORUM,Thymus mas-
tichina.
  MASTIGODES HOMINIS, Trichocephalus.
  MASTIGO'SIS, Flagella'tio.   Flagellation,
scourging; employed by the ancients as a re-
medy in many diseases.
  MASTITIS, Mastoids, Inflamma'tio Mam-
ma, Mastadeni'tis, (F.) Inflammation des Ma-
melles, from /zaorog, 'the breast,' and itis,  de-
noting  inflammation.   Inflammation  of   the
breast.
  Mastitis Apostematosa, Mastodynia apos-
tematosa.
  MASTIX, see Pistacia lentiscus.
  MASTODES, Mastoid.
  MASTODYN'IA, Mastal'gia, from  ptao-rn,
'the  breast,' and  <xW?;, 'pain.'  Pain  in  the
breasts; a form of neuralgia.
  Mastodyn'ia  Apostemato'sa, Phleg'mone
Mamma, Masthelco'sis, Mastitis apostemato'-
sa,  Galactaposte'ma, Galactomastopareclo'ma,
Absces'sus  Mamma, A. lac'teus, Phleg'mone
Mastodyn'ia, Abscess of the Breast, Mammary
Abscess, Weed in the Breast.  Phlegmonous in-
flammation of the breasts, running on to suppu-
ration.  It is one of the best examples of acute
phlegmonous inflammation, and requires the ac-
tive use of appropriate treatment.
   Mastodynia  Polygala, Sparganosis—m.
 Polygala,  Mastospargosis.
   MASTOID, Mastoi'des, Masto'des, Mastoi-
deus, Mammillaris, Papil'H-aut-mammilli-for-
mis, Mammiform'is, Mam'miform, from pao-Tog,
 'a   breast,'  and  udoc,  'form,  resemblance.'
 Having the form of a nipple.  Also, that which
 relates to  the mastoid process, Masto'i'deus.
   Mastoid Aperture:—the opening of com-
 munication between  the cavity of  the tympa-
 num and the mastoid cells.
   Mastoid Cells, Antrum masto'ideum, Mas-
 toid Sinus.  These are  situate in the mastoid
 process;  communicate with each  other,  and
 open into  the cavity of the tympanum.  Their
 use  seems to be  to increase the  intensity  of
 sound.
   Mastoid Foramen is situate behind the mas-
 toid process, and gives passage to a small artery
 of the dura mater, as well as to a vein which
 opens into the lateral sinus.
   Mastoid Fossa, (F.) Gouttiere masto'idienne,
 is a depression at the inner surface of the mas-
 toid portion of the temporal bone, which forms
 part of the lateral sinus.
   Mastoid or  Digastric Groove,  (F.) Rai-
 nure masto'idienne ou digastrique,  is  a groove,
 situate at the inner side of the mastoid process,
 which affords attachment to the posterior belly
 of the digastric muscle.
    Mastoid Muscle, Posterior, Splenius.
    Mastoid or  Mam'miform or  Mam'millary
Process, Pars mastoidea, is situate at the infe-
rior and posterior part of  the  temporal bone,
and gives attachment to the digastric and mas-
toid muscles.
  MASTOIDEUS, Sterno-cleido-mastoideus—
m. Lateralis, Complexus minor.
  MASTOIDO-CONCHINIEN,  Retrahens
auris—m. Ginien, Digastricus—m. Hijogiriien,
Digastricus—m. Oriculaire, Retrahens auris.
  MASTON'CUS,  Thelon'cus, from  ^aoror,
'the breast,'and oy%og, 'a tumour.'  A tume-
faction of the nipple, or of the  breast itself.
  Mastoncus Polygalacticus, Mastospargo-

  MASTOPATHI'A.from/uaTTOc,' the breast,'
and va.6o(,' disease.'  An affection of the breast.
  MASTORRHA'GIA,  from u*<rTo;, 'the
breast,' and  oriyivfii, 'to  flow.'  An  unusual
flow of milk.
  MASTOS, Mamma.
  MASTOSPARGOSIS, Mastodyn'ia  polyg'-
ala, Maston'cus polygalac'ticus, from fi&vrot;,
'the breast,' and vnnoyaw, 'I  am full to burst-
ing.'   Fulness of the breasts with milk,  so
that they are ready to burst.
  MASTRUPATIO, Masturbation.
  MASTURBATION,  Cina'dia, Gar'gale,
Gar'galus, Gargalis'mus, Mastupra'tio, Manu-
stupra'tio, Manstupra'tio, from  manus, 'the
hand,' and stupro,  'I ravish;' Ona'nia, On-
anism, JEdaogargaris 'mus,  JEdaogarga'lus,
Anaplas'mus, Gaudia fada, Voluntary Pollu'-
tion,  Self Pollution,  (F.) Abus  de soi-meme,
Attouchement.   Excitement of the genital  or-
gans by  the hand.
  MASTURBATOR, Mastupra'tor,  Marm-
stupra'tor: same etymon.   One given to mas-
turbation.
  MASTUS, Mamma.
  MAT(F.), Dull.
  MAT SON, (F.) A dull sound.  The obscure
noise, afforded in certain diseases when any part,
as the chest, is percussed.  It has been compared
to  that produced when the thigh is struck.  It
is opposed to the Son clair, or 'clear sound.'
   MATE, aee Ilex Paraguensis.
   MATER, Uterus—m.  Dura, Dura mater—
m. Herbarum, Artemisia vulgaris—m. Metal-
 lorum, Hydrargyrum—m. Mollis, Pia mater—
 m. Perlarum, see Pearl—m.  Pia, Pia mater—
 m. Secalis, Ergot—m. Tenuis, Pia mater.
   MATERIA, Matter—m. Fibrosa, Fibrin.
   Mate'ria Med'ica, Pharmacolog'ia, Phar-
 macology, Acology or Akol'ogy or Aceolog'ia,
 Hyle  lattice, Iamatolog'ia, Iamatol'ogy, (F.)
 Matiere Medicate.   The  division of medical
 science which treats of the knowledge of medi-
 cines ; their action on the animal economy, and
 mode of administration.   The study of the Ma-
 teria Medica is one of great importance;—it is
 a study of the tools with which the practitioner
 has to work in the cure of disease.  Much la-
 bour has been spent in contriving classifications
 of the Materia Medica. Some have arranged the
 articles according to their natural resemblances:
 others,  according to  their real  or  presumed
 virtues: others according to  their active  con-
 stituent principles.   The Pharmacopoeias place
 them alphabetically.  Perhaps the best classi-
 fication would  be  one founded on the agency
 exerted by the articles on the different tissues;
 but  this  arrangement, in the present state of
 science, is by no means  easy: and moreover, 
MATERIA
529
MATRICARIA
ideas in regard to the action of  medicines are
bo associated with certain terms,—as narcotics,
tonics, sedatives, &c, employed  to denote cer-
tain operations, which they are esteemed capa-
ble of producing, that, to abandon them, would
be to throw obstacles in the way of the student,
without the ultimate advantage accruing  to
him  of possessing a better knowledge of the
modus operandi of medicines than when a clas-
sification, somewhat  resembling  those usually
embraced, is adopted.
  The following  is the classification given by
the Author, in his " General Therapeutics,"
(Philadelphia, 1836.)
 Classification of Therapeutical Agents.
                           f Excitants proper,
                           I Tonics,
                           | Anthelmintics,
                           j Astringents,
                           I Emetics,
                           I Cathartics,
                           | Emmenagogues,
Exci-
tants.
Increas-
ing ac-
tion ge
Wy/^Si;
I.  Vital!
Agents.   \
       * Dimin
        ishing
Seda- J action
or local-
ly) or
both.
tives.
         I

II. Chemical
  Agents.
] directly  ]
I or indi-
rectly.
  Diaphoretics,
  Errhines,
  Sialogogues,
  Diuretics,
  Expectorants,
  Sorbefacients,
j  Revellents,
[Antispasmodics.
f  Sedatives
|  proper,
  Narcotics,
  Refrigerants.
 I Nauseants.
 [Antacids,
 j Antalkalies,
"j Antilithics,
 [Disinfectants.1
 C Demulcents,
 I Diluents.
III. Mechanical
   Agents.
  In  his " General Therapeutics and Materia
Medica," however, he has adopted the follow-
ing classification, to harmonize more with the
arrangement in his Practice of Medicine.
  1. Agents that affect pro- C Emetics,
minently  the  alimentary  ca- < Cathartics,
nal or its contents,          ( Anthelmintics.
  2. Agents that  affect pro i
minently  the  respiratory  or- < Expectorants,
gaus,                      I
                           { Errhines,
  3. Agents  that affect pro- I Sialogogues,
minently the follicular or g!an--j Diuretics,
dular organs,                 Antilithics,
                          [ Diaphoretics.
  4.  Agents that affect pro- ^ Narcotics,
minently  the  nervous  sys- •
lem,                      I
  5.  Agents that affect promi-
nently the organs of reproduc-
tion,
 Tetanies,
 Antispasmodics.
\ Emmenagogues,
j Parturifacients.
  6.  Agents that affect  va-
rious organs,
  7.  Agents whose action is
prominently chemical,
' Excitants,
 Tonics,
 Astringents,
 Sedatives,
 Refrigerants,
 Revellents,
[ Eutrophics.
" Antacids,
 Antalkalies,
 Disinfectants.
  8. Agents whose action is C Demulcents,
prominently mechanical,      \ Diluents.
  Of old, the Materia Medica consisted of more
articles than at present.  The tendency, indeed,
is, and must be, to diminish it  still farther;  to
get rid of those articles which  possess no ad-
vantages over others equally common, or whose
properties  are  doubtful.  In  a dictionary, it
becomes necessary to  insert all that have been
reputed to possess virtues; but the majority are
unnecessary.  The catalogue might be largely
reduced, with impunity.
  Materia Morbo'sa, M. Peccans,  Mate'ries
Morbi.   Morbid matter.   The matter or mate-
rial  which is the cause of disease.
  Materia Ossea, Terra Ossea—m. Peccans,
M. Morbosa—m. Salina, see Saliva—m. Testa-
cea dentium, see Tooth—m. Urinosa, Urea.
  MATERIALISTA, Druggist.
  MATkRIAUX IMMkDIATS, Principles,
immediate.
  MATERIES, Matter—m. Morbi, Materia
morbosa.
  MATHEWS PILLS, Pilulas ex helleboro  et
myrrha.
  MATIAS.  The bark of a South  American
tree, not yet determined.  It is used in its na-
tive country in  intermittents, and as a  tonic
generally.  Its principal  characteristic consti-
tuent is a bitter resinous matter.  It is probably
the same as the Malambo bark.
  MATI'CO, Yerba del Soldada or  Soldier's
weed.   A South American herb—Piper angus-
tifolium or Artan'the elonga'ta—which is  pos-
sessed of astringent virtues, and is used both
internally and externally.   It is given in infu-
sion made of one ounce of the leaves to a pint
of boiling water, of which the dose is  f. giss,
or in tincture, made of giiss of the leaves to a
pint of dilute alcohol.
  MATIERE, Matter—m.  Ciribriforme, En-
cephaloid—m. Extractive  du Bouillon, Osma-
zome—m. Midicale, Materia Medica—m. Per-
lie de Kerkring, Antimonium diaphoreticum—
m. Pulmonaire noire,  see Pulmo.
  MATLOCK,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
Matlock is a village  in Derbyshire, England,
to which there is a mineral spring of the acidu-
lous class.   Temperature 66°.  It differs but
little, except in  temperature, from good spring
water.  It is generally used as a tepid bath.
  MATONIA CARDAMOMUM,  Amomum
cardamomum.
  MATORIUM. Ammoniac, gum.
  MATRACIUM, Matrass, Urinal.
  MATRASS, Matra'cium.  A  glass  vessel
with a long neck;  and a round, and sometimes
oval, body.   It  may  be furnished with tubu-
lures or not.   It is used  in Pharmacy for dis-
tillation, digestion. &c.
  MATRES CEREBRI, Meninges.
  MATRICAIRE, Matricaria.
  MATRICA'LIS, Matrica'rius, from matrix,
'the uterus.'   Relating to  the uterus.
  Matrica'lia are remedies for  diseases of the
uterus.
  MATRICA'RIA, from matrix, 'the womb;'
so called from its  reputed virtues in  affections
of that  organ; Matricaria Parthe'nium, Par-
the'nium febrifuvum, Py'rethrum parthe'nium,
—Chrysanth'emum parthe'nium, Argyrocka'ta,
Chrysoc'alis, Fever-few, Feather-few, Mother-
wort, (F.) Matricaire.  It  resembles,  in its 
MATRICE
530
MAXILLARY
properties, chamomile  and tansy;  and,  like
them, has been esteemed tonic, stomachic, re-
solvent, emmenagogue, vermifuge,  &c.  It is
not much used.
  Matrica'ria  Chamomil'la, Chamame'lum
Vulga're, Chamomilla nostras, Leucan'themum
of Dioscorides; Wild Corn, Dog's Cham'om'de,
German Chamomile, (F ) Camomille vulgaire.
It resembles the Matricaria in properties.
  Matricaria, Anthemis nobilis.
  MATRICE, Uterus—m. Col de la, Collum
Uteri.
  MATRISYLVA, Asperula odorata.
  MATRIX, Cytoblastema,  Uterus—m.  Un-
guis, see Nafil.
  MATRONA, Midwife.
  MATRONALIS, Viola.
  MATTEE, see Ilex Paraguensis.
  MATTER, Mate'ria, Hyle, Mate'ries, (F.)
Matitre.  Any substance  which  enters  into
the composition of a body.  In Medicine,  it is
sometimes applied to the substance of evacua-
tions; and is also used synonymously with pus.
  MATTING OF PARTS, Hapantismus.
  MATULA, Urinal.
  MATURATION,  Matura'tio, from  matu-
rare, 'to ripen;'  Pepas'mos, Pepan'sis.  Pro-
gression of an abscess towards maturity.   The
state of maturity.  Coction.
  MA TURA TIF, Maturative.
  MAT'URATIVE,  Matu'rans, Pepanticos,
(F.) Maturatif.  A  medicine  which favours
the maturation of an inflammatory tumour.
  MATURATUS, Concocted.
  MATU'RITY, Matu'ritas, Hora'otes.  The
state of fruits  and seeds, when comparatively
developed.   State of an abscess, in which the
pus is completely formed.
  Maturity, Precocious, Praeotia.
  MAUDLIN, Achillea ageratum—m. Tansey,
Achillea ageratum—m. Wort, Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum.
  MAUVE SAUVAGE, Malva.
  MAUX DE NERFS, Hysteria.
  MAXILLA, Maxillary Bone.
  MAX'ILLARY, Maxilla'ris. (F.)Maxillaire,
from maxilla, 'a jaw.'  Relating or belonging
to the jaws; from /uarcau,  ' 1 chew.'
  Maxillary Arteries are three in number.
1. External maxillary.  See Facial.  2. Inter-
nal maxillary—A. Gntturo-maxillaire, (Ch.)
This arises from the external carotid with the
temporal.   It  is  remarkable  for  its  complex
course, and for the  number of branches which
it transmits to the deep-seated parts of the face.
Immediately  after  its origin, it  buries itself
under the neck of the lower  jaw, curving in-
wards and downwards.  It then advances di-
rectly inwards; proceeding in the space between
the two pterygoid  muscles towards the maxil-
lary tuberosity.  It turns again, becomes  ver-
tical, and ascends into the bottom of the zygo-
matic fossa, until, having arrived at the floor of
the orbit, it  takes a horizontal and transverse
direction; enters the spheno-maxillary fossa,
and divides into several branches.   See Artery.
(Table.)
  Maxillary  Bone,  Maxilla,  Mandib'ula,
Gam'phele,Gnathus,Mola,Siagon,(jaw.' (F.)
Machoire.  A name given to two bones, which
support the  teeth, and, by  means of them, are
inservient to the cutting, bruising, and tearing
of alimentary substances.
   The maxillary bones are two in number.
   Maxillary Bone, Inferior, Lower jaw-bone,
 Os Maxilla're inferius, Machoire diacrauie/ine.
 Maxilla inferior, (F.) Os maxillaire, (Ch.,) is a
 symmetrical, nearly parabolic bone, the middle
 portion of which is horizontal, and  called th«
 body; and the posterior is vertical, the angular
 portions being termed Rami or branches. There
 have behind a parotidean edge, which forms_•
 by uniting with the base—the angle of the jaw.
 The branches terminate above by two processes,
 separated by the sigmoid notch or fossa; the
 anterior of which is called the coronoid; the
 posterior, the condyloid process or  maxillary
 condyle, supported by a Cervix, Collum or Neck.
 The chief parts observed on the lower jaw are
 —1. Externally,—the Sym'physis menti,Apoph'-
 ysis menti, Mental foramen, and the external
 oblique  line.—2. Internally,—the  Geniapoph'-
 ysis, the internal or Myloid oblique lines, and
 the entrance of the dental canal.  The lower
 jaw has, also, an alveolar edge, which contains
 alveoli  for  the  reception of the teeth.   The
 lower jaw-bone is developed by two points of
 ossification, which unite at the symphysis of
 the chin.  It is articulated with the temporal
 bone and with the teeth.
   Maxillary Bone, Superior, Upper jaw-bone,
 Maxilla superior, Os maxilla're supe'rius, Max-
 illa syncra'nia, (F.) Os sus-maxillaire, (Ch.,)
 Machoire syncranienne.  The upper jaw-bones
 are to the face what the sphenoid bone is to the
 cranium.  They are articulated with all th«
 portions composing it.  They determine, almost
 alone, the shape of the face, and give it solidity.
 Their size is considerable; form unequal. They
 occupy the middle and anterior part of the face;
 and enter into the composition of the nasal fossae,
 orbit, and mouth.   The chief parts observable
 in the upper jaw, are, 1. Externally—The Nasal
 process, ( F.) Apophyse montante, the Fora'men
 infra-orbita'rium, Zygomatic process, Canine
fossa,  Myr'tiform fossa.  2. Internally—The
 Palatine process, Ante'rior palatine  canal, and
 the Antrum of Highmore.  Its circumference is
 very unequal, and it has behind a round, unequal
 prominence called the Maxillary tuberosity,
 which is pierced by the posterior dental canal.
 Anteriorly, there is a notch, which forms part of
 the anterior aperture of the nasal fossas, and be-
 neath, an eminence called the anterior nasal spint.
 The lower part of this circumference forms the
 alveolar margin.   Each  superior  maxillary
 bone is  articulated with the ethmoid, frontal,
 nasal,  lachrymal, palatine,  inferior,  spongy,
 vomer,  its fellow, the teeth of the upper jaw,
 and sometimes the sphenoid bone.   It  is deve-
 loped by four or five points of ossification.
   Maxillary Nerves are two in number, and
 formed of the second and third branches of the
 fifth pair.   The Superior Maxillary Nerve,
 Nerf sus-maxillaire, (Ch.,) arises from the mid-
 dle of the  gangliform  enlargement  of  the fifth
 pair; passes forwards and  issues from the cra-
 nium through  the  foramen  rotundum  of the
 sphenoid bone; enters the  spheno-maxillary
 fossa, which it crosses horizontally; passes into
 the infra-orbitar canal, which it traverses; and
 makes its exit to vanish on the cheek.  It gives
 off the following branches,—the orbitar. a branch
 which goes to the spheno-paladne  ganglion;
 posterior dental branches ; the anterior dental,—
 and terminates in the infra-orbitar nerves, which 
MAXILLO-ALVkOLI-NASAL
531
MEDIAN
are divided into superior, inferior, and inter-
nal.  The inferior maxillary nerve, Nerf max-
illaire, (Ch.,) is the largest of the three branches
furnished by the fifth pair.   It issues from the
cranium by the foramen ovale of the sphenoid.
Having reached the zygomatic fossa, it divides
into two trunks; the one superior and external,
which gives off the temporales profundi, masse-
terine, buccal and pterygoids;—the other—infe-
rior and internal—the larger of the two, which
furnishes the inferior dental, lingual, and auri-
cular.
  Maxillary Veins present the same arrange-
ment as the arteries they accompany.
  MAXILLO-ALVkOLI-NASAL, Depressor
alas nasi—m.  Labial, Depressor anguli oris—m.
Narinal, Compressor naris—m. Palpibral, Or-
bicularis palpebrarum—m. Scliroticien, Obli-
quus inferior  oculi.
  MA YAPPLE, Podophyllum peltatum—m. a.
Mountain, Podophyllum montanum—m. Weed,
Anthemis cotula.
  MAYELLA, Curcuma longa.
  MAYFLOWER, Anthemis cotula.
  MAZA, Mass, Placenta.
  MA'ZICUS, from maza, 'placenta.'   Re-
lating to the placenta.
  MAZISCH'ESIS, from maza, 'the placenta,'
and ir/eo-ir, 'holding,'  'retention.'  Retention
of the placenta.
  MAZOL'YSIS, from maza, 'placenta,'  and
\voig, 'solution.'   Separation of the placenta.
  MAZOPATHI'A, from maza,' placenta,' and
nados,  ' disease.'  A disease of the placenta.
One originating from the placenta.
  MAZOS, Mamma.
  MEAD, Hydromeli,  Melizomum.
  MEADOW BLOOM, Ranunculus acris—m.
Fern, Comptonia asplenifolia—m. Pride,  see
Calumba—m.  Rue, Thalictron—m.  Saffron,
Vinegar of, Acetum colchici—m. Sweet, Gille-
nia trifoliata,  Spiraea ulmaria—m. Sweet, red,
Spiraea tomentosa.
  MEASLES, Rubeola—m.  Black, see Rubeola
—m. False, Roseolas—m. French, Roseolas.
  MEASLY, Morbillous.
  MEAT,  EXTRACTIVE OF, Osmazome.
  MEAT, Meatus.
  MEATUS, Ductus, Cana'lis,  Porus, (F.)
Miat.   A passage or canal.
  Meatus  Auditorius Externus, Auditory
canal, external—m. Auditorius internus, Audi-
tory canal,  internal — m. Caecus,  Eustachian
tube—m. Narium, see  Nasal fossae—m. Semi-
nales uteri, Tubas Fallopianae—m. Seminarius,
Corpus Highmori—m.  Urinarius, Urethra.
  MECHAMECK, Convolvulus panduratus—
m. Bindweed, Convolvulus panduratus.
  MECHANE, Machine.
  MECHANEMA, Machine.
  MECHAN'IC AL, Mechanicus, fxompir>Xavr\,
'a machine.'   An epithet  given  to irritating
bodies, which do not act chymically—as a me-
chanical irritant.
  Mechanical or  Iatro-mathematical Phy-
sicians, latro-mechan'ici seu  latromathemat'ta,
are such as refer  every function, healthy or
morbid, to mechanical or mathematical  princi-
ples;—Medicina mechanica.
  MECHANICS, ANIMAL.  That  part of
physiology whose objects are to investigate the
laws of equilibrium and motion of the animal
body.
  MECH ANISM.   The structure of a body;
the collection or aggregate of the parts of a ma-
chine; the  mode in which forces  produce any
effect, &c.
  MECHE, Tent.  This  term is usually em-
ployed  in  French  surgery to a  collection of
threads of  charpie, cotton or  raw silk united
together, which are used for deterging sinuous
or fistulous ulcers;  or to keep open or enlarge
natural or artificial apertures.  They are gene-
rally applied by means of an instrument called
Porte-meche.
  MECHOACANA NIGRA,  Convolvulus ja-
lapa.
  MECHOACANJE RADIX,Convolvulus me-

  MECHOACHAN DU CANADA, Phyto-
lacca decandra.
  MECOM'ETER, (F.) Mecometre; fxom^xcg,
'length,' and  /un^ov, 'measure.'   A kind  of
graduated compass,—compas de proportion,—
used at the Hospice de Maternito of Paris, to
measure the length of new-born infants.
  MECON, Meconium, Opium, Papaver.
  MECONIS'MUS, lntoxica'tio opia'ca;  from
jui/xav, ' the poppy.'  Poisoning by opium.
  MECO'NIUM, from /utKuv, 'a poppy.'  Pop-
py juice, Papaver culum, Purgamen.'ta Infan-
tis, Mecon.  The excrement passed by the in-
fant a short time after birth, which had accu-
mulated in the intestines during pregnancy.  It
is of a greenish or deep black colour, and very
viscid.  It  seems formed of the mucous secre-
tions of the intestines mixed with bile.  See
Opium.
  MECONOLOGTA, Opiolog'ia; from /ar^av,
'a poppy,' and Xoyog, ' a description.'  A trea-
tise on opium.
  MEDEA, Genital organs.
  MED EC IN,  Physician — m. Consultant,
Consulting physician.
  MEDECINE,  Medicina — m.  Expectante,
Expectation—m. Ligale, Medicine, legal—m.
Perturbatrice, Perturbatrix (Medicina.)
  MEDELA, Curation.
  MEDEOLA VERTICILLIFOLIA,M.Vir-
ginica.
  Mede'ola Virgin'ica,  M.  verticillifo'lia,
Gyro'mia Virgin'ica, Indian cu'cumber.  An in-
digenous herb,  growing in every part of the
United States, the root of which  resembles a
small cucumber.   It  has been thought  to be
diuretic.
  MEDIAN, Media'nns;  from medium,  ' the
middle.'  That which is situate in the middle.
  Median Line.  A vertical line, supposed to
divide a body longitudinally  into two  equal
parts; the one right, the other left.  Chaussier
calls the linea alba the ligne midiane of the ab-
domen.
  Median Nerve, Median digital, (Ch.)  This
nerve arises chiefly from the anterior branches
of the last two cervical nerves  and first dorsal.
The fifth and sixth cervical pairs also send it a
branch,  which separates from the musculo-cu-
taneous  nerve.  The  median  nerve  descends
along the inner part of the arm  along the biceps
muscle.  Opposite the elbow joint it buries it-
self behind  the aponeurosis of that muscle, and
engages itself between the  two fasciculi of the
pronator  teres.  Lower down, it is situate be-
tween  the  flexors—sublimis and  profundus—
and passes, with their tendons, under the ante- 
MEDIANUM
532
MEDIMNUS
rior annular ligament;  it then divides into five
branches, which are distributed to the muscles
of the thenar eminence, to the lumbricales, the
integuments of the thumb, the  index, middle
finger, and outer part of the ring finger.  This
nerve  gives no branches  to the arm.  In the
forearm, it furnishes filaments to all the prona-
tor and flexor muscles; and one of them accom-
panies the anterior interosseous artery. It also
gives off a filament  to the integuments of the
palm of the hand.
  Median  Veins.   Three  of the  superficial
veins of the forearm are so called.  The median
basilic—the median  cephalic and common me-
dian ox funis brachii. See Basilic and Cephalic.
  MEDIANUM, Mediastinum, Mesentery.
  MEDIASTINAL, Mediastina'lis.  Relating
to the mediastinum.
  Mediastinal Arteries are very delicate ar-
terial branches, distributed in the cellular tex-
ture of the mediastinum.  They are distinguish-
ed, according to their  situation, into anterior
and posterior.
  MEDIASTINITIS, Mesodmitis.
  MEDIASTI'NUM, Mediasti'nus, quasi, in
me'dio stans,as being in the middle; Mesod'me,
Media'num, Mesota'chium, Mesota'chum, Sep-
tum thora'cis, Hymen Diaphrat'ton, Membra'na
Diaphratton, Membra'na thora'cem inter sepiens,
Intersepimen'tum thora'cis, Diribito'rium, Dis-
sipimen'tum thora'cis.  A membranous septum
formed by the approximation of the pleurae, di-
viding the  chest into two parts, the one right,
the other left.  The mediastinum, formed by a
double reflection of the pleura, extends from the
spine to  the  posterior  surface of the sternum.
Its anterior  part, called  Anterior mediasti-
num, Mediastinum pectora'le, lodges, at its up-
per part, the thymus gland in the fcetus, and is
rilled below with fatty, cellular tissue. Its pos-
terior part, parallel to the spine, is occupied by
the oesophagus, vena azygos, thoracic duct, the
lower part of the windpipe, the  origin of the
bronchia and a  number  of lymphatic glands.
This part is called the posterior mediastinum—
Mediastinum dorsaie.
   Mediastinum Auris,  see Tympanum — m.
Cerebri, Falx cerebri,  Septum lucidum.
   MEDIASTINUS, Mediastinum.
   MED'ICAL, Medica'lis, Idt'ricus, Paon'ius,
Paon'icus, Physical, (F.) Midical.  Relating
to medicine.
   Medical Jurisprudence, Medicine, legal.
   MEDICALIS, Medical.
   MEDICAMENT, Medicamen'tum, Reme'-
dium, Ace'sis, Aces'ma, Aces'tium,  Aces'tys,
Althos, Hygias'ma,  Ia'ma,  Acos, Medica'men,
Phar'macum,Pharmaceu'ma,Med'icine,Physic,
Rem'edy,  Alkar, Auxilium, Bo'ethe'ma,  (F.)
Remede; from medicare, ' to cure or heal.'  A
medicine.  Any substance exhibited  with the
view of curing or allaying morbid action.  Me-
dicines are obtained from the three kingdoms
of nature, and are divided into internal and ex-
ternal, according as they are administered in-
ternally  or applied externally.
   MEDICAMENTO'SUS LAPIS, Medic'inal
stone, (F.) Pierre midicamenteuse.  A name
formerly given to a mixture of peroxyd of iron,
litharge, alum, nitre, sal ammoniac, and vine-
gar;  evaporated and calcined at a red heat for
an hour.   The product was regarded as emi-
nently astringent.
  MEDICAMENTUM, Drug—m. ex Palmu-
lis, Diaphoenicon.
  MEDICASTER, Medieastra.   An ignorant
practitioner.   A charlatan.
  MEDICATION, Medica'tio, from maderi,
' to remedy.'  The change in the  animal eco-
nomy produced by the operation of remedies.
Treatment by medicine.
  MEDICI'NA, Ars med'ica, Res medica, Art
Machao'niH, A. Machaon!ica, Iat'rice, Iate'ria,
Idtri'a, latrine, Paos'yne,  Pxonice, Iatrv-
tech'nice, Acesto'ria, Scien'tia med'ica seu mi-
dendi, Sote'ria doctrlna, Medicine, The  heal-
ing art, Physic, (F.) Midecine.  A science, the
object of which is the cure of  disease and the
preservation of health. Occasionally, it is used
to comprehend all the branches of the healing
art; at others to comprise one great division,
in contradistinction to surgery  and obstetrics.
Medicine, in this sense, includes  many branches;
—the chief of which are, Anatomy,  Physiology,
Pathology,  Therapeutics,  Hygiene,  Materia
Medica, and Pharmacy.
  Medicina Conservativa, Hygiene—m. DU»-
tetica, Dietetics—m. Eclectica, see Eclectic—
m. Efficax, Surgery—m.  Equaria, Hippiatrra
—m.  Euectica, Gymnastus—m. Forensis, Me-
dicine, legal—m. Gymnastica, Gymnastics—ft).
Hermetica, see Spagyrists—m.  Judiciaria, Me-
dicine, legal—m.  Mechanica, see  Mechanical
—m. Methodica, see Methodists—m. Operativa,
Surgery—m.Paracelsistica, see  Spagyrists—m.
Politica, Police,  medical—m. Sinica, Chinese
medicine—m. Spagyrica, Chymiatria; see Spa-
gyrists—m. State,  Police  medical — m. Tris-
titias, Crocus—m. Veterinaria,  Veterinary art.
  MEDICINAL, Medicina'lis, Medical, Ia-
terius,  Reme'dial, Reme'diate.  Having  a re-
medial power;—as medicinal plants, &c.
  Medicina'les Dies, Medic'inal days.   Days
on which the ancients considered that reme-
dies might be  administered;  and especially
evacuants.  Such days were not esteemed cri-
tical.
  MEDICINE, Medicament, Medicina.
  Medicine is, also, used in the same sense as
Medicament, and for a purging  potion.
  Med'icine, Clinical,  see  Clinical—m. Ec-
lectic, see Eclectic—m. Galenic, Galenism.
   Medicine, Legal, Medical jurisprudence of
some, Law med'icine,  For en' sic  medicine, Medi-
cina  foren'sis, M. judicia'ria,  Diciatri'a, (F.)
Midecine ligale.  The application of medical
knowledge to the solution of  every question
connected with the preservation of the species,
and the administration of justice.
   Medicine, Political, Police, medical.
   MkDICINIER CATHARTIQUE,  Jatro-
pha cure as.
   MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL ANATOMY,
see Anatomy.
   MEDICO-LEGAL, Medico lega'Hs.  Re-
lating to legal medicine; as " a  medico-legal in-
quiry, Inquisil'io medico-lega'lis—" a medico-
legal inspection "—Inspec'tio medico-lega'lis.
   MEDICUS, Doctor, Physician—m. Equarius,
Hippiater—m. Ocularius, Oculist—m. Unguen-
tarius, Iatraleptes—m. Vulnerarius, see Deliga-
tion—m. Veterinarius, Hippiater—m. Vulne-
rum, Surgeon.
   MEDlM'NUS, Medim'nos, fjuhuiog. An an-
cient measure,  capable of containing about  4
pecks and 0 pints. 
MEIBOMIUS,  GLANDS OF
            MEDITULLIUM             53

  MEDITULLIUM, Diploe.
  MEDIUM MUSCULI, see Muscle.
  ME'DIUS, Middle, Median.
  Middle Finger, (F.) Doigt du milieu, is
between the index and ring finger.
  MEDLAR, Mespilus.
  MEDO, Hydromeli.
  MEDOBLENNORRHffiA, Leucorrhoea.
  MEDORRHffiA, Gonorrhoea—m. Femina-
rum insons, Leucorrhoea—m.  Virilis,  Gonor-
rhoea.
  MEDULLA, Marrow—m. Cerebri, see Ce-
rebrum—m. Dorsalis, m. Spinalis—m. Dorsua-
lis, M. Spinalis—na. Nervorum, Neurine.
  Medul'la  Oblonga'ta,  Cer'ebral protu'be-
rance,  Nervous system of the senses,  (Gall,)
Cer'ebrum elonga'tum, (F.)Misocephale,Mo'elle
allongie,  Misenciphale, (Ch.)  The  medul-
lary substance that lies within the cranium
upon the basilary process of the occipital bone.
The anterior surface which rests in the  basi-
lary groove, is impressed by  the  basilary ar-
tery.   At the upper extremity, and on its pos-
terior surface are the Tubercula quadrigemina.
At the same extremity, the medulla gives rise
to two prolongations, the peduncles of the brain,
separated from each other by the mammillary
eminences, and becoming lost in the optic tha-
lami.  The lower extremity is called the tail or
Rachidian bulb, and is continuous with the me-
dulla spinalis,  it is to this part only that some
anatomists apply the name Medulla oblongata.
From the posterior angles two other prolonga-
tions arise, called Peduncles of the  cerebellum.
The medulla oblongata  has several eminences
—the Pons  varolii, Corpora pyramidalia,  C.
cdivaria, &c.—and it has a longitudinal fissure
before, and another behind, called  the anterior
and posterior median fissures.
   Medulla Spina, M. spinalis.
   Medul'la Spina'lis seu Spina sen dor sua'lis
seu dorsa'lis, Corda spina'lis, Funis argenteus,
Rhache'trum,My'elus,M. rhachi'tes  sennotia'us
seu diauche'nius seu pso'ites, Notomy'elus, Rha-
chi'tes, JEon, Medulla  vertebra'lis, Proces'sus
rachidia'nus, Sacra fis'tula, Spinal prolonga-
tion, Ver'tebral marrow, Spinal cord, Nervous
system of voluntary motion and tactile impres-
don (Ga\\),Spinalmarrow,(F.)Mo'elle ipiniere,
Mo'elle vertebrate, called by Ch., Prolongement
rachidien of the encephalon, is the continuation
of the medulla oblongata.  It commences  at the
foramen magnum of the occipital bone, and de-
scends in the vertebral canal as low as the  2d
lumbar vertebra, without filling it; presenting,
in its course, several evident enlargements.   It
is grooved on both its  anterior and posterior
Burfaces  by a furrow, which divides it, in  its
whole length, into two great nervous cords, in-
timately united with each other. It terminates
by an oval tubercle, whence a number of nerves
set out, called Cauda equina, (F.) Queue de
cheval, from its resemblance to a  horse's tail.
The spinal marrow has  no analogy, as  regards
its structure,  with the  marrow of  long bones.
It is formed of two substances; one white, the
other gray,  presenting an inverse arrangement
to that which they have in the brain, the white
being external, the cineritious at the centre.   It
is enveloped by a yellowish, fibrous membrane,
very resisting, which seems to be continued in-
sensibly from  the  pia mater, and by two  other
membranes, which are merely prolongations of
the arachnoid and dura mater.  See Nerve.
  Medulla Vertebralis, M. spinalis.
  MEDULLvE, Sperm.
  MEDULLARY, Medulla'ris, from medulla,
' marrow.'   Relating to the marrow or analo-
gous to marrow.
  Medullary Ar'teries.  The arteries, which
enter bones and pass to the marrow.
  Medullary Canal, see Canal, medullary—
m. Cells, see Medullary Membrane—m. Juice,
Marrow—m. Matter of the brain, see  Cere-
brum.
  Medullary Membrane, Perios'teum Inter-
num, Endos'teum.  A  vascular, areolar  web
of extreme tenuity, which envelops the marrow
and  lines the inner surface of the medullary
canal of the long bones.  This membrane has
been considered as a species of internal perios-
teum of those bones.  It has numerous vessels,
which bury themselves in the thickness of the
marrow; and others which nourish the inner-
most plates of the bone.  The cells formed by
it are termed Cellula seu Sac'culi medtilla'res.
  Medullary Sarcoma, Encephaloid, Haema-
todes fungus.
  Medullary System. Bichat gives this name
to the marrow and its membranes.  He distin-
guishes 1 wo species of medullary systems -t the
one occupies the cellular tissue at the extremi-
ties  of the long bones and that of the flat and
short bones;  the other  is found merely in the
central canal of long bones.
  Medullary Tumour of the Lungs, Phthisis,
cancerous.
  MEDULLITIS, Myelitis.
  MEGALANTHROPOGEN'ESIS,  from ut-
y*g, 'great,'  avfromvot,  'man,'  and ytna-ig,
'  birth.'  A term used by a French physician,
named Robert, to designate the art of procreat-
ing great men;  men of mind ; men of genius.
He considered that they may be perpetuated by
always taking care to have talented men united
to clever women!
  MEGALOCAR'DIA, from fx-tyag,  'great,'
and napoia, ' heart.'  The state of having a very
large heart.
  MEGALOCffiLIA, Intestine,  great, Mega-
losplanchnia.
  MEGALOPHO'NIA, from  ptya.;, f*y<tXri>
'  great,' and  <pwvy, ' voice.'  The  condition of
having a full, strong voice.
  MEGALOPHTHAL'MUS; from utyag,ut-
ya-xi], 'great,'  and o<p6a\pog, 'eye.'  A con-
genital deformity, in which the  eye is inordi-
nately large.
  MEGALOSPLANCH'NUS, Megalosplanch-
nu's, from fctyaXo;, 'great,' and anxayyyov, 'a
viscus.' Megaloca'lia.  Hippocrates applies the
epithet to  those in whom a viscus, or the vis-
cera, are tumid.   Some have used the substan-
tive Megolosplanch'nia for the tumour itself.
  MEGALOSPLENIA, Splenoncus.
  MEGETHOS, Stature.
  MEGRIM, Hemicrania.
  MEIBOMIUS, GLANDS OF, Follicles of
M.,  Palpebral  Follicles,  Ciliary F., Glan'-
dula seba'cea cilia'res seu Meibomia'nx,  Intes-
tin'ula Meibo'mii, Lacu'na palpebrarum, (F.)
Follicules palpibraux ou ciliaires, Glandes  de
Meibomius.  Small, sebaceous follicles,  called
after Henry Meibomius, although known long
before his  description of them.   They are  si- 
MEIOSIS
534
MELANCHRUS
tuate in special grooves in the tarsal cartilages;
and are ranged by the side of each other, in the
form of yellowish, parallel, and vertical lines;
sometimes straight, at others, tortuous.  They
may be seen at the inner surface  of the  eye-
lids, through  the  conjunctiva, and  secrete a
sebaceous humour, called Lippitu'do,  Gum,
(F.) Chassie.
  MEIO'SIS,  Meo'sis, Mio'sis,  Imminu'tio,
Minuthc'sis,Minitho'sis,fxom[Ati-u, 'I lessen.'
The period of a disease, in which the symptoms
begin to diminish;—the decline.  Remission.
  MEIUROS, Decurtatus, Myurus.
  MEL, Meli,Mil acum, Honey, (F.) Miel.  A
Bubstance of a muco-saccharine  nature,  pre-
pared by the Apis mellifi'ca, or common  bee,
which collects it from the nectaries of flowers.
Honey is employed as aliment, condiment, and
medicine.  It  is demulcent and aperient; and
is prescribed as  an adjunct  to gargles  in cy-
nanche tonsillaris, &c.  It is, at times, used  as
a detergent to  foul ulcers.  Virgin Honey, Mel
vir'ginum seu  virgin'eum, (F.) Miel vierge, is
that which flows  from the wax spontaneously.
  Hill's Balsam of Honey is formed of bal-
sam tolu.ft>i,koney,To],rectifiedspirit,one gallon.
It was long a celebrated empirical pectoral.
  Mel Acetatum, Oxymel—m. iEgyptiacum,
iEgyptiacum — m. Aerium, Fraxinus ornus—
m.  Arundinaceum, Saccharum.
  Mel Bora'cis, Mel subbora'cis, Colluto'rium
adstrin'gens, Linimen'tum de  Bora'te,  L. ad
aphthas, Mel Boraxa'tum, Linctus de Bora'ce,
L.  ad aphthas,  Honey  of  Borax.  (Boracis
contrit. gj, mellis despumati gj, Ph. L.)  De-
tergent.  Applied to the mouth  in aphthous
affections.
  Mel Canna,  Saccharum  (non purificatum)
—m.  Coctum, Pelicide.
  Mel Despuma'tum, Clarified Honey, Ana-
phrom'eli, (F.) Miel Clarifii.  Melt the honey
in a water bath, and remove  the scum.  Uses
the same as honey.
  Mel Prapara'tum, Prepared Honey. (Mel.
despumat. Oss. Alcohol, dilut.  Oj. Creta pra-
parat. gss.  To the honey and diluted alcohol,
mixed, add the prepared chalk, and let the mix-
ture stand for two hours, occasionally stirring.
Then heat to ebullition, filter, and by means of
a water-bath,  evaporate the  clear liquor to the
specific gravity 1.32.  Ph. U. S.)
  Mel Rosa, Mel rosa'tum, Melli'tum de Rosis,
Rhodom'eli, Rhodostac'ton,  Honey of  Roses,
(F.) Miel rosat,  Mellite de Roses.  (Rosa gal-
lic, gij, aqux ferv. Oiss. mellis despum. Oij.
Infuse the roses for two hours; add the strained
liquor to the honey, and boil to a  proper  con-
sistence in  a water-bath.)  Astringent and de-
tergent.  Used chiefly in gargles and washes
for  aphthae, &c.
  Mel Scilla, Oxymel scillae—m. Scillaecom-
positum, Syrupus scillas compositus.
  Honey Water is a mixture of essences co-
loured with saffron.  A little honey is added to
communicate a clamminess ; the effect of which
is to make it retain the scent the longer.  It is
used as a scent.
  Mel Vinosum, CEnomel—m. Virginum, see
Mel.
  MELiE'NA, Melanorrhag'ia,  Melanor-
rhag'ia, Ic'terus niger,  Melanch'o'rus, Mela-
nic'terus, Melas Ic'terus, Morbus niger Hippoc'-
ratis, Enterorrha'a, fxomp.txng, 'black;' Black
Jaundice, Morbus niger, (F.) Maladie noire,
Miline, Ictere noire.  A name given to vomiting
of black matter, ordinarily succeeded by evacu-
ations of the same character.  It seem3  to toa
often a variety of haematemesis.  The Black
Vomit  in  yellow fever is owing to a  morbid
secretion from  the lining membrane of the sto-
mach and small intestine.  Melaena also signi-
fies hemorrhage from  the intestines;  Fluxus
sple'nicus, Dysenteria sple'nica, Dejectio'nes
nigra; Secessus niger, Hem'orrhage from the
Intet'tines.
  Melana Fungosa Carcinodes, Haematodes
fungus.
  MEL^NORRHAGIA, Melrena.
  MELALEU'CA  CAJAPUTI, M. Minor,
M. Leucoden'dron.   This plant affords the Ca-
jeput Oil, (see Cajeput.)  The leaves are es-
teemed diuretic, stomachic, and emmenagogue.
  Melaleuca Leucodendron, M.Cajaputi—m.
Minor, M. Cajaputi.
  MELAMPHO'NUS; from fitXag,'obscure,'
and  <pa>vn, ' voice.'   Having  a hoarse or indis-
tinct voice.
  MELAMPHYLLUM, Acanthus mollis.
  MELAMPODIUM, Helleborus niger.
  MELANOMA, Suffocation.
  MEL ANAEMIA, Venosity.
  MEL'ANAGOGUE,  Melanago'gus,  from
fxixac,  ' black,'  and *yw, ' I expel.'  A medicine
which  the ancients believed adapted for expel-
ling black bile or melancholy.
  MELANCHLO'RUS, from  utx*g, 'black,'
and ^Aoigoc,'green.'   The ancients gave this
name to certain dark-coloured topical remedies.
See Melaena.
  MELANCHOLE, Atrabilis.
  MELANCHOLIA,  Melancholy—m.  Auto-
chirica, Suicide—m.  Errabunda, Cuttubuth—
m. Flatuosa, Hypochondriasis—m.  Hypochon-
driaca, Hypochondriasis—m. Nervea, Hypo-
chondriasis—m. Pleonectica, see Pleonectica—
m.  Saltans, Chorea—m. Suicidium, Suicide—
m.  Uterina,  Nymphomania—m. Zoanthropia,
Melancholy.
  MEL'ANCHOLIC, Melanchol'icus, Melan'-
cholus, Melancholo'des, from fjitXa, 'black,'
and Xoxi], 'bile.'   One labouring under melan-
choly.  That which belongs  or relates to me-
lancholy.  In popular language, one of a gloomy
disposition.
  MELANCHOLODES, Melancholic.
  MELANCHOLUS, Melancholy.
  MEL'ANCHOLY, Melancho'iia,  same ety-
mon.   Lypema'nia,  Monoma'nia,  Ecphro'nia
Melancho'iia, Mania Melancholica, Mania Me-
lancho'iia, Tristema'nia, Baryth'mia, Hijpolep-
sioma'nia; (F'.)  Milancholie,  Lyperophrinie.
A disease supposed, by the ancients, to be
caused by black bile.  A  variety  of mental
alienation, characterized by excessive gloom,
mistrust, and depression, with  insanity on one
particular subject or train of ideas.  Panopho-
bia, Demonomania, Erotomania, Nostalgia, &c,
may be referred to this head.
  Melancholy is  also used for unusual  gloomi-
ness of disposition.
  MELANCHOLY,EROTic,Erotomania—m.Love,
Erotomania.
  MELAN'CHRUS, Melan'ochrus, fxomptXac,
'black,' and Xquc, 'a colour.'  One attacked
with black jaundice.  It is probably an abbre-
viation of Melanchlorus. 
MkLANCOLIE
535
MELISSA
  MkLANCOLIE, Melancholy.
  MELANGE PECTORAL, Mistura  acidi
hydrocyanici.
  MELAN'IC, Melan'icus,  Melanotic, Mela-
notic as; from ptXag,' black.'  Of or belonging
to Melanosis.
  MELANICTERUS, Melasna.
  MELANOCHRUS, Melanchrus.
  MELANOMA PULMONUM, see  Melano-
sis.
  MELANOMYCES, Melanospongus.
  MELANOPATHI'A,  from ^xu(,  'black,'
and 7ra.%og,' affection.'  Nlgritism, Nigrit'ies.
A disease of the skin, which  consists in aug-
mentation ofblackpigment; generallyinpatches.
  MELANOPHYMA, Ergot.
  MELANOPIPER, Piper nigrum.
  MELANOPNEUMON, see Melanosis.
  MELANORRHAGIA, Melasna.
  MELANORRH1ZUM, Helleborus niger.
  MkLANOSE. Melanosis.
  MELANO'SIS, Melan'sis, Nigritu'do, Car-
eino'ma melanot'icum, Cancer  melx'neus, Fun-
gus melnno'des, (F.) Diginirescence noire, Mi-
lanose, Cancer milane, Black cancer, Black tu-
bercle, from fttX*g, 'black.'   An organic affec-
tion, in which the tissue of the parts is convert-
ed into black, hard, homogeneous substance, near
which ulcers or cavities  form;—owing to  the
softening, either of this substance  itself, or of
some other morbid tissue,—of tubercles espe-
cially.  This morbific change  affects the lungs
particularly; when it is  called Melano'sis  seu
Meluno'ma. seu Anthraco'sis Pulmo'num, Me-
lanopneu'mon, Nigritu'do seu Carcino'ma mela-
not'icum seu  Melan'sis  Pulmonum, Pneumo-
nomelano'sis,  (F'.) Milanose Pulmonaire.   It
is, also, met with in  the liver  and cellular tex-
ture.   Its causes are very obscure.  Melano-
sis of the lungs constitutes one of  the species
of phthisis of Bayle;  but it is impossible to dis-
tinguish it from the other species during life.
  In the classification of Fuchs, Medanosen (G.)
forms a family of diseases.
  Melanosis  Pulmonum, see Melanosis—m.
Universalis, Venosity.
  MELANOSMEGMA,  see Sapo.
  MELANOSPON'GUS, Melanomyces;  from
(ttXat, 'black,'  and  onoyyog, 'sponge.'  The
tuberiform variety of melanosis of the lungs.
  MELANOTIC, Melanic—m. Cancer, Can-
cer, melanotic.
  MELANOTHRIX, Atricapillus,fxompnxm,
' black,' and Sfil, ' hair.'   Having black hair.
  MEL ANSIS, Melanosis—m. Pulmonum, Me-
lanosis pulmonum.
  MELANTHIUM, Nigella.
  MELAS, Lepra nigricans—m. Icterus, Me-
laena.
  MELAS'MA, Ecchymo'ma Melas'ma, Nigror,
from fitXug, 'black.'   A  black spot or ecchy-
mosis, occurring on  the  lower extremities of
old people especially.  Also, a cutaneous affec-
tion analogous  to chloasma, differing  from it
only in the darker colour of the morbid pigment.
It is called also Pityriasis nigra.
  MELAS'SES, Molas'ses,Melus'tum, Theriaca
tommu'uis, Syru'pus  empyreumatieus seu  ni-
ger, Treacle.   The syrup, which remains after
the  juice of the sugar cane has been subjected
to all the operations  for extracting sugar from
it.  In the United States, the syrup,  made  in
the process of forming common sugar,  is called
melasses; that  remaining after the refinement
of sugar being termed sugar-house melasses or
treacle.
  Melasses Spirit, Rum.
  MELATROPHTA, from ^xoc,' a limb,' and
argoota, ' wasting.'  Wasting of the limbs.
  MELCA, fitxxa.  Food made of  acidulated
milk.
  MELE, Specillum.
  MELEA, Pyrus malus.
  MELEGUETTA, Amomum grana paradisi.
  MELEI'OS,  /x^Xttot, Meli'nus, Melias.  A
species  of alum found in the island of Melos.
  MELEZE, Pinus larix.
  MELI, Mel.
  MELIA, Fraxinus ornus.
  Me'lia Azed'arach, Azedara'cha  amce'na,
Poison  Berry Tree, Azed'arach, Pride of India,
Pride of China, Pride tree, Hop tree, Bead tree.
Nat. Ord. Meliaceae; Sex. Syst. Decandria Mo-
nogynia.  The  bark of the root—called in In-
dia Neem Bark, Azedarach, (Ph.  U. S.), is
usually given in decoction, in the  proportion of
three or four ounces of the bark of the  fresh
root to  a quart of water, boiled down to a pint.
The dose is one or two table-spoonfuls, every
two or three hours, till purging is induced.  It
is given in this  manner as an anthelmintic.  It
is sometimes formed  into an ointment, and used
in tinea capitis.   The tree is a native of Syria,
Persia,  and the  north of India, and is abundant
in the southern  states.
  Melia Terra, Creta.
  MELICERA, Porrigo favosa.
  MELICERIA, Hydrarthrus, Porrigo favosa.
  MELICE'RIS, Melifa'vium, from ^txi, 'ho-
ney,' and x>;goc, 'wax.'   Emphy'ma encys'tis
melice'ris.  An encysted tumour  filled with a
substance resembling honey.   Also,  Porrigo
favosa.
  MELICERUM, Porrigo favosa.
  MELICHE1UM; from f^txi, 'honey,' and Xtw,
' I pour out.'  A honey-like discharge  from an
ulcer.
  MELICRATUM,  Hydromeli.
  MELIFAVIUM, Meliceris,  Porrigo favosa.
  MELIGEI'ON; from ^tXi, ' honey.'   A fetid
humour of the consistence of honey, discharged
from ulcers, accompanied with caries of a bone.
  MELILOT, Trifolium melilotus.
  MELILOTUS, Trifolium melilotus.
  MELIME'LUM,  from  fnxi,  'honey,'  and
[Arixov, 'an apple.' A name given to two com-
pounds :—one of honey  and quince, the other
of honey and apples.
  MELINE, Melaena.
  MELINI  SULPHAS, Cadmii sulphas.
  MELINUM,  /jLtiXivov.   The  ancient name of
an ointment, and of several plasters, described
by Dioscorides and Galen : so called  from their
resembling the ^xov, or quince, in colour.
  Melinum Sulphuricum, Cadmii sulphas.
  MELINUS, Meleios.
  MELIPHYLLUM, Melissa.
  MELIS'SA,  from  ntltaaa,  'a  bee,' be-
cause bees gather honey from it.   Melissa offi-
cina'lis, Citra'go, Citra'ria, Melitela, Melis-
sob'otos, Me.lita'na, Melissobolanum, Melis'sa
citra'ta, Melissophyl'lum, M el i pity I lum, Mentha
citra'ta, Melit'tis, Cedronella, Apias'trum, Me-
lissa cit'rina, Ero'tion, Balm, (F.) Milisse, La
Citronelle; Nat. Ord. Labiatae.  The leaves of
balm, Melissa  (Ph.  U. S.), have a  pleasant 
MkLISSE DES BOIS         536
MEMBRANA
 odour; and an austere and aromatic taste.  Balm
 was formerly much  used  in  nervous  diseases,
 but is  now only employed  when made into a
 tea, as a diluent, in febrile affections.  It is the
 basis of a celebrated preparation,—the Eau des
 Carmes.
   Melissa Calamin'tha, Calamin'tha, C. vul-
 ga'ris,  C. officina'rum, Calamint,  (F.) Cala-
 ment. This plant smells like wild mint, though
 more agreeably.  It is used, popularly,  as a
 tea in dyspepsia; flatulent colic; hysteria; ute-
 rine obstructions, &c.
   Melissa Grandiflo'ra, Calamin'tha magno
 flore, C. monta'na, Mountain Calamint.  This
 plant resembles the last in virtues.
   Melissa Humilis, Melittis melissophyllum.
   Melissa Nep'eta, Calamin'tha An'g/ica, C.
 Pule'gii odo're, Nep'eta agres'tis, Field Cal-
 amint,  Spotted  Calamint.  Formerly used as
 an aromatic.
   Melissa  Pulegioides, Hedeoma—m. Tur-
 cica, Dracocephalum Canariense.
   MkLISSE DES BOIS, Melittis  melisso-
 phyllum—m. de Moldavie, Dracocephalum Ca-
 nariense.
   MELISSOBOTANUM, Melissa.    ,
   MELISSOBOTOS, Melissa.
   MELISSOPHYLLUM, Melissa,Melittis me-
 lissophyllum.
   MELISSOT, Melittis melissophyllum.
   MELIT.ENA, Melissa.
   MkLITAGRE, Impetigo.
   MELITEIA, Melissa.
   MELITHOCORTON, Corallina Corsicana.
   MELI'TIS, Inflamma'tiogena'rum; from ur;-
 Xov, ' the cheek,' and itis, denoting  inflamma-
 tion.  Inflammation of the cheek.
   MELITITES, Hydromeli.
   MELITTA, Bee.
   MELITTIS, Melissa.
   Melit'tis Melissophyl'lum, Lamium mon-
 ta'num,  Melissa hrlmilis,  Melissophyl'lum,
 Bastard Balm, (F.)Melisse des Bois, Milissot.
 This plant was formerly employed, like the
 balm, in uterine obstructions.
   MELITURIA, Urine, diabetic, see Diabetes.
   ME LI'TUS,  Mellitus, from  mel,  'ho-
 ney.'  Appertaining to  honey.  Of the nature
 of honey.
   MELIZO'MUM, from  utxt, 'honey,'  and
 to.ifi.-H, 'broth;' Mead, Melllna,Methegiin. A
 drink prepared with honey.
   MELLA'GO, from mel, 'honey.'  Any.me-
 dicine having the consistence of honey.  A fluid

  MELLICRATUM, Hydromeli.
  MELLIFAVIUM, Porrigo favosa.
  MELLINA, Melizomum.
  MELLITE DE ROSES, Mel rosae.
   MELLITUM, from  mel,  ' honey.'  A pre-
 pared honey:—a medicated honey.
  Mellitum de Acetate Cupri,  Linimentum
 jEruginis.
  Mellitum  de Mercuria'li  Compos'itum,
 (F.) Miel de  mercuriale  composi,  Syrop  de
 longue vie.  (Succ. purif. mercurialis Sij, bo-
 raginis, anchusa officinalis, ai Ibss, iris pseu-
dacori radicis recent, gij, rad. sice, gentiana
gj, mellis B)iij, vini albi gxiij.  Macerate the
bruised roots in the wine for 24 hours; strain;
mix the juices and honey; boil  slightly, and
 filter: then add the two liquors, and boil to the
 consistence of syrup.  Ph. P.)  Cathartic, sto-
 machic, &c.
   Mellitum de Rosis, Mel rosae.
   Mellitum Simplex, Syru'pus de Melll, Sy-
 rup of Honey.   (Mellis ttvj, aqux ftiss, earbo-
 nat.  calcis. praparat. giij.  Mix the honey,
 water, and carbonate of lime in a silver vessel:
 boil the mixture, stirring, at the same time, for
 2 or 3 minutes : then add prepared animal char-
 coal gvj, two whites of eggs, mixed in a pint of
 water. Mix all, and boil to the consistence of
 syrup: remove from the fire; let the syrup rest
 for 15 minutes, and pass through a cloth.  Ph.
 P.)  Demulcent
   MELLITUS, Melitus.
   MELOiE'MIA, from  fttXnt,  'black,' and
 'nifia,' blood.'   A state of blood, characterized
 by its incoagulability, black colour, and septic
 properties.
   MELOCHITIS, Lapis Arme'nius, Armenl-
 tes, Arme'nian Stone.  A variety of blue car-
 bonate of copper.   It is found in Germany, the
 Tyrol, and especially in Armenia.  It was for-
 merly employed as a cardiac, and as proper for
 purging away melancholy.
   MEL'OE NIGER, M. Pennsylvania..  A
 blistering fly, native of the United States. It
 feeds  upon Prunella vulga'ris or Self-heal,
 and Ambro'sia trifida or Stick-weed.  These
 flies resemble the Spanish flies in properties.
   Meloe Pennsylvanicus, M. niger.
   Meloe  Proscaraba'us, Cantarelius, was
 anciently used as a diuretic and anti-hydropho-
 bic.
   Meloe Vesicatorius,  Cantharis.
   MELON, fj.rtxov, 'an apple.'  A disorder of
 the eye, in which it protrudes out of the socket.
 See Exophthalmia.—Castelli.
  Melon, Cucumis melo—m. d'Eau, Cucurbita
 citrullus—m. Plant, Cucumis melo—m. Water,
 Cucurbita citrullus.
  MELONGENA, Solanum melongena.
  MELOPL-ACUNTIUM, Meloplacus.
  MELOPLA'CUS, Meloplacun'tium, from utj-
 \ov,  'an apple,''a quince.'  A compound ob-
 tained by  boiling wine, honey, quince, pepper,
 &c, together.—Galen.
  MELOPLASTIC,  Meloplas'ticus;  from
i^nXov, 'the cheek,' and nXao-aw,'I form.' The
operation for forming a new cheek when any
part of it has been lost.
  M E L 0 S, p.iXo;, Membrum.  A member.
An organized part, composed of other parts.—
 Castelli.
  MELO'SIS, Catheteris'mus,  Cenembate'sis,
from  f/.rjxv, 'a probe.'   The act of probing a
wound, ulcer, &c.—Hippocrates.  Catheterism.
  MELOTHRUM,  Bryonia alba.
  MELOTIS, Melo'tris, Specil'lum minus.  A
small probe,—a probe for the  ear.  See Apy-
romele.
  MELOTRIS, Melotis.
  MELUM, ur\x<-v, Malum. An apple.   Fruit
in general.  Also, a round, firm female breast.
The cheek.   The apple-eye or melon-eye; an
apple-formed  projection  of the eye from the
orbit.
  Melum Armeniacum, Prunus armeniaca—m.
Cydonium,  see Pyrus cydonia.
  MELUSTUM, Melasses.
 ' MEMBRA PUDENDA, Genital organs.
  MEMBRANA, Membrane—m. Abdominis,
Peritonaeum—m. Adiposa, Cellular membrane 
MEMBRANACEOUS          537
MEMBRANE
—m. Adventitia, Decidua reflexa—m. Agnina,
Amnios — m.  Amphiblestrodes, Retina — m.
Arachnoidea, Hyaloid membrane—m. Capsula-
ris testis,  Albuginea—m. Carnosa, Dartos—m.
Cellulosa, Cellular membrane—m. Cellulosa,
Decidua—m. Cerebri tenuis,  Pia mater—m.
Cerebri mollis, Pia mater—m. Cerebri propria,
Pia mater—m. Circumossalis, Periosteum—m.
Communis, Decidua—m. Circumplexa, Pericar-
dium—m. Cordis, Pericardium—m. Costalis,
Pleura — m.  Costas succingens, Pleura—m.
Crassa, Decidua reflexa—m. Cribrosa, Decidua
—m. Cuticularis, Dura mater—m. Decidua sero-
tina, see Decidua—m. Demuriana, see Aqueous
humour and Cornea—m.  Dermatodes, Dura
mater—m. Descemetii, see Aqueous humor and
Cornea—m. Diaphratton, Mediastinum—m.
Dura cerebrum ambiens, Dura mater—m. Epi-
crania. Galea aponeurotica capitis—m. Externa
dentium,  Tapetum alveoli—m. Farciminalis,
Allantois—m. Fenestras rotundas, see Fenestra
—m. Filamentosa, Decidua reflexa—m.Floccu-
lenta,  Decidua—m. Foetum involvens, Amnios
—m.  Interspinalis,  Interspinal ligament—m.
Intestinalis, Allantois—m. Linguae, see Tongue |
—m. Macilentior, Epiploon, gastro-hepatic—
m.  Mucosa, Decidua, see Membrane—m. Ner-
vorum, Neurilema—m. Nictitans,  Valvula se-
milunaris—m. Olfactoria, Pituitary membrane
—m. Ossis, Periosteum—m. Ovi materna, De-
cidua—m. Ovuli  corticalis, Oiocalymma—m.
 Pellucida, Amnios—m.  Pinguedinosa, Cellular
membrane—m.  Pinguis intestinorum,  Mesen-
tery—m.  Pituitaria, Pituitary  membrane,  see
 Membrane—m. Pituitosa, see  Membrane—m.
Pleuretica, Pleura—m. Praeexistens, Decidua—
 m. Pupillaris, Pupillary membrane—m. Pro-
 pria, see Cortex ovi—m. Retiformis chorii, De-
 cidua  reflexa—m. Ruyschiana, Choroid (inner
 layer.)
   Membrana Sacciformis.  A separate syno-
 vial membrane for the inferior radio-cubital ar-
 ticulation, which  covers the upper  surface of
 the triangular ligament, and the sort of incom-
 plete ring which circumscribes the head of the
 ulna.
   Membrana  Semipellucida, Caligo—m. Si-
 nuosa, Decidua—m. Subcostalis, Pftura—m.
 Succingens, Diaphragm—m. Succingens, Pleura
 —m. Thoracem intersepiens, Mediastinum—m.
 Tympani, see  Tympanum—m. Tympani se-
 cundaria, see Fenestra—m. Urinaria, Allantois
 —m. Uteri interna evoluta, Decidua—m. Uvea,
 Uvea—m. Vasculosa cerebri,  Pia mater—m.
 Verricularis, Retina.
   Membra'na Versic'olor.  A peculiar mem-
 brane—according  to Mr. Fielding,  of Hull-
 situate immediately behind the retina, and in
 connexion with it.  It is separable into distinct
 layers from the choroid, and  is supplied with
 blood-vessels.
   Membrana  Wachendorfiana, Pupillary
 membrane.
   MEMBRANACEOUS, Membranous.
   MEMBRANE, Membra'na, Hymen, Meninx,
 Epen'dyma.  A name, given to different thin
 organs, representing species of supple, more or
 less elastic, webs;  varying in  their structure
 and vital properties, and intended, in general,
 to  absorb or secrete certain fluids;  and to se-
 parate, envelop, and form other organs.  Bichat
 has divided the  membranes into simple  and
 compound.
          25
   Simple Membranes comprise three orders. 1.
 A Mucous Membrane, Membrana Mucosa seu
 pituito'sa seu pituita'ria, Phleg'mymen, Phleg-
 mat'hymen, Membrane folliculeuse, (Ch.,) is so
 called, on account of the mucous fluid by which
 they are constantly lubricated. They  line the
 canals, cavities, and hollow organs, which com-
 municate externally by different  apertures on
 the skin.   Bichat refers the mucous membranes
 to two great  divisions—the  gastro-pulmonary,
 and the  genito-urinary.   The mucous mem-
 branes have a striking analogy with the cuta-
 neous  tissue, in organization, functions, and
 diseases.   They are composed of chorion, pa-
 pillae, and epidermis; and are furnished with a
 multitude  of follicles, which secrete a viscid
 humour;—mucus.  They receive a quantity of
 arterial vessels, veins, lymphatics, and nerves.
 2. The Serous Membranes, M. villeuses sim-
 ples, (Ch.) are transparent, thin, and composed
 of one  lamina.   One surface adheres  to other
 textures;  the other is smooth, polished, and
 moistened by a serous fluid.  They are arranged
 —in the form of sacs without apertures—as
j great, intermediate reservoirs for  the exhalant
 and absorbent systems, and in which the serous
 fluid in passing  from the one system tarries
 some time before it enters the other.   The se-
 rous membranes resemble  the cellular mem-
 brane in  structure  and diseases.   They facili-
 tate the motion  on  each other of the organs
 which they envelop. They may be divided into,
 1. Serous membranes, properly so called; as the
 arachnoid, pleura, peritoneum, and tunica  va-
 ginalis.   2.  Synovial membranes or Capsules;
 which belong  to joints,  tendons, aponeuroses,
 &c.  3. Fibrous Membranes, Membranes albu-
 gineuses (Ch.)   These are almost all  continu-
 ous, and terminate at the  periosteum—their
 common centre.  They have been divided into
 two sections. 1. Enveloping aponeuroses, Apo-
 neuroses  of  insertion, Fibrous capsules of the
 joints, and Fibrous sheaths of tendons.   2. The
 Periosteum,  Dura  mater.  Sclerotica,   Tunica
 albuginea testis, Fibrous  membrane   of  the
 spleen, &c.  The fibrous membranes  are  not
 free or moistened by any particular fluid. They
 adhere by both  surfaces to the  neighbouring
 parts;  are firm, resisting, but slightly elastic,
 and of a white colour;  sometimes pearly and
 glistening.  They are chiefly composed of the
 albugineous  fibre,  (see  Albugineous  and  Fi-
 brous.)   Their vessels are numerous,  in some,
 as in the dura mater and periosteum: in others,
 scarcely perceptible, as  in the   aponeuroses.
 The presence of nerves has never been proved,
 although several circumstances, regarding their
 sensibility,  render  their existence probable.
 The fibrous membranes serve, in general, to
 augment the solidity of  the organs which they
 envelop; to  retain the muscles in their respec-
 tive positions; to favour the motion of the limbs,
 and that of the muscles and skin;  to form ca-
 nals and rings for the passage of different or-
 gans, &c.
    Bichat  admits three  species of Compound
 Membranes.  1. The Sero-fibrous, formed of a
 serous and fibrous  lamina, intimately  adherent
 to each other;—as the pericardium, dura mater,
 and tunica  albuginea.  2. The  Sero-mur.ous,
 formed of a serous and mucous lamina;—as the
 gall-bladder at its  lower part.  3. The Fibro-
 mueous,  constituted of the  union of a fibrous 
MEMBRANE  CADUQUE       538             MkNINGITE
and mucous membrane; as the mucous  mem-
brane of the nasal fossa, gums, &c.  Chaus-
sier admits six kinds of membranes.  1. The
laminated.   See Cellular Tissue.  2. The se-
rous or simple villous:  3.  The follicular or
complicated villous: 4. The muscular ox fleshy:
5. The albugineous: 6. The albuminous.
  Membrane, Accidental, M. false—m. Acci-
dentelle, M. false—m. Adnie, Conjunctiva—m.
Adventitious,M. false—m. Anhistous, Decidua.
  Membrane, Basement, Primary membrane.
A delicate, structureless lamella of membrane
found beneath the epidermis or epithelium, on
all the free surfaces of the body.
  MEMBRANE CADUQUE, Decidua — m.
Caduque reflichie, Decidua reflexa—m. de De-
mours,see Aqueous Humour, and Cornea—m.de
Descemet, see Aqueous Humour, and  Cornea.
  Membrane, False, Accidental membrane,
Adventit'ious  membrane,  Pseudo-Membrane,
Pseud'ymen,   Pseudome'ninx,  (F.) Fausse
membrane, M. accidentelle.  Membranous pro-
ductions  are so called, which form on all the
free, natural surfaces, and on every free, acci-
dental surface.  They are, in general, produced
by the exudation of a fibrinous matter, suscep-
tible of organization,  which takes place in con-
sequence of inflammation  of the various tis-
sues.  These accidental membranes  occur on
the skin after the application of a blister; on
mucous  surfaces, as in croup; on the parietes
of inflamed veins and arteries, &c. The  cica-
trices of wounds are formed of them.
  MEMBRANE FAUSSE, Membrane false
—m.  Germinal, see  Molecule—m.  Primary,
Membrane, basement—m.  Pseudo, M.  false—
m. Hyaloid, see Hyaloid membrane—m. Ruys-
chienne, Choroid (inner layer,)  Ruyschiana tu-
nica—m. du Tympan, see Tympanum.
  MEMBRANES ALBUGINEUSES, Mem-
branes,  fibrous, see  Albuginea—m.  Follicu-
leuses, Membranes, mucous—m. Velouties, Vil-
lous membranes—m. Villeuses  simples, Mem-
branes, serous.
  Membranes of the Fcetus, Membra'na; fa-
tum involven'tes, Velamen'ta  infan'tis.  The
membranes which immediately envelop the fce-
tus in the cavity of the uterus, and the rupture
of which gives rise to the discharge  of the li-
quor amnii.  These membranes are the deeidua,
chorion, and amnion.
  MEMBRANEUX, Membranous.
  MEMBRANIFORM, Membraniform'is, from
membrana,  and forma;—resembling a mem-
brane.  A  name given to thin and flat parts,
which resemble membranes.
  Membraniform Muscles.  Very broad and
thin  muscles,  as the platysma myoides, obli-
quus abdominis &c.
  MEMBRANOSUS, Fascia lata muscle.
  MEM'BRANOUS, Membrano'sus, Membra-
na'ceus, Hymeno'des,(F.) Membraneux.  Having
the nature  of membrane.   Formed of mem-
brane.
  MEMBRANULA, Hymenium—m. Coronas
ciliaris, see Ciliary—m. Lunata  vaginae, Hy-
men—m. Nervorum, Neurilema—m. Semiluna-
ris conjunctivae, Valvula semilunaris.
  MEMHRANULE, Memhran'ula; diminutive
of Membrana, 'a membrane.'  A small mem-
brane.
  MEMBRE, Membrum—m. Viril, Penis.
  MEMBRO'SUS, Membro'sior,  Mentula'tus,
Mutonia'tus, Nasa'tus, valde Mentula'tus, Pso-
lon,  from membrum, ' the male organ.'  One
whose penis is very large.
  MEMBRUM, Artus, Melos, Colon, a limb, a
member, (F.) Membre.  The limbs or extremi-
ties or members of animals are certain parts ex-
terior to the body, which are more or less ap-
parent, long,  and moveable.  It is by means
of their  limbs, that animals transport them-
selves from one place to another; and that they
defend themselves, or attack others.  The limbs
are  arranged on  each  side of  the  trunk, with
which they are articulated. In man, they are
four  in number;— two upper  or thoracic, and
two  lower, pelvic or  abdominal.   Also,  the
male organ.
  Membrum Muliebre,  Clitoris—m. Virile,
Penis.
  MEMOIR E, Memory—m. Perte de, Amnesia.
  MEMORIA DELETA, Amnesia.
  MEM'ORY, Memo'ria, Mneme,  Hypomne'-
sis, Recorda'do,  Recorda'tus, (F.) Memoire.
The  cerebral  faculty,  by  virtue of which past
impressions are recalled to the mind.
  MEMPHITES LAPIS.  A  sort of stone,
found in the environs of Memphis;  which was
formerly esteemed narcotic.
  MENAGOGUES, Emmenagogues.
  MENDESION, iEgyptiacum.
  MENE, Moon.
  MENECRATIS ACCIPITER, Accipiter.
  MENES, Menses.
  MENESPAUSIE, see Menses.
  MENFRIGE, see Pistacia lentiscus.
  M E NIN GART H ROC 'AC E, Inflamma'tio
membrana'rum articulatio'nis, Arthromeningl-
ds, from uriviyc,' membrane,' o.q&qov, ' a joint,'
and»*Koc, 'disease.' Inflammation of the mem-
branes of a joint.
  MkNINGE, Dura mater.
  MENINGE, Meningeal.
  MENIN'GEAL, Mcnin'geus, from funnyi,
'a membrane.'  (F.)  Miningi.   Relating to
the meninges, or  merely to the dura mater.
  Meningeal  Artery, Middle, Arte'ria me-
nin'gea media, A. Sphxno-spino'sa, A. Durst
Matris me'dia maxima,  A. Sphano-spinalis,
Spinal A\tery, (F.) Artere miningie moyenne,
A. Sphino-ipineuse, A. Epineuse, is the largest
of the branches given off by the internal maxil-
lary artery.  It enters the cranium by the fora-
men spinale, and distributes its branches chiefly
to the dura mater.
  Meningeal  Vessels, Vasa menin'gea.  The
vessels of the membranes  of the brain.
  MENIN'GES,  Eilamides, Matres seu Inro-
lu'cra Cer'ebri, Omen'ta sen Velamen'ta cerebra'-
lia, from  jut/n^S,  'a membrane.'   The three
membranes which envelop the  brain — Dura
mater, Arachnoid, and Pia mater.
  MENINGETTE, Pia  mater.
  MENINGPNA, (F.) Miningine.  Same ety-
mon. Anamegivenby Chaussier to the pia mater,
united to the cerebral layer of the arachnoid.
  Meningina, Inner Lamina of the, Pia mater.
  MENINGINE, Meningina.
  MENINGINITIS, from Meningina, and itis,
denoting  inflammation.   Inflammation of the
meningina.
  MENINGION, Arachnoid membrane.
  MENINGIS CUSTOS,Meningophylax.
  MkNINGITE, Meningitis—m.  Granuleuse,
Hydrocephalus internus—m. Rachidienne, Me- 
MENINGITIS
539
MENSES
ningitis, spinal—m. Tuberculeuse, Hydrocepha-
lus internus.
  MENINGITIS, Encephalitis peripher'ica,
E. membrano'sa, (F.) Inflammation de la mem-
brane sireuse ciphalo-rachidienne, Miningile.
Inflammation of the meninges or membranes of
the brain.  See Phrenitis.
  Meningitis  Arthritica,  Cephalagra—m.
Infantum, Hydrocephalus internus—m. Mem-
branosa, M. spinal—m. Peripherica, M. spinal
—m. Potatorum, Delirium tremens—m.  Ra-
chidian, M. spinal.
  Meningitis,  Spinal, M.Rachid'ian, M. Spi-
na'lis seu peripher'ica seu membrano'sa, Peri-
myelitis,  (F.) Miningite rachidienne.   In-
flammation of the meninges of the spinal mar-
row.
  Meningitis, Tubercular, see Hydrocepha-
lus internus—m.  Tuberculosa,  Hydrocephalus
internus.
  MENIN'GIUM.  Diminutive of u*uy%, 'a
membrane.'  A fine delicate membrane.  The
tunica arachnoidea of the brain.
  MENINGO-CEPHALITIS,  Meningoence-
phalitis, Ceph'alo-meningltis, from finviyi, 'a
membrane,' xtipuXr,, 'head,' and itis, a suffix
denoting inflammation.  Inflammation of the
membranes and brain.
   MENINGOGASTRITIS, Fever, gastric.
   MENINGOMALA'CIA, from ^-'>S, 'mem-
brane,'and  uaX<*.x.ix, 'softening.'  Softening of
membranes in general.
   MENINGOFH'YLAX,  Custos   menin'gis,
Depresso'rium, (F'.) Dipressoire, from finviyt,,
' a membrane,' the dura mater; and <pu\*S, ' a
preserver.'  An instrument for depressing the
dura mater;  and guarding  it from  injury,
whilst the bone is cut or  rasped.
   MENINGORRHffi'A, from  /j.>,viy%, 'mem-
brane,' and pia, 'I flow.'   Effusion of blood
upon or between the membranes of the brain.
   MENINGO'SIS.  Same etymon.  The union
of bones by means of membrane; e. g. the ar-
ticulation of the bones of the cranium in the
fcetus. Meningosis is a variety of Syndesmosis.
   MENINGOSYM' PHYSIS; from uvny:,
' membrane,' and avfji<pvo-ig, ' growing together.'
Adhesion of or by  membrane.  Adhesion of
the  membranes of the brain  to each other, or
to the  brain.
   MENINX,  Membrane—m. Choroides,  Pia
mater—m. Crassa, Dura mater—m. Dura, Dura
mater—m. Exterior, Dura mater—m. Interior,
Pia mater—m. Media, Arachnoid membrane—
m.  Pacheia, Dura mater — m. Sclera, Dura
mater.
   MENISCHESIS, see Amenorrhoea.
   MENISPERM'UM  CANADEN'SE,  from
foivij,' the moon,'  and o-rtpu*, ' seed.' A climb-
ing  plant, growing  in various parts of the
United States.  Said to be used in Virginia as
a substitute for sarsaparilla in scrofula.  It  is
an excitant tonic.
   Menisper'mum Coc'culus, Anamir'ta  Coc'-
culus, A. panicula'ta, Coc'culus subero'sus, so
called from the shape  of its seed.  Family Me-
nispermeae.  Sex. Syst.   Dicecia Dodecandria.
The systematic name  of the plant, the berries
of which are well known by the name of Coc'-
culus  In'dicus, Indian Berries, Bacca Pisca-
to'rix, Coc'culus subero'sus, Indian  Cockles,
Coccus In'dicus, Coccula offtcina'rum, Cocci
orienta'les,  Grana Orien'tis, (F.) Coque du
Levant, Coque levant.  These berries are  re-
markable for their  inebriating and destructive
quality to fish.   The deleterious principle ap-
pears to reside in the kernel, and in the active
principle called  Picrotoxine.  Cocculus Indi-
cus has been used in decoction to kill vermin.
It has, at times, been added to beer, by fraudu-
lent tradesmen, to render it more inebriating.
  Menispermum Palmatum, Calumba.
  Menisper'mum Tubercula'tum, M. Verru-
co'sum,  Coc'culus crispus.   A Chinese plant,
an  extract from the root of which is tonic to
the stomach and bowels, and possesses some as-
tringency.   Dose, 5 to 10 grains.
  The same may be said of the Menisper'mum
cordifo'lium—the Goluncha, of Bengal.
  Menispermum Verrucosum, M. Tubercula-
tum.
  MENOCRYPHIA, Amenorrhoea.
  MENOLIPSIS, see Menses.
  MENOPAUSIS, see Menses.
  MENOPLANIA, Menstruation, vicarious.
  MENNORRHAG TA, from /niv, 'a month,'
and Qtiyrvfit, 'I  flow  fiercely.'   Flow of the
menses.  Frequently, the word is used synony-
mously with uterine hemorrhage or metrorrha-
gia, or  for immoderate  flow  of the menses
—profuse  menstruation, Parame'nia  super'-
flua, P. profu'sa, Mennorrhag'ia rubra, Cata-
menio'rum fluxus  immodicus,  Menstrua  im-
mod'ica, M. super'flua, Menorrha'a.
  Menorrhagia, Menstruation, Metrorrhagia
—m. Alba, Leucorrhcea—m. Difficilis, Dysme-
norrhoea—m. Erronea, Menstruation, errone-
ous—m. Stillatitia, Dysmenorrhoea.
  MENORRHCE'A,  from ^v, 'month,'  and
qia,' I flow.'  Too long continuing, or too often
returning,  menstruation.   Also, menorrhagia.
  MENOSCHESIS, see Amenorrhoea.
  MENOSTASIA, Amenorrhoea.
  MENOSTASIS, from «»v, 'month,' and ora-
o-ig, 'stasis,' 'stagnation.'  This word, accord-
ing to some, signifies the retention of the menses
and their accumulation in the uterus.   Accord-
ing to others, it means the acute pain which, in
some females, precedes each appearance of the
menses: a pain  which has been presumed to
proceed from the stasis of blood in the capillary
vessels  of the uterus.
  MENOXEN'IA, Menoxeno'sis, from uyr, 'a
month,' and ijivoc, 'foreign.' Irregular men-
struation.
  MENOXENOSIS, Menoxenia.
  MENS, Anima, Intellect.
  MENSA,'a table.' The upper superficial
part of the jaw teeth.
  MENSES, (Mensis, 'a month;') M. Mulie'bres,
Mulie'bria, Menes,Fluxus men'struus, F. luna'~
ris, Proflu'vium mulie'bre, P. genlta'le mulie-
bre, Consuetu'do menstrua, Catame'nia, Men'-
strua, Emme'nia, Tribu'tum luna're seu men'-    %
struum, Purgatio'nes, P. menstrua, Gynacsla?
Aphedrla,  Cursus men'struus, Hora'a, Luna'-
ria;  the Courses,  Menstrual flux,  Monthly
courses, M. periods,  Flowers,  Turns,  Terms,
the Reds,  Troubles, (F.) Mois, Regies, Lunes,
Flueurs, Affaires, kpoques, Ordinaires, Purga-
tions,  Fleurs,  Menstrues.   The  sanguineous
evacuation  from the uterus, Sanguis  men'-
struus,  the monthly occurrence of which con-
stitutes menstruation.  The first appearance
of  the  menses  is usually  preceded  by  the 
MENSIUM RETENTIO         540                MENTHA
discharge of a  fluid whitish matter  from the
vagina;  by nervous excitement, and  by vague
pains and heaviness in the loins and  thighs;
numbness of the limbs, tumefaction and hard-
ness of the breasts, &c.  More or less indispo-
sition and irritability also precede each suc-
cessive  recurrence of the  menstrual  flux.  In
temperate climates, each period ordinarily con-
tinues from three to six days; and the quantity
lost  varies from four  to  eight ounces.  The
menses continue to flow from the period of pu-
berty till the age of 45 or  50.  At the term of
its natural cessation, Menolip'sis, Minespausie
(Gardanne,) Menopailsis,  the flux becomes ir-
regular;  and this irregularity is  occasionally
accompanied with symptoms of dropsy, glan-
dular tumours, &c, constituting the  Parame'-
nia cessatio'nis of Good, and what is called the
critical time of life; yet it does not appear that
the mortality is increased by it.  With the im-
mediate causes of  menstruation we are unac-
quainted.  We  express only  our ignorance,
when we assert it to depend upon periodicity:
the discharge  comes from the  vessels  of the
uterus, and vagina, and differs  from ordinary
blood by its peculiar odour, and by its not coa-
gulating.  It is evidently connected with the
condition of the ovaries, and appears to be syn-
chronous with the periodical discharge of ova
from them.  It is arrested, as a general princi-
ple, during pregnancy and lactation.  In warm
climates, women usually begin to menstruate
early, and cease sooner  than  in the temperate
regions.  The quantity lost is also greater.  In
the colder regions, the reverse of this holds as
a general rule.
  Menses  Albi, Leucorrhcea—m. Anomalae,
Paramenia—m. Devii, Menstruation, vicarious
—m. Dolorifici, Dysmenorrhoea—m.  Retention
of the,  see Amenorrhoea—m.  Suppression of
the, Amenorrhoea.
  MENSIUM RETENTIO, see Amenorrhaa.
  MENSTRUA, Menses—m.  Alba, Leucor-
rhoea—m. Difficilia, Dysmenorrhoea—m. Dolo-
rosa, Dysmenorrhoea—m. Immodica, Menorrha-
gia—m. Superflua. Menorrhagia.
  MENSTRUALFLUX, Menses.
  MENSTRUATIO  ANOMALA, Paramenia
—m. Difficilis, Dysmenorrhoea—m. Dolorifica,
Dysmenorrhoea—m. Impedita, see Amenorrhoea
—m. Per insolitas Vias, Menstruation, vicarious.
  Menstrua'tio  Recidi'va.    Menstruation,
when protracted beyond the usual age.
   Menstruatio Retenta, Amenorrhoea, Para-
menia—m. Suppressa, Amenorrhoea, Paramenia.
   MENSTRUATION, Menstrua'tio,  Chrono-
gtinea, Menorrhagia, Fluxus  menstrua'lis.
The flow of the menses.
   MENS TRUA TION DIFFICILE, Dysme-
norrhoea—m. Difficult, Dysmenorrhoea—m. La-
borious, Dysmenorrhoea—m. Profuse, Menor-
rhagia.
   Menstruation,  Vica'rious,  is that which
occurs from other parts than the uterus.  It is
called Paramenia erro'ris, Menorrha<r"ia erro'-
nea, Mensium per alie'na loca excre'tio, Menses
de'vii, Aberra'tio men'sium seu menstruo'rum
Menstrua'tio per insolitas vias, Hamatopla'nia
 seu Hamopla'nia  menstrua'lis,  Menopla'nia
 (F.) Deviation des Regies, Regies diviies.  At
times, the secreted  fluid has all the  characters
of the menstrual secretion: at others, it appears
to be mere blood.
  MENS TRUES, Menses.
  MEN'STRUUM, (F.) Menstrue.  Same et-
ymon;—the menstruum being, of old, usually
continued in action for a month.   This name
was  formerly given to every substance which
possesses  the property of  dissolving others
slowly and with the aid of heat.  At present,
it is used synonymously with solvent.  Thus—
water, alcohol,  ether,  acids, oils, &c, are men-
strua.
  Menstruum  Auri,  Nitro-muriatic acid—m.
Ventriculi, Gastric juice.
  MENSU'RA  MED'ICA.   A measure of 48
ounces.
  MENSURATION, Mensnra'tio, from men-
sura, 'measure.'  Measurement.   One of  the
means used for exploring the state of the thora-
cic and other cavities.  It consists in a com-
parative measurement of each side of the chest,
by means of a riband extended from the median
line of the sternum to the spine.   When effu-
sion exists on one side, the measurement is usu-
ally greater than on the other.  When, on  the
other hand, a portion  of a lung has ceased, for
some time, to  exert its respiratory functions,
the corresponding side of the chest becomes
smaller, in  consequence of the contraction of
the pleura,  retraction of the  pulmonary tissue
and greater approximation of the ribs.
  MENTA, Mentha,  Penis.
  MENTAGRA, Mentnlagra, Sycosis—m. In-
fantum, Porrigo lupinosa.
  M E N'T AGRA PHYTE,  Men'tagrophyte,
from mentagra, and ipvrov, 'a plant.'  A name
proposed by M. Gruby, of Vienna, for a cryp-
togamic plant,  which he found in the erup-
tion  of mentagra.
  MENTAL, Menta'Hs,  from mens, 'mind;'
belonging or relating to the mind, as, mental
phenom'ena, mental diseases  (Morbi menta'-
les,) &c.
  In Anatomy, Mental, Menta'Hs, (F.) Men-
tonnier, signifies that which relates to the chin;
from mentum, 'the chin.'
  Mental  Ar'tery, (F.) Artere mentonnihe.
This is given  off by the  inferior  dental, and
issues at the mental foramen to be distributed
on the lower lip.
  Mental  Fora'men, (F.) Trou mentonnier,
Ante'rior maxillary F., is the outer orifice of
the  inferior dental canal.  It is situate on the
outer  surface of the  lower jaw-bone, opposite
the second incisor or the canine tooth, and gives
passage to the  vessels and nerves.
  Mental  Fossa, see Fossa, mental.
  Mental  Nerve, (F.)  Nerf mentonnier,  it
furnished by the inferior  dental nerve.  It is-
sues by the mental foramen, and is distributed,
in numerous filaments, to the muscles of the
lower lip.
  Mental  Region, Re'gio menta'lis.  The re-
gion of the  chin.
   MENTHA  seu  MENTA  AQUAT'ICA,
Menthas'trum, Sisym'brium menthastrum, Men-
tha  rotundifo'lia palus'tris,  Watermint,  (F.)
Menthe aquatique, M. rouge.  Nat. Ord. La-
biatas.   This is less agreeable than the Mentha
 viridis, and more  bitter and pungent.  It is
 used like spearmint.
   Mentha Cervi'na, Hart's pennyroyal, Hys-
 sop-leaved  mint, Pule'gium cervlnum,  (F.)
 Menthe cervine.  Possesses  the  properties of
 pennyroyal, but is very unpleasant. 
MENTHASTRUM
541
MERCURIALIS
   Mentha Citrata, Melissa.
   Mentha Crispa, Colymbifera minor, Curled
Mint, (F.) Menthe  frissee,  Menthe  crSpue,
Baume d'eau a feuilles ridies. Possesses the
properties of peppermint.
   Mentha Gentilis, M. viridis.
   Mentha Piperi'ta,  Mentha Piperi'ds, Pep-
permint, (F.)  Menthe poivrie.  The odour of
this variety is strong  and agreeable.  Taste,
pungent, aromatic, and  producing a sensation of
coldness in the mouth.  Virtues  depend  upon
essential oil and camphor.  It is stomachic and
carminative.   It is chiefly used in the form of
essential oil—the oleum mentha piperita.
   Essence of Peppermint consists  of ol. mentha
Viv- §ij> fP- vin. rectif., coloured  with spinach
leaves, Oij.
   Mentha Pule'gium, Pulegium, Pulegium
rtga'le, Pulegium latifo'lium, Glechon, Penny-
royal, Pudding grass, (F.) Pouliot.  The oil
—O'leum pule'gii—possesses the virtues of the
plant.  It  resembles  the  mints in general in
properties.  Amongst the vulgar, it is esteemed
an emmenagogue.
   Mentha Romana, Balsamita suaveolens, Ta-
nacetum balsamita—m. Rotundifolia palustris,
M. aquatica—m. Saracenica, Balsamita suave-
olens, Tanacetum  balsamita—m. Sativa, M. vi-
ridis—m. Spicata, M. viridis.
   Mentha Vir'idis, M. Sati'va, M. vulga'ris,
M. genti'lis, M. spica'ta, Spearmint, (F'.) Men-
the sauvage, Baume des jardins, Menthe verte,
Menthe des jardins.   Odour  strong, aromatic;
taste,  warm, austere,  bitterish.  Virtues the
same as those  of the peppermint.   The Oleum
menthx viridis is obtained from it.
   Mentha Vulgaris,  M. viridis.
   MENTHASTRUM, Mentha aquatica.
   MENTHE  AQUATIQUE, Mentha aquatica
—m. Cervine, Mentha  cervina—m. Coq, Tana-
cetum balsamita—m. Crepue, Mentha crispa—
m. Frissie, Mentha  crispa—m. des  Jardins,
Mentha viridis—m. Poivrie, Mentha piperita—
m. Rouge, Mentha aquatica—m. Sauvage, Men-
tha viridis—m. Verte, Mentha viridis.
   MENTIGO, Porrigo larvalis, Sycosis.
   MENTISME, from mens, mentis, 'mind.'
Any irregular  movement of the mind, whether
from emotion or a vivid imagination.—Baumes.
   MENTOBICORNEUS, Geniohyoides.
   MENTO-LABIAL, Mento-labia'Hs.  Under
this  name  Chaussier has  united  the  Levator
labii inferioris,  and Quadratus muscles.   See
Depressor labii inferioris.
   Mento-labial Furrow:  a  transverse de-
pression  situate between  the  lower  lip  and
the chin, which is  remarkable for the perpen-
dicular direction of the hairs growing upon it.
   MENTON, Mentum.
   MENTONNIER, Mental—m. Labial, De-
pressor labii inferioris.
  MENTONNIERE,  see Funda.
  MENTULA, Penis—m. Muliebris, Cercosis,
Clitoris—m. Parva, Pipinna.
  MENTULAGRA,  Men'tagra.    A  hybrid
word, from mentula, 'the  penis,'  and aye,"-, 'a
seizure.' A convulsive erection of the mentula
or penis; such as is sometimes observed in eu-
nuchs.  See Pudendagra.
  MENTULA'TUS, Membrosus.
  MENTUM, Genelon, Genlum, Anthe'reon,
1 the chin.'  (F.)  Menton.  The  inferior and
middle part of the face,  situate below the lower
lip.  The chin  is formed of skin, cellular tis-
sue, muscles, vessels, nerves, and the os max-
illare inferius.
  MENYANTHES  TRIFOLIA'TA, Miny-
an'thes, Trifo'lium paludo'sum, T. aquaticum,
T. palus'tre, T. fibri'num, Menyan'thes, Water
trefoil,  Buckbean, Bogbean.  Nat. Ord. Gen-
tianeae.   (F.) Trifle d'eau.  The taste is in-
tensely  bitter, and is extracted by water.   It
is tonic, anthelmintic, diuretic, cathartic, and,
in large doses, emetic.  In some countries, it is
used as  a substitute for hops in making beer.
  Menyan'thes Verna, American buck bean,
Marsh trefoil, Water shamrock, Bitter r oot, has
similar  properties.
  MEOSIS, Meiosis.
  MEPHIT'IC, Mephit'icus;  from  a Syriac
word, signifying ' to blow, to  breathe.' Any
thing possessed of an unwholesome property;
chiefly applied to exhalations.
  MEPHITIS  HEPATICA,  Hydrogen,  sul-
phuretted—m.  Inflammabilis,  Hydrogen—m.
Urinosa, Ammonia.
  MEPHTTISM.  Same etymon.   Any per-
nicious  exhalation.  Mephitis and  Mophe'ta,
(F.) Mofette ou Moufette, axe old names  for
azote; and, in general, for  all  exhalations and
gases that are unfit for respiration.
  MERACUS, Merus.
  MERAMAUROSIS, Hypamaurosis.
  MERANiESTHE'SIS, Meranxsthe'sia, from
rttQ0f, 'a part,' av, 'privative,' and  aarfyo-tg,
' sensation.'  Insensibility of a part of the body.
  MERATROPH'IA, from ptpog, 'a part,' and
ttrooqm, 'want of nourishment.'  Atrophy  of
some part of the body.
  MERCURE, Hydrargyrum—m. Bichlorure
de,Hydrargyri oxymurias—m.aveclaCraie,Hy-
drargyrum cum creta—m. Cru, Hydrargyrum—
m.  Cyanure  de, Hydrargyri cyanuretum—m.
Deutiodure de, Hydrargyri  iodidum rubrum—
m. Deuto-ehlorure de, Hydrargyri oxymurias—
m. Doux, Hydrargyri submurias—m. Gommeux
de Plenck, Syrupus de mercurio mediante gum-
mi—m. Muriate oxygini de, Hydrargyri oxy-
murias—m. Oxide de, cendri, Hydrargyri oxy-
dum cinereum—m. Oxide gris de, Hydrargyri
oxydum cinereum—m. Oxide nitrique de, Hy-
drargyri nitrico-oxydum—m. Oxide  noir de,
Hydrargyri oxydum cinereum—m. Oxide rouge
de, Hydrargyri oxydum rubrum—m. Protiodure
de,  Hydrargyri iodidum—m. Protochlorure de,
Hydrargyri  submurias—m. Protoxide de, Hy-
drargyri oxydum cinereum—m. Sous-muriate
de, precipiti,  Hydrargyrum  praecipitatum — m.
Sous-sulfate  de, Hydrargyrus  vitriolatus—m.
Sulphure de, noir, Hydrargyri sulphuretum ni-
grum—m. Sulphure de, rouge, Hydrargyri sul-
phuretum rubrum.
  MERCU'RIAL, Mercuria'Us, Hydrargyr'i-
cum, Hydrargyrium.  That which  contains
mercury: one of the preparations of mercury.
  MERCURIA'LIS,  Mercuria'Us   an'nua,
French mercury.   It has been esteemed cathar-
tic, hypnotic and cosmetic, and has been chiefly
used by way of lavement.  See Chenopodium
Bonus Henricus.
  Mercurialis Humor,Humor melanchol'icus.
A supposititious  humour with the older physi-
cians, out of which they presumed that morbi
melanchol'ici seu mercuria'les arose.
  Mercurialis Peren'nis, Cynocram'be, Cani'-
na  bras'sica, M. monta'na, M.  Sylves'tris, 

           MERCURIAL1SMUS           5

Dog's  mer'cury.  This  plant  is possessed of
acro-narcotic properties.
  MERCURIALISMUS, Hydrargyriasis.
  MERCURII  CALX VITRIOLATA,  Hy-
drargyrus vitriolatus—m. Sperma, Hydrargyrus
acetatus—m. Terra foliata, Hydrargyrus aceta-
tus.
  MERCURIUS, Hydrargyrum—m. Acetatus,
Hydrargyrus acetatus—m. Alkalisatns, Hydrar-
gyrum cum creta—m. Calcinatus, Hydrargyri
oxydum rubrum—m. Causticus flavus, Hydrar-
gyrus  vitriolatus—m.  Cinereus,  Hydrargyri
oxydum cinereum—m. Cinnabarinus, Hydrar-
gyri sulphuretum rubrum—m. Corallinus, Hy-
drargyri nitrico-oxydum—m. Corrosivus, Hy-
drargyri oxymurias—m. Corrosivus ruber, Hy-
drargyri nitrico-oxydum—m. Corrosivus subli-
matus, Hydrargyri oxymurias—m. Cosmeticus,
Hydrargyrum praecipitatum—m.  Dulcis,  Hy-
drargyri submurias—m.  Emeticus flavus, Hy-
drargyrus vitriolatus—m. Gummosus Plenckii,
Syrupus  de  mercurio mediante  gummi—m.
Luteus, Hydrargyrus vitriolatus—m. Mortis,
Algaroth—m. Niger Moscati, Hydrargyri oxy-
dum  cinereum—m. Praecipitatus corrosivus,
Hydrargyri  nitrico-oxydum—m.  Praecipitatus
niger, Hydrargyri oxydum cinereum—m. Sac-
charatus, Hydrargyrum  saccharatum—m. So-
lubilis of Hahnemann, see Hydrargyri oxydum
cinereum—m.  Sublimatus dulcis, Hydrargyri
submurias—m. cum  Sulphure, Hydrargyri sul-
phuretum nigrum—m. Terrestris, Polygonum
hydropiper—m.  Vitas, Algaroth—m. Zoticus
Hartmanni, Hydrargyri submurias.
  MERCURY, Hydrargyrum—m. Acetate of,
Hydrargyrus acetatus — m.  Ammonio-chlo-
ride  of, Hydrargyrum praecipitatum—m. Bi-
chloride of,  Hydrargyri  oxymurias—m.  Bini-
odide of, Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum, see
Iodine—m.   Bisulphuret  of,  Hydrargyri  sul-
phuretum rubrum—m. Bromide of,  see Bro-
mine—m. with Chalk, Hydrargyrum cum creta.
—m. Chloride of, mild,  Hydrargyri submu-
rias—m. Cyanuret of, Hydrargyri cyanuretum
m. Deuto-iodide of, see Iodine—m. Dog's, Mer-
curialis perennis—m. English, Chenopodium
bonus  Henricus—m. French,  Mercurial—m.
Iodide  of, Hydrargyri Iodidum—m. Iodide of,
red, Hydrargyri Iodidum rubrum—m. Iodo-ar-
senite of, Arsenic and Mercury, iodide of—m.
Muriate of,  corrosive, Hydrargyri oxymurias
—m. Muriate of, mild, Hydrargyri submurias
—m. Nitrate of,  Hydrargyri nitras—m.  Nitric
oxyd of,  Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum—m. Ox-
ide of, black or gray, Hydrargyri oxydum cine-
reum—m. Oxide of, red, Hydrargyri oxydum
rubrum—m. Oxymuriate of, Hydrargyri oxy-
murias—m.  Periodide of, Hydrargyri iodidum
rubrum—m. Phosphuretted, Hydrargyrus phos-
phoratus—m. Precipitate of, white, Hydrargy-
rum praecipitatum—m.  Protochloride of,  Hy-
drargyri  submurias—m.  Protoiodide of, see
Hydrargyri  iodidum, and  Iodine—m.  Prus-
siate of, Hydrargyri  cyanuretum—m. Soluble,
Hydrargyri nitras—m. Submuriate of, Hydrar-
gyri submurias—m. Sulphuret of, black, Hy-
drargyri sulphuretum nigrum—m. Sulphuret of,
red, Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum, Realgar
—m. Sulphuret  of, with Sulphur, Hydrargyri
Sulphuretum nigrum—m. Tartrate of, Hydrar-
gyri tartras.
  Mercury  and Arsenic, Iodide of, Arsenic
and Mercury, Iodide of— m. and Quinia, Proto-
12             MERYCOLOGIA

chloride of, Hydrargyri et Quinias Protochlori-
dum.
  MERDA, Excrement.
  MERDIVOMUS, Copremetus.
  MERDUS, Excrement.
  MERE DES PIANS, Pian.
  MEREMPHRAX'IS,  from Wof,fa part,'
and ifjufpalig,' obstruction.'  Obstruction or in-
farction of an organ.
  MERICUS, Local.
  MERIDRO'SIS, Sudor partia'lis seu loca'lis;
from fj.i%og,  ' a part,' and 'idoao-tg, ' sweating.'
A partial perspiration.
  MERIMNA, Cura.
  MERIMNE, Cura.
  MERISIER, Prunus avium.
  MEROBALANEUM,  Bath, partial.
  MEROBALNEUM, Bath, partial.
  MEROCE'LE, Miroceie,  Merorixis, Me-
rorrhexis, from [itqog, ' the thigh,'  and mj\ij,
'tumour;' Hernia cruralis seu femoraiis, Fe-
moral or crural hernia, (F.) Hernie crurale ou
fimorale.   In this hernia, the viscera issue from
the  abdomen  through  the crural canal;  or
through an opening immediately on  the outer
side  of Gimbernat's ligament, which gives pas-
sage to lymphatic  vessels.  This affection is
more frequent in the  female than in the male,
and especially in those who have had children.
The  tumour, formed by the merocele, is gene-
rally small, round, and more or less difficult of
reduction.  In other respects, it possesses all
the characters  of hernia.   The neck of the sac
has,  close  on the outside,  the epigastric artery;
above, the spermatic cord and spermatic artery
in the male—the round ligament in the female;
on the inside,  Gimbernat's ligament; and, be-
low  the pubes.  When  the obturator  artery
arises from  the epigastric, it generally passes
on the outside of and below the  orifice of the
sac;  sometimes, however, it takes a turn above,
and then to the inside of the opening.  J. Clo-
quet asserts, that  of 134  cases, in one only did
he find the epigastric artery on the inside of the
orifice of the sac.
  The operation, required in strangulation of
this  variety, may be practised on the aponeu-
rotic opening, by cutting downwards  and in-
wards, on  the side of Gimbernat's ligament.
  MEROCOXALGIA, Coxalgia.
  MERO'PIA, from wg, 'a part,' and uy,
'the eye.'   A partial obscurity of vision.
  MERORIXIS, Merocele.
  MERORRHEU'M A, Rheumatis'mus partia'-
lis, Rh. loca'lis, Rh. Membro'rum singuldrum;
from inpoi,' a part,'  and ptoua,' defluxion, rheu-
matism.'  Rheumatism affecting a part. To-
pical or local rheumatism.
  MERORRHEXIS, Merocele.
  MEROS, Femur,  Thigh.
  MERRY-ANDREW.   An itinerant  quack,
who exposes his nostrums for sale at fairs and
markets.  See Charlatan.—So called from Dr.
Andrew Boorde, who lived in the reigns of
Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Queen Maiy, and
who was in the habit of  frequenting fairs and
markets at which he harangued the populace.
  MERUS, Mera'cus, Acratos,'xmxe, genuine;'
as Vinum  merum, unmixed wine.
  Merus, Femur, Thigh.
  MERVINE  MALE, Cypripedium luteum.
  MERYCISMUS,  Rumination.
  MERYCOLOG"IA, from ptovw, < I rumi- 
MESA                  44
nate,' and Xoyog,' a description.'  Any work on
rumination may be so termed.
  MESA, Genital organs.
  MESARiEUM, Mesentery.
  MESARAIC, Mesenteric.
  MESEMAR, Mismar.
  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM  COPTICUM,
see Soda.
  Mesembryan'themum Crystal'linum,  M.
fico'ldes, DI amond fig-mary gold, Ice-plant,(F.)
Glaciate,  Crystalline.  It  has  been  recom-
mended in dysuria, ischuria, and some other af-
fections of the urinary organs.
  MkSENCkPHALE, Medulla  oblongata,
Pons Varolii.
  MESENTERIC,  Mesara'ic,  Mesentericus,
Mesara'icus, Mesarxicus; from  firta-ivrt^inv, or
uta-a^a.t'.v,' the mesentery.'   That which relates
or belongs to the mesentery.
  Mesenteric Arteries are two in number,
and distinguished into, 1. The Superior mesen-
teric, which arises from the anterior part of the
abdominal aorta, below the  cceliac.   It imme-
diately descends to the left, forwards, behind
the pancreas, and in front of-the third portion
of  the  duodenum,—to  gain  the superior ex-
tremity of the mesentery, where  it  makes a
long curvature, the convexity of which is turned
forwards and to the left.  Towards the termi-
nation of the  ileum,  it ends by anastomosing
with a branch of the A. colica dextra inferior.
At its concavity, it gives off the three Arteria
colica dextra, which belong to the great intes-
tine ;  and, at its convexity, it sends off fifteen
or  twenty branches,  which are distributed to
the small intestine,  after having  formed nu-
merous arches by their anastomoses.
  2. The Inferior Mesenteric Artery arises from
the anterior part of the abdominal  aorta, an
inch and a half before its termination.  It de-
scends, on the left side,  behind the peritoneum;
engages itself in the substance of the iliac me-
socolon,  forming  a  considerable  curvature,
whose convexity faces the left side.   When it
reaches the brim of  the pelvis, it passes along
the posterior separation of the mesorectum, and
attains  the neighbourhood of the anus, under
the name Superior hemorrhoidal artery.  It gives
off no branch at its corfcave part; but, from the
convex, the three Arterix colicx  sinistrx arise.
  Mesenteric Disease, Tabes mesenterica.
  Mesenteric Glands are the lymphatic gan-
glions of  the mesentery.  Through  them, the
chyliferous vessels  pass to  the  thoracic duct.
Their uses are unknown.  When diseased, nu-
trition is interfered with, and atrophy produced.
  Mesenteric  Hernia. If one of the layers
of the mesentery be torn by a blow, whilst the
other remains in its natural state, the intestines
may insinuate themselves  into  the aperture,
and form  a kind of hernia.   It  is not known
during life.
  Mesenteric Plexuses are furnished by the
solar  plexus, and have  been distinguished into
superior and inferior; like the mesenteric arte-
teries which they accompany.
  Mesenteric or Mesaraic  Veins are two in
number, and belong to the vena  poita.  They
are distinguished into, 1. The Superior mesen-
teric ox mesaraic ox great mesaraic.  This trunk
receives, from above to below and on the right
side, the three vena colica dextra and the Gas-
tro-epiploica dextra.  Into its left side, the veins
13          MESOCOLIC  hernia

of the small intestine open.   It passes in front
of the  transverse portion of the duodenum;
and, behind the pancreas, unites with the splenic
vein  to concur in the formation of the vena
porta.
   The inferior or lesser mesenteric vein corre-
sponds  to  the artery of the  same name, and
opens into the splenic, near  the union of that
vein with the superior mesenteric, and behind
the pancreas.
   MESENTERIITIS, Mesenteritis.
   MESENTERITIS, Mesenteriltis, Empres'-
ma peritonitis mesenterica,  Enteritis mesen-
terica,  Infiamma'tion of the  mesentery.  The
pain is here deeper seated and more immediately
in the mesenteric region.  The external ten-
derness is  less than  in  some of the  other va-
rieties of peritonitis.  See Tabes Mesenterica.
   MESENTERIUM, Mesentery—m. Crassum,
Mesocolon.
   MESENTERON,  Mesentery.
   MES'ENTERY, Mesenterium, Mesarai'on,
Mesara'um,  Media'num,  Membra'na pinguis
intestino'rum, Lactes, Mesen'teron, Mesera'um,
Mesora'um, Medium intestlnum, Epiehor'dis,
from fjt.to-os, 'in the middle,' and tvrtgov, 'intes-
tine.'  (F.) Misentere.  A term in  anatomy,
applied to  several duplicatures of the peritone-
um, which maintain the different portions of the
intestinal canal in their respective situations;
allowing,  however,  more or  less  mobility.
They are formed of two laminae, between which
are contained the corresponding portion of intes-
tine and the vessels that pass to it.   One only
of these duplicatures has received  the  name
mesentery, properly so called.  This belongs to
the small  intestine,  which it suspends and re-
tains in situ.  Its posterior  margin, which is
the smallest, is straight, and descends obliquely
from the  left side of the  body of the second
lumbar vertebra  to  the right iliac fossa. Its
anterior margin is curved, undulating, plaited,
and  corresponds  to  the whole  length of the
small intestine.   The mesentery contains, be-
tween the two laminae  which form it, a num-
ber  of  lymphatic  ganglions; the  trunks and
branches  of the  mesenteric  vessels; the ner-
vous plexuses accompanying them, and many
lacteals and lymphatics.
   MESERA, Tutia.
   MESERJEUM, Mesentery.
   MESERAION, Mesentery.
   MESIAMUM, Aniceton.
   MESMERIC, Mesmer'icus.   Relating to mes-
merism or animal magnetism:—as the 'mes-
meric state,' ' mesmeric sleep,' &c. &c.
   MESMERISM, Magnetism, animal.
   MES'MERIZED,  Mesmeriza'tus, Hypno-
tized.  Affected  with mesmerism  or  animal
magnetism.
   MESO, fueoog, ' in  the middle.'  A prefix to
certain  words.
   MESOBREGMATE, see Cranium.
   MESOC^E'CUM.   A name given to a dupli-
cature of  the peritoneum, (in  some persons
only,) at the posterior part of the caecum.
   MESOCkPHALE, Medulla oblongata, Pons
Varolii.
   MESOCHON' D RIA C, Mesochondri'acus;
from iiso-o?, and /ovJgoc, 'cartilage.'   A  name
given by Boerhaave  to fleshy fibres situate be-
tween the  cartilaginous  rings of the trachea.
   MESOCOL'IC  HERNIA.  Hernia  is  so 
MESOCOLON
544
METACARPAL
 named by Sir Astley Cooper, when the bowels
 glide between the layers of the mesocolon.
   MESOCO'LON,  Mesoco'lum,  Mesenter'ium
 crassum, from pto-og, and x.uXov, ' the colon.'  A
 name  given to the  duplicatures of the perito-
 neum, which fix the different parts of the colon
 to the abdominal parietes.  It  has received
 different names, according to its situation.  The
 right  lumbar mesocolon  fixes the  ascending
 colon  to  the  corresponding lumbar region.
 The transverse mesocolon arises from the con-
 cave arch of the colon, and forms a septum be-
 tween  the  epigastric and  umbilical regions.
 Its inferior portion is continuous with the me-
 sentery.  The left  lumbar mesocolon, which
 contains  the  ascending  colon,  is  continuous
 below with the Iliac mesocolon.  The last in-
 cludes between its layers the sigmoid flexure
 of the  colon,  and  ends  in the  mesorectum.
 Under the right kidney, it is narrow and firm,
 and forms the right  lig'ament of the colon:  at
 the under end of the left kidney, it forms the
 left lig'ament of the  colon.
   MESOCRANIUM, Sinciput.
   MESOCRANUM, Sinciput.
   MESODERMUM, Corpus mucosum.
   MESODME, Mediastinum.
   MESODMITIS, from f^t<roSp.n, 'the medias-
 tinum,' and itis,' inflammation.' Mesotachi'tis,
 Mediastini'tis,  Inflamma'tio mediasti'ni.  In-
 flammation  of the mediastinum.
   MESOGASTRIUM, Umbilical region.
   MESOGLOSSUS,  Genioglossus.
   MESOGLOTTUS, Genioglossus.
   MESOGONIUM,  Internodium.
   MESOLO'BAR.   Belonging to the Misolobe
 or Corpus calldsum.
   Mesolobar Arteries, Arte'rix mesolob'ica,
 A. cor'poris callo'si cedebri,  are the arteries of
 the corpus callosum.
   MkSOLOBE, Corpus callosum.
   MESOMER'IA, from ueoog, and uegoc, 'the
 thigh.'  The parts of the body situate between
 the thighs or hips.
   MESOMERION, Perinaeum.
   MESOMPHALUM, Umbilicus.
   MESOPHLEB'IUM, from i,t<rog,' in the mid-
 dle,' and ipXtxp, 'a vein;'  Interve'nium.  The
 space between two veins.
  MESOPH'RYON,  Glabella, Gabel'la, Inter-
 cil'iwn, Meto'pium, Nasal eminence.  The part
 between theeybrows; from fAio^g,' the middle,'
 and oipoua, ' the eyebrows.'
   MESOPLEURIUM, Intercostal space.
  MESOPLEURIUS, Intercostal.
  MESOR/EUM, Mesentery.
  MESORECTUM.  A hybrid  word;  from
 fitnog, and rectum, ' the intestine rectum.'  A
 triangular reflection, formed by the peritoneum,
 between the posterior surface of the rectum and
 the anterior surface of the sacrum.  Between
 the two layers of which the mesorectum is com-
 posed are found much cellular  tissue, and the
 termination  of the inferior mesenteric vessels.
  MESOS, Meso.
  MESOSCELOCELE, Hernia, perineal.
  MESOSCELON, Perinaeum.
  MESOSCELOPHY'MA,  from  Mesoscelon,
'perinaeum,'and ipoua, 'swelling.'  A tumour
of the perinaeum.
  MESOTH'ENAR,  from p*mft  and *fr«?,
' the thenar,'' the palm of the hand.'  A mus-
cle, which carries the thumb  towards the palm.
 Winslow applied the term to the abductor pol-
 licis, united to the deep-seated portion of the
 flexor brevis pollicis.
   MESOT'ICA, from pitoog, 'middle.'   Dis-
 eases affecting the parenchyma.  Pravity in the
 quantity or quality of  the intermediate or  con-
 necting substance of organs; without inflamma-
 tion, fever, or other derangement of the general
 health.   The  first  Order, class Eccritica of
 Good.
   MESOTffiCHITIS, Mesodmitis.
   MESOTffiCHIUM, Mediastinum.
   MESOTffiCHUM, Mediastinum.
   MES'PILUS, Mespilus Germanica.  The
 medlar,  (F.) Niftier.   The fruit, (F.) Nefle,
 and seeds of the medlar  have  both been used
 medicinally:—the immature fruit as an astrin-
 gent, and the seeds in  nephritic diseases.   See
 Crataegus Aria and Sorbus acuparia.
   Mespilus Oxyacan'tha, Oxyacantha, Spina
 alba, White Hawthorn,  (F.) Aubepine. The
 flowers of this uncommon European plant are
 sometimes used in infusion as a pectoral.
   META, fitra, Meth', pitd',' with," together
 with,' ' after,' ' change of form  and place.'   A
 common  prefix to words.   Hence:
   JVIETAB'ASIS, Tran'situs, Metabo'le, Meta-
 bol'ia, Metallage, Metallax'is, from /una(iaivo<,
 11  digress.'  A change  of remedy, practice.
 &c.—Hippocrates.
   METABOLE, Metabasis, Transformation.
   METABOLEL'OGY, Metabolelog'ia; from
 fitra^oXn, ' change,' and Xoyog,' a description.'
 A description of the changes which supervene
 in the course of a disease.
   METABOLIA, Metabasis.
   METACAR'PAL, Metacarpia'nus, (F.) Mi-
 tacarpien.   Relating or belonging to the meta-
 carpus.
   Metacarpal Artery, Arte'ria dorsnlis me-
 tacar'pi,  arises  from the  radial, at the mo-
 ment it engages itself  in  the upper extremity
 of the abductor indicis.   It descends obliquely
 upon the back of the hand.  Its branches are
 distributed to the abductor indicis, and  the  in-
 teguments :  some communicate with the dorsa-
 lis carpi.
   Metacarpal Articula'tions are those  by
which the last four metacarpal bones are united
together at their upper  extremity.
  Metacarpal Bones, or bones which compose
the metacarpus, are five  in number; and dis-
tinguished into first, second, third, &c, begin-
ning from the outer or  radial side.  They are
articulated by their superior extremity with
the bones of the  second  range  of the carpus;
and by the lower with the first phalanges.
  Metacarpal Lig'ament, Infe'rior palmar
 Lig'ament, is a fibrous  band, stretched trans-
versely before the inferior extremities of the
last four metacarpal bones, which it keeps  in
their respective positions.
  Metacarpal Phalan'ges are the first pha-
langes of the fingers; so called, because they
are articulated with the bones of the metacar-
pus.
  Metacarpal Range or row of the  carpal
bones,  (F.) Rangie mitacarpienne du carpe, is
the lower row of carpal bones; so called because
they are articulated with the bones of the me-
tacarpus.  It is composed of the trapezium, tra-
pezoides, magnum, and  unciforme. 
METACARPEUS
545
METASTASIS
   METACARPEUS, Abductor metacarpi mi-
 nimi digiti.
   METACARPIEN, Metacarpal—m. du Petit
 doigt,  Opponens minimi digiti—m. du  Pouce,
 Opponens pollicis.
   METACARPION, Metacarpus.
   MET AC ARPO-PHA LANGIUS  POLLI-
 CIS, Adductor pollicis manus.
   METACAR'PO-PHALAN'GIAN, ikT^acar-
 po-phalangia'nus, Metacarpo-phal'angal, (F.)
 Mitacarpo-phalangien. That which belongs to
 the metacarpus and phalanges.
   Metacarpo-Phalangian or Metacarpo-
 Phalangal Articulations are formed by the
 bones  of the metacarpus and the corresponding
 phalanges.   In these articulations, the bony
 surfaces are incrusted with cartilage, covered
 by a synovial membrane, and kept in connexion
 by means of an anterior and two lateral liga-
 ments.
   METACARPO-PHALANGIEN  LATk-
 RAL  SUS-PALMAIRE, ET  MkTACAR-
 PO-PHALANGIEN LATkRAL, Interosseus
 manus.
   METACARP'US, from y.tra, 'after,' and
 carpus,  'the  wrist;'  Metaear'pion,  Postbra-
 chia'le, Postcar'pium,  Torus manus, (F.) Mi-
 tacarpe.  The  part of the  hand comprised be-
 tween the carpus and fingers.   It is composed
 of five parallel bones, called metacarpal; form-
 ing  the back of the hand, externally, and the
 palm internally.
   METACERASMA, Cerasma.
   METACHEIRIXIS, Surgery.
   METACHIRISIS, Surgery.
   METACHIRISMUS, Surgery.
   METACHORESIS. Metastasis.
   METACINEMA, Metastasis.
   METACINESIS, Metastasis.
   METACONDYLE, see Phalanx.
   METACYE'SIS, from pi.tr*, 'after,' and xvn-
 ais,  'pregnancy;'  Graviditas  extra-uterina
 secundaria. Extra-uterine pregnancy in which
 the fcetus is at first  in  the uterus, but subse-
 quently in some other place.
   METADERMATO'SIS, from  utra, 'after,'
 and  <Tfguu, 'skin.'  A  morbid  development of
 the epidermis or epithelium.
   METAL, Metallum.  A class  of simple,
 combustible bodies;  distinguished from others
 by considerable specific gravity; a particular
 splendour;  almost total  opacity; insolubility in
 water; and the property they have of ringing
 when struck.   Metals have no effect, except of
 a mechanical nature, when taken into the sto-
 mach;  unless  they have already undergone,  or
 undergo, in the stomach,  oxidation or  union
 with an acid;  when  several most deleterious
 compounds  may  be formed.   Copper  cents;
 half-pence;  quicksilver; lead, have frequently
 been swallowed in the metallic state with im-
 punity.  Tin and mercury are the only metals
 used to produce a mechanical effect; the former
 as an anthelmintic,—the latter, idly enough, in
 cases of fancied intussusception.
   MkTAL DES CLOCHES, Bell metal.
   METALLAGE, Metabasis.
   METALLAXIS, Metallage.
   METALLIC VOICE, Tintement mitallique.
   METALLODYN'IA, from utraXXov, 'a me-
 tal,'  and odwrj, 'pain.'   Pain  owing to the in-
jurious influence of a metal—as lead, quicksil-
ver,  &c.
   METALLUM, Metal—m. Haematopoeticum,
 Ferrum.
   METAMORPHOP'SIA, Phantasmascopia,
 Phantasmatoscop'ia, from fitra.fjt.oei<poa>, (/una,
 and fj-o^ifr], 'foTm,') ' I transform,' and w\p, 'the
 eye.'  Suffu'sio, Suffu'sio Oculo'rum, Suffu'-
 sio met amorpho' sis,  S.  Myo'des, Imagination
 (Maitre-Jean);  Crupsia, Marmar'yge,  Mar-
 mor'yge, Mac'ula ante oc'ulos volitantes, Ma-
 rau'gia, Oc'ulimarmarygo'des,False sight, (F.)
 Berlue.  Aberration of the sense of sight, which
 transmits the image of imaginary objects.  This
 affection sometimes depends on a slight opacity
 in the transparent parts of the eye; the cornea,
 crystalline, or vitreous  humour, when  it is
 symptomatic and of no consequence.  At other
 times, it appears to  be idiopathic; and occurs
 particularly in those who have been in the ha-
 bit of constantly  fixing their eyes on very bril-
 liant or small bodies.  The objects, fancied to
 be seen, are various.  They are sometimes cir-
 cular, perpetually moving, or  shining or black
 spots, cobwebs,  insects, or pieces of wood—
 when they are often termed Musca volitan'tes,
 (F.) Mouches volantes, and the condition Visus
 musca'rum, Scotom'ata, Suffu'sio Myo'des, My-
 iodeop'sia,  Myodeopsia,  Visus  musca'rum.
 These appearances  sometimes continue for  a
 few days;  being  dependent on the state of the
 nerves of the individual at the time; or  they
 may exist  for life, and ultimately impair the
 sight.
   If the affection be symptomatic, it is of but
 little moment.   If  idiopathic, and connected
 with any excitement of the brain, which is not
 often the case, attention will have to be paid to
 that organ.
   METAMORPHOSIS  VENTRICULI  GE-
 LATINIFORMIS, Gastromalacia.
   METANGISMOS, Decantation.
   METAPEDIUM, Metatarsus.
   METAPHRENON, Dorsum.
   METAPHYTEIA, Transplantatio.
   METAPODIUM, Metatarsus.
   METAPOROPffi'IA, Metaporopoie'sis, from
 fttrct, 'after,' noe,cg, 'a pore,' and  nouiv, 'to
 make.'  The change produced in the minute
 pores, in the capillary extremities of vessels,
 —when they pass from the morbid to  the
 healthy condition.—Galen.
  METAPTO'SIS, Metaschematis'mus, Metas-
 chematisis.  Mutation, change; from fAtrn-nin--
 rw,(/uera, and-rtrrTu),'I fall,')'I digress.'  Any
 change in  the form or seat of a disease.
  METARRHffi'A, Metar'rhysis, from meta,
 'change of form  or  place,' and  ^tw, 'I flow.'
 Reflux.  The transfer of a disease from with-
 out to within, or from one part to another.
  METARRHYSIS, Metrorrhoea.
  METASCHEMATISIS, Metaptosis.
  METASCHEMATISMUS, Metaptosis.
  METASTASIS, Metachore'sis, Metacine'ma,
 Metacine'sis, from fj.iQiorij/jt.1, (/x'.Ta, and oratric,
 ' place,') ' I  change  place.'   Displacement,
 Translation.  A change in  the seat  of a dis-
 ease;  attributed, by the Humorists, to the trans-
 lation of the morbific matter to a part different
from  that which  it  had  previously occupied:
and by the Solidists, to the displacement of the
irritation.   It has also been used in the same
extensive sense as Metaptosis.   Disputes have
often  been indulged, whether a  case of me-
tastasis  ought  not  rather  to be  esteemed 
METASTATIC              546            MkTHODIQUES
 one of extension of the disease.  The phenome-
 na of gout and  acute rheumatism are in favour
 of metastasis occasionally supervening.
   Metastasis Lactis, Galactoplania, Phlegma-
 tia dolens.
   METASTATIC, Metastalicus.  Belonging
 or relating to metastasis.  A metastatic crisis
 is one produced by metastasis;—a metastatic
 affection,  one caused by metastasis, &c.  See
 Abscess, metastatic.
   METASYN'CRISIS, from <rVyx^ivio,'I com-
 pose,' and ftira, which indicates a change.  Re-
 composition.  A word employed by some dis-
 ciples of Asclepiades.  This physician supposed,
 that all animals are formed by the union or as-
 semblage  of atoms.  He designated all  bodies
 by the word avyyt.gtijt.ara', which signifies  'as-
 semblage.'  2vyx£tvto&ai,  'to  be assembled,'
 was, with him, synonymous with 'to exist;'
 and diauQivto-dai,' to separate,' was, with him,
 synonymous with 'to dissolve,'  'to  cease to ex-
 ist.'   The word Metasyncrisis was invented
 to express the  recomposition  of  bodies after
 their momentary dissolution.  Some have  ren-
 dered the word by the Latin Recorpora'tio.
   METASYNCRIT'IC, Metasyncrit'icus, Re-
 corporatlvus.   Belonging or relating to meta-
 syncrisis.   A name  formerly given to  medi-
 cines to which was attributed the virtue of pro-
 ducing the metasyncrisis or regeneration of the
 body, or some of its parts.
   Metasyncritic Cycle meant a  determinate
 series of remedies employed for  this  purpose.
   METATARSAL, Metatar'seus, (F.) Mita-
 tarsien. Relating or belonging to the metatarsus.
   Metatarsal  Artery, Artere sus-mitatar-
 sienne of Chaussier, arises from the Arteria dor-
 sa'lis Tarsi; passes transversely over the back
 of the foot; and furnishes,  at  its  convexity,
 which is anterior, three branches, called A. in-
 teros'sea dorsa'les Pedis.   These branches are
 distributed in the interrosseous spaces.
   Metatarsal  Articula'tions are those re-
 sulting from  the junction  of the  metatarsal
 bones with each other.  They are strengthened,
 behind, by dorsal, and plantar ligaments;  and
 before, by a  transverse  metatarsal  ligament,
 which is plantar, and has  the greatest analogy
 to the inferior transverse metacarpal ligament.
   Metatarsal  Bones, (F.) Os mitatarsiens,
 are five in  number, and distinguished by their
 number;  first, second, third, &c, reckoning
 from the outer side.
   Metatarsal  Phalanges are  the  first pha-
 langes of the toes; so called because they  are
 united to the metatarsus.
   Metatarsal Row—(F.)  Rangie mitatarsi-
 enne—of the bones of the  tarsus, is the second
 row, or  that contiguous  to the metatarsus;
 comprehending the  cuboides and three  cunei-
form bones; some add the scaphoides.
  METATARSEUS, see  Abductor minimi di-
giti pedis.
   MkTATARSIEN, Metatarsal.
  METATARSO-PHALAN'GIAN,  Metatar-
so-phalangia'nus, Metatarso-phalangal.   Re-
lating to the metatarsus and phalanges.
   Metatarso-Phalangian  or Metatarso-
phalangal Articulations  are formed by  the
bones of the metatarsus and the  corresponding
phalanges.   They bear the greatest analogy to
the metacarpo-phalangian articulations.
   MkTATARSO-PHALANGIEN-LA Tk-
 RAL, see Interossei pedis—m. Sous-phalanaien
 transversal du premierorteil,Txans\exsus pedis.
   METATAR'SUS,  Metatar'slum, Metape'-
 dium, Metapo'dium, Pracor'dium seu Solium
 pedis, Vestig'ium pedis, from utra, ' after,' and
 T*g<7-oc,  'the tarsus.'  That part of the foot
 which is situate between the  tarsus and toes
 corresponding with the metacarpus.  It is com-
 posed of five parallel bones; one to each toe.
 Like the metacarpal bones, they are  developed
 from two points of ossification.
   METATH'ESIS, from purxt^^,  (^^
 and ridvut,' to place,') 'I change place.'  Trans-
 posil'io.  An operation, by which a morbific
 agent is removed from one place to another,
 where it may produce less disturbance  in the
 exercise of  the functions:—as,  for example,
 in the operation of depressing cataract, or when
 calculus in the urethra is pushed back into the
 bladder.  Also, Derivation.
   METATOCTA, from pura, 'change of form
 or place,' and toxo$, 'birth.'  Parturition in a
 preternatural manner.  Preternatural labour.
   METATOPTOSIS, Diadexis.
   METENSOMATOSIS, Incorporation.
   METEORISMUS,Sublimation,Tympanites.
   METEOROL'OGY, Meteorolog'ia, from ut-
 Tfagoo?, 'a meteor,' and  Xiyng, 'a discourse.'
 The science, whose object is a knowledge of
 the origin, formation, appearance, &c. of me-
 teors.  The  state of the atmosphere has a most
 important bearing upon the health of animals.
 The whole  range  of epidemic affections have
 their  causes seated there.  Meteorological ob-
 servations  have, hence, ever been attended to
 by the physician for the purpose of detecting
 the precise character of any particular epidemic
 influence.  The barometer, thermometer, and
 hygrometer are the instruments used with this
 intent—to  detect,  as well the varying weight
 or pressure, and the temperature, as the mois-
 ture.   Perhaps, of the  three  conditions, the
 last exerts more influence in the  production of
 disease than  either of the others.  Our know-
 ledge, however, of this part of physics is ex-
 tremely limited and unsatisfactory.
  METER,  fxiTQov,  'a  measure,' a suffix to
 words denoting ' a measure,' as in Barometer,
 Pleximeter, &c.
  METHiEMACHYMIA, Transfusion.
  METHE, Temulentia.
  METHEGLIN,  Melizomum.
  METHEMERINUS, Quotidian.
  METHOD, Meth'odus, from fztra, 'with,'
and odos, 'way.'  This word has different ac-
 ceptations in the sciences.  In medicine, cura-
tive method, meth'odus meden'di, is the metho-
dical treatment of  disease.
  Method, Mariano's, see Lithotomy.
  Method, NvM.KR'iCAL,Method of Observation
of Louis, (F.) Methode numirique, consists in
observing every case and every symptom  of a
case numerically, so as to ensure, as far as prac-
ticable, accuracy of observation; and to enable
us by the analysis  and collation of such facts to
deduce general laws  and conclusions.  Also,
the application  of numbers to  the  study of
 disease.  See Statistics, Medical.
  MkTHODE NUMERIQUE,  Method, nu-
 merical,  Statistics, medical—m. Perturbatrice,
 Perturbatrix (Medicina.)
   METHODICS,  Methodists.
   MkTHODIQUES, Methodists. 
METH'ODISTS
547          METROPERITONITIS
  METH'ODISTS, Methodical sect, Metho-
dics, (F.) Mithodistes, Mithodiques.   A sect
of physicians whose doctrine was in vogue after
that of the Empirics and Dogmatists, towards
the end of the first century.  According to the
Methodists, of whom Themison was the chief,
almost every disease was dependent on contrac-
tion  or relaxation ;—strictum  or laxum.  To
these two causes, they added a third—mixed or
compound—to include those affections which
partook of the two characters. The doctrine,
medicina metkod'ica, resembled, in some re-
spects, that  of Brown.
  METHODOL'OGY, (MEDICAL),   Metho-
dolog'ia Med'ica, from fii&oSog, ' method,'  and
xoyoc,  'a discourse.'  A  word  used,  by  the
French more especially, to signify  method ap-
plied to the  study of any science. Medical Me-
thodology, consequently, means method applied
to the  study of medicine.
  METHODUS CATALEPTICA, see Cata-
leptic—m. Celsiana, see Lithotomy—m. Cura-
toria, Therapeutics.
  Methodus Derivato'ria. The derivative or
revellent system of treatment.
  Methodus Endermatica seu Endermica, see
Endermic—m.  Franconiana, see Lithotomy—
m. Guytoniana, see Lithotomy—m. Medendi,
Method of cure,  Therapeutics.
  METHOMA'NIA, from /jn6rj,'drunkenness,'
and  pan*, 'mania.' An irresistible desire for
intoxicating substances.  Temulentia.
  METHYSMUS, Temulentia.
  METODONTI'ASTS;  from fxtra,  'in  the
sense of change,'  and ofovnao-tg,  'dentition.'
Faulty development of the teeth.
  METOPAGES, Symphyocephalus.
   METOPANTRA, Frontal sinuses.
  METOPANTRAL'GIA, from fitraxov, (/x.t-
Tit, and wip, ' the eye,') ' the forehead,' avrpov,
' a cavity,' and xXyos,' pain.'  Pain in the fron-
tal sinuses.
   METOPANTRITIS, Inflamma'tio  si'nuum
fronta'lium, fxom perwirov,  ' the forehead,'av-
rgov, 'a cavity,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the frontal sinuses.
   METOPION, Bubon galbanum.
   METOPIUM, Mesophryon.
   METOPODYNIA, Neuralgia frontalis.
   METOPON, Front, Frontal bone.
   METOPOS'COPY, Metoposcop'ia, from y.t-
tutov, 'the forehead,' and o-xomiv, 'to view.'
The art of  knowing the temperament and cha-
racter of a  person, by inspecting  the traits of
his forehead or face.  See Physiognomy.
   METRA, Uterus.
   METR^EMORRHAGIA, Metrorrhagia.
   METRAL'GIA, Metrodynia, from ftryrga,
'the womb;' and aXyog,  'pain.'   Pain in the
uterus.
   METRANASTROPHE,  Uterus, inversion
of the.
   METRATRE'SIA, Imperfora'tio u'teri, fxom
fjLi,TQ*, ' the womb,' and  arQ^ina,  ' imperfora-
tion.'   An unnatural closure of the uterus.
   METRELCO'SIS, Metrhelco'sis, fxom/arjroa,
' the womb,' and 'tXxog, ' an  ulcer.'   Ulcera-
tion of the uterus.
   METREMPHRAX'IS, from ^rqa,' the ute-
rus,' and tfttpoao-aoi, 'I obstruct.'   Obstruction
of the womb or  of the vessels of the womb—
Infarc'tus u'teri.   A name  under which some
authors have confounded chronic inflammation
of that viscus, and the different degenerations
to which it is exposed.
  METREMPHYSEMA, Physometra.
  METREN'CHYTA, Metren'chytes, from /arj-
rot,  ' the uterus,' and tyXvw, ' I inject.'  In-
jection of the uterus.  Substances injected into
the uterus are also called Metren'chyta.
  METREURYS'MA; from ftrjroa, and tvQut,
' dilated.'  A morbid dilatation of the womb.
  METRHELCOSIS, Metrelcosis.
  METRIOPATHI'A.from^Tewc,' tempered,'
and 7ra.&og, ' affection.'  State of an individual
whose passions are temperate.
  METRITIS, from wroa, ' the womb ;' Fe-
bris uteri'na, Hysterltis, Empres'ma Hysterl-
tis, Inflamma'tio  U'teri, Metrophlogo'sis, In-
flammation of the Uterus  or  Womb;  (F.) In-
flammation de la  matrice.   The characteristic
symptoms of this affection are:—pain, swelling,
and tenderness in the hypogastric region; with
heat, pain, and tenderness of the os uteri; vomit-
ing,  smallness, and frequency of pulse.  It oc-
curs  most  frequently  after  delivery, when
there is  generally suppression  of  the lochial
discharge.   The treatment must be vigorous,
—bleeding early, so as to make a decided im-
pression ; followed  by a full dose of opium,
fomentations, blisters, &c.
  Acute inflammation of the womb,  seated in
its internal membrane, Endo-metri'tis, has been
called Inflamma'tio catarrha'lis u'teri or Acute
catarrh, (F.) Catarrhe aigu, of that viscus.  It
is known by the discharge of a clear, stringy
fluid  per vaginam; preceded by pains, which,
from the hypogastric region, shoot to the thighs,
groins, &c, with more or less fever. It requires
the antiphlogistic treatment.  Chronic metritis
sometimes succeeds the acute.  To it must  be
referred the indurations, observed in the uterus,
and many of the leucorrheal discharges to which
females are subject.
  Metritis  Septica, Metrocace—m.  Venosa,
see Phlebitis.
  METROBLENNORRHffiA,  Leucorrhcea
uteri.
  METROCACE,  Metritis  sep'tica:  from
wrpa., ' the womb,' and xaxoc, ' evil.'  Putres-
cency or gangrene of the uterus.
  METROCAMPSIS, Hysteroloxia.
  METROCARCINO'MA, Hysterocarcino'ma,
U'teri carcino'ma, Cancer u'teri,  from /"^Tga,
' the uterus,' and xa^xivtap*-,' cancer.'  Cancer
of the uterus.
   METROCELIDES, Naevus.
   METROCHOLO'SIS, from ^t/.«,  ' the ute-
rus;'  and  XoXog, 'bile;'  Febris  puerperaiis
bilio'sa.
   METRODYNIA, Metralgia.
   METROH^E'MIA, Hypermetrohim'.e, from
f"/Tga, 'the uterus,' and '*/,«.*» 'blood.'  Hy-
peraemia or congestion of blood.
   METROHEMORRHAGE, Metrorrhagia.
   METROLOXIA, Hysteroloxia.
   METROMALACOMA, Hysteromalacia.
   METRO VIALACOSIS, Hysteromalacia.
   METROMANIA, Nymphomania.         }
   METROPATHI'A, from ^rro*,' the womb,
and nx6oc, 'affection.' An affection ofthe^wornb.
  MkTRO-PERlTONITE PUERPkRALE,
see Peritonitis.                           ,
   METROPERITONITIS, from  piyrQa, 'the
uterus,' and' peritonitis.'  Inflamma'tio u'teri et 
METROPHLEBITIS           548              MIASMATIC
peritonxi. Inflammation of the uterus and peri-
toneum.   Puerperal Fever.  See Peritonitis.
  METROPHLEBITIS, from wq*, ' the ute-
rus,' tpXtifj,' a vein,' and itis, denoting inflamma-
tion.  Inflammation of the veins of the  uterus.
  Metrophlebitis Puerperalis, see Phle-
bitis.
  METROPHLOGOSIS, Metritis.
  METROFiVTHI'SIS, Phthisis uteri'na; from
Wro*, 'the  uterus,'  and <p8ioi, T consume.'
Consumption from ulceration of the uterus ;—
Ulcera seu Helco'sis u'teri.
  METROPOL'YPUS, Hys'tero-polypus, Po-
lypus  U'teri,  from wro*,  'the  uterus,' and
polypus.  Polypus of the uterus.
  METROPROPTOSIS, Prolapsus uteri.
  METROPTOSIS, Prolapsus uteri.
  METRORRrIAG"IA,Metramorrhag"ia,Hce-
morrhagia uteri'na,  H. u'teri, Sanguiflux'us
uterlnus, San'guinis  stillicid'ium ab  U'tero,
Fluor uterlni  san'guinis,  Proflu'vium San'-
guinis ex u'tero;  Hysterorrhag'ia sanguin'-
ea, Hysterorrha'a,  Hxmorrha'a uteri'na (of
some), Menorrhagia (of some), Uterine He-
morrhage, Hemorrhage from the  Womb, Me-
trokemorrhage, Hxmatome'tra, Hamatoma'tra,
(F.) Himorrhagie de laMatrice, Pertes, Pertes
utirines rouges, P. de sang, from firirqa, ' the
womb,' and Qtiyvvfn,' I break forth.'  An effu-
sion of blood from the inner surface of the ute-
rus, either at the menstrual or other periods;
but in a greater quantity than proper.  Uterine
hemorrhage may be caused  by those influences
which produce hemorrhage in general.  It hap-
pens, however, more frequently during preg-
nancy, and during  or after  delivery, when the
vascular system of the uterus is  so circum-
stanced as to favour its occurrence more than at
other periods.   The termination of metrorrha-
gia is usually favourable.  Should it, however,
be  very copious, or frequently recur; or should
it happen to a great extent after delivery, death
may occur very speedily;  and, in some cases,
without the discharge being perceptible; consti-
tuting internal hemorrhage.
   Uterine hemorrhage may be active  or pas-
sive; requiring obviously a different treatment.
The general  management  is  similar  to that
of  hemorrhage  in general,  as the  horizontal
posture: acid  drinks;  free admission  of cool
air ; cold applications  to the loins, thighs, and
abdomen; injection of cold water, even  of iced
water, into the vagina;  plugging  the  vagina,
so as to prevent the discharge per vaginam, and
thus induce a  coagulum in the mouths of the
bleeding vessel.  Such will be the special plan
adopted where the  hemorrhage has occurred in
one not recently delivered.  In uterine hemor-
rhage,  after delivery,  the  same cooling plan
must be followed;  but, as the flow of blood  is
owing  to the  uterus not contracting so as to
constringe its vessels, pressure must be made
on  the abdomen to aid this;  and, if necessary,
the hand  must be introduced into the uterus to
stimulate it to contraction.  Should the female
be  excessively reduced, so as to render the ac-
coucheur  apprehensive that  she  may expire
from loss of blood, brandy may be exhibited.
The profuse exhibition of opium in such cases,
is,  at least, a doubtful plan.
   Transfusion has, at times, been practised as
a last resource.
  METRORRxIEV'UA,Rheumatis'musU'teri
Hysteral'gia rheumatica seu catarrha'lis, (F.),
Rhumatisme  de  Putirus; from  fjwroa, ' the
womb,' and  e,tvua, 'defluxion,  rheumatism.'
Rheumatism of the uterus.
  METRORRHEXIS, Uterus, rupture of the.
  METRORRHffi'A, fxom^roa, 'the uterus,'
and e,tu>,  ' I flow.'   A protracted discharge of
any fluid from the uterus.
  METROSCIR'REVS,Hysteroscir'rhus,Scir-
rhus seu Carcino'ma u'teri;  from ftrjTQa, ' the
womb,' and <rxiggo?, 'scirrhus.' Scirrhus of the
uterus.
  M.ET'RO^COFE,Metroscop'ium:fxomiuitiTqa,
'the uterus,' and axonta, 'to view.'  An instru-
ment, invented byM. Nauche, for listening to
the sounds of the  heart of the fcetus in utero-
gestation, when the sounds and movements are
imperceptible through the parietes of the abdo-
men.   The extremity of the instrument—the
first  notion of which was given to M. Nauche
by the stethoscope of Laennec—is introduced
into the vagina and applied against the neck of
the uterus.
  METROSTERE'SIS, from urjrga, 'the ute-
rus,' and <jrtqr\mg, 'privation.' Extirpation of
the uterus.  Want of uterus.
  METROTOMIA, Caesarean section.
  MEU, ^Ethusa meum.
  MEULIERE, Molar.
  MEUM, ^Ethusa meum.
  MEURTRISSURE, Contusion.
  MEVIUM, Syphilis.
  MEZEA,  Genital organs.
  MEZEREON, Daphne mezereum.
  MIAMMA, Miasma.
  MIANSIS, Miasma.
  MIARIA, Miasma.
  MIAS'MA, Miasm, niaoua, 'a stain,' from
uix-ivia, ' I contaminate;'  Miam'ma,  Mian'sis,
Mia'ria, Mias'mus, Inquinamen'tum, Molyrl-
sis,  Conta'gium.  The word miasm has, by
some, been employed synonymously with con-
tagion.  It is now used more definitely for any
emanation, either from the bodies of the sick,
or from  animal and  vegetable substances, or
from the earth, especially in marshy districts,
(Marshpoison,Efflu'viumpalus'tre, Gas palus'-
tre, (F.) Intoxication des Marais,) which may
exert a morbid influence on those who are ex-
posed to  its action.  To these terrestrial ema-
nations—the  Koino-mias'mata of Dr. E.Miller
of New York—the Italians give the name aria
cattiva, but, more commonly, mala'ria; a word
which has been adopted into other  languages.
The deleterious effluvia,  originating from the
decomposition of matter derived from the human
body, have been called by Dr. Miller, ldiomias'-
mata; the epithets Koino and Idio being derived
respectively from  xoivoi, 'common,' and iho<,
' personal.'   Of the miasms  which arise  either
from the animal  body or from  the  most un-
healthy situations, we know, chymically, no-
thing.  All that we do know is, that, under such
circumstances, emanations  take  place, capable
of causing disease in many of those who are ex-
posed  to their action.
   MIASMATIC, Miasmat'icus. Belonging or
relating to miasmata.  Sauvages, in his  classi-
fication of diseases according to their etiology,
has a class under  the  name Morbi miasmat'icl
A fever  that arises from marshy miasms,  is
styled mala'rious, palu'dal,  Helop'yra, Helo-
pyr'etus, &c. 
MIASMUS
549
MILIUM
  MIASMUS, Miasma.
  MICiE PANIS, see Triticum.
  MICATIO CORDIS,  Systole.
  MICHE'LIA CHAM'PACA, Champaca,Mi-
chelia Tsjampaca.  An  Oriental tree, much
prized for the odour and beauty of its flowers.
The oily infusion of the flowers is employed in
the Moluccas in headache.
  MICLETA: A medicine used by Mesue for
arresting hemorrhage; probably, according to
Siebenhaar,from the Arabic,michnata," proved
by experience."
  MICOSIS, Frambcesia.
  MICRENCEPHALIUM, Cerebellum.
  MICRENCEPHALUM, Cerebellum.
  MICROCEPH'ALUS, Microcra'nius, from
fiingog, 'small,' and xttpaXy,'head.'   One who
has a small head.  A monster having a small
imperfect head, or a small imperfect cranium.
  Ml'CROCOSM, Microcos'mus, from pixqug,
' little,' and xoa^og, ' world.'   A little world.
Some philosophers have  given this appellation
to man, whom they consider as the epitome of
all that is admirable in the world.  The world
they call Macrocosm.
   MICROCOSMETOR, Vital principle.
   MICROCOSM'ICA MACHI'NA.   The  or-
ganism of man.
   Microcosmica Scientia, Physiology.
   MICROCOSMICUM SAL, with the ancients
 meant the salts of the urine,—Sal uri'na.
   M1CROCOSMOGRAPHIA, Physiology.
   MICROCOUST'IC, Microcus'ticus, from pi-
 y.^oc, ' small,' and «xoua>,  ' I hear.'  This word,
 as well as Microphonous, from iiuxgog, ' small,'
 and <piov»/,  ' voice,'  means any thing that con-
 tributes to increase the intensity of sound—as
 the  speaking trumpet—by collecting the sono-
 rous rays.
   MICROCRANIUS, Microcephalus.
   MICROGLOSSIA, from f^ixqix, ' small,' and
 yXuMro-dt, 'tongue.' Original smallness of tongue.
   MICROLEUCONYMPHiEA, Nymphaea
 alba.
   MICROM'ELUS, Hemim'eles, from uixqog,
 ' small,' andutXog, 'a limb.'  A monster having
 imperfectly developed extremities.
   MICROMMATUS, Microphthalmus.
   MICROPHONOUS, Microcoustic.
   MICROPHTHAL'MUS,Microm'»»a*w.s,from
 inxqog,' little,' and oip&aXuog, ' eye.'   One who
 has small eyes.  A monster with two small, or
 imperfectly developed  eyes.  A small  eye,—
  Ophthalmidium, Ophthalmium.
   MICROPODIA, Micropus.
   MICROPROSO'PUS, Aproso'pus; from ui-
  xqog, ' small,' and npoownov,' face.' A monster
  in which a part of the face is absent.
   MI'CROPUS; fxomfuxqog,' small,' and novg,
  ' foot.'  One who has  small feet.  The condi-
  tion is called Micropo'dia.
   MICROR'CHIDES; from uixqog, 'small,' and
  oo/ic,' a testicle.'  They who have very small
  testicles.
   MI'CROSCOPY, Microscopium; from uixfjoc,
  ' small,' and axoni],' a view.'  Observation by
  the microscope;  an important agency in the
  examination of the healthy and morbid tissues.
   MICROSPHYCTUS, same  etymon as the
  next.  One who has a small pulse.
   MICROSPHYXIA, from uixqog, and oyvyuog,
  'pulse.'   Smallness or weakness of pulse.
  MICRO'STOMUS; from uixqog,' small,' and
oroua, ' mouth.'  One who has a small mouth.
  MICROTE'S] A,Par'tiumorganica'rumpar'-
vitas  morbo'sa; from  pixqormg, 'smallness.'
Morbid smallness of organic parts.
  MICROTRAPEZIA, Leptotrophia.
  MICROTRICH'IA;  from uixqog,  'small,'
and &ptl, ' hair.' Fineness or shortness of hair.
  MICROTROPHIA, Leptotrophia.
  MICTIO, Micturition—m. Cruenta, Haema-
turia—m. Inopportuna, Enuresis—m. Involun-
taria, Enuresis—m. Sanguinea, Haematuria.
  MICTURIT"ION, Mic'tio, Mictus,  Ure'sis,
Urlasis, Omiche'sis, from micturio, ' I make
water.'   The act of making water.  Also, mor-
bid frequency of passing the water.
  MICTUS, Micturition—m. Cruentus, Haema-
turia.
  MIDRIFF, Diaphragm.
  M ID WIFE, from mie,' with,' and pip, 'wife;'
or, from mi&, ' meed,'  ' recompense,' and pip,
' wife.'  Matro'na, Obstet'rix, Hypere'tria, Mxa,
Mxas, Mxu'tria, Aces'toris, Aces'tris, Aces'tria,
(F.) Sage femme, Accoucheuse.   A female who
practises obstetrics.
  MIDWIFERY, Obstetrics.
  MIEL, Mel—m. d'Acitate de  Cuivre, Lini-
mentum aeruginis—m. Mercuriale composi, Mel-
litum de mercuriali compositum.
   MIEUTER, Accoucheur.
  MIGMA, Mistura.
   MIGRAINE, Hemicrania.
   MIGRANA, Hemicrania.
   MIKAN1A GUACO, Guaco.
   MILFOIL, Achillea millefolium.
   MILIAIRE, Miliary fever.
   MILIARIA, Miliary fever—m. Sudans, Mi-
 liary fever—m. Sudatoria, Miliary fever.
   MILIARIS  SUDATORIA,  Sudor anglicus,
 S.  picardicus.
   MILIARY (FEVER,) Emphly'sis milia'ria,
 Miliaria, M. sudans, Milia'ris, M. sudato'ria,
 Sudor, S. milia'ris, Pap'ula milia'ris, Febris
 miliaris, Exanthe'ma  miliaria, Syn'ochus mi-
 liaria, Aspre'do milia'cea, Febris essero'sa, F.
 puncticula'ris, F. culicula'ris, F. vesicula'ris,
 F. lenticula'ris, Purpura puerpera'rum, P. mi-
 lia'ris, Febris purpura'te rubra et alba milia'ris,
 Pap'ula sudo'ris, Millet-seed rash, (F.) Mili-
 aire, Millot, Pourpre  blanc, Millet.  It is so
 called from the eruption resembling the seed of
 the milium or  millet.   Fever, accompanied by
 an  eruption of small,  red, isolated  pimples,
 rarely  confluent,  but almost always  very nu-
 merous, slightly raised above the skin, and pre-
 senting, at the end of 24 hours, a small vesicle
 filled  with a white transparent  fluid; which
 quickly dries up, and separates  in the form of
 scales.  Miliary fever  is now rare,  in conse-
 quence  of the  cooling  practice in fevers and
 other states of the system.   It is almost always
 brought on by external heat, and hence the pre-
 vention is obvious.  The treatment is simple.
 It requires merely the  antiphlogistic  regimen,
 in ordinary cases.
    Miliary  Granulations  or Tubercles, see
 Granulation.
    MILII SEMINA,  Panicum Italicum.
    MILIOLUM.  Diminutive of milium, ' mil-
 let.'  Cenchridion.   A small tumour on the
 eyelids, resembling, in size, a millet-seed.
    MILITARIS HERBA, Achillea millefolium.
    MILIUM, Grutum, Panicum miliaceum, see 
MILK                  550             MILLIMETRE
Hydatid—m. Indicum, Panicum  Italicum—m.
Solis, Lithospermum officinale.
  MILK, Sax. meolc, Lac, Gala, Humor lac'-
teus,  Latex nlveus,  (F.)  Lait.  A fluid se-
creted by the mammary glands of the females
of the mammalia.  The skimmed milk of the
cow, (F.) Lait de Vache, contains water, caseous
matter, traces of butter, sugar of milk, chloride
of sodium, phosphate, and acetate  of potass,
lactic acid, lactate of iron, and earthy phos-
phate.  The cream is formed of butter, casein,
and whey, in which there is sugar of milk and
salts.  Cow's milk is employed for  the prepa-
ration of cream, butter, cheese, whey, sugar of
milk, and frangipane.  It is useful in a number
of eases of poisoning;  either by acting as a de-
mulcent, or by decomposing  certain poisons,
or by combining with others so as to neutralize
them.  It is  constantly employed as aliment,
and may be regarded as an emulsion in which
butter and casein  are found in suspension.
When taken into the stomach, it is coagulated
by the gastric fluids, and the  coagulum is di-
gested like  any other solid.  The watery parts
are absorbed.
  Between  milk, flour, and blood, there is great
similarity of composition.  The following table
is given by Dr. Robert Dundas Thomson:

           Milk.         Flour.     Blood.
                      f Fibrin,     Fibrin,
                       Albumen,   Albumen,
      Curd or Casein, \ Casein,     Casein,
                      | Gluten.

      Butter, .     .    Oil.
      0              ( Sugar,
      SuSar'  '   _  '  { Starch.
Chloride  of potassium, ~
Colouring
  matter.
Fat.
>Sugar
sodium,
Do.
Do.
Phosphate of soda,
----------lime,
----------magnesia,
----------iron,
  From a considerable number of experiments,
Messrs. Deyeux and Parmentier class the  six
kinds of milk, which they examined, according
to the following table, as regards the relative
quantity of materials they contain.
Casein.	Butter.	Sugar of Milk.	Serum. Ass Woman Mare
Goat Sheep Cow	Sheep Cow Goat	Woman Ass Mare	
Ass Woman Mare	Woman Ass Mare	Cow Goat Sheep	Cow Goat Sheep
  Milk, Almond, Emulsio amygdalae.
  Milk, Asses', (F.) Lait d'Jnesse, considera-
bly resembles human milk, of which it has the
consistence, smell, and taste:  but it contains a
little less cream, and more soft, caseous matter.
It is often used  by those labouring under pul-
monary affections.
  Milk, Ewes', (F.) Lait de Brebis. It affords
more cream than cows' milk;  but the butter is
softer.   The caseum, on the contrary, is fatter,
and more viscid.  It contains  less  serum than
 cows' milk.  The Roquefort cheeses are made
 from it.
   Milk Glass, Breast glass.
   Milk, Goats', (F.) Lait de Chevre, resembles
 cows' milk:  the butyraceous matter, however,
 which enters into its composition, is more solid
 than that of the cow.
   Milk, Human, (F.) Lait defemme,—contains
 more sugar, milk,  and cream, and less caseum,
 than  cows' milk.   Its composition differs ac-
 cording to  the distance of time from delivery.
   Milk Knot,  Galacto-gan'glion; (F.) Gan-
 glion laiteux.  The knots often observed in the
 breast after inflammation of the organ, or for
 some time after the suppression of the secre-
 tion.   They generally end by resolution.
   Milk, Males', Sperm.
   Milk,  Mares',  (F.) Lait de Jument,—con-
 tains only a small quantity of fluid butyraceous
 matter; a little caseum, softer than that of cows'
 milk, and more serum.
   Milk Scall, Porrigo larvalis.
   Milk Sickness,  Sick stomach, Swamp sick-
 lies,  Tires, Slows, Stiff joints, Puking fever,
 River sickness.  A disease occasionally  ob-
 served in  the states of Alabama, Indiana, and
 Kentucky,  which affects both man  and cattle,
 but chiefly the latter.   It is attributed in cattle
 to something eaten or  drunk by them;  and in
 man to the eating of the flesh of animals la-
 bouring under the disease.  Owing to the tre-
 mors that characterize it in animals, it is called
 the Trembles.
   The symptoms of the disease are such as are
 produced by the acro-narcotic class of poisons
 —vomiting, purging, extreme  nervous agita-
 tion, &c.: and the approved indications of treat-
 ment  appear  to  be—gentle  emetics and laxa-
 tives, with quiet and mucilaginous drinks.
   Milk,  Snakes',   Euphorbia  corollata — m.
 Spots, Strophulus—m. Stone, Morochthus—m.
 Sugar of, Sugar of milk—m. of Sulphur, Sulphur
 praecipitatum—m.  Sweet, Galium  verum—m.
 Teeth, see Dentition—m.  Vetch, Astragalus
 verus—m. Vetch, stemless, Astragalus exscapus
—m. Weed, Apocynum androsaemifolium, As-
 clepias Syriaca, Euphorbia corollata—m. Wort,
 bitter, Polygala amara—m. Wort, common,
 Polygala—m. Wort, dwarf, Polygala paucifolia
—m. Wort, rattlesnake, Polygala.
   MILKY, Lactic.
   MILL  MOUNTAIN, Linum catharticum.
   MILLEFEUILLE, Achillea millefolium.
   MILLEFOLIUM, Achillea millefolium.
   MILLEiMORBIA SCROPHULARIA, Scro-
 phularia nodosa.
  MILLEPEDES, Onisci aselli.
   MILLEPERTUIS ORDINAIRE, Hype-
ricum perforatum.
  MILLET, Aphthae, Miliary fever—m. Bar-
badoes, Panicum Italicum—m. Common, Pani-
 cum miliaceum—m. Indian, Panicum Italicum
—m. des Oiseaux, Panicum Italicum—m. Ordi-
naire, Panicum miliaceum.
   MILLET-SEED RASH, Miliary fever.
   MILLIGRAMME, from mil/e,'a thousand,'
and yqauua, ' a gramme.'  The thousandth part
of a gramme;—about 0.0154 Troy grain.
   MILLIGRANA, Herniaria glabra.
   MILLIMETRE, from mille, 'a thousand,'
and fx.tre.cv, 'measure.'  The thousandth  part
of the metre;—equal to 0.03937 English inch,
or about two-fifths of a line. 
MILLOT
551
MISTURA
  MILLOT, Miliary fever.
  MILPHyE, Madarosis.
  MILPHOSIS, Madarosis.
  MILT-LIKE TUMOUR, Encephaloid.
  MILTUS, Plunfbi oxydum rubrum.
  MILTWASTE, Asplenium.
  MIMOSA NILOTICA, see Acaciae gummi
—m. Scandens, Cachang-parang—m. Senegal,
see Senegal, gum.
  MIND,  ABSENCE OF, Aphelxia socors—
m. Abstraction of, Aphelxia intenta—m. Un-
sound, Insanity.
  MINERALIUM, Antimonium.
  MINER'S ELBOW.  An enlargement  of a
bursa over the olecranon, occurring in such as
are in the  habit of leaning much upon it;  and,
therefore,  often seen in those who work on the
side  in low-roofed mines.
  MIN'IMUM, a minim, 'the  least  part or
portion.'  The 60th part of a fluidrachm.  This
measure has been  introduced by  the London
College of Physicians, in consequence of the
uncertainty of the size of the drop, (see Gutta.)
The  subdivision of the wine pint has, accord-
ingly,  been extended to the GOth  part of the
fluidrachm; and glass measures, called "minim-
measures," have been  adopted by the London
College.   The proportion between the minims
and  the drops of various fluid  preparations  is
exhibited  in the following table.   The results
were obtained by Mr. Durand,  a skilful phar-
macien, of Philadelphia, under circumstances as
regards the different articles, as nearly identi-
cal as possible.
Table of  the Number of Drops of different
   Liquids equivalent to a Fluidrachm.
                                     Drops,
Acid Acetic Crystallizable,
Acid Hydrocyanic (Medicinal,)
----Muriatic,    ...
----Nitric,   ...
            diluted (1 to 7,)
Sulphuric,
 aromatic,
•diluted (1 to 7,)
Alcohol (rectified Spirit,)
Alcohol, diluted (proof Spirit,)
Arsenite of Potassa, solution of, -
Ether, Sulphuric,     -
Oils of Aniseed, Cinnamon, C loves, Pepper
  "  mint, Sweet Almonds, Olives,
Tinctures of Asafoetida, Foxglove, Guaiac,
    Opium,
Tincture of Chloride of Iron,
Vinegar, distilled,
-------of Colchicum,
-------of Opium (black drop,)
-------of Squill,
Water, distilled,   -
Water of Ammonia (strong,)
  Do.      do.    (weak,)
Wine (Teneriffe,)
-----Antimonial,       -             -  72
-----of Colchicum,                      75
-----of Opium,   -       -      -      -  78
  MINISTER GYMNASTJE, Paedotribes.
  MINITHOSIS, Meiosis.
  MINIUM,  Plumbi  oxydum  rubrum — m.
Graecorum, Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum—
m. Purum, Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum.
  MINORATIVUS, Laxative.
  MINT, COCK, Tanacetum balsamita—m.
  120
   45
   54
   84
   51
   90
  120
   51
  138
  120
   57
  150

  120

- 120
  132
   78
   78
   78
   78
   45
   51
   45
   7d
Curled,  Mentha  crispa—m. Cat, Nepeta—m.
Horse, Monarda coccinea and M. punctata—m.
Horse, sweet,  Cunila  Mariana — m. Hyssop-
leaved, Mentha cervina—m. Mountain,Monarda
coccinea—m.  Pepper, Mentha  piperita — m.
Spear, Mentha viridis—m. Squaw,  Hedeoma—
m. Stone, Cunila Mariana—m. Water, Mentha
aquatica.
  MINUTHESIS, Meiosis.
  MINYANTHES, Menyanthes.
  MIOSIS, Meiosis.
  MIROCELE, Merocele.
  MISADIR, Ammonia? murias.
  MISANTHRO'PIA,  Misan'thropy,  Exan-
thro'pia, Phyganthrdpia, from ^is-or, 'hatred,'
and av3e.o>nog, 'man.'  Aversion to man  and
society;—a symptom of melancholy, and hypo-
chondriasis.
  MISCARRIAGE, Abortion.
  MISERERE MEI, Ileus.
  MISHME TEETA, Coptis teeta.
  MISMAR, Mesemar. A name given by Avi-
cenna to a kind of nodus, which forms on the
toes as the sequel of contusion or inflammation
of those parts.
  MISOPTO'CHUS, from uioot, ' hatred,' and
nTiaXos, ' poor.'  That which has hatred for the
poor.   The  gout has been so called by some,
because it commonly affects the  rich.
  MISSADAN, Hydrargyrum.
  MISSIO SANGUINIS, Bloodletting.
  MISTIO,  Mistura.
  MISTLETOE, Viscum album.
  MISTU'RA, Migma, Mis'tio,  Mix'tio, Mix-
tu'ra, a mixture ; from miscere, mixtum, ' to
mix.'  A mingled compound, in which differ-
ent ingredients are contained in the fluid state;
suspended or not by means of mucilaginous or
saccharine matter.   In this sense, it is synony-
mous with  the French  Potion.   In  France,
however, the word mixture is more frequently
understood to  mean a liquid medicine, which
contains very active substances, and can  only
be administered by drops.  A mixture, in other
words,  in the French sense, may be regarded
as a potion deprived of watery vehicle.
  MISTURA, (S.)  A fragrant yellow-coloured
water, used  as a perfume by the  ladies of Peru.
It is  prepared from gillyflower, jasmine, and
flor de  mistela (Talinum  umbel'latum).   See
Campomanesia lineatifolia.
  Mistura Ac"idi Hydrocyan'ici, Mixture of
Prussic acid, Milange pectoral (Magendie.)
(Medicinal prussic  acid, 1 drachm, distilled
water,  §14, pure  sugar,  §iss.)   A  dessert
spoonful every  morning and  evening,  as  a
pectoral, &c.
  Mistura  Ammoni'aci, Lac ammoniaci, Mix-
ture of ammoniac.   (Ammoniac, ^ij • aqux  Oss.
Rub the ammoniacum: adding the water  gra-
dually until  they are perfectly mixed.)  Dose,
f. .^sstogj.
  Mistura  Amygdalae, Emulsio amygdalae.
  Mistura Asafce'tid.e, Lac asafatidx, Emul-
sio antihysterica, Mixture of asafatida,  (F.)
Lait d'asafatida.  (Asafatidx ~;ij, aqux.  Oss.
Rub together, adding  the water by degrees.)
Used where pills cannot be swallowed, and as
a glyster in  irritations during dentition, and in
ascarides.   Dose, f. 3ss, to f. ^iss.
  Mistura Asafcstid^e pro Clysmate, Enema
foetidum.
  Mistura  Cam'phora, Aqua camphorx  (Ph. 
MITELLA                552               MIXTURE
U. S.), Camphor mixture, Camphor Julep, Mis-
tura camphora'ta, Jula'pium e camphora seu
camphora'turn,  (F.)  Julep camphri.   (Cam-
phor gss; rectified spirit, 10 minims,  water, a
pint.   Rub the camphor  and  spirit;  add the
water and filter.)  Virtues like those of cam-
phor.  See Emulsio camphorae.
  Mistura Cornu Usti, Decoc'tum cornu cer-
vini,  Decoc'tum album,  Decoction of burnt
hartshorn, Mixture of burnt hartshorn. (Cor-
nuum ust. gij, acacix gum. cont. gj, aqux Oiij.
Boil to Oij, constantly stirring and strain.  Ph.
L->                     ...
  Mistura  Cretae,  Potio carbona'tis calcis,
Mistura creta!cea, Mucila'go  cre'dca,  Chalk
mixture, Creta'ceous  mixture, (F.) Mixture de
Craie.  (Cretx pp. gss, sacchar., acacix gum.
in pulv. aa. gij, aqua cinnam., aqua, aa. f. giv.
Mix.   Ph. U. S.)  Antacid  and absorbent.
Dose, f. gj to f. gij.
  Mistura Diabol'ica.  A mixture under this
name is  kept in  military hospitals for malin-
gerers.   It is made of sundry nauseous ingre-
dients, as aloes, asafcetida, castor, &c, and is
given so as to keep up a disagreeable impression
on the gustatory nerves.
  Mistura Emeti'nje Vomito'ria, Emetic Mix-
ture of emetine.   (Emetine 4 gr., orange-flower
water gij, syrup, gss, M.)  A dessert  spoonful
every half hour till it acts.
  Mistura Ferri Compos'ita, Compound mix-
ture of iron, (F.) Mixture defer composie, Grif-
fith's mixture.  (Myrrh cont. gj, potassa carb.
gr. xxv, aqua rosa f. gviiss, ferri sulph. cont.
9j, sp. lavand. gss, sacchar. gj.  Rub together
the myrrh, subcarbonate of potass, and sugar;
then add, while triturating, the rose-water, spi-
rit of nutmeg; and, lastly, the sulphate of iron.
Pour the mixture directly into a  glass bottle,
and stop  it close.  Ph. U. S.)  It is tonic and
emmenagogue, and is useful wherever iron is
indicated.
  Mistura Guai'aci, Mixture of guaiac, Lac
guaiaci, Emulsio gwaiaclna, Mistura guaiaci
gummo'sa, M. gummi guaiaci Bergeri, Solu'-
tio guaiaci gummo'sa, S. resina guaiaci aquo'-
sa, (F.) Mixture  de  Gayac.  (Guaiac.  g. re-
sin, giss, sacch. pur. gij, muc. acacia gum. gij,
aq. cinnam. f. gviij.   Rub the guaiacum with
the sugar; then with the mucilage.  Add, gra-
dually, the cinnamon water.  Ph. L.)  Dose,
f. gss to f. gij.
  Mistura Gummi Guaiaci  Bergeri, Mistura
Guaiaci—m. Leniens, Looch ex ovo.
  Mistura Moschi, Musk mixture,  Mistura
moscha'ta. (Moschi, acacia gum. contus., sacch.
purif., sing,  gj,  aq. rosce f. gvj.   Rub the
musk with the sugar; add the gum, and, by de-
grees, the rose-water.  Ph.  L.)   Dose, f. ?ss
tcrf.gij.                                3
  Mistura Strychnia, Mixture of strych'nia.
(Distilled water, gij,  very pure  strychnia, 1
gr., white sugar gij,  M.) Dose, a dessert spoon-
ful.
  Mistura Sulphurico-acida, Elixir acidum
Halleri — m. Vulneraria  acida,  Arquebusade,
Eau d.'
  MITELLA, Sling.
  M ITH'RID ATE, Mithrida'tium, Mithridal-
icum medic amen'turn, Antid'otumMithrida'tium
Diascin'ci antid'otus, Confec'tio Damoc'ratis.
A very compound electuary, into  which enter-
ed— Myrrh of Arabia, Saffron,  Agaric, Gin-
ger, Cinnamon, Frankincense, Garlic, Mustard,
Birthwort, Galbanum,  Castor,  Long pepper,
Opoponax, Bdellium,  Gum Arabic,  Opium,
Gentian, Orris, Sagapenum, Valerian, Acacia,
Hypericum, Canary wine, Hbney, &c.  It was
invented by  Mithridates, king  of  Pontus and
Bithynia, and was formerly regarded as alexi-
pharmic.   It is little used at the present day;
and, from its heterogeneous nature, should be
wholly abandoned.
  MITHRIDATICUM  MEDICAMENTUM,
Mithridate.
  MITIGANS, Lenitive.
  MITRA HIPPOCRATICA,  Bonnet d'Hip-
pocrate.
  MITRAL, Mitra'lis.  Having the form of a
mitre; resembling a bishop's mitre.
  Mitral  Valves, Val'vula mitra'les, V. Cor-
des mitra'les, V.  episcopa'les, V. bicuspida'les.
Two triangular valves  at the opening of com-
munication between the left auricle of the heart
and the corresponding ventricle.  These valves
are formed by the inner  membrane of the left
cavities  of the heart;   and are retained on
the side  of the ventricle by tendinous cords,
proceeding from  the columnae carneae.  They
form  a  species of valve, which  permit the
blood to pass  from the auricle into the ventricle
and oppose its return.
  MITRIUM, Sling.
  MITTE (F.), Efflu'vium Latrina'rium.  An
emanation exhaled from privies, which strong-
ly irritates the  eyes.   It consists of ammo-
nia, united to the  carbonic and hydro-sulphuric
acids.
  MIUAMARU, see Arrow poison.
  MIXIS, Coition.
  MIXTIO, Mistura.
  MIXTURA,  Mistura.
  MIXTURE, Mistura—m. of Ammoniac, Mis-
tura ammoniaci—m. of Asafcetida, Mistura asa-
fcetidae—m. Calmante, Looch ex ovo—m. Cam-
phor,  Mistura camphorae—m. Chalk, Mistura
cretae—m. de  Craie, Mistura cretae—m. Cretace-
ous, Mistura cretas—m. of Emetine, emetic, Mis-
tura emetinae vomitoria—m. de Fer composie,
Mistura ferri  composita—m. de Gayac, Mistura
Guaiaci—m.  Griffith's, Mistura ferri composita
—m.  of Guaiac, Mistura Guaiaci—m. of Harts-
horn,  burnt,  Mistura cornu usti—m. of Iron,
compound, Mistura ferri  composita.
  Mixture, Hope's. A mixture recommended
by Mr. Hope, in diarrhoea and dysentery.  It is
essentially a  nitrate of morphia.  Although the
proposer employed the acidum nitrosum of the
Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, nitric acid is gene-
rally used. (Acid, nitros. f. gj ; Aqux camphor.
f. g viij;  Tinct. opii gtt. xl. M.)   Dose, a fourth
part every three or four hours.
  Mixture,  Musk, Mistura moschi—m. Neu-
tral, Liquor  potassae citratis—m. of  Prussic
acid, Mistura acidi hydrocyanici.
  Mixture, Scudamore's.  A mixture recom-
mended by Sir C. Scudamore  in  gouty and
rheumatic  affections, and much prescribed in
the United States.  Magnes. sulph. gj—|ij;
Aqux menthx f. gx; Aceti colchic. f. gj—f. giss;
Syrup croci f. gj  ; Magnes. gviij.  M.  Dose,
one, two, or three table-spoonfuls, repeated every
two hours  in a paroxysm of gout, until from
four to six  evacuations are produced in the
twenty-four hours.
  Mixture of  Strychnia, Mistura strychniae. 
                 MNEME                 55

  MNEME, Memory.
  Mimeme Cephal'icum Bal'samum.  A very
compound medicine, into which entered Balm,
Lily,  Rosemary, Lavender, Borage,  Broom,
Roses, Violet,  Saffron, Thyme, Storax, Galba-

  MNEMONEUTICE, Mnemonics.
  MNEMONICS, Mnemon'icc, Mnemoneu'ticl,
from y. vuo^ai,  ' I recollect.'   The art of aiding
the memory by signs; and of forming, in some
sort, an artificial memory.
  MOANING, from Sax.  maenan, ' to grieve.'
Respira'tio luctuo'sa, Mychthis'mos. A plain-
tive respiration,  in  which the patient  utters
audible groans.
  MOBILE, see Saint Augustine.
  MOBILITY, Mobil'itas,  from mobilis, con-
traction of movibilis,' that can be moved.'  The
power of being  moved.   In physiology, great
nervous susceptibility, often joined to a dispo-
sition to convulsion.  Greatly developed exci-
tability.
  MOCASIN  FLOWER, Cypripedium luteum.
  MOCH'LIA.   Reduction of a luxated bone;
from ito/xuc, a lever.
  MOCHLICUS, Purgative.
  MOCHLISCUS, Lever.
  MOCHLUS, Lever.
  MOCHTHUS, Agony.
  MOCK-KNEES, Crusta genu equinas.
  MODELLING PROCESS.  A term proposed
by  Dr. Macartney,  of Dublin, to  signify the
mode in which wounds are  healed without in-
flammation  or suppuration; by a deposite of
plastic matter from the surface of the  wound,
by  which the  gap is more rapidly filled,—por-
tion being laid upon portion, without  waste,
after  the  manner of clay  in the hands of the
Bculptor :—hence the term.
  MODI'OLUS, ' the nave of a wheel.'  Pyr'a-
mis seu axis  coch'lea.  A hollow cone  in the
cochlea of the ear,  forming a nucleus, axis, or
central pillar, round which  the gyri  of the
cochlea pass.  The  modiolus  forms the inner
and larger portion of the  central pillar, and is
the cavity seen  at  the bottom of the  meatus
auditorius internus.  It lodges a branch of the
auditory nerve.  The  central portion  of the
modiolus contains a number of minute canals,
and is called  in consequence Tractus spira'lis
foraminulo'sus.  Into  these the nerves of the
cochlea enter, and pass out  at right angles be-
tween the bony plates forming the  zona ossea
of the lamina spiralis, to be expanded  on the
membranous portion of the lamina.
  Modiolus, Mas, also means the crown of the
trepan.
  MO'DIUS.  A dry measure, the  third of an
amphora, equal to the bushel.—Varro.
  MODUS OPERAN'DI, 'mode of operating.'
This term is  applied to the general principles
upon which remedies act in morbid states of
the body;—a subject of much interest, although
involved in  considerable obscurity.
  The following classification will convey some
idea of the ways in which  different organs may
be excited into action.
1. By actual or immediate contact of the remedy, and
   by absorption or mediate contact.
2. Hy an impulse conveyed by the nerves, through an
   impression made on the stomach or elsewhere.
3. By enntigiious or continuous sympathy, or by that
   which is excited by mere proximity or continuity
   of |iatis.
         36
J                 MOLAR

   MOELLE, Marrow—m. Allongee, Medulla
 oblongata—m. kpinilre,  Medulla spinalis—m.
 Vertebrale, Medulla spinalis.
   MCENIA DENTIUM, Alveoli dentium.
   MfJEROR, Athymia.
   MOFETTE, see Mephitism.
   MOFFAT, MINERAL WATERS OF. Mof-
 fat is a village  situate about 56 miles S. W. of
 Edinburgh.  The  water is a cold sulphureous:
 containing, in a wine gallon, 36 grains of chlo-
 ride of sodium, 5 cubic inches of carbonic gas,
 4 of azote, and  10  of sulphohydric acid.  It re-
 sembles Harrowgate water in its properties.
   A strong chalybeate spring was discovered
 there about the  year 1828, which contains ses-
 quisulphate of peroxide of iron, sulphate of alu-
 mina, and uncombined sulphuric acid.
   MOGILA'LIA,P#r«/a'/i<z, from p.oyig, 'with
 difficulty,' and XaXnv, 'to speak.'  This  word
 is inaccurately  written  by Paul  Zacchias,—
 Molaiia, and Molila'Ua.  Difficult  or  defec-
 tive articulation.  Impediment of speech.  See
 Balbuties.
   MOGOSTOCIA,   Dystocia, Laborious
 labour.
   MOGUS, Agony.
   MOHAWK  TASSEL, Eupatorium purpu-
 reum.
   MOIS, Menses.
   MOISTURE,Mador, (F.) Mditeur, anciently
 moisteur.  Simple humidity of the skin.   The
 skin is said to be moist or in a state  of moisture,
 when there is slight perspiration.
   MOITEUR, Moisture.
   MOLA, Maxillary bone, Molar tooth, Mole,
 Patella.
   MOLAGOCODI, Piper nigrum.
   MOLAIRE, Molar.
   MOLALIA,  Mogilalia.
   MOLAR,  Mola'ris, My'licus, (F.) Molaire,
 Meuliere.  That which bruises or grinds; from
 molaris,  'a grindstone,' or mola, 'a millstone.'
   Molar Glands. Two small bodies formed
 by a collection of mucous crypts; seated in the
 substance of the cheeks, between the masseter
 and buccinator muscles,  and whose excretory
 ducts open into the  mouth opposite  the  last
 molar tooth.
   Molar Teeth, Grinders, Jaw Teeth, Mola'res
 permanen'tes dentes, Dentes molares seu  max-
 illa'res seu gom'phii seu clava'les, Mola, Gom-
 phioi, My'lacri, My'lodontes,  My'lodi,  Mo-
 mis'ci, (F.) Dents molaires ou mdchelieres, oc-
 cupy the farther part of each  alveolar  arch.
 Their coronas are  broader than they are high:
 unequal, tuberculated; and the roots are  more
 or less subdivided.  They are  20 in number,
 10 in each jaw.  The first two pairs of molar
 teeth, in each jaw, have  been called lesser mo-
 lares or bicuspid, Dentes  bicuspida'ti. The CO-!
 ronae have two tubercles; the outer being more-
 prominent and larger than the inner.   The root
 is commonly simple; sometimes bifurcated.
 The other three pairs have been termed, Great
 molares—Dents multicuspidies  (Ch.)  Their
 coronas are cubical, rounded, and have, at the
 upper surface, four or five tubercles, separated
 by deep furrows.  The root is divided into two,
 three, four, and five fangs, which  are more or
 less curved.  The third  great molaris appears
 a  long time  after the others; and hence, has
 been called Dens sapien'tice or Wisdom tooth. 
MOLASSES               55<
  MOLASSES, Melasses.
  MOLE,  Mola, from moles, ' mass.'  Myle,
Zephyrius fcetus, Germen falsum, Pseudocye'-
sis molaris, Graviditas molaris.  A fleshy, in-
sensible, at times, soft—at others, hard—mass;
of variable and  determinate size, which forms
in the uterus, and is  slightly united by vessels
to that organ; from which its feeble vitality is
derived.   It has been conceived by some to be
always  owing to imperfect conception;  but
moles may form in the undoubted virgin.  They
seem to  be owing to a morbid process;   and
certainly are  generally  connected with  con-
ception.   At times,  they contain  parts of the
foetus; but commonly do not.  At very different
periods, in different women, the diseased mass
is expelled from the uterus,  with  ordinary
symptoms  of abortion;  and the case requires
similar  management.  See, also,  Naevus   and
Conception, (false.)
  MOLE PLANT, Euphorbia lathyris.
  MOLECULAR, Molecula'ris.   Of or  be-
longing to molecules or minute  portions of any
thing.  Hence  molecular  death, in contradis-
tinction to  somatic death,
  MOL'ECULE, Molec'ula,  Mass'ula; dimi-
nutive of Moles,' a mass.'   A minute portion of
any body. Also, the cicatric'ula, ma'cula,galla-
tu'ra, tread of the cock, or embryo part of the im-
pregnated ovum, observable by the microscope
before the ovum has left the ovarium of the hen.
It lies under the epidermic coats  of the yelk,
and  upon its  proper  coat.  If the ovum, ac-
cording to  Valentin, be  lacerated and its  con-
tents minutely  examined, the cicatricula is
found like  a  grayish  white disk, which in its
whole periphery is dense, granulous, and opake,
but in the centre presents a clear nongranulous
and perfectly diaphanous point.  Purkinje found,
that when he removed the dark  granulous mass
by suction with a small tube, there remained a
perfectly transparent vesicle filled with a  pel-
lucid lymph, which had  a decidedly spherical
form, but being extremely delicate, was easily
lacerable, and then its fluid escaped.  As he
found this, which later naturalists have named
—after its discoverer—the Purkin'jean ves'icle,
in the ova of the ovary, but could not see  it in
ova, which had already entered the oviduct, he
gave  it  the name germinal vesicle, vesic'ula
prolifera seu germinati'v a.  Besides a perfectly
colourless fluid, this contains one or more dark
corpuscles, which appear as a nucleus through
the including membrane  in the shape of opake
spots—the  germinal spot, macu'la germinatl -
va  seu  ger'minans,  nu'cleus  germinatlvus.
The granulous membrane—its  thickened  por-
tion, the so called " cicatricula,"—and the ger-
minal vesicle, constitute those parts of the ovum
which pass immediately into the original foun-
dation of the embryo, the  blastoderma or ger-
minal membrane, vesic'ula blastodermat'ica.
  MOLENE, Verbascum nigrum.
  MOLES GANGLIFORMIS,  Ganglion of
Gasser.
  MOLIBDUS, Plumbum.
  MOLILALIA, Mogilalia.
  MOLI'MEN, from molior,' to move or stir.'
' An attempt to struggle.'   Hence,—
  Moli'men H;emorrhag"icum.  The hemor-
rhagic diathesis or impulsion.
  Molimen Hemorrhoida'le.  The hemorrhoi-
dal diathesis or impulsion.  See Haemorrhois.
4              MOLLUSCUM

   Molimen Menstrua'le.  The menstrual dia-
 thesis or impulsion.
   Molimen Nature Salutarium, Instinct.
   MOLLESCENCE, Mollities.
   MOLLET, Sura.
   MOLLIPUFFS, Lycoperdon.
   MOLLIS MATER, Pia mater.
   MOLLITTES,  Molles'cence,  Malacis'mus,
 Mollit'ia,  Mollitu' do,  Emollities, Emollities
 morbo'sa, Mollitio, Malax'is,  Malaco'sis, Mul-
 thax'is, (F.) Ramollissement; (G.) Malakien
 (Fuchs);  from mollis,  'soft.'   Preternatural
 softness of an organ or part of an  organ.
   Mollities Cer'ebri, Malaco'sis Cer'ebri,En-
 cephalomala'cia,  Encephalomalax'is,  Necren-
 ceph'alus (W. Farr,) Cer'ebromalacia,Encepha-
 losep'sis, MoUescence, or softening, or a kind of
 liquefaction, of the cerebral substance; the re-
 mainder preserving  its ordinary consistency.
 (F.) Ramollissement du cerveau.   The neurine
 often contains small clots of blood, giving rise to
 what  has  been  termed Apoplexie capillaire,
 (Cruveilhier.)   The symptoms denoting it are
 equivocal.
   Mollities Cordis, Cardiomalacia.
   Mollities Medul'la Spina'lis, Myeloma-
 lacia, (F.) Ramollissement de la Mo'elle Epi-
 niere.  Softening of the spinal marrow.
   Mollities Os'sium, Malacosteo'sis, Malacos'-
 teon,  Emollit'ies os'sium,  Paros'tia flexilis,
 Osteomalaco'sis, Rachitis seu Rhachltis adul-
 torum, Spina vento'sa (of some), Osteomalacia,
 Soft'ening  of  the  bones, (F.)  Ostio-malade,
 Ostio-malaxie, Ostio-malakie, Ramollissement
 des os.  A  rare  affection in  which  the bones
 are deprived of their salts,  particularly of the
 phosphate of lime, and consist only, or mainly,
 of gelatin; hence they acquire a degree of sup-
 pleness which renders them unfit for  the per-
 formance of their functions.   The disease gene-
 rally  affects all the bones;  but it is especially
 remarkable during  life in the long bones, which
 assume any curvature that  may be  wished.
 Very violent pain is often experienced in them;
 and the urine frequently contains an enormous
 proportion of calcareous phosphate.  The pa-
 tient  is compelled to  remain in  the horizontal
 posture; the bones  no longer being fixed points
 for the muscles to act  upon.  The disease has,
 hitherto, always terminated fatally, and dissec-
 tion has exhibited the gelatinous  nature of the
 bones; which,  by desiccation,  have  becomf
 transparent, as if they had been macerated  in
 acid.
   Experience has afforded no means of relief in
 this  dreadful affliction.  The alkaline  salts,
 earthy phosphates, &c. are of little or no use.
   MOLLITIO, Mollities.
   MOLLITUDO, Mollities.
   MOLLUS'CUM, Atheroma,   A  cutaneous
 affection,  so called in  consequence  of its re-
 semblance to certain molluscous animals.  It
 consists of numerous tumours, varying in size
 from  that  of a pea to  that of a pigeon's egg,
 filled with an atheromatous matter, which are
 developed in the substance of the derma, and
 are of various shapes, some having  a larg£
 base,—others adherent by means of a pedicle.
   Molluscum contagio'sum, a singular variety,
 is characterized by  the presence of hard, round,
 tubercles, which are smooth  and transparent,
 and when pressed,  pour out from an orifice in
 their  summits a little opake or milky  fluid. 
MOLOCHE               555            MONOHEMERON
  The disease is probably seated in the seba-
ceous follicles.
  If internal treatment be adopted at all, it must
consist of eutrophics, as arsenic, iodine, &c.
The external treatment consists in the employ-
ment of measures calculated to excite the tu-
bercles to inflammation, as by  touching them
with potassa.
  MOLOCHE, Malva rotundifolia.
  MOLOPES, Vibices.
  MOLYBDENUM MAGNESII, Manganese,
black oxide of.
  MOLYBDOS, Plumbum.
  MOLYBDOSIS, Lead-poisoning.
  MOLYNE, Anus.
  MOLYNS1S, Miasma.
  MOMIE, Mummy.
  MOMIN, Mamei.
  MOMISCI, Molar teeth.
  MOMOR'DICA BALSAMI'NA,  Balsami-
na, Balm-apple, Balsam apple, (F.) Balsamine,
Pomme de merveille.  The fruit of this oriental
tree, Pomum mirabile  seu hierosolymita'num,
was formerly considered vulnerary.
  Momor'dica Elate'rium, Elate'rium, Ecba'-
lia Elate'rium, Cu'cumis agres'lis,  C. asinl-
nus,  C. sylvestris, Elate'rium officinal rum,
Charan'tia, Bouba'lios, Guarerba orba, Wild
ox Squirting  cu'cumber, Ecbo'Uum elate'rium,
(F.) Concombre Sauvage, Momordique.  Nat.
Order, Cucurbitaceae. The dried sediment from
the juice is the elaterium of the shops.   (See
Extractum Elaterii.)  It  is a  most  powerful
cathartic, and, as such, has been used in drop-
sies.  Its active principle is the Elatin, Elate-
rine or Elaterium.   Dose, gr. \ to gr. j. until
it operates.
  MOMORDIQUE, Momordica elaterium.
  MONAD, from Monas, ' unity.'   A simple
particle, or  atom, or  unit.—Leibnitz.  The
smallest of all visible animalcules.  A primary
cell or germ.
  MONvE, Nates.
  MONARDA  COCCIN'EA,  Scarlet Rose
balm, Mountain mint, Oswego Tea,  Mountain
Balm, Horsemint, Square stalk, Red Balm; a
beautiful indigenous  plant, having the excitant
properties of monarda punctata.
  Monar'da Fistulo'sa.  The  Purple monar'-
da.   The leaves have a fragrant smell; and an
aromatic, somewhat bitter taste.  They are re-
puted to be  nervine,  stomachic, and  deob-
struent.
   Monar'daFukcta'ta, Horsemint.  Sex.Syst.
Diandria Monogynia.  Nat. Ord. Labiatas.  In-
digenous in the United States.  Stimulant and
carminative.   The Oleum monardx is officinal
in the United States.
   Monarda Purple, M. fistulosa.
   MONDER (F.), from mandus, ' cleanly.'
To render clean or pure.  InPharmacy ,itmeaxis
fo separate any substance from its  impure or
useless portion.   In  surgery, monder ou mon-
difier une plaie, is to clean or deterge a wound.
   MONDIF1CATIFS, Detergents.
   MONDIFIER  UNE PLAIE, see Monder.
   MONE MERON, Monoe'meron, Monohe'me-
ron;  from/uovot,'one,' and'ufjitqa, 'aday.'  A
name given to several collyria, which were sup-
posed to be  capable of curing diseases of the
eyes  in a day.
  "MONENTERUM, Colon.
   MONE'SIA.  A vegetable extract imported
into Europe from South America, in hard, thick
cakes.   It is prepared from the bark of a tree,
whose botanical name is unknown.   It is very
friable, and its fracture very much resembles
that of a well-torrefied cocoanut.  It is wholly
soluble  in water;  and its taste—which is at
first  sweet like liquorice, sometimes becomes
astringent.  It is on account of its astringent
properties that it has been prescribed in chronic
bronchitis, haemoptysis, diarrhoea, leucorrhoea,
uterine hemorrhage, &c.  It has been applied
locally,  in the form of ointment, (Mones. p. 1,
Adipis,  p. vij.)  The dose of Monesia is from
12 to 40 grains a day.
  MONEYWORT, Lysimachia nummularia.
  MONGOLIAN.  Anthropologists  give the
name Mongolian  race to a variety of the hu-
man species, spread  over a great part  of the
north of Asia, in China, India, Thibet, the Mo-
luccas, &c.  The individuals composing itJiave
the skin of  a  brown red, forehead  flat, nose
broad, cheeks prominent, and  lips large.  See
Homo.
  MONKSHOOD, Aconitum—m.  Common,
Aconitum napellus—m. Salutary, Aconitum
anthora.
  MONNI'NA POLYSTA'CHIA.  A beauti^
ful South American plant. Nat. Ord. Polyga-
leae.   Sex. Syst.  Diadelphia Octandria.  The
bark of  the root is a powerful astringent, and
much used in South America in diseases of th»
bowels.
  MONOBLEP'SIS, from uovog,  'one,' and
fixtxpig,  'sight.'   An affection in which vision
is confused, imperfect, and indistinct, when both
eyes are employed; but quite perfect or  nearly
so, when either eye is used singly.
  MONOCAR'PE;  from juovog, 'alone,' 'sin-
gle,' and xapnog,' fruit.'  A division of cutane-
ous affections, of the family of  Eczematosen of
Fuchs,  which  includes strophulus, psydracia,
and ecthyma.
  MONOCEPH'ALUS, from /uoyog, 'one,' and
xtqaxn,  'head.'   A compound monster having
two bodies with a single head.
  MONOCOLON, Caecum, Rectum.
  MONOCRA'NUS,from povog,' one,'' single,'
and xgovov, xqaviov,' cranium.'   A monster with
one cranium, but with the face in part double.
—Gurlt.
  MONOCULUM, Caecum.
  MONOC'ULUS, Mon'ocle, Monophthalmus,
Unioc'ulus, Unoc'ulus, from fj.vvt,g, 'one,' and
oculus,  'an eye.'   A bandage employed to
maintain topical  applications  over  one  of  the
eyes.  This bandage, called by some surgeons
Simplex oc'ulus, (F.) QUil simple, is made of a
roller three or four ells long, rolled into a singh?
ball.  See Cyclops.
  MONODIPLOPIA;  from  ftnot, 'alone,'
dmxovg,' double,' and imp, ' eye.'  Double  vi-
sion with one eye.
  MONOEMERON, Monemeron.
  MONOGASTRIC,  Monogas'tricus; fxom
fnovot, 'one,' and ya-rt^q,  'stomach.'   That
which has but one stomach.  Man is Monogas-
tric; ruminating  animals, on the contrary,  are
poly gastric.
  MONOGRAPH, MED'IC AL, Monographic*
medica; from  /.totog,  'one,' and  yqa^v, 'de-
scription.'  An ex professo treatise on a single
class of diseases, or on a single disease.
  MONOHEMERON, Monemeron. 
MONOMACHON             556                 MORBI
  MONOMACHON, Caecum.
  MONOMACUM, Caecum.
  MONOMANIA, Melancholy.
  MONOMMATOS, Cyclops.
  MONOPAGIA,  Clavus  hystericus,  Hemi-
crania.
  MONOP'ATHY, Monopathi'a, from y.ovog,
'■ one,' and na&og,' disorder.'  A state in which
one organ or function is disordered.  Applied
to melancholy or monomania; which is said to
be a monopathic affection.
  MONOPEGIA,  Clavus  hystericus,  Hemi-
crania.
  MONOPHTHALMUS, Cyclops, Monoculus.
  MONOPLASTIC, Monoplas'ticus: from po-
v»g, ' one,' and Trxxaaw, ' I form.'   That which
has one form.  A Monoplastic element, in histo-
logy, is one  which retains  its primary form.—
Gerber.
  MONOPODIA, Sympodia.
  MONOPS, Cyclops.
  MONOPSIA, Cyclopia.
  MONOPUS, Symmeles.
  MONOR'CHIS, from fxovog, 'one/andoo^i?,
' testicle.'   One who has only one testicle.
  MONOSITIA, from ^ovoc, 'one,' and <rnog,
' food,' ' repast.'  The habit of taking only one
meal in the day.
  MONOT'ROPA UmFLO'RA,Iceplant,Pipe-
plant, Nest root, Fit root.  An indigenous plant,
whose  juice, mixed with water, has been ex-
tolled by the Indians in ophthalmia.  The dried
root  in powder has been given in epilepsy and
nervous diseases.
  MONROIA'NUM FORA'MEN.  A foramen
at the anterior part of the  lateral ventricles of
the brain, by which they communicate with
each other, is so called from the second Monro.
  MONS  VEN'ERIS, Montic'ulus  Ven'eris,
Epkebe'um, (F.) Mont de Vinus, Pinil, Motte,
Eminence sus-pubienne.  The more or less pro-
jecting  eminence,  situate  at  the  base  of the
hypogastrium, above the vulva and in front of
the os  pubis.  At the period of puberty it be-
comes covered with hair, formerly called Tres-
soria.
  MONSTER, Monstrum, Teras, Pelor, Pelo'-
ria, Pelo'rium, Pelo'rum. Any organized being,
having an extraordinary vice of conformation,
or a  preternatural perversion of every part, or
of certain parts only.  Three species of mon-
sters are usually distinguished. Theirs* com-
prehends those that are born with an excess of
parts ;  as with two heads  on one trunk,—two
trunks with  one head,—with six fingers or toes,
&c.  The second includes those with a deficiency
of parts,—such as the acephali, monopes,  &c.;
and the third, those with a deviation of parts,—
as where the heart is on the right side, the liver
on the  left, &c.  Amongst the  numerous hypo-
theses entertained on the origin or cause of mon-
gers, or of  monstrosity—terato'sis, monstros'-
ttas, as the  state has been called—three  only
are worth mentioning.  They have been attri-
buted,  1. To the influence of the maternal ima-
gination on the foetus in utero.   2. To acciden-
tal  changes, experienced by the fcetus at some
period of its uterine existence: and, 3. To a
primitive defect in the germs.  The  second
seems to be the only one that is philosophical.
  As a medico-legal question, monsters, if ca-
pable of action as individuals, have the same
rights as other persons.
   MONSTROSITAS, see Monster.
   MONSTROSITY, see Monster.
   MONSTRUM, Monster.
   MONT DE  VENUS, Mons Veneris.
   MONTBRISON,  MINERAL  WATERS
 OF.  Montbrison is a town in France,  in the
 department of the Loire, fifteen leagues from
 Lyons.  There  are three  cold springs  here,
 which are highly acidulous, and used as  refri-
 gerants and aperients.
   MONT-DE-MARSAN,  MINERAL   WA-
 TERS OF.  Mont-de-Marsan is a small French
 town, 10 leagues from Dax;  where there is a
 chalybeate spring, somewhat frequented.
   MONT-D'OR, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Mont d'Or is a village seven leagues from Cler-
 mont, (Puy-de-D6nie,)  at which  are several
 mineral springs, cold and thermal.  Those of
 the Fountain  La Madelaine, and of the Great
 Bath, are thermal; temp. 112° Fahr. and con-
 tain carbonic acid, subcarbonate and sulphate of
 soda, chloride of sodium, subcarbonate of lime
 and magnesia, alumine and oxide of iron.  Those
 of St. Margaret are cold,  and contain  much

   MONTECATI'NI,  MINERAL  WATERS
 OF.  This  town is situate  near  Borgo-Bug-
 giano, in Tuscany.   The springs are thermal;
 ranging from 16° to 118° Fahrenheit.
   MONTHLY  COURSES, Menses—m. Pe-
 nods  Menses
   MONTICULI  CEREBELLI,  Vermiform
 processes of the Cerebellum.
   MONTICULUS  VENERIS, Mons veneris.
   MONTPELLIER, CLIMATE  OF.   This
 seat of a celebrated medical school in the S. E.
 of France was at one time renowned for its cli-
 mate, and especially in  regard to its adaptation
 to consumptive cases.   This is now exploded,
 and it is at present  esteemed an unfit residence
 for them.  The climate possesses the general
 characters of that  of south-eastern France—
 being dry, hot,  and irritating; subject to fre-
 quent vicissitudes,  and  especially lo blasts of
 keen, cold, northerly winds.  It is, indeed, most
 injurious in pulmonary  diseases.
   MOON, Luna, Sele'ne, Mene, Sax.  Mona,
 (G.)  M o n d,  (F.) Lune.   The moon has been
 supposed  to exert  considerable influence over
 the human body, in health and disease.   Such
 influence  has  been  grossly  exaggerated. Not
 many years ago, it  would have been heretical
 to doubt the exacerbation of mania, at the full
 of the moon; yet it is now satisfactorily shown,
 that if the light be  excluded at this period, the
 lunatic is not excited more than ordinarily.
   MOONSTRUCK, Lunatic.
   MOORBERRY, Vaccinium oxycoccos.
   MOORSHEAD,  Alembic.
   MOORWORT, BROAD-LEAVED, Andro-
 meda mariana.
   MOOSEWOOD, Dirca palustris.
   MOPHETA, see Mephitism.
   MORBEUX, Morbid.
   MORBI, see Morbus—m. Acquisiti, Acquired
 diseases—m. Acuti, see Acute—m. Adventitii,
 Acquired diseases,—m. Anniversarii, Annualdis-
 eases—m.Annui,Annual diseases—m.Asthenici,
 Adynamiae — m. Celati, Feigned diseases — m.
 Chronici, Chronic diseases—m. Cognati, Innate
 diseases—m. Complicati, see Complication, Im-
 pliciti morbi—m.Congeniti,Innatediseases—m.
j Connati,  Connate diseases—m. Connexi, Con- 
MORBID
557
MORIA
 juncti morbi—m. Consequentes, Conjuncti mor-
 bi—m. Constrictorii,see Spasmoticus—m, Der-
 matodes, see Dermatoid—m. Dispersi, Sporadic
 diseases—m. Dissimulati,  Feigned diseases—
 m. Epicteti, Acquired diseases—m. Evolutionis,
 Bee Development—m. Homoedri, see  Homoe-
 drus—m. Infitiati,Feigned diseases—m. Interni,
 Internal diseases—m. Melancholici, see Mercu-
 rial—rn.Mercuriales, see Mercurial—m. Nervo-
 Bi, Nervous diseases—m. Occulti,see Latent—m.
 Olfacttis, Osmonosi—m. Perplexi, see  Compli-
 cation—m. Pseudalei, Feigned diseases—m. Re-
 cidiva, Relapse—m.  Recursus, Palindromia—
 m. Sexuales, see Sexual—m. Sexus, Genonusi—
 m. Simulati, Feigned diseases—m. Sparsi, Spo-
 radic diseases—m. Spasmotici, see Spasmoticus
 —m. Subacute, see Acute—m. Tactus, Hapho-
 nosi—m. Tropici, Troponusi.
   MORBID, Mor'bidus,  Morbo'sus,  Pathic,
 Path'ical,  Pathicus, (F.)  Morbeux, Morbide;
 from morbus, ' a disease.'  Diseased or relating
 to  disease.
   Morbid Anatomy, see Anatomy.
   MORBIFIC, Morbificus, (F.)  Morbifique;
 fxom morbus, ' a disease,' and facere, 'to make.'
 Causing or producing disease—as morbific ema-
 nations.
   MORBILITY, Disease.
   MORBILLEUX, Morbillous.
   MORBILLI, Rubeola—m. Confluentes, Scar-
 latina—m. Ignei, Scarlatina.
   MORBILLOSUS, Morbillous.
   MORBIL'LOUS, Morbillo'sus, Measly, (F.)
 Morbilleux. Affected or connected with measles.
   MORBOSUS, Sickly.
   MORBUS, Disease, see  Morbi—m.  Ampul-
 laceus, Pemphigus—m. Anglicus, Rachitis—m.
 Aphrodisius,  Syphilis—m.  Arcuatus,  Icterus
 —m. Arietis, Influenza—m. Arquatus, Icterus
 —m. Articularis, Gout—m. Astralis, Epilepsy
 —m. Attonitus, Apoplexy—m. a. Celsi,  Cata-
 lepsy—m.  Brightii, Kidney, Bright's disease of
 the—m. Bullosus, Pemphigus — m. Caducus,
 Epilepsy—m. Casruleus, Cyanopathy—m. Cal-
 culi, Lithia—m. Cardiacus, Cardialgia—m. Ca-
 tarrhalis, Influenza—m. Catoxys, see Catoxys
 — m.   Cerealis,  Ergotism — m.  Cerebralis
 Whyttii, Hydrocephalus Internus—m.  Cirrho-
 rum,  Plica—m. Cceliacus, Coeliac flux  — m.
 Comitialis,  Epilepsy—m.  Costalis,  Pleuritis—
 m.  Coxarius, Coxarum morbus—m. Croatus,
 Scherlievo—m. Cucullaris,  Pertussis—m. Cu-
 cullis, Pertussis—m. Cystophlegmaticus,  Cys-
 tirrhoea—m. Daemoniacus, Epilepsy—m. Dae-
 monius, Epilepsy—m. Deificus, Epilepsy—m.
 Dissolutus, Dysentery—m.  Divinus, Epilepsy
 —m.  Dominorum,  Gout—m.  Endemius, En-
 demic—m.  Epidemicus, Epidemy—m. Epide-
 micus  gutturis  Foresti,  Scarlatina—m. Erudi-
 torum, Hypochondriasis'—m. Extrinsecus, Ex-
 ternal  disease — m.  Febrilis, Pyreticosis—m.
 Fellifluus, Cholera—m.  Flatuosus,  Hypochon-
 driasis—m. Fluminiensis, Scherlievo—m. Fce-
 dus, Epilepsy—m. Frigidus, Atrophy—m. Gal-
 licus, Syphilis—m. Gesticulatorius, Chorea—
m.  Gravis,  see Serious — m. Haemorrhoidalis,
Haemorrhois—m.  Heracleus,  Epilepsy — m.
Herculeus,  Epilepsy—m. Hispanicus, Syphilis
—m. Hydrophobics, Hydrophobia—m. Hypo-
chondriacus, Hypochondriasis—m. Hystericus,
Hysteria—m. Idiopathicus, Idiopathia—m. In-
dicus, Syphilis—m. Interlunius, Epilepsy—m.
Ischiadicus, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea — m.
 Italicus,  Syphilis—m.  Jecinoris, Hepatitis—
 m. Lateralis, Pleuritis—m.  Lazari, Elephan-
 tiasis—m. Lunaticus, Epilepsy—m. Luteolus,
 Icterus—m. Maculosus haemorrhagicus Werl-
 hofii, Purpura haemorrhagica—m. Magnus, Epi-
 lepsy— m.  Major, Epilepsy—m.  Mensalis,
 Epilepsy—m. Mercurialis, Eczema mercuriale,
 Hydrargyriasis—m. Metallicus,  Colic, metallic
 —m. Mucosus, Fever,  adeno-meningeal—m.
 Nauticus,  Nausea  marina — m. Neapolitanus,
 Syphilis — m. Niger, Melaena—m. Originalis,
 Idiopathia—m. Oesophagi, CEsophagopathia-m.
 Oryzeus, Cholera—m. Pallidus,  Chlorosis—m.
 Pancoenus, Pandemic—m. Parthenius,  Chloro-
 sis—m. Pandemius, Pandemic—m. Pedicularis,
 Phtheiriasis—m. Pediculosus, Phtheiriasis—m.
 Peracutus, see Catoxys—m. Phoeniceus, Ele-
 phantiasis—m. Pilaris, Trichiasis—m.  Pleuri-
 ticus, Pleuritis—m. Plumbeus, Lead-poisoning
 —m. Porcinus, Essera—m. Popularis, Epilepsy
 — m.  Primarius,   Idiopathia — m.  Proprius,
 Idiopathia—m. Protopathicus,  Idiopathia—m.
 Proteiformis, see Proteiformis—m. Psoadicus,
 Lumbar abscess—m. Publicus,  Epidemy—m.
 Puerilis, Epilepsy — m. Pulicularis,  Typhus
 gravior—m. Recidivus, Relapse — m.  Recidi-
 vus, Palindromia—m. Regionalis, Endemic—m.
 Regius, Icterus—m. Resiccatorius,  Hypochon-
 driasis— m. Ructuosus, Hypochondriasis—m.
 Ructuosus, see Eructation—m. Sacer, Epilepsy
 —m. Saltatorius, Chorea—m. Sancti Joannis,
 Epilepsy—m. Sancti Valentini,  Epilepsy—m.
 Scarlatinosus, Scarlatina—m, Scelestus, Epi-
 lepsy — m. Scrophulosus,  Scrofula — m.  Se-
 cundaria, Deuteropathia—m. Seleniacus, Epi-
 lepsy—m. Sideratus, Epilepsy—m. Silesiacus,
 Raphania—m. Simplex, Haplopathia—m. Solsti-
 tialis, Coup-de-Soleil—m. Sonticus, Epilepsy—
 m. Spasmodicus malignus seu  popularis, Rapha-
 nia—m. Strangulatorius, Cynanche trachealis—
 m. Sudatorius, SudorAnglicus—m. Truculentus
 infantum, Cynanche trachealis—m. Tuberculo-
 sa, see  Tubercle and Tubercular cachexia—m.
 Ungaricus, Fever,  Hungaric—m. Verminosus,
 Helminthiasis—m.  Vernaculus,  Endemic—m.
 Vervecinus, Influenza—m. Vesicularis, Pem-
 phigus—m. Virgineus, Chlorosis—m. Viridel-
 lus,  Epilepsy—m.  Vitriolatus,  Epilepsy—m.
 Vocis, Phononosus—m. Vulpis, Alopecia.
  MORCEAU DU DIABLE,  see Tuba Fal-
 lopiana—m. Frangi, see Tuba Fallopiana.
  MOR'DICANT,  Mor'dicans,  Calor  mor'di-
 cans.   A morbid heat, causing a disagreeable
 pungent sensation in the fingers of the physician.
  MORDICES, Teeth: see Tooth.
  MOREA, Morus  nigra.
  MORELLE, Boletus esculentus—m.  a Fruit
 noir, Solanum—m. Furieuse, Atropa belladonna
 — m.  en Grappes,  Phytolacca  decandra—m.
 Grimpante, Solanum dulcamara.
  MORETARIUM, Mortar.
  MORETUS, More'tum, from  morum,  ' the
 mulberry.'  Ancient name of a  cordial julep,
 into the composition of which the syrup of mul-
berries entered.—Schroder.
  MORGAG'NI,   HUMOUR  OF,   Humor
 Morgagnia'nus.  A   peculiar,   transparent,
 slightly viscid fluid,  found between the crystal-
 line and its capsule.
  MORGELINE,  Alsine media.
  MORIA, Idiotism—m. Demens, Idiotism,
 Dementia—m. Demens lerema, see Dementia
—m. Imbecilis amnesia, Amnesia. 
MORIBUNDUS              558               MORSURE
  MORIBUND US, Psychorages.
  MORINGA OLEIFERA, Guilandina morin-
ga—m. Zeylanica, Guilandina moringa.
  MORION, Genital organ, Penis.
  MORIOPLASTICE, Chirur'gia curto'rum,
Ch. Anaplas'tica, Restitutio organica seu par'-
tiumdeperdita'rum, Transplanta'tio, Autoplas'-
tice, Anaplastic Surgery, Autoplas'ty or  Auto-
plastic ox Plastic Surgery, Chirur'gia plas'dca,
from ftoqtov, ' a part,' and nXaonxog,' forming.'
The restoration of lost parts.   The operations
for this purpose have various names, according
to the  part  concerned, as Cheiloplastice,  Cera-
toplastice, Rhinoplasdce, &c.
  MORO, from morum, 'a mulberry:'—Mo-
rum, (F.) Mure.   A small abscess resembling
a mulberry.   A small tumour, of a similar ap-
pearance, particularly  on  the genital organs
after impure coition.
  MOROCHTHUS, Moroch'tus, Morochi'tes,
Merochi'tes, Meroc'tes,Galax'ia, Leucographia,
(F.) Pierre au lait, Milk stone.   An Egyptian
stone, used by the ancients as an application to
the intertrigo of children: probably a variety of
fuller's earth,  inasmuch as it appears to have
been used by fullers.
  MOROCHITES, Morochthus.
  MOROCHTUS, Morochthus.
  MOROCOMIUM, Morotrophium.
  MORODOCHIUM, Morotrophium.
  MOROSIS, Fatuitas, Idiotism.
  MOROSITATES, from uwqia, 'folly.'  A
generic name  given by Linnaeus to an order of
Vesaniae, in which he  included pica, bulimia,
polydipsia,  antipathia,  nostalgia, panophobia,
satyriasis, nymphomania, tarentismus, and hy-
drophobia.
  MOROTROPH'IUM,  Morocomi'um, Moro-
dochi'um, from fiioqog,  ' fatuous,' and  rqoiprj,
' support.'   An insane establishment; a lunatic
asylum; a mad-house.   Under proper manage-
ment, a valuable  institution; but liable to va-
rious abuses.
  MORPHEA ALBA,  Lepra alphoides—m.
Nigra, Lepra nigricans.
  MORPHIA, Morphina—m. Acetate of, Mor-
phinae acetas—m. Citrate of, see Morphina—m.
Muriate of,  see  Morphina—m.  Sulphate of,
Morphina? sulphas.
  MORPHINE ACETAS,  Morphinae acetas—
m. Sulphas, Morphinae sulphas.
  MOR'PHICA,  from fjoqipv, 'shape.'  Mon-
strosities of birth. The 3d order, class Typkica
of Good.
  MORPHI'NA,  Morphia, Mor'phium, Mor-
phine, Morphine, from  Morpheus, the ' god of
sleep.'  A solid, colourless alkali; crystalliza-
ble in beautiful pyramids, truncated and trans-
parent; soluble in alcohol,  and slightly so in
boiling  water. It exists, combined  with me-
conic  acid, in opium.   It may be obtained by
decomposing, by means of ammonia or calcined
magnesia, an aqueous solution of opium  made
in the cold.
  The following is the process of the Pharm.
U. S.  Opium, sliced, Ibj ; distilled water, alco-
hol, each a sufficient quantity; solution of am-
monia, f. gvj.  Macerate the opium with four
pints of distilled water for 24 hours, and having
worked it with the hand, digest for  24 hours,
and strain.   Macerate  the residue twice suc-
cessively with distilled water, and strain.   Mix
the infusions; evaporate to six pints, and filter;
then add first  five pints of alcohol, and after-
wards three fluidounces of the solution of am-
monia, previously mixed with half-a-pint of al-
cohol.  After  24 hours,  pour  in the remainder
of the solution of ammonia, mixed  as  before
with half-a-pint of alcohol; and set the liquor
aside for 24 hours, that crystals may form.  To
purify these, boil them with two pints of alco-
hol till they are  dissolved; filter the solution,
while hot, through animal charcoal, and set it
aside to crystallize.
  Morphia dissolves perfectly in the  acids,
which it saturates;  and with which it forms
very crystallizable salts, with the exception of
the acetate.  All these salts have a bitter taste,
and act  upon the  animal economy  in the same
manner as opium, but more  powerfully.  The
acetate is the salt commonly employed in medi-
cine.  It was, at one time, supposed that Mor-
phia is  the purely sedative part of opium, di-
vested of its irritating  properties; but expe-
rience has not  confirmed this.  On the contrary,
Morphia will  generally disagree where opium
does.  Dose of Morphia £ to ^ of a grain.
  Morphi'na  Ace'tas,  Mor'phice  Acetas, Ac"-
etate of Morphine, Acetate of Morphia.  A salt,
formed by saturating morphia with acetic acid.
(Morphia, in powder, freed from narcotina by
boiling with sulphuric ether, gj ; distilled  wa-
ter, Oss; acetic acid, a sufficient quantity.  Mix
the morphia  with the water;  then  carefully
drop in the acid, constantly stirring until the
morphia is saturated and dissolved.  Evaporate
the solution in a water-bath to the  consistence
of syrup.   Lastly, dry the acetate with a gen-
tle  heat and rub  it into powder.—Ph. U. S.)
Dose, from £ of a grain to a grain.
  Morphi'n.e  Sulphas, Mor'phijE  Sulphas,
Sulphate of Morphia.  A salt, formed by satu-
rating morphia with sulphuric acid, evaporating,
and crystallizing.   Dose, the same  as of the
acetate.
  Muriate  and Citrate  of Morphia have like-
wise been used; but  they possess no advantages
over the other  salts.   The sulphate and muriate
are officinal in the Ph. U. S.
  MORPHIUM, Morphina.
  MORPHOLOGTCAL, from ^o<><t>»,' shape,'
and royig, ' a description.'  That which has re-
lation to the anatomical conformation of parts.
Applied, at times, to  the alterations in the form
of the several parts  of the embryo, in  contra-
distinction to  histological, which is applied to
the  transformation by  which the tissues are
gradually generated.
  MORPHOLOGY, Anatomy.
  MORPHON'OM Y, Morphonomia:  from  uo%-
ip», ' shape,' and vouk, 'a law.'   The  laws of
organic formation.   The department of anato-
mical science which teaches the laws of organic
configuration.
  MORPHOTOMY,  see Anatomy.
  MORPIO, see Pediculus.
  MORPION, Crab-louse, see Pediculus.
  MORS, Death—m. Apparens, Asphyxia—m.
Putativa, Asphyxia—m. Repentina, Demotivus
lapsus—m. du Diable, Scabiosa succisa.
  MORSELLUS, Tabella.
  MORSULI ANTIMONIALES,  Tabellae an-
timoniales Kunckelii—m. Stibii, Tabellae  anti-
moniales Kunckelii.
  MORSULUS, Tabella.
  MORSURE, Degmos. 
MORSUS
559
MOS
  MORSUS, Degmos — m.  Diaboli, Scabiosa
succisa, see Tuba Fallopiana—m. Gallinae, Al-
sine media—m. Stomachi, Cardialgia—m. Ven-
triculi, Cardialgia.
  MORT,  Death—m. Apparente, Asphyxia—
m. du Chien, Cholera—m. aux Chiens, Colchi-
cum autumnale—m. aux Pantheres, Doronicum
pardalianches.
  MORTA, Pemphigus.
  MORTAL, Morta'lis, from mors, mortis,
' death.'  Letha'lis, Leta'Hs,  Thanato'des, Tha-
nas'imus, (F.) Mortel.   That which is subject
to death;—that which causes death:—as, man
is mortal; a disease is mortal.  Of old, it was
the custom to have a division of mortal wounds,
which gave rise to many errors in medico-legal
investigations, as the mortality of wounds de-
pends upon various circumstances; and it is  of-
ten a matter of extreme difficulty, to pronounce
whether or not a wound is necessarily mortal.
  MORTALITY, Mortalitas, Lethalitas, Le-
talitas, Mortaliti.  This word taken in an ex-
tended sense, expresses the condition of all or-
ganized bodies,—of being subject  to the ces-
sation of life.  In the sense in which it is most
frequently employed, it  signifies,—the propor-
tional quantity of individuals who, in a certain
population, die in a given time.  If we assume
the population of the earth to be one thousand
millions, and a generation to last thirty-three
years;  in that space of  time the one thousand
millions must all die; and,  consequently, the
number of deaths will be, by approximation,
      Each year,      30,000,000
      Each day,           82,109
      Each hour,           3,421
      Each minute,            57
Each second,
1 nearly.
  If on the other hand, as has been supposed,
the number of deaths is to that of the births as
ten to twelve : there will be born,
36,000,000
    98,356
     4,098
        68
        1 & 2-15ths.
       Each year,
       Each day,
       Each hour,
       Each minute,
       Each second,
  It has been estimated, that the average mor-
tality of the Pays du Vaud, is 1 in 49; of Swe-
den and Holland, 1 in 48; of Russia, 1  in 41;
of France, 1 in 40; of Austria I in 38; of Prus-
sia and Naples, 1 in 33 to 35; of England, 1  in
45; and of South America, 1 in 30.  The same
rate of mortality has been given to the United
States  as to France; but the statistical details
on all this matter have been inadequate, and—
it is not improbable—inaccurate.  The follow-
ing has been  given as the annual mortality of
some of the  chief  cities of this country and of
Europe: (See the  Author's  Human Health,  p.
101: Philadelphia, 1844.)   Philadelphia, 1  in
45.68;  Glasgow, 1  in 44; Manchester, 1  in 44;
Geneva, 1 in 43; Boston, 1 in 41.26;  Baltimore,
I in 41; London, 1 in 40; New York, 1 in 37.83;
St. Petersburgh, 1 in 37; Charleston, 1 in 36.50;
Leghorn, 1 in 35; Berlin, 1 in 34; Paris, Lyons,
Strasburg, and Barcelona, 1 in 32; Nice and
Palermo, 1 in 31, Madrid, 1 in 29; Naples, 1  in
28;  Brussels, 1 in 26;  Rome, 1 in 25;  Amster-
dam, 1  in 24; and Vienna,  1  in 22£.
  In the cities, the mortality under  two years
of age  bears a large ratio.   This is exhibited
by the  following table :
Under
From
Ages:	London. Fhilad.	Baltimore
1 year, 1 to 2,	[28.52 2fl	24.11 8.55
2 to 5,	9.97 7.3	11.18
5 to 10,	4.33 4.	5.
10 to 20,	4.03 5.	6.3
20 to 30,	6.64 12.	9.87
30 to 40,	8.08 12.	10.58
40 to 50,	8.89 10.	8.88
50 to 60,	8.89 7.2	5.78
60 to 70,	9.15 5.	4.5
70 to 80,	7.83 3.5	3.
80 to 90,	3.18 1.9	1.67
90 to 100,	0.40 0.5	0.26
100 to 110,	---- 0.09 »	0.18
110 to 120,	---- 0.013	
  Mortality, Bills  of, Bills of Necrology,
(F.) Tables de Mortaliti. Tables, instituted for
the purpose of exhibiting the number of deaths,
&c. in a given time.  Well kept  bills of mor-
tality are of great use to the physician and po-
litical  economist.  Those of London have been
proverbial for their inaccuracy and insufficiency;
especially as regards  the complaints of which
the persons have died.  They were formerly
made out by the parish clerks, and the informa-
tion was conveyed to them by two old women,
who were appointed in  each parish, and were
called Searchers ;—their duty being to see that
the deceased had died a natural death.   This
miserable system has, however, been abolished:
and the Registrar-General's annual reports of
births, deaths, and marriages, exhibit how ad-
mirably vital statistics are now conducted in
Great Britain.
  MORTAR,  Morta'rium, Moreta'rium, Mor-
to'rium, Piso, Ac'one, Pila, Holmos, Igde, Ig-
dus, (F.) Mortier.  A vessel  for reducing to
powder different solid substances, and for
making certain mixtures. Different substances
are employed in the construction of mortars;—
iron, marble, glass,  wedgewood ware, &c.
  MORTARIOLUM, Alveolus.
  MORTEL, Mortal.
  MORTIER, Mortar.
  MORTIFER, Lethiferous.
  MORTIFICATIO,  Mortification—m.  Pul-
monum, Necropneumonia.
  MORTIFIC A'TIO~N,Mortifica'tio,Necro'sis,
from mors, ' death,' and fio, ' I become.'  The
loss of vitality in a part of the body.  The in-
cipient stage of mortification, when the case is
still recoverable, is called Gangrene; when to-
tally destroyed, Sphacelus.  Mortification of a
bone is called  Necrosis.
  Mortification, Cold, Sphacelus—m. Ergot,
Ergotism—m. Hot, Gangrene—m. Mildew, Er-
gotism.
  MORTOOTH, Cupri sulphas.
  MORUM, see Morus nigra — m. Palpebrae
internae, Trachoma carunculosum.
  MORUS NIGRA, The Mulberry-Tree,
More'a, Sycamlnos, (F.) Murier Noir.  The
fruit of the mulberry-tree, Morum, Sycamlnum,
(F.) Mure, is pleasant, sweet, subacid,  and
abounds with a deep violet-coloured  juice.
A syrup is directed  in the London Pharmaco-
poeia.  The bark of the root has been regarded
as an anthelmintic.
  MORVE, Mucus, Nasal mucus; see Equinia
—m. Farcineuse, see Equinia.
  MOS, Habit. 
MOSCHARDINA
560
MOUTH
   Mos Morbi Benig'nus seu Malig'nus.  The
 benign or malignant character of a disease.
   MO SCHARDI'NA, Muscer'da, from  juo<r-
 Xog, ' musk.'  A lozenge for the  mouth,  com-
 posed of musk, ambergris and other aromatics.
   MOSCHELjE'ON, Moscola'a.   A compound
 aromatic oil, containing musk.
   MOSCHUS, Musk—m.  Arabum,  Hibiscus
 abelmoschus—m. Factitius, Musk, artificial.
   MOSCOLiEA, Moschelason.
   MOSLICH, Maslach.
   MOSQUI'TO(S.)  Diminutiveof(S.)mosca,
 'ally.'  A very troublesome insect in warm,
 moist situations.  Curtains, called  Mosquito
 curtains, axe used in India, by way of protec-
 tion.   The entrance of mosquitos into the bed-
 chamber may also be prevented,  to a certain
 extent,  by keeping  the  doors  and windows
 closed  until  the  light is extinguished.  The
 pain and itching from the bites are  alleviated
 by washing them with hartshorn.
   Mosquita is a name  given, by the  Portu-
 guese, to small, red pimples on the skin, resem-
 bling the bites of the  mosquito.
   MOSS BERRY,  Vaccinium  oxycoccos—m.
 Ceylon, Fucus amylaceus—m. Club, Lycopo-
 dium—m. Cup, Lichen pyxidatus—m. Iceland,
 Lichen Islandicus—m. Irish, Fucus crispus—m.
 Marine, Fucus amylaceus.
   MOTA, Fagus castanea.
   MOT AMEN, Motion.
   MOTATIO, Motion.
   MOTE, Carbasus, Linteum.
   MOTEUR, Motory.
   MOTHER'S MARKS, Naevus—m.  Spots,
 Nasvus.
   MOTHERWORT, Leonurus cardiaca,  Ma-
 tricaria.
   MOTIh'ITY, Motil'itas,fxommotus,' move-
 ment.'   (F.)  Motiliti.  Faculty  of moving ;
 moving power; contractility.
   MOTION,  Motus,  Mo'tio, Mota'tio, Mota'-
 men,  Commo'tio, Permo'tio, Cine.'ds,  Move-
 ment, (F.) Mouve.me.nt.   The act  of changing
 place.  The  various  motions  may be divided
 into,—First, the  voluntary or those that are
 executed under the influence of the brain.  Se-
 condly. The involuntary, which  may be  sub-
 divided into, 1, The excited, of the reflex func-
 tion of Dr. Marshall Hall and others,—as the
 closure of the larynx  on the contact of acrid
 vapours, of the pharynx  on that of the food,—
 a function of the spinal marrow; and 2.  Those
 that are executed under  the organic and other
 nerves of involuntary function.  It is probable,
 too that every living tissue is capable of moving
 responsive to its  appropriate irritant.  See
 Irritability.
   Motion, Ciliary, see Cilia—m. Involuntary,
 see Automatic—m. Vibratory, see Cilia—m.
 Voluntary, Autocinesis.
   MOTIVE, Motory.
   MOTOR, Motory.
   Motor Oculi Exter'nus, Nervus tim'idus,
 (F.) Nerf oculo-musculaire externe (Ch.,) Nerf
 moteur  oculaire externe, Sixth pair of nerves
 arises  from the  furrow  which separates the
 pons Varolii  from  the medulla oblongata.  It
 enters the cavernous sinus; anastomoses  on the
outside of the carotid artery with two filaments
furnished by the superior cervical ganglion; en-
ters the orbit by the sphenoidal fissure, and is
 lost on the rectus externus oculi.  This pair is,
 also, called Abducentes.
   Moto'res Oculo'rum, Moto'rii  Oculorum,
 Ocula'res  commu'nes,  Ophthal'mici  exter'iii,
 Common Oculo-muscular Nerves, (F.) Nerfs
 moteurs oculaires  communs, (Ch.,) The third
 pair of nerves.  This nerve arises from a de-
 pression at the  inner  side of the peduncles of
 the brain, between the tuber annulare and cor-
 pora  mamillaria.   It enters the outer part of
 the cavernous sinus, and passes into the orbitar
 cavity.  Behind the sphenoidal fissure, it di-
 vides into two branches; the one superior; and
 the other, inferior.  The former is lost on the
 rectus superior oculi and the levator palpebras
 superioris;  the latter—the larger of the two__
 divides into three  branches, which pass to the
 rectus internus, rectus inferior, and lesser  ob-
 lique.  The last furnishes  a  filament, which
 passes to the ophthalmic ganglion.
   MOTORIAL, Motory.
   MOTORY, Motive, Motor, Moto'rial, Mo-
 trix, (F.) Moteur.   That which moves or im-
 presses movement, as  motor nerves, in contra-
 distinction  to the sensory.
   MOTOS,  Linteum, Tent.
   MOTO'SIS, from /uoroc, 'charpie.'  The ap-
 plication of charpie to a wound.
   MOTRIX, Motory.
   MOTTE, Mons  veneris.
   MOTUM, Carbasus, Linteum.
   MOTUS, Motion—m. Automaticus, see Au-
 tomatic—m. Compressorius, Peristole—m. Cor-
 dis diastalticus, Diastole—m. Hasmorrboidalis.
 Haemorrhois—m. Intestinorum, Borborygmus—
 m. Involuntarius, see Autocinesis—m. Peristal-
 ticus, Peristole—m.Testudineus, Peristole—m.
 Vermicularis, Peristole—m. Voluntarius, Auto-
 cinesis.
   MOUCHE, Cantharis—m. d'Espagne, Can-
 tharis.
   MOUCHER L'ACTION DE, Munctio.
   MOUCHES, see Pains, labour.
   MOUCHETURE, see Scarification.
   MOUCHOIR EN  TRIANGLE,  Couvre-
 chef, see Bandeau.
   MOUFETTE, see Mephitism.
   MOULD, Fontanella.
   MOULE, Mytilus edulis.
   MOULEUR, Muller.
   MOUREILLER, Malpighia roourella.
   MOURON DES  OISEAUX, Alsine media
—m. Rouge, Anagallis.
   MOUSE-EAR,^Alsine media, Hieraciom pi-
 losella.
   MOUSE-SIGHT, Myopia.
   MOUSSE DE  CORSE, Corallina Corsica-
 na—m. d'Island,  Fucus crispus—m.  Perlee,
 Fucus crispus.
   MOUSSERON, see Agaric.
  MOUSSEUX, Frothy.
   MOUSTACHE, Mystax.
   MOUT DE LA BlERE, Wort.
   MOUTARDE, Sinapis.
   MOUTH, Sax. mus, Os, Cavum Oris, Sto-
ma, (F.) Bouche.   This word  sometimes  sig-
 nifies the cavity situate between the jaws, and
 containing the tongue, &c.;—at others, the outer
 orifice of that cavity.  The mouth, in the first
 acceptation, Cav'itas sen Spa'tium Oris, is the
 cavity; bounded, above, by the palatine arch;
 below, by the tongue; before, by the lips;  and
 behind, by the velum palati and pharynx.  The 
MOUVEMENT
561
MUCUNA
 sides of the  mouth and the organs it contains
 are lined by a mucous membrane.  The anterior
 aperture of the mouth is, sometimes, called fa-
 rial;—the posterior pharyngeal.  In the mouth
 are the teeth, gums, alveolar margins, tongue;
 the excretory ducts of the salivary glands, and
 those of a number of mucous follicles, &c.  It
 is in this cavity that the food is cut, torn, or
 bruised by the teeth; is impregnated with sali-
 va, and formed into a mass or bolus, which is
 then subjected to the act of deglutition.  The
 mouth contains the organs of taste; and it serves
 in respiration, articulation,  expectoration, suc-
 tion, &c.
   The  condition of the mouth requires  to  be
 attended to in Semeiology.   The state  of the
 mucous  membrane, like that of the tongue, in-
 dicates the condition of the membrane  of the
 alimentary canal generally.
   Mouth, Os, Apertura,  Oriflc'ium, Hia'tus,
 Peristo'mium, is, also, applied to the open ex-
 tremities of vessels or other canals.
   Mouth Root, Coptis—m. Sore, Aphthae—m.
 Watering, see Salivation.
   MOUVEMENT, Motion.
   MOVEMENT, Motion.
   MOXA, Moxibu'rium.    A word by  which
 the Chinese and Japanese designate a cottony
 substance, which they prepared by beating the
 dried leaves of the Artemisia moxa,—a kind of
 mugwort.  With this down they form a cone,
 which is placed upon the part intended  to  be
 cauterized, and is  set fire to at the top.   The
 heat and pain gradually increase,  in proportion
 as the combustion proceeds downwards, until
 ultimately an eschar may be formed.  In Eu-
 rope and this country, the  same operation  is
 usually practised with a cylinder of cotton wool,
 or with one formed from the pith of the greater
 sun-flower.  This mode of cauterization is em-
 ployed as a powerful counter-irritant; which it
 assuredly is.   Sloughing may be,  in some mea-
 sure prevented, according to Baron  Larrey, by
 the application of liquid ammonia to the burnt
 part.
  MOXIBURIUM, Moxa.
  MOXIBUSTION,  Moxibus'tio,  Encau'sis.
 Mode of cauterization by means of moxa.
  MOXON'S EFFERVESCING MAGNESIA,
 see Magnesia, effervescing, Moxon's.
  MUCAGO, Mucilage.
  MUCARDM, Mucharum.
  MUCEDO, Mucilage.
  MUCHA'RUM,  Muca'rum.  A barbarous
 term, formerly used for an aqueous infusion of
 roses, sweetened and evaporated to the consist-
 ence of syrup.
  MUCIFIC, Blennogenous.
  MU'CIFORM, Muciform'is, Myxo'des, Blen-
 no'des, Blennolcles, Blenno'ldeus, from mucus,
 and forma,' form.'  Resembling mucus in cha-
 racter or appearance.
  MU'CIL AGE, Mucila'go, Muca'go, Muce'do,
 from the Lat. mucus,—itself presumed to be
 from mungere, ' to wipe the nose.'   A mixture
 of gum and a small quantity of matter analogous
 to mucus, which is found in abundance in lin-
 seed, quince-seed, &c.  It is obtained by heating
 with water the parts, or products, of plants which
 contain it.  It is much used  in the preparation
of emollient cataplasms and the greater part of
the demulcent tisanes.
  Mucilage, Animal, Mucus—m.  of Quince
 seeds, Decoctum cydonias—m. Starch, Mucila-
 go amyli.
   MUCILAGINEUX, Mucilaginous.
   MUCILAG"INOUS, Mucilagino'sus, Gum-
 mo'sus, Gummio'des, Gummido'des,  (F.) Mu-
 cilagineux.  Gummy.  Resembling gum.  That
 which possesses the character of mucilage.
   MUCILAGO, Mucilage, Synovia.
   Mucilago Aca'cIjE, M. Acacia Arabica, M.
 Gummi Arabica, Mucilage of aca'cia, M. of
 gum Arabic.  (Acaciagum. contus. giv, aq.ferv.
 Oss. Rub the gum with the water gradually add-
 ed.) Demulcent.  To allay cough; but,chiefly,
 to suspend insoluble matters in water, &c.
   Mucilago Am'yli, Starch mucilage. (Amyli
 giij. aqua Oj.   Rub the starch with  the water
 gradually added; then boil till it forms a muci-
 lage.  Ph. L.)  Demulcent.   Generally given
 per anum.
   Mucilago Articulorum seu Juncturarum,
 Synovia.
   Mucilago Astrag'ali  Tragacan'thje, M.
 tragacanthx, M. gummi tragacanthx, Mucilage
 of tragacanth.  (Gummi tragacanth. gj, aqua
 bullient. Oj.   Macerate for 24 hours; triturate
 till  the gum is dissolved, and press through
 linen.) For pharmaceutical purposes.
   Mucilago Cretica,  Misturas cretae—m.
 Gummi Arabici, M. acaciae—m. Seminis cydo-
 nii mali, Decoctum cydonias—m. Gummi traga-
 canthae, M. astragali tragacanthae—m.  Traga-
 canthae, M. astragali tragacanthae.
   MUCIN, Mucus.
   MUCIP'AROUS,  Mucip'arus,  from mucus.
 and pario,' I bring forth.'  Mucous producing;
 as muciparous glands or follicles.
   MUCOCE'LE,  Hernia sacci lachryma'tis.
 from mucus, and xt]Xv,  ' rupture.'   An en-
 largement  or protrusion of the mucous mem-
 brane  of the lachrymal passages  giving occa-
 sion to fistula lachrymalis. Also,  dropsy of the
 lachrymal sac.
   MUCO-ENTERITIS, see Enteritis.
   MUCO -PU'RULENT,  Muco-purulen'tns,
 Pyoblen'nicus, from  mucus, and pus.  Having
 the character or appearance of mucus and pus.
   MUCOR, Euros, Mucus—m. Narium, Nasal
 mucus.
   MUCOSITAS, Mucus.
   MUCOS'ITY, Mucos'itas.  A  fluid, which
 resembles mucus, or contains a certain quantity
 of it.
  MUCOUS, Muco'sus.  An epithet  for all
 bodies containing mucilage or mucus.   It is,
 also, sometimes used synonymously with gum.
 In pathology, it is occasionally employed to ex-
 press the seat of a disease, as mucous disease,
 mucous phlegmasia; that  is, having its seat in
 a mucous membrane.
  Mucous  Membranes, see  Membranes—m.
 Web, Corpus mucosum.
  MUCRO, Apex.
  Mucro seu Cor'yphi seu Fundus seu Vertex
 Cordis.  The apex or point of the heart.
  Mucro Humeri, Acromion.
  MUCRONATA CARTILAGO, Xiphoid car-
tilage.
  MUCRONATUM  OS, Xiphoid cartilage.
  MU'CULENT, Muculen'tus, from mucus.
Slimy, viscid.
  MUCUNA, see Dolichos pruriens—m. Pru-
riens, Dolichos pruriens—m. Prurita,  see Doli-
chos. 
MUCUS                56
  MUCUS,  Mucor, Muco'sus humor, Mucos'-
itas, Myxa, Mycus, Lape, Pitui'ta, Zoomy'-
cus,  Zoomyx'a, Animal mucus, Blenna,  Ani-
mal mucilage, (F.) Muqueux animal,  Morve,
Mucilage animal, presumed to be from mungere,
'to wipe the nose.'   A substance, analogous
to vegetable mucilage;  from which, however,
it differs, by affording subcarbonate of  ammo-
nia on distillation.   Mucus exudes through the
skin, in a state of combination with a peculiar
oily matter; and, drying, forms  the epidermis.
It constitutes, in  part, the different epidermeous
productions, as the hair, nails, wool, and  horn
of animals, feathers of birds and scales of fish.
It is found at the surface of  the mucous mem-
branes, and presents some difference in its com-
position and properties, according to the parti-
cular mucous membrane from which it is ob-
tained.  Its chief organic constituent is an albu-
minous compound,—mucin. Mucus preserves the
membranes moist;  and in a state best fitted for
the performance of their functions.  The French
give  the term glaire to  the thick, stringy mu-
cus, secreted by  the mucous  membranes when
in a state of disease.
  Mucus Carphodes, see Carphodes—m. Ca-
  The last two were considered to be respec-
tively white and black, in the British West In-
dia Islands; and the former,  prior to  modern
changes, were white by law, and consequently
free.  See Half-caste.
  MULBERRY TREE, Morus nigra.
  MULES  (F.), Mula.   Chilblains  on  the

  MULIEBRIA, Menses, Vulva.
  MULIEBROSITAS, Philogyn'ia, from mu-
lier, ' a woman,' muliebria,  ' appertaining to
women.'   Fondness for women.   Hence, Mu-
liebro'sus, Muliera'rius, and Muliero'sus;  one
who is fond of women.
  MULIEBROSUS, see Muliebrositas.
  MULIERARIUS, see Muliebrositas.
  MULIE'RITAS,  Womanhood, from mulier,
' a woman.'  The state of puberty in the female.
  MULIEROSUS, see Muliebrositas.
  MULIER PLENA,  Pregnant.
  MULLEIN, BLACK, Verbascum nigrum—
m. Broad-leaved, great, Verbascum nigrum—
m. Yellow, Verbascum nigrum.
  MULLER, (F.) Moideur.  A moulder.  A
stone held in the hand, with which any powder
is ground upon a flat horizontal stone.  It is
sometimes called mullet.  (F.) Mollette.
  MULLIGRUBS, Tormina,  Colic.
  MULOMEDICINA, Veterinary art.
  MULOMEDICUS,  see Hippiater.
  MULSA ACIDA, Oxyglycus.
  MULSUM, Hydromeli—m. Vinosum, CEno-
mel.
2            MUNGOS RADIX

 tharticus, Lichen  Islandicus—m. Malpighii,
 Corpus mucosum—m. Narium, Nasal mucus.
   MUD-APPLE PLANT, Solanum melongena.
   MUDAR, Madar.  The Calotropis mudarii
 seu madarii; or, according to the generality of
 authorities, the  C. gigante'a or Ascle'pias gi-
 Hante'a.   In the Hindoo practice of physic, the
 bark of the root, as well as  the concrete juice
 of the plant, enters into various compound for-
 mulae for the  cure of elephantiasis and many
 other disorders.  Experiments instituted by Dr.
 Duncan,  jr.,  exhibit its properties to be  like
 those of ipecacuanha.
   MUGUET, Aphthae,Convallaria maialis—m.
 des Bois, Asperula odorata—m. de Mai, Con-
 vallaria maialis.
   MUGWORT, Artemisia vulgaris.
   MULATRE, Mulatto.
   MULATTO, (F.)Muldtre, (S.) Mulata.  An
 individual of  the human species engendered of
 a white and black race; from mulus,  'a mule.'
   The following table exhibits the proportion
 of white blood in  the various  castes,—arising
 from the hybridous  admixture of white  and
 black,—according to the principles sanctioned
 by usage.
  MULTIFIDUS SPINiE, Transversalis dorsi.
  MULTILOC'ULAR,  Multilocula'ris, from
multus, ' many,' and loculus, 'a cell.'  Having
many cells.
  MULTIMAM'M^E; from multus, 'many,'
and mamma,' the breast.'  A variety of hyper-
genesis, in which there are supernumerary mam-
mae.
  MULTIP'AROUS,  (F.)  Multipare; from
multus, 'many,' and  parire, 'to bring forth.'
One that brings forth several young at the same
time.
  MULTITUDO, Plethora.
  MULTIVORANTIA, Polyphagia.
  MUMIA, Mummy.
  MUMMIFICATION, from mummy, and>,
' to make.'  Sceletea'sis.   The mode of pre-
paring a mummy.
  MUMMY, Mumia, Arab.  Moumya, from
mum, ' wax.'  Rebolea, Rebona, (F.) Momie.
A dead body simply dried, or dried after having
been embalmed.  The latter acceptation is the
most common.  Formerly, the Egyptian mum-
my was extolled as useful in contusions.  It
was presumed, also, to have healing, tonic, and
resolvent  properties.  It is now only regarded
as an archaeological curiosity.
  MUMPS, Cynanche parotidea.
  MUNCTIO,  Aponiex'is,  (F.)  PAction  de
Moucher.  The act of blowing the nose.
  MUNDIFICANTIA, Detergents.
  MUNDIFICATIVA, Detergents.
  MUNGOS RADIX, Ophiorrhiza mungos.
Parents.	Offspring.	Degree of Mixture.	
Negro and White,	Mulatto,	1-2 White	1-2 Black.
White and Mulatto,	Terceron,	3-4 ----	1-4 ---
Negro and Mulatto,	j Griffo, or Zambo, i \ ox black Terceron, J	1-4 ----	3-4 ---
White and Terceron,	Quarteron,	7-8 ----	1-8 ---
Negro and Terceron,	Black Quarteron,	1-8 ----	7-8 ---
White and Quarteron,	Quinteron,	1546----	1-16---
Negro and Black Quarteron,	Black Quinteron,	1-16----	15-16---
 
MUNIMENTUM CASTITATIS     56
   MUNIMENTUM CASTITATIS, Hymen.
   MUQUEUX ANIMAL, Mucus.
   MUR, Coryza.
   MURAL,  Mura'lis, from murus, 'a wall.'
 Vesical calculi are so called when rugous and
 covered with tubercles or asperities.  They are
 composed of oxalate of lime.
   MURE, Moro, see Morus nigra.
   MU'RIA,  Halme,  Salsila'go,  Brine,  (F.)
 Saumure.  This was formerly used as a  glys-
 ter in dysentery, in certain inveterate neural-
 gias, &c.
   Muria, Soda, muriate of.
   MURIAS AURICO-NATRICUM,see Gold.
   MURIATE D'AMMONIAQUE, Ammonias
 murias—m. d'Ammoniaque  et de fer, Ferrum
 ammoniatum—m. d'Or, Gold, muriate of, see
 Gold.
   MURIATTCUM ACIDUM, from muria.
 Ac''idum salis, Spir'itus  salis mari'ni, Sp.
 salis Glaube'ri, Acidum marl num concentr a! -
 turn, Acidum salis culina'ris, Acidum salis ma-
 rini, Spir'itus salis a&'idus seu fumans, Aci-
 dum hydrochlor'icum, Muriat'ic acid, Spirit of
 salt, (F'.) Acide hydrochlorique ou muriatique.
 An aqueous solution of chlorohydric acid gas of
 s. g. 1.16.  The odour of muriatic acid is suffo-
 cating; taste  very acid and caustic.  It is nearly
 colourless when pure; but commonly of a pale
 yellow;  volatile; the fumes visible.  Muriatic
 acid is possessed of tonic and antiseptic proper-
 ties. It is used in typhus, cutaneous eruptions;
 in  gargles for inflammatory and  putrid  sore
 throats, (gtt. xxx to f. gvj  of water,) &c. When
 added to a pediluvium, it renders it stimulating.
   Acidum  Muriat'icum  Dilu'tum of the Ph.
 U. S. contained four ounces,  by measure, of mu-
 riatic acid to  twelve ounces of distilled water.
   MURIDE,  Bromine.
   MURIER  NOIR, Morus nigra.
   MURIGENE, Chlorine.
   MURINA, Bromine.
   MURMUR  AURIUM, Tinnitus aurium—
 m. Intestinale seu intestinorum seu Ventris,
 Borborygmus.
   Murmur,  Res'piratory.  The noise  heard
 during inspiration  and expiration, especially
 the former.  It is  produced by the passage of
 the air through the  bronchial tubes and into the
 air-cells.   It  has been  also called murmur of
 the expansion of the lungs; and, when distinctly
 vesicular, Respiration of  the cells  or vesicular
 respiration, (F.) Respiration visiculaire.   Ve-
 sicular respiration is of course absent when the
 cells of the lungs  have been obliterated  from
 any cause.  We may then  have the Respiration
 nulle, Absence du  bruit  respiratoire, Silence,
 and Respiration  silencieuse of  the  French
 writers.
   At times, it is rude during inspiration or ex-
 piration, or both—the Respiration  rude or R.
 rdpeuse of  the French.  At others, there is  a
 blowing  sound, (F.) Souffle, Respiration souf-
flante, as if some  one were blowing into the
 auscultator's  ear through a tube.  This is heard
 in the healthy state over the larynx, trachea,
 and about the bifurcation of the bronchia; but
 when it proceeds from the lungs it denotes dis-
 ease.
   The respiration, perceived over the trachea
 and  bronchia in health, is  called tracheal or
 bronchial or tubal, (F.) Respiration bronchique,
53                 MUSCLE

 Souffle tubaire, according to  the situation in
 which it is heard.
   Murmur, Uterine, Brtdt placentaire—m.
 Utero-placental, Bruit placentaire.
   MURRAIN, Coryza.
   MURREN,  Coryza.
   MUSA   PARADISI'ACA, Musa,  Amusa,
 Palma hu'mills, Ficus In'dica,Bata, Plat'anus.
 The Plantain  tree.   Family, Musaceae.   Sex.
 Syst. Hexandria Monogynia.   It  grows  in
 many parts of India and South America.  The
 fruit, which is largely eaten for  bread, consists
 of a mealy substance.  It is clammy;  has  a
 sweetish  taste, and will dissolve in the mouth
 without chewing.  The whole  spike  of fruit
 often weighs forty or  fifty pounds.  The leaves
 of the tree serve  the Indians for table  cloths
 and napkins.   Being  smooth and soft, they are
 also, employed as dressings for  blisters.  The
 water from the soft trunk  is astringent, and is
 sometimes used in diarrhoea.
   Musa Sapien'tum.. The Bana'na tree, Ba-
 co'ba, (F.)  Bananier, Bacove.   This differs
 somewhat from the last.   The fruit, Bana'na,
 (S.)Platano, is shorter, straighter, and rounder;
 the pulp softer and of a more luscious  taste.
 When ripe, it  is very agreeable;  is eaten like
 the plantain, and relished by all ranks of peo-
 ple in the West Indies.  Both varieties are na-
 tives of Guinea.
   MUSC, Musk.
   MUSCA HISPANICA,  Cantharis.
   MUSCADE, see Myristica moschata.
   MUSCADIER, Myristica moschata.
   MUSCERDA, Moschardina.
   MUSCLE, Mus'culus, Torus, Mys, Myon,
 from ixvg, 'a rat;' because, say  some etymolo-
 gists,  the  ancients compared the muscles to
 flayed rats'. According to Diemerbroeck, Doug-
 las, Chaussier, &c,  ftuaiv  comes  rather from
 fivttv, 'to close,'' to move,' &c, a function pro-
 per to muscles.  This etymon is the more pro-
 bable.  Muscles have been divided into those of
 Animal life or of the life  of  relation—volun-
 tary muscles—which execute movements  under
 the influence of the will; as the muscles of the
 limbs, head, trunk, &c, and into those of or-
 ganic life—involuntary muscles—which con-
 tract under the influence of certain special  sti-
 muli; as the heart, fleshy fibres of the stomach,
 &c.  Mixed muscles are those twhich belong
 partly to each of these divisions;—as the mus-
 cles of respiration; the sphincters, &c.  Mus-
 cles that  act in opposition to each other  are
 called antagonists; thus, every  extensor has a
 flexor for an antagonist, and vice versa.  Mus-
 cles that concur in the same action are termed
 congenerous.   The muscles present  numerous
 varieties in form, size, situation, use, &c, and
 have been  divided, by some, into long, broad,
 and short.   Each of these  divisions comprises
 simple and compound  muscles.   Simple or rec-
 tilinear muscles have all their fibres in a simi-
 lar direction: and only one body—as the Sarto-
 rius, Pronator  quadratus, &c.   Compound
 muscles are those which have only one  belly
 and several tendons, as the flexors of the fingers
 and toes; or several bellies and several tendons,
 —as the biceps flexor cubiti, sacro-lumbalis,
 &c.  To the  compound muscles belong, also,
 the radiated muscles.   Their fibres set out from
 a common  centre, and are arranged like the ra-
 dii of a circle;—such are the diaphragm, iliacus, 
MUSCLE
564
MUSCULAR
temporal, &c.  Pennated or Penniform Mus-
cles.  Their fibres are arranged in two rows,
which are united at a median line, at greater or
less angles; nearly as the feathers are inserted
into  a quill.  The palmaris longus is  one of
these.  Semi-yenniform  Muscles: their fibres
are oblique, as in the last case; but they are
inserted only on one side of the tendon.  Hol-
low Muscles are,—the heart, intestines, urinary
bladder, &c.
  Much difference has existed in the enumera-
tion of muscles.   Some authors reckon them at
upwards of 400.   Chaussier admits only 368.
The greater part of the muscles are in pairs.
Very few are azygous.
  Muscles have been variously named.   1. Ac-
cording to their uses, as diaphragm, buccinator,
extensors, flexors,  adductors, abductors, leva-
tors, depressors, &c.  2. According to their po-
sition, as interspinales, interossei, subclavius,
poplitaeus, anconeus, cubitalis,  iliacus, tempo-
ralis, &c.  3. According to their shape, as tra-
pezius, splenius, lumbricalis, serratus, digastric,
deltoid, scalenus, rhomboides, &c.  4. Accord-
ing to their dimensions.  Pectoralis major, rec-
tus capitis anticus major, pectoralis minor, glu-
taeus maximus, medius, and minimus.  5. Ac-
cording to their direction, as obliquus abdomi-
nis, transversalis abdominis, rectus femoris, rec-
tus abdominis, &c.  6. According to their com-
position,  as  semi-membranosus, semi-tendino-
sus, complexus, &c.  7. According to their at-
tachments, or the different points of the skele-
ton to which  they are connected by means of
tendons or aponeuroses; as sterno-cleido-mas-
toideus,  sterno-hyoideus,   &c.   On  this is
grounded the nomenclature of M. Dumas, and
that of Chaussier.
   The end of the muscle, which adheres to the
most fixed part, is usually called the origin or
head, (F.) Tete; and that which adheres to the
more moveable part, the insertion or tail, ( F.)
Queue;  the  intervening  part  or  body of the
muscle being called the venter or belly, Venter
mus'culi, Me'dium mus'culi: hence, the names
gastrocnemii, digastricus, biceps, and  triceps;
according as they have two bellies, two or three
heads, &c.
   Muscles are formed,—1. Essentially of the
muscular ox fleshy fibre, (see Muscular  Fibre.)
2. Of Cellular tissue, which unites together the
fibres.   This cellular tissue is not very visible
between the fine and loose fibres;  but becomes
more so, when they unite in more considerable
fasciculi.  It forms, moreover, to each muscle
an external  envelope, which unites it  to the
neighbouring parts, and admits of its motion.
This  envelope  was  formerly called  Tu'nica
propria musculo'rum.   3.  Of Arteries.   These
proceed from  neighbouring trunks, and  are,
generally, very large.  Their size and  number
are  always in proportion  to  the bulk of the
muscle.  With the exception of some viscera,
as the lungs and the kidneys, there are few or-
gans that receive as much blood as the muscles.
4. Of Veins.  They follow the same course in
the  muscles as the arteries.   Bichat  asserts,
that they are generally devoid of valves.  5. Of
Lymphatics.  Of these, we know  little, and
cannot easily follow them  between the fleshy
fibres,   fj. Of Nerves.  These are numerous,
and of different sizes.  They, almost  all, pro-
ceed from the encephalon; some, however, is-
sue from ganglions, and  accompany the arte-
ries.  In general, they penetrate the fleshy tis-
sue along with the vessels, to which they are
narrowly united.   After  they have entered the
muscles, they divide and subdivide  until they
are lost sight of.
  MUSCLE  CANIN, Levator anguli oris—
m. Canneli, Ischio-trochanterianus.
  Muscle of  Gavard.   The oblique muscular
fibres of the stomach.
  MUSCLE  GRAND  FESSIER, Glutasus
major—m.  of Guthrie, Compressor  Urethras—
m. of Horner, Tensor Tarsi—m. of Houston,
Compressor venae dorsalis penis—m. tres Large
du dos, Latissimus dorsi—m. of Wilson, Com-
pressor urethras.
  MUSCULAR,  Muscula'ris,  Musculo'sus,
Toro'sus.   That  which  belongs or  relates to
the muscles.  Well furnished with muscles.
  Muscular  Ar'teries.  Arteries that are
distributed to the muscles.  The name, Mus-
cular Arteries of the eye, has been  especially
given to two branches sent off by the ophthal-
mic artery :—the one, inferior, which furnishes
branches to the rectus inferior oculi, lachrymal
sac, &c, and some of the anterior ciliary arte-
ries: the other—the  superior, which is some-
times  wanting;  but, when  it exists, gives
branches to the rectus superior oculi and leva-
tor palpebrae superioris.
  Muscular  Contrac'tion.  The exertion of
the power, possessed by  muscles, of shortening
themselves, or of contracting to produce  mo-
tion:—muscular  motion being the  change in
the situation and relation of organs, induced by
muscular contraction. When a muscle contracts,
its fibres assume more the zigzag direction, and
the extremities  approximate; but the bulk of
the whole muscle is not augmented.  This con-
traction takes place, at times, with extreme ve-
locity : a single thrill, in the letter r, can be
pronounced in the 1-30,0000th part of a minute.
The force of contraction,  Myody'namis, depends
upon the healthy physical condition of the mus-
cle, combined with due energy of  the brain.
The duration, in voluntary motion, is for a cer-
tain time  dependent upon the will:—contrac-
tions, excited involuntarily, cannot be so  long
maintained.
  Muscular  Fibre,  Fleshy fibre.  A name
given to the filaments, which, by their union,
form  the  muscles.  This fibre  is  flat,  soft,
downy, linear, little elastic,  more or less red:
and arranged in zigzag according to its length,
which is variable.  It is firmer in adults than
in the  young or the aged;  of the same size in
the great and small muscles; and runs its course
without bifurcation or ramification.  It is but
slightly resisting in the dead body, tearing rea-
dily ; but during life, it supports very great ef-
forts without laceration.  It is, itself, composed
of a considerable number of fibrils, similar to
each other, and subdividing  almost ad infini-
tum.   The ultimate  filaments into which the
fibre can be decomposed by mechanical means
seem to be hollow or tubular.  The fibre exists
under two forms, the striated and non-striated;
the muscles composed of the former ministering,
as  a  general rule, to the animal functions,—
the latter always, perhaps, to the organic. The
colour  of the muscular fibres is red in man, and
white in several animals.  A  greater or less
number,—united  in  fasciculi,  Fascic'uli seu 
MUSCULARIS
565
MUTILATION
Lacer'ti musculo'rum,  approximated to  each
other, and forming a distinct mass, of very va-
riable size and shape, the extremities being at-
tached to bones by means of tendons,—consti-
tutes a muscle.  In this  are included  cellular
membrane, vessels and nerves.  See Muscle.
  Muscular Nerves.  The nerves distributed
to the muscles are so named.   Winslow calls
the 4th pair of nerves—Nerf musculaire oblique
supirieur.
  Muscular System.  A  term given to the
aggregate of the muscles  of the body.
  Muscular  Veins.   These bring back the
blood, which has been carried  to the  muscles
by the muscular arteries.
  MUSCULARIS, Corroborant.
  MUSCULI   ACCESSORII   AD  SACRO-
LUMBALEM, see Sacro-lumbalis—m. Papil-
lares, Carneae  columnae—m. Pectinati, Pecti-
nated muscles.
  MUSCULO-CUTA'NEOUS, Mus'culo-cu-
ta'neus, from  musculus,  'a muscle,' and cutis,
' skin.'   That which appertains to muscles and
skin.
  Musculo-Cutaneous Nerve.   This name is
specially given to two nerves;—the one, the
External cutaneous nerve, furnished by the bra-
chial plexus (see Cutaneous:—) the other, given
off  from the  poplitaeus  externus, (F.)  Nerf
Sciatique,  Popliti externe ;—Pridbio digital,
(Ch.)  It descends on the anterior and outer
part of the leg,—at first, hid among the muscles;
becomes superficial about the middle of the leg;
and  divides into two branches,  which  pass su-
perficially on the back of the foot.
  MUSCULO-RACHIDiE'US.   Belonging or
 relating to muscles and to the spine.  A name
given to branches, furnished behind by the in-
tercostal, lumbar, and sacral arteries; and which
are distributed to the spine and to the muscles
of the neighbourhood.
  MUSCULOSA EXPANSIO,  Platysma my-
oides.
  MUSCULO-SPINALNERVE,Radialnerve.
  MUSCULOSUS, Muscular.
  MUSCULUS AC C LI VIS, Obliquus inter-
nus  abdominis—m.  Auxiliarius,  Pyramidalis
abdominis—m. Constrictorius, Sphincter—m.
 Cutaneus,  Platysma  myoides—m. Eustachii,
 Laxator tympani—m. Fallopii,  Pyramidalis
abdominis—m. Femoris  membranosus, Fascia
 lata—m. Patientiae, Levator scapulae—m. Peni-
 cillatus, Levator labii  inferioris—m. Pyxoides
 terrestris, Lichen pyxidatus—m.  Scandularius,
 Parathenar—m.  Subcutaneus,  Platysma  my-
 oides—m. Succenturiatus, Pyramidalis abdomi-
 nis—m. Succingens, Diaphragm—m. Supercilii,
 Corrugator  supercilii—m.  Testicondus, Cre-
 master—m. Testis, Cremaster—m. Tubas novae,
 Circumflexus.
  MUSCUS ARBOREUS, Lichen plicatus—
 m. Caninus, Lichen caninus—m. Clavatus, Ly-
 copodium—m. Corallinus,  Corallina Corsicana
 —m.  Cranii  humani,  Lichen  saxatilis—m.
 Erectus, Lycopodium selago—m. Helmintho-
 cortos,  Corallina  Corsicana—m.  Islandicus,
 Lichen islandicus—m. Marinus, Corallina Cor-
 sicana—m. Maritimus, Corallina—m. Pulmona-
 rius quercinus, Lichen pulmonarius—m. Pyxi-
 datus, Lichen  pyxidatus—m. Villosus, Peris-
 troma.
  MUSEAUDE TANCHE, Os uteri.
  MUSEUM ANATOM'ICUM,  Supel'lex
anatom'ica.  An anatomical museum.
  MUSHROOM, Fungus.
  MUSIC, Mu'sica, (F.) Musique, fxomnovtra,
musa, ' a song.'  The art of producing harmo-
nious and cadenced sounds : an art, which has,
at times,  been beneficially used  in  diseases,
particularly on those of the mind; or on which
the mind could act in a salutary manner.
  MUSICOMA'NIA, Musoma'nia, from music,
and mania.  A variety of monomania in which
the passion for music is carried to such an ex-
tent, as to derange the intellectual faculties.
  MUSING, LISTLESS, Aphelxia otiosa.
  MUSIQUE, Music.
  MUSK, Moschus, Mosch, (Arab.) (F.) Muse.
A peculiar concrete animal substance, of a very
diffusible odour, bitter taste, and a deep brown
colour:  solid,  and enclosed in a sac found  near
the anus of the Moschus moschif erus or Musk
Deer.  It is possessed of stimulant and antispas-
modic properties.  Dose, gr. v. to gj in bolus.
  Musk,  Artificial, Moschus factil'ius,
Resina Suc'cini.  (Ol. succini rectif. 1 part,
acid, nitric. 4 parts.   Digest;—a black matter
will be deposited, which must be well washed
with water.)
  MUSKGRAPE FLOWER, Bulbus vomito-
rius.
  MUSKMALLOW, Hibiscus abelmoschus.
  MUSKSEED, see Hibiscus abelmoschus.
  MUSKWOOD, Thymiama.
  MUSOMANIA, Musicomania.
  MUSS^N'DA FRONDO'SA,Belil'la,Bele'-
son.  A  decoction  of this  plant  has been
esteemed refrigerant.
  MUSSEL, Mytilus edulis.
  MUSSITA'TIO,  Mussita'tion, from mussi-
tare,  itself from mussare,  ' to murmur.'  A
condition, in which the tongue and lips move,
as in the act of speaking, but without sounds
being produced.  This  sort of murmuring  is
an  unfavourable sign in disease, as  indicating
great cerebral  debility.
  MUSTA'CEUM : fiom Mustacea, a kind of
laurus used in  making it.  A  kind of wedding-
cake used by the  ancients,  which   consisted
of  meal,  aniseed,  cummin, and several other
aromatics; its object—it has been  conceived
—being to prevent or remove the indigestion
occasioned by  too great indulgence at the  mar-
riage feast.
  MUSTACHE, Mystax.
  MUSTARD, BLACK, Sinapis—m. Clammy,
Polanisia graveolens—m. Essence of, White-
head's,  see Sinapis—m. False, Polanisia gra-
veolens—m. Hedge, Erysimum—m. Mithridate,
Thlaspi campestre—m. Stinking hedge, Alliaria
—m. Treacle, Thlaspi arvense—m. White, Si-
napis alba—m. Wild, Sinapis arvensis.
  MUSTELANEUS, Galeancon.
  MUSTUM, Wort.
  MUT ACIS'MUS, Mu'tacism, from pivraxioia,
" I use the letter m too frequently."   A vicious
pronounciation;  consisting, according to  Sau-
vages, in the frequent repetition of the letters
b, p, and m, which are substituted for others.
  MUTEO'SIS.  Under this name is compre-
hended every phenomenon of expression, volun-
tary and involuntary, which impresses the sight
or touch.
   MUTILATION, Mudla'do, Maiming, from
mutilus,' broken.' The removal or privation of 
MUTINUS
566            MYOCEPHALITIS
a limb, or of some other external  part of the
body.  In all countries, this crime has  been
punished with severity.
  MUTINUS, Penis.
  MUTISME, Mutitas.
  MUT IT AS, mutus,' dumb.' Obtumescen'tia,
Alalia, Anau'dia, Dumbness, Speechlessness,
(F.) Mutisme, Mudti.  Impossibility of arti-
culating sounds; although they can be elicited.
Dumbness is often congenital, and united with
deafness* of  which it  is an effect.  In some
cases it is accidental.
  Mutitas  Surdo'rum, Apho'nia  Surdorum,
Surdomu'titas, Deaf-dumbness.   Speechless-
ness from  deafness; congenital, or  produced
during infancy.  The subjects of this affection
are called deaf-dumb, (F.) Sourds-muets.
  MUTITk, Mutitas.
  MUTO, Penis.
  MUTONIATUS, Membrosus.
  MUTTERKORN, Ergot.
  MYACANTHA, Ruscus.
  MYASTHENI'A, from f*»g, 'a muscle,' and
ao-9trtia, 'debility.'  Muscular debility.
  MYCE, Occlusion.
  MYCES,  Fungus.
  MYCHMUS, Suspirium.
  MYCHTHISMUS, Moaning, Suspirium.
  MYCODERMA,  see  Porrigo  favosa —m.
Cerevisias, Torula cerevisias.
  MYCODES, Fungoid.
  MYCORTHOPNCE'A; fxom/*vx.og, 'mucus,'
and  oqQojiroia, ' difficulty  of breathing except
when in the erect attitude.'  Orthopncea  from
excessive secretion of mucus in the air-passages
—Orthopna'a pituito'sa.
  MYCOSIS, Fungus.
  MYCTERES, Myxas, Nares.
  MYCTEROPHONIA, Rhinophonia.
  MYCTEROXER'OTES;  from pvxrrjqtg,
'the nares,'and J»;poT^c, 'dryness.'  Na'rium
dc'citas.  Dryness of the interior of the nose.
  MYCUS,  Mucus.
  MYDE'SIS, from  rtvdato, 'I  abound  with
moisture.'   In its most general sense, it means
corruption.   By some,  it is used for a mucous
discharge from inflamed eyelids.
  MYDON, /uvfwv.   Same etymon.  Fungous
or putrid flesh  in certain fistulous  ulcers.—
Pollux.  Also, flesh putrid from mouldiness.
  MYDRI'ASIS. Same etymon.  Platycor'ia,
Platycorlasis, Arnydrlasis.   A  name given
by several writers to morbid dilatation of the
pupil; and,  by others, to weakness of sight,
produced by hydrophthalmia.
  MYELAL'GIA; from piutxo;,  'the  spinal
marrow,' and ahyoc,' pain.'  Pain in the spinal
marrow.
  MYELAPOPLEXIA, Apoplexia myelitica.
  MYELATELI'A; from pivtxog,  'the spinal
marrow,' and ctrtxna,  ' want of end or finish.'
Incompleteness of the spinal marrow.
  MYELATROPHIA, Tabes dorsalis.
  MYkLITE, Myelitis.
  MYELITIS,  M. parenchymato'sa, M. spi-
na'lis, Inflamma'tio medul'lx spina'lis, Spinl-
tis, Spinodorsi'tis, Notomyeli'ds, Rachiomyell-
tis, Rachialgi'tis, (of some,) (F.) Myilite, In-
flammation  de la mo'elle ipiniere  ou rachidi-
enne, from  uvtXoc,  'the  marrow,'  and itis,
denoting  inflammation.  Inflammation of the
spinal marrow or its  membranes;—indicated
by deep-seated burning pain in the spine, with
various nervous and vascular irregularities of
function.   It is not common.   Dr. Marshall
Hall proposes to call the  inflammation of the
membranes of the brain Meningitis; that of the
substance of the brain Myelitis.
  Myelitis Spinalis,Myelitis—m.Exsudativa,
Hydrorachis—m. Parenchymatosa, Myelitis.
  MYELOCHYSIS, Hydrorachis.
  MYELOGANGLIITIS, Cholera (sporadic.)
  MYELOMA, see Encephaloid.
  MYELOMALACIA, Mollities medullas spi-
nalis.
  MYELOMYCES, see Encephaloid.
  MYELOPHTHISIS, Tabes dorsalis—m.
Sicca, Tabes mesenterica.
  MYELOPHY'MATA,  Tuber'cula  medullx
spina'lis, from /avixo;, ' marrow,' and ^u^x, 'a
tubercle.'  Tubercles of the spinal marrow.
  MYELORRHAGIA, Apoplexia myelitica.
  MYELOSPONGUS, see Encephaloid.
  MYELUS, Marrow,  Medulla spinalis—m.
Diauchenius,  Medulla spinalis—m.  Dorsites,
Medulla spinalis—m. Notiaeus,  Medulla  spi-
nalis—m. Psoites, Medulla spinalis,
  MYENERGI'A, from  fx.vg, 'a muscle,' »,
and tqyov, ' work.'   Muscular strength.
  MYGMUS, Suspirium.
  MYIOCEPHALUM, Staphyloma.
  MYIODEOPSIA, Metamorphopsia.
  MYITIS, Myositis, Rheumatism, acute.
  MYLACRI, Molar teeth.
  MYLACRIS, Patella.
  MYLE, Patella, Mole.
  MYLICUS, Molar.
  MY LODI, Molar teeth.
  MYLODONTES, Molar teeth.
  MYLO-GLOSSUS, from  aoXn, 'the jaw,'
and yxuiooa, ' the tongue.'  Winslow has given
this name to muscular fibres, which pass from
the posterior part of the myloid line  of the
lower jaw, and  from the sides of the base of the
tongue to the parietes of the pharynx.  These
fibres belong to the constrictor superior pha-
ryngis.
  MYLO-HYOID LINE, see Mylo-hyoideus.
  Mylo-Hyoid Furrow or Groove.  A fur-
row which passes from the  superior orifice of
the inferior dental canal of the lower  jaw in
the same direction as the canal, and  lodges the
mylo-hyoid nerve,  a branch of the inferior-
dental.
  Mylo-Hyoid Nerve, see Mylo-hyoid furrow.
  MYLO-HYOIDE'US, from ftvxt,, 'the jaw,'
and 'ut,tt&i)c, 'the os hyoides.' Myluddes. (F.)
Mylo-hyoidien.  The Mylo-pharyngeus of Mor-
gagni and Santorini.   This muscle is situate at
the upper and anterior part of the neck, behind
the lower jaw.  It is  broad, flat, and has the
form of a truncated triangle.   It arises from the
internal oblique,  internal maxillary or mylo-
hyoid line of the lower jaw bone,  and is in-
serted  at the  fore  part of the body of the
os hyoides.  Its  innermost  fibres  unite  with
those of the opposite side to form a raphe on
the median line. The mylo-hyoideus raises the
os hyoides and carries it forward, or it depresses
the lower jaw.
  MYLO-PHARYNGEUS,  Constrictor  pha-
ryngis, Mylo-hyoideus.
  MYLUODES, Mylo-hyoideus.
  MYOCARDITIS, Carditis.
  MYOCEPHALITIS, Myitis cephal'ica; fxom
fcvg, 'a muscle,' xs^aAij, 'head,' and itis, de- 
MYOCEPHALON             56'
noting inflammation. Inflammation of the mus-
cles of the head.
  MYOCEPHALON, Staphyloma.
  MYOCffiLIAL'GIA, from uvav, 'muscle,'
ttoixia,' abdomen,' and axytw,' I suffer.'  Pain
in the muscles of the abdomen.
  MYOCOZLITIS, Myocaliltis, Inflamma'tio
musculo'rum abdomina'Hum, from u.uu>v, 'mus-
cle,' xoixta, ' lower belly,' and itis, denoting in-
flammation.  Inflammation of the muscles of
the  abdomen.
  MYODEOP'SIA, Metamorphopsia.
  MYO'DES, from /utvs, 'a muscle,' and  tiSog,
'resemblance.'   Like unto muscle.  Muscular.
  MYODESOPSIA, Metamorphopsia.
  MYODYNA'MIA,  Vis muscula'ris;  from
/nvt, 'a muscle,'  and Suvafug, 'power.'  The
force or power of a muscle.
  MYODYNAMICS, see Muscular contraction.
  MYODYNAMOMETER, Dynamometer.
  MYODYNAMOMETER, Dynamometer.
  MYODYNIA,  from /uvav,  'muscle,' and
»Suvrt, ' pain.'   Pain in the muscles,—rheuma-
tismal or other.   Rheumatism.
  Myodynia Inflammatoria, Myositis.
  MYOGRAPHY, Myographia, from f*veev,
'muscle,' and ye,*<?tiv, 'to describe.'  An ana-
tomical description of the muscles.
  MYOLEM'MA,  Myole'ma,  from  /uua>v, 'a
muscle,' and Ae^a,'a coat.'  The  membra-
nous tube  of each  muscular fibre.  It has also
the same signification as Sarcolemma.
  MY'OLINE, from^vuiv, 'a muscle.'  A name
given by Mr. Erasmus Wilson to a transparent
substance  that  fills the cells, which, he con-
ceives, by their juxtaposition form the ultimate
muscular fibril.
  MYOL'OGY, Myolog'ia, Sarcolog'ia, My-
sdolog'ia; from uvwr, 'a muscle,' and Xoyog, 'a
discourse.'  That part of anatomy which treats
of the muscles.
  MYON, Muscle.
  MYONARCO'SIS,  from  ftvav, 'a muscle,'
and i apxf,,' stupor.'  Numbness of the muscles.
  MYONITIS, Myositis.
  MYON'OSUS, Myonu'sos, Myopathia, from
IJLvaiy, 'a muscle,' and voo-os, 'disease.'  A dis-
ease of the muscles.
  MYOPALMUS, Subsultus tendinum.
  MYOPATHIA, Myonosus.
  MYOPHONIA, from jiiuov, 'a muscle,'and
<ttnr\,' voice.'   The sound of muscular contrac-
tion,—as  that of the ventricles of the heart,
during the systole of that organ.
  MYO'PIA, Myopi'asis, Lmcios'itas,Myo'sis,
Parop sis  propin'qua, Amblyo'pia dissito'rum,
Dyso'pia dissito'rum, Dyspho'tia, Visus ju've-
num,  from /mvta, 'I close,'  or  from  /uog, 'a
mouse,' and un/', 'the  eye;' Near-sightedness,
Mouse-sight, Purblinduess, (F.) Vue  courte.
Persons who can only see objects very near.
The defect is owing to the too great convexity
of the eye, or too great density of the humerus,
and is palliated  by wearing concave glasses.
  MYOPODIORTHOTICON, fiom/mvoxp, 'one
that is short-sighted,' and Sio^wtixov, 'having
power to correct.'   An apparatus for the cure
of short-sightedness.—A. A. Berthold.
  MY OPS, pivoip, Luscio'sus, Myo'pus.  Same
etymon.   One affected with myopia  or short-
sightedness.
  MYORRHEXIS, from «w, < a muscle,' and
{ȣǥ, 'rupture.'  Rupture of a muscle.
7               MYRISTICA

   MYO'SIS, from  /utw, 'I close.'  Phthisis
 pupilla'ris.  Permanent contraction of the pu-
 pil.  It is  usually caused  by iritis, and is ex-
 tremely difficult to cure.  When  it exists to
 such an extent as to obliterate the pupil, it is
 called Synizesis. Also, Myopia.
   MYOSITE, Myositis.
   MYOSITIS,  Myitis, Mysltis, Myoni'tis,
 Sarcitis, Rheumatis'mus phlegmono'des, Myo-
 dynia inflammato'ria, Phlegmasia myo'ica, In-
 flammatio  seu Phleg'mone Musculo'rum, (F.)
 Myosite, Inflammation des muscles, from fjnioir,
 'a muscle.'  A name proposed by Sagar for in-
 flammation of the muscles.  Also, Rheumatism.
   MYOSOT1S,  Hieracium pilosella, Rheuma-
 tism, Rheumatism, acute.
   MYOSPASMUS, Cramp.
   MYOTILITY, Myotilitas,  from fvjur,  «a
 muscle.'  Muscular contractility.—Chaussier.
   MYOT'OMY, Myotom'ia, from ftuv>v, 'a mus-
 cle,' and rtfutnv, ' to cut.'  The part of practi-
 cal  anatomy which  treats of the dissection of
 the  muscles.  Also, the surgical operation of
 the division of muscles to remove deformity.
   MYOTYRBE, Chorea.
   MYRAC'OPUM, from //ugov, 'an ointment,'
 and K07roc,' fatigue.'  An ointment used by the
 ancients in cases of fatigue.
   MYREPSUS, Unguentarius.
   MYR'IAGRAMME,  from Mvqia,  '10,000,'
 and yqa/A/j.*.,  'gramme.'  A  weight equal to
 10,000 grammes, or to 26 pounds, 9 ounces, and
 6  drachms  Troy.
   MYRIAMETRE.  A measure of 10,000 me-
 tres; equal to 16 miles, I  furlong, 156 yards,
 and 14 inches.
   MYRICA ASPLENIFOLIA, Comptonia as-
 plenifolia—m. Cerifera, see Cera flava  et alba,
 and Wax, myrtle.
   Myri'ca  Gale,   Myrtus  Braban'tica, M.
 Ang'lica,  Myrrifo'lia  Belgica,  Gale,  Gagel,
 Rhus  sylves'tris,  Ac'aron,  Elaag'nus, E.
 Cordo,  Chamalaag'nus,   Dodona'a,   Dutch
 myrtle, Sweet gale, Sweet  willow, Candleberry
 myrtle, (F.)  Piment  Royal, Thi de  Simon
 Pauli,  Gale  odorant.  Family,  Amentaceae.
 Sex. Syst. Dioecia Tetrandria.  The leaves, flow-
 ers, and seeds have a strong, fragrant smell,
 and a bitter taste.  They are used  for destroy-
 ing  moths  and cutaneous  insects, and  the in-
 fusion is given  internally as  a  stomachic and
 vermifuge.
   MYR1NGA, see Tympanum.
   MYRINX, see Tympanum.
   MYRIS,  Myrothe'cc, Narthe'cia,  Narthe'-
 cium, Narthex, from uu^or, 'a perfumed oil or
 ointment.'   A perfumed oil or ointment box or
 jar.
   MYRISTTCA, see M. moschata.
   Myris'tica Moscha'ta, M. a.romat'ica, Co-
 macon.  Nat. Ord. Myristiceae. The tree which
 produces the nutmeg and mace. (F.)Muscadier.
 The Nutmeg, Myristica (Ph. U.  S.) Myris'tica
 nu'cleus, Myris'tica moscha'tx nu'cleus, Nux
 moscha'la%en ungnenta'ria, Nncis'ta, Nux my-
 ris'tica, Chrysobalanus Gale'ni, Ungnenta'ria,
 As'sala, Nux aromat ica, (F.) Muscade, is the
 seed  or kernel.  It has a fragrant, aromatic
 odour; an agreeable pungent taste, and is much
 used for culinary purposes.  Alcohol extracts
 its active matter.   It has the  properties of aro-
 matics in general; being stimulant and stoma-
 chic.  The oil—O'leum myris'tica—possesses 
MYRISTICrE NUCLEUS        568                MYRTUS
the virtues of the nutmeg.  Dose of the nut-
meg, gr. v. to ^j;—of the oil g". iij to glt.  vj.
  Mace, Macis, Maces, Flores mads seu ma'ci-
dos, (F.) Fleurs de muscade, is the involucrum
of the fruit; itis membranous, with  the odour
and taste of the nutmeg, and is possessed of
similar  qualities.  The  O'leum macis is a fra-
grant, sebaceous substance, expressed in the
East Indies.  It is only  used externally.
  MYRISTICA NUCLEUS,  see Myristica
moschata.
  MYRMECIA, Formica.
  MYRMECIASIS, Convulsio cerealis, Formi-
cation.
  MYRMECIASMUS, Convulsio cerealis,For-
mication.
  MYRMECISMUS, Convulsio  cerealis, For-
mication.
  MYRMECIZON, Formicant.
  MYRMECOSIS, Convulsio cerealis, Formi-
cation.
  MYRMEX, Formica.
  MYROBAL'ANUS, from pivqov, 'an  oint-
ment,' and faxavoc,' a nut;'  so called, because
formerly used in ointments; Angeloc'acos, My-
ro'balan, Glans ungnenta'ria, Palma unguenta-
rio'rum.  A  dried Indian fruit,  of the plum
kind,  of different species of Termina'lia.  Of
this there are several varieties—the M. Bellir'-
ica or Belliric myrobalan,  Bellegu, Bellerigi,
Belnileg :—the M. cheb'ula or Chebule myrob'-
alan; the M. cit'rina or Yellow  myrobalan,
Ara'ra ; the M.  Em'blica or emblic myrobalan,
and the M.  In'dica, As'uar, Indian, or Black
myrobalan.   All the myrobalans have an un-
pleasant,  bitterish,  very  austere  taste; and
strike an inky  blackness  with  a solution of
steel.   They are said to possess laxative as
well as  astringent properties.
  MYRON, Myrum, Unguentum.
  MYROPISSOCE'RON. A topical application
in alopecia,  referred to by Galen; from /mv^v,
' ointment,' man*., ' pitch,' and r.r}go$, ' wax.'
  MYROPOEUS, Unguentarius.
  MYROPOLES, Apothecary, Unguentarius.
  MYROSPERMUM   PERUIFERUM,  see
Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  MYROXYLON, see M. Peruiferum.
  Myrox'ylon  Peruif'erum, from ftugov, ' an
ointment,' and cvXov, 'wood;' Caburelba.  Nat.
Ord. Leguminosas.   The tree which affords the
Peru'vian balsam,  Bal'samum  Peruvia'num,
Putzochill,  Myrox'yli  Peruiferi  bal'samum,
Myrox'ylon  (Ph. U. S.), Balsamum Perua'-
num, Cabureiciba, Indian, Mexican, or Ameri-
can balsam, (F.) Baume de Pirou. This balsam
consists  of benzoic  acid,  resin,  and essential
oil. Its  odour is fragrant  and aromatic; taste hot
and bitter: it is soluble in alcohol, and miscible
in water by the  aid  of mucilage.  It is stimu-
lant and tonic, and considered to be expectorant:
as  such, it  has  been employed in paralysis,
chronic  asthma, chronic  bronchitis and rheuma-
tism,  gleet,  leucorrhoea, &c, and externally,
for  cleansing and stimulating foul indolent  ul-
cers.  Dose  gtt.  v. to g". xxx.
  White Balsam of Peru, Natural balsam, Bal'-
samum  album,  Styrax  alba, Balsamela'on,
is obtained  by  incision  from Myrosper'mum
peruif'erum.
  Myroxylon Toluiferum, Toluifera Balsa-
mum.
  MYRRHA, p.vqq>x, Heb.  -id;  Bola, Stactl,
Ergas'ma, Myrrh, Calo'nia, Smyrna, Myrrha
rubra, (F.) Myrrhe.   The exudation of an un-
known plant of Abyssinia  or  Arabia  Felix,
said to be the Bal samaden' dron  myrrha.  This
gum-resin has a fragrant, peculiar odour; and
bitter aromatic taste.   It is  in reddish-yellow,
light, brittle, irregular tears; partially soluble
in distilled water when aided by  friction.  S.
G. 1.360. It is stimulant; and  has been used
in cachectic affections, humoral asthma, chronic
bronchitis, &c.  Dose, gr. x. to 5j.
  Myrrha Imperfecta, Bdellium.
  MYRRHINE, Myrtus.
  MYRRHIS  ANNUA, Athamanta Cretensis
—m. Odorata, Chaerophyllum odoratum.
  MYRSINE, Myrtus.
  MYRSINELjE'ON, from ^i/osrinj, 'the myr-
tle,' and  txaiov, ' oil.'   Oil of myrtle.—Diosco-
rides.
  MYRSINITES, yuugo-tv/Tijc   Wine in which
branches of myrtle have been macerated.
  MYRTACANTHA, Ruscus.
  MYRTE COMMUN, Myrtus.
  MYRTID'ANON, /uv^tSatov.   An  excre-
scence, growing on the trunk  of the myrtle,
and used as  an astringent.  Also, a wine—
Vinum Myrtid'anum—made from wild myrtle
berries.
  MYRTIFOLIA  BELGICA, Myrica gale.
  MYRTIFORM,  Myrtiform'is, Myrto'des,
from myrtus,  ' a myrtle,' and forma,' shape.'
Having the shape of a leaf of myrtle. A name
given to  a muscle (depressor alae nasi), to the
fossa incisiva; and to  certain caruncles, &c.
  MYRTIFORMIS, Compressor naris, Depres-
sor alae nasi.
  MYRTITES.  A name given to a medicine
prepared with honey and myrtle berries.
  MYRTLE,  Myrtus—m. Berry, Vaccinium
myrtillus—m. Candleberry, Myrica gale—m.
Dutch, Myrica gale—m. Wild, Ruscus.
  MYRTOCHEILIDES, Nymphae.
  MYRTOCHILA, Nymphae.
  MYRTODES, Myrtiform.
  MYRTON,  Clitoris.
  MYRTUS, Myr'tus commu'nis, M. communis
Ital'ica, Myrsine,  Myrrhine, The Myrtle, (F.)
Myrte Commun.   The berries  of  this plant
have been recommended in  alvine and uterine
fluxes and other disorders of  relaxation and de-
bility.  They are  moderately astringent  and
somewhat aromatic.
  Myrtus Anglica, Myrica gale—m. Braban-
tica, Myrica gale.
  Myrtus Caryophylla'ta, Cassia caryophyl-
la'ta, Canella caryophyllata, (F.) Capelet, Can-
nelle  giroflie.   The  tree' which affords the
Clove bark; Cortex caryophylla'tus.  This bark
is a warm aromatic; resembling clove with an
admixture of cinnamon.  It  may be used with
the same views as cloves or  cinnamon.
  Myrtus Pimen'ta.   The  tree  which bears
the Jamaica pepper, Pimen'ta  baccx, Pimento
berries, Pimento, Piper caryophylla'tum, Coc'-
culi Indi aromat'ici, Piper ckia'pa, Amo'mum
pimenta,  Fructus piment', Carive, Caryophyl1'
lus America'nus, Piper odora'tum Jamaicen'si,
Allspice, Piper Jamaicen'si, Piper  tabas'cum,
(F.) Poivre de Jamaique, Toute  ipice, Assort-
rou.  The unripe berries—Pimenta (Ph. U. S.)
—have an aromatic odour; resembling a mix-
ture of  cinnamon,  nutmeg,  and  cloves;  the
taste is  pungent, but  mixed, like  the  odour. 
MYRUM
Like other peppers, this is stimulant and car-
minative.   The  oil—O'leum  Pimen'ta—pos-
sesses  the  virtues of the  berries.  The  pow-
dered fruit has been  called Quatre ipices  or
Four spices.  Dose, gr. v. to J}ij.
  MYRUM, Myron, ptv^ov.  A perfumed  oil or
ointment.   A  liquid  perfume.   The  sponta-
neously exuding juice of many plants, especially
of that from which myrrh is obtained.
  MYS, Muscle.
  MYSIOLOGIA, Myology.
  MYSITIS, Myositis.
  MYSTAX, Mastax.  The hair growing  on
each side of the upper lip  in men.  The  mus-
tache or mustachio, (F.) Moustache.  Also, the
upper lip.
  MYSTE'RION,^yo;T?]giov, 'a mystery.'  An
arcanum,  nostrum, or  secret  preparation  in
general.  Also, an antidote referred to by  Galen
and others.
  MYSTRON, ptvo-rqov.  A Greek measure,
which held about three drachms.
  MYT'ILUS EDULIS.   The common  mus-
sel, (F.) Moule.  A bivalve, the flesh of which,
  N.  This letter, in prescriptions, is an abridg-
ment of Numero, ' by number.'
  NABOT, Saccharum candidum.
  NABOTHI GLAN'DUL^E, O'vula seuOva
Nabothi seu Nabothia'na, Ova-'rium Nabothi,
Folllculi  rotun'di et oblon'gi, Vesic'ulx seu
Bulla rotun'da cervi'cis u'teri, Vesic'ula semi-
na'les mulie'rum, Cor'poraglobo'sa, Corpus'cula
globo'sa,  Glandula  seu Hydat'ides  cervi'cis
uteri.  Small, mucous crypts or follicles situ-
ate in the  interstices of the duplicatures of the
lining membrane of the cervix uteri.   Naboth,
from noticing them in a morbid condition, mis-
took them for ova; and hence they received the
name Ovula Nabothi.
  NACRA, Nakra, Xasa.  A kind of influenza
common in the East Indies.
  NACRE, Margaritaceous.
  NiEVI, see  Naevus.
  NiEVUS, Nxvus mater'nus, N. Sigil'lum,
Nota mater1 na, Nevus—Plural Navi, Mac'ula
matrlcis,  M. Mater'na  seu matrica'les, Nota.
infan'tum, Lupus varico'sus, Stig'mata, Me-
trocelides,  Congenita nota, Mother's  Marks,
Fancy marks, Mother's  spots, (F.)  Envie,
Tache de Naissance.  Spots of various kinds
on the skin of  children when born, which have
been attributed to the influence of the mater-
nal imagination on the fcetus in utero.  They
are of various  appearances, some  much better
supplied with  blood  than others.  Some are
merely superficial  or stain-like  spots.  Others
are prominent; and often  have long, irregular
hairs growing from them.  These  have usually
been called Mules, Spili, Spilo'ma, Epichro'ses
spili, &c.
  When naevi  are superficial, without any dis-
position to enlarge or  spread, they need not be
meddled with: but all those that partake of the
character of aneurism by anastomosis had bet-
ter be removed by the knife, where practicable.
  Nevus Sigillum, Naevus.
        37
              NANOCORMUS

when at all in a  state of decomposition, is
highly poisonous.  When fresh, it is an agreea-
ble, but not very digestible article  of diet.
  MYU'RUS,  Meiu'ros.   A pulse  is  so called
when it sinks progressively and becomes smaller
and smaller like a rat's tail; from uvt, 'rat,'
and ougx, 'tail.'  Pulsus  myurus  recip'rocus,
a pulse, which, after having become gradually
weaker, resumes, by degrees, its former cha-
racter.
  MYXA, Mucus, Sebestina.
  MYX^E, Mycteres.
  MYXEOSIS, Gonorrhoea impura.
  MYXODES, Muciform.
  MYXOR'RHOOS, ^Oooooc, from ^?*,' mu-
cus,' and qta, ' I flow.'  One who is subject to
mucous  discharge.  Applied to an  infant, that
discharges a considerable quantity of mucus and
saliva.
  MYXOSARCOMA, from^a, 'mucus,' and
trie. ?,' flesh.' A tumour which is mucocameous;
partly mucous and partly fleshy.
  MYXOTER, Nasus.
  MYZESIS, Sucking.
  NAFDA, Naphtha.
  NAIL, Sax. naejl,  (G.) Nag el,  Unguis,
Onyx, (F.) Ongle.  A whitish transparent sub-
stance, similar to horn, which covers the dorsal
extremity  of the fingers.   Three portions are
distinguished in it; the extremity, which is free,
at the end of the'finger;—the body or middle por-
tion adherent by its inner surface; and  the root,
Radix sen  Matrix unguis, In'timum  unguis.
The last presents two distinct parts ;  the one,
terminated by a thin, serrated edge, is buried in a
duplicature of the skin; the other, calledlu'nula
seu Semilu'nidasen Sele'nesen Arcus seu Exor'-
tus seu Anat'ole%euAlbe'do un'guium, is whitish
and of a semilunar shape,  and is situate  above
the part where the epidermis terminates. The
nails  are  composed of a horny tissue,  of the
same nature  as  that which forms the  hoofs,
horns, and  scales of different animals.  When
the nail has  been torn  off,  the  papillae  of
the skin become covered by a soft, whitish la-
mina,  whose consistence gradually augments.
New laminae are then formed underneath,  and
give the nail the thickness it ought to  possess.
The corneous substance, being thus constantly
produced at the extremity  of each of these la-
minae, the whole of the nail is pushed forwards,
and it would grow indefinitely, were it not cut
or worn by friction.
  The nails protect and support the extremities
of the fingers against the impression of hard
bodies.  They are, also, useful in laying hold
of small bodies;  and  dividing those that have
but little consistence.
  NAIN, Nanus.
  NAKRA, Nacra.
  NANOCEPH'ALUS,  from vaw, <a dwarf,'
and xtipixy,'head.' A monstrous state in which
the whole head or  certain  of its parts are  too
small,  whilst  the  trunk and extremities  are
normal.
  NANOCOR'MUS, from  v«w>c,' a dwarf,' and
N. 
NANOMELUS               570              NARCOTICS
Kotuec, 'a trunk.'  A monstrous condition in
which the trunk is too small, whilst the head
possesses its normal size.
  NANOM ELUS, from r«vo?, ' a dwarf,' and
fjttXog,' a limb.' A monstrous condition in which
some part of an extremity is too  small,  and the
whole limb too short.
  NANOSO'MUS, from  vavog, ' a dwarf,' and
trap*, 'body.' Dwarfishness.  A state in which
the entire body with all its parts is smaller than
common.
  NANUS,  Pumilio, Pu'milo, Pusil'lus,  ea
dwarf.'  (Pu'milus,Pomilius, 'dwarfish.') (F.)
Nain.   One, who is much below the usual sta-
ture. The term  is applicable to all organized
beings from man to the vegetable.   Trees have
their dwarfs,  as the human species have theirs.
Some curious authenticated instances of human
dwarfs are on record.   Bebe, the dwarf of Sta-
nislaus, king of l'oland, was 33 inches (French)
long, and well proportioned.  The Polish noble-
man, Borwlaski,  who was well  made, clever,
and a good linguist, measured 28 Paris  inches.
He had a brother, 34 inches  high, and  a sister
21.  A Friesland peasant, at 26 years  of age,
had  attained 29  Amsterdam inches.   C. H.
Stoberin,  of  Niirnberg, was under three feet
high at 20, yet he was well  proportioned and
possessed of talents.   General Tom Thumb so
called, was seen  by the Author in 1847.   He
was said to be 15 years old ; measured 28 inches
in height, and when weighed at  the mint was
found to weigh 20 pounds and 2 ounces.
  NAPE  OF THE NECK, Nucha.
  NAPELLUS VERUS,  Aconitum napellus.
  NAPHiE FLORES, see Citrus aurantium.
  NAPHTHA, Acetone.
  Naphtha, Nafda,Napta, Napta'lius, O'leum
petra album; from a Chaldaic and Syriac word
signifying  bitumen.   A bituminous substance,
found in Persia,  Calabria, Sicily,  &c.  It is
liquid, limpid, of a yellowish white colour, a
smell slightly resembling  that of oil of turpen-
tine, and lighter than  water.   It resembles pe-
troleum in its properties, and  has been chiefly
used as  an external application; although, oc-
casionally, as an anthelmintic,  and in inhala-
tion  in phthisis pulmonalis.
  Naphtha Vitrioli, iEther sulphuricus—n.
Vitrioli camphorata, Tinctura astherea campho-
rata—n. Vitrioli  martialis, Tinctura seu Alco-
hol sulphurico-aethereus ferri—n. Wood, Ace-
tone.
  NAPHTHALINE, Naphthallna, Naph'tha-
lin.   When coal-tar is subjected to  distillation,
naphthaline passes over after coal naphtha.  It
is a  white, shining, concrete, crystalline sub-
stance, fusible at 176° and boiling at 423°.  It
is soluble in  alcohol, ether,  naphtha  and  the
oils, but insoluble in water.   It has been used
as an excitant expectorant, in the dose of 8 to
30 grains, in  emulsion or  syrup, and repeated.
It has also been used  as an anthelmintic ; and,
when made into  an ointment, in psoriasis, le-
pra vulgaris, &c.
   NAPIFORM, Bunioid.
  NAP1UM, Lapsana, Sinapis.
  NAPLES, (CLIMATE OF.)  The  climate
of Naples  in its  general  characters resembles
that  of Nice, but it  is more changeable: the
sirocco too, which is little known in Nice, is se-
verely felt at Naples.  It is  not a good  resi-
dence  for  the  phthisical invalid:  Sir James
Clark, indeed,  considers it altogether unsuit-
able.
  Naples, Mineral Waters of.  In the Quar-
ter Santa Lucia, near the coast, is a cold spring,
rich in sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid.
It is much used as an aperient tonic, and in cu-
taneous affections.
  Naples Water, Factitious, (F.) Eau  de
Naples,Aqua Neapolita'na, Aqua acid'tdahydro-
sulphura'ta.  (Acidulous water, containing four
times its bulk of  carbonic acid, gxv, and jjiij;
hydrosulphuretted water,^ix; carbonate of soda,
gr. viij; carbonate of magnesia, gr. x. M. Ph. P.)
  NAPTA, Nanus, Nata.
  NAPTALIUS, Nanus.
  NAPUS,  Sinapis—n. Leucosinapis, Sinapis
alba—n. Sylvestris, Brassica napus.
  NAPY, Sinapis.
  NARCAPHTE, Thymiama.
  NARCAFrI'THON,Nascaph'thon. The bark
of an aromatic tree formerly brought from In-
dia.   By some, supposed to be that of the tree
which affords the  olibanum.   It was used in fu-
migation, in diseases of the lungs.
  NARCE, Narcosis.
  NARCEMA, Narcosis.
  NARCESIS, Narcosis.
  NARCISSE FAUX, Narcissus pseudo-nar-
cissus—n. des Pres, Narcissus pseudo-narcissus
—n. Sauvage, Narcissus pseudo-narcissus.
  NARCIS'SUS  PSEUDO-NARCIS'STJS,
Daffodil, (F.) Narcisse sauvage, Narcisse des
pres,  Faux narcisse.   The  root is emetic and
cathartic, in the dose of gij. The flowers are
antispasmodic.   Dose, 24  grains.
  NARCODES, Narcotized.
  N ARC0'SIS, Nar'cotism,  Narcc, Narca,
Narce'ma, Narce'sis, from vaqxow,' I benumb.'
Torpe'do, Torpor, Stupor, Stupefac'tio.  The
aggregate effects  produced by narcotic sub-
stances.   At times, narcotism is  confined to a
state  of more or less profound stupor; and con-
stitutes, in certain cases, a useful remedial con-
dition ; at others, it is a true poisoning, charac-
terized  by vertigo, nausea, a state of intoxica-
tion or apoplexy, constant delirium, convulsive
motions, &c.  Emetics in strong doses, and not
much diluted with water; purgatives and glys-
ters are the first means to  be used in this con-
dition.  The stupor may afterwards be com-
bated by the use of exciting and stimulating
drinks.
   Narcosis Folliculo'rum.  A  state  of the
scalp, which Mr. Erasmus Wilson conceives to
be dependent upon torpid action of the hair fol-
licles, and on which the scalp and hair are found
covered  with a yellowish, dirty-looking pow-
der, composed of an admixture of granular par-
ticles and furfuraceous scales.
   NARCOSPAS'MUS, from  va^xv,  'stupor,'
and airaCpot, ' spasm.'  Stupor combined with
spasm.
   NARCOTIA, Narcotine.
   NARCOTIC POISON, see Poison.
   NARCOTICO-ACRID, see Poison.
   NARCOT'ICS, Narcot'ica, Carotica, Obstu-
pefacien'tia, Stupefaeien'tia, Cerebro-spinarith
(F.) Stupifactifs, Stupifiants.  Same etymon.
Substances, which have the property of stupe-
fying;— as opium,  stramonium,  hyoscyamus)
belladonna, &c.  They are used in medicine as
soothing agents; exerting  their particular  in-
fluence on the brain.   In  small doses, as a  ge- 
NARCOTINE
571
NASAL
neral principle, narcotics stimulate;  in  large,
they act as  sedatives.  The following is a list
of the chief narcotics:—Aconitum, ^Etherea,
Belladonna,  Camphora, Cannabis, Conium, Di-
gitalis,  Humulus,  Hyoscyamus, Lactucarium,
Opium and Morphia, Stramonii Folia, Stramonii
Semina, Mental Narcotics, (AppropriateMusic,
Monotonous Sounds, or any succession of mono-
tonous impressions.)
  NAR'COTINE, Narcoti'na, Narcot'ia, Nar-
cotin, Opio!num; same etymon; (F.) Sel de Di-
rosne, Opiane, Sel d>opium,Principe crystalliza-
blede Dirosne.  A solid, white, inodorous, and
insipid substance; by some considered to be alka-
loid, by others neuter; crystallizable in straight
prisms with a rhomboidal base;  fusible like the
fats;  soluble in boiling  alcohol and ether, and
scarcely soluble in water.  Narcotine produces
all the unpleasant effects of opium; but,at the
same time,  throws the animal  into a state of
stupor.  It  is not used in medicine, on account
of these objections.   The salts, which are very
bitter, have been used successfully in India for
the cure of intermittents.
  NARCOTISM,  Narcosis.
  NAR'COTIZED, Tor'pidus,Narco'des.  Af-
fected with  stupor, as from the use of a nar-
cotic.
  NARD, CELTIC, Valeriana Celtica—n. In-
dica, Nardus Indica—n. Indien, Nardus Indica
—n. Indique, Nardus Indica—n. Petit, Aralia
nudicaulis— n.  Sauvage, Asarum.
  NARDUM GALLICUM, Valeriana Celtica.
  NARDUS AMERICANUS, Aralia nudicau-
lis—n. Celtica, Valeriana Celtica—n. Montana,
Asarum.
  Nardus In'dica, Spica nardi, Spica In'dica,
Andropo'gon nardus,  Indian nard, Spikenard.
The root of this plant is one of the ingredients
in the mithridate  and theriaca.  It  is mode-
rately warm and pungent, and has a flavour by
no means disagreeable,   it is used by the Ori-
entals as  a  spice:—(F.) Nard Indien, N. In-
dique.  An  ointment  was formerly used,  called
Unguen'tum nardlnum.  It was  prepared of
Nard, Malabathrum leaves, Oil of worms, Cos-
tus, Amomum, Myrrh, &c, and was used as  a
detergent.
  Nardus Rustica, Asarum.
  NARES,  Rhines, Cav'itas Na'rium, Cavum
seu Ca'vea seu Caved na narium, Nasus inter'-
nus, Mycte'res, Na'rium ad'itus, Ocheteu'mata.
The nostrils, (F.) Narines.   Two elliptical
apertures, situate beneath  the nose, and sepa-
rated from each other by the cartilaginous sep-
tum nasi. These apertures are continually open,
and give passage to the air we breathe; and to
the mucous  fluids secreted in the nasal fossae.
  Nares  Intern.e, Nasal fossae.
  Nares, Posterior,  Nares postre'ma, Extre'-
ma nares, Os'tia posterio'ra seu Choa'na na'-
rium, Na'rium Exitus, (F.) Arrieres narines,
Ouvertures postirieures des fosses nasales, are
the  posterior apertures of the  nasal  cavities,
which establish a communication between those
cavities and the pharynx.  They are bounded,
above, by the body of the sphenoid bone; below,
by the palate bone, and the base of the velum
pendulum; and, on the outside, by the internal
ala of the pterygoid process.  They are sepa-
rated from  each other by a septum, of which
the  vomer is the bony part.
  NARIFUSO'RIA,from nares, 'the nostrils,'
and  fundere, fusum, 'to pour.'  Medicines
dropt into the nostrils.
   NARINES, Nares.
   NARIUM  ADITUS,  Nares—n.  Siccitas,
Mycteroxerotes.
   NARTHECIA, Formulary, Myris.
   NARTHECIUM, Formulary, Myris.
   NARTHEX, Formulary, Myris, Splint—n.
Asafcetida, see Asafcetida.
   NASA, Nacra, Nata.
   NASAL, Nasa'lis, from nasus, 'the nose.'
That which relates to the nose.
   Nasal Artery.  This is the largest of the
two branches in  which the ophthalmic artery
terminates.  It issues from the orbit, above the
tendon of the orbicularis palpebrarum, passes
above the side of the root of the nose, and anas-
tomoses with the last extremity of the  facial.
Haller gave thefcame nasal to the sphenopala-
tine.  He also called the  dorsales nasi, fur-
nished by the external maxillary, Nasaies late-
ra'les.
   Nasal Bones, Ossa nasi, Ossa nasa'lia, Os-
sic'ula nasi,  Ossa maxilla superio'ris quarta
seu  quinta  seu secun'da, (F.) Os nasaux, Os
propres du nez.   These  bones are situate be-
neath the nasal notch of the os frontis, and oc-
cupy the space between the nasal  or angular
processes of the superior maxillary bone. Their
shape is  nearly quadrilateral.  They have an
external or cutaneous surface; an internal or
nasal, and four margins.  Each is  articulated
with its  fellow, with the os frontis,  ethmoid,
and  superior maxillary  bone.   They  ossify
from a single point.
   Nasal Car'tilage, Cartila'go  triangula'ris
Nasi. A cartilage  formed of three portions,
which unite at the dorsum  nasi, and are distin-
guished into  the  cartilage  of the septum, and
the lateral  cartilages.  This cartilage is conti-
nuous, above, with the ossa nasi; and, inferior-
ly, with membranous fibro-cartilages,  which
form the  supple and movable  part of  the nos-
trils.  They  are  two in  number—the one be-
fore, the other behind.
   Nasal Duct, Lachrymal duct—n. Eminence,
Mesophryon.
   Nasal FossiE, Cavi na'rium, Nares inter'nx,
are two large, anfractuous cavities, situate be-
tween the orbits below the cranium, and  lined
by the  pituitary or  Schneiderian membrane.
These cavities have no communication with
each other; but the various sinuses in the neigh-
bouring bones;—the ethmoidal, sphenoidal, su-
perior maxillary,  &c, all  communicate  with
them.  The general cavity of each nostril is di-
vided by the  ossa  spongiosa into  three meatus
or passages,  which run from before backwards,
1. The Meatus narium supe'rior,  placed at the
upper, inner, and back part of the superior spon-
gy bone.  2. The Meatus me'dius, situate be-
tween the superior and inferior spongy bones;
and 3. The Meatus infe'rior, situate  between
the inferior spongy bone  and  at the bottom of
the  nose.   The  Schneiderian membrane re-
ceives the  first  pair of nerves, and various
branches from the fifth pair.  The arteries are
furnished by  the branches of the internal max-
illary, known under the names of sphenopala-
tine, infra-orbitar, superior alveolar, palatine,
pterygo-palatine;   by the  supra-orbitar,  and
ethmoidal  branches of the  ophthalmic artery,
by the internal carotid, superior labial, and dor- 
NASALE                 572                 NASUS
sales nasi.   Its veins are little known, and ge-
nerally follow the course of the arteries.  The
lymphatics  are almost  unknown.  The nasal
fossae are the  seat of smell;  they aid, also, in
respiration and phonation.
  Nasal Meatus, see Nasal fossae.
  Nasal Mucus, Mucus na'rium, Phlegmatia'-
rium crassum, Mucor seu Pitulta seu Blenna
seu Lympha muculen'ta narium, Apomyxia,
vulgarly called Snot, (F.) Morve, is the mucus
secreted by the Schneiderian membrane.
  Nasal Nerve, Naso-palpebral, (Ch.,) Naso-
ocula'ris, (Sommering.)   One  of the three
branches of the ophthalmic  nerve of Willis.  It
enters the orbit by the sphenoidal fissure, passes
along the inner paries of that cavity, and di-
vides, opposite the internal and anterior orbitar
foramen, into two branches.  1. The internal
and posterior, which passes into the  Foramen.
orbitarium internum anterius, enters the cra-
nium  beneath the dura mater, and passes into
the nasal fossae, through an aperture at the sides
of the Crista galli.  It afterwards divides into
several filaments: one of them—the Naso-lobar,
of Chaussier—is  very small, and descends on
the posterior surface of the os  nasi, and ramifies
on the integuments of the ala nasi.  A second
terminates near the septum; others  descend
along the outer paries of the  nasal fossae.   2.
The other is external and anterior, and is called
the external nasal nerve.   It is distributed to
the outside of the orbit.   Before dividing, the
nasal nerve communicates with the ophthalmic
ganglion,  and  gives off two  or three  ciliary
nerves : the Posterior Nasal  Nerve.   Somme-
ring has  given this name to the  nerves, which
arise from the internal part of the sphenopala-
tine ganglion.
  Nasal Notch, (F.) kchancrure nasale.   A
semicircular notch, situate between  the nasal
prominence of the frontal bone, and articulated
with the nasal bones and the nasal processes of
the superior maxillary bones.
  Nasal Process, Maxillary  bone, superior.
  Nasal Prominence, (F.) Bosse nasale.   A
prominence, situate on the  median line, at the
anterior surface of the os frontis, between  the
two superciliary arches.
  Nasal Region, Re'gio nasa'lis.  The region
of the nose.
  Nasal Spines.   These are  three in number.
  1. The Supe'rior nasal spine of the os frontis,
occupying the  middle of its  nasal notch, and
articulated before with the  nasal bones, behind
with the ethmoid.   2. The  infe'rior and ante-
rior nasal spine, situate at the inferior part of
the anterior opening of the nasal fossae.  It is
formed by the  two superior  maxillary bones;
and 3. The infe'rior and posterior nasal spine,
Epine gutturale, (Ch.) a process, formed on the
median line by the two palate bones at the pos-
terior part of the palatine arch.
  NASALE, Errhine.
  NASALIS, Compressor naris.
  Nasa'lis La'bii Superio'ris.  A small mus-
cular  slip, which runs up  from the  middle of
the orbicularis and the lip to the tip of the nose.
It lies exactly in the furrow, and is occasionally
a levator of the upper lip, or a depressor of the
tip of the nose.
  NASAS, Nata.
  NASATUS,  Membrosus.
  NAS'CALE.   A kind of pessary,  made of
wool or cotton, which was formerly introduced
into the vagina, after being impregnated with
oil, ointment, or some other proper medicament.
  NASCAPHTHON, Narcarphthon.
  NASDA, Nata.
  NAS1TAS, Rhinophonia.
  NASITIS, Rhinitis—n. Postica, Angina na-
salis.
  NASO, Nasu'tus, from  nasus, ' the nose."
One who has a long nose.
  ~NA<$>0-LA'~BIAL,Naso-labia'lis;fxomnasus,
' the nose,' and labium,' a lip.'  Relating to the
nose and lip.
  Naso-Labial Line.  A line or furrow, which
separates the lip from the cheek, and commences
at the ala nasi.
  NASO-LABIA'LIS.  A  muscular fasciculus
described  by Albinus, which arises from the
anterior extremity of the septum nasi, and ter-
minates in the orbicularis oris.
  NASO-PAL'ATINE, Naso - palatinus.
That which belongs  to the  nose and velum pa-
lati.
  Naso-Palatine  Ganglion is  situate in the
foramen palatinum anterius.  Its greater extre-
mity receives the two naso-palatine branches;
whilst the smaller gives off two or three fila-
ments, which reach  the  palatine vault, where
they ramify on the  membrane of the same
name, anastomosing with filaments of the great
palatine nerve.
  Naso-Palatine  Nerve is furnished  by the
spheno-palatine, which proceeds from the gan-
glion of Meckel.   It traverses the vault of the
nasal fossae, r.nd proceeds upon the septum be-
tween the two layers of the pituitary mem-
brane.   It enters  the  anterior  palatine canal,
and terminates at the superior angles of the
naso-palatine ganglion, without attaining the
mouth.
  NASO-PALPkBRAL,  Orbicularis   palpe-
brarum.
  NASTA, Nata.
  NASTURTIUM AMPHIBIUM, see Sisym-
brium—n. Aquaticum, Cardamine pratensis,
Sisymbrium  nasturtium—n. Hortense, Lepi-
dium sativum—n.  Indicum,  Tropasolum majus
—n.  Officinale, Sisymbrium nasturtium—n,
Palustre,  see  Sisymbrium—n.  Peruvianum,
Tropasolum majus—n. Pratense, Cardamine
pratensis.
  NASUM DILATANS, Pyramidalis nasi.
  NASUS, The Nose, Rhin, Rhis, Or'ganon
olfactus seu odora'tus seu  olfacto'rium, Pro-
monto'rium  facid,  Myxo'ter,  Emuneto'rium
cer'ebri, (F.) Nez.  The nose is a pyramidal
eminence, situate above the anterior aperture-i
of the nasal fossae, which it covers;  and, con-
sequently, occupying the middle and upper part
of the face, between  the forehead and upper lip.
the  orbits and the cheeks.  Its lateral surfaces
form, by uniting angularly, a more or less pro-
minent  line, called the Dorsum seu Rhachis
seu Spina Nasi, (F.) Dos du nez.  This line
terminates, anteriorly, by the lobe.  The sides
are  called Ala Nasi, Pinna Naris, (F.) Ailts
du  nez.   The  columna is  the  inferior part of
the partition.  Its apex or  tip has been called
Glob'ulus nasi.
  The chief varieties of the nose are the aqui-
line, the flat nose, (F.) Nez camarot ou epate,
and the snub nose, (F.) Nez retrousse.  The
nose is formed, besides its bones, of fibro-carti- 
NASUTUS                57
lage,  cartilage, muscles, vessels, and nerves;
and its use seems to be, to direct odours to the
upper part of the nasal fossae.
  Nasus Internus, Nares.
  NASUTUS, Naso.
  ^NATA, Natta, Nasa, Nasda, Nasta, Nasas,
Napta.   A fleshy, indolent excrescence, having
the shape of the nates.
  NATARON, Natron.
  NATATION,  Nata'tio, from natare, itself
from  nare, ' to swim.'  Swimming.  The ac-
tion of swimming,  or of supporting one's self,
or moving upon the water.  Swimming resem-
bles the horizontal leap in its  physiology—the
medium  being water  instead of air.    The
difference between  the specific gravity of the
human body and that of water is not great; so
that but  little  exertion is required  to  keep a
part of the body above water.   Swimming is a
healthy gymnastic exercise, combining the ad-
vantages of bathing.
  NATES, Ephed'rana,  Nat'ula,  Sca'phia,
Chines, Glutoi, Gluti, Glu'tia, Sedi'lia, Pyge,
Mona; the Bottom, Backside, Poste'riors, But-
tocks, &c, (F.) Fesses.  Two  round projec-
tions, at  the inferior and posterior part  of the
trunk, on which we sit.  Amongst the mam-
malia, man alone  has the  nates prominent and
round.  They are formed chiefly by the skin,
and a thick layer of cellular tissue, which covers
the three gluteei muscles:
  Nates Cerebri, see Quadrigemina corpora—
n. et Testes, Quadrigemina corpora.
  NATRIUM, Sodium.
  NATRON, Natrum,Nat'aron,Nitrum, Ana-
trum, Aphronitrum, from Natron, a lake in Ju-
dasa.  A  saline compound,  very abundant in
Egypt, which is almost wholly formed of  sub-
carbonate of soda.
  NATRONIUM, Sodium.
  NATRUM, Natron—n.  Chloratum liquidum,
Liquor sodae chlorinatae—n. Muriaticum, Soda,
muriate of— n. Muriatum,  Soda, muriate  of—n.
Praeparatum, Soda, subcarbonate of—n. Tartari-
zatum, Soda, tartrate of—n. Vitriolatum, Soda,
sulphate  of—n. Nitricum, Soda, nitrate  of—n.
Oxymuriaticum, Soda,  chloride of—n. Oxy-
phosphorodes, Soda, phosphate  of—n. Sulphuri-
cum, Soda, sulphate of.
  NATTA, Nata.
  NATUL.E, Nates.
  NATU'RA,fromw3:sci,  'to be born or arise.'
Physis.  Nature.  Also, Genital organs.
  Natu'ra Morbi.   The  essence or  condition
of a disease.
  NATURAL PARTS, Genital organs.
  NATURALIA, Genital organs.
  NATURISM, Nat'uralism.  A view  which
attributes every thing to nature,  as a sage,
prescient  and sanative entity.—Nysten.  See
Expectation.
  NA'TURIST.  A physician who scrupulous-
ly investigates, interprets, and follows the in-
dications presented  by nature in  the treatment
of disease.
  NAU'CLEA  GAMBIR, Unca'ria  gambir.
A plant of the family and tribe Cinchonaceae, a
native of the Malayan  Peninsula  and Indian
Archipelago, which yields large quantities of
the kind of Catechu  known by the names Terra
Japon'ica, and Square-Catechu,  and which, in
13           NECRENCEPHALUS

 Indian commerce, is called Gambeer.  It is a
 powerful astringent, much used in tanning, and
 in medicine, as a substitute for the Catechu of
 the Acacia.
   NAU'SEA,  Nau'sia, Nausi'asis, Nausio'-
 sis, Nau'tia, (F.) Nansie, Envie de  vomir .
 from ravg, navit, 'a ship;'  because those un-
 accustomed to sailing are so affected. Sickness.
 A desire to vomit.
   Nausea Mari'na; Morbus nau'ticus, Vom'-
 itus navigan'dum seu marinus, Sea-sickness.
 (F.) Mai de mer.  The sickness, vomiting, &c,
 experienced at  sea by  those unaccustomed  to
 a sea life; and from  which  those who  are ac-
 customed are not always exempt.   It generally
 ceases when the person becomes habituated  to
 the motion of the vessel, and not till then.
   NAU'SEANT, Nau'seans.   An agent that
 excites nausea,  which is a state of diminished
 action.  Nauseants are, hence, valuable reme-
 dies in diseases of excitement.
   NAUSIA, Nausea.
   NAUSIASIS, Nausea.
   NAUSIO'SIS.  This word, besides being
 synonymous with nausea, has been used  to
 express the state of venous hemorrhage,  when
 blood is  discharged by jets.
   NAUTIA, Nausea.
   NAVEL,  Umbilicus—n.  String, Funiculus
 umbilicalis.
   NAVET, Brassica rapa.
   NAVETTE,  Brassica napus.
   NAVICULAR, Navicula'ris, Navifor'mis.
 from  navicida,' a little ship.'
   Navic'ular Fossa, Fossa Navicula'ris, F.
 Scapho'i'des, Navic'ula, Scaph'ula.  See  Sca-
 phoid.  This name  has been  given, 1.  To a
 small depression between the entrance of the
 vagina and the posterior commissure  of the
 labia majora or fourchette.  2. To a perceptible
 dilatation, presented  by the urethra in  man,
 near  the base of the  glans.  3. To the super-
 ficial depression which separates the two  roots
 of the helix.  This is also called Scapha.
  NAVICULARE OS,  Scaphoides os.
   NAVIFORMIS, Navicular.
  NAVIS, Vulva.
  NEAR-SIGHTEDNFSS, Myopia.
  'NEB'TJLA,Nubes,Nubec'ula,Nephos,Nep/l-
 ele, Nephe'lion,  (F.) Nuage, Ombrage.   See
 Caligo.   A slight speck on  the  cornea.   A
 mist or cloud suspended in the urine.
  NEBULOUS, Nepheloid.
  NECESSARY, Necessa'rius, (ne, and ces-
 sare.) The Necessaries of Life, Vita necessi-
 tates, (F.) Besoins  de  la vie, include every
 thing requisite for the maintenance of life, and
 particularly food.
  NECK,  DERBYSHIRE,  Bronchocele —n.
 Swelled,  Bronchocele—n. Stiff, Torticollis—n.
 Wry, Torticollis.
  NECKLACE, AN'ODYNE.    These   are
 formed of the roots of hyoscyamus, Job's tears,
 allspice steeped  in brandy, or the seeds of the
 wild  liquorice vine,  to  suit  the fancies of the
 prescribers.  They are  employed to facilitate
 dentition in children, and to procure sleep in
 fever. [!]
  NECKWEED, Veronica beccabunga.
  NECRiE'MI A, from vt^o-.,' death,' and 'at/ax,
 'blood.'  Death of the blood.  Death beginning
 with the  blood.
  NECRENCEPHALUS, Mollities cerebri. 
NECRODES                51
  NECRODES, Cadaverous.
  NECROLOGY, BILLS OF, Mortality, bills
of.
  NECROMANCY, Necromantl a,Negroman-
ti'a,Necyomantla,Nigromantla; from vtxe,°g,
• death,' and fx.tttnta, 'divination.'   Divination
by the dead.
  NECROMANTIA, Necromancy.
  NECRON, Cadaver.
  NECRONARCEMA, Rigor mortis.
  NECROPHOBIA, from n-xgof, 'death,' and
(pofcg, 'fear.' Exaggerated fear of death.  This
symptom occurs in patients where the disease
is not  mortal;  as in  hypochondriasis.   In fe-
vers, it is not a good symptom.
  NECROPNEUMONIA,  Pneumo'nia  gan-
grano'sa seu typho'sa, Gangra'na seu Mortifi-
ed do sen Anthraxsen Carbun'cuius Pulmo'num,
Pneumosep'sis, Pneumoc'ace,(F.) Gangrene du
Poumon; from itx^g, 'death,' and pneumonia.
Gangrenous inflammation of the lungs.  This
may be diffused or circumscribed.   The only
pathognomonic symptom  is the extraordinary
and repulsive odour of the breath and expecto-
ration.   The treatment consists in  the use of
the chlorides internally, or  of chlorine  by in-
halation; allaying irritation by opium, and sup-
porting the patient by wine whey, and nourish-
ing diet.
  NECROPSIA, Autopsia cadaverica.
  NECROPSY,  Autopsia  cadaverica.
  NECROSCOPIA, Autopsia cadaverica.
  NECROSCOPY, Autopsia cadaverica.
  NECRO'SIS,  from \txgow,  'I  kill.'   Mor-
tification.  State of a bone or of  a portion
of a bone  deprived of life.  Osteogangrx'na,
Osteonecro'sis.   Necrosis may take place with-
out the surrounding soft parts being struck with
gangrene.  It is  to the bones what, gangrene is
to the soft parts.   The part of the bone affected
with necrosis becomes a foreign body, similar
to the  gangrenous eschar, and its  separation
must be accomplished by the efforts of nature,
or by art.  When necrosis occurs in  the centre
of long bones, it never extends to their articular
extremities.  The exterior layers of bone form
a canal  round the dead portion or sequestrum;
between these swollen layers and  the seques-
trum,  suppuration takes  place;  the  matter
presses against  the bony  canal; perforates it,
and is discharged by apertures, which become
fistulous.
  In the treatment, the exit of the sequestrum
must be facilitated by proper incisions, by the
application of the trepan to the  bone, &c.
  Necrosis Cerealis, Ergotism—n. Dentium,
Dental gangrene—n. Ustilaginea, Ergotism.
  NECROTOMY, Dissection.
  NECTANDRA RODIEI, see Bebeeru.
  NECTAR, from vij, 'a particle of negation,'
and Jtraa>, 'to kill.' A pleasant liquor, feigned
by the  poets to have been the drink of the gods,
and to have rendered immortal those who par-
took of it.  A name given, by the ancients,  to
many drinks;  and  particularly  to  one  made
with wine, evaporated and sweetened with ho-
ney.
  NECTARIUM, Inula helenium.
  NECUSIA, see Wound.
  NECYOMANTIA, Necromancy.
  NEDYIA, Intestines.
  NED YS, j ijdug. The belly,abdomen, stomach,
uterus.
U               NEEDLE

   NEEDLE.  Sax. nebl,  naebl;  from Teut.
 n e t e n, 'to sew.'  Acus, Bel'one, Raphis,
 Raphion, Aces'tra, (F.) Aiguille.   A steel in-
 strument, used in many professions.   In Sur-
 gery, a steel, gold, silver, or platina instrument,
 that may be round, flat, or triangular, straight,
 or curved,  supported or not by a handle, but
 having  always a point, by  means of which it
 penetrates the textures; and  often having, either
 near  the point, or, more  commonly, near the
 other extremity, an aperture or eye for the recep-
 tion of a thread or tape, which it introduces into
 the parts. The Aiguille a appareil of the French
 is the  ordinary  sewing  needle used   in the
 making of bandages, &c.
   Needle, Acupuncture, (F.) Aiguille a Acu-
 puncture.   An inflexible gold or silver needle;
 conical,  very delicate, four inches long,  fur-
 nished with a handle, and at times, with a ca-
 nula shorter than it by about half an inch.  An
 ordinary needle waxed at the head, will answer
 as a substitute for this.  See Acupuncture.
   Needle, Cataract, Acus ophthal'mica, (F.)
 Aiguille a  cataracte.  Needles of gold, silver,
 and steel have been used; the  latter, alone, at
 the present day.  The  cataract needle  is em-
 ployed to depress or tear the crystalline when
 opake.   This needle is usually made from 15
 to 24 lines long;  and is attached to a fine han-
 dle.  The extremity may be, as in Scarpa's and
 Langenbeck's, pointed, prismatic, triangular,
 and curved; in Dupuytren's  and Walther's, flat,
 curved, and sharp-edged; in Hey's, flat, with a
 semicircular and sharp end; or, as in Beer's,
 Siebold's, Schmidt's, Himly's, Von Grafe's, &c,
 straight  and spear-pointed.   A mark is gene-
 rally placed upon the handle to inform the ope-
 rator,—when the instrument is engaged in the
 eye,—what side corresponds to the crystalline.
   Needle  for a Counter-Opening, Acus in-
 vagina'ta,  (F.) Aiguille a  Contre-ouverture,
 Aiguille engainie,  Aiguille  d gaine,—a long,
 narrow instrument  of steel;  the  point of which
 is fine and sharp on both sides;—the heel (talon)
 having an aperture to receive  a thread, tape,
 &c, provided with a flat silver sheath, shorter
 than the blade,  the point of which it  covers
 when passing through  parts that have to be
 respected.
   Needle,  Deschamp's, Pavpe's  needle, (F.)
 Aiguille de  Deschamps, Aiguille a manche, &c,
 is the last described needle, fixed to a handle.
 The eye is placed  near the point.  It  is  em-
 ployed in the ligature of deep-seated arteries.
   Needle, Fistula, (F.) Aiguille a Fistule.  A
 long, flat,  flexible, silver instrument;  having
 an aperture  near one extremity; blunt at the
 other.  This was formerly  used for passing a
 seton into fistulous  ulcers.   On one of its sides
 was a groove for guiding a  bistouri in case ol
 necessity.
   Also, a long steel instrument, terminated by
 a point  like that of a trocar,  which  Desault
 employed for penetrating the rectum, when ope-
 rating for fistula that had  no internal aperture.
   Needle,  Hare-Lip, (F.)  Aiguille a  Bee  de
 Lievre.  A small silver canula, to which is at-
 tached a spear point, that can be readily with-
 drawn.   This needle, armed with the point, is
 introduced at one side of the fissure in the lips
 and through the other.  The twisted  suture is
 then applied, and the pin withdrawn.
   Needle, Ligature, (F.) Aiguille a ligature. 
NEEDLE-BEARER            57i
A long, 6teel instrument, sharp towards one ex-
tremity, with an eye near the other, which was
formerly used for suspending  the circulation of
blood prior to  amputation, by  being passed
through the limb, so as to include the principal
artery and a part of the muscles  and integu-
ments.
  Also, a steel instrument of various dimen-
sions,  round towards one  of its extremities,
which was straight, and furnished with an aper-
ture; curved and flat towards the opposite, which
was pointed, and  had a slight ridge on its con-
cave side. At the commencement of the  last
century, this instrument was used to pass liga-
tures around vessels.
  Also, a steel instrument of various dimen-
sions, flat, regularly curved  in the form of a
semicircle, with a sharp or lance point, and a
long eye, used with  advantage in place of the
last.
  Needle, Seton, (F.) Aiguille d Seton.  A
long, narrow, steel blade;  pointed and sharp at
one extremity;  pierced at the other by an aper-
ture.   The Aiguille d conlre-ouverture may be
used for the same purpose.
  Needle, Suture,  (F.) Aiguille d  Suture.
For the twisted suture, the hare-lip needle is
used; for the others, the straight or  curved nee-
dle : the straight needle is preferable for stitch-
ing  up the abdomen, &c, in dissection.  In the
suture of the tendons, a curved needle has been
used; flat on both sides, and cutting only at the
concave edge, in order that the instrument may
pass between the tendinous fibres  without di-
viding them.
  NEEDLE-BEARER, Porte-aguille.
  NEEDLE-CARRIER, Porte-aiguille.
  NkFLE, Mespilus (the fruit.)
  NEFLIER, Mespilus.
  NEFREN DES, Nodoi,  Eden'tuli  (v», pri-
vative, and oScu(, ' a tooth.')  Persons devoid
of teeth.  Young children, for instance, who
have not cut them; or  aged persons, who have
lost  them.  This state is called  Nefrendis,
Nodo'sia, Odon'da eden'tula.
  NEGOTIUM PARTURITIONIS,  Parturi-
tion.
  NkGRE BLANC, Albino.
  NEGRO, Nlgrita.  One of the ./Ethiopian
race.   See Homo.
  NEGROMANTIA, Necromancy.
  NELE'R A, Nel'ra,Imus Venter.  The lower
part of the belly.—Hippocrates.
  NEIGE, Snow.
  NEIRA, Neiaera.
  NELUM'BIUM LUTEUM, Yellownelum'bo,
Yellow water lily, Pond lily, Water shield, Wa-
ter  nuts, Water chirlcapin, Rattle nut, Sacred
bean.   A beautiful water plant, common in the
United  States,  and  belonging  to  Nat.  Ord.
Nymphaceae; Sex. Sijst. Polyandria Polygynia.
The leaves are cooling and emollient when ap-
plied  to  the surface.  The roots,  leaves,  and
nuts are eaten.   The last are  called by the In-
dians and others water chincapins.
  NELUMBO YELLOW, Nelumbium luteum.
  NENUPHAR,  Nymphaea  alba—n. Blanc,
Nymphaea alba—n Jaune, Nymphaea lutea—n.
Odorant, Nymphaea odorata.
  NEOARTHROSIS, from  rtot,  'new/  and
tf{^o», 'a joint.'  A new  joint; an artificial
joint.
5              NEPHRETIC

   NEOG'ALA, from »«?, 'new,'  and yala,
 'milk.'  Milk  secreted immediately after the
 colostrum.  Also, the colostrum.
   NEOGENES, Nouveau-ni.
   NEOGILES, Nouveau-ni.
   NEOGNUS,  Nouveau-ni.
   NEONATUS, Nouveau-ni.
   NE'OPLASTY,  Neoplas'tice:  from vng,
 'new,'  and nXts-am,  vxarra,  'I form.'  An
 operative process for the formation of new
 parts.  It includes autoplasty, cicatrization of
 wounds, and the formation of adhesions.—Bur-
 dach.
   NEOTTIA,  Goodyera pubescens.
   NEP, Nepeta.
   NEPENTHA  DESTILLATO'RIA, Ban-
 du'ra.  A Ceylonese  plant, the root of which
 is astringent.
   NEPENTHES, from vv, negative particle,
 and  71 tv-9of, 'grief.'  A remedy much extolled
 by the ancients  against sadness and melancholy.
   The women of Thebes, according to Diodo-
 rus Siceliotes, alone possessed the secret of its
 composition; and, according to Homer, Helen
 introduced it from Egypt.   Some suppose it to
 have been opium.
   Nepenthes,  Bangue—n. Opiatum,  Piluhe
 opiatae.
   NEP'ETA, N. Cata'ria, Herba felis, Nep or
 Catmint, (F.) Herbe aux Chats,—so called, be-
 cause cats are fond of it.  The leaves, Cata'ria
 (Ph. U. S.), have a smell and taste  like those
 of an admixture of spearmint and pennyroyal.
 It has been recommended  in uterine disorders,
 dyspepsia, flatulency, &c. like pennyroyal; and
 is much used in  domestic medicine, on the Ame-
 rican continent, in flatulencies, &c, of children.
   Nepeta Agrestis, Melissa nepeta—n. Gle-
 choma,  Glechoma hederacea.
   NEPHALIOTES, Temperance.
   NEPHELE,  Enaeorema,  Nebula.
   NEPHELION, Nebula.
   NEPH'ELOID, Nepheloi'des, Nephelo'des,
 Neb'ulous, Nubilo'sus.  An epithet applied to
 urine when it is cloudy—Uri'na nephelo'des.
   NEPHOS, Nebula.
   NEPHRALGIA, Dolor  Nephret'icus, Neu-
 ral'gia  Renum, (F.)  Nivralgie des  Reins,
 Dysniphr oner vie, from vtqqoc, ' a kidney,' and
 aXysg,' pain.' Pain and neuralgia in the kidney.
   Nephralgia  Arenosa, see Gravel—n. Cal-
 culosa,  see Gravel—n. Rheumatica, Lumbago.
   NEPHRAPOSTASIS,  Nephropyo'sis,  Ab-
 sces'sus rena'lis, from vt<pgo(, ' kidney,'  and
 amo-Txtric, 'abscess.'   Renal abscess.
   NEPHRATON'IA,froirm</>€or,'kidney,'and
 *toi/«, ' want of tone.'  Renum aton'ia seu pa-
 ralysis.  Atony of the kidney.
   NEPHRELCO'SIS, Nephropyo'sis, Helco'sis
 rena'lis, from viqe,°s,' kidney,' and Uxxwo-ig,' ul-
 ceration.'  Ulceration of the kidney.
   NEPHRELMINTIC, Nephrelmin'ticus, from
 vi^^og,' a kidney,' and 'ixpuvc,' a worm.'  That
 which is owing  to the  presence of worms in the
 kidney.
   NEPHREMPHRAXIS,  from vt<pqog,  'a kid-
 ney,' and tfAQ^xeo-w,  'I obstruct.'  A name
 given by Ploucquet to obstruction of the kid-
 neys.
   NEPHRET'IC, Nephrid'ius, Nephritic, Ne-
 phriticus, from vttpqog,' a kidney.' That which
 relates to the kidney.  Applied, especially, to
 pain, &c, seated in the kidney. 
NEPHRETICUM             576                 NERF
  NEPHRET'ICUM, in Materia Medica,
means a medicine employed for the cure of dis-
eases of the kidney.
  Nephreticum Lignum, Guilandina moringa.
  NEPHRETTCUS LAPIS, Talcum nephril-
icum,  (F.)  Pierre niphredque, Jade niphrite
ou oriental.  A green, fatty kind of stone,—
once used as an amulet against epilepsy; an
absurd name, as there can be no such universal
remedy.
  NEPHRID'ION, Pingue'do  rena'lis.  The
fat which surrounds the kidneys.—Hippocrates.
  NEPHRIDIUM, Capsule, renal.
  NEPHRIDIUS, Nephretic.
  NkPHRITE,  Nephritis—n. Albumineuse,
Kidney, Bright's disease of the.
  NEPHRITES, Asphaltites.
  NEPHRITIC, Nephretic.
  NEPHRITICUM LIGNUM, Guilandina mo-
ringa.
  NEPHRITIS, Asphaltites.
  Nephritis,  Empres'ma Nephritis,  from vt-
<r>§o?,  ' kidney,' and itis, ' denoting inflamma-
tion;' Renum inflamma'tio, Nephro-phleg'mon£,
—Inflammation of the Kidney, (F.) Niphrite,
Inflammation  des  Reins, is characterized by
acute pain;  burning heat,  and  a sensation of
weight in the region of one or both kidneys;
suppression  or diminution of urine; fever; dy-
suria ;  ischuria; constipation, more or less ob-
stinate; retraction of the testicle, and  numb-
ness of the thigh of the same side.   It may be
distinguished into simple and calculous nephri-
tis,  tn the latter, the urine often contains small
particles of  uric acid or of urate of ammonia.
The most common causes of nephritis are,—ex-
cess in irritating  and alcoholic drinks;  abuse
of diuretics; blows or falls on the region of the
kidneys; the presence of renal calculi, &c. It
may be distinguished from lumbago by the pain
which attends the latter on the slightest mo-
tion, &c.  It usually terminates by resolution
in from one week to two  or three.   It may,
however, end in suppuration—pyoniphrite ; or
may become chronic — chrononiphrite, (Pior-
ry.) In the treatment, antiphlogistics, as bleed-
ing, baths, &c, are required to the full extent;
with the use of diluents, opiates, &c.
  Nephritis Albuminensis,  Kidney, Bright's
disease of the—n. Albuminosa, Kidney, Bright's
disease of the—n. Associated, Kidney, Bright's
disease of the—n. Cachectic, Kidney, Bright's
disease of  the—n. Sociata, Kidney,  Bright's
disease of the.
  NEPHRODES, Nephroid.
  NEPHRODIUM FILIX MAS, Polypodium
filix mas.
  NEPHROGRAPHY, from vsq>«of,'a kidney,'
and ypacpy, 'a description.'  An anatomical de-
scription of the kidney.
  NEPHROH.E'MIA,  from  vt<?gog,  'kidney,'
and 'aifta, 'blood.'  Hyperaemia or congestion
of the kidney.
  NEPH'ROID, Nephrol des, Nephro'des, Re-
niform'is, from vtipqo<, 'kidney,' and tiSos,' form,
resemblance.'   Reniform.   Having  a resem-
blance to a  kidney—as 'nephroid  cancer,' so
called  because  the morbid growth resembles
the kidney in structure.
  NEPHROLITHIASIS, from ve^oc, 'a  kid-
ney,' and Xtdog, 'a stone.'  The  disease of cal-
culus in the kidney;  Lith'ia rena'lis, Lithi'a-
sis nephrit'ica, L. rena'lis.  See Gravel.
   NEPHROLITH IC, same etymon.  Belong-
ing to calculi in the kidneys.   This epithet has
been applied to ischuria, occasioned by calculi
formed in the kidneys.
   NEPHROL'OGY, Nephrolog'ia, from vt^o?,
'kidney,' and Xoyog, 'a treatise.'   A treatise on
the kidneys.  Dissertation on the  kidneys and
their functions.
   NEPHROMALA'CIA,fromrt(peof,'kidney,'
and /xaXama, 'softness.'  Softening of the kid-
ney.
   NEPHROMETR^, Psose.
   NEPHRON'CUS, Tumor rena'lis, from vt-
pqog, 'kidney,'and oyx,og, 'a tumour.'   A tume-
faction of the kidney.
   NEPHROPHLEGMAT'IC,  Nephro-phleg-
mat'icus,  from vtfgot,  'kidney,' and  ipXiyfta,
'phlegm.'  A  name given, by some authors, to
ischuria produced  by mucus contained in the
urine.
   NEPHROPHLEGMONE, Nephritis.
   NEPHROPHTHISIS, from utp^g,' kidney,'
and q>&iot<, ' consumption.'  Phthisis from sup-
puration of the kidney.
  NEPHROPLETHOR'IC,N^Aro-^/etAor't««,
from Vf9£oc, 'a kidney,' and nXrr"tmqa, 'pletho-
ra.'  Belonging to plethora of the kidneys.  An
epithet given to ischuria dependent upon this
cause.
   NEPHROPYTC, Nephro-py'icus,  from vs-
9gos,' a kidney,' and ttvov, 'pus.'   Belonging to
suppuration of the kidney.
   NEPHROPYOSIS, Nephrapostasis, Nephrel-
cosis.
   NEPHRORRHAGT A, Hamatu'ria rena'lis,
Hxmorrhagfia renum,  from  vtifqot, 'kidney,'
and gay», 'rupture;'  Proflu'vium san'guinis
e re'nibus.  Hemorrhage from the kidney.
   NEPHROS, Kidney.
   NEPHROSCLE'RIA, from ropoog, 'kidney,'
and o-xXrfcia,  'hardness;'  Indura'tio renum.
Induration of the kidneys.
   NEPHROSPAS'TlC,iY^/tro5/^'*icM*,from
vtvqog,' a kidney,' and trnau,' I draw.'  That
which depends upon spasm of the kidney.  An
epithet given to a variety of ischuria.
   NEPHROTilROM'BOID,Nephro-thrombol-
des, from ifjpgoc, 'a kidney,' and flgoufiog, 'a
clot.'  That which depends upon clots of blood,
contained in the kidneys or their ducts.  An
epithet for a species of ischuria.
   NEPHROT'OMY,  Nephro-lithot'omy, Ne-
phrotomia, Nephro-lithotom'ia, Sectio rena'lis,
S. renis, from  nippog, 'a kidney,' and rtfArtu,
' to cut.'  Dissection of the kidney.   Also, an
operation  proposed with the view of extracting
calculi formed  in the kidney, by means of an
incision into the tissue of that organ.
   NEPHRUS, Kidney.
   NEPION, Infans.
   NEPIOTES, Infancy.
   NEPTA,  Asphaltum.
   NERANTIA, see Citrus aurantium.
   NERF, Nerve—n.Circonflexe,Axi\\axy nerve
—n. Dentaire, Dental nerve—n. Fessier, Glu-
teal nerve—n.  Glosso-pharyngien, Pharyngo-
glossal nerve—n. Gustatif, see Lingual nerve
—n. Gustatif innomini, Trigemini—n. Guttu-
ral, Palatine (middle) nerve—n. Gutturo-pala-
tin, Palatine nerve—n.  Honteux, Pudic nerve
—n. Irien,  Ciliary nerve—n. Ischio-clitorien, 
NERFS  BRONCHIQUES        577
NERVES
Pudic nerve—n. Ischio-pinien, Pudic nerve—n.
Labyrinthique, Auditory nerve—n. Mentonnier,
Mental nerve — n. Moteur  oculaire externe,
Motor oculi externus—n. Oculo-musculaire ex-
terne,  Motor oculi externus—n. Oculo-muscu-
laire interne, Patheticus nervus—n. Palhitique,
Patheticus nervus—n. Pironiere branche, Pop-
liteal  nerve, external—n. Pharyngo-glossien,
Pharyngo-glossal nerve—n. Premiere paire tra-
chilienne, Occipital nerve—n. Vertibro-digital,
Musculocutaneous nerve—n. Pritibio-digital,
Musculo-cutaneous nerve—n. Pridbio susplan-
taire, Tibial nerve, anterior—n. Radio-digital,
Radial nerve—n. Sciatique grand, Sciatic nerve,
great—n. Sciatique petit, Sciatic  nerve, lesser
—n.  Sciatique popliti externe, Musculo-cuta-
neous  nerve—n. Sous-occipital, Occipital nerve
—n. Sous-pubio-fimoral, Obturator nerve—n.
Spino-cranio-trapizien, Spinal nerve—n. Sus-
maxillaire, Maxillary superior nerve—n. Sus-
pubien, Supra-pubian nerve—n. Tibiale branche,
Popliteal internal—n. Trackial, Laryngeal  in-
ferior  nerve—n. Trachilo-dorsal, Spinal nerve
—n. Trijumeau,Txigemini—n. a  Trois cordes,
Trigemini—n. Tympanique, Chorda tympani.
  NERFS BRONCHIQUES, Bronchial
nerves—n. Ciliaires,  Ciliary nerves—n. Mo-
teurs oculaires communs, Motores oculorum—
n. Sacris, Sacral nerves—n. Sous-costales, In-
tercostal nerves.
  NERIUM, N. oleander.
  Ne'rium Antidysenter'icum.   The tree
which affords the Codaga'pala  Bark, Cones'si
cortex, Tillicher'ry cortex,  Cortex proflu'vii.
Family, Apocyneas. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Mo-
nogynia.   (F.)  Codagapale, Cropale.   The
bark of this Malabar tree is of a  black colour,
externally, and  is generally covered  with a
white moss or scurf.   It has an austere, bitter
taste, and has been recommended  as an astrin-
gent in diarrhoea, dysentery, &c.
  Ne'rium Olean'der, Ne'rium, Rhododaph'-
nis, Rosa'go, (F.) Laurier rose.    The leaves
are reputed to  be narcotic.   The infusion is
employed  internally, in herpetic affections, and
the powder, incorporated with  lard, is used in
the itch.
  NERONIA'NA  (PHLEBOTOM'IA.)   An
epithet given, for some cause, to phlebotomy,
when  more than  one vein was opened on  the
same day.
  NERPRUN PURGATIF, Rhamnus.
  NERVE, Nervus, Neuron, vtvqor, ' a string.'
(F.) Nerf. Neuron and Nervus meant also,
with  the  ancients, the tendons and ligaments,
Partes nervosa; and hence the different accep-
tations of' nervous;'—a man of nerve—a strong,
nervous  man;  and a  weak, nervous  woman.
The nerves are tubular cords of the same sub-
stance as that which composes the encephalon
and spinal marrow.  They extend from one or
other of the nervous  centres to every part of
the body, communicating, frequently, with each
other;  forming plexuses,  and, occasionally,
ganglions; and being, at length, lost in the pa-
renchyma of organs.   There are 42 pairs, and,
according to their origin, they are termed Cra-
nial or Encephalic, and Spinal.  Each nerve
is composed of several filaments or cords placed
alongside each other, and  is  surrounded by a
neurilemma.  The encephalic  nerves, except
the 5th pair, have only one root in the brain,
whilst the spinal arise from the marrow by two
roots: the one from an  anterior fasciculus of
filaments, the other from a posterior, separated
from each other by the Ligamentum denticula-
tum; uniting outside  this ligament, and pre-
senting, near the intervertebral foramen, a gan-
glion formed only by the posterior root.  The
two roots  make,  afterwards, but one nerve;
and, like the encephalic nerves, proceed to their
destination, subdividing into  rami and ramus-
culi, until they are finally lost in the texture of
the organs.   The trunks first formed are com-
monly round, and proceed alone, or accompany
the great vessels, being placed  in the cellular
spaces which  separate the  organs, and are thus
protected from injury.  Their  manner of ter-
mination we are not acquainted with; whether
the nervous  pulp, for instance, be distributed
or lost in a membrane, as seems to be the case
with the nerves of sight, hearing, and smell,—
or  are  looped.  Certain  it  is, that  there  is
considerable difference in the organs, as respects
the quantity of nerves that terminate in them;
and the  particular arrangement of the nervous
extremities.    Some   organs  have numerous
nerves; others seem  to have none: a circum-
stance which influences considerably the sensi-
bility  of parts.
  The Encephalic Nerves  arise from the ence-
phalon, or are inserted into it;  (according as
we consider the brain  the origin or termination
of the nerves;) and make  their exit by fora-
mina at the base  of the skull.   They are 12 in
number.  The spinal nerves are 30 in number,
8 cervical, 12 dorsal, 5 lumbar, and 5 or 6 sacral:
the  four inferior  cervical  being much larger
than the superior,  because  they furnish the
nerves of the upper extremities.
SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF THE NERVES.
I. Olfactory....
    (1st pair.)
Optic........
   (2d pair.)
Ii. Motores Oculorum.
     (3d pair.)
          I. Cranial or Encephalic Nerves.
Divided into internal, external,
  and  middle branches, which
  are distributed on the Schnei-
  derian membrane.
Terminate in the retina.
                   Superior Branch.  To the rectus
                     superior oculi and levatoi pal-
                     pebra; superioris.
                   Infmor Branch.  To the rectus
                     internus, rectus inferior and
                     lesser oblique muscles; a fila-
                     ment which goes to the oph-
                  ^  thalmic ganglion.
4 Pathttici..........5 To the greater oblique muscle
    (4th pair.)      (  of the eye.
  par Trigeminvm... ( Ophthalmic Branch. Divided into
    (5th pliir.)      (  three branches.  1. The lach-
5. Par Trigeminum.
    (5th pair.)
 rymal branch,to the lachrymal
 gland and upper eyelid. 2
 Frontal branch, to  the fore-
 head and upper eyt lid. 3. Na-
 sal branch, to the eyelids, na-
 sal fossK, and nose.
Sviirrior Maxitlarij Branch. 1.
 The orbitar brarc/t, to the or-
 bit.  2. The posterior and su-
 perior dental, to the last three
 molar teeth and gums. 3. The
 anterior dental, to the incisor,
 canine, and  two lesser mo-
 lares. 4. Infra-orbitar, to the
 upper lip, cheek, and nose.
Inferior Maxillary Branch. ].
 Temporal profound branches,
 to the  temporal  muscle. 2. 
NERVES                    578                    NERVES
1. Cranial or Encephalic Nerves.
Par  Trigeminum.
  (5th pair.)
6. A'ducentes..
     (Uh pair.)
7.  Facial............
(Porlio  dura of  the
     7th pair.)
8. Auditory..........
(Po.tio mollis of the
    7th pair )
fl.  Glossu pharyngeal.
 Portion of the rthpr.)
   Masseterine  band), to  the
   masseti r  muscle.   3. Buccal,
   to  the  inner surface of the
   cheek.  4. Pterygoid, to  the
   internal pterygoid muscle. 5.
   Lingual, to the mucous mem-
   brane of  the tongue.   6. In-
   ferinr dental, to the teeih of
   the  lower jaw,  and to  the
   lower lip. 7 Auricular branch,
   to the pavilion of the ear and
   forehead.
S To the rectus externus oculi.
 " 1. At its exit from the cranium,
   the posttrior auricular, stylo-
   hyoid, and infra-mastoid,  to
   the  pavilion of the ear, ihe
   mastoid process,  the  digas-
   trics,  and the muscles  at-
 T  tached to tlie styloid process.
  2. Near the  parotid gland,  the
|  temporal,malar,buccal,supra-
j  maxillary, and infra-maiil-
   lary to  the whole superficies
(  of the face.
S To the veslibule, semi-circular
)  canals, and cochlea.
C To the base of the tongue and
C  pharynx.
10. Par Vagum.
     (8th pair.)
11.  Spinal  or Acces-
  sory of Willis......
12. Hypoglossal.
     (9th pair.)
1. IN THE NECS;-a pharyn-
  geal b.anch  to the pharynx;
  supnior  laryngeal branch to
  the larynx, and to s»mn mus-
  cles of the inferior hyoid re-
  gion.   Cardiic branches  to
  the cardiac plexus.
2. m THE CHEST,-lhe infe-
  rior laryngeal bramh to  the
  larynx: pulmonary branches;
  whi h torm (he  plexus   of
  the same name:  asaphagcal
  branches to the cesi.phagus.
3. IN THE ABDOMEN,—gas
  trie bianches lo the parietes
  of  the  stomach;  filaments
  which go to  the neighbouring
  plexuses.
At its exit  from the cranium—
  the accessory of the pneumo-
  gastric  nerve anastomosing
  with this nerve.   In the neck
  —filaments  to the trapezius
  muscles.
Ci rvicales descendevs,to the miiR-|
  cles of the inferior hyoid  re-j
  gion,  and   to  the  cervical)
  nerves. Filnmentstoihemus-i
  cles of the tongue.
1,
                II. Spinal or Vertebral Nerves
Cervical Nerves.
1st Cervical Pair.
id and 4th Cervical I
  Pairs.             i
Cervical Plexus.
                      Antoior  Branch.  Anastomo
                       sing par arcade with  the se-
                       cond pair.
                      Anterior  Branch.   A  branch
»d Cervical Pair      1  anastomosing  with  the first
      ncallair......<  pain a brnnch  which goes to
                       the cervical plexus.
                      Anterior  Branch.  Concurring
                       in the cervical  plexus.
The Posterior Branch oCthese four pairs ramifies on the
  occiput arid muscles of the superficial and deep-seated
  cervico-occipital regions.
                    ["Descending Branches.—1. In-
                        ternal descending, anastomo-
                        sing with a branch of the hy-
                        poglossns.  2. Phrenic branch,
                        to the diaphragm.   3. Exter-
                        nal  descending branches, di-
                        viding into supra-clavicular,
                        supra-acromial, infra-cl i vicu-
                        lar,  and cervi.  ales  profundi,
                        to  the muscles and integu-
                        ments  of the  tipper part of
                        the chest  and shoulder, fo the
                        trapezius  levator  scapulae,
                        rhomboideus, &c.
                      Ascending Branches.—1. Jlfa«-
                        toid, to the poste'ior and late-
                        ral part of  ihe head, and the
                        inner surface of the pavilion
                        of the  ear.  2. Auricular, to
                        the  parotid gland and pavi-
                        lion of the ear.
                      S'perficial  Cervical  Branches.
                        (2.) To the platysma  rnyoi-
                        des, diga-tricus, the integu-
                        ments of the neck, &c.
                      Anterior Branches.   Assisting
                        in  the formation of the bra-
                        chial plexus.
                    \ Posterior  Branches.   To  the
                        muscles and integuments of
                        the posterior part of the neck
                    I   and upper part of the  hack.
                    | 1.  Thoracic Branches,  (2)  to
                        the anterior and lateral parts
                        of the ehe-t.  2. Supra-scapu-
                        laty branch to ihe muscles of
                        the posterior scapular region.
                        3.  lnfra-scapuliry  branchi-s
                        (3o  to ihe subscapulars, teres
                        major, teres minor,  and latis-
                        simus dorsi.  4. The brachial
                        interna: cutaneous, to the  in-
                        teguments of the palmar and
                        dorsal surfaces of the forearm
                        near the ulnar  margin. 5. The
                     k  brachial  external  cutaneous,
Brachial Plexus.
1st Dorsal Pair.

2d &. 3d Dorsal Pairs
ith, 5th, Cth, and
  Dorsal Pairs...
Uh.
5th, Gth, and 1th Cer
  vical Pairs.
Brachial Plexus.
                        pri ncipally to the integuments
                        of the palmar and dorsal sur
                        faces of the forearm, near the
                        radial margin. 6. The median
                        nerve, to  the forearm, hand,
                        and palmar surface of all the
                        fingers.  7. The cubital nerve.
                        to the last two fingers. 8. The
                        radial, to the first three. 9.
                        The  axillaiy,  around  the
                        shoulder-joint,  and  to the
                     v_  neighbouring muscles.

     2. Dorsal Nerves, (Nervi dorsales.)
                      Anterior Branch.  To the bra-
                        chial plexus.
                      Anterior Branches.  Art inter-
                        costal and brachial branch.
                      Anterior  Branches.    Intirnal
                        branches, to the intercostale,
                        triangularis sterni, pectoralis
                        major, and to the skin.  Ex-
                        ternal branches to the integu-
                        ments of  the chest,  the obli-
                        quus externus abdominis, and
                        the skin of the abdomen.
                      Anterior  Branches.    Internal
                        branches, to the transversalis,
                        obliquus internus, and rectus
                        muscles, and to the skin of
                        the abdomen.  External bran
                        ches, to the  integuments of
                        the chest, and to the muscles
                      .  and skin of the abdomen.
                      Anterior Branch.  To  the first
                        lumbar nerve, and to the mus-
                        cles and skin of ihe abdomen
                        as far as the ilinr. crest.
The Posterior Branches of the dorsal nerves are distri-
  buted to the muscles and integuments of the back and
  loins.

               3.  Lumbar Nerves.
1st, 2d, 3d, and  4tk  $ Anterior Branches.  Concurring
  Lumbar Pairs.....£  to form the lumbar plexus.
                     C Anterior  Branch.   Aiding in
                     (.  forming the sciatic plexus
The Posterior Branches of the lumbar nerves are distri-
  buted to the loins, sacrum, and nates.
                      1. Musculocutaneous Branch*!:
                        to the numb r of three.  One
                        superior, to the musclesof the
                        abdomen, to the fold of the
                        groin, and  the  scrotum:  a
                        middle, to  the  integuments
                        and muscles of the abdomen
                        and an iferior, to the ski"
                        of  the  thiiih-  2.  A genito-
                        crural branch to the integu
Sth, Qth, Wth. andll«A j
  Dorsal Pairs.       }
nth Dorsal Pair___
5th Pair.
Lumbar Plexus.
{ 
NERVES                  579                 NERVES
Lumbar Plexus.
          II. Spinal or Vertebral Nerves.
ments of  the scrotum, the
groin, and the thigh. 3. The
aural nerve, to the integu-
ments and muscles of the
thigh, skin  of the leg. and
foot.  4.  The o6rurato/ nerve,
to  the muscles at the  inner
part  of  the thigh.  5. The
lumbosacral, to the sciatic
plexus.  It gives off the glu-
teal nerve to the glutsi mus-
cles.
Sacral Nerves.
1st,  2d, ?d,  and  ith S ^n,terio,r Branches. They form
 Sacral Pairs.

>th and Cth Pairs.
C Anterior Brant
\  by their un
f  plexus.
ion  the  sciatic
                    Anterior Branches. To the parts
                   i   in the vicinity of the coccyx.
The Posterior Branches ramify on the muscles and in-
  teguments of the nates.
Sciatic Plexus.
f\. Hemorrhoidal nerves, to the
   rectum.  2. Vtsnal, lo the
   bladder.  3.  Uterine and va-
   ginal, to the vagina and ute-
   rus. 4. Inferior gluteal, to the
   gluteal  muscles,  perinasum,
   arid integuments of the poste-
   rior | art of the thigh.  5. Pu-
   dic, to the  perineum, penis,
   or vulva.  0. Sciatic, divided
   int'> the external poplit&al,
   which ramifies on the integu-
   ments and muscles of the ex-
   ternal side of the leg, on the
   dor.-um of the font, and the
   dorsal  surface of the  toes;
   and into the internalpopliteal,
   distributed on the dorsal sur-
   lace of the two last le es, to
   the muscles of the foot, and
   on the plantar surface of all
„  the toes.
  Classifications of the nerves have been re-
commended according to  their uses, in prefe-
rence to the ordinary anatomical arrangement.
It has been remarked that the encephalic nerves
have but one root, while the spinal  have two.
Now, experiments and pathological  facts have
proved, that the anterior fasciculus of the mar-
row and the anterior roots of the spinal nerves
are inservient to volition or voluntary motion:
and that the posterior fasciculus and roots  are
destined  for  sensibility.    Hence the  spinal
nerves, which have two  roots, must be  the
conductors both of motion  and feeling; whilst
the encephalic, which, with the.  exception of
the fifth pair, have but one, can possess but one
of these properties:—they must be either sen-
sitive or motive, according as  they arise from
the posterior or  anterior fasciculus of the me-
dulla :  and, consequently, three classes of nerves
may be distinguished.

                 C Arising, by a  single root,
                     from the posterior fascicu-
                     lus of the  medulla oblon-
                     gata  or spinal marrow.
                   Arising, by a single root,
                     from the anterior fascicu-
                     lus of the same parts.
                   Which have two  roots :  one
                     from the anterior, and one
                     from  the  posterior  fasci-
                     culus.
1.  Sensory.
2. Motor
3. Sensory and
    Motor . . .
  According to Sir Charles Bell, the medulla
oblongata is composed of three fasciculi on each
side; an anterior, middle, and posterior.  Now,
whilst the anterior and  posterior fasciculi pro-
duce the nerves of motion and sensation respec-
tively; the  middle, according  to  Sir  Charles,
gives rise to a third set of nerves—the respira-
tory.   To this order belong:—

1. The accessory nerve of Willis, or  superior
    respiratory.
2. The par  vagum.
3. The glossopharyngeal.
4. The facial or respiratory of the face.
5. The phrenic.
6. A nerve which has the same origin as the
     phrenic;—the external respiratory.
  When a horse has been hard-ridden,  every
one of these nerves is in action.
  This division  is now, however, generally
abandoned, and there does not  seem  to  be a
third column, especially destined  for  respira-
tion.
  Sir C. Bell, again, has reduced the system of
nerves to two great classes.   1.  Those that are
regular, primitive, symmetrical, and common
to all animals, from the worm to man; which
have double roots, and  preside over sensibility
and  motion: and, 2. The irregular or super-
added,  which are added to  the  preceding, in
proportion as the organization of animals offers
new or more complicated organs.  To the first
class belong all the spinal nerves and one ence-
phalic—the 5th pair;—to  the second,  the rest
of the nervous system.
  Lepelletier thinks we are justified in  dividing
the  nerves into five classes;—the first  com-
prising the nerves of special sensibility—the
olfactory, optic, lingual branch of the fifth pair,
and  the auditory;—the second,  the nerves of
general sensibility, the fifth pair;  and the spi-
nal nerves, through their  posterior root;—the
third comprising the voluntary motors, the spi-
nal nerves, by their anterior roots, the  motores
oculorum,  or common oculo-muscular, the ex-
ternal oculo-muscular, and the hypo-glossal:—
the fourth, instinctive motors, involuntary, the
respiratory nerves of Sir Charles Bell, the pa-
thetic, facial, glosso-pharyngeal, pneumogastric,
and  spinal accessory; and the fifth, nerves of
vital association and nutrition—the filaments
and  plexuses of the ganglionic system.
  Dr.  Fletcher adopts a different arrangement.
He divides them  into ganglionic  and  cerebro-
spinal; the latter being subdivided into the  re-
spiratory, motiferous, sensiferous, and regular:
the  last including those which communicate
both the faculty of sensibility and the stimulus
of volition.  His arrangement is contained in
the following table. 
NERVES                  580                 NERVES
Ganglionic	Cerebro-Spinal.			
Those immediately connected	Respiratory.	Motifirous.	Sen>iferous.	Regular.
respectively with				
The Ophthalmic,	The Pathetic,	The Motor oculi.	The Olfactory.	The Sub-occipital.
The ("avernous,	The Facial,	A part of the lower	The Optic.	Thi: seven Cervi-
The Otic,	The Glosso-pha-	maxillary branch The Ophthalmic		cal.
The Spheno-palatine,	ryngeal,	of the Trigemi-	bianch of the	The twelve DorBal.
The Sub-maxillary,	The Pneumo-gas-	nus.	Trigeminus.	The five Lumbar.
The three Cervical,	trie,	The Abductor.	The upper Maxil-	The five Sacral.
The Cardiac,	The Accessory,	The Hypo-glossal.	lary branch of	
The twelve Dorsal,	The Phrenic, and		the Trigeminus.	
The Cceliac.	The external		A part of the lower	
The five Lumbar,	Respiratory.		Maxi lary branch	
The five Sacral, and			of the Trigeminus.	
The Coccygeal Ganglions.			The Auditory.	
  Dr. Marshall Hall has proposed  another di-
vision of the  nervous system, which is calcu-
lated to explain many of the anomalous circum-
stances we so frequently witness.  He proposes
to divide all the nerves into, 1. The cerebral or
the sentient and voluntary.  2. The true spinal
or excito-motory.  3. The ganglionic or cyclo-
ganglionic,— the  nutrient and  secretory.  If
the sentient and voluntary functions be destroy-
ed by a blow upon the head, the sphincter mus-
cles will still contract when irritated, because
the irritation is conveyed to the spine,  and the
reflex action takes place to the muscle so as to
throw it into  contraction.  But if the spinal
marrow be now destroyed, the sphincters re-
main entirely motionless, because the centre of
the system  is destroyed.   Dr. Hall thinks that
a peculiar set of  nerves constitutes, with the
true spinal marrow  as their axis,  the second
subdivision of the nervous system; and as those
of the first subdivision are distinguished into
sentient and  voluntary,  these may be distin-
guished into the excitor and motory.  The first,
or the excitor nerves, pursue their course prin-
cipally  from internal surfaces, characterized by
peculiar excitabilities, to the true medulla ob-
longata and medulla spinalis; the second, or the
motor nerves, pursue a reflex course from the
medulla to the muscles, having peculiar actions
concerned principally in ingestion and egestion.
The motions connected with the first or cerebral
subdivision are sometimes, indeed frequently,
spontaneous;  those  connected  with  the true
spinal are, he  believes,  always excited.   Dr.
Hall thinks, too, that there is good reason for
viewing  the fifth, and posterior spinal nerves
as  constituting an external ganglionic system
for the nutrition of the external organs ; and he
proposes to divide the ganglionic subdivision
of  the  nervous system, into 1. The internal
ganglionic, which includes that usually deno-
minated  the  sympathetic,  and probably  fila-
ments of the pneumogastric; and 2. The exter-
nal ganglionic, embracing the fifth and poste-
rior spinal nerves.   To  the cerebral system he
assigns  all diseases of  sensation, perception,
judgment,  and volition—therefore all  painful,
mental, and comatose, and some paralytic dis-
eases.   To the true  spinal  or excito-motory
system, belong all spasmodic  and certain para-
lytic diseases.  He  properly adds, that  these
two parts of the nervous system influence each
other both in health and disease,  as they both
influence the ganglionic system.
   The main  views of Dr. Hall on the excito-
motory function have been generally embraced.
   The following  tabular  view of the arrange-
ment and connexions of the nerves and nervous
centres is given by Dr. Carpenter.  It repre-
sents the  most modern  ideas on the subject.

  Tabular View of the Nervous Centres.

                Cerebral Ganglia,
           the centres of ihe operations
             of Intelligence and Will.

Nerves of special ■)  Sensory ganglia, f Nerves of special
sensation—motor |  the centres of  | sensation—motor
fibres,  mingled y Consensual, In- ■{ fibres,   mingled
with general mo- | stinctive, and E- | with general mo-
tor system.[?J   J motional actions. I, tor system.[?]

               Cerebellic Ganglia,
           for harmonization of general
                muscular actions.

Afferent and mo- \ Respiratory  and I Afferent and mo-
tor nerves of re- f  stomnto-gastric } tor nerves of re-
spiration, deglu- (Gangl a, in  Me-y spiration, deglu-
tition, &c.       ) dulla oblongata. ( tition, &c.

                S 3 O S X £ rt
 Trunks of spinal"
nerves, composed
of afferent  and
motor fibres from
true  spinal  cord
and medulla  ob-
longata; and pro- . ,.
bably also of sen- f z «
£3 --< be Q>.
■- a a  - =
3 ao=s£.s

3 .C!-,i- O "» O

S S "3 e S ■- -5
 Trunks of spinal
nerves, composed
of afferent and
motor fibres from
true spinal  cord
and medulla ob-
longata ; and pro-
bably also of sen-
sory and motor fi-
bres, connected by
the  longitudinal
strands of the cord
with the sensory
sory and motor fi-
bres, connected by
the  longitudinal
strands of the cord
with the sensory  _
ganglia.       J   g^-g § £ go (.ganglia

  The  nerves are covered  and united to the
neighbouring parts by  an  abundant layer of
fatty cellular texture, which sends, inwards,
prolongations that separate the nervous cords
and  filaments from each  other.  The arterial
trunks, which furnish them, transmit branches
into their interior.  The veins follow the same
course as the  arteries.  Absorbents are not
easily traced even on the greatest trunks.
  Nerve, Accessory, of Willis, Spinal nerve
—n. Articular, Axillary nerve—n. Buccinator,
Buccal nerve—n. Femoral cutaneous, see Geni-
to-crural nerve—n. Femoro-popliteal, lesser,Sei-
atic nerve, lesser—n.Genito-crural, see Genito-
crural nerve—n.Gluteal of the Sacral plexus, Sci-
atic nerve, leaser—n. Gustatory,  Hypoglossal
nerve—n. Inguinal, internal, Genito-crural nerve
—n of Jacobson,see Petrosal ganglion—n. Late-
ral nasal, Spheno-palatine  nerve—n. Lingual,
Hypoglossal  nerve — n.  Naso-ocularis, Nasal
nerve—n. Naso-palpebral, Nasal nerve—n. Or-
bito-frontal, Ophthalmic nerve—n. Ocular, Op-
tic  nerve — n.  of Organic  life, Trisplanchnic
 nerve—n. Palpebro-frontal, Frontal  nerve—n.
Popliteal internal, Tibial nerve, posterior—n. 
NERVES, COSTAL           581              NEURALGIA
Power, Nervous power—n. Respiratory, of the
face, Facial nerve—n. Respiratory, superior,
Spinal nerve—n. Scapulo-humeral, Axillary
nerve—n. Scrotal, see Genito-crural nerve—n.
Spiral, Radial nerve—n. Spiral, muscular, Ra-
dial nerve—n. Sub-occipital, Occipital nerve—
n. Sub-pubian, Genito-crural  nerve—n. Super-
ficial  temporal, Auricular nerve—n. Sympa-
thetic, Trisplanchnic  nerve—n. Temporal cu-
taneous,  Auricular nerve—n.  Ulnar, Cubital
nerve—n. Vidian, Pterygoid nerve—n. Zygo-
mato-aurieular, Auricular nerve.
   NERVES, COSTAL, Intercostal nerves—n.
Dorsal, Intercostal nerves—n. Eighth pair of,
Pneumogastric—n. Encephalic, first pair, Ol-
factory nerves—n.  Encephalic, eleventh pair,
Spinal nerves—n. Ethmoidal, Olfactory nerves
—n. Fifth pair, Trigemini—n.  Fourth pair of,
Patheticus nervus—n. Infra-orbitar, Sub-orbitar
nerves—n. Ninth pair of, Hypoglossal nerve—
n. Oculo-muscular, common, Motores oculorum
—n. Phrenic, Diaphragmatic nerves—n. Recur-
rent, Laryngeal  inferior nerves—n. Sixth pair
of, Motor oculi externus—n. Spinal, Vertebral
nerves—n. Third pair of, Motores oculorum.
   NERVI ANONYMI,  Innominati nervi—n.
 Divisi,  Trigemini—n. Entobaenontes, Afferent
 nerves—n.  Gustatorii,  Trigemini—n. Odora-
 torii, Olfactory  nerves—n. Reversivi, Laryn-
 geal  inferior nerves—n.  Vulneratio, Neuro-
 trosis.
   NERVINE, Nervi'nus, Neurot'ic, Neurit'ic,
 Antineurotic, Antineuropath'ic.   A medicine
 considered proper for relieving debility of the
 nervous system.
   NERYOUS,Nervo'sus, Neuro'des,Ner'veus,
 Neu'ricus.  Relating or belonging to the nerves.
 Strong.   Also, weak, irritable.
   Nervous Attack, (F.) Attaque des nerfs, is
 an affection accompanied with  spasm, pain and
 different nervous symptoms, to which irritable
 individuals are liable.
   Nervous Centres, see Centres, Nervous.
   Nervous  Diathesis  is termed Atax'ia spi-
 rituum, Arioma'lia nervo'rum, Status nervo'sus,
 S. erethiticus, Diath'esis nervo'sa, Constitu'-
 tio nervo'sa.
   Nervous Diseases, Morbi nervo'si, (F.) Ma-
 ladies nerveuses. Affections seated in the ner-
 vous system.
   Nervous Fluid, Nervous principle, Flu'idum
 ner'venm, Li f/ nid umnerveum, Succus nerveus,
 Spir'itus vitalis.  The fluid which is supposed
 to circulate through the nerves, and which has
 been regarded as the agent of sensation and mo-
 tion.  Of this fluid we  know nothing, except
 that  it resembles, in many respects, the electric
 or galvanic.   It was formerly called Animal
 spirits,  Spir'itus anima'les,  (F.)  Esprils ani-
 maux.
   Nervous Pain, Neuralgia.
   Nervous Power, Nerve power, Neurodyna'-
 mia,Neurodi/'namis.  The power of th,e nerves
 as exhibited in the living organism.
   Nervous Principle, N. fluid.
   Nervous System.  The nerves of the human
 body considered collectively.  See Nerves.
   Nervous  System of the Automatic  Func-
 tions, Trisplanchic nerve—n.  System, organic,
 see Trisplanchic nerve—n.System of the senses,
 Medulla oblongata—n.  System  of voluntary
 motion, &c, Medulla spinalis.
    NERVUS,  see Nerve, Penis—n. Ambulato-
rius, Pneumogastric nerve—n. Anonymus, Tri-
gemini— n. Communicans faciei, Facial nerve
—n. Genito-cruralis, Genito-crural nerve.
  Nervus Impar.   A prolongation of the neu-
rilemma below the lower extremity of the spi-
nal cord, as a fibrous filament which is inserted
into the  base  of the coccyx.  It was formerly
regarded as a nerve:—hence its name.
  Nervus Innominatus, Trigemini—n. Ischia-
dicus,  Sciatic  nerve—n. Juvenilis, Penis—n.
Latus, Achillis tendo — n. Lingualis lateralis,
Pharyngo-glossal nerve—n. Lingualis medius,
Hypoglossal  nerve — n.  Musculi pterygoidei,
Pterygoid  nerve — n. Mixtus,  Trigemini—n.
Opticus, Optic nerve—n. Quintus, Trigemini—
n. Sympathetica medius, Trigemini—n. Sym-
pathies medius, Trigemini—n. Timidus, Mo-
tor oculi externus—n. Tremellus, Trigemini—
n. Trochlearis, Patheticus nervus.
   NESTIA, Jejunum.
   NESTIATRIA, Limotherapeia.
   NESTIS, Jejunum.
   NESTITHEKAPEIA, Limotherapeia.
   NESTOTHERAPEIA, Limotherapeia.
   NESTROOT, Monotropa uniflora.
   NETLEAF, Goodyera pubescens.
   NETTLE,  ARCHANGEL,  WHITE,  La-
mium  album — n. Dead, Lamium album — n.
Dwarf, Urtica urens—n. Hedge,  Galeopsis—n.
Pill-bearing, Urtica pilulifera—n. Rash, Urti-
caria—n. Stinging, common, Urtica.
   NET WORT, Goodyera pubescens.
   NEURADYNAMIA, Neurasthenia.
   NEURAL'GIA, fxom vtvjcr,  'a nerve,5 and
*Ayoc, 'pain.'  Rheumatis'mus spu'riusnervo'-
sus, Neurodynia,  (F.) Nivralgie, Nivrody-
nie, Nervous pain.  A generic name for a cer-
tain number of diseases, the chief symptom of
which is a very acute pain, exacerbating or in-
termitting, which follows  the course of a ner-
vous branch;  extends to its ramifications, and
seems,  therefore, to be seated  in  the nerve.
The principal neuralgiae have been distinguished
by the names facial (of which the infra-orbitar,
maxillary  and frontal are but divisions)—the
ilio-scrotal, femoro-popliteal, femoro-pretibial,
plantar, and cubito-digital.  A division of ano-
malous neuralgiae has likewise been admitted.
   Neural'gia, Anom'alous. Under this name
 Chaussier  has included different neuroses, some
 of which are characterized by acute pains cir-
 cumscribed within a short  compass, or extend-
 ing by irradiations, but not having their seat in
 the course of a nerve; and others which  are
 occasioned by tumours in the course of a nerve,
 or which succeed contusions or incomplete di-
 visions of  nerves.
   Neuralgia  Brachio-Thoracica,  Angina
 pectoris.
   Neuralgia Cu'bito-digita'lis, Is'chias ner-
 vo'sa digita'lis.  In this variety the pain  ex-
 tends from the part where  the nerve passes un-
 der the inner condyle to the back of the hand
 and to its  cubital edge.
   Neuralgia Dentalis., Odontalgia nervosa.
   Neuralgia,E K'c\KX.,Neuralgia fa! ciei, Tris-
 mus maxilla ris,  T. Dolorif icus,  Opsial'gia,
 Dolor cru'eiansfaciei, Hemicra'nia idiopath'ica,
 Autal'gia  dohro'sa, Tic douloureux, Dolor fa-
 ciei, Dolor faciei  typ'ico  charade're, D. F.
 Fothergilli, Trismus clon'icus, T. dolorif'icus,
 Rheumatis'mus cancro'sus, Rheumatis'mus lar-
 va'tus, Prosopalgia, Prosopodyn'ia, Dolor fa- 
NEURALGIA              582            NEUROMALACIA
 ciei period'icus, Febris top'ica, Ophthalmodynia
 period'ica, Tortu'ra Oris, Affec'tus spasmodico-
 convulsi"vus Labio'rum,  is  characterized  by
 acute lancinating pains, returning at intervals j
 and by twinges in certain parts of the face, pro-
 ducing convulsive twitches in the correspond-
 ing muscles.  It may be seated in the frontal
 nerve, infra-orbitar, or in the maxillary branch
 of the 5th pair.
   Metopodyn'ia, Brow-ague, Neural'gia fron-
 talis, Ophthalmodyn'ia,  Tic douloureux, Dolor
 ■period'icus,  &c, commences at the superciliary
 foramen and extends along the  ramifications of
 the frontal nerve that are distributed on the fore-
 head, upper eyelid, caruncula  lacrymalis,  and
 nasal angle of the eyelids.  Sometimes it is felt
 particularly in the orbit.
   Neuralgia infra-orbita'ria, Dolor faciei atrox,
 Rheumatis'mus cancro'sus, Trismus clon'icus,
 Prosopalgia,Febris top'ica, Odontal'gia remit'-
 tens et intermit'tens, Hemicra'nia sava, lnfra-
 or'bitar  neuralgia, Tic douloureux, is  chiefly
 felt in the  infra-orbitar foramen,  whence it
 passes to the cheek, upper lip,  ala nasi, lower
 eyelid, &c.
   In Neuralgia maxilla'ris, Gnathal'gia, Gna-
 thoneural gia, Tic douloureux,  Trismus catar-
 rha'lis maxillaris, the pain  usually sets  out
 from the mental foramen and passes to the chin,
 lips, temple, teeth and tongue.
   Neuralgia, False. A term assigned to pains
 along a nerve, or its ramifications, produced by
 some body compressing it,—those pains termi-
 nating with the removal of the compressing
 cause.
   Neuralgia  Fem'oro-popliTje'a,  Sciat'ica,
 Schias, Malum ischiad'icum, Morbus ischiad'-
 rr.us, Passio  ischiad'ica, Ischiagra, Ischialgia,
 Ischio'sis, Coxal'gia, Neural'gia  Ischiadica,
 Dolor Ischiad'icus nervo'sus, Is'chias nervo'sa
 Cotugnii vel Cotunnii, Neurisch'ias, Ischias
 n ervo'saposti'ca, Is'chias, Cox'agr a, Ischias rheu-
 mat'icum,Ischiat'ica,Ischonevral'gia,(E.)Goutte
 sciatique.  This is characterized by pain fol-
 lowing the great sciatic nerve from the ischiatic
 notch to the  ham,  and along  the peroneal sur-
 face of the leg to the  sole of the foot.
   Neuralgia  Fem'oro-pretibia'lis, Ischias
 nervo'sa anti'ca.   In this, the pain, setting out
 from the groin, spreads along the fore part  of
 the thigh, and passes down, chiefly, on the inner
 side of the leg, to the inner ankle and back  of
 the foot.
   Neuralgia of the Heart, Angina pectoris
 —n. Hepatica, Hepatalgia.
   Neuralgia iLio-ScROTALhas  been rarely ob-
 served. It is characterized by a very acute pain
 in  the course of the branches of the first lumbar
 pair; this pain follows the crista ilii and accom-
 panies the spermatic vessels  to the  testicle,
 which is often painfully retracted.
   Neuraloia Lienis, Splenalgia.
   Neuralgia Planta'ris.  This is rare; and
 the pain is confined to the course of the plantar
 nerves.
   All varieties of  neuralgia are  obstinate, and
 the greatest diversity of means has been made
 use of:—bleeding,  general and local,—emetics,
purgatives, rubefacients, vesicants, actual cau-
tery, narcotics, mercurial frictions, electricity;
destruction of a portion of the nerve, &c.   The
most successful remedy, perhaps, is the carbo-
nate of iron, given in doses of some magnitude;
 as, for instance, tss or ^ ij, twice or thrice a day
 in molasses.  This plan of treatment, continued
 for a month or two, will generally relieve and
 ultimately remove this much dreaded affection.
 The mode in which it acts is by no means clear-
 but it is almost as certain as any other remedy
 used in disease in producing its salutary effects.
 The bowels must be kept free; and all inflam-
 matory symptoms removed during its adminis-
 tration.
   Neuralgia Renum, Nephralgia—n. Spinalis
 Spinal irritation.
   NEURASTHENFA, Neuradyna'mia,Debil'-
 itas  nervo'sa.  Debility or impaired activity
 of the nerves; from vtv^ov,  ' a nerve,' and a<r-
 &tmz, 'debility.'—See Irritable.
   NEURICUS, Nervous.
   NEURILEMM'A, Neurile'ma, Neurily'ma,
 Neu'rymen, Perineu'rion, Fis'tula seu Tu'bulus
 seu Cap'sula seu Involu'crum nervo'rum, Mem-
 bra'na seu Membran'ula seu Tu'nica seu Indu-
 men'tum  nervo'rum, Vagi'na  nervo'rum; (F.)
 Nivrilemme;  from vtugov, ' a nerve,' and xt/A/At
 ' a coat.'   The fine transparent, and apparently
 fibrous membrane  that surrounds the nerves__
 to every filament of which it forms a true canal.
   NEURILEMMATITIS, Neurilemmitis.
   NE\JRLLEMMl'TIS,Neurilemmati'tis,Neu-
 rolemmati'tis, Neurili'tis, (F.) Nivrilemmite.
 Same etymon.  Inflammation of the neurilem-
 ma.
   NEURILITIS, Neurilemmitis.
   NEURILYMA,  Neurilemma.
   NEURINE, Medull'a nervo'rum, (F.) Nev-
 rine.  The substance  of  which the  nervous
 system is composed.   It consists chiefly of al-
 bumen and a peculiar fatty matter.
   NEURISCHIAS,Neuralgiafemoro-poplitfea.
   NEURITIC, Nervine.
   NEURI'TIS, Inflamma'tio nervo'rum,Nenro-
 phlogo'sis, Neurophleg'mone,  (F.) Inflamma-
 tion des Nerfs, Nivrite, from vsvoov, 'a nerve,'
 and itis, a suffix denoting inflammation.  In-
 flammation of a nerve.
   NEUROBLACI'A, from  wqor, 'a nerve,'
 and ftXaxiia, 'stupor.' Insensibility of the nerves.
   NEUROCHONDRO'DES, from wqcv,  'a
 sinew,' /ncfyoc, 'acartilage,'andniog, 'resem-
 blance.'   A hard  substance  between a sinew
 and a cartilage.
   NEURODES, Nervous.
   NEURODYNAMIA, Nervous power.
   JNEURODYNAMIS, Nervous power.
   NEURODYNIA, Neuralgia.
   NEUROGAMIA, Magnetism, animal.
   NEUROG'RAPHY,  Neurography;  from
 l-st'gov, 'a  nerve,' and y^a^rj,  'a description.'
 The part of anatomy which describes the nerves.
   NEUROLEMMATITIS, Neurilemmitis.
   NEUROLOGY.  Neurolog"ia, (F.)  Nivrok-
gie, from vtv^or, 'a nerve,' and Xoyog, 'a dis-
 course.'  That part of anatomy which treats of
 the nerves.
   NEURO'MA, (F.) N'vrome, from nvqn, 'a
 nerve.' A morbid enlargement of a nerve.
 Applied to subcutaneous, circumscribed and
highly painful tumours formed  on the tissue of
the nerves; and likewise to small, hard, gray-
ish tumours of the size of a pea, which are ob-
served in  the  course of nerves, and appear to
be formed from the  neurilemma.
  NEUROMALA'CIA; from nv^ov, 'anerve,'
and paxaxiz,' softening.'  Softening of nerves, 
NEUROMETRES
583
NICTATION
  NEUROMETRES, Psose.
  NEUROMYELITIS, from vtvejv, 'a nerve,'
f^vtkog, ' marrow,' and itis, denoting inflamma-
tion.  Inflammation of the medullary matter of
the nerves.
  NEURON, see Nerve.
  NEURON'OSOS, Neuronu'sos, from vsugov,
'a nerve,' and voooc, 'a disease.'  A disease of
the nerves.
  NEURONYG'ME, Neuronyg'mus,  Neuro-
nyx'is,  from  vst^ov, 'a  nerve,'  and vvyurj,
' puncture;'  Punc'tio nervi.   Puncture  of a
nerve.
  NEUROPATHTC, Neuropath'icus,  from
vivqov, 'a nerve,'and na6oc, 'a disease.'  Be-
longing to disease of the nerves, to Neuropa-
thi'a or Neuron''osgs.
  NEUROPHLEGMONE, Neuritis.
  NEUROPHLOGOSIS, Neuritis.
  NEUROPL AS'TY, Neuroplas'tice; (F.) Niv
roplastie, from  vtu^ov, 'a nerve,' and n-kxo-n-
 y.oc, ' forming.'  M. Serres applies this term to
a   ganglionary  alteration  of  the  peripheral
 nerves.
   NEUROPYRA,  Fever,  nervous,  Typhus
 mitior.
   NEUROPYRETUS, Fever, nervous, Typhus
 mitior.
   NEURO'SES, (F.) Nivrosest from vtvoov, 'a
 nerve.'  A generic name for diseases supposed
 to  have their seat in the nervous system, and
 which are  indicated by disordered  sensation,
 volition, or  mental  manifestation;  without
 any evident lesion in the structure of the parts,
 and without any material agent producing them.
 Such is the usual definition.   Broussais attri-
 butes them to a state of irritation of the brain
 and spinal marrow.
    NEURO-SKELETON, see Skeleton.
    NEUROSPASMI, see Spasm.
    NEUROSTHENI'A,  (F.) N'evrosthinie,
 from ieuoov, 'a nerve,'and aQtvti*, < strength.'
 Excess  of nervous irritation.  Nervous irrita-
 tion.
    NEUROTHELIC APPARATUS, Corpus
 papillare.
    NEUROTIC, Nervine.
    NEUROTICA.   Diseases  of  the nervous
 function.   The 4th class of Good's Nosology.
    NEU'ROTOME, Neur of ornus ; from vsuPoy,
 'a nerve,' and nuva, 'I cut,'  'I dissect.'  An
 instrument  used by anatomists to dissect the
 nerves.  It is a long and very narrow scalpel,
 having  two edges.
    NEUROTOMY, Neurotom'ia, (F.) Nevro-
 tomie.  Same etymon.  Dissection of the nerves.
 Also, an incised wound of a nerve.
    NEUROTRO'SIS, Neurotros'mus,  from
 rtugov, 'a nerve.'andT-pwyic,' wounding.'  Nervi
 vulnera'tio.  Wound or wounding of a nerve.
    NEUROTROSMUS, Neurotrosis.
    NEURYMEN, Neurilemma.
    NEUTA, Neutha.  A membrane, according
 to Paracelsus, which covers the eyes and ears
 of the foetus in utero.
    NEUTRAL, from  neuter,  'neither.'  Be-
 longing to neither in particular.
    Neutral Salts, Sec'ondary salts, (F.) Sels
 neutres.  Salts, composed of two  primitive
 saline substances, combined  together, and not
 possessing the  characters of acid or of base.
    NEVIS, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Ther-
mal springs in the department of Allier, France.
Temperature, 136° to 148° Fahrenheit.
  NttVRALGIE, Neuralgia— n. du Foie, He-
patalgia—n.  des  Reins,  Nephralgia—n.  de
VUtirus, Hysteralgia.
  NiVRILEMME, Neurilemma.
  N&VRILEMMITE, Neurilemmitis.
  N&VRINE, Neurine.
  NUVRITE, Neuritis.
  NEVRODYNIE, Neuralgia.
  N&VROLOGIE, Neurology.
  N6.VROME, Neuroma.
  NttVROSE DU CCEUR, Angina pectoris.
  NKVROSES, Neuroses.
  NitVROSTHKNIE, Neurosthenia.
  N&VROTOME, Neurotome.
  N&VROTOMIE, Neurotomy.
  NEVUS, Nsevus.
  NEW  JERSEY, MINERAL  WATERS
OF.  In the upper part of Morris county and
in the county of Hunlerdon,  near the top of
Musconetcong mountain, there are chalybeate
springs, which are resorted to.   See Schooley's
Mountain.
  NEW YORK, MINERAL  WATERS OF.
The chief waters are those  of Ballston, Sara-
toga, and Sharon.
  NEXUS  STAMINEUS  OCULI,  Ciliary
body.
  NEZ, Nasus.
  NICARAGUA WOOD, see  Caesalpinia.
  NICE,  CLIMATE  OF.   The climate of
Nice possesses some advantages over that of
the  neighbouring  countries  of  Provence  and
Italy, being free from the sirocco of the latter,
and protected from the  mistral of the former.
 Spring  is  the most unfavourable season.  The
 climate is very dry. It has been a great winter
 retreat for the consumptive;  but does not de-
 serve the  encomiums  that  have been passed
 upon it.
   NICKAR TREE, Gymnocladus Canadensis.
   NICODE'MI O'LEUM, Oil of Nicode'mus.
 An oil made by digesting, for some time,—in
 a mixture  of  white wine  and olive oil,—old
 turpentine, litharge, aloes, saffron,  oxyd of
 zinc, &c.
   NICOTIANA, N.  tabacum—n.  Minor, N.
 rustica.
   Nicotia'na Rus'tica, called after Nicot, who
 carried it to Europe ; N. minor, Priapeia, Hy-
 oscy'amus  lu'teus, English   Tobacco.   The
 leaves  possess the properties of tobacco, but
 are milder.
   Nicotiana Tab'acum, Nicotia'na, Herba ta-
 baci, Tabacum Petum, Petun, Hyoscy'amus Pe-
 ruvia'nus,  Tobacco,  Virgin'ia tobacco,  (F.)
 Tabac, Nicotiane.   Tobacco  is a violent acro-
 narcotic; its properties seeming to depend upon
 a peculiar principle, Nicotin or Nicotiauin.  It
 is narcotic, sedative, diuretic,  emetic, cathartic,
 and errhine.  In incarcerated hernia, it is in-
 jected, in  the form of smoke or infusion, but
 requires great caution.   It is extensively and
 habitually used as an errhine and sialogogue.
 The infusion is used to kill vermin, and in some
 cutaneous eruptions.
   NICOTIANE, Nicotiana tabacum.
   NICOTIANIN, see Nicotiana tabacum.
   NICOTIN, see Nicotiana tabacum.
   NICTATIO, Hippus,  Nictatio.
   NICTA'TION,  Nicta'tio,  Nictita'tio,  from
 nictare, 'to wink.'  Clonus nictita'tio, Blepha- 
NIDAMENTUM              584        NITRO-MURIATIC ACID
rismus, Palpebra'tio, Twinkling of the eye, (F.)
Clignotement, CUgnement, Cillement, Souris.
A rapid and repeated movement of the eyelids,
which  open and  shut  alternately.   As  occa-
sionally performed, it is  physiological;   if re-
peatedly, a disease.  It seems  to be executed
chiefly by the motor 7th pair of nerves; but it
is necessary that  the excitor 5th pair, should
likewise be in a state of  integrity.
  NIDAMENTUM, Decidua.
  NIDOREUX,  Nidorous.
  NI'DOROUS,  Nidoro'sus, (E.)  Nidoreux,
from Nidor, Cnissa, 'the smell of any thing
burnt,' &c.   Having the smell of burnt or cor-
rupt animal matter.
  NIEDERBRONN,  MINERAL   WATERS
OF.  Saline  waters in the department of Bas-
Rhin, France, which contain chloride of sodium,
sulphate of magnesia, and carbonic acid.
  NIELLE, Nigella.
  NIGELLA, Coptis.
  Nigel'la, N. Sati'va, Melan'thium, Cumi-
num Nigrum, Fennel flower, Nutmeg flower,
Devil  in  a bush, (F.) Nigelle, Nielle.  This
small southern European and Syrian plant was
formerly used medicinally as an expectorant
and deobstruent, errhine, sialogogue, &c.
  NIGELLE, Nigella.
  NIGHT-BLINDNESS, Hemeralopia.
  NIGHT  EYES,  Crusta genu  equinae—n.
Mare, Incubus.
  NIGHTSHADE, AMERICAN, Phytolacca
decandra—n. Bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara
—n. Common, Solanum—n. Deadly, Atropa bel-
ladonna—n. Enchanter's, Circaea Lutetiana—
n.   Garden, Solanum—n. Palestine, Solanum
sanctum—n. Stinking,  Hyoscyamus niger—n.
Vin$ Solanum dulcamara—n. Woody, Solanum
dulcamara.
  NIGREDO A SOLE, Ephelides.
  NIGRITA, Negro.
  NIGRITIES, Melanopathia—n. Ossium, Ca-
ries.
  NIGRITISM, Melanopathia.
  NIGRITUDO,   Melanosis—n.  Pulmonum,
Melanosis pulmonum.
  NIGROMANTIA, Necromancy.
  NIGROR, Melasma.
  NIGRUM OCULI, Pupil.
  NIHIL ALBUM, Zinci oxydum—n. Grise-
tim, Zinci oxydum.
  N1LIACUM, Mel.
  NINDSIN, Sium ninsi,
  NINSI, Sium ninsi.
  NINSING, Panax quinquefolium.
  NINZIN, Sium ninsi.
  NIPPLE,  Sax.  nypele.  The Teat,  Dug,
Pap, Acromas'tium, Uber, Staph'ylis, Staphyl'-
ium; Bubona, Mamrnil'la, Mammel'la, Papi/'la,
Thele, Tit'thP, Titthos, Tit'thion, Titthis, (F.)
Mamelon.  The conical tubercle, situate  at the
centre of the breast. Towards the central part
of each breast the skin changes colour, and as-
sumes a rosy tint  in young females, or a reddish
brown in those who have suckled several chil-
dren.  This circle is called the Areola or  Aure-
ola of the nipple.  The nipple is capable of erec-
tion on being excited.
  NIPPLEWORT, Lapsana.
  NIRLES, Herpes exedens.
  NISUS,  Nixus, Peira, Straining, from Lat.
nitor,  'to endeavour.'   A voluntary retention
of  the breath, so  as  to  force down the dia-
phragm ;  the abdominal muscles being at the
same time contracted forcibly.  In this manner
the contents of the  abdomen  are  compressed;
and the evacuation  of the feces, urine, &c, is
effected.
  Nisus, Effort—n. Formativus, Plastic force.
  Nisus Parturientium. The efforts or forcin»
during parturition.
  NITEDULA, Cicindela.
  NITON, MINERAL WATERS OF. These
springs in the Isle  of Wight contain iron, and
sulphate of alumina and potassa.
  iNITRAS  KALICUM, Potassa;  nitras—n.
Lixiviae,  Potassae nitras—n.  Natricum,  Soda,
nitrate of—n. Potassae cum sulphure fusus, Po-
tassae nitras fusus sulphatis paucillo mixtus—n.
Sub-bismuthicum. Bismuth, sub-nitrate of.
  MTRATE,  Nitras.   A salt,  formed  of a
base and  nitric acid.   Several nitrates are em-
ployed in medicine.
  NITRATE D'AMMONIAQUE, Ammonia?
nitras—n. D'Argent, Argenti nitras.
  JSITRE, Potassae nitras.
  NITRIC ACID, Acidum ni'tricum, A. azo'ti-
cum, A. sep'ticum, A. nitri, Aqua fortis,Nitrous
acid, Spir'itus nitri duplex,  Sp. nitri fumans,
Sp. nitri Glaube'ri, Azot'ic  acid, Dephlogisti-
cated nitrous acid, Oxysepton'ic acid, Spir'itus
nitri ac"idus, (E.)Acide nitrique.  Nitric acid
is  obtained from  nitre — Nitrate of potass.
Its  odour is suffocating;  taste very acid and
caustic.  It is corrosive, liquid, colourless, and
transparent.  S. g.  1.500.
  Strong nitric acid is rarely  used except as an
application to foul, indolent ujcers, or to warts.
When given internally, it is in the form of the
Acidum ni'tricum Dilu'tum, Spir'itus nitri sim-
plex, Sp. nitri  vulga'ris—the  Diluted nitric
acid, which, in the Pharmacopoeia of the United
States, consists of nitric acid, ^j, viater, jjix, by
measure.   Diluted  largely with  water, it  is
used, as a drink, in fevers of  the typhoid kind;
in chronic affections of the liver, syphilis, &c;
but, in the latter affections, it is not to be de-
pended upon.
  NITROGEN, Azote.
  Ni'trogen, Gazeous Oxide of, Nitrous ox-
ide, Protox'ide of azote, Paradise gas, Intoxi-
cating gas,  Laughing gas,  Dephlogisticated
nitrous gas, Gas azot'icum oxygena'tnm.  This
gas, when  respired, produces singular effects;
great mental and corporeal  excitement;  and,
generally, so much exhilaration as to render the
appellation, "laughing gas "by no means in-
appropriate.  It has not been much used in me-
dicine, although recommended in paralysis. Its
effects are too violent and too transient to ren-
der it  a  valuable remedial agent; and, in the
delicate, it  has been productive of  unpleasant
effects, inducing palpitation,  fainting, and con-
vulsions.
  NITROGtNE, Azote.
  NITROGENIUM, Azote.
  NI'TROGENIZED, A'zoted, A'zotized.
Containing nitrogen or azote:—as a nitrogenized,
azoted, or azotized principle  or tissue.
  NITRO-MURIAT'IC  ACID,  Ad'idum ni-
tro-muriat'icum, Nitro-hydrochlor'ic odd, Hy-
drochloro-nitric acid. Aqua re'gia, Aqua styg"ia,
Chrysulca, Aqua regis, Acidum mvriaticum ni-
tro'so-oxygena'tnm, Mens'truum auri, (F.) Eau
rigale.   A mixture of the nitric and muriatic
acids, has been used in diseases of the liver, in 
NITROUS OXIDE            58
the form of a bath for the feet and  legs made
sharply acidulous.  It has, also, been employed,
and with more uniform  results, in cutaneous
affections.  Whatever advantage it may possess
in internal  diseases—and these advantages are
doubtful—they  are  probably  dependent upon
the chlorine formed  by the  mixture, or upon
the properties possessed by the mineral acids
in general.   See Chlorine.
  The Acidum  nitro-muriaticum of the Phar-
macopoeia of the United States  is formed  by
mixing four fluidounces of nitric acid with eight
of muriatic acid.
  NITROUS OXIDE, Nitrogen, gaseous oxide
of.
  NITRUM, Natron, Potassae nitras—n. Anti-
quorum, Soda—n. Cubicum, Soda, nitrate of—
n. Factitium, Borax—n. Flammans, Ammoniae
nitras—n. Lunare, Argenti nitras—n. Rhomboi-
dale, Soda, nitrate of—n. Vitriolatum Schroe-
deri, Potassae sulphas—n. Tabulatum, Potassae
nitras  fusus sulphatis paucillo mixtus—n. Vi-
triolatum, Potassae sulphas.
  NIX, Snow—n. Fumans, Calx viva—n. Zinci,
Zinci oxydum.
  NIXUS,  Nisus—n. Parturientium, Nisus par-
turientium.
  NOAH'S ARK, Cypripedium luteum.
  NOBLE, Nob'ilis, Principal, Essen'tial.
  Noble Parts, Partes  essentia'les:—Some
anatomists  have given this name to parts, with-
out which life cannot exist;  such as the heart,
liver, lungs, brain, &c.  The organs of genera-
tion have, likewise, been so called.
   NOCAR, Torpor  Soporif'icus.   Lethargic
torpor.
  NOCTAMBULATIO, Somnambulism.
  NOCTAMBULISMUS, Somnambulism.
  NOCTAMBULUS, Somnambulist.
  NOCTILUCA, Cincindela.
  NOCTISURGIUM, Somnambulism.
  NOCTUPNI OC'ULI.  Gray or blue eyes.
—Castelli.
  NOCTUR'NAL,  Noctur'nus, Nycter'inus,
from nox, ' night.' Relating to night, as Febris
noctur'na seu nycter'ina.  A fever occurring in
the night.
  NODDING,  Annuitio.
  NODDLEPOX, Syphilomania.
  NODE, Nodus, Emphy'ma exosto'sis perios-
tea, (F.) Nodositi, Naud; from Hebr.  ij, 'a
heap.'  A hard concretion or incrustation, which
forms around joints attacked with rheumatism
or gout.  Some include, under this  name, exos-
toses, articular  calculi, ganglions, and even the
chronic swellings of the joints, known under
the name of white swellings.
  NODES, Edentulus.
  NODI DIGITORUM  MANUS,  Phalanges
of the  fingers—n. Nervorum,  Ganglions, ner-
vous—n. Haemorrhoidales, see Haemorrhois.
  NODOI,  Nefrendes.
  NODOSIA, see Nefrendes.
  NODOSITE, Node.
  NOD'ULI ARAN'TII, Noduli Morgagnii,
Cor'pora Aran'tii. The small sesamoid bodies
situate on the periphery of the semilunar valves
of the aorta and pulmonary artery,  for the bet-
ter occlusion of the artery.
  Noduli Morgagnii, Noduli Arantii—n. Ner-
vorum, Ganglions, nervous.
  NOD'ULUS; diminutive of nodus, ' a knot.'
A small knot.  See Vermiform process, inferior.
         3S
!5            NOMENCLATURE

   NODUS, Articulation, Edentulus, Encys-
 tis,  Hamma—n.  Cerebri,  Pons Varolii—n.
 Chirurgicus, Knot, surgeon's —n. Encephali,
 Nceud de I'Enciphale, Pons Varolii—n. Hyste-
 ricus, Globus hystericus—n. Vitae, Nceud vital.
   NOESIS, Intellect.
   NCEUD, Node — n.  du Chirurgien, Knot,
 surgeon's—n. Emballeur, Knot, packer's,
   NCEUD DE UENC&PHALE (F.),  No-
 dus  Enceph'ali.   M. Cruveilhier, under  this
 name, includes the pons Varolii,  peduncles of
 the cerebrum and cerebellum, and  the tubercula
 quadrigemina.
   NCEUD  VITAL (F'.), Nodus Vitce.  This
 term has been applied by some to the medulla
 oblongata as the nervous centre of respiration.
   NCEUDS, Calculi, arthritic.
   NOISE TIER, Corylus avellana.
   NOISETTE, Corylus avellana (nut.)
   NOIX, Juglans regia (nux)—n. Amiricaine,
 Jatropha curcas — n. des Barbades,  Jatropha
 curcas—n.  Cathartique,  Jatropha curcas—n.
 d'Ean, Trapa natans—n. de Galle, see Quercus
 infectoria—n. de Serpent, see Thevetia Ahouai
 —n. Vomiqne, see Strychnos nux vomica.
   NOLA CULINARIA, Anemone Pulsatilla.
   NOLI ME TANGERE, Lupus, see  Chan-
 creux (Bouton.)
   NOMA, Cancer aquaticus—n.  Pudendorum,
 Colpocace infantilis.
   NOM'ADE, Nomas, from vo/ati, ' pasturage.'
 An epithet given to people who have  no fixed
 habitation, and who  travel,  with  their  flocks,
 from country to country, for pasturage.  Such
 are the Tartars.  By analogy, the word  Nomad'-
 ic has been applied to spreading ulcers.
   NOMBRIL, Umbilicus.
   NOME,   Cancer aquaticus, Phagedenic' ul-
 cers.
   NOMENCLATURE, Nomencla'tio, Nomen-
 clatu'ra, Onomatolog''ia,  Onomatocle'sis,  Ter-
 minology, Orismol'ogy, from oropa,  ' name,'
 and xxr.tw, 'I call.'  A  collection of terms or
 words peculiar  to a science or art.  In all
 sciences, nomenclature  is an object of impor-
 tance ; and each term  should convey to the stu-
 dent  a definite  meaning.   The  Lavoisierian
 nomenclature was a valuable gift to chemistry;
 and  anatomy  has derived advantage from the
 labours of Barclay, Dumas, and Chaussier, who
 have given names to parts indicative of their
 situation.  See Muscle.  The nomenclature of
 pathology has required the greatest attention;
 and although repeated attempts have been made
 to improve it, the barbarous terms that disgrace
 it are still most frequently adopted.  It consists
 of Hebrew and Arabic terms; Greek and Latin,
 French,  Italian, Spanish, German, English, and
 even Indian, African, and Mexican; often bar-
 barously and illegitimately  compounded.  A
 wantf of principle in founding the  technical
 terms of medicine is  every where observable.
 They have been formed:—I. From colour; as
 Melcena, Melas, Atrabilis, Leuce, Alphos, Chlo-
 rosis, Rubeola,  Scarlatina,  Purpura, &c.  2.
 From  duration, as ephemeral,  quotidian, ter-
 tian, and quartan, continued, and intermittent,
 &c.   3.  From Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Insects,
 and Plants, as Rabies canina, Cynanche, Bou-
 limia, Pica, Hippopyon,  Elephantiasis, Urti-
 caria,  Lichen, Ichthyosis, &c.  4. From Per-
 sons or  Places, as Morbus  Hcrculeus, Fades
 Hippocratica, Lepra Arabnm, Plica Polonica, 
NOMUS
586           NOTENCEPHALUS
Suelor  Anglicus,  Morbus  Gallicus,  Ignus
Sancti Antonii, Chorea Sancti Viti, &c.
  NOMUS, Cancer aquaticus.
  NON-NAT'URALS, Non natura'lia.  Un-
der this term  the ancient  physicians compre-
hended air, meat, and drink, sleep and watching,
motion and rest, the retentions and excretions,
and the affections of the mind.
  NON-STRIATED   MUSCULAR  FIBRE,
see Muscular fibre.
  NONUS  HUMERI PLACENTINI, Teres
minor—n. Linguae musculus, Genio-glossus—n.
Vesalii, Peronaeus tertius.
  NOOS, Intellect.
  NORRIS'S DROPS, see Antimonium tartari-
zatum.
  NORTON'S DROPS, Liquor hydrargyri oxy-
muriatis.
  NOSACERUS, Sickly.
  NOSE, Nasus—n. Running at the, Coryza.
  NOSELI'A,  Nosocome'sis, Nosocom'ia, from
'Oo-oc, 'disease.'  Care of the sick.
  NOSEMA, Disease.
  NOSENCEPH'ALUS, from voooc, 'disease,'
and iymyxZoc, 'brain.'   A monster whose skull
is open only on the frontal and parietal regions
the posterior fontanelle being distinctly present
  NOSEROS, Insalubrious, Sick.
  NOSEUMA, Disease.
  NOSOCOMESIS, Noselia.
  NOSOCOMIA, Noselia.
  NOSOCOMIUM, Hospital.
  NOSOCOMUS, Infirmier.
  NOSODES, Insalubrious, Sick, Sickly.
  NOSODOCHIUM, Hospital.
  NOSOGENESIS, Pathogeny.
  NOSOGENIA, Pathogeny.
  NOSOGENY, Pathogeny.
  NOSOG'RAPHY, Nosogra'phia, from voo-oc,
'a  disease,' and yqaipa, 'I describe.'  A de-
scription of diseases.
  NOSOL'OGY,Nosolog"ia, from voo-oc, 'a dis-
ease,' and xoyoc, 'a discourse.'   A name given
to that  part of medicine whose  object  is  the
classification of diseases.  The most celebrated
nosological  systems have  been  those of  Sau-
vages, (1763,) Linnaeus, (1763,) Vogel, (1764,)
Sagar, (1776,) Macbride, (1772,) Cullen, (1772,)
Darwin, (1796,)  Selle, Crichton, (1804,) Parr,
<.180i),) Swediaur, (1812,) Pinel, (1813,) Young,
(1813,) Good, (1817,) Hosack, (1818,) &c.  Be-
sides  these  general nosographies, others have
been  published on  Surgery exclusively, none
of which are particularly worthy of enumera-
tion amongst nosological systems. Nosological
arrangements have, also, been formed of single
families or groups of diseases.   Plenck, of Ba-
den, is the author of two different treatises of
this kind: the  one, a methodical arrangement
)f the diseases of the  eyes, and  the  other, of
cutaneous diseases.  Dr. Willan  published an
arrangement of cutaneous  diseases, which was
completed by Dr. Bateman, and adopted  into
the  Nosology of Dr. Hosack.   Mr. Abernethy,
also, published a methodical  classification  of
Tumours, and many other  partial nosological
classifications  might  be enumerated.  Also,
Pathology.
  NOSON'OMY, Nosonom'ia, from  voo-oc, 'a
disease,' and ovo^a, 'name.'   The nomenclature
of diseases.
  NOSOPH'YTA, from vow, 'disease,'  and
$ur»», 'a plant.'   A disease supposed to be pro-
duced by, or to consist  in the development of
parasitic plants—as porrigo, mentagra, &c—
Gruby.
  NOSOPCE'US, Nosopoet'icus, from voo-oc,' dis-
ease,' and jrojsa>, 'I make.'  That which causes
disease.
  NOSOS, Disease.
  NOSOTAX'Y, Nosotax'ia,from voo-o?, 'a dis-
ease,' and Ta?<c, 'arrangement.'  The distribu-
tion and classification of diseases.
  NOSOTHEO'RIA, from voooc, 'disease,' and
■friwgia, 'doctrine.'   The doctrine or theory of
disease.
  NOSTAL'GIA,  from voozoc, 'return,'  'a
journey  home,' and nXyoc, 'pain.'  Nosoma-
nia, Nostras'sia,Apodemial'gia, P athopatridal'•
gia, Patopatridal'gia, PhilopatridaVgia, Phi-
lopatridoma'nia, Ademon'ia, Ademos'yne,Home
sickness, (F.) Nostalgie, Maladie du pays.
An affection produced by the desire of return-
ing to one's country.  It is commonly attended
by  slow wasting,  and  sometimes  by hectic,
which may speedily induce death.  M. Pinel
properly regards it as a variety of melancholy.
  NOSTOMANIA, Nostalgia.
  NOSTRASSIA, Nostalgia.
  NOSTRILS, Nares.
  NOTA MATERNA, Nawus.
  NOT^E INFANTUM, Naevi.
  NOT AL'GIA,  Notial'gia, (Nostalgia,  im-
properly, of Kochlin and  others,) from rcorcc,
' the back,' and u\yo?,' pain.'  Pain in the back.
Spinal irritation.
  NOTANENCEPHALIA,  see  Notencepha-
lus.
  NOTCH,  Teut.  N o c k e,  Ital. Nocchia,
Emargina'tio, Emarginatu'ra, (F.) ltchancrw e.
A depression or indentation of different shape
and size, observed on the circumference or edges
of certain bones.
  Notch of the  Concha, Incisura tragica.
  Notch, Ethmoid'al, (F.) kchancrure ethmdi-
dale, is situate on the frontal bone, and joins
the ethmoid.
  Notches, Ischiat'ic, (F.) Achancrures Ischi-
atiques, are two in number;—the greater  and
the less.   The former is  large, situate at the
inferior part of the pelvis, and formed by the
sacrum and ilium.  It gives passage to  the sci-
atic  nerve, pyramidalis muscle, and to the su-
perior gluteal vessels and nerves.  The latter
is much smaller  than the other, from which it
is separated by the sciatic spine.  It gives pas-
sage to the tendon of the obturator internus,and
to the internal pudic vessels and nerves.
  Notch, Parot'id, (F.) kchancrure parotidi-
enne, is the triangular space comprised between
the parotid edge of  the inferior  maxillary bone
and the mastoid  process;  so called, because it
lodges the parotid gland.  The notches in soft
parts are generally called Fissures.
  Notch,  Scap'ular,  lncisu'ra  scapula'ris,
Lu'nula  scap'ulce, (F.) kchancrure scapulaue.
The notch on the  superior edge or costa of the
scapula, which is  converted  into a foramen by
means of a ligament, and gives passage to the
suprascapular nerve.
  Notch, Semilunar of the Sternum, Four-
chette.
  NOTENCEPHALIA, see Notencephalus.
  NOTENCEPH'ALUS,  from   vmog, 'the
back,' and  sym^AH', 'the head.'  A  monster
whose  head, with  the brain, is  on the back. 
NOTHEUSIS
587
NUTRITION
 The  condition is termed  Notencepha'lia and
 Notanencepha'lia.—G. St.  Hilaire.
   NOTHEUSIS, Degeneration.
   NOTHIA, Degeneration.
   NOTHROTES, Torpor.
   NOTHUS, False.
   NOTIjEUS, Dorsal—n. Myelus, Medulla
 spinalis.
   NOTIALGIA, Notalgia.
   NOTOMYELITIS, Myelitis.
   NOTOMYELUS, Medulla spinalis.
   NOTON, Dorsum.
   NOTOS, Dorsum, Vertebral column.
   NOUAGE DE LA CORN£.E, Caligo.
   NOU£, (Bandage)  (F.);  'knotted,' from
 nodus, 'a knot.'   A bandage which  has a con-
 siderable number of knots placed above each
 other.  It is  made with a roller, 6 or 7 ells
 long, rolled into two balls, and is used to com-
 press the parotid region, after the extirpation
 of the parotid gland.
   Also, an epithet applied to children in whom
 the disease of rickets has swollen the articula-
 tions.
   It  is, likewise, applied to the gout, when it
 has caused nodes on the joints.
   NOUET (F.), Nod'ulus.  A bag filled with
 medicinal substances, and infused in a liquid to
 communicate their properties to it.
   NOUFFER'S, MADAME, REMEDY, Po-
 lypodium filix mas.
   NOURRICE, Nurse.
   NOURRICIER, Nutritious.
   NOURRITURE, Aliment.
   NOUS, Intellect.
   NOUURE, Rachitis.
   NOUVEAU-NE' (F.),  Neona'tus, nuper-
 rime  Natus, Neog'enes, Neog'iles, Neog'ilus,
 Neog'nus, Infans recens natus.  That which
 has been just born.  A new-born infant.
   NOVACULA, Razor.
   NOYAU  CENTRAL  DES  Pe"DON-
 CULES DU CERVELET, Corpus dentatum.
   NOYER, Juglans regia—n. de Ceylon, Ad-
 hatoda.
   NUAGE, Nebula.
   NUBECULA, Enaeorema, Nebula.
   NUBES, Enaeorema, Nebula.
   NU'BILE, Nu'bilis, 'marriageable/ 'fit  to
 marry.'  Generally, the  period of puberty  is
 considered to  be the  age at which both sexes
 are nubile.  They  are truly nubile,  however,
 only when they are fitted to procreate healthy
 and vigorous children, and are competent  to
 discharge their duties as parents.
   NUBILOSUS, Nepheloid.
   NUCES AQUATICS, see  Trapa natans—
 n. Quercus, see Quercus alba.
   NUCHA, In'ium, (F.) Nuque.  The nuke,
 hinder part, or nape of the neck.   The part
 where the spinal marrow begins.
   Ligamen'turn Nucha.   A strong  ligament
 from  the ne£k, proceeding from one spinous
 process to another, and inserted into the occi-
 pital bone.   It is very strong in quadrupeds.
   NUCHAL RE'GION, Re'gio nucha seu nu-
 cha'lis seu occipital lis infe'rior.  The region
 of the nucha or nape of the neck.
  NUCISTA, see Myristica moschata.
  NUCK, CANAL OF.   A small prolongation
of the peritoneum often  sent into the inguinal
canal  of  the  female fcetus.  So  called from
Nuck, who first described it.
   NUCLEATED CELL, see Cytoblast.
   NUCLEI OSSEI, Ossification, points of.
   NUCLEOLUS, see Cytoblast.
   NUCLEUS,  see  Cytoblast—n.  Centralis,
 Corpus dentatum—n. Dentatus, Corpus denta-
 tum—n. Dentis, Dental pulp—n. Encased, Cy-
 toblast—n. Fimbriatus,  Corpus dentatum—n.
 Furunculi,  see Furunculus—n.  Germinal, see
 Molecule—n. Germinativus, see Molecule—n.
 Ossificationis, Ossification, point of—n. Rhom-
 boidalis, see Corpus dentatum.
   NUCULA  TERRESTRIS, Bunium  bulbo-
 castanum.
   NUKE, Nucha.
   NUM'MULAR, Nummularis.  Relating to
 money, from  nummus,  'money.'  An epithet
 applied to the sputa in phthisis, when they flat-
 ten at the bottom of the vessel, like a piece of
 money.
   NUMMULARIA, Lysimachia nummularia.
   NUQUE, Nucha.
   NURSE, Sax. nopice, Nutrix, (from nourish,
 itself from nutrire,) Tithe'ne,  Trephousa, Lac-
 tans, Lac'ticans, Nu'triens,  Thelas'tria, (I.)
 Nutrice, (F.) Nourrice.  One who suckles her
 own child or another's.   One that has the care
 of a sick person, (F.) Garde-malade.
   Nurse, Dry.   One who gives every care to
 a child, but does not suckle it.
   Nurse, Wet.  A female, who  suckles the
 child of another.
   NUS, Intellect.
   NUSUS, Disease.
   NUT, BUTTER, Juglans cinerea-n. Cem-
 bros, see  Pinus  cembra—n. Physic, Jatropha
 curcas—n. Pine, see Pinus picea—n. Pistachio,
 see Pistacia vera—n. Poison, see Strychnos nux
 vomica—n. Purging, see Jatropha—n. Rattle,
 Nelumbium luteum—n.  Soap, see Sapindus sa-
 ponaria—n. Tree, Malabar,  Adhatoda—n. Vo-
 mic, see Strychnos nux vomica—n. Zirbel, see
 Pinus picea.
   NUTA'TION, Nuta'tio,  from nutare, 'to
 nod.' Constant oscillation of the head, by which
 it moves involuntarily in one or more directions
   NUTATOR CAPITIS,  Sterno-cleido-mas-
 toideus.
   NUTMEG,  see Myristica  moschata—n.
 Flower, Nigella—n. Liver, Liver, nutmeg.
   NUTRICATIO, Nutrition.
   NUTRICIER, Nutritious.
   NUTRICIUS, Nutritious.
   NUTRIENS, Aliment, Nurse.
   NUTRIMEN, Aliment.
   NUTRIMENTUM, Aliment, Pabulum.
   NUTRITION, Nutrif'io, Nutrica'tio, Nu-
 tri'tus, Alitu'ra,  Threpsis, from nutrire, 'to
 nourish.'  Nutrition is that function by which
 the nutritive matter already elaborated by the
 various organic actions,  loses its own nature,
 and assumes that of the different living tissues.
 —to  repair their  losses  and  support  their
 strength.  Sometimes  the word  is used in a
 more  extended signification, to express the
 whole series of actions by which the two con-
 stant movements of composition and decompo-
 sition are  accomplished, in organized bodies.
 Nutrition, then, would comprehend digestion,
absorption, respiration, circulation, and assimi-
lation; the latter being nutrition, properly so
called, and being operated in the intermediate
system over the whole of the  body,—the tis- 
NUTRITIOUS
588
NYMPHOMANIA
sues attracting from the blood the elements ne-
cessary for their reparation.
  Nutrition, Force of, Plastic force.
  NUTRIT'TOUS,  NutriC'ius,  Nu'tritive,
Alib'ilis, Trophi'mos, Tropho'des, (F.) Nourri-
eier, Nutricier.   Having the quality of nourish-
ing: as nutritious food, nutritious lymph, &c.
  Nutritious or  Nutritive Arteries, (F.)
Arteres  nutricilres.  Arterial branches which
enter the foramina nutricia of long bones, and
penetrate to the medullary membrane.
  NUTRITIVE, Nutritious. Also, relating to
nutrition: hence  the 'nutritive  functions,'  or
those that are concerned in nutrition.
  NUTRITUS, Aliment, Nutrition.
  NUTRIX, Nurse.
  NUTS, WATER, Nelumbium luteum.
  NUX AROMATIC A,  see Myristica mos-
chata—n. Avellana, Corylus avellana (nut)—n.
Barbadensis, Jatropha curcas—n. Becuiba, Ibi-
cuiba—n. Cathartica Americana, Jatropha cur-
cas—n.  Gallae, see Quercus cerris—n. Juglans,
Juglans regia—n. Medica, Coco of the Maldives
—n. Metella, Strychnos  nux vomica—n.  Me-
thel, Datura stramonium—n.  Moschata,  see
Myristica moschata—n. Myristica, see Myris-
tica moschata—n. Pistacia, see Pistacia vera—
n. Unguentaria, see Myristica  moschata—n.
Vomica, Strychnos nux vomica.
  NYCTALOPEX, Nyctalops.
  NYCTALO'PIA, from  w\, 'night,'and on-
xo(t.a.i,  'I see;'  Parop'sis Lucif'uga, Nycta-
lopi'asis,  Ca'citas  diur'na,  Visus noctur'-
nus, Oxyo'pia, Hemeralo pia (moderns,)  Am-
blyo'pia meridia'na,  Hemeratyphlo'sis, Photo-
pho'bia,  Photophobophthal'mia,  Dysopia lu'-
minis, Visus a'crior, (F.) Vue nocturne, Aveu-
glement de Jour.   The faculty of seeing during
the night, with privation of the faculty during
the day.  It affects both eyes at once when idi-
opathic.  Its duration  is  uncertain, and treat-
ment  very obscure.  It is, however, a disease
of nervous irritability, and one  of excitement
of the visual nerve in particular.  The indica-
tions of cure will, consequently be—to allay
direct irritation  in every way;  to excite coun-
ter-irritation by blisters; and to gradually ac-
custom the eye to the impression of  light.
  One  labouring  under this affection is called
a Nyc'talope, Nyc'talops, Nyctalo'pex.
  NYCTERINUS, Nocturnal.
  NYCTHEMERON,  see Dies.
  NYCTHE'MERUM, from wz, 'night,5 and
;»jtt?oa, ' day.'  The  space of 24 hours, or of a
day and night.   Certain complaints continue
only so long.
  NYCTOBADIA, Somnambulism.
  NYCTOBASIS, Somnambulism.
  NYCTOBATESIS,  Somnambulism.
  NYCTOBATTA, Somnambulism.
  NYCTOTYPHLOSIS, Hemeralopia.
  NYGMA, Wound, punctured.
  NYGMATICUM EMPLASTRUM, Emplas-
trum resinae.
  NYMPHA, Clitoris.
  NYMPHiE,  from wuvn, ' a water nymph.'
Alas inter'nse miho'res  clitor'idis, Carun'culx
cuticula'res, Aim mino'res, A. mulie'bres mino'-
res, Crista clitor'idis, Collic'uli vagi'na, Myr-
tochi'la, Myrtocheil'ides, Labia mino'ra seu  in-
ter'na,  L.  puden'di  mino'ra, (F.)  Nymphes,
Petites  levres.  Two membranous folds, which
arise from the lateral parts of the prepuce of the
clitoris, and descend on the inner surface of the
labia majora; terminating, by becoming gradu-
ally thinner, about the middle of the circumfe-
rence of the orifice of the vagina.  They are
formed each of two folds of the mucous  mem-
brane of the vulva; and contain, in their sub-
stance, a thin layer of spongy, erectile tissue.
Their use seems to be,—not, as was once sup-
posed, to direct the course of the urine, which
notion gave rise to their name, but to favour
the elongation  and dilatation of the vagina in
pregnancy and labour.
  The word vvuipr;, Nymphe, has also been used
synonymously with clitoris by Oribasius, Aetius
&c.
  NYMPHiE'A ALBA, Leuconympha'a, Nen'-
uphar, Microleuconympha'a, WhiteWater Lily,
(F.) Ninuphar blanc.   Nat. Ord. Ranuncula-
ceae.  Sex. Syst. Polyandria Monogynia.  For-
merly employed as a demulcent, antaphrodisiac,
emollient, and slightly anodyne remedy.
  Nymphaea Indica, N. nelumbo — n. Major
lutea, N. lutea.
  Nymph^a Lutea,  JV.  major lutea, Yellow
Water Lily, (F.) Ninuphar jaune.  Used for
the same purposes.
  Nymphaea Nelum'bo, Faba JEgyptiaca, Cy'-
amus ^Lgyptiacus, Nympha'a In'dica; Pontic
or JEgyptian Bean.  The fruit of this is eaten
raw  in  Egypt and some  of the neighbouring
countries; and is considered to be tonic and as-
tringent.
  Nympha'a Odora'ta, Sweet-scented Water
Idly, Sweet water lily, White pond lily, Toad
Lily, Cow Cabbage, Water  Cabbage, (F.) Ne-
nuphar  odorant.  An indigenous plant, growing
in most parts of the United States in fresh water
ponds, and on the borders of streams,  and hav-
ing large white, beautiful, sweet-scented flowers.
The root is very  astringent and bitter.  It is
sometimes made into a poultice and used as  a
discutient.
  NYMPHE, Clitoris.
  NYMPHES, Nympha?.
  NYMPHI'TIS;  from vv^r,, 'the  clitoris,'
and itis, denoting inflammation.  Epiderrki'tis,
Inflamma'tio Clitor'idis.  Inflammation of the
clitoris.
  NYMPHOCLUIA, Nymphomania.
  NYMPHOMANIA, from rvutpv, 'a bride,'
and fx.*via,  'fury;' Furor uteri'nus, Uteroma'-
nia, Lagne'sis furorfamini'nus, Metroma'nia,
jEdaogar'galus, JEdaogaris'mus, Thelygon'ia,
Erotoma'nia, JEdaoma'nia, Aidoioma'nia, Me-
lancho'iia uteri'na, Nymphoclu'ia,  Sympto -
ma  turpitu'dinis, Androma'nia,  Gynsecoma ■
nia, Macklos'ynS, Entelipathi'a, Tenti'go vene-
rea, Hysteroma'nia, Salad'itas vulva,  Uteri
pruri'tus, Brachu'na, Aras'eon, Arsa'tum, CEs-
troma'nia, (F.) Nymphomanie, Fureur uterine.
An irresistible and insatiable desire, in females,
for the venereal act.   It occurs in those parti-
cularly, who possess a nervous temperament,
and vivid imagination, especially if excited by
improper  language,  masturbation,  &c.   Its
course, as described, is as follows.   In the com-
mencement, the sufferer is a prey to  perpetual
contest between feelings of modesty and impe-
tuous desire.  At an after period, she  abandons
herself to the  latter, seeking no  longer to re-
strain them.  In the last stage the obscenity is
disgusting; and the mental alienation, for such
it is, becomes complete.  The treatment con- 
             NYMPHONCUS

sists in the use of the same means as are required
in the satyriasis of man.  When the mental alie-
nation is complete, solitude is indispensable.
  NYMPHON'CUS, from ww,,< the nympha,'
and oyxog, ' a tumour.'  A morbid tumefaction
of the nymphae.
  NYMPHOT'OMY, Nymphotom'ia,Nympha'-
rum Sec'tio, from vo/.i^r1,' nympha,' and xi^vav,
'to  cut.'  An operation, known and practised
for a long time, which consists in the excision
of the nymphae.  The  operation  is had recourse
  OAK, BLACK, Quercus tinctoria—o. Com-
mon,  Quercus robur—o. Jerusalem, Chenopo-
dium botrys—o. Lungs, Lichen pulmonarius—
o. Poison, Rhux toxicodendron—o. Red, Quer-
cus rubra montana—o. Sea, Fucus vesiculosus
—o. Spanish, Quercus rubra montana—o.White,
Quercus alba.
  OARIOCYESIS, Pregnancy, ovarian.
  OARION, Ovary.
  OARION'CUS, Oariophy'ma, Ova'rium tu'-
nddum, Tumor Ova'rii, from wxqiov, ' the ova-
rium,' and oynoc, ' swelling.'  Ovarian tumour.
  OARIOPAREC'TAMA, from 0*oiov, 'ova-
rium,' and nagtxrttviiv, 'to extend.'  Enlarge-
ment of the ovary.
  OARIORRHEX'IS, from oa^tov, 'ovarium,'
andgviic, 'rupture.' Ruptu'raOva'rii.  Rupture
of the ovary.
  OARIOT'OMY, Oariotom'ia, Ovariotom'ia,
Ovariot'omy, from umqtoi, 'the ovarium,' and
xofi.rh  ' incision.'  The operation for removing
the ovary.
  OARI'TIS, Oophoritis, Oori'tis, Inflamma'-
tio  Ova'rii,  Ovari'tis,  (F.)  Inflammation de
I'Ovaire, from uaqiov,' the ovarium,' and itis,
the termination denoting inflammation.  In-
flammation of the ovarium.
  OARIUM, Ovary.  '
  OARTHROC'ACE, formed by  contraction
from omo-arthrocace.  Said to be used by Rust
to designate  inflammation of the scapulo-hume-
ral articular surfaces.—Nysten.
  OATMEAL, see  Avena.
  OATS, Avena.
  OBAUDITIO, Baryecoia.
  OBAUDITUS, Baryecoia.
  OBCiECATIO, Caecitas.
  OBDORMIT'IO, from ob, and dormio, {to
sleep.'  The state of the  limbs being asleep.
Stupor ar'tuum.
  OBDUCTIO, Autopsia cadaverica legalis.
  OBELyEA RAPHE, Sagittal suture.
  OBESITAS,  Polysarcia—o.  Colli,  Struma
adiposa — o. Nimia, Pimelosis — o. Viscerum,
Physconia adiposa.
  OBESIT6, Polysarcia.
  OBESITY, Polysarcia.
  OBESUS, Corpulent.
  OBFUSCATIO, Amaurosis.
  OBITUS,  Death.
  OBLINITIO, Inunction.
  OBLIQUE', Obliquus.  Anything inclined,
or which deviates from the vertical line.  Ana-
tomists  have given  this name to certain mus-
cles, which have an oblique direction as regards
)               OBLIQUE

 to, when they are attacked with scirrhus, can-
 cer,  fungus, or gangrene;  or when they are so
 large as  to interfere with walking or coition.
 Nymphotomy is the circumcision of the female.
 It is practised in some countries.
   Some authors have used the term Nymphoto-
 my for amputation of the clitoris.
   NYSTAG'MUS.  A partial rotatory move-
 ment of the eyeball from  side to side.  Also,
 Coma vigil.
   NYXIS, Puncture.
the plane that divides the body into two equal
and symmetrical halves.  These are :—
  Oblique Muscles of the Abdomen.  They
are two  in number, and distinguished into: 1.
Obliquus Exter'nus Abdom'inis, O. descen'dens
exter'nus, O. descendens, O. major, (F.) Ilio-
pubo costo-abdom'inal, Costo-abdom'inal (Ch.),
Grand oblique, Oblique externe.  One of the
broadest  muscles of the body.   It is situate at
the lateral and anterior part of the  abdomen j
and is flat and quadrilateral.   It is attached,
above, to the outer surface and lower edge of the
7 or 8 last ribs:  below, to the anterior third of
the external lip of the crista ilii: before, it ter-
minates at the linea alba  by means of a  broad
and strong aponeurosis, which covers the rectus,
and presents towards its inferior part two very
solid fibrous fasciculi, which are inserted,—the
one at the symphysis, the other at the spine of
the pubis,—under  the name of Pillars of th*
Abdominal Ring.  These pillars leave between
them an opening, which forms the inferior ori-
fice of the inguinal canal.  The obliquus exter-
nus abdominis depresses the ribs, and carries
them backwards during a strong expiration. It
impresses on the chest a movement of rotation,
and bends the thorax upon the pelvis, or con-
versely.  It contracts,also, the abdominal cavity.
2. Obliquus Inter'nus Abdominis, M. accli'vis,
O. ascendens, O. minor, O. internus, O. ascen-
dens internus, (F.) llio-lombo-costo-abdominal,
Ilio-abdominal (Ch.), Muscle petit oblique ou
oblique interne, is broad, especially before; thin,
and irregularly quadrilateral, like the preced-
ing, beneath which it is situate. It is attached,
above, to the inferior edge of the cartilages of
the 5th, 4th, 3d, and 2d false ribs; below, to the
anterior two-thirds of the interstice of the crista
ilii, to the posterior part of the crural arch, and
to the pubis; behind, to the spinous processes
of the last  two lumbar vertebrae, and  to those
of the first two portions of the sacrum; before,
to the linea alba. Its upper fibres run obliquely
upwards  and forwards; the middle are horizon-
tal ; and  the lower pass obliquely downwards
and forwards.
  These  last, in the male,  are dragged  down
through  the  inguinal ring, when the testicle
descends, and form the two fasciculi of the cre-
master.
  The obliquus internus  resembles the 0. ex-
ternus in  function.
  Oblique Muscles of the Eye, Amato'ni,
Circumagen'tes, Rotato'res  Oc'uli, are two in
number.  They are distinguished into : 1. Obli-
58
0. 
OBLIQUE                59(
quus  Superior Oculi, Amato'rius mus'culus,
Trochlea'ris, Trochlea'tor, Obliquus major, Op-
tico-trochlei scliroticien,  Grand troehliateur
(Ch.,) Circumductio'nis op'ifex, Longis'simus
oc'uli, (F.) Grand oblique de Pail, O.  supirieur
de Vail, Amoureux (Muscle,) is situate at the
inner  and upper part of  the orbit.  It is small,
round, fusiform, and reflected upon itself in the
middle of its course.   Behind, it is attached to
the inside of the foramen opticum; and  when it
arrives opposite the internal orbitar process, it
becomes a small, round tendon,  which slides in
a cartilaginous pulley fixed to  the os  frontis,
and is reflected, at an acute angle, to  proceed
downwards and outwards, and to attach itself
to the outer and back part of the globe of the
eye.  This muscle carries the globe  of the eye
forwards and inwards; making  it experience a
movement  of rotation, which directs the pupil
downwards and inwards. This is conceived to
be an involuntary muscle as well as  the next.
In sleep, according to  Sir C. Bell,  when the
power over the  straight or voluntary muscles
of the organ is nearly lost, the eye is given up to
the oblique muscles,  which lodge the transpa-
rent cornea under the upper eyelid.  At the ap-
proach of death,  the same thing is observable;
hence, the turning up of  the eye,  at  such a
time,  is not an evidence of agony or suffering,
but of insensibility.  2. Obli'quus Infe'rior Oc'-
uli, O. minor oculi,  (F.) Maxillo-scliroticien,
Petit  Troehliateur (Ch.),Petit oblique  ou oblique
infirieur de Vail, is  situate at the anterior and
inferior part of the orbit. It is flat and attached
to the inner and anterior part of the orbitar sur-
face of the  superior maxillary bone, on  the out-
side of the  lachrymal gutter;  from  thence  it
passes outwards  and backwards, and terminates
by an aponeurosis, at the  posterior  and inner
part of the globe of the eye. It carries the globe
of the eye inwards and forwards; arid directs
the pupil upwards and outwards.
   Oblique Muscles of the Head.   These are
two in number.  1. Obliquus Superior Cap'itis,
O. minor capitis, (F.) Trachilo-atlo'ido occipital,
Atloido-sous-maslo'idien (Ch.),  Muscle oblique
supirieur ou petit oblique de la tete.  This mus-
cle is situate at the  sides of, and behind, the
articulation of the head: it is flat and attached,
on the one hand, to the top of the transverse
process of the atlas;  and, on the other, termi-
nates at the occipital bone, beneath the inferior
curved line, and sometimes, also, at the  mastoid
region of the temporal bone.  It extends the
head,—inclining it to one side.  2. Obliquus In-
ferior Capitis, Obliquus major, (F.)  Spini-ax-
o'ido-trachili-atlo'idien, Axo'ido-atloidien (Ch.),
Oblique infirieur ou grand oblique de la tete, is
situate at  the posterior part of the  neck and
head.  It is round,  fusiform; attached to the
spinous process  of the  axis, and proceeds  to
terminate behind and below the summit of the
transverse process of the atlas.  It  impresses,
on the first vertebra  and the head, a  movement
of rotation, which turns the face to one side.
   OBLIQUE EXTERNE, Obliquus externus
abdominis—o. Grand, Obliquus externus abdo-
minis—o.Grand de Vail, Obliquus superior ocu-
li—o. Grand de la tete, Obliquus inferior capi-
tis—o. Infirieur de Pail, Obliquus inferior oculi
—o. Infirieur de la the, Obliquus inferior capi-
tis—o. Interne, Obliquus internus abdominis—
o. Petit, Obliquus internus abdominis—o. Petit
3              OBTUNDENS

 de Vail, Obliquus inferior oculi—o. Petit de la
 tete, Obliquus superior oculi—o. Supirieur de
 Vail, Obliquus superior oculi—o. Supirieur de
 la tete, Obliquus superior capitis.
   OBLIQUITY DE LA MATRICE, Retro-
 versio uteri.
   OBLIQUUS ASCENDENS, 0. internus ab-
 dominis—o.  Auris,  Laxator tympani—o. De-
 scendens externus, 0. externus abdominis—o.
 Major, 0. externus abdominis, 0. inferior capi-
 tis,  0. superior oculi—o. Minor,  0. internus
 abdominis—o. Minor capitis, 0. superior capitis
 —o. Minor oculi, 0. inferior oculi.
   OBLIT'ERATED, Oblitera'tus; from oblite-
 rare, ' to efface,' (litera, 'letters.'?) A vessel
 or duct is said to be obliterated, when its pa-
 rietes have approximated and contracted such
 an adhesion  to  each other that  the cavity has
 completely disappeared.
   OBLITERATIO  COMPLETA, Hapantis-
 mus.
   OBLIVIO, Amnesia—o. Iners, Lethargy.
   OBLOBIUM, Antilobium.
   OB'OLUS, Onolosat.  A weight of 9 or 10
 grains.
   OBSCCEN^E  PARTES, Genital organs.
   OBSCURCISSEMENT DE LA VUE,
 Caligo.
   OBSERVA'TION, Observa'tio, (from ob, and
 servare, ' to  keep,' e.  g. in sight.)  Tere'sis,
 Symparatere'sis.  Act of examining a thing by
 means  of the external senses.  This word is
 employed in several acceptations.  It expresses
 —1. The action of observing—2. The aggregate
 of knowledge,  afforded by  observation.   In
 French—but not in English—it means the case
 or history of the phenomena presented by a
 patient in the course of a disease
   OBSERVATION, Case—o. Method of,Nu-
 merical method.
   OBSTETRICANS,  Accoucheur.
   OBSTET'RICS, from Obstetrix,'a midwife.'
 Tokol'ogy, Tocol'ogy, Maid'a, Maeei'a, Maei'a,
 Maeeu'tica ars, Ars obstelric"ia,  Obstet'ricy.
 The art of midwifery.
   OBSTETRICY, Obstetrics. '"
   OBSTETRIX, Midwife.
   OBSTIPATIO, Constipation—o. Tenesmus,
 Tenesmus.
   Obstipatio, see Hump.
   OBSTIPITAS, Torticollis—o.  Capitis seu
 Colli, Torticollis^
   OBSTRUCTIO,  Emphraxis,  Stegnosis—o.
 Alvi, Constipation—o.  Ductus  Alimentariij
 Constipation—o. Ductus  Stenoniani, Stenoste-
 nosis—o. Intestinalis,  Constipation—o. Recti
 Spastica, Stricture of the Rectum, spasmodic--
 o. Pulmonum pituitosa febrilis, Peripneumonia
 notha.
   OBSTRUCTION OF THE INTESTINES,
 Enteremphraxis.
   OB'STRUENS, from ob'struo,(ob, and struere,
 ' to  build,')  ' I stop up by  building against.'
 Oppilati'vus.   A medicine  which closes the
 orifices of ducts or vessels.
   OBSTUPEFACIENTIA, Narcotics.
   OBTONDANT,  Obtundens.
   OBTUMESCENTIA, Mutitas.
   OBTUN'DENS, (F.) Obtondant, from obtun-
 dere (ob and tundere,' to beat,')' to beat against,'
 and therefore to blunt the edge.   An  epithet
 applied to remedies that were supposed, accord- 
OBTURAMENTUM            59
ing to an erroneous theory, to be  possessed of
the power of blunting the acrimony of the hu-
mours.  A demulcent is one of these.
  OBTURAMENTUM, Emphragma.
  OBTURATEUR  DU PALAIS, Palate, ar-
tificial.
  OBTURATIO, Emphraxis.
  OBTURA'TOR, Obturato'rius, (F.) Obtura-
teur, from obturare, ' to close,'' stop up the en-
trance.'  A name given to several parts.
  Obturator  Artery, Arteria  obturato'ria,
A. obtura'trix, (F.) Sous-pubio fimorale (Ch.),
Artire obturatrice, arises, most commonly, from
the hypogastric.  It  is, however, frequently
given off from the epigastric; a matter of im-
portance to  be  determined in cases of femoral
hernia.   Of 500 obturator arteries examined by
Mr. J. Cloquet, 348 were furnished by the hy-
pogastric, and 152 by the epigastric or crural.
When it arises  from the hypogastric, it passes
forwards and outwards, and then turns horizon-
tally into the cavity of the pelvis, to issue from
this cavity by the opening left at the upper part
of the obturator membrane.   When, on the
contrary, the obturator artery arises from the
epigastric or the crural, it descends obliquely
inwards, behind the os pubis, to the obturator
foramen.  At its exit from the pelvis, the arte-
ry divides into two branches, a posterior and an
anterior, which  are distributed to the muscles
of the anterior and superior part of the thigh.
   Obtura'tor Fora'men, Fora'men Obturato'-
rium, F. infra-pubia'num,  Foramen  ovalS, F.
thyroideum, F.  Thyro'i'des,  F. Amplum Pelvis,
(F.)  Trou  sous-pubien.  A large  opening,
of an oval  or triangular form, in  the anterior
part of the  os innominatum, on the outside of
the symphysis pubis and beneath the horizontal
ramus of the os  pubis.  This foramen is closed
by a membranous ligament.
   Obturator. Ligament or Membrane, Sub-
pubic membrane, is a fibrous  membrane, fixed
to the whole circumference of the  obturator fo-
ramen, except above, where an opening remains
for the passage of the vessels and nerves of the
same name.
   Obturator Muscles, Obturato'res, Rotato'-
res fem'oris.  These are two in number.  They
are divided into
   a.  Obturator  Exter'nus, Extra-pelvio-pubi-
trochantirien, Sous-pubio-trochantirien externe
(Ch.)   A muscle, situate  at the  anterior and
inner part of the thigh.  It  is broad, flat, and
triangular; and is attached, on the one hand, to
the anterior surface  of the os pubis, to that of
the ischium, and to  the anterior surface of the
obturator ligament.   Its fleshy fibres converge
to the tendon, which proceeds to be inserted at
the inferior part of the cavity of the great tro-
chanter.  This  muscle rotates the thigh out-
wards.
   b. Obturator Inter'nus, Marsupia'lis, Bursa'-
lis, Intra-pelvio-trochantirien,  Sous-pubio-tro-
chantirien interne (Ch.) is seated, almost en-
tirely, in the pelvis.   It arises from the  inner
surface  of the obturator ligament, and from the
posterior part of the circumference of the  obtu-
rator foramen, and is inserted, by means of a
strong tendon, running between  the two por-
tions of the gemini, into the cavity at the root
of the  great trochanter; after having turned
upon the ischium, which forms for it a kind of
1               OCCIPITAL

 pulley.  This muscle also rotates the thigh out-
 wards.
  Obturator Nerve, Sous-pubio-fimoral(Ch.),
 proceeds principally from the 2d and 3d lumbar
 nerves.  It descends into the pelvis; gains the
 obturator foramen; gives branches to the obtu-
 rator muscles, and divides, behind the adductor
 primus and pectinalis, into two branches;  one
 anterior, whose branches are distributed to the
 first two adductors, gracilis, and integuments;
 the other,  posterior, distributing its ramifica-
 tions to the  obturator externus and third ad-
 ductor.
  Obturator Vein has, ordinarily, the same
 arrangement as the artery.  It is common,
 however, to find it arising from the epigastric;
 whilst the  corresponding artery proceeds from
 the hypogastric, and conversely.
  OBTURATORES, Obturator muscles.
  OBVOLVENTIA, Demulcents.
  OCA, Oxalis tuberosa.
  OCCiECATIO, Caecitas.
  OCCIPITAL, Occipita'lis.  That which be-
 longs to the occiput.
  Occipital Artery.   This arises from  the
 posterior part of the external carotid, beneath
 the parotid.  It proceeds backwards, passes be-
 tween the  mastoid  process and  the transverse
 process of the atlas; reaches the occipital bone
 and  divides into two branches, which  may be
 called ascending posterior and anterior, and are
 distributed to  the  neighbouring muscles  and
 ligaments.
  Occip'ital Bone, Os  occip'itis seu occipit'ii
 seu occipita'le, Os sphseno basila're, Os memo'rise,
 Os nervo'sum, Os basilaire, Os prora, Os pyx'-
 idis seu sextum cra'nii seu lambdoi'des seu lamb-
 da seu lauda seu puppis seu  nervo'sum seu
fibro'sum seupelvicephal'icum, (F.) Os occipital,
 is situate at  the posterior and inferior  part of
 the cranium, which it assists in forming.   It is
 flat, symmetrical, and curved upon itself.  It
 presents, 1. An occipital or posterior surface,
 which is convex, and has, upon the median line,
 the  basilary  surface, the foramen magnum,
 through which passes the spinal marrow with
 its membranes and vessels,—the external  occi-
 pital crest, the external occipital protuberance ;
 and, at the sides, the upper curved line, large
 rough arched ridge or transverse arch or linea
 semicircularis, the lower curved line, the poste-
 rior condyloid fossa, the condyles for the arti-
 culation of this bone with the atlas; and the an-
 terior condyloid fossa,  pierced by a foramen
 for the passage of the ninth pair of nerves.  2.
 A cerebral  or anterior surface.   On the median
 line are : the basilary fossa, the inner orifice of
 the foramen magnum, the internal occipital crest,
 the internal occipital protuberance, the cruci-
 form spine;  a channel, which lodges the termi-
 nation of the straight sinus, and on each  side,
 the occipital fossae distinguished into superior
 or cerebral, and  inferior or cerebellous, and se-
 parated by a groove which lodges the  lateral
 sinus.  3.  The  surfaces of the occipital  bone
 are separated by four ridges  and four angles.
 The two superior edges are articulated with the
 parietal bones ;  the two lower join the tempo-
 ral ; and the  anterior angle, under the name ba-
 silary process, is united to the sphenoid.
  The occipital bone is developed from four
 points of ossification;  and  sometimes from a
 greater number. 
OCCIPITIUM              59
  Occipital Muscle, Occipitalis.  Many ana-
tomists have given this name to the posterior
fasciculus of the occipito-frontalis.
  Occipital Nerve, Sub-occipital nerve, (F.)
Premiere poire  trachilienne (Ch.), Nerf occi-
pital ou sous occipital.  It arises from the upper
part of the spinal marrow by eight or ten fila-
ments, united in two fasciculi.  Thus formed,
it passes between the foramen magnum and the
posterior arch of the atlas ; and, at this  place,
forms a long ganglion, afterwards  dividing into
two branches.  Of these, the anterior, which is
long and small, makes a  turn above the trans-
verse process of the atlas, and forms an anasto-
motic noose with a branch of the second cervi-
cal  nerve.   The posterior  branch,  larger and
shorter, divides into seven or eight branches,
which are distributed to the muscles of the up-
per and back part of the neck.
  Occipital Region, Occiput.
  Occipital Vein.  Its  roots  follow exactly
the course of the branches of the artery, and
unite into a single trunk, which opens into the
internal jugular  vein, and sometimes  into the
external.
  OCCIPITIUM, Occiput.
  OCCIP'ITO-AT'LOID,  Occipito-atloide'us,
(F.) Occipito-atlo'idien.  That which has re-
ference to the occiput and atlas.
  Occipito-Atloid Articulation  is the arti-
culation of the condyles  of the occipital bone
with the superior articular cavities of the atlas.
It is strengthened by two ligaments; the one
anterior, the other posterior, called occipito-at-
loid ligaments: the one extends from the ante-
rior, the other from  the  posterior, arch  of the
atlas, to the corresponding  portion  of the cir-
cumference of the foramen magnum.
  OCClV'lTO-KX'OYD,Occipito-axoideus,{E.)
Occipito-axo'idien.   That which relates  to the
occipital bone and the axis or second vertebra.
  Occipito-axoid Articulation is the connex-
ion of the occipital bone with the axis or second
vertebra, although these  bones are not  really
articulated, but are merely retained in apposi-
tion by three strong ligaments, the posterior
of which is called the occipito-axoid, and the
two others odontoid.
 OCClf\TO-EEi0^iTA.'ll'S>,Digas'tricus cra'-
nii, Epicra'nius, Fronta'lis et occipitalis.  The
majority of  anatomists call by this name the
whole of the fleshy plane, with the epicranial
or  coronal aponeurosis,  (see  Calotte,)  which
covers the head  from the occiput to the fore-
head.  It  is attached, by its posterior fascicu-
lus, to the two outer thirds of the upper curved
line of the occipital bone, and to the outer sur-
face of the mastoid portion of the temporal; and,
by its  anterior fasciculus, it terminates  at the
eyebrow,  where it becomes  confounded with
the  superciliaris, pyramidalis nasi, and orbicu-
laris palpebrarum.
  The occipito-frontalis,  by the contraction of
its anterior fasciculus, draws forward a part of
the integuments of the cranium.   It wrinkles
the skin of the forehead transversely, and may,
also, contribute to open the eye by its decussa-
tion with the orbicularis palpebrarum.  The
posterior fasciculus of the muscle draws  back-
wards a part of the skin of the cranium and as-
sists in stretching the common aponeurosis.
  OCCIP'ITO-MENINGEAL.   That  which
12                 OCULUS

 belongs to the occipital bone, and to the me-
 ninge or dura mater.
   Occipito-meningeal Artery, in Chaussier's
 nomenclature, is a branch of the vertebral, given
 off to the dura mater  at its entrance into the
 cranium.
   OCCIPUT, Occipit'ium, Regio occipitalis,
 In'ion,  from  ob, and caput, Opisthocra'nium,
 Opisthoceph'alon,  Prora,  Occipi'tium.   The
 back part of the head, formed by the occipital
 bone.
   OCCLU'SION,  Occlu'sio, Myce, from occlu-
 dere, ' to shut up.'  Sometimes  this word sig-
 nifies, simply, the transient approximation of the
 edges of a natural opening—the occlusion of the
 eyelids, for example; at others it is synonymous
 with imperforation, as  occlusion of the  pupil,
 vagina, &c.
   OCCULT DISEASES, see Latent.
   OCHEMA, Vehicle.
   OCHETEUMATA, Nares.
   OCHETOS, Canal.
   OCHEUS, Scrotum.
   OCHREA  RUBRA, Haematites.
   OCHRIASIS, Paleness.
   OCHROMA, Paleness.
   OCHROPYRA, Fever, yellow.
   OCHROTES, Paleness.
   OCHROTYPHUS, Fever, yellow.
   OCHTHODES, Callous.
   OC'IMUM BASIL'ICUM, Basil'icum, Be-
 ren'daros, Basil'icum majus, B. citra'tum, Com-
 mon or Citron basil, (F.) Basilic commun.  Nat.
 Ord. Labiatae. Sex. Syst. Dydynamia Gymno-
 spermia.  This  herb has a fragrant odour and
 aromatic taste.  It is used as a condiment, and
 has been supposed to possess nervine properties.
   Ocimum Caryophylla'tum, O. min'imum,
 Small or Bush basil.  Possesses properties si-
 milar to the former.  It is sometimes used as
 snuff.
   OCREA, Hippocampus minor, Shin.
   OCTA'NA, Hebdomada'ria, Febris heldoma-
 da'ria, from  octo,  'eight.'  A fever whose pa-
 roxysms recur every  week.  A supposititious
 case.
   OCTA'RIUS.   The eighth part of a wine-
 gallon.   It contains sixteen fluidounces, (Ph.
 U. S.) to 20  fluidounces imperial measure.
   OCTOPUS, Synapheocephalus, Hemipages.
   OC'TUNX.  A weight of eight ounces.
   OCULARES  COMMUNES, Motores  oculo-
 rum—o. Dentes, Canine teeth.
   OCULARIA, Euphrasia officinalis.
   OCULI   MARMARYGODES,  Metamor-
 phopsia—o.  Palpebrarum scabies pruriginosa,
 Ophthalmia tarsi.
   OCULIST, Oculis'ta,Ophthalmia'ter, Med'-
 icus ocula'rins.   One who occupies himself,
 chiefly, with the management of diseases of the
 eye.
   OCULISTIQUE, Ophthalmology.
   OCULO-MUSCULAR NERVES, COM-
 MON, Motores oculorum.
   OCULUM MOVENS PRIMUS, Rectus in-
 ternus oculi—o. Movens quartus, Rectus infe-
 rior oculi—o. Movens secundus, Rectus exter-
 nus oculi—o. Movens tertius, Rectus superior
 oculi.
   OCULUS,  Eye—o.  Bovinus, Hydrophthal-
 mia—o. Bovis, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
 — o. Bubulus,  Hydrophthalmia — o. Caesius, 
OCYODYNIC
593
ODONTOTECHNY
Glaucoma—o. Duplex, Binoculus—o. Elephan-
tinus, Hydrophthalmia — o. Genu, Patella—0.
Lachrymans,  Epiphora —o.  Purulentus, Hy-
popyon—o. Simplex, see Monoculus —o. Ty-
phonis, Scilla.
  OCYODYNIC, Ocytocic.
  OCYPH'ONUS, from **«,, 'quick,' and
9-vsc, ' murder.'  An agent that  kills speedily.
  OCYTOCEUS, Ocytocic.
  OCYTOCIC, Oxytocic, Ocytoce'us, Ocytoc'-
ius, Oeyt'ocus, Ocyody'nic, Odinago'gus, from
nSuf, ' quick,' and toxoc, ' labour.'  Any thing
that expedites parturition.
  OCYTOCIUS, Ocytocic.
  OCYTOCUS, Ocytocic.
  ODAXIS'MUS, Odaxes'mus, Odontocne'sis,
Odontocnesmus, from  obovc,  {a  tooth.'  The
painful itching of the gums which precedes the
appearance of the teeth.   Dentition.
  ODES.  A suffix, see Eidos.
  ODEUR,  Odour.
  ODIN, Pains, (labour.)
  ODINAGOGUS,  Ocytocic.
  ODINOL'YSIS, from cSiv, 'labour pains,' and
wtric, ' solution.'  Mitigation of labour pains.
  ODINOPOI'A,from oSiv, ' labour pains,' and
wsieco, ' I make.'  Agents that encourage labour
pains.
  ODIS, Pains, labour.
  ODME, Odour.
  ODONTAGOGON, Dentagra.
  ODON'TAGRA,  from orW, 'a tooth,' and
»ye.a, ' a seizure.'  A rheumatic or gouty pain
in the teeth.   Dentagra.
  ODONTAL'GIA, from oSovc,  < a tooth,' and
aXyos, 'pain.'  Odon'tia, Den'tium dolor, Tooth-
ache, Odon'tia doloro'sa, Gomphi'asis, Gomphi-
cs'mus, Odontodynia, (F.) Douleur des dents,
Fluxion sur les dents, Mai de dent, Mai d'amour.
A disease dependent upon a  variety of causes
affecting the cavity of the tooth; but generally
owing to caries, which exposes  the cavity to
the action of the air, and to extraneous  matters
in general.   Hence, the treatment consists in
plugging the tooth, or destroying  the sensibility
of the nerve, by powerful stimulants;  and, if
these means fail, in extracting the tooth.
  Odontalgia Cariosa, Dental  gangrene—o.
Dentitionis, Dentition—o. Haemodia, Haemodia.
  Odontalgia Nervosa, Neural'gia Denta'lis.
Neuralgia of the Teeth.  Characterized by pe-
riodical pain,  shooting with the utmost violence
along the branches of the fifth pair distributed
to the affected jaw.
  Odontalgia Remittens et Intermittens,
Neuralgia infra-orbitaria.
  ODONTALGIC,  Anti-odontalgic.
  ODONTAMBLYOGMUS, Haemodia.
  ODONTHiEMODIA, Haemodia.
  ODONTHARPAGA, Dentagra.
  ODONTHYPERyESTHESIS,  Haemodia.
  ODONTIA, Odontalgia.
  OdontiaDefor'mis.  Deformity of the
teeth from error or shape, position, or number.
—Good.
  Odontia Dentitionis Lactantium, see Den-
tition (first)—o. Dentitionis puerilis, see Den-
tition, (second)—o.  Edentula, see Nefrendes—
o. Excrescens, Epulis—o. Incrustans, Odonto-
lithos—o. Stuporis, Haemodia.
  ODONTIASIS, Dentition.
  ODONTIATER,  Dentist.
  ODONTIATRIA, Dentistry.
   ODONTIC, Anti-odontalgic.
   ODONTITIS, Odontophleg'monl, from oSovc,
 ' a tooth,' and itis, denoting inflammation.  In-
 flammation of the teeth.
   ODONTOBOTHRITIS,  Odontophatni'tis,
 Inflamma'tio alveolo'rum, from odontobotkrium,
 'alveolus,'  and itis, denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of the alveoli.
   ODONTOBOTHRIUM, Alveolus.
   ODONTOCLA'SIS, from odou?, 'a tooth,' and
 xX*<rtg, 'fracture;'  Fractu'ra  den'tis.   Frac-
 ture of a tooth.
   ODONTOCNESIS, Odaxismus.
   ODONTOCNESMUS, Odaxismus.
   ODONTODES, Odontoid.
   ODONTODYNIA, Odontalgia.
   ODONTOGENY, Odontogen'ia; from oSoug,
 ofovroc., ' a  tooth,'  and yevto-ig,  ' generation.'
 Generation or mode of development of the teeth.
   ODONTOGLYPHON, Gum lancet.
   ODONTOGLYPHUM, Dentiscalpium.
   ODONTOID, Odonto'i'des, Odonto'des, Den-
 tiform'is,  Denta'lis, Dentoideus, Pyrenoi'des,
 from oSovg,  ' a  tooth,' and ados, ' shape,' ' re-
 semblance.'  This epithet is given to the Pro-
 cessus dentatus of the second vertebra or axis.
   Odontoid Lig'aments, (F.) Ligaments odon-
 toidiens, axe two strong and short conical  fas-
 ciculi, whose truncated summits embrace  the
 sides of the odontoid process, and whose bases
 are fixed in the fossae at the inner side of the
 condyles of the occipital bone.  Their direc-
 tion is obliquely outwards and slightly upwards.
 They enter into the composition of the occipito-
 axoid articulation;  strengthen the  junction of
 the head with the vertebral column, and limit
 the movement of rotation of the atlas on  the
 axis.
   ODONTOL'ITHOS, from o<W,  'a tooth,'
 and Xi9oc,' a stone.'  A sort of incrustation, of
 a yellowish colour,  which forms at the base of
 the teeth, and is called Tartar, Tar'tarns Den-
 tium,  Odon'tia incrus'tans, Calculus denta'-
 lis, (F.) Tartre des Dents. It consists of seven-
 ty-nine parts of phosphate of lime;  twelve  and
 a half of mucus; one of a particular salivary
 matter, and  seven and a half of animal sub-
 stance, soluble in chlorohydric acid.
   ODONTOL'OGY, Odontoloxia, from odou;,
 ' a tooth,' and Xoyoc,' a discourse.'  An anato-
 mical treatise of the teeth.
   ODONTONECROSIS, Dental gangrene.
   ODONTOPARALLAXIS, from odovg, 'a
 tooth,'andrra^aXX-xi.ig,«deviation.'  Irregularity
 and obliquity of the teeth.
   ODOiNTOPHATNE, Alveolus.
   ODONTOPHATMITIS, Odontobothritis.
   ODONTOPHYIA, Dentition.
   ODONTOPRISIS,  Brygmus,  Stridor den-
 tium.
   ODONTOSEI'SIS, Odontoseis'mus, Den'tium
 vacillan'tia.  Looseness of the teeth.
   ODONTOSEISMUS, Odontoseisis.
   ODONTOSMEGMA, Dentifrice.
   ODONTOSPHACELISIS, Dental gangrene.
  ODONTOSPHACELISMUS,  Dental  gan-
grene.
  OOONTOSTERE'SIS, from ojw, 'a tooth,'
and o-Ttqrjo-tc, ' privation.'  Loss of the teeth.
  ODONTOSYNERISMUS.from ocW-f,'a
tooth,' and awtqituv,' to strike together.' (F.)
Claquement.  Chattering of the teeth.
  ODONTOTECHNY, Dentistry. 
ODONTOTHERAPIA           594              (ENELiEON
   ODONTOTHERAPIA, Dentistry.
   ODONTOTRIMMA, Dentifrice.
   ODORAMENTUM, Odoriferum.
   ODOR AT, Olfaction.
   ODORATIO, Olfaction.
   ODORATUS,  Olfaction—o. Deperditus,
 Anosmia.
   ODORIFERUM, from  odor,  'odour,' and
 fero,i\  carry;'  Odoramen'tum.   A medicine
 that gives odour or flavour.  A scent.  A per-
 fume.
   ODOS, Way.
   O'DOUR, Odor, Odme,  Osme, (F.) Odeur.
 A smell.   Odours are  subtle  particles,  con-
 stantly escaping from the surface of certain bo-
 dies.  They act,  in some manner, by actual
 contact with the nerves of the Schneiderian mem-
 brane, and give occasion to the sense of smell
 or olfaction.
   ODOUS, Tooth.
  OD'YNE, oSuvv, ' pain,' Dolor, Odyne'ma.
 A very common suffix to words; as in Pleu-
 rodyne.
   ODYNEMA, Odyne.
   CECOJNOMIA, Economy—oe. Animalis, Phy-
 siology.
   CEDALICUS, CEdematous.
   CEDALIUS, CEdematous.
   CEDE'MA, from oiStu, ' I am swollen.'  Hy-
 dron'cus, CEdemat'ia, Hyderon'cus, Hydaton'-
 cus, Hydroade'ma, Hydrede'ma, Hydrops cel-
 lula ris ar'tuum, Phlegma'tia, Leucophlegma'-
 tia,   Ecphy'ma ademat'icum,  (F.)  CEdeme,
 CEdimatie, Enflure.  Swelling produced by the
 accumulation of a serous fluid in the interstices
 of the cellular texture.  This swelling  is soft;
 yields under the finger;  preserves the impres-
 sion for some time, and is pale and without pain.
 It presents the same characters  as anasarca,
 which is general oedema. Its etiology and treat-
 ment are also the same.   See Anasarca.
  CEdema Acutum, see Anasarca.
  CEde'ma Arsenica'lis.  The swelling of the
 eyelids and face, induced by continued use of
 the preparations of arsenic.
  CEdema Calidum, see  Anasarca—ce. Capitis,
 Hydrocephalus externus.
  CEde'ma Cer'ebri, (F.) CEdlme du cerveau.
 CEdema of the brain.  A condition of the cere-
 bral pulp, in which there  is an infiltration of
 serous fluid into it, so  that it appears more
 moist  or watery  than  common;  and, when
 sliced or pressed, small drops of water are
 seen to ooze out.
  CEdema, Compact, Induration of the cellu-
 lar tissue—ce. Cruentum, Suggillation—ce. Fe-
 brile, see Anasarca—ce. Fugax, Anathymiasis
 —ce. Hystericum,  Anathymiasis.
  (Edema of the  Glottis,  CEdem'atous
 Laryngi'tis, L.  submuco'sa  seu ademato'sa
 seu  sero-purulen'ta,  CEde'ma  glot'tidis,  Hy-
 drops glot'tidis, Angi'na  aquo'sa, A.  laryn-
ge'a  ademato'sa, Submu'cous Laryngi'tis, CE-
 dem'atous  angi'na,  (F.)  Laryngite  adima-
 teuse, L.  adimateuse et sero-purulente,  L.  sus-
glottique, L. sous-muqueuse, Angine laryngie
 adimateuse, CEdeme de la glotte.  A  disease
 consisting of serous or sero-purulent infiltration
 into  the submucous tissue of the glottis.   The
 symptoms  resemble  those  of  croup;  but the
 disease attacks the adult rather than the child.
 The  age  is, indeed, a principal means  of dia-
 gnosis between the two affections.
   The  disease is  almost  always fatal.  The
 treatment has to vary according to the  accom-
 panying general symptoms.
   CEdema Lacteum, Phlegmatia dolens.
   CEdema of the Lungs,  CEde'ma pulmo'num
 Pneumoch'ysis, Pneumonade'ma, Hydrops Pul-
 mo'num,  Hydropneumo'nia, Anasar'ca Pul-
 mo'num, (F.)  CEdeme du poumon.  Laennec
 has so called the infiltration  of serum into  the
 tissue of the lung, carried to such an extent as
 to diminish  its permeability to air. It is  not
 an uncommon  sequela of pneumonia,  and  the
 major exanthemata.  The respiration  is labo-
 rious; the respiratory murmur scarcely percep-
 tible, although the  thorax is largely expanded,
 and there is a slight rale crepitant, particularly
 at the base and inferior part of the lung. The
 sound on percussion is clear, and on both sides
 equally so.  The cough is attended with aque-
 ous expectoration.  In some cases the respira-
 tion becomes  puerile in a small  portion of  the
 summit of the lung.
   CEdema  Palpebrarum, Hydroblepharon__
 ce. Puerperarum, Phlegmatia dolens—ce. Pul-
 monum, CEdema of the lungs—ce. Pulmonum
 chronicum,  Hydropneumonia—ce. Scroti aquo-
 sum,  Oschydrcedema — ce.  Scroti cruentum,
 CEschaematcedema—ce. Scroti purulentum, Os-
 cheopyoedema—oe. Scroti urinosum, Urocele—
 ce. Spasticum, Anathymiasis—ce. Uvulae, Sta-
 phylcedema.
   CEDE M ATI A, CEdema.
   CEDE'MA TIE, CEdema.
   CEDEMATOSARCA, CEdemosarca.
  CE D E MATOSCHEOCE'LE, CEdemoscheo-
 ce'le, Oscheoce'lS ademat'ica.  Oscheocele with
 oedema of the scrotum.
  CEDEM'ATOUS, CEdemato'sus, CEde-
 mat'icus, CEdemato'des, CEdal'ius, CEdal'icus,
 Edem'atous.   Affected with  oedema.
   CEDEME, CEdema—a. du Cerveau, CEde-
 ma cerebri—a. Douloureux des femmes  en
 couche,  Phlegmatia dolens—a. des Nouvelles
 accouchies,  Phlegmatia dolens—a. actif des
 Nouvelles  accouchies,  Phlegmatia dolens —
 a. de  la Glotte, CEdema of  the  glottis—ce. de
 la Glotte, Angina  cedematosa — a.  du Tissu
 cellulaire des  nouveau-nis,  Induration  of the
 cellular tissue.
  CEDEMOSARCA,  CEdematosar'ca.  A
 species of tumour mentioned by  M. A. Severi-
 nus, which holds a middle place between cedema
 and sarcoma.
  CEDEMOSCHEOCELE, CEdematoscheo-
 cele.
   CEIL, Eye—a. de Bauf, Anthemis tinctoria
 —a. Double, Binoculus—a. de Lievre, Lagoph-
 thalmus—a. Simple, see Monoculus.
   CEILLET  GIROFL&E, Dianthus  caryo-
 phyllus.
   CEILLIERE, Scaphium oculare.
  CENAN'THE, CE. croca'ta, CE. chserophyl'U
fo'liis, Hemlock dropwort, Hemlock water-drop-
 wort.  Nat.  Ord.  Umbelliferae. Sex.  Syst.
 Pentandria Digynia.  A violent poison of the
 acro-narcotic class.  Its juice has been recom-
 mended in certain cutaneous  diseases; but it is
 scarcely ever used.  It is  employed in fomen-
 tations.
   CEnanthe  Phellandrium,  Phellandriurn
 aquaticum.
   CENEL^E'ON, from mys?,  ' wine,' and txaiot, 
CENOGALA              595                OFFICINA
'oil.'  A  mixture  of  oil and wine.—Galen.
Also, rectified spirit or alcohol.
  CENOG'ALA, ouoyaXu, from otvoc, 'wine,'
and  y<tha, 'milk,'—'a mixture of wine and
milk.'  According to some, wine as warm as
new milk.
  CENOG'ARON, Garum vino mistum.  Wine
mixed with garum.—Aetius.
  CENOIDES, Vinous.
  CENOMANIA, Delirium tremens.
  CE'NOMEL, CEnom'eli, from otvoc, 'wine,5
and pt\i, ' honey.'   Mel vino'sum, Mulsum vi-
no'sum.  Honey wine.  Wine mead.
  CENOPHLYGIA, Temulentia.
  CENOPHLYXIS, Temulentia.
  CENOS, Wine.
  CENOSTAGMA, Spiritus vini rectificatus.
  CENOTHE'RA BIEN'NIS, CE. Mollis'sima,
Evening  Primrose, Tree  Primrose, Primrose
tree, Scabish.  An indigenous  plant,  common
on the borders of fields, and in natural hedges.
Sex. Syst. Octandria Monogynia. Its properties
are mucilaginous and slightly acrid.  A decoc-
tion has been used in cases of infantile and
other eruptions.
  CESOPHAGE'AL, CEsophaga'us, (F.) CEso-
phagien.  Relating or belonging to the oesopha-
gus.
  Oesophageal Ap'erture of  the  Di'a-
PHRagm, (F.) Ouverture asophagienne du dia-
phragme.   An opening in  the diaphragm for
the passage of the oesophagus.
  OESOPHAGEAL  APERTURE OF  THE STOMACH.
A name given to the superior or cardiac orifice
of the stomach, to distinguish  it from the infe-
rior or pyloric.
  Oesophageal  Muscle,  CEsophaga'us.
Some anatomists have  given this name to the
transverse muscular fibres which surround the
(Esophagus at its upper extremity.
  CEsophageal Tube, see Tube, oesophageal.
  CESOPHAGEURYS'MA,  CEsoph'agus  suc-
eenturia'tus, from  oiaoqxyog, ' the oesophagus,'
and  tuqvcifA*,  ' dilatation.'   Dilatation of the
oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGIALGIA, (Esophagismus.
  CESOPHAGIARCTI A, Dysphagia  con-
stricta.
  CESOPHAGIEN,  (muscle,)  Constrictor
oesophagi.
  CESOPHAGIS'MUS, CEsophagis'mum.  A
name given by Vogel to spasm  of the oesopha-
gus,  Dyspha'gia  spasmoel'ica,  D. Spas'tica,
CEsophagospasm'us, D.  Nervo'sa, Strictu'ra
asoph'agi spasmod'ica, CEsophagial'gia, Tenes'-
mus Gula, (F.) Tinesme  de Vasophage.  By
some used  synonymously  with oesophagitis,
dysphagia, and contraction of the oesophagus.
  OESOPHAGITIS, Inflammation  of the oeso-
phagus,—Angi'na asophaga'a,  Cynan'chi aso-
phagx'a, Dyspha'gia  inflammato'ria, Inflam-
ma'tio asoph'agi,  I. Gula, (F.) Angine  aso-
phagienne.
  CESOPHAGODYN'IA, from  oio-ocpayoc, ' the
oesophagus,'  and  oSurv, 'pain.' Pain in the
oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGOPATHI'A, Morbus CEsoph'agi,
from  oio-oipayor,  'the oesophagus,'  and  na&oc,
' disease.'   A morbid condition of the oesopha-
gus.
  CESOPHAGOPLE'GIA,  Dyspha'gia  para-
lytica,  from otoipayoc, 'the oesophagus,' and
irkty^, ' a  stroke.'  Paralysis of the oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGORRHAG"IA, from oi*o<p*yce,
' the oesophagus,' and  e,<*-yri, ' a rupture.'  He-
morrhage from the oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGORRHCE'A,from oto-o^yoc, 'the
oesophagus,' and gtui,  'I  flow.'  Discharge of
blood or mucus from the oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGOSPASM'US,  from oi<ro9ayog,
' the oesophagus,' and o-rruo-uog, ' spasm.'  Spasm
of the oesophagus.
  CESOPHAGO T'OMY,  CEsophagotom'ia,
from  oto-oqayoc, ' the oesophagus,' and nuvtiv,
' to cut.'  An incision  made into the oesophagus
for the purpose of extracting foreign  bodies
from  it.
  CESOPH'AGUS, from  otto,  'I carry,' and
/payor, 'I  eat;'  Gula, Fis'tula  ciba'lis, Via
stom'achi et ventris, Fis'tula vel Infundib'ulum
Ventrichdi, Gluttus. The Gullet. A musculo-
membranous  canal, cylindrical, and depressed
from before to behind, which extends  from the
inferior extremity of the pharynx to the upper
orifice of  the stomach.  At its  origin, it is
situate in the median  line; but, beneath  the
larynx, it deviates to the  left, and in the chest
experiences different inflections.   In its cervi-
cal portion, it  corresponds, behind, with  the
spine; before, with the larynx  and  trachea;
and, at the sides, it is close to the primitive
carotids, internal jugular veins, par vagum, re-
current nerves, &c. In its inferior or thoracic
portion, the oesophagus is entirely contained in
the posterior mediastinum; and enters the abdo-
men through the oesophageal aperture of the dia-
phragm.  The oesophagus is composed of a very
strong muscular layer,  sometimes  called Tunica
vaginalis guise; formed, itself, of two  sets of
fibres, the external being generally longitudinal,
the internal  transverse or annular.  2. Of a
mucous membrane which is soft, fine, thin, and
white, especially at its lower part.  It  is con-
tinuous, above, with the mucous  membrane of
the pharynx.  The mucous follicles, found be-
neath it, are not numerous, and have been called
CEsophageal glands.  The arteries of the oeso-
phagus proceed, in the neck, from the thyroid;
in the chest, from the bronchial arteries and
directly from the aorta;—in the abdomen, from
the inferior phrenic, and  coronaria ventriculi.
Its veins empty themselves into the inferior
thyroid, the vena  cava superior, the internal
mammary, azygos, bronchial, phrenic, and co-
ronaria ventriculi.  Its lymphatics pass into the
ganglia surrounding it. Its nerves are afforded
by the pharyngeal and  pulmonary plexuses; by
the cardiac nerves; the thoracic  ganglia, and,
especially, by the pneumogastrics and their re-
current branches.
  CEsophagus Succenturiatus, Pharyngocele.
  CESTROMANIA, Nymphomania.
  CESTRUM, Clitoris.
  CEstrum  Ven'eris,  CEstrum vene'reum,
CEstrus vene'reus; from  okttooc,  astrus,   'a
violent impulse or desire.'   A vehement desire
for sexual  intercourse.  With some, astrum
signifies Clitoris.
  CE'SYPUS, from otc, 'a sheep,' and  qvnog,
'dirt' [?].   The greasy matter  of unwashed
wool; formerly employed in friction in diseased
joints.
  CEUFS, Ova.
  OFFICE, PHYSICIAN'S or SURGEON'S,
Iatrion.
  OFFICINA, Pharmacopolium. 
OFFICINAL
596
OINTMENT
  OFFICINAL, Officina'lis, from officina,' a
shop.'   An epithet for medicines found in the
shop of the apothecary, ready prepared—usua'-
lia; in opposition  to magistral or extempora-
neous,—those prepared after the prescription of
the pbysician.
  OFFIUM,  Affion, Opium.
  OFFSPRING, Epigone.
  OFFUSCATIO, Amaurosis.
  OGLA, Oogala.
  OGNON,  a Corn—o. Marin, Scilla.
  OHI'O, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Yellow
Spring is a chalybeate, situate in Green county,
64 miles from Cincinnati.  It is sometimes fre-
quented.
  OIE,  Sorbus domestica.
  OIGNON, Allium cepa.
  OIL,  O'leum, Else'on, (F.) Huile; from tXttut,
'the olive.'   A collective name,  under which
two classes of fluids are included, very  diffe-
rent from each other: those belonging to the
one class, are viscid; mawkish or almost  in-
sipid ; those of  the other are nearly devoid of
viscidity, and are  caustic  and very  volatile.
The former  are called fat  or fixed oils; the
latter volatile or essential oils, or essences.
  Oil of Almonds, Oleum amygdalarum—o.
of Amber, rectified, see Succinum—o. Animal,
Oleum animale—o. Animal, of Dippel, Oleum
animale  Dippelii—o. of Bay, Daphnelaeon—o.
of Bays, Oleum laurinum—o. and Beeswax, Un-
guentum cerae—o. of Benjamin or Benzoin,Oleum
benzoini—o.  Benne, see Sesamum orientale.
  Oil,  British.    An empirical preparation
often used in  cases of sprains.
  A committee of the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy recommend  the following form  for
its preparation.—Ol. Terebinth. Ol.Lini. usita-
tiss. au. f. gviij, Ol. Succini. Ol. Juniper, aa.
f. giv, Petrol. Barbadens. f. ,^iij, Petrol.  Ame-
rican. (Seneca Oil,) f. §j.   M.
  Oil of Cacao,  Butter of Cacao—o. of the
Cashew nut, see  Anacardium occidentale—o.
Castor,  see Ricinus communis—o. of Chabert,
Oleum animale empyreumaticum Chaberti—o.
of Cinnamon, see  Laurus cinnamomum—o. of
Cloves, Eugenia caryophyllata—o. Codliver,0.
Jecoris  aselli—o. of Cubebs, see Piper cubeba—
o. of Cypress, Cyprinum  oleum—o. of Dill, see
Anethum graveolens—o. Dippel's, Oleum ani-
male Dippelii—o.  of Egg, see Ovum—o. Ethe-
real, Oleum iEthereum—o. Flaxseed, see Linum
usitatissimum.
  Oil,  Fusel,  Fousel oil,  Pota'to  oil.    An
acrid volatile oil, formed in the manufacture of
potato brandy, and which is not easily separable
from it.  Its  chemical constitution is analogous
to that of alcohol.  It exhales a powerful and
peculiarly suffocating odour.  S. g. .818.   In
small doses,  it is  highly stimulating,—acting
like narcotics  in  general.   In large doses it
destroys the mucous membranes of the stomach.
   Oil,  Haerlem.  An  empirical preparation
supposed to  consist chiefly of petroleum, tur-
pentine, and balsam of sulphur.  Used  inter-
nally in renal and  rheumatic affections.
   Oil,  Krumholz, see  Pinus  mughos—o. of
Lemons, see Citrus medica—o. Lily, see Lilium
candidum—o. of Mucilages, Oleum  e mucila-
ginibus—o.  Neatsfoot, Oleum bubulum—o. of
Nicodemus,  Nicodemi oleum—o. of Nutmegs,
see Myristica moschata—o. Olive, Oleum olivae
—o. Palm, see  Cocos butyracea—o. Paper, Py-
rothonide—o. of Pennyroyal, see Hedeoma pule-
gioides—o. of Pike, Oleum lucii pise is—o. Rock,
Petrolaeum—o. Potato, Oil,  Fusel—o. Rag, Py.
rothonide—o. of Roses, see Rosa centifolia—o.
of Rue, Peganelaeon,  see Ruta—o.  of Spike,
Oleum terebinthinae—o. of St. John's Wort, see
Hypericum perforatum—o. Salad, Oleum olivae
—o. of Scorpion, see Scorpion—o. Sulphuretted,
Balsamum sulphuris simplex—o. of Tartar, Li-
quor potassae subcarbonatis—o. of Turpentine,
Oleum terebinthinae—o.  of Turpentine, recti-
fied, Oleum  terebinthinae  rectificatum—o.  of
Vitriol,  Sulphuric acid—o. of Wine,  Oleum
aethereum.
  Oils, Animal, Olea animalia—o. Distilled,
Olea volatilia—o. Empyreumatic, Olea empy-
reumatica — o. Essential,  Olea volatilia — o.
Ethereal,  Olea volatilia—o.  Expressed, Olea
fixa—o. Fatty, Olea fixa—o. Fixed, Olea fixa—
o. Fugacious, Olea fugacia—o. Medicinal, Olea
medicinalia—o. Volatile, Olea volatilia.
  OILNUT, Juglans cinerea.
  OILY GRAIN, Sesamum orientale.
  OINTMENT, Unguentum—o. of Antimony,
tartarized, Unguentum antimonii tartarizati—
o. Basilicon,  Unguentum resinae—o. Bay, Un-
guentum laurinum—o. Blister, Cerate of can-
tharides—o. Blistering, green, Unguentum lyttae
medicatum—o.  Blistering, milder,  Unguen-
tum lyttae—o.  Blistering, yellow, Unguentum
lyttae medicatum aliud—o. Blue, Unguentum
hydrargyri—o. Citrine, Unguentum hydrargyri
nitratis—o. of Creasote, Unguentum creasoti—
o. Cyrillo's,  Unguentum  muriatis hydrargyri
oxygenati medicatus—o. Digestive, simple, Un-
guentum  digestivum  simplex—o. Edinburgh,
see Unguentum veratri—o. Elder, Unguentum
sambuci—o. of Elemi, Unguentum elemi com-
positum—o. for the Eyes, (Smellome's,) see
Ceratum resinae—o. Golden, Unguentum hy-
drargyri nitrico-oxidi—o. Golden, Singleton's,
see Singleton's golden ointment—o. Goulard's,
Ceratum  plumbi compositum—o. Green, Un-
guentum sambuci—o. Hellebore, white, Unguen-
tum veratri—o. of Hydriodate of potass, Un-
guentum potassae hydriodatis—o. of Iodine, Un-
guentum Todini—o. of Iodine, compound, Un-
guentum iodini compositum—o. Itch, Unguen-
tum sulphuris compositum—o. Itch, Bateman's,
see Unguentum  sulphuratum alcalinum ad sca-
biem—o.  Itch, Bailey's, see Unguentum sul-
phuratum ad scabiem—o.  Itch, Helmerick's,
Unguentum sulphuratum alcalinum ad scabiem
—o. Issue, Dr. Physick's, see Unguentum lyt-
tae medicatum aliud—o. of white oxide of Lead,
Unguentum  oxidi plumbi albi—o. of Lydia,
Bacaris—o. Marshmallow, Unguentum de Al-
thaea—o. Mercurial, Unguentum hydrargyri—o.
of nitrate of Mercury, Unguentum hydrargyri
nitratis—o. of gray oxide of Mercury, Unguen-
tum oxidi hydrargyri cinereum—o.  of nitric
oxyd of Mercury, Unguentum hydrargyri ni-
trico-oxydi — o. of Nitrous  acid,  Unguentum
acidi nitrosi—o. Plunkett's, for cancer, Plun-
kett's ointment—o. red Precipitate, Unguen-
tum hydrargyri  nitrico-oxydi — o.  of white
Precipitate,  Unguentum  hydrargyri prascipi-
tati albi—o.  Resin,  Ceratum resinae flavae—
o. Resin,  black, Unguentum resinae  nigra—o.
of  Rosewater, Unguentum aquae rosae—o. Sol-
dier's,  Martiatum  unguentum—o. of Spanish
flies, Cerate of Cantharides,  Unguentum lytta
—o. Spermaceti, Unguentum  cetacei—o. of 
OIOCALYMMA
597
OLECRANON
Stramonium, Unguentum stramonii—o. of Sub-
acetate of copper, Unguentum subacetatis cupri
—o. of  Sugar of lead, Unguentum plumbi su-
peracetatis—o. Sulphur, Unguentum sulphuris
—o. Sulphur, compound, Unguentum sulphuris
compositum—o. Tar, Unguentum picis liquids;
—o. Tobacco,  Unguentum  Tabaci—o. Tutty,
Unguentum oxidi zinci impuri—o. Verdigris,
Unguentum subacetatis cupri—o. Wax, Un-
guentum cerae—o. White,   Unguentum oxidi
plumbi  albi—o. Zinc, Unguentum  zinci—o. of
impure  oxide of Zinc, Unguentum oxidi zinci
impuri.
  OIOCALYM'MA, Oiocalyp'trum; from tutor,
'egg,' and xaXvmtir, 'to cover;' Membra'na
O'vuli cortica'lis.  The membrane of the egg-
shell.                                    *8
  OLD AGE, Senectus.
  OLD MAN, Artemisia abrotanum.
  OLD WIFE'S SHIRT, Liriodendron.
  OLEA ANIMA'LlA,Auimaloils,(F.)Huiles
animates.   A name given  to fixed oils, hold-
ing in solution the mucilaginous and gelatinous
principles  of certain animals,  as the  Oil of
frogs, Oil of scorpions, Oil of  spiders,  &c.
Sometimes, also, the  term animal oils is given
to empyreumatic oils, produced during the de-
composition of animal substances by heat.
  Olea Destillata, O. volatilia.
  Olea Empyreumat'ica, Empyreumat'ic oils,
(F.) Huiles empyreumatiques.  Oils which have
an  empyreumatic or  burnt smell.  They are
obtained by treating vegetable or animal mat-
ter  by  heat,  in  close  vessels.   They  do not
exist in organized bodies, but are formed during
their decomposition by fire.  The animal oil of
Dippel  is an empyreumatic  oil.
   Olea Europje'a, Oli'va,  Olea sati'va.  The
 Olive tree,  tXaiu, Elx'a, (F.) Olivier, (Fruit)
 Olive.  Nat. Ord. Jasmineae. Sex. Syst.  Dian-
dria Monogynia.  The fruit of the olive tree,
when pickled, is extremely grateful to some
stomachs.   Olives, as  met  with in the  shops,
axe  prepared  from the green, unripe fruit, re-
peatedly steeped in water. To this, some quick-
lime or alkaline salt  is added, and afterwards,
they are washed and preserved in a pickle of
common salt and water.  From this fruit is
prepared the Olive oil or Salad oil of the Phar-
macopoeias, which is obtained by grinding and
pressing  the  olives, when thoroughly ripe.
 The  finer  and purer oil issues first by gentle
 pressure, and the inferior sort on heating what
 is  left  and  pressing it  more  strongly.  See
 Oleum  Olivae.  In Calabria, an  odorous resin
 exudes  from its trunk, which is employed as a
 perfume by the Neapolitans.
  A  gum  flows from  certain  wild olives, in
warm countries, which consists,  according to
 Pelletier, of a resin,  a little benzoic acid, and a
peculiar substance, called Olivile.  It is  in yel-
low masses, of a  slightly acrid taste, and of a
vanilla smell.  It is  called Oleae gummi, O.
resi'na, and O. bals'amum, (F.) Gomme olivier,
and is esteemed astringent and detersive.
  Olea Fixa  vel Pin'guia, Express'ed oils,
Fixed oils,  Fatty oils, (F.) Huiles fixes ou
grasses.  All the oils obtained from the seeds
or pericarps of vegetables, without distillation,
and which are viscid, but slightly odorous and
sapid;  lighter than water, and insoluble in al-
cohol.  The rancidity of oils  depends on the
absorption  of oxygen, and,  therefore, they
should be kept in bulk as much as possible;
and in narrow-necked bottles,  so that a very
small surface only can be exposed  to the air.
All the fixed oils are emollient, and, in a cer-
tain  dose, they act as purgatives  and emetics.
They are prepared by expressing the fruit or
seed containing them.
  Olea Fuga'cia, Fuga'cious oils, (F.) Huiles
fugaces.  A name given  to  oils  which are so
volatile that, in order to obtain them, recourse
must be had to a different process  from  that
employed for other  essential oils.   Such are
the oils of jessamine, lily, violet, &c.
  Olea  Medicina'lia, Medic"inal  oils, (F.)
Huiles  Medicinales.   A name given to oils,
prepared  by macerating,  infusing, or  boiling
medicinal substances in olive or any other fixed
oils.  These oils may then be regarded as oily
solutions of  certain  medicinal  substances;
whence they can never be simple.  They have,
however, been divided into  simple and com-
pound medicinal oils.  To the former belong
the Oils of St. John's wort, of the Solanum ni-
grum, &c;  to the other—which have  often
been called Oily balsams, (F.) Baumes huileux,
—the Balsams of Fioraventi, Metz, &c.   Me-
dicinal  oils are, almost always, employed ex-
ternally.
  Olea  Volatil'ia, Olea destilla'ta, Vol'atile
oils, JEthero'lea, Ethe'real oils, Essential oils,
Distil'led oils, Es'sences, (F.) Huiles volatiles,
H. essentielles.  Oils found  in aromatic vege-
tables, and in every part of them, except in the
interior  of the seeds.  The  majority are ob-
tained by distillation; but some by expression.
They possess unctuosity, inflammability, and
viscidity, like the fixed oils; but they are ge-
nerally odoriferous,  pungent, and acrid.   The
greater part are  lighter than water; but some
are heavier, and congeal at a moderate tempe-
rature.   They dissolve, in small quantity,  in
distilled water, by simple agitation. Almost
all are soluble in alcohol.   The odour and taste
are the usual tests of their goodness. To pre-
serve them, they should be kept in a cool place,
in small bottles  quite full and  well corked.
Volatile oils are possessed of the  aromatic pro-
perties  of the plants whence they are obtained.
They are all, when  applied externally, stimu-
lant and rubefacient.
   OLEAC'INOUS,  Oleagino'sus, Oleo'sus.
Oily; containing oil,—as ' an  oleaginous or oily
mixture.'
  OLEA'MEN, Oleamen'tum.  Any soft oint-
ment prepared of oil.—Scribonius.
  OLEANDER, Rhododendron chrysanthe-
mum.
  OLECRANARTHRI'TIS, from  mKtx^avor,
 'the  olecranon,'  aqdqov,  'joint,'  and itis, de-
noting  inflammation,  inflammation of the el-
bow joint.
  OLECRANOID CAVITY, see Ulna.
  OLEC'RANON, Olecra'non, Olec'ranvm,
Olec'ranon  mob 'ill;  from axtvr;, 'the elbow,'
and KQavov,' the head.' Acrole'nion, Additamen'-
tum  neca'tum,  Ancon, Proces'sus  anconeus,
Glans  seu  Coro'na  seu Coro'na posterior seu
Additamen'tum unca'tum Ulna, Vertex Cu'biti,
Patel'lafixa, Rostrum extern'um seu poste'rius,
 Top of the cubit.  Head or projection of the
elbow.   A large process at the upper extremity
of the  ulna, on  which we  lean.  When this
process is fractured, it is apt  to be drawn up by 
OLECRANARTHROCACE       59£
the triceps;  and much care is required to keep
the parts in apposition.
  OLECRANARTHROCACE,  from  wxtvx,
'the elbow,' x^avov, 'the head,' and arthrocace,
A name given by Rust to inflammation of the
articular surfaces of the elbow.
  OLENE, Ulna.
  OLEO-CERATUM  AQUA  SUBACTUM,
Ceratum Galeni.
  OLEO-SACCHARUM, Elaeo-saccharum.
  OLEOSUS, Oleaginous.
  OLETTE, MINERAL WATERS OF.   At
Olette, in the department Pyrenees Orientales,
is a thermal spring, which raises the thermo-
meter to 190° Fahr. It is the hottest in France.
  OLEUM, Oil—o. Abietis, see Pinus picea—
o. Absinthii, Artemisia absinthium, (oil of)—o.
Acusticum, Huile acoustique.
  Oleum  JEthe'reum, JEthe'real oil (formed
in the distillation of ether,) Oleum vini, Oil of
wine, (F.) Huile douce de vin. A peculiar olea-
ginous matter, obtained by continuing the dis-
tillation, after the whole of the sulphuric ether
has passed over in the process for the prepara-
tion of the latter.  It is used only as an ingre-
dient in the compound spirit of ether.
  Oleum Ammoniatum, Linimentum ammoniae
fortius.
  Oleum Amygdala'rum,  Oleum  amyg'dala,
Oil of Almonds, (F.) Huile d'amandes.   (Ex-
pressed from  both  sweet and bitter almonds,
Amygdalus  communis.   §xvj  of  almonds
yield f,v of  oil.)   It is inodorous, insipid, and
of a pale straw colour, and is employed as a  de-
mulcent and emollient.
  Oleum Anacardii, see Anacardium occiden-
tale.
  Oleum  Anima'le, An'imal oil, (F.) Huile
animale.  An oil, obtained by the decomposi-
tion of the immediate principles of animals, sub-
jected  to the action of heat.  It  is fetid, and
always contains a certain quantity of subcarbo-
nate of ammonia.   See Olea Empyreumatica.
The name animal oil is sometimes also given
to the fat contained in the fatty  vesicles.  The
composition of this fat does not, indeed, differ
from that of the fixed oil.
   Oleum Anima'le Dippe'lii, Animal oil of
Dippel, Oleum cornu cervi, O. C. C. rectifica'-
tum, Animal oil, DippeVs oil, Oleum pyro-ani-
ma'le depura'tum, O. anima'le athe'reum, Py-
ro'leum os'sium rectifica'turn, (F.) Huile ani-
male de Dippel, Huile de come  de cerf, is ob-
tained  by distilling animal matters, especially
hartshorn, on  the  naked  fire.  The subcarbo-
nate of ammonia, which it contains, renders it
partly  soluble in water, and  communicates to
it the stimulant properties  for which it is used
in medicine.   It is employed as  an antispasmo-
dic.
  Oleum  Anima'le Empyreumat'icum Cha-
ber'ti, O. Empyreumat'icum Chaber'ti, Empy-
reumat'ic  oil of  Chabert,  Oil  of Chabert, is
made by adding one part of animal oil to three
parts of oil of turpentine, leaving them to com-
bine for four  days, and  then distilling three
parts.  An effective anthelmintic.  Dose, a tea-
spoonful three times a day.
  Oleum Animaliz a'tum per Infusio'nem, (F.)
Huile animalisie par infusion, Huile  aroma-
tique, H, de petits chiens.   A preparation, for-
merly esteemed tonic and cephalic.  It was ob-
tained by boiling new-born puppies in oil, first
3        OLEUM MALABATHRI

 depriving them of their blood, skin, and intes-
 tines.   When the decoction was  cold, origa-
 num, thyme,  pennyroyal, St. Johns-wort, and
 marjoram were added.
   Oleum Anisi, see  Pimpinella  anisum—o.
 Aurantii, see Citrus aurantium—o. Balaninum,
 Guilandina  moringa (oleum)—o. Balsami, see
 Amyris opobalsamum.
   Oleum Benzo'ini, Oil of Benzoin or Benja-
 min.  An oil obtained by  heating, in a sand
 bath, the  matter which remains after benzoic
 acid has been separated from benzoin by the
 aid of heat.  It  has been regarded as balsamic
 and sudorific.
   Oleum Bergamii, see Bergamote.
   Oleum Bu'bulum,  Neats-foot oil.  The oil
 prepared from the bones of Bos Domesticus. It
 is obtained by boiling in water for a long time
 the  feet of  the ox, previously deprived of the
 hoof.  It is introduced into  the officinal list of
 the  Ph. U.  S. as an ingredient of the ointment
 of nitrate of mercury.
   Oleum Cacao Spissatum, Butter of cacao—
 o. Cajuputi, Caieput  (oil)—o.  Camphoratum,
 Linimentum camphorae—o. Cari seu Carui, Ca-
 rum (oleum)—o. Caryophylli, see Eugenia ca-
 ryophyllata.
   Oleum Ced'rinum, Essentia de  cedro, (F.)
 Huile de cidrat.   The oil of the peel of citrons,
 obtained in  Italy in a particular manner, with-
 out distillation.
   Oleum Chaberti,  0. animale empyreumati-
 cum  Chaberti—o. Chenopodii, see Chenopodi-
 um  anthelminticum—o. Cicinum, see Ricinus
 communis—o. Cinnamomi,  see Laurus cinna-
 momum—o. Cornu cervi, 0. animale  Dippelii
 —o. Cubebae, see Piper cubebae—o. Euphorbiaa
 lathyridis, see Euphorbia lathyris—o. Fixum
 nucum  cocos butyraceae, see Cocos butyracea
 —o. Foeniculi, see Anethum—o. Gabianum, Pe-
 trolaeum—o. Gallinae, Alkale—o.  Gaultheriae,
 see Gaultheria—o. Hedeomae, see Hedeoma pu-
 legioides—o. Hyperici, see Hypericum perfora-
 tum—o. Infernale, 0. Ricini.
   Oleum Jec'oris  Aselli,  O. Mor'rhua, 0.
 Jecino'ris Aselli, Codliver  Oil,  (F.) Huile dt
 morue.   The animal  oil, which appears under
 this name in commerce, is obtained from seve-
 ral of the species belonging to the genus Gadus.
 The clearest sorts are generally used.  It ap-
 pears to have no sensible effects upon the eco-
 nomy;  but  has  been given  in strumous affec-
 tions, rheumatism, chronic  cutaneous diseases,
 and tumours of the mammae.  The dose for an
 adult is from f. gij to f. 3 iss.
   Oleum Juniperi, see Juniperis communis—
 o. de Kerva., see  Ricinus communis—o. Kervi-
 num, see Ricinus communis.
   Oleum Lauri'num, Oleum lauri, Oil of bays.
 An oil obtained from bayberries, and sometimes
 used in sprains and bruises, unattended with in-
 flammation.
   Oleum Laurinum,  Daphnelaeon, Unguentum
 L.—o. Lavendulae, see Lavendula—o. Lentisci-
 num, Schinelaeon—o.  Limonis, see Citrus  me-
 dica—o.  Lini, see Linum  usitatissimum—o.
 Lini cum calce,  Linimentum aquae calcis.
   Oleum Lu'cii Piscis, Oil of Pike.  From th«
 liver of the Esox lucius an oil is spontaneously
 separated, which is used in some countries to
 destroy specks on the cornea.
   Oleum Malabathri, see Malabathrum—o.
 Mariae, see Fagara octandra—o. Melaleuca; leu- 
               OLFACTION               59!

codendri,  Caieput (oil)—o. Mentha?  piperitae,
see Mentha piperita—o. Menthae viridis, Men-
tha viridis—o. Monardae, Monarda punctata—
o. Morrhuae, O. jecoris aselli.
  Oleum e Mucilagin'ibus, Oil of Mu'cilages.
(Rad. althseee  rec. Ibss.  sem. lini, sem. fanu-
graci, a a giij, aqua Oij.  Boil for half an hour;
add ol. oliv. Oiv; continue the  boiling till the
water is nearly consumed, and pour offthe oil.)
Emollient.
  Oleum  Myristicje, see Myristica moschata
—o. Neroli, see Citrus aurantium.
  Oleum  Oli'vje, O. oliva'rum, Olive oil, Sa-
lad oil.   An inodorous, insipid, and transparent
oil;  obtained   by expression from  the  olive,
when ripe.  It is  demulcent and emollient,—
possessing the  qualities of the fixed oils in ge-
neral .
  An inferior  kind, obtained by boiling olives
in  water, and skimming  the   oil  from the
surface  is also used in Pharmacy.  See Olea
Europaea.
   Oleum  Omphacinum, Omotribes—o. Origani,
see Origanum—o. Oxydi cupri viride, Balsam,
green, of Metz—o. Palmae, see Cocos butyracea
—o. Palmae liquidum, see Ricinus communis—
o. Petrae, Petrolaeum—o. Petrae album, Naphtha
—o. Picinum, Brutia, Pisselaeum—o. Pimentae,
see Myrtus pimenta—o. Pini purissimum, O. te-
rebinthinae  rectificatum—o. Pulegii, see Men-
tha  pulegium—o.  Pyro-animale, O.  animale
Dippelii—o. Ricini, see  Ricinus communis—o.
Rosae, see Rosa centifolia—o. Rosarum, Rhode-
laeon—o. Rutaceum, Peganelaeon—o. Rosmarini,
see Rosmarinus—o. Rutae, see Ruta—o. Sabinae,
see Juniperus Sabina—o. Sassafras, see Laurus
Sassafras—o. Sesami, see Sesamum orientale—
o. Sinapis, see Sinapis—o.  Spicae vulgaris, O.
terebinthinae—o.  Succini,  see   Succinum—o.
Succini rectificatum, see Succinum.
   Oleum  Sulphura'tum, Bal'samum  sulph'-
uris simplex, Sulph!urated oil.   (Sulphur, lot.
gij, olivse olei Ibj.  Heat the oil in a large  iron
pot, and throw in the sulphur by degrees; stir-
ring the  mixture  after  each addition till they
unite.)   It is  stimulating, and  was formerly
much used in coughs, asthma, &c, and, exter-
nally, to foul ulcers.
  Oleum Tartari per Deliquium, Liquor po-
tassae subcarbonatis—o. Templinum, see Pinus
mughos.
   Oleum  Terebin'thinvE,  Oil  of turpentine.
The volatile oil of the juice of Pinus palustris,
and other  species of Pinus.
  Oleum  Terebin'thin.*: Rectifica'tum,  Ole-
um pini puris'simum, Rectified oil of turpen-
tine, Oleum terebin'thina: cethe'reum, Sp. of tur-
pentine.  Common oil of turpentine is also called
Common oil of spike, Oleum spica  vulga'rc.
(Olei terebinth. Oj, aqua Oiv.  Distil over the
oil.)  It  is stimulant,  diuretic,  anthelmintic,
and rubefacient.   Dose, gss to gj.
  Guestonian embrocation for Rheumatism con-
sists of ol. terebinth, ol. oliv. aiigiss, acid, sulph.
dil. % iij.
  Oleum Theobromje Cacao Expressum, But-
ter of cacao—o. Tiglii, Croton tiglium—o. Vi-
ni, O. aethereum—o. Vitrioli, Sulphuric acid.
  OLFACTION, Olfac'tus, from olfacere, for
odefacere, (odor, and facere,) Osphre'sis,  Os-
pkra'sia, Osphre'sia, Osme'sis, Odora'tio, Odo-
ra'tus, Sensus  osmomet'ricus, Sense  of smell,
Smelling, (F.) Odor at.  The sense by which
)              OLIGOSPERMIA

we perceive the impressions made on the olfac-
tory nerves by the odorous particles suspended
in the atmosphere.  The olfactory nerve, or 1st
pair, has usually been considered the great nerve
of smell; and it is probably the nerve of special
sensibility, general sensibility being communi-
cated by  the  branches of the  5th pair, distri-
buted on  the  pituitary membrane of the nose
and sinuses.
  OLFACTORY, Olfactions, 01 facto'rius, Os-
phran'ticus, Osphrante'rius, Osphre'ticus, from
olfactus, ' the smell.'   That which belongs or
relates to the  sense of smell.
   Olfac'tory Foram'ina, (F.) Trous olfactifs,
are the holes in the cribriform plate of the eth-
moid bone, through which the olfactory nerve
passes.
   Olfac'tory Nerves, Ethmoid'al nerves, Par
primum Nervo'rum  cer'ebri, Nervi  odorato'-
rii, Proces'sus  mamilla'res  seu Papilla'rum,
Processus mamillares cer'ebri ad nares, P. pa-
pilla'res,  Carun'cula mamilla'res, — the first
pair of encephal'ic nerves.  This nerve, which
probably  arises from  the medulla oblongata, is
observed to leave the brain, opposite the inner
part of the fissure of Sylvius, by three roots;
which, by their union, form  a  triangular knot
or  expansion.   When it  reaches the  ethmoid
fossa it expands and forms a triangular ganglion,
or grayish, soft bulb, w-hich furnishes,  from its
inferior surface, the branches  that have to be
distributed to  the nasal fossae.   These filaments
are very numerous ; they pass  through the fo-
ramina in the cribriform plate and enter the na-
sal fossae.  They are distinguished into the in-
ternal, external, and  middle.   The former are
distributed over the mucous membrane, cover-
ing the outer paries  of the nasal  fossae; the
second descend  upon the septum, and the third
are lost, almost immediately, on the portion of
the pituitary membrane that lines the vault of
the fossae.
   OLFACTUS, Olfaction—o. Acutus, Hype-
rosphresia—o. Amissio, Anosmia—o. Deficiens,
Anosmia—o.  Depravatus, Parosmia.
   OLIBANUM, see  Juniperus lycia—o.  Vul-
gare, see Pinus abies.
   OLIGEMIA, Anaemia, Haemaporia, Hypae-
mia.
   OLIGIDRIA,  Ischidrosis.
   OLIGOBLEN'NIA, from  oXiyoc, 'few,' and
pXtwa,' mucus.'  A deficiency of mucus.
   OLIGOCHOLIA,  from oXiyoc,  'few,' and
vox??, 'bile.'  Paucity of bile.
   OLIGOCH'YLUS,  from oXiyoc, ' little,' and
XvKog, ' juice,' ' chyle.'   An epithet  for  food
which is  but  little nutritive; which furnishes
little chyle.
   OLIGOCOP'RIA,  from oliyog,  'few,' and
norrqog,' excrement.'   Scantiness of alvine eva-
cuations.
   OLIGODACRYA, from oXiyoc, ' little,' and
8zx.pv, 'a tear.'   Paucity of lachrymal secretion.
   OLIGOGALACTIA, Agalactia.
   OLIGOGALIA, Agalaxis.
   OLIGOHiEMIA, Anaemia, Haemaporia, Hy-
paemia.
   OLIGOPO'SIA,  from  oXiyog, 'little,' and
nomc, 'drink.'  Diminution in the  quantity of
drinks.
   OLIGOSIALIA, from ck,yoc, 'little,' and
oiod-ov,' saliva.'  Paucity of saliva.
   OLIGOSPERMIA, from ohiyoc, ' little,' and
59 
OLIGOSPONDYLUS           600          OMPHALOMANT1A
 ir.-r.tpu*,  ' sperm.'   Paucity  of spermatic  se-
 cretion.
   OLIGOSPOND'YLUS, from oXiyog,  'few,'
 ' small,'  and o-rrcvdu^og,' a vertebra.'  A mon-
 ster with defective  vertebrae.—Gurlt.
   OLIGOTRICHIA, from  oKiyot,' little,' and
 &pi£, 'hair.'  Want of hair.  Paucity of hair.
   OLIGOTROPH I A, Par'cior nutrif'io; from
 oKiyoc, '  little,' and tos<j>u>, ' I nourish.'   Defi-
 cient nourishment.
   OLIGURE'SIA,  Oligure'sis,   Oligoure'sis,
 Oligoure'sia;  from oKiyoe,  'little,' and  ovptw,
 ' I  pass urine.'  Morbidly diminished urinary
 secretion.
   OLISTHEMA, Luxation.
   OLIVA, Olea Europasa.
   OLIV AIRE CAUTERE, of the French sur-
 geons, is a  cautery whose extremity is  termi-
 nated by a button having the shape of an  olive.
   OLIVARIS, Olive-shaped.
   OLIVARY,  Olive-shaped—o.  Bodies, Cor-
 pora olivaria.
   Ol'ivary Proc"ess, Proces'sus Oliva'ris, is
 a small  ridge,  running  transversely between,
 and a little behind, the  roots of  the anterior
 clinoid processes of the  sphenoid bone, and by
 some considered as the 4th clinoid process.
   OLIVE,  see Olea Europaea—o. Tree, Olea
 Europaea.
   OLIVE-SHAPED,  Oliva'ris,  Olivifor'mis,
 Ol'ivary, from oliva, ' an olive.'  Resembling
 an olive, see Corpora olivaria.
   OLIVES, PICKLED,  Colymbades.
   OLIVIER, Olea  Europaea.
   OLIVIFORMIS,  Olive-shaped.
   OLLA CAPITIS, Cranium.
   OLMITELLO, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 A thermal spring in the  isle of Ischia.  Tem-
 perature, 100° Fahrenheit.
   OLOPHLYCTIDE, Herpes.
   OLOPHO'NIA, from oa>.«, oXXom,  'I   lose,'
 and <painj,' voice.'   Congenital misconstruction
 of the vocal organs.—Good.
   Olophonia Labii Lobata, Harelip—o. Lin-
 guae fraenata, see Ankyloglossum.
  OM'AGRA,  Hom'agra,  from  o^og,  'the
 shoulder,' and *ye,a, 'a  seizure.'  Gout  in the
 shoulder.
   OMAL'GIA, from ui^oc,' the shoulder,' and
 aXyoc, pain.'  Pain in the shoulder.
   OMARTHRITIS,from a.^to?,' the shoulder,'
 ap6por,' a joint,' anditis, denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of the shoulder joint.
  OMARTHROC'ACR, from ouoc,' shoulder,'
 apBpcv, 'a joint,' and xaxoc, 'bad.'   Arthrocace
 of the shoulder joint.  Caries or suppuration of
 the shoulder joint.
  OMA'SUM, Omasus, Manyplies.  The third
 stomach of ruminant animals.
  OMBILIC, Umbilicus.
  OMBILICALE,  Umbilical.
  OMBRAGE, Nebula.
  OMENTA, Meninges.
  OMENTESIS, Epiploitis.
  OMENTITIS, Epiploitis.
   OMENTULA, Appendiculae pinguedinosae.
  OMENTUM,  Epiploon—o. Colicum, Epi-
 ploon, colic—o. Gastro-colicum, Epiploon, gas-
trocolic—o. Gastro-splenic,  Epiploon, gastro-
splenic—o. Great, Epiploon,  gastro-colic—o.
Hepato-gastricum, Epiploon, gastro-hepatic—o.
Lesser,  Epiploon,  gastro-hepatic—o. Majus,
Epiploon, gastro-colic—o. Minus, Epiploon, gas-
tro-hepatic—o. Ossium, Periosteum—o. Third,
Epiploon, colic.
   OMICHESIS, Micturition.
   OMICHMA, Urine.
   OMI'TIS, from o.^o-, 'the shoulder,' and itis,
denoting  inflammation.  Inflammation in or
about the shoulder joint.
   OMMA, Eye, Vision.
   OMNIPHAGUS, Omnivorous.
   OMNIVORE, Omnivorous.
   OMNIVOROUS, Omnivorus, Omniph'agus,
Pantoph'agus,(E.) Omnivore, from omnis,'all,'
and voro,' I eat.'  An epithet for animals which
eat every kind of food,—animal or vegetable.
   OMO.   In composition, an abridgment of
omos or ornus, the  humerus.
   OMO-CLAVICULAR, see  Coraco-clavicu-
lar.
   OMOCOTYLE, see Glene.
   OMO-HYOlDEUS, Cor'aco-hydi'deus, Sca-
pulo-hyo'idien, Omo-hyo'idien, Omoplat hyoidien,
Hyoidis Quartus Mus'culus.  This muscle is
situate obliquely at the sides and front of the
neck.  It is slender,  long,  and  flat.  It arises
from the superior costa of the scapula, near the
semi-lunar  notch, and from the ligament that
runs across it, and is inserted at  the sides of the
inferior margin of the body of the os hyoides.
It consists of two fasciculi, united by a common
tendon, and is a true  digastric muscle.   It de-
presses the os hyoides, carrying it a little back-
wards, and to one side, except when it acts with
its fellow,  when  the bone is depressed,  and
drawn obliquely backwards.
  OMOPHAG"IA, Omositia, from wy.oe,' raw,'
and <p*yu>,  'I  eat'   Fondness  for raw food.
Eating of raw food.
   OMO PLATE, Scapula—o. Col de V,  Collum
scapulae.
   OMOPLAT-HYOIDIEN, Omo-hyoideus.
   OMOS, Crude, Humerus.
   OMOSITIA, Omophagia.
   OMOTAR'ICHOS, from v^c, 'the shoulder,'
and T*qi/og,' pickled.'  Salsameri'turn crudum;
Salted Tunny Fish, in particular.  Properly,
the neck or shoulder  piece of a salted  animal.
Once  much recommended against the  bites of
vipers, and in hydrophobia.
   OMOTES, Crudity.
   OMOTOCIA, Abortion.
   OMOT'RIBES, Omphac"inum O'leum, from
muo;,  ' crude,'  and tpi/*&>, ' I bruise.'   Oil ex-
pressed from unripe olives.
   OMPHA'CION,  ofxqxYA'.r,  from  ouipuxoc,
' an unripe  grape ;—Succus uvse acer'ba, Om-
pha'cium.  The juice of unripe  grapes.  Also,
Verjuice.
   OMPHACI'TES (VINUM.)   A name given
to wine prepared from the unripe grape.  Om-
phaci'tis  is  also the name  of a small  gall.—
Dioscorides.
   OMPHACIUM, Verjuice.
   OMPHACOM'ELI, from o/xipano-, 'an un-
ripe grape,' and utXi, 'honey.'  A sort of oxy-
mel, 'made  of  the  juice of unripe grapes and
honey.
   OMPHALELCO'SIS,  from  oi«q>aiUc,  'the
navel,' and 'iXxo;, 'an ulcer.'  Ulceration of the
navel.
   OMPHALEX OCHE, Exomphalus.
   OMPHALOCARPUS, Galium aparine.
   OMPHALOCELE, Exomphalos.
   OMPHALOMANTI'A,  from ou^ko;, 'the 
OMPHALOMESENTERIC        601          ONYCHEXALLAXIS
  navel,' and ^vrua, 'prophecy.'  A species of
  divination, practised by credulous matrons, who
  pretend to be able to know the number of chil-
  dren a female will have, by the number of knots
  in the navel string of the child.
    OM'PHALO-MESENTER'IC, Omphalo-me-
  senter'icus,Om'phalo-mesara'icus; from o^aXo?,
  ' the navel,' and mesenterium, ' the mesentery.'
    Omphalo-Mesenteric Vessels, Vitel'lo-me-
  senter'ic,  Vitelline vessels.  Haller  gave this
  narne  to two very fine vessels, which spread
  their ramifications  on  the parietes of the um-
  bilical vesicle.   There is an omphalomesente-
  ric artery  and  vein.   The omphalomesenteric
  artery is a  branch of the superior mesenteric;—
  the vein empties itself into the trunk, or into one
  of the branches of the superior mesenteric.  Vel-
  peau affirms, that they inosculate with a branch
  of the second or third order of those great ves-
  sels, with  those in particular that  are distri-
  buted to the caecum, and he regards them to be
  the vessels of nutrition of the umbilical vesicle.
  They are  occasionally met with in  the fcetus,
  at the full period,  under the form  of whitish
  filaments,  which extend  from the mesenteric
  vessels to the umbilicus.
   OMPHALO-MESERAIC, Omphalo-mesen-
  teric.
   OMPHALONCUS, Omphalophyma.
   OMPHALONEURORRHEXIS, Omphalor-
  rhexis.
   OMPHALOPHY'MA,  Omphalon'cus, from
  ofA^xXoe, 'the navel,' and yv/xa, 'tumour.'  A
  tumefaction of the navel.
   OMPHALOPROPTOSIS, Exomphalus.
   OM PH A LO R R H AG"I A, Omphalor'rhage,
  from ofAyahog, 'the umbilicus,' and qiryvvfu, 'I
  break out.'  Hemorrhage from the umbilicus,
  in the new-born in particular.
   OMPHALORRHEXIS; from  o^<pu\og,' na-
  vel,' andgvlt?,'rupture.' Omphaloneurorrhex'is.
  Rupture of the navel string.
   OMPHALOS, Umbilicus.
   OMPHALOSITE, from o^<pa\oc, 'the navel,'
 and  o-irog,  'nourishment.'  A monster  which
 possesses an imperfect  kind of life, that ceases
 when the umbilical cord is divided.
   OMPHALOT'OMY,  Omphalotom'ia,  from
 au<pa.Xoc, 'the umbilicus,' and tt/.iva>, 'I cut.'
 The division of the navel string.
   OM PHALUS, Umbilicus.
   OMUS, Crude, Humerus.
   ONANIA, Masturbation.
   ONANISM, Masturbation.
   ONCOS,  Tumour.
   ONCO'SES, from oyxog,  'a tumour.'   Tu-
 mours, as diseases.
   ONCOSIS,  Intumescence.
   ONCOT'OMY, Oncotom'ia, from  oy%og, 'a
 tumour,' and tout], 'incision.'  The opening of
 a tumour or abscess with a cutting instrument.
   ONCTION, Inunction.
   ONCUS, Swelling, Tumour.
   ONDULATION, Fluctuation.
   ONEBERRY,  Paris.
  ONEIROCRIT'ICUS, OneiroC'rites, from
crt/goc, ' a dream,' and x^io-ic, ' judgment.'  One
who judges according to  dreams.
  ONEIRODYNIA, from ovuqoc, 'a dream,'
and o$wi,, 'pain.'  Painful dreams.  Incubus
and Somnambulism are oneirodyniae.
  Oneirodynia Activa,  Paroniria, Somnambu-
lism—o. Gravans, Incubus.
        39
    ONEIRODYNIE GRAVATIVE,lncnhns.
    ONEIROG'MUS, Ondrog'ynS,  Oneiropol'-
  esis, from  ontgo?, <a  dream.'  A lascivious
  dream; pollution; nocturnal pollution.
    0«EIROGONORRHCEA, Pollution, noctur-
  nal.
    ONEIROGONOS, Pollution.
    ONEIROLOGY, Oneirolog"ia, from ovaqoc,
   a dream,' and xoyog, 'a description.'  The doc-
  trine of dreams.
    ONEIROMANTI'A,  from ovuqoc, 'adream,'
  andjiavrua, ' divination.'  The art of divining
  by dreams;  or of interpreting dreams.
    ONEIRON'OSUS;  from ovtiqog, 'a dream,'
  and  voo-oc, 'a disease.'   Somnia'tio morbo'sa.
  Morbid, uneasy dreaming.
    ONEIROPOLESIS, Oneirogmus.
    ONERA  ALVI, Excrement.
    ONGLADE, Paronychia.
    ONGLE, Nail.
    ONGL6E (F.), Digito'rum stupor d gelu.
  Painful numbness  at the extremities of the fin-
  gers, caused by cold.
    ONGLET, Pterygion.
    ONGUENT, Unguentum—o. d'Althia,Vn-
  guentum de Althaea—o. de Blanc de baleine, Un-
  guentum cetacei—o. Blanc de Rhazes, Unguen-
  tum  plumbi subcarbonatis—o. de Cerusse, Un-
  guentumplumbi subcarbonatis—o. Citrin contre
  la gale,  Unguentum  hydrargyri nitras — o.
  Digestif simple, Unguentum digestivum  sim-
  plex— o. Gris, Unguentum oxidi hydrargyri
  cinereum—o. de Guimauve, Unguentum de al-
  thaea—o. de  Laurier, Unguentum laurinum—o.
  Mercuriel, Unguentum hydrargyri—o. Napoli-
  tain, Unguentum hydrargyri—o. de Nitrate de
  mercure,  Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis—o. de
  Poix et de cire, Basilicon—o. de Soldat, Martia-
  tum  unguentum — o.  de Sureau, Unguentum
  sambuci—o. de  Tornamira, Unguentum plumbi
  subcarbonatis.
   ONION, COMMON, Allium cepa — o. Sea
  Scilla.                                   '
   ONIS'CUS, Asel'lus, Cu'tio, Porcel'lio,Por-
 cel'lus, Por'culus, Diminutive of ovog,  ' a small
 ass.'   A  genus of insects very common in cel-
 lars and dark and moist places.
   Oivisci Aselli, Millep'edes, Aselli,  Millep'-
 edx,  False, Wood-lice,  Slaters,  Hog-lice, (F.)
 Cloportes ordinaires, had, at one time, a place
 in the pharmacopoeias.  They were considered
 stimulant and diuretic, and  useful in jaundice.
   ONITIS, Origanum dictamnus.
   ONOLOSAT, Obolus.
   ONOMATOCLESIS, Nomenclature.
   ONOMATOLOGIA, Nomenclature.
   ONONIS ANTIQUORUM, 0. spinosa.
   Ono'nis Arven'sis, (F.) Bugrane des champs,
 has properties like the next.
  Ononis Spino'sa,  Ano'nis, Resta bovis, Ar-
 res'ta  bovis, Rem'ora Ara'tri, Ononis antiquo'-
 rum,Rest harrow, (F.)  Arrete-bauf, Bugrande
 ipmeuse,  Bugrane.  Nat. Ord. Leguminos®.
 Sex. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria.  The root of
 this plant  was once  used as a diuretic.
  ONOPORDIUM ACAN'THIUM, Car'duus
tomento'sus,Acan'thium,Ac'anos,CottonThistle.
(F.) Chardon aux Aries. Family, Cinarocepha-
leae.  Sex. Syst. Syngenesia Polygamia aequalis.
The expressed juice has been recommended as
a cure for  cancer applied externally.
  ONTHUS,  Fimus.
  ONYCHEXALLAXIS; from ort, (a nail,1 
ONYCHIA                602                  OPHIS
and t$aXXa$ic,' change.'  A morbid condition of
the nails.
  ONYCHIA, Paronychia.
  ONYCHITIS;  from ovu%, 'nail,' and itis,
denoting inflammation.  Inflammation of% nail.
  ONYCHOCLASIS; from owl, 'a nail,' and
kXho-ic, ' fracture.'  Fracture of a nail.
  ONYCHOCRYPTOSIS, Onychogryphosis.
  ONYCHOGRYPHO'SIS,   Onychogriposis,
Onychogrypto'sis, Onychocryptosis, Gripho'sis,
Grypho'sis, Onyx'is, from ovv%, 'the nail,' and
gryposis,' crookedness.' Curvature of the nails;
such  as  occurs  in hectic individuals.   Also,
growing  in of the nails; lncarna'tio seu Adun-
ca'tio seu Arctu'ra un'guium.
  ONYCHON'OSI, Onychonu'si, from ovug, ' a
nail,' and voo-oc, ' a disease.'  Disease  of the
nails.
  0 NYC H0P H'T H0 RA,  Onychophtho'ria,
Onycoph'thora, Onycophtho'ria, from ovt/S,' the
nail,' and q&oqx., 'degeneration.'  A degenerate
condition or destruction of the nails.
  ONYCHOPHY'MA,from0v</fc, 'thenail,'and
cpv/ua, 'a tumour.'  A painful degeneration  of
the nails,  which  become thick,  rough, and
crooked.  It occurs as a symptom  of syphilis
and of lepra.
  ONYCHOPTOSIS, Piptonyc'hia, Dix'resis
Un'guise, from ow%,' a nail,'  and niono-ic, ' fall-
ing.'   The falling off of the nails.
  ONYCOPHTHORA, Onychophthora.
  ONYX, Hook, blunt, Nail, Pterygion.   Also,
a collection of purulent matter between the la-
minae of the cornea, having the shape of a nail.
  ONYXIS, Onychogryphosis.
  ONYXITIS, see Paronychia.
  OOCYESIS, Pregnancy, ovarian.
  OODEOCELE, see Hernia(foraminis ovalis.)
  OODES, Aqueous humour, Oval.
  OOG'ALA, Oog'la,  Ogla,  Puis ex Ovis  et
Lacte.  Milk of eggs.  A preparation  of eggs
and milk.
  OOGLA, Oogala.
  OOIDES, Aqueous humour, Oval.
  OOLEMMA PELLUCIDUM, Zonapellucida.
  OOLOG''IA, Ovolog"ia, Ovol'ogy, from wov,
' an ovum or egg,'  and ao^oc,  ' a discourse,' ' a
description.'  A description of the ovum.
  OON,  Ovum.
  OONINE, Albumen.
  OOPHORITIS,  Ooritis.
  OOPHORON, Ovary.
  OORITIS, Oaritis.
  OPACITY, Opac"itas, from  opacare, 'to
obscure.'  Quality of that which is opake.  The
property  possessed by some bodies of not allow-
ing the light to  traverse them.  It is opposed
to transparency.   Opacity of the cornea consti-
tutes albugo or leucoma;—opacity of the  crys-
talline causes cataract.
  OPAKE',  Opa'cus.   An epithet given to
bodies, which do not permit the passage of rays
of light.   The opake  cornea  is the  sclerotica,
in contradistinction to  the transparent cornea
or true cornea.
  OP ALINE. That which resembles the opal.
A fluid is said to be opaline, when milky, and
when it presents an appearance more or less like
that of the opal.
  OPERATIO, Action, Operation—o. Chirur-
gica, see  Operation—o. Chymica seu pharma-
ceutica, Operation, chymical, &c.—o. Simplex,
Haplotomia.
   OPERA'TIONjOpem'rio, from opus,' work.'
 The application of instruments to  the human
 body with the view  of  curing disease.   The
 object of an operation, opera'tio chirur'gica, is
 generally to divide or reunite  parts, to extract
 extraneous or noxious bodies, and  to replace
 organs  that are wanting, by  different instru-
 ments or artificial means.  The principal  ope-
 ratory methods have  been called  Synthesis,
 Diaresis,  Exaresis,  and Prothesis.   Fre-
 quently, the  most difficult subject, connected
 with an operation, is to decide when it is abso-
 lutely called for or advisable, and when  im-
 proper.
   Operation,  Bilateral, see Lithotomy—o.
 Cisarienne, Caesarean section.
   Operation,  Chym'ical or  Pharmaceuti-
 cal, Opera'tio chym'ica seu pharmaceu'tica, is
 any process whose object is the preparation of
 medicines; their combinations  with each other,
 analysis, and decomposition;—such are, solu-
 tion, distillation, sublimation, evaporation, di-
 gestion, maceration, infusion, decoction, calci-
 nation, &c.   Some of these operations are  me-
 chanical; others, really chymical.
   Operation, High, see Lithotomy—o. Late-
 ral, see Lithotomy—o. Sigaultian, Symphyse-
 otomy.
   OP'ERATOR.   A surgeon who is in  the
 habit of practising the greater  operations.  One
 who performs any operation.   To be a good
 operator, the surgeon  must be well acquainted
 with anatomy, and be possessed of strong nerve.
 See Surgeon.
   OPER'CULUM, Operto'rium, Operimen'tum,
 from operire, ' to cover.'   A cover or lid.   In
 fishes, the gill cover.
   Operculum Asperse Arteria, Larynx—o.
 Cutis, Epidermis—o. Ilei, Bauhin, valve of— o.
 Laryngis, Epiglottis—o.  Oculi, Palpebra.
   Operculum Papilla'rum.   A shield for the
 nipple.
   OPERIMENTUM,  Operculum—o. Intesti-
 norum, Epiploon—o. Praetensum abdominis, Pe-
 ritonaeum.
   OPERTORIUM, Operculum.
   OPHELIA CHIRATA, Gentiana chirayta.
   OPHIASIS, Calvities,  Porrigo decalvans.
   OPHIOGLOS'SUM  VULGA'TUM, Echin-
 oglos'sum, Lingua serpenta'ria. Adder's Tongue,
 (F.) Langue de Serpent.   Family, Filicoideae.
 Sex. Syst. Cryptogamia.   This plant  was  for-
 merly considered to be vulnerary.
   OPHIOPH'AGUS, from ocpie, 'a serpent,' and
 (payor,' I eat.'  An epithet for animals which
 feed on serpents.  Pliny has called certain
 African tribes by this name.
   OPHIORRHI'ZA MUNGOS, from °<t>ig, 'a
 serpent,' and gita, 'root.'  Family, Gentianeae.
 Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia. The name of
 the plant whose  root has been called Radix
 Serpen'tum, Mangos Radix.   The bitter root
 is much esteemed in  Java, Sumatra,  &c, for
 preventing the  effects  that usually follow the
 bite of the  naja,  a  venomous serpent; with
 which view it is eaten by the natives.  It is,
 also, a reputed anthelmintic.
  OPHIOX'YLUM, from „*«,  'a serpent,' and
 tvX"v, ' wood.'  Ophioxylum Serpenti'num, Aca-
 we'ria, Lignum serpen'tum, has been recom-
 mended in the bites of serpents, and in inter-
mittents.  It is said to be very bitter.
  OPHIS, Serpent. 
                 OPHITES                61

   OPHI'TES, from optc,' a serpent.' Serpenti'-
 nus, Serpen'tine  ox  Black Por'phyry.   This
 rock was formerly worn as an amulet, to cure
 diseases of the head.
   OPHROSTAPHYLON,  Bryonia alba.
   OPHRYS, Supercilium.
   OPHTHALMALGIA, from ooJax^or,' the
 eye,' and xXyoe, 'pain.'  Pain in the eye.
   OPHTHALMEMPASMA,  Collyrium sic-
 cum.
   OPHTHAL'MIA,  Ophthalmitis,  from 09-
 9n-t.in.og, ' the eye.'  Oculo'rum  inflamma'tio,
 Cauma ophthalmi'tis, Ophthalmopo'nia, Infiam-
 ma'tion of the Eye, Ophthalmy, (F.) Ophthal-
 mie, Ophthalmite, Inflammation de Vail, Ca-
 tarrhe oculaire.   Three great varieties of oph-
 thalmia, independently of the acute and chronic
 (which conditions occur in all  inflammations,)
 may be reckoned:—the Ophthalmia membrana-
 rum, O. purulenta, and O. tarsi.   The first is
 characterized by the general symptoms of oph-
 thalmia;—pain and redness of the eye or its ap-
 pendages: with intolerance of light, and unusual
 flow of tears; the inflammation being seated
 chiefly in the coats of the  eyeball.  It is the
 Hymenophthal'mia, Ophthalmia tarax'is, Con-
 junctivitis,  Inflamma'tio conjunctiva,  Sym-
 phymeni'tis,  Syndesmi'tis, Catarr'hal  ophthal-
 mia, Ophthalmo-covjuncti'vitis,  O.  hu'mida,
 0. vera, Epiph'ora (Galen), Conjunctival Oph-
 thal'mia, Tarax'is (Paulus of ^Egina), Chemo'-
 sis  (Aetius,) O. Chemosis, Lach'rymose  Oph-
 thalmia, (F.) Conjonctivite, Inflammation de
 la conjonctive.  In  tne second,—Ophthalmia
 purulen'ta, O. puriform'is, Blennophthalmia,
 Bleph'aroblennorrha'a, Ophthalmoblennorrhaa,
 Blennorrhaa oc'uli—the internal surface of the
 palpebrae associates in the inflammation of the
 eye-ball; and there is a copious secretion of a
 purulent fluid.  An epidemic and contagious(?)
 variety of this is  the  JEgyptian Ophthalmia,
 Ophthalmia epidem'ica, O. purulen'ta  epidem'-
 ica, O.  contagio'sa, O. Catarrha'lis  bel'lica,
 Lamophthal'mia,  O.  bel'lica,  O.  Asiat'ica,
 Blennorrha'a Oculi JEgyptiaca, Conjunctivi-
 tis puro-muco'sa  contagio'sa  vel  JEgyptiaca,
 Blepharo'tisglandula'ri", contagio'sa, Adeni'tis
 palpebrarum  contagiosa, O. purulenta conta-
 gio'sa, Con junctivi'tis puro-muco'sa contagio'-
 sa, Suppurative Ophthalmia, Epidemic conta-
 gious ophthal'mia—called  Egyptian, from its
 prevalence in Egypt during the British Expedi-
 tion under Sir Ralph  Abercromby.   The in-
 flammation is rapid  and destructive; granu-
 lations shoot from  the  tunica conjunctiva, and
 occasionally  there  is  intolerable  pain,  often
 succeeded by delirium.  In new-born children,
 a  species of purulent ophthalmia, O. purulen'-
 ta infan'tum, O. Neonato'rum, Blepharophthal-
 inia  neonato'rum,  Lippitu'do  neonato'rum,
 Blennorrha'a  Oc'uli neonato'rum,  (F.)  Oph-
 thalmie puriforme  des nouveau-nis, in which
 the palpebrae are florid and peculiarly tumid, is
 by no  means uncommon.  It seems to be
 caused  by acrid  discharges  from  the mother,
 applied to the eye of the infant during its exit;
 or to the stimulus of the light, when the child
 first opens its eyes.  A severe form of purulent
 ophthalmia—Hyperconjonctivite  (Piorry)—is
 produced by the application of gonorrhceal mat-
 ter to  the eye.  It is the  Ophthalmia gonor-
 rho'ica, Blennorrha'a oculi gonorrho'ica,  Con-
junctivi'tis blennorrha!gica, C. gonorrho'ica, \
)3             OPHTHALMIC

 Gonorrha'al  Ophthal'mia,  (F.)   Ophthalmie
 blennorrhagique,   Conjonctivite   blennorrha-
 gique.
   Ophthalmia is likewise modified by the con-
 dition of the constitution, and hence we have
 strumous, variolous, and other inflammations
 of the conjunctiva.
   The third variety—the Ophthalmia  Tarsi,
 O. glutino'sa, Blephar ophthal'mia, Blepharotis,
 Blepharoti'tis, Blepharitis, Blephar adeni'tis,
 Psorophthal'mia, Oculi palpebrarum  scabies
 prurigino'sa,Adenophthalmia—is seated chiefly
 in the tarsus; the sebaceous crypts secreting a
 viscid and acrid fluid, that glues and ulcerates
 its edges, and irritates the eye.
   Ophthalmia Membranarum, when slight, re-
 quires little treatment: the antiphlogistic regi-
 men—and,  particularly, avoiding  exposure to
 light,—being all that is necessary.   When more
 severe, along with this, general and local blood-
 letting, especially by leeches to the side of the
 septum narium,  must  be employed so as to
 make a  decided  impression  on  the system;
 with nauseating doses of antimony, purgatives,
 blisters (at some  distance from the organ), re-
 frigerants; and astringents, cold or warm, ac-
 cording to circumstances, to the eye. In Puru-
 lent Ophthalmy, these measures must be still
 more actively employed, otherwise disorganiza-
 tion  will speedily follow.—the granulations,
 which form on the adnata of the eyelids, may
 be removed with the scissors, and the sore be
 touched with a solution of alum.  Ophthalmia
 Tarsi must  be treated on  general principles
 when severe.  It usually, however, requires
 merely the antiphlogistic regimen, with the oc-
 casional use, especially at night, of a  slightly
 stimulating ointment;  such as  the unguentum
 hydrargyri nitrico-oxydi, considerably reduced
 with lard.  The ointment prevents the eyelids
 from being glued together during the night, and
 thus obyiates the irritation caused by attempts
 at separating them.
   Ophthalmia, ^Egyptian, see Ophthalmia—
 0. Asiatica,  see  Ophthalmia—o.  Bellica,  see
 Ophthalmia—o. Biliosa, Ophthalmocholosis—o.
 Catarrhal, see Ophthalmia—o. Catarrhalis bel-
 lica, see Ophthalmia—o. Chronica,  Lippitudo—
 0. Conjunctival, see Ophthalmia—o. Contagiosa,
 see Ophthalmia—o. Epidemica, see Ophthalmia
 —o. Glutinosa, see Ophthalmia—o. Gonorrhoica,
 see Ophthalmia—o.  Gonorrhceal, see Ophthal-
 mia—o. Humida,  see Ophthalmia—o. Lachry-
 mose, see Ophthalmia—o. Membranarum, see
 Ophthalmia—o. Neonatorum, see  Ophthalmia
 —o. Phlyctenular, 0. strumous—o. Puriformis,
 see Ophthalmia—0. Purulenta, see Ophthalmia
 —o. Purulenta contagiosa, see Ophthalmia—o.
 Purulenta epidemica, s^e Ophthalmia—o. Puru-
 lenta infantum, see Ophthalmia—o. Rheumatic,
 Sclerotitis—o. Sicca, Xerophthalmia—o. Sup-
 purative, see Ophthalmia—0. Taraxis, see Oph-
 thalmia—o. Tarsi, see Ophthalmia—o Ulcerosa,
 Helcophthalmia—o.  Varicose, Cirsophthalmia
 —o. Vera, see Ophthalmia.
   OPHTHALMIATER, Oculist.
   OVWTWA\Ni\AT\\\'A,Ophthalmiatrotech'-
 nica, Ophthalmolherapi'a; from o(t?aXu°g, 'the
 eye,' and taxqog, ' a physician.'   The art of the
 oculist.  Treatment of diseases of the eye.
   OPHTH ALMIATROTECHNIC A, Ophtha1-
 miatria.
   OPHTHAL'MIC, Ophthalmicus,txomo% 9x1- 
OPHTHALMICA            604         OPHTHALMOSTATUM
pos, ' the eye.5   That which relates or belongs
to the eye.
  Ophthalmic  Artery,  A. orbitaire,  (Ch.)
arises from the internal carotid, and issues from
the cranium by the foramen opticum.  At first,
it is situate at the outer and lower  side  of the
optic nerve, but ascends above this nerve, and
passes towards the inner angle of the orbit.  It
furnishes, in its course, the lachrymal, centralis
retinse,infra-orbitars ,ciliaries,anterior ciliaries,
inferior and  superior musculars, anterior and
posterior ethmoidals, and superior and inferior
palpebrals.  After having given off these, it di-
vides into two branches—the frontal and nasal,
which furnish a number of ramifications,—some
superficial, others deep-seated.
  Ophthal'mic Gang'lion, Lentic'ular G.,CiV-
iary ganglion, G. orbitaire, (Ch.) is one of the
smallest ganglions of the body.   It is situate
at the  outer side of the  optic nerve near the
bottom of the orbit; is irregularly quadrilateral
and flat: its  colour  being  of a  reddish gray.
Behind, it communicates by its posterior  angles
—by  means of  nervous  filaments—with the
nasal  nerve of the ophthalmic and the  motor
oculi.  Each of  its anterior angles  furnishes a
fasciculus  of  small  nerves.  These are the
ciliary nerves.
  Ophthalmic  Nerve, Ophthalmic Nerve of
Willis, Or'bito frontal, (Ch.) is the smallest and
first of the three branches given  off by the 5th
pair.  It proceeds  along the external paries of
the cavernous sinus, and  enters  the orbit  by
the sphenoidal  fissure. It  divides into three
branches: one, external—the lachrymal nerve;
another, superior—frontal nerve, and the last,
internal—the  nasal  nerve.  See Lachrymal,
Frontal, Nasal.
  Ophthalmic or Optic Remedy, Ophthal'mi-
cum seu Op'ticum, (F.) Topique  ophthalmique,
is a medicine employed in ophthalmia.
  Ophthalmic Sinus, see Cavernous Sinus.
  Ophthalmic  Vein  has  the same arrange-
ment as the artery, which it accompanies in all
its divisions.   It issues from the orbit  at  the
inner part  of  the  sphenoidal fissure, and dis-
charges its blood into the cavernous sinus.
  The name Facial Ophthalmic has been given
t© the branch by which the facial vein commu-
nicates with the ophthalmic.
  OPHTHALMICA, Euphrasia officinalis.
  OPHTHALMICI  EXTERNI, Motores ocu-
lorum.
  OPHTHALMICFM, Ophthalmic remedy.
  OPHTHALMIDIUM, Microphthalmus.
  OPHTHALMIE PURIFORME DES
NOUVEAU-NE'S, see Ophthalmia—o. Blen-
norrhagique, see Ophthalmia.
   OPHTHALM1TE, Ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMITIS, Ophthalmia.   This term
is occasionally restricted to inflammation of the
globe of the eye, in which, both the external
and internal structures are involved.
   OPHTHALMIUM, Microphthalmus.
  OPHTHALMO-BLENNORRHCEA, Oph-
thalmia (purulent.)
  OPHTHALMO-CARCINO'MA,  from  oip-
SaXuog,  'the  eye,'  and  xaox/vcu^a, 'cancer.'
Cancer of the eye.
  OPHTHALMOCELE, Exophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMOCHOLO'SIS, from ocp9a?.u„c,
'the eye,'  and %o\r], 'bile;' Ophthal'mia bi-
lio'sa.  Ophthalmia  from biliary excitement.
  OPHTHALMOCHROITES,  see  Choroidea
tunica.
  OP HT HALMO-CONJUNCTIVITIS, see
Ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMODULI'A,  from  o<p9axtA<>g,
' the eye,' and douXtia,  ' servitude.'   Eye-
service.  The title of a book by Bartisch on
diseases of the eye.
  OPHTHALMODYNIA,  from »*9*\iuU
' the eye,' and Jwr\, ' pain,' especially rheu-
matic pain of the eye. Plenck has  given this
name to neuralgia of the frontal nerve, in which
the pain irradiates particularly towards the bot-
tom of the orbit.   See Neuralgia, Frontal.
  Ophthalmodynia  Periodica, Neuralgia, fa-
cial.
  OPHTHALMCEDE'MA;   from  o^etx^g,
' the eye,' and otdr^ia,' oedema.' CEdema of the
conjunctiva.
  OPHTHALMOGRAPHY,  from  o<p9*Xf*oe,
' the eye,'  and yqayii,  ' a description.'  The
part of anatomy which gives a description of
the eye.  An anatomical description of the eye.
  OVRTHAEMO'L'OGY,Ophthalmolog"ia,(F.)
Oculistique, from op9aXft.oc, ' the eye,' and Xoyoc,
'a  discourse.'  The  part of anatomy  which
treats of the  eye.   An anatomical treatise on
the eye.  A description of the eye in health and
disease.
  OPHTHALMOM'ETER,  from  o<p9al/uog,
' the eye,' and ^etoov, ' measure.'  An instru-
ment of the nature of eompasses, invented by
F. Petit, for measuring the capacity of the an-
terior and posterior chambers of the eye in ana-
tomical experiments.
  OPHTHALMOMYITIS, Ophthalmomyosi'-
tis; from oyS-aX/toc, 'the eye,' ^ivc. 'a muscle,'
and itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflammation
of the muscles of the eye.
  OPHTHALMOPHLEBOTOM'IA, from *-
9a\poc, 'the  eye;' <?Xt\p, 'a vein,' and to^i/,
' incision.'  Bleeding from the vessels  of the
conjunctiva.
  OPHTHALMOPHTHAR'SIS, Ophthal-
mophthisis ;  from o^aX^g,  ' the  eye,' and
<p6ao<ric, < corruption.'  Destruction of the eye-
ball.
  O P H T H AL M 0 P HTHISIS, Ophthalmo-
phtharsis.
  OPHTHALMOPLE'GIA,  from  0*9aXuot,
' the eye,' and TrX.ijnaw, ' I strike.'  Paralysis
of one or more of the muscles of the eye.
  OPHTHALMOPONIA, Ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMOPTO'SIS, from o99aXuoe,' an
eye,' and nraxrig,  'a prolapse.'  A word em-
ployed by some authbrs in the sense of  exoph-
thalmia, by olhers, in that of hydrophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMORRHAG'JA, from oqdaluot,
'the eye,' and qijywut, 'I break forth.'  He-
morrhage from the  tunica conjunctiva.  It is
rare.
  OPHTHALMOS,  Eye.
  OPHTHALMOSCOP'IA, Ophthalmoscopy,
from o?&a\ff>c, ' the eye,' and oko-tiw, 'I regard
attentively.'   The art of  judging of the tem-
perament, &c. of  a person  by examining his
eyes.  The art of  judging of health or  disease
by inspection of the  eyes.  Exploration of the
eyes in order to a diagnosis.
  OPHTHALMOSTA'TUM,   (F.)  Ophthal-
mostat, from  ctp9a\uoc, 'the eye,' and  oxno-it,
'station;' Spec'ulum Oc'uli,   An instrument
for fixing the eye. 
OPHTHALMOTHERAPIA
  OPHTHALMOTHERAPIA,   Ophthalmia-
 tria.
  OPHTHALMOT' OMY,  Ophthalmotomy,
 from oipSrxXtioc, 'the eye,' and ti/*vu), 'I cut.'
 The part of anatomy which treats of the dissec-
 tion of the eye.   It has, also, been applied to
 extirpation of the eye.
  OPHTHALMOXEROSIS, Xerophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMOX'YSIS, from e<ptfaV»f, 'the
 eye/ and £uco,' I scrape.'  A name given to the
 scarification sotnetimes practised on the con-
 junctiva, in cases of ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMOXYS'TRUM,Cy^«/OTO;zF'-
 ter, Ophthalmoxyste'rium, Xy strum ophthal'mi-
 cum.   An instrument  for scraping  the eye.
 Name given to a small brush, with barbs like an
 ear of barley or  rye, intended to scarify the
 eyelids in certain cases of ophthalmia.
  OPHTHALMUS, Eye.
  O P H T H ALMYMENI'TIS, Ophthalmohy-
 meni'tis, from ocp6a\/xtc, 'eye,' 'upnv, 'mem-
 brane,' and itis,  denoting inflammation.  In-
 flammation of one or  more membranes  of the
 eye.
  OPIACUM, Opiatum.
  OPIANE, Narcotine.
  OPIANUM, Narcotine.
  OPIAT, Opiate—o. Dentifrice, Dentifrice.
  OPIATE, Opia'tum,  Opia'cum,  (F.) Opiat,
 from umov, en-og, 'juice,' ' opium.'   A medicine
 containing opium.  A medicine that  procures
 sleep.  An electuary.  Formerly, an electuary,
 which contained opium.   In this sense, the Co-
 dex of Paris retains it.
  OPIATUM FEBRIF'UGUM,  Electua'rium
 de Kind Kind,; Elec'tuary of Cincho'na. (Pulv.
 cinch, gxviij, ammon. muriat. gj,mellis, syrup.
 absinth, aa ^ij.  Make into an electuary. Ph.
 P.)  Given, when cinchona is indicated.
  Opiatum Mesenter'icum,  Electua'rium  de
 A'loS, Muria'te Hydrar'gyri et Ferro.  (Gum.
 ammon. t^ss, sennae^V], hydrargyri submuriat.,
 rad. ari. aloes socotriu. aa gij, pulv. scammon.
 comp. (vulg. de tribus,) rhej. rad. aa ^ii], ferri
 limatur. porphyrisat. §ss.  Bruise and mix to-
 gether, add of compound syrup of apples double
 the weight of the  other matters, and make into
 an electuary.  Ph. P.)   Dose, gss to gij, in
 obstructions of the liver, mesentery, &c.
  OPION, Opium.
  OPISMA, Succus.
  OPIS'THENAR, Dorsum manus, from 07rto-
 6s,' backwards,' and Htvag,' the flat of the hand.'
 The back  of the hand.
  OPISTHOCEPHALON, Occiput.
  OPISTHOCRANIUM, Occiput.
  OPISTHOCYPHOSIS, Cyphoma.
  OPISTHOLOB'IUM,  Opisthot'ium,  from
orrioQt, 'behind,'and xo^ov, ' the lobe of the ear.'
 Any agent applied behind the ear.
  OPISTHOTIUM, Opistholobium.
  OPISTHOTONOS, Raptus posterga'neus,
 Tet'anus  dorsa'lis, T. posticus,  T. posterga'-
ne.us, from omo-9t, 'backwards,'  and iitvoi,  'I
stretch.'   A species of  tetanus, in which the
body is bent backwards.
  OPIUM, see Papaver—o. Colatum, Extrac-
tum opii—o. Depuratum, Extractum opii.
  OPOBALSAMUM, see  Amyris opobalsa-
mum.
  OPOCARPASON, Carpasium (juice.)
  OPODELDOC, Opodeldoch.
  OPODEL'DOCH,  Opodel'toch,  Opodeldoc.
                OPPRESSION

 An unmeaning term, frequently used by Para-
 celsus.   Formerly, it signified a plaster for all
 external injuries; now, it is applied to the Lini-
 mentum Saponis Compositum.
   Opodeldoch, Steer's.  A liniment, called
 after Hhe inventor.  There are many formulae
 for  its  preparation.  The  following  is one.
 Sap. alb. Ibj, camphor §ij,  ol. rorismarini f.
 giv, spiritus vini  rectificati Oij.  See Lini-
 mentum Saponis Compositum.
   OPODYMUS, Diprosopus.
   OPOPIOS, Optic.
   OPOPONACUM, Pastinaca opoponax.
   OPOPONAX, see Pastinaca opoponax.
   OPOPONAXWORT, Pastinaca opoponax.
   OPO'RICE, from onoiga,  ' autumnal fruits.'
 A  medicine,  composed  of  several  autumnal
 fruits, particularly of quinces, pomegranates,
 &c. and wine.   It was formerly  administered
 in dysentery, diseases of the stomach, &c.
   OPOS, Succus expressus—o. Silphion, Laser-
 pitium.
   OPPIDULUM, Vulva.
   OPPILATIO,  Emphraxis—o.  Telae Cellu-
 losae, Induration of the cellular tissue.
   OPPILATIVUS, Obstruens.
   OPPO'NENS, (F.)  Opposant, ob, and ponere,
 ' to place.'   That which  faces or  is put in op-
 position  to something.  The name has been
 given to two muscles of the hand.
   Opponens Min'imi Dig"iti, Carpo-mitacar-
pien du petit doigt, (Ch.) Mitacarpien du petit
doigt,  (F.)  Opposant du petit  doigt. This
muscle has the same shape and  arrangement
as  the  preceding, but  is of less size. It is
 situate in the hypothenar eminence.  Its fibres
 are inserted into the anterior annular ligament
 of  the  carpus,  and terminate  on the whole
 length of the  inner edge of the 5th metacarpal
 bone.  This muscle carries the 5th metacarpal
 bone forwards and outwards, and thus  aug-
 ments the concavity of the palm of the hand.
   OrPONENS Pol'licis, Flexor ossis metacar'pi
pollicis, Opponens pollicis manus,  Flexor primi
 interno'dii  (Douglass,) Antith'enar sive semi-
 interosseus  pollicis,  (F.) Carpo-mitacarpien
 du pouce (Ch.,) Mitacarpien du pouce, Oppo-
 sant du Pouce.  A small, flat, triangular mus-
 cle, situate in the substance of the thenar emi-
 nence.  It  is attached, on the one hand, to the
 anterior  annular ligament of the carpus and to
 the trapezium; and, on the other,  to the whole
 of  the outer margin  of the first metacarpal
 bone.  This muscle impresses on the first bone
 of  the metacarpus a  movement  of rotation,
 which opposes the thumb to the other fingers.
   OPPOSANT, Opponens—o. du Petit doigt,
 Opponens minimi  digiti—o.  du Pouce, Oppo-
 nens pollicis.
   OPPRESSIO,  Catalepsy,  Oppression—o.
 Nocturna, Incubus.
   OPPRESSION,  Oppres'sio,  Thlipsis, Cata-
thlips'is, from opprimere, (ob,  and premere,^re.s-
sum,) ' to press against.'  A  state, in which the
patient experiences a sensation of weight  in
the part affected.  When employed abstractedly,
it means, particularly, Oppression of the chest—
 Oppressio Pec'toris, (F.) O.  de Poitrine.
   Oppression,  Oppres'sio vir'ium,  (F.) Op-
pression  des forces, is, also,  used for that con-
dition, at the commencement of fevers, &c, in
which the system is oppressed rather than de-
bilitated, and where the vascular  action rises, 
OPS
606         ORBICULUS CILIARIS
as the obstruction to free circulation is relieved
by bleeding, purging, &c.
   OPS, Eye.
   OPSEONUSI, Opsionusi.
   OPSIALGIA, Neuralgia, facial.
   OPSIONU'SI, Opseonu'si, from irnpte,' vision,'
and lwoog,' a disease;' Morbi visus.  Diseases
of vision.
   OPSIOTOC'IA, from 0i/.'t, ' too late,' and ro-
xos,  'birth;'  Partus  sero'tinus.   Parturition
after the usual period.   See Pregnancy.
   OPSIS, Pupil, Vision.
   OPSOMA'NIAC,  Opsom'anes,  (F.)   Opso-
mane, from  0if>°v,  'aliment,'  and /uxvia.  One
who loves some particular aliment to  madness.
   OPTESIS, Assatio.
   OPTIC,  Opticus, Opo'pios,  from  "Tiro^/at,
'I see.'  That which relates to vision.
   Optic Commissure, see Chiasmus.
   Optic Foramen,  Fora'men  bp'ticum,  (F.)
Trou optique.   A round opening in the sphenoid
bone, near the base of its lesser ala, through
which the optic nerve passes.
   Optic Ganglia, Quadrigemina tubercula.
   Optic Groove.   A transverse groove on the
superior surface of the sphenoid bone,  on which
the commissure of the optic nerves rests, and
which is continuous on each side with  the optic
foramen.
   Optic Lobes, Quadrigemina tubercula.
   Optic Nerve,  Nervus op'ticus, Par secun'-
dum seu op'ticum seu viso'rium, Nerve  of the
Id pair, Nervus visivus seu  viso'rius, Ocidar
nerve of Chaussier.  The optic nerves are re-
markable for  their  size;  for their running  a
longer course within than without, the  cranium;
and for their furnishing no branch from their
origin to their termination.  They do  not seem
to arise, as  was long supposed, from  the optic
thalami, but from the tubercula  quadrigemina.
Immediately after their origin the optic  tracts,
proceed forwards; are, at first, broad and flat;
but afterwards become narrower and  round.
In front of the  fossa pituitaria, they  unite and
decussate, each nerve  proceeding through the
optic foramen  with the  ophthalmic artery.
The nerve passes to the back part of  the globe
of the eye, becomes  narrower, and  enters that
organ to give rise to  the nervous expansion
called the retina.  Besides its neurilemma, the
optic nerve  is surrounded by a sheath,  furnished
by the dura mater.   This accompanies it as far
as the eye.
   The optic nerve is the nerve of special sen-
sibility of the eye.
   Optic Remedy, see Ophthalmic remedy.
   Optic Thalami,  Thalami  nervorum opti-
corum—o. Tracts, see  Optic nerve.
   OP TICO-TR O CHLltl-SCLliR O TICIEN,
Oblique superior of the eye.
   OPTIC UM, Ophthalmic remedy.
   OPTILOS, Eye.
   OPUNTIA, Cactus opuntia.
   OR, Gold—o. Cyanure d', see Gold—o. Hy-
drochlorate d', see Gold—o. lodure d', see Gold
—o.  Nitromuriate d',  see  Gold—o.  Oxide d',
see Gold—o: et de  Sodium, chlorure d', see
Gold—o. et de Sonde, Hydrochlorate d', see Gold
—o.  et de Sonde, Muriate d.' see Gold.
   ORA SERRATA, see Ciliary (Body.)
  ORACH, STINKING, Chenopodium  vulva-
ria.
  ORANGE,  FLOWERS OF  THE, see Ci-
trus aurantium—o. Root, Hydrastis Canadensis
—o. Tree, Citrus aurantium.             $
  ORANGEADE.  A drink, made with orange
juice diluted with water.   It is antiphlogistic,
and often recommended in acute diseases.
  ORANGES, see  Citrus  aurantium—o.  Cu-
rassoa, Aurantia curassaventia.
  ORBES CARTILAGINOS1  TRACHEA,
see Trachea.
  ORBICULAIRE DES LEVRES,  Orbicu-
laris oris—o. des Paupieres, Orbicularis palpe-
brarum.
  ORBICULAR, Orbicularis, from orbis, 'a
circle.'   Spherical, circular.
  Orbicular  Bone, Os orbicula're, seu  lenticu-
la're seu Sylvii seu orbicula're Syl'vii, GloV-
ulus stap'edis ossis, Epiph'ysis cruris lono-io'ris
in'cudis, Ossic'uium orbicula're seu squamo'sum
seu cochleare seu quartum, is the smallest of the
four bones of the ear.  It is scarcely percepti-
ble, round, convex on two surfaces, and situate
between the long ramus of the incus  and the
head of the stapes.
  Orbicular  Muscles are muscles with cir-
cular  fibres  surrounding some natural opening
of the body.  1. Orbicularis Oris, Sphincter
Labio'rum, Semi vel Demi-orbicula'ris, Supra-
semi-orbicula'ris, Constric'tor Oris, Labia'lis,
Osculato'rius, Basia'tor, (F.) Labial,  Orbicu-
laire des levres.  A muscle situate in the sub-
stance of the lips, and extending from one com-
missure to the other.   It is formed of two very
distinct portions, of a semi-oval shape;  one be-
longing to the upper lip, the other to the lower.
Their extremities cross at the  commissures, and
are confounded with the other muscles of the
parts.  The use of this fleshy muscle is to bring
the lips together, and  to close the  aperture of
the mouth, by making it represent a  sort of
Bourrelet with radiated wrinkles.   It is an an-
tagonist to every other muscle of the lips.  2.
Orbicularis  Palpebra'rum, Orbicularis oc'uli,
Orbiculaiis  palpebra'rum  cilia'ris, Palpebra-
rum duo  mus'culi, Maxil'lo-palpibral, Palpe-
bra'lis,  Constrict'or palpebra1rum,  Sphincter
Palpebrarum  seu Oculi, (F.) Naso-palpebral
(Ch.), Palpibral, Orbiculaire des pnupieres.  A
muscle common to both the eyelids, and seated
in their  substance.  It is  broad,  thin, trans-
versely oval, and cleft  in its great diameter.  It
is attached to  the nasal process of the superior
maxillary bone; to the internal angular process
of the frontal bone, and to  the  orbitar  process
of the superior maxillary  bone.   From these
origins the muscle passes outwards, under the
skin of the  eyelids, surrounding the orbit in a
circular  manner, extending somewhat beyond
it, and covering the upper part of the cheek.  It
is inserted into the skin of the eyelids, its upper
and inner edge being intimately connected with
the frontal and corrugator muscles.  Its use is
to close the  eye, by bringing  the  eyelids toge-
ther.  The part of the  orbicularis which covers
the cartilages  of the eyelids, and which is  re-
markably thin, is  the Musculus  Ciliaris of
some authors.
  ORBICULARIS OCULI, Orbicularis palpe-
brarum, see Orbicular muscles—o. Oris, see Or-
bicular muscles—o. Palpebrarum, see Orbicular
muscles—o. Palpebrarum ciliaris, see Orbicular
muscles—o. Recti, Sphincter ani externus.
  ORBICULUS CILIARIS, Ciliary ligament,
Ciliary zone. 
ORBIS GENU
607
ORGANIC
  ORBIS  GENU, Patella.
  ORBIT, O/bita, O. oc'uli, Troch'ia,  Con-
chus seu  Cav'itas seu Fo'vea seu  Pelvic'ulq
oc'uli,  from orbis, 'a  circle.'   The  circular
cavities are so called which lodge the organs of
sight.  The orbits or orbitar fossa or cavities,
conchi, reoyyoi, are situate at the  upper  part of
the face, and are composed of seven bones, viz:
—the frontal, above ; the palate and superior
maxillary, below : the sphenoid and matar, ex-
ternally, and the ethmoid and lachrymal, inter-
nally.   The orbit is filled by the globe of the
eye, with its different accessary parts—muscles,
nerves,  vessels, the lachrymal gland, &c.  Its
margin is  termed margo orbita'lis.
  ORBIT A, Orbit—o. Oculi, Orbit.
  ORBITAL FISSURE, INFERIOR, Sphe-
noidal fissure—o. Fissure, superior, Maxillary
fissure.
  OR'BITAR, Orbita'rius, Orbita'lis, Or'bital;
same etymon.  Relating  or belonging to the
orbit.
  Orbitar Apoph'yses or Proc''esses termi-
nate the two extremities of the orbitar  arch.
The external is much more prominent, and is
articulated with the  cheek bone; the internal
is thinner, and joins the os unguis.
  Orbitar Arch, (F.) Arcade orbitaire, is the
projecting, round margin, which separates the
frontal and orbitar surfaces of the os frontis, and
forms a part of the circumference of the orbit.
  Or'bitar Fissures, (F.) Fentes orbitaires.
These are situate in the orbit.   They are two
in number: one superior, the Sphenoidal; the
other inferior, the Spheno-maxillary.
  Orbitar Foram'ina.  Of these there are seve-
ral:—1. The  Foramen, orbitarium supe'rius,
(F.) Trou orbitaire supirieur, which is situate
at the junction of the inner third of the  orbi-
tar arch with its two  outer thirds, and  gives
passage to the frontal nerve.  2. The Foram'-
ina orbita'ria interio'ra vel inter'na, Foram'ina
Ethmoidea.  These  are-situate at the upper
part of the  internal  paries of  the orbit, are
formed  by the union of two notches of the os
frontis with two  similar ones of the ethmoid;
and are distinguished into anterior and posterior.
The former gives passage to the  ethmoidal fila-
ment of the nasal nerve and to a small  artery.
  Orbitar  Nerve, Nervus orbita'lis seu orbi-
ta'rius, is a branch given off from the superior
maxillary.  It enters the orbit by the  spheno-
maxillary fissure, and divides into two filaments;
the one—malar—which passes over the  cheek
bone, is distributed to the orbicularis palpebra-
rum, and  anastomoses with  the facial nerve;
the other—temporal—which passes to the tem-
poral fossae, and anastomoses with the  inferior
maxillary and facial, to become afterwards sub-
cutaneous.
   ORBITO-EXTUS-SCLER O TICIEN, Rec-
tus externus oculi—o. Intus-Scliroticien, Rec-
tus internus  oculi—o.  Maxillo-labial,  Levator
labii superioris proprius—o. Palpibral,Levatox
palpebrae  superioris—o. Sus-palpibrol, Levator
palpebrae superioris.
   ORCANETTE, Anchusa officinalis.
   ORCHALGIA, Orchidalgia.
   ORCHAS,  Scrotum.
   ORCHEI'TIS, Oschitis, Oschei'tis,  Inflam-
ma'tio  scroti, from oqxac, 'the  scrotum,' and
itis, denoting inflammation. Inflammation of
the scrotum.
  Orcheitis, Hernia humoralis.
  ORCHEOCATABASIS, Orchidocatabasis.
  ORCHEOCELE, Orchiocele.
  ORCHEOTOMY, Castration.
  ORCHESTROMANIA, Chorea.
  ORCHIDAL'GIA, Orchal'gia, Orchidodyn'-
ia, fxom oqXig,'a testicle,' and ahyog,  'pain.'
Pain of the testicle.
  ORCHIDITIS, Hernia humoralis.
  ORCHIDOCATAB'ASIS, Orcheocatab'asis,
Descen'sus testiculo'rum, from oqyn, 'the testis,'
and x*.ra.^ccot;, 'descent.'  The descent of the
testes into the scrotum.
  ORCHIDOCELE, Hernia humoralis.
  ORCHIDODYNIA, Orchidalgia.
  ORCHIDONCUS, Hernia humoralis.
  ORCHIDOTOMY, Castration.
  ORCHILL, Lichen roccella.
  ORCHIOCE'LE,  Orcheoce'le,  from  cgxtc,
' the testicle,' and xriXrj, ' a rupture.'  A tumour
of the testicle.  Scrotal hernia.  Hernia humo-
ralis.  A name given to several diseases of
the testicle and its envelopes, essentially dif-
fering from each other.
  Orchioce'le  Scirrho'sa,  Scirrhoce'le.  A
malignant tumour of the testis.
  ORCHIS, Testicle—o. Butterfly, Orchis bi-
folia.
  Orchis Mas'cula, Satyr'ion, Male Orchis,
 Testic'ulus cani'nus, Cynosor'chis, Dogs' stones,
Male Fools' stones, Twinroot.   This root has
had a place in some pharmacopoeias, on account
of the  glutinous, slimy juice it contains.  The
root of the Orchis bifolia or  Butterfly orchis,
has likewise been collected.   It has been used
as a demulcent.  Its fancied aphrodisiac virtues
seem to be owing to its resemblance to oq%ig,
'a testicle,' whence its name.
  Salep is obtained from this variety of the or-
chis;—and from the Orchis morio,h.e. See Salep.
  ORCHITE, Hernia humoralis.
  ORCHITIS, Hernia humoralis.
  ORCHOI, see Tarsus.
  ORCHOTOMIA, Castration. Also, removal
of the tarsi.
  ORDEOLUM, Hordeolum.
  ORDEUM, Hordeum.
  ORDINA1RES, Menses.
  ORDONNANCE, Formula. Prescription.
  OREILLE  D'HOMME,  Asarum—o.  de
 Souris, Hieracium pilosella.
  OREILLETTE, Asarum,  Auricle of the
heart.
  OREILLONS,Parotis, Cynanche parotidaea.
  ORELIA GLANDIFLORA, Allamanda.
  OREOSELINUM, Athamanta  aureoselinum
 —o. Africanum, Bubon  galbanum.
  OREXIS,  Appetite,  Pyrosis—o.  Cynodes,
 Boulimia.
  ORGAN, Or'ganum, Or'ganon.  ' An instru-
 ment.'  Part of an organized being, destined to
 exercise some particular function. Thus—the
 eyes are organs of  sight;  the  muscles are or-
 gans of motion, &c. The collection of organs,
 which concur in  any function, is called appa-

  ORGANA GENERATION! INSERVIEN-
 TES, Genital organs—o. Sudoripara, see Per-
 spiration.
   ORGANES GANITAUX, Genital organs.
   ORGAN'IC, Organ'icus.  Relating to an or-
 gan or organs,and to beings possessed of organs.
 Hence, organic functions are those possessed 
ORGANISATIO
by both animals and vegetables.  It is also
used synonymously with vital, in contradistinc-
tion to physical.
   Organic Chemistry, see Chymistry.
   Organic Diseases or Lesions are such as
concern the organ itself, in contradistinction to
functional, which merely concern the function.
Of course, organic diseases of a part are always
more serious  than functional.
   ORGANISATIO, Organization.
   ORGANISATUS, Organized.
   OR'GANISM.  Same etymon.  The  living
economy.  Many physiologists have  used this
word synonymously  with organization;  but
more especially to designate  the aggregate of
vital actions  in organized beings, animals as
well  as vegetables.   The collection of parts
composing  an organized body, and  the  laws
which govern it.
   ORGANIZATION, Organisa'tio,  from og-
yavov, 'an  organ.'   The  manner of  structure
proper to different beings.  It is also employed
in the sense of the structure of a part; as, the
organization  of the heart, &c.
   Organization, Compounds of, Principles,
immediate.
   OR'GANIZED, Or'ganis instruc'tus,  Orga-
nisa'tus.  That which is composed of organs.
   Organized Bodies, (F.) Corps organisis,
are those endowed with  life;  i. e. animals and
vegetables: in opposition to inorganic bodies,
which term comprises the mineral kingdom.—
See Corpus.
'  ORGANOCHEMIA, Chymistry, organic.
   ORGANOG"ENY, Organogen'ia; from ogya-
vov, 'an organ,' and yivtoic, 'generation.'   The
doctrine of the formation of different organs.
   ORGANOGNO'SIA, from oey*vov, 'organ,'
and -yvma-K, 'knowledge.'  The knowledge and
discrimination of organized bodies.
   ORGANOG'RAPHY,  Organography, from
ogyavov, 'an organ,' and yqatprj, 'a description.'
A description of the organs of a living body.
   ORGANOLOGY, Anatomy, Craniology.
   ORGANON  OLFACTUS, Nasus.
   ORGANONOMTA, from Oqyavov,' an organ,'
and vofAog, 'a law.'  The doctrine of the laws
of organic life.
   ORGANOZOONOMIA, Zoonomia.
   ORGANUM, Instrument.
   ORGASM, Orgas'mus, Orgo'sis, from oqyaia,
' I desire ardently.'  A strong impulse or de-
sire  for something.   State of excitement and
turgescence of any organ whatever.  Applied
particularly to the genital organs at the height
of venereal excitement.
   ORGASMUS, Turgescence.
   ORGAS'TICA.  Same etymon. The second
order of the class Genetica of  Good.   Defined:
diseases affecting the orgasm; organic or con-
stitutional infirmity disordering the power  or
the desire of procreating.
   ORGE, Rage.
   ORGE, Hordeum—o.  Perli, see Hordeum.
   ORGEAT, Syrupus amygdalae.
   ORGELET, Hordeolum.
   ORGEOLET, Hordeolum.
  ORGOSIS,  Orgasm.
  ORICHALCUM, Brass.
   ORICULAR, Auricular.
   ORICULE, Auricle, Pavilion of the ear.
  ORIFICIUM, Mouth—o. Dextrum Ventri-
                 ORONGE

 culi, Pylorus—o. Uteri, Os uteri—o. Ventriculi
 Sinistrum, Cardia.
   ORIG'ANUM, Origanum vulga'rc, Cunila
 bu'bula, Marjora'na mancura'na, 0. heracleot'-
 icum,  Zazarhen'di  herba,  Wild  mar'joram,
 Common marjoram, Mancura'na, (F.) Pied de
 lit.  Family, Labiatae.  Sex. Syst. Didynamia
 Gymnospermia.  This plant resembles marjo-
 ram in smell;  and has a pungent taste, much
 like thyme.  It is aromatic and stimulant; and
 its oil  possesses the properties of the essential
 oils in general.  The oil, oleum origani, Ph.
 U. S.—is very pungent, and is rarely given in-
 ternally.   It is used in toothache.
   Origanum Aquaticum, Eupatorium canna-
 binum—o. Creticum, O. dictamnus.
   Origanum Dictam'nus, Dictamnus Creticus,
 0. Creticum, Onitis, Dittany of  Crete, (F.)
 Dictamne de Crete.  The leaves of this plant
 were once recommended as emmenagogue and
 alexipharmic.
   Origanum Heracleoticum, Origanum.
   Origanum Majora'na, Marjora'na, 0. ma-
jor-anoi'des,Major-ana, Sweet marjoram, Samp'-
 sucus, Agriorig1 anum, Amar'acus, (F.) Marjo-
 laine.  Its odour is strong and fragrant; taste
 aromatic  and  bitterish.  Its properties are
 those of a stomachic and errhine.  It is chiefly
 used, however,  for culinary purposes, and as a
 snuff in headache.
   Origanum Syriacum, Teucrium  marum.
   ORIGIN AIRE (F.), from origo, 'origin.'
 This term has been used, by French writers, in
 the same sense as congenital.  It is particularly
 applied to affections depending upon faulty con-
 formation, or to faulty conformation itself.
   ORIGO, Arche.
   ORISMOLOGY, Terminology.
   ORME, Appetite.
   ORME, Ulmus.
   ORMSKIRK  MEDICINE.  A  celebrated
 antilyssic remedy, supposed to consist of Pulv.
 Creta, ^ss; Bol. Armen. .^iij; Alumin. gr. x;
 Pulv. Inulse gj; Ol. Anisi, gtt- vj.
   This is taken for a dose  every morning for
 six times, in a glass of water, with a small pro-
 portion of fresh milk.
   ORNAMENTUM FOLIACEUM, see Tube,
 Fallopian.
   ORNITHOGALUM MARITIMUM, Scilla.
   ORNITHOGLOSS^E,seeFraxinus excelsior.
   ORNUS EUROP/EA, see Fraxinus ornus—
 o. Sylvestris, Fraxinus excelsior.
   OROBAN'CHE VIRGINIA'NA,  Epifa'gus
 America'nus, E. Virginia'nus, Virgin'ia broom-
 rape, Beech-drops, Cancer-root.  Family, Oro-
 banchoideae. This parasitic plant is astringent,
 and a  peculiar and extremely nauseous bitter.
 It is most powerful when fresh.   It has been
 used in dysentery; and, externally, to obstinate
 ulcers.
   Oroban'che America'na, and O.Uniflo'ra,
 have the  same  properties, and are, likewise,
 called  Cancer root, Earth club and Clapwort.
   OROBE, Ervum ervilia.
   OROBION, see Ervum ervilia.
   OROBOI'DES, from o/>opuc, 'the orobus,' and
 ti$oe, 'form.' Orobo'des. Having the shape of the
 orobus. A name given to urine, Urina orobo'des
 seu orobo'i'des, when depositing a substance of a
 fawn colour, like the meal of the orobus.
   OROBUS, Ervum ervilia.
   ORONGE, see Agaric. 
OROPHALLUS            60
   OROPHALL'US,  from oqoc, or oppog, 'the
 rump,' and yaXXoc,' the male organ.'  A mon-
 ster having a second  male  organ originating
 from the rump.—Gurlt.
   OROS, Croupion, Serum.
   OR'PIMENT, AuHpigmen'tum, Orpin, Risi-
 gal'lum, Rissigallum,  Cloanx,  Elome, Sira,
 Lempnias, Spec'ulum citrinum, Yrides, Yride,
 The native yellow sulphuret of arsenic.  It is
 poisonous, but less so than the oxide.  It  is,
 also, called Adarigo, Adarnech, Ahusal, Altha-
 nacha, Azarnet.  The Turks prepare a depila-
 tory with it, which they call Rusma.
   ORPIN, Orpiment—o. Brvdant, Sedum—o.
 Grand, Sedum telephium—o. Reprise, Sedum
 telephium.
   ORPINE, Sedum telephium.
   ORRHOCHEZIA, Diarrhoea, serous.
   ORRHOCYSTIS,  from o?eot, 'serum,' and
 xvo-ric, ' a bladder.'  An encysted tumour con-
 taining a serous fluid.
   ORRHOHYMENITIS, Hydrohymenitis.
   ORRHOPYG'ION.  The  inferior extremity
 of the vertebral column; from oqog,' extremity,'
 and irvyr], 'the nates.'  The os coccygis. Also,
 the raphe, extending from the penis to the anus,
 and separating the scrotum into two parts.
   ORRHORRHCE'A, from og?oc, ' serum,' and
 qtm,' I flow.'  A morbidly increased secretion
 of a serous fluid.
   ORRHOS, Croupion, Serum.
   ORRIS,  Iris Florentina—o. Common, Iris
 Germanica.
   ORSEILLE, Lichen roccella.
   ORTEIL, Digitus pedis.
   ORTHOCO'LUM,  from  ttfog, 'straight,'
 and xaXov, 'limb.'   Stiffness of the  limb,  so
 that it is kept quite straight.
   ORTHODO'RON.   A measure with  the
 Greeks, ecfual to eleven finger-breadths.
   ORTHOMORPHIA, Orthopaedia.
   ORTHOMORPHOSIS, Orthopaedia.
   ORTHONTROPIA, Orthopaedia.
   ORTHOPiEDI'A, Orthopa'dice, Ortho-
 mor'phia, Orthomorpho'sis, Orthontrop'ia, from
 oq9oc,' right,' and nan,' a child.'  The part of
 medicine whose object is to prevent and correct
 deformity in the bodies of children.  Often used,
 however, with a more extensive signification, to
 embrace the correction or  prevention of defor-
 mities at all ages.  Orthosomat'ics, Orthosomat-
 icS, from oq&oc, 'right,' and trapa, 'body,' has
 been proposed as a preferable term.
   ORTHOPE'DIC, Orthopa'dicus; same ety-
 mon.  Relating to orthopaedia,—as Orthopedic
 Institution,  Institu'tum orthopa'dicum seu or-
 thopce'dium: an institution for the correction or
 prevention of deformities in children.
   ORTHOPE'DIST, Ortko'ter, Orthopa'dicus,
 same etymon.   One who practises orthopaedia.
  ORTHOPHREN'IC,  Orthophren'icus, from
 oo8i?, 'right,' and  <poijv, 'mind.'  Relating to
 sound mind.
  ORTHOPNCE'A, Snffoca'tio, Strangula'tio,
 Prxfoca'tio, Pnix, Pnigmus,  Euthyp'noe, Eu-
 thypna'a, Angor, Apna'a, from ogSoc, 'right,'
 'straight,' and ■rrvtw,' 1 respire.'  Impractica-
 bility of breathing in the horizontal posture.
 Necessity of being in the erect posture, in order
 to respire.
  Orthopncea Cardiaca, Angina Pectoris—o.
Convulsiva, Asthma—o. Cynanchica, Cynanche
trachealis—o. Hydrothoracica, Hydrothorax—
19             OS EP AC TALE

 o. Hysterica, Angone—o. Pituitosa, Mycorthop-
 noea—o. Tussiculosa, Pertussis.
   ORTHOSOMATICE, Orthopaedia.
   ORTHOSOMATIQUE, Orthopaedia.
   ORTHOTER, Orthopedist.
   ORTHYSTEROPTOMA, Prolapsus uteri.
   ORTHYSTEROPTOSIS, Prolapsus uteri.
   ORTIE, Urtica—o. Blanche, Lamium album
 —o. Brulante, Urtica urens—o. Morte, Lamium
 album—o. Morte des Bois, Galeopsis—o.  Ro-
 maine, Urtica pilulifera.
   ORTYX, Tetrao coturnix.
   ORUS, Croupion, Serum.
   ORVALE, Salvia sclarea.
   ORVIETA'NUM.  From the Italir.n Orvie-
 tano.  An electuary regarded as an invaluable
 antidote, and composed of Old theriac, Dried
 vipers, Scorzonera, Carlina, Imperatorium, An-
 gelica, Bistort, Rosemary, Juniper, Cinnamon,
 Cloves, Mace, Honey, and a crowd of other sub-
 stances.   Its medical properties resembled, in
 some respects,  those of  the theriac.  It was so
 called, according to some, because invented by
 Orvietano, a celebrated charlatan;  or, according
 to others, from Orvieto, a town in Italy.
   ORY'ZA, from Orez, (Arab.,)  Ory'za sati'-
 va, Rice, (F.) Riz.  Family, Gramineae.  Sex.
 Syst. Hexandria Monogynia.  A  plant, almost
 aquatic,  and indigenous  in China, one of the
 richest  productions of Egypt, and which pros-
 pers in the warmer regions of the  four quarters
 of the globe.    Its amylaceous seeds, Ory'za,
 Ory'zum, Hordeum galac'ticum, nourish more
 men than those of wheat and rye together.  Be-
 sides being alimentary, they are demulcent and
 emollient.
   OS, Bone, Mouth, see Ossiculum—o. Acro-
 mii, Acromion—o. adCubitale, Radius—o. Ad-
 jutorium, Humeri os—o. Alaeforme, Sphenoid—
 o. Alagas, Coccyx, Sacrum—o. Amphideon, Os
 uteri—o. Anonyme,  Innominatum os—o. Ano-
 nymum, Innominatum os—o. Anticum, Avant
 bouche—o. Arcuale,Temporalbone—o. Armale,
 Temporal  bone—o.  Asser, Sternum — o. de
 VAssiette,  Ischion — o.  Azygos,  Sphenoid—o.
 Ballistae,  Astragalus—o.  Basilare, Occipital
 bone, Palate bone, Sacrum, Sphenoid—o. Baxil-
 lare, Sphenoid—o.Bicorne, Hyoides os—o.Bra-
 chiale, Humeri os—o. Brachii, Humeri os—o.
 Calcis, Calcaneum—o. Capitatum, Magnum os
 —o. Cauda, Occipital bone — o. Clunium, Sa-
 crum— o.  Coccygis, Coccyx—o. Colatorium,
 Ethmoid bone—o. Coliforme, Ethmoid—o. Con-
 volutum superius, Turbinated bone, middle—o.
 Coronale, Frontal bone — o. Coxae,  Innomina-
 tum os—o. Coxal, Innominatum os, Ischion—
 o. Cribleux, Ethmoid—o. Cribriforme, Ethmoid
 —o. Cribrosum, Ethmoid—o.  Cristatum, Eth-
 moid bone—o. Crochu, Os uniciforme.
   OS CROTOPHALE. A name given by M.
 Beclard to a bone sometimes met with at the
 anterior and inferior angle of the parietal bone;
 from xqoT&yoc, 'thetemple.'
   Os Crotaphiticum, Temporal bone—o. Cu-
 bicum, Ethmoid bone—o. Cubiti Inferius, Ulna
 —o. de la Cuisse,Femnx—o. Cuneiforme, Sphe-
 noid—o.Cuneocomparatum, Sphenoid—o. Cym-
 biforme, Scaphoid bone—o. Disciforme, Patella
 — o. Durum, Temporal bone — o. Ensiforme,
 Sternum.
   OS HP ACT ALE.  A name given to one of
 the ossa Wormiana;  particularly to one met
 with in the posterior fontanelle, and which has 
OS EPACTAUX
610
OSCILLATION
been described by G. Fischer, under the name
Os EpactaU sive Go'ethian'um.
  OS EPACTAUX, Wormiana ossa.
  Os Externum.   The entrance into the  va-
gina, in contradistinction to the Os inter'num,
or Os u'teri.
  Os  Extra Ordinem  Carpi, Os pisiforme
— o.  Fibrosum, Occipital  bone—o.  Forami-
nulentum, Ethmoid—o. Frontis, Frontal bone
—o. Genae, Malae  os—o.  Gladioli,  Sternum
—o. Grand, Magnum os — o.  Grand, col  du,
Collum ossis magni—o. Grandinosum, Cuboid
—o. Gutturis, Hyoides os — o.  Hamatum, Os
unciforme—o. Hors du rang, Os pisiforme—o.
Hypopium, Malae os—o. Hypseloides, Hyoides
os—o. Inconjugatum, Sphenoid — o. Incudi si-
milis, Incus—o. Inferius ventriculi, Pylorus—
o. Innomini, Innominatum os—o. Intercalis,
Wormiana  ossa—o. Internum, Os uteri—o. In-
verecundum, Frontal bone—o. Ischii, Ischion—
o. Jugale, Malae os—o. Jugamentum,  Malae os
—o. Juguli, Clavicle—o.  Lachrymale, Unguis
os—o. Lambda, Occipital bone—o. Lambdoides,
Hyoides os, Occipital bone—o. Lapideum, Tem-
poral  bone—o. Latum,  Sacrum—o. Latum hu-
meri, Scapula — o. Lenticulare, Os orbiculare,
Os pisiforme—o. Lepidoides, Temporal bone—
o. Linguae,  Hyoides os—o. Linguale, Hyoides
os—o. Lithoides, Temporal bone—o. Magnum,
neck of the, Collum ossis magni—o.  Malaire,
Malae  os — o. Malare, Malae os—o. Maxillae
superioris undecimum,  Vomer—o.  Maxillaire
infirieure,  Collum  mandibulae — o. Memento
mori, Temporal bone — o. Memoriae, Occipital
bone—o. Mendosum, Temporal bone—o. Mor-
sus Adami,  Thyroid cartilage—o. Mucronatum,
Xiphoid cartilage—o. Multangulum majus, Tra-
pezium os—o. Multangulum  minus, Trapezoi-
des os—o. Multiforme, Ethmoid, Sphenoid—o.
Nasaux, Nasal  bones—o. Naviculare, Os sca-
phoides—o. Nervale, Temporal bone—o. Nervo-
sum, Occipital bone—o.Occipiti, Occipital bone
—o.Orbiculare, Os pisiforme—o. du Palais, Pa-
late bone—o.Palati,Palate bone—o. Palatin,Va-
latebone—o.Papillare, Sphenoid—o.Parietale in-
ferius,Temporal bone—o.Pectinis, Pubis, os—o.
Pectoris, Sternum—o. Pelvi-cephalicum, Occipi-
tal bone—o. Pelvis laterale, Innominatum os—o.
Perone, Fibula—o. Petrosum,Temporal bone—
o. Polymorphon, Sphenoid—o. de la Pommette,
Malae os—o. Posterum, Pharynx—o. Praeruptae
rupi assimilatum,  Temporal bone—o. Procubi-
tale, Ulna—o. Propres du nez, Nasal bones—
o. Prorae, Occipital bone—o. Pudicum, Malae os
—o. Puppis, Frontal bone, Occipital bone—o.
Pyramidale carpi, Trapezoides os—o. Pyxidis,
Occipital bone—o. Rationis, Frontal  bone—o.
du Rayon, Radius — o. Sacrum, Sacrum—o.
Saxeum, Temporal bone—o. Scutiforme, Patella
—o. Sedentarium, see Ischiatic—o. Semilunare,
Lunare os—o. Sextum cranii, Occipital bone__
o. du Sinciput, Parietal bones, see Sinciput—
o. Sous-ethmo'idal, Turbinated bone, inferior__
o. Sphaeno-basilare,  Occipital bone — o.  Sphe-
coides, Sphenoid—o. Sphenoidale,  Sphenoid—
o. Sphenoides, Sphenoid—o. Spongiosum, Eth-
moid—o. Spongiosum inferius, Turbinated bone,
inferior — o. Spongiosum medium, Turbinated
bone, middle—o. Spongiosum superius, Turbi-
binated bone, middle, Turbinated bone, supe-
rior—o. Spongoides, Ethmoid—o.  Squamosum,
Temporal bone — o. Suboculare, Malae os—o.
Susmaxillaire, Maxillary (superior) bone—o.
Sumumiraires, Wormiana ossa—o. Sylvii, Os
orbiculare—o. Temporis,  Temporal  bone—o.
Tessera, Cuboid—o. Thyreoides, Patella—o.
Tibiae minus, Fibula—o. Tineas, Os  uteri—o.
Triangulares,Woxmiana ossa—o. Turbinatum,
Turbinated bone, middle—o. Turbinatum infe-
rius, Turbinated bone, inferior—o. Uncinatum,
Os unciforme—o. Upsiloides, Hyoides os—o.
Varium, Cuboid—o. Vespiforme, Sphenoid—o.
Vomeris, Vomer—o.Wormiens, Wormiana ossa
—o. Xiphoides, Sternum—o. Ypseloides, Hyo-
ides os—o. Zygomaticum, Malae os.
  Os U'teri, Os  tinea, Protos'poros, Os in-
ter'num, Os amphid'eon' seu amphid'eum, Os'-
cheon, Hysteros'toma, Os'culum u'teri, Hystero-
stom'ium, Orific"ium u'teri, (F.)  Museau  de
Tanche.  The mouth of the Womb, see Uterus.
  OSCEDO, Yawning.
  OSCHiEMATCEDE'MA,    Oschamade'ma,
CEde'ma scroti  cruen'tum; from oe-o^tov, 'scro-
tum,' lat/*a,' blood,' and oifrjua,' oedema.' Ef-
fusion of blood  into  the scrotum.
  OSCHiEMCEDEMA, Oschaematoedema.
  OSCHE, Scrotum.
  OSCHEITIS, Orcheitis, Oschitis.
  OSCHEOCARCINOMA,  Cancer, chimney-
sweepers.'
  OSCHEOCELE, Oschoce'le, from oo-^w,
'the scrotum,'  and kvxv, 'tumour;' Scrotal
hernia,  see Bubonocele.  Sauvages uses it in
the  sense of Dropsy of the scrotum, see Hydro-
cele.
  Oscheocele  Aquosa,  Hydroscheocele — o.
Flatulenta, Physocele—o. Hydatidosa, Hyda-
tidocele—o. CEdematica, CEdematoscheocele—
o. Seminalis, Spermatocele—o.Urinalis,Urocele
—o. Varicosa, Varicocele.
  OSCHEON, Scrotum, Os uteri.
  OSCHEON'CUS, Oschon'cus,  Oscheophy'-
ma, Oschophy'ma, from oa<%tov, ' scrotum,' and
oyxoc, 'a tumour.'  A preternatural swelling of
the  scrotum.
  OSCHEOPHYMA, Oscheoncus.
  OSCHEOPLAS'TIC, Oscheoplas'ticvs, from
ooytov,  ' the scrotum,' and  nXao-o-a>,  ' I form.'
An  epithet given to the operation for  restoring
the  scrotum when lost.
  OSCHEOPYCEDE'MA,  Oschopyade'ma,
CEde'ma scroti purulen'tum.   Purulent tume-
faction of the scrotum.
  OSCHEUS, Scrotum.
  OS'CHION.  The raised  margin  of the os
uteri.  According to some, an excrescence from
the  os uteri.
  OSCHI'TIS, Orchei'tis,Oschei'tis, Inflamma'-
tio scroti, from  oa-^tov, ' the scrotum,' and itis,
'inflammation.'   Inflammation of the scrotum.
  OSCHOCARCINOMA,   Cancer,  chimney
sweepers'.
  OSCHOCELE, Oscheocele.
  OSCHONCUS, Oscheoncus.
  OSCHOPHYMA, Oscheoncus.
  OSCHOPYCEDEMA, Oscheopyoedema.
  OSCHURCEDE'MA; from o<rXtov,' scrotum,'
ovqov, 'urine,' and oiSt]^*., 'oedema.'  CEdema
from effusion of urine into the scrotum.
  OSCHUS,  Scrotum.
  OSCHYDRGEDE'MA,from00-^fov,'scrotum,'
'u<ho/>, 'water,'  and o,dr]/j.a,  'oedema;' CEdema
scroti aquo'sum. Watery oedema of the scrotum.
  OSCILLATIO, Irritability, Oscillation.
  OSCILLATION, Oscilla'tio; from oscillum,
'an image perhaps of Bacchus, hung on ropes, and 
OSCITANT, (FEVER)          611                OSTAGRA
 swung up and down in the air;' Vibration, Vi.
 bra'men,  Vibra'tio, Vibra'tus.   Also,  a par-
 tial rotatory movement  of the eyeball to and
 from its antero-posterior axis.
   OS'CITANT, (FEVER,) Febris  os'citans,
 (F.) Fievre oscitante; from oscitare, ' to yawn.'
 A fever, in which the  patient is continually
 yawning.
   OSCITATIO, Yawning.
   OSCULATORIUS, Orbicularis oris.
   OSCULUM UTERI, Os uteri.
   OSCUS, Scrotum.
   OSEILLE, Rumex  acetosa — o.  Boucher,
 Rumex scutatus—o. Petite, Rumex  scutatus—
 o. Ronde, Rumex  scutatus—o. Rouge,  Rumex
 sanguineus.
   OS'MAZOME, Os'mozome, Osmazo'ma, Os-
 mozo'ma, Zomod'mum, (F.) Matiere extractive
 du Bouillon; Extrac'tive of meat, Saponaceous
 extract of meat; from oa/xri, ' smell,'  and ttapo;,
 ' soup.'   M.  Thenard gave  this name to  an
 extractive matter, contained in muscular flesh
 and in the blood of animals, which he considers
 of a peculiar nature.  It  has an agreeable smell
 and taste, and is found in Bouillons of meat, in
 the proportion of one part to seven of gelatin.
 Vauquelin discovered  in it some fungi.  It is
 the substance which gives the flavour of meat
 to soups, and hence its name.
   OSME, Odour.
   OSMESIS, Olfaction.
   OSMIDROSIS; fiom  ocM,  'odour,' and
 'impure,  'sweat.'  Perspiration  of an unusual
 odour.
   OSMOMETRICUS SENSUS,  Olfaction.
   OSMONO'SI, Osmonu'si,  Morbi  olfac'tus;
 from oof*,],  'odour,'  and  voo-og, 'a disease.'
 Diseases of olfaction.
   OSMONOSOLOGTA; from oo-in,, 'odour,'
 voooc, 'disease,' and xoyoc, ' description.'  The
 doctrine of, or a treatise  on, the diseases of the
 sense of smell.
   OSMOZOME, Osmazome.
   OSMUND, ROYAL, Osmunda regalis.
   OSMUN'DA REGA'LIS, FdixFlor'ida, Os-
 mund-royal.  Family, Filicoideae.  This plant
 was once  thought  to  possess  astringent and
 emmenagogue virtues.
   OSORON, Opium.
   OSPHRANTER1CUS, Olfactory.
   OSPHRANTICOS,  Olfactory.
   OSPHRASIA, Olfaction.
   OSPHRESIOL'OGY, Osphresiolog"ia; from
 oaqqijoic, 'odour,' and \oyoc, 'a discourse.'  A
 treatise on olfaction and odours.
   OSPHRESIS, Olfaction.
   OSPHRETICUS, Olfactory,
   OSPHRIS'TICE, from oo-vq-io-ic, ' olfaction.'
 The doctrine of the phenomena of odours.
   OSPHYALGEMA, Coxalgia.
   OSPHYALGIA, Coxalgia.
   OSPHYARTHRITIS,  Osphyitis.
   OSPHYARTHROCACE, Coxarum morbus.
   OSPHYITIS,  Osphy'tis,  Osphy arthritis,
 Inflamma'tio coxa,  from  ocyvc, 'the hip,' and
 itis, denoting  inflammation.  Inflammation of
 the parts about the hip.
   OSPHYRRHEUMA, Lumbago.
   OSPHYS,  Lumbi.
   OSPHVTIS, Osphyitis.
  OSSA BREGMATIS,  Parietal bones —o.
 Convoluta inferiora, Turbinated bones, inferior
—o. Digitorum manus,  Phalanges of the fingers J
 —o. Digitorum pedis, Phalanges of the toes—o.
 Epactalia, Wormiana ossa—o. Maxillae superi-
 oris quarta seu quinta seu secunda, Nasal bones
 —o. Nasalia, Nasal bones—o. Nasi, Nasal bones
 —o. Nervalia, Parietal  bones—o.  Pisiformia
 lingualia, see Hyoides os—o. Raphogeminantia,
 Wormiana ossa—o.Sesamoidea, Sesamoid bones
 —o. Sincipitis, Parietal bones—o. Spongiosa,
 Turbinated bones — o. Suturarum, Wormiana
 ossa—o. Tertia maxillae superioris, Turbinated
 bones—o. Tetragona, Parietal bones—o. Trian-
 gularia, Sphenoidal cornua — o.  Triangularia
 Blasii,Wormiana ossa—o.Triquetra, Wormiana
 ossa—o. Turbinata, Turbinated bones—o. Ver-
 ticalia, Parietal bones.
   OSSELETS DE L'OREILLE, Ossicula
 auditus.
   OSSEOUS, Os'seus, Osto'des, Ostoi'des, (F.)
 Osseux; from os, 'a bone.' Bony.  Resembling
 bone.
   OSSICULA, see Ossiculum.
   Ossic'ula Audi'tus, Ossic'ula Auris, (F.)
 Osselets de Voreille, O. de Vouie.  The small
 bones  situate in the cavity of the tympanum,
 and forming an uninterrupted chain from the
 membrane  of  the  tympanum  to that of the
 fenestra ovalis.  They are four in  number; and
 their series, from without to within, is as  fol-
 lows,  Malleus, Incus, Os orbiculare, Stapes.
   Ossicula Bertini, Sphenoidalia cornua — o.
 Innominata, Innominata minora ossa—o. Nasi,
 Nasal  bones—o. Sesamoidea, Sesamoid bones.
   OSSICULUM, (plural Ossic'ula,) Osta'rion.
 Diminutive of os, a bone.  A small bone.  See
 Os.
   Ossiculum  Cochleare, Orbicular bone—o.
 Incudi Comparatum, Incus — o. Malleolo assi-
 milatum, Malleus — o. Molari denti compara-
 tum, Incus—o. Orbiculare, Orbicular bone—o.
 Quartum, Orbicular bone—o. Squamosum,  Or-
 bicular bone.
   OSSIFICATION, Ossifica'tio; from os, 'a
 bone,' and facere, ' to make ;' Osteogen'ia,  Os-
 teogen'esis, Osteo'sis, Osto'sis.   Formation of
 bones.  Development, or increase  of the os-
 seous system.  Ossification takes  place in the
 same manner as the nutrition of other organs.
 The bones are, at first, mucous, and afterwards
 cartilaginous; the cartilage,  at length, receives
 the phosphate of lime, and is, at the same time,
 replaced by a gelatinous parenchyma,  when
 the bone has acquired the whole of its  deve-
 lopment.
   Ossification, Points of, Puncta seu Nu'clei
 ossificatio'nis, Nu'cleiossei,axe the points where
 the ossification of  a  bone commences, whence
 it extends to other parts.   Almost all the bones
 present a greater or  less number of points of
 ossification.  Besides the  natural ossification,
 which  we observe in the fcetus and in the first
 periods of life, there are also accidental ossifi-
 cations, such as those frequently remarked after
 the inflammation of serous membranes, in  the
 parietes of arteries,  and to  which the terms
 Osthex'ia, Incrusta'tion, and Petrifac'tion have,
 sometimes, been applied.
   OSSIFRAGA, Osteocolla.
   OSSIS SACRI ACUMEN, Coccyx.
   OSSISANA, Osteocolla.   -
   OSSIV'OROUS, from os, 'a bone,' and voro,
' I devour.'  A species of tumour, mentioned
by Ruysch, which destroys bone.
  OS'TAGRA,Os'teagra,ixom qo-tiov, ' a bone,' 
OSTALGIA
612
OSTREUM
and ayqa, ' seizure.' A forceps to cut or remove
portions of bone.
  OSTALGIA, Osteocopus.
  OSTALGITIS, Ostitis, Osteitis, from
orreov, 'a bone,' and itis.  Inflamma'tio Ossis.
Inflammation of bone; characterized by violent
shooting and lancinating pains in the bone.
  OSTARIUM,  Ossiculum.
  OSTARTHRITIS, Arthrophlogosis.
  OSTARTHROCACE, Spina ventosa.
  OSTEAGRA, Ostagra.
  OSTEALGIA, Osteocopus.
  OSTEITES, Osteocolla.
  OSTEITIS, Ostalgitis.
  OSTEMPYE'SIS, Osteempye' sis, Ostempyo'-
sis, from o^nov,  'a bone,' and t/xirvrjo-ig, ' effu-
sion of pus.'   An  abscess in the interior of a
bone.
  OSTEMPYOSIS, Ostempyesis.
  OSTEOCE'LE,  from o^xwv, 'a bone,' and
xrjXt], 'a tumour.'  A hernia in which the sac
is cartilaginous and bony:—a rare case.   Also,
osseous induration of one or both testicles.
  OSTEOCLASIS, Fracture.
  OSTEOCOL'LA, from os-teov, 'a bone,' and
xoXXa, 'glue;' Glue-bone, Stone or  bone binder,
Ossif'raga, Holos'teus, Ossisa'na, Ostrites, Os-
tei'tes, Amos'teus, Osteol'ithos, Stelochi'tes.   A
name given to a petrified carbonate of lime,
found in some parts of Germany and other por-
tions of the globe; so called, because it has been
supposed to possess the power of favouring the
formation of callus in fractures.  It is the Chaux
carbonatie concretionnie incrustante of  Haiiy.
Not  used.
  OSTEOCOPUS, Osteal'gia,  Ostalgia, Os-
teodynia,  from  oo-<rt°v,  ' a bone,' and  xon-oc,
'fatigue.'  An epithet  given to pains felt  in
bones, which are commonly owing to constitu-
tional syphilis.
  OSTEODYNIA, Osteocopus.
  OSTEOGANGRENA, Necrosis.
  OSTEOGENIA, Ossification.
  OSTEOG'RAPHY, Osteogra'phia, from 0<r-
rtov,' a bone,' and yqaiptiv, 'to describe.'  De-
scription of the bones.   The part of anatomy
which describes the bones.
  OSTEOLITHOS, Osteocolla.
  OSTEOL'OGY,  Osteolog"ia, from oo-rtov,' a
bone,'  and Xoyoc, ' a  discourse.'  The part of
anatomy which treats of bones.
  OSTEOMA, Exostosis.
  OSTEOMALACIA, Mollities ossium—o. In-
fantum, Rachitis.
  OSTEOMALACOSIS, Mollities ossium.
  OSTEON, Bone—o. Hieron, Sacrum.
  OSTEON'CUS,  from oo-rtov, ' a bone,' and
Oyxoc,' a tumour.'  A bony tumour.
  OSTEONECROSIS, Necrosis.
  OSTEON'OSI, Osteonu'si, from  no-Tsov,  ' a
bone,' and vmrog, 'a disease;' Mor'bi os'sium.
Diseases of the bones.
  OSTEOPEDION, Lithopaedion.
  OSTEOPALIN'CLASIS,  from  oC-rm,   'a
bone,' naxiv,  'again,' and xxoo-tc, 'fracture.'
The  breaking again of a bone which has united
unfavourably.
  OSTEOPHYMA, Osteoncus.
  OSTEOPHYTA, Exostosis.
  OSTEOPLEU'RIA, Pleurosto'sis; from oo-
rtov, ' a bone,' and rrXtvqov, 'a rib.'   Ossifica-
tion  of the cartilages of the ribs.
  OSTEOPORO'SIS,  from  oo-rtov,  'a  bone,'
and  Tfmgono-ig, 'induration.'  Induration of a
bone, from the deposition of too much bony
matter.
  OSTEOPSATHYROSIS, Fragilitas ossium.
  OSTEO-SARCO'MA, Osteo-sarco'sis, Sar-
costo'sis, Hamatexosto'sis, from ooxtov, ' bone '
and o-«gS,' flesh.'   Disease of the bony tissue,
which consists  in softening of its laminae, and
their  transformation into  a fleshy substance
analogous to that  of cancer, and which is ac-
companied with general symptoms of cancer-
ous affection.  The word has often, also, been
used synonymously with spina ventosa.
  OSTEOSARCOSIS, Osteosarcoma.
  OSTEOSIS, Ossification.
  OSTEO-STEATO'MA, Exosto'sis steatoma-
to'des, from oo-reov,  ' a bone,' and o-n*o,' suet or
fat.'  A name given to bony tumours or dege-
nerations, which sometimes belong to osteosar-
coma; at others to spina ventosa, exostosis, &c.
  OSTEOT'OMIST, Osteotomis'ta;  same ety-
mon as the next.  An instrument, invented by
Dr. D. Davis, for cutting the bones of the foe-
tal  cranium, where it becomes necessary to
greatly reduce the  size of the head in parturi-
tion.
  OSTEOT'OMY,  Osteotom'ia, from oo-tsov,«a
bone,' and ntivtiv, ' to cut.'   The part of prac-
tical anatomy whose object is the dissection of
bones.
  OSTEOTOPHUS, Tophus.
  OSTEOTYLUS,  Callus.
  OSTEULCUM,  Bone nippers.
  OSTEUM, Bone.
  OSTHEXIA, see Ossification.
  OSTIARIUS, Pylorus.
  OSTIOLUM, from oo-rtov,  ' a mouth or open-
ing.'  A small door or gate.
  Ostiola Cordis,  Valvula  cordis, Pellic'ular
cordis.  The valves of the heart.
  OSTITIS,  Ostalgitis.
  OSTIUM, Orific"ium, a  door or  gate,—of
the heart, for example.  The opening between
the auricle and ventricle of each  side;  Os'tium
veno'sum, that of the right side;  Os'tium arte-
rio'sum, that of the left.
  Ostium Abdominale, see Tube, Fallopian—
o. Internum, see Ostium uteri.
  Ostium U'teri.  The vulva; the vagina.
The term Os'tium inter'num has been applied
to the inferior opening of the uterus, which es-
tablishes a  free communication between  the
cavities of the body and  neck,  and  which is
often  obliterated in old women.—Cruveilheir.
The neck of the uterus; the mouth of the uterus.
  Ostium Uterinum, See Tube, Fallopian—o.
Ventriculi Duodenale seu Pyloricum seu Dex-
trum  seu Inferius, Pylorus.
  OSTODES, Bony.
  OSTOIDEA  SUBSTANTIA, see Tooth.
  OSTOIDES,  Bony.
  OSTOMA, Exostosis.
  OSTOSIS, Ossification.
  OSTREA,  Os'treum,  (F.)   Huttre.  The
oyster.   The oyster is a wholesome  article of
diet, often advised  as analeptic and easy of di-
gestion.
  The shells, Testa Os'trea, Testa, (Ph. U. S.)
(F.) Ecailles d'hwitres, have been received into
the  Pharmacopoeias,  and  used  medicinally.
Their virtues are similar to those of the carbo-
nate of lime.  See Creta.
  OSTREUM, Ostrea. 
OSTRITES
613                OURAQUE
  OSTRITES, Osteocolla.
  OSTRUTHIUM, Imperatoria.
  OSYRIS, Antirhinum linaria.
  OTACOUSTIC,  Otacous'ticus;  from ov;,
toroc, ' the ear,' and  uxova,' I listen.'   Any in-
strument is so called which improves the sense
of hearing,—as  the  different species of trum-
pets.
  OTAGRA, Otalgia.
  OTAL GIA,  Ofagra,  Otod'yne,  from ouc,
uTof, ' the ear,' and a.xyo;, 'pain.'   Pain in the
ear; Dolor au'rium, Spas'mus au'rium, Ear-
ache.  See Otitis.
  OTAL'GIC, Otal'gicus.  An epithet for re-
medies used in otalgia.
  OTECHUS, Tinnitus aurium.
  OTEMPLAS'TRUM, Otoplas'ta, Otoplas'-
trum,  from  ovg, 'the  ear,'  and tunxzor^ov,
' a plaster.'  A plaster put behind the  ears.
  OTEN'CHYTES, Oten'chyta, from ovg, aroc,
' the ear,' tv, ' into,' and p«,' I pour.'  Sypho
auricula'ris.  A species  of  syringe, used for
injecting the ear.
  OTHELCO'SIS, from  ouc, wroc,  'the  ear,'
and 'iXxwoic, ' ulceration.'  Ulceration or sup-
puration of the ear,
  OTHONE, Linteum.
  OTHONION, Linteum.
  OTHYGROTES, Otirrhoea.
  OTIATER, Aurist.
  OTIATRI'A, Otiafrice, from ouc, oiroc, 'the
 ear,' and largua, ' medicine.'  The business of
 the  aurist.  The  management of diseases of
 the ear.
  OTIATRICE, Otiatria.
  OTIATRUS, Aurist.
  OTICUM, from ovg, arog, ' the ear.' A me-
 dicine employed in diseases of the ear.
  Oticum  Ganglion, Otogan'gliurn, Gang'lion
 auricula're, Otic ganglion, Auric'ular sang! i on,
 (F.) Ganglion maxillo-tympanique.  This is a
 small  ganglion, although  more than double the
 size of the ophthalmic, ash-coloured and pulpy
 like the ganglions of the sympathetic.  It is situate
 in advance of the  ganglion of  Gasser, on the
 lower surface of the inferior maxillary nerve,
 at the inner margin of the foramen ovale of the
 sphenoid bone.   See Petrous ganglion.
  OTIRRHCE'A, Otorrha'a, Othy'grotes, Blen-
 notorrha'a,  (F.)  Catarrhe  de Voreille,  from
 ouc, ' the ear,' and qto>, ' I flow.'   Discharge of
 a purulent or puriform liquid, Pyorrha'a au'-
 rium,  Otopyorrha'a, Pyo-otorrha'a, Otorrha'a
purulen'ta, from the meatus  auditorius exter-
 nus.  It is a symptom of chronic otitis.  Some
 authors have, indeed,  used the term  synony-
 mously with chronic otitis.   Vvrhen it extends
 to the brain, it is  termed cer'ebral  otorrha'a;
 and when from the middle or internal ear, it is
 termed internal otorrhaa, Otorrha'a inter'na,
 and Entotorrha'a.
  Otirrhoea, Cerebral, see Otirrhoea.
  OTITES,  see Digitus.
  OTITIS, Otopldeg'mone,  Empres'ma otitis,
 Inflamma'tio  auris, Inflammation of  the  ear,
 (F.) Inflammation de Voreille.  Inflammation
 of the mucous membrane of the ear, character-
 ized by excruciating pain; intolerable hum-
 ming in the ear, with a discharge of mucus ge-
 nerally from  the meatus  externus or from the
 Eustachian tube.   When the  inflammation is
 restricted  to the lining  membrane of the mea-
 tus, it is termed otitis catarrha'lis.   Otitis is
divided into external or internal, according as
it affects the meatus auditorius, or  the  cavity
of the tympanum or internal  ear.  It may be
acute or chronic.  Acute otitis commonly ter-
minates in a few days in a favourable manner,
with the aid of antiphlogistics.  Chronic otitis,
otirrha'a,  is almost always accompanied  by
a purulent discharge from the meatus  audi-
torius.  It  is often  incurable, and may ulti-
mately give occasion to disease of the internal
ear, and even of the brain.
  Otitis Catarrhalis, see Otitis.
  OTIUM, Ota'rium, from ouc, two?, 'the ear.'
A small ear.  The auricle or pavilion of the ear.
  OTOCEPH'ALUS, Mono'tia, from ouc, onog,
'the  ear,'  and  v.i<pa.X»,  'head.'  A monster,
whose ears are in contact, or united into one.
  OTOCOMES, see Otolithi.
  OTODYNE, Otalgia.
  OTOGLYPHIS, Earpick.
  OTOGLYPHUM, Earpick.
  OTOG'RAPHY, Otogra'phia, from ovc, wtoc,
' the ear,' and yqapn, ' a description.'  The part
of anatomy which describes the ear.
  OTOL'ITHI, (F.) Otolithes, from ouc, wto?,
'the ear,' and Xitioc, 'a stone.'   White calca-
reous substances contained in the membranous
vestibule, and seeming to be suspended in the
fluid of the vestibule by means of a number of
nervous filaments proceeding from the auditory
nerve.  Their universal presence in the ear of
the mammalia would seem to show that they
are inservient to audition.  When of a looser
consistence, they are called Otocon'iu, (F.) Oto-
conies, from ovg, 'the ear,' and kovi*, ' dust.'
  OTOL'OGY, Otolog"ia, from one, otoc, ' the
ear,'  and  x°y°s, 'a  discourse.'   The part  of
anatomy which treats of the ear.  An anatomi-
cal treatise on the ear.
  OTOPATHEMA, Otopathy.
  OTOP'ATHY, Otopathia, Otopnthe'majxom
ovc, utoc, ' the ear,' and iraSoc,' a disease.'  A
diseased condition of the ear.
  OTOPHLEGMONE, Otitis.
  OTOPLASTA, Otemplastrum.
  OTOPLASTICE, from »vc, aroc, ' the ear,'
and  nXaaTix.oc, 'forming.'   The  operation for
restoring a lost ear.
  OTOPLASTRUM, Otemplastrum.
  OTOPYORRHCEA, Otirrhoea.
  OTORRHAGIA; from ouc, wtoc, 'the ear,'
and e,ayri, ' rupture.'   Bleeding from the ear or
ears.
  OTORRHEUMATIS'MUS, from oug, i»t„c,
'the ear,' and gtvuari<ruog,' rheumatism;' Otal'-
gia rheumatica.  Rheumatic ear-ache.
  OTORRHCEA, Otirrhoea—o. Cerebral,  see
Otirrhoea—o. Interna, see Otirrhoea—o. Puru-
lenta, Otirrhoea.
  OTOSCOPIUM,  from ouc, croc, 'the ear,'
and o-xoirrj, 'examination.'  An instrument for
examining  the condition of the external ear.
  OTOT'OMY, Ototom'ia, from ovg, o.r-c, 'the
ear,' and rtfivnv, ' to cut.'  The part of prac-
tical anatomy which teaches the mode of dis-
secting and preparing the ear.
  OULA, Gingivae.
  OULE, Cicatrix.
  OUNCE,  Un'cia.  A weight  equal  to the
16th part of a pound avoirdupois, the 12th of a
pound troy.  It is composed of 8 drachms.  See
Weights and Measures.
   OURAQUE, Urachus. 
14             OXALIC  ACID
                OUREMA                6

  OUREMA,  Urine.
  OURLES, Parol is, Cynanche parotidaea.
  OURON,  Urine.
  OUS, Ear.
  OUTRE MER, Lapis lazuli.
  OUVERTURE CADAVlRIQUE, Autop-
sia cadaverica.                            •
  OVA NABOTHI, Nabothi glandulae.
  OVAL, Ova'lis,  O'd'des,  O'di'des, Ova'tus,
from ovum,  'an egg.'   Egg-shaped,  elliptic.
That which is round and oblong like an egg.
  Ovale Foramen, Foramen o'd'des, (F.) Trou
ovale.   The foramen obturatorium;  also, the
foramen in the inner paries of the middle ear,
which  opens into the vestibule;  and the fora-
men in the  sphenoid bone, through which the
third branch of the fifth  pair  issues from the
cranium.
  Ovalis Fossa,  Val'vula seu Vestig"ium Fo-
ram'inis ovalis, is a depression observed in the
right auricle of the heart, on the septum, which
separates it from the left auricle.  It has thick
and strong edges, at its upper and fore part,
called  Colum'na  foram'inis ova'lis, Isthmus
seu An'nulus  Vieusse'nii seu An'nulus fossae
ovalis: in the fcetus called An'nulus foram'inis
vel fossse ova'lis.  The  fossa  ovalis,  in  the
adult, replaces the  inter-auricular aperture in
the septum,  which, in the fcetus, is called fora-
men ovale, (F.) Trou, ovale,  Trou de Botal.
  OVA'RIAN, Ova'rial, Ovaria'nus, from ova-
rium, ' the ovary.'  Relating to the  ovary—as
Ovarian pregnancy.
  Ovarian  Artery,  Spermatic  artery—o.
Nerves, Spermatic plexus  of nerves—o. Preg-
nancy,  see  Pregnancy,  ovarian — o.  Veins,
Spermatic veins—o. Vesicles, Folliculi Graa-
fiani.
  OVARIOTOMY, Oariotomy.
  O'VARISTS, Ovists.  Same etymon. Those
physiologists who think that the phenomena of
generation, in the human  species and in every
species of animal, result from the development
of the ova or ovula of the female, merely  in-
cited by the male.  Not many of the physiolo-
gists of the  present day can be classed among
the ovarists.
  OVARITIS, Oaritis.
  OVA'RIUM.   Same etymon.  The O'vary,
Testis mulie'bris, T. femineus, Oa'rion, Oopli-
oron,  Gynoa'rium,  Vesica'rium, (F.) Ovaire.
The ovaries are the organs in which the ova
are formed in oviparous animals.  By analogy,
the name has been given to the organs which
the ancients called the  testicles of the female.
They are two ovoid bodies, almost as large as
the testicles in men, placed on each side of the
uterus, between the Fallopian tube and round
ligament, and in the  substance  of  the  broad
ligament.  Their outer extremity gives attach-
ment to one of the projections of the fimbriated
extremity of the Fallopian*tube; and the inter-
nal is  fixed  to the uterus by a small ligamen-
tous cord, called Ligamrn'tum rotun'dum ova'-
rii.  The ovaries are composed of a very close,
spongy texture—stroma,—and of small vesi-
cles filled with a clear fluid; these vesicles con-
tain ovules,  which detach themselves from  the
ovarium before  and after fecundation, and  are
carried into  the cavity of the uterus by the Fal-
lopian tube.
  Ovarium  Tumidum,  Oarioncus—o. Nabothi,
Nabothi  glandulae.
  OVATUS, Oval.
  OVERO  BUTUA, Pareira brava.
  OVICAPSULE, see Folliculi Graafiani.
  OVIDUCTUS  MULIEBRIS, Tuba Fallo-
piana.
  OVIPARITE, see Oviparous.
  OVIP'AROUS, Ovip'arus; from ovum, 'an
egg,' and pa'rio, ' I bring forth.'  An epithet
applied to animals which are hatched from eggs
outside of the body.  The  condition  may be
termed  Oviparousness,  (F.) Ovipariti.  See
Generation.
  OVIPAROUSNESS, see Oviparous.
  OVISAC, see Folliculi Graafiani.
  OVISTS,  Ovarists.
  OVOLOGY, Oologia.
  OVO-VIVIP'AROUS, from ovum, 'an egg,'
vivus,  ' living,'  and parere, ' to bring forth.'
Oviparous  animals,  whose ova are  hatched
within the mother,—vipers, for example.  See
Generation.
  OVULA GRAAFIANA, Folliculi Graafiani
—o. Nabothi, Nabothi glandulae.
  OVULATION; from ovulum, diminutive of
ovum, ' an egg.'   The formation of ova in the
ovary, and the discharge of the same. Spon-
taneous Ovulation,  (F.) Ovulation  sponta-
nie, is the spontaneous formation and discharge
of ova which takes place in the female of the
mammalia.  See Heat.
  OVULINE, Decidua reflexa.
  O'VULUM, O'vule; diminutive of ovum,' an
egg.'  A small egg.   That which  has the ap-
pearance of a small egg.  See Ovum.
  OVUM, aov, Oon, an egg. The eggs of poul-
try are  chiefly used  as food.   The  different
parts are, likewise, employed in medicine.  The
shell, Auran'cum, Auran'tum, (F.) Coque d'auf,
Coquille d'auf,  calcined, is esteemed an ab-
sorbent.  The Oil of the egg is emollient, and
is  used, externally, to burns and chaps.  The
Yolk of the  egg—Vitel'lum seu Vitel'lus ovi—
renders  oils, &c, miscible with water. Eggs,
when lightly boiled, are easy of digestion; but,
when very hard-boiled or fried, they are more
rebellious.
  In Pharmacy, white of egg, which  consists
chiefly of albumen, is used for clarifying syrups,
&c.  Yolk of egg, (F.) Jaune d'auf, beaten up
with warm  water and sugar,  and  aromatized
with orange-flower water, forms an emulsion,
which is emollient, and known under the name
Lait de poule or chicken's milk.
  Anatomists  give  the  name  Ova,  O'vula,
Ovules, (F.) CEufs, to round vesicles, contain-
ing a humour similar to the white of egg, which
are situate in the ovaries of the female, and, when
fecundated, constitute the rudiments of the foetus.
During gestation, the embryo and its enveloping
membranes retain the name Ovum, (F.) CEuf.
The changes induced in the mammalia  after im-
pregnation greatly resemble those in the bird.
  Ovum, Testicle—o. Hystericum, see Clavus
hystericus.
  OXALAS SUBPOTASSICUS, Potass, oxa-
late of.
  OXAL AT'IC, Oxalat'icus.  Relating to oxa-
lates: hence Oxalatic Diath'esis is the habit of
body which favours the formation and deposi-
tion of oxalates from the urine.
  OXAL'IC ACID, Acidum oxali'num, A. sac-
chari'num,A. hydro-carbon! icum, A. acetosel'la,
A. oxal'icum, Acidum sac'chari, Acid of sugar; 
OXALIDE
615
OXYGEN
Acid of sorrel, Cadbonous acid, from o^axic,
' sorrel.'   An acid found in sorrel.  It crystal-
lizes in long, colourless, quadrangular prisms,
and is  generally found, in nature, united with
lime or potassa.  It has been proposed, in a di-
luted state, as a refrigerant, but it is unneces-
sary; and, besides, in quantity, it is a virulently
acrid poison.  It is largely employed for clean-
ing boot tops; and, as it strongly resembles the
sulphate  of  magnesia,  has  often been  taken
for it.   Several  fatal  cases  are, indeed, on re-
cord.   For its antidotes, &c, see Poison.
   OXALIDE, Oxalis acetosella.
   OXALIS  ACETOSA, Rumex acetosa.
   Ox'alis Acetosel'la.  The systematic name
of the Woodsorrel, Cuckowbread, Sour Trefoil,
White Sorrel, Mountain Sorrel, Trifo'lium ace-
to'sum, Oxitriphyi lum, Lujula, Allelu'j a, Aceto-
sel'la,  Oxyphyl'lon, Oxytriphyllon,  Panis cu'-
culi, (F.) Surel/r, Oxalide, Pain, a Coucou, Al-
leluia. Family,Gexanx3s.. Sex. Syst. Decandria
Decagynia.   This plant  has a gratefully  acid
taste, and is used in  salads.  It has been es-
teemed refrigerant, antiscorbutic, and diuretic.
   Oxalis  Tubero'sa,  Oca.  A  tuberous
plant, whose oval-shaped root is used as food by
the Peruvians.  It is  watery,  has  a sweetish
taste, and is much liked.
   OXALIUM, Potass, oxalate  of.
   OXAL'ME, from o&g, ' acid,' and <aXs,' salt.'
A mixture of vinegar and salt.
   OXALURIA, Urine, oxalic.
   OXELiE'ON, from  o%v;, ' acid,'  and  txaiov,
' oil.'  A mixture of vinegar and oil, used as a
condiment.
   OX  EYE, Helenium autumnale.
   OX  GALL, Bile of the Ox.
   OXID, Oxyd.
   OXIDATION, Oxyd.
   OXIDE, Oxyd.
   OXIDUM, Oxyd.
   OXI'NES, fi<.»,c, (oivoc,) from o%vt, 'acid.'
Wine already sour, but not yet vinegar.
   OXITRIPHYLLUM, Oxalis acetosella.
   OXODES, Acidulous.
   OXOIDES, Acidulous.
   OXOS, Aceticum acidum.
   OXYA, Fagus sylvatica.
   OXYESTHESIA, Hyperaesthesis.
   OXYAPHE, Hyperaphia.
   OXYAPHIA, Hyperaphia.
   OXYBAPHION, see Acetabulum.
   OXYBOL'IA, from o&c, ' quick,' and  ploXv,
 '• ejection.'  Too rapid emission of sperm.
   OXYCANTHA, Mespilus oxyacantha.
   Oxycan th a Gale'ni, Ber'btris,Ber 'beris vul-
 garis, Spina ac"ida,  Crespi'nus,  (F.) E'pine
vinette, Vinettier.  Family  Berberideas.   Sex.
Si/St.  Hexandria Monogynia.  The Bar'berry.
 The  fruit  of  the berries, Barberries,  Pip-
peridges, is gratefully acid, and moderately as-
 tringent.  By preparing an alcoholic extract of
the root and adding water to it, a pulverulent
 brown substance is thrown  down, which, when
dissolved in alcohol and  evaporated, yields the
bitter  principle, Berberin, which is an excellent
stomachic in the dose of 2, 5, or 10  grains.
   The American Barberry, Ber'beris Canaden-
 sis, Pipprridge Busk, Sowberry, differs slightly
 from the European.  It flourishes on mountains
and hilly districts from Canada to Virginia.
   OXYCOCCOS, Vaccinium oxycoccos.
   OX'YCRATE, Oxycra'tum,fxom o?uc>' acid,'
and *£«&>, 'I mix;' Posca, Phusca.   A mix-
ture of vinegar and water; frequently used in
medicine as a refrigerant and antiseptic.
  OXYCRO'CEUM  EMPLASTRUM,  from
o\vg, 'acid,' and xgo*e>c, 'saffron.'  A plaster,
composed of saffron, pitch, colophony, yellow
wax,  turpentine,  galbanum,  gum ammoniac,
myrrh, olibanum, and mastic.  It was employed
as a strengthening plaster.
  OXYCUM, Oxygen.
  OXYD, Oxid, Oxide, Oxyde, Ox'ydum, Ox'-
idum, from o%vg,  ' acid.'  A combination,  not
acid, of a simple body with oxygen.
  OXYDATION, Oxyda'tio, Oxida'tion, Oxy-
genation.  The action of oxydizing a body; that
is, of combining it with oxygen; a combination
from  which results an oxyd.
  OXYDE, Oxyd.
  Oxyde, Cystic.  A species of urinary  cal-
culus, having the shape of confused, yellowish,
semi-transparent, insipid, very hard crystals.
When distilled, it furnishes subcarbonate of am-
monia, like all azoted matters.  It dissolves in
the nitric, sulphuric, phosphoric, and oxalic acids.
   OXYDE  D'ANTIMOINE  SULFURE,
Oxydum stibii sulphuratum.
   OXYDER'CIA, Oxydor'cia, Visus a'cies,fxom
o\vc,  'quick,'  and dioKto-dxi, 'to see.'  Sharp-
ness of vision.
  OXYDER'CICUS,   Oxyder'ces, from  o£v<,
' sharp,' and St^on, ' I see.' A medicine which
sharpens the sight.
  OXYDORCIA, Oxydercia.
  OXYDUM, Oxyd—o.  Antimonii cum phos-
phate calcis, Antimonial powder.
   Oxydum Ferri Nigrum, Ferri ox'idum  ni-
grum, Black oxyd of iron.  The scales, which
fall  from iron, when  heated, consist of iron,
combined with oxygen.  They have  been used
like the chalybeates in general.
   Oxydum Ferricum  Crystallizatum Nati-
vum, Haematites — o.  Hydrargyri completum,
Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum — o. Hydrargyri-
cum, Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum—o. Hydrar-
gyricum praeparatum, Hydrargyri oxydum cine-
reum—o. Hydrargyrosum, Hydrargyri oxydum
 cinereum.
   Oxydum Stibii Sulphura'ttm, Hepar anti-
mo'nii, Crocus metallo'rum, Crocus antimo'nii,
(F.)  Oxyele d'antimoine  sulfuri, Foie d'Anti-
moine.   This was  formerly exhibited in  the
 cure  of fevers, but it is now rarely employed.
   OXYECOIA, Hyperacusis.
   OXYG'ALA, from  oSt/c, 'sour,'  and yaXa,
 'milk.'  Sour milk.  The Oxygala  equi'num,
 Caracos'mos, is reckoned amongst the delica-
 cies of the Tartars.
   OXYG'ARON, from otuc,'acid,' and ya^cr,
 ' garum.'  A composition of garum and vinegar.
   OX'YGEN, Oxygen'ium, Empy'real air, Pure
 air, Vital air, Dephlogis'licated air, Oxyg"enes,
 Ox'ycum, Princip'ium oxyg"enans seu oxyge-
 neticum seu aciel'ificans seu ac"idum, Elemcn'-
 tum  acidif'icum, (F.) Oxygene, Air du feu;
 from o%vc,' acid,' and ytiv.uui,' I engender,' that
 is, generator of acids ; and such it was believed
 to be, exclusively, at the period when the name
 was given to it.  This is now known not to be
 the case.  Oxygen is largely distributed in na-
 ture.  It exists in the air, in water, in several
 acids, in all the oxyds,  and in  vegetable  and
 animal substances, &c.  It is obtained by de-
 composing  the peroxyd of manganese or the 
OXYGENATION            616                 OZONE
 chlorate of potassa by heat in close  vessels.
 Although oxygen, in the state of admixture in
 which it is found in the atmosphere, is of vital
 importance, it cannot be respired in a pure state
 with impunity.   Animals die in it long before
 the  whole of the oxygen is consumed.  The
 properties of oxygen seem to be stimulant.   It
 increases the  force and velocity of the pulse,
 and  has, accordingly, been  used in  cases of
 chronic  debility,  chlorosis,  asthma,  scrofula,
 dropsy, paralysis, &c.  It requires to be diluted
 with from 10  to  20 parts of atmospheric air;
 one  to two quarts being given during the day.
   OXYGENATION, Oxydation.
   OXYGENE, Oxygen.
   OXYGENASES.   A name given by Baumes
 to diseases  which he attributed to disordered
 oxygenation.
   OXYGEUSIA, Hypergeustia.
   OXYG'LICUS, Oxyg'lices,from o%vc, 'acid,'
 and  yXvxv;, 'sweet;'  Mulsa acida,  Ace'tum
 mulsum dulce.   Prepared by macerating  and
 boiling honey-comb  (from which the greater
 part of the honey has been taken) in water,  and
 adding vinegar.   An Oxymel.
   OXYLAPATHUM, Rumex acutus.
   OX'YMEL, Apom'eli, Mel aceta'tum, from
 oi.ug, 'acid,' and /ntxi, 'honey.'   Honey  and
 vinegar boiled to a syrupy consistence.
   Oxymel jEruginis, Linimentum iEruginis.
   Oxymel Col'chici, Oxymel of meadow saf-
 fron, (F.) Oxymel colchique.  (Rad. colch. re-
 cent, in laminas tenues secta §j, aceti destillati
 Ibj, mellis. despumat.  pond.  Ibij.  Macerate in
 a gentle heat for 4.6 hours.   Press and boil  the
 liquor with  the honey to the thickness of a  sy-
 rup; stirring with a wooden spoon.  Ph. D.)
 It is expectorant and diuretic.  Dose, f.  gj,
 in gruel.
   OXYMEL COLCHIQUE, O. colchici—o. of
 Meadow saffron, 0. colchici.
   Oxymel Scillae,  Oxymel of squills, Mel
 scilla, Oxymel scilliticum.   (Mellis. despumat.
 lbiij, aceti scilla Oij.  Boil in a glass vessel over
 a gentle  fire to a  proper consistence.   It is re-
 puted to be expectorant and diuretic. Dose gj.)
   Oxymel,  Simple,  Oxymel simplex,  is pre-
 pared  as follows; (Mellis despumati Ibij, acidi
 acetici Ibj.  Boil  in a  glass vessel, over a slow
 fire,  to a proper thickness. Ph. L.)  It is cool-
 ing ;—externally, detergent.
   Oxymel of  Squill, O. scillae.
   OXYMYRRHINE,  Ruscus.
   OXYMYRSINE, Ruscus.
   OXYNGIUM, Adeps suilla.
   OXYNITRON,from o?u?,' acid,' and virgov,
 ' nitre.'  Name of a plaster, composed chiefly
 of vinegar and nitre, and recommended by Aetius.
   OXYNOSEMA, Acute disease.
   OXYNOSOS, Acute disease.
   OXYNUSOS, Acute disease.
   OXYO'PI A,Galero'pia,Hyperop'sia,Suffu'sio
 excla'rans, Acies visus, from o£vc, ' quick,' and
cup, ' sight.'  Excessive acuteness of the sense
 of sight.  Instances have occurred, where per-
 sons  could see the stars in the day time.  The
cause is seated in great sensibility of the retina.
 The  term has been used synonymously with
nyctalopia.
  OXYOSPHRE'SIA, Oxyosphresia, from
o%vg,' acute,' and oo-cp^c-ic,' smell.'  Excessive
acuteness of the sense of smell.
  OXYPHLEGMA'SIA, o^xty^canx, Acu'ta
et ve'hemens inflamma'tio.  A violent inflam-
mation.
   OXYPHCENICON, Tamarindus.
   OXYPHO'NIA,  Vox  acu'ta;  from e\vt,
'sharp,'  and cpavy, 'voice;' Parapho'nia clan-
gens,P.ulcero'sa, Clangor, Vox clango' sa,Lepto-
pho'nia.   A shrill  and squalling voice;—fre-
quently,  a symptom of morbid affection of the
larynx.
   OXYPHYLLON, Oxalis acetosella.
   OXYPODIA, see Kyllosis.
   OXYPROTEIN, see Corium phlogisticum.
   OXYREG'MIA, Ructus ac'idus, from o\vc,
'sour,' and tqzuyce, 'I belch.'  Acid eructation.
  OXYR'IA RENIFORM'IS, Rumex dig"ynus,
Boreal sourdock, Mountain Sorrel,  Welsh spr.
rel.   A  plant, Sex.  Syst. Diandria  digynia,
which grows in the northern parts of America
and Europe; blossoming in the spring.  It pos-
sesses the same properties as oxalis acetosella.
   OXYRRHOD'INON, Ace'tum rosa'tum, from
oi.vg, ' acid,'  and giSw,' a rose.'  A composition
of vinegar and roses.  (Ol.  Rosat. gij, acet.
rosat. gj.)  Used as a liniment in herpes and
erysipelas.
   OXYS, Acetum, Acute.
   OXYSACCHARUM, from  o%vg, 'acid,' and
o-xxxaqor, 'sugar.'  A mixture of sugar and
vinegar.   It was called Oxysac'charum vomiti-
vum,  when it held in solution the glass of anti-
mony ; and Oxy sac'charum scilliticum, when it
contained squills.
   OXYSAL  DIAPHORET'ICUM  AN'GELI
SAL^E.   A preparation of Angelo Sala.   Ace-
tate of potass exposed to the atmosphere; and
consequently fallen into a state of deliquium.—
Orfila.
   OXYTARTARUS, Potassae acetas.
   OXYTES, Acidities.
  OXYTOCIA. Same etymon as the next. Ra-
pidity of parturition.  Too great rapidity of birth,
   OXYTOCIC, Oxytocus, from o|wc, 'quick,'
and tix.tu), 'I bring forth.'  A medicine which
promotes delivery.
   OXYTRIPHYLLON, Oxalis acetosella.
   OXYURE VERMICULAIRE, Ascaris ver-
micularis.
   OXYURIS VERMICULARIS, Ascaris ver-
micular is.
   OYSTER  ROOT,  Tragopogon—o.  Shells,
Ostreae testae—o. Prepared, Testa praeparata.
  OZ^El'NA, Cory'za enton'ica, C. purulen'ta,
Pyorrha'a nasa'lis, Entoza'na, C. ozano'sa,
C. ulcero'sa, Coryza  virulen!ta, C. malig'na,
Rhinitis ulcerosa, Ulcus na'rium fat ens, from
olio, 'I smell of something.'   (F.) Ozbie,Pu-
naisie.   An  affection of the  pituitary  mem-
brane, which gives occasion  to a disagreeable
odour, similar  to that of a crushed bed-bug;
hence the name Punais, by which the French
designate one labouring  under ozaena.  It is,
sometimes, owing to caries of the bones; but is,
perhaps,  most frequently  dependent upon sy-
philitic ulceration of  the pituitary membrane,
with or without caries of the bones of the nose.
  Oz/Rna Benigna, Coryza, chronic.
  OZE, Breath, offensive.
  OZEMAN, Albumen.
   OZENE,  Ozena.
  OZONE:   same  etymon.   The powerfully
odorous  matter, produced when  a  current of
ordinary  electricity passes from pointed bodies
into the air.—Schonbein. 
P-                    617                  PAIN
P.
P. A contraction of Pugillus. ~\
P. JE. A contraction of Partes  <
                                 See Abbre-
  P. P. A contraction of Pulvis \  viation-
      pat rum.
  PAB'ULUM, Trophl, Phorbc, Alimen'tum,
Nutrimen'tum.  Food, aliment.  The animal
heat and animal spirits—unmeaning  terms—
were formerly considered the Pabulum vita.
  PACAY, Prosopis dulcis.
  PACCHIO'NI  GLANDS  OF,  Glan'dulce
Durce Matris, G. dura Menin'gis, Tuber'cula
parva  durse matris,  Cor'pora  glandifor'mia
dura  matris,  (F.)  Granulations  ciribrales.
Small, whitish, or yellowish bodies, sometimes
separate, at others united like a bunch of grapes,
which  are observed in several parts of the dura
and  pia mater.  They receive vessels, but ap-
parently no nerves.   Their texture and uses
are unknown.   A considerable number is ob-
served in the longitudinal sinus, covered by the
internal membrane.
  PACH^E'MIA, Pachya'mia, Pachx'ma, Pa-
ckya'ma, from 7ra^vc,' thick,' and 'aipa,' blood.'
Too great thickness of the blood.
  PACHEABLEPHARO'SIS,P«c/W3/<^'«m,
Pachybleph'aron, Pachyblepharo'sis, Pach'ytes,
from 7rtzxvg, 'thick,' and (ixtqaqov, 'an eyelid.'
A name given, by some authors, to a thickening
of the eyelids, produced by tubercles or excres-
cences formed on their margins.  It is the same
affection as that which Sauvages designates Ca-
ligo a Pacheablepharo'si.
  PACHETOS, see Laqueus.
  PACHULOSIS, Pachylosis.
  PACHY.EMIA, Pachaemia.
  PACHYBLEPHARON, Pacheablepharosis.
  PACHYCHOL'IA, from naXvg,  ' thick,' and
X^xr], 'bile.'  Morbid thickness of the bile.
  PACHYLO'SIS,  Pachulo'sis, from nxx"(,
' thick.'  An inordinate production of the epi-
dermis dependent upon hypertrophy of the pa-
pillae of the skin.—E. Wilson.
  PACHYNSIS, Polysarcia adiposa.
|  PACHYNTICA, Incrassantia.
  PACHYSMUS, Polysarcia adiposa.
  PACHYTES, Pacheablepharosis.
  PACINIAN CORPUSCLES, see Corpuscles.
  PAD, (S.) Pajado, frompaja, 'straw.'  Plu-
mace'olus,  Pulvil'lus, Pidvin'ulus,  Parvnm
pulvi'nar ;—a cushion, a little cushion; a junk;
(F.) Coussinet.  A small  bag, filled with fea-
thers, wool, hair, bran, chaff,  &c.   It is used
to compress or  support parts.  In the treat-
ment of  certain fractures, soft pads  or  cush-
ions, called by the French Remplissages, are
placed  between  the splints  and the fractured
limb, in order that the prominent parts may
not be  chafed by the splints.
  PADNOON, Bit noben.
  PADUA, MINERAL WATERS OF.  Near
Padua, in Italy, there are several thermal, sul-
phureous springs; the hottest of which is 188°
Fahr.  The chief  establishments  are  Abano,
Battaglia, and Montegrotto.
        40
  PADUS,  Prunus_ padus.
  PEDAN'CHONE,   from xaig,  srai^c,  'a
child,' and ayxor, ' I strangle ;' Angi'na Sicca.
Name of a fatal species of cynanche, mentioned by
M. A. Severinus; probably the Cynanche Tra-
chealis, or Cynanche Maligna.
  PEDARTHROCACE, Spina ventosa.
  PEDATROPH'IA,  from naig, naidog,  'a
child,' a, privative, and rgoipn, ' nourishment.'
Atrophy of children.  Tabes mesenterica.
  PjEdatrophia Glandulosa, Scrofula.
  PEDERASTIA, Psdogo'gium, Padica'tio,
Cinse'dia, from naig, ' a boy,' and tqaic, ' love.'
The love of boys.   A disgraceful passion, com-
mon  in ancient times,  but now unknown.
These terms are likewise applied to the crime
of sodomy.
  PiEDI'A, Tfcxtdna, ' learning.'  Educa'tio in-
fan'tum.  The  bringing  up or  education—
physical as well as moral—of children.
  P^EDIATRI'A, Padiatrica, from  sratc, 'a
child,'  and  larqtia, ' medical  management.'
Treatment of the diseases  of children.
  PEDICATIO, Paederastia.
  PEDICTERUS, Icterus infantum.
  PEDOBAROMACROMETER, Baromacro-
meter.
  PEDOGOGIUM, Paederastia.
  PEDOMETER, Baromacrometer.
  PEDON'OSUS, from iraig, n-aidoc, 'a child,'
and voo-oc,' disease.' A disease of  childhood.
  PyEDOPHLEBOTOM'IA,  from  »■««,  'a
child,' ipXtip, ' a vein,' and ro/uy, ' incision.'
Vensesec'tio puero'rum.   Bleeding performed on
children.
  P^DOT'RIBES, Min'ister Gymnas'tse, from
n-aic, ' a child,' and Tpi^w,' I train.'  In ancient
gymnastics, the officer acquainted with all the
prescribed exercises,  and who  carried them
into effect, according  to the directions of the
superior.
  PyEO'NIA, P. officina'lis, Glycis'ide, Hsema-
go'gum, Pe'ony, or Piony, male and female,
(F.) Pivoine,  Pione.   The root, flowers, and
seeds were long esteemed powerful medicines.
They are feebly astringent, and have been con-
sidered to be narcotic and antispasmodic.  They
have been given, particularly, in intermittents
and epilepsy,  but  are  not  now  used.  The
flowers are called Rosa benedic'tx,  R.  re'gise.
  PEONICE, Medicine.
  PiEONICUS, Medical.
  PtEONIUS, Medical.
  PEOSYNE, Medicine.
  PAGAPOPLEX'IA,  from  vaytiv,  'to nail
fast,' and anonX^ia,  'apoplexy.'  Apoplexy
from cold.
  PAIDIA, Infancy.
  PAIDION, Infans.
  PAIGIL, Primula veris.
  PAIN,  (old F.) painer, 'to torment;' Sax.
pinan, ' to torture.' Dolor, Algos, Alge'ma,
Alge'do, Alge'sis,  Od'ynS, (F.)  Douleur.  A
disagreeable sensation, which scarcely admits
of definition.   It is generally symptomatic, and 
PAIN
618
PALATINE
is called acute, (F.) aigu'e, when very violent:
pungent, (F.) pongitive, when it resembles that
which would be produced by a sharp instru-
ment run into the part: heavy, (F.) gravative,
when attended with a sensation of weight: ten-
sive, when the  part seems distended: lan'ci-
Qiating, when occurring  in shoots:  lac"erating
or tearing, when the part seems to be tearing:
burning; (F.) bridante,  when resembling that
produced by  a burn, &c.
  Pain, Sun, Hemicrania.
  PAIN, see Triticum—p.  a Coucou, Oxalis
acetosella—p. de Madagascar, Jatropha mani-
hot—p. de Pourceau, Cyclamen.
  PAINS, AFTER, see  P. labour.
  Pains, Labour pains,  Parturien'tis dolo'res,
Odin, Odis, Dolo'res ad partum, Torm'ina par-
turientium, (F.) Maid'Enfant, Doideurs.  The
uneasy sensations that accompany labour, and
are owing to uterine contraction. The pains that
precede  actual delivery, and are simply em-
ployed  in  dilating  the  os  uteri,  are  called
grinding; those whichextrude the child, forcing.
Those which take place  in the first days after
delivery, and are employed in forcing away co-
agula, &c, are termed After  pains, Dolo'res
seu  Tormina post  partum,  D. puerpera'rum,
(F.) Tranches utirines.
  " To take a pain,"—" To try a pain,"—is to
make an examination per vaginam, during la-
bour, to discover its progress, character, &c.
  The French term the  pains, which precede
and  announce labour, mouches; those which
accompany it, douleurs; and those  which oc-
cur  immediately afterwards, tranchies ou co-
liques.
  Pains, Gxawing, Dolo'res roden'tes.  Pains
resembling what might  be  produced by the
gnawing of an animal.
  PAINT, from pingere, pinctum,  e to paint,'
(I.) pinto, (F.) peint; Pigmen'tum, Fucus, (F.)
Fard.  A name given to different  substances,
employed for embellishing the complexion or
rendering the  skin  softer.   The   substances
most commonly used for  this  purpose are:—the
Subnitrate of Bismuth, (F.)  Blanc de fard.
A spirituous solution of benzoin, precipitated
by water, and forming Virgin's  milk, (F.)
Lait virginal; the  red or rouge of the cartha-
mus ; Spanish white;  the oxides of lead, tin,
and mercury, vermilion, red saunders, &c.  All
paints may be said to be  noxious.  They injure
the skin; obstruct perspiration; and, thus, fre-
quently lay  the  foundation for cutaneous af-
fections.  See Cosmetic.
  Paint, Indian, Hydrastis Canadensis, San-
guinaria Canadensis—p.  Yellow, Hydrastis Ca-
nadensis.
  PALESTRA, Gymnasium.
  PALAIS,  Palate.
  PALATAL, Palatine.
  PALATE, Pala'tum,  Hypero'a, Hyperb'um,
Uranis'cos, Roof of the mouth, Fossa Palati'-
na, Palatum stab'ili, (F.) Palais.   The upper
part of the cavity of the mouth; a kind of para-
bolic vault, formed  by the two superior  max-
illary bones,  and the two palate bones covered
with a thick and  dense  mucous membrane:
bounded, before and at the sides, by the  supe-
rior dental arch; and, behind, by the velum pa-
lati.  A whitish line runs along the middle, from
before to behind; at the anterior extremity of
which is a tubercle corresponding  to the in-
ferior  orifice  of the  anterior  palatine canal.
The arteries of the  palate and corresponding
gums proceed from the palatine, alveolar, infra"
orbitar,  labial, and  buccal  branches.  The
veins follow  a similar  course.   The  nerves
are given off from  the palatine, facial, infra-
orbitar, superior dental, and from the naso-pa-
latine ganglion.
  Palate, Artificial, (F.) Obturateur  du Pa-
lais.   A plate of  tortoise shell, silver,  &c.
used to close a deficiency of the palate.
  Palate Bone, Os Pala'ti, Os Basila're,  (F.)
Os Palatin, Os du Palais, is a small bone of an
irregular shape, situate at the posterior  part of
the nasal fossae and palate.  It seems formed by
the union of two  bony plates  joined  at right
angles to each other; so that one is inferior and
horizontal;—the other, superior and  vertical.
The horizontal or palatine portion, Arch of the
palate, is quadrilateral.  Its upper surface forms
part of the nasal fossae; the lower forms part of the
palatine arch, and contains the inferior  orifice of
the posterior palatine canal.  Its anterior edge
is articulated with the  palatine process of the
superior maxillary bone;  the posterior  is  free
and sharp.  It gives attachment to the velum
palati, and presents an eminence, which, when
joined with one on the opposite side, forms the
posterior nasal spine.  Its inner edge  is  articu-
lated  with the corresponding bone; its outer is
confounded  with  the  vertical portion.  The
vertical or ascending portion has  the form  of a
long square.   The inner surface forms part of
the  outer paries of the nasal fossae.   Its outer
surface is unequal, and  is articulated  with the
superior maxillary bone; behind, it presents a
vertical groove, which forms part of the poste-
rior palatine canal;  and, above,  a small  free
surface, which looks into the zygomatic fossa.
Its  anterior edge is united with  the  superior
maxillary bone; the posterior  is unequal, and
rests  on the internal ala of the pterygoid  pro-
cess.   The angle, which it forms by uniting
with  the  posterior edge of the horizontal  por-
tion,  presents a  very prominent pyramidal
eminence,  called the tuberosity of the  palate
bone.   Its upper margin is  surmounted by two
eminences;—the one, anterior, called the orbi-
tar process;—the other  posterior, the  sphenoid
process.   These two processes are  separated
by an almost circular notch, which the sphenoid
bone forms into a foramen, called the spheno-
palatine.
  This bone appears to be developed from a
single point of ossification.  It is articulated,
with the sphenoid, ethmoid, the  cornua sphe-
noidalia, superior  maxillary bone, the inferior
spongy bone, the vomer, and its fellow.
  Palate, Cleft, see Harelip—p. Falling down
of the, Uvulitis—p. Soft, Velum pendulum palati.
  PAL'ATINE, Palatal, Palatinus, fxompa.-
latum, ' the palate.'   Relating  or belonging to
the palate.
  Palatine or Palatal Arteries are two in
number.  They are distinguished into,  1.  The
superior palatal or palatine, Palati na descen'-
dens or Pal'ato-max'illary, which leaves the in-
ternal  maxillary behind the top  of the orbit;
descends into  the  pterygo-maxillary  fissure,
and enters  the posterior maxillary canal.   Its
branches are distributed to the  velum palati
and the nasal fossae.  2. The inferior or ascend-
ing palatine  or palatal, which is very small, 
PALATITE               619            PALMA CHRISTI
 and separates  from the facial near its origin.
 It  passes along the lateral and superior part of
 the pharynx, between the pillars of the velum
 palati, and divides into a number of ramusculi,
 which are distributed to the pharynx, the  cor-
 responding tonsil, the Eustachian tube, and the
 velum palati.
   Palatine Canals or Ducts.  These are two
 in  number.  The anterior, Ductus iucisivus
 vel Nasa'lo-palati'nus, Incisive  canal, is situ-
 ate at the anterior part of the palatine arch, and
 is formed by the two superior maxillary bones.
 It  is single beneath, but opens above by two
 apertures, one  into each  nasal fossa.  The fo-
 ramen  is called Fora'men  incisivum vel F.
 Palatinum ante'rius,F. Alveola'rS ante'rius, F.
 cacum ossis  maxilla'ris superio'ris.  The pos-
 terior palatine  canal  is situate at the posterior
 part of the palate.  It  is formed by the palate
 and superior maxillary bones, ascends between
 these two bones;  and, in its course, gives rise
 to two or three small accessary palatine canals,
 which open above the tuberosity of the palate
 bone.  It transmits the nerves and  vessels
 which bear its  name.  The foramen is called,
 F.  Palatinum poste'rius, F. Palato-maxilla're,
 F.  alveola're poste'rius.
   Palatine  Membrane is the  fibro-mucous
 membrane that lines the palate or  roof of the
 mouth.
   Palatine  or Palatal Nerves, Gutturo-pa-
 latins,  (Ch.) are three in  number; and  arise
 from the inferior part  of the  spheno-palatine
 ganglion.  1. The great palatine, Palatin  infi-
 rieur, (Ch.)  is situate anteriorly  to  the  two
 others, and descends into the posterior palatine
 canal; gives  a  nasal  filament and a staphyline
 filament, and is distributed on the palate.  2.
 The middle palatine, Guttural,  (Ch.,) which
 arises behind the preceding; enters  one of the
 accessary palatine canals, and is distributed to
 the tonsils and  velum palati.  3.  The little pa-
 latine nerve, situate  still more backward than
 the last, which loses  itself by several filaments
 in  the uvula, tonsils, and follicles of the pala-
 tine membrane.
  PALATITE, Isthmitis.
  PALATITIS, Uranisconitis.
  PALATO-GLOSSUS, Glossostaphylinus.
  PALATO-PHARYNGEUS, Pharyn'go-sta-
 phyli'nus, Staphylino-pharyngeus, Thyro-pha-
 ryn'go-staphylinus, part of the Stylo-pharyn-
 gien (Ch.,) Hypero-pharyngeus, (F.) Palato-
 pharyngien.  A membranous muscle, broader
 at its middle  than at its extremities, and situate
 vertically in the lateral paries  of the pharynx
 and velum palati.  It includes the perystaphy-
 lo-pharyngeus,  pharyngo-staphylinus, and  thy-
 ro-staphylinus  of Winslow.  When the   two
 palato-pharyngei contract together, they depress
 the velum.  They elevate and shorten the pha-
 rynx, and act principally in  deglutition.
  PALA TO-PHAR YNGIEN, Palato-pharyn-
 geus—p. Salpingeus, Circumflexus—p. Salpin-
gien, Circumflexus.
  PALATOSTAPHYLINI, see Azygos mus-
 cle.
  PALATUM  FISSUM, Hyperoochasma—p.
Molle, Velum pendulum palati—p. Pendulum,
Velum pendulum palati.
  PALENESS, Pallor, Och'rotes,  Ochro'ma,
Ochri'asis, Leuco'sis, Dealba'tio, Luror,  (F.)
Paleur.  Whiteness of complexion.   It appears
to be owing to a diminution or alteration of the
blood circulating in the capillary vessels, and is
often a sign of disease.
  PALES COULEURS, Chlorosis.
  PALETTE (F.), Pal'mula, Fer'ula.  An
instrument of percussion.  It has the shape of a
spatula with  a  long handle; is made of very
light, white wood, and has been  proposed, by
Mr. Percy, for what is called the Massage, a
kind of pressure or kneading,  exerted  by the
hand on the body and limbs to  excite the tone
of the skin and subjacent tissues.
  Palette also means a cup for bleeding, and the
xiphoid cartilage(?).
  PALETTE A PANSEMENT.   A small
splint of thin, scooped wood, having the shape
of the hand, and used to support the hand in
certain cases—when burnt, for  example—in
order to prevent the fingers from being deformed
by the cicatrices.
  PALETTE DE CABANIS.   An  instru-
ment, invented by Cabanis of Geneva to draw
out  the  extremity of the stylet  when  passed
into the nose, in the operation for fistula lach-
rymalis.  It is composed of two plates of silver,
pierced with several  holes, and movable on
each other.   To use it, the instrument must be
carried into  the nose, so that the holes of the
two plates  correspond.  When the end of the
stylet is received into one of these  holes, it  is
pinched,  by sliding one of the plates  on the
other, and is easily withdrawn.
  PALEUR, Paleness.
  PALILLO, Campomamesia lineatifolia.
  PALIMPISSA, see Pinus sylvestris.
  PALINCOTESIS, Recrudescentia.
  PALINDROME,  Palindromia.
  PALINDROMIA, Palin'droml, from nctxiv,
'again,'  and Sgo/uog, 'a  course.'    This word
signifies, with some, a reflux of fluids from the
exterior towards the interior; and, according to
others, the relapse of an affection—the recur-
rence—Recur'sio, Repetit'io—of  a paroxysm
or disease,—Morbus recidi'vus, Morbi  recur'-
sus.
  PALINGENESIA, Regeneration.
  PALLIATION, Pallia'tio,from palliare,' to
cover, mask;' from  pallium, 'a mantle.'  The
act of palliating—that is, of causing the symp-
toms of a disease to mitigate, without curing it.
The medical art can frequently only moderate
the  symptoms of a disease, prevent  it from
making progress, prolong the days of  the pa-
tient, and diminish  his sufferings.  This is a
palliative treatment.
  PAL'LI ATI VE,  Palliati'vus,  Antipath'ic,
Enantiopatliic.  A  remedy or  mode of treat-
ment, which  only relieves  a disease, without
curing it. The palliative  treatment—Cura
palliati'va, is placed in antithesis to the radical,
Cura radica'lis; see  Radical.
  PALLIDULUS, Blafard.
  PALLOR, Paleness.
  PALM, Palma, Vola, V.  manus, Plate'a,
Thenar, Ages, Agos'tus, Poc'ulum, Patera, Su-
pellex seu Supellec'tile Diog"enis, (F.) Paume
ou Creux de la main.  The hollow or inside of
the hand.  It is limited, without, by the thenar
eminence, which answers to the thumb; within,
by the hypothenar eminence, which answers to
the little  finger; above,by the wrist-joint; and,
below, by  the four fingers.
  PALMA CHRISTI, Ricinus  communis—p. 
PALME UTERI PLICATE      620
PALPEBRAL
Humilis, Musa paradisiaca—p. Unguentariorum,
Myrobalanus.
  PALME U'TERI PLICATE, Arbor u'teri
viv'ificans.  The arborescent striae in the inte-
rior of the cervix uteri.
  PALMAIRE CUTANE, Palmaris brevis—
p. Grand, Palmaris magnus—p. Grele, Palma-
ris longus—p. Long, Palmaris longus.
  PALMAR,  Palma'ris, from palma, 'the
palm of the hand.'  That which concerns the
palm of the hand.  The  palm has, sometimes,
been divided into three regions, called palmar.
1. The external palmar region corresponds to
the thenar eminence.   2. The internal palmar
region is formed by the hypothenar eminence :
and, 3. The middle palmar region is the hollow
of the hand, (F.) Creux de la main.
  Palmar Aponeuro'sis, Palmar fas'cia.  A
strong triangular aponeurosis, which  arises
from the inferior tendon of the palmaris brevis,
and the anterior annular ligament of the carpus.
It covers the whole palm of the hand, and ad-
heres  somewhat strongly, to the skin of the
part.   The palmar ligaments are small, very
numerous, fibrous fasciae, which unite the dif-
ferent bones of the carpus and metacarpus.
   Palmar  Arches, (F.) Arcades ou  Crosses
palmaires.  The curved extremities of the ra-
dial  and  cubital arteries in the palm of the
hand.  There are two palmar arches:—the one
cubital or superficial,—grande Arcade palmaire
of Chaussier, furnishes, at its convexity towards
the fingers, the collateral arteries of the fingers,
and the internal collateral of the thumb; the
other, the  radial, profound, or deep-seated,—
petite Arcade palmaire of Chaussier, is deep in
the palm of the hand beneath the tendons of the
flexor muscles of the  fingers.  It gives some
small  branches only to the  surrounding parts.
The palmar veins accompany  the correspond-
ing arteries.
   Palmar  Arteries, see  Palmar  arches—p.
Fascia, P. aponeurosis.
   Palmar Muscles.   These are three in num-
ber.   1. Palma'ris Magnus, Flexor carpi ra-
dia'lis,Radia'lis intern'us, Epitrochlo-mitacar-
pien, (F.) Palmaire grand, Radial antirieur.
A long fusiform muscle, which passes obliquely
from the inner tuberosity of the humerus to the
upper extremity of the second metacarpal bone.
It bends the hand.  2. Palmaris longus, Lates-
cen'tis chorda, Ulna'ris grac"ilis,  Epitrochlo-
curpi-palmaire, (F.)  Palmaire  long, P. grele.
This muscle is situate on the  inner side of the
last.   It  is very slender, and passes from the
inner tuberosity of the humerus to the anterior
annular ligament of the  carpus, and to the pal-
mar aponeurosis, which it seems to form by the
vanishing of its fibres.  It stretches the palmar
aponeurosis, and bends the hand. 3. Palmaris
Brevis,  Caro quadra!ta, Carpiae'us, (F.) Pal-
maire cutani.  A small, thin, quadrilateral mus-
 cle;  situate before  the thenar eminence.  It
passes from the annular  ligament of the carpus
 to the integuments of the palm of the hand, which
 it wrinkles by its contractions.
   Palmar Veins, see Palmar arches.
   PALMARIS BREVIS, see Palmar  muscles
 —p.  Longus, see Palmar muscles—p. Magnus,
 see Palmar muscles.
   PALMETTO, SAW, Chamaerops serratula.
   P ALMI-PHALANGIENS, Lumbricales
 manus.
  PALMISTRY, Chiromancy.
  PALMOSCOPTA, from Trcix/uoc,  'palpita-
tion,' and 0-x.ottiu, 'I view.'  Investigation of
the beating of the heart and pulse.  Prognosis
from the beating of the heart and pulse.
  PALMULA, Date, Palette.
  PALMUS, Palpitation—p. Cordis, Palpita-
tion—p. Plumbarius, Colic, metallic—p. Vomi-
tus, Vomiting.
  PALO DE CALENTURAS, Calenturas.
  PALOS DE CALENTURA, Cinchona.
  PALPATION, from (F.) palper, to feel.
The  sense  of Touch.  It  is also used for  the
mode of  exploring disease by feeling or press-
ing upon the diseased organ.
  PAL'PEBRA, supposed to be from palpitare,
'to palpitate,' owing to its frequent motion. (?)
Bleph'aron, Oper'culum seu Cooper'culum oc'uli,
Eyelid, (F.) Paupikre.  The eyelids are two
movable vela, situate in front of the eye; which
by their separation permit the organ to receive
the impression of light, or by their greater or
less occlusion protect it from  the influence of
too great light, or from the action of extraneous
bodies.   They  are  separated, above, from  the
forehead, by the eyebrows; and, below,  are
confounded with the cheeks.  They are distin-
guished into upper, Epicyl'ium,—and lower, Hy-
poca'lis, Hypoca'lum, Hypoc'ylum.  The for-
mer  is much broader and more  movable than
the latter.  They are separated by a transverse
cleft; and their edges are thick, and furnished
with the cilia or eyelashes.  Supported by the
tarsal cartilages, they unite at the extremities
of the transverse diameter of the orbit, forming
two  angles,—the innermost being called  the
greater  angle of  the  eye, or inner or greater
canthus; the other, the lesser or external angle
or canthus.  They  are formed,  1. Of a thin
dermoid texture:  2. Of a  muscular membrane,
—a portion of the orbicularis: 3. Of a particu-
lar fibrous membrane:  4. Of the tarsi: and 5.
Of a mucous membrane,—a part of the tunica
conjunctiva.
   Their vessels and nerves are called Palpe-
bral.
   Palpebra Inferior Extroksum Flexa, Ec-
tropion—p. Tertia, Valvula semilunaris.
•   PALPEBRE SUPERIORIS PRIMUS, Le-
vator palpebrae superioris.
   PAL'PEBRAL, Palpebra'lis,  from palpebra,
'the eyelid.'   That which belongs or relates to
the eyelid.
   Palpebral  Arteries are those distributed
to the eyelids.  They are two in number; an
upper and a lower.  The former arises from the
ophthalmic,  a  little beyond the cartilaginous
pulley of the greater  oblique muscle, and de-
scends towards the  upper  eyelid, over which it
is distributed.  The latter arises at the side of,
and  a little behind, the preceding, and sends its
ramifications to the lower eyelid and the neigh-
bouring  parts.  The palpebral veins have  a si-
 milar arrangement;  except that  some of them
open into the temporal and labial veins.
   Palpebral  Flux, Piriform.  A puriform
 discharge, furnished by the glands of Meibomi-
 us, when inflamed;  and to which Scarpa attri-
 butes fistula  lachrymalis,  in many cases.
   Palpebral Ligaments are distinguished into
 superior and inferior.  Some  anatomists, with
 Winslow, have described, under this name, the
 fibrous  layer which is attached,—on the one 
PALPEBRALIS
621
PANCREAS
hand, to the outer part of the circumference of
the orbit; on the other,to the tarsal cartilages.
  Palpebral  Nerves, Nerves  of the eyelids,
arise, particularly, from the frontal and  lach-
rymal branches; from the ophthalmic  nerve of
Willis;  and from the facial, nasal, and infra-
orbitar branch of the superior maxillary nerve.
  PALPEBRALIS, Orbicularis palpebrarum.
  PALPEBRARUM  APERIENS  RECTUS,
Levator palpebrae superioris—p. Duo  musculi,
Orbiculares palpebrarum.
  PALPEBRA*TIO, Nictation.
  PALPITATIO, Palpitation—p. Arteriarum,
see Palpitation—p. Cordis trepidans,  Cardio-
tromus.
  Palpitatio Membro'rum.  A  term used by
Gaubius for involuntary shaking of the legs.
  PALPITATION,  Palpita'tio, Palmus, P.
Cordis, Palpita'tio seu  Pulsa'tio Cordis, Tre-
mor  Cordis,  Vibra'tio Cardi'aca  seu Cordis,
Cardiog'mus, Cardiopal'mus, Subsul'tio, Clo-
nus Palpita'tio, (F.) Palpitation, P. du Caur.
A  name given to the pulsations of the  heart,
when they become stronger,  more extensive,
or  more sensible to the individual, than ordi-
narily.   Palpitations occur in a number  of af-
fections.   They are, sometimes,  owing to or-
ganic diseases of the heart, hypertrophy, inflam-
mation, &c;  at  others, to  a  disease in some
other viscus; whilst, frequently, they are merely
nervous.
   Palpitation  is sometimes felt in the arte-
ries, constituting Palpitatio Arterio'sa.
  PALPITATION DU CCEUR, Palpitation.
   PALSY, Paralysis—p.   Bell's, Paralysis,
 Bell's.
   Palsy, Lead, Paralysis  saturnina, P. me-
tallica,  (F.) Paralysie  saturnine,  Metallic
palsy.   The paralysis of the upper extremities
especially, induced by the poison of lead.
   Palsy, Metallic, see Palsy, lead—p. Shaking,
Paralysis agitans—p. Trembling, Paralysis agi-
tans.
   PALTA, Persea gatissima.
   PALUDAL, Elodes.
   PALUDAPIUM, Apium graveolens.
   PALUDOSUS, Elodes.
   P ALUS, Marsh, Penis—p. Sanctus, Guaiacum.
   PAMBIOMA, Panbioma.
   PAMOISON, Syncope.
   PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS, Corpus pampi-
 niforme.
   PAMPINIFORME CORPUS,  see Corpus
 pampiniforme.
   PAMPLE'GIA, Panplegia; from rr*v, 'all,'
 and-rXnya,, 'I strike.' General paralysis.  Palsy
 of the whole body.
   PANACE'A, Catholicon, Cathol'icum, from
 ?ra.v, 'all,' and  ay.ioju.ai,  'I cure;' Universale
 reme'dium, Panchres'tos. A pretended universal
 remedy.   There is no such thing  in existence.
   Panacea Ducis Holsatos, Potassae sulphas
 —p. Duplicata, Potassae sulphas—p. Lapsorum,
 Arnica montana—p.  Mercurialis, Hydrargyri
 submurias—p. Mercurii  rubri, Hydrargyri  ni-
 trico-oxidum—p. Pectoris, Glechoma hederacea
 —p. Vegetabilis, Crocus.
   PANA'DA. Diminutive  of  Ital.  Pane,
 'bread,'  (Lat.  Pauls,)   Pana'ta, Panatella.
 Bread, boiled in water to the consistence of pap.
 Sometimes administered to the sick.
   PANARIS, Paronychia.
   PAxYARITIUM, Paronychia.
  PANARIUM, Paronychia.
  PANATA, Panada.
  PANATELLA, Panada.
  PANAX COSTINUM,  Pastinaca opoponax
—p. Heracleum, Pastinaca opoponax—p. Pas-
tinacea, Pastinaca opoponax.
  Panax Quinquefo'lium, Aurelia'na Cana-
densis, Ara'lia Canaden'sis,  Ginseng, Nin-
sing, Gensang, Redberry, Five-fingers.   Fa-
mily, Araliaceae.   Sex. Syst. Polyandria Mo-
noecia.  This plant grows in Tartary and North
America.   The  root is about the thickness of
the little finger; an inch or two in length, often
dividing into two branches; of a whitish yellow-
colour ; wrinkled on the surface, and of a com-
pact, almost  horny, texture.  It has no smell,
but a very sweet taste, combined with a slight
degree  of aromatic bitterness.  It is much
esteemed by the Chinese, who pay a high price
for it.  It is a gentle and agreeable stimulant.
   PANBIO'MA, Pambio'ma, from  nav, ' all,'
and (itog, ' life.'   The original animating  prin-
ciple.   The general principle of life.
   PANCHRESTOS, Panacea.
   PANCHYMAGO'GUM, Pantago'gon, from
n-av, 'all,' %vftoc, 'juice,' and aym,  'I drive
away.'  A medicine which the ancients be-
lieved capable of purging away all sorts of hu-
mours.
   PANCHYMAGOGUMMiNERALE,Hydrargyri sub-
murias.
   PANCCENOSUS, Pandemic.
   PANCCENUS (MORBUS,) Pandemic.
   PANCRATIUM,  Pancreas.
   PAN'CREAS,  from  **r,  'all,'  and x/>e*s,
'flesh;' i. e.  'quite  fleshy;' Callic'reas,  Pan-
cra'tium, Paricreum, Lactes, Pulvinar ventri-
culi, Totum carno'sum, Gland'ula saliva'lis ab-
dom'inis,  Pancre'ne.  A  gland, deeply seated
in the abdomen, and lying transversely on the
vertebral column, between the three curvatures
of the  duodenum, behind the stomach, and to
the right of  the spleen.   Its left extremity is
 called the tail  of the pancreas; it is smaller
than the  right,  which is  called  the head.  At
 its right portion, it has, almost always, a greater
 or less prolongation; called, by Winslow, and
 some  others, the lesser  pancreas, (F.)  Petit
pancrias, Pancreas of Aselli, Pancreas minus.
 The pancreas resembles  the salivary  glands in
 structure, and  has been  called the  Abdominal
 Salivary Gland.  It is composed of lobes and
 granulated lobules, distinct and united by cel-
 lular tissue.   From each of the granulations of
 these lobes arise  the radicles of its excretory
 duct, which  are very delicate, and united like
 veins.  The duct itself, Ductus Pancreat'icus,
 Canal or Duct of Wirsung or Wirsungs, (F.)
 Canal pancriatique, proceeds in a serpentine
 course through the substance of the organ; and
 when it has reached behind the second portion
 of the duodenum,  it  becomes free, and is of the
 size of a crow's  quill.  It opens  at  an acute
 angle into the choledoch duct, or proceeds close
 to  it, opening  separately into  the duodenum.
 The Pancreatic arteries are very numerous and
 small.  They proceed from the cceliac, splenic,
 superior mesenteric, right gastro-epiploic, co-
 ronaria ventriculi, and left capsular.  Its  veins
 open into the radicles of the vena porta; and, par-
 ticularly, into the splenic and lesser mesenteric.
 Its nerves emanate  from the solar plexus, and
 its lymphatics pass into  ganglions, to which it 
PANCREATALGIA           622             PANSPERMIA
 gives its  name.  The pancreas secretes  the
 Pancreatic juice, Succus seu Liquor Pancreat-
 icus, Lympha Pancrea'tis, which resembles the
 saliva.
   Pancreas of Aselli, see Pancreas—p. Mi-
 nus, see Pancreas—p. Petit, see Pancreas—p.
 Second, Brunner's glands.
   PANCREATAL'GIA; from nayn^ag, 'the
 pancreas,' and a.Xyog,  ' pain.' Pain or disease
 of the pancreas.
   PANCREATEMPHRAX'IS, from nayxqtag,
 ' the pancreas,'  and s/tcpgaoacu,  ' I obstruct.'
 Obstruction of the pancreas.
   PANCREATIC ARTERIES, see  Pancreas
 —p. Duct, see Pancreas—p. Juice, see Pancreas
 —p. Nerves, see Pancreas—p. Veins, see Pan-
 creas.
   Pancreat'ic Sarco'ma of Ab'ernethy, Em-
 phy'ma sarco'ma pancreat'icum.  A tumour, in
 irregular masses, connected by loose fibrous
 substance, like the irregular masses of the
 pancreas.  Found in the cellular  substance;
 but, more usually, in lymphatic glands, chiefly
 in the female breast.
   PANCREATITIS, Inflamma'tio pancrea'tis,
 (F.) Inflammation du Pancrias.  Inflammation
 of the pancreas;—an affection, the phenomena
 of which are not well known.
   P A N'C R E A T 01D, from nayxqt«f, ' the
 pancreas,' and udot, 'appearance;' Pancrea-
 to'i'des.  A tumour  resembling the pancreas in
 structure.
   PANCREATON'CUS; from Tt<xyy.qtac, 'the
 pancreas,' and oynoc, ' a swelling.'   Tumour of
 the  pancreas.
   PANCRENE, Pancreas.
   PANCREUM, Pancreas.
   PANDA'LEA, Panda'leum.   A kind of  lo-
 zenge used by the Arabian physicians.
   PANDALEUM, Pandalea.
   PANDALITIUM, Paronychia.
   PANDEMIA, Pandemic.
   PANDEMIC, Pan'demy, Pande'mia, Morbus
 Pande'mius seu Pande'mus seu Panca'nus,
 Panca'nosus,  (F.) Pandimie; from nav, 'all,'
 and dijuoc,' people.'  An epidemic which attacks
 the whole population.
   PANDEMIE, Pandemic.
   PANDEMY, Pandemic.
   PANDICULATION,  Pandicula'tio,  Scor-
 dine'ma, Scordinis'mus, Clonus Pandicula'tio,
 from pandere,  'to  stretch  out;' Stretching,
 Haiices, (PL)   An  action which consists  in
 elevating the upper  limbs,  and  throwing the
 head and trunk backwards,  at the same time
 that  the lower limbs are extended. This series
 of motions of the extensor muscles  is in some
 measure independent of the will, and is accom-
 panied with yawning, which is equally involun-
 tary.  In the state of health, stretching occurs
 before and after sleep;  especially when we are
 fatigued.  It is also  observed at the  onset of
 certain paroxysms of fever, hysteria, &c.
  PANDOCE'UM, Pandochium, Pandoc'ium;
from n-av, ' all,' and dt<%to-dai, ' to  receive.' An
inn that receives all  classes.  A general hos-
 pital, or one that admits all cases.
  PANDOCHIUM, Pandoceum.
  PANDOCIUM, Pandoceum.
  PANHIDROSIS; from nav, 'all,' and <to*ow-
mc, 'sweating;' Sudor universa'Us.  Sweating
over the whole body.
   PANICAUT, Eryngium campestre—p. Mari-
 time, Eryngium maritimum.
   PAN'ICUM ITAL'ICUM,  Italian  Panic
 Grass, Indian Millet, Guinea Corn, Barbadoes
 Millet, Milium In'dicum,  Sorghum, Holcus
 Sorghum, (F.) Millet des oiseaux.  Nat. Ord.
 Gramineae.   The  seed—Mil'ii Sem'ina—are
 much esteemed in Italy, being a constant in-
 gredient in soups, and  made into a variety of
 forms for the table.
   Panicum Milia'ceum, Common Millet, Mi-
 lium, Cenchron, Cenchrus, (F.) Millot ordi-
 naire.  Millet seed are esteemed a nutritious
 article of diet, and ara often made into pud-
 dings.
   PANIS CANICACEUS, see Canicae—p. Ci-
 barius  seu  secundarius, Syncomistos—p. Cu-
 culi, Oxalis acetosella—p. Porcinus, Cyclamen.
   PANNI,  Swathing clothes.
   PANNICULE CHARNU, Panniculus car-
 nosus.
   PANNICULUS.  Diminutive of Pannus,
 cloth.  A piece of fine cloth.  Pterygion.
   Panniculus Adiposus, Cellular membrane.
   Panniculus  Carno'sus,  Tu'nica   carnosa,
 Muscular Web, Mantle, (F.) Pannicule char-
 nue, is a general  covering found in the quadru-
 ped, and formed by a thin, subcutaneous muscle,
 which serves to move the skin.   It exists only
 in certain parts of the human body,—as in the
 forehead, where it is formed by the occipito-
 frontalis;  in the neck,  by the platysma my-
 oides; and,  in the scrotum, by the  cremaster
 muscle.
   Panniculus Cordis, Pericardium—p. Hyme-
 naeus, Hymen—p. Virginalis, Hymen.
   PANNUS.  A  piece of cloth.  This word has
 several other meanings many of which are
 equivocal.   It means a tent for a wound, and
 also, an irregular naevus or mark on the skin.—
 Castelli.  Modern ophthalmologists apply it to
 an opake  and vascular condition of the ante-
 rior  membrane of the cornea, almost invariably
 produced  by the continuance of purulent or
 strumous ophthalmia, or by chronic inflamma-
 tion  of the cornea.  This part becomes nebu-
 lous, covered with red vessels, and opake.  At
 times, the  sclerotic  conjunctiva undergoes a
 similar change to that which occurs in  the cor-
 neal  portion.
  Pannus Hepaticus, Chloasma—p. Lenticula-
 ris, Ephelides.
  PANOCHIA, Bubo.
  PXNO¥HQ'KlA,Pa,ntopho'bia,Pavopho'bia,
Athym'ia, Pavor, (F.) Frayeur nocturne, Souci,
from Tlav, ' the god Pan,' and ip«$<>c,' fear.'  A
panic or fear inspired by the god Pan,  accord-
ing to the  opinion of the ancients.  Some de-
rive  it from  rrav, ' all,' and ipofjoc,' fear.'  This
is sometimes morbid, and is a symptom of me-
lancholy.
  PANOPHTHALMITIS, from n*v,  'all/
and  ophthalmitis;  ' inflammation of the eye.
Inflammation of the whole eye.
  PANPLEGIA,  Pamplegia.
  PANSCLERO'SIS; from nav, 'all,'  and
o-xxyqaioic, 'hardness.'  Complete induration
of a part.
  PANSEMENT, Dressing.
  PANSIES, Viola tricolor.
  PANSPER'MIA, from nav,< all,' and orrtqua,
' sperm.' The theory of Dissemination of Germs,
according to which, ova or germs are dissemi- 
PANTAGOGON
623      PAPILLE CALYCIFORMES
 nated over all space, undergoing development
 under favourable circumstances.
   PANTAGOGON, Panchymagogum.
   PANTANENCEPHA'LIA,from7zav,7ravT*r,
 (all,' and anencepha'lia, absence of brain.  En-
 tire absence of brain—the same as anencepha-
 lia.—G. St. Hilaire.
   PANTATROPHIA, from nav, 'all,' and
 axqopia,' atrophy.'  Universal atrophy.
   PANTICES, Intestine.
   PANTING, Anhelatio.
   PANTOGANGLIITIS, Cholera.
   PANTOPHAGUS,  Omnivorous.
   PANTOPHOBIA, Hydrophobia, Panophobia.
   PANTOZOOTIA, Panzootia.
   PANUS, Phygethlon—p.  Faucium, Stoma-
 topanus—p. Inguinalis, Bubo.
   PANZOOTIA, Pantozo'otia; from nav, 'all,'
 and ttuor, ' animal.'  An endemic or epidemic
 disease affecting animals generally.
   PAP, Nipple—p. of the Throat, Uvula.
   PAPAS  AMERICANUS,  Solanum  tube-
 rosum.
   PAPA'VER, P. somnif'erum, Mecon.   The
 Wliitc Poppy, Papaver sativum, (F.) Pavot des
 Jardins.  Family Papaveraceae.  Sex. Syst.
 Polyandria Monogynia.  The Capsule of the
 White Poppy, Co'dia, xufiot. or xaStia,Sca'phion,
 Papav'eris Caput vel Cap'sula, Mecon, Poppy-
 head, is used in fomentation, as an anodyne and
 relaxant, to inflamed or ulcerated  parts.   The
 expressed oil of the seeds is called by the French
 Huile d'CEillette.  It is from  the poppy that we
 procure Opium,—called, also,  Opium Theba'-
 icum, Meco'nium, Opion, Manus  Dei, Affion,
 Amphiam, Afium, Osoron, Lau'danum, Mecon,
 Sopio.   It is the milky juice  obtained after the
 flowering of the plant, by making  longitudinal
 incisions in the capsules and stalks.  It is com-
 monly  obtained  from  the  Levant  or  India,
 where the poppy grows abundantly.  Opium
 is a compound of morphia, narcotina, meconic
 acid, codeia, narcein,  meconin,  caoutchouc,
 fecula,  resin,  oil,  and  several  other  sub-
 stances.  Turkey  Opium  is of a heavy and
 slightly fetid  odour.  Its taste is  nauseous,
 bitter, acrid,  and warm: it  is in  flat pieces;
 solid and tenacious; of a dark brown colour, and
 yellowish when powdered;  making a  light
 brown,  interrupted streak on paper.  In East
 India Opium, the odour is the same, and em-
 pyreumatic ;  the taste is less bitter, but more
 nauseous, and the colour darker.  The varieties
 of opium known in commerce are the Smyrna,
 the Constantinople, the Egyptian, the Persian,
 and the Indian.  Opium is stimulant in small
 doses; sedative, in large; narcotic and anodyne;
 operating through the nervous system. It is a
 most valuable remedy in all painful affections,
 and inflammations, when given so as to produce
 its full, sedative effects, especially in peritonitis.
 In diarrhoea and dysentery, it acts as an astrin-
 gent; in intermittents, it will often prevent the
 paroxysm.  In typhus, in  small doses, it acts
 as a cordial; in  larger, it allays irritation and
 produces sleep.  When  applied externally, its
 narcotic effects are  developed: and, hence,  it
 is a useful application to irritable sores, pain-
ful  tumours, &c.  Dose, gr. | to \ as a stimu-
 lant; gr. j to iv as a sedative.
  Papaver Cf.ueale, P. rhoeas—p. Cornicula-
tum, Chelidonium  majus—p.  Erraticum,  P.
rhoeas—p. Luteum, Chelidonium majus.
   Papavrr Nigrum.   This is merely a variety
 of the white poppy, producing black seeds.
   Papaver Rhceas.  The systematic and phar-
 macopoeial name of the Red  corn-poppy, Corn
 rose, Papaver erraticum, P. cerea'll., P. rubrum,
 Rhaas, (F.) Coquelicot.  The  heads  of this
 species, also, contain a milky juice of a narcotic
 quality.    A syrup  of its  flowers  has  been
 directed, which has been esteemed diaphoretic
 and slightly soothing;  but is  more  admired for
 its colour than  for any  other property.
   PAPAVERCULUM, Meconium.
   PAPAW TREE, Carica papaya.
   PAPAYER, Carica papaya.
   PAPIER EPISPASTIQUE, Sparadrapum
 vesicatorium.
   P A P IL' L  A, P. Mammae,  Thele .-—dimi-
 nutive, perhaps, from papa, one of the  earliest
 cries of the infant, ascribed to a  craving for
 food.  The end of the  breast, the nipple.  An
 eminence similar to a  nipple.  A  name given
 to small eminences more or less prominent, at
 the surface of several parts, particularly of the
 skin and  mucous membranes, in which latter
 situation they are also called villi.   See Villous.
 They appear formed by the ultimate expansion
 of the vessels and nerves, and are  susceptible,
 in some cases, of a kind of erection.  They are
 also called Papillae nervo'sse seu Ner'vem, P.
 Pyramida'les,  Nervous papillae, (F.) Papilles
 ou Papilles nerveuses,  Houppes nerveuses.
   Papilla  Lachrymalis, see  Lachrymal
 puncta—p. Mammae, Papilla.
   PAPILLE CALYCIFORMES, see Papillae
 of the tongue—p. Capitatae, see Papillae of the
 tongue—p. Circumvallatae, see Papillae of the
 tongue—p. Conical, see Papillae of the tongue—
 p. Conoidal, see Papillae of the tongue—p. Fili-
 form, see  Papillae of the tongue—p. Fungiform,
 see Papillae of the tongue—p. Fungoid,  see Pa-
 pillae of the tongue.
   Papillae of the Kidney, (F.) Mamelons du,
 rein, are the prbjections into the pelvis of the
 kidney of the apices of  the cones of the tubular
 substance of the organ.  They are also called
 Proces'sus mamilla'res, Carun'cula papilla'res,
 Pyram'ides Malpighia!nee, Papilla renum.
   Papillje, Lenticular, see Papillae of the
 tongue—p. Maximae, see Papillae of the tongue
 —p. Mediae, see Papillae of the tongue—p. Min-
 imae, see Papillae of the  tongue—p. Mucosae, see
 Papillae of the tongue—p.  Nerveae,  see Pa-
 pillae—p. Nervous, see Papilla—p. Pyramidal,
 see Papillae of the tongue—p.  Pyramidales, see
 Papilla—p. Renum, see Papillae of the  kidney
 —p. Semilenticulares, see Papillae of the tongue.
   Papillje of the Tongue are very numerous
 and marked.  They are observed, particularly,
 at the upper surface of the organ, and are dis-
 tinguished  into — 1. The Lentic'ular papilla,
 Papillae muco'sae,  P. max'imae, P. capita'tae, P.
 valla'ta, P. circumvalla'ta, P. trunca'ta, P.
 calycifor'mes.   They are arranged at the base
 of the tongue in  two  oblique lines having the
 shape of the letter V;  and  united angularly at
 the foramen caecum.  They have,  in general,
 an ovoid or spherical shape, and are  merely mu-
 cous follicles similar  to those of  the  palate,
 lips, &c.  2. The Fun'giform or Fungoid pa-
pillae, Papillae me'dia, P. Semilenticula'res, are
of indeterminate number, but  always more nu-
 merous than the preceding.  They  are  irregu-
 larly disseminated near the  edges and the point 
PAPILLARY BODY           624
PARESTHESIS
of the tongue; have a rounded and flattened
head, supported by a short and narrow footstalk.
Their tint is whitish.   Of their real nature we
are ignorant.  3. The Cortical, Conoid'al or
Pyram'idal papilla, P. min'ima, P. villa!sa,
are the most numerous of all.  Their arrange-
ment is more regular  in  the  forepart of the
tongue than  behind.   They resemble  small
cones; the base being towards  the  tongue and
the apex free.  The .anterior are very small,
and have been called Filiform papilla.  They
appear to  be produced by the  terminations of
the filaments of the lingual nerve, and are sur-
rounded by an evident vascular network.
  Papilla  Truncate,  see Papillae  of the
tongue—p.Vallatae, see Papillae of the tongue—
p. Villosae, see Papillae of the tongue.
  PAPILLARY BODY, Corpus papillare.
  PAP IL L I-AU T -MAMMILLI-FORMIS,
Mastoid.
  PAPOOSE ROOT, Caulophyllum thalictroi-
des.
  PAP'ULA.  A pimple, Exor'mia, (E.)Bou-
ton, Bourgeon. A small, acuminated elevation
of the cuticle, with an inflamed base; very sel-
dom containing a fluid, or suppurating, and com-
monly terminating in scurf or desquamation.
  Papula form the first order of  Willan and
Bateman's arrangement of cutaneous diseases.
  Papula Agria, Lichen agrius—p. Fera, Her-
pes exedens—p. Miliaris, Miliary fever.
  Papulae, Lichen—p. Siccae,  Lichen—p. Su-
doris, Miliary fever—p. Sudorales,  Sudamina.
  PAPPUS AMERICANUS,  Solanum tube-
rosum.
  PAQUERETTE VIVACE, Bellis.
  PAR NERVO'RUM, Syz'ygi nervo'rum. A
pair of nerves.
  Par Opticum Nervorum, Optic nerve—p.
Primum nervorum  cerebri, Olfactory^nerves
—p. Quintum nervorum cerebralium, Trigemi-
ni—p. Secundum nervorum, Optic nerve — p.
Septimum sive faciale, Facial nerve—p. Trige-
minum, Trigemini—p. Trium funiculorum, Tri-
gemini—p. Vagus, Pneumogastric—p. Visorius,
Optic nerve.
  PARA, nctqa, a common  prefix,  ' by,  near,
contrary to,  through,' (per;)  'above and be-
yond,' (ultra:) 'besides, (prater.)   In certain
terms, as  in Paracusis, Parapsis, Parabysma,
&c, used  by Dr. Good, para means a defective
or morbid condition.
  PARABAL'ANUS, from vuga^aXXtiv, (rraga,
and (iaXXtiv,' to cast,') ' to expose one-self.'   A
name given,  by the ancients, to a  person who
devoted himself to the service of  the  sick  in
hospitals;  and particularly during epidemics
and the plague.
  PARABYS'MA,  from n*ga,  and pVtn; 'to
stuff.' Infarction or engorgement of an organ—
as Parabysma Lie'nis, Engorgement of the spleen.
  Parabysma Mesentericum, Tabes mesente-
rica.
  PARABYS'TIA, same  etymon.   Engorge-
ment or infarction of an organ  with blood.
  PARACELSISTA, Paracel'sist; from Para-
celsus.  A follower of Paracelsus.
  PARACELSISTICA MEDICINA, see
Spagyrists.
  PARACENTE'RIUM.  Same etymon as the
next.  Woolhouse has given this appellation to
a  small trocar, employed by  Nuck for punc-
turing the eye in cases of dropsy of that organ.
  PARACENTESIS,  Perfora'tio,  Punc'tio,
Punctu'ra, Cenembate'sis, Cente'sis, Compunc-
tio:  from rraqdmtvrttu, (ra^a, and zevtsu, ' I
pierce,')  ' I pierce through.'  Puncture.  The
operation of tapping to evacuate the collected
fluid in ascites, ovarial dropsy, &c.
  Paracentesis, Puncturing—p. Thoracis,
Thoracocentesis.
  PARACENTETERION, Trocar.
  PARACENTICION, Trocar.
  PARACHRCE'A, from n-aqa, and xioa> 'co-
lour.'  Morbid change of colour of the  surface,
especially of the face.
  PARACHROMA, Achromatopsia.
  PARACHROSIS, Decoloration.
  PARACINE'SES, (G.) Parakinesien, from
naqx, ' defective,' and xivyo-ig, ' motion.'  Dis-
eases of the motor nerves; morbid movements
of voluntary muscles.
  PARACMASIS, Decline.
  PARACMASTIC, Paracmas'ticus, from rra-
gaxpiata, 'I decrease.' Decreasing. An epithet
for  a distemper, which  gradually decreases.
Also, according to Galen, the period of life when
a person is said to grow old, which he places at
from 35 to 49, after which he is said to be old,
—a definition that would not suit us at  the pre-
sent day.—Gorraeus, and  Castelli.
  PARACMASTICOS, see Acmasticos.
  PARACME, Decline.
  PARACOE, see Cophosis, Paracusis.
  PARAC'OPEi,Paraph'ora, Paracrv! sis, from
n-ae,ay,orrruj, ' I strike falsely.'  Delirium.  In
Hippocrates, it means the slight delirium which
sometimes occurs in febrile diseases,
  PARACOUSIA,  see Cophosis.
  PARACRISES, (G.) Parakrisien: from^a,
'defective, morbid,'  and xqio-tg, 'secretion.'
Diseases of the secretory function.—Fuchs.
  PARACRUSIS, Paracope.
  PARACUSIS,  Cophosis.   Also, perverted
audition.
  Paracu'sis Acris, Audi'tus a'crior, Paracu'-
sis oxycoia, from 7t*ga,' defective,' and  ctxovo-ic,
'the act of hearing.' The hearing painfully acute,
and intolerant of the lowest  sounds; a symp-
tom in otalgia, epilepsy, cephalitis, and febrile
affections.
  Paracusis Duplicata, Double hearing—p.
Imaginaria,  Tinnitus aurium—p. Imperfecta,
Double hearing, P. perversa—p. Obtusa, Barye-
coia—p. Oxycoia, P. acris.
  Paracusis Perver'sa, P. Willisia'na, P. im-
perfec'ta, Perverse hearing.  The ear only sen-
sible  to  articulate  sounds,  when excited by
other and louder sounds  intermixed with them
—Good.
  Paracusis Surditas, see Cophosis—p.  Wil-
lisiana, Paracusis perversa.
  P A R A C Y C L E' S E S, (G.) ParakyUesen,
from TTaqa,' defective, morbid,'  and x.uy.xyo-ic,
' circulation.'  Diseases of the blood as regards
its distribution and motion.—Fuchs.
  PARACYESIS,  Pregnancy, morbid, Preg-
nancy, preternatural—p.  Abortus, Abortion—
p. Tubaria, Salpingo-cyesis.
  PARACYNAN'CHE, (para and cynanche.)
Inflammation  of  the external muscles of the
larynx.  According to others, a slight cynanche.
  PARESTHESIA, Paresthesis—p.  Olfacto-
ria, Parosmia.
  PARESTHESIS,  Paresthesis—p.  Auditus
flacca, Proptoma auricularum. 
PARETHENAR             625             PARAPHIMOSIS
  PARETHENAR, Parathenar.
  PARAGEUSIS, Ageustia.  Also, perversion
of taste, Parageu'sia, Parageust'ia,  Allotrio-
geus'tia, Gustus deprava'tus.
  PARAGEUSTIA, Parageusis.
  PARAGLOSSA,  Paraglos'se,  from  Trnga,
and  yxuo-o-a,  'the  tongue;' Swelling  of  the
tongue; Dyspha'gia Lingua'sa, Glossomegis'-
tus, Macroglos'sa, Prolap'sus lingua.   Sauva-
ges, under the term Paraglossa deglutito'ria,
means a pretended doubling of the tongue into
the pharynx, (F.) Renversement de la langue.
See Glossocele.
  PARAGOGE, Abduction, Coaptation.
  PARAGOMPHO'SIS, Paragomphosis cap'-
itis, from nzga, 'by,' 'near,' and yofA<fa<rtc, ' a
nailing.'  Incomplete wedging  of the head of
the child in the pelvis during labour.
  PARAKINESIEN, Paracineses.
  PARAKR1SIEN, Paracrises.
  PARAKYKLESEN, Paracycleses.
  PARALALIA, Mogilalia—p. Nasalis, Rhi-
nophonia.
  PARALAMP'SIS, iragaXanxf>is, from Tra^a-
Xotfjmm, (nag*, and Xaunw,  'I  shine,')'I shine
at the  side of;' Mac'ula cornea margarita'cea,
Perla.  A cicatrix on the  transparent part of
the eye.—Hippocrates.
  PARALEREMA, Delirium.
  PARALLAGE, Insanity.
   PARALLAGMA, Chevauchement.
  PARALLAXIS, Chevauchement, Insanity.
   PARALLE'LA.  A kind  of scurfy, cuta-
neous eruption, affecting the palms of the hands,
 in parallel lines, and symptomatic of the vene-
 real disease.—Forestus.
   PARALLELISM  OF   DISEASES,  Idio-
 pathia.
   PARALOGIA, Delirium.
   PARALOPH'IA,  from  na?a, ' near,'  and
 xocpi*,  'the first vertebra of the back.'   The
 lower and lateral part of the neck, near  the ver-
 tebrae.—Keil.
   PARALYSIE,  Paralysis—p. Saturnine,
 Palsy, lead.
   PARAL'YSIS, Par'esis, Resolu'tio membro'-
 rum, R. nervo'rum, Carus paralysis,  Cataly-
 sis, (F.) Paralysie, Risolution des  membres;
 Palsy, from n*e,*Xva, (iraga and Xvw,' I loosen,')
 ' I  relax.'  Abolition or great diminution of the
 voluntary motions, and sometimes of sensation,
 in  one  or more parts of the body.
   Palsy is said to be local, when it affects only
 a few muscles.  When it extends to half the
 body,  vertically or horizontally, it is called
 Hemiplegia  or  Paraple'gia.   It is common-
 ly  symptomatic of disease of the brain or of
 the nerves themselves, and is a frequent ac-
 companiment, precursor,  or successor of apo-
 plexy.  The  immediate  cause is,  generally,
 pressure either by blood effused, or by serum,
 or by vascular turgescence. At its onset, there-
 fore, blood-letting may be advisable;  but, after-
 wards, the disease  becomes one of nervous de-
 bility, and requires stimulants—to  the para-
 lyzed  parts, or  to the mucous membranes,—
 frictions, sinapisms, blisters, the  moxa, baths,
 electricity, galvanism,  purgatives, and  the nux
 vomica, which last has the property of  exciting
 movements where the will has no longer power.
 The disease  generally admits  only  of pallia-
 tion, and is extremely apt to recur.
   Paralysis, Primula veris.
  Paral'ysis  Ag"itans,  P.  trem'ula, Syn'-
clonus ballis'mus, Scelotyr'bS festi'nans, Tre-
mor, Tromos, Shaking Palsy, Trembling Palsy.
A variety of tremor, in which the muscles are
in a perpetual alternation of contraction  and
relaxation.
  Paralysis, Bell's, Bell's Palsy, Paralysis
facia'lis,  Trismus  dias'trophe Sauvage'sii,
Dias'trophe Gale'ni, Hemiplegia facia'lis, Oris
tortu'ra paralytica Linna'i, Hemiprosople'gia.
The paralysis of the face induced by a lesion of
the portio dura, has  been called Bell's Palsy,
owing to Sir Charles Bell having been one of
the first to investigate it minutely.
  Paralysis Beriberia, Beriberi—p. Facialis,
Paralysis, Bell's—p. Hemiplegia,Hemiplegia—
p. Linguae, Glossolysis—p. Medullaris, Para-
plegia—p.  Metallica,  Palsy,  lead—p.  from
Poisons, p. Venenata—p. Rachialgia, Colic, me-
tallic—p. Saturnine, Palsy, lead—p. Scorbutica,
Pellagra—p. Spinalis, Paraplegia—p. Tremula,
Paralysis agitans.
   Paral'ysis Venena'ta, Paralysis e vene'nis,
Paralysis from poisons.   Paralysis, the result
of poisonous substances—as of lead, mero»ry,
arsenic, ergot, &c.
   Paralysis e Venenis, P. Venenata.
   PARALYTIC, Paralyticus; same etymon.
Affected with paralysis.
   Paralytic Stroke, see Stroke, paralytic.
   PARAME'NIA, n*.g*.fiyvia, from irt-get, < bad-
ly,' and fA»v, 'a month;' Menstrua'tio anom'-
ala, Menses anom'alae, Mismenstruation.  Dif-
ficult menstruation.  Disordered menstruation.
   Paramenia Difficilis, Dysmenorrhoea—p.
Erroris, Menstruation, vicarious—p. Obstruc-
tions,  see  Amenorrhoea—p. Profusa,  Menor-
rhagia—p. Superflua, Menorrhagia.
   PARAME'RIA,  n-^auygut, from Traga,
' about,' and /aygog,' the  thigh.'  The  internal
parts of the thigh.
   PARAMESOS, Annular finger, see  Digitus.
   PARANEPHRITIS, from  *•«§*, and vtcpgi-
rig,' inflammation of the kidney.'  Inflamma-
tion of the renal capsules, Inflamma'tio renum
 succenturiato' rum.
   PARANGEA,  Delirium, Dementia.
   PARANYMP'HUS, from  naga, ' near,' and
 vvu<py,  'a young spouse,' 'a bride.'   A name
 given by the ancients to him who led the bride
 to the  house of her husband.  The term was
 adopted into the ancient schools of medicine,
 to designate the usual discourse pronounced at
 the end of the  prescribed period of study for
 licentiate,  in  which  the  qualifications  and
 merits  of the candidate were described.
   PARAPATHIA, Pathomania.
   PARAPECHYON, Radius.
   PARAPHIA, Parapsis.
   PARAPHIMOSIS, Periphimo'sis,  Circum-
 ligatu'ra, Phimo'sis circumliga'ta, Penis  lipo-
 derm'us, from naga, 'about,' and ipiuooi, 'I bri-
 dle.'  Strangulation of the glans penis, owing
 to the opening of the prepuce being too narrow.
 It frequently happens  in  persons affected with
 phimosis, when the prepuce has been pushed
 violently behind the base of the glans, during
 copulation, &c.   In paraphimosis, the  narrow
and resisting aperture of the prepuce forms, be-
hind the  corona glandis, a  kind of  ligature,
which strangulates the part, causes it  to swell
and inflame, and even to become  gangrenous.
 Attempts must  be made  to bring back the pre- 
PARAPHOBIA
626
PARATROPHY
 puce.  These excite considerable pain, yet they
 must be persevered in for some time; and should
 they not succeed, the rings, formed by the tu-
 mefied prepuce, must be cut transversely, and
 the antiphlogistic treatment be adopted.
   PARAPHOBIA, Hydrophobia.
   PARAPHO'NIA,  from nag*,, and cpwvy, 'the
 voice.'   Affection of the voice, when its  cha-
 racter or timbre is less agreeable.
   Paraphonia Clangens, Oxyphonia—p. Gut-
 turalis, Asaphia—p.  Nasalis, Rhinophonia—p.
 Puberum, Hirquitalitas—p. Rauca, Raucedo—p.
 Ulcerosa, Oxyphonia.
   PARAPHORA, Delirium, Paracope.
   PARAPHRENESIS, Paraphrenitis—p.  Dia-
 phragmatica, Diaphragmitis.
   PARAPHRtiNIE, Insanity.
   PARAPHRENITIS, from rrngct,' near,' and
 ipgtvtc, 'the diaphragm;' Paraphrene'sis. A
 name given to inflammation of the diaphragm,
 (see Diaphragmitis,) which was supposed al-
 ways to  produce delirium:—as well as to the
 delirium itself, accompanying that affection.—
 See Phrenitis.
   FARAPHROSYNE, Delirium.
   PARAPHROTES, Delirium.
   P ARAPLAS'TIC: Paraplaslicus,fxomvr*ga,
 and  TixoKrrtKog,' formative.'  Possessed of de-
 praved formative powers,—as Carcinoma, En-
 cephaloma, Melanosis, &c.
   PARAPLE'GIA, Paraplex'ia, Rachiopa-
 ralysis, Rhachiople' sia, Rhachioparalysis, Pa-
 ralysis spina'lis, P. medulla'ris, Carus pa-
 ralysis paraple'gia, from 7raqa, dim. particle,
 and  nXtjo-aio,  'I strike.'   Palsy of the lower
 half of the body, including the bladder and
 rectum.   It  is, generally, owing to  disease
 of some part of the cerebro-spinal  axis; espe-
 cially of  the  spinal  portion.  The ancients
 sometimes used  the term for incomplete apo-
 plexy.  Some authors have, also, made a dis-
 tinction between paraplegia and paraplexia,
 —using the former for partial apoplexy—the
 latter for general or complete apoplexy.
  PARAPLEURITIS, Pleurodynia.
  PARAPLEXIA, Paraplegia.
  PARAP'OPLEXY,  Par apoplex'ia,  from
 iraga, dim., and anonXrfeia, 'apoplexy.5  False
 apoplexy; a  soporous state, resembling apo-
 plexy ; and especially that which occurs in the
 paroxysms of pernicious intermittents.
  PARAP'SIS, Paraph'ia, from rraqa.,  ' defec-
 tively,' and arrrofiat,' I touch.'  Sense of touch
 or general feeling vitiated or lost.—Good.
  Parapsis Acris Teneritudo, Soreness—p.
 Expers, Torpor, Anaesthesia—p. Illusoria, Pseu-
 daesthesia—p. Pruritus, Itching.
  PARARMA, Fimbria.
  PARARRHYTHMICUS, Pararrhythmus.
  PARARRHYTH'M U S, Pararrhyth'micus,
from rraga, ' dim.,' and gv9uoe,' rhythm.'  An
 epithet for the pulse, when it has not the rhythm
proper to the  age and constitution of the indi-
vidual.
  PARARTHRE'MA, Pararthro'ma,  Parar-
thre'sis, Pararthro'sis, Parec'tasis, Parastrep'-
sis, from ira-gcc, and ag9gov, 'a joint.'   Incom-
plete luxation; subluxation.
  PARASCEPASTRA,  from  na.qa, and <r*s-
■yriiu, 'I cover.'  A  cap or bandage,  which
 covers the whole head.—Galen.
  PARASCEUE, Apparatus.
  PARAS'CHIDES, from nag*., and «•*£<», < I
 cleave.'  Fragments  or splinters of a broken
 bone.
   PAR'ASITE, Parasi'tus, from naga,' near,'
 and o-/Toc,' corn,' ' food.'   Parasites are plants
 which attach themselves to other plants; and
 animals which live in or on the bodies of other
 animals,—so  as to subsist at their expense.
 The mistletoe is a parasitic plant;—the louse
 a  parasitic animal.  The chief parasitic  ani-
 mals are the  Pedic'ulus huma'nus corp'oris, P.
 cap'itis, P.  pubis, Pulex  irritans, P. pen's-
 trans, and the Ac'arus Sca'biei.
   PARASIT'IC, Parasiticus, Par'asitoid, Pa-
 rasito'i'des.   Same etymon.  Having the nature
 of, or  resembling  a  parasite,  as  ' parasitic
 growths,' tubercles, cancer, &c, for example.
   PARASITICIDE, Antiparasitic.
   PARASITISMUS  INTESTINALIS, Hel-
 minthiasis—p. Superficiei, Malis.
   PARASITOID, Parasitic.
   PARASPA'DIA, from  n*gi, and o-rraw,' I
 draw.'  A preternatural opening of the urethra
 at the side of the penis.   One whose urethra
 opens in this manner is called Paraspadia'us
 and Paraspa'dias.
   PARASPAD1EUS, see Paraspadia.
   PARASPHAGIS, from  n<tqa, 'near,' and
 o-ipayn,' the throat.'  The part of the neck con-
 tiguous to the clavicles.
   PARASTATA, Paras'tates, from rragio-rr\-
 (ii, (naga, and to-Trjui,) 'I stand near.'  The
 prostate.  In  Hippocrates,  it  means the epi-
 didymis.  The epididymes  were called by He-
 rophilus and Galen Varico'sa parastata to dis-
tinguish them from glandulo'sa parastatm or
prostate.  Rufus of Ephesus  called the Tubae
 Fallopianee Parastatx varico'sa.
   Parastata Adenoides,  Prostate—p. Glan-
 dula, Prostate—p. Glandulosa, Prostate.
   PARASTATES, Parastata.
   PARASTATI'TIS, Epididymitis; from pa-
rastata, ' epididymis,' and itis, denoting inflam-
mation.  Inflammation of the epididymis.
   PARASTREM'MA, Paras'trophe, from *•*-
qaiajQicpa, (naq*, and cnqupt»,  'I turn,') 'I dis-
tort or  pervert.'  Convulsive distortion espe-
cially of the  face, the soft paTts being drawn
laterally.
   PARASTREPSIS, Pararthrema.
   PARASTROPHE, Parastremma.
   PARASYNANCHE, Cynanche parotidaa.
   PARASYSTOLE, Acinesia.
   PARATH'ENAR, Para'thenar, from naqtt,
' near,' and 9tvaq,' the sole of the foot.'  Wins-
low«alled grand parathinar, parathenar major,
a portion of the abductor of the little toe, mus-
 culus  scandula'rius; and petit parathinar,  pa-
 rathenar minor, the short flexor of that toe.
   Parathenar Major, Abductor minimi digiti
 pedis—p. Minor, Flexor brevis minimi digiti
 pedis.
   PARATHROMA, Elongatio.
   PARATONIA, see Spasm.
   PARATOPIA, Luxation.
   PARATOP'IE; from n-aqa, in the sense of
 change, and totoc, 'place.'  Diseases, in which
 organs are removed from their proper position.
 See Ectopia.
   PARATRIMMA, Chafing.
   PARATROPE, Apotrope.
   PARATROPHY, ParalropkS, Paratroph'ia,
 from  nttqa, 'dim,' and Tqoyti, 'nourishment.'
 Misnutritiori. 
            PARDAL1ANCHES

  PARDALIANCHES, Aconitum.
  PARDALIANCHUM, Aconitum.
  PAREC'TAMA,  Parec'tasis,  from  nzga.
' beyond,' tx,  ' out of,' and rwa, ' I stretch.'
Immoderate extension or dilatation of a part—
as of the heart.
  PARECTASIS, Pararthrema, Parectama.
  PAREGORIC, Paregor'icus, So'piens, from
n*pr\yogia (waga, and ayo^™), <I soothe, I
calm.'  That  which soothes  or assuages—as
paregoric elixir.  An anodyne.
  PAREIA, Gena.
  PAREIRA, see P. brava.
  Parei'ra Brava, Cissam'pelos, Pareira, Pa-
reyra, Butua, Pariera brava, Abu'ta, Albu'tua,
Botou, Caa-peba, Overo butua, Wild vine, Vel-
vet leaf.  Family, Menispermeae. Sex. Syst.
Dioecia Monadelphia.  The root of this plant,—
Pareira (Ph. U.S.)—a native of South America
and the West Indies, has a sweet taste with con-
siderable  bitterness and slight  roughness.  It
has been recommended in nephritic and calcu-
lous affections; but it  is not much used.
  PARELLE, Rumex hydrolapathum.
  PARENCEPHALIS, Cerebellum.
  PARENCEPHALITIS, Cerebellitis.
  PARENCEPHALOCE'LE,from7r^«>xE(pa-
xic, (n*qa, and tyxtyaxoc, 'the brain,') 'the ce-
rebellum,' and xijxr], 'a rupture.' Hernia of the
cerebellum; a  very rare disease.  It occurs un-
der  the form  of a soft, indolent, or slightly
painful  tumour, without change in the colour
of the  skin, and  is situate in the occipital re-
gion. It is constituted of the cerebellum, which
escapes through an  aperture  in the occipital
bone.  Great attention must be paid not to mis-
take it for an ordinary tumour, as its extirpation
would be  attended with fatal consequences.
  PARENCEPHALUS, Cerebellum.
  PAREN'CHYMA, Caro parenchymatica seu
vis'cerum seu viscera'lis  seu  viscero'sa, Sub-
stantia parenchymato'sa,  Procheu'ma.   The
texture of glandular and other organs, composed
of agglomerated globules united by cellular tis-
sue, and  tearing with more  or less facility.
Such is the texture of the liver, kidneys, &c.
xiaqtyxv^i*- signifies in Greek, effusion, (naqa,
tv, and xva>) 'I Pour,') and it was believed, that
this tissue consisted of effused blood or other
fluid.
  Parenchyma Testis, Pulpa testis.
  PARENCHYMATITIS;  from nasty%vun,
' parenchyma,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflamma'tio parenchymatica.  Inflammation
of the substance of an organ.
  PARESIS,  from naqnl(x.i,  'I  relax.'   Para-
lysis.  According to some, a slight, incomplete
paralysis, affecting motion, not sensation.    ^
  PARESTHE'STS, Parasthe'sis, or Paresthe -
sia, Sensusimperfec'tus, from naqct, 'defective,'
and */o4.;o-tc, ' sensation.'  Congenital miscon-
struction of the external organs of sense.   A
genus in the nosology of Good.   Also,  perver-
sion of sensibility.
  PARETICUS, Relaxant.
  Parettca  Exarthro'sis.  Luxation from
relaxation of the ligaments of a joint.
  PARFUM,  Suffimentum.
  PARIERA  BRAVA, Pareira brava.
  PARIES, Table.
  PARI'ETAL, Parieta'lis,  from paries, pa-
rietis, 'a wall.'
  Parietal Artery, see P. Bones.
!7          PAROMPHALOCELE

   Parietal Bones, Ossa parieta'lia, Ossa ver-
 tica'lia, Ossa ver'ticis, Ossa sincip'itis, Ossa
 breg'matis, Ossa nerva'lia, Ossa tetrag'ona, are
 two fellow-bones, occupying the lateral and up-
 per parts of the cranium,  in the formation of
 which they assist.  They have a quadrilateral
 shape:  their external surface  is convex,  and
 presents,  at its middle part, an eminence called
 the Parietal protuberance, (E.)Bosse pariitale.
 Their inner or cerebral surface, which is  con-
 cave, has a depression that corresponds with the
 preceding eminence,  and  which is called  the
 Parietal fossa, Fossa parieta'lis.  Above  and
 behind, near  the superior edge  of these bones,
 is  a  foramen,  which does not always exist,
 called the Parietal foramen, Fora'men parieta'le,
 through which passes a vein—parietal vein—
 that opens into the superior longitudinal sinus
 of the dura mater, and an artery—parietal ar-
 tery—a branch of the occipital, which ramifies
 on the  same sinus.   Each parietal bone is ar-
 ticulated  above, with its fellow; below, with the
 temporal  bone; before, with the frontal; behind,
 with the occipital, and by the anterior and in-
 ferior angle with the great ala of the  sphenoid.
 Each parietal bone is developed from a single
 point of ossification.
   Parietal Foramen, see P. Bones—p. Fossa,
 see P. Bones—p. Protuberance, see P. Bones—
 p. Veins,  see P. Bones.
   PARIETA'RIA, P. officina'lis, Helx'ineVi-
 tra'ria, Wall pellitory, (F'.) Pariitaire com-
 mune.  Family Urticeae.  Sex. Syst. Polyga-
 mia Moncecia.   This  plant grows on  old walls,
 and contains much nitrate of potassa.  It is
 diuretic, but  is not much used.
   PARI'ETES, Plural of Paries,' a wall,' (F.)
 Parois.   A name given to parts which form the
 enclosures—the limits of different cavities of
 the body, as the Parietes of the cranium, chest,
 &c.
   PA RIS, P. quadrifo'lia, Oneberry,  Truelove,
 (F.) Parisette, Raisin de Renard.  It possesses
 narcotic properties, and was  formerly consi-
 dered a powerful love philter.  It is  emetic,
 and is sometimes used externally as a resolvent
 and anodyne.
   PARISAGOGE INTESTINORUM,  Intus-
 susceptio.
   PARISETTE, Paris.
   PARISTH'MIA,  Trap*, and  i<r6uog,  'the
 throat.' A word employed to designate the ton-
 sils, and,  likewise, inflammation of the  tonsils.
 Cynanche tonsillaris,  and Cynanche in general.
   PARISTHMIOT'OMUS, from naqio-9fjna,
 'thetonsils,'andnuvoo, 'I cut.'  An instrument
 with which the tonsils were formerly scarified.
   PARISTHMITIS,  Cynanche, C. tonsillaris.
   PARISTHMIUM,  Tonsil.
   PARISWORT, Trillium latifolium.
   PARMELIA ISLANDICA, Lichen Islan-
 dicus.
   PAROCHETEUSIS, Derivation.
   PARODONTIDES, from ™?a,' near,' and
 oSovc, 'a tooth.' Tumours on the gums; paru-
 lis, &c.
   PARODYNIA, Dystocia—p. Perversa, Pre-
 sentation, preternatural.
   PAROIS,  Parietes.
   PAROLE, Voice,  articulated.
   PAROMPHALOCE'LE, from v*qa, ' near,'
 o^axoc,' the navel,' andnyxn,' rupture.'  Her-
 nia near the navel.
8 
PARONIRIA               628                PAROTIS
  PARONIR'IA, from naqa, and  ovstgov, 'a
dream.' Depraved,disturbed, or morbid dream-
ing ;  Oneirodynia acti'va, Erethis'mus oneiro-
dynia.  The voluntary organs connected with
the passing train of ideas, overpowered by the
force  of the imagination during dreaming, and
involuntarily excited to their natural or accus-
tomed actions, while the other organs remain
asleep.—Good.
  Paroniria Ambulans, Somnambulism — p.
Salax, Pollution.
  PARONYCHIA, Paron'ychis, Paronychi-
as, Pariaris, Redu'via, Rediv'ia, Vermis  dig"-
iti, Panarit'ium, Pandalil'ium, Passu, Dac-
tylitis, Pana'rium,  Onych'ia,  (F.) Onglade,
from  naoa,  'near,' and ovu|f, 'the nail.'   The
ancients gave this name to an inflammatory tu-
mour, seated near  the  nail,  and involving the
pulp or matrix of the nail—Onyxitis.  (Gross.)
Some  of the moderns  have  extended it to in-
flammation of the hand, and even of the forearm.
It usually means every phlegmonous tumour of
the fingers or  toes, and especially of the  first
phalanx.  Four  kinds  of paronychia are  com-
monly pointed out: 1. That seated between the
epidermis and skin, called in France Tourniole.
2. That seated in the subcutaneous cellular tis-
sue.   3. That occupying the sheath of a tendon;
and 4. That considered to  be seated between
the periosteum and bone.  These last three are
only different degrees of the same disease, con-
stituting Whitlow, (F.) Mai d'aventure:—the
worst kinds, in English, are  called Felon.   The
inflammation generally commences  in the sub-
cutaneous cellular tissue, and spreads to other
parts, occasioning  excessive, lancinating pain,
owing to the parts being put upon the stretch;
hence, the necessity of dividing them freely,—
even  down to the bone, when there is reason to
believe that the  affection belongs to the fourth
division,—making use of emollient applications,
the antiphlogistic treatment, and opiates to re-
lieve  pain.
   Paronychia,  Asplenium  ruta muraria—p.
Digitium, Digitium.
  PARONYCHIS, Paronychia.
   PARONYCHIAS, Paronychia.
   PAROPHOBIA, Hydrophobia.
   PAROPIA, Canthus (lesser.)
   PAROPLEXIA, Paraplegia.
   PAROPSIS,Dysaesthesia visualis—p. Amau-
rosis, Amaurosis—p.  Cataracta, Cataract—p.
Glaucosis, Glaucoma—p.  Illusoria, Pseudo-
blepsia — p. Lateralis, Dysopia lateralis — p.
Longinqua, Presbytia—p. Lucifuga, Nyctalopia
— p.  Noctifuga, Hemeralopia — p.  Propinqua,
Myopia—p. Staphyloma, Staphyloma—p. Sta-
phyloma purulentum, Hypopyon—p. Staphylo-
ma simplex, Hydrophthalmia—p. Strabismus,
 Strabismus—p.  Synezisis, Synezisis.
   PAROPTE'SIS,from v*.ga, dim., and on-Tam,
 11 roast.'  Forcing a sweat by placing a patient
 before the fire or putting him in a dry bath.
   PARORA'SIS,  from n*ga, dim., and  ogam,
 'I see.'  Perversion of sight, which prevents
 the person from judging accurately of the co-
 lour  of objects,  Achromatop'sia.  Hallucina-
 tion.—Galen.
   PARORCHIDTUM,from*aqa,dim., 'some-
 thing wrong,' and ogxig, 'testicle.'   Any posi-
 tion of one or both testicles, different from that
 which they ought to occupy in the  scrotum;—
 whether they may not have descended through
the abdominal ring,  or  are  drawn  up to the
groins by the cremaster  muscle.
  PAROR'CHIDO-ENTEROCE'LE, Hernia
paror'chido-enter'ica.  Intestinal  hernia com-
plicated  with displacement  of the testicle.—
Sauvages.
  PAROSMIA, Anosmia.  Also, perversion of
smell; Parasthe'sia olfacto'ria,  Olfac'tus de-
prava'tus, Idiosyncra'sia olfacto'ria.
  PAROSTIA, from *mg<*, ' defectively,' and
oo-nov, '  a bone.'  Bones untempered in their
substance,  and incapable of affording proper
support.—Good.
  Parostia  Flexilis,  Mollities ossium—p.
Fragilis, Fragilitas ossium.
  PAROTIA, Cynanche parotidaea.
  PAROT'ID,  Gland'ula  parotidea,  G. ad
Aures, Paro'tis, Animella,  Alimel'la, Lacti-
cin'ia; from naga, 'about,' and ouc, 'the  ear.'
The largest of the salivary glands, seated under
the ear, and near the angle  of the lower  jaw.
It is composed of many separate  lobes, giving
rise to excretory ducts, which unite to  form
one  canal,  called the  Parotid  duct, Steno's
canal—the Ductus superior or Superior  sali-
vary canal  of some.  This  duct, after having
advanced horizontally into the substance of the
cheek, proceeds  through an opening in the buc-
cinator muscle,  and terminates in  the mouth
opposite  the second upper molaris.  About the
middle of its course, it  sometimes receives the
excretory duct of a glandular body, situate in
its vicinity, and called the Accessory Gland of
the Parotid, So'da Parot'idis, Gland'ula so'cia
parotidis.   In the substance of the parotid are
found—a number of branches  of  the facial
nerve, of the transverse arteries of the  face,
and the posterior auricular.  It receives, also,
some filaments   from  the  inferior  maxillary
nerve, and from  the ascending branches of the
superficial cervical plexus.  Its lymphatic ves-
sels are  somewhat  numerous, and  pass into
ganglions situate at its surface  or  behind the
angle of  the jaw.  The  parotid secretes saliva,
and pours it copiously into the mouth.
   Parotid, Accessory Gland of the, see Pa-
rotid.
   Parotid  Aponeuro'sis.   A sheath of  great
thickness,  continuous, below, with the cervical
fascia.   It forms a frame-work to the parotid
by means  of fibrous prolongations  from  its
deep surface.   Its  density accounts  for the
pain of  parotitis, and  for the difficulty with
which pus makes its way to the surface.
   Parotid Arteries, see Parotid—p. Duct, see
Parotid—p. Veins, see Parotid.
   PAROTIDE,  Parotis.
   PAROTIDON'CUS,  Tumor  paro'tidis, T.
glan'dula parotides, from srap&>T/c,' the parotid,'
and oyy.oc,' a tumour.'  Swelling of the parotid.
   PARO'TIS, Phleg'mone  parotidea, Inflam-
ma'tio parotidum,  Cynan'chB parotida'a, Pa-
 rotitis,  Dioscu'ri, (F.) Parotide, is the name
 of a tumour seated under the ear; which is red-
 dish, hard, and attended with obtuse pain; the
 progress to suppuration being slow and difficult.
 Sometimes it is of a malignant character, slough-
 ing, and long protracted.  Some French patho-
 logists restrict the term parotide to symptoma-
 tic parotitis—as to that which occurs in plague;
 whilst they apply the terms Oreillons or Ourles
 to Cynanche parotidaea or Mumps.
   Parotis Contagiosa, Cynanche parotida°a— 
PAROTITIS
629
PARTURITION
p. Epidemica, Cynanche parotidaea—p. Seroso I which induces or promotes labour; as ergot,
glutine tumens, Cynanche parotidaea—p. Spuria,
Cynanche parotidaea.
  PAROTITIS, Cynanche parotidaea, Parotis
—p. Epidemica, Cynanche parotidaea—p. Ery-
sipelatosa, Cynanche parotidaea—p. Polymor-
pha, Cynanche  parotidaea—p.  Specifica,  Cy-
nanche parotidaea.
  PAR'OXYSM, Paroxys'mus, from naqo^ww,
(vraga, and o£uveiv, ' to render sharp.')  ' I irri-
tate;' Im'petus,  Insul'lus, Inva'sio, Exacerba'-
tio, Acces'sio, Acces'sus, (F.) Exacerbation, Re-
doublement, Acces.  The augmentation which
supervenes at equal or unequal intervals in the
symptoms of acute diseases.  Also, a periodical
exacerbation or  fit of a disease.
  PAROXYS'MAL, Paroxysma'lis; same ety-
mon.  (F.) Paroxystique.  Of or belonging to
a paroxysm;—as a paroxysmal day, (F.)  Jour
paroxystique; a day on  which a paroxysm of
disease occurs.
  PAROXYSMUS FEBRILIS, Pyrexia.
  PAROXYSTIQUE, Paroxysmal.
  PARS  INFERIOR PEDIS, Sole—p.  Mas-
toidea of  Temporal Bone, Mastoid process—p.
Naturalis  medicinae,  Physiology—p.  Petrosa,
see Temporal Bone—p. Prima asperae arteriae,
Larynx—p.  Pyramidalis ossis  temporis, see
Temporal Bone—p. Squamosa, see Temporal
Bone—p. Urethrae membranacea, see Urethra—
p. Vaga,  Pneumogastric—p. Virilis, Penis.
   PARSLEY, COMMON, Apium petroseli-
 num—p.  Fool's, Ethusa cynapium—p. Mace-
 donian, Bubon  Macedonicum—p.  Mountain,
 black, Athamanta aureoselinum — p. Poison,
 Conium  maculatum—p. Spotted,  Conium ma-
 culatum—p. Water, Cicuta maculata.
   PARSNEP, COW, Heracleum spondylium,
 Heracleum lanatum—p. Garden, Pastinaca sa-
 tiva—p. Water, common, Sium latifolium.
   PART, see Parturition—p. Ligitime et illi-
 gitime, see Parturition.
   PARTES  GENERATIONI  INSERVIEN-
 TES, Genital organs—p. Genitales, Genital or-
 gans—p. Laterales nasi, Scapulae nasi—p. Ner-
 vosae, see Nerve—p. Obscenae, Genital organs.
   PARTHENIUM FEBRIFUGA, Matricaria
 —p. Mas, Tanacetum.
   PARTHEN'IUS, (Morbus;) from naq&tvog,
 ' a virgin.' A disease in a young female.   Also,
 chlorosis.
   PARTIALIS, Local.
   PARTIES, LES, Genital organs—;;. Gini-
 tales, Genital organs—p. Ilonteuses, Genital or-
 gans—/*.  Ginitoires, Genital organs—p. Natu-
 relles, Genital  organs—p. Nobles, Genital or-
 gans—p.  Srxuelles, Genital organs.
   PARTIO,  Parturition.
   PARTRIDGE-BERRY, Gaultheria.
   PARTS, THE, Genital organs.
   PART ERA, Parturition.
   PARTU'RIENT,Par^'/7^sfrom^artanVf,
 itself from parerc, ' to bring forth.'
   The Parturient, Childbed, or Lying-in  state,
 Puerpe'iium, requires careful management, and
 is subject to various diseases.
   A Partu'rient or Parturifa'cient is a medicine
and, perhaps, borate of soda.
  PARTURIFACIENT, Parturient.
  PARTURIGO, Parturition.
  PART\JRIT"ION,Puerpe'rium,Partus,Par-
tio, Parturit'io,  Parturi'go, Partu'ra, Tocos,
To'cetos, Texis, Lochia, Apocye'sis, Maeeu'sis,
Maieu'sis, Nego'tium seu Actus parturitio'nis,
Enix'us seu Enix'io fatus, Expul'sio fatus,
Apolysis, Labour, (F.) Accouchement, Couche,
Travail d'Enfant.  The delivery of the foetus
and its  appendages.  Labour is the necessary
consequence of conception, pregnancy, and the
completion of gestation.  It does not take place,
at the full time, until after nine months of utero-
gestation,—the causes producing  it being the
contraction of the uterus and abdominal  mus-
cles.  By different authors, the stages of labour
have  been variously  divided.  We may, per-
haps, admit of four.  The first stage comprises
the precursory signs.  One, two, or three days
before  labour, a mucous  discharge, streaked
with blood,  takes place from the vagina, which
is called the Signum,  Leucorrhoea  Nabo'thi,
Hamorrhag"ia Nabothi, Labour-show,ox Show;
and, along with  this, trifling grinding pains,
called by the French Mouches, are felt in the
loins  and abdomen.  Second stage:—Peculiar
pains, which extend from the lumbar region to-
wards the uterus; tension and dilatation of the
neck and orifice of that  organ;  protrusion into
the vagina of the envelopes of the fcetus, form-
ing the  bag of waters, (F.) Poche des eaux; and
rupture or  breaking of the waters.   Thirel
stage:—Contractions of the uterus  and abdomi-
nal muscles; forcing pains; the head of the foe-
tus becomes engaged in  the pelvis ; the occiput
being commonly situate above the left acetabu-
lum,  passes beneath the  arch of the pubis.
Fourth stage:—the head  now presents at the
vulva,  the  perineum being  considerably dis-
tended ; at length it clears the external parts,
and the rest of the body is easily disengaged.
The child still continues attached to the mother
by the  umbilical cord, which has to be divided.
In  the  course of fifteen  or twenty minutes,
triflif% pains occur, and the secundines are ex-
pelled.   This completes delivery.  In by far
the majority of cases, the head is the presenting
part, the occiput  directed anteriorly,  and the
face posteriorly.  Of 12,633 children,  born  at
the Hospital La Materniti, in Paris, from the
10th  of December, 1797, to the 31st of  July,
1806, the following were the presentations :
   The  head, with the face posteriorly, 12,120
   The  head anteriorly,........    63
   The  breech,............   193
   The  feet,..............   147
   The  knees,.............     3
   Other positions,..........    102

                                   12,633
   The  following table, drawn up from data fur-
 nished by Velpeau, gives an approximative view
 of the comparative number of presentations, ac-
 cording to  the experience of the individuals
 mentioned: 
PARTURITION
630
PARTURITION
TABLE, EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF PRESENTATIONS						IN 1000 CASES.		
	According to							
	Merri-man.	Bland.	Madame Boivin.	Madame Lacha-	Niiegle.	Lovati.	Hospital of the	Bogr.
				pelle.			Faculfe.	
Regular, or of the vertex.	924	944	969	933	933	911	980	
I. Occipito-ante ior,	908		944	910		895		
a. Occipito-cotyloid (left,)			760	7)7		537		
Do. (right,)			179	200				
b. Occipito-ptibian,			0.29					
II. Occipito-posteiior,			9.4	9				
a. Fronto-cotyloid (left,)			5.3	7.3				
6 Do. (right,)	•		4.4	2.9				
Face presentation,	2.2	2.6	3.6	4.6				8.8
Mento-iliac (right,)				2.6				
Of ihe pelvis,	36	23	29	36	47			29
Of the foot.	12.7	9.4		14				10.3
Of the knees,			0.19	0.40				
Of the breech,	23	13	18	22				19
Of the trunk,			4.6	5.3	48			
Requiring Forceps,	6.6	4.7	4.6	3.4	36			5.7
---------Turning,	16	4.7		7.8	7.2			5.9
---------Cephalotomy,	3.3	5.2	4.77	0 53	2.4			1.5
  Labour has received different names, accord-
ing to the  period of pregnancy at which it oc-
curs, and the mode  in which it takes place.
It is called miscarriage or abortion,  prior to
the seventh month; premature labour, Omotoc'-
ia,  Partus pracox seu pramatu'rus, between
this and eight months and a half; and labour at
the full period, (F.) Accouchement d terme, when
it happens at the end of nine months.  Labours
have likewise been variously divided by diffe-
rent authors.   Perhaps the one into Natural,
Preternatural,  and Laborious, is as common as
any;—natural Labour meaning that which
would occur  without manual assistance; pre-
ternatural, requiring the  assistance of art, bnt
by the  hand  solely: and laborious,  requiring
instrumental  assistance;   which M.  Capuron
calls Accouchement Michanique.
   The French use the term Part, Partus, at
times, synonymously with delivery; at  others,
with fatus,  Maieu'ma, Maeeu'ma.   Suppres-
sion  de part means concealment of delivery:
Part ligitime, a  foetus which  comes into the
world with the conditions necessary for its en-
joying  advantages granted by  law; and  Part
illigitime, one that  does  not fall under those
conditions.
TABLE OF THE COURSE AND MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF LABOURS.
Head Presenting.
(Four Positions.)
Lower Extremi-
  ty Presenting.
(Four Positions of
  the Feet, Knees,
  and Breech.)
                I. Natoral Labours;
Or those in which Delivery can be effected without Assistance.
                       I- The head with the chin bent upon the breast clears the
I. Presentation op the
 Head, Upper Extre-
 mities, Back,  Abdo-
 men, &c.
                                brim of the pelvis   Motion of rotation produced by the
                            4   inclined  planes of the pelvis; the occipital protube-
                                rance is carried behind  the symphysis pubis, and the
                                face towards the hollow of the sacrum.
                             " The head attains the outlet: clears it; the occiput being
                                first disengnged, and the face afterwards, which passes
                                successively along the whole of the hollow of the sa-
                                crum.  The shoulders enter the brim diagonally; and
                                execute the movement of rotation. The one  behind
                                first clears the outlet. The same thing occurs with the
                                nates.
                              The same course is here followed: except that after the
                                rotary movement, the face passes behind the symphy-
                                sis pubis, and the occiput into the hollow of the sa-
                                crum.  The occiput is first extruded ;—the face  next.
                            f When the chin presents and is turned forwaids, the face
                            I   is first expelled : the head is thrown backwards. This
                            !   presentation is uncommon. If the chin present  and
                                be  Itrown  backwards,  natural delivery cannot be
                            I   effected.
                            : The nates enter the brim diagonally; movement of rota-
                            )   tion:  the one passes behnd the symphysis pubis; the
                            1   other towards the hollow of the sacrum.  The one be-
                            '   hind is first extruded.
                            f The same thing happens to the shoulders.  The chin is
 2. Heel, Tibia, or Sacrum to- I   bent upon the chest toclear th<> brim: movement of ro-
   wards the Right Acetabulum.  4   tation : the occiput passes behind the symphysis pubis,
                                and the face towards the hollow of the sacrum.  The
                            t   face clears the outlet first; the occiput last.
 3. Heel, Tibia, or Sacrum to- (
   wards the Right Sacro-iliac \ The same  progress, except that afte"r the movement of
   Symphysis.                \   rotation, the face is towards the pubis, and the occiput
 4. Heel, Tibia, or Sacrum to- \   towards the sacrum. The face is hete  again delivered
   wards the  Left Sacro-iliac j   first.
k   Symphysis.                |_

                IT. Preternatural Labours:              »
          Or those which require Manual Assistance only.
       1. When the labour is without any serious  complication, and the head is not in a
         good position at the brim of the pelvis; endeavours are to be made to place it in
         its natural position: the hand to be introduced with the fingers united, and the
         long diameter of the head to be placed diagonally in the brim, if possible.  Or
1.  Occiput towards  the Left
  Acetabulum.
2. Occiput towards the Righ
  Acetabulum.
3.  Occiput towards the Right
  Sacro iliac Symphysis.
4. Occiput towards the Left Sa-
  cro-iliac Symphysis-
1. Heel, Tibia, or Sacrum to-
  wards the Left Acetabulum. 
PARTURITION                631               PARTURITION
I. Presintation of thi
  Head,  Upper  Extre-
  mities, Back, Abdo-
  men, &.C.
General Observations.







1. Short Forceps.





2. Long Forceps.



3. Lever ox yectis.


4. Fillet arid Blunt Heok.
Embryulcia.
Symphysotomy akd Ce-
  sarean Section.

Separation of the Head
  of the Fcetus from the
  Body.
Induction of Premature
  Labour.
   the lever may be fixed  over the  occiput, by drawing down which, a closer ap-
   proximation of the chin  and chest may be effected; the position of the head to
   the pelvis being at the same time attended to.
  2. If complicated with syncope, convulsions, hemorrhage, want of uterine action,
   &c, the feet must be laid hold of, and the child turned.  For this purpose, empty
   the rectum and bladder;  and turn, if possible, prior to the escape of the liquor
   amnn.  The female may be placed on her back or left side, with the breech over
   the edge of the bed.  Use the right or left hand, according as the feet of the child
   are to ihe right or left side of the pelvis;  always so introducing the hand, that
   the child shall be in its palm, and the back of the hand opposed to the inner sur-
   face of the uterus.  The hand and arm to be introduced during an interval of
   pain; and they must be flattened and tranquil whilst the uterus is  contracting
   forcibly.  If both feet cannot be leadily brought down, seize one, and tie a fillet
   around it.
  If the toes point to the vertebral column or to the abdomen of the mother, the head,
    in its descent, will not enter the pelvis: the chin and occiput  will be hitched on
    the pubis and promontory of the sacrum.  In such case, grasp the nates as soon
   astiiey have  passed the os externum; and,  during a pain, endeavour to direct
    the toes towards either sacro-iliac synchondrosis. When the fingers can be passed
    along the body of the child and over the shoulder* to the bend of the elbows, draw
   down the arms successively.  When the body is expelled, and the head filling up
    the brim, the termination of labour must be accelerated by passing two fingers
    over the  shoulder of the child; using moderate and steady extracting power,
    whilst one fingerof the other hand, passed into the mouth,depresses the chin on
    the sternum.  In this way, the head may be extracted.

           III. Instrumental Labours;
Or those requiring the Assistance of appropriate Instruments.
( If  the pains become feeble, or inadequate from any cause;—or if the presenting
    part be firmly wedged in the pelvis; or the woman  be becoming exhausted, in-
    strumental assistance may be  required.  In  all such cases, place the female on
    the back or left side, empty the bladder and rectum; wait till  the os uteri is in a
   fit state; afford assistance during the pains; introduce the instrument during the
   intervals between the pains ;  have the patient on her left side,  (generally;) and
   extract according to the axes of brim and outlet, as the case may be.
r Apply these to the sides of the head of the  child, so that the ears and parietal pro-
   tuberances maybe within the fenestra.  Introduce the left-hand blade first; the
   index and middle fingers of the right hand guiding it to the ear.   With the right
   hand pass the other in an opposite line, corresponding with the course of the first
    blade, guided by the fore and middle fingers of the left hand; the third and little
    finger being employed to retain the left-hand blade in place; humour the instru-
    ment so as to allow the blades to lock.  The handles may now be tied gently to-
   gether. The force used must be from blade to blade, with a gentle, tractile effort.
  Applicable where the head does  not enter the brim. The long forceps must be ap-
)   plied, in most cases, over the occiput  and face of the child, so that the convex
\  edges of the blades may be towards the hollow of the sacrum.  When used, the
(   power may be exerted from side to side, with moderate traction.
C The lever is applicable to the samecases as the forceps.  It must not be used strictly
<   as a lever, but as  a hook with which to draw downwards.  It may be applied to
(   any part of the head, but is generally hitched on the occiput.
r In certain cases of breech and knee presentation, where the hand  is insufficient, it
\   may be necessary to pass over the joint a fillet, or the blunt hook, with which to
(   exert some force of traction.  The operation is very simple.
  Disproportionate size of head, or distorted or deformed pelvis, may require the
   child to be destroyed, and its bulk lessened ; or the Cesarean section or symphy-
    sotomy, or the induction of premature labour may be called for.
  The instruments required here, are the Perforator Crotchet, and Craniotomy Forceps.
    Make a steady pressure on the abdomen ; pass two fingers of the left hand up to
    the  head: feel for a suture or  fontanelle;  introduce the perforator and bore
    through, until the progress of the instrument is arrested  by its shoulders.  Open
    the handles, and turn the instrument in different directions, so that the opening
    may be large enough  to admit the  perforator, with which the brain  must be
    broken down.
  If, after this, delivery cannot he  accomplished without further aid, pass up the cra-
    niotomy forceps; open the handles slightly, and introduce the blade without teeth
    within the cranium.  On closing the forceps, a hold is obtained; and a tractile
    force can now be exerted  during the pains; and the extrusion of the child be
    effected.
  Should great difficulty exist at the brim, the bones at the top of the head may have
    to be removed, until the huse alone  remains.  The  chin must then be brought
    through first.
  The crotchet is often used instead of the craniotomy forceps, being passed into the
    opening made by the perforator, and hooked upon  some bony projection in the
    interior of the skull; but it is  not a  good instrument.  In presentations of the
    face demanding perforation of the cranium, the perforator should be introduced
   just above the nose, in the sagittal suture. '
  Whon it is necessary to open the head  after the  lower extremities have been ex-
    pelled, the perforation must be made behind  the ear.
( In cases of great narrowness of the pelvis, the operation  cf Symphysotomy, has
<   been adopted by French practitioners,—rarely by British or Ameiican ; and in
(   extreme cases recourse has been had to the Cesarean Section.
( If the  body of  the foetus have  been forcibly separated, and the  head left in the
S   uterus, it must be laid  hold of with one hand, and the forceps be applied; or
)  the  head be opened and deliveied as under Embiyulcia.  Should the head have
'   been brought away, and the body left behind, Ihe feet must be brought down.
  In casts of narrowness of the pelvis, wl ere the foetus, at the full term, cannot be
    born alive, delivery may be brought about at an earlier period, or as soon as the
    child is capable of carrying on its functions independently of the mother.
  The most advisable plan of accomplishing this object is merely to pass the nnger
    round and round  within the os and cervix uteri, so  as to detach the decidua;—
    the membranes being thus left entire, and the life of the child not so much en-
    dangered, as  where the  membranes  are  punctured  and  the waters evacuated.
    Parturition usually follows within 4S hours. 
PARTURIUM VANUM
  The laying of eggs by animals  is termed in
French ponte.   The term has been applied to
the periodical discharge—ponte piriodique—of
ova, which takes place  from the ovaries at each
menstrual period.
  PARTURIUM VANUM, Fausse couche.
  PARTUS, Parturition—p. Abactio, Abortion
—p. Abactus, Abortion—p. Caesareus, Cesarean
section—p. Difficilis, Dystocia—p. Laboriosus,
Dystocia, Laborious labour—p. Praecox, Partu-
rition, (premature)—p. Praematurus,  Parturi-
tion, (premature)—p. Serotinus, Opsiotocia.
  PARU'LIS, from naqa,' near,' and ovlov, ' the
irum;' Aposte'ma parulis vel paroulis, Phleg'-
mone  Parulis, Gum Boil.  Small abscesses are
so called which form in  the gums, sometimes
without any known cause, but which often de-
pend upon carious teeth.
  PARU'RIA,  from naqa, 'defectively,' and
ovgtoe, 'I pass urine.'  Morbid secretion or dis-
charge of urine.
  Paruria Incontinens, Enuresis—p. Inconti-
nens  aquosa, see Diabetes—p. Inops, Ischuria,
false—p. Mellita, Diabetes—p. Retentionis, Is-
churia—p. Retentionis renalis, Ischuria—p. Re-
tentionis vesicalis, Retention of urine—p. Stil-
latitia, Strangury—p. Stillatitia mucosa, Cys-
tirrhrjea.
  PARVITAS  MORBOSA PARTIUM  OR-
GANICARUM, Microtesia.
  PAR'YGRON, from  naqa, and 'vyqog,  'hu-
mid.'  A liquid or moist preparation for allay-
ing topical inflammation.
  PAS D'ANE, Tussilago.
  PASMA, Catapasma.
  PASQUEFLOWER, Anemone Pulsatilla.
  PASSA, Paronychia.
  PASSiE CORINTHIACjE, see Vitis Corin-

  PASSAGES, DIGESTIVE, Ways, digestive
—p. Second, Ways, second.
  PASSE-PIERRE,  Crithmum maritimum.
  PASSERAGE SAUVAGE,Cardamine pra-
i6nsis«
  PASSIFLORA LAURIFO'LIA, Bay-leaved
pzssion flower. A native  of Surinam.  The
fruit  has  a delicious smell and  flavour, and
quenches thirst, abates  heat of the stomach, in-
creases the appetite, &c.
  Passiflora Malifor'mis, Apple-shaped Gra-
nadilla.  The  fruit of  this  species is esteemed
a delicacy in the West Indies, where it is served
up at table in desserts.
  PASSIO, Disease, Passion—p.  iEmoptoica,
Hasmoptysis—p. Cadiva, Epilepsy—p.  Car-
diaca, Cardialgia—p. Cceliaca, Cceliac flux—p.
Cholerica,  Cholera—p. Felliflua,  Cholera—p.
Haemoptoica, Haemoptysis—p. Hypochondriaca,
Hypochondriasis—p. Hysterica",  Hysteria—p.
Iliaca, Ileus—p. Ischiadica, Neuralgia femoro-
poplitaea — p.  Pleuritica, Pleuritis — p.  Sto-
machica, Dyspepsia—p.  Ventriculosa, Cceliac
flux.
  PASSION, Pas'sio,  An'imi Pathe'ma,  Af-
fec'tus, Emo'tio, from patior,passus,' to suffer.'
An active affection or emotion of the mind; as
rage, terror, love, hatred, &c.
  Passion  Flower, Bay-leaved,   Passiflora
laurifolia—p. Hystirique,  Hysteria—p. Iliac,
Ileus.
  PASSIONES ANIMI, Affections of the mind.
  PASSIVE, Passi'vus.  Same etymon as Pas-
sion.  An epithet for diseases which seem owing
PASTILLI EMETINE PECTORALES
to a greater or less diminution of the strength,
or which are without apparent reaction.  Thus,
passive hemorrhages are such as supervene in
debilitated individuals, or under conditions in
which increased action  of  the  arteries  can
scarcely be presumed.  The  term passive has
also been  given to aneurisms  of the heart with
extenuation of the  parietes;  in opposition to
active aneurisms, with thickness of the parietes
—hypertrophy.
  PASSULiE MAJORES, see Vitis vinifera—
p. Minores, see Vitis Corinthiaca.
  PASSULA'TUM, Uvapassa, 'raisins, dried
grapes.'   A medicine in which the pulp of rai-
sins is a chief ingredient.
  PASSY, MINERAL WATERS OF.  This
village is in  the vicinity of Paris.  There are
several springs  containing sulphates  of lime,
iron and magnesia, alum, common salt, carbo-
nate of iron, carbonic acid, &c.  They are em-
ployed as a tonic and astringent.
  PASTA DE ALTHAEA, Paste, marshmal-
low—p. Amygdalina, Confection (almond)—p.
de Dactylis, Paste, date—p. Emulsiva, Confec-
tion (almond)—p. de Jujubis, Paste of jujubes
—p. Regia, Confection (almond.)
  Pasta  Glycyrrhi'zje Gumjia'ta et Anisa'-
ta seu Mttssa de extracto glycirrhiza. A com-
pound of extract of liquorice, gum Senegal, su-
gar, Florence orris root, and volatile oil of ani-
seed.   Demulcent.
  PASTE, Pasta,  (F.)  Pate.  A  compound
medicine  like  the  pastil, but less consistent,
flexible, less saccharine,  and more mucilagi-
nous.
  Paste, Date, Massa seu pasta de dac'tylis.
Composed of dates, sugar, gum Arabic, water,
and orange flower water.   Ph. P. Demulcent.
  Paste of Ju'jubes, Pasta de ju'jubis, Massa
de zizypho'rum fructu:  composed of jujubes,
gum  Senegal,  sugar,  water, and tincture of
lemon peel.  Demulcent.
  Paste,  Marshmal'low, Massa de gummi
Arab'ico,  Pasta de  altha'd.   A compound of
gum  Arabic, Sugar, white of egg, and orange
flower water.  Ph.  P.  It is demulcent.
  Paste, Tooth, Dentifricium—p. Vienna, see
Powder, Vienna—p. Ward's,  Confectio piperis
nigri.
  PASTEL, Pastillus, Diocres, Avic'ula Cip'-
ria, Cande'la fuma'lis, Phthois, Pkthois'cus.
A compound of aromatic substances in various
shapes; used as  a  fumigating  material when
set fire to.  See Fumigation.
   The French  use the   term Pastille, (L.)
Pastillus, for  a  solid,   dry,  round, oblong,
square, or triangular compound, whose base is
essential oil, and sugar the excipient.  These
pastilles  are  in  fact small lozenges, and only
differ from the tablette in their smaller size.
   Pastel, Isatis tinctoria.
  PASTkQUE, Cucurbita citrullus.
   PASTILLES,  FUMIGATING, see  Fumi-
gation.
   PASTILLI  EMETINiE  PECTORALES,
Trochisci emetinae pectorales.
   Pastil'li  de Mentha  Piperi'ta, Pepper-
mint drops. (Sacch. alb., aqua mentha?pip., aq.
destillat.  aa %i]-  Boil to the consistence of an
electuary.  Take of fine white sugar in pow-
der, 5iv, volatile oil of peppermint, £ss.  Mix,
and add  the  electuary whilst warm.  Drop it
then  on marble, and dry the drops.  Ph. P.) 
PASTILLUS              63
  PASTILLUS, Pastil.
  PASTINA'CA  OPOP'ANAX.   The  name
of the plant which furnishes  the  Opoponax.
The plant, whence  the gum resin is obtained,
has, also,  been  called  Opopanacum, Panax
heracle'um,  Panax  costinum,  Pastina'cea,
Kyna,  Her' cules-all-heal,   Opop'anaxwort,
Opopanax, Opopana'cis  gummi-resi'na, Gezir,
Pop'anax,  Gummi  Panacis, exudes from  the
roots when wounded.  Its odour is  strong  and
peculiar;  taste, bitter  and acrid.  It is met
with in the shops, in lumps of a reddish-yellow
colour, without;  white within.  It has been
recommended as  an antispasmodic  and emme-
nagogue; but is seldom used.  Dose, gr. x. to
►)j in powder.
  Pastina'ca Sati'va,  Elaphobos'cum, Pasti-
naca sylves'tris,  Ban'ica,  Garden  parsnep.
The root is sweet and nutritious, and is in es-
teem as an article of food.  It has been used as
a diuretic and demulcent in calculous affections,
&c.
  Pastinaca Sylvestris, P. sativa—p. Sylves-
tris tenuifolia officinarum, Daucus carota.
  P A TE,  Paste—p.   Arsinicale, Arsenical
paste.
  PATELLA, Rot'ula, R. genu, Epigon'atis,
Epigon'tis, Acromy'lE, Epigou'nis seu Epigu'-
vis seu Epigo'nis, Mola seu Concha seu  Oc'u-
lus seu Orbis seu Scutum genu, Os  scutifor'me
seu disciforms seu  thyreo'i'des, Super genua'lis,
Caucalo'i'des, My'lacris, Myle, Gamba, Olec'-
ranon mob'ile, (F.) Rotule.  Diminutive of pa-
tina, ' a dish,' so  called from its  shape.   A
sort of sesamoid,  flat,  short, thick, rounded
bone, situate in  front  of  the  knee, and  en-
veloped in the substance of the tendon com-
mon to the extensor muscles of the leg.   The
posterior  surface  of the  patella  is  divided
into two facettes, united angularly, which  are
encrusted with cartilage, and each of which is
articulated with one of the condyles of the fe-
mur.  The patella is developed by a single
point of ossification.  When the patella is frac-
tured,  it  is  difficult to produce bony union.
This can only be accomplished by keeping the
fractured extremities closely in apposition.
  Patella, Cup—p. Fixa, Olecranon.
  PATER OMNIUM  VIVENTIUM, Penis.
  PATERA DIOGENIS, Palm.
  PATHEMA, Affection, Disease.
  PATHEMATOLOGY, Pathology.
  PATHET'IC,  Patheticus, from ira6tiv, 'to
feel.'  That  which moves the passions.   A
name given  to the superior oblique muscle of
the eye, and,  also, to a nerve.
  Pathetic  Muscle, Oblique superior of the
Eye.
  Pathetic  Nerve,  Nervus  Patheticus, N.
trochlea1 ris seu trochleatdrius seu trochlea'tor,
the 4th pair  of nerves, (F.) Oculo-musculaire
interne (Ch.,) Nerf pathetique, is  the small-
est encephalic nerve.  It arises behind the in-
ferior part of the tubercula quadrigemina (the
testes) at the lateral parts of the valvula Vieus-
senii.   Its roots  unite into  one  thin round
cord, which makes a turn upon the peduncles
of the brain and passes  into a canal of the dura
mater near the posterior clinoid process.   It
enters  the orbit  by the broadest part of  the
sphenoidal fissure, and terminates in the  supe-
rior oblique  muscle  of  the  eye, by dividing
into several filaments.
        41
13             PATTE D'OIE

   PATHIC, Morbid.
   PATHICAL, Morbid.
   PATHICUS,  Morbid.
   PATHNE, Alveolus.
   PATHOGENETIC, Pathogenet'icus,  Pa-
 thogen'icus.  Same etymon as the next.  Re-
 lating to pathogeny.
   Pathogenetic  Physiology, Physiolog"ia
 pathogenet'ica.   That part of physiology which
 relates to the origin of disease.
   PATHOGENICUS, Pathogenetic.
   PATHOG"ENY, Pathogen'ia, Nosogen'esis,
 Nosogen'ia,fromrra9og, 'a disease,'andyivio-ic,
 ' generation.'  The branch of pathology which
 relates to  the generation,  production and de-
 velopment of disease.
   PATHOGlN OMON'IC,   Pathognomonics,
 Signum conjunc'tum  seu characteris'ticum seu
 morbi essentia'lB;  from nadog, 'an affection,'
 and ytvooy.u, ' I know.'  A characteristic symp-
 tom of a disease.
   PATHOG'RAPHY, Pathograph'ia, from nx-
 &og,  'disease,'   and yg*<pio, 'I  describe.'  A
 description of disease.
   PATHOLOGIA, Pathology—p. Humoralis,
 Humorism—p.  Solidaris, Solidism.
   PATHOLOG"ICAL, Patholog"icus, Pathol-
 ogus; same etymon as pathology.  Relating to
 pathology.
   Pathological Anatomy, see Anatomy.
   PATHOLOGIST,  Pathologus.   Same  ety-
 mon.  One versed in pathology.
   PATHOL'OGY, Pathematology, Patholog"-
 ia, Pathematolog"ia, Patholog"ice, from 7ra&og,
 'a disease,' and  xoyoc,  'a  discourse.'   The
 branch of medicine whose object is  the  know-
 ledge of disease.  It has been  defined diseased
 physiology, and physiology of disease.  It is
 divided into general and special.  The first con-
 siders diseases in common;—the second the par-
 ticular history of each. It is subdivided into in-
 ternal and external, or medical and surgical.
   Pathology, Humoral, Humorism.
   PATHOMA'NIA,  Parapathi'a, Moral In-
 sanity, from -rrndoc,  'a  disease,' and  mania.
 Ma'nia sine Delir'io.  A morbid perversion of
 the natural  feelings,  affections, inclinations,
 temper,  habits, moral  disposition, and  natural
 impulses, without  any remarkable disorder or
 defect of the intellect or knowing and reasoning
 faculties, and particularly without any insanity
 or hallucination.
   PATHOPATRIDALGIA, Nostalgia.
   PATHOS, Affection, Disease.
   PATIENCE, Rumex patientia—p.  d'Eau,
 Rumex hydrolapathum—p. Garden, Rumex pa-
 tientia—p. Rouge, Rumex sanguineus—p. Sau-
 vage, Rumex acutus.
   PATIENT, see Sick.
   PATIENTIA, Rumex patientia.
   PATIENTIA  MUSCULUS, Levator  sca-
 pulae.
   PATNE, Alveolus.
   PATOPATRIDALGIA, Nostalgia.
   PATOR  NA'RIUM.   The cavity  or the
 opening of the nostrils.
   PATRATIO, Ejaculation, (of sperm.)
   PATTE D'OIE (F.), ' Goose's foot.'  An
 aponeurotic expansion, which covers the inter-
 nal surface of the  tibia at its upper part, and
 consists of the expansion formed by the tendons
 of the sartorius, gracilis, and  semi-tendinosus
 muscles. 
PATURSA
634
PECTINIFORM
   PATURSA, Syphilis.
   PAU, (CLIMATE OF.)   Pau is the capital
 of the department of the Lower Pyrenees; and
 is about 150 miles from Bordeaux, and 50 from
 Bayonne.  The climate  corresponds with that
 of the south-west of France generally; its great
 quality is the comparative mildness of its spring,
 and exemption from cold winds.  It is regarded
 as a  favourable winter residence for  invalids
 labouring under chronic affections of the mu-
 cous  membranes.  It is too changeable for the
 consumptive; and to be avoided by the  rheu-
 matic.
   PAULLIN'IA.  This is  an extract from a
 plant of the same name in  Brazil.   It is pre-
 pared by the Indians, and appears to possess ex-
 citant powers.  In Brazil, and the neighbour-
 ing countries, it is  given in the  form of ti-
 sane—the powder being mixed with cocoa—in
 diarrhoea and dysentery.  It has been employed
 also as a tonic.  An extract is prepared in Bra-
 zil from the  Paullinia  sorbilis,  known  there
 under the name of Guarana, which is admi-
 nistered in similar pathological cases.
   PAUME DE LA  MAIN, Palm.
   PAUNCH,  Ingluvies.
   PAUONTA, Sedatives.
   PAUPIERE, Palpebra.
   PAUSIME'NIA, from vavoic, ' cessation,'
 and fityvtc, ' menses.'   Cessation of the menses.
   PAVANA WOOD, Croton tiglium.
   PAVILION.   The French give  the name
pavilion, to the expanded extremity of a canal
 or cavity, for exaimple, of a catheter, sound, &c.
   Pavilion of  the  Ear, Auric'ula, Pinna,
 O'tium, Ala, (F.) Auricide  ou  Oricule, Pa-
 vilion de loreitte, is seated behind the cheeks,
 beneath the temple, and anterior to the mastoid
 process.  Its size varies  in  individuals.  It is
 free above, behind, and below. Anteriorly and
 within, it is continuous with  the neighbouring
 parts.  Its outer  surface has several  promi-
 nences,  the Helix, Antkelix,  Tragus, Antitra-
gus, and Lobe; and several cavities—the groove
 of the Helix, the fossa  navieularis  seu sca-
phoides, and  the  Concha.  The skin which
 covers the pavilion  is very  fine, and studded
 with  a  number of sebaceous follicles.  The
auricle is fixed to the head by three fibro-cellu-
lar ligaments;—a superior, anterior, and pos-
 terior.
   PAVILION DE VOREILLE, Pavilion of
the ear—p. de la Trompe, see Tuba Fallopiana.
   PAVIMENTUM  CEREBRI, Base of the
 brain.
   PAVINA, iEsculus hippocastanum.
   PAVITA'TIO, Tremor; fxompavor,' dread.'
 Trembling for fright.
   PAVOFHOBIA, Panophobia.
   PAVOR, (L.) Dread.  Great fright.  Pano-
 phobia.
   Pavo''re3 Nocttjr'ki  seu Dormien'tium.
 Fear  during sleep.
  PAVOT, Papaver.
   PAZAHAR, Bezoar.
   PEA,  GROUND  SQUIRREL,  Jeffersonia
Bartoni—p. Love, Abrus precatorius—p.  Nut
Arachis  hypogea—p.  Turkey, Galega Virgi-
niana.
   PEACH BRANDY, Amygdalus Persica—p.
Tree, Amygdalus Persica—p. Wood, see  Cae-
salpinia.
  PEAGLE, Primula veris.
   PEAR, see Pyrus malus.
   PEARL, Perla,  Mar'garon,  Margarita,
 Margellium, Margdlis, U'nio, (F.) Perle.   A
 roundish concretion of a silvery white colour,
 and brilliant polish, found in several shells, and
 especially in the Avid ula raargaritif'era, which
 has, hence, been called Mater perla'rum, Mar-
 garita and Mother of pearl, and is much used
 in the fabrication of handles for surgical instru-
 ments, &c.  Pearls were  formerly given  in
 powder as astringents and antacids.  They con-
 sist of lime and an animal matter.
   Pearl Ash,  Potash of commerce—p. Mother
 of, see Pearl—p. White, Bismuth, subnitrate of.
   PEAU, Cutis.
   PEAUCIER, Platysma myoides.
   PECCANT, Peccans, from peeeare,(to sin.5
 An epithet given by the humourists to the hr>
 mours when erring in quality or quantity.
   PECHEDEON, Perinssum.
   PECHER, Amygdalus Persica.
   PECHIAGRA, Pechyagra.
   PECHURIM CORTEX.  A highly aromatic
 bark, the produce of a species of laurus.   It is
 extremely fragrant, like that of cinnamon, which
 it greatly resembles in its properties.  In Por-
 tugal it is used  in the care of dysentery, &c.
  PECK'Y AGRA, Peek'iagra,Ancon'agra,Pec-
 tihagra, from nn/vg, ' the elbow,' and aygn, 'a
 seizure.'  Goat affecting the elbow.
  PECHYS, Elbow.
  PECHYTYRBE, Porphyra nautica.
  PECTE, Cheese.
  PECTEN, Pubes.  Also, a comb.
  Pecten Dentium, Sepes dentiam—p. Veneris,
 Scandix cerefolium.
  PECTIHAGRA, Pechyagra.
  PECTIN, from' nty.Tig,  'a coagtrlttm.' A
 name given by  Braconnot to a principle which
 forms the basis  of vegetable jelly.  It is exten-
 sively diffused in the juices of pulpy fruits and
 roots, especially when they are mature, and oc-
 casions these juices to coagulate when  they are
 mixed with alcohol or boiled with sugar.
  It is the basis of one of the classes of elemen-
 tary  principles  of Dr. Pereira—the  peetina-
 ceaus.
  PECTINACEOUS, Pectinous.
  PECTINA'LIS, from pecten, 'the  pcrbes;'
 Pectinee'us, Mus'culus liv'idus, Pectina'tus,
 Pubio-femoral,  Suspubic-fimoral (Ch.),  (F.)
 Pectini.   This  muscle is situate at the  inner
 and upper part of the thigh.  It  is long, flat,
 and triangular;  is attached, above, to the space
 which separates the  ileo-pectineal eminence
from the spine of the os pubis; and, below, by
 a flat tendon, to the oblique line which descends
 from the lesser  trochanter to the linea aspera.
 The pectinalis  bends the thigh on the pelvis;
 and carries it outwards in adduction and rota-
 tion.  It may also bend the pelvis on the thigh.
  PECTINATED, Pectina'tus, Pectin'iform,
 (F.) Pectini; from pecten, ' a comb.'  Having
 the shape of a comb.
  Pectinated Muscles, Peetina'ti mus'culi.
 The fascicular  texture observed in the right
auricle of the heart:—Mus'culi Auric'ula Vec-
tina'ti.   Their  main use probably is—to pre-
vent the over dilatation of the auricles.
  PECTINATUS, Pectinalis.
  PECTINt, Pectinalis, Pectinated.
  PECT1NEUS, Pectinalis.
  PECTINIFORM, Pectinated. 
               PECTINOUS

  PEC'TINOUS,  Pectina'ceus,  Pectino'sus,
Pectina'ceous, from pectin.  Of or belonging to
pectin or vegetable jelly,—as a pectinous or
pectinaceous vegetable principle.
  PECTORAL;  from  pectus,  'the  breast.'
Relating to the breast.   See Pectorals.
  PECTORAL, GRAND, Pectoralis major.
  PECTORALE, Corset.
  PECTORALIS INTERNUS, Triangularis
sterni.
  Pectora'lis Major,fromjpeci?«, 'the breast.'
Pectora'lis, Sterno-cleido-brachia'lis, (F.) Ster-
no-costo-clavio-kumiral, Sterno-humiral (Ch.),
Grand  Pectoral.   A  large, flat,  triangular
muscle, situate at the anterior part of the chest,
before the axilla.  It is attached,  on the  one
hand, by means of aponeurotic fibres, to the in-
ner half of the anterior edge of the clavicle; to
the anterior surface of the sternum, and to the
cartilages of the first six true  ribs;—on the
other, by a strong tendon, which is inserted at
the anterior edge of the bicipital groove of the
humerus.  The use of this muscle is—to move
the arm in various directions.   If it be hanging
by the side  of the body, it carries it  inwards
and a little forwards.  When the arm is raised,
it depresses it and carries it inwards.  It can also
move it in rotation inwards.   If the humerus
be raised and fixed, the pectoralis major draws
the trunk towards the upper extremity.
  Pectora'lis Minor, Serra'tus anticus minor,
(F.) Costo-coracoidien (Ch.,)  Petit Pectoral,
Petit dentili antirieur.  This muscle is situate
beneath the preceding, at the anterior and upper
part of the  chest.   It is flat and  triangular;
is attached by its base, which appears digitated,
to the upper edge and outer surface  of the 3d,
4th, and 5th true ribs, and is inserted at the an-
terior part of the coracoid process.  The pecto-
ralis minor draws  the  scapula forwards  and
downwards, and makes  it execute a  rotatory
motion, by virtue of which its inferior angle is
carried backwards, and the anterior depressed.
When the shoulder is fixed, it elevates the ribs
to which it is attached, and aids in the dilata-
tion of the chest.
  PEC'TORALS,Pectora'lia,Thorac"ica. Me-
dicines considered proper for relieving  or re-
moving affections of the chest.
  Pectoral Drops, Bateman's, consist chiefly
of tincture of castor, with some camphor  and
opium,  flavoured by  aniseed.   Gray gives the
following formula. Castor%],ol.anisi.3J,camph.
£v, cocci. J^iss, opii J^vj, proof spirit, a gallon.
  A form,'advised by a committee of the Phila-
delphia College of Pharmacy, is the following:
—Alcohol, dil. cong.  iv, Santal. rubr. ras.gj,
Digere per horas xxiv; cola, et adde Pulv. opii,
Pulv. catechu, CamphorxaH^ij,  Ol. anisii. 31V.
Digest for ten days.
  PECTORILOQUE, fxompectus, < the chest,'
and loqui, ' to speak.'  Laennec calls thus one
who  presents the  phenomenon of  Pectorilo-
quism.  Also, a stethoscope.
  PECTORILOQUY, Pectoriloquy-?. C%ev-
rotantc, Egophony.
  PECTORILOQUY, Pectoriloquism, Cav'er-
nous voice, Pectorilo'quia, (E.) Pectoriloquie,
Voix  caverneuse, V. articulie.   Same etymon.
Speech or voice coming from the chest.  Laen-
nec has designated, by this name, the phenome-
non often presented by consumptive individuals,
when their  chests are examined with the ste-
15               PEDUNCLE

 thoscope.  The  voice  seems to issue  directly
 from the chest, and to pass through the central
 canal of the cylinder,—a phenomenon owing to
 the  voice resounding in the anfractuous cavi-
 ties, produced in the lungs by the suppuration
 or breaking down of tubercles, which consti-
 tute abscesses or ulcers of the lungs.
   PECTUS,  Sternum, Thorax—p. Carinatus,
 see Carina.
   PECULIUM, Penis.
   PEDAGRA, Potassae supertartras impurus.
   PEDAL, Peda'lis, from pes, pedis, 'the foot.'
 Relating to the foot:—as
   Pedal  Aponeurosis,  (F.)  Aponivrose pi-
 dieuse.  A thin, aponeurotic  layer, which in-
 vests the extensor brevis digitorum pedis, and
 separates the tendons of the foot from each other.
   PEDESIS, Pulsation.
   PEDETHMOS, Pulsation.
   PEDIAL'GIA, Pedionalgia, Pedioneural-
 gia, from n-tSiov,' the sole of the foot,' and axyoe,
 ' pain.'  Pain in the sole of the foot.   Neural-
 gia of the foot in general.
   PEDICLE, VITELLINE, see Vesicula um-
 bilicalis.
   PEDICULARIA, Delphinium staphisagria.
   PEDICULATIO, Phtheiriasis.
   PEDICULUS,PA^ei>,the Louse, (F.) Pou.
 A genus of parasitic insects. The human body
 is infested with three kinds : the Body-louse, or
 Clothes Louse, Pedic'ulus vestimen'ti, (F.) Pou
 de  corps; the Head-louse, Pedic'ulus  cap'itis,
 (F.) Pou de  la tete, which lives in the hair; the
 Crab-louse, Mor'pio, Fera'lis pedidulus, Plat-
 ula, Phthirius  inguina'lis, Pedic'ulus Pubis,
 (F.) Morpion, which  infests  the hair of the
 pubes.  Infusion of tobacco, or mercurial oint-
 ment, or ointment of white precipitate  of mer-
 cury, or the  white or red precipitate  of mer-
 cury, readily destroys them.  The louse oc-
 curring in phtheiriasis, pedic'ulus tabescen'tium,
 differs from the  common louse.—Vogel.
   Pediculus Capitis, see Pediculus—p. Pubis,
 Crab-louse—p. Tabescentium, see Pediculus—
 p. Vestimenti, see Pediculus.
   PEDICURE, Chiropodist.
   PEDICUS, Extensor brevis digitorum pedis.
   P&DIEUX (muscle), Extensor brevis digito-
 rum pedis.
   PEDIGAMBRA, Ysambra.
   PEDILU'VIUM, from pedes, 'the feet,'  and
 lavo, 'I wash;' Lavipedium, (F.) Bain de
 pied.  A bath for the feet.  See Bath.
   PEDTON,  Sole.
   PEDIONALGIA, Pedialgia.
   PEDIONEURALGIA, Pedialgia.
   PEDIUM,  Tarsus.
   PEDONCULES DU CERVELET,  Cor-
 pora restiformia.
   PEDORA.  The sordes of the eyes, ears, and
 feet.
   PED'UNCLE, Pedun'culus. This term has
 been applied to  different  prolongations or ap-
 pendices of the encephalon,  from pes, pedis,' a
 foot.' Thus, the Peduncles of the brain are
 the Crura cerebri; the Peduncles of the  cerebel-
 lum, the Crura cerebelli.
  Peduncles of the  Brain,  Pedun'culi  cer'-
 ebri, called also  Crura anterio'ra medulla ob-
 longa'ta, are two white cords, about f ths of an
 inch  in diameter, on the outside of the  corpora
 albicantia. They arise from the medullary sub-
 stance of the brain, and gradually approach, till
61 
PEDUNCULUS              636             PELVIMETER
they join the tuber annulare.  They are formed,
internally, of a mixture of cineritious and me-
dullary matter ; the former of which,  being  of
a darker colour at one point  than in any other
part of the  brain, has been called Locus niger
crurum cerebri.
  Peduncles of the Cerebellum, Pedun'culi
cerebelli, called also, Crura posterio'ra, are six
in number,  three on each side—a superior, a
middle, and an inferior. The superior pedun-
cles are generally known as the Processus cere-
belli ad testes; the inferior are theProcessus ce-
rebelli ad medullam oblongatam; and the middle
are called also, Cerebellarped'uncles—Proces'-
sus cerebelli ad pontem, and crura of the me-
dulla oblongata.
  Peduncles, Inferior of the Cerebellum,
Corpora restiformia — p. of the Medulla Ob-
longata, Corpora restiformia.
  Peduncles of the  Pineal Gland  are two
medullary bands or strips, which seem to issue
from the pineal gland, and proceed on each side
upon the upper and inner region of the optic
thalami.
  Pedunculi Cerebelli, Peduncles of the Ce-
rebellum—p. Cerebri, Peduncles of the Brain
—p. Medulla? Oblongata, Corpora restiformia.
  PEDUNCULUS, Peduncle.
  PEGA, Canthus (lesser.)
  PEGANELiE'ON, Oleum ruta'ceum, O'leum
ruta; from ntynrov, ' rue.'  Oil of Rue.
  PEGANUM, Ruta.
  PEINE, Hunger.
  PEINOTHERAPIA, Limotherapeia.
  PEIRA, Effort, Experience, Nisus.
  PELADA,  a word of uncertain origin, ap-
plied  to alopecia,  especially to  that  resulting
from syphilis.
  PELA'GIA.   A kind of scaly erysipelas  of
the hands—sometimes of the legs', at others,  of
the face.   Pellagra. (?)
  PELAGRA, Pellagra.
  PEL'IC AN,Pelica'nus,Peleca'nus, Pelecan,
Pel'ecas.  An instrument, curved at the end like
the beak  of a pelican.  Its  use  is to extract
teeth.
  PELICIDE, Pelu'de, Mel coctum.  Boiled
honey.—Ruland and Johnson.
  PELICOMETER, Pelvimeter.
  PELIDNOMA, Ecchymoma, Pelioma.
  PELIO'MA, Pelidno'ma, from nexoe,' black.'
A livid ecchymosis.—Forestus.   See Ecchy-
moma.
  P&LIOSE, Purpura.
  PELIOSIS, Purpura hemorrhagica.
  PELLA, Cutis, Prepuce.
  F-EL'EAGRA,Pelagra, Ichthyosis Pellagra,
Elephantiasis Ital'ica,  Tuber Pellagra, Lepra
Mediolanen'sis, L. Lombard'ica, Scorbu'tus al-
pi'nus, Ma'nia pella'gria, Erythe'ma endem'-
irum seu pellagrum,Insolazione de Primavera,
Mai del Sole, Dermal agra, Erysip'elas period'-
ira  nervo'sa chron'iru, Mai de misere, Paral-
lels scorbutica, Scurvy of the Alps, Impetigo
Pellagra,(E.)Scorbut des Alpes; fromTf;u*,(?)
• skin,' and ayp*, ' seizure.'  A disease,  parti-
cularly noticed among the Milanese, which con-
fists  in  the  skin becoming  covered  with
wrinkles,  and  assuming a scaly appearance,
especially in the parts exposed to the air.  The
strength diminishes,  the intellectual faculties
and sensations become obscure, and cramps, con-
vulsions, and other lesions of muscular contrac-
tility supervene.   It is a singular, endemic af-
fection, and has been supposed to follow every
where the  introduction  of Indian  corn: hence
the name Rapha'nia maiz'tica, given to it by
some of the Italian physicians.
  PELLENS;  from pellere, 'to  drive.'  Dri-
ving;  impelling.
  Pellen'tiaMedicamen'ta are medicines that
promote the occurrence of the  menstrual or
hemorrhoidal flux.
  PELLICULA  SUMMA,  Epidermis—p. Su-
perior, Epidermis.
  PELLICULA  CORDIS, Ostiola cordis.
  PELLIS, Cutis—p. Summa, Epidermis.
  PELLITORY, Xanthoxylum fraxineum—p.
Bastard, Achillea  ptarmica—p. of Spain, An-
themis pyrethrum—p. Wall, Parietaria.
  PELMA, Sole.
  PELOR, Monster.
  PELORIA, Monster.
  PELORIUM, Monster.
  PELORUM, Monster.
  PELOTE DE  MER, Pila marina.
  PELTALIS  seu PELTATUS  CARTILA-
GO, Thyroid cartilage,  Xiphoid cartilage.
  PELTIGERA CANINA, Lichen caninus.
  PELUDE, Pelicide.
  PELVIC, Pel'vicus, Pelvi'nus.  Belonging or
relating to  the pelvis.
  Pelvic  Aponeurosis, (F.) Aponivrose pel-
vienne.  A tendinous  lamina, given off from
the sides of  the pelvis, and  from the entire
circumference of the brim,  which passes into
and lines the pelvis, and is soon  divided into
two distinct layers ;—one external, the lateral
pelvic  or obturator fascia, which  continues to
line  the sides of the pelvis,  and covers the ob-
turator internus muscle; the other internal or
superior, which passes  inwards  upon the side
of the  prostate, bladder and rectum in the male,
and of the bladder, vagina and rectum in the fe-
male, in order to form the floor of the pelvis.
  Pelvic  Cavity, (F.) Caviti pelvienne; the
cavity of the pelvis.
  Pelvic Members ;  the lower extremities.
  Pelvic Surface of the Il'ium; that which
faces the pelvic cavity.
  PELVICULA OCULI, Orbit.
  P E L V I - TROCHANTE'RIAN,  Pelvi-tro-
chanteria'nus.  That which relates to the pelvis
and great trochanter.  The Pelvi-trochante'rian
region is formed by the muscles—pyramidalis,
two obturators, gemini, and quadratus femoris,
which pass from the pelvis to the digital cavity
of the great trochanter.
  PELVl'METER, Pelycom'eter, Pelyom'eter,
Pelicom'eter, Pyelom'eter, from pelvis, and fa-
toov, 'a measure.'   A barbarous hybrid. This
name has been given to different  instruments,
invented for  measuring  the diameters of the
pelvis, and particularly the antero-posterior or
fore-and-aft diameter of the  brim.  Two have
been chiefly  employed, especially by  French
practitioners;—the Compas d'ipaisseur, and the
Pelvimeter  of Coutouly. 1. The Compas d'i-
paisseur or Callipers of Baudelocque, is formed
like a pair of compasses—with blunt extremities
—the branches of which can  be moved at will.
One of these is applied to the symphysis pubis,
and the other on  the sacrum.  About three
inches must be deducted from this measurement
for  the thickness of the  mons veneris,  pubis,
and the base of the sacrum.  2. The Pelvimeter 
PELVIS                 637               PENIDIUM
of Coutouly resembles the instruments used by I
shoemakers for measuring the length of the foot.
The two branches are introduced, in a state of
approximation, into the vagina; and then sepa-
rated, so that one touches the promontory of the
sacrum, the other comes behind the os pubis.
It is a barbarous contrivance,  and its introduc-
tion ought never  to be attempted on the living
subject.   It does  not, indeed, seem possible  to
introduce it without mischief.
   The finger is, decidedly, the best pelvimeter,
and by it we can  judge whether the base  of the
sacrum be unusually prominent.   Measurement
of the pelvis by the hand has been called Pely-
cochirometre'sis; from nilu\, 'the pelvis,' %ut,
' the hand,' and /xir^ov, ' measure.'
   PELVIS, Cho'ana, Py'elos, (F.) Bassin;  so
called,  because  fancied to be shaped like  an
ancient basin.  The  part of  the trunk which
bounds the abdomen below. It is a large, bony,
irregular, conoidal cavity,—open above and be-
low,—which  supports and contains a part of
the intestines,  and the  urinary and genital or-
gans; and serves, at  the same time, as a fixed
point for the articulation of the lower limbs, the
attachment of their muscles, and  the execution
of their movements.   The pelvis supports, be-
hind, the vertebral column, and is sustained,
before,  by the ossa femorum.   It is situate, in
the adult, near the middle part of  the body, and
is composed of four broad, flat, unequally thick
bones, differing much in their shape,  size, and
arrangement,  which  touch, are articulated at
some part of their surface, and intimately united
by means of a number of ligamentous fascias.
Of these bones, two are behind, on the median
line,—the sacrum and coccyx; the two others
are before and at the  sides,—the ilia.   They
are fellows, and unite, before, with each  other.
The most important  parts of the pelvis, in an
obstetrical point  of view, are  the brim and the
outlet.  The Brim, Angus'tia  abdomina'lis, In-
tro'itus, Apertu'rapelvis supe'rior, Upper Open-
ing or strait of the Cavity of the Pelvis, (F.)
Ditroit supirieur, D. abdominal, is the narrow
part which separates the greater pelvis from the
less—the false from the true, Pelvis  vera seu
minor.   In the well-formed woman, it is ellip-
tical, and slightly inclined forwards.  Its an-
tero-posterior or sacro-pubic diameter, in a stan-
dard pelvis, measures 4-| inches, but with the
soft parts, 3f inches;  its transverse or iliac or
lateral, 5£ inches, but. with  the soft parts 4
inches; and its oblique with the  soft  parts,  4$
inches.   The  Outlet, (F.) Ditroit inferieur,
D.pirinied, Ex'itus,  Inferior opening ox strait,
Angus'tia perinaea'lis,  forms  the lower aper-
ture of the pelvis.   The antero-posterior  di-
ameter  is here, on account of the mobility of
the coccyx, 5  inches: the lateral, 4 inches.
The Axis of  the Pelvis is  important to be
known in obstetrics.   The Axis of the Brim is
indicated  by a straight line  drawn from the
umbilicus to the apex of the coccyx;—the Axis
of the Outlet by a line drawn from the first
bone of the sacrum to the entrance of the va-
gina.   An imaginary curved  line which indi-
cates the  direction of the canal of the pelvis,
has occasionally been termed  the curve of Ca-
ms, in consequence of its having been pointedly
described by the  German obstetrician.
   Pelvis Aurium, Cochlea—p. Cerebri, Infun-
dibulum of the brain.
  Pelvis of  the Kidney, Pelvis rena'lis seu
renum, Sinus, Venter sen Alv us Renum, (F.)
Bassinet.   This is a small, membranous pouch,
occupying the posterior part of the fissure of
the kidney.  It is  placed behind  the renal
artery and vein; is  elongated from above to
below; flattened from before to  behind;  irre-
gularly oval  in  figure;  and, below, contracts
considerably, to be continuous with the uTeter.
It receives  the orifices of the  infundibula,
which pour the  urine secreted in the kidney
into its cavity.
  Pelvis  Minor, Pelvis — p. Ocularis,  Sca-
phium oculare—p. Renalis, Pelvis of  the kid-
ney—p. Renum, Pelvis of the kidney—p. Vera,
Pelvis.
  PELYCOMETER, Pelvimeter.
  PELYOMETER, Pelvimeter.
  FEM'PmGUS,Emphly'sis Pem'phigns,Pom -
pholyx, from nc/u.<pij£, ' a blister ;' Febris bullo-
sa, vesicula'ris, ampullo'sa seu pemphigo'des
seu pemphingo'des, Exanthe'ma serosum, Mor-
ta, Pem'phigus morta, Pemphigus Helveticus,
Pemphigus major, Pemphigus minor, Morbus
bullosus senvesicula'ris seu ampulla'ceus, Pern'-
phinx, Pemphix, Pemphyx, Typhus vesicula'-
ris, Vesic'ular Fever,Bladdery Fever, (F.)Fievre
bulleuse, F. Visiculaire.  A disease, defined to
consist of vesicles, scattered  over the body;
transparent, filbert-sized, with a red,  inflamed
edge, but without surrounding blush or tume-
faction ; on breaking, disposed to ulcerate; fluid,
pellucid or slightly coloured ; fever, typhous. It
is doubtful whether any such  idiopathic fever
have ever existed : the probability is, that the fe-
ver and vesications have been an accidental com-
plication.  Cullen thinks the Pemphigus Hel-
veticus must have been  malignant sore throat.
If, however, such a distinct disease did exist, it
was probably only as an endemico-epidemic.
  Pemphigus Major,  Pemphigus—p. Minor,
Pemphigus—p. Morta,  Pemphigus—p. Vario-
lodes, see Varicella.
  PEMPHINX, Pemphigus.
  PEMPHIX, Pemphigus.
  PEMPHYX, Pemphigus.
  PEMPTiEA  FEBRIS, Quintan.
  PENiEA MUCRONATA, see Sarcocolla—
p. Sarcocolla, Sarcocolla.
  PENCIL-LIKE PROCESSES, Styloid pro-
cesses.
  PENDULUM  PALATI, Velum pendulum
palati.
  PEN ETRATING, Penetrans, from pene-
trare, (penitus intrare,) ' to go into.'  A wound
is so called which penetrates one of the great
splanchnic cavities—-Vulnus Penetrans.
  A medicine is, also, so called, which is sup-
posed to pass through the pores and stimulate.
  PENTCILLUM, Compress, Penicillus.
  PENICIL'LUS, Penidll'um,  'a  painter's
brush;' diminutive of penis, 'a  tail.'   A tent
or pledget.  The secreting glandiform  extremi-
ties of the vense portae,  (Ad'ini bilio'si)  have
been so termed, as well as the villous textures.
  Penicillus, Tent.
  PENICULUM, Compress.
  PENICULUS, Tent.
  PENIDES, Saccharum hordeatum.
  PENID'IUM, Penidium  sacchara'tum.  A
kind  of  clarified sugar, made up into rolls.
Barley sugar.   It is demulcent; see  Saccha-
rum hordeatum. 
PANIL                  63
  P&NIL, Mons veneris.
  PENIS,  ' a  tail,' from  pendere,  ' to  hang
down;' Caulis, Coles, Caules, Caulos, Men'-
tula, Menta, Phallus, Posthe,Pros'thium, Cri-
the, Cor'yni, Vomer, Pater om'niumviven'tium,
Pria'pus, Virga, V. virilis, V. genita'lis, Ve-
re'trum, Sathe, Membrum  virile, Membrum,
Ver bus, Virile,  Pars Viri'lis,  Membrum  semi-
nale seu genitale viro'rum, Morion, Cyon, Sic'-
ula, Tentum, Hasta, H. nuptia'lis, H. viri'lis,
Vas, Vas'culum, Pecu'lium,  Vir'gula, Vir, Thyr-
sus, Tensus,  Clavus, Cauda  salax,  Cauda,
Fas'cinum, F. virile, Muto, Nervus, N. fistu-
lo'sus seu fistula'ris seu juvenilis, Per'tica per
se,  Scapus, Vena, Contus,  Telum, Gurgu'lio,
Sceptrum, Anna, Gla'dius, Lu'bricum Caput,
Mutinus, Palus, Pes'sulus, Radix, Ramus,
Rutab'ulum, Arma  Ventris, Columna adstans
ingidn'ibus, Columna, Pyr'amis, Trabs, Spina,
Catapulta viri'lis,  Verpa, Macha'ra, Taurus;
the Yard, Male organ, &c. (F.) Verge, Membre
viril.  This organ, the use of which is to carry
the seminal fluid into the female organs of ge-
neration, is cylindroid, long, and  erectile, and
situate before  and beneath  the symphysis pu-
bis. In the ordinary state, it  is soft and pen-
dent in front of the scrotum.  During erection,
it becomes elongated, upright, and assumes a
triangular shape.  Its  upper surface is called
the Dorsum penis, (F.) Dos de la verge ; and,
at its anterior surface, there is a longitudinal
projection formed by the canal of the urethra,
The two sides of the penis are round, and  its
posterior extremity or root is attached to the
pelvis.  Its anterior extremity is free, and pre-
sents the glans, prepuce, and orifice of the ure-
thra.  The penis is formed of the corpora ca-
vernosa, the principal seat of erection; the cor-
pus spongiosum of the  urethra for the convey-
ance of the urine and sperm, and  of the glans,
which  terminates the canal.   The Arteries of
the penis are  branches of the internal pudic.
The Veins correspond with the arteries.  The
Nerves are from the internal pudic.
  Penis Cerebri, Pineal gland—p. Fcemineus,
Clitoris—p. Lipodermus, Paraphimosis—p. Mu-
liebris, Clitoris.
  PENNATUS, Penniform.
  PEN'NIFORM, Pennifor'mis, Penna'tus,
from penna, ' a pen,' and forma,  ' form.'  An
epithet for muscles whose fleshy fibres  are in-
serted on each side of a middle tendon, like the
feathers of a pen on their common stalk.
  PENNYCRESS, Thlaspi.
  PENNYROYAL, Mentha pulegium, Hedeo-
ma pulegioides—p. Hart's, Mentha cervina.
  PENSACOLA, see Saint Augustine.
  PENSEE, Viola tricolor—p. Sauvage, Vio-
la tricolor.
  PENTAMYRON, Pentama'ron, from mvn,
' five,' and /*vpv, ' ointment.'  An ancient oint-
ment, consisting of five ingredients.  These are
said to have been—storax,  mastich, wax, opo-
halsam, and unguentum nardinum.—Paulus, and
Aetius.
  PENTAPHAR'MACON, from n-tvrf, < five,'
and </)apu«y.or,'remedy.'  Any medicine con-
sisting of five ingredients.
  PENTAPHYLLUM, Potentilla reptans.
  PEN'TATEUCH, (SURGICAL,) Pentateu'-
rhus, from jtevte, 'five,' and rev^oc, 'a book,'
vvhich signifies the five books of Moses—Gene-
sis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deutero-
18              PERCEPTION

 nomy.   By analogy, some surgeons have given
 the name Surgical Pentateuch to the division
 of external diseases into five classes:—wounds,
 ulcers, tumours, luxations, and fractures.
   PENTATH'ETUM, from ntvr,, ' five,' and
 n6evat,  ' to  place.'   An ancient plaster con-
 sisting of five ingredients.
   PENULA, Ingluvies.
   PENZANCE, CLIMATE OF.   This is the
 chief residence of invalids in Cornwall, Eng-
 land,  during the  winter.   It  is  situated  on
 Mount's Bay, about ten miles from the Land's
 End.  It is 5£° warmer in winter than London;
 2° colder in summer;  scarcely 1°  warmer in
 the spring, and only about  2^°  warmer  in the
 autumn.  It is a very favourable winter resi-
 dence for the phthisical invalid.
   PEONY,  Paeonia.
   PEPANSIS, Coction, Maturation.
   PEPANTICOS, Maturative.
   PEPASMOS, Coction, Maturation.
   PEPAS'TIC, Pepas'ticus, from ntrtttvoj,' 1
 concoct.'  A medicine supposed to have the
 power of favouring the concoction of diseases.
 Maturative.
   PEPEIRUS, Concocted.
   PEPINO, (S.)  A cucurbitacea, which is cul-
 tivated in great abundance in the fields of Peru.
 The pulp or edible part is solid, juicy, and well
 flavoured; but is apt to disagree.
   PEPO, Cucurbita pepo.
   PEPPER, BLACK, Piper nigrum—p. Cay-
 enne, Capsicum annuum—p. Cubeb, Piper cu-
 beba—p. Guinea,  Capsicum annuum—p. Ja-
 maica, Myrtus Pimento—p. Long, Piper longum
 —p. Poor-man's,  Polygonum hydropiper—p.
 Tailed, Piper cubeba—p.  Turnip,  Arum  tri-
 phyllum—p. Water, Polygonum hydropiper—
 p. Water, of America, Polygonum punctatum—
 p. Wall, Sedum—p. White, Piper album.
   PEPPERWORT, Lepidium.
   PEPSIN, Peps'inum, Chy'mosin, Gas'terase,
 from irtxpic,  ' coction.'   A  peculiar organic
 matter, which in combination with  the gastric
 acids, is considered to form the proper  diges-
 tive  solvent.  Its chemical constitution is un-
 known.  It would appear that its  presence is
 necessary to induce changes in the elements of
 the food, which may enable the gastric acids to
 act upon them so as to form chyme.
   PEPSINUM, Pepsin.
   PEPSIS, Coction, Digestion.
   PEPTIC, Pep'ticus, from nerrrto, 'I ripen.'
 An  agent that promotes digestion, or  is  di-
 gestive.  Also, applied adjectively to an  article
 of food that  is easy of digestion.
   PERACUTUS, Catoxys.
   PERARTICULATIO, Diarthrosis.
   PERATODYNIA, Cardialgia.
   PERCE-CRANE, Perforator.
   PERCE-FEUILLE, Bupleurum rotundifo-
 lium.
   PERCE-MOUSSE, Polytrichum.
   PERCE-PIERRE,  Crithmum maritimum.
   PERCEP'TA, from perdpere, ' to perceive,'
 ' receive.'   A word used by some  writers on
 hygiene to  indicate, in a general manner, the
 effects  of the  nervous action  on  the  animal
 economy; in other words, the sensations,  the
 functions of  the mind, and their deterioration
 or privation.
   PERCEP'TION, Percep'tio.   The apprecia- 
PERCEPTIVITY             639            PERICARDITIS
 tion which the brain has of an impression made
 on an organ of sense.
   PERCEPTIVITY.   Same etymon.   The
 power of perception.
   PERCOLATIO, Filtration, Percolation.
   PERCOLATION, Percola'tio, from percolare,
 (per and colare,) ' to strain through.'  The terms
 percolation and displacement,have been recently
 applied in pharmacy to an operation which con-
 sists in placing any substance, the virtues of
 which have to be extracted by a menstruum, on
 a funnel,  having a  septum  perforated  with
 holes, or its tube stuffed with cotton or tow,
 and pouring fresh portions of the menstruum
 upon it until all its virtues have been extracted.
 The  operation is used in the formation of cer-
 tain infusions, extracts, tinctures, &c.
   PERCUS'SION, Epicrov! sis, Percus'sio, from
 percutere, (per,and quatere,) 'to strike/  When
 immediate or direct percussion is made on the
 chest or abdomen, the more or less perfect reso-
 nance is an index of the state of the contained
 organs; and  the physician is thus aided in his
 diagnosis.  For this purpose  the chest may be
 struck with the fingers, gathered into a bun-
 dle, and  their tips  placed  upon a level.   It is
 better, however, to employ Mediate percussion,
 which consists in interposing, between the point
 of the fingers  and the chest, the finger of the
 other hand, or a Pletdm'ettr, and  striking this
 instead of the naked chest.
   Percussion, Auscultatory, see Acouophonia.
   PERCUTEUR COURBE A MARTEAU,
 (F-) An instrument used by Baron Heurteloup
 in the operation of lithotomy, in which a ham-
 mer  is employed instead of a screw,  to  force
 together the blades of the instrument on the
 foreign body.
   PERDO'NIUM.  A medicated wine of herbs.
 —Paracelsus.
   PERETERIUM,  Trepan.
   PERETORIUM,  Trepan.
   PER'FORANS,  from per far are,  (per, and
forare,) ' to bore through.'   A name  given to
 different muscles, whose tendons  pass through
 intervals between the fibres or tendons of other
 muscles; thence called perforated.  See Flexor
 Longus Digitorum, &c.  Under the name Per-
forating Ar'teries, are included, 1. In the hand
 —arterial  branches, given off by the profound
 palmar arch, which traverse  the  muscles and
 interosseous spaces.   2.  In the thigh—three or
 four arteries, furnished by the profunda, which
 pass through the openings of the abductor mag-
 nus.  3. In the foot—the anterior  and  superior
 branches of the plantar arch.
   Perforans  Casserii, see  Cutaneous — p.
 Manus, Flexor  profundus  perforans—p.  Pro-
 fundus, Flexor longus digitorum pedis profun-
 dus perforans.
   PERFORATED SPOT, Locus perforatus.
   PERFORATING ARTERIES, see Perforans.
   PERFORATIO, Perforation—p. Cranii, see
 Perforator—p. Intestinorum, Enterobrosis—p.
 Ventriculi, Gastrobrosis.
   PERFORA'TION,  Perfora'tio, Anatre'sis,
Diatre'sis, from perforare, 'to pierce.'  An
accidental opening in the continuity of organs,
either from an external or internal cause.
   Perforation, Paracentesis—p. de PEstomac,
Gastrobrosis—p. des Intestins, Enterobrosis—
p. Uteri, Uterus, rupture of the.
  PER'FORATOR, Perforatorium, (F.) Perce-
 crane.   An instrument for opening the head of
 the fcetus in  utero, when it is necessary to di-
 minish its size.  The operation is called Cepha-
 lotom'ia, Perfora'tio cra'nii.
   PERFORATORIUM, Perforator.
   PERFORA'TUS.  That which is pierced.
 Anatomists have given this  name to museles
 whose fibres or tendons separate to suffer other
 parts to pass through them.  Such are the Flexor
 brevis digitorum pedis, F. sublimis perforatus,
 and Coraco-brachialis.
   Perforatus Casserii, Coraco-brachialis.
   PERFRIC'TIO, Perfrige'rium, Catapsyx'is,
 Peripsyxfis, from perfrigere, (per, and frigere,)
 'to shiver with cold.'  Considerable  refrige-
 ration.  Great sense of cold:—shivering.
   PERFRIGERATIO, see Rigor.
   PERFRIGERIUM, Perfrictio.
   PERFUSIO,  Fomentation—p. Frigida,  see
 Affusion.
   PERI, iriqt,' about, on all sides, round about.'
 An augmentative prefix.  Hence:
   PERI^E'RESIS,  from   mgi,  'about,' and
 aiqtu, ' I take away.'  A sort of circular in-
 cision, which the ancients  made in the neigh-
 bourhood of large abscesses.  The periaeresis is
 now only practised in some cases of tumours.
   PERIAL'GIA, from nt^i, 'onall sides,' and
 ttlyoc, 'pain.'  A very violent pain.
   PERIAMMA, Amuletum.
   PERIAPTON, Amuletum.
   PERIBLEMA, Catablema.
   PERIBLEP'SIS, from  ntgi,  'around,' and
 (ixenw, ' I look.'  The wild look that accompa-
 nies ■delirium.—Foesius.
   PERIB'OLE, from a-tntjSaJUco, ' I surround.'
 The  dress  of a person.   The  pericardium.
 Also, the translation of morbific matters  to-
 wards the surface of the body.
   PERIBRO'SIS, Pericra'sis, from n effect a* a,
 (nee,i, and pgwo-rcio,  'I eat,') 'I eat around.'
 Ulceration  or erosion  at  the corners of  the
 eyelids.
   PERICARDIAC, Pericardial, Pericardi-
 acus; same etymon as the next.  Relating to
 the pericardium,—as 'pericardial  murmur,'
 ' pericardial  effusion,'  ' pericardial  arteries,
 veins,' &c, &c.
   PERICARDITIS, from n^tKa^m; ' the pe-
 ricardium,' and itis,  denoting  inflammation;
 Inflamma'tio Pericardii, Pleuritis pericardii,
 Carditis exter'na seu sero'sa seu membrano'sa,
 Exocardi'tis, Infiamma'tion of the pericardium,
 (F.) Piricardite, Inflammation  du  Piricarde.
 This is, probably,  the  proper appellation  for
 most of those cases which have received  the
 names of Carditis, Cardipericarditis, and Car-
 diopericardi'tis.   Along with signs of pyrexia,
 the local symptoms resemble those of pneumo-
 nia. Those which point out that the pericardium
 is the seat of disease are the following:—pain,
 referred to the region of the heart, or scrobicu-
 lus cordis,—sometimes pungent,  at others, dull
 and heavy: palpitation, accompanied with spas-
 modic twitchings in the neighbourhood of the
 heart, shooting up to the left shoulder; pulsa-
 tion,  and sometimes soreness of the carotids,
 with tinnitus  aurium and vertigo: the  breath-
 ing is by catches: dyspneca considerable: pulse
jarring, jerking, peculiar:  the tongue white,
 covered with a mucous coat, and  the skin  often
 bathed in sweat, as  in acute rheumatism.  The
physical signs during the first period are as fol- 
PERICARDIUM             64
 lows.   The action of the heart is generally evi-
 dent to the eye, and may be felt  by the  hand.
 There is soreness to the touch over the  inter-
 costal spaces, and over a small surface  in the
 epigastric region, when the pressure is directed
 upwards towards the pericardium.   Percussion
 is usually natural, but at times there is dulness.
 On auscultation, the cardiac movements  are
 found to  be frequent, abrupt, jerking, and tu-
 multuous; often irregular and  intermittent.
 The pulse presents corresponding characters.
 When effusion of lymph has occurred, percus-
 sion may be negative, or be but slightly affected.
 On auscultation, in addition to the  preceding
 signs, there may be one or more of the rubbing
 or  friction bruits  resembling the rustling of
 parchment, or  of a  sawing or  rasping cha-
 racter.   In some cases,  the sound is like the
 creaking  of new leather.  This has  been sup-
 posed to  be pathognomonic of effused lymph.
 The most important point in the pathology of
 pericarditis is  its  connexion with acute  rheu-
 matism ; and it forms one of the most dangerous
 occurrences in the latter disease.  It  may be
 acute or chronic: in either case, it is, of course,
 formidable.  The most active depletion  must
 be  used;  with large doses of opium, counter-
 irritants, and  all  the  means required in the
 most violent internal inflammations.
  Pericarditis Exsudatoria Sanguinolenta,
 Haemopericardium.
  PERICAR'DIUM, Pericar'dion,  Perib'olS,
 Membra'na Cor circumplex'a, Involu'crum seu
 Ar'cula  seu Capsa seu Cap'sula seu Cam'era
 seu Indumen'tum seu Pannidulus seu Membra-
 na  seu  Theca seu  Saccus  seu Sac'culus  seu
 Scrotum seu Vagi'na  seu Vesica  seu Area seu
 Thalamus rega'lis seu Amphico'ma seu Bursa
 Cordis, Sac or Capsule of the Heart, (F.) Pi-
 ricarde; from n-iqi, 'around,' and xa^tTia, 'the
 heart.'   The pericardium is a membranous sac,
 which envelops the heart, and the arterial and
 venous trunks  that pass from or into it.  It is
 seated in the  separation of the mediastinum,
 above the central aponeurosis of the diaphragm,
 to which it strongly adheres.  Its shape is tri-
 angular, like that of the heart; to which it is
 fitted.   The pericardium  is  composed of two
 membranes:—the  one—external—fibrous;  the
 other—internal—serous.  The  latter, having
 lined the inner surface of the external layer, is
 reflected over the heart, and covers it entirely;
 without, however, having the heart  within it?
 in which arrangement it resembles other serous
 membranes.   The pericardium envelops  the
 heart;  retains  it in position, and facilitates its
 movements by means of the serous  fluid, Li-
 quor seu Aqua seu  Humor  seu  Lympha  seu
 Uri'na Pericardii, Hydrocar'dia, which it con-
 tains in greater or less quantity.
  The arteries  of the  pericardium  are small,
 and derived from the superior phrenic, anterior
 mediastinal and bronchial.   The veins  accom-
 pany them, and open into the brachio-cephalic.
 No nerves have been traced to it.   The lym-
phatics  enter  the  lymphatic glands that sur-
 round the vena cava superior.
  PERICARPIUM, Epicarpium.
  PERICHOLIA, Polycholia.
  PERICHONDRITIS, Inflamma'tio perichon'-
drii, from perichondrium, and itis, denoting in-
flammation.  Inflammation  of  the  perichon-
drium:  hence  Perichondritis laryngea;—In-
[0               PERINEUM

 flammation of the perichondrium covering the
 larynx.
   PERICHONDRIUM, from vtQt, < around,'
 and ^ovdqog, 'a cartilage.'  A membrane of a
 fibrous nature, which covers cartilages that are
 non-articular, and bears considerable analogy
 to the periosteum in organization and uses.
   PERICHRISIS, Circumlitio, Liniment.
   PERICHRISTON, Circumlitio, Liniment.
   PERICLA'SIS, from srtoi,' about,' and xxaa,
 ' I break.'  A comminuted fracture, with denu-
 dation of the bone.   Galen, Foesius.
   PERICLIMENUM,Lonicerapericlymenurn.
   PERICNE'MIA,  from  sregi,  'about,'  and
 Krvf^ij, 'the leg.'  The parts surrounding  the
 tibia;—the tibia itself.
   PERICRANICEDE'MA, from pericranium,
 and oiSriua, ' a swelling.'  OZdema of the head,
 owing to fluid effused under the pericranium.
   PERICRA'NIUM, Pericrdnion, Pericrania,
 from n-iqt,' around,' and xgunov, ' the cranium.'
 The periosteum, which covers the cranium ex-
 ternally.
   PERICRASIS, Peribrosis.
   PERIDER'IA, from nnri, 'around,' and Siqn,
 ' the neck.'  Twisting of  the cord  round  the
 neck of the child.
   PERIDESMIC,  Perides'miens; from mqt,
 ' around,' and dialog,' a ligament.'   Some noso-
 logists have given this name to ischuria caused
 by a ligature round the penis or by stricture of
 the urethra.                        •
   PERIDES'MIUM; from tt^i, 'around,' and
 Sur/aog, '  ligament.'   The delicate cellular  tis-
 sue covering a ligament.
   PERIDIASTOLE, see Diastole.
   PERID'ROMUS, from wegi,' about,' and <5?o-
 /uoc, 'a course.'  The extreme circumference
 of the  hairs of the head.—Gorraus.
   PERIESTICOS,  Salutary.
   PERIGLOTTIS,  Epiglottic  gland:  see
 Tongue.
   PERIG'RAPHE,  from irigiy^n^ar, (*tj/, and
 ygacpw,' I write,')' I circumscribe.'  The apo-
 neurotic  intersections of the rectus  abdominis
 are so called.—Vesalius.
   PERILYMPH, Cotunnius, liquor of.
   PERIMYELITIS, Meningitis, spinal.
   PERIMYSIUM, Fas'cia, from vtqi,' around,'
 and fivs,  ' a muscle.'   The cellular mem-
 brane  that  surrounds a muscle, or its  fas-
 ciculi.   The sheath of  the  whole  muscle is
 termed Perimysium externum; of the fasciculi
 Perimysium internum.
   PERlN, Peris, from trtga, 'a sac  or pouch.'
 With  some, this means the  scrotum; with
 others, the testicle; with  others, the  vagina;
 with others, the peritonaeum; and with others,
 the anus.
   PERINEOCELE, Hernia, perineal.
   PERINiE'UM, Interfemin'eum, Interfamin'-
 eum, Interfamin'ium, Interfa'mina, Iter femin'-
 eum, Peris,  Perin, Perineum, Gressu'ra, Ple-
 chas, Am'phiplex, Peche'deon, Mesos'eelon, Me-
 sos'celus, Ferine'on, Perina'os, Perine'os, Tra-
 mis, Tauros, Interforamine'urn, Cocho'nS, Pli-
 chos, Mesome'rion, Famen, Re'gio Perinsdi, (F.)
 Pirinie.  The space at  the  inferior region of
 the trunk, between the  ischiatic tuberosities,
 anus, and genital organs.   It is smaller in the
 female than in the male; has a triangular shape,
 and is divided into two equal parts by a  median
 line,  called  Raphe.  It is occasionally  rup- 
PERINEUS               641              PERIPNEUMONIA
tured in labour.   The part  between the pu-
dendum and anus is sometimes  called ante'rior
perina'um, to distinguish it from the part which
extends from  the  anus to the  coccyx,  called
poste'rior perinse'um.
  PERIN^EUS, Perineal.
  PERINE'AL, Perina'us, Perinsea'lis, Peri-
nea'lis.  That which relates or belongs  to the
perinaeum; as Perineal artery, P. hernia, &c.
  Perineal Aponeurosis, P. Fascia.
  Perineal Artery, Arte'ria perinaa lis, Su-
perficial artery of the Perina'um.  A branch of
the internal pudic  distributed to the perinaeum.
  Perineal Fascia, F. Perina'i, Perine'al apo-
neurosis.  The fasciae—superficial and deep-
seated—Perine'al  lig'ament—which belong  to
the perinaeum.
  Perine'al Fossa, Fossa perina'i, Ischiorec-
tal fossa.   A conical fossa, the base of which
corresponds with the skin; is formed anteriorly
by the transversus perinaei muscle; behind, by
the inferior border of the glutaeus maximus; in-
ternally, by the  levator ani;  and externally,
by the tuber ischii.  It is filled up with fat and
fibrous striae.
   Perineal Ischuria,  Ischuria Perinea'lis.
A name given by Sauvages to retention of urine,
caused by a tumour seated in the perinaeum.
   Perineal Ligament,  see  P. fascia—p. Re-
gion, Perinaeum.
   PERIN&E, Perinaeum.
   PERINEPHRITIS, (F.)  Phlegmon pirine-
phritique, from ireqi,' around,' vttpgoc, ' kidney,'
anditis, denoting inflammation.  Inflammation
of the external cellular and fibrous membranes
of the kidney, or of their investing adipose cel-

   PERINEPHRUS, see  Kidney.
   PERINEURION, Neurilemma.
   PERYNICTIDES, tS?/,  and »«§, 'night.'
An eruption appearing at night and disappearing
by day.—Erotian.
   PE'RIOD, Periodus, Periodei'a, Periodeu'sis,
Sta'dium, Circu'itus, from ntqi, ' about,' and
cdoc, 'way;' Circuit.  Periods  are the different
phases or revolutions of  a disease,—the Ipochs
which are  distinguishable in the course of a
disease.   Three periods  are commonly enume-
rated.  1. The augmentation, increase, ox pro-
gress, (Incremen'tum;) 2. The  acme or height,
(F.) £tat (Status;) and, 3. The decline (Decre-
tnentum.)   Some authors reckon only the inva-
sion and termination.
   Period is sometimes used in describing an in-
termittent, for the time between the commence-
ment of a  paroxysm and that  of the next, in-
cluding the fit as well as interval.
   Periods, Monthly, Menses.
   PERIODEIA, Period.
   PERIODEUSIS, Period.
   PERIODEUTES, Charlatan.
   PERIODICITY, Periodic"itas; same "ety-
mon.  The aptitude of certain physiological and
pathological phenomena, in health or disease,
to recur  at particular  periods,  after longer  or
shorter intervals,  during  which intervals they
cease completely.  Diseases,  thus  recurring,
are called Periodical,— Typo'ses.
  PERIODOL'OGY, Periodolog"ia; from  ne-
ptofog, < a course or circuit,' and  xoyog, 'a dis-
course.'   The doctrine of periodicity in health
and disease.
  PERIODONTITIS, (F.) Piriodontite, In-
flammation de la Membrane alviolo-dentaire,
from neqi, ' about,' and of ovc, ' a tooth.'  In-
flammation  of the  membrane  that lines the
socket of a tooth.
  Periodontitis Gingivarum, Ulitis.
  PERIODUS MORBI, Type—p.  Sanguinis,
Circulation.
  PERIODYN'IA, from vtqi, and oJWt?, 'pain.'
A violent and extensive pain.
  PtiRIONE, Decidua.
  PERIOR'BITA,  Perios'teum  or'bita,  from
ntqi,' around,' and orbita,' the orbit.'  An appel-
lation used, by some, for the periosteum lining
the orbit, which is  a continuation of the dura
mater.   The inflammation of this periosteum is
termed Periorbitis  or Periorbiti'tis,  and In-
flamma'tio perios'tei or%itse.
  PERIORBITIS, see Periorbita.
  PERIORBITITIS, see Periorbita.
  PERIOSTEITIS, see Periostitis.
  PERIOS'TEUM, Perios'teon, Periosteos, Pe-
rios'tium,  Circumossa'le,  Membra'na  ossis,
 Omen'tum os'sium, Circumossa'lis Membra'na,
from mqi,' around,' andormoi',' a bone.'  The
periosteum is a fibrous, white, resisting medium
which surrounds the bones every where, ex-
cept the teeth at their coronae, and  the parts of
other bones  that are covered  with cartilage.
 The external surface is united, in a more or less
 intimate manner, to the neighbouring  parts by
 cellular tissue.  Its inner surface  covers the
bone, whose depressions  it accurately follows.
 It is united to the  bone  by small, fibrous pro-
 longations;  and, especially, by a  prodigious
 quantity of vessels, which penetrate their sub-
 stance.  The periosteum unites the  bones  to
 the   neighbouring  parts.  It  assists  in  their
 growth, either by furnishing, at its inner sur-
 face, as M. Beclard demonstrated, an albumi-
 nous exudation, which  becomes cartilaginous,
 and at length ossifies;—or  by supporting the
 vessels, which penetrate them to carry the ma-
 terials of their nutrition.   See Medullary  mem-
 brane.
   Periosteum  Internum,  Medullary   mem-
 brane—p. Orbitae, Periorbita.
   PERIOSTITIS,  Periosteitis, Inflamma'tio
perios'tei, from periosteum and itis, denoting in-
 flammation.   Inflammation  of the periosteum.
   PERIOSTO'SIS.  Tumour of the periosteum.
 Tumours are so called which are developed  on
 bones,  and formed by their outer membrane.
 These  tumours are  more  rapidly  developed,
 have a less  degree  of consistence, and sooner
 disperse than exostoses, which they  resemble
 greatly.
   PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM, Ca-
 pillary system.
   PERIPHIMOSIS, Paraphimosis.
   PERIPLEUMONIA, Peripneumonia.
   PERIPLOCA INDICA,  Hemidesmus Indi-
 cus.
   PERIP'LYSIS, from n^t, and nlvo-ic, ' the
 act  of washing;' Proflu'vium.   A copious dis-
 charge from any  part,  especially from the
bowels.                             .
   PERIPNEUMONIA,  Peripleumo'nia, fe-
 ripneumonitis, True peripneu'mony, from irty,
 ' around,'and ttv^kov,'the lung.' Inflammation
of the substance of the lungs.—See Pneumonia.
   Peripneumonia Bilio'sa.  Inflammation  of
the  lungs, accompanied with bilious fever. 
PERIPNEUMONIA           64!
  Peripneumonia Catarrhalis,  P. notha—p.
Pituitosa, P. notha.
  Peripneumonia Catarrha'lis.  Bronchitis
or pulmonary catarrh, with pain  in some part
of the chest.
  Peripneumonia Notha, P. spu'ria, P. pitui-
to'sa, P. catarrha'lis, Pneumo'nia  notha, Pseu-
do-peripneumonia, Pseudo-pneumonia, Pseudo-
pneumoni'tis, Bronchoc'ace, Blennotho'rax, Ob-
struc'tio pulmo'num pituito'sa febri'lis, Bron-
chitis asthen'ica, False or Bastard Peripneu'-
mony,  (F.)  Piripneumonie  bdtarde ou fausse.
An inexact name, under which some affections
are comprised that  resemble pneumonia; and,
especially chronic bronchitis with pleurodynia.
—See Bronchitis  (chronic.)
  PERIPNEUMONITIS, Peripneumonia.
  PERIPNEUMONY, BASTARD, Peripneu-
monia notha.
  Peripneumony, Latent.  Peripneumony
whose symptoms are so obscure as to be recog-
nised with difficulty.
  PERIPSYXIS, Catapsyxis, Perfrictio.
  PERIPYE'MA, from nipi,' about,' androov,
( pus.'  Suppuration around an organ;—a tooth,
for example.
  PERIRRHOE'A,Pe«VVAoe,from!r£p<,'about,'
and fair,< I flow.'  Afflux of fluids from every
point of the  body towards an organ which has
to remove them from the economy. Also, en-
uresis.
  PERIS, Perin.
  PERISCELIS, Jarretiere.
  PERISCYPHIS'MUS,  Periscythismus.
  PERISCYTHIS'MUS, Periscy'thisis, Pery-
scytis'mus, Periscy'tisis, Periscy'phisis, Peris-
eyphismus, Scalping, from nspi, ' around,' and
2kv(5jjc, 'a Scythian,' that is,' scalping after the
manner of the Scythians.'  An operation de-
scribed  by Paulus of Egina.   It consisted of
an incision made around the cranium, and was
employed in habitual weakness of the eyes,
pains of the  head, &c.
  PERISPHAL'SIS, Circumduc'tio, from ncpi,
'about,' and  <ripa.Ua>,  'I move.'   A circular
motion  impressed on  a luxated bone, for the
purpose of reducing it.
  PERISSODACTYLUS, Polydactylus.
  PERISTALTIC, Systaltic—p. Action, Pe-
ristole.
  PERISTAPHYLINUS  EXTERNUS, Cir-
cumflexus musculus—p. Inferior, Circumflexus
musculus—p.  Internus, Levator palati.
  PERISTERIUM, Verbena officinalis.
  PERISTER'NA, fron ntpt, ' about,' and a-rtp-
vov,  'the sternum.'   The lateral  parts of the
chest.
  PERISTOLE, Motus Peristalticus, M. com-
presso'rius seu vermicula'ris seu  testudin'eus,
from ntqt,' around,' and o-rtlXw,' I contract,'' I
close.'  The peristaltic action of the intestines,
Motus peristalticus.  It  consists of a kind of
undulation or vermicular movement, in appear-
ance irregular, but in which the circular fibres
of the muscular membrane of the intestine con-
tract successively, from  above downwards, in
proportion as  the chyme advances in  the ali-
mentary canal; so that, being compressed above,
it is pushed  into the next  portion  of the intes-
tine, whose  fibres are in a state of relaxation.
When the fibres contract inversely, they occa-
sion an antiperistaltic action.   The peristaltic
action is involuntary, and is not under the im-
2             PERITONITIS

 mediate influence of either brain or spinal mar-
 row.  It continues for some time after death.
   PERISTOMA, Peristroma.
   PERISTOMIUM, Mouth.
   PERISTRO'MA, Peris'toma, Mus'cus villo'-
 sus,Crusta membrana'cea, Crusta vermicula'ris,
 from nm,' around,' and argovw/ui, ' to spread.'
 The villous or mucous coat of the intestines.—
 Castelli.
   PERISYSTOLE,  from *m, 'about,'  and
 0-vn-toXrj, 'a contraction.'   The interval that
 exists between the systole and diastole  of the
 heart, which is  only  perceptible in the dying.
 —Bartholine.
   PERITERION, Tripan perforatif.
   PERITESTIS, Albuginea.
   PIRITOINE, Peritonaeum.
   PERITOME, Circumcision.
   PERITONjERIX'IS, Peritonaorex'is, from
 7rtqtTovouov, 'the peritonaeum,' and grjyrua, 'I
 break.'  Hernia formed by the rupture  of the
 peritonaeum.
   PERITONEUM, Peritone'um, Peritona'on,
 Peritoneion, Peritona'os, Peritonion, Perito-
 neos, Velamen'tum abdomina'lS, Tu'nica pra-
 ten'sasen Operimen'tum pratensum seu Mem-
 bra'na abdom'inis, Siphar, Syphar, Zephach,
 Ziphac, (F.) Piritoine, from ntqt, 'around,'
 and  t«vco, 'I stretch.'  A serous  membrane,
 which  lines  the abdominal  cavity;  extends
 over the  greater part of the organs  contain-
 ed there; envelops them wholly  or  in part,
 and  maintains  their  respective relations  by
 means of different prolongations and ligament-
 ous  folds: — the mesentery, epiploon, mesoco-
 lon,  &c.  Like all the serous membranes, the
 peritoneum is a sort of sac without aperture,
 which  covers  the abdominal organs, without
 containing them within it, and the internal sur-
 face of which is smooth,  and lubricated by a
 serous  fluid.  In the male foetus, the peritonae-
 um  furnishes  a prolongation,  which accom-
 panies the testicle at the time of  its  descent,
 and, in the female fcetus, forms the  Canal of
 Nuck.  Below the neck of the gall-bladder, the
 peritonaeum has  a triangular opening, called the
 Foramen or Hiatus of Winslow, through which
 it proceeds behind the stomach, to form a sort
 of secondary cavity, called the posterior cavity
 of the peritonaum, (F.)  Arriere caviti piri-
 toniale ou Caviti des Epiploons.
   Peritonaeum Duplicatum, Epiploon, gastro-
 colic.
   PIRITONITE, Peritonitis--^. Puerpirale,
 see Peritonitis.
   PERITONITIS, Empres'ma Peritonitis, Pe-
 ritonaitis,Cauma Peritonitis, Inflamma'tio Pe-
 ritona'i, Phleg'mone peritonse'i, Phlegma'sia or
 Inflammation of the  Peritona'um,  from  perito-
 neum,  and itis, denoting ' inflammation.' (F.)
 Piritonite, Inflammation  du Piritoine.   The
 characteristic signs of acute inflammation of the
 peritonaum are,—violent  pain in the abdomen,
 increased by the  slightest pressure, often by
 the simple weight of the bed-clothes.  It gene-
 rally occurs in the parturient state; and  begins
 on the second or third day after delivery.  At
 times, a malignant epidemic, and perhaps con-
 tagious, variety has  made its  appearance, and
 destroyed numbers of females.  This  has been
 described under the name Puer'peral Fever, Me-
 troperitonitis, Ene'cia Syn'ochus Puerpera'rum,
 (F.) Piritonite puerpirale, Metroperilonite pu- 
PERITTOMA              64
erpirale, Fievre puerpirale, Typhus puerperal,
Erytkemat'ic or Nonplas'tic Puerperal Perito-
nitis, Typhoha'mic Peritonitis, Adynam'ic or
Malig'nant  Puerperal Fever,  Low  Fever of
Childbed.  It is,  according to some, a malig-
nant inflammation of the peritoneum and ute-
rus ;  according  to others, a Uterine Phlebitis.
In any form it requires the most active treat-
ment, early employed.   The appearances on
dissection are such as occur whenever a serous
membrane has  been inflamed,  and  such in-
flammation  has produced death:—effusion of
fluid with flakes of coagulable lymph in it; ap-
pearances of vascularity, &c,  in the membrane.
The  treatment—in active peritonitis — must
consist of the  same course  as  recommended
under Enteritis.  In the chronic kind, symp-
toms must be combated as they arise, and  it
may be advisable to excite  anew action in the
system by  means  of mercury.  In the  epi-
demic and malignant variety, unless bleeding
be freely employed at the very outset, it does
harm.  If used early, it is of the most decided
advantage.  Every thing depends upon arrest-
ing the morbid process at the outset.
  Peritonitis, Erythematic,  see Peritonitis
—p.  Nonplastic, see Peritonitis—p. Puerperal,
see Peritonitis—p. Typhohaemic,see Peritonitis.
  PERITTOMA, Excrement.
  PERITYPHLITIS; from nt^i,' around,' and
typhlitis, inflammation of the  caecum.   Inflam-
mation of the cellular substance surrounding the
caecum.   See Typhlo-enteritis.
  PERIWINKLE, LESSER, Vinca minor.
  PERIZO'MA,  from nepiCarrvuui, (rrcpi,  and
t,wwui,' to gird,')' to gird around.'  A bandage;
a girdle.  In Fabricius Hildanus, a truss. Her-
pes zoster.  The  diaphragm.
  PER'KINISM.  A therapeutical means, first
employed by Dr. Elisha Perkins of Norwich,
Connecticut, towards the termination of the
last  century, and named after him.   It con-
sisted  in  drawing over  affected or other parts
the pointed extremities of two  metallic rods,
called Metallic  Tractors, each made of a differ-
ent metal.  The success obtained, was through
the  influence of the imagination;  and, conse-
quently, as  a remedial agent, it ranks as high
as animal magnetism, but no higher.  The ope-
ration was, also, called Tractora'tion.
  PERLA, Pearl, Paralampsis.
  PERLE, Pearl.
  PERMISTIO, Coition.
  PERMIXTIO, Coition.
  PERMOTIO, Motion.
  PERNICIEUX, Deleterious.
  PERNICIOSUS, Deleterious.
  PERNIO, Childblain.
  PERNOCTATIO, Insomnia.
  PEROCEPH'ALUS,fromT»fo?,'deficient,'and
«?»**,'head.' A monster with a defective head.
  PEROCOR'MUS, Oligospon'dylus, from
nnpoc,« defective,' and xoqpog,' trunk.'   A mal-
formation in which the trunk is defective, and
too short, from the absence of one or more ver-
tebrae,—the head  and limbs being normal.
  PERODACTYLEUS,  Flexor longus digito-
rum  pedis profundus perforans.
  PERODYNIA, see Cardialgia.
  PEROMELIA, from tt»oo?,  'wanting,'  and
Htloc,  'a  limb.'  Congenital  misconstruction,
or mutilation of the limbs.  A genus in the no-
sology of Good.
i3               PERONEUM

  PEROM'ELUS.  A monster possessed of the
deformity mentioned above.
  P&RONE; Fibula—^. Coldu, Collum fibulas.
  PERONE'AL, Perona'us, Fibula'ris, Fib'u-
lar, from neqovy, 'the  fibula.'  Belonging or
relating to the fibula. •
  Peroneal Artery, Fib'ular  A., arises from
the popliteal, and is situate deeply at the pos-
terior  and outer part of the leg.   It gives off
branches of little importance.   Near the outer
ankle, it divides into two branches.   1. The
posterior peroneal, which  descends behind the
lower  joint  of the fibula,  on the outer surface
of the calcaneum.  2. The anterior peroneal,
which crosses the inferior extremity of the in-
terosseous ligament,  to be distributed on the
dorsal surface of the foot.
  Peroneal Muscles are three in number.  1.
Peronaus Brevis, P. Secundus, P. anticus, P.
Me'dius,  Semi-fibula'us, (F.) Grand-pironio-
sus-mitatarsien, Court pironio-latiral, Moyen
Pironier.  A  muscle, situate beneath  the pe-
ronaeus longus.   It is attached above, to the
outer surface of the fibula, and  terminates, be-
low, at the  posterior  extremity of the 5th me-
tatarsal bone, after having been reflected be-
neath  the malleolus externus.  It extends the
foot upon the leg, at  the  same time raising a
little the  outer  edge.  It may, also, act  upon
the  leg, and extend it upon the  foot.  2. Pero-
naeus Longus, Peronaus primus seu posticus,
P.'max'imus seu posterior, (F.) Tibi-pironio-
tarsien, Long pironier  latiral, Pironio-sous-
tarsien, (Ch.,) Muscle grand pironier.  This
muscle is situate at the outer part of the leg.  It
is long, thick, and triangular above; thin, narrow,
and flat below.  It  is attached above to the
outer edge of the upper extremity of the fibula,
and to the upper third of the outer surface of
that bone.  Below, it terminates  at the outer
part of the posterior extremity of  the first me-
tatarsal bone.  This muscle extends the foot on
the leg, turning  its point  outward, and raising
its  outer  edge.   It  acts,  also, upon  the  leg,
which it  extends on the  foot.   3. Peronaus
Tertius, Nonus  Vesa'lii, (F.) Pironier antiri-
eur, Petit pironio-sus-mitatarsien (Ch.,) Petit
Pironier.  A  muscle, situate at the anterior,
outer,  and inferior part of the  leg.  It is long
and flat, and is attached, above, to the inferior
third of the anterior margin and inner surface
of the  fibula; terminating, below,  at the poste-
rior extremity  of  the  5th metatarsal bone.
This muscle bends  the foot on  the leg,  by
raising its outer  edge.  It can, also, bend the
leg on the foot.
  Peroneal Nerve, see Popliteal nerves.
  Peroneal Vein follows the  same course as
the artery.
  PERONE DACTYLIUS, Flexor longus digi-
torum pedis profundus perforans.
  PERON&0-LAT&RAL COURT, Peronaeus
brevis—p. Phalanginien du gros orteil, Flexor
longus pollicis pedis—p. Sous-phalangettien du
pouce, Flexor longus pollicis pedis—p. Sous-
tar sien, Peronaeus longus—p. Sus-mitatarsien,
Peronaeus tertius—p. Sus-mitatarsien, grand,
Peronaeus brevis—p.Sus-phalan gettiendu pouce,
Extensor  proprius pollicis pedis—p. Tibi-sus-
phalangettien commun, Extensor communis di-
gitorum  pedis—p. Sus-phalangien du pouce,
Extensor proprius pollicis pedis.
  PERONEUM, Fibula. 
PERONIER, GRAND          644              PERVERSION
  PERONIER, GRAND, Peronaeus longus—
p. Lateral, long, Peronaeus longus—p. Moyen,
Peronaeus brevis—p. Petit, Peronaeus tertius.
  PERONODACTYLIEUS, Flexor longus di-
gitorum pedis profundus perforans.
  PERONODACTYLIUS, Flexor longus digi-
torum pedis profundus perforans.
  PEROSO'MUS, from sri/goc, 'mutilated,' and
ou/xa, 'body.'  A monster, whose whole body
is imperfectly developed.—Gurlt.
  PEROSPLANCH'NICA, from nnooe,' want-
ing,' and  0-Trxu.yyyov, ' a  viscus.'  Congenital
misconstruction of the viscera.  A genus in the
nosology of Good.
  PERPENDICULUM  HEPATIS, Suspen-
sory ligament of the liver.
  PERPERACUTUS.  Extremely acute. An
epithet applied to very violent and rapid dis-
eases.
  PERPLEXI MORBI, see Complication.
  PERROSIN, see  Pinus abies.
  PER'SEA GATIS'SIMA, Paha tree.   A
slender, very high  tree of Peru, with a small
dome-like top, which grows on the eastern de-
clivity of the Andes, and  rises, at times, to the
height of more than 60 feet.  Its fruit,—(Sp.)
Paha—which is pear-shaped, is generally much
liked.  It dissolves, like butter, on the tongue,
and hence is called, in some of the French colo-
nies, beurre vigitale.
  PERSIAN FIRE, Anthracion.
  PERSICAIRE DOUCE, Persicaria.
  PERSICARIA,   Polygonum  Persicaria—p.
Urens, Polygonum hydropiper.
  PERSIL, Apium petroselinum—p.  d'Ane,
Chaerophyllum sylvestre—p. Faux, Ethusa cy-
napium—p. de Macidoine, Bubon Macedonicum
—p. de Montague, Athamanta aureoselinum.
  PERSIMMON, Diospyros Virginiana.
  PERSOLATA, Arctium lappa.
  PERSOLLATA, Arctium lappa.
  PERSOLUTA, Arctium lappa.
  PERSPICILLUM, see Spectacles.
  PERSPIRATION, Perspira'tio, Transpira'-
tio, Diffla'tio, Diap'noS,  Diapna'a, Diapneu'-
sis,  from  per,  ' through,'  and  spirare, ' to
breathe, exhale.'  The insensible transpiration
or exhalation continually going on at the  sur-
face of the skin and membranes.   Sensible per-
spiration  is  called  sweat.  The perspiratory
fluid  is secreted by an appropriate apparatus,
termed by Breschet  diapnog"enous,ox sudorip'-
arous, Gland'ulse sudorip'arse, Or'gana sudo'-
rip'ara, consisting of a secreting parenchyma,
situate beneath the true skin, and of spiral ducts,
which open obliquely under the  scales  of the
epidermis.  A certain portion of  the perspired
fluid is thrown off by ordinary physical evapo-
ration.
   The Pulmonary exhalation or  transpiration
is that which takes  place into the  bronchia, and
is sent out with the expired air.
   PERSUDATIO, Diapedesis.
   PERSULTATIO, Diapedesis.
   PER TE, Metrorrhagia—p. d'Appetit, Ano-
rexia—p. de la Mimoire, Amnesia—p. de I'Odo-
rat, Anosmia—p. de Sang, Haemorrhagia—p. de
la Voix, Aphonia—p. de  la Vue, Caecitas.
   PER TERlBRANT,Perter'ebrans; fxomper,
* through,' and terebrare, 'to bore.' The French
give this epithet to an acute pain—Douleur per-
tiribrante—which  occasions a  sensation like
that which would be produced by an instrument
penetrating and lacerating a  part;—the paifl
from whitlow, for example.
  PERTES BLANCHES,  Leucorrhcea—p.
de Sang, Metrorrhagia—p.  Siminales, Sper-
matorrhoea— p. Utirines, Metrorrhagia — p.
Utirines rouges, Metrorrhagia—p. Utirines
blanches, Leucorrhcea.
  PERTICA PER  SE, Penis.
  PERTURBATIONES  ANIMI,  Affections
of the mind.
  PERTURBA'TRIX, (Medicina) Per'turba-
ting Treatment, (F.) Mithode on Midecine per-
turbatrice.   A mode of treatment in which very
active  means are employed, and such as  im-
press upon diseases  a different course from that
natural to  them.  It  is  the  antithesis to the
Medicina expectans.   Much  evil has resulted
from such  treatment, especially in febrile dis-
eases.
  PERTUS'SIS, from per,  a prefix denoting
excess, and tussis, ' cough.'  Tussis feri'na, T.
convulsiva, T. pu'eros strang'ulans, T. quinta,
T. stomacha'lis, T.  an'hela clamo'sa,  T. stran'-
gulans, T. delas'sans, T. suf'foeans, T. amphe-
mer'ina, T. tusiculo'sa, T. spasmod'ica, Bron-%
chi'tis  convulsi'va, Bronchocephali tis, Pneusis
pertus'sis, Amphemer'ina, Orthopna'a tussicu-
lo'sa, clangorsa, suffbcali'va, clamo'sa, spasmod'-
ica,  Morbus Cucullus, Morbus  cuculla'ris,
Bechorthopna'a, Flex  convulsi'va, Bex therio'-
des,  Hooping-cough,  Whooping-cough, Chin-
cough, Kin-cough, Kind-cough, (Germ. Kind,
' a child,') (F.) Coqueluche, Catarrhe ou Bron-
chite convulsive, Toux convulsive, T. quinteuse,
T. bleue, Maladie  cuculaire.  A violent con-
vulsive cough, returning by  fits, (F.) Quintes,
at longer or  shorter intervals; and consisting
of several  expirations, followed by a sonorous
inspiration or whoop.   The fits of coughing ge-
nerally recur more frequently during the night,
morning, and evening, than in the day. It is es-
teemed to be contagious, and attacks the your.g
more particularly.  It is rare for  it to affect an
individual for the second time.  The duration is
various,—six or eight weeks or more.  Although
the paroxysms  are very violent, it is not a dan-
gerous disease.  It  may, however, give rise to
other affections, as convulsions, pneumonia, &c,
when  the complication is very  dangerous, as
the cause cannot be removed.  Those children
suffer the least, who  evacuate the contents of
the stomach during the fit.   In the treatment,
all  that can be done is to palliate.  It must be
borne  in mind, that  the disease will, in time,
wear itself out. If there be much pensive pain
of the  head, or fever, V. S. may be required, but
it is seldom necessary.  Narcotics occasionally
afford relief, but it is temporary. Gentle emetics,
given  occasionally, when the paroxysms are
long and dry,  give decided relief, and aid in
the expectoration of the morbid secretions.  Af-
ter the disease  has  continued  for some weeks,
and persists in part from habit, change of air is
essential, and this,  even should the  change be
to an atmosphere that is less pure.
  PERU, see Lima.
  PERUNCTIO, Inunction.
  PERVENCHE, Vinca minor.
  PERVER'SION, Perver'sio, from per and ver-
tere,   'to  turn.'  Dias'trophe,  Diastrem'ma.
One of the  four modifications of function in
disease: the three  others being augmentation,
diminution, and abolition. The humourists used 
PERVERSION
645         PETRO-SPHENOIDAL
this  term also to designate disorder or morbid
change in the fluids.
  PERVERSION  DE  LA  TETE  DES
OS ET  DES MUSCLES, Loxarthrus.
  PERVIGILIUM, Insomnia, Coma vigil.
  PES, novg,  Ichnus, (F.) Pied, 'the foot.'
The inferior extremity of  the abdominal mem-
ber, representing a bony arch, an elastic vault,
which transmits the weight of the body to the
ground.  It is divided into three  parts;—the
tarsus, metatarsus, and toes.
  Pes Alexandrinus, Anthemis pyrethrum—
p. Anserinus,  Chenopodium  bonus Henricus,
Facial nerve—p. Cati, Antennaria Dioica—p.
Equinus, see Kyllosis—p.  Hippocampi major,
Cornu ammonis—p. Hippocampi minor, Hippo-
campus minor—p. Hippopotami major, Cornu
ammonis—p. Hippopotami minor, Cornu  am-
monis—p. Leonis, Alchernilla.
  PESANTEUR, Weight—^. Spicifique, Gra-
vity, specific.
  PkSE-LIQUEUR, Areometer.
  PES'SARY,  Pessa'rium,  from neoo-og, 'a
small stone.'    Pessus,   Pessum,  Pes'sulus,
Supposito'rium  uterinum, Glans, Lemnis'cus.
A solid  instrument, composed of cork,  ivory,
or elastic gum, which is introduced into the va-
gina to support  the uterus, in cases of prolap-
sus or relaxation of that organ; to keep vagi-
nal hernia reduced, &c.   The ancients made
use of medicated pessaries, which they distin-
guished  into  emollient,  astringent,  aperient,
&c.   The form of pessaries is very variable;—
[round, oval, &c, according to circumstances.
  Pessary, Egyptian, ^Egyptius pessus.
  PESSULUS, Pessary, Penis.
  PESSUM, Pessary.
  PESSUS, Pessary.
  PEST, Plague.
  PESTE, Plague.
  PESTICHIA:, Petechia;.
  PESTICIiE, Petechia?.
  PESTILENCE,  Pcstilen'tia,  Pestilitas,
from pestis, ' a pest.'  A  malignant spreading
disease;—applied especially to plague.
  Pestile.nce, Choleric, Cholera spasmodica
—p.  Glandular, Plague—p. Haemagastric, Fe-
ver, yellow—p. Septic, Plague.
  PESTILENT-WORT,  Tussilago petasites.
  PESTILENTIA,  Plague—p. Haemagastrica,
Fever, yellow.
  PESTILENTIAL,  Pestilentia'lis,  Pestilen-
tia'rius,   Pestilentio'sus,  Pestilen'tus,  from
pestis, 'a pest.'  Relating to the plague.  Pes-
tilential  diseases are those that bear some re-
semblance to the plague, in respect to mode of
propagation, symptoms, danger, &c.
  PESTILITJgLS,  Plague.
  PESTIS, Plague—p. Acutissima,  Plague—
p.   Adeno-septica,  Plague —p.   Americana,
Fever, yellow — p.  Bellica,  Typhus—p.  Bri-
tannica, Sudor Anglicus—p. Bubonaria orienta-
ls, Plague—p. Contagiosa, Plague—p. Glandu-
losa, Plague—p. Glossanthrax, Glossanthrax—
p. Inguinaria,  Plague—p.  Intertropica, Fever,
yellow—p. Oceidentalis, Fever, yellow—p.
Orientalis, Plague—p. Septica, Plague—p. Va-
riolosa, Variola.
  PET,  Fart.
  PETALE, Phtheiriasis.
  PETASITES, Tussilago petasites.
  PETAURUM.  A seat suspended by ropes,
in which  a person taking  the exercise sat, and
was tossed about by assistants.—Juvenal and
Martial.
  PETE'CHLE, Petic'ulce, Pestich'ioe, Pestic"-
ia, Punctic'ulae,  Pur'pura malig'na, Por'phy-
ra fxrseco'rum.  Small spots, similar in shape
and colour to  flea-bites, which occur sponta-
neously upon the skin, in the course of severe
fevers, &c.  They  are, under such circum-
stances, signs of great prostration.
  Petechias sine Febre, Purpura simplex.
  PETECHIAL SCURVY, Purpura simplex.
  PETECHIANOSIS, Purpura hemorrhagica.
  PETER'S  PILLS, Pilulae Aloes  et Cam-
bogiae—p. Worm lozenges,  see Worm lozenges,
Sherman's.
  YETICVLM, Petechias.
  PETIGO, Impetigo.
  PETINA, Sole.
  PETIOLUS, Pediolus,  diminutive of pes,
'a foot.'   A footstalk or leafstalk  of a plant.
A petiole.
  Petiolus Epiglottidis.  The root  of  the
epiglottis.
   Petiolus Mallei, Manubrium mallei.
  PETIT  COURIER,  Influenza—;;.  Lait,
Serum lactis—p. Lait d'Hoffmann, Serum lactis
Hoffmanni—p. Mai, see Epilepsy—p. Sus-max-
illo-labial, Levator anguli oris.
  PETITE POSTE, Influenza.
  PETROLEUM, Petroleum.
  PETRiEUM, Solidago virgaurea.
  PETRAPIUM, Bubon Macedonicum.
   PETREOLE, Petroleum.
   PETREUX, (OS,) see  Temporal bone.
   PETRO DEL  PORCO, Bezoar of the In-
dian porcupine.
   PETRO LE, Petroleum.
  PETRO'LEUM,  Petrola'um,  Petraleum,
Petra oleum, Bitu'men Petroleum,  Pissela'um
In'dicum,  Roc/c Oil, Petroleum Barbaden'se,
Barbadoes Tar, (F.) Pitrole ou Pitriole, from
ntrpoc, ' rock,' and tXvtiov, 'oil.'  A bituminous
substance  of  a fetid  odour, and bitter, acrid
taste.  It is semi-liquid, tenacious, semi-trans-
parent; of a reddish brown colour;  insoluble in
water  and alcohol;  combines with  fixed  and
essential oils and sulphur;  and is partially solu-
ble in ether.   The petroleum, found at Gabian,
near Beziers, in France, has been called Oleum
Gabia'num, (F.) Huile  de Gabian, Petroleum
rubrum.
   PETRO - OCCIP' ITAL,  Petro-occipita'lis.
Belonging to the petrous portion of the tempo-
ral bone and to the occipital bone.
   Petro-Occipital  Suture is formed by the
junction of the petrous portion of the temporal
to the occipital bone.  It is a deep groove sepa-
rating  the bones, which have between them a
thin layer of cartilage.
   PETRO-SALPIN'GO-PHARYNGEUS.  A
fleshy fasciculus, which extends from the sphe-
noid bone, from the petrous portion of the  tem-
poral bone, and from the Eustachian tube to the
upper part of  the pharynx.   See Constrictor.
  PETRO-SALPINGO-STAPHYLINUS, Cir-
cumflexus—p.  Salpingo-staphylinus, Levator
palati—p. Staphylin, Levator palati.
  PETRO-SPHENOID'AL, Petro-sphenoida'-
lis-  Belonging to the petrous portion of the
temporal  bone and to the sphenoid bone.
   Petro-Spiienoidal Suture;—a name given
to the small suture which is formed by the an-
terior edge of  the petrous portion of the tempo- 
PETROSAL              646              PHAGEDENA
ral bone and the posterior edge of the sphe-
noid.
  Petroleum Barbadense, Petroleum.
  Petroleum Sulphura'tum, Balsamum Sul-
phuris Barbaden'sS,—(Composed ofpetrol. Bar-
bad. §xvj, flor. Sulph. ^iv, has been used as a
pectoral; and as a detergent to ulcers.   It has
been  accounted antispasmodic  and sudorific.
Dose, gtt- x to xxx.  Externally, it is used as a
stimulant and discutient.
  PETROSAL, Petrous.
  PETROSELINUM, Apium petroselinum—
—p. Macedonicum, Bubon Macedonicum.
  PETROSUM, OS, see Temporal.
  PETROUS, Petro'sus, Petro'sal, from Trtrqog,
' a stone.'  Resembling stone; having the hard-
ness of stone.
  Petrous   Ganglion,  Petrosal   Ganglion,
Ganglion of Andersch, is formed by the glosso-
pharyngeal nerve, shortly after it emerges from
the jugular fossa.  From this ganglion, M. Ja-
cobson of Copenhagen traced  an anastomosing
loop through the cavity of the tympanum, which
left branches there,  and was thence reflected
downwards to join the Vidian nerve.—See Otic
ganglion.   This has  been called the Nerve of
Jacobson,   and   the  inosculation,  Jacobson's
Anastomosis.
  Petrous Portion  of Temporal  Bone, see
Temporal Bone — p.  Process,  see  Temporal
Bone.
  Petrous Si'nuses, Petro'sal Sinuses, are two
venous  sinuses  of the  dura mater,  connected
with the petrous portion of the temporal bone,
and distinguished on  each side, into:—1. The
superior petrosal sinus.   It arises  from the ca-
vernous sinus; follows the upper edge of the pe-
trous  portion which affords it a gutter; passes
into the great circumference of the  tentorium
cerebelli, and opens into the lateral sinus where
the latter experiences a bend near the base of
the pars petrosa.  Its  form is triangular.  2.
The inferior petrosal sinus arises  from the ca-
vernous sinus at. the same point as the last, with
which it communicates at the  moment of its
origin.  It descends between the inferior edge
of the pars petrosa and the basilary process;
and terminates  in the lateral sinus, at the sinus
or gulf of the internal jugular vein.  It is tri-
angular, and broader at  its  extremities than
middle.
   PETUM, Nicotiana tabacum.
  PEUCE, Pinus  sylvestris.
  PEUCED'ANUM  OFFICINA'LE,  Mar'-
athrum sylves'tre,Marathrophyllum, Pinastel-
Ivm,  Fanic'ulum  porcinum,  Bonus Ge'nius,
Hog's Fennel,   Svlphurwort,  (F.)  Queue de
Pourceau, Fenouil de Pore. Family, Umbelli-
ferae.   Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.  The
root has a strong, fetid smell—somewhat  re-
sembling that of sulphureous solutions—and an
acrid, unctuous, bitterish taste.  It has been
recommended as antihysteric and nervine.
   Peucedanum  Silaus, Saxifraga vulga'ris,
S. An'glica, Hippomar'athrum, Fanic'ulum er-
raticum, English or  Meadow Sax'ifrage, (F.)
Sisili des  pris.   The roots,  leaves, and seeds
have been recommended as aperients, diuretics,
and carminatives.« Rarely used.
  PEUPLIER NOIR, Populus.
  PEXIS,  Concretion.
  PEY'ERI  GLAN'DULiE,  G.  Peyeria'na,
Pey'eri  Plexus glandxdo'si, Gland'ula  muco'sa
coagmina'ta seu agmina'ta seu mucip'ara race-
ma! tim conges'ta intestino'rum, G. intestina'les
seu plexiform'es seu spu'ria, Corpus'cula glan-
dula'rum simil'ia seu gland'ula in agmen con-
grega'ta intestino'rum, Ente.rade'nes,  Peyer's
Glands, Ag'minated glands.   Small glands or
follicles, situate beneath the villous coat of the
intestines.  They are clustered together, having
a honey-comb appearance—Plaques gaufries
—and  are  extremely numerous.  They occur
most numerously in the lower portion of the
ileum.   Their structure and functions are not
well known.
  PEZA, ntta, Doric and Arcadian for nwc,
' a foot.'  The foot: according to some, the sole
of the foot; and to others, the astragalus.  The
ankle.
  PEZI'ZA seu PEZE'ZA AURIC'ULA, Au-
ricula  Juda, Fungus sambu'dnus, Agar'icus
Auric'ula forma, Jew's Ear.  This fungus  is
said to be astringent; but has chiefly been used
as a gargle  in relaxed sore throat.
  PFEFFERS or PFAFFERS,  MINERAL
WATERS  OF.  Thermse  Pi peri nx, Th.faba'-
rise.  These springs, which  are in  the Swiss
Alps, are simply thermal: temperature 100° of
Fahrenheit.
  PHACE, PHA'CEA, Phacus, p«x»; a grain
of the lentil, Ervum lens.   Also, chloasma; the
crystalline  lens;  and a flask for the application
of heat, so called owing to its flattened lens-like
shape.
  PHACELLUS, Fasciculus.
  PHACELUS,  Fasciculus.
  PHACHYMENITIS, Phacohymenitis.
  PHACI,  Ephelides.
  PH.A'CICIJS,Phaco'tus,Phaco'des;fiomcpttxti,
' lens.'  Lens-shaped, Lenticular.
  PHACITIS, Phaco'ideitis, Lenti'tis, Crys-
tallitis, Glenitis,from ipaxoc, ' a lens,' anditis,
a termination denoting inflammation.  Inflam-
mation of the crystalline lens.  Inflammation
of the  capsule of the lens is termed Capsitis,
Capsulitis, and Cry stal'lino-capsuli'tis.
  PHACODES,  Phacicus.
  PHACOHYME NI' TIS,  Phakohymeni'tis,
Phachymeni'tis,  Inflamma'tio cap'sula lentis;
from <ptv.og,' a lens,' 'ow, ' a membrane,' and
itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflammation  of
the capsule of the crystalline.
  PHACOIDEITIS, Phacitis.
  PHACOPIS, Phaco'tus; from cpaxv, 'lens,'
and Kofrig,  'a knife;' Scalpellum lenticula're.
A lenticular-shaped knife.
  PHACOPS'IS; from?**??, 'lens,' and  oxptc,
1 vision.'   The state of one who has chloasma
or freckles on the face.
  PHACOPTIS'ANA, Pha'ciiM; from <*«*>/,
' lens,' and 7rrio-xvr],  ' drink.'  A drink of len-
tils.  A poultice of lentils.
   PHACOS, Ervum lens.
  PHACOSCOTOMA, Cataract.
  PHACOTUS, Phacicus, Phacopis.
  PHACUS, Phace.
   PHADARODES, Trachoma tuberculosum.
   PHADAROSIS, Trachoma tuberculosum.
  PHENIGMUS, Phenigmus.
  PHiENOMENOLOGlA, Semeiology.
  PHENOMENON, Phenomenon.
   PHAGENA,  Boulimia.
  PHAGEDENA, Boulimia—p. Sloughing of
the mouth, Cancer aquaticus—p.  Gangraenosa,
Hospital gangrene. 
PHAGEDENIC
647
PHARMACOCHYMIA
   PHAGEDENIC,  Phagedce'nicus,  Depas'-
 cens, from cpayoi, ' I eat.'
   Phagedenic Ulcer, Nome, Phageda'na,Ul-
 cus  depas'cens, is one  which rapidly eats and
 corrodes the neighbouring parts.
   Phagedenic, in Materia Medica, is a sub-
 stance used for destroying fungous granulations
 in ulcers  &c.
   PHAKOHYMENITIS, Phacohymenitis.
   PHALACRA, Calvities.
   PHALACROMA, Calvities.
   PHALACROSIS, Calvities.
   PHALACROTIS, Alopecia.
   PHALAIA.  A  barbarous term, employed
 by Basil Valentine to designate a universal me-
 dicine or panacea.
   PHALAN'GAL, Phalan'gian, Phalangia'-
 nus.  Having relation  to a phalanx.
   PHALANGARTHRI'TIS; from <palay%, 'a
 phalanx,' apdpov, ' a joint,' and itis, denoting in-
 flammation.  Gout in  the fingers.  Inflamma-
 tion of the joints of the fingers.
   PHALANGE, Phalanx.
   PHALANGES DES DOIGTS,see Phalanx
 —p. of the Fingers, see Phalanx—/?, des Orteils,
 see Phalanx—p. of the Toes, see Phalanx.
   PHALANGETTES, see Phalanx.
   PHALANGETTIEN.  Professor Chaussier
 uses this term for any thing relating to the third
 phalanx of the fingers or toes,—Phalangien, for
 what relates to the first,—and Phalanginieu, to
 the second.
   PHALANGIAN, Phalangal.
   PHALANGINES, see Phalanx.
   PHALANGO'SIS, Hispid'itas, from v&Xzyf;,
 'a row of soldiers.'  An affection of the eye-
 lids  in which the lashes are arranged in two or
 three rows.  See Trichiasis.  Also, dropping
 of the upper eyelid, from paralysis of the leva-
 tor palpebrae superioris muscle.
   PHALANX, Pkalan'ge, Phalango'ma, same
 etymon.   A name  given to  the small  bones
 which form the fingers and toes, because placed
 along side each other like a phalanx. They are
 distinguished into the Phalanges of the fingers,
 Ossa seu Ag'mina seu A'des  seu Artic'uli seu
 Scutic'ida seu Scu'tula seu Nodi seu Interno'-
 dia  seu Scytalides seu  Con'dyli Digito'rum
 Manus; and the Phalanges of the Toes,  Ossa
 seu Artic'uli seu Interno'dia Digito'rum Pedis.
 1. Phalanges of the fingers, (F.) Phalanges des
 Doigts.  They are, in each hand, 14,—three to
 each finger, and two to  the  thumb;  and are
 situate one above the other.  They are distin-
 guished, numerically, reckoning from  the base
 towards the tip of the finger.  1. The first or
 metacarpal, Procon'dyli,  (F.) Premieres pha-
 langes ou Phalanges mitacarpiennes.  2. The
 second ox middle phalanges, (F.) Secondes pha-
 langes ou  Phalanges moyennes, Phalangines,
 (Ch.)  3. The  third phalanges, Metacon'dyli,
 Phalari'ges un'guium, (F.) Troisiemes phalan-
 ges ou Phalanges unguiales, unguiferes, un-
 guinales, Phalangettes, (Ch.,) which terminate
 each  finger, and  support  the nail.  II. Pha-
 langes of the Toes, (F.) Phalanges des Orteils.
 They are the same in number as those of the
 fingers, but much smaller, and of a very diffe-
 rent  shape.
  The phalanges  of a  finger  or toe are united
 with each other; and the first with the metacar-
 pal or metatarsal bone.  They are developed
from two points of ossification; one for the supe-
rior extremity, and the other for the body and
inferior extremity.
  PHAL'ARIS CANARIEN'SIS,  Cultivated
Cana'ry Grass, (F'.) Alpiste. Family, Grami-
neae.  Sex. Syst. Triandria Digynia.  The seed
of this grass, Canary seed, (F.) Graines d'aspic,
afford a nourishing meal. The ancients recom-
mended them for allaying pains in  the kidney
and bladder.
  PHALLAL'GIA, Phallodyn'ia, from <t*XXoc,
' the male organ,' and aXyoc, ' pain.' Pain  in
the male organ.
  PHALLANCYLOSIS, Chordee.
  PHALLITIS; Priapitis, fromcpuxxog, 'the
male organ,' and itis, a suffix denoting inflam-
mation.  Inflammation of the male organ.
  PHALLOCAMPSIS, Chordee.
  PHALLOCARCINO'MA, from <?aXXog, 'the
male organ,' and  xa^ivmtirt, ' cancer.'  Carci-
noma or cancer of the penis.
  PHALLODYNIA, Phallalgia.
  PHALLON'CUS; from  ipaxxoe,  'the male
organ,'  and oyr.oc, 'swelling.'  Tumefaction  of
the male organ.
  PHALLOPSOPH'IA, from <paXX0c, 'themale
organ,'and woepoc, 'a noise.'  Discharge of wind
from the male urethra.
  PHALLORRHA'GIA, from  <p*xxog,   'the
male organ,' and qrjyw/u.1, 'I break out.'  He-
morrhage from the male urethra.   Stimatosis.
  PHALLORRHCEA,  Gonorrhoea.
  PHALLORRHOIS'CHESIS,  from <paxxog,
' the male  organ,' pay, ' discharge,' and io-%e,v,
' to withhold.'  Sudden arrest of a gonorrhceal
discharge.
  PHALLUS, Penis.
  PHANEROG'AMOUS, Phanerogam'ic, Pha-
nerogam'icus, from <p*v&go?,' evident,' and yauog,
' marriage.'  An epithet used by botanists for
plants whose sexual organs are apparent.  It is,
consequently, the opposite to cryptogamous.
  PHANTASIA, Delirium, Imagination.
  PHANTASM, Phantas'ma, Phanto'ma, Phas-
ma, from <pa.vxa.Lw,  'I make appear.'  A phan-
tom,false appearance, apparition.   Hallucina-
tion.  Derangement of the sense of sight or of
the intellectual faculties, causing objects  to be
perceived, which are not before the  eyes.
  PHANTASMA, Pseudoblepsia.
  PHANTASMATOSCOPIA, Metamorphop-
sia.
  PHANTASMOSCOPIA,  Metamorphopsia.
  PHANTOM, Fantom.
  PHANTOMA, Phantasma—p. Obstetricium,
Fantom.
  PHARMACEIA, Poisoning.
  PHARMACEUM, Apotheca.
  PHARMACEUS, Apothecary.
  PHARMACEUTA, Apothecary.
  PHARMACEUTIC; Pharmaceu'ticus, from
Qapu*y.ov, 'a medicine.'  An epithet for every
thing  belonging to pharmacy.   Thus, we say,
Pharmaceutical preparations, &c.
  PHARMACEUTICS, Pharmacy.
  PHARMACEUTIST, Apothecary.
  PHARMACIEN, Apothecary.
  PHARMACOCATAGRAPHOLOG'IA,
Catagrapholog"ia, from f/)«g^axof, 'a medicine,'
Kara, 'beneath,' ye,a<Pi], 'a writing,'and xoyog,
'a description.'  The art of writing prescrip-
tions.—J. J. Plenck.
  PHARMACOCHYMIA,  Chymistry,  phar-
maceutical. 
PHARMACODYNAMICS        648            PHARYNGOCELE
  PHARMACODYNAMICS, from vaquaxov,
'a medicine,' and 8wa/u.tg, 'power.'  Pharmaco-
dynam'ica doctrina, Pharmacodynamiolog1'"'ia.
A division of pharmacology, which considers
the  effects and uses of medicines.
  PHARMACODYNAMIOLOGIA,  Pharma-
codynamics.
  PHARMACOGNOSTA;  Aceognos'ia, Acog-
nos'ia, from <£*§/"cmor,'a medicine,' andyivorxv,
' I know.'  A division of pharmacology, which
treats of simples, or unprepared medicines.
  PHARMACOLOGIA,  Materia medica.
  PHARMACOMA'NIA;  from qagpaxov,  'a
medicine,' and /xavnt, ' mania.'  One  who  has
a mania for prescribing or for taking medicine.
  PHARMACON, Poison.
  PHARMACOPCE'IA,  Pharmacopa'a, (F.)
Pharmacopie; from  cpa^uaxov, 'a medicine,'
and n-ouw,' I make.'   A work, containing a col-
lection of formulae for the preparation,  &c, of
medicines: generally published by authority.
Formerly, a chemical laboratory, Laborato'-
rium chym'icum seu pharmaceut'icum.
  PHARMACOPCEUS, Apothecary, Druggist.
  PHARMACOPOLA, Apothecary, Druggist.
  PHARMACOPOLE, Apothecary, Druggist.
  PHARM ACOPOLI'UM, Apothe'ca, Ofjici'na,
Taber'na Med'ica.   The shop of the druggist or
apothecary, from <$a.etp.ctxov, 'a  medicine,'and
7ra>Xiv), ' I sell.'
  PHARMACOPOS'IA, from cpx^axov, 'a me-
dicine,' and rroa-ic, 'a portion.'   A liquid medi-
cine, especially one that is cathartic.
  PHARMACO'SA MEDICAMENTA, from
cpae,/u.axov,' a poison.'  Medicines that contain
poisonous substances.—Fallopius.
  PHARMACOTHE'CA, <faqfAaxo9rlV.n, from
tpaqftaxor, 'a medicine,' and tid-i]ui, 'I  place.'
A case for medicines.
  PHARM AC OTHERAPI'A, from <pzqp.ax.ov,
and Stganna,' treatment.'  Cure of diseases by
remedies.
  PHARMACTER, Apothecary.
  PHARMACUM, Medicament, Poison—p.
.ZEgyptiacum,  iEgyptiacum—p. Amatorium,
Philter.
  Phar'macum ad Aures, JEgyp'tium Medica-
men'tum ad Aures.   A name given to a medi-
cine, composed of bitter almonds, white pepper,
saffron, myrrh, opium, frankincense,  castor,
verjuice, sulphate of iron, vinegar, pomegra-
nate bark, unguentum nardinum, &c.   It was
believed to be useful for cleansing fetid ulcers
in the ears.
  PHARMACURGICUS, Apothecary.
  PHARMACURGUS, Apothecary.
  PHAR'MACY,  Pharmacia,  Pharmaceu'ticB,
Pkarmax'is, from  ipaaf4.ay.ov, 'a medicine.' The
art  which teaches the knowledge, choice, pre-
servation, preparation, and combination of me-
dicines.   It was formerly divided into Ga'en'-
ical and Chym'ical.  The former, called after
Galen, embraced the operations underlaken  on
medicines without chymistry :—the latter, Chy-
mical  Pharmacy or Pharmaceutic Chymistry,
Pharmacochym'ia, comprised the preparation of
medicines, founded on the  chymical action of
their principles.
  PHARMAXIS, Pharmacy.
  PHARUS, Pharynx.
  PHARYGATHRON, Pharynx.
  PHARYGETHRUM, Pharynx.
  PHARYNGEE UM, (SAL.,) from pharynx.
 A compound of cream of tartar, nitrate of po-
 tassa, burnt alum, and distilled vinegar.  It
 was formerly employed, united with honey and
 plantain water, to  make gargles, which were
 advised in quinsy.
   PHARYNGE, Pharyngeal.
   PHARYNGE'AL,  Pharynga'us, (F.) Pha-
 ryngi, Pkaryngien.  That which relates to the
 pharynx.   A  name given to  the muscles, ves-
 sels, and nerves of the pharynx.
   Pharyngeal Arteries.   These are two  in
 number.  The one—superior or pterygopala-
 tine, Ramus Pharynga'us supe'rior of Haller—
 arises from the internal maxillary at the base
 of the zygomatic fossa, passes through the pte-
 rygopalatine  canal, and proceeds to be distri-
 buted  to  the  pharynx and the  corresponding
 part of the Eustachian tube.   The  other—the
 inferior—Pharynga'a ascen'dens of Haller—
 arises  from the external carotid, on a level with
 the facial.  It ascends along the  lateral and
 posterior part of the pharynx, and divides into
 two branches: the one—the  pharyngeal, pro-
 perly so called—is distributed to the pharynx;
 the other—the meningeal—gives its branches
 particularly to the dura mater.
  Pharyngeal Nerve:—a branch sent by the
 pneumogastric to the pharynx.  It descends be-
 hind the internal  carotid; communicates with
 the glosso-pharyngeal; and  divides, opposite
 the middle constrictor of  the pharynx, into  a
 great number  of filaments, which anastomose,
 in a multitude of different directions, with fila-
 ments  of  the  glosso-pharyngeal nerve, of the
 superior laryngeal  branch, and of the first cer-
 vical  ganglion.  These different nervous fila-
 ments  united constitute the pharyngeal  plexus,
 the irregular meshes of which send numerous
 ramifications to the pharynx.
  Pharyngeal Voice, see Voice.
  PHARYNGEMPHRAXIS, from <papvy%, 'the
 pharynx,' and t^cppa^n,' obstruction.' Obstruc-
 tion of the pharynx.
  PHARYNGETHRON, Pharynx.
  PHARYNGEURYSMA, Pharyngocele.
  PHARYNGICUS, Pharyngeal.
  PHARYNGIEN, Pharyngeal.
  PHARYNGITE, Cynanche pharyngea—p.
 Tonsillaire, Cynanche tonsillaris.
  PHARYNGITIS, Cynanche pharyngea.
  Pharyngitis Apostemato'sa.   Abscess of
 the pharynx.
  Pharyngi'tis, Diphtherit'ic, Angi'napseu-
 do-membrandcea, A.  membrana' ce a, A. pelli-
 cula'ris, A. plas'tica, A. Diphtheritica, A.
 malig'na,  A. pseudo-membrano'sa, A. pestilen-
 tia'lis, Pharyngoc'ace, Pseudo-membranous In-
flammation of the  Throat, (F.) Angine couen-
 neuse, A. gutturale  couenneuse,  A. pseudo-
 membraneuse,  A. plastique, A. diphthiritique.
 Diphtheritic inflammation of the pharynx.  See
 Cynanche maligna.
  Pharyngi'tis, Follic'ular, Follicular In-
flammation of the Pharynx, Acne of the  Throat.
 Inflammation and enlargement of the follicles
 of the pharynx, occasionally extending to th«
 larynx.  Sometimes termed Clergyman's Sore-
 throat, and Tubercles of the Larynx and  Fauces.
   Pharyngi'tis, Gangrenous, Cynanche ma-
 ligna.
  PHARYNGOCACE, Pharyngitis diphthe-
 ritic.
  PH ARYNGOCE'LE, Pharyngeurys'ma, Di- 
PHARYNGODYNIA           649
PHATNE
 vertic'ulum seu Hernia seu Prolap'sus GZsoph'-
 ugi. vel pharyn'gis, OZsoph'agus succenturia'tus;
 from 9*pvy$, 'the  pharynx,' and k^, 'a tu-
 mour.'   An enlargement at the upper  part of
 the  gullet,  in which the food sometimes rests
 in considerable quantity.
   PHARYNGODYN'IA,  from  ,«,„>£,  'the
 pharynx,' and  odwn, 'pain.'  Pain in the pha-
 rynx.
   PHARYNGOGLOSSAL, Glossopharyngeal,
 Pharyngoglossia'nus.   That which  belongs to
 the pharynx and tongue.
   PharyngoglossalNerve, Glossopharyngeal
 Nerve,  Lingua'lis latera'lis, (F.) Nerf Glosso-
 pharyngien, Pharyngoglossien—a portion of
 the  eighth  pair—arises from  the superior and
 lateral  parts of the spinal marrow, between the
 facial and pneumogastric nerves, by several fila-
 ments,  which soon  unite into a single cord, that
 passes  out of the cranium by the foramen lace-
 rum anterius;  goes downwards and  forwards,
 and gains the posterior and inferior part of the
 tongue.  Immediately after its  exit  from the
 cranium, it gives a branch to the meatus audi-
 torius  externus, and  receives a filament  from
 the facial, and  another from the  pneumogastric
 nerve.   It then furnishes two other filaments,
 which  descend upon the  carotid artery,  and
 unite at the bottom of the neck  with branches
 from the cervical ganglions and cardiac nerves,
 and give two filaments to the stylo-pharyngeus
 muscle.  The  glossopharyngeus, after sending
 a twig  or two to the tonsil, to the upper part of
 the  pharynx and membrane of the epiglottis,
 divides into many  branches, which run partly
 to the margin,  and  partly to the middle of the
 root of the tongue; supplying,  especially, the
 papillae majores, and  the  parts in their neigh-
 bourhood.
   By some, this  nerve is regarded as the con-
 troller  of the associated motions of the  tongue
 and pharynx.   By  others, it is esteemed to be
 the special nerve of gustation.
   PHARYNGOG'RAPHY, Pharyngogra'phia,
 from cpapvyz, 'the pharynx,' and ypotor], 'a de-
 scription.'  An anatomical description of the
 pharynx.
   PHARYNGOL'OGY, PharyngologHa, from
 ipapuyi,  ' the pharynx,' and Xoyog, 'a discourse.'
 The part of anatomy which treats of the pha-
 rynx.
  PHARYNGOLYSIS, Pharyngoplegia.
  PHARYNGOPARALYSIS, Pharyngoplegia.
  PHARYNGOPLEGIA, from <p*pvy%,  'the
 pharynx,' and nxijooa, ' I  strike.'  Dyspha'gia
 paralytica, D. tor'pida, D. aton'ica, Angi'na
 paralytica, Asthenia Deglutitio'nis, Pharyn-
 golysis, Pharyngoparalysis, Paralysis GZso-
 ph'agi,  Gula  Imbeciliitas.  Paralysis  of the
 pharynx or oesophagus: commonly a symptom of
 general  paralysis, or of approaching dissolution.
  PHARYNGORRHAG "IA; from ipapoyi, 'the
 pharynx,' and  p^yv,  ' rupture.'   Hemorrhage
 from the vessels of  the pharynx.
  PHARYNGOSPAS'MUS; from <p*puyh',<the
 pharynx,' and  o-nac/uoc, ' spasm.'  Spasm or
 cramp of the pharynx.
  PHARYNGOSTAPHYLINUS,  Palato-pha-
ryngeus.
  PHARYNGOTOME, Pharyngot ornus,
from papvyt, ' the  pharynx,' and tc/jlvio, ' I cut.'
An instrument, invented  by J.  L. Petit, and
used to scarify inflamed tonsils, and to open ab-
        42
 scesses, which form in the parietes of the pha-
 rynx.  It  is composed of a long, narrow blade
 with a lancet  point, enclosed in a  sheath or
 canula of silver slightly curved.  This instru-
 ment is carried to the part to be cut, and the
 point  of the blade is made to pass out of the
 sheath, by pressing on a button at the end of
 the pharyngotome.  A spring causes the  blade
 to re-enter as soon as the pressure is removed.
   PHARYNGOT'OMY, Pharyngotom'ia; same
 etymon.  Some authors  have used  this  word
 synonymously with cesophagotomy.   It means,
 also, scarification of the tonsils, or an incision,
 made for opening abscesses there, &c.
   PHARYNX, Pharyx,Pharus, Gula, Lamos,
 Fauces, Pharyg'ethrum, Pharyn'gethron, Pha-
 ryn'gethros, Pharygathron, Isthmos, Isth'mion,
 Inglu'vies,  Princip'ium  Guise, Os pos'terum,
 (F.) Arriere-bouche, Gosier.  A species of mus-
 culo-membranous, symmetrical  canal, on the
 median line,  irregularly  funnel-shaped,  and
 situate between the base of the cranium and the
 oesophagus, in  front of the vertebral column.
 It is very narrow above; but dilates in the
 middle, and again contracts below, at its  junc-
 tion with the oesophagus.  Into the anterior pa-
 ries of the pharynx open, successively, from
 above to below,—the posterior orifices of the
 nasal fossae; the Eustachian tubes; the posterior
 aperture of the mouth, and the top of the larynx.
 The pharynx is formed, externally, of a mus-
 cular coat, and, internally, of a mucous mem-
 brane,  which is  continuous,  above,  with the
 Schneiderian membrane;  and in the middle,
 with that of the mouth; below, with that of the
 oesophagus; and,  at the sides, with that of the
 Eustachian tubes. This membrane has no villi,
 and presents only a few inequalities,  which are
 owing to the presence of muciparous follicles.
 The muscular coat of the pharynx is  composed
 of the constrictor muscles, stylopharyngei, and
 pharyngostaphylini.   The  vessels and nerves
 are called  'pharyngeal.'   The pharynx serves
 as a common origin for the digestive and respi-
 ratory passages.  It gives  passage to the air,
 during  respiration; and to the food at the time
 of deglutition.
   Pharynx, Follicular  Inflammation  of
 the, Pharyngitis, follicular.
  PHARYX, Pharynx.
  PHASELUS, Phaseolus vulgaris.
  PHASE'OLUS  VULGA'RIS, Phasiolus,
 Phase'lus, Fase'lus, Fase'olus, Bona, Boona;
 the Kidney Bean; the French  Bean, (F.) Hari-
 cot. Family, Leguminosae.  Sex. Syst, Diadel-
 phia Decandria.  When young and well boiled,
 this is  easy of digestion, and delicately fla-
 voured.  It is less flatulent than the pea.
  Phaseolus Creticus, Cajan, Cayan.  A de-
 coction of the  leaves, according to  Ray, re-
 strains the hemorrhoidal flux when excessive.
  PHASIA'NUS GALLUS, so called from the
 river <ba<rtc, in Colchis, near the Black Sea: (F.)
 Coq.   The parts of generation of the cock, dried
and pulverized, were formerly regarded as pro-
per for increasing the quantity of semen.   The
fat was used as emollient  and resolvent; the
brain, in diarrhoea; the gall, in freckles and dis-
eases of the eyes.  These phantasies are now
abandoned.
  PHASIOLUS, Phaseolus vulgaris.
  PHASMA, Phantasm.
  PHATNE, Alveolus. 
PHATNION
650
PHLEBOLOGY
   PHATNION, Alveolus.
   PHATNORRHAGTA, Stomatorrhagia al-
veolo'rum, from <parv:ov,' an alveolus,' and qyy-
wut,  'I  break forth.'   Hemorrhage from the
alveoli.
   PHAUSIN'GES, cpauotyyic, plural of $«.\i<riy%,
from cpautm, ' I roast.'   Spots or blisters on the
legs, produced by heat; and, in a more exten-
sive signification, by any other cause.  Also, a
pustule.—Foesius.
   PHELLANDRE, Phellandrium aquaticum.
   PHELLAN'DRIUM AQUAT'ICUM, Phel-
landrium, CE nan'the phellan'drium, Fanic'ulum
aquaticumt Cicuta'ria aquatica, Water Fennel,
Fine-leaved Water Hemlock, (F.) Phellandre,
Fenouil d'eau, Cigue d'eau.  Family, Umbelli-
ferae.   Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.   This
plant  is stimulant and narcotic.  It has  been
used in intermittents and dyspepsia.  It has,
also, been given in phthisis pulmonalis, and in
cases  of scrofulous atonic ulcers.
  PHENIG'MUS, Phanig'mus,  Phanig'mus,
from  yotvit-, ' red.'   Red Jaundice.  A cuta-
neous affection, consisting of redness diffused
over the skin, without fever. Sauvages makes
it a genus of his order Icteritia.   Also, the act
of irritating a part by a stimulating application.
  PHENOMENE, Phenomenon.
  PHENOMENON, Phanom'enon, (F.) Phi-
nomene, fxom ipairof.iat, 'I appear.'  An extra-
ordinary and unexpected event.  In  Medicine,
it  means any change, appreciable by our senses,
which supervenes in an organ or function:—
as the phenomena of the circulation, respiration,
&c.   It is  used  in pathology,  synonymously
with symptom.
  PHEUGOPHOBIA, Hydrophobia.
   PHEUGYDRON, Hydrophobia.
   PHI'ALA, A Phial or Vial, (F.) Fiole.  A
small bottle, in which apothecaries  are in the
habit  of sending out  their mixtures, draughts,
&c: hence  called Medicine  Vials, (F.) Fioles
a Midecine.  They are usually sold in grosses,
and assorted into vials of oz. 8; oz. 4; oz. 3;
oz. 2; oz. 1^; oz. 1;  and oz. *-.
   PHILADYNAMICA, Debi'litants.
   PHILANTHROPUS, Galium aparine.
   PHILETRON, Philter.
   PHILETRUM, Lacuna labii superioris.
   PHILIATROS, <ptxi*rqoc, from  <pixew,  'I
love,' and targixn, ' medicine.'  An amateur of
medicine.  One who studies medicine;  Studio'-
sus medicinse.
   PHILOBIO'SIS, (E.)Philobiosie: from*use,
'I love,' and (iioc, ' life.'  The love of life.
   PHILffi'NiA, from <pixta,' I love,' and  otvoc,
' wine.'  Love of wine.   Addiction to wine.
   PHILOGYNIA, Muliebrositas.
   PHILONIUM  LONDINENSE,  Confectio
opii.
  PHILOPATRIDALGIA,  Nostalgia.
   PHILOPATRIDOMANIA, Nostalgia.
   PHILOSOPHER'S STONE, see Alchymy.
   PHILOSOPHIA CORPORIS VIVI, Physi-
ology—p. Hermetica, Alchymy—p. per Ignem,
Chymistry.
   PHILTER, from <pixtw,' I love.'  Philtrum,
Philetron,  Phar'macum vel Poc'ulum amato'-
rium, Amnto'riumvenefic"ium, (F.) Philtre.  A
medicine or drink considered capable of causing
love.
   PHILTRUM, Lacuna labii superioris.
   PHILYRA, Tilia.
   PHIMA, Phyma.
   PHIMOS, Capistrum.
   PHIMO'SICUS.  Relating to Phimosis.
   Sauvages calls Ischuria phimo'sica, lschu'-
ria urethra'lis a phimo'si, the retention of urine
which depends upon phimosis.
   PHIMOSIS, Phyma!sis, Capistra'tio,  Epa-
go'gium, Ligatu'ra glandis, Strictu'ra prapu'-
tii, from pt/jooi, ' I bind up.'  A disease which
consists  in a preternatural narrowness of the
opening  of the  prepuce, so  that it cannot be
carried behind the corona glandis.  This affec-
tion is most commonly congenital.  Sometimes
it is accidental, and dependent upon tumefac-
tion of the glans, or of the prepuce, as occurs in
syphilis.  To  remedy  this state, the prepuce
may be divided by means of a bistoury and di-
rector; or circumcision may be practised.
  Phimosis Adnata seu Congen'ita  seu  Pue-
ri'lis, Congenital phimosis—p.  Circumligata,
Paraphimosis—p. Congenita,  P. adnata.
  Phimo'sis Q2demato'des,  Hydrophimo'sis.
Phimosis with cedematous swelling of the pre-
puce.
  Phimosis Puerilis, Ph. adnata.
  PHLASMA, Contusion.
  PHLEBARTERIODIALYSIS,  see  Aneu-
rism.
  VIALE'EECTA'SIA, Phlebec'tasis,fxomcpXiy,
'a vein,'and sKrao-ie,  'dilatation.'  Dilatation
of a vein, or of a portion of a vein.—Alibert.
  PHLEBECTIARCTIE.   A mongrel term,
from tpxsrp, ' a vein,'  and arcto, ' I contract.'
Contraction of a  vein.
  PHLEBES, (Arteries.)   See Artery.
  PHLEBEURYSMA, Varix.
  PHLEB'ION,  diminutive oftpxt-ifj, 'a vein.'
A vein.—Hippocrates. A small vein,—Ve'nula.
  PHLEBITIS, Inflamma'tio vena'rum, (F.)
Inflammation des veines,  from <?Xh]j,  ' a vein,'
and itis, the termination for inflammation.  In-
flammation of the inner membrane of a  vein,
which  sometimes follows blood-letting, and ex-
tends from the small wound made in that ope-
ration  to  the neighbouring parts of the venous
system.   The symptoms are,first, inflammation
in the punctured part; and, afterwards, a knotty,
tense, painful cord, following the direction of
the vessel, and accompanied with more or less
fever, according  to the extent of the inflamma-
tion, the  nervous symptoms, &c.  Phlebitis,
also, sometimes supervenes on the ligature or
excision  of varices; after amputation, gun-shot
wounds,  delivery ( Uterine  Phlebitis,  Metro-
phlebitis puerpera'lis, Phlebitis uteri'na, Me-
tritis  veno'sa),  the ligature  of  the  umbilical
cord,  &c.  It may terminate  by resolution,
suppuration, ulceration, or gangrene.
  Phlebitis, Crural, Phlegmatia  dolens—p.
Uterina,  see Peritonitis—p. Uterine, see  Peri-
tonitis, and Phlebitis.
  PHLEBOG'RAPHY, Phlebogra'phia,  from
vxt-ip, 'avein,' and y§*<p>/, 'a description.'  A
description of the veins.
  PHLEB'OLITE, Phlebol'ithus,  Vein stone,
from qXtxfj, ' a vein,'  and Xt&og,  ' a stone.  A
loose concretion, varying in size from that of a
currant to that of a pea, occasionally found in the
veins.  It would seem to be formed in the blood.
  PHLEBOLITHUS, Phlebolite.
  PHLEBOL'OGY, Phlebolog"ia, from <pxni>,
'  a vein,' and Xoyog,' a discourse.'  The part of
anatomy which treats of the veins. 
PHLEB0PAL1A             651           PHLEGMYMENITIS
  PHLEBOPA'LIA, from ipXty, <a vein,' and
iraXXo>, 'I palpitate.'  With the ancients, pul-
sation, which  they conceived to be produced
by the veins.  See Pulsus venarum.
  PHLEBOPHTHALMOTOM'IA,  Ophtkal-
mophlebotom'ia, from cpXetp,' a vein,' oip&axnog,
' the eye,' and x^co,' I cut.'  Blood-letting in
the eye.
  PHLEBOPLEROSIS ECPHRACTICA, In-
flammation.
  PHLEBORRHAC'IA, from  *;uy, 'a vein,'
and  qiftvviu, 'I  break out.'  Rupture of the
veins; and,  in a  more  extensive sense, venous
hemorrhage.
  PHLEBORRHEX'IS,  from «xiv, ' a vein,'
and qv^tg,' rupture.' Rupture of a vein.   Also,
hemorrhage from a vein, Phleborrhagia.
  PHLEBOT'OMIST, from 9l,y, a vein,' and
rifivoi, ' I cut'  A bleeder.  One who practises
particularly the art of phlebotomy.  See Blood-
letting.
  PHLEBOTOMUM, Fleam.
  PHLEBOTOMY, see Blood-letting.
  PHLEBS, Vein.
  PHLEDONIA, Delirium.
  PHLEGM, Phlegma, Pitui'ta, Mucus, (F'.)
Pituite.  One of the four natural humours of
the ancients, which, according  to them, was
cold and moist, as  atrabilis was cold and dry.
It predominated,  especially, in  winter.* •  «
  Pituita was afterwards applied to every aque-
ous or excrementitiotis humour, such as the sa-
liva,  nasal and intestinal mucus, serum, &c.
The terms  phlegm and pituita  are no longer
used  in  physiology, — the  different humours
having received particular names;  but the vul-
gar still use phlegm to  designate a stringy mu-
cus,  expectorated,  or  rejected  by vomiting.
The ancient chymists gave the name 'phlegm'
to aqueous,  insipid, and inodorous, products ob-
tained by subjecting moist vegetable matters to
the action of heat.
  PHLEGMA NARIUM  CRASSUM,  Nasal
mucus — p.  Vitrioli, Sulphuric  acid (very di-
lute.)
  PHLEG'MAGOGUE, Phlegmago'gus; from
cpXtyua, ' phlegm,' and  ayo>, ' I expel.'  A me-
dicine, formerly believed capable of " cutting"
or removing phlegm.
  PHLEGMAPYRA, Fever adeno-meningeal.
  PHLEGMASIA, Inflammation, Phlegmon—
p. Adenosa,  Adenitis—p. Alba dolens puerpera-
rum, Ph. dolens—p. Cellularis, Induration  of
the cellular tissue—p. Glandulosa, Adenitis—
p. Myoica,  Myositis—p. of the Peritoneum,
Peritonitis.
  PHLEGMATIA, from <pXeyria, 'phlegm.'
(Edema, Anasarca, Hydrops.
  Phlegma'tia Dolens, P. lac'tea, P. dolens
puerpera'rum,  P. alba dolens  puerpera'rum,
Leucophlegmasia  dolens puerperarum, Scelon'-
cus, Scelalgia puerpera'rum, Anasar'ca sero sa,
Ecphy'ma ademat'icum, Spargano'sis puerpera-
rum, Ecchymo'ma lymphat'icum, Is'chias a spar-
gano'si, CEde'ma  puerperarum,  OHd. lacteum,
Iufarc'tus  lac'tei  extremita'tum,  Metas'tasis
lactis, Hy sterol'gia galac'tica, Hydrophlegma'-
sia textus cellulo'si, Crural  Phlebitis, White
leg,  Swelled leg,  White  swelling of lying-in
women, (F.) QSdeme des nouvelles accouchies,
OZdeme douleureux des femmes en couche, Dipot
laiteux  sur  la cuisse,  GZdeme  aclif des  nou-
velles accouchees, Enflnre ou Engorgement des
jambes et des cuisses de lafemme accouchie, E.
laiteux des  membres abdominaux.  It occurs,
for the most part, in the second or third week
after  delivery:—is limited to the lower extre-
mity, and chiefly to one side; exhibiting to the
touch a  feeling  of numerous irregular promi-
nences under the  skin.  It is hot, white, and
unyielding;  and is accompanied, sooner or later,
with febrile excitement.  After a few days, the
heat, hardness, and sensibility diminish, and the
limb remains cedem atous for a longer or shorter
period.  The diseasefrequently, if not generally,
consists in the obstruction of the iliac or other
veins. Owing to the pressure of the gravid ute-
rus—the flow of blood being obstructed—the
serous part of it is thrown out into the cellular
membrane of the  limb.  Sometimes the vein
is found completely obliterated.
   The treatment consists in the use of antiphlo-
gistics :—the application of leeches or cupping-
glasses near the groin:  fomentations to the
limb, &c; and,  when the active  state has sub-
sided, the use of a roller, applied gently at first,
but, afterwards, gradually tightened.
   Phlegmatia Lactea, P. dolens.
   PHLEGMATIC, see  Empresma—p. Mem-
branosae  et parenchymatosae, Empresma.
   PHLEGMATOPYRA, Fever, adeno-menin-
geal.
   PHLEGMATORRHAG'TA, Phlegmator-
rha'a, Catarrh, from <$xiyy.a,' phlegm,' and e.ta>,
'I  flow.'  Stahl and his partisans gave this
name to a copious  secretion, by the nostrils, of
a limpid and thin mucus, without inflammation.
It is  the Cory'za  Phlegmatorrhag"ia of Sau-
vages.  See Coryza.
   PHLEGMHYMENITIS, Phlegmymenitis.
   PHLEGMON, from <pXtym,' I burn.' Phlo-
go'sis  phleg'mone,  Phleg'mone,  Phlegmasia,
Incen'dium, Inflamma'tio. Inflammation of the
cellular  texture  accompanied  with  redness,
circumscribed  swelling, increased heat  and
pain; which is, at first, tensive and lancinating;
afterwards, pulsatory and heavy.  It is apt to
terminate in suppuration.  It requires the an-
tiphlogistic treatment, until suppuration seems
inevitable, when the suppuration must be en-
couraged as  the next favourable termination to
resolution.
  PHLEGMON PERIN&PIIRE TIQUE.Ve-
riphrenitis.
  PHLEGMONE, Inflammation—p. Mammae,
Mastodynia apostematosa—p. Mastodynia, Mas-
todynia apostematosa—p. Parotidaea, Parotis—
p. Peritonaei, Peritonitis—p. Parulis, Parulis—
p. Musculorum, Myositis—p. Ventriculi,  Gas-
tritis.
  PHLEGMONODES, Phlegmonous.
  PHLEG'MONOUS,  Phlegmonous,  from
ipXiy/unrx, 'a phlegmon,' and «t<?oc,  'resem-
blance.'  That which relates or belongs  to  a
phlegmon.
  Phlegmonous Inflammation  is the active
inflammation of the cellular membrane;  in con-
tradistinction to erysipelatous inflammation, or
that of the skin.
  PHLEGMOPYRA, Fever, adeno-meningeal.
  PHLEGMORRHAGIA, Blennorrhoea.
  PHLEGMORRHAGIE  PULMONAIRE,
Bronchorrhcea.
  PHLEGMORRHCEA, Blennorrhoea.
  PHLEGMYMENITIS,  Phlegmhymeni'tis,
from tpxty/ua,  'phlegm,' 'y^wv, 'a membrane,' 
PHLEPS                652             PHOSPHORUS
and itis, the termination for inflammation.  1
flammation of a mucous membrane.
  Phlegmymenitis Enterica, see Enteritis
  PHLEPS, Vein.
  PHLOGIA, Inflammation.
  PHLOGICUS, Inflammatory.
  PHLOGISTICI, Empresma.
  PHLOGISTICUS, Inflammatory.
  PHLOGISTON, Hydrogen.
  PHLOGMUS, Verbascum thapsus.
  PHLOGO'DES, from oXo*, ' flame,' and eiSoc,
'resemblance.' Infla'med, Inflamma'tus,  In-
flammatories, Inflammatory.   An epithet em-
ployed, particularly to express the red colour of

  PHLOGOPYRUS, Synocha.
  PHLOGOSED, Inflamed.
  PHLOGO'SIS, Incendium, Infiamma'tion.
Some writers use this word  exclusively for
external inflammation—phlegmon; others, for
those that are  superficial or erysipelatous.
  P H L 0 G 0 T' IC A,  Inflammations.  The
second order in the class Hamatica of Good.
  PHLOIOS,  Cortex.
  PHLOMUS, Verbascum thapsus.
  PHLOOS, Cortex.
  PHLOR'IDZINE, Phloridzina, Phloridzin,
from cpxoog, ' inner bark,' and Qita, ' root.'  The
bitter or active principle of the root and trunk
of the apple, pear, cherry,  and plum tree.  It is
deposited from the decoction on cooling; crys-
tallizes in silky spicula of  a dead white  colour,
when in masses, or in  long slender prisms or
tables, when crystallized with care.  1000 parts
of water, at a temperature of from 32° to 71°,
only dissolve about one part;  but at from 70°,
to 212°, it is  dissolved in all proportions.  It
is very soluble in pure alcohol, but only slightly
go in  ether; s. g. 1.429.   It has been adminis-
tered successfully in intermittents,—10 to  20
grains being  generally required to arrest the
paroxysm.  It may be given either in the form
of pill or powder.
  PHLOUS,  Cortex.
  PHLOX, Verbascum thapsus.
  PHLYCTJl'NA, Phlyctx'nis, Phlyctis,
Phlyza'cion, Ampulla, Holophlyc'tides, Phlyc'-
tides, Phlysis, from epXvtoi, ' I boil.' Tumours,
formed by the accumulation  of a serous fluid
under the epidermis.
  PHLYCTiENULA, see Hydatid.
  PHLYCTENOID, Phlyctenoi'des.   Resem-
bling phlyctaenae.  An epithet for a variety of
herpes.
  PHLYCTENULAR, same etymon.   Of or
belonging to phlyctaenula,—as phlyctenular oph-
thalmia, inflammation of the eye, accompanied
with phlyctaenulae on the cornea.
  PHLYCTIDES, Phlyctaena.
  PHLYCTID'IUM, same etymon.  A circular
or annular  spot of inflammation of the  corium,
encircled by  a red ring or zone, within which
suppuration takes place.   The  genuine small-
pox pustule, and that produced by the  applica-
tion of tartar  emetic  ointment are examples
of it.
   PHLYCTIS, Phlyctaena.
   PHLYSIS, from *Xutu,' I am  hot,' ' I boil.'
A cutaneous  eruption.  An ulcerative, subcu-
taneous tumour:  flat, tensive,  glabrous;  dif-
fused, hot, throbbing; at length fluctuating,
with  an acrid ichor.—Good.
   Phlysis, Phlyctaena—p. Ecthyma, Ecthyma
—p. Impetigo, Impetigo—p. Porrigo, Porrigo
—p. Scabies, Psora.
  PHLYZACIA, Ecthyma.
  PHLYZACION, Phlyctaena.
  PHOBODIPSON, Hydrophobia.
  PHOCOM'ELES, from «**,,,  'a  seal,'and
uexoc,' a limb.'  A genus of monsters, in which
the limbs are shortened;  the hands and feet ap-
pearing to exist alone, and to be inserted im-
mediately on the trunk, as in the seals and the
herbivorous  cetacea.—J. G. St. Hilaire.
  PHCENICISMUS, Rubeola.
  PHOZNIGMUS, Phenigmus—p. Petechialis,
Purpura simplex.
  PHffiNIX DACTYLIFERA, Date tree.
  PHONA'TION, Phona'tio, from  90*.?,
' voice.'  The physiology of the voice.
  PHONE, Voice.
  PHO'NICA, <p<avi*.a,  from  iptavr;, ' voice.'
The first  order  of the  class  Pneumatica in
Good's Nosology.  Defined: diseases affecting
the vocal avenues:—the  passage of the  voice
impeded, or  its power suppressed or depraved.
  PHONON'OSL Phononu'si, from  <po>ir),' the
voice,' and voooc, 'a disease.'  Phonopathi'a.
Morbi vocis.  Diseases of the voice.
  PHONOPATHIA, Phononosi.
  PHORA, Gestation.
  PHORBE, Pabulum.
  PHORONOM'IA, from <po£t3,u*t,or tptqouat,
'I put  myself in motion,' and  vo/toc,  'law.'
The doctrine of muscular motion.
  PHOROUS, from <?tqm, 'I carry.'  A suffix
denoting conveyance.  Hence, Galactophorous,
&c.
  PHOS, Light.
  PHOSPHAS CALCICUM STIBIATUM,
Antimonial powder—p. Calcis stibiatus, Anti-
monial  powder—p. Natricum, Soda, phosphate
of.
  PHOSPHATIC, Phosphatides, from Phos-
phorus.  Relating to the  phosphates; hence
the Phosphatic Diath'esis is the habit of body
which favours the deposition of the phosphates
from the urine.
  PHOSPHORE, Phosphorus.
  PHOSPHORENESES.   M. Baumes unites,
under  this  generic name,  diseases  which he
attributes to disordered phosphorization; i. e.
to excess or deficiency of calcareous phosphate
or its decomposition.  Amongst these affections
he ranks rachitis, osteo-malacia, and gout.
  PHOSPHORES'CENCE, Phosphorescen'tia.
The property possessed by certain bodies of be-
ing  luminous in obscurity, or under particular
circumstances.
  PHOS'PHORIC ACID, Ac"idum  phosphor'-
icum, (F.)  Acide Phosphorique.  A solid, co-
lourless compound; highly  sapid; very soluble
in water, and verifiable  by fire.  It exists in
bones combined with lime.  It has been em-
ployed in medicine in the form of lemonade, in
passive hemorrhage, typhus, phthisis,  maras-
mus, &c, and in injection in cases of cancer of
the  uterus.   It  does not seem  preferable to
other acids.
  PHOSPHORURIA, Urine, phosphorescent.
  PHOSPHORUS, Phos'phorum,  Autophos1-
phorus, Ignis philosoph'icus, Lumen constant,
from <pwe, 'light,' and  d>ep<»,  «I  carry.*  (F.)
Phosphore.  ' A light carrier.'  An elementary
or  undecomposed substance;  not  metallic;
solid; transparent or semitransparent; colour- 
PHOSPHURIA
653
PHTHISICUS
less; brilliant; flexible; of  a  sensible garlic
odour;  very inflammable,  and susceptible of
combining with the oxygen of the atmosphere,
at even  the ordinary temperature.  It does not
exist pure  in nature, but is  found  frequently
united to other bodies.
  Phosphorus has been used in medicine, dis-
solved in ether or suspended in the yolk of egg,
as a stimulant; but the greatest  precautions are
necessary in its administration: hence  it is
rarely employed.
  PHOSPHURIA, Urine, phosphorescent.
  PHOTODAMPSIS, Refraction.
  PHOTOMA'iMA, from <pwc, ' light,' and ma-
nia.  Insane delirium induced by light.
  PHOTOPHO'BIA, from  4>*>c, 'light,' and
cpoflog, '  fear.'  Aversion to light:—intolerance
of light. Nyctalopia.
  PHOTOPHOBICUS, Lucifugus.
  PHOTOPHO BOPHTH ALMI A, Nyctalopia.
  PHOTOPHOBUS, Lucifugus.
  PHOTOPSTA,  Visus lu'cidus,  from  <?>«?,
' light,'  and a>xp, ' the eye.'  A false  perception
of light, as of sparks, flashes of fire, &c. occa-
sioned by certain conditions  of the retina and
brain.   See Metamorphopsia.
  PHRAGMOS, tp?ay/jiog, from  ^quo-a-or, 'I en-
close.'   A row of teeth.
  PHRASIS, Voice, articulated.
  PHRASUM, Marrubium.
  PHREN, <p^v,  'the mind.'  Also, the dia-
phragm, and scrobiculus cordis.
  PHRENES, Diaphragm.
  PHRENESIA, Phrenitis.
  PHRENESIE,  Phrenitis.
  PHRENESIS, Delirium, Phrenitis.
  PHRENETIASIS, Delirium, Phrenitis.
  PHRENETISMUS, Phrenitis.
  PHRENIC, Diaphragmatic.
  PHRE'NICA, from <f>or;v, ' the mind.'   Dis-
eases affecting the  intellect; characterized by
error, perversion, or debility of one or more of
the mental faculties, (Phrenopathia.) The first
order of the class Neurotica of  Good.
   PHRENICULA HYDROCEPHALICA,
Hydrocephalus internus.
  PHRENISMUS, Phrenitis.
   PHRENITIS, Phren'esis, Phrenes'ia, Phre-
netiasis, Phrenis'mus, Phrenetis'mus, Cepha-
litis,  Cephalalgia inflammato'ria,  Karabitus
(Arab.), Sibare, Sphacelis'mus cer'ebri, Em-
pres'ma cephalitis, Siriasis,  Seiriasis, Sidera'-
tio, Inflamma'tio phrenitis, Encephalitis, Cau-
ma phrenitis, Phrensy, Delirium, Brain, Fe-
ver, (F.)Phrinisie, Inflammation du cerveau et
du cervelet, from <pqvv,' the mind,' and itis, de-
noting  inflammation.  A disease characterized
by violent pyrexia, pain in the head, redness of
the face and eyes, intolerance of light and sound,
watchfulness, and  delirium, either  furious or
muttering.   Its causes are the  same as those of
other inflammations : sometimes, however, it is
 induced by a Coup de soldi;  by  inebriation;
 violent  mental emotions,  &c.  Some authors
have given the name Phrenitis and Meningitis
 to inflammation of the membranes of the brain;
 and that of Cephalitis, Encephalitis, or Cere-
 britis to inflammation of the substance  of the
 brain ;  but there are no pathognomonic  symp-
 toms, which can lead us to refer the seat of the
 disease  to either  of those parts  exclusively.
 Phrenitis is, of course, a very  dangerous affec-
 tion, from  the  importance of  the  organ con-
cerned.  The most active treatment must neces-
sarily be pursued. Repeated bleeding; purging;
the application of ice to the shaved head; a po-
sition in  which  the  head is raised;  and the
avoiding of irritation of every kind ;—form the
remedial means during the violent stage.  After
this has yielded,  counter-irritants to the nape of
the neck or to other parts of the body will be
useful  adjuvants.  When the brain  and  me-
ninges were affected only symptomatically, as
in inflammation  of the diaphragm, the  disease
was formerly called Paraphrenitis.
  Hydrocephalus acutus is a variety of phre-
nitis.
  Phrenitis Calentura,  Coup-de-soler.l—n.
Latrans, Hydrophobia—p. Potatorum, Delirium
tremens—p. Verminosa, Vercoquin.
  PHRENOLOGY, Craniology.
  PHRENOPATHIA, see Phrenica.
  Phrenopathi'a ./Ethe'rea.  The aggregate
of encephalic phenomena induced by the inha-
lation of ether.
  PHRENSY, Phrenitis.
  PHRICASMUS, Horripilation.
  PHRICE, Horripilation.
  PHRICIA, Horripilation.
  PHRICIASIS, Horripilation.
  PHRICO'DES (FEBRIS,)  from poixr,, 'a
shivering;' Horrif'ica.  A fever in which the
chill is very intense and prolonged.
  PHRYAGMA, Shuddering.
  PHRYCTE, Colophonia.
  PHRYGTUS  (LAPIS.)   An earthy matter,
found in Phrygia and Cappadocia, and formerly
employed as an astringent.—Gorraeus.
  PHTHARMA CALIGO, Caligo—p. Cata-
racta, Cataract—p.  Glaucoma, Glaucoma.
  PHTHEIR, Pediculus.
  PHTHEIRE'MIA ; from ipBuqu,' I corrupt,'
and 'ilii*.,' blood.'  A state in which the plastic
powers of the blood are deteriorated.
  PHTHEIRI'ASIS, Phthiriasis, from t,9ug,
'a louse;' Morbus pediculo'sus, M. pedicula'-
ris, Prurigo pedicula!ris, Pedic.ula'tio, Malis
pedic'uli,  Peta'le, Lousiness, Lousy  disease,
(F.) Maladie pidiculaire, Phthiriase.  A dis-
ease which consists in the excessive multipli-
cation of lice on the human body, under condi-
tions in which it does not ordinarily take place,
and in spite of cleanliness.   It has been as-
serted that the affection has often caused death.
Simple and medicated baths have been recom-
mended for  its removal; lotions of the decoc-
tion or infusion of tobacco and stavesacre, mer-
curial frictions,  &c.
   PHTHEIRIUM, Delphinium staphisagria.
   PHTHEIROCTONUM, Delphinium staphi-
sagria
   PHTHINAS, Phthisis.
   PHTHINODES,  Phthisicus.
   PHTHIRIASE, Phtheiriasis.
   PHTHIRIASIS,  Malis, Phtheiriasis.
   PHTHIRIUM SCABIEI, see Psora.
   PHTHIR1US, Antiparasitic—p.  Inguinalis,
see Pediculus.
   PHTHIROCTONUS, Abortive.
   PHTHIROPORON, Autumn.
   PHTHISES: same  etymon as Phthisis.  In
 the classification of Fuchs,  diseases  attended
 with ulceration, hectic fever, and emaciation.
   PHTHISIC,  Phthisis.
   PUTrIIS'IC\JS,Phthino'des,Tabidus,Phthi-
 sical, (F.) Poitrinaire; same etymon as phthi- 
PHTHISIE
654
PHTHISIS
sis.  Belonging to phthisis.  Also, one Labour-
ing under phthisis.
  PHTHISIE, Phthisis pulmonalis—p. Calcu-
leuse, Calculi, pulmonary, see Lithiasis pulmo-
num—p. Carcinomateuse, Phthisis, cancerous—
p. avec Milanose, Anthracosis pulmonum—p.
Misentirique, Tabes mesenterica.
  PHTHISIOL'OGY, Phthisiolog"ia, from
<p&iertg, and Xoyog.   A treatise on phthisis.
  PHTHISIOSIS, Tubercular consumption.
  PHTHISI-PNEUMONIA,  Phthisis pulmo-
nalis.
  PHTHISIS, Phthoe, Phthinas, Tabes, Te'ce-
don, Consumption, Decline, from cp&ta, ' I dry,
I fade.'  This word, taken in a general sense,
means progressive emaciation of every part of
the body.  It is usually, however, restricted to
phthisis pulmonalis.
  Phthisis, Black,  see Anthracosis.
  Phthisis, Bron'chial, Phthisis bronchia'lis.
Phthisis occasioned by the  pressure of enlarged
tuberculous bronchial glands, which,  not un-
frequently, communicate with caverns in the
lungs or with the bronchia.
  Phthisis Calculosa, Lithiasis pulmonum.
  Phthisis, Can'cerous, Scirrhus, Carcinoma
et Fungus Pulmo'num, Med'ullary or  Ence-
ph'aloid Tumour of the Lung, (F.) Cancer du
Poumon.  Cancer of the lung, which gives rise
to carcinomatous phthisis,  (F.) Phthisie card-
nomateuse, of Bayle.
  Phthisis Consummata, see Ph. pulmonalis
—p. Dorsalis,  Tabes Dorsalis—p. Dyspeptic,
see Phthisis—p. Hepatica,  Hepato-phthisis—p.
Ischiadica, Ischiophthisis.
  Phthisis Larynge'a, Chronic  Laryngi'tis,
Laryngi'tis et  Tracheitis  chron'ica, Tubercu-
lo'sis laryn'gis et trache'a, Laryn'go et Tracheo-
phthisis, Laryngophthisis, UI cera seu Helco'sis
Laryngis, (F.) Phthisie laryngee, Ulcere  du
larynx, Laryngite avec sicrition de Pus, is a
species of consumption analogous to  phthisis
pulmonalis, produced by inflammation and ulce-
ration of the interior of the larynx, and some-
times by caries of  the cartilages.  Phthisis
trachea'lis, Tracheophthisis, is a similar affec-
tion, seated in the trachea.   Chronic inflamma-
tion of the larynx and trachea may exist, how-
ever, without tubercles or phthisis.
  Phthisis Meseraica, Tabes mesenterica—
p. Notias, Tabes dorsalis.
  Phthisis Pulmona'lis, Ph. pulmo'num, Ph.
pulmona'lis vera seu tuberculoma seu scrophulo'-
sa seu tuberculo-ulcera!ta seu purulen'ta exulce-
ra'ta, Maras'mus  phthisis, Hec'tica phthisis,
Hamop'tysis phthisis, P. Pulmona'ris, Phthi-
si-pneumo'nia,  Tabes pulmona!lis  seu pulmo'-
num, Ulcus pulmonum, Helco'sis  pulmona'lis,
Pneumonophthisis, Pneumonoph'tho'e, Phthisis
scrophulo'sa, Pneumop'thoe, Pulmo'nia,  Phthi-
sis tuberculoma,  Tuberculo'sis   Pulmo'num,
Gongrophthi'sis,  Tuberculous disease of  the
Lungs, Pulmonary  consumption,  Consump-
tion, Decline, Phthisic, (F.) Phthisie, P. pul-
monale,  Crachement de  pus.   Occasionally,
this formidable disease occurs  accidentally:
but, usually,  it is caused by a conformation ob-
tained from  progenitors.   This, at least, pre-
disposes to it;  and but a slight  exciting cause
may be required to rouse the predisposition into
action.   It is less  a disease of the torrid zone;
and, in  the  temperate regions of the  globe,
its  pathology is often  intimately allied with
that of scrofula.  It consists  in  the forma-
tion of tubercles in the lungs,  which sooner
or later inflame and break down.  In such a
constitution, ulcerations  of  the lungs do not
readily heal; and  hectic fever—the universal
attendant upon irritability and debility—is es-
tablished.  This persists, and gradually wears
down the patient, till he ultimately expires, ex-
hausted by the irritative  fever.   The  chief
symptoms are the following.  The patient feels
a sense of uneasiness in the chest, with severe
fits of coughing, or a short and dry cough with
dyspnoea.   This may be considered the inci-
pient stage. The cough then becomes extremely
troublesome, especially  in the  morning; and
dyspnoea is increased on the slightest exertion.
The expectoration is evidently purulent, with
fever in  the evening, and circumscribed  red-
ness of the cheeks; wasting and  colliquative
sweats early in the morning.   This must be
considered  the confirmed stage,—Phthisis con-
summa'ta,  Pneumophthisis.   In the third, or
last  stage, the  hectic is constant, \vith small
pulse, pungent  heat, colliquative  sweats, and
diarrhoea.   The  weakness becomes extreme,
and the patient exhausted.  Physical Signs.—
1. In the first stage, whilst there are yet scat-
tered miliary tubercles,—the only appreciable
change at the exterior of the chest, and this is
not constant, is a want of freedom in the move-
ments under one or both clavicles.  Percussion
will generally discover a slight diminution of
sound corresponding to the summit of one lung.
In the same situation, auscultation  shows  that
the inspiratory murmur is either weaker, rough-
er, or confused.   The  sound  of expiration is
more distinct.  The voice and cough are ra-
ther more  resonant, and wheezing or  mucous
rales are occasionally heard in the same region.
2. When the tubercular deposition has become
more abundant, the motion of the chest is more
markedly diminished under one or both clavi-
cles.   The loss of sound on percussion is more
distinct,  the inspiration, on  auscultation, is
bronchial, the expiration louder and  more su-
perficial, and the  resonance of the voice and
cough is increased.  The rest  of the lung is
perhaps healthy, or the respiration may be pue-
rile.   3. When  the tubercles  are undergoing
softening,—in addition to the  preceding signs,
auscultation exhibits a subcrepitant rale around
the apex  of the  lung, decreasing from above
downwards.  It is most distinct during or after
the cough,  and at the close of a deep inspiration.
As the disease proceeds, the bubbling becomes
successively larger, and ultimately gargouille-
ment is heard.  The inspiration and expiration
are  cavernous  or  tracheal.   The  voice  and
cough indicate unusual resonance and pectorilo-
quy.  The intercostal spaces are often depressed
locally, and percussion may become gradually
clearer and even  tympanitic as the cavern in-
creases.
   It is only in the incipient state of this formi-
dable disease, that advantage  can be expected
from any plan of treatment;  and of all means
that can be devised, that of removing to a cli-
mate in which air  and  exercise can be daily
enjoyed during the autumnal, winter, and spring
months is  the best.  See Climate.  If this be
impracticable, the patient must be kept in a
regulated  temperature,  taking  care that the
chamber be duly ventilated j and gestation in 
PHTHISURIA              655            PHYSIOGNOMY
 the open air be used, whenever the atmosphere,
 although  cold, is dry.  The other indications
 will be: 1. To moderate inflammatory action:
 2. To support the strength; and, 3. To palliate
 urgent symptoms.  The whole treatment in-
 deed  is palliative.  Counter-irritants relieve
 pain : demulcents and mild opiates alleviate the
 cough: the mineral acids, united with opium,
 relieve the colliquative sweats;  and chalk and
 opium the diarrhoea.
   Dr. Wilson Philip has pointed out a particu-
 lar species of phthisis, which is characterized,
 in  the early stage,  by a deranged state  of
 the digestive organs; flatulent, irregular bow-
 els; furred tongue; impaired appetite; unnatural
 faeces;  and the epigastric  region more or less
 full and tender on pressure.   The affection of
 the lungs is here secondary.  He calls it Dys-
 peptic phthisis.
   Phthisis Pulmonalis Purulenta Exulce-
 rata, Phthisis pulmonalis—p. Pulmonalis scro-
 phulosa,  Phthisis pulmonalis—p. Pulmonalis
 tuberculosa, Phthisis pulmonalis—p. Pulmona-
 lis tuberculosa-ulcerata, Phthisis pulmonalis—
 p. Pulmonalis vera, Phthisis pulmonalis—p. Pu-
 pillae, Synezizis — p.  Pupillaris,  Myosis — p.
 Scrophulosa, Phthisis pulmonalis—p. Tubercu-
 losa,  Phthisis pulmonalis—p. Uterina, Metro-
 phthisis—p. Vesicalis, Cystophthisis.
  PHTHISURIA, Diabetes.
  PHTHISURIE, Diabetes—p. Sucrie, Dia-
 betes mellitus.
  PHTHOE, Phthisis.
  PHTHOIS, Pastil, Trochiscus.
  PHTHOISCOS, Pastil, Trochiscus.
  PHTHONGODYSPHORIA, Hyperacusis.
  PHTHORA, Abortion, Corruption, Plague.
  PHTHORIUS, Abortive.
  PHTHOROCTONUS, Abortive.
  PHUSCA, Oxycrate.
  PHYGANTHROPIA, Misanthropia.
  PHYGETH'LON, Panus, Phypella,  from
 <puyw,' I broil.'  Inflammation of the superficial
 lymphatic glands, not ending in suppuration.
  PHYLACTERION, Amuletum.
  PHYLACTE'RIUM, from ipvxa<row, 'I pre-
 serve.' A Phylac'tery.  An amulet:—a pro-
 phylactic.
  PHYLAXIS, Conservation.
  PHYLLANTHUS URINA'RIA,Binkohum-
 ba.  A plant employed in Ceylon, in decoction,
 as a diuretic.
  PHYLLITIS, Asplenium scolopendrium.
  PHYMA, Phima, from epvo/jcai,' I spring up.'
 With  the ancients, this word was  used  with
 great latitude: sometimes, in the sense of phleg-
 mon, for tumours larger  than a boil, and per-
 fectly  suppurative.  In the nosology of Sau-
 vages, Phymata  is an order of  diseases, to
 which he refers  erysipelas, cedema, phlegmon,
 emphysema, scirrhus, &c.   In that of Dr. Good
 it is a genus, including hordeolum, furunculus,
 sycosis, and anthrax.
  Phyma Anthrax, Anthrax—p. Anthrax ter-
 minthus, Terminthus—p. Sycosis, Sycosis.
  PHYMATO'SES, from ?vua, 'a hard tumour.'
 Tuberculous diseases.—Fuchs.
  PHYMATOSIS, Excrescence—p. Cerebri,
Encephalophymata—p. Elephantiasis, Elephan-
 tiasis—p.  Lupus, Lupus—p.  Verrucosa, Ver-
ruca.
  PHYMOSIS, Phimosis.
  PHYPELLA, Phygethlon.
   PHYSA, Crepitation.
   PHYSAGOGA, Carminatives.
   PHY'SALIS, P. AlkeJcen'gi, Sola'num vesi-
 ca'rium,  Alchachen'ge,  Alkeken'gi, Halicac'-
 abum, Winter  Cherry, (F.) Alkekenge, Coque-
 ret.  Family,  Solaneae.  Sex.  Syst.  Pentan-
 dria Monogynia. The berries are recommended
 as a diuretic,  from 6 to  12 for a dose, in drop-
 sical and calculous cases.
   Physalis Alkekengi, Physalis.
   PHYSCIA ISLANDICA, Lichen islandicus
 —p. Nivalis, Lichen caninus.
   PHYSCO'NIA, from ipvo-xv, 'a bladder.5
 Ventros'itas, Ecphy'ma physco'nia, Hyposar'ca,
 Emphrac'tica,  Visco'nia, Hypersarchid1 ios.   A
 generic term, under which Sauvages has com-
 prised every large tumour developed in the ab-
 domen, that is  neither fluctuating nor sonorous.
 Linnaeus  calls  them Hyposarca.
   Physconia  Adipo'sa, Obes'itas  seu  Poly-
 sar'cia vis'cerum.  Accumulation of fat in the
 intestines.
   Physconia  Biliosa, Turgescentia vesiculae
 felleae.
   PhysconiaEmphysemat'ica. Accumulation
 of air in the  cellular tissue, or  between the
 coats of particular viscera.
   Physconia Lienis, Splenoncus—p. Mesen-
 terica, Tabes mesenterica—p. Splenicum, Ague
 cake.
   Physconia Strumo'sa, Scrofula abdomina'-
 lis inter'na.  Tumid abdomen from scrophulous
 enlargement of the glands.
   PHYSCONIE MESENT&RIQUE, Tabes
 mesenterica.
   PHYSEMA,  Tympanites, Physesis.
   PHYSE'SIS, Physe'ma, from ipvaaw, 'I in-
 flate.'  An  emphysematous tumour. Tympa-
 nites.
   PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS, see Ce-
 taceum.
   PHYSIATRICE, Vis medicatrix naturae.
   PHYSIAUTOCRATIA, Vis medicatrix na-
 turae.
   PHYSIC, Medicament, Medicina—p. Indian,
 Euphorbia  corollata, Gillenia  trifoliata—p.
 Root, Leptandria purpurea.
   PHYSICAL, Medical.
   PHYSICIAN,  Med'icus,  Iatros, Aces'tor,
 Aces'ter, Altheus; from  <pvoig, 'nature.' (F.)
 Mideciu.   One who has received his  degree
 from  an incorporated Institution, as Doctor of
 Medicine.  The French formerly used the word
 physicien  in the same sense.  It is now appro-
 priated to the natural philosopher.
   Physician, Learned,   Iatrosophista — p.
 Practical, Iatrotechna.
   PHYSICIEN, Physician.
   PHYSICS, MEDICAL, Iatrophys'ics. Phy-
 sics directly applied to medicine,—either to the
 explanation of the vital phenomena, the preser-
 vation of individuals, or  the treatment of dis-
 ease.
   PHYSIOAUTOCRATIA,  Vis  medicatrix
 naturae.
   PH YSIOG'NOM Y, Phy siognom'ia, Physiog-
 nom'ica, Physiognom!ice,, Physionom'ia, Physi-
 ognomon'ia,  Physiognom'one, Physiognomos'-
 yne, Physiognomosia,  Anthroposcop'ia, Proso-
pomanti'a, Prosopolog"ia, Semiotice fa ciei,
 Phy siognomon'ica, Phy siognom'ony, Metopos'-
 copy,  Prosopo'sis, from  cpvng, 'nature,' and
 ytvannu, ' I  know.'   The art of knowing the 
PHYSI0L0G1A             656              PICACISMUS
 dispositions of  men from their  external ap-
 pearance ; especially from the features. Every
 inference of this kind must necessarily be ex-
 tremely fallacious,  and cannot be reduced to
 rule, as was attempted by Lavater and others.
 In infantile diseases,  numerous shades of ex-
 pression are evident, which experience teaches
 how to appreciate; and which afford useful
 guides  in understanding the pathology of that
 period  of existence.
   PHYSIOLOGIA  PATHOGENETICA, see
 Pathogenetic.
   PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY,  see Ana-
 tomy—p. Doctrine,  Broussaism.
   PHYSIOLOGICE, Physiology.
   PHYSIOL'OGY, Physiolog"ia, Biology,
 Biot'ics, Biophanomenolog"ia,  Physiolog"ice,
 OUconom'ia anima'lis, Anatom'ia  viva, Anat-
 ome anima'ta, Anthropolog"ia, Microcosmogra'-
 phia, Microcos'mica scien'tia,  Cognii'io phy-
 siolog"ica,  Pars natura'lis  medicinae, Philo-
 soph'ia cor'poris vivi; from <pvo-ic, 'nature,'and
 xoyog,  'a description.'  Formerly, Physiology
 meant the same as Physics, in its extensive sig-
 nification, now does.  At the present day, it
 includes the science which treats  of  the func-
 tions of animals or vegetables; an acquaintance
 with the phenomena  the aggregate of which con-
 stitute  life.   It is the science of life.   It is di-
 vided into animal—Zoophy siologia, and vegeta-
 ble, according as it considers the life of animals
 or of vegetables singly.   Comparative physio-
 logy  comprises  both.   Physiology  is, also,
 general or special, according as it treats of life
 in the  abstract or in some particular species.
 To the  latter belongs the  Physiology  of Man,
 —called also, Hygienic Physiology, to distin-
 guish it from Pathological Physiology or  Pa-
 thology.
  Physiology, Pathogenetic, see Pathogene-
 tic.
  PHYSIONOMIA, Physiognomy.
  PHYSIONOMIE EGAREE, see Wild.
  PHYSIS,  Natura,  Sex.
  PHYSOCE'LE, Pneumatocele, Hernia ven-
 to'sa; Oscheoce'lefiatulen'ta,Emphyse'ma Scro-
 ti, from <fvnao3, ' I insufflate,' and x.vxv, ' a tu-
 mour.'   An emphysematous tumour of  the
 scrotum; probably a case of  intestinal hernia,
 containing much flatus.
  PHYSOCEPH'ALUS, from<poaaw, 'I inflate,'
 and xiyaxy,' the head.' Physcoceph'alus. Em-
 physematous tumefaction of the head.
  PHYSOCGELIA, Tympanites.
  PHYSO'DES; from9va-aa,' I inflate,' and uhg,
 ' resemblance.'  Full of air; apparently full of
 air—applied to tumours, &c.
  PHYSOMETRA,  Emphyse'ma U'teri, Hys-
 teroph'yse, Hysteropsoph'ia, Hysteremphyse'ma,
 Hystremphyse'ma, Metremphyse'ma,  JEdaop-
 soph'ia uteri'na, Emphyse'ma uterinum, Infla'-
 tio U'teri, Tym'pany of the Womb, Uterine tym-
panites, from <pu<rxu),' I inflate,' and ftijrqa,' the
 womb.'   A  light, tense, circumscribed protu-
 berance in the hypogastrium, obscurely sono-
 rous, with wind occasionally discharged through
 the os uteri.
  PHYSON, Flatulence.
  PHYSONCUS, Emphysema.
  PHYSOP'SOPH'IA; from cpv<ram, 'I inflate,'
and xpoipog, '  a noise.'  The discharge of air with
noise.
  PHYSOSPASMUS, Colica flatulenta.
   PHYSOTHORAX, Pneumothorax.
   PHYTIVOROUS, Phytophagous.
   PHYTOALOPECIA, Porrigo decalvans.
   PHYTOLACCA DECAN'DRA,Poke Weed,
 American Night Shade,  Cancer root, Poke,
 Skoke, Jucato Caleloe, (?) Jalap, Pigeon Ber-
 ries, Jalap cancer root, Sola'num racemo'sum
 America'num, S. magnum Virginia'nnm ru-
 brum, BlitumAmerica'num, Garget, (F.)Raisin
 d'Amirique, Phylolaque adix itamines,Morelle
 en grappes, Mechoachan du Canada.  Family,
 Chenopodeae. Sex. Syst. Decandria Decagynia.
 The  leaves, berries, and roots are employed.
 The young stems, when boiled, are sometimes
 eaten at table; but when old, they must be cau-
 tiously used, as the plant is emetic and cathar-
 tic. Itis most celebrated as a remedy in chronic
 rheumatism; and  is given in the form of tincture
 of the ripe berries.  It is, also, used in cuta-
 neous eruptions;  tinea capitis, itch, cancerous
 ulcers,  &c.
   The root is gathered and dried in the fall.
   PHYTOLAQUE A  DIX  ETAMINES.
 Phytolacca decandra.
   PHYTOLOGIA MEDICA,Botany, medical.
   PHYTOPH'AGOUS, Phytoph'agus; Phy-
 tiv'orous, Phytiv'orus; from cpvxov, ' a plant,'
 and <p*ya,  ' I eat.'  Feeding or subsisting on
 VC2" ©tell) 1C S •
   PHYTOSPERM'A, (F.) Pkytosperme; from
 cpvrov,' a vegetable,' and o-ntq^a,' sperm.' Par-
 ticles similar to  the spermatozoa of  animals,
 observed in vegetables, and presumed to possess
 a similar agency in reproduction.
   PHYTOTOMY, see Anatomy, (vegetable.)
   PHYTOZOON, Zoophyte.
   PIA MATER, Pia seu mollis seu ten'uis Ma-
 ter, Pia meninx, Meninx interior,  Meninx
 ckoro'i'des,  Inner  lam'ina of the Miningine,
 (Ch.,) Membra'na vasculo'sa Cer'ebri, Mem-
 brana Cer'ebri ten'uis seu mollis seu pro'pria,
 (F.) Pie mere, Miningette.   The pia mater is
 a very  delicate membrane,  which covers the
 brain immediately, penetrates into  its anfrac-
 tuosities, and envelops, also, the cerebellum
 and the  spinal prolongation, &c.  Bichat does
 not regard it as a membrane, properly so called,
 but as a net-work of blood-vessels, united by a
 lax cellular tissue.  The Pia Mater exterior is
 the portion of membrane which covers the ex-
 terior of the encephalon,and faces the arachnoid
 externally.  The Pia  Mater interior  is that
 which  lines the cerebral fossae,  into which it
 penetrates  by a cleft situate between the pos-
 terior part of the  corpus callosum and  the for-
 nix; and by two other fissures, situate between
 the corpora fimbriata  and thalami nervorum
opticorum.    The pia mater  contains a great
number  of granulations similar to the Glandu-
Ise Pacchioni.
  Pia Mater Testis, Tunica vasculosa — p.
Meninx, P. Mater.
  PIAN, Frambcesia.
  PIANS,  MOTHER OF, Mama-pian.
  PIAR, Pinguedo.
  PIARHiE'MIA; from mag, 'fat,' and W«,
' blood.'  Fat in the blood.—Simon.
  PICA, Malacia—p. Africanorum, Chthono-
phagia.
  PIC AC, Euphorbia corollata.
  PICACISM'US, Pica'tio, from pix,  'pitch.'
Depilation by means of a pitch plaster.  Also,
Malacia. 
                PICATIO                 6i

  PICATIO, Malacia, Picacismus.
  PICEA, Pinus abies.
  PICERION, Butter.
  PICHU'RIM BEANS.  The seed of a tree not
determined,  which  grows in Brazil,  Guiana,
Venezuela,  and other parts of South America.
They are of an elliptical shape; flat on one side,
convex on the other; of an aromatic odour be-
tween that of nutmegs and sassafras, and of a
spicy, pungent  taste.  The medical properties
are the same as those of other aromatics.
  PICKEREL WEED, SHOVEL, Unisema del-
tifolia.
  PICOTE, Variola.
  PICOTEMENT, Pricking.
  PICRiENA EXCELSA, Quassia.
  PICRIA,  Bitterness.
  PICRIUM SPICATUM, Coutoubea alba.
  PICROCHOLOS, Bilious.
  PI'CROMEL, Bilin; from mxqog,  'bitter,'
and fitxt, ' honey.'   A name given by Th^nard
to a  colourless, soft substance, of an acrid, bit-
ter, saccharine taste, nauseous  smell, and very
soluble in water.
  It forms part of the bile, and is classed amongst
the animal  immediate principles.
  PICROS, Amarus.
  PICROTOX'INE, Picrotoxi'na, Picrotox'in,
from 711*00?, ' bitter,' and ro^ivov,' poison.'  A
vegetable alkali, discovered by M. Boullay in
the Menispermum Cocculus. It crystallizes in
quadrangular, white, brilliant, semitransparent
prisms; which are  excessively bitter, soluble
in three parts of alcohol,  and in fifteen of boil-
ing water.
  The Cocculus Indicus owes its poisonous pro-
perties to this principle.
  PIE MERE, Pia mater.
  PIE-MERITE, Inflamma'tio pia matris. A
miserably compounded term, employed by  M.
Grisolle, to express inflammation of the  pia
mater:—from (F.)  pie mere, 'the pia mater,'
and ite, itis; a termination denoting inflamma-
tion.
  PIECE. Hepatitis.
  PIECES  D'ANATOM IE ARTIFI-
C1ELLES, see Artificial.
  PIED, Pes—p. d'Alexandre, Anthemis pyre-
thrum—p. d'Alouette des champs, Delphinium
consolida—p. Bot,  see Kyllosis—p.  de Chat,
Antennaria dioica—p. de  Cheval marin, Cornu
ammonis—j». de Griffon,  Gryphius pes,  Helle-
borus fcetidus—p. de Lion, Alchemilla—p. de
Lit,Origanum—p. d'Ours, Acanthus mollis—p.
Plat, see Kyllosis—p. de  Veau, Arum macula-
tum—^. de Veau Triphylle, Arum triphyllum.
  PIEIRON, Pinguedo.
  PIERRE, Calculus—;?. d'Aigle, mites—p.
d'Azur, Lapis lazuli—p.Calaminaire,Calamine
—p. a Cautere,Potassa cum calce—p.Infemale,
Argenti nitras —p. Judaique, Judaeus, (lapis)
—p. au Lait, Morochthus—p. Midicamenteuse,
Medicamentosus lapis—p.Niphritique,Nephre-
ticus lapis—p. Ponce, Pumex.
  PIERRES CRAYEUSES, Calculi, arthri-
tic—p. au Fiel, Calculi,biliary—^. Stercorales,
Calculus of the Stomach and Intestines—p. Uri-
naires, Calculi, urinary.
  PIESTER, Press.
  PIESTERION, Press.
  PIESTRON, from nuta, 'I press.'   An  in-
strument recommended  by Hippocrates   for
7                  PILL

breaking the bones of the fcetal head when too
large to be extracted otherwise.
  PIGAMON JAUNATRE, Thalictron.
  PIGEON BERrxIES, Phytolacca decandra—
p. Tree, Aralia spinosa.
  PIGMENT CELLS, see Cell, pigment.
  PIGMENTAL;  from pigmentum,  'paint.'
Having relation to pigment or colouring matter.
  Pigmental Appara'tus, (F.) Appareil pig-
mental.  The apparatus concerned in the colo-
ration  of the skin  of the coloured varieties of
man.—Flourens.
  PIGMENTARIUS, Apothecary, Unguenta-
rius.
  PIGMENTUM, Paint—p.  Indicum, Indigo—
p. Nigrum, see Choroid—p.  Uracu, Terra  Or-
leana.
  PIGNEROLE, Centaurea calcitrapa.
   PIGNON DE BARBARIE, Jatropha cur-
cas—p. d'Inde, Jatropha curcas.
  PIGNUT, Earthnut, Groundnut.  The bul-
bous root of Bu'nium Bulbocas'tanum.  Called
pignuts from the fondness of the pig for them.
They have been considered to possess a styptic
quality; and  are deemed serviceable in atonic
affections of the kidney.—Hooper.
  Pignut, Bunium bulbocastanum.
  PIG'S FLARE, Adeps suilla.
  PILA, Sphara, Ball.  A gymnastic exercise,
much used by the ancients as well as moderns.
—Galen. Also, a mortar and a pestle,—Ac'one.
  Pil a, Mortar, Pillar—p. Damarum, iEgagro-
pila—p. Rupicaprarum, ^Egagropila.
  Pila Mari'na, Sphara Marina, SpharaTha-
las'sia, Haleyo'nium rotun'dum, (F.) Pelotede
Mer.  Certain light, round, depressed, or oblong
masses—inodorous and insipid—in which rushes,
hairs,  and  the dibris of shells are met with.
These are found on  the  sea shores, and  have
been regarded by Spielmann as consisting chiefly
of the  roots of the Zos'tera Mari'na.  Iodine is
detected in the ashes, which accounts for  their
success in  goitre.  They have, also, been given
as a vermifuge.
   PILARE MALUM,  Trichosis.
  PILATIO, from  pilus, '  a hair.'  Fracture
of the  cranium in which the  fissure is  narrow,
and has the appearance of a hair—a cap'illary
fissure, (F.) Fente capillaire.
   PILEOLUM, Calotte.
   PILEOLUS, Caul, Pileus.
  VI'EEO\}&,Pilo'sus,(E,)Pileux. That which
relates to the hair.
   Pileous System of Bichat is that formed by
the hair.  It comprises the different species of
hair of the human body.
  PILES,  BLIND, Caecae haemorrhoides.
   PILEUS, ' a hat, cap or bonnet for the head.'
Pile'olus.  A shield. A nipple-like instrument,
formed of  various  materials, and used by fe-
males for protecting the nipple during the child's
sucking, when the part is painful.  Also, a caul.
  Pileus,  Cucupha—p.  Hippocratic us, Bonnet
d'Hippocrate.
  PILEUX, Pileous.
  PILE WORT, Ranunculus  acris, and R.ficaria.
  PILI  CAPITIS,  see  Capillus —p. Cutis,
Lanugo—p. Palpebrarum, Cilia.
  P1LIER, Pillar.
  PILIMICTIO,  see Trichiasis.
  PILL, Pilula—p. of Aloes and Camboge, Pi-
lulae aloes et cambogia? — p.  of Aloes  and  cin-
chona, Pilulae aloes et kinae  kinae—p.  of Aloes 
PILL
658           PILULE EX ALOE
and colocynth, Pilulae aloes et colocynthidis—
p. of Aloes and fetid gums,  Pilulae de aloe et
foetidis—p. of Aloes and ginger, Pilulae aloes et
zingiberis—p. Aloes and myrrh, Pilulae aloes et
myrrhae—p. Aloetic, Pilulae aloeticae—p. Aloe-
tic and asafcetida, Pilulae aloes et asafcetidae—
p. Aloetic, compound,Pilulae aloes compositae—
p. of Ammoniuret of copper, Pilulae ammoniu-
reti cupri—p. Analeptic, James's, see Analep-
tica—p. Anderson's, see Pilulae aioes et jalapae
—p. Anodyne, Pilulae opiatee — p. Antibilious,
Barclay's,  Pilulae antibiliosae—p. Antibilious,
Dixon's, Pilulae antibiliosae—p. Asiatic, Pilulae
Asiaticae—p. Bacher's, Pilulae ex helleboro et
myrrha—p. Barbarossa's, Barbarossae pilulae.
  Pill, Blatjd's.  These pills,proposed byM.
Blaud as antichlorotic, are formed as follows :
Take of GumTragacanth, in powder, six grains;
water, one drachm.  Macerate in a glass or por-
celain mortar, until a thick mucilage is formed,
and if it be desired to prevent the formation of
peroxide of iron, and to make the pills similar
to those of Vallet, substitute a drachm of pow-
dered sugar for the mucilage.   Add afterwards
of sulphate of iron, in powder, half an ounce.
Beat well  until the mixture  is homogeneous,
and add subcarbonate of potass, half an ounce.
Beat until  the mass becomes of a deep green
colour, and of a soft consistence.  Divide into
48 (?) pills.  Dose, one a day; gradually increas-
ing to two, and afterwards three.
  Pill, Blue,  Pilulae  hydrargyri — p.  Bran-
dreth's, Pilulae Aloes et Cambogiae—p. Calomel,
Pilulae hydrargyri chloridi mitis—p. Camboge,
Pilulae cambogiae compos.—p. Camboge,  com-
pound, Pilulae cambogiae compositae—p. of Carbo-
nate of iron, Pilulae ferri carbonatis—p. Cathar-
tic, compound, Pilulae catharticae compositae—
p. Common,  Pilulae aloes et myrrhae.
  Pill, Everlasting.   A pill once in vogue,
and said to be composed of metallic antimony.
It was believed to have the property of purging
as often as it was swallowed.  A lady having
swallowed one of these pills, became seriously
alarmed at  its not passing.   " Madam," said
her physician, " fear not; it has already passed
through a hundred patients without any diffi-
culty."—Paris.
  Pill, Female, Pilulae de aloe et foetidis—p.
Ferruginous, of Vallet, see Ferri Protocarbonas
—p.Fothergill's, see Pilulae aloes et colocynthi-
dis—p.  Galbanum, compound, Pilulae galbani
compositae—p. Gum, Pilulae galbani compositae
—p. of  Hellebore and myrrh, Pilulae ex helle-
boro et myrrha—p. Hesketh's, see Pilulae aloes
et kinae kinae—p. Hooper's, see Pilulae aloes et
myrrhae—p. Keyser's,  see Hydrargyrus ace-
tatus— p.  Lady Crespigny's, Pilulae  aloes et
kinae kinae.
  Pill, Lartigues', Pilulce Colchici et Digi-
ta'lis  (Ext. Coloc. c. gss: Ext. Sem. Colchic.
alcoholic, Extract. Digital.alcohol, aa gr. iss:
f. massa in pilul. x dividend.)  Dose, two, three
or more in the 24 hours, in gout.
  Pill  Machine,  Pilulier — p.  Matthews's,
see Pilulae ex  helleboro et myrrha — p.  Mer-
curial, Pilulae hydrargyri — p. of mild  chlo-
ride of  Mercury, Pilulae hydrargyri  chloridi
mitis — p.  Moffat's, Pilulae aloes  et cambogiae
— p.  Morrison's, Pilulae aloes et cambogiae,
see Pilulae  cambogiae compositae—p. Moseley's,
Pilulae rhej compositae—p. Night, common,  Pi-
lulae opiatae — p. Opiate,  Pilulae opiatee — p.
Peter's,  see Pilulae  aloes  et cambogiae — p.
Plummer's,Pilulae hydrargyri submuriatis com-
positae—p. of Sulphate of Quinia,  Pilulae qui-
niae sulphatis—p.  Red, Pilulce hydrargyri sub-
muriatis compositae—p. Red, Boerhaave's, see
Hydrargyri sulphuretum rubrum—p.  of Rhu-
barb, Pilulae Rhej —p. of Rhubarb, compound,
Pilulce  rhei  compositae — p. Rufus's, Pilulae
aloes et myrrhae—p. Scotch, Pilulae de aloe et
foetidis—p. of Soap and opium,  Pilulae saponis
cum opio—p. Speediman's,  see Pilulce aloes et
myrrhae — p.  Squill, compound, Pilulce  scillae
compositae—p.^ Starkey's, see Pilulae ex  helle-
boro et myrrha—p. Storax, Pilulae e styrace—
p. of Strychnia, Pilulae strychniae—p.  of Sub-
muriate of mercury, compound, Pilulae hydrar-
gyri submuriatis compositae—p. Tanjore, Pilu-
lae Asiaticae—p. Turpentine, Pilulae de terebin-
thina—p. Vallet's, see Ferri protocarbonas, and
Pilulae ferri  carbonatis—p.  Webster's, Pilulae
aloes et kinae kinae.
  PILLAR, Pita, Colum'na, Columella, (F.)
Pilier.   A name given to several parts; as the
pillars of the velum palati, diaphragm, &c.
  PILON,  Pilum.
  PILOSELLA, Hieracium pilosella.
  PILOSUS, Pileous.
  PIL'ULA, Plural,  Pilulae.   Diminutive of
pila,  ' a ball:'  Spharid'ion, Catapo'tion, Ca-
tap'otum, Spha'rion, Gongylion, Gon'gylis,
Gongylid'ium. A Pill. (F.) Pilule.  A simple
or compound medicine, weighing from one to
five grains, of a firm consistence and spherical
form; intended to  be swallowed at once, with-
out chewing.   The Pill differs from the Bolus,
the latter being softer and larger.
  Medicines are often given in the form of pill,
on account of their disagreeable taste and odour.
Pilula, also, means a Pilular mass.
  PILULAE EX ALOE, P. aloes compositae—
p. de Aloe et cambogia, P.  aloes et cambogia?.
  Pilulje Aloet'icje, Pilulae ex Aloe et Sapo'-
ne, Aloetic  Pill.  (F.) Pilules  d'aloes ou alo-
itiques.   (Aloes  in pulv.;   saponis,  sing. §j,
syr. q. s. to form 240 pills.   Ph. U. S.)  Dose,
gr. x. to xx in habitual costiveness.
  Pilule Aloes  et Asafgs'tidje, Aloetic and
Asafatida Pills.   (Aloes;  §ss, asafatidse, sa-
ponis, sing. §ss, mudlag. acaciae, q. s. to form
180  pills.   Ph. U. S.)  Purgative and stoma-
chic.  Dose, gr. x.
  Pilule  Aloes  et Cambo'gije, P. de Aloe et
Cambo'gid,P.Hydrago'ga Bon'tii, Pill of Aloes
and Camboge.  (Aloes, cambog., gum. ammo-
niac, aa p. ce.   Make into a powder.  Dis-
solve in vinegar; pass through a cloth; express
the residuum  strongly; and afterwards evapo-
rate, in a water bath, to a pilular  consistence.
Ph. P.)   Purgative: used  in dropsy.  Dose,
gr. xij to xxx.
   Peter's Pills—anostrum—are formed of aloes,
jalap, scammony, and camboge, of each equal
parts.
   The  basis of Morrison's  Pills, often called
Hygiene pills, of Brandreth's Pills and Moffat's
pills, is said to be aloes, with camboge, scam-
mony, &c.
   Pilul,»e Aloes et Colocyn'thidis, P. ex Co-
locynth'ide cum aloe, P. Aloes cum Colocynthi-
de, P. coe'einse, P. cocchii, P. colocyn'thidis com-
pos'ita, P.  cocciae mino'res, Pill of aloes and
Colocynth.   (Pulp,  coloc.   ^ss,  aloes hepat.,
scammon., aa §j, sapon. gij, ol. caryoph. £j, 
PILULE ALOES COMPOSITE     569       PILULAE DE CYNOGLOSSO
 syrup, q. s. Ph. D.) Cathartic.  Dose, gr. v.
 to x or more.
    Foth'ergill's Pills  consist of  aloes, scam-
 mony, colocynth, and oxide of antimony.
    Pilul/e Aloes Compos'iTjE, Pilulce ex Aloe,
 Compound Aloetic Pills.   (Aloes spic extract.
 cont. gj, ext. gentiana gss,  olei carui gtt. xl.
 syr. q. s. Ph. L.)  These are sometimes, also,
 called Family pills, Antibilous pills, &c.
    Pilulje de Aloe et Fce'tidis, P. Benedid-
 tx Fulleri, Pill of aloes and fetid gums; Pilu-
 la ecphrac'tica, Female pills, Pilula aloes mar-
 tia'les, (F.) Pilules binites de Fuller.  (Aloes
 socotr.,  senna,  asafatida,  galbani,  aa gij,
 myrrh, giv, croci, macis,  aa gj, ferri sulphat.
 giss.  Reduce to powder separately, and add
 ol. succin.  gtt. viij, syr. artemisiae q. s. Ph.
 P.) Purgative, and given in hysteria.  Dose,
 gr. xv to xx.
   Pilulje Aloes et Jalap'.*:, commonly called
 Anderson's  Pills,  Anderson's  Scots'  Pills,
 Scotch Pills.   (Aloes  Barbod. Ibj, rad. helleb.
 nigr.,  rad. jalapa, potassae  subcarb., aa gj,
 ol. anisi giv, syrup, simpl. q. s.—Gray.) Dose,
 gr. x to xxx.
   A committee of the Philadelphia College of
 Pharmacy  recommend the following:  Aloes
 Barbadens.  gxxiv,  Saponis, giv, Colocynthid.
 gj, Gambogiae, gj, Ol. anis. f. gss.
   Pilulae Aloes et Kin^e Kin.e, P. stomach'-
 ica, P. ante cibum; Pill of Aloes and Cinchona,
 (F.) Pilules Gourmandes.  (Aloes socotr. gvj,
 ext. cinchon, giij, cinnam. gj, syrup, absinth.
 q. s. Ph. P.) Stomachic and laxative.  Dose,
 gr. x. to xx.
   Lady  Crespigny's  Pills,  Lady  Webster's
 Pills, Lady Hesketh's pills,  and the Pilulae
 Stomach'ica  Mesues,  Ph. L. 1635, resemble
 these.
   Pilul/e Aloes Martiales, P. de Aloe et foe-
 tidis.
   Pilule Aloes et Myerhb, P. Aloes cum
 Myrrha, P.deAlo'eet Myrrhd,Rufus's or Ruf-
 fus's Pills, Common Pills, Pilula Rufi seu
 Ruffi,, P. Commu'nes, Pills of Aloes and Myrrh.
 (Aloes gij, croci in  pulv. gss, myrrh, gj.  Syr.
 q. s. to'form 480  pills. Ph.  U. S.) Cathartic
 and emmenagogue.  Dose, gr. x. to xx.
   Hooper's Pills, according to one of Gray's for-
 mulae, are  made  as follows.  Ferri Sulph.,
 aqua, ail gviij : dissolve.   Add Aloes Barbad.
 Ibij  and  gviij, canellx  alba, gvj, gum myrrh,
 gij, opopanacis, giv.
   The Committee of the Philadelphia College
 of Pharmacy recommend  the following form.
 Aloes Barbadensis,f,v'\\\, Ferri Sulphatis exsic-
 cat., gij, giss, vel Ferri Sulph. cry stall, giv,
 Ext. Helleb. nigr. gij, myrrh, gij, Saponis,
 gij, Canellx in pulv. trita,%j, Zingib. in pulv.
 trita, gj.
  Speediman's Pills consist of aloes, myrrh,
 rhubarb, extract of chamomile, and essential oil
 of chamomile.
  Pilul.f, de Aloe et Sapone, P. aloeticae.
  Pilulje Aloes cum Zingib'ere, Pill of aloes
 and ginger.   (Aloes hepat. gj, rad. zingib. in
 pulv. gj, sapon. Hispan. gss, ol. ess. mentha
 pip. gss. Ph.  D.)   In habitual  costiveness.
 Dose, gr. x to xx.
  Pilulje Ammoniure'ti Cupri, Pills of Am-
 moniuret of Copper, Pilula Cupri, (F.) Pilules
d'ammoniure de  cuivre.  (Ammoniur. cupri in
pulv. ten. trit.  gr. xvj, mica panis Qiv, aquae
  carbonatis ammonix q. s.  Beat into a mass,
  and divide into xxxij pills.   Ph. E.)  Tonic
  and antispasmodic, in epilepsy, &c.  Dose, one
  pill twice daily; gradually increasing the dose.
    Pilule Ante Cibum, P. aloes et kinae kinae.
    Pilulae  Antibilio's*,  Barclay's  Antibil-
  ious Pills.   (Extract of colocynth gij, resin of
 jalap, gj, almond soap giss, guaiac, giij, emetic
  tart. gr. viij. ol. junip., ol. carui, ol. rosmarin.
  aa  gtt.  iv, syrup of buckthorn  q. s.,  to form
  64  pills.)  Dose, 2 or 3.
    Dixon's Antibilious Pills axe formed of aloes,
  scammony, rhubarb, and tartarized antimony.
    Pilule AntiherpeticjE, Pilulae  hydrargyri
  submuriatis comp.—p. Antihystericae, P. gal-
  bani compositae.
    Pilule  Antiscrophulo's.e,  P.  ex  Ox'ido
  Stib'ii  et Hydrar'gyri sulphure'to nigro com-
  pos'itx.  (P.  scammon., hydrarg.  sulphur.
  nigr., aa gij, antimonii oxidi albi, milleped.,
  sapon.  amygdalin., aa giij, extract, glycyrrh.
  ^v.  Make  into a  mass.   Ph. P.)  Dose  gr.
  iv. to xx.
   Pilule Antispasticje, P. galbani compositae
  —p.  Asafcetidae  compositae, P. galbani com-
  positae.
   Pilule Asiat'ic^:, Asiatic Pills, Tanjore
 Pills.   (Acid, arsenios. gr.  Iv: Piper, nigr.
 pulv. gix., Acacix q. s. ut  fiant pil. 800. Each
 pill  contains  about one-fifteenth of a grain of
 arsenious acid.  These  pills  are employed in
 India for the cure of syphilis and elephantiasis.
   Pilule Balsam'ice, P. Docto'ris  Morton
 (Milleped pulverisat. ^xvii], gum. ammon. gxj,
 acid, benzoic, gvj, croci, balsam. Peruv. aagj.,
 balsam,  sulph. anisat.  gvj.   Mix. Ph. P.)
 Tonic, expectorant, and balsamic.
   Pilule Benedicts Fulleri, P. de Aloe et
 foetidis.
   Pilule: Cambo'gi.e CoMPOs'iTa:, P. de gutta
 gaman'drd, P. hydrago'ga, Gamboge pills, Pi-
 lida gummi guttce  aloet'icx;  Compound Cam-
 boge pills, (F.) Pilules de gomme gutte com-
 posies.  (Cambogix contrita, aloes spicat. ex-
 tract, contriti., pulv. cinnam. comp. sing, gj,
 saponis  gij. Ph.  L.)  Cathartic.   Dose, gr.
 x to xx.
   Morrison's Pills are said by Dr. Paris to  be
 nothing  more  than the above, with the addition
 of a small portion of cream of tartar.
   Pil'ul^e  Cathar'ticjE  Compos'it;e, Com-
 pound cathartic pills.  (Ext.  colocynth. comp.
 in pulv.  gss;  Ext. Jalapa in pulv., Hydrarg.
 chlorid.  mit. aa giij;  Gambog. in pulv. gij. M.
 Form into a mass with water, and make into
 180  pills—Ph.  U. S.)  Three for a dose.
   Pilule Cocchii, P. aloes et colocynthidis—
 p. Cocciae minores, P. aloes et colocynthidis—
 p. Coccinae, P. aloes et colocynthidis—p. Col-
 chici et  digitalis, P. Lartigues'—p. Colocyn-
 thidis compositae,  P. aloes et  colocynthidis—
 p. ex Colocynthide  cum  aloe,  P.  aloes et colo-
 cynthidis—p.  Communes, P. aloes et myrrhae
 —p. Cupri, Pilulae ammoniureti cupri.
   Pilule Oopa'ibje, Pills of Copaiba. (Copaib.
 gij; magnesix, recente praepar. gj.   Mix, and
 set aside  till it concretes into a pilular mass, to
 be divided into 200 pills.—Ph. U. S.)  Each
 pill contains nearly five grains of copaiba. Two
 to six for a dose.
  Pilulje de Cynoglos'so, P. de extrac'to o'pii.
(Pulv. rad. cynogloss., semin.  hyoscyam. alb.,
extract, opii vinos, aa giv. pulv. myrrh, gvj, 
PILULE DEPURANTES         660    PILULE  SCILLAE COMPOSITE
oliban. gv, croci., castor.,aa giss, syrup opii q. s.
Ph. P.)  Anodyne.   In  cough, &c.   Dose, gr.
iv. to gr. viij.
  Pilule Depurantes, P. hydrargyri submu-
riatis compos.—p. Ecphracticae, P. de aloe et
foetidis.
  Pilule Ferri Carbona'tis, Pills of Carbo-
nate of iron, Vallet's ferru'ginous pills. (Ferri.
Sulph. giv; Sodx Carbonat. gv; Mel. despu-
mat. gijss;  Syrup., Aqua  bullientis, aa q. s.
Dissolve the sulphate of iron and carbonate of
soda, each in a pint of the water, and to each
solution  add a  fluidounce  of syrup;  then  mix
the two solutions in a bottle just large enough
to contain  them; close it accurately with a
stopper, and set it by, that  the carbonate of iron
may subside.  Pour off the  liquid, and having
washed the precipitate with warm water, sweet-
ened with syrup  in  the proportion of f. gj of
the latter to Oj of the former, until the wash-
ings no longer have a saline taste, place it upon
a flannel cloth, and express as  much water as
possible; then mix it with the honey.  Lastly,
heat the  mixture  in a water bath, until it  con-
tains a pilular consistence.—Ph. U. S.)
  Pilule Ferri  Compos'ite, Compound pills
of Iron, Pilule Ferri cum  myrrha, (F.) Pilules
de Fer composies. (Myrrh  in  pulv. gij, sodx
subcarb., ferri sulph., ia gj. Syrup, q. s. Mix,
to form  80 pills.—Ph.  U.  S.) Tonic.  Dose,
gr. x to xx.
  Pilule Ferri cum Myrrha, P. Ferri com-
positae—p. Fcetidae, P. galbani compositae.
  Pilule Gal'bani Compos'ite, P. asafa'tidx
compos'itx, P. fa'tidce, P. gummo'sx, P. e gum-
mi, Compound gal'banum pill, Pilulx antispas'-
ticx, P. antihyster'ica, P. myrrhx compos'itx,
Gum pill. (Galban., myrrha, aa giss, asafatidx
giv, syrup, q. s. to form 480 pills.—Ph. U. S.)
Antispasmodic and emmenagogue.   Dose, gr.
x to xx.
  Pilulae Gummi, P. galbani  compositae—p.
Gummi guttae aloeticae, P.  cambogiae compositae
—p. Gummosae,  P. galbani compositae—p. de
Gutta.  gamandra,  P. cambogiae compositae.
  PlLUL/E  EX  HeLLEB'ORO ET  MYRRHA, P.
ton'icx, Backer's  Pills,  Tonic Pills of Bacher,
Pills of Hellebore and Myrrh.  (Ext. helleb.
nig., extrac. myrrh, aa. g j. fol. cardui benedict.,in
pulv. giij. Mix. Ph. P.)  Tonic and emmena-
gogue.   In dropsical, cutaneous, and verminous
affections.   Dose, gr. iv. to gr. viij.
  Matthews's Pills,—Starkey's Pills, are form-
ed of rad. helleb.  nigr.,  rad. glycyrrh., sapon.
Castill., rad. curcuma, opii purif., syrup, croci,
aa giv. ol. tereb. q. s. ut fiat massa.—Gray.
  Pilule Hydragogue, P.  cambogiae compo-
sitae—p. Hydragogae Bontii, Pilulae aloes et cam-
bogiae.
  Pilule Hydrar'gyri, P  mercuria'les, Mer-
curial pill, Blue pill, (F.) Pilules de Mercure.
(Hydrarg. purif. gj, confect. rosa  giss,  gly-
cyrrh. gss.   Rub the quicksilver with the con-
fection, until the globules disappear; then add
the liquorice powder, and  beat the whole into a
uniform  mass, to be divided into 480 pills.—Ph.
U.S.)   Antisyphilitic; mercurial; — in large
doses, purgative.
  Pilule Hydrar'gyri Chlo'ridi Mitis, Pills
of mild chloride of mercury, Calomel Pills,(Hy-
drarg. chlorid. mit. gss, acacia, in pulv. gj;
Syrup,  q. s.,  ut fiant  pil. 240.—Ph. U. S.)
Each pill contains one grain.
  Pilulje de Hydrargyro,  Scammo'nio  et
Aloe, vulgo Mercuria'les, (F.) Pilules Mer-
curielles ou  de Mercure, Scammonie et Aloes.
(Hydrarg. purif. £),mellis gxj.  Rub until the
globules disappear; then add aloes Socot., scam-
mon. aa gij, mads, dnnam. aa gij.   Make into
a mass.  Ph. P.)  Uses, same as the last, but
they are more purgative. Dose, gr. viij to xxx.
These pills are nearly the same as the Pastilles
de Renaudot.
  Pilule ex Hydrargyro Muriatico miti
cum Sulphure Stibiato Aurantiaco, Pilulae
hydrargyri submuriatis  compositae.
  Pilule Hydrargyri Submuriatis Compos-
ite, Pilula ex Stib'io et Hydrar'gyro, P. anti-
herpet'ica, P. ex hydrargyro muriatico miti
cum sul'phure stibia'to  auriantiaco, P. resol-
ven'tes cum mercurio, P. depurantes, Compound
Pills of Submuriate of Mercury, P. Hydrar-
gyri  Submuriatis, Calomel Pills, Plummer's
Pills, Red Pill.  (Hydrarg. submur.,antimon.
sulphur, precipitat.  sing, gij, guaiac. gum re-
sin. corDtrit. giv, spirit red. gss. Beat together.
Ph. L.)  Mercurial, and reputed to be diapho-
retic and alterative.   Dose, gr. v to x.
  Leake's Pilula  saluta'ria resembles these.
It is used in syphilis.
  Pilule Mercuriales, P. hydrargyri, P. de
hydrargyro,  scammonio et aloe—p. Doctoris
Morton, P. balsamicae—p.  Myrrhae compositae,
P. Galbani compositae.
  Pilule Opia'te, P. Theba'ica, Opiate Pills,
Common Night  Pills, Anodyne Pills, Nepen'-
thes opia'tum, (F.) Pilules Opiacies.   (Opii,
p. 1 ; ext. glycyrrh. p. 7 ; fruct. Myrt.piment.
p. 2.  Mix.  Ph. E.)  Five grains contain gr.
ss of opium.
  Pilule Opii, P. saponis cum opio — p. de
Extracto  opii, P. de cynoglosso—p. ex Oxido
stibii et hydrargyri sulphureto nigro compositae,
Pilulae  antiscrophulosae — p. Resolventes cum
mercurio, P. hydrargyri submuriatis compos.
—p. de Rhabarbaro, Pilulae rhei compositae.
  The stomachic nostrum, sold under the name
of Moseley's Pills, consists merely of rhubarb
and ginger.
  Pilule Qui'nie Sulpha'tis, Pills  of sul-
phate of Quinia (Quin. Sulph. gj, acacia, in
pulv. gij, syrup, q. s., ut fiant pilulae 480. Ph.
U.  S.)  Each pill contains a grain of the sul-
phate of quinia.
  Pilule Rhej, Pills  of Rhubarb, (Rhej, in
pulv. gvj, saponis. gij; M. et fiant pil. 120.
Ph. U.  S.)  Each pill contains three grains of
rhubarb.
  Pilule RheiCompos'ite, P. deRhabar'baro,
Compound Rhubarb  Pills.  (Pulv. Rhei  gj,
aloes r$vj, myrrh in pulv. giv, ol. mentha pip.
f. gss.  Beat into a mass, with syrup of orange
peel, to form 240 pills.   Ph. U. S.)  Laxative
and stomachic.  Dose gr. x. to xx.
   Pilule Rufi, P. aloes et myrrhae—p. Salu-
tariae, Leake's, see Pilulae hydrargyri submuri-
atis compositae—p. Saponaceae, P. saponis cum
opio—p.  Saponis compositae, P. saponis cum
opio.
   Pilule Sapo'nis  cum O'pio, P.  sapona'cese,
Pills of  Soap and  Opium, P. sapo'nis com-
pos'ita, Pilula Opii,  (F.) Pilules de Savon
et  d'Opium.  (Opii gss.  Sapon.  gij. M.—
Ph. U. S.)   Five grains contain one of opium.
   Pilule e Scilla, P. Scillae compositae.
   Pilule Scille Compos'ite, P. Scillit'ica, 
PILULAR
661         PINCKNEYA PUBENS
P. Sdllx cum Zinzib'ere, P. e. Scilla, Compound
Squill Pill.  (Scilla in pulv. gj; zingib. in
pulv.; ammoniac in pulv. aa. gij;  saponis, giij,
syrup, q. s. ut fiant pil. 120—Ph. U. S.)  Dose
two  pills.  Expectorant and diuretic.   Dose,
gr. x to xx.
  Pilule Scille cum Zingibere, P.  scillae
compositae—p.  Scilliticae,  P. scillae compositae
—p. ex  Stibio  et hydrargyro, P. hydrargyri
submur.  compos.—p. Stomachicae, P. aloes et
kinae kinae.
   Pilule  Strych'nie, Pills of Strychnia.
(Very pure strychnine, 2 gr.; conserve of roses,
gss.  Make into 24 pills.)  One or two for a
dose.
   Pilule e Sty'race, Storax Pills. (Styracis
pur. giij, opii purif., mellis, croci, sing.  gj.
Ph. D.)   Six grains contain one  of opium.
   Pilule Sublingualis, Hypoglottides.
   Pilule de Terebin'thina, Turpentine Pills.
 Made  of turpentine boiled in 3 times its weight
 of water, until, when thrown  into cold  water,
 it forms a soft paste, which has the properties of
 turpentine, and has been administered in gleet,
 &c.
   Pilule Thebaice,  P.  opiatae—p.  Tonicae,
 P. ex Helleboro et myrrha.
   PIL'ULAR, Pilula'ris;  from pilula, 'a pill.'
 Relating to pills,—as ' apilular mass,' 'pilular
 form,' &c.
   PILULES, Pilulae—p. Agrigatives, see
 Aggregate—p.  d'Aloes ou  aloitiques,  Pilulae
 aloeticae—p. d'Ammoniure  de cuivre,  Pilulae
 ammoniureti cupri—p. Benkes de Fuller, Pilu-
 lae de aloe et foetidis—p. de Fer  composies, Pi-
 lulae ferri compositae—p. Ferrugineuses de Val-
 let, see Ferri protocarbonas—p.  Gourmandes,
 Pilulae aloes et kinae kinae—p. de Mercure, Pi-
 lulae hydrargyri—p. de Mercure, &c, Pilulae de
 hydrargyro, et  scammonio et  aloe—p. Mercu-
 rielles, Pilulce  de  hydrargyro,  scammonio et
 aloe—p. Opiacies, Pilulae  opiatae—p. de Savon
 et d'Opium, Pilulae saponis  cum opio.
   PILULIER (F.), Pill Machine.  An instru-
 ment invented by the Germans for rolling and
 dividing pills.  Also, the  earthen pot in which
 pills are preserved.
   PILUM,  Pistil'lus, Pistillum,  Hyp'eros,
 Cer'cis, (F.) Pilon.   A  pestle.  A wooden,
 iron,  bell-metal, marble, agate, porcelain, or
 glass  instrument for beating  or dividing sub-
 stances in a mortar.
   PILUS, Capillus, Caul, Hair.
   PIMELE, Pinguedo.
   PIMELECCHYSIS, Pimelorrhcea.
   PIMELICUS, Fatty.
    PIMELI'TIS, fromTri/juXr,, 'fat,' and itis, de-
 noting inflammation.   Inflammation of the adi-
 pous  tissue.
   PIMELODES, Fatty.
    PIMELO'MA, from niptx*, ' fat.'  A fatty
 swelling.
    PIMELORRHCE'A, Pimelec'chysis,  from
 Triiuxv, ' fat,' and ote., ' I flow.'  A morbid dis-
 charge or disappearance of fat.
    PIMELORTHOPNCE'A. Piorthopna'a; from
 wiftiXr, 'fat,'  o?6V, 'upright,'  and srvstiv, 'to
 breathe.'   Dyspnoea,  practicable only in the
 erect attitude, owing to fat.
    PIMELO'SIS, Obes'itas nim'ia, from mptx*,
 ' fat.'  Conversion into, or formation of, fat,—
 as  Pimelo'sis  hepatica, < fatty degeneration  of
 the liver.'
  Pimelosis Hepatica, Adiposis hepatica—p.
Nimia, see Polysarcia.
  PIMENT,  Capsicum annuum — p.  Royal,
Myrica gale.
  PIMENTA, see Myrtus pimenta.
  PIMENTO BACCE, see Myrtus pimento.
  PIMENTO, see Myrtus pimenta.
  PIMIACULA, Labia pudendi.
  PIMPERNEL, BLUE, Scutellaria lateriflora
—p. Red, Anagallis — p.  Scarlet, Anagallis
arvensis—p. Water,  Veronica beccabunga.
  PIMPILIM, Piper longum.
  PIMP1NEL, ITALIAN, Sanguisorba offici-
nalis.
  PIMPINEL'LA ANISUM, The Anise plant,
Anisum, Anisum vulga're, Sola'men intestino'-
rum, Ane'sum, (F.) Anis.   Family, Umbelli-
ferae.  Sex.Syst. Yentandxia Digynia. A native
of Egypt.  The  seeds, Anisum, (Ph. U.  S.)
Sem'ina  Anisi,  An'iseed,  have an aromatic
odour; and a sweetish,  warm, grateful taste.
They are carminative; and  used in dyspepsia
and  the tormina of infants.   Dose, gr. xv togj,
bruised.  The oil,—Oleum Ani'si,  (F.) Huile
d'anis—is officinal.  Dose, gtt- v. toxv.  Most
of the oil used in this country under the  name
of Oil of  Anise is said  to be obtained from Illi-
cium Anisatum.
   Pimpinella, Greater, P. magna—p.Hircina,
P. Saxifraga.
   Pimpinel'la Magna, P. Nigra; Greater Pim-
pinella;  Tragoselinum majus, Daucus, Cy-
an'opus,  (F.) Boucage majeur.  The root has
been extolled as diuretic and resolvent, as well
as in  erysipelatous  ulcerations, tinea  capitis,
rheumatism, &c.
   Pimpinella Nigra, P. magna.
   Pimpinella Saxif'raga, Sax'ifrage, Burnet
sax'ifrage, Pote'rium sanguisor'ba, Sorbastrel-
la, Tragoselinum, Pimpinella hircina, P.um-
bellif'era, (F.) Boucage mineur, Petit B., Pim-
prenelle.  The root has an unpleasant smell, and
hot, pungent bitterish taste.  It has been re-
 commended as a stomachic ; and  as a stimu-
 lating gargle in paralysis of the tongue.
   Pimpinella Umbellifera, P. saxifraga.
   PIMPLE, Papula.
   PIMPRENELLE, Pimpinella saxifraga—
p. Noire, Sanguisorba officinalis.
   PIN.   Perhaps from Pennum, low Latin ; or
 from Spina; Spina fer'rea, Acus capita'ta, (F.)
 Epingle.   An iron  or brass instrument, gene-
 rally of a small size; pointed at one extremity,
 and having a head at the other.  It is  used, in
 Surgery, to fix rollers and  dressings;  and oc-
 casionally in  sutures.
   PIN A PIGNON, see Pinus picea.
   PINASTELLUM, Peucedanum.
   PINASTER, Pinus  sylvestris.
   PINCE, Pinched.
   PINCE LITHODRASS1QUE, see Litho-
 drassic.
   PINCEE, Pugillus.
   PINCERS, Forceps.
   PINCETTES, Forceps.
   PINCHED, Contrac'tus, (F.) Pinci, Grippe.
 An epithet applied to the face, when the features
 are contracted or shrunken; as in violent abdo-
 minal affections, or during intense pain.
   PINCKNE'YA  PUBENS,  P.  Pubes'eens,
 Georgia Bark, Bitter bcirk, Flor'ida bark, Fever
 tree.  This bark has  been  used  in Georgia in 
PINDARS
662
PINUS ABIES
 the cure of intermittents, and successfully.   It
 is a powerful bitter.  Dose of the powder, gj.
   PINDARS, Arachis Hypogea.
   PINE  APPLE, Bromelia ananas—p. Apher-
 nousli, Pinus  cembra—p. Ground, stinking,
 Camphorosma Monspeliaca—p. Mountain, see
 Pinus mughos—p. Mugho, see Pinus mughos—
 p. Stone, Pinus pinea — p. Sugar, see Arrow
 Root.
   PINEA, Pinus pinea.
   PINE'AL, Pinea'lis, from pinus, ' a pine.'
 That which resembles a pine-apple.
   Pineal Gland, Glandula pinea'lis,  Cerebral
 epipliysis, Cona'rium, Conoides corpus, Penis
 cer'ebri, Corpus turbina'tum, Virga  seu  Turbo
 cer'ebri, is a small  body,  of a conical shape;
 pale red or grayish colour; and soft consistence;
 situate between the fornix and the tubercula
 quadrigemina.   It almost  always contains sa-
 bulous particles, Sab'ulum  cona'rii.    When
 these are grouped together over the base of the
 gland,  they form the  Aeer'vulus  Cer'ebri  of
 Sommering, Lapilliglan'dulxpinea'lis.  From
 this anterior  part arise two medullary striae,
 which proceed over  the posterior commissure;
 coast along the optic thalami, and unite at the
 anterior pillar of the fornix,—the habe'nx  or
 reins of the pineal gland.
   The uses of the pineal  gland are unknown.
 Descartes supposed it to be the seat of the soul!
   PINEUS PURGANS, Jatropha curcas.
   PINGUECULA, Pteryg'iumpingue seu tar-
 da' ceum, from pinguis,' fat,' ' fatty.' A small,
 whitish-yellow tumour in the sclerotic conjunc-
 tiva and subjacent cellular tissue, close to the
 margin of the cornea on its nasal or temporal
 side; so called  from its being  supposed, but
 erroneously, to be of a fatty nature.
   PINGUE'DO, Pinguetu'do,  Pim'ele,  Piar,
 Piei'ron,  Lipos, Stear, Adeps, Sevum, Sebum,
 Corpus adipo'sum, Axun'gia, Fat, (F.)  Graisse.
 A soft, white,  animal  substance;  inodorous;
 insipid; oily; inflammable, easy to melt; spoil-
 ing in the air, and becoming  rancid by union
 with oxygen; almost insoluble in alcohol; inso-
 luble in water;  soluble in the fixed oils.  Fat
 is  formed  chiefly  of  immediate  principles,
 stearin, margarin and olein, which are regarded
 as salts, composed of stearic, margaric and oleic
 acids,  and a common base  to which, from its
 sweetish taste, the name Glyc"erin has been
 given: to these  are, almost always,  joined an
 odorous and a colouring principle. Fat  is found
 in a number of animal tissues, and is very abun-
 dant in the neighbourhood of the kidneys and in
 the epiploon.  It is generally fluid in the ceta-
 cea; soft and of a strong smell in the carnivora;
 solid, and inodorous in the ruminating animal;
 white, and abundant in young animals, and
 yellowish  in  old.   It usually  forms about a
 20th part of the  weight of the human body.
 The fat, considered physiologically, has for its
 function to protect the organs;  maintain their
 temperature; and to serve for nutrition in case
 of need; and is observed  in torpid animals.
  Pinguedo Renalis, Nephridion.
  PINGUICULA  VULGA'RIS,  Sanic'ula
 monta'na, S.  Eboracen'sis, Viola palns'tris,
 Dodecath'eon Plin'ii, Butter-wort,  Yorkshire
San'icle. Family, Texsonnex. Sex. Syst Dian-
dria Monogynia.  The unctuosity of this plant
has caused it to be applied to chaps, and as a
pomatum to the hair.  Decoctions of the leaves,
 in broths, are used by the common people in
 Wales as a cathartic.
   PINGUIN, Bromelia pinguin.
   PINGUITUDO, Pinguedo.
   PINHONES INDICI, Jatropha curcas.
   PINK, CAROLINA, Spigelia, Marilandica.
   Pink Dye. Stripped safflower, gj, subcarb. of
 potass, gr.  xviij, spirit of wine gvij; digest for
 two  hours; add distilled water gij : digest for
 two  hours  more, and add distilled vinegar or
 lemon juice c\.s., to reduce it to a fine rose-colour.
 Used as a cosmetic.
   Pink, Ground, Silene Virginica—p. Indian,
 Spigelia Marilandica—p.Wild, SileneVirginica.
   PINNA, Ala, Pavilion of the ear—p. Marina,
 SC6 BlSSUS
   PINNACULUM FORNICIS  GUTTURA-
 LIS, Uvula.
   PINNyE  HEPATIS,  Lobes of the liver—p.
 Naris,  see Nasus.
   PINNULA, Aileron.
   PINNUL^E HEPATIS, Lobes of the liver.
   PINO'LI. (S.) A preparation  used for sub-
 sistence on long journeys in the West.   It is
 parched corn, beaten or ground very fine, and
 sweetened with sugar, to be used with water,
 and drunk on the  march.  It is the  cold flour
 of the Indians, and early Western pioneers.
   PINONCILLO TREE, Castiliognia lobata.
   PINUS A'BIES, Abies  rubra, A. exeel'sa,
 Elate  theleia, Pice'a,  Norway  Spruce Fir,
 Yew-leaved  Fir.  Nat.  Ord. Coniferae.  Sex.
 Syst. Monoecia  Monadelphia.  The  tops are
 used  in making Spruce Beer.
   Essence of Spruce,  Essen'tia  Abie'tis, is a
 fluid  extract, prepared by decoction from the
 twigs of this species of fir.  From this is made
 Spruce Beer.
   This fir affords the Burgundy pitch and com-
 mon frankincense.  1. Bur'gundy  Pitch, White
 pitch, Pix Burgun'dica, Pix alba, Resina abie'-
 tis hu'mida, Resina alba humida, Pini abie'tis
 resina sponte concre'ta, Pix ar'ida, Pix abieti-
 na, P. abietis (Ph. U.  S.,) (F.) Poix blanche,
 Poix grasse, P. jaune, P. de Bourgogne. This
 prepared concrete juice is of a close consistence,
 rather soft,  of a reddish brown colour, and not
 unpleasant  smell.  It  is very adhesive to the
 skin ; and, consequently, forms excellent plas-
 ters for remaining upon the part for some time;
 — as  in  cases  of affections of the chest. 2.
 Abie'tis Resina,  (Ph.  L. since 1809.)   Thus,
 Common Frankincense, Perrosin, Thus fami-
 ninum, T.  vulga're, Olib'anum vulgare, Re-
 sina abietis  sicca, Resin of the  Spruce Fir. It
 is  solid, dry, brittle; externally, brownish-yel-
 low;  internally, whitish.  Used in plasters like
 the last.
   Pi\us Balsame'a, A'bies balsamea. The tree
 which affords the Canada Balsam, Balsamum
 Canaden's?.,  Resina strobilina, Terebinth'in a
 Canaden'sis,  Pini balsamex resina liq'uida,
 Resina  flu'ida Canadensis, Terebinth'ina bal-
 samea,  Canada Turpentine  or Balsam, Bal-
 sam of Fir, (F.) Baume de Canada, is one of the
 purest turpentines.  It has the common  proper-
ties of those substances.
   Pinus Canaden'sis, Abies Canaden'sis, Hem-
lock Spruce.   A tree, which is abundant in Ca-
nada,  Nova Scotia, and the more northern parts
 of New England, and is  found  in the elevated
and mountainous regions of the Middle  States.
 The pitch — Pix Canadensis,  Canada  Pitch, 
PINUS
663
PIPER
Hemlock Pitch—obtained from it is commonly
known under the name Hemlock  Gum.
  Pinus Cembra, Aphemous'li Pine. It yields
an agreeably scented turpentine:—the  Carpa-
thian Balsam,Bal'samum,Carpath'icumB. Lib'-
ani, Carpath'icum, Briancon Tur'pentine.  The
nuts, Cembro nuts, have an eatable kernel, and
yield oil.   The shoots yield Riga Balsam by
distillation.
  Pinus Damar'ra, Ag'athis Damarra; grows
in the East India Islands.  The  juice speedily
concretes into a very hard resin,—the Damarra
turpentine.
  Pinus L arix, Larix. The Larch, (F.) Mileze.
From this tree exude Or'emburg gum, and Bri-
anqon manna.   It also yields, by boring, Com-
mon Venice Turpentine, Resina  Lar'icis, Tere-
binthina Ven'eta, Pini Lar'icis resina liq'uida,
(F.) Tiribenthine de Vinise, M. de Mileze.  It
is usually thinner than the other sorts of turpen-
tine.
  Pinus Mughos.   The Mountain or Mugho
Pine, Pinus Pumilio.   From the extremities
of the branches exudes the Resina Strobilina,
of the Germans, or Hungarian Balsam.  It is
also obtained, by expression, from the cones.
By  distillation, the  Hungarian  balsam affords
the Krumholz Oil, Oleum Templinum.
  Pinus Palustris, see  Pinus sylvestris.
  Pinus Pice'a, A'bies  pice'a,  A. pectina'ta,
European  Silver  Fir Tree,  Elate, Abies, A.
Gallica, (F.) Sapin commun.  By piercing the
tubercles of the bark of this fir, the Strasburg
 Turpentine is obtained:—the Resina  Abie'tis,
(Ph. L. before 1809,) Oleum Abietis, Terebinth'-
ina Argentoraten'sis.
  Pinus Pinaster, see P. sylvestris.
  Pinus Pi'nea, Stone Pine, Pinea, Pinus, P.
uberrima.   The nuts, Zirbelnuts, Pine nuts,
(F.) Pin a pignons, are eaten  raw;  or pre-
served  like  almonds.  They are, also, used in
emulsions.
   Pinus Pumilio, see Pinus Mughos.
   Pinus Sylves'tris, Pinas'ter, Pence, Scotch
 Fir.  This pine, as well as P.  marifima, (P.
 Pinaster)  and  other species of Pinus, affords
 common turpentine and its  oil, resin, tar, and
 pitch.   1.  Common  Turpentine of  Europe,
 Terebintliina, T. vulga'ris, T. commu'nis, Re-
 sina pini, Bijon, Horse Turpentine, Bordeaux
 Turpentine, (F.)  Tiribinthine  de Bordeaux,
 Tiribinthine commune, is obtained by wounding
 the tree in hot weather.  It is used, chiefly, as
 a dressing for wounds, &c, in  horses, and for
 the distillation of the oil, (see Oleum  Terebin-
 thinae.) The white Turpentine, or  common Tur-
 pentine of America—Terebinth'ina, Ph. U. S.—
 is  produced chiefly  from Pinus palustris and
 P. tada, and perhaps from other  species inha-
 biting  the  Southern  States.   When the oil  is
 distilled with water, yellow resin, or Rosin,
 Resina,  Ph. U.  S.)—Resina  flava—is left,
 which  is only  used  in  the formation of oint-
 ments and plasters : if without  the addition  of
 water, the residuum is common resin or Colo-
 phony.  2. When the cold begins to check the
 exudation  of the common turpentine part of it
 concretes  in the  wounds.  This  is called,  in
 France, Gallipot, Barras; and White Rosin,
 Resina alba, when hardened after long  exposure
 to the air.   3.  When the old trees are subjected
 to  distillation, in a coarse manner, Tar is ob-
 tained—Hygropissos, Pissa, Pix ce'dria, Re-
sina pini empyreumat'ica liq'uida, Terebinth'-
ina  empyreumafica,  Alchitram,  Alchitu'ra,
Cedria, Pix  liquida,  (F.)  Goudron, Brai
liquide.  Tar water,  Aqua Picea, A. Picis,
Infu'sum Picis liq'uida seu Picis empyreuma-
tica liq'uida,Po'tiopice'a, (F.) Eau deGoudron,
was, at one  time, a fashionable remedy in nu-
merous complaints, and of late its use has been
revived, since its virtues have been presumed
to be owing to creasote.   It is employed chiefly
in  pulmonary affections,  and the  vapour  has
been recommended in phthisis  and other  dis-
eases of the lungs.  It is used  externally  as a
detergent.  4. Common Pitch, Pix nigra, Black
Pitch,  Burnea, Burnia, Stone Pitch, Pix sicca,
P. atra, P. nava'lis,  Topissa, Palimpis'sa, P.
ar'ida  (Ph. L. before  lc09), (F.) Poix navale,
P. noire, is obtained by inspissating tar.  It is
used only as a resolvent in plasters.
   Pinus Teda, see P. sylvestris—p. Uberrima,
Pinus  pinea.
   PIONE, Paronia.
   PIONY, Paeonia.
   PIORTHOPNCEA, Pimelorthopncea.
   PIOULQUES,(E.) A kind of sucking-pump,
invented by  Louis, for extracting water  that
had entered internal cavities, in cases of drown-
ing.   A useless instrument.
   PIPE-PLANT, Monotropa uniflora.
   PIPER, see Piper nigrum.
   Piper Album, Leucopiper, White Pepper, is
black  pepper freed from its cuticle.
   Piper Augustifolium,  Matico—p. Aroma-
ticum, P. nigrum—p.  Betel, Betel—p. Brazilia-
num, Capsicum annuum—p. Calecuticum, Cap-
sicum  annuum—p. Caryophyllatum, see Myrtus
pimenta—p.  Caudatum, P. cubeba—p. Chiapae,
see Myrtus pimenta.
   Piper  Cubeb'a, Cubeba, Com'peper, Com-
peba, Cubal sini, Piper cauda'tum, Cubeb Pep-
per, Tailed Pepper, Cuma'mus, (F.) Poivre-d-
queue, Quabebe.  A native of Java and Guinea.
The odour of these berries is aromatic ; taste at
first cooling, afterwards  pungent.  The active
principle is an essential oil—Oleum Cubebx, oil
of cubebs—which is officinal in the Pharm. U.
S.  The properties of the  cubeb are stimulant
and purgative.  It is used only in gonorrhcea.
 Dose,  from Qj to gj, in powder, three or four
times  a day : of the volatile oil, 10 or 12 drops.
   ' Turkey yellow berries,'—the dried  fruit
 of the  Rhamnus Catharticus—are often substi-
 tuted  for cubebs.
   Piper  Guineense, Capsicum  annuum—p.
 Hispanicum, Capsicum—p. Indicum, Capsicum
 annuum—p.  Jamaicense, see Myrtus pimenta.
   Piper Longum, Macrop'iper, Acapatli, Catu-
 trip'ali, Pim'pilim, Long  Pepper, (F.) Poivre
 long.  As we receive the berries, they consist
 of the unripe fruit dried in the sun; and are
 srrtall, round grains,  disposed spirally on a cy-
 lindrical receptacle.  They are stimulant, car-
 minative  and tonic,  like  the  other peppers.
 Dose,  gr. v to 9J-
    Piper Lisitatnicum,  Capsicum annuum—p.
 Murale, Sedum.
    Piper Methistictm, see Ava.
    Piper  Nigrum, Melanop'iper, Molagoco'di,
 Lada, Piper aromat'icum, Piper  (Ph. U. S.)
 Black Pepper, (F.) Poivre noir.  Black pepper
 is the unripe fruit dried in the sun.   Virtues,
 same  as those of the  other peppers.
    Piper  Odoratum  Jamaicense, see Myrtus 
PIPERINA
664
PITTSBURG
pimenta—p. Tabascum, see Myrtus pimenta—
p. Turcicum, Capsicum annuum.
  PIPERI'NA, Piperinum, Pip'erine,Piperin.
A resinoid substance, obtained from the piper
nigrum by M. OZrstadt, in which a part of the
virtues of the pepper resides.   It has been em-
ployed, like the  quinia, in intermittents, and
successfully.
  PIPEROPASTUS; from ntntqi,  'pepper,'
and .laaotu, 'to strew.'  Strewed with pepper,
—socks, for example, where it is desirable to ex-
cite the surface of the feet.
  PIPIN'NAt Men'tula parva.  A small penis.
  PIPPERIDGE BUSH, see Oxycantha  Ga-
leni.
  PI PSISSEWA, Pyrola umbellata—p. Spotted,
Pyrola maculata—p. White, Pyrola maculata.
  PIPTONYCHIA, Onychoptosis.
  PIQUETE, see Sabli.
  PIQURE, Puncture, Wound, punctured.
  PISA, (CLIMATE OF.)  Pisahas long been
celebrated as one of the most  favourable cli-
mates in Italy for the  consumptive.  The cli-
mate  is genial, but somewhat  oppressive and
damp.  It is softer than that of Nice, but not
so warm; less soft, but less oppressive than
that of Rome.
  PISCIARELLI, MINERAL WATERS OF.
A spring at Monte Secco, in  Italy, between
Lake  Agnano  and  Solfatara.  It is  thermal
(100° Fahr.) sulphureous and carbonated, and
is chiefly used in old ulcers, leucorrhoea, chro-
nic diarrhoea, and in cutaneous affections.
   PISCID'IA  ERYTHRI'NA, Jamaica Dog
wood. A  small branching tree, common in most
of the West India Islands;—Diadelphia  Decan-
dria of Linnaeus.  It is used in the West Indies
to poison  fish.   It appears  to  be  an acro-
narcotic,  and has been used  in the form of a
tincture of the bark of the root in toothache.
  PISCINA, Baignoire.
  PISCIV'OROUS,  Pisciv'orus,  Ichthyoph'a-
gous, Icthyoph'agus, from piscis, ' a fish,' and
voro,' I eat.'  Feeding or subsisting on fish.
  PIS'IFORM, Pisiformis, fxompisum,' a pea,'
and forma, 'shape.'
  Pisiform'e Os, Os lenticula're,Os orbicula're,
Os extra or'dinem carpi, (F.)  Os hors du rang,
is the fourth bone of the first row of the carpus.
It is round, and gives attachment to the tendon
of the cubitalis anterior, and to the anterior
transverse ligament  of the carpus.  It is articu-
lated, behind, with the os cuneiforme.
  PISO, Mortar.
  PISSA, see Pinus sylvestris.
  PISSASPHALTUS, Pissasphaltum, Mine-
ral pitch, from -rivo-a, 'pitch,' and aaipiXzoc,
'bitumen.'  (F.) Poix minirale.  A thicker
kind of Petroleum or  Rock Oil; formerly em-
ployed as  a vulnerary.   It is synonymous with
Glu'tinous bitu'men, Malta bitu'men, and Mi-
neral  tar.
  PISSELiE'UM, Oleum Pici'num, from maaa
'pitch,' and tXaiov,  'oil.' An oily matter ob-
tained from boiling pitch, and  used for the same
purposes  as tar.
  Pisseleum Indicum, Petroleum.
  PISSEMENT DE SANG, Haematuria.
  PISSErJLIT,  Leontodon taraxacum.
  PISSE'ROS,  from maaa, 'pitch.'  Ancient
name  of a cerate, prepared of olive oil, oil of
roses,  and dried  pitch.  It was, also, called
Cera'tum pica'tum, and C. tetraphar'macum.—
Hippocrates.
  PISSITES, Vinum pica'tum.  Same etymon.
A wine prepared from tar and the must of the
grape.  It was regarded to be stomachic.
  PISSOSIS, Malacia.
  PISSWEED, Anthemis cotula.
  PISTACHIO NUTS, see Arachis  hypogea,
Pistacia vera.
  PIST A'CIA LENTIS'CUS, Terebirithus leu-
tiscus, Lentiscus vulga'ris; the Mastich Tree.
Family, Terebinthaceae.  The wood of this tree
abounds with the resinous principles of mastich;
and a tincture  made from it has been used in
the cure of dyspeptic  affections, gout, and dy-
sentery.  It yields, by incision, the resin Mas-
tich, Resina Lentisci'na, Menfrigi, Mastiche,
Mastix, Pistacix Lentis'ci Resina. This resin
has an agreeable smell when heated:  is almost
insipid; in globular, irregular, yellowish, semi-
transparent masses: soluble in ether;  partially
so in alcohol.  It is  stimulant, and  has been
used in old coughs, and gleet, and is chewed to
sweeten  the  breath.  It  is  sometimes, also,
employed to stop holes in carious teeth.
  Pistacia  Terebin'thus,  Turpentine  Tree,
Hab-el-Kalimbat, Terebirithus vidga'ris,  Ter-
minthos.  The tree which affords the Cyprus
Turpentine, Resina Terebin'thi, Terebinth'ina
vera, T. Chia,  T. Cyp'ria, (F.) Tiribinthine de
Chio.  This substance is classed amongst the
resins.  It is procured by wounding the bark of
the trunk. The best Chio turpentine is of about
the consistence of honey; very tenacious, clear,
and almost transparent; of a white colour incli-
ning to yellow, and of a fragrant smell;  mo-
derately warm to the taste, but free from acri-
mony and bitterness.  It resembles in virtues
the other turpentines.
  Pistacia Vera. Name of the tree which af-
fords the Nux Pistacia.  Pista'chio nuts have
a sweetish, unctuous taste, resembling that  of
sweet almonds.  Like these, they afford an oil,
and may he formed into an emulsion.
  P1STILLUM, Pilum.
  PISTOLOCHIA, Aristolochia pistolochia.
  PISTORIENSIS GLADIUS, Bistouri.
  PIT OF THE STOMACH, Fossette de caur.
  PITAY'A BARK.  This bark is preferred in
Columbia to any other.  It contains a new ve-
getable alkali, to which the name Pitayine has
been given.
  PITAYINE, see Pitaya bark.
  PITCAITHLEY,   MINERAL  WATERS
OF. These saline springs at Pitcaithley, about
four miles from Perth, Scotland, contain chlo-
rides of sodium and calcium.
  PITCH,  Colophonia—p. Black, see Pinus
sylvestris — p. Burgundy, see Pinus abies —p.
Canada, see Pinus Canadensis — p. Common,
Pinus sylvestris—p. Hemlock, see Pinus Cana-
densis—p. Jew's, Asphaltum—p. Mineral, Piss-
asphaltum—p. Stone, see Pinus sylvestris—p.
White, see  Pinus abies.
  PITHYRIASIS, Pityriasis.
  PITHYRINUS, Acerosus, Furfuraceous.
  PITTA'CIUM.  A pitch plaster, from tittc,
1 pitch.'
  PITTOSIS, Malacia.
  PITTOTA. Medicines in which pitch is the
chief ingredient.
  PITTSBURG,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
A chalybeate mineral  spring, situate about four 
                 PITUITA                 66

miles S. W. of Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania.  It
contains chloride of sodium, chloride of magne-
sium, oxide of iron, sulphate of lime, and car-
bonic acid.
  PITUITA, Mucus, Phlegm—p. Narium, Na-
sal mucus.
  FITU ITARY,Pituita'rius,Pituito'sus,fxom
pituita, ' phlegm.'   A name given  to several
parts.
  Pituitary Body,  P. gland.
  Pituitary Fossa , Fossa Pituita'ria.  A de-
pression on the cerebral surface of the sphenoid
bone, which  lodges  the pituitary gland.  It is
called, on account of its shape, Sella Turcica,
Ephip'pium.  Chaussier calls  it Fossa supra-
sphenoid a'lis, from its situation.
  Pitu'itary Gland, Glan'dula  Pituito'sa vel
pituita'na,  Glandula basila'ris, Lacu'na vel
Appendic'ula  cer'ebri, Hypopliysis  seu Appen-
dix cer'ebri, Pituitary body, Corpus  pituita'rl;
—Appendice sus-spheno'idale du cerveau, (Ch.)
A small,  round  body; the anterior  portion of
which is  of a cineritious yellow hue, and the
posterior,  which is smaller,  is whitish and
pulpy.  Its functions are unknown.
  Pituitary  Membrane, Schneide'rian Mem-
brane, Membra'na pituita'ria,  M.  olfacto'ria.
The mucous membrane  which lines the  nasal
fossae, and extends to the different cavities com-
municating with the nose.  In  the nasal fossae,
the membrane appears formed of two layers,
intimately united;—the one in contact with the
bone  is fibrous ;—the other is  free at one sur-
face.   The  latter is  a  mucous membrane, on
which papillae are not  easily  distinguishable,
but which contains  them, as well as a number
of very small mucous follicles, that open into
the cavity of the nares.  On  penetrating the
maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, and  ethmoidal
sinuses, the membrane  becomes  very  thin,
transparent, less vascular, and seems reduced
to its mucous layer.  The  pituitary  membrane
receives the impression of smells, by means of
the expansion of the olfactory nerves upon it.
It is the seat of smell.
  PITUITOSUS, Pituitary.
  PITYRIASIS, from frt<rv?ov,  'bran;' Lepi-
do'sis Pityriasis, Pityris'ma, Pithyri'asis, Her-
pes furfura'ceus, H. farino'sus, Porrigo  (of
some,)  Tinea  furfura'cei, T.  porrigino'sa,
Furfura'tio, Furfuris'ca, Dandriff, Dandruff,
(F.)  Teigne,  Dartre, Dartre  furfuracie vo-
lante;—a very superficial affection;  character-
ized by irregular patches of thin scales, which
repeatedly exfoliate and recur;  but which never
form crusts, or are accompanied  with excoria-
tions.  It is not contagious.   It occurs under
three or four varieties of form.
  Pityriasis, Porrigo—p. Nigra,  Melasma—
p. Versicolor, Chloasma.
  PITYRrSMA, Pityriasis.
  PITYROIDES, Furfuraceous.
  PITYRON, Furfur.
  PIVOINE, Paeonia.
  PIX, Sperm—p. Abietina, see  Pinus abies—
p. Abietis, see Pinus abies—p. Alba, see Pinus
abies—p.  Anda, see Pinus abies,  and Pinus syl-
vestris—p. Atra, see Pinus sylvestris—p. Bru-
tia, Brutia—p. Burgundica, see  Pinus abies—p.
Canadensis, see  Pinus Canadensis—p. Cedria,
see Pinus sylvestris—p. Graeca, Colophonia—
p. Liquida, see Pinus sylvestris—p.  Navalis,
        43
5                 PLAGUE

 see Pinus  sylvestris—p. Nigra, see Pinus syl-
 vestris—p. Sicca, see Pinus sylvestris.
  PLACE'BO,  'I  will please.'  An epithet
 given to any medicine intended rather to sa-
 tisfy the patient than  to cure a disease.
  PLACEN'TA.  A Latin word, signifying  a
 Cake.   P. uteri seu uteri'na seu uteri car'nea,
 Hepar seu Jecur uteri num, Caro seu Affu'sio
 orbicularis, Maza.  A soft, spongy, vascular
 body, formed at the surface of the chorion, ad-
 herent  to the uterus, and  connected  with the
 fcetus by  the umbilical cord.   It is not in ex-
 istence  during  the  first period of the embryo
 state,  but its  formation  commences  perhaps
 with the arrival of the embryo in the uterus.
 Its mode of attachment to the uterus  is a topic
 of dispute: but it seems clear that  the main
 circulation through it is of the blood of the foe-
 tus.  The placenta is  formed of several lobes or
 cotyledons, which can be readily distinguished
 from  each other on  the uterine surface;  but
 towards the foetal surface are confounded into
 one mass.  It is composed of the umbilical ves-
 sels, cellular tissue, and whitish, resisting fila-
 ments,  which are vascular ramifications oblite-
 rated.  Lymphatic vessels have also been pre-
 sumed  to exist in it;  and nerves have  been
 traced,  proceeding from the great sympathetic
 of the fcetus. The function of the placenta ap-
 pears to be like that of the lungs in the adult.
 It admits  of the blood of the foetus being shown
 to that  of the mother, and undergoing requisite
 changes.
  Placen'ta Cruoris, see Blood—p. Febrilis,
 Ague cake—p.  Oblata, P.  praevia—p. Obvia,
 P. praevia.
  Placen'ta PreVia, (from pra and via,) P.
 ob'via, P. obla'ta.  Presentation of the placenta;
 a condition which gives rise to unavoidable he-
 morrhage from  the uterus.   The safety of the
 female depends upon speedy delivery.
   Placenta Sanguinis, see Blood—p.  Uteri
 Succenturiata,  Decidua.
   PLACENTITIS,   Placunti'tis,  Placo'i'tis,
 Inflamma'tio placen'tic. A hybrid word—from
 placenta,  and itis, a suffix denoting  inflamma-
 tion.   Inflammation of the placenta.
   PLACENTULA,'a little cake.'   A rudi-
 mental placenta.  The placenta of an abortion.
   PLACOITIS, Placentitis.
   PLACUNTITIS, Placentitis.
   PLADAROMA, Pladarosis.
   PLADARO'SIS, Pladaro'ma, Pladar'otci.
 from  nx*daqo~,  'soft.'  A  soft tumour on the
 eyelid, unaccompanied with redness or pain.
 Trachoma.
   PLADAROTES, Pladarosis.
   PLAFOND  DES VENTRICULES  DU
 CERVEAU, Corpus callosum.
   PLAGA, Ictus, Wound.
   PLAGIOBOL'IA,  Planobolia, from TrXayioe,
 'to one side,' and (iaXXeir, 'to throw.' Imper-
 fect emission of sperm into the vagina.  Emis-
 sion to one side; sometimes practised to render
 impregnation less probable.
   PLAGUE,  from .-ix-ijyri, plaga, 'a stroke.'
 Pestis, P. orienta'lis, P. bubona'ria orientalis
 seu inguina'ria, P. cont agio' sa, P. acutiss'ima,
 P. sep'tica,  P.  Glandulo'sa,  P. Ade'no-sep-
 tica,  P.  inguinaria,  Pestil'itas,  Ephem'era
 pestilentia'lis,  E. mortif'era,  Lues  inguina'-
 ria, Clades glandula ria, Phthora,  Pestilen'-
66 
PLAGULA                666               PLANTAR
  tia, Lues, Loimos, Febris ade'no-nervo'sa, Lft-
  mos, Lame, La'mia, Lamop'yra, Chaosda, An-
  tkra'cia  Pestis, Anthracotyphus,  Febris pes'-
  tilens, Syn'ochus pestilentia'lis,  Typhus pes-
  tis, T. pestilentia'lis, T. gravis'simus, T. an-
  thra'cicus, T. bubon'icus,  Exanthe'ma pestis,
  the Pest, Levant plague, Septic or glan'dular
 pes'tilence, (F.) Peste, Typhus d'Orient, Fievre
  du Livant.  An eminently malignant disease;
  endemic  in the Levant; frequently epidemic,
  and destroying at least two-thirds of those it
  attacks.   It is a fever of the most aggravated
  kind, with affection of the  lymphatic glands of
 the groin or axillae, and  carbuncles.  Its mias-
 mata—it has been conceived—adhere to differ-
 ent organic textures, to woollen goods, clothing
 and furniture; and may  thus be transported to
 a considerable distance;  but this is not certain.
 The mean duration of the disease is six or seven
 days;  some die in  twenty-four hours,  others
 not till ten or twelve days.  Pathological ana-
 tomy has afforded little light with respect to it.
 Various means have been used for arresting it,
 but none have  seemed to be pre-eminently dis-
 tinguished.  The great  point  is, to  watch the
 indications as they develop  themselves;  and to
 treat the case, in general,  like  one of typhus
 gravior.  It is universally agreed that the sup-
 puration of the buboes should be aided as far as
 practicable.   For preventing  the importation
 and spread of the plague, the Quarantine Laws
 have been  instituted; and when  the disease
 has actually appeared, a cordon sanataire  has
 been drawn round the infected district, so as to
 prevent all communication.
  Plague, Cold.  A severe form of congestive
 fever,  seen in the  Southern  States.  Bilious
 pneumonia, in which  there  is no reaction, has
 been, also, so called.
  Plague  Mark,  Plague token—p.  Spot,
 Plague token.
  Plague  Token, Plague mark, Plague spot.
 A mark by which one struck with the plague
 was known.   Perhaps the early stage of car-
 buncle in unfavourable cases.   It  is described
 as a small tubercle—Bossa—somewhat resem-
 bling a wart, callous and more or less deficient •
 in  sensibility,  varying in size from that of a
 millet seed to that of a bean.
  PLAGULA, Compress, Pledget, Splint.
  PLAIE, Wound—p. d'Arme a feu, Wound,
 gunshot—p. d'Arquebusade, Wound, gunshot__
;;.  Contuse, Wound,  contused—p.  Envenimie,
 Wound, poisoned—p. par Arrachement, Wound,
 lacerated—p. a Lambeaux, see Lambeau.
  PLANARIA LATIUSCULA, Distoma  he-
 paticum.
  PLANCHER  (F.),  'floor.'  In anatomy,
 the inferior wall or boundary of  a cavity.
  PLANCHER DU CERVEAU, Tentorium
  PLANCUS,  Leiopus.
  PLANE, Plexus.
  PLANETES, Plane'ticus, Plan'icus, Erra-
 bun'dus, Erratic.  An   epithet  given to dis-
eases, whose returns are  irregular—especially
to intermittent  fever;  Planetes Febris, F. Er-
ratica, F.  Erro'nea, F. Vao-a.
  PLANETICA  ARTHRITIS, Gout,  wan-
dering.
  PLANICUS, Planetes.
  PLANIPEDES, Steganopodes.
  PLANITIES PEDIS,  Sole.
  PLANOBOLIA, Plagiobolia.
   PLANTA NOCTIS, Hydroa, Sudamina—p.
 Pedis, Sole—p. Prima pedis, Tarsus.
   PLANTA'GO, P. Major, Centined via, Amo-
 glos'sum,  Septiner'via,  Polyneu'rou,  Hepta-
 pleu'ron, Planta'go latijo'lia, P.'major, (F.)
 Plantain commun.  Family, Plantagineae. Sex.
 Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.  The leaves have
 been said to be refrigerant, attenuant, substyp-
 tic, and diuretic.
   Plantago Coron'opus, Coronopo'dinm, Cor-
 nu  cervinum,  Stella terra, Plantago, Bucks-
 horn Plantain.  Properties like the last.
   Plantago Psyl'lium, Psyllium, Pulica'ris
 herba,   Crystallion,  Cynomoi'a,  Branching
 Plantain, Fleawort, (F.) Herbe  aux puces com-
 mune.   The seeds have  a nauseous, mucilagi-
 nous taste,  and no remarkable smell.  The de-
 coction of the seeds is recommended in hoarse-
 ness and roughness of the fauces.
   PLANTAIN, BRANCHING, Plantago psyl-
 lium—p. Buckshorn,  Plantago   coronopus—p.
 Commun, Plantago—p. d'Eau, Alisma plantago
 —p. Tree, Musa paradisiaca—p. Water, Alisma
 plantago, Unisema deltifolia.
   PLANTAIRE,  Plantar muscle—p.  Grele,
 Plantar muscle.
   PLANTAR,  Planta'ris, from planta, 'the
 sole of the foot.'  That which relates or belongs
 to the  sole  of the foot.   This name has been
 given to several parts.
   Plantar Aponeuro'sis, P. fas'cia. A thick,
 dense, resisting aponeurosis; of a  triangular
 shape, and superficially situate, which occupies
 the middle and sides of the sole of the foot, and
 furnishes insertions to several of the muscles
 of the region, either directly or through the me-
 dium of septa, which it sends between them.
  Plantar  Arch, see Plantar arteries.  •
  Plantar  Arteries.  These are two in num-
 ber, and arise from  the extremity of the poste-
 rior tibial artery.  They are distinguished into:
 —The internal plantar artery, situate above the
 abductor pollicis pedis.   It extends from the
 termination  of the posterior tibial to the trunk
 of one of the collaterals of that toe. The exter-
 nal plantar  artery is larger than the preceding,
 and ought to be considered as the termination
 of the  posterior or  tibial.  Situate above the
 flexor communis digitorum pedis, it  extends
 from beneath the calcaneum  to the posterior
 extremity of the last metatarsal space.  When
 it has  reached  this part, it turns from without
 inwards; advances towards the posterior extre-
 mity of the  first metatarsal bone, and anasto-
 moses with  the  perforating branch of the dor-
 salis tarsi.   In  the first part  of its course, it
 furnishes  calcaneal, articular, muscular, and
 adipous branches.   The  second  portion of the
artery is called the  Plantar Arch or Cross.  It
 gives branches in all directions.  The inferior
and posterior have received no name.  The su-
perior—three in number—are the posterior per-
forating arteries.   The  anterior branches are
larger, and  there are commonly four.   They
furnish  the  anterior  perforating, and the col-
laterals of the last four toes.
  Plantar  Cross,  see   Plantar arteries—p.
Fascia,  P. aponeurosis.
  Plantar  Ligaments.   A name given to the
inferior ligaments, which unite the bones of the
tarsus and metatarsus, to distinguish them from
the superior, called dorsal.
  Plantar  Muscle,  Planta'ris, P. grac"ilis, 
PLANT ARIA
667
PLATULA
 Tibia'lis grac"ilis, Exten'sor tarsi minor, (F.)
 Plant aire, P. Grele, Jambier grele, Petit fcmo-
 ro-calcanien, (Ch.)  A muscle, situate at the
 posterior part of the leg.  It is long, thin, and
 narrow.  Above, it is attached to the posterior
 part of the external condyle of the os femoris:
 below, it terminates by a long tendon, which is
 attached to the posterior and inner part of the
 calcaneum.  This muscle extends the leg on the
 foot,  and conversely:  It can, also, assist in the
 flexion of the leg on the thigh.
   Plantar Nerves.   Those are two in num-
 ber, and are furnished by the termination of the
 posterior tibial nerve.   They are distinguished
 into—1. The internal plantar nerve, which ex-
 tends from the inferior part of the tibial nerve
 to both sides of the first three toes, and the in-
 ner  side of the fourth.  It  furnishes,  also,
 branches  to  the  abductor of the great toe; to
 the short flexor of  the toes; to the accessory;
 to the  short flexor of the great toe, the lum-
 bricales,  &c.  2. The external plantar nerve
 proceeds from the termination of the posterior
 tibial to the posterior extremity of the 5th me-
 tatarsal bone, and gives branches to the flexor
 brevis  digitorum pedis, the accessory and the
 abductor of the little toe.  This trunk subse-
 quently divides into two branches;—the one—
 profunda—is distributed to the short flexor of
 the great  toe:  the interosseus and  abductor
 pollicis pedis:  the other—superficialis—sends
 filaments to  the  short flexor of the  little toe,
 the two sides of that toe, the outer side of the
 4th, and the last lumbricalis.
   Plantar Regions or Surfaces are different
 regions or surfaces of the sole of the foot.
 Three are generally reckoned,—the internal,
 middle, and external.
   Plantar Veins follow a similar arrangement.
   PLANTARIA, Dengue.
   PLANTARIS, Plantar muscle—p.  Superfi-
 cies pedis, Sole—p. Verus, see Flexor  longus
 digitorum pedis profundus  perforans (accesso-
 rius.)
   PLANTE DU PIED,  Sole.
   PLANTI-SOUS-PHALANGIENS, Lum-
 bricales pedis—p. Tendino-phalangiens, Lum-
 bricales pedis.
   PLANUM  APONEUROTICUM DIA-
 PHRAGMATIS.   The tendinous expansion of
 the diaphragm.
   Planum Os, from planus,   ' soft,  smooth.'
 The papyraceous  or orbitar plate of the ethmoid
 bone was formerly so called.
   Planum Pedis, Sole.
   Planum Supe'rius Lingue.  The upper sur-
 face of the tongue.
   PLANU'RIA, from n-Xavoc, 'wandering,
 false,' and ovqov,  ' urine.'  Discharge of urine
 through unwonted ways.
   PLAQUEMINIER D'EUROPE, Diospy-
 ros lotus.
   PLAQUES GAUFREES, Peyeri glandulae
 —p. Lai tenses, see  Taches  laiteuses.
  PLASMA. Liquor sanguinis.
  PLASTER, Emplastrum—p. Adhesive, Em-
 plastrum resinae, Sparadrapum  adhesivum—p.
 Adhesive, of  pitch and resins, Emplastrum de
pice et resinis glutinans—p. Ammoniacum, Em-
plastrum  ammoniaci—p.  Ammoniacum with
mercury, Emplastrum ammoniaci cum hydrar-
gyro—p. Aromatic, Emplastrum aromaticum—
p. Asafcetida, Emplastrum asafcetidae—p. of Bel-
 ladonna, Emplastrum belladonnas—p. Blister-
 ing, Emplastrum  lyttae—p. of Blistering fly,
 Emplastrum lyttae—p. Calefacient, Emplastrum
 calefaciens—p. of Cantharides, compound, Em-
 plastrum lyttae compositum—p. Cephalic, Em-
 plastrum  picis comp.—p. Corn, Sparadrapum
 viride—p. Corn, Kennedy's, Sparadrapum vi-
 ride—p. Court, English, see Ichthyocolla, Spa-
 radrapum adhesivum—p. Cummin, Emplastrum
 cumini—p.  Defensive, Sparadrapum  Galteri—
 p. Diachylon, Emplastrum plumbi—p. Fly, Em-
 plastrum lyttae—p. Frankincense, Emplastrum
 thuris—p. Galbanum, Emplastrum galbani—p.
 Galbanum, compound, Emplastrum galbani com-
 positum—p. Gum, Emplastrum gummosum—p.
 of Gum-resins, Emplastrum cum gummi-resinis
 —p. Hemlock, Emplastrum cicutae—p. Iron,
 Emplastrum ferri—p. Isinglass, see  Sparadra-
 pum  adhaesivum—p. Issue, Sparadrapum  pro
 fonticulis—p.  Lead, Emplastrum  plumbi—p.
 Machine, Sparadrapier—p. Mercurial, Emplas-
 trum hydrargyri—p. of  Mercury, compound,
 Emplastrum hydrargyri  compositum—p. Nu-
 remberg, Emplastrum Norimbergense—p. Opi-
 um, Emplastrum opii—p. Pitch,  comp., Em-
 plastrum picis compositum—p. Resin, Emplas-
 trum resinae—p. of Red oxide of iron, Emplas-
 trum oxidi  ferri rubri—p.  Soap,  Emplastrum
 saponis—p.  of Spanish flies, compound, Em-
 plastrum lyttae compositum—p. Sticking, Em-
 plastrum resinae—p. Strengthening, Emplastrum
 ferri, Emplastrum oxidi ferri rubri—p. Warm,
 Emplastrum calefaciens—p. Wax, Emplastrum
 cerae.
  PLASTIC, Plas'tieus, Formati'vus, Form'a-
 tive,  from  wXaoaw, 'I  form.'   That which
 forms;  which serves to form.
  Plastic Element.  One which bears within
 it the germs of a higher form.—Gerber.
  Plastic  Force.  The  generative  power in
 organized bodies.   It is also called Nisus for-
 mati'vus, Vis seu Virtus plas'tica seu formativa,
 Vis reproductiva, Plasticism'us, Virtus forma-
 trix, Plastic"itas, Plastic'ity, Force of Nutri-
 tion,  F. of  assimilation, Bildungstrieb of the
 Germans.
  Plastic Lymph, Liquor  Sanguinis—p. Sur-
 gery, Morioplastice.
  PLASTICISMUS, Plastic Force.
  PLASTICITAS, Plastic Force.
  PLASTICITY, Plastic Force.
  PLATA,  Scapula.  *
  PLATANO, Musa Sapientum.
  PLATANUS, Musa paradisiaca.
  PLATEA, Bothriocephalus latus.
  PLATES, MANSFORD'S, see Galvanism.
  PLATIAS'MUS,  from   nXarv,,  'broad.'
 Excessive development of the lips, causing the
articulation to be imperfect.  *
  PLATINA, Platinum.
  PLATINUM,  Plaiioa,  from  (S.) plata,
'silver.' The preparations of platinum resemble
in their  therapeutical properties those of gold.
The Bichloride, Plat'ini Bichlo'ridum,  made
by dissolving platinum in aqua regia, and the
Double Chloride of Platinum  and Sodium,
So'dii chloroplatinas, Chloroplat'inate of So'-
elium, prepared by dissolving bichloride of pla-
tinum and pure chloride of  sodium in proper
proportions in water, evaporating  and crystal-
lizing,-—are  the preparations used.  They are
not much prescribed.
  PLATULA, see  Pediculus. 
PLATYBREGMATE
668
PLEURAL
  PLATYBREGMATE, spe Cranium.
  PLATYCORIA, Mydriasis.
  PLATYCORIASIS, Platycoria.
  PLATYNO SIS, from tX^tvc, ' broad.'   Am-
plifica'tio.   Morbid extension of parts.
  PLATYOPHTHALMON, Antimonium. *
  PLATYPODIA, see Kyllosis.
  PLATYPUS, see Kyllosis.
  PLATYS'MA  from nxaTvg, 'broad.'   Any
thing broadly extended.  A spread plaster.
  Platys'ma Myo'i'des, P. Myo'des, Mus'culus
cuta'neus, M. subcuta'neus  (Winslow), Quad-
ra'tus  gena vel  latis'simus  colli, Expan'sio
musculo sa, Tetrago'nus, Stomoman'icon, (F.)
Thoraco-maxillo facial,  Thoraco-facial (Ch.),
Peaucier.  A  muscle situated superficially on
the lateral parts of the neck.  It is flat, broad,
and  quadrilateral.  Its  fibres, which are all
parallel to each other, pass obliquely  down-
wards, and from without  inwards.   They arise
from  the cellular  tissue,  which  covers  the
anterior and superior part of the chest; pass
before  the clavicle, and proceed to attach them-
selves  at the  interior part of the symphysis
menti, at the external oblique line of the jaw,
and at  the commissure of the lips.   The  fibres
of this last insertion form a distinct fasciculus,
called by some anatomists Mus'culus Riso'rius
Santorini.  The platysma  myoides depresses
the commissure of the lips,  and carries it out-
wards.  It contributes, also, to the depression
of the lower jaw.   When  it  contracts,  it
wrinkles the skin of the  neck transversely.
  PLATYSTER'NOS, from  nXcctvc, 'broad,'
and  oticvov,  'the sternum.'  One  who  has a
broad well developed  chest.—D. Pechlin.
  PLATYSTOMUS; from nXarug, 'broad,'
and  OToua,  ' mouth.'   One  who  has  a  broad
mouth.
  PLAUTUS, Leiopus.
  PLECHAS, Perinaeum.
  PLECTAN.E, Cornua uteri.
  PLECTANE, Plica,  Plegma, Plexus.  A
fold; a plexus.  Also, a  cornu of the uterus.
  PLECTRUM.  The  styloid process of the
temporal bone. Also, the uvula, and the tongue.
—Castelli.
  PLEDGET, (D.) Plagghe, Plumace'olus,
IAntea'men, Plag'ula, (F.)  Plumaceau, Pla-
massean.   A small compress  ox gateau of lint
—(the filaments arran^ji! parallel to each other)
—flattened between theTh ,;,ds after the extremi-
ties have been cut off or fglded down.   It is
applied over wounds,  ulcers, &c, to  preserve
them  from  the contact  of the air,  to retain
dressings in situ, or to absorb the discharges.
  PLEGE, Blow, Ictus.
  PLEGMA, Plectane, Plexus.
  PLEGOMETER,   Pleximeter.
  PLEIN, (F.) ' Full.'  The middle part of a
roller.
  PLENA MULIER, Pregnant.
  PLENITUDE, Fulness.
  PLENITUDO, Plethora.
  PLENCK'S DEPILATORY, see Depilatory
Colley's.
  PLEONECTICA  ATHYMIA  seu   ME-
LANCHOLIA.  A  form of insanity charac-
terized by a desire for gain or  by covetousness.
  PLEONEC'TICUS, from -rrXtov, 'more,' and
»;ife«v, 'to have.' Covetous.  Desirous to acquire.
  PLERO'SIS, from tz-mjoijc,' full;' also Reple'-
tio, Refec'tio, Reple'tion.  Restoration of flesh
after sickness.  Plethora.
  PLEROTICUS, Incarnans.
  PLES'MONE, Plenitu'do,Sati'etas, Satiety.
Intemperance.  A condition the opposite to
that of hunger.
  PLESSER, Plexor.
  PLESSIMETER, Pleximeter.
  PLETHOMER'IA,  from  nxn$og,  'many,'
and^f^oc, 'apart.'  Superabundance of parts,
as in the case of six fingers to one hand.
  PLETHO'RA,  from nxi.fra,,' I fill.'  Polya'-
mia, Polyhyperha mia, Polychym'iasanguin'ea,
Angeioplero'sis,  Angioplr.ro'sis,  Erythremia,
Erythro'sis, Hamatopletho'ra, Hcemopletho'ra,
Plenitu'do, Multitu'do, Redundaritia, Reple'tio,
En'chyma,  Comple'tio,  Fulness,  (F.)  Abon-
dance, Ridondance.  The word plethora, which
means repletion, Plero'sis,  expresses a supera-
bundance of blood in the  system, or in some
part of it:—hence the division of plethora  into
general and local; the latter being called, ac-
cording to its seat, cerebral, pulmonary, uterine,
&c.   The principal symptoms of plethora exist
in the circulatory system; such as redness of
the surface,  swelling  of the veins,  increase
in the  fulness of the pulse, in the  strength
of the  heart's  pulsations,  &c, with sponta-
neous hemorrhages occasionally.  With these
are usually  united general heaviness, torpor,
lassitude, vertigo, tinnitus  aurium, flushes of
heat,  &c.   The  blood  of plethoric persons
differs from healthy blood  in the smaller ratio
of water which it contains, and especially in the
augmentation of the red corpuscles.
  The tendency to plethora, or  its actual ex-
istence, must be obviated by purgatives, proper
diet, exercise, &c; and, if the danger from it
be pressing,  by blood-letting.   This  is, how-
ever, a  doubtful remedy for general plethora,
as it increases haematosis.
  Plethora, Local, Hyperaemia.
  PLETHORIC, Plethoricus, Polya'mic, Po-
lyx'micus,(F.) PlithoHque. Same etymon. Full
of blood.  Relating to or affected with plethora.
  PLETHORICUS, Plethoric.
  PLETHOS, Satiety.
  PLEUMON, Pulmo.
  PLEUMONIA, Pneumonia.
  PLEURA, Pleurum, Pfearo'ma, 'the side,
a rib.'  Membra'na plewit'ica seu eostas  sue-
cin'gens seu  succin'gens, Membra'na seu  Tu'-
nica,  costalis  seu subcosta'lis, Hypopleu'rios.
(F.)  Plevre  ou  P/eure.  The pleurae are two
thin, diaphanous, perspirable membranes, which
line each side of the chest, and are  reflected
thence  upon  each lung.   Like all serous mem-
branes—to which class they belong—each re-
presents a sac without  aperture.  From the
junction of the pleura of each side the medias-
tina are formed.   That  portion of the  pleura
which lines  the parietes of the chest is called
Pleura Costa'lis; the portion that covers the
lungs, Pleura Pulmona'lis.  The arteries ofthfi
pleurae are from the intercostals, internal mam-
maries,  phrenic,   inferior  thyroid, &e.   Ths
veins correspond with the arteries.  They are,
also, supplied with lymphatics, but nerves arc
not traceable in them.
  Pleura is also used for Cavity of the Pleura,
Saccus Pleura.
  PLEUR/E.  The sides of the chest.
  PLEURAL, Pleura'lis,  Pleu'ricus,  Fleu'- 
PLEURALGIA
669       PLEURITIS BRONCHIALIS
rites.  That which concerns the pleura;—as a
pleural fistula;—pleural cavity, &c.
  PLEURALGIA, Pleurodyne.
  PLEURAPOSTEMA, Empyema.
  PLEURARTHROCACE,  from *■*«,„,  'a
rib,' aqflpov, ' a joint,' and *u*:?, ' bad.'  Caries
of the ribs.
  PLEURE, Pleura.
  PLEURESIA, Pleuritis.
  PLEURESIE, Pleurisy.
  PLEURESIS,  Pleuritis.
  PLEURICUS, Pleural.
  PLEURIS, Pleuritis.
  PLEURISY, Pleuritis.
  Pleurisy, Bilious, Pleuritis bilio'sa, is pleu-
risy accompanied with bilious symptoms;—the
effect of duodenitis or duodeno-hepatitis.
  Pleurisy, False, Pleurodynia.
  Pleurisy, Head.  A ridiculous term, occa-
sionally  used by the  vulgar, in the southern
States especially, for bilious pneumonia before
the pneumonitic phenomena are developed, and
whilst the head is prominently affected.
  Pleurisy,  Hemorrhagic, Haematothorax—
p. Rheumatic, Pleurodynia—p. Root, Asclepias
tuberosa.
  Pleurisy, Typhoid, Pleuritis typhdi'des seu
typho'des seu typho'sa.  Pleurisy accompanied
by  adynamic symptoms.
  PLEURITES, Pleural.
  PLEURITIS,  from nXtv$u, 'the pleura;'
Morbus latera'lis, M.pleurit'icus, M. Costa'lis,
Empres'ma Pleuritis, Pleuris, Pleure'sis, Pleu-
re'sia, Pleuritis costa'lis seu  vera, Pleuritica
Febris, Cauma Pleuritis,  Passio pleurit'ica,
Inflamma'tio Pleura,  Pleurisy, Infiamma'tion
of the Pleura, (F.) Pleurisie, Fievre pleuri-
tique, Inflammation de la Plevre, may be acute
or chronic.  Perhaps  the most violent  of  all
internal  inflammations  is  the active  form;
known by acute,  lancinating  pain in one side
of the chest, increased by inspiration, by cough-
ing, and often by pressure; dyspnoea, the inspi-
rations short and  frequent;  cough  dry, or with
little expectoration ; and difficulty of lying on
the affected side.   Symptoms, attending  the
phlegmasiae in general, strongly marked.
  Physical Signs.   There  is seldom any per-
ceptible alteration in the exterior of the  chest.
When effusion has taken place to a great ex-
tent, the s%ns will be  similar to those of chro-
nic pleurisy.  The motion of the  affected side
is diminished, and the vibrations of the voice
cannot be detected by the hand.  There is more
or less dulness of sound on percussion, the dul-
ness diminishing  or  disappearing by change of
position.   On auscultation, the inspiration is
feeble, distant, or inaudible; but change of po-
sition  modifies it.   Egophony is usually pre-
sent, when the effusion is in moderate quantity,
and is best heard  over  a portion of the thoracic
parietes, represented by a band of three inches,
running from below  the inferior margins of the
scapula in the direction of the  ribs to the ster-
num.  Simple pleurisy rarely attacks both sides
at once: when such is the case, the presence of
tubercles  may be suspected.
  Formerly, a true pleurisy meant one seated
in the pleura: a mediastinal pleurisy, one situ-
ated in the anterior mediastinum: and false
pleurisy or rheiimatismal pleurisy, that which
occupies the intercostal muscles.  The last has
received the name Pleurodynia; that of pleu-
risy being exclusively appropriated to inflam-
mation of the pleura.  Pleurisy has also  been
distinguished into dry and humid, according as
it is accompanied by expectoration.  Humid or
moist pleurisy is now  properly regarded as a
complication of  pleurisy with pulmonary ca-
tarrh.  It is the catarrhal pleu'risy of some.
The  majority  of the species of pleurisy, ad-
mitted by Sauvages, consist of complications.
  The causes of pleurisy are like those of othei
internal inflammations.   It may terminate  by
resolution, effusion, or suppuration.
  Pleurisy, Chronic, which has been particu-
larly described by Bayle, Broussais, and Laen-
nec, most commonly terminates by a serous or
purulent effusion,  which sometimes  simulates
hydrothorax; at others, phthisis pulmonalis.  It
may form slowly, without evident symntoms;
or it may succeed acute pleurisy.  In the former
case,  vague pains  are felt  in the  chest,  with
small, dry cough, oppression  at intervals, shi-
vering, irregular febrile symptoms, and hard-
ness of pulse.
  Physical Signs.  The affected side is smooth-
er, more rounded and motionless; the intercos-
tal spaces are dilated and  filled  up, or  may
even protrude slightly.   In very chronic cases,
however, the affected side may be smaller.  The
triangular space  above the clavicle and the de-
pression  immediately above  the sternum are
often  drawn downwards on the  diseased side.
No vibration is experienced by the hand when
the patient speaks.   The parietes of the thorax
are sometimes cedematous, and fluctuation may
be occasionally felt between the ribs.  On per-
cussion the sound is dull, or if clear, only so in
the upper portions of the chest.   On ausculta-
tion, there is an absence of  the usual sounds
over the affected parts, excepting occasionally
transmitted  sounds.  There  are  no physical
signs that can enable us to  know whether pus
or serum is  effused into the chest.  The  intro-
duction of a grooved needle through the inter-
costal  space, as  recommended by Dr. Thomas
Davies, would of course settle the question.
  On  dissection of those who have died of pleu-
risy, the  pleura  is  found  thickened, red,  in-
flamed, and  covered with membranous exuda-
tions or false membranes.  Sometimes it seems
cartilaginous and  ossified.   Its  cavity fre-
quently contains serous or  sero-purulent effu-
sions.  The acute form of the disease requires
the  most active treatment.   General blood-
letting, to such an extent as to make a very de-
cided  impression on  the system, and repeated
if necessary. This is the most important agent.
After the violence  of the disease has been got
over, counter-irritants will be found highly be-
neficial; as well as when it has passed into the
chronic state.  The cough may be relieved  by
demulcents.
  Sauvages  has  given  the  name Pleuri'tis
Vento'sa, and  Pringle  that of Pleurodynia
Vento'sa, to a pain behind the false ribs, attri-
buted to the presence of air in the intestines.
  Pleuritis  Bronchialis,  Bronchitis—p.
Costalis, Pleuritis—p.  Diaphragmatica, Dia-
phragmitis—p.  Humida, Bronchitis—p.  Mus-
cularis, Pleurodynia—p. Notha, Pleurodynia—
p. Pericardii, Pericarditis—p. Pulmonis,  Pleu-
ropneumonia—p. Rheumatica, Pleurodynia—p.
Spuria, Pleurodynia—p. Spuria simulate, Pleu- 
PLEUROCELE
670
PLEXUS
 rodynia—p. Typhoides, see Pleuritis, (biliosa)
 —p. Vera,  Pleuritis.
   PLEUROCE'LE, from nXtvqa, ' the pleura,'
 and xr^kr], 'a  tumour.'  Hernia of the pleura,
 Hernia pleu'rica et pulmona'lis.   This name,
 employed by  Sagar, is inaccurate, as the pleura
 never protrudes alone.  It only forms a hernia,
 when it serves as an envelope  to the lung, to
 tumours, or to purulent collections, which have
 protruded from the thoracic parietes.
   PLEUROCOLLE'SIS,  from  nXtvqa, 'the
 pleura,' and  xoxxaw,  'I  glue.'  An  adhesion
 between the pleura  costalis and pleura pulmo-
 nalis.
   PLEURODYNE, Pleurodynia.
   PLEURODYN IA,Pleuralgia,Pseudo-pleu-
 ritis, Pseudo-pleurisy, Pleurod'yne, Autalgia
 doloro'sa, A stitch, Pain  in the side, Stitch in
 the side, Parapleuritis; Stethorrheu'ma, Rheu-
 matis'mus pec'toris, Pleuritis  rheumatica, P.
 muscula'ris, P. spu'ria, False Pleurisy, Rheu-
 matic or rheumatis'mal  pleurisy, Pleuritis
 notha seu spu'ria seu spu'ria simula'ta, Pneii-
 mo'nia exter'na,  Lagonop'onos, Tfroracod'yne,
 Dolor Pec'toris exter'nus, (F.) Point de coti,
 Douleur  de coti; from  nxivq*, 'the side or
 pleura,' and odwrj,' pain.'  A spasmodic or rheu-
 matic affection, generally seated  in  the mus-
 cles of the  chest, and, ordinarily, in the inter-
 cos tals. It is usually augmented by outward pres-
 sure, inspiration,  coughing,  exertion, moving
 the thorax, and sometimes even the correspond-
 ing arm.  It is unaccompanied by fever, cough,
 or dyspnoea,  excepting under  the form of a
 stitch, when dyspnoea exists.  It is, generally,
 by no means obstinate, and yields promptly to
 warm applications and to cupping or leeches.
 If it still resist, a blister  will, almost always,
 remove it.
   Pleurodynia Ventosa, Pleuritis ventosa.
   PLEUROMA, Costa, Pleura.
   PLEUROPATHI'A, from n-Xtvqa, 'the
 pleura,'  and n-xdos, 'a disease.'  A disease of
 the pleura.
   PLEUROPERIPNEU'MONY,  Pleuroperi-
 pneumo'nia, Pleuropneumonia, Pneumonopleu-
 re'sis, Pneumonopleuritis, Pleuritis pulmo'nis,
 Pneumo'nia pleuritis.  Inflammation occupying
 the pleura and the lung at the same time.  Pleu-
 risy and peripneumony existing simultaneously.
 Physical signs.   A dull sound is yielded  by
 percussion for a variable  extent over  the more
 dependent portions of the affected  side.  The
 loss of sound is partially modified by change of
 position.  The respiratory murmur on  ausculta-
 tion is very feeble or absent inferiorly; higher
 up, the crepitation or bronchial respiration of
 pneumonia may be detected;  round the root of
 the lung, and near the inferior angle of the sca-
 pula, egophony is generally present.   There is
 seldom much enlargement of the affected side,
 or displacement of the  adjacent organs, as in
 the case of simple chronic pleurisy.
   PLEUROPNEUMA, Pneumathorax.
   P L E UROPN EUMONI A,  Pleuroperipneu-
 mony.
   PLEUROPNEUMONIAS, Pleuroperipneu-
 mony.
   PLEUROPYESIS, Empyema.
   PLEURORRHCE'A,from nxtuf.a, 'the side,'
and gf&>, 'I flow.'   Accumulation of fluid in
 the pleura.
   Pleurorrhcea  Chylosa,  Chylothorax—p.
 Lymphatica, Hydrothorax—p. Purulenta, Em-
 pyema—p. Sanguinea, Haematothorax—p. Se-
 rosa, Hydrothorax.
   PLEURORTHOPNCE'A, from nX^a, 'the
 side,'  o^9oc,  'erect,' and  nvea>,  'I respire.'
 Pain of the side, which does not permit the pa-
 tient to breathe, except when in the vertical
 position.
   PLEUROSTO'SIS, from nXtve.*., 'the pleura,'
 and oo-rtov, ' a bone.'  Ossification of the pleu-
 ra, or in the cavity of the pleura.  Osteopleuria.
   PLEUROTFTANUS, Pleurothotonos.
   PLEUROTHOT'ONOS,  Pleurot'onos, Pleu-
 rotet'anus, Tetanus latera'lis, from irxevqodtr,
 'laterally,' and tsvo;, 'tension.'  A variety of
 tetanus, in which the body is  curved laterally
 by the  stronger contraction of the muscles of
 one side of the  body.
   PLEUROTONOS, Pleurothotonos.
   PLEURUM, Costa, Pleura.
   PLEVRE, Pleura.
   PLEXIM'ETER,  Plexom'eter, Plegom'eter,
 Plessim'eter, from n-xno-a-o, 'I  strike,' and (ju-
 ts, or,' measure,'' a measurer of percussion.' An
 ivory plate of a circular or ovoid shape, from
 an ine'n and a half to two inches in diameter,
 and about one-sixth of an inch in thickness. It
 has either a raised  rim  or edge, or projecting
 handles on its  upper side, to permit its being
 held between the finger and thumb of the left
 hand, whilst it  is struck with  the right.  It is
 used in  percussion of the chest.  A piece of
 metal, a coin, or the finger of the left hand may
 be used with equal advantage.—See Percussion,
 mediate.
   PLEXOMETER, Pleximeter.
   PLEXOR, from 7rxrpooi,' I strike.'  Plesser.
 Any instrument employed in percussion.  The
 ends of the fingers of the right hand brought
 together are the best plexor;  as the finger of the
 left is, perhaps, the best pleximeter.
   PLEXUS,  Plegma, Plec'tane, Plane, Ret?,
 from plecto, ' I interlace,' ' 1  entwine.'  (F.)
 Lads. A network of blood vessels or of nerves.
 The nervous plexuses, Implicatio'nes reticula'-
 res seu Textus  nervo'rum belong—some to the
 system of encephalic nerves—others to that of
 the great  sympathetic;  whilst  some, as the
 pharyngeal, seem to be formed of the two sets.
 The plexuses represent complex networks, with
 more or  less  loose  meshes,  formed by the
 numerous and  diversified anastomfses of the
 nervous  filaments;  from which  proceed  other
 branches, that  are distributed to organs or to
 other plexuses.
   Plexus Choroides, see Choroid—p. Ciliaris,
 Ciliary ligament—p. Caliaque, Coeliac plexus
—p. Coronarius ventriculi, Gastric  plexus—p.
 Gangliformis semilunaris, Coeliac  plexus—p.
 Ganglioformes, Ganglions, nervous—p. Glandi-
 formes, Ganglions, nervous—p. Glandulosi Pey-
eri, Peyeri glandulae—p.  Hederaceus, Corpus
pampiniforme—p. Hepaticus, Hepatic plexus—p.
Infra-thyroideal, see Thyroideal veins—p. Lorn-
bo-abdominal, Lumbar plexus—p. Median, Cce-
liac plexus—p. Mesenterii proprius et maximus,
Coeliac plexus—p. Nervorum anserinus, Facial
nerve—p. Opistogastrique,  Cceliac  plexus—p<
Pampiniformis, Corpus  pampiniforme—p. Re-
tiformis, Corpus cavernosum vaginae—p. Reti-
cularis, Choroides  plexus — p. Solar, Cceliac
plexus — p. Sous-mesentirique,  Hypogastric
plexus—p. Testiculaire, Spermatic  plexus—p> 
PLICA
671
PLUMBI ACETAS
 Trachilo-sous-cutani, Cervical plexus—p. Vas-
 culosus funiculi spermatid pampiniformis, Cor-
 pus pampiniforme.
   PLICA, from plicari, 'to be knit together.'
 Tricho'sis plica, Tricho'ma, Trica, T. Incubo-
 rum, T.  Scrofo'rum, Plica Polonica,  P.  Po-
 lon'ica Juda'ica, P. Cachec'tica, P. Saxon'i-
 ca, Affec'tio  Sarmat'ica, Matted  hair, Plaited
 hair, Trichom'atose hair,  Lues Sarmat'ica,
 L.   Polon'ica,   L.  Trichomat'ica,  Helo'sis,
 Helo'tis,  Cir'ragra, Cir'rhagra,  C. Pollono'-
 rum, Ecphy'ma  tricho'ma, Morbus  Cirrho'-
 rum, Plica  caput Medu'sa, Plica longicau'da
 latera'lis, Coma  Cxsa'rea, Kolto,  Rhopalo'-
 sis,  Plica'tio,  Plicatu'ra, (F.) Plique,  P.  Po-
 lonaise.  A  disease endemic  in Poland,  Li-
 thuania, and other parts of Northern Europe;
 so called on  account of its being characterized
 by interlacing, twisting, and agglutination or
 matting of the hair.  By some it has been re-
 garded as a disease; by others, as the want of
 attention to cleanliness.  However this may be,
 it generally appears upon the hair of the head,
 but  sometimes  in  that of other  parts, as the
 beard,  the hair on  the axilla, pubes, &c.  Ali-
 bert  admits three  species  of plica.  1. The
 Plica multiformis or Plica caput Medu'sa, in
 which the hairs are mixed and agglutinated in
 greater or less masses; and  this has been again
 subdivided into two varieties, according as the
 meshes are almost straight (P. C. M. lacinia'ta,
 (F.)  Plique  en lanieres) or much twisted  (P.
 C. M. laciniata, (F.) P. en vrilles.)  2. Plica
 longicau'da, (E.)  Plique solitaire ou a queue;
 when the hair is united into a single long mass,
 and 3.  Plica cespito'sa, (F.) Plique en  masse,
 in which  the hairs  are matted into one large,
 shapeless  mass.   Pinel  places  this disease
 amongst the  Cutaneous phlegmasix;  but it is
 far from  being demonstrated, that it is the re-
 sult of inflammation of the skin.  Certain it is,
 however, that the tangling of the  hair is symp-
 tomatic of an affection—sui generis—of the der-
 moid system. The idea that  it is entirely owing
 to want of cleanliness, as has been  conceived
 by some, is not tenable.
   Plica,  Pleetane—p. Cachectica,  Plica—p.
 Caput Medusae, Plica—p. Longicauda lateralis,
 Plica—p. Lunata, Valvula semilunaris—p.  Po-
 lonica Judaica,  Plica—p. Saxonica, Plica—p.
 Semilunaris, Valvula semilunaris.
   PLICATIO, Plica.
   PLICATURA, Plica.
   PLICATUR^ CEREBRI, Gyri cerebri.
   PLICHOS, Perinaeum.
   PLINTHIUM, nXiv&tor.   A  machine  in-
 vented by one Nileus, which was  formerly em-
 ployed in  the reduction of fractures and luxa-
 tions.  Scultetus describes it in his Armamen-
 tarium  Chirurgicum.
   PLIQUE, Plica—/?. Polonaise, Plica.
   PLOMB, Plumbum.
   PLOMB, (F.)  The sulphuretted gas disen-
 gaged from privies, which proves fatal at times
 to the nightmen, (F.)  Vidangeurs, engaged in
 emptying  them.
  PLOMB, ACE" TATE AC IDE DE, Plumbi
 superacetas—p. Blanc, Plumbi subcarbonas—
p. Blanc de, Plumbi subcarbonas—p. Carbonate
de, Plumbi subcarbonas—p. Chlorure de, Plumbi
chloridum—p. lodure de, Plumbi iodidum—p.
Oxide de, fondu, Plumbi oxydum semivitreum
—p. Oxide rouge de, Plumbi oxydum rubrum—
 p. Oxide semivitreux de, Plumbi oxydum semi-
 vitreum.
   PLOMBAGINE, Graphites.
   PLOMBIERES, MINERAL WATERS OF,
 Fontes medica'ti Plumba'rii,ThermxPlumbarix.
 Plomb ieres is a town in the department of the
 Vosges,  17 leagues from Nancy, and two from
 Remiremont.  Here are several sources of ther-
 mal water.   That which is called Saponaceous,
 (F.) Savonneuse, is formed of the subcarbonate
 and sulphate of soda, chloride of sodium, silica,
 carbonate  of lime, and much  vegeto-animal
 matter.  This last component, when  held in
 solution  by means of the subcarbonate  of soda,
 gives  to the water  an  unctuous  character.
 This is the origin  of its name.  The waters of
 Plombieres are employed as  solvents  in en-
 gorgements of the abdominal viscera, and as
 alteratives in chronic diseases of the skin.
   PLORATIO, Lachrymatio.
   PLORATUS, Lachrymatio.
   PLOTUS, Leiopus.
   PLUGGING, (Sw.) Plugg, (F.) Tamponne-
 ment.  The act of stopping a hole.   The intro-
 duction of a plug of lint or rag into a wound or
 natural cavity—as the uterus or vagina—to ar-
 rest hemorrhage;  or of some substance into a
 carious tooth to prevent toothache.
   PLUM, Prunum, Prunus  domestica—p. As-
 syrian, Sebestina.
   PLUMA, Lanugo.
   PLUM AC EAU, Pledget.
   PLUMACEOLUS, Pad, Pledget.
   PLUMASSEAU, Pledget.
   PLUMBAGO, Graphites, Persicaria.
   Plumb a'go Europe'a, Denta'ria, Crepanel'la,
 Squama'ria, Dentela'ria, Leadwort,(F.) Dente-
 laire,Herbe au Cancer.   Family, Plumbagineae.
 Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.   The root
 was formerly much esteemed as a cure for the
 toothache;  like the Pel'litory of Spain, which
 is also called Dentaria.
   PLUMBI ACETAS, P. superacetas—p. Ace-
 tas dilutum alcoholicum,  Liquor plumbi sub-
 acetatis  dilutus—p. Acidulus  siccus, Plumbi
 superacetas—p. Carbonas, P. subcarbonas.
   Plumbi Chlo'ridum, Chloride of Lead, (F.)
 Chlorure de Plomb.  This salt of lead has been
 used in  the form  of lotion and ointment  in
 cancerous ulcerations.
   Plumbi Deutoxydum Rubrum,  P. oxydum
 rubrum—p. Iodidum, see Iodine—p. Ioduretum,
 see Iodine.
   Plumbi 'NiTROSAC'cH\nAS,Nitrosac'charate of
 lead. (Sacchar. p. j; Acid, nitric, p. ij ; Aqua.
 p. x.)  Beat together, in a porcelain dish as long
 as chemical action  continues : dilute the liquor
 with water, neutralize  with  chalk,  and to  the
 filtered solution add acetate of lead so long as a
 precipitate is formed.   Collect,  wash, and dry
 the precipitate, which  is saccharate of lead.
 Dissolve  in dilute nitric acid, (one part  acid to
 nineteen  of water,) filter and evaporate to form
 crystals,  which are transparent, of an  amber
 colour, and  in regular hexagonal  plates or
 prisms.
  Advised as a solvent to phosphatic calculi.
  Plumbi Oxydum Album, Plumbi subcarbonas
—p. Oxydum carbonatum per acidum acetosum,
 Plumbi subcarbonas—p. Oxydum  fusum, PI.
oxydum semivitreum.
  Plumbi Oxydum  Rubrum, Min'ium, Miltns,
Deutox'ydum plumbi  rubrum, Superox'ydum 
PLUMBICUM
672
PNEUMATOTHORAX
Plumbo'sum, Plumbum oxy da'turn rubrum, San-
dix, Sandyx, Red lead, (F.) Oxide de plomb
rouge.  It is sometimes used to kill vermin.
  Plumbi Ox'ydum Semivit'reum, lithar'gy-
rus, Lithargyrum,  Lithargyr'ium, Oxydum
plumbi fusum, Spuma argenti, Semi-vit rifled
oxyd of lead  or litharge, Calciteo'sa, Cath'mia,
(F.) Oxide de plomb fondu, Oxide de plomb
semivitreux,  (a yellow protoxyd of lead, pre-
pared by beat and combined with carbonic acid.)
It occurs in scales of  a whitish-red colour, and
semi-vitrified.  It is employed for  pharmaceu-
tical purposes, as in the Liquor plumbi acetatis,
Emplastrum  plumbi, &c.  Formerly, the Lith-
arge of gold,Chry sit is, Mas'sicot, and Litharge
of silver, Almariab, were distinguished in com-
merce.  These were merely ordinary litharge,
resembling gold or silver in colour.
  Plumbi  Subcar'bonas, Car'bonas  plumbi,
Plumbi Carbonas (Ph. U. S.), Plumbum carbon-
icum, Magiste'rivm  plumbi, Oxydum plumbi
album,Cerussa, JEru'go plumbi, Psimmyth'ion,
Psym'mython, Simmitium, Flake white, Blanca,
Gersa, If'fieles, Subcar'bonute of lead, Cerusse,
White lead, (F.) Carbonate de plomb, Blanc de
plomb, Plomb blanc, (prepared by exposing spiral
rolls of lead to the fumes of vinegar, in vessels
placed in dung.)  It is inodorous;  has a sweet
taste;  is brittle; friable; snow white, and of
a minute, scaly texture.  It is  astringent and
sedative, and  is sprinkled on parts affected with
local inflammation, or to prevent chafing in
children.  It  is also  used in the formation of
ointments and plasters.
  Plumbi  Superace'tas,  Cerus'sa  aceta'ta,
Plumbi acid'ulus siccus, Plumbi ace'tas (Ph. U.
S.), Sal vel sac'charum Satur'ni, Superac"etate
of lead, Plumbum ace'ticum, Dulce'do Satur'ni,
Acetas plum'bicum crystallisa'tum,  Sal plumbi,
Sugar of lead,  Protoac''etate of  lead, (F.)
Acitate acide de plomb, Sel ou sucre de Saturne.
(Plumb, carb. ffij, Acid acetic, cong. 1^.  Boil
the lead with the acid till it is saturated; then
strain through paper, and evaporate to a pelli-
cle, that crystals may be formed.  Wash the
crystals and  dry  on  blotting  paper. Ph. L.)
The acetate of lead has a sweet, styptic taste;
a very white colour,  and silky lustre.  It is
astringent; and, in weak solution, cooling and
sedative;  in  strong, stimulant.  It is given in-
ternally, in  visceral  and other  hemorrhages,
combined with opium, and is used  externally,
in  solution,  in inflammation,  burns, bruises,
gonorrhoea, &c.  Dose, gr. ss to iss.
  Plumbi Tannas, see Tannin.
  PLUMBICUM ACETAS CRYSTALLISA-
TUM, Plumbi superacetas.
  FLUMBOSUM SUPEROXYDUM, Plumbi
oxydum rubrum.
  PLUMBUM, Molyb'dos, Molibdus, Saturn'-
us, Capricor'nus, (F.) Plomb.   Lead.  A solid
metal of a bluish white colour; more malleable
than ductile; soft enough to be scratched by the
nail; very fusible and oxydizable, when heated
in the air, and existing, in nature, under a num-
ber of different shapes; the principal of which
are those of sulphuret and oxyd.   S. g. 11.352.
  Its use  is  to form  oxides and salts.  In its
metallic state, it has no action upon the body;
but when oxydized or united with  an  acid, it
acts, in large doses, as a powerfully astringent
poison.
  Plumbum  Aceticum, Plumbi superacetas—
p. Album, Tin —p. Candidum,  Tin —p. Car-
bonicum, Plumbi subcarbonas — p. Cinereum,
Bismuth, subnitrate of—p. Oxydatum rubrum,
Plumbi oxydum rubrum.
  PLUMS, SEEDED, see Diospyros Virginiana
—p. Winter, see Diospyros Virginiana—p. Yel-
low, see Diospyros Virginiana.  "
  PLUNKETT'S   CAUSTIC  FOR  CAN-
CERS, Plunkett's ointment.
  Plunkett's Ointment.  Plunkett's Caustic
for Cancers.  This  empirical cancer remedy
consists of Arsenious acid,  Sulphur, and  the
powdered flowers of the Ranunculus flammula
and Cotula fatida;—levigated and made into a
paste with the white of egg, and applied, on a
piece of pig's bladder, to the surface of the cancer.
  PLUTEA.   Avicenna gives this  name  to
duplicatures of the  dura mater,  such as  the
Falx cerebri.
  PLUTONIUM,  Barium.
  PNEOBIOMANTIA, Docimasia pulmonum.
  PNEOBIOMANTICA, Docimasia pulmo-
num.
  PNEUMA, Air, Life.
  PNEUMAPOSTE'MA, Pneumonaposte'ma,
Abscessus  pulmo'num;  from  nviujuwv, 'the
lung;' and  arroo-rr^ia, ' abscess.'  Abscess of
the lung.
  PNEUMATELECTASIS, Atelectasis pul-
monum.
  PNEUMATHORAX, Pneumothorax.
  PNEUMAT'IC  PHYSICIANS, Pneumat'-
ici.  Name given to a sect of physicians,  at the
head of whom was Athenaeus, who made health
and disease to consist in the different. propor«
tions of an element—which they called Pneuma,
miv/u.a.—to those of the other elementary prin-
ciples.   This n-vtvua was a fancied spiritual
principle, which the Stoics regarded  as an ele-
ment, different from water, air, earth and fire;
— the sole  elementary principles previously
admitted.
  PNEUMAT'ICA, from nvivua, 'air.'  Ap-
pertaining  to  the  breathing.  Diseases of  the
respiratory  function; — the  second  class  in
Good's system of nosology.
  PNEUMATOCELE, Physocele.
  PNEUMATOSES, from miviia, 'wind,'
and  ubog, 'resemblance.'  One distended with
air,  or who breathes with difficulty, owing to
an accumulation of flatus in the digestive tube;
or, according to others, owing to emphysema.
  PNEUMATOMPHALOCELE, Pneumatom-
phalus.
  PNEUMATOM'PHALUS, P neumatompha-
loce'le, from nvtv/u.t, ' flatus,' and o^aXoc, 'the
umbilicus.'   Umbilical intestinal hernia, con-
taining a considerable quantity of flatus.
   PNEUMATOSE, Pneumatosis—^. Perito-
niale, Tympanites.
  PNEUMATOSIS, Aero'sis,  from -mtvaa,
'air.'  Flatus, (F.) Maladie venteuse,  Pneu-
mato,se.  Flatulence.  Flatulent  distention of
the  stomach  or bowels,  or both.  Sauvages
uses the word synonymously with emphysema.
It is now generally employed for every  abnor-
mous collection of gaseous matters in any part
of the body.
   Pneumatosis, Emphysema — p. Abdominis,
Tympanites—p. Enterica, Colica flatulenta—
p. Pulmonum, Emphysema of the  lungs — p.
Ventriculi, et Pneumatosis enterica, Flatulence.
   PNEUMATOTHORAX,  Pneumothorax. 
PNEUMOCACE             67
  PNEUMOCACE, Necropneumonia.
  PNEUMOCHOLOSIS, Pneumonia (bilious.)
  PNEUMOCHYSIS, GEdema of the lungs.
  PNEUMOECTASIE, Emphysema of the
 lungs.
  P N E U M 0 G A ST RIC, Pneumogas'tricus,
 from  Trvtupwv,  'the  lung,'  and yao-ryq, 'the
 stomach.'  Chaussier gives this name to the
 Eighth pair of nerves, Par vagum, Pars vaga,
 Nervus vagus seu ambulato'rius, Middle sym-
 pathetic; because it is distributed especially to
 the organs contained in the chest and abdomen.
 This  nerve arises from behind the eminentiae
 olivariae and near the corpora restiformia by one
 or two rows of filaments, regularly arranged.
 These filaments unite to form a flat cord, which
 issues from the cranium by  the foramen lace-
 rum  posterius; behind the  glosso-pharyngeal
 nerve. At its exit from the cranium, the pneti-
<mogastric nerve has  the appearance of a very
 compact  plexus.   It  then descends  along the
 neck, deeply seated on the outside of the caro-
 tid artery and the internal jugular vein. When
 it has attained the lower part of the neck it en-
 ters the  chest, gliding  behind  the  subclavian
 vein,  and passing  on the right side, in front of
 the subclavian artery, and, on the left, before
 the arch of  the aorta.   It  proceeds, at first,
 backwards, increasing in size.  Afterwards, it
 passes from behind the bronchia to the oesopha-
 gus,  which  it  accompanies through  the  dia-
 phragm,  and  terminates on  the stomach.  In
 the neck, the pneumogastric  nerve anastomoses
 with the  spinal, glosso-pharyngeal, great hypo-
 glossal, and great sympathetic nerves; and fur-
 nishes, 1. a pharyngeal branch, 2. a superior la-
 ryngeal,  3. cardiac branches.  In the  chest,  it
 gives off, 1. The  inferior laryngeal or recur-
 rent,  2.  The pulmonary plexus, and, 3. The
 (esophageal branches.  On  entering the abdo-
 men,  the oesophageal branches, which terminate
 the pneumogastric, are distributed  upon the
 stomach, and give  numerous filaments to that
 viscus, to the hepatic, cceliac, gastro-epiploic,
 and solar plexuses.  Some go, also, to the pan-
 creas, liver, gall-bladder, duodenum, &c.
  PNEUMOG'RAPHY, Pneumogra'phia; from
 nvtv/mwv, 'the lung,' and y^a<pr\, 'a description.'
 The part of anatomy  that describes the lungs.
  PNEUMOL'OGY,  Pneumolog"ia; from ntiv-
 /"cov,  'the lung,' and Xoyoc, ' a discourse.'  An
 anatomical treatise on the lungs. An anatomical
 description of the lungs.
  PNEUMON, Pulmo.
  PNEUMONALGIA,  Angina pectoris.
  PNEUMONATELECTASIS,   Atelectasis
 pulmonum.                                ,
  PNEUMONECTASIS, Emphysema pulmo-
 num.
  PNEUMONEMPHRAX'IS;  from  nvevuwv,
 ' the lung,'  and tuo§*?K, 'obstruction.'  Con-
 gestion and infarction of the lungs.
  PNEUMO'NIA,  Empres'ma  Pneumonitis,
 Pleumo'nia, Peripneumonia, Pneumo'nia peri-
 pneumo'nia, Pneumonitis, Pulmo'nia, Pulmo-
 na'ria, Inflamma'tio pneumon'ica, I.  pec'toris
 acu'ta, I. pulmo'num, Pneumos'tasis,  Inflam-
mation of the lungs,  Lung fever  (vulgarly),
Febris pneumon'ica, (F.) Inflammation des Pou-
mons, Fievre pneumonique,  F. piripneumo-
nique, Fluxion de Poitrine, Inflammation du
Parenchyme pulmonaire.  The chief symptoms
of pneumonia are :—pyrexia, accompanied by
3              PNEUMONIA

pain, sometimes obtuse, at others pungent,—in
some part of the  thorax; pulse more or less
quick and hard, according to the violence and
extent of the local disorder; pain aggravated by
the cough, which with dyspnoea exists through-
out the disease.  At first, the expectoration is
difficult and painful; but in the course of a few
days it becomes free,  and  the oppression of
breathing is mitigated.  When the inflamma-
tion, instead of going off by  resolution, passes
on to suppuration,  rigors are experienced ; the
respiration becomes more oppressed, but less
painful, and a sense of weight is felt in one of
the pleurae.  Pneumonia may,  also, terminate
by gangrene—but this rarely happens;—by fc-
duration and by hepatization.
  Physical Signs. First Stage, (F.) Engoue-
ment.  Diminution of  the  sound is generally
observed over the affected part on  percussion;
auscultation exhibits an equal, dry, crepitating
rale, which is best heard at the  close of a deep
inspiration, and on coughing.   The respiratory
murmur is intermingled with the crepitant rale,
or it may be absent.  In the neighbourhood of
the affected parts it is natural or puerile.   The
voice and cough are rather more resonant than
usual.  Second Stage, (F.) Hipatisation rouge.
When Hepatization has occurred, the motion of
the affected side is impeded, and immediately
above  the sternum and  in the corresponding
triangular space on either side, there is often an
evident depression. Percussion is dull over the
affected part in every position of  the patient.
On auscultation, the crepitation is found to be
replaced by bronchial respiration.   The respi-
ratory  murmur is louder in  the other portions
of the lung, the voice and cough are more reso-
nant, and the heart's action is more distinct.
Third Stage, (F.) Hipatisation grise.  When
suppuration supervenes, the same signs persist;
but usually the voice and cough are less  reso-
nant, and a coarse mucous rale is heard.  When
gangrenous or suppurative cavities are formed,
they present the ordinary signs.
  The prognosis must be guarded.   It is not a
disease which  we can always subdue.  Great
extent of inflammation; very considerable op-
pression ; orthopncea, and difficult expectora-
tion are unfavourable  symptoms.   The  most
active treatment is of course necessary.  Gene-
ral bleeding forms the sheet anchor,—employed
so as to make a decided impression on the sys-
tem, and repeated, if necessary;  local blood-
letting ; nauseating doses of antimonials ;  pur-
gatives; and when the  violence of the  inflam-
mation has been got under,—counter-irritants,
&c.  Chronic pneumonia sometimes succeeds
the acute, and, at  others, occurs accidentally.
It must be  managed  on general   principles.
Small bleedings, especially  locally ; and coun-
ter-irritants of all kinds are indicated.
  Pneumonia Biliosa, P. bilious.
  Pneumonia,  Bilious,  Pneumo'nia bilio'sa,
Pneumocholo'sis.   Inflammation of the lungs,
accompanied by gastric fever, and not uncom-
monly by typhoid symptoms;—Pneumotyphus,
Pneumo'nia typko'i'des seu typho'des seu typho'-
sa, Putrid, typhoid, adynamic or erysipelatous
pneumo'nia.
  Pneumonia,  Erysipelatous, P.  bilious—p.
Gangraenosa, Necropneumonia—p. Hypostatica,
Pneumonypostasis—p.  Intermittens, Pneumo-
typosis—p.  Lobular, see Lobular—p.  Notha, 
PNEUMONIC A             674               PODAGRA
Peripneumonia notha — p.  Pleuritis,  Pleuro-
pneumonia—p. Putrid, P. bilious—p. Typhodes,
P. bilious—p. Typhoid, P. bilious—p. Typhosa,
P. bilious, Necropneumonia.
  PNEUMON'ICA.   Diseases  affecting  the
lungs, their membranes or motive power; cha-
racterized by  irregular, impeded,  or painful
respiration.  The  second  order of the class
Pneumatica of Good.
  PNEUMONICULA.  Diminutive of pneu-
monia.   A slight inflammation of the lung.
  PNEUMONICUS, Pulmonic.
  PNEUMONIE, Pneumonia—p.Dissiminie,
see Lobular—p.Lobulaire, see Lobular—p. Ma-
melonnie, see Lobular.
  PNEUMONIE  DES  AGONISANTS,
Pneumonic hypostatique.  The hypereemic en-
gorgement, which takes place  in the.lungs dur-
ing the last moments of life, has been so termed.
It would seem to be hyperaemia  rather than in-
flammation.
  PNEUMONIT'IC, Pneumonit'icus.  Of, or
belonging to pneumonitis, or inflammation of
the lungs.
  PNEUMONITIS, Pneumonia.
  PNEUMONOCARCINO'MA, from rvtuuuv,
'the lung,' and  *.ae,xtvu>fjia,  'cancer.'  Cancer
of the lungs.
  PNEUMONOCE'LE, from  nnupimv, 'the
lung,' and u^xy, ' rupture.' Hernia of the lung.
  Pneumonoce'le Diaphragmat'ica Inter'na.
Hernia of the lung  through the diaphragm.
  Pneumonocele Exter'na sevi Thorac"ica.
Hernia through the parietes of the chest.
  Pneumonocele Thoracica, Pn. externa.
  PNEUMONCEDEMA, CEdema of the lungs.
  PNEUMONOMELANOSIS, see Melanosis.
  PNEUMONOPHTHISIS,  Phthisis  pulmo-
nalis.
  PNEUMONOPHTHOE, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  PNEUMONOPLEURESIS,Pleuroperipneu-
mony.
  PNEUMONOPLEURITIS, Pleuroperipneu-
mony.
  PNEUMONORRHAGIA, Haemoptysis.
  PNEUMONORRHCEA, Haemoptysis.
  PNEUMONOSCIR'RHUS;  from nvtv/uw,
'the  lung,' and nKiqqoc, 'induration.'  Indura-
tion of the lungs.
  PNEUMONOSES, Pneumoses.
  PNEUMONYPOSTASIS,  Pneumo'nia  hy-
postat'ica.  Pneumonia caused in a depending
portion of the  lung, as from lying on the back.
  PNEUMOPERICARDE, Pneumopericar-
dium.
  PNEUMO-PERICARD'IUM, Pneumo-peri-
cardi'tis, (F.) Pneumo-p'ericarde, from rrviu^ia,
1 air,' and mgixu^diov,' pericardium.'  Laennec
designates, under this name, the effusion of air
into the cavity of the pericardium.
  PNEUMOPHTHISIS, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  PNEUMOPHYMATA,  Tubercles of  the
lungs.
  PNEUMOPLEURESIS, Pleuroperipneu-
mony.
  PNEUMOPTHOE, Phthisis pulmonalis.
  PJNEUMORRHAGIA,  Haemoptysis—p.  In-
terna, Haematothorax.
  PNEUMOSEPSIS, Necropneumonia.
  PNEUMOSES, from nvivuwv, ' the  lung.'
A term  under  which Alibert  comprises every
morbid affection of the lungs.
  PNEUMOTHO'RAX, Pneumothorax, Pneu-
matothorax, Emphyse'ma pec'toris,  Asthma
aerium, A. emphysemat'icum, Dyspna'a pneu-
matica, D. physothorad'ica, Physothorax, Ae-
rothorax,  A'eropleurie, (Piorry,) from mtvtta,
' air,' and  #a>g*?, ' the thorax.'  An accumula-
tion of air in the cavity of the pleura.  A com-
plaint generally sudden in its invasion and fatal
in its character.  In many instances, along with
the air a liquid is effused,—Hydropneumothorax.
The  disease may be spontaneous and simple,
but in a large proportion of cases it is compli-
cated with pleurisy and pulmonary tubercles.
The signs  vary according as there is, or is not, a
communication between the pleura and the bron-
chia.   The affected  side gives a hollow, tym-
panitic sound,  even where the thickness of the
parietes of the thorax is great.  When the effu-
sion is considerable, the affected side is dilated,
but there is no rale of any kind.  When a gase-
ous and a liquid effusion are present at the same
time,  the  sound  on  percussion is found to he
clear  at the superior part of the  thorax, but
dull inferiorly; hence, by varying the position
of the  patient, and by consequence that of the
contained  fluids,  the seats of the clear and the
dull sound will be varied. When the gaseous
effusion is owing to  a fistulous  communication
between the pleura and bronchia, the metallic
respiration and  resonance are heard;  and if
there be both gaseous and liquid effusion, with a
fistulous communication, in addition to these
signs  there is  the tintement mitallique.  The
presence of liquid can  always be ascertained
by succussion.  See Emphysema of the lungs.
  PNEUMOT'OMY, Pneumotom'ia, from nvtu-
pwv, ' the lung,' and  xsuvo, ' I cut.'   Dissection
of the lungs.
  PNEUMOTYPHUS, Pneumonia, typhoid.
  PNEUMOTYPO'SIS, Pneumo'nia intermit-
tens, from n-viv/Liorv,  'the  lung,' and runog, 'a
stamp, a type.'  Pneumonia  characterized by
periodicity.
  PNEUOBIOMANTIA, Docimasia  pulmo-
num.
  PNEUSIOBIOGNOSIS, Docimasia  pulmo-
num.
  PNEUSIOBIOSCOPE,  Docimasia   pulmo-
num.
  PNEUSIS, Respiration—p. Pertussis, Pertus-
sis—p. Singultus, Singultus—p. Tussis, Tussis.
  PNEUSOMETER, Spirometer.
  PNIGALION, Incubus.
  PNIGMOS, Orthopncea, Strangulation.
  PNIGOPHOBIA,  Angina pectoris, Suffoca-
tion.
  PNIX,  Orthopncea, Strangulation.
  PNOE,  Aura.
  PNOOCOLYTICUS, Asthmatic.
  POCHE DES EAUX, see Parturition.
  POCK,  KINE, Vaccina.
  POCK-MARK, Scrobic'ulus Variola, Cica-
trix Variola.   The mark left from a small-pox
pustule.
  POCULUM,  ABSINTHIA'TUM.   This
was regarded  in  remote ages  as a wholesome
beverage;   the absinthium,  or 'wormwood,'
being supposed to act as an antidote to drunken-
ness.
  Poculum Amatorium, Philter—p. Diogenis,
Palm—p. Emeticum, Goblet, emetic.
  POD'AGRA,  Podarthritis, Podorrheu'ma,
Podal'gia, from iroug, ''the foot,' and «y?*j 
PODAGRARIA
675
POISON
 ' seizure.'  Pain which attacks the feet.  Gout,
 situate in the articulations of the foot.  It has,
 also, been  used in a more extensive significa-
 tion, synonymously with gout.
   Podagra Aberrans, Gout, (wandering)—p.
 Arthritis, Gout—p. Retrograda, Gout, (retro-
 grade.)
   PODAGRARIA, Ligusticum podagraria.
   PODALGIA, Gout,  Podagra.
   PODALYRIA TINCTORIA, Sophora tinc-
 toria.
   PODANENCEPHALIA,seePodencephalus.
   PODARTHRITIS, Podagra.
   PODARTHROCACE, from jtouc, ' the foot,'
 aQ&e,ov, ' an articulation,' and naxog, ' bad.'  Ca-
 ries of the articulation of the foot.
   PODENCEPHALIA, see Podencephalus.
   PO D E N C E P H'A L U S, Podanenceph'alus,
 from novg, 'the foot,'  and xevaxi], 'the head.'
 A monster whose  brain is placed outside the
 skull, and seems to be  supported on a pedicle,
 which  traverses the summit of the skull.  This
 state of monstrosity is termed Podanencepha'-
 lia, or  more properly,  Podencepha'lia.—G. St.
 Hilaire.
   PODEX, Anus.
   PODCE'MA; from rrovg, 'foot,' and oiSripia,
 'a swelling.'  CEdema of the feet.
   PODOL'OGY, Podolog"ia, from novg, 'the
 foot,' and Xoyoc, 'a discourse.'   A description
 of the foot.  A treatise onthe foot.
   PODOPHYL'LUM  PELTATUM, Podo-
 phyllum, Anapodophyll um Canadense, May
 apple, Mandrake.  Family, Podophylleae. Sex.
 Syst. Polyandria Monogynia. A common plant
 throughout North America.  The fruit is eat-
 able, and esteemed by many.   The leaves are
 said  to be poisonous.  The root or rhizoma,
 Podophyllum (Ph. U. S.), is purgative in the
 dose of 20 grains.  It has also been used as an
 anthelmintic.
   Podophyllum Monta'num, Mountain May
 Apple,Mandrake, Wild Lemon,Ducks foot, Rac-
 coon Berry, Yellow Berry, Ground Lemon, has
 the same properties.
   PODORRHEUMA, Podagra.
   PODOTHEC A, from -rove,' a foot,' and e^xv,
 'a receptacle, a sheath.'  The cuticle of  the
 foot. An anatomical preparation.  Chirothe'ca,
 has been used for the cuticle of the hand.
   POELETTE, Cup.
   POE'PHAGUS;  from nov, or not, 'a plant,
i an herb,' and v*.ya>, ' I eat.'   One who subsists
i on herbs or vegetables.  The act of subsisting
 or feeding  on herbs or vegetables is called
 Poephag"ia.   Hence  Strabo calls  the Irish
: 7ronQa.yoi.
   POGON, Beard.
   POGONI'ASIS, Pogo'nia, from nor/aw, 'the
1 beard.'   A female beard.  Also, great strength
i or quantity of beard.  A female having a beard
--Vira'go.
   POGO'NIUM, diminutive of nwywv,' a beard.'
.A weak or small beard.
   POHON  ANTIAR, Upas.
  POL  A favourite aliment in the Sandwich
Islands.  It is a sort of paste made from the
root of the  Kalo—Arum esculen'tum.
  POIDS  ET MESURES, Weights and mea-
sures.
  POIGNEE, Manipulus.
  POIGNET, Carpus.
  POIL, Hair.
  POILETTE, Cup.
  POINT, BLISTERING.  A name given by
Dr.  Rush  to  an indeterminate  period in the
course of a continued fever, intermediate be-
tween its stage of high excitement and collapse,
in which  blisters will—he thought—usually
produce unequivocally good effects.
  POINT DE COTE, Pleurodynia.
  POINTS LACRYMAUX, Lachrymalia
puncta.
  POIRE, see Pyrus communis.
  POIREAU, Allium porrum.
  POIRIER, Pyrus communis.
  POIS A  CAUTERE, see  Fonticulus — p.
Chiche, Cicer arietinum—p. a Gratter, Dolichos
pruriens—p. Patate,  Dolichos tuberosus.
  POISON, Phar'macon, Phar'macum,  Tox'-
icum, Vene'num, Virus, Delete'rium, (F.) Poi-
son.  A generic name for all  substances which,
when introduced into the animal economy, either
by cutaneous absorption, respiration, or the di-
gestive canal, act in a noxious manner on the
vital properties or the texture of an organ.  Poi-
sons exist in the three kingdoms of nature, but
those which proceed from animals are often
called venoms, as the venom  of the viper, scor-
pion, tarantula, &c, whilst those that are the
products  of disease have  the name virus.  In
common parlance, therefore, poison is restricted
to deleterious articles, furnished by the mineral
and vegetable kingdoms. Orfila has divided poi-
sons into four classes.  1. Acrid, Ir'ritating,
Corro'sive, or Escharot'ic, such as  the  con-
centrated acids and alkalies; mercurial, arse-
niacal, cupreous, and antimonial compounds,
cantharides, &c.  2.  Narcot'ic ;  those that act
particularly upon the brain; as  opium, hyos-
cyamus, &c, but without inflaming the organ
with which they come in contact.  3. Narcot'-
ico-Acrid or Acronarcot'ic;—those that act
on the brain, but, at the same time, inflame the
parts to  which they are applied; as  aconite,
belladonna, &c.  4. Septic or Putres'cent;—
those furnished by the  animal  kingdom.  See
Venom and Virus. Various  classifications, of
a similar character, have been recommended by
different toxicologists; but they are liable to the
objection, that they throw substances together
whose physiological action on  the system is very
different.  It is, indeed, difficult to avoid unna-
tural compression of matters into  places not
properly belonging to them, in all  such arrange-
ments.
  The following table, which exhibits a coup
d'ail of the chief poisons, with  most of the cir-
cumstances of importance connected with them,
is not free from these objections. 
POISONS                   676                    POISONS
TABLE EXHIBITING THE SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, AND MODE OF DETECTING THE VARIOUS
                         POISONS, MINERAL, VEGETABLE AND  ANIMAL.

              N. B. In all cases the Stomach-Pump should be used as soon as possible.

                                 I.  INORGANIC   POISONS.
Poisons.
   ACIDS.

 Acetic Acid.

 Citric Acid.

Muriatic Acid.

 JVitric Acid.

Sulphuric Acid.

 Tartaric Acid.

 Oxalic Acid.
  Prussic Acid.

Oil of Bitter Al-
Laurel Water.
ALKALIES and
  their SALTS.

   Ammonia,
Strong Liquor or
    Water of.

Muriate of  Am-
  monia  or  Sal
  Ammoniac.

    Potassa.

Caustic Potash,
  and Liquor Po
  tasste.

Carbonate of, or
  Pearl Ash, and
  Salt of tartar.

Nitrate of Potas-
  sa, or Saltpetre.

Sulphuret  of, or
  Liver of  Sul
  phur.

     Sod*.
Symptoms.
EARTHS   and
 COMPOUNDS.
    Baryta.
Carbonate of Ba-
      ryta.
Muriate  of Ba-
      ryta.

Karate of Baryta.

     Lime.
  The acids, generally, are
strong  corrosive  poisons.
Sour, acrid  taste, burning
in the throat, which is in-
creased  by pressure, swal-
lowing or coughing; eruc-
tation,  and  excruciating
pain in the  stomach; more
or less corrugation of the
lining membranes  of  the
mouth  and  prims vise: ex-
coriation about the mouth
or such other  paits of the
skin as the  acid may have
touched.   The matter vo-
mited effervesces with car-
bonate of lime.  The coun-
tenance becomes glazed, ex-
tremities cold and clammy;
convulsions and death.  Ni-
tric acid  occasions yellow
stains, and sulphuric acid,
black.
  Is a sedative poison; nau-
sea, giddiness, debility, hur-
ried pulse, weight and pain
in the  head;  eructations
having the flavour of the
acid; spasms, tetanus, con-
tractile pupil; convulsions,
death.
Treatment.
  Violent  caustic,  acrid
taste;  great  heat  in  the
throat, with destruction of
its lining membrane; diffi-
cult  and painful  degluti-
tion; vomiting  of bloody
matter,   which  turns  the
yellow of turmeric  brown ;
acute pain in the stomach ;
cold sweats, weakness, hie
cough; violent colic pains,
with purging   of  bloody
stools  and  membranous
flakes; death.
  The  nitrate  of potassa
will not manifest the effect
with turmeric paper.  The
carbonates, when vomited,
will  effervesce with  acids;
and  the  liver  of sulphur
will give rise to eructations
of sulphuretted hydrogen.
  The  carbonates of soda,
potassa, lime and magne-
sia, are all antidotes to the
acids;  calcined magnesia
also.  They are to be used
with the following restric-
tions; for the acetic, citric,
muriatic,   sulphuric, and
tartaric acids, they may be
used indiscriminately.  For
the nitric  and  oxalic, car-
bonates of magnesia and
lime can alone be employed
with safety.  In the case of
sulphuric acid,water should
not be  drunk  on account of
the  great  heat, which is
produced by their mixture.
Subsequent  inflammation
to be  treated by ordinary
means.
  The  carbonates of the al-
kalies and of magnesia and
lime have the inconveni-
ence, that a large quantity
of gas  is extricated in the
stomach.
  Ammonia is an antidote:
but it  should not be em-
ployed in  a  very  concen-
trated  form.  Liquid  chlo-
rine has  also been  found
efficacious. The cold douche
to the  head  has been re-
commended.
Tests.
  Sulphuric  acid is known by  a
white precipitate with any salt of
baryta, insoluble in nitric acid.
  Muriatic acid is known by a white
precipitate  with nitrate of silver,
insi.luble in nitric acid, which turns
black by the action of light.
  JVitric acid gives  rise to orange-
coloured fumes, when  copper is
placed  in it, and an ability to dis-
solve gold when mixed with muria-
tic acid.
  Acetic acid exhales  the  odour of
vinegar.
  Citric acid blackens when heated.
  Tartaric acid precipitates crystals,
with a  solution of potassa; and  a
white  precipitate is thrown down
by lime-water.
  Oxalic acid gives a white precipi-
tate with lime water,  which, when
heated, is converted into carbonate
of lime.
  Prussic acid exhales the odour of
peach kernels; forms a  white  pre-
cipitate with  nitrate of silver; neu-
tralized   with  an  alkali, gives a
blue precipitate with the per-salts
of iron.
  The vegetable acids, such
as vinegar, lemon juice,
citric and  tartaric acid in
solution are antidotes lo the
alkalies  and  their  carbo-
bonates.   The fixed  oils,
such as castor, linseed, al-
mond and olive, form soaps
with the free  alkalies, and
therefore destroy their caus-
tic effects.
  Poisoning  by nitrate of
potassa to be treated on ge-
neral  antiphlogistic princi-
ples;  mucilaginous drinks.
  Liver of sulphur is  said
to be decomposed and neu-
tralized  by common  salt.
The liquid  chloride of soda
will also decompose it.
  Analogous with  those of
the corrosive metals.  Vio-
lent burning  in  the  sto-
mach, vomiting, gripes, di-
arrhoea:  excessive  muscu-
lar debility, headache, con-
vulsions, death. Lime dif-
fers from baryta in  being a
pure irritant.
  The  sulphates of  soda
and  magnesia are prompt
and  effective  antidotes to
all the  poisonous  salts of
baryta.   Phosphate of soda
will  also counteract  their
effects.   Lime may be neu-
tralized  by  dilute  acids.
Carbonic acid, in soda wa-
ter, effervescing draught or
yeast, it is supposed, would
answera good purpose. The
fixed oils may be employed
either  for baryta or lime,
when  not in a compound
state.
  The alkalies are known by their
action on turmeric paper ; restoring
the colour of litmus, which hae
been reddened by an acid.

  Carbonates are  known by their
effervescence with an acid ; some of
them affect the turmeric paper. Sal
ammoniac gives out the  pungent
odour  of  ammonia, when  mixed
with quicklime.
  Nitrate  of potassa decrepitates
and  deflagrates  when thrown on
hot coals.
  Liver of sulphur emits the odour
of sulphuretted hydrogen when dis-
solved,  or when treated wilh an
acid.
  Baryta and its  salts invariably
give a white precipitate insoluble
in acid, with a soluble sulphate,   j

  Lime, when dissolved, gives a j
white  precipitate with oxalic acid, j
Also with carbonic acid, or a solu-|
ble  carbonate. The same of baryta. 
POISONS                   677                   POISONS
   Poisons.

  ALCOHOL.

Brandy,  Wines.
  and all Spiri-
  tuous Liquors.
       Symptoms.

  Intoxication, and when
taken very freely, complete
insensibility,   with  apo-
plexy or  paralysis of one
side; the countenance swol-
len and of  a  dark-red  co
lour; the  breathing diffi-
cult, and  often stertorous,
with a peculiar puffing  out
of the lips; the breath smells
of liquor, which will dis-
tinguish the symptoms from
those of spontaneous apo-
plexy.
 VOLATILE
    O.LS.

   Creosote.
DippeVs  Animal
      Oil.

   Oil of Tar.

 Oil of Tobacco.

Oil of Turpentine.

   Fusel Oil.


   GASES.

Carbonic Arid or
   Fixed Air.

 Carbonic Oxide.

Fumes of Burn-
  ing C/tarcual.

   Chlorine.

Sulphuretted Hy-
    drogen.
IODINE.
Iodide of Potas-
     sium.
   METALS.

  Antimony.
 Tartar Emetic.

Muriate, or But-
 ter of Antimony.
Oxide  of  Anii
     mony.
       Treatment.

  A  powerful  emetic  of
white vitriol, or tartar eme-
tic, should he got into the
stomach  as  soon as possi-
ble ; and if  the  person has
lost the power of swallow-
ing,  a flexible  catheter or
tube should be the means of
conveying it thither.  The
vomiting should be encou-
raged as much as possible
with warm water; and large
and  active glysters of salt
and water should be thrown
up.  The patient should be
placed erect,  and if  the
countenance and other ap-
pearances be not improved
after these means have been
used, the jugular vein may
be  opened,  and cold  wet
cloths applied to the head,
particularly  if the  body be
hotter than natural. If the
extremities  become  cold,
warmth and friction should
be perseveringly used.
  General  action  that of
irritant  poisons.   Burning
pain,  vomiting,   pungent
taste, purging, &.c.  The oils
of turpentine  and tobacco
affect the  nervous  system ;
the peculiar odour of eacli
oil  will be  manifested in
the matter vomited.
  Chlorine produces, when
inhaled,  violent  irritation
of the organs of respiration;
cough,  bloody expectora-
tion,  inflammation of the
lungs, and permanent pul-
monary disease. The other
cases, although producing
some effect on the respira-
tory organs, act as poisons
in consequence of their se-
dative agency.  The  symp-
toms, therefore, are  those
of apoplexy or narcotic poi-
soning.
  Irritant symptoms : burn-
ing pain in the throat, lace-
rating pain in the stomach,
and  fruitless efforts to vo-
mit ; suffusion of the eyes ;
excessive pain and tender-
ness of the epigastrium.
  Vomiting.   If  vomiting
do not occur promptly, vio-
lent  irritant   effects  are
produced.  Burning pain in
the  pit  of the  stomnci;
Purging;   colicky   pains,
sense of  tightness in the
thro;it, violent cramps; re-
peated recurrence of vomit-
  Creasote  is  immediately
coagulated   by  albumen.
Dippel's animal oil may be
counteracted  with   dilute
acids  and  the  fixed oils.
The other oils have no par-
ticular antidotes, and their
effects must, therefore,  be
counteracted  upon general
principles.
  The antidotes to chlorine,
are the cautious inhalation
of ammonia, or sulphuret-
ted hydrogen. The in flam
matory   symptoms   from
chlorine  to  be  treated  on
general principles.  For the
other gases, cold affusions
to the  head, blood-letting,
artificial respiration.
  Iodine  combines  with
starch and forms an insolu-
ble compound. The prompt
administration  of  staich,
wheat  flour, or other vege-
table matter containing fe-
cula, beat up in  water, is
recommended.   Iodide  ol
potassium has no antidote.
Vomiting should  be  pro-
moted by draughts of warm
water, and inflammation he
subdued by general treat-
ment.
  No  better mode  of  recognising
these  substances exists,  than  that
derived from their  peculiar odour.
Dippel's oil has the pungent odour
of ammoni-a; creasote and oil of tar,
a peculiar smell of smoke ; the odour
of tobacco and turpentine are well
known ; and fusel oil hasa peculiar,
offensive, suffocating odour.
  Chlorine is recognised by its pe-
culiar odour and bleaching proper-
ties.  Sulphuretted hydrogen by its
fetid smell, and the rapid blacken-
ing of lead.  Carbonic acid  by its
occasioning turbidness in lime-wa-
ter placed in its atmosphere.  Car-
bonic oxide, by the blue colour ui' its
flame.
  If vomiting have not been
produced,  it   should  be
brought about, by tickling
the  fauces, and  adminis-
tering  copious  draughts of
warm  water.  Astringent
infusions, such as of galls,
oak  bark, Peruvian bark,
act as antidotes, and should
be  given  promptly;  pow-
dered yellow bark may be
used, until the infusion is
prepared.
  Iodine is known by its odour, and
the formation of a blue  precipitate
when brought  in contact with a
cold  solution of starch.  Iodide <•;
potassium gives a crystalline preci-
pitate, with tartaric acid in excess
 The supernatant fluid will give the
blue colour to starch.
  Antimony in solution  is best dis-
tinguished by the peculiar oran;;
red precipitate, which it forms with
sulphuretted hydrogen or solutions
of the hydrosulphates.  Free alka-
lies produce white precipitates.  The
muriate is known by a while jireci-
pitate, when it  is poured  into  wa-
ter.  In its  solid forms, it may be
known  by the formation of white
fumes, when heated, which redden
litmus.  It may  also  be converted
into muriate, and then precipitated
by adding water. 
POISONS
678
POISONS
    Poisons.

    Arsenic.
Arsenious  Acid,
  or White Arse-
  nic.

Orpiment, or Yel-
  low  Sulphuret
  of Arsenic.

 King's Yellow.

Realgar, or Red
  Sulphuret,   of
  Arsenic.

  Fly Powder.

Fowler's   Solu-
      tion.

Arsenical Paste.

 Arsenical  Soap.

Arsenite  of Cop-
      per,
Scheele's  Green.
Nitrate  of  Bis-
     muth.

  Pearl Powder.

Oxide of Bismuth.

    Copper.
SulphaleofCopper,
  Blue Vitriol.
Acetate of Copper,
    Verdigris.
Carbonate of Cop-
      per,
  Blue Verditer.
Arsenite of  Cop-
       per,
 Scheele's Green.
Food cooked  in
  dirty copper ves-
  sels,  or  pickles
  made green  by
  copper.
        Symptoms.

  Violent burning pain in
the region of the stomach
and bowels ;  tenderness on
pressure; retching; vomit-
ing; sense of dryness and
tightness  in  the  throat;
thirst; hoarseness and diffi
culty of speech; the matter
vomited greenish or yellow-
ish,   sometimes  streaked
with blood;  diarrhoea; te-
nesmus; sometimes excoria-
tion  of the  anus;  urinary
organs occasionally affected
with violent burning pains
and  suppression ; convul-
sions and cramps; clammy
sweats; lividity of the  ex-
tremities ; countenance col-
lapsed ; eyes red and spark-
ling; delirium; death.
  Similar to those produced
from other  irritant poisons.
General  inflammation  of
the whole alimentary canal;
suppression of urine ; hic-
cough, disagreeable metal-
lic taste: vomiting; cramps;
delirium; death.

  Very similar to those pro-
duced by arsenic.  Coppery
eructations and taste.  Fa-
tal cases are generally ter-
minated  by   convulsions,
palsy, insensibility.
       Treatment.

  The hydrated peroxide of
iron diffused  through wa-
ter ; or the precipitated car-
bonate ; or the rubigo ferri,
in very fine powder, to be
administered every  five  or
ten minutes, until relief is
obtained.   This is particu-
larly efficacious when the
white arsenic has been swal-
lowed.  If the arsenic have
been  taken  in the  form
of Fowler's Solution, lime-
water in copious draughts,
may be given.  For either
of the  other forms, emetics
of sulphate of zinc; dilu-
ents ; demulcents, such  as
flaxseed  tea,  infusion   of
slippery elm, &c. Counter-
irritants may be used to re-
lieve the spasm, and violent
pain in the stomach.  Bleed-
ing,  as promoting absorp-
tion, should not be employ.
ed until the stomach is com-
pletely evacuated.
  Milk, and sweet mucila-
ginous  drinks  are  recom-
mended.  Leeches, general
bleeding,  glysters :  fomen-
tations  to be employed on
the  general  principles  of
treatment for inflammatory
symptoms.

  Albumen  to  be adminis
tered in either of its forms
which can be most readily
obtained,  as milk or whites
of eggs.  Vinegar  should
not be  given.  The inflam-
matory symptoms are to be
treated on general princi-
ples, and so of the nervous
              Tests.

  If the suspected substance ran be
obtained free from organic matter,
the presence of arsenic may readily
he shown by boiling it in  distilled
water, filtering,  and testing  with,
1st. Ammoniaco-sulphate of copper.
2d. Ammoniaco-nitrate  of silver.
{Hume'sTest) 3d. Sulphuretted hy-
drogen gas.  The first will produce a
green precipitate; second, a pate yel-
low precipitate: third, a bright yellow
precipitate, if arsenic be present. A
portion of the powder,  or one of
these precipitates carefully and tho-
roughly dried, is  then  to be mixed
witli charcoal and exsiccated carbo-
nate of soda, to be placed in a small
glass  tube closed at one  end, and
then to be heated to  a red heat in
the flame of a lamp.  The arsenic
will be reduced, and sublime  in the
upper  part of the tube—forming a
dark crust, having considerable lus-
tre on its exterior surface, resem-
bling  polished  steel.   By gently
heating this crust in  a very small
flame, crystals of white arsenic will
be  formed, having a high adaman-
tine lustre.
  If organic matter be present, it
must be entirely destroyed by heat-
ing the substance with nitro-muria-
tic acid.  After this has been done,
and a clear transparent solution in
distilled  water has  been obtained,
the subsequent process is  as  above
indicated.  If arsenious acid be sub-
mitted to the action of nascent hy-
drogen, it  is  deoxidized,  and  the
metallic arsenic, thereby obtained,
combining with hydrogen, forms  ar-
senuretted hydrogen gas.  (Marsh's
Test.)
  Add to a susppcted  solution a few
drops of pure chlorohydric acid, and
place in it a  slip of  bright copper;
no change occurs until the liquid is
brought to th-; boiling  point, when,
if arsenic be  present, even in small
quantity, the copper  acquires   an
iron-gray coating from the deposit
of that metal.  Remove the slip of
copper; wash it in water, dry it and
gradually heat it in a reduction tube,
when  arsenious  acid  will be sub-
limed in minuteoctohedralcrystals.
The test succeeds  with  powdered
arsenic, the aisenites, arsenic acid,
the arseniates and orpiment It will
even  separate the arsenic from ar-
senite of copper,  and from common
lead-shot.  Reinsch's Test.
  Bismuth is known by the forma-
tion of a white precipitate when its
solution in nitric acid is poured into
water; and  by the  formation of a
black precipitate  with  sulphuretted
hydrogen gas, and  hydrosulphates
in solution.
  The presence of copper is readily
shown in solutions.  By ammonia
a  beautiful bluish  precipitate  is
thrown  down, which  dissolves  in
an excess  of  the  precipitant, and
the solution has  a  rich blue colour.
A  bright iron  bar,  introduced into
solutions of copper, occasions the
separation of the copper, in a nietal-
lic form, which deposits itself upon
the iron. 
POISONS                    679                    POISONS
    Poisons.

     Gold.
Chloride of Gold

  Fulminating
     Gold.
Iron.
        Symptoms.

  Very analogous to those
of  other  irritant poisons.
This  substance  communi-
cates a pink stain  to  the
flesh, and patches of that
colour may be found about
the  lips,  and inside  the
mouth.

  Symptoms of irritant poi-
soning; colic  pains, con-
stant vomiting and purging.
Violent pain in the  throat,
tension of the epigastrium,
coldness  of  the skin and
feebleness of the pulse.


  Irritation  of the alimen-
tary canal; spasm; nervous
symptoms; paralysis either
partial or  complete.  When
taken  for  some  time  in
small quantity, violent and
obstinate  colic; rigidity of
abdominal muscles, cramps;
remission of pain;  obsti-
nate constipation, urine di-
minished, saliva increased;
countenance, anxious  and
gloomy.  Jf'relieT  he  not
promptly  obtained,  giddi-
ness, debility, torpor, coma,
convulsions and death. The
paralysis  affects generally
the upper  extremities.
  Violent symptoms of irri-
tant poisoning:  harsh me-
tallic astringent taste: burn-
ing pain  in  the stomach;
vomiting  and purging fre-
quently of bloody  matter;
often irritation of the Uri-
nary organs and sometimes
suppression;  tightness and
burning in the throat, occa-
sionally so great as to pre-
vent speech;  countenance
not always pale, but some-
times flushed; tendency to
doze,  stupor, convulsions
and death.
Treatment.
Sulphate of Iron,
   Copperas,
 Green  Vitriol.

Chloride of Iron.
     Lead.
 Acetate of Lead,
 Sugar of Lead.

Carbonate of Lead,
   White Lead.
Red Oxide or Red
     Lead.

    Litharge.
Wines  sweetened
    by Lead.
Water  which has
  been   kept   in
  Leaden vessels.
Acid food, cooked,
  or left standing
  invessels glazed
  with Lead.

   Mercury.
Corrosive Subli-
     mate.

Cyanuret of Mer-
     cury.

Nitrate  of Mer-
     cury.

White Precipitate

Red Oxide, or Red
   Precipitate.

Sulphate, or Tur-
  bith Mineral.

Vermilion or Red
   Sulphuret.
    Silver.
N trate of Slver,    Those  of  other  irritant
  or Lunar Caus-  poisons
  tic.
  The salts of gold are de-
composed  by sulphate  of
iron;  and  this has, there-
fore, been recommended  as
an antidote.  Inflammatory
symptoms to be treated on
general principles.
  Carbonate of soda would
be  a most excellent anti-
dote  to either  of  these
substances.   Mucilaginous
drinks  might also be em-
ployed; and particularsymp-
toms relieved  by  general
treatment.

  Sulphate of magnesia and
phosphate of soda, are both
good antidotes for the solu-
ble salts of lead.  For the
solid forms, dilute sulphuric
acid may be drunk.  These
are  applicable  to  the irri-
tant forms of poisoning by
lead   In the chronic form
or colica pictonum,  purga-
tives and anodynes are  re-
sorted to; venesection; and
external applications to re-
lieve the cramps.  The use
of strychnia is recommend-
ed for the paralysis.
Tests
  Chloride of gold is very readily de-
composed and the gold separated in
a metallic state.  Protosiilphate of
iron, nitrate of silver and protochlo-
ride of tin, all answer this purpose.
The  precipitated powder  will  be
found insoluble except in  nitro-mu-
riatic acid.

  Iron is recognised  by  a bluish-
black precipitate, with tincture of
galls; rich blue, with prussiate of
potassa;  and a greenish or reddish
precipitate, with  the free alkalies
or their carbonates.
  Soluble salts of lead yield a white
precipitate with sulphates and car-
bonates in solution.  Salts of chro-
mic  acid  and iodide  of potassium
occasion a yellow precipitate.  Sul-
phuretted hydrogen,  a black pre-
cipitate.  If solid,  the  lead mav be
converted into a state of solution
by nitric acid, and the dilute solu-
tion be tested as above.
      Tin.
Chloride of Tin.

Solution of Tin,
  used by Dyers.

Oxide of Tin, or
  PuttyPowder.

     Zinc.
  Oxide of Zinc.

Sulfiliate of Zinc,
 White Vitriol.

Acetate of Zinc.
  The same as those from
other irritant  poisons, and
a peculiar tanned  appear-
ance of the villous coat  of
the stomach.
  Violent vomiting; astrin-
gent taste, burning pain  in
the stomach;  pale  counte-
nance;   cold  extremities;
dull  eyes; fluttering pulse.
Death  seldom  ensues,  in
consequence of the emetic
effects.
  Albumen  in some form
must be promptly adminis-
tered; either  white of eggs
beaten up with water, milk,
or wheat  flour beaten up.
The  inflammatory  symp-
toms to be counteracted by
the usual  means.   Gold
finely mixed  in dust, with
fine iron filings?
   Chloride  of sodium or
common salt  immediately
decomposes this substance
and  destroys  its activity.
Antiphlogistic treatment is
to be employed  for the in-
flammatory symptoms.
  Milk to be given copious-
ly,  and  the   subsequent
treatment to be regulated
by the symptoms.
  The vomiting may be re-
lieved by copious draught-
of warm water. Carbonate
of soda, administered in so-
lution, will  decompose the
sulphate of zinc.  Milk and
albumen also act  as  anti-
dotes.   General principles
to be observed in the subse-
quent treatment.
   The  free alkalies differ in their
 precipitates from solutions of mer-
 cury.  Potassa gives, with corrosive
 sublimate, a yellowish one; ammo-
 nia, a white; lime-water, an orange;
 and sulphuretted hydrogen, a black.
 If a drop of the solution be placed on
 a piece of gold, and touched with a
 knife or key, the mercury will be re-
 duced which amalgamates with the
 gold, producing a white spot.  The
 nitrate of mercury gives a blnck pre-
 cipitate with the free alkalies.  All
 the solid forms of mercury are vola-
 tile, and may be reduced  by heating
 them in a glass tube with charcoal
 and carbonate of soda—when the
 metallic mercury will sublime, and
 may be collected in a globule.


   Nitrate  of silver is distinguished
 by the formation of a white  preci-
 pitate insoluble  in nitri'  acid, with
 chloride of sodium; a gray precipitate
 with ammonia, which isredissolved
 in an excess of  ammonia; yellow
 precipitate with  phosphate of soda.
 The precipitate of chloride of silver,
 obtained by adding  muriate of soda
 to the nitrate of silver, is readily re-
 duced, and the  metallic silver ob-
 tained, by mixing it with  dilute sul-
 phuric acid and granulated zinc.

  The chloride precipitates vegeta-
 ble colouring matter; also albumen
 and  gelatin.   The white  oxide is
 precipitated from its solution by free
alkalies; with sulphuretted hydro-
 gen gas, a  brown precipitate.

  A  white  precipitate  is thrown
down by the free alkalies from the
soluble salts of zinc, which becomes
yellow when strongly heated—reco-
vering its  white  colour on  cooling.
Sulphuretted  hydrogen occasions a
white precipitate. 
POISONS                   680                   POISONS
PHOSPHORUS.
GLASS or ENA-
     MEL.
       Symptoms.

  Symptoms of irritant poi-
soning; pain in the stomach
and bowels; vomiting, diar-
rhoea, tenderness and ten-
sion of the abdomen.
  If taken in very coarse
powder, it produces irrita-
tion  and  inflammation  of
the bowels.
       Treatment.

  An emetic to be prompt-
ly administered;  copious
draughts containing mag-
nesia in suspension; muci-
laginous drinks;  general
treatment for inflammatory
symptoms.
  Large quantities of crumb
of bread should be eaten to
envelop  the  particles. (?)
An emetic of sulphate of
zinc should  then be given,
and vomiting be promoted
by demulcent drinks.
             Tests.

  Phosphorus is known by its ready
inflammability, luminousness at or-
dinary temperatures, and alliaceous
odour.
II.   ORGANIC   POISONS.
     1.  VEGETABLE  POISONS.
Irritant Poisons.
Anemone Pulsatilla.  Wind Flower.
Arum maculatum.   Wake Robin.
Bryonia dioica.  Bryony.
Caladium seguinium.  Dumbcane.
Callapalustris.  Water Arum.
Caltha pal.stris.   Marsh Marigold.
Chelidonium majus.  Celandine.
Clematis vitalba.   Virgin Bower.
Convolvulus jalapa.  Jalap.
Convolvulus scammonia. Scammony.
Croton tiglium.  Purging Croton.
Cucumis colocynthis.  Colocynth.
Cyclamen E n opmum.  Sow Bread.
Daphne gnidium.  Spurge Flax.
Daphne mezereum.   Mezereon.
Delphinium slaphisagria.   Stavesacxe.
Dioica palustris.  Swamp leather wood.
Equisetum hyemale.  Scourgrass.
Euphorbia  officinarum.    Euphorbium.
  Spurge.
Gratiola officina'w.   Hedge  Hyssop.
Hippomane mancinella.  Manchineel.
Hura crepitans.  Sand Box.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris. Marsh Pennywort.
Jatropha curcas.   Indian Nut.
Jatropha manihot.   Cassada.
Juniperus sabina. Savin (oil of.)
Juniperus Virginiana. Red  Cedar Coil of.)
Momordica elaterium.   Squirting  Cu-
  cumber.
Narcissus pseudo-narcissus.  Daffodil.
Pastinax  sativa.  Common  Parsnip
Pedicularis palusti is. Marsh Lousewort.
Phytolacca decandt a.  Poke.
Piper cubeba.  Cubebs.
Plumbago F.taopwa.  Toothwort.
Ranunculus acris,  and other species.
  Crowfoot.
Rhododendron chrysanthemum. Oleander.
Ricinus communis   I'astor  Oil Plant.
Sambucus chains.   Elder.
Seduin aire.  Stone Crop.
^talajcmitis cambogioidcs.   Gamboge.
Tanacetum vulgare.  Tansy oil of.)

         ACRO-NARCOTIC.
Ethusa  cynapium.   Common   Fool's
  Parsley.
Aconitum napellus.   Monkshood.
Agaricus,5species.  Mushrooms (poison-
  ous.)
Amnnitamusca'ia.  Truffles (poisonous.)
Anagallis arvensis. Meadow Pimpernell.
Anda Gomes i
Apocynum androscEmifolium.  Dogsbane.
Aristolochia clemat ts.  Birthwort.
Arnica montana.  Leopard's bane.
Asclepias Syr.aca.   Swallowwojt.
Alropa belladonna.  Deadly Night Shade.
yEsculus Oh oensis.   Buckeye
Brucea  antidysenterica.  False  Angus-
  tura Bark.
Cerbera,  3 species.  Cerbera.
ClL-erophyllum sylvestie. Bastard Hem-
  lock.
Symptoms.
  The general effects'of this
class of vegetable poisons
are ;—an  acrid  pungent
taste, with more or less of
bitterness, excessive heat,
great dryness of the mouth
and throat, with  sense  of
tightness there; violent vo-
miting,  the  efforts  being
continued  even  after the
stomach is emptied ;  purg-
ing, with great  pain in the
stomach and bowels; pulse
strong, frequent, and tegu-
lar ;  breathing often quick
and difficult; appearances
of intoxication ; the pupil of
the eye  frequently dilated,
insensibility     resembling
death ;  the pulse becomes
slow and loses its force, and
death closes the scene.
  If applied   externally,
many of them produce vio-
lent  inflammation of the
skin, with vesications  or
eruptions of pustules.
Treatment.
  If vomiting have been occasioned by
the poison, and the efforts are still con-
tinued, they may be rendered easier by
laree draughts of warm water, or thin
^nielj bufc if symptoms  of insensibility
li.ivo" come on  without  vomiting,  it
ouulit to be immediately excited  by the
sulphate  of zinc, or some other active
emetic substance, and after  iis  opera-
tion a sharp purgative  should  be given.
After as much as possible of the  poison
is got rid of,  a very strong infusion of
coffee, or vinegar  diluted with  water,
may be given with advantage.  Cam-
phor mixture with ether may be taken
frequently, and if insensibility be con-
siderable, warmth, frictions, and blisters,
may be employed.  If inflammation or
other dangerous consequences have been
induced, they are to be treated upon  ge-
neral principles.
  The fruit of Feuillea Cordifolia has
been  lately recommended  as a pow-
erful  antidote against  vegetable poi-
sons ;  it  is  to be used  in as recent a
state as possible.!?i
  N. B. Bromine, chlorine, and  iodine
are said to be  antidotes  to the alkaloids
generally. 
POISONS                   681                   POISONS
               Poisons.

Chaillotia toxicana.  Itatbane.
Chenopodium murale.   Wormseed.
Cicuta maculata.  American Hemlock.
Cicuta virosa.   Water Hemlock.
Cissus.  Cissus.
Cocculus Indicus.  Fish berries.
Colchicum autnmnalc.  Meadow saffron.
Conium maculatum.  Hemlock.
Coriaria myrtifolia. Myrtle leaved  Su-
  mach.
Curare.   Indian War  Poison.
Cynanchum erectum.  Cynanchum.
Cytisus laburnum.  Laburnum.
Datura stramonium. Thorn Apple.
Digitalis purpurea.  Foxglove.
Ergot.  See Secale.
Ervum ervilia.   Bitter Vetch.
Gaultheria   procumbens.   Wintergreen
  (oil of.)
Ihemantlms toxicarius.
Helleborus  niger.  Black Hellebore.
Hypophyllum   sanguinaria.    Paddock
  Stool.
Ipecacuanha.  Ipecacuanha.
Lathyrus cicera.  Laihyrus.
Laurus camphora.  Camphor.
Lobelia inflata.   Indian  Tobacco.
Lolium temulentum.  Darnel.
Melia azederach.  Pride of China.
Mercurialis  perennis.   Mountain Mer-
  cury.
Nerum oleander.  Common Oleander.
Nicotiana tabacum.  Tobacco.
G3nantlie crocata.  Hemlock Dropwort.
Passiflora quadrangularis.  Barbadine.
Piscidia erythrina. Jamaica Dogwood.
Polygala venenosa (of Java.)
Rhus radicans.  Poison Vine.
Rhus toxicodendron. Poison Oak or Su-
  mach.
Robinia pseudo-acacia. Locust Tree.
Ruta graveolens.  Rue.
Sanguinaria Canadensis.  Blood Root.
Scilla maritima   Squill.  Sea Onion.
Secale cornutum.  Ergot  (spurred Rye.
Sium  latifolium.  Procumbent   Water
  Paisnip.
Spigelia Marilandica.  Pink Root
Strychnos Ignatii.  St. Ignatius's Bean.
Strychnos nux vomica.  Nux Vomica.
Pyinplocarpus/ffitida.  Skunk Cabbage.
Ticunas.  Extract of various plants-
  South America.
Tieute.   Upas tieute.  Tree of Java.
Triticum Hybernum.   Wheat (diseased.)
Upas antiar.  Tree in  Java.
Veratrum album.  White Hellebore.
Veratrum viride.  American Hellebore.
Woorara.   War Poison of Guiana.
Zea mays.  Maize (diseased.J

            NARCOTIC.
Actsea spicata.   Baneberry.
Amygdalus communis.   Bitter Almond.
Amygdalus Persica.   Peach.
Gelseminum nilidum. Yellow Jessamine.
Helonias erythrosperma.   Fly Poison.
Hyoscyamus albus.  White Henbane.
Hyoscvamus niger.  Black Henbane.
Kalmia latifolia.  Mountain  Ivy.
Lactuca virosa.  Strong-scented Lettuce.
Opium, and its  proximate principles.
Papaver somniferum.   Poppy.
Paris quadrifolia.  Herb  Paris.
Prunus Caroliniana   Wild Orange.
Primus lauro-cerasus.  Cherry Laurel.
Prunus nigra.   Black  Cherry.
Prunus padus.   Cluster Cherry.
Prunus Virginiana.  Wild Cherry.
Solanum dulcamara.  Bitter-sweet.
Sorbus acuparia.  Mountain Ash.
Taxus baccata.  Yew.
    POISONOUS MUSHROOMS.
Agaricus muscarius.  Fly Agaric.
Agaricus piperatus.  Pepper Agaric.
Agaricus necator.  Deadly Agaric.
Agaricus bulbosus.  Bulbous Agaric.
Agaricus chantarellus. Champignon.
  The  narcotic  vegetable
poisons, if taken into the
stomach  or applied  to  a
wound, occasion the follow-
ing effects:—stupor; numb-
ness ; heaviness in the head;
desire  to  vomit,  slight at
first, but afterwards insup-
portable;  a sort of intoxi-
cation, stupid  air, pupil of
the eye dilated;  furious or
lively delirium, sometimes
pain;  convulsions of diffe-
rent parts of the body, or
palsy  of the limbs.  The
pulse  is  variable,  but at
first generally strong and
full; the breathing is quick,
and there is great anxiety
and dejection, which, if not
speediiy relieved, soon  ends
in death.
Treatment.
  The  stomach to be  effectually eva-
cuated, by giving four or five grains of
tartar emetic, or from ten to twenty of
the sulphate of zinc, repeated  every
quarter of an hour, till  the full effect is
produred.  These means may be assisted
by tickling the throat with a feather or
the finger.  Large and strong glysters of
soap dissolved in  water, or of salt and
gruel,  should be speedily administered.
to clear the bowels, and assist in getting
rid of the poison; and active purgatives
may be given after  the vomiting has
ceased. When as much  as  possible of
ihe poison has been expelled, the pa-
tient may drink, alternately, a tea-cup-
ful of strong hot infusion of coffee, and
vinegardiluted with water.  If thedrow
siness,  which is sometimes extreme, and
the insensibility bordering on apoplexy,
be not remedied by these means, blood
may be taken from the jugular vein, blis-
ters may be applied to the neck and legs,
and the  attention  be  roused by every
means  possible.   If  the  heat declines,
warmth and frictions* must be perseve-
ringly used.  Vegetable acids are on no
account to be given before the poison is
expelled, and it is desirable that but little
fluid of any kind should be administered.
  N. B. Bromine,  chlorine, and  iodine
are said to he antidotes to the alkaloids
generally.
  Nausea, heat, and  pain
in the stomach and bowels,
with vomiting and purging,
thirst;   convulsions,  and
faintings; pulse small and
frequent; delirium ; dilated
  The stomach and bowels to be cleared
by an  emetic of tartarized antimony,
followed  by frequent doses of Glauber's
or Epsom  salt, and large,  s imulating
glysters.  After the poison is evacuated,
ether may be  administered, with small
44 
POISONS            682            POISONS
Poisons.	Symptoms.	Treatment.
	pupil, and stupor; cold sweats, and death. Poisonous mushrooms may be distinguished from the edible by their botanical characters, and by the fol-lowing criteria. The for-mer grow in wet, shady places, have a nauseous odour; are softer, more open, and porous; have a dirty-looking surface, some-times a gaudy colour, or many very distinct hues, particularly if they have been covered with an enve-lope ; they have soft, bul-bous stalks, grow rapidly, and corrupt very quickly.	quantities of brandy and water; but if inflammatory symptomsmanif'est them-selves, such stimuli should he omitted, and other appropriate means be had re course to.
	2. ANIMAL POISONS	
	Symptoms.	Treatment.
POISONOUS FISH. Balistes monoceros. Old Wife. Cancer astacus. Crawfish. Cancer ruricolus. Land Crab. Clupea thryssa. Yellow-billed Sprat. Coracinus/uscus major. Gray Snapper. Coracinus minor. Hyne. Coryphcena splendens. Dolphin. Mormyra. Blue Parrot Fish. Muraena major. Conger Eel. Mytilus edulis. Mussel. Os\.Ta.c\on globellum. Smooth Bottle Fish. Perca major. Barracuda. Perca venenosa. Grooper. Perca venenata. »Rock Fish. Physalia. Portuguese Man of War. Scomber aeruleus. Spanish Mackerel. Scomber maximus. King Fish. Scomber thynnus. Bonetta. Sparus chrysops. Porgee. Tetrodon sceleratus. Tunny. Tetrodon ocellatus. Blower.	In an hour or two, or often in a much shorter time, after the fish has been eaten, a weight at the stomach comes on, with slight vertigo and headache, sense of heat about the head and eyes, considerable thirst, and often an erup-tion of the skin (urticaria,) and in many cases death. A sharp pain in the wounded part, which soon extends over the limb or body; great swelling, at first hard and pale, then reddish, livid, and gangre-nous in appearance : faint-ings, vomitings, convul-sions, and sometimes jaun-dice; pulse small, frequent, and irregular; breathing difficult, cold sweats, the sight fails, and the intellec-tual faculties are deranged. Inflammation, and often ex-tensive suppuration and gan-grene, followed by death.	An emetic should be speedily admi-nistered, or, in the absence of it, vomit-ing may be excited, by tickling the throat with the finger, and taking large draughts of warm water. After full vo-miting, an active purgative should be given, to remove any of the noxious matter that may have found its way into the intestines. Vinegar and water may be drunk after the above remedies have operated, and the body may be sponged with the same. Water, made very sweet with sugar, to which ether may be added, maybe drunk freely as a corrective, and a very weak solution of alkali has been recommended to obviate the effects of the poison. If spasm ensue; after evacuations, laudanum, in considerable doses, is necessary. If in-flammation should occur, the usual means of removing it must be em-ployed.
POISONOUS SERPENTS. Boa crotaloides. Copperhead. Cenchus mockeson. Mockeson. Coluber berus. Viper. Coluber prester. Black Viper. Crotalus, (5 species.) Rattle Snake. Scytale pisciverus. Water Viper.		A cupping-glass to be applied over the wound, or a moderately tight liga-ture above the bites, and the wound left to bleed after being well washed with warm water; the actual cautery, lunar caustic, or butter of antimony, to be then applied freely to it, and after-wards covered with lint, dipped in equal parts of olive oil and spirit of hartshorn. The ligature to be removed if the in-flammation be considerable. Warm, diluting drinks, and small doses of am-monia or hartshorn to cause perspira-tion; the patient to be well covered in bed, and a little warm wine given oc-casionally. If gangrene be threatened, wine may be given more freely, and the bark should be had recourse to. Arsenic, the principal ingredient in the Tnnjore Pill, has been strongly recommended.
CANTHARIS VEStCATORlA. Spanish, or Blistering Fly. Lytta vittaU. Potato Fly.	Nauseous odour of the breath ; acrid taste ; burn-ing heat in the throat, sto-mach, and abdomen; fre-quent vomitings, often bloody with copious bloody stools; excruciating pain in the stomach; painful and obstinate priapism, with heat in the bladder, and strangury or retention of urine; frightful convul-sions, delirium and death. In general, the sting of these insects occasions only a slight degree of pain and swelling; but occasionally the symptoms are more vio-lent, and sickness and fever are produced by the inten-sity of the pain.	Vomiting to be excited by drinking sweet oil, sugar and water, milk, or lin-seed tea, very freely. Emollient glys-ters should be administered, and if symptoms of inflammation of the sto-mach, kidney, or bladder supervene, they must be subdued by appropriate treatment. Camphor dissolved in oil may be rubbed over the belly and on the thighs.
VENOMOUS INSECTS. Tarantula. Scorpio. Scorpion. Vespa crabro. Hornet. Vespa vulgaris. Wasp. Apis mellifica. Bee. Culex pipiens. Gnat. CEstrus bovis. Gad-fly.		
		Hartshorn and oil may be rubbed on the affected part, and a piece of rag, mois-tened in the same, or in salt and water, may be kept upon it till the pain is re-moved. A few drops of hartshorn may be given frequently in a little water, and a glass or two of wine may be taken. The sting may, in general, be removed by making strong pressure around it with the barrel of a small watch-key.
 
POISONS                683         POLITOBIOTHERAPIA
	Symptoms.	Treatment.
SALIVA OF THE RABID DOG.	At an uncertain interval after the bite, generally, however, between the twentieth day and three or four months, pain or unea-siness occurs in the bitten part, though the wound may have been long healed. Anxiety, uneasiness, lan-guor, spasms, horror, dis turbed sleep, difficult respi-ration succeed, and are soon very much increased ; violent convulsions affect the whole body, hideously distorting the muscles of the face; the eyes are red and protruded, the tongue swells and often hangs out, and viscid sal Iva flows from the mouth; there is pain in the stomach, with bilious vomitings,a horror of fluids, and impossibility of drink-ing them. All these symp-toms are aggravated till the sufferer is relieved by death.	Hydrophobia is more easily prevented than cured; indeed it is doubted whe-ther it ever has been cured. Mercury, arsenic, opium, musk, camphor, acids, wine, vegetable and mineral alkali, oil, various herbs, and many other reme-dies whose effects are quite opposite, have been employed, but none can be relied on. Large blood-lettings, the warm and cold bath, and almost every other remedial agent, have been tried without success. The bitten part should be completely cut out, even after it has healed, if the symptoms have not yet come on; the part should then be immersed in warm water, or be washed with it as long as it will bleed, and after the most perse-vering ablution, caustic should be ap-plied to every part of the surface, and then the wound covered with a poul-tice, and suffered to heal by granula-tions. No milder discipline can ensure safety.
  The most  energetic poisons are used thera-
peutically; and often with considerable advan-
tage.  They have, of course, to be administered
in extremely small  doses; to avoid producing
poisoning.
  Poison, Arrow, see Arrow poison—p. Sau-
sage, Allantotoxicum.
  POISON-BERRY TREE, Melia azedarach
—p. Italian, Liquor arsenicalis—p. Morbid, Vi-
rus—p. Oak, Rhus toxicodendron—p. Root, Ci-
cuta maculata—p. Vegetable, Upas—p. Vine,
Rhus radicans.
  POIS'ONING,  Venefic"ium, Toxica'tio, In-
toxiea'tio, Entoxis'mus, Entoxicis'mus, Phar-
macei'a,  Malefic"ium, (F.)  Empoisonnement,
Intoxication.  The art of applying a poisonous
substance to any of the textures in a dose ca-
pable of occasioning more or less serious symp-
toms.  Rigorously speaking, therefore, if a phy-
sician, in treating any case, employs a delete-
rious medicine in a small dose, which, owing  to
particular circumstances, produces unpleasant
symptoms, he may be said  to  have poisoned.
The term is, however, generally restricted  to
poisoning by design.
  Poisoning has also been  used, by a few,  to
denote the series of symptoms resembling those
produced by certain  poisons, which occasion-
ally follow the use of substances  that are ge-
nerally innoxious.   Overloading the  stomach
with indigestible food, has, for example, given
occasion to symptoms resembling those  pro-
duced  by a narcotic poison, and the effect has
been termed poisoning.
  Secret poisoning was, at one time, practised
as an art.  It consisted in administering medi-
cines,  which should act  as  slow  poisons, and
gradually undermine the strength and life.  Its
agency was far from being so extensive as was
imagined.
  POI'SONOUS, Tox'ical,  Nox'ius;  having
the qualities of a poison,
  POISONS, ACRO-NARCOTIC, P. narcoti-
tco-acrid—p. Corrosive, P. acrid—p. Escharotic,
P. acrid—p. Irritating, P. acrid—p. Putrescent,
P. septic.
  POITRINAIRE,  Phthisicus.
  POITRINE, Thorax.
  POIVRE D'EAU, Polygonum hydropiper—
p. de Guinee, Capsicum annuum—p. d'Inde,
Capsicum annuum—p. de Jamaique, see Myr-
tus pimenta—p. Long, Piper longum—p. Noir,
Piper nigrum—p. Petit, Vitex—p. a  Queue,
Piper cubeba—p.  Sauvage, Vitex.
  POIX BLANCHE, see  Pinus abies—p. 'de
Bourgoyne, see Pinus abies—p. Grasse, see Pi-
nus abies—p. Jaune, see Pinus abies—p. Mine-
rale, Pissasphaltum—p. Navale, see Pinus syl-
vestris—p. Noire, see Pinus sylvestris.
  POKE, Phytolacca decandra—p.  Indian, Ve-
ratrum viride—p.  Stink, Dracontium fcetidum—
p. Weed, Phytolacca decandra, Veratrum viride.
  POLANIS'IA GRA'VEOLENS, Clammy
weed, Stinkvjeed,  Wormweed, Clammy  Mus-
tard, False mustard.   An  indigenous  plant,
Nat. Ord. Capparideae;  Sex. Syst. Dodecandria
Monogynia—which blossoms in summer, and is
found in every part of North America.  To the
whole plant have been ascribed anthelmintic
properties.
  POLECAT WEED, Dracontium fcetidum.
  POLENTA, Alphiton.
  POLEY MOUNTAIN  OF  CANDY, Teu-
crium Creticum—p. Mountain of Montpellier,
Teucrium capitatum.
  POLIATER,  from  noXig,  'a town,'  and
j»Tgoc, ' a physician.'  A physician exercising
his profession in a town, by the appointment of
the government.—Castelli.
  POLICE',  MEDICAL, Politi'a med'ica, Po-
litobiotherapi'a, Medici'na polit'ica, State med'-
icine, Polit'ical med'icine.  Hygienic rules es-
tablished, or to be established, for the preven-
tion  of disease, and to contribute  to the pro-
gress of  medicine.  The salubrity  of districts,
especially during the existence of spreading dis-
ease, is greatly ensured by an efficient medical
police.
  POLICLINIC A, from voxis, 'a town,'  and
xxivtj, ' a bed.'   Treatment of diseases  in  a
town.
  POLIO'SIS,  Tricho'sis polio'sis,  Spilo'sis
polio'sis, Canifies.  Hair prematurely gray or
hoary.   The stale of-becoming gray.
  POLITIA MEDICA, Police, medical.
  POLITOBIOTHERAPIA. Police, medical. 
POLIUM CRETICUM          684       POLYGONUM AVICULARE
   POLIUM  CRETICUM, Teucrium  Creti-
cum—p. Montanum, Teucrium capitatum.
   POLLEX, An'ticheir,  Prom'anus, Dig"itus
primus  seu magnus, from  pollere,  ' to have
much strength.'  (F.) Pouce.  The first of the
fingers in  size and  strength.   It is asserted,
that the term poltroon is derived from Pol'lice
trunca'to;—the Romans  who were desirous of
being exempted from military service being
accustomed to cut off the thumb, and thus  ren-
der themselves unfit to handle arms.
   Pollex,  see Digitus.
   Pollex Pedis, Hallus, Hallux. The great toe.
   POLLINC'TOR, Pollinc'ter, (L.)   In anti-
quity, an anointer, dresser, or embalmer of the
dead.
   POLLINCTURA, Embalming.
   POLLOM, LITTLE, Polygala paucifolia.
   POLLU'TION, Pollu'tio, from polluo, ' I pro-
fane.'  The excretion of the seminal liquor or
sperm  at  other times  than during  coition.
When occasioned by a voluntary act, it is call-
ed simply  Pollution or Masturbation; when
excited  during sleep, by lascivious  dreams, it
takes the name Nocturnal pollution, Exoneiro'-
sis, Oneirog'mos, Oneirog'onos,  Oneirogonor-
rha'a, Exoneirog'mus, Spermatoclem'ma, Sper-
matoclep'sis,  Spermatolep'sis, Spermatolip'sis,
Gonorrhaa dormien'tium, G. oneirog'onos, G.
vera,  G.  libidino'sa,  Proflu'vium  Sem'inis,
Spermatorrka'a,  Paronir'ia  salax, Night pol-
lution, (F.) Pollution involontaire.
   POLLUTION INVOLONTAIRE, Pollu-
tion—p. Nocturnal, Pollution—p. Self, Mastur-
bation—p.  Voluntary, Masturbation.
   POLY, Polys, a-oxvc, ' many, full.'  Hence:
   POLYtEMIA, Plethora.
   POLYjEMIC, Plethoric.
   POLVJEMICUS, Plethoric.
   POLYANH^MIA, Anaemia.
  POLYANHS.MIE, Anaemia.
   POLYANTH'ES TUBERO'SA,  Amaruca-
rku. The root is cut into slips and laid upon the
bites of serpents by the Peruvian Indians.
   POLYBLEN'NIA,  from noXv;, ' much,' and
(iXtwa,' mucus.'  Excessive secretion of mucus.
   POLYBREPHIA, Pregnancy, complex.
   POLYCARP'JE,  from  woXug, 'many,'  and
xn^nog,  'fruit.'  A division of cutaneous  dis-
eases of the family Eczematosen, of Fuchs, in-
cluding Psoriasis, Lichen,Herpes,and Impetigo.
   POLY'CERAS,  from  voXut, 'many,'  and
KtoAg, 'horn.'  A  monstrous  animal  having
many horns.—Gurlt.
  POLYCHO'LIA, Pericho'lia, Hypercho'lia,
from noXug,' much,' and  /oXr,,' bile.'  Super-
abundance of bile; such as is supposed to exist
in bilious fevers.
  POLYCHREST'US, from rroXvg,' much,' and
^rjo-rog, 'useful.'  Having many virtues.  An
ancient name for certain  medicines considered
to be useful in many diseases.
  POLYCHRONIUS, Chronic.
  POLYCHY'LIA,  from  ttoXvc, <much,'  and
yylog, 'juice.' Polychy'mia. Fulness of juices.
  POLYCHYMIA,  Polychylia—p. Sanguinea,
Plethora.
  POLYCLINIC A,  from noXv(, 'much,'  and
k Inn, 'bed.'  Provided with many beds;—as an
hospital.
   POLYCOR'IA, from r7ic aw:, and xoo>), 'the
pupil.'   The state in which there is more than
one pupil.—Von Ammon.
   POLYCYE'SIA,  Poly eye1 sis,  from  noluc,
 ' many,' and kvho-ic, ' pregnancy.'  Frequent or
 quickly  recurring  pregnancies.   Also,  com-
 pound pregnancy.
   POLYDAC'TYLUS,  Perissodac'tylus, from
 noXvg,' many,' and Sa%TxjXog, 'a finger.' One who
 has a supernumerary finger or fingers, or toes.
   POLYDIPSIA,  from nox»g, 'much,'  and
 fiil'l, 'thirst;' Sitis morbo'saseu inten'sa, Poly-
 podia, Dipso'sis avens, Excessive thirst, (F.)
 Soif excessive.  A constant desire for drinking,
 with a sense of dryness in the mouth and throat.
 It is mostly  symptomatic of fever, inflamma-
 tion, dropsy, excessive  discharges, &c, and is
 so much a  part of diabetes, that it has  been
 called Polydipsia.
   POLYG'ALA, from noXvg,'much,' and yaXa,
 'milk;' P. vulga'ris, Common Milkwort.   Fa-
 mily, Rhinanthoideae.  Sex. Syst. Diadelphia
 Octandria.  The leaves are bitter, and are used
 in the  same  cases as the polygala amara.
   Polygala Amara, Bitter Milkwort. A pow-
 erful bitter; and, consequently, tonic.  Its re-
 puted virtues are balsamic, demulcent, and cor-
 roborant.  The Polygala rubel'la, or Bitter Poly-
gala of the United States, has the same virtues.
  Polygala, Bitter, see P. amara.
  Polyg'ala  Sen'ega,  Sen'eka,  Rattlesnake
Milkwort, Senega ox Rattlesnake root, Polygala
 Virginia'na,  (F.) Poly gale de  Virginie ou de
Seneka.  The bark is the active part of the root.
Its taste is at first acrid, and afterwards very
hot and pungent.  It was once  esteemed to be
specific against the poison  of the  rattlesnake
and in  pleurisy,  pneumonia, &c, after  the in-
flammatory action had been got under.  It has
been given  also in humoral asthma, chronic
rheumatism, dropsy, croup, amenorrhoea,  &c.
According to  Peschier, it  contains three par-
ticular principles,  Pol'ygaline or  Sen'egine,
Isol'usine, and Polyg'alic Acid.  Dose, gr. 30
to 40 of the powder.
  Polyg'ala Paucifo'lia, Triclisper'ma gran-
diflo'ra, Dwarf Milkwort, Little Pollom, Ever-
green Snakeroot, (F.) Poly gale naine, possesses
the same properties as P. Senega.
   Polygala Virginiana, P. senega.
   POLYGALACTIA, Polyga'lia, from rroXot,
' much,' and yaXa,' milk.'  Superabundant se-
 cretion of milk; galactia.
   POLY GALE NAINE, Polygala paucifolia
—p. de Virginie, Polygala Virginiana.
   POLY GALIA, Polygalactia.
   POLYGALINE, see Polygala senega.
   POLYGONATUM,  Convallaria  polygona-
tum—p. Multiflorum, Convallaria multiflora—
p. Uniflorum, Convallaria polygonatum.
  POLYGONUM AVICULA'RE,from rroXvg,
 ' much,' and  yovrj,' seed.' Centino'dia, Centum-
no'dia, Knot-grass, Knotweed, Bindweed, San-
guina'lis Corrig"iola, (F.) Renouee, Trainasse,
 Centinode.  Family, PolygonetE.   Sex. Syst.
 Octandria Trigynia.  This  grass is said to be
a feeble astringent.
   Polygonum Bistor'ta, Bistorta, Ojfi,c''inai
Bistort, Great Bistort or Snakeweed. The root
is  a powerful astringent  and tonic;  and, as
such, has  been used in  internal hemorrhage,
atonic  diarrhoea, ague, &c. Dose, gr. xv to 3J.
  Polygonum Divarica'tum ; — the Eastern
Buckwheat  plant.  The roots, reduced  to a
coarse meal, are said to be much used as an
article of diet by the Siberians. 
POLYGROMA
685
POLYPUS
   Polygonum  Fagop'yrum, — Fagop'yrum,
 Buckwheat, Trit'icumFagi'num, (F.)Sarrasin,
 Ble noir.  The grain of this plant constitutes
 a principal article of food with the inhabitants
 of Russia, Germany, and Switzerland.  It is
 much used in the United States.
   Polygonum Hydrop'iper, Hydropiper, Per-
 sica'ria urens,  Mercu'rius terres'tris, Poor
 Man's  Pepper, Biting  Arse-smart, Lakeweed,
 Water-pepper, (F.) Poivre d'eau.   The leaves
 of this plant have an acrid,  burning taste, and
 resemble those of the arum.  They have been
 recommended as possessing antiseptic, aperient,
 and diuretic virtues.   The fresh  leaves have
 been applied externally as a stimulating cata-
 plasm.
   Polygonum  Hydropiperoides,  P.  puncta-
 tum.
   Polygonum Persica'ria, Persicaria, Persi-
 caria mitis, Plumba'go, Arse-smart, (F.) Persi-
 caire douce.   This plant is said to possess vul-
 nerary  and antiseptic   qualities.   It has been
 given in wine to arrest  gangrene.
   Polygonum Puncta'tum,  P. hydropipero'i'-
 des, Water pepper of America, Smartweed, pos-
 sesses similar properties to Polygonum hydropi-
 per, and is occasionally used internally in gra-
 vel, and externally in chronic ulcers.  A flui-
 drachm of the  saturated tincture has been ex-
 tolled in amenorrhoea.
   POLYGROMA, Staphyloma.
   POLYHI'DRIA,  Polyi'dria, Polyidrosis,
 from noXvg, ' much,' and HSpoyg, < sweat.'  Ex-
 cessive sweating.
   POLYHYDRIA, Hydrops.
   POLYHYPERHjEMIA, Plethora.
   POLYIDRIA, Polyhidria.
   POLYIDROSIS, Polyhidria.
   POLYLYMPHIA, Anasarca.
   POLYMASTH'US, from noXug, < many,' and
 uao-dog, ' breast.'   A monster  having several
 breasts.— Gurlt.
   POLYMERIA, Polymerismus—p.  Promis-
 cua translativa, Transposition of the viscera.
   POLYMERIS'MUS, Polymeria, fxom rroxvg,
 c much,' and uegoc,' a  part.'  A monstrosity,
 which consists in the existence of supernume-
 rary organs;  as a sixth  finger of the hand.
   POLYNEURON, Plantago.
   POLYOP'SIA, Pol'yopy,from noXvg, 'much,'
 and oxpig, ' sight.'  Vision is so called, when
 multiple.
   POLYOPY, Polyopsia.
   POLYOREX'IA, from  n-oXvg, 'much,' and
 opt^tg, 'appetite.'  Excessive appetite or hunger.
 A genus in the gastroses of M. Alibert.
   POLYPE'RIA, from  -rroXvg, 'much,' and sr»-
 oo?, ' mutilated.'  Congenital misconstruction
 of various parts or organs.-j-Good.
  POLYPHA'GIA, Multivoran'tia, from noXug,
 ' much,' and <f.*yu>,' I eat.'  Voracity.  Faculty
 of digesting many kinds of  food.   See  Bouli-
 mia.
  POLYPHARMACI'A, Polypharmacy; from
 noXvg,  'much,'  and tpaouaxoi', 'a  medicine.'
 The prescribing of too many  medicines.  A
 prescription,  consisting  of a number of medi-
cines; hence  the name Polyphar'macus, given
to one who is in  the habit of prescribing  a
number  of medicines, and  whose prescriptions
are loaded with ingredients.  The term  is
taken in bad part.
  POLYPHYSIA, Flatulence.
   POLYPIFORM CONCRETIONS, see Poly-
 pus.
   POLYPIONIA, see Polysarcia—p. Infantum,
 see Polysarcia.
   POLYPLAS'TIC,  Polyplas'ticus, from no-
 xvg, ' much,' and  nx*o-a-w,  ' I form.'  That
 which has many shapes.
   Polyplastic  Element, in histology, is  one
 which does not retain its primary shape;  but
 undergoes transformation into others.—Gerber.
   POLYPODI'TES.  Wine impregnated with
 polypody.
   POLYPODIUM CALAGUALA, Calagualae
 radix—p. Filix foemina, Asplenium filix foemina.
   Polypo'dium  Filix Mas, Aspid'ium Filix
 Mas, Pteris, Athyr'ium Filix Mas, Blechnon,
 Polyrrhi'zon, Blancnon Oriba'sii, Lonchi'tis,
 Filic'ula, Male  Polypody or  Fern, Filix mas,
 Nephro'dium  crena'tum, N. Filix  mas, (F.)
 Fougere male.   Nat. Ord. Filices.   Sex. Syst.
 Cryptogamia  Filices.   The  rhizoma of this
 plant has been much extolled as an anthelmin-
 tic, and in cases of taenia.  It was the basis of
 a once celebrated remedy—Madame Nouffer's,
 but, perhaps, more of the efficacy was to be at-
 tributed to  the  active purgatives by which it
 was followed than to the  fern.  Dose, gij  to
 giij  of the  powdered solid  part of  the root;
 followed  in the  morning by a strong cathartic
 of camboge  or jalap.  An ethereal extract has
 been proposed by Dr.  Peschier, of Geneva.
   Polypo'dium Vulga're, Common Polypody;
 Fern root, Rock  Brake, Brake root.   This fern
 grows in the clefts of rocks, walls, &c, in both
 hemispheres.  It was formerly regarded  as a
 cholagogue, and was given in head diseases.  It
 is not used now.
   POLYPODY, MALE, Polypodium filix mas
 —p. Common, Polypodium vulgare.
   POL'YPOID,  Polypoi'des; from polypus, and
 afog, 'form.'  Having the shape of, or resem-
 bling,  a polypus.
   POLYPORUS OFFICINALIS, Boletus la-
 ricis.
   POLYP OS I A,  noXtinoo-ia,  from iroXvg,
 'much,'  and rroo-ig,  'drink.'  Great thirst —
 desire for drink.  Polydipsia.
  POL'YPUS, Pseudometamorpho'sis polypo'sa,
 from ttoX.vc, ' many,' and novg,' a foot.'  A name
 given to tumours, which occur in mucous mem-
 branes especially; and which have been com-
 pared to certain  zoophytes.  Polypi may form
 on every mucous membrane.   They are most
 commonly observed in the nasal fossse, pharynx,
 and uterus;  more rarely in the stomach, intes-
 tines,  bronchial tubes,  bladder,  and meatus
 auditorius externus.  They vary much in size,
 number,  mode of adhesion, and intimate nature.
 Accordingly, they have received various appel-
 lations; mucous,  soft, vesic'ular, when their
 substance has been soft, spongy, vesicular, and,
 as it were, gorged with fluid. Others have been
 called hard; and these have been distinguished
 into fibrous ox fleshy, and into scirrhous or can-
 cerous.  Fibrous polypi, Pol'ypi fibro'si, Ino-
polypi, are  of a dense,  compact texture, and
 whitish colour.   They contain few vessels, and
 do not degenerate into cancer.   The scirrhous
or carcinomatous are true  cancerous  tumours,
painful and bleeding.  They present all the pa-
thological changes which belong to  cancerous
affections, and the prognosis is of course unfa-
vourable. 
POLYRRHIZON             686                POMME
  The mode of treating polypi must differ ac-
cording  to  their character.  The means  used
to destroy them have been, 1. To subject them
to the action of certain astringent powders or
solutions, to obtain their resolution.  2. Caute-
rization or the application of the actual cautery
or caustics.  3. Excision or ablation with a cut-
ting instrument.  4. Extirpation with the fin-
gers or with the polypus forceps.  5. A  liga-
ture, put round them so as to prevent their nu-
trition.  A seton has, also, been sometimes used
to gradually destroy the pedicle.
  The term Polypi, Pseudopol'ypi, Cardi'tis
polypo'sa, Pol'ypiform  Concre'tions, (F.) Con-
cretions polypeuses ou polypiformes  ou  san-
guines du Caur, Hemocardioplasties, (Piorry,)
has  likewise  been  applied  to collections of
blood—fibrinous concretions—found in the heart
or great vessels after dissolution.  These were
once, erroneously, regarded as morbid.  The
presence of these concretions maybe suspected,
when in the course of an  acute or chronic affec-
tion of the heart, or  at the close  of chronic
diseases  in general — especially those of the
lungs—the heart's action becomes suddenly tu-
multuous,  obscure, and  accompanied with  a
soft bellows' murmur, whilst the general symp-
toms indicate the  effects of obstructed  circu-
lation.  The right cavities are most frequently
affected.
  Pol'ypus  Bronchia'lis,  Bronchlemmi'tis,
Bronchi'tis membrana'cea, B. plastic, Bronchial
Croup, Chronic Croup(?) Pseudo-mem'branous
Bronchitis.  A membraniform secretion in the
bronchial  tubes  of a  diphtheritic  character,
having the shape, when expectorated, of the
bronchia.  It is the result  of inflammation of
the lining membrane of those tubes.
  Polypus Carnosus,  Sarcoma — p. Fibrosus,
see Polypus—p. Uteri, Metropolypus.
  POLYRRHIZON, Polypodium filix mas.
  POLYRRHCEA, Profluvium.
  POLYSAR'CIA, Polysarco'sis, from noxvg,
' much,' and o-aof,  ' flesh.'   Carnos'itas, Poly-
soma'tia, Adelipa'ria,  Corpulen'tia, Steati'tes.
Excessive  corpulency.  Authors have distin-
guished two varieties of this : — Polysarcia
Carno'sa,  Cor'pulency, and P. Adipo'sa, Poly-
pio'nia, Pimelo'sis nim'ia, P achy s'mus,P achy n'-
sis, Obes'ity,  Obes'itas, Hyperpim'ele, Lipa'-
ria, Adipo'sis, Polysar'cia fagino'sa, Empyme'-
lium polysar'cia, Barysom'ia, Barysomat'ica,
Lipo'sis, Lipar'otes, Lipas'ma,  (F.) Obesite,
Embonpoint  cxcessif.  A severe regimen and
exercise are the best preventives.   Children
are occasionally met with of unusual fatness,
in spite of every care.  This morbid deposition
has  been termed Polypio'nia infan'tum, and
Chloro'sis gigante'a.
  Polysarcia  Viscerum, Physconia adiposa.
  POLYSARCOSIS, Polysarcia.
  POLYSIA'LIA ;  from  noxvg, ' much,' and
da\.<;v, 'saliva.' Excessive discharge of saliva.
  POLYSOMATIA, Polysarcia.
  POLYSPAS'TON, from noXug, ' much,' and
arena, 'I draw.' A powerful instrument for re-
ducing luxations.—Gorraeus.
  POLYSPERMIA; from noxuc,'much,' and
a-ntn/xn,' sperm.' Richness or fulness of sperm.
  POLYSTOMA PINGUICOLA,  see Worms
—p. Venarum, see Worms.
  POLYTRIC, Asplenium  trichomanoides.
  POLYT'RICHUM,  from noXvg, ' much,' and
#§<?, 'hair.' Polyt'ricon, Polyt'richumvulga'-
re, Adian'thum au'reum, Golden. Maiden-hair,
(F.) Perce-mousse. It is possessed of astringent
properties, and was formerly given in diseases
of the lungs, and in calculous affections.
  POLYTRICUM  COMMUNE,  Asplenium
trichomanoides,
  POLYTROPHTA, from noXut, 'much,' and
t§64>w, ' I nourish.'  Abundant or excessive nu-
trition.
  POLYURESIS, Diabetes.
  POLYURIA, Diabetes.
  POLYU'RICUS, from  iroxvg, 'much,' and
nuoov, 'urine.'  Sauvages calls—Ischuria poly-
urica—a kind of ischuria, caused by accumula-
tion of urine in the bladder.
  POMA, Drink—p. Chinensia, see Citrus au-
rantium.
  POMACEUM, Cider.
  POMA'TUM,  Pomma'tum, (F.) Pommade,
Liparole.  A pharmaceutical preparation, em-
ployed only externally; which differs but "little
from an ointment, except in  having generally
less consistence.   Tt is usually made aromatic,
and coloured to render it more agreeable.
  Common Pomatum is  made of lard, 12H>s;
suet, 4B>s ; essence, ^viij.
  Pomatum ad Labia Demulcenda, Cerate for
the lips—p. Epispasticum flavum,  Unguentum
lyttae medicatum aliud—p. Epispasticum viride,
&c, Unguentum lyttse medicatum—p. for the
Lips, Cerate for the lips—p. Nitricum vel oxy-
genatum,  Unguentum acidi nitrosi—p. Saturni,
Unguentum plumbi superacetatis.
  POMEGRANATE,  Punica granatum.
  POMILIUS, see Nanus.
  POMMADE, Pomatum—^. d'Alyon, Un-
guentum acidi nitrosi—p. Antipsorique de Pas-
ser, Unguentum  sulphuris  compositum—p.
d'Autenrieth, Unguentum antimonii tartarizati
—p. de Cyrillo, Unguentum muriatis hydrargyri
oxygenato medicatus—p. Epispastique jaune,
Unguentum  lyttae medicatum aliud—p. itpis-
pastique verte, Unguentum lyttse medicatum—p.
de  Garou, Unguentum epispasticum de daphne
gnidio.
   POMMADE DE GONDRET, P. ammo-
niacale de Gondret (F.),  Gondret's Counter-
irritant, Gondret's ammoniacal Caustic.  Liq.
ammon. p. ij; Sevi, p. j ; Ol. amygdal. p. j; M.
Used to excite a speedy revulsion in cases of
chronic affections of the brain, incipient cata-
ract, amaurosis, &c, as well as to cauterize the
integuments deeply.
   The  above formula,  is that of the French Co-
dex, but, according to  M. Trousseau, it is much
too hard for use, unless the weather is warm.
He proposes two formula, one for  summer, the
other for  winter. ^In the former he directs
three parts of lard, one of suet, and four  of li-
quor ammonia; in the latter, equal  parts of lard
and liquor ammonia.
   POMMADE POUR LES LEVRES,Cexate
for the lips—p. Ophthalmique (Regent's,) Un-
guentum  ophthalmicum — p. Oxygenee.  Un-
guentum  acidi nitrosi—p.  Stibiee, Unguentum
antimonii tartarizati.
   POMME, see Pyrus  malus—p.  d'Adam,
 Pomum Adami—p. d'Amour, Solanum lycoper-
 sicum—p. Epineuse,  Datura stramonium—p.
de  Merveille, Momordica balsamica—p. Mous-
seuse,  Bedegar—p. de  Terre, Solanum tube-
rosum. 
    POMMES HEMORRHOIDALES    6£

  POMMES   HEMORRHOIDALES,  see
Viscum album.
  POMMETTE, see Malse os.
  POMMIER, Pyrus malus.
  POMPHOLYX, from ito^oj,  'a bladder.'
A small vesicle on the skin.  An eruption of
bulla or  blebs,  appearing without any inflam-
mation around them, and without  fever.   It is
the Ecphlysis Pompholyx of Good.  See Pem-
phigus.
  Pompholyx, Tutia, Zinci  oxydum.
  POMPION, Cucurbita pepo.
  POMUM  ADA'MI, (F.)  Pomme d'Adam,
Adam's Apple.   The  projection formed by the
thyroid cartilage in  the neck—of males par-
ticularly.  It is so called from a notion that
it was caused  by the apple  sticking in the
throat of our first parent.
  Pomum Amoris, Testicle—p. Hierosolymi-
tanum, Momordica balsamina—p. Melongenae,
see Solanum melongena—p. Mirabile, Momor-
dica Balsamina—p. Spinosum, Datura stramo-
nium.
  PONOTION, Puncturing.
  POND SHOVEL, Unisema deltifolia.
  PONDERA ET MENSURiE,  Weights and
measures.
  PONDUS  PHARMACEUTICUM, see
Weights and Measures.
  PONGITIF, Pungent.
  PONS CEREBELLI, Pons Varolii—p. He-
patis, see Lobulus anonymus—p. Sylvii,  Quad-
rigemina Tubercula—p. Tarini, Tarini pons.
  Pons Varo'lii, Pons Cerebel'li, Corpus annu-
la'rg, Proces'sus  annularis, Prominentia an-
nularis cer'ebri, Eminen'tia annularis,  Varo'-
li's bridge, Nodus enceph'ali vel Cer'ebri, Cere-
bral protu'berance,  Protuberan'tia  annula'ris
Willisii, (F.) Protuberance cerebrate, P. annu-
laire, Mesencephale, Mesocephale, Pont de Va-
role, Annular protuberance.  An  eminence at
the upper part of the medulla oblongata,  first
described by Varolius.  It  is formed by the
union of the crura cerebri and crura cerebelli.
  Pons Zygomaticus, Zygomatic  arch.
  PONTE,  see  Parturition—p. Piriodique,
see Parturition.
  PONTEDORA CORD ATA, Unisema delti-
folia.
  PONTICUM ABSINTHIUM, Artemisia
Pontica.
  POPLAR, AMERICAN, Liriodendron—p.
Black,  Populus—p.   Tree,  Liriodendron—p.
Tulip-bearing, Liriodendron.
  POPLES, Gare'tum, Garretum, lgnys,  Ig'-
nye, Suffra'ao, Fossa genu, Fossa poplitse'a, the
Ham, the Hough, (F.) Jarret.  The posterior
part of the knee joint.   The ham forms what is
called the popliteal region or space.
  POPLITAEUS, Popliteal muscle.
  POPLITA, Poplitaeus muscle.
  POPLITE'AL, Poplita'us, from Poples,' the
ham.'  That which  relates  to the ham.  A
name given to various parts.
  Popliteal Artery—Popliteal portion of the
crural,—(Ch.)  is really a  continuation  of the
femoral, which changes its  name on passing
through the  adductor  magnus muscle.  It de-
scends a little obliquely outwards into the hol-
low  of the ham,  and  extends from  the  com-
mencement  of the lower third of the thigh to
the end of the upper quarter of the leg,  where
it  terminates by dividing  into  the posterior
7         PORCUPINE DISEASE

tibial and peroneal arteries.  In the ham, it gives
off the three superior articular arteries; and, at
the top of the  leg, the  arteries of the gemini
muscles ox gemini branches, (F.) branches ju-
melles, the two inferior articular arteries, and
the tibialis antica.
   Popliteal Fossa, Poples.
   Poplite'al Glands, Glan'dula poplitaa.
Lymphatic glands, four in number,  seated in
the popliteal region or space.
   Popliteal Muscle, Poplitaus Muscle, Mus-
cle Jarretier, Femoro-popliti-tibial,  (Ch.,) Sub-
poplitseus, (F.) Muscle poplite, is seated in the
popliteal  region.  It is triangular, long, flat;
and is inserted, on the one hand, by means of a
strong tendon, into the  tuberosity  at the outer
condyle of the femur, terminating below at the
upper  part of the posterior surface  of the tibia.
This muscle bends the  leg  on the thigh, and,
reciprocally, the thigh on the leg.  When the
leg is bent, it causes it to turn,  in rotation, in-
wards.
   Popliteal Nerves.  They result from the
bifurcation of the sciatic, and are two in  num-
ber, viz.  1. The external popliteal, Peroneal
nerve, Branche peroniere, (Ch.)  It is smaller
than  the  internal;  turns  to the outside of
the fibula at the upper part of the leg, and
divides into  the  musculocutaneous  branch,
nerf pretibio-digital, (Ch.)  and the  anterior
tibial, nerf pretibio-susphalangetaire, (Ch.)
2.  The  inter'nal  poplite'al nerve,  Branche
tibiale, (Ch.) which is  larger than the other,
and seems to be the real continuation of the
sciatic nerve.  It descends vertically into the
hollow of the ham; and passes beneath the apo-
 neurotic arch of. the Solaris muscle, beyond
 which it  takes  the  name of tibial nerve.  It
 furnishes  the external  saphena nerve, and a
 number of branches, that are distributed to the
 posterior  muscles of the leg.  It then passes to
 the sole  of  the  foot to be  divided  into two
branches, called Plantar nerves.
   Popliteal Region, Poples—p. Space, Po-
 ples.
   Popliteal Vein has the  same arrangement
as the artery behind which it is situate.
   POPONAX, see Pastinaca opoponax.
   POPPY, CORN, RED, Papaver rhoeas—p.
 Heads, see Papaver—p. Juice,  Meconium—p.
 Prickly, Argemone Mexicana—p. Spotling, Cu-
curbalus Behen—p. Thorn, Argemone Mexica-
na—p. White,  Papaver—p. White, capsule,
see Papaver.
   POP'ULUS, Populus nigra, JEgei'ros, Ache-
ro'is, Black poplar, (F.) Peuplier  noir.   The
young buds, oculi or rudiments of the leaves,
which appear in the beginning of spring, were
formerly used in an officinal  ointment—the un-
guen'tum popule'um.   It  was, also,  recom-
mended in chronic affections of the lungs.
   The bark of Pop'ulus Tremulo'i'des, Ameri-
can aspen, and of P. trem'ula, European aspen,
 is antiperiodic, and furnishes salicin-and popu-
lin, in which the properties probably reside.
   Populus Balsamifera, see Fagara octandra.
   PORCELAINE, Essera, Urticaria.
   PORCELLIO, Oniscus.
   PORCELLUS, Oniscus.
   PORCULUS, Oniscus.
   PORCUPINE DISEASE, Ichthyosis.
   Porcupine Men,  Echinoder'mi.    Persons
 have been so called in whom the cuticle is pro- 
PORCUS                68
 duced in the form of pointed prolongations, as
 if it had been moulded on the papillae, like the
 shorter and blunter quills of the porcupine.
   PORCUS, Vulva.
   PORDE, Crepitation.
   PORE, Porus, In'terstice, irooog,' a passage.'
 Anatomists have given this name to the open-
 ings at the extremities of vessels at the surface
 of different membranes.  Exhalant Pores have
 been supposed to exist in  the  exhalants, to
 transmit the fluids exhaled.—Absoreent Pores
 are employed in  taking  up parts  that have to
 enter the circulation.  Pores  exist in the cuti-
 cle ; yet Humboldt, with a powerful magnify-
 ing-glass, was unable to observe  them.  The
 pores of the skin have also been called spira'cula.
   PORI BILIA'RII,  Ductus bilia'rii, Sur'culi
fell'ei.  Ducts which receive the bile from'the
 penicilli of the liver, and convey it to the he-
 patic duct.
   Pori Cuta'nei,P. Exhalan'tes seu Sudorif'eri
 seu Resorben'tes.  The pores of the skin.
   Pori Exhalantes, P. cutanei — p. Pulmo-
 num, Cellules, bronchic—p. Resorbentes,P. cu-
 tanei—p. Sudoriferi, P. cutanei.
   POROCE'LE, from joijof,  'a  callus,' and
 xvXrj, 'a tumour.'  A hard tumour of the testi-
 cle or its envelopes.
   POROMA, Induration.
   POROMPHALOCELE, Poromphalon.
   POROM'PHALON, Poromph'alus,  Porom-
 phaloce'le, from rrwgog,' hard,' and o^ipcuXog,' the
 navel.'  Umbilical hernia with hard and thick-
 ened parietes.
   POROS, Canal.
   POROSIS, Chalaza, Induration.
   POROT'IC, Porot'icus, from tuooc, 'callus.'
 A remedy believed to be capable of assisting
 the formation of callus.
   PORPHURURIA, Urine, purpuric.
   PORPHYRA,  Purpura—p.  Graecorum, Pe-
 techias— p.  Haemorrhagica, Purpura  haemor-
 rhagica.
   PORPHYRISMA,  Scarlatina.
   PORPHYRISMUS, Scarlatina.
   PORPHYRIZATION, Levigation.
   PORPHYRO-TYPHUS, see Typhus.
   POR'PHYRY,  Porphyri'tes, from no^qvQa,
 'purple.'   A  species of very hard, compound
 rock, susceptible of  considerable polish, and
 used in the fabrication of mortars and slabs for
 the apothecary.
   Porphyry, Black, Ophites.
   PORRACA, Porraceous.
   PORRA'CEOUS, Porra'ceus, Prasi'nus,
 from porrum, ' a leek.' (F.) Porraci.  Having
 the green^colour of the leek.  An epithet given
to certain excreted  matters,—the  sputa, bile
 and faeces particularly.
   PORREAU, Allium porrum.
   PORRECTUM, Lever.
   PORRET, Allium porrum.
   PORRIGINE, Porrigo favosa.
   PORRIGINEUX, Porriginous.
   PORRIGINOSUS,  Porriginous.
   PORRIG"INOUS,  Porrigino'sus, (F.) Por-
rigineux.   Appertaining to  porrigo.
   PORRI'GO (L.), ' scurf or scall in the head.'
Tin'ea, Favus, Furfura'tio,  Fur'fures, Ecpye'-
sis porrigo, Phlysis  porrigo, from porrigere,
' to spread.'  (F.)  Teigne, Rache.  Some  of
the varieties are contagious.  It is principally
characterized by  an eruption of the pustules, |
W                 PORRIGO

 called favi and achores, unaccompanied  by fe-
 ver.
   Porrigo Decal'vans, Tricho'sis a'rea, Area,
 Alope'cia area'ta, A. partialis, A. circumscrip-
 ta, Phytoalope'cia, Tyr'ia, Tyro'ma, Ophi'asis,
 Tin'ea tondens, Herpens tonsurans, Limited or
 partial Baldness, consists of patches of bald-
 ness without decay or change of colour  in the
 surrounding hair,  the exposed parts of the scalp
 being glabrous, white, and shining.  The mor-
 bid condition  sometimes spreads, so  that the
 patches coalesce,  rendering the baldness exten-
 sive.  To a vegetable growth  recently found
 at the roots of the  hair in Tinea tondens, Malm-
 sten of  Stockholm  has given the name Tri-
 chophyton tonsurans.   The  treatment con-
 sists in keeping the scalp cleared by constant
 shaving, and in the  steady application of some
 stimulating liniment or ointment.
   Porrigo Favo'sa, Ce'rion, Favus, Ecpye'sis
 porrigo favosa, Tinea favosa, Sca'bies cap'itis
 favosa, Melice'ra, Melice'rum, Melice'ria, Mel-
 lifa'vium, Porrigophyte, Honey-comb  Scall or
 Tetter, (F.) Teigne faveuse, Porrigine.  This
 consists in an eruption of pustules common to
 the head, trunk, and  extremities,  pea-sized,
 flattened at the top, in  clusters, often  uniting;
 discharge, fetid; scabs, honey-combed; the cells
 filled with fluid. It occurs both in early and adult
 life.  Modern researches  have satisfied some
 observers, that the crusts of favus are of vege-
 table nature and  formed of a parasitic  plant,
 belonging to the genus  mycoderm'is.   The
 point is not, however, settled.   The treatment
 of this variety must consist in the  exhibition
 of laxatives and the mildest stimulating oint-
 ments, such as the  Ung. zinci, Ung. hydrar-
 gyri pracipitat. alb., &c.   Eczema of the hairy
 scalp is often confounded with Porrigo.
   Porrigo Fir furans, Ecpyesis porrigo fur-
 fur a'cea, Tinea furfur acea, Tinea porrigino'sa,
 Pityri'asis Tricho'sis furfur a'cea, Teigne fur-
 furacie  (Alibert), commences  with an erup-
 tion of small achores, the  fluid of which soon
 concretes  and  separates in innumerable, thin,
 laminated scabs, or scale-like exfoliations.   It
 is attended with a  good deal of itching and some
 soreness of the scalp, to which the disease is
 confined.   It occurs chiefly in adults.  In the
 treatment, the scalp must be kept shaved.  The
 part must be washed repeatedly with soap and
 water, and an oiled silk cap worn.   The nature
 of the ointments  used  must vary according to
 the period of disease and the irritability of the
 part affected.  Zinc ointment;—one made with
 the Cocculus indicus ;—the Sulphur ointment;
 —Citrine ointment axxAUng. hydrargyrinitrico-
 oxydi; Tar ointment and Nitric acid ointment
 have all been found  useful.  Should inflamma-
 tion or discharge arise, these applications must
 of course be intermitted.
   Porrigo Larvalis, P. lupinosa.
   Porrigo Larva'lis, Crusta lac'tea, Ecpye'-
 sis Porrigo crusta'cea, Menti'go, Achor, Tin'ea
 lac'tea, T. Fa'ciei, Milky scall or Tetter, Lactu'-
 men, Lacti'go, (F.) Croute  de  lait, Croute
 laiteuse, Feux volages,  La Graine.  This is,
 almost  exclusively, a disease of  infancy.  It
 commonly appears  first on  the forehead  and
 cheeks,  in an  eruption  of numerous, minute,
 whitish achores on a red  surface.  These break
 and discharge a viscid fluid, which becomes in-
 crusted in thin, yellowish, or greenish  scabs. 
PORRIGOPHYTE
689
PORTE-SONDE
 The patches spread, until  the  whole face be-
 comes, as it were, enveloped in a mask; hence
 the epithet larvalis.   The disease  is rather
 a  variety  of  Eczema.   Sometimes the erup-
 tion appears on the neck and breast; and, occa-
 sionally, on the extremities.   In general, the
 health of the child does not suffer, but the erup-
 tion is always attended  with much  itching and
 irritation.   The treatment consists  in mild,
 tepid  ablution, and the application of gently
 f timulating ointments, as of the oxydum zinci.
 The bowels must be kept in a soluble state by
 small doses of calomel, or by rhubarb and mag-
 nesia.
   Porrigo Lupino'sa, Tin'ea lupi'na, Scabies
 cap'itis, Ecpye'sis porrigo lupino'sa, Porri'go
 larva'lis, Impeti'go figura'ta, Tin'ea granula'-
 ta,  T. muco'sa, Crusta lactea (of some), Mentf-
 agra infan'tum, (F.)  Teigne, Dartre  crustacie
 flavescente, consists of minute pustules in small
 patches,  mostly  commencing  on  the  scalp;
 the patches terminating in dry, delving scabs,
 resembling lupine seeds; the interstices often
 covered with  a thin, whitish,  and  exfoliating
 incrustation.  It occurs chiefly in early  life,
 and requires the same treatment as  the last.
   Porrigo Scutula'ta, Tin'ea granula'ta, Ec-
 pye'sis porrigo galea'ta, Tinea fico'sa, Acho'res
 seu Sca'bies cap'itis, Ringworm of the Scalp,
 Scalled  head;  (F.)  Teigne annulaire, T. en
 anneau, T. nummulaire.  It commences with
 clusters  of small, light, yellow pustules, which
 soon scab off; and, if neglected, become hard by
 accumulation.   If the scabs be removed,  the
 surface is left red and shining, but studded with
 slightly  elevated points.  If not attended to, it
 involves the whole head.  It occurs  in children
 3 or 4 years of age, and  is very  unmanageable.
 The rules  laid  down under Porrigo furfu-
 rans must be here still more perseveringly en-
 forced.  The whole tribe  of stimulating oint-
 ments may be used in succession.  No one will
 always succeed,  and  hence  the  necessity of
 change, provided advantage should not seem to
 follow any  particular  application.  The  Un-
 guentum ad Scabiem, of Banyer,  sometimes
 cures, when others fail.
   PORRIGOPHYTE, Porrigo favosa.
   PORRUM, Allium porrum, Thymion.
   PORRUS, Sarcoma, Thymion.
   PORTA, nvXrj, I'yle,  ' a gate.'  The part of
 the liver where its vessels enter as  by a gate.
 Also, the Vulva.
   Porta Jecoris, Porta vena.
   Porta Vena, Vena porta, V. porta'rum, Ra-
 ma'lis  vena, Jan'itrix, Vena magna seu qua ad
 portas est seu stelechia'a seu lac'tea seu ostia'ria,
 Porta Jec'oris, Porta, Vena arterio'sa seu arte-
 ria'lis, Manus Jec'oris  seu he'patis,  Vena ad
 portas.   The System of the vena porta or the
 Abdom'inal venous system,  (F.)  Veine  porte,
 Porte veine, is a vascular apparatus of black
 blood,  situate in the abdomen,  and resulting
 from two distinct orders of vessels, united into
 one  common trunk.  1.  One of these trunks,
 much more extensive than the  other, has  re-
 ceived the name  Vena porta abdomina'lis, be-
 cause it arises from all the organs enclosed in
 the cavity of the abdomen, except the kidneys
 and bladder; and in the female, the uterus.  The
 Abdominal vena porta has two principal roots,
the splenic  vein  and  the superior mesenteric,
which have  their ramifications in all the diges-
 tive  organs.   2. The  other  trunk,  destined
 solely to the liver, has been called the Hepat'ic
 vena porta.  It appears  to be a continuation of
 the abdominal vena porta, and proceeds towards
 the inferior surface of the  liver.   Opposite to
 the transverse  fissure of that organ, it divides,
 like  an  artery, into two branches, which,  by
 their union, seem to form a canal or duct, called
 by some the Sinus of the vena porta.   These
 branches are distributed in the substance of the
 liver, whither they are accompanied by a pro-
 longation of the  fibrous  capsule of that organ,
 —the capsule of Glisson.  The different branches
 of the vena porta are devoid  of valves.  See
 Liver.
   PORTAL, from porta, 'a gate.'  Relating to
 the porta of the  liver,—as  the portal system,
 or system of the  vena  porta.  By extension the
 term has been  applied to an analogous system
 of vessels in the  kidney.  See  Kidney.
   Portal Fissure, see Liver.
   PORTE-AIGUILLE,  Acutenac'ulum;
 Needle-carrier, Needle-bearer; from(F.) porter,
 ' to carry,' and aiguille, ' a needle.'  An instru-
 ment for accurately laying hold of a needle, and
 giving it greater length, when it is so fine and
 small that it cannot be held by the fingers.  It
 is of steel or silver, about two inches long, and
 throughout the whole, almost, of its length,  di-
 vided into two branches, so as to form a kind
 of forceps, capable of being closed by means
 of a sliding  ring.    A modification  of this
 instrument  was  devised by Dr. Physick for
 taking up deep-seated arteries beyond the reach
 of a tenaculum or common needle.  It consists
 of a forceps so constructed as to hold in its ex-
 tremity a needle  armed with a ligature.  The
 handles  of the forceps are  fastened together,
 temporarily, by a spring or catch; and, when
 the needle is fairly deposited beneath the vessel,
 it is  disengaged  from the forceps  and drawn
 out, leaving the ligature behind, which can  be
 tied without difficulty.
   PORTE-BOUGIE, (F.)  A silver canula
 similar to that of a trochar, except that it is
 longer.   It is used for  conducting bougies into
 the urethra.
   POR TE-CAUS TIQUE,  Porte-pierre — p.
 Feuille,  Subscapular is.
   PORTE-MECHE (F.), fxom porter,1 to car-
 ry,' and  meche, 'a tent.' An  instrument for
 carrying  tents or mlches deeply into  fistulous
 openings, or sinuses, to the  bottom of ulcers,
 &c.   It is a wire of silver or steel, four or five
 inches long, having a notch at  one extremity,
 and a button at  the other.
   PORTE-MOXA (F.). A small instrument
 for keeping the moxa applied to the part to  be
 cauterized.  It  consists  of  a  metallic ring—
 separated from the skin by three small  supports
 of ebony—to which a handle is  adapted.
   PORTE-NGEUD  (F.),  from  porter; 'to
 carry,' and naud, 'a knot.'   An instrument for
 carrying  a ligature round the base or pedicle of
 a tumour.
   PORTE-PIERRE  (F.), Porte-caustique,
 Caustic bearer.   An instrument similar to a
porte-crayon for carrying the lunar caustic.
  PORTE-SONDE (F.).  An instrument re-
 sembling a porte-crayon, employed  for holding
 the style or sonde, and inserting it more readily
 into the  nasal duct,  during the operation for
 fistula lachrymalis. 
PORTE-VEINE
690
POTASH
  PORTE-VEINE, Porta Vena.
  PORTER, Cerevisia.
  PORTIO DURA, Facial nerve.
  Portio Media Inter Portio'nem Duram et
Portio'nem Mollem.  A small nerve, which
arises from the brain, between the origin of the
portio dura and the trunk of the portio mollis.—
Wrisberg.
  Portio Mollis, Auditory nerve.
  PORTION COSTO-TRACH&LIENNE
DU SACROSPINAL, Longissimus dorsi—
p. Acailleux ou squameux du temporal, Squa-
mous portion of the temporal—p. Lombaire du
plexus crural, Lumbar plexus.
  PORTION   GODRONNEE DE  LA
CORNE  D'AMMON.  A name given by
Vicq d'Azyr  to a small denticulated cord of a
compact tissue and granular appearance, which
unites the cornu ammonis to the  paries of the
lateral ventricle.
  PORTONARIUM, Pylorus, Duodenum.
  PORTULA'CA, Andrach'ne, Al'lium Gal'li-
eum, Portula'ca olera'cea, Purslane, (F.) Pour-
pier cultivi.   This plant abounds with a watery
and somewhat acid juice; and is often put into
soups or pickled with spices.  It is regarded as
antiseptic and aperient.
  PORUS, Callus, Meatus—p. Acusticus, Au-
ditory  canal, internal.
  POSCA, Oxycrate.
  POSE, Coryza.
  POSIMOS, Potable.
  POSITION, FALSE, False position.
  POSOL'OGY, Posolog"ia, Dosiolog"ia; from
n-oo-og, 'quantity,' and Xoyog, 'a discourse.'   In-
dication of the  doses in which  the  different
articles of  the materia medica ought  to be ex-
hibited.
  POSSET, Posse'turn; from (L.) Posca, 'sour
wine and water.'  Milk curdled with wine or
any acid or treacle.  A preparation of beer and
milk;  Zytkog'ala.
  POSSETING, Regurgitation, (of Infants.)
  POSTBRACHIALE, Metacarpus.
  POSTCARPIUM,  Metacarpus.
  POSTE'RIOR ANNULA'RIS. An external,
interosseous muscle, which arises from the cor-
responding sides  of  the metacarpal  bones  of
the ring, and  little finger, and is inserted into
the  inside of the tendon on the  back of the
ring finger.  Its use is to draw the ring finger
inwards.
  Posterior Auris, Retrahens auris.
  Posterior In'dicis Manus.  An internal, in-
terosseous  muscle, which arises from  the inner
or ulnar side of the metacarpal bone of the fore
finger, and is inserted into the inside of the ten-
don on the back of the fore  finger.   Its use is
to draw the fore finger inwards.
  Posterior  Indicis Pedis, Abduc'tor Indicis
Pedis.  An external, interosseous muscle, which
arises  from the  contiguous sides of the meta-
tarsal bones of the fore toe, and second of the
small toes, and is inserted into the outside of
the root of the first bone of the fore  toe.  Its
use is  to pull the fore toe outwards.
  Posterior Me'dii Dig"iti Manus.  An ex-
ternal, interosseous muscle, which arises  from
the corresponding sides of the metacarpal bones
of the middle and ring fingers; and is inserted
into the inside of the  tendon on the back of the
middle finger. Its use is to draw the  middle
finger inwards.
  Posterior Medii Du,"iti  Pedis, Abductor
medii digiti pedis.  An external, interosseous
muscle, which originates from the contiguous
sides of the metatarsal bones of the second and
third of the small toes, and is  inserted into the
outside of the root of  the first bone  of the se-
cond of the  small toes.  Its use is to pull the
toe outwards.
  Posterior Ter'tii Dig"iti, Adduc'tor tertii,
digiti.  An external, interosseous muscle, which
arises from  the contiguous sides of the meta-
tarsal bones of the 3d  and 4 th  of the small toes,
and is inserted into the  outside of the root of
the first bone of the  third of the small  toes.
Its use is to pull the toe outwards.
   POSTHE, Penis, Prepuce.
   POSTHET'OMIST, Posthet'omus,  from
■xoo-9-r\, 'prepuce,'  and xo^n,  'incision.'  One
who performs the operation of circumcision.
   POSTHETOMY, Circumcision.
  POSTHIA, Hordeolum.
  VOSTHIQVLAS'TIC,Postkioplas'ticus,fxom
rroo&iov, ' the  prepuce,' and vxuro-o,  ' I form.'
An epithet applied to the operation for restoring
the prepuce.
  POSTHI'TIS, from iroa&rj,  'the prepuce, the
penis,' and  itis,  the  termination  for  inflam-
mation.  Inflammation of the  prepuce or penis.
  POSTHIUM, Prepuce.
  POSTHON'CUS, from noo-bn,' the prepuce
or penis,' and oyxo:, 'a tumour.'  Swelling of
the prepuce or penis.
  POSTHOPLAS'TICA.fromTroo-eiov.'prepuce,'
and nrxito-nxog, 'formative.'   The art of mak-
ing a new prepuce.
   POSTPOSIT"IO.   Delay in the return of a
paroxysm.  It is opposed to anticipatio, which
means the return of a paroxysm earlier than its
accustomed hour.
   In this sense we speak of an anticipating, and
a postponing (Febris hysteret'ica) intermittent.
  POSTREMA, Uterus.
   PO'TABLE, Potab'ilis, from  potare,  'to
drink.'  Pot'imos, Potos, Pos'imos,' drinkable.5
Water is said  to be potable,  when it  contains
atmospheric air;  is not  brackish; and has no
mineral impregnation  of consequence.
   POTASH.  So called from the pots or ves-
sels  in  which it  was  made;—Potas'sa, Kali,
Vegetable alkali, Gastrinum.
   Potash of Commerce, Potassa impu'ra, Im-
pure potass, Alu'men cati'num, Cin'eres Rus'-
sici, Subcar'bonas potas'sx impu'rus,  Potas'sx
car'bonas impurus,—the Pearlash of commerce.
is prepared from the  ashes of land  plants by
calcination, solution  in  water, filtration, and
evaporation.  It usually consists of subcarbo-
nate of potass, sulphate  of potass, chloride of
potassium, silex, oxide of iron, &c.
   From the ashes of lees of wine, and from vine
twigs a much purer alkali is obtained.  It is
called Cinis infecto'rius, C. facum, Cin'eres
clavella'ti, Alu'men facum, Cin'eres gravella'ti,
(F.) Cendres gravities, Cendres de sarment.
   Another variety of  the alkali is afforded by
burning argol in a crucible; afterwards pow-
dering and calcining it, till it is nearly white;
then  dissolving in water, filtering and evapo-
rating.   It is called Salt of tartar, Sal Tar'tari,
Kali prapara'tum e tar'taro, Kali e tartaro, Sub-
car'bonas potassa puris'simus, Potas'sa Subcar'-
bonas e tar'taro.   Lastly, when wormwood is
burnt to ashes, dissolved in water, filtered and 
POTASS,  ACETATE OF         691
POTASS^
evaporated to dryness, it affords another variety
of vegetable alkali, the Sal absin'thii or Salt of
wormwood.
  Impure potass is used for preparing the  sub-
carbonate for medical use.
  POTASS, ACETATE  OF, Potassa; acetas—
p. Bisulphate of, Potassae supersulphas—p. Bi-
tartrate of, Potassae supertartras—p. Carbonate
of, Potassae carbonas—p. Chlorate of, Potassae
murias  hyperoxygenatus—p.  Euchlorate of,
Potassae murias  hyperoxygenatus—p. Fused,
Potassa fusa—p. Hydriodate of, Potassae hydri-
odas—p. and Iron, tartrate of, Ferrum tartariza-
tum—p. with Lime, Potassa cum calce—p. Me-
phite of, Potassae  subcarbonas—p.  Muriate of,
Potassae murias—p. Nitrate of, Potassae nitras
—p. Oxymuriate of, Potassae murias hyperoxy-
genatus—p. Subcarbonate of, Potass® subcar-
bonas—p.  Sulphate  of,  Potassae  sulphas—p.
Sulphate  of,  acid,  Potassae  supersulphas—p.
Sulphuret  of, Potassae sulphuretum—p.  Super-
carbonate  of, Potassae  carbonas—p. Supersul-
phate of,  Potassae supersulphas—p.  Supertar-
trate of, Potassae supertartras—p. Tartrate of,
Potassae tartras.
  Potass  and Soda, Tartrate of, Soda, tar-
trate of.
  POTASSA, Potash, P. fusa.
  Potas'sa cum Calce, Potass with lime, Calx
cum kali puro, Caus'ticum commu'n€ for'tius,
Lapis inferna'lis sive sep'ticus, Kali caus'ticum
cum calce, Potas'sa ope calcis para'ta et  igne
fusa, Lapis  caus'ticus, (F.) Potasse priparie
avec la chaux, P. a la chaux, Pierre a cautere.
(Liquor, potassa lbiij, calcis recent, Ibj.   Boil
the solution of potass to Ibj;  then add the lime,
slaked with water, and mix.  Ph. L.)   Used for
the same purposes as the next, but more manage-
able; being less deliquescent.
  Potassa, Ferrocyanate  of,  Potassii ferro-
cyanuretum—p. Ferroprussiate of, Potassae cy-
anuretum.
  Potassa Fusa, Potassa,  Kali caus'ticum,
Fused potass, Caus'ticum commu'nS acer'rimum,
Kali purum, Al'kali vegetab'ile fixum caus'ti-
cum, Causticum alkali'num, C. commu'nc, C.
potentia'le, C. Sali'num,  Hydras ka'licum, Hy-
dras potas'sa pura fusa, Potassa hydras, La-
pis caus'ticus, Lapis causticus chirurgo'rum,
Lapis inferna'lis alcali'nus, L. sep'ticus, Rupto'-
rium commu'nc, (F.) Potasse caustique.  (Pre-
pared by  evaporating solution of  potass  to
dryness in an  iron vessel.)   This preparation
is generally run into cylindrical moulds, covered
with paper, and  kept in well corked  vessels.
It is powerfully escharotic, and is used for form-
ing issues, curing strictures, &c.
  Potassa, Hydrobromate of, see Bromine—
p. Hydrocyanate  of, Potassii  cyanuretum—p.
Hyperoxalas, Potass, oxalate of—p. Hypertar-
tras, P. supertartras—p. Impura, Potash of com-
merce—p. Liquida, Liquor  potassae—p.  Ope
calcis parata et igne fusa, Potassa cum calce—
p. Prussiate of, Potassii ferrocyanuretum.
  Potass^ Ace'tas, Acetas kali, Oxytar'tarus,
Acetas lixiv'iasseuka'licum,Al'kalitar'tari ace'to
satura'tum, Alcali vegetab'ill cum aceto, Mngis-
te'rium tartari purgans, Terra folia! ta Tartan,
Kali  aceta'tum, Sal diuret'icus, Sal  Senner'ti,
Ac"etate of potass, Arca'num tartari, (F.) Aci-
tate  de potasse.    (Acid, acetic. Oj, Potassae
carbon, q.  s.   Mix and  add, by degrees, enough
acetic acid to saturate the alkali.   Then filter
and evaporate till a pellicle is formed which is
to be  dried  upon bibulous paper;  evaporate
again in a water bath, and, removing the pelli-
cles: dry.—Ph. U. S.)
  It is cathartic and diuretic.   Dose, gj to gij
or more.
  Potassae et Aluminje Sulphas, Alumen—p.
Bicarbonas, Potassae carbonas—p. Bisulphas, P.
supersulphas—p. Bitartras, P. supertartras.
  Potassae Car'bonas, Kali a'era'lum, Bicar'-
bonas potassa, Potas'sse bicar'bonas (Ph. U. S.)
Deutocarbonas potas'sii, Carbonate  of potass,
Super car'bonate of potass.   This is not caustic,
like the subcarbonate of potass, and hence, has
been preferred to relieve acidity.  (Potass, car-
bon. Kiv, Aquae destillat.  Ox.  Pass carbonic
acid through  the solution until it is saturated,
and  filter. Evaporate at a heat not exceeding
160°, and dry the  crystals on bibulous paper.
Carbonic acid is obtained from marble  by the
addition  of dilute sulphuric acid.—Ph. U. S.)
Dose, gr. x to gss.   It  is  used  in forming the
soda powders, as well as for its antacid proper-
ties.
  Potass/e Carbonas (Ph. U. S.), P. subcar-
bonas—p.  Carbonas impurus, P.  subcarbonas
—p. Carbonas purus, see  P.  subcarbonas—p.
Chloras, P. murias hyperoxygenatus—p. Chlo-
ruretum  oxydatum, P. murias hyperoxygenatus
—p. et  Ferri tartras, Ferri tartarizatum—p.
Hydras,  Potassa fusa.
  PoTASSiE Hydri'odas, Potassa Protohydri'-
odas, Potas'sii protox'idi  hydri'odas, Hydri'-
odate  of potass.  If a solution of potass  be
poured on iodine in its metallic state, an iodate
and hydriodate are  formed. These may be se-
parated by means  of alcohol, which only dis-
solves the latter of these salts.  The hydriodate,
or rather the I'odide of Potas'sium, Kalium loda'-
tum, Kali Hydriodin'ieum, K.  Hydriod'icum,
Hydriodas Ka'licus, Potassii loduretum seu
lo'didum, (F.)  lodure de potassium, may be
obtained by  evaporation.   When the Iodide of
potassium is dissolved in water, it becomes the
Hydriodate of Potassa.  The following is the
formula  in the Ph. U. S.  Iodin. ^vj; Ferri
rament.  ^iij, Potass,  carbon,  ^iv vel.  q. s.
Aqua destillat. Oiv.  Mix the iodine with three
pints of the  distilled water, and add the iron
filings, stirring frequently with a spatula for
half ah hour.  Apply a gentle heat, and when
the liquor assumes  a greenish colour, add gra-
dually the carbonate of potass, previously dis-
solved in half a pint of the water, until it ceases
to cause a precipitate.  Continue the heat for
half an hour, and filter.   Wash the  residuum
with half a pint of the  distilled water  boiling
hot, and filter.   Mix  the  filtered  liquors and
evaporate, that crystals may form.  Pour off
the  liquid, and dry the crystals  on bibulous
paper.   The Hydriodate of soda is made in the
same way.   Virtues,—those of iodine.
   Potass*: Mu'rias, Sal Digesti'vus vel Sal fe-
brif'ugus Syl'vii, Muriate of Potass, Spir'itus
salis mari'ni coagula'tus.  Bitter and refrige-
rant.
   Potassae Mu'rias  Hyperoxygena'tus, Po-
tassa  Chloras, P. oxymu'rias, Oxymu'riate or
hyperoxymu'riate of potass, Chlorate of potas sa,
Euchlo'rate of potass, Alcali vegetab'ile sali'to-
dephlogistica'tum,Chlorure'tumpotas'sa oxyda'-
tum, Haloi'dum oxygena'tnm, Oxyge'no-chloru-
re'tum potas'sii,  Protochlo'rate  of potas'sium, 
POTASS^
692
POTASSA
Kali chlor'icum, Chloras Ka'licus depura'tus,
(F.) Chlorate de potasse.  It has been regarded
as antineuropathic, and as an alterative purifier
of the blood and  humours.   It is of doubtful
efficacy.  Dose, 3 to 6 grains or more.
   Potas'SjE Nitras, Nitrate of Potass, Nit rum,
Sal nitrum, Nitre,  Saltpetre, Sal petrae, Sal-
se'do mucrum, Sanguin'ea, Berenic"ium,  Hali-
ni'trum, Protoni'trate of Potas'sium, Nitrate of
protox'ide of Potas'sium, Kali ni'tricum, Nitras
ka'licum, Nitras lixiv'iae, (F.)  Nitrate de po-
tasse.   Obtained from the putrefaction of ani-
mal matters, in contact with calcareous or alka-
line earths, by elixiviation; adding, if necessary,
wood ashes to supply the  alkaline basis.  It is
formed, in an impure state, by nature, in warm
climates.
   It is diuretic  and  refrigerant, and, in  large
doses, purgative; externally, cooling and deter-
gent.  Dose, gr. x to gss.  In large doses it is
an acrid poison.
   Potassje Nitras Fusus Sulpha'tis Paucil'-
lo Mixtus, Sal prunel'lse, Crystal'lus mineral-
lis,Nitras potas'saecumsul'phurS fusus, Nitrum
tabula'tum, Lapis Prunel'la, Sore-throat salt,
Min'eralcrystal, Anod'ynum minera'lS. Nitrate
of potass, mixed with a little sulphate of potass
and run into moulds.  Its properties are  those
of nitre.
   Potassa Ox'alas, Superox'alate of Protox'-
ide of Potas'sium, Ox'alas Acid'ulum Potas'sae
seu Potas'sa acid'ulus seu ba'sicus, Superox'a-
las ka'licum, S. Potassa, Hyperoxalas Potassae,
Sal Acetosel'la, Oxa'lium, Kali oxal'icum acid'-
ulum, Ox'alas subpotas' sicus, Oxalate of Potass,
Salt of Sorrel.   Prepared from  the juice of
wood sorrel.  It is  refrigerant, and is used to
make lemonade, &c.
   Potassa Oxalas  Acidulum,  Potass, oxalate
of—p. Oxymurias, P. murias  hyperoxygenatus
—p. Protohydriodas, P. hydriodas—p. Purae fusae
hydras, Potassa fusa—p. et Sodae tartras,  Soda,
tartrate of.
   Potass* Subcar'bonas, P. Car'bonas (Ph.
U. S.),  Subcar'bonas Kali, Car'bonas Potassa,
Kali prapara'tum, Sal Herba'rum, Calcareous
Tartar,Sal Planta'rum, Subcarbonate of Potass,
Sal Tar'tari, Sal Absin'thii, Mephite of Potass,
&c.   (See Potash.)   A filtered  solution of the
impure subcarbonate, Potas'sa car'bonas impu'-
rus (Ph. U. S.), Pearl-ash (see Potash,) evapo-
rated to dryness.  This deliquescent salt is  given
in the same cases as the potassae carbonas, than
which it is more caustic and disagreeable.
   The Parisian codex has a Subcarbonas Potas'-
sa ex  tar'taro combus'to, vulgo Sal Tartari or
Salt of Tartar;—a Subcarbonas Potassa ex de-
flagran'tibus simul tar'trate acid'ulo et Nitrate
Potassae paratus, vulgo Nitrum ex tartaro fixum,
which is the Potassa carbonas  purus or Salt
of Tartar of the Pharmacopoeia of the United
States,—and a Subcarbonas  potassae ex  defla-
gran'te cum Carbo'nibus Nitra'te Potassa para-
tus, vulgo Nitrum fixum.  They are all used
like the preceding.
   Potass* Subcarbonas I:\ipurus,  Potash  of
commerce.
   Potass* Sulphas, Kali vitriola'tum, Sul-
phas Kali, Kali sulphu'ricum, Lixiv'ia vitrio-
la'ta, Nitrum vitriolatum Schroederi, Sal Sa-
pien'tiae, Sal Tar'tari Sulphur a tum, Specif irum
Paracel'si, Spi'ritus vitrioli coagula'tus  Myn-
sichti, Protosulph'ate of Potas'sium,  Al'kali
vegeta'bill vitriolatum, Sal de duobus, Area'-
num duplica'tum, Nitrum vitriola'tum, Tar'ta-
rum vitriolatum,  Panace'a  Duels Holsa'tia,
Panace'a duplica'ta, Sal Polychres'tus,  Sul-
phate of Potass, (F.) Sulfate de potasse.  (The
salt, that remains after the distillation of nitric
acid,  dissolved; the excess  of acid  saturated
with subcarbonate of potass  and crystallized.)
Purgative and diuretic.  Dose, gss to gj as a
laxative.   In a large dose it has proved an ir-
ritant poison.
  Potass* Sulphas cum Sul'phure ; Sal Po-
lychres'tus Glase'ri,  Lixiv'ia Vitriola'ta Sul-
phu'rea.  (Formed by  deflagrating nitrate of
potass with sublimed sulphur.)  Same virtues
as the last.   Dose, gr. xv to xxx.
  Potassa Sulphure'tum, Potas'sii Sulphure'-
tum, Kali sulphuretum, Hepar Sulph'v.ris sali'-
num, H, sulphu'ris vulga're, Sulphure'tum lix-
iv'ia, S. ka'licum, Hepar  Sulphuris, Liver of
Sulphur, Sulphuret of Potass, (F.) Sulfure de
potasse, Sulfure de potassium sulfate, Foie de
Soufre.   (Sulphur, lot. gj, Potassa  carb. gij.
Rub them together, and place the mixture in a
covered crucible upon the fire until they unite.)
It has been employed in affections of the  chest,
as an expectorant, in the dose of from  gss to gj,
largely diluted; but it is chiefly used as a bath
or wash in cases of itch, tinea capitis,  and other
cutaneous affections.
  Potass*  Superoxalas, Potass, oxalate of.
  Potass*  Supersul'phas,  P. Bisulphas, Sal
enix'um, Supersulphate of Potass, Sal febrif-
ugus of Lem'ery, Acid Sulphate of Potass, Bi-
sulphate of Potass, Super-protosiilphate of Po-
tas'sium, (F.) Bisulfate, de Potasse.  (The salt
remaining after the distillation of nitric acid,
dissolved, strained, and crystallized.)   It is re-
frigerant and purgative.  Dose, gss to gij.
  Potass* Supertar'tras Impu'rus,  Tar'tarus
crudus,  Tar'tarum, Lapis vini,  Magneti'nus,
Pedagra, Tartar, (F.)Tartre cru, T. brut.  It
is called, also, Tartarum rubrum and Red Argol,
when obtained  from red wines;  Tartarum al-
bum or  White Argol, when from white wines.
Tartar is the saline deposit from wines as they
become aged; which attaches itself to the sides
of the casks and bottles in which they are kept.
It consists of a considerable  quantity of acidu-
lous tartrate of potass,  tartrate of lime,  silica,
alumen, oxyd of iron, manganese, and a red co-
louring matter, if the wine be red.   It is chiefly
used for the preparation of cream of tartar.
  Potass* Supertar'tras,  Crystal'li Tartari,
Tartras Acid'ulus Potassae purus, Supertar -
trate  of  Protox'ide of Potas'sium,  Potas'sa
Bitar'tras (Ph. U. S.), Bitartrate of Potass,
Hypertartras Potassa, Tartras superpotas'sicus,
T. subpotas'sicus, Crystals of Tartar, Cremor
Tar'tari, Cream of Tartar (when in powder,)
Super tar'trate of  Potass,  (F.)  Tartrate acide
de potasse, Creme de Tartre.   (The tartar  of
wine purified.)  It requires  120 parts of water
at 60° to dissolve it.   It  is mildly purgative,
refrigerant, and diuretic.  Dissolved in water,
with a small quantity of white wine, some su-
gar and lemon peel, it forms  an agreeable beve-
rage in febrile  diseases, under the name  of im-
perial.   Dose,  as a diuretic gj to gij; as a pur-
gative, gss to gj.
  Potass* Tartras, Kali tartariza'tnm, Al -
cali fixum tartarisatum, Tar'tarum  solu'biU,
Tartarus tartariza'tus, Lixiv'ia  Tartarisa'ta, 
POTASSE, ACETATE DE
693
POTIUNCULA
SalPanchres'tum, TartrasKalinus, T. lixiv'ia,
Sal vegetab'ilis, Alkali vfgetab'ilt tartarizatum,
Tartrate of Potass, Soluble Tartar, (F.)Tartrate
de Potasse.   (Potassa carbon, gxvj ; Potassae
Bitartrat. in pulv.  subtiliss.  lbiij,  vel  q.  s.,
aquae bullientis, cong.  Dissolve the carbonate
of potassa in the water, add the  bitartrate to
saturation, and boil;  filter, evaporate till a pel-
licle forms,  and set aside to crystallize.   Pour
off the  liquid;  dry  the  crystals  on bibulous
paper,  and keep in  closely stopped bottles.—
Ph. U. S.)   A  saline cathartic in  the dose of
&} t0 l'h
   Potass* Tartras Acidulus Purus,  P. su-
pertartras—p. Tartras stibialis seu  stibiosus,
Antimonium tartarizatum.
   PO TASSE, A CE TA TE DE, Potass* acetas
—p. Bisulfate  de,  Potassae supersulphas—p.
Caustique, Potassa fusa—p. a la Chaux, Potassa
cum calce—p.  Chlorate de,  Potassae murias
hyperoxygenatus—p. Liquide, Liquor potassae
—p. Nitrate de, Potassae  nitras—p. Preparie
avec la  chaux, Potassa cum calce—p.  et  de
Sonde, tartrate de, Soda, tartrate of—p. Sulfate
de, Potassae  sulphas—p. Sulfure de, Potassae
sulphuretum—p. Tartrate de, Potassae tartras—
p. Tartrate  acide de, Potassae supertartras.
   Potassii Cyanidum, P. Cyanuretum.
   Potas'sii  Cyanure'tum, P. Cyan'idum, Cy-
anuret of Potassium, Hydrocy' anate of Potassa,
(Potassii Ferrocyanur., in pulv. gviij;  Aqua
destillat. f. gvj.  Expose the ferrocyanuret to
a  moderate heat until it becomes nearly white,
and is deprived of its water of crystallization.
Put the residue  in an earthen  retort, with the
beak loosely stopped, and expose it to  a red
heat for two hours, or till gas ceases to be dis-
engaged.  Take the  retort from the fire, close
the orifice with  lute,  and let the whole remain
till cold.  Break the retort, reduce the  black
mass to a coarse powder,  put it into a twelve
ounce bottle, and add the distilled water.   Agi-
tate  occasionally for half an hour;  throw it on
a  filter, evaporate the filtered solution to dry-
ness, and keep the dry mass in a closely stopped
bottle.—Ph. U. S.)   Used  in the same cases as
the hydrocyanic acid.   Dose,  a quarter of a
grain.
   Potassii Deuto-carbonas, Potassae carbonas.
   Potassii Ferrocyanure'tu^i, P. Ferrocyan'-
idum, Ferro cy'anide  or  Ferrocyan'uret of Po-
tassium, Ferrocy'anate of Potassa, Ferroprus'-
siate of Potassa, Prussiate of Potassa, (F.)
Protocyanure jaune de fer et de potassium, Cy-
anure  de  fer et de  potassium.   The yellow
double cyanuret of potassium and iron, the salt
from which  the  cyanuret  of potassium  is ob-
tained by calcination.  It  is not much used in
medicine.  It has been advised as an astringent
in the colliquative sweats of phthisis, in leucor-
rhcea, &c; but it does not seem to be possessed
of much activity.  Dose, 10 or 15 grains every
four or five hours.
   Potassii Hydrargyro-iodidum, see Iodine—
p. Ioduretum, see Potassae  hydriodas—p. Oxy-
geno-chloruretum, Potassa; murias  hyperoxy-
genatus—p.  Protoxidi hydriodas,  Potassae hy-
driodas—p. Sulphuretum, Potassae sulphuretum.
   POTASSIUM.   Same  etymon  as potash.
The metallic base of potassa.
   POTASSIUM, BROMURE DE, see Bro-
mine—p. Cyanuret of, Potassii cyanuretum—p.
Ferrocyanidc of, Potassii ferrocyanuretum—p.
Ferrocyanuret of, Potassii Ferrocyanuretum—
p. Iodide of, see Iodine, and Potassii iodidum—
p. Iodide of, see Potassae hydriodas—p. Iodo-
hydrargyrate of, see Iodine—p. lodure de, Po-
tassae hydriodas—p. Proto-arsenite of, Arsenite
of protoxide of potassium—p. Protochlorate of,
Potassae  murias hyperoxygenatus—p. Protoni-
trate of, Potassae nitras—p. Protoxide of, nitrate
of, Potasses nitras—p. Protoxide of,  superoxa-
late  of, Potass, oxalate  of—p. Protoxide of,
supertartrate of, Potassae supertartras—p. Pro-
tosulphate of, Potassae sulphas—p. Sulfure de,
sulfate, Potassae sulphuretum—p. Sulphuret of,
Potassae  sulphuretum—p.  Superprotosulphate
of, Potassae supersulphas.
   POTATO, Solanum tuberosum—p.   Fly,
Lytta vittata—p. Hog, Convolvulus panduratus
—p. Spanish, Convolvulus batatas—p. Sweet,
Convolvulus batatas—p. Vine, wild, Convol-
vulus panduratus—p. Wild, Convolvulus pan-
duratus.
   POTELltE, Hyoscyamus.
   POTENTIA, Force.
   Poten'tia seu Potes'tas  Coeun'di,  Capa-
bility of copulation.
   Potentia  Generan'di.   The power of pro-
creation.
   Potentia Irritans, Stimulus.
   POTEN'TIAL, Potentia'lis; from potens,
'able.'   An  epithet  for remedies, which, al-
though energetic,  do not act till some  time
after their application.  The caustic alkalies,
for instance, are called Potential cauteries  in
contradistinction to  the hot  iron,  which  is
termed actual.
   POTENTIL'LA ANSERI'NA, Argentine,
Chenobos'con,  Argenta'ria,  Auseri'na,  Silver
Weed, Wild Tansey, (F.)  Argentine, Poten-
tille.  The  leaves are mildly  astringent and
tonic.
   Potentil'la Reptans, Pentaphyl'lum,  Quin-
quefo'lium,  Common  cinquefoil,  (F.)  Quinte-
feuille.   The roots are possessed of astringent
properties.
   Potentilla  Tormentilla, Tormentilla.
   POTERIUM SANGUISORBA, Pimpinella
saxifragra.
   POTESTAS COEUNDI, Potentia coeundi—
p. Generandi, Potentia generandi.
   POTEX,  Amis.
   POTHOS  FCETIDA,  Dracontium fcetidum
—p. Putorii, Dracontium fcetidum.
   POTIMOS, Potable.
   POTIO, Drink, Haustus, Potion—p. Calcis
carbonatis,  Mistura  cretae—p.  Effervescens
anti-emetica, Potion of Riverius—p. Leniens,
Looch ex ovo—p. Oleosa, Looch ex ovo—p.
Picea, see Pinus sylvestris.
   POTION(F.), Po'tio; from  poto, ' I drink.'
A liquid medicine, from 4 to 8  ounces or more
in quantity,  the composition of which varies,
and which is administered in divided doses.  It
corresponds to  the English mixture.
   POTION PECTORALE, Looch ex ovo.
   Potion of Rive'rius.  A mixture of Lemon
Juice and Subcarbonate of Potass,—generally
given in a  state of  effervescence.  It  is the
Potio efferves'cens anti-emet'ica dicta Rive'rii,
of the Parisian codex.  The name in the  codex
indicates its use.
   POTIONIS  DESIDERIUM, Thirst.
   POTIRON, Cucurbita pepo.
   POTIUNCULA, Haustus. 
POTOPARAMEA
694
POWDER
   POTOPARANffiA, Delirium tremens.
   POTOS, Potable.
   POTOTROMOPARANCEA, Delirium tre-
 mens.
   POTT'S DISEASE, Vertebral disease.
   POTUS, Drink—p. Hippocraticus, Claret.
   POU, Pediculus.
   POUCE, Pollex, see Digitus.
   POUDRE, Powder, Pulvis—p. Absorbante
 et anti-acide, p. Pulvis de magnesia compositus
 —p. d'Alun composie, Pulvis sulphatis aluminae
 compositus—p. Antiarthritique amere, Pulvis
 de amaris compositus — p. Antiasthmatique,
 Pulvis de sulphure et scilla—p. Antimoniale
 composie ou de James, Antimonial powder—p.
 Aromatique, Pulvis cinnamomi compositus—p.
 d'Asarum composie dite sternutatoire, Pulvis
 asari compositus—p. Balsamique, Pulvis myr-
 rha; compositus — p. de Birckmann, Pulvis de
 aro  compositus — p.  de  Blanchement, Calcis
 chloridum — p. de Cannelle composie, Pulvis
 cinnamomi compositus—p. Cathartique, Pulvis
 scammoneoe compositus—p.  de  Chypre, see
 Cladonia rangiferrina—p. du  Comte de Palme,
 Magnesia; carbonas—p.Cornachine, Pulvis cor-
 nachini—p. de Come brulie avec opium, Pulvis
 cornu usti cum opio—p. de Craie composie, see
 Pulvis cretae compositus—p. de Craie composie
 avec opium, Pulvis cretae compositus cum opio
 —p. de Dower, Pulvis ipecacuanha; compositus
 —p. Gazifere laxative, Powders, Seidlitz—p.
 Gazifere simple, Powders, soda—p. de Gomme
 adragant composie, Pulvis tragacanthae composi-
 tus—p. de Gommegutte, Pulvis e gummi gutta—
 p. Hydragogue,  Pulvis e gummi gutta—p. In-
 cisive, Pulvis de sulphure et scilla—p.d'Ipecacu-
 anha et opium, Pulvis ipecacuanha; compositus
 —p. de Jalap compos ie,Yn\ris jalapae compositus
 —p. de Kino composie, Pulvis  kino compositus
 —p. de Pirard, Pulvis de senna, scammonio et
 lignis—p. de Quercetanus, Pulvis e gummi gutta
 —p. de Saint Ange, Pulvis asari compositus—p.
 de Savon vigitale, Pulvis gummosus alkalinus
 —p. de Scammonee composie, Pulvis scammoneae
 compositus—p. de  Sedlitz, Powders, Seidlitz—
 p. de Sini composie, Pulvis sennae comp.—p.
 He Sentinelli,Magnesi?e carbonas—p. Styptique,
 Pulvis sulphatis aluminae compositus.
   POUDRE SUBTIL DE DELCROIX.  A
 fashionable depilatory " for removing superflu-
 ous hair in less than ten minutes."  It is said
 to consist ofQuicklime andSulphuret of Arsenic,
 with some vegetable powder.—Paris.
   POUDRE TEMPER ANTE DE STAHL,
 Pulvis de Sulphate potassae compositus—p. de
 Tennant, Calcis  chloridum—p. de Valentini,
 Magnesiae carbonas—p. Vermifuge mercurielle,
 Pulvis e sulphureto hydrargyri nigro et scam-
 monio—p. Vermifuge sans mercure, Pulvis  ex
 helminthocorto compositus.
   POUGUES,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 These alkaline waters are in the department of
 Nievre, France.   They contain carbonic  acid,
 carbonates of soda, lime and  magnesia;  chlo-
 ride of sodium; alumina and silica, with pro-
 toxide of iron.
   POULAIN, Bubo.
   POULET, VIN DE (¥.), Pullet Wine.  A
disgusting preparation,  made  by infusing the
 excrement  of the pullet  in white wine.  Ac-
cording toNysten, it is employed by the vulgar
in France in  a  number of diseases, and  espe-
cially in falls, contusions,- &c.
   POULIOT, Mentha pulegium.
   POULS, Pulse—p. Abdominal, Pulsus infe-
rior—p. des Adultes, Pulse, natural—p. Agite,
Pulsus fortis—p. Bas, Pulse, low—p. Capital,
Pulse, nasal—p. Combini, Pulse, complex—p.
Compliqui,T\i\se, complex—p.Composi, Pulse,
complex—p. Concentri, Pulse,  contracted—p.
Difaillant, Pulsus deficiens-^. Deprimi, Pulse,
depressed—p. de laDiarrhie^ulse, intestinal—
p. Dur, Pulse, hard—p. Eleve, Pulse, ardent—p.
Embarrassi, Pulsusintricatus—p. de PEstomac,
Pulse, stomachal—p. Etroit,Yulsus strictus—p.
de I'Expectoration, Pulse, pectoral—p. Faible,
Pulse, feeble—p.  du Foie, Pulse, hepatic—p.
Grand, Pulse, large—p. Insensible, Pulsus de-
ficiens—p. Intercadent, Pulse, intermittent—p.
des Intestins, Pulse, intestinal—p.Languissant,
Pulse, languid—p. Lent, Pulse, slow— p. de la
Matrice, Pulsus uterinus—p. Modiri, Pulse, na-
tural—p.  Mou, Pulse, soft—p. de Nez, Pulse,
nasal—p. Ondoyant, Pulse, undulating—p. On-
dulant, Pulse, undulating—p. Palpitant, Pulse,
tremulous—p. Par fait, Pulse, natural—p. Petit,
Pulse, small—p.Plein,Puhe, full—p.Pricipiti,
Pulse, frequent—p. Profond,  Pulse, deep—p.
Prompt, Pulse, sharp—p. Rare, Pulse,  slow—
p.Rebondissant, Pulsus dicrotus—p. Redouble,
Pulsus dicrotus—p. des Regies, Pulsus uterinus
—p. Roide, Pulse,  tense—p. Serratile, Pulsus
serrinus—p. Serre, Pulse, contracted—p. de la
Sueur, Pulsus sudoralis—p.Tardif, Pulse, slow
—p. Tendu, Pulse, tense—p. Tremblant, Pulse,
tremulous—p. de VUrine, Pulsus urinalis—p.
Vihiment, Pulsus fortis—p. Ventral, Pulsus in-
ferior—p. Vide, Pulsus vacuus—p. Vif, Pulse,
sharp—p. Vim, Pulse, sharp.
  POULTICE, see Cataplasm.
  POUNCE, Sandarac.
  POUND, Libra,  Litra, xnoet, Lat. Pondo,
Bage'dia (of twelve oz.), Barda'dia, (F.) Livre,
from pondere,' to weigh.'  A weight, consist-
ing of twelve ounces  Troy,—sixteen  ounces
avoirdupoise.  See Weights and Measures.
  POURPIER  CULTIVE, Portulaca.
  POURPRE BLANC,  Miliary fever.
  POURRITURE, Putrefaction—p. D'Hopi-
tal, Hospital gangrene.
  POUS, Pes.
  POUSSE, Pursiness.
  POUSSKE, Lichen.
  POUSSIERE  TUBERCULEUSE (F.),
' Tuberculous Dust.'  A name  given by MM.
Rilliet and Barthez  to fine white or yellow mi-
nute points of tuberculous matter occurring in
myriads, so as to be likened to dust.
  POWDER, (F.) Poudre.  See Pulvis.
  Powder  of jEthio'pia, Guy's.   A once ce-
lebrated anthelmintic, which consisted of pure
rasped tin, mercury, and sulphur, triturated
together.
  Powder  of Aloes, Compound, Pulvis aloes
compositus—p.  Alum,  compound,  Pulvis sul-
phatis aluminae compositus — p. of Aloes with
canella, Pulvis aloes cum canella—p. Antimo-
nial, Chenevix's,  Antimonial  powder—p. of
Arum, compound, Pulvis de aro compositus—
p. of Asarabacca, compound, Pulvis asari com-
positus—p. of Bladder-wrack, yellow, Pulvis
quercus marinae—p. Bleaching, Calcis chlori-
dum—p. Camboge,  Pulvis e gummi  gutta—p.
Cardinal del Lugo's, Cinchona—p. of Chalk,
compound,  Pulvis   cretae  compositus—p.  of
Chalk  with opium, compound,  Pulvis creta? 
POWDER
695
PRJ3GNANS
compositus cum opio — p. of Cinnamon, com-
pound, Pulvis  cinnamomi  compositus—p.  of
Contrayerva, compound, Pulvis contrayerva;
compositus—p. Countess's,Cinchona—p. Coun-
tess of Kent's, Cantianus pulvis—p.  Cyprus,
Hibiscus  abelmoschus — p. Dover's,  Pulvis
ipecacuanha; compositus.
  Powder of Dupuytren (Caustic;)  formed
of I part of arsenious acid and 200 parts of mild
chloride of mercury.   A mild and manageable
caustic for causing an  eschar on exposed sur-
faces, and in lupus, &c.
  Powder, Earl of Warwick's, Pulvis cor-
nachini—p. of Ethiopia, Powder of ^Ethiopia.
  Powder of Faynard. A celebrated powder
for arresting hemorrhage, said to be nothing
more than the  charcoal of beech wood finely
pulverized.
  Powder, Fever, Schwanberg's, Antimonial
powder—p.  Ginger-beer, see Amomum zingi-
ber—p. Gout, Duke of Portland's, Pulvis Ducis
Portlandiae—p. of Burnt hartshorn with opium,
Pulvis cornu cervi  cum opio—p. Ipecacuanha
compound, Pulvis ipecacuanha; compositus—p.
of Jalap, compound, Pulvis jalapae compositus
—p. James's, factitious, Antimonial powder—
p. Jesuit's, Cinchona—p. of Kino, compound,
Pulvis kino  compositus—p.  of Lemonade, see
Lemonade—p.  of Magnesia, compound, Pulvis
de  magnesia compositus—p. of the Marquis,
Marchionis pulvis—p. Mead's, against the bite
of a Mad dog,  Pulvis  antilyssus—p.  Myrrh,
compound, Pulvis myrrhae compositus—p. Port-
land, Pulvis Ducis Portlandiae—p. of the three
Sanders,  see   Diatrium — p.  Scammony  and
aloes,  Pulvis scammonii cum aloe—p.  Scam-
mony compound, Pulvis scammoniae compositus
—p. of Senna, compound, Pulvis sennae compo-
situs:—p. Sneezing,  see  Veratrum album—p.
Spruce beer, see Spruce beer—p. Tennant's,
Calcis chloridum—p. Tooth, Dentifricium—p.
Tragacanth,  compound,  Pulvis  tragacantha;
compositus.
  Powder, Vien'na, is composed of equal parts
of quicklime and potassa cum calce.   In using
it, it is made into a paste—Vienna paste, (F.)
Caustique de Vienne—with spirits of wine, and
is applied on the diseased part,  previously cir-
cumscribed  by a hole cut in a sticking plaster.
  To be left on from 10 to 20 minutes, accord-
ing to the depth of the eschar required.  Used
in cases of lupous ulceration.
  By fusing the potass and lime, and raising the
heat so as to cause ebullition, the caustic may
be run into cylinders :—when it is called Caus-
tique-Filhos; from  the name of the  author of
the process.
   Powders,  Castillon,  so called  from the
name of the physician who first proposed them.
They are formed of sago, in powder;  salep, in
powder; tragacanth,  in powder, of each, four
parts; prepar ed oyster-shells, one part, cochineal,
half a part, divided into powders of one drachm
each; one of which is given  three or four times
a day as a demulcent in diarrhoea and dysentery.
   Powders,  Soda,  Pul'veres  effervescences,
(F.) Poudres  gaziferes simples,  Sodae carb.
gss, in each blue paper; tartaric acid, gr. xxv.
in each  white  paper;  for half a pint of water.
A pleasant, cooling drink; taken during the
effervescence.
  Seidlitz Powders, (F.)  Poudres  gaziferes
laxatives ou Poudres de Seidlitz, contain one or
two drachms of tartrate of potassa and soda,
added to the alkali in the blue paper.
  POWER, Faculty—p. Inherent, Irritability
—p. Tonic, Irritability.
  POX, Syphilis, Variola—p. Chicken, Vari-
cella— p.  Doctor, Syphilidiater — p. French,
Syphilis—p. Noddle,  Syphilomania—p. Small,
Variola—p. Swine, see Varicella—p. Water,
see Varicella.
  POZZUOLI,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Pozzuoli  is  in  the neighbourhood of Naples.
The springs are, 1. Acqua  delta pietra, Temp.
91° Fah.  2. Acqua di Cavalcanti, Temp. 100°.
A. di subvenihomini,Texxix>. 102°, A. del canta-
rello, Temp. 86 to 89°; and that of the Temple
of Serapis in Pozzuoli, Temp. 102 to 107°.  The
last contains carbonic acid, carbonates of lime,
magnesia, alumina, and iron, carbonate of soda,
chloride of sodium, sulphate of lime, and silica.
  PRACTICE OF PHYSIC, Therapeutics.
  PRACTITIONER,  GENERAL,  Surgeon
apothecary.
  PRABIUM, Dose.
  PRACAUTIO, Prophylaxis.
  PR^ECIPITANS MAGNUM, Sepia.
  PRACIPITATUM ALBUM,Hydrargyrum
praecipitatum.
  PRAECIPITATUS RUBER, Hydrargyri ni-
trico-oxydum.
  PRACISIO  PR^PUTII,  Circumcision.
  PRiECOCIA, Prunus Armeniaca.
  PRECOCITY, Prceotia.
  PRiECOGNITIO,  Prognosis.
  PRACORD'IA, from prse, 'before,' and cor,
' the heart.' The diaphragm; also, the thoracic
viscera, and the epigastrium.
  Pr*cor'dial or Precordial Region, Re'gio
praecordi' aca seu praecordia'lis, is the epigastric
region. Also,  and more properly, the region
of the heart.  A line drawn from the inferior
margins of the third ribs  across the  sternum,
passes over the valves of the pulmonary artery
a little to the left of  the mesial line, and those
of the aorta are behind them, but about half an
inch lower down.   A vertical line, coinciding
with the left margin  of the sternum, has about
one-third of the heart,  comprising the upper
portion of the right ventricle, on the right,—and
two-thirds, comprising the lower portion of the
right ventricle and the whole of the left, on the
left.  This is the praecordial region.
  FR2ECORT>IXJM,Fossette ducaur—p.Pedis,
Metatarsus.
  PRECOX MATURITAS, Praeotia.
  PRACUSTODIA, Prophylaxis.
  PR^EDICTIO, Prognosis.
  PRiEDISPOSITIO, Predisposition.
  PRADIVINATIO, Mantia.
  PRjEDOMIN'IUM; fxompra, 'before,' and
dominus, ' a lord.'   Predominance of  one thing
over another.
  Pr*domin'ium Aqu*.  A predominance of
watery fluid,—Tenu'itas aquo'sa.
  Pr*dominium San'guinis Arterio'si. A pre-
dominance of arterial blood, Arterios'itas san'-
guinis.
  Pr*domin'ium San'guinis V-ENO'si,Venos'itas
San'guinis.  Predominance of venous blood.
  PR^EFOCATIO, Orthopnea,  Suffocation—
p. Faucium, Angone—p. Matricis,  Angone —
p. Uterina, Angone.
  PRJEFOCATION, Strangulatio uterina.
  PR.EGNANS, Pregnant. 
PRiEGNAS
696
PREGNANCY
   PRyEGNAS, Pregnant.
   PRiEGNATIO, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
   PRJEGNATUS, Fecundation, Pregnancy.
   PRAGNAX, Pregnant.
   PRiEGUSTATIO, Avant-gout.
   PRiEHENSIO, Prehensio.
   PRyELIN'GUA.   The anterior part or tip
 of the tongue.
   PR^ELIUM, Press, Tourniquet—p.  Arte-
 riale, Tourniquet.
   PRALUMBARIS, Prelumbar.
   PR.ENOTIO, Prognosis.
   PR^ENUNTIATIO, Prognosis.
   PRiEPARATIO, Preparation—p. Chyli,
 Chylification.
   PRAPARATUM, Preparation.
   PR^POTEN'TIA, from prae, ' before,' and
 potens, ' powerful.'  Great power or strength.
   Prepoten'tia Viri'lis.  Great, or too great
 procreative power on the  part of the male.
   PR/EPOTIO, Propotismos.
   PRiEPUTIUM, Prepuce.
   PRASAGIUM, Mantia.
   PRASCIENTIA, Prognosis.
   PRiESCITIO, Prognosis.
   PRASCRIPTIO, Prescription.
   PRASEPIOLUM, Alveolus.
   PR,ESEPIUM,  Alveolus.
   PR^ESERVATIO, Prophylaxis.
   PRESERVATIVE, Amuletum.
   PR^SERVATO'RIAINDICA'TIO. A pre-
 servative indication: one proper for preventing
 the development of disease.
   PR.ESERVATORIUS, Prophylactic.
   PRjESPINALIS, Prespinal.
   PRATIBIALIS, Pretibial.
   PRAIRIE PINES, Liatris.
   PRASINUM  VIRIDE,  Cupri  subacetas.
   PRASINUS, Porraceous.
   PRASI'TES,  from  prasium, 'horehound.'
 Wine in which  the leaves of  horehound  have
 been infused.
   PRASIUM, Marrubium.
   PRASUM, Allium Prasum.
   PRAXIS, Action.
   Praxis Med'ica.  The  practical exercise of
 the healing art.
   PRECIPITATE, RED, Hydrargyri nitrico-
 oxydum—p. White, Hydrargyrum praecipita-
 tum.
   PRECIPITA'TION, Praecipita'tio, (F.) Pri-
 cipiti, from pracipitare, (pra, ' before,' and ca-
 put,  'the  head,') 'to throw headlong.'  The
 action by which a body abandons  a  liquid in
 which it is  dissolved; and becomes deposited
 at the bottom of the vessel.  The matter so
 thrown  down or precipitated, is called a preci-
pitate.
   PRECIPITATION DE LA MATRICE,
 Procidentia uteri.
   PRECIPITE  BLANC, Hydrargyrum  prae-
 cipitatum.
   PRECORDIAL, Praecordial.
   PRECUR'SORY, Pracurso'rius; from pra,
'before,' and curro,  cursum, 'I run.'   That
which precedes.
   Precursory or Premon'itory Signs or Symp-
toms, (F.) Signes  pricurseurs, S. avant  cou-
reurs, are those which indicate an approaching
disease.
  PREDISPONENT  CAUSES, see  Causes,
predisponent.
  PREDISPOSITION, Praedisposif'io, from
 pra, 'before,' and disponere, 'to dispose.' (F.)
 Imminence morbide.  That constitution or con-
 dition of the body, which disposes it to the ac-
 tion of disease under the application of an ex-
 citing cause.  Thus, in hereditary diseases, the
 conformation is such, that but a slight exciting
 cause may be required to produce them.  When
 the disease arises, solely, from the predisposi-
 tion, or under the additional influence of an ex-
 tremely slight exciting cause, it is, by some,
 termed a disposition.
   PREDOR'SAL, Praedorsa'lis, from pra, 'be-
 fore,' and dorsum, 'the back.'
   Pr*dorsal Region of the vertebral column
 is the anterior surface  of the dorsal region.
   PRE-DORSO-A TLOIDIEN, Longus colli.
   PRE-DORSO-CERVICAL, Longus colli.
   PREG'NANCY, Utero-gesta'tio, Praegna'tio,
 Pragna'tus, Impragna'tio, from pra, 'before,'
 and genere, ' to  beget.'  Hysterocye'sis, Gra-
 viditas, G. uteri'na, En'cymon,  Cye'sis, En-
 cye'sis, En'cysis, Encymo'sia, Cyopho'ria, Ges-
 ta 'tion, Fata'tion ; (F.) Grossesse.  The state
 of  a female who has within her a fecundated
 germ, which gradually becomes developed in or
 out of the uterus.  When placed  in the cavity
 of  the uterus,—by virtue of the vital principle
 which animates it, it becomes attached to the
 inner surface of that viscus, and  obtains  from
 it indirectly the  nutriment  necessary for its
 gradual development, during the space of ten
 lunar months or two hundred and eighty days,
 —the ordinary term of  gestation, although the
 period may be protracted to 300 days or up-
 wards,—at the expiration of which parturition
 occurs.  Pregnancy  is  commonly limited to a
 single fcetus: at times, the uterus contains two
 or  three.—See Reproduction.   Occasionally,
 one or two moles—the degenerated products of
 conception—alone occupy the uterus:—at other
 times, a foetus likewise exists. In certain cases,
 and owing to accidental circumstances, the fe-
 cundated ovum remains in the ovarium, or is
 arrested in the Fallopian tube.   Pregnancy has,
 accordingly, been distinguished into, 1. Natu-
 ral  or uterine, when the fcetus is carried in the
 cavity of the womb: and 2. Preternatural or
 extra-uterine, Exfata'tion, Concep'tio vitio'sa,
 Paracye'sis seu  Eccye'sis,  Ecthysterocye'sis,
 Echthysterocye'sis,  Dysto'cia, Dyscye'sis  seu
 Graviditas extra-uteri'na, (F.) Grossesse con-
 tre-nature, — when it occurs in the ovarium,
 tube, or cavity of the abdomen.
  During  pregnancy, the female experiences
 remarkable changes in  the condition of her or-
 gans and functions.   The genital  apparatus is,
 of course, most affected.  The  uterus changes
 its  shape, situation, size, and  texture.   The
 usual signs  of pregnancy are,—suppression of
 the  catamenia; the abdomen gradually enlarging
 and forming a hard tumour;  the umbilicus pro-
 minent  in the latter months;  the breasts in-
creasing in  size;  the areola round  the nipple
becoming  darker  and the follicles more deve-
 loped;  kyestein in the urine  from an early pe-
 riod ; a bluish tint of the vagina after the fourth
week; about the  fifth month, the evidence by
ballottement, and the placental souffle and sound
of the fcetal heart heard on auscultation; the
motion of the foetus  perceptible, and the neck
of the uterus diminishing in length at the ad-
vanced periods.
  Pregnancy, Abdom'inal, Eccye'sis abdomi- 
PREGNANCY
697
PREPARATION
na'lis, Caliocye'sis, Graviditas  abdomina'lis,
(F.) Grossesse abdominale.   That in which the
ovum has escaped into the cavity of the abdo-
men.
  Pregnancy, Afce'tal, Pregnancy without a
fatus, (F.)  Grossesse afatale, G. sans fatus.
Pregnancy produced by a false  or degenerate
conception,  or any other affection, which has
given place  to unusual development of the ute-
rus.   Madame Boivin  includes in this class,
sarco-hysteric, hydro-hysteric,  gazo-hysteric,
and hemato-hy steric pregnancies.
  Pregnancy, Bigeminal,  (F.)  Grossesse  bi-
giminale, Double pregnancy.   Pregnancy in
which there are twins in utero.—Madame Boi-
vin.
   Pregnancy, Complex, (F.) Grossesse com-
plexe, G. inter-extra-uterine,is when the womb,
besides a foetus, contains much water, hydatids,
a mole, &c.
   Pregnancy, Compound, Polybreph'ia, Poly-
cye'sia, Polycye'sis, (F.) Grossesse composie,
is when there are two or three  foetuses in the
cavity of the uterus.
   Pregnancy, Double, Pregnancy, bigeminal
—p. Extra-uterine, see  Pregnancy.
   Preg'nancy, False, Graviditas spu'ria,(F.)
 Grossesse fausse ou  apparente,  Pseudocye'sis.
 Authors have called thus different affections of
 a more or less serious character, which resem-
 ble pregnancy; so as, at times, to impose upon
 the best informed practitioners.  These diseases
 maybe seated in  the uterus or its dependencies,
 in the intestines  or some other  part of the ab-
 domen.   They  may be;—a mole, hydatids,
 water, blood, or polypus distending the parietes
 of the uterus; — chronic enlargement of  the
 uterus;  development of tumours,  &c, in its
 substance;—scirrhus;  dropsy  of the ovaria;
 ascites; tympanites, &c.
   Pregnancy, Fcetal, (F.) Grossesse fatale.
 Pregnancy in which  there is a  fcetus, or more
 than one, in  the uterus or out of it.  Madame
  Boivin puts in this class—the solitary, bigemi-
 nal, trigeminal, and sarco-fatal pregnancies,
  which form the first  order; and the tubal, ova-
  rial, and abdominal, which constitute  the se-
  cond.
    Pregnancy, Gazo-hyster'ic, (F.) Grossesse
  Gazo-hystirique.  Afcetal  pregnancy, caused
  by development of air or gas  in the cavity of
  the womb.—Madame Boivin.
    Pregnancy,  H*mato-hysteric, (F.) Gros-
  sesse himato-hystirique.   Afcetal  pregnancy,
  caused by accumulation of blood in the uterus.
  —Madame Boivin.
    Pregnancy, Hydro-hysteric, (F.) Grossesse
  hydro-hystirique.   Afcetal  pregnancy,  occa-
  sioned by the  secretion and accumulation  of
  serous fluid in the uterus.
    Pregnancy,  Interstit"ial, Graviditas  in
  vteri  substantia, Graviditas  interstitia'lis.
  The development of the embryo in the proper
  substance  of the uterus.   The  case generally
  terminates fatally at an early  period of gesta-
  tion; the thin external paries of the uterus be-
  ing  ruptured, and the ovum passing into the
  abdominal cavity.
    Pregnancy, Morbid, Paracye'sis, Dysto'cia,
  Dyscye'sis.  The progress of pregnancy dis-
  turbed  or  endangered  by  the  supervention of
  general or local disorder.—Good.
    Pregnancy, Ova'rian, (F.) Grossesse ovari-
          45
enne ou de I'ovaire, Eccye'sis ova'ria, Oariocye'-
<sis, Obcye'sis, Gravid'itas extra-uteri'na in ova'-
rio.  Pregnancy in which the fcetus is developed
in the interior of the ovary.
   Pregnancy, Pretend'ed.  The criminal act
of a female, who, not having been delivered,
presents an infant as having been born of her.
(F.) Supposition de  part.   (This  term,  in
French, likewise  includes the case of a female,
who, having been  delivered of  a dead  child,
substitutes for it a living  child  which is  not
hers.)
   Pregnancy, Sarco-fcetal,  (F.) Grossesse
sarco-fatale.  Pregnancy in  which there are
one or more fcetuses, and one or more moles.—
Madame Boivin.
   Pregnancy, Sarco-Hysteric,(F.)  Grossesse
Warco-hystirique.  Afcetal pregnancy  formed
by moles, hydatids, or a false conception.—Ma-
dame Boivin.
   Pregnancy, Sol'itary,  (F.) Grossesse soli-
taire ou simple.  Pregnancy in which there is
a single fcetus.—Madame Boivin.
   Pregnancy, Trigeminal, (F.)  Grossesse
trigiminale ou  triple.   Pregnancy  in  which
there  are three fcetuses in the  cavity  of  the
uterus.—Madame Boivin.
   Pregnancy, Tubal, (F.) Grossesse tubaire,
Eccye'sis tuba'lis.  Pregnancy where the fcetus
remains and is developed in the Fallopian tube.
   Pregnancy, Uterine, see Pregnancy.
   Pregnancy, Utero-abdom'inal, (F.) Gros-
 sesse utero-abdominale.  Pregnancy  consisting
 of two fcetuses;  one in the uterus—the other in
 the abdominal cavity.—Madame Boivin.
   Pregnancy, Utero-ova'rial, (F.) Grossesse
 utiro-ovarienne.   Pregnancy with two fcetuses,
 one in the womb, the other in the ovary.
   Pregnancy,  Utero-tubal,   (F.)  Grossesse
 utiro-tubaire. Pregnancy in which there is at
 the same time a fcetus in  the womb and ano-
 ther in the Fallopian tube.
    PREGNANT, Pragnans, Praegnas, Praeg-
 nax, Enear'pos,  Grav'ida, Plena mu'lier, (F.)
 Enceinte.  One  in a state of pregnancy;—one
 with child.
    PREHENSIO, Catalepsy, Epilepsy.
    PREHEN'SION, Prahen'sio, from prehen-
 dere,' to lay hold of.'
    Prehension of Food is  the act of carrying it
 to the mouth, and introducing it into that cavity.
  It is, also, called Assump'tio, Proslep'sis, Pros'-
 phora. _
    PRELE,  Hippuris vulgaris.
    PRELOMBAIRE, Prelumbar.
    PRELOMBO-PUBIEN, Psoas parvus—^.
  Trochantin,  Psoas magnus.
    PRELUM, Press—p. Arteriale, Tourniquet*.
    PRELUMBAR, Pralumba'ris, (F.) Prilom-
  baire, from pra,'before,' and lumbi,' the loins.'
  That which is  placed before the loins.   The
  prelumbar surface of the  spinal column is the
  anterior surface of the lumbar portion.
    PREMONITORY, see Precursory.
    PRENAN'THES, Gall of the Earth, Dewitt
  Snakeroot, Lion's Foot.   There are many spe-
  cies  of this  indigenous plant, whose  root  and
  milky juice  are very bitter.  They  are used in
  popular practice in dysentery;  and in the form
  of cataplasm to  bites of serpents.
    PREPARA'TION,  Prapara'tio, from pra,
  'before,'and parare, paratum,' to  get ready.' 
PREPUCE                698             PRESCRIPTION
 The act of making ready any substance what-
 ever that has to be employed for any purpose.
   Also, the product of any pharmaceutical ope-
 ration;— Prapara'tum.
   Any part of the human body, preserved for
 the uses of the anatomist, is so called.
   PREP'UCE, Prapu'tium, perhaps from ?rgng,
 and noo-8ij,' the foreskin.' Epago'gium, Posthe,
 Pella, Pos'thium, Pu'tium, Foreskin. The pro-
 longation of the integuments of the penis, which
 covers the glans.   The prepuce is composed of
 two  membranous layers: one external or cu-
 taneous;  the other  internal or mucous, sepa-
 rated by cellular membrane.  The mucous mem-
 brane lines the inner surface of  the cutaneous
 layer till beyond the glans, when it is reflected
 over the latter; forming, behind  the  corona, a
 small cul-de-sac above the  corpora cavernosa,
 which is interrupted by a triangular duplicature
 of the mucous membrane, called the franum,
 axed in the furrow  at the inferior part of the
 glans, and terminating at a little distance from
 the orifice  of the urethra.  The clitoris is co-
 vered by a semilunar  fold formed by a conti-
 nuation of the skin of the labia.  It is called
 Prapu'tium clitor'idis.
   PRESBYODOCHIUM, Gerocomium.
   PRESBYON'OSl; from n^o-^g, 'old,'  and
 i'5o-of, 'disease.'   Diseases of old age.
   PRESBYOPIA, Presbytia.
   PRESBYSPHACELUS, Gangrene of old peo-
 ple.
   PRESBYT'IA, Presbyo'pia,Amblyo'piaproxi-
 vio'rum, Visus seni'lis, (F.) Vue langue; from
 nqio-pus, 'an old person.'  A very high  degree
 is termed Hyperpresbyt'ia.  A condition of vi-
 sion, common in old persons, which consists in
 the circumstance  of near objects being  con-
 fusedly seen, whilst  those at a greater distance
 are clearly distinguished.  It is supposed to de-
 pend generally on diminution of the convexity
 of the cornea; whence  results an alteration in
 the convergency of the rays, so that they form
 a focus  behind the retina.  This defect is re-
 medied  by the use of convex glasses, which
 augment the convergence of the luminous rays.
 It is, also,  called Long-sightedness,  Parop'sis
 longin'qua, Dyso'pia proximo'rum.
   PRESCRIPTION, Prmsc,ip'tio,Anag'raphe,
 from  pra,  'before,' and  sciibere, 'to  write.'
 For'mula med'ica, Praescrip'tio med'ica, Recep'-
 tum,  (F.) Formule, Ordonnance.  The formula
 which the physician writes for the composition
 of medicine adapted to  any case of disease.   A
 prescription should be as simple as possible,  and
 should bear upon its face the evidence  of  the
 objects to be fulfilled by it.   No article  should
 form  part of it, unless adapted for serving some
 useful purpose.  A compound prescription  has
 been divided into four parts :—the basis or prin-
 cipal  ingredient of the prescription; the ad'ju-
 vans, or that  which is designed to promote  the
 action of the former; the cor'rigens,ox that in-
 tended to correct its operation or obviate any
 unpleasant  symptom which it may be  apt to
 produce; and the constit'uens, excip'ient,  or sub-
 stance which gives  to the other ingredients
consistence or form.  All these are seen in  the
following formula for cathartic pills:—
Aloes,            gj.
Hyd. Chlorid. mit. gr.
Olei Carui,        gtt.
Syrupi,           q. a
  fiant. Pilulae xx.
Basis.
Adjuvans.
Corrigens.
Constituens.
   It is obvious, however, that  most prescrip-
 tions are more simple than this.  The basis,
 for example, may require neither adjuvant, cor-
 rigent, nor constituent.
   Dr. Paris has given the following synopsis of
 the principles of medicinal combination, lama-
 totaxiolog''ia,Iamatosyntaxiolog"ia, which may
 serve as an instructive guide to the prescriber:—
                 OBJECT  I.
     TO PROMOTE THE ACTION OF THE BASIS.
   A. By combining the several different forms
 or preparations of the same substance.  B. By
 combining the basis with substances which are
 of the same nature; i. e. which are individually
 capable of producing the same effects, with less
 energy than  when in combination with  each
 other.  C.  By combining the basis with sub-
 stances of a different nature, and which do not
 exert any chemical influence upon it, but are
 found by experience, or  inferred by analogy, to
 be capable of rendering the stomach or system
 more susceptible of its action.
                OBJECT II.
 TO CORRECT THE OPERATION OF THE BASIS BY
   OBVIATING ANY UNPLEASANT EFFECTS IT MIGHT
   BE LIKELY TO OCCASION, AND  WHICH WOULD
   PERVERT  ITS INTENDED ACTION, AND DEFEAT
   THE OBJECT OF ITS EXHIBITION.
   A. By  chymically  neutralizing or mechani-
 cally separating the offending ingredient.  B.
 By adding some substance calculated to guard
 the  stomach or system  against  its deleterious
 effects.
                OBJECT III.
 TO OBTAIN THE JOINT OPERATION OF  TWO  OR
               MORE MEDICINES.
   A. By uniting those medicines which are cal-
 culated  to produce the same ultimate  results,
 but by modes of operation totally different. B.
 By combining  medicines which have entirely
 different powers; and which are required to ob-
 viate different symptoms, or to answer different
 indications.
                OBJECT IV.
 TO OBTAIN A NEW AND ACTIVE REMEDY, NOT AF-
      FORDED BY ANY SINGLE SUBSTANCE.
   A. By  combining  medicines  which  excite
 different actions in the stomach and system, in
 consequence of which new or modified results
 axe  produced.   B. By combining  substances
 which have the property of acting chymically
 upon each other; the  results of which are:—a.
 The formation of new compounds;  b. The de-
 composition of the original ingredients, and the
 development of the more active elements.   C.
 By combining  substances, between which no
 other change is induced  than  a  diminution or
 increase in  the solubility of the  principles in
 which their medicinal virtues reside,  a. Bj
 the intervention of substances that act chymi-
 cally.   b. By the addition of ingredients whose
 operation  is entirely mechanical.
                OBJECT V.
        TO AFFORD AN ELIGIBLE FORM.
   a. By which the efficacy of the remedy is en-
 hanced,   b.  By which its aspect  or flavour ia
 rendered more agreeable, or its mode of admi-
 nistration more convenient,   c. By which it is
preserved  from the spontaneous decomposition
 to which it is liable. 
PRESENTATION
699
PRIMROSE, EVENING
  [The vocabulary in the author's "Medical
Student," Philad. 1844, will aid the student, not
only in translating, but in writing his prescrip-
tions more solito.~]
  PRESENTATION,  from  (Lat.) praesens,
(prae, ' before,' and ens, ' being.')  The part of
a foetus which is felt presenting, on examination
per vaginam.   When  the head  presents, and
especially the vertex, or the feet, knees, or
breech, the presentation  is said to be natural:
when any other part, preternatural; and the la-
bour is styled perverse or preternatural, Paro-
dyn'ia perver'sa, Dysto'cia perver'sa, Cross-
birth, (F.) Accouchement contre nature.  When
any part besides the head, feet, knees, or breech
presents, the operation of turning becomes ne-
cessary.   See Parturition.
  PRESIS,  Swelling.
  PRESLE, Hippuris vulgaris.
  PRESMA, Swelling.
  PRESPI'NALj Praspina'lis; fxom pra, 'be-
fore,' and spina, ' the spine.'  That which  is
situate before the spine.  The prespinal surface
of the  vertebral  column is the anterior surface.
  PRESS,  Pra'lium,  Pra'lium,  Presso'rium,
Piester, Pieste'rion, (F.) Pressoir, Presse. An
instrument  for subjecting matters to conside-
rable  pressure,  for the purpose  of separating
their juices  or oils.
   Press of  Herophilus, Torcular Herophili.
   PRESSE-ARTERE.   An instrument in-
vented by Deschamps for the immediate com-
pression of arteries.  It is composed of a plate
six or seven lines long, and three  broad, and of
a rod or stem two inches long, placed  perpen-
dicularly above the plate and riveted.  At each
extremity of the plate  is a hole, through which
each of the  ends of the  ligature, to be  placed
upon the artery, is passed.  The  ligature  is
then to be tightened by drawing  the ends, and
fixing them to  the perpendicular  rod.   This
presse-artere or serre-artere,  surrounded  with
charpie, remains in the wound, until there is no
longer danger of hemorrhage.  The ligature is
then cut, and the instrument withdrawn.   It is
an unnecessary  instrument.
   PRESSE-URETHRE, Jugum  Penis.  A
kind of forceps  of elastic iron, the branches of
which, padded, may be approximated or sepa-
rated  by means  of  a  screw.   The  penis is in-
troduced between the branches,  one of them
being  api.lied to the urethra, and  the screw is
tightened so as to exercise a degree  of pressure
sufficient to bring  the parietes of the canal  in
contact.   This  instrument  is sometimes used
in incontinence of urine, to prevent the constant
discharge of that fluid.
   PRESSIO, Pressure.
   PRES SION ABDOMINALS,  Pressure,
abdominal.
   PRESSOIR, Press—p. d'Hirophile, Torcu-
lar Herophili.
   PRESSORIUM, Press.
   PRESSURE,  Pres'sio, fxom premo, pressum,
• I press.'   The action of pressing.
   Pressure, Abdom'inal, (F.) Pression abdo-
minale.  A mode of examination by means of
which the sensibility, size, suppleness, or hard-
ness of any morbid abdominal viscus  may be
compared, in these respects,  with  its  healthy
condition.   Bichat  proposed, with the view of
exploring the state of the thoracic organs,  to
exert  a pressure from below upwards on the
abdominal organs, so  as to crowd them upon
the diaphragm, and thus to diminish the dimen-
sions of the cavity of the chest, noticing to what
extent respiration was affected by this action.
No great information  can of course be derived
from it.
  PRETENDED  DISEASES, Feigned dis-
eases.
  PRETIB'IAL, Pralibia'lis; from pra, ' be-
fore,'  and tibia, ' the tibia.'  That which is si-
tuate  before the tibia; as the ilio-pretibial and
ischio-pretibial muscles.
  PREVEN'TIVE, ROYAL; from pravenire,
(pra, and venire,) ' to  come before.'  An empi-
rical preparation used  as a  prophylactic against
the venereal  virus.  It is a solution of acetate
of lead,—the Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis dilutus.
  PREVERTEBRAL APONEUROSIS. The
aponeurosis which covers the muscles of the
prevertebral region.
  Prevertebral Artery.   A ramus of the
meningeal  branch, and sometimes even of the
trunk, of the pharyngeal artery, which is distri-
buted to the prevertebral region.
  Prevertebral Muscles, see Cervical region,
anterior—p. Region, Cervical region, anterior.
  PRIAPEIA, Nicotiana rustica.
  PRIAPIS'COS.   Same  etymon as the next.
Name of a piece of wood  which forms part of
the scamnum Hippocraticum.  Paulus of iEgina
calls thus a tent of linen shaped like the penis.
   PRIAPIS'MUS,  Tenti'go,  T.  Penis,  Pri'-
apism, Horn-colic (vulg.), Enta'sia  Priapis-
mus, Rhopalis'mus, Satyri'asis, Styma, Sty sis,
from Uqit-nroc, Priapus,' the male organ.'  Con-
stant  and distressing erection, without any vo-
luptuous idea or desire for venery.  It is often
symptomatic; and sometimes the immediate re-
sult of morbific  causes,—of the action of can-
tharides, for example.   The application of cold
liquids to  the penis,  and the internal use of
opium and  camphor are the means usually had
recourse to for its removal.
   PRIAPITIS,  Phallitis.
   PRIAPUS, Penis—p. Cervi, see Cervus—p.
Ceti,  Leviathan penis.
   PRICKING, Sax. pruccian, (D.) p r i c k e n,
(F.) Picotem.ent.   A variety of pain, compared
to that which pointed  bodies would occasion,
   PRIDE OF CHINA, Melia azedarach-p.of
India, Melia azedarach—p. Tree, Melia azeda-
rach.
   PRIEST'S PINTLE, Arum maculatum.
   PRIMA CELLA COLI,  Ca;cum.
   PRIM^E VliE.  The first passages.  The
stomach and intestinal canal:—the lacteals be-
ing the secun'dae vi'ae, or second passages.  See
Ways, digestive.
   PRIMEVERE, Primula veris.
   PRIMIP'ARA,  Primipartu'riens, from  pri-
mus,  ' first,'  and parere,  ' to bring  forth.'  A
name given to a female who brings forth for the
first time.
   PRIMIPARTURIENS, Primipara.
   PRIMI-STERNAL, Primi-stema'lis,  from
primus, ' the first,' and sternum, 'the sternum.'
M. Beclard has called os primi-sternal or clavi-
sternal, the bony portion of the sternum.
   PRIMIT'IiE. The first waters,ox the waters
discharged before the  extrusion of the fcetus.
   PRIMORDIUM, Arche.
   PRIMROSE,  EVENING,  Oenothera biennis
—p.  Tree, Oenothera biennis. 
PRIMULA  VERIS            700             PROAGOREUSIS
  PRIM'ULA  VERIS, from  prim'ulus, 'the
beginning;' so called, because it flowers in the
beginning of the spring; Verbas'culum, Parol'-
y sis,Herba par alys'eos seu paralytica; the Cow-
flip, Paigil, or Peagle, (F.) Primevere. Family,
Primulaceae.  Sex.  Syst.  Pentandria Mono-
gynia.  The flowers have been considered to be
mildly tonic, antispasmodic, and anodyne.
  Primula Vulga'ris.  The leaves  and  roots
of this plant have been used as sternutatories.
  PRINCEPS, Rectum.
  Princeps Cervi'cis  (Artery}, Cervical Ar-
tery.   A branch of the occipital artery, which
descends between the splenius and complexus
muscles, and may be  followed down to the
I ower part of the neck.
  Princeps Pol'licis (Arteria), Arte'ria magna
pol'licis.  When the  two collateral arteries of
the  thumb take origin from a common trunk—
the  trunk is the Princeps pollicis.
  PRINCIPE  CRYSTALLIZ ABLE  DE
DEROSNE, Narcotine.
  PRINCIPES IMME'DIATS, Principles,
immediate.
  PRINCIPIUM,  Arche, Element—p. Acidi-
(icans, Oxygen — p.  Adstringens, Tannin—p.
Byrsodepsicum,  Tannin—p. Coriaceum,  Tan-
nin—p. Hydrogeneticum, Hydrogen—p. Hydro-
ticum, Hydrogen—p. Oxygenans, Oxygen—p.
Salivale, see Saliva—p. Scytodepsicum, Tannin
—p. Urinosum, Urea.
  PRIN'CIPLE, COL'OURING,  OF  THE
BLOOD.  A name, given to the immediate
principle in animals, to which the blood  owes
its  ped colour.   It is solid, inodorous, and in-
sipid.  When recently separated from blood, it
has a purple-red colour.  When distilled, it
furnishes, amongst other products, a purple oil.
It is insoluble in water; but, if diluted with that
liquid, acquires a vinous red hue.  It commu-
nicates a red colour to the  albumen  of the
blood, and affords,  on analysis, iron, to which
the  colour  has  been ascribed.   See Haema-
phaein, and Haematin.
  Principle, Vital, see Vital principle.
  PRINCIPLES, IMMEDIATE, (F.) Prin-
-ipes immidiats, Matiriaux immediats. A name
^iven to a considerable number of substances,
composed of at least three elements, and which
nre  obtained from animals and vegetables with-
out alteration,by simple processes, and, in some
measure, immediately.
  Principles, Immediate, of Animals, Proxi-
mate principles,  Organic Elements, Compounds
of Organization.  These are divided into acid
principles, fatty principles, and principles which
are neither fat nor acid.  The first include the
uric, rosacic, purpuric, allantoic, caseic,  buty-
ric, &c.  The  fatty principles are:—stearin,
dain, cholesterin,  &c; and the last division
includes the most important compounds  of or-
ganization :—fibrin, gelatin, albumen, urea, pi-
rromel, osmazome, &c.
  Principles, Proximate, P. immediate.
  PRINOS, P.  verticilla'tus,  Alcan'na major
'atifo'lia denta'ta, Aquifo'lium fo'liis decid'uis,
Prinos  Grono'vii,  Prinos  padifolius, Black
Alder, Virginia Winter Berry, Whorled winter
i'rry,  Fever bush, (F.) Apalachine a feuilles
de Prunier.  Nat. Ord. Rhamni.  Sex. Syst.
Hexandria Monogynia.   The bark of this com-
mon shrub of the United States  is astringent,
fritter and pungent.  The berries are, likewise,
bitter.  The bark has been used as a substitute
for the cinchona,  in intermittents, and  as  a
tonic.
   PRINOS GRONOVII, Prinos—p. Padifolius,
Prinos.
   PRION, Saw.
   PRIONO'DES, from ngiav, < a saw,' and eifog,
i shape.'  Serra'ted.  Applied to the sutures of
the head.
   PRIOR ANNULA'TLISJnteros'seus quartus
of Winslow.  An internal interosseous muscle,
which arises from the outside of the metacarpal
bone of the ring finger, and is inserted into the
outside of the tendon on the  back of the ring
finger.  Its use is to draw the ring finger out-
wards.
   PRIOR IN'DICIS, Exten'sor ter'tii interno'-
dii in'dicis; (F.) Sous-mitacarpo-latiri-phalan-
gien.   It arises from the outer or radial side of
the metacarpal bone of the fore finger, and is in-
serted into the outside of the tendon on the back
of the fore finger.  Action :—to  draw the finger
outwards, towards the thumb.
   PRIOR INDICIS  PEDIS, Adductor In'dicis
pedis.  An external, interosseous muscle of the
foot, which arises from  the contiguous sides of
the metatarsal bones of the  great and fore  toes,
and is inserted into the inside of the root of the
first bone of the fore toe.  Action:—to pull the
fore toe inwards.
   PRIOR MEDII, Prior medii digiti.
   PRIOR ME'DII DIG"ITI, Prior Medii, Se-
cond  interos'seus of Douglas.   An external,
interosseous  muscle  of the  hand, which arises
from the corresponding sides of  the metacarpal
bones of the fore and middle fingers, and is in-
serted into the  outside  of  the  tendon  on the
back of the  middle  finger.   Action:—to draw
the middle finger outwards.
   PRIOR MEDII DIGITI PEDIS, Abductor
medii digiti pedis.   An internal, interosseous
muscle of the foot, which arises from the inside
of the metatarsal bone of. the middle toe, and is
inserted into the inside  of the root of the first
bone of the middle toe.  Use:—to pull the mid-
dle toe inwards, or towards the inner  side of
the foot.
   PRIOR MIN'IMI DIGITI, Adduc'tor min'-
imi dig"iti.   An internal interosseous  muscle
of the foot; which originates from the inside of
the metatarsal bone of the little toe; and is in-
serted into the inside of the root of the first bone
of the little toe. Action:—to pull the little toe
inwards.
   PRIOR TERTII  DIGITI  PEDIS, Adduc'-
tor tertii dig"iti pedis. An internal interosseous
muscle of the foot, which arises from the inner
and under part of the metatarsal bone of the
third of the small toes, and is inserted into the
inside of the root of the first  bone of the  third
of the small toes.  Action:—to  pull the  third
of the small toes inwards.
   PRISIS, Brygmus, Trepanning.
   PRISMA, Scobs.
   PRISMUS, Brygmus, Trepanning.
   PRIVATE  PARTS, Genital  organs.
   PRIVET, Ligustrum vulgare.
   PRIVITIES,  Genital  organs..
   PRIVY, Ligustrum  vulgare—p.  Members,
Genital organs—p. Parts, Genital organs.
   PRO, 7Tgo, 'before.'  A common prefix to
Words, as in Procatarctic, Prostate,  &c.
   PROAGOREUSIS, Prognosis. 
PROBANG
701
PROCTOCELE
  PROBANG,  Detruso'rium  ex  bale'na.  A
long slender rod of whalebone, with a piece of
sponge at its extremity, intended to push down
extraneous bodies, arrested in the oesophagus,
into the stomach.   A  similar instrument is
called by J. L.  Petit, Repoussoir d'aretes.
  PROBARBIUM, Geneias.
  PROBASCANIUM, Amuletum.
  PROBASCANTIUM, Amuletum.
  PROBE, Specillum—p. Eyed, see Specillum
  PROBING, see Meiosis.
  PROBOLE, Processus.
  PROCARDIUM, Scrobiculus cordis.
  PRO CEDE,  Process.
  PROCEDURE, Procidi.
  PROCEPHALI, Capitones.
  PROCERUS NASI, Pyramidalis nasi.
  PROCES  CILIAIRES, Ciliary processes,
  PROCESS, Apophysis, Processus.
  Proc"ess,  (F.)  Procidd, Ratio, from proce-
dere, to march forwards.  Procedure,—method
of performing  any operation, chemical,  phar-
maceutical, or surgical.
  Process, Cuneiform, Basilary process—p.
Modelling, see  Modelling Process—p. of Rau,
see Malleus—p. Vertical superior longitudinal,
Falx cerebri.
  PROCES'SUS.  A process; same  etymon;
Projectu'ra, Prob'olS.   An apophysis  or emi-
nence  of a bone;  see Apophysis.  Also, any
part which seems prolonged beyond others with
which it is in  connexion;  as the Ciliary pro-
cesses.
  Processus Anconeus, Olecranon—p. Annu-
laris, Pons Varolii—p. Belenoides, see  Belenoid
—p. Caudatus, Lobulus caudatus—p.  a,  Cere-
bello ad medullam oblongatam, Corpora  resti-
formia—p. Cerebelli ad pontem, Peduncles of
the cerebellum—p. Cerebelli ad testes, Pedun-
cles of the cerebellum—p. Cerebri  lateralis,
Cornu ammonis—p.  Ciliares, Ciliary processes
—p. Cochleariformis, see Tympanum—p. Cu-
neiformis ossis occipitis, Basilary process—p.
Enteroidei cerebri,  Convolutions (cerebral)—
p.  Falciformis  cerebelli,  Falx  cerebelli—p.
Faloiformis  dura; matris, Falx  cerebri —p.
Gracilis of  Rau, see  Malleus—p.  Laterales
uteri,  Tubae Fallopianae—p. Mamillares, Pa-
pillae of the kidney, Olfactory nerves—p. Ma-
millares cerebri, Mamillary tubercles—p. Oli-
varis, Olivary Process—p. Orbicularis cerebri,
Infundibulum of the brain—p. Papillares, Ol-
factory  nerves —p.  Papillarum,   Olfactory
nerves—p. Rachidianus, Medulla  spinalis—p.
Sterni xiphoideus, Xiphoid—p. ad Testes, see
Valvula Vieussenii—p.  Transversus durae ma-
tris,  Tentorium—p.  Uvifer,  Uvula—p. Ven-
triculi, Duodenum—p. Xiphoides, Xiphoid car-
tilage—p. Xipho-sternalis, Xiphoid cartilage—
p. Zygomaticus, Zygomatic process.
  PROCHEILA, Antelabia.
  PROCHEILIDION, Procheilon.
  PROCHEI'LON, Procheilid'ion, Prola'bium,
Antila'bium.  The extreme projecting part or
margin of the lips.
  PROCHEUMA, Parenchyma.
  PROCIDENCE  DE L'OJIL, Exophthal-

mia-                              »  •  n
  PROCIDENTIA, Prolapsus—p. Am,  Proc-
tocele—p. Intestini recti, Proctocele—p. Iridis,
Staphyloma of the Iris—p. Oculi, Exophthal-
mia—p. Sedis, Proctocele—p. Uteri,  Prolapsus
uteri.
  PROCNEME, Tibia.
  PROCNEMIUM, Tibia.
  PROCCE'LIUS,/>roc«'/M*,from x?o, 'before,'
and Kotxia, ' belly.'  One who has a large pen-
dulous abdomen.
  PROCCELUS, Proccelius.
  PROCON'DYLUS,  nooxovdvXog, from ttqo.
' before,' and KovSvXog,' a knot.'  The first joint
of the fingers; the second being called x.ovdvxog;
and the third  /u.traxovdvxoc.
  PROCREATIO,  Generation—p. Sanguinis,
Haematosis.
  PROC'TAGRA, from ^wxw,  'anus,' and
«>§«, 'seizure.'  Gout in the  rectum.   Proc-
talgia.
  PROCTAL'GIA, Proc'tica simplex, Proc'ta-
gra, Dolor ani, Proctodyn'ia, from  jzgcuKToc,
'the anus,' and aXyeg,  'pain.'  Pain  in  the
anus.  Generally symptomatic of disease, as of
hemorrhoids,  scirrhus, &c.
  Proctalgia, Clunesia—p.  Haemorrhoidalis,
Haemorrhois—p.  Inflammatoria,   Rectitis—p.
Intertriginosa,  Chafing—p. Rheumatica, Proc-
torrheuma.
  PROCTATRE'SIA, Imperfora'tio ani, from
rr^oi-nrag, 'the anus,' and argno-i*., 'imperfora-
tion.'  Imperforate state of the anus.
  PROC'TICA. Pain or derangement about the
anus, without primary inflammation.  A genus
in the class Caliaca, order  Enterica, of Good.
  Proctica Exania,  Proctocele—p. Marisca,
Haemorrhois—p. Simplex, Proctalgia—p. Te-
nesmus, Tenesmus.
  PROCTISIS, Proctitis.
  PROCTI'TIS,  Proc'tisis, Archi'tis, Clune'-
sia, Cysso'tis,  from 7xga)xTo?,' the anus.'  In-
flammation of the anus and rectum.  Rectitis.
  Proctitis  Gangrenosa, Proctocace.
  PROCTOC'ACE, Procti'tis gangrseno'sa,^
from ngomTog,  'the anus,' and x*xoS,  'evil.'
A disease of  the  rectum, so called by Fuchs,
which, according to him, is common in Peru,
in the neighbourhood of Quito and Lima, on the
Honduras and Mosquito coasts, in Brazil, and
on the Gold coast, &c.  It is called by the Por-
tuguese, Bicho, and  Bicho di Culo ; by the peo-
ple of Quito, Mai  del Voile,  from its preva-
lence in the  valleys;  and in Africa, Bitios tU
Kis.  It is an  adynamic, inflammatory condi-
tion, frequently ending  in  gangrene.  It has
been attributed to  bad food, and the  use of
spices.
  PROCTOCE'LE, from rr^ioxxog, 'the anus,'
and %r\Xij, ' hernia.'  Prolap'sus Ani, Proctopto'-
ma, Proctopto'sis, Procto'sis, Hedroce'lS. Arche-
opto'ma, Archecpto'ma, Archopto'ma, Archoce'le,
Archopto'sis,  Exa'nia, Hamor'rhois proce'dens,
Hamo/rkois  ab exa'nia, Prociden'tia Ani, P.
intesti'ni recti, P.  sedis, Ecto'pia Ani, Sedes
procid'ua, Falling  down  of the  Fundament,
Coming down of the Body, (F.) Chute du rec-
tum, C. du Fondement, Renversement du  rec-
tum. Inversion and  prolapse of the mucous
coat  of the  rectum,  from  relaxation  of  the
sphincter with  more or less swelling.  In the
treatment, the  application  of cold water  and
astringent lotions must be recommended :  and
if other means fail, one of the  radii of skin,
which converge at the anus, may be snipped off.
On  cicatrizing, the verge of the  anus will be
contracted, and the cure probably  complete.
In  the way of palliation, the parts may be re-
tained by an appropriate bandage. 
PROCTOCYSTOTOMIA         702              PROGNOSIS
  PROCTOCYSTOTOMIA, see Lithotomy.
  PROCTODYNIA, Proctalgia.
  PROCTON'CUS, from irgaxros, 'anus,' and
oyxoc, ' swelling.'  Swelling of the anus.
  PROCTOPTOMA, Proctocele.
  PROCTOPTOSIS, Proctocele.
  PROCTORRHAGIA, Haemorrhoidal flux.
  PROCTORRHEU'MA,from ngmxrtg, 'anus,'
and qtufjux, 'defluxion.'  Rheumatism  of  the
anus.
  PROCTORRHffi'A,  from  ne.wx.Tog,  'the
anus,' and get», ' I flow.'  A discharge of blood
or slime from the anus.   See Haemorrhois.
  PROCTOS, Anus.
  PROCTOSIS, Proctocele.
  PROCTOSPASMUS, Tenesmus.
  PROCTOSTENOSIS  ORGANICA,  Stric-
ture of the rectum.
  PROCTOTOREU'SIS, from tt/>»xtoc, c anus,'
and Togoe<v, ' to  perforate.'  Perforation of  a
closed anus.
  PROCTUS, Anus.
  PROCURATIO ABORTUS.  The  promo-
tion of abortion.
  PROD'ROMUS, from no*,  'before,' and
8e,0fcog, ' course.'  The period immediately pre-
ceding an attack of disease; in which the pre-
cursory signs occur.
  PROD'UCT,fromproduco,(I produce.' (F.)
Produit.   The result sought to be attained by
any pharmaceutical operation.
  PRODUCTIO, Prolapsus—p. Uvulae a. pitu-
ita, Staphylcedema.
  PRODUCTION, Produc'tio; same etymon.
This  word is used, especially by the  French,
synonymously with prolongation. The mesen-
tery is,  in this sense, a production of the peri-
toneum.
  PRODUCTION ACCIDENTELLE.  An
accidental or adventitious structure.
  PRODUCTIVITAS, Fecundity.
  PRODUIT, Product.
  PROEGUMENiE CAUSAE, Causes,  predis-
ponent.
  PRCELIUM, Press, Tourniquet.
  PROEM'INENT,  Proem'inens,  from pro,
' forwards,' and  eminere, ' to project.'  Some
anatomists call the 7th cervical vertebra the
proeminent vertebra,  on account  of the length
of its spinous process, which passes the level
of the neighbouring vertebrae.
  PRCEO'TIA, Proi'otes, frqiatOTing, OX rrpoiorrjg,
fromrrotm, 'early.' 'Precocity.'  Pracoxmatw-
ritas, Preco'cious  matu'rity.  Premature  de-
velopment of sexual organization or power.—
Good.
  PROFLUVII CORTEX, Nerium antidysen-
tericum.
  PROFLU'VIUM, Discharge, Fluxus, Polyr-
rha'a. Flux; from profluo, ' I run down.'  A
term  under which some nosologists have com-
prised all morbid discharges or fluxes:—others,
increased excretions attended by  fever.
  Profluvium  Alvi, Diarrhoea — p. Genitale
muliebre, Menses—p. Mucosum  urethrae, Go-
norrhoea—p. Muliebre, Leucorrhcea, Menses—
p. Sanguinis, Haemorrhagia—p. Sanguinis e Re-
nibus, Nephrorrhagia — p.  Sanguinis  ex Ore,
Stomatorrhagia — p. Sanguinis ex Utero, Me-
trorrhagia—p. Seminis,  Pollution—p. Ventris,
Diarrhoea.
  PROFUNDUS, (pro, and fundus,  'base.')
Altns,' having a deep base.'  A  name given to
different parts, which are seated profoundly as
regards others.
  Profunda Arte'ria Fem'oris, A. vast a pos-
terior seu muscula'ris fem'oris, Artere-grandt
musculaire de la cuisse. (Ch.) This large branch
arises commonly from the posterior part of the
crural, between the pubis and lesser trochanter.
It descends deeply, situate before the adductors;
passes through the  third adductor above the
opening in it for the trunk of the femoral; and
terminates in  the  short portion of the biceps.
The muscularis profunda gives off, 1. The ex-
ternal circumflex:  2. The internal circumflex :
and, 3. The three perforantes.
  Profunda Arte'ria Hu'meri, P. supe'rior,
Arte'ria  spiralis,  (F.)  Artere  humirale  pro-
fonde, A. collatirale externe, Grand musculaire
du bras, (Ch.) Its origin is variable.  When
it arises from the brachial artery, it is given off
opposite the  groove of the humerus destined
for  the radial  nerve,  and descends backward*
between the three portions of the triceps, ac-
companied by the nerve; giving branches to that
muscle and to  the  humerus. When it reaches
the posterior part of the bone, it  divides into
two branches, which are distributed to the tri-
ceps, supinator longus, &c.
  Profunda Arteria Inferior vel Minor is
often a branch of  the last;  but, commonly,  is
given off from the brachial, near the middle of
the arm.  It gives off branches to the muscles,
&c, about the inner side of the os humeri.  It
is, also, called large communicating  ulnar or
profundo-ulnar.
  Profunda Arteria Penis.  Chaussier has
given this name to the cav'ernous ar'tery, which
arises from the artery of  the penis, furnished
by the internal pudic.
  Profunda   Arteria  Superior,  Profunda
humeri.
  Certain  muscles are  distinguished by the
names profound or deep-seated, and superficial.
Thus, we speak of the superficial and deep-seated
muscles of the neck, &c.; the Flexor profundus
perforans, &c.
  PROFUSIO, Haemorrhagia.
  Profusio Aqu*. The discharge or breaking
of the waters at birth.
  ProfusIio Sanguinis, Haemorrhagia—p. Se-
minis,  Ejaculation—p. Subcutanea, Purpura
simplex.
  PROGAS'TOR, from  ttqo, ' before,' and yat-
T»;fj, ' belly.'   One who has a pendulous belly.
  PROGENIES, Epigone.
  PROGENY, Epigone.
  PROGLOS'SIS,  from  Trgo,  'before,' and
yxuo-o-d, 'the tongue;' Apex linguae.   The ex-
tremity or tip of the tongue.
  PROGNO'SIS,   Pro'dgoreu'sis, Prorrhesis,
Pracognif'io,  Prognos'tice,  Praeno'tio,  Pra-
nuntia'tio, Prascien'tia, Praescit"io, Pronce'a,
Proph'asis, Pradic'tio, (F.)  Prognostic, Pro-
nostic, from *g o,' before,' and yivoo-xu,' I know.
The judgment formed by the physician regard-
ing the future  progress and termination of any
disease.
  Prognosis,  General.   The  opinion formed
of a disease in the  abstract.  Thus, we say, the
General prognosis of Cynanche tonsillaris is
favourable;—of Phthisis pulmonalis, unfavou-
rable, &c.
  Prognosis, Particular. The opinion formed
of any particular  case of disease.  The  partf 
PROGNOSTIC
703
PRONATOR
citlar prognosis of one case of typhus, for ex-
ample, may be favourable, whilst that of another
may be unfavourable.
  Prognosis ex Lingua, Glossomantia.
  PROGNOSTIC, Prognosis.
 ,PROGNOSTICE, Prognosis.
  PROGRESSIO, Augmentation.
  PROGRESSUS, Augmentation.
  PROIOTES, Praeotia.
  PROJECTURA, Process.
  PROLABIQM, Procheilon.
  PROLAP'SUS, from prolabor,  prolapsus,
(pro, and labor, lapsus,' to slide,') ' I slip down.'
Prociden'tia, Delap'sio, Delap'sus, Hypor'rhy-
sis, Propto'ma, Propto'sis, Produc'tio, Propen-
den'tia,Prominen'tia, Ptosis, Casus, (F.)Chute;
a protrusion; a falling down.   A genus of dis-
eases in the class Locales and  order Ectopiae of
Cullen, distinguished by the falling down of a
part through the orifice  with  which it is natu-
rally connected.
  Prolapsus Ani, Proctocele—p. Bulbi  oculi,
Exophthalmia—p. Corneae, Staphyloma of the
cornea—p.  Iridis,  Ptosis  iridis—p.  Linguae,
Glossocele,  Paraglossa—p. CEsophagi, Pharyn-
gocele—p. Palpebrae, Blepharoptosis—p. Pha-
ryngis,  Pharyngocele—p.'Umbilici, Exompha-
lus.
  Prolapsus U'teri, Exome'tra, Metroptosis,
Metropropto'sis,  Orthysteropto' sis,  Orthyste-
ropto'ma, Falling down of the womb,  JEdopto'-
sis  u'teri, Hysteropto'sis, Hysteroce'lS nuda,
Prociden'tia u'teri,  (F.)  Abaissement de la  ma-
trice, Chute de la matrice, Descente de, la  ma-
trice, Precipitation de la matrice.   Some  use
the  term, 'Procidentia Uteri' for a minor de-
gree of the affection than prolapsus;—Relaxatio
uteri expressing the slightest  state of all.  A
falling down of the uterus, owing to relaxation
of the parts about the utero-vaginal region.  In
the treatment, the horizontal  posture must be
insisted upon;  the injection of astringent sub-
stances per vaginam be advised; and if the af-
fection be not remedied by these means, a pes-
sary may be employed as  a palliative, or the
operation of Episioraphy be performed.
  Prolapsus Uvul*, Staphylcedema.
  Prolapsus Vagi'n*, Hysteropto'sis Vagi'na,
Prolapsus JEdoj)tosis Vaginae,Coleopto'sis, Col-
popto'sis, Elytropto'sis—Vxotxxxsion of the up-
per  part of the vagina into the lower.   This,
like the descent of the uterus, may be relaxation,
procidentia, prolapsus, or complete inversion.
  Prolapsus Vesic*, Exocyste.
  PROLECTA'TIO; from pro, and legere, tec-
tum, ' to gather.'  Action of separating the finer
parts of a body from the grosser.
  PROLEP'TICS, Prolep'tice, from wgo, 'be-
fore,' and XctfA(ict\>u, 'I seize hold of.'  A term
proposed  recently by Dr.  Laycock to signify
the art and science of predicting in medicine.
  PROLEPTICUS, Anticipating.
  PROLES, Epigone.
  PROLICIDE, Prolicid'ium;  from proles,
'offspring,' and cadere, ' to kill.'  Destruction
of offspring.   A term, which  includes feticide
as well  as infanticide.
  PROLIFIC, Prolif'icus; from proles, 'off-
spring,' and facio, ' I make.'  That which has
the  faculty  of engendering; applied to man,
and  animals, and to their sperm or  seed; as
well as  to  remedies, which, by  strengthening
the genital  organs, increase the  secretion of
sperm.
  PROLIG"EROUS,  Pro'liger,  Prolig"erus,
from proles, 'offspring,' and gero,  'I  carry.'
That which  is connected with carrying the off-
spring.
  Proligerous Disc or Layer, Discus prolig"-
erus, Discus vitelli'nus, Stratum prolig"erum,
Gonostro'ma.  A granular layer, situate gene-
rally towards the most prominent part of the
ovarian vesicle, in the centre of which the true
ovum Or ovule exists.—Von  Baer.
  PROLONGEMENT RACHIDIEN, Me-
dulla spinalis—p. Sous-occipital, Basilary pro-

  PROMALACTE'RIUM, from nqo,' before,'
and /uaxao-o-u),' I soften.'  The room, in the an-
cient gymnasium in which the body was soft-
ened and anointed.  One of the  operations in
bathing.
  PROMANUS, see Digitus, Pollex.
  PROMETOPIDIA, Frontal bandages.
  PROMETO'PIS,  Prometopid'ion, from *r{o,
'before,'and^irwrrov, 'theforehead.'   The skin
of the forehead.
  PROMINENTIA, Prolapsus,  Protuberance
— p.  Annularis  Cerebri,  Pons  Varolii — p.
Corneae,  Ceratocele—p. Ossis Continua, Apo-
physis.
  PROMINENTIA  ALBICANTES, Mam-
millary tubercles—p. Semiovales Medulla; Ob-
longatae, Corpora olivaria.
  PROMONTORIUM, Promontory—p. Faciei,
Nasus—p. Ossis Sacri, see Sacrum.
  PROM'ONTORY, Promonto'rium, pro  and
mons,montis, 'a mountain,'  seu Tuber seu Tu-
berositas Tym'pani.  A small projection at the
inner paries of the cavity of the tympanum,
which corresponds to the external scala of the
cochlea, and especially to the outer side of the
vestibule.
   Promontory of the Sacrum, see Sacrum.
  PRONA TEUR CARR&,Pxonatox radii qua-
dratus—p. Grand ou rond, Pronator radii teres
—p. Petit, Pronator radii quadratus.
  PRONA'TION, Prona'tio, from promts, 'in-
clined  forwards.'  Anatomists understand, by
pronation, the motion by which the inferior ex-
 tremity of  the radius passes before the ulna,
and thus causes the hand to execute a kind of
rotation from without inwards.
   PRONA'TOR.  That which  produces the
 motion of pronation. This name has been given
to two of the muscles of the forearm.
   Pronator Obliquus, P. radii teres—p. Qua-
 dratus, P. radii quadratus.
   Pronator Ra'dii Quaj>ka.'tvs, P. quadratus,
 Quadratus ra'dii,P. quadratus seu transvers'us
 (Winslow), Pronator radii brevis seu quadratus
 (Cowper),  (F.) Cubito-radial (Ch.), Petit ou
 carri pronateur.  This muscle is situate at the
 anterior, inferior, and profound part of the fore-
arm.   It is flat and  square, and is attached,
within, to the inferior quarter of the anterior
 surface of the  ulna?  and, without, to  the  in-
ferior  quarter  of the anterior  surface of the
 radius.  It produces the  motion of pronation.
   Pronator Radii Teres,  P. teres sive obli'-
 quus (Winslow), (F.) Epitrochlo-radial (Ch.>,
 Grand ou rond pronateur.   A muscle seated at
 the upper and anterior part of the forearm.  It
 is long, flat, and larger  above than  below.  I: 
PRONAUS
704
PROSTATIC
is attached, above, to the inner tuberosity of the \
humerus  and to the coronoid  process of the
ulna.  From thence it passes obliquely down-
wards and outwards, and terminates at the mid-
dle of the outer surface of the radius.  It causes
the radius to turn on the ulna, to produce the
motion of pronation.   It  can, also, bend the
forearm on the arm, and conversely.
  Pronator Teres, P. radii teres.
  PRONAUS, Vestibulum.
  PRONERVATIO, Aponeurosis, Tendon.
  PRONCEA, Prognosis.
  PRONOSTIC, Prognosis.
  PROPENDENTIA, Prolapsus.
  PROP'ERTIES, PHYSICAL OF THE TIS-
SUES.  These are flexibility, extensibility and
elasticity, raeornissement and imbibition.
  Properties,  Vital.  Those which depend
upon organization, as contractil'ity.
  PROPHASIS, Prognosis.
  PROPHYLACTIC, Prophylact'icus,  Dia-
phylac'tic, Diasos'tic, Synteret'icus, Praserva-
to'rius, from noo, and ipuxaoaw, 'I defend.'  A
preservative.
   PROPHYLAX'IS,  Prophylace, Prophylac'-
ticS,Syntere'sis.  Same etymon.  Praserva'tio,
Pracau'tio, Pracusto'dia.  Preservative or pre-
ventive treatment.
  PROP'OLIS, from n^o,  ' before,'and noxic,
' city-;' literally,' that which is before the city.'
Ceranthe'mus, Commo'sis, Bee-bread.  A red,
resinous matter, with which the bees cover the
bottom of the hive. Its fume has been esteemed
antiasthmatic.
  PROP'OMA, from  ne,o, 'before,' no/ua,  'a
drink.'  Ancient  name of a medicine, com-
posed of seven parts of honey and four of wine.
It was drunk before a meal.—Paulus of iEgina.
   PROPORTIO, Symmetry.
   PROPOSITUM, Intention.
  PROPOTIS'MOS.   Same etymon. Prapo'-
tio.  An  ancient name for medicines which
were given to the patients before purging them,
and, in some sort, to prepare them-
   PROPRIUS AURIS EXTERNA, Retrahens
auris.
   PROPTOMA, Prolapsus.
  Propto'ma Auricula'rum, Parasthe'sis au-
di'tus flacca, Flap Ear.  Lobe of the ear broad,
loose, and pendent from birth.—Good.
   Proptoma Scroti, Rachosis.
   PROPTOSIS, Prolapsus—p. Palpebrae, Ble-
pharoptosis—p. Uvulae, Staphylcedema.
   PROPTYSIS. Expectoration.
   PRORA, Occiput.
   PRORRHESIS, Prognosis.
   PRORUPTIO  SANGUINIS, Haemorrhagia.
   PROS,  irgog.   In  composition,  this prefix
generally signifies ' in addition to,'' over and
above,' ' besides.'
   PROSARTHROSIS, Diarthrosis.
   PROSBOLE, Impression.
  PROSCHYSIS, Affusion.
  PROSCOLLESIS,  Adherence,  Agglutina-
tion.
   PROSECTEUR, Dissector.
  PROSECTIO, Anatomy.
   PROSECTOR, Dissector.
   PROSLEPSIS, Prehension.
   PROSODOS, Aditus.
   PROSOPALGIA, Neuralgia, facial.
   PROSOPANTRA,  Frontal sinuses.
   PROSOPANTRI'TIS, from Prosopantra,  the
frontal sinuses, and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the frontal sinuses.
  PROSO'PIS DULCIS. A tree of rather large
size, native of Peru.  The fruit of this tree—
Pacay—is a pod, from 20 to 24 inches long, con-
taining black seeds imbedded in a white, soft,
flaky substance;  which last is eaten by the
Limenos  with pleasure.—Tschudi.
  PROSOPODYNIA, Neuralgia, facial.
  PROSOPODYSMOR'PHIA, from ir^omrrov,
'the face,' Sue,  'with  difficulty,' and ^eg$ij,
' shape.'   Malformation or atrophy of the face,
—as where the process of nutrition suffers from
diminished nervous influence.
  PROSOPOLOGIA, Physiognomy.
  PROSOPOMANTIA, Physiognomy.
  PROSOPON, Face.
  PROSOPORRHEU'MA,JaewTOaay-»»«/a'-
ciei, from rrooo-arrov, 'face,' and peuua, 'deflux-
ion,' ' rheumatism.'   Rheumatism affecting the
face.
  PROSOPOSIS, Physiognomy.
  PROSPERITAS VALETUDINIS, Sanitas.
  PROSPHORA, Prehension.
  PROS'PHYSIS, Adnascen'tia, Coalit"io,( ad-
hesion, adherence, connexion,' from n-^oc, and
<pvu,' I grow.'   In a  more limited sense, this
word means morbid adhesion of the eyelids,
either between  themselves, or with the globe of
the eye;  Ankyloblepharon.
  PROS'TASIS,  ne.oo-T!toig,  (irpo, and crao^,
'station,')  'superiority, preponderance;' same
etymon as Prostate.  A predominance or abun-
dance of  excrementitious humour.—Hippocr.
  PROSTATA BARTHOLINI,  Cowper's
glands in the female—p. Muliebris, Cowper's
glands in the female.
  PROSTATAL, Prostatic.
  PROSTATALGIA,  from  np:oTara, 'the
prostate,' and mXyog, ' pain.'   Pain in the pros-
tate.
  PROSTATE, nQoarara, from  noo, 'before,'
and torrifii, ' I  stand.'—Pros'tata gland'ula,
Pros'tata, P. glandulo'sae, Paras'tata adeno'i-
des  seu glandulo'sa, Adstans, Paras'tatse, P.
gland'ulse, Pros'tata adenoi'des,  Testis  minor,
Corpus glandulo'sum seu glando'sum, C. adeni-
formc, C. glandiforme,  C. glandulo'sum, C.
adenoi'des, Assisten'tes  glandulo?,  Ads'tites
glandulosi; the Prostate gland.  A glandular,
cordiform body, of the size of a chestnut, situ-
ate before the neck of the bladder, behind the
symphysis pubis, and surrounding the first por-
tion of the urethra.  Its  excretory outlets, to
the number of  10 or 12, open  into  the  part of
the urethra that traverses it, and pour into it a
whitish  viscid humour, intended to lubricate
the  interior of the  urethra, and  to  serve as a
vehicle for the sperm in its ejaculation.
   PROSTATELCO'SIS,from n^oo-^ra, 'pros-
tate,' and 'txnos, 'an ulcer.'  Ulceration of the
prostate.
   PROSTATES INFERIEURES, Cowper's
glands—p. Petites, Cowper's glands.
   PROSTAT'IC, Prostat'icus,IJros'total. That
which relates to the prostate.  Winslow has
named—Superior Prostatic Muscles—ligaments
which pass from  the pubis to the lateral parts of
the prostate.  He,also,calls—Inferior prostatic
Muscles—the fleshy fibres, which, from the late-
ral  parts of the urethra, near its membranous
portion,  pass to be inserted into the pubis. 
PROSTATICUS SUPERIOR
705
PRUNELLA
  Prostatic Bisec'tor.  An instrument  em-
ployed  by Dr. Stevens, of New York, in the
bilateral operation of lithotomy.  In form it re-
sembles a large olive, with a beak at the extre-
mity, with cutting  edges at the sides parallel
to its longest axis, and with a straight handle.
  Prostatic Liquor, Liquor prostat'icus. The
fluid  secreted by the prostate, which mixes
with the sperm during emission.
  Prostatic Portion of the Urethra.  The
part of the canal of the urethra included by the
prostate:  it is about 15 lines long.
  PROSTATICUS SUPERIOR,  Compressor
prostatas.
  PROSTATITIS,  Inflamma'tio  Pros'tata,
from n^oo-Taia, 'the prostate,' and itis, denot-
ing inflammation.  Inflammation of the prostate.
  PROSTATOCELE, Prostatoncus.
  PROSTATON'CUS,  Prostatoce'le,  Tumor
pros'tatae, from  n-qoo-rara, ' the prostate,' and
oyxog, ' a tumour.'  Swelling of the prostate.
  PROSTATOPAREC'TASIS, from  nQoo-r*-
Td, 'prostate,' and naptxruvsiv, 'to  extend.'
Enlargement of the prostate; also, induration of
the same, Prostatoscirrhus.
  PROSTATOSC1RRHUS, see Prostatoparec-

  PROSTERNID'IUM, from woo,'before,' and
b'tsjvov,'the sternum.'   Any  agent applied  to
the anterior part of the chest;  a plaster to the
breast.
  PROSTHESIS, Prothesis.
  PROSTHETA, Subdita.
  PROSTHIUM, Penis.
  PROSTOM'I A, Commissu'ra labia'rum; from
woo, 'before,' and o-iouct, 'mouth.'  The com-
missure of the lips.
  PROSTRA'TION, Prostra'tio vi'rium, (F.)
Prostration des forces, Abattement.  Great de-
pression  of  strength.  Almost total  loss  of
power over the muscles of locomotion.
  PRO'TEAN,  Pro'teiform,  Proleiform'is,
from Proteus, who could assume various shapes,
Assuming different shapes.
  PROTEIFORMIS, Protean.
  Proteiform'is Morbus.  A  disease which
assumes various characters.
  PRO'TEIN,Pru<M'we,Pro*ei'rca:from*ga>Teuio,
' I take  first rank.'  A product of the decompo-
sition of albumen, &c, by potassa.  When ani-
mal albumen, fibrin or casein is dissolved  in
a moderately strong solution of caustic potassa,
and the solution is exposed for some time to a
high temperature, these substances are decom-
posed.  The addition of acetic acid causes,  in
all  three, the separation of a gelatinous trans-
lucent precipitate which has exactly the same
characters and composition.   This is protein.
—Mulder.
  Protein is the basis of animal and vegetable
fibrin, albumen,  and  casein,  and  of  gluten,
which have been, consequently, classed under
the " proteinaceous alimentary principle," by
Dr. Pereira.
  PROTEINACEOUS, Proteinous.
  PRO'TEINOUS, Proteina'ceous, Proteino'-
sus.  Of, or belonging to protein;—as "a pro-
teinous  alimentary  principle."
  PROTENSIONES GLANDUL ARES, Mam-
millary eminences.
  PROTH'ESIS, Pros'thesis,  Adjunc'tio,  Ad-
jec'tio, Apposi"tio, 'addition, application;' from
noog, 'in addition to,' and xiSr^i, ' I put.' That
part of surgery whose object is to add to the
human body some artificial part, in place of one
that may be wanting, as a wooden leg, an arti-
ficial eye, &c.
  PROTMESIS, Umbilicus,  Kidney.
  PROTOGALA, Colostrum.
  PROTOIATROS, Archiater.
  PROTOMEDICUS, Archiater.
  PROTOMUS, Dissector.
  PROTOPATHIA, Idiopathia.
  PROTOSPOROS, Os uteri.
  PROTRUSION, Prolapsus.
  PROTU'BERANCE, Protuberan'tia, Extu-
bera'tio, Prominen'tia, Excrescen'tia, Extube-
ran'tia. from  pro, ' before,' and tuber,' a pro-
jection.' (F.) Bosse.  A name given to  rough,
unequal protuberances, seen  at the surface of
certain organs; the parietal protuberances, occi-
pital protuberances, annular protuberances, Sac.
  Protuberance, Annular, Pons Varolii—p.
Cerebral, Medulla oblongata, Pons Varolii—p.
Cylindroide, Cornu ammonis.
  PROTUBERANTIA, Eminence—p.  Annu-
laris  Willisii,  Pons Varolii—p. Cylindrica,
Cornu ammonis.
  PROTUSOR, Detrusor urinre.
  PROULIMATE'SIS.   A word employed by
Forestus for hernia of the stomach.
  PROUNE,  Prunus domestica.
  PROVERBS, MEDICAL.   A proverbial ex-
pression frequently contains  sound sense in its
directions. In medicine, the greatest collection
is in the Regimen of Health of the School of Sa-
lemum, composed in the 11th century, by John
of Milan.   Yet, although good sense is often
inculcated, we frequently meet with the reverse.
  Most of the proverbs are hygienic.  The fol-
lowing are a few.
1.   Qu' aprhs  la soupe un coupe d' excellent vin
    Tire un icu de la poche du midecin.
2.   Surge  quintet, prande nond,  cana quintet,
    dormi nond, nee est morti vita prona.
3.  Nunquam recti corpus exerceri sine animo,
    neque animum sine corpore posse.
4.   Viande bien machie est a demi digirie.
5.   Optimum condimentum fames.
    Appetite is the best sauce.
6.   Plures occidit gula quam gladius.
7.  Early to bed and early to  rise,
   Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
8.  One man's meat's another man's poison.
9.  An ounce  of prevention  is better than a
    pound of cure.

  PROVERSIO, Anteversion.
  PROVINS,  MINERAL  WATERS OF.
Chalybeate springs in the department of Seine
et Marne, France, which contain carbonic acid
and iron.
  PROVOCATORIUS, Intercalary.
  PRUNA, Anthrax.
  PRUNE, Prunum.
  PRUNELLA, Angina pectoris, Aphthae, Cy-
nanche, Pupil.
  Prunel'la, P. vulga'ris,  Consol'ida minor,
Sym'phytum minus, Self-heal, Heal-all, Bugle,
(F.) Prunelle,  Brunelle; Family, Labiatss.
Sex. Syst.  Didynamia Gymnospermia.  This
plant  has been  recommended as an astringent,
in  hemorrhages and fluxes;  and, also, in gar- 
PRUNELLA SAL
706
PRUSSIAN BLUE
gles against aphthae, and in inflammation of the
fauces.
  PRUNELLA SAL, Potassae nitras fusus sul-
phatis paucillo mixtus.
  PRUNELLE, Prunella, Pupil.
  PRUNELLIER, Prunus spinosa.
  PRUNELLOE, Prunum Brignolense.
  PRUNES,  see  Prunum—p. Pulp of, Pruni
Pulpa.
  PRUNI PULPA, Pulp of prunes.  Take of
prunes a sufficient quantity,  soften them in the
vapour of boiling water, and having separated
the stones, beat  the remainder  in a marble
mortar  and press it through a hair-sieve.—
Ph. U. S.
  PRUNIER, Prunus domestica—p. Sauvage,
Prunus spinosa.
  PRUNUM.  A Plum, a Prune.  Three sorts
of plums have been  usually ranked  amongst
the articles of the materia  medica.   ].  The
Prunum Brignolen'se; the Brignole  plum or
Prunel'loe; from  Brignole in Provence.   It is
of a reddish-yellow colour; and  has a very
grateful, sweet, subacid taste.  2. The Prunum
Gal'licum, Prunum (Ph. [J.  S.), the French
Prune;  and 3. The Prunum Damasce'num or
Damson, Brab'ylon.  All these possess the same
general  qualities  as  the other summer  fruits.
They are emollient and laxative.
  Prunum Stellatum, Averrhoa carambola.
  PRUNUS  ARMENIACA.   The  A'pricot,
Apricock, Bericoc'ce, f?Eguiox*i/, Pracoc'ia, (F.)
Abricot.  Family, Rosaceae.  Sex. Syst. Icosan-
dria Monogynia.  The apricot, Melum Armenia-
eum, when ripe,  is  easily digested, and  con-
sidered  as a great delicacy.
  Prunus A'vium.—The Black Cherry  Tree,
Cer'asus  A'vium, (F.) Merisier.  The  fruit
is eaten; and a gum exudes from  the  tree, the
properties of which are similar to those of gum
Arabic.
  Prunus Capulin, (S.)  Capulies, grows in
the open fields of Peru ; and is cultivated in gar-
dens in  the towns.  The fruit is acid, and not
often eaten; but  on  account of its agreeable
odour  it is   used  in  making  Pucheros  de
flores; or with odoriferous flowers  to perfume
linen.—Tschudi.
  Prunus Cer'asus.   The Red Cherry  Tree;
(F.) Cirisier.  The fruit Cer'asum, Cera'sion,
has a pleasant, acidulous sweet flavour.   It is
wholesome. .
  Prunus Domes'tica.   The Plum or Damson
tree, Coccyme'lea, Proune, (F.) Pranier  ordi-
naire.   The  damson, when perfectly ripe, af-
fords a wholesome fruit for pies, tarts, &c.  It
is gently laxative.  See Prunum.
  Prunus Invi'tia.   The Bullace Plum Tree.
The fruit of this tree is used like the damson.
  Prunus  Lauro-Cer'asus,  Poison  Laurel,
Cherry   Laurel, Common Laurel, Lauro cer'-
asus, Cer'asus Lauro-Cer'asus, (F.)  Laurier-
cirise, L. amandier.   The leaves have a bit-
ter,  styptic taste, with the  flavour  of bitter
almonds.  The flowers have a similar flavour.
The powdered leaves, applied to  the nostrils,
excite sneezing.  The flavour of the leaves has
given occasion to their being employed in tarts,
custards, &c; but in large quantities they are
poisonous.   The  poisonous principle  is the
Prussic acid.  The distilled water, called Laurel-
water, is poisonous.   (See Poisons, Table of.)
  Prunus Padus, Padus, Cer'asus Padus, Cer'
asus  racemo'sus  sylves'tris,  Wild  cluster or
Bird Cherry Tree, (F.)  Cirisier a grappes,
Bois puant.   The bark of the tree  has a fra-
grant smell, and a bitter subastringent taste,
somewhat similar to that of bitter almonds.  It
has been recommended in  intermittents, &c. in
the form of decoction.   The berries have been
used in dysentery.
   Prunus Sebestina, Sebestina.
   Prunus  Spino'sa.  The Sloe Tree,  P. syl-
ves'tris, Agriococcime'lea, Agru'ua, Agrune'la,
(F.) Prunellier, Prunier sauvage.  The fruit__
the sloe—is  sometimes employed in gargles,
and was formerly much  used in hemorrhage,
owing to its  astringent properties.  The Aca'-
cia nostras, A. German'ica, Succus acaciae nos-
tra'tis, S. Germani'cae inspissa'tus, is obtained
from this.
   Prunus Sylvestris, P. Spinosa.
   Prunus Virginia'na, Cer'asus sero'tina, C.
Virginia'na,  Wild Cherry  Tree, (F.) Cirisier dt
Virginie.   The bark of this tree has been found
useful in intermittents.  The leaves are poison-
ous to certain animals, and the berries intoxi-
cate different  kinds of birds.   The  Indians
use the  bark  in the cure of syphilis.  It is bit-
ter and  astringent, and possesses some aroma-
tic warmth, and, likewise, a narcotic quality.
It is stimulant and tonic.  The leaves  contain
Prussic acid.   The distilled oil of the  bark is
very nearly  identical with  that of the bitter
almond. A  strong decoction  of the bark is
anthelmintic.
   VBJJB.VGO,Pruri'tus,Chris'ma; fxom prurio,
' I itch.'   This word is  often used synony-
mously with itching.   Willan and Bateman
use the  term  for a  genus of cutaneous dis-
eases,  the  characteristic  symptoms of which
are a severe  itching, accompanied by an erup-
tion of papulae of nearly the same colour as the
adjoining cuticle;  Cnesmos,  Scabies  papuli-
form'is, Exor'mia pruri'go.  It affects the whole
surface of  the skin,  under three varieties of
form ;—the P. mitis, P. formi'cans, P. seni'lis,
&c. as well as  some parts of the body, as the
P. pod'icis, and P. puden'di mulie'bris  seu Pu-
den'dagra pru'riens.
   Prurigo Pedicularis,  Phtheiriasis.
   PRURIT, Itching.
   PRURITUS, Gargale,  Itching, Prurigo.
   PRUSSIAN BLUE, Ferrum  Zoot'icum, P.
Bonis' sicum, F. Cy ano gena'turn, F. oxydula'-
tum hydrocyan'icum,  Ferri Ferrocy'anas, F.
Ferrocyanure'tum,  Borus'sias  Ferri,  Caru'-
leum Borus'sicum, C. Berolinen'sS, Prussia*
Ferri, Hydrocy'anas Ferri, Ferri Cyanure'tum,
Ferri percyan'idum, Trito-hydro-ferrocy'anatt
of iron, Ferrocyan'uret of iron, Ferro-prus'siat*
of iron, (F.) Bleu de Prusse.   In the Pharma-
copoeia of the United States, (1842) the pure
salt is directed to be made as follows: Ferri
Sulph.  giv.  acid sulph.  f.  giiiss, acid nitric.
f. gvj or q. s., potassii ferrocyanuret. givss,
aquae, Oij.   Dissolve the sulphate in a pint of
water,  and having added the sulphuric acid,
boil the solution.  Pour into it the nitric acid,
in small portions, boiling the liquid for a minute
or two after each addition, until it no longer
produces a dark colour;  then allow the liquid
to cool.  Dissolve  the ferrocyanuret of potas-
sium in the remainder of the water, and add
this solution gradually to the  first liquid, agi-
tating  the mixture  after each  addition;  then 
PSALIDIUM              707            PSOAS MAGNUS
 pour it  upon a filter.   Wash the precipitate
 with boiling water until  the washings  pass
 tasteless.  Lastly, dry and rub  into powder.
 This salt is chiefly used in the preparation of
 the hydrocyanic acid and the cyanuret of mer-
 cury.   It has been advised in the treatment of
 intermittents, and in epilepsy and scrophulosis.
 Externally,  it has  been applied  to  ill-condi-
 tioned ulcers,  (gj to gj, of cerate.)  Dose,
 four to six grains.
   PSALIDIUM, Fornix.
   PSAL1S, Fornix, Scissors.
   PSALTERIUM, Lyra.
   PSAMMA, see Gravel.
   PSAMMIS'MUS, Ammis'mus, Gammis'mus,
 fxom ipaitftog, 'sand;'  Arena'tio.  The appli-
 cation of sand to any part  of the body for the
 cure of disease.—Paulus.
   PSAMMODES,  Sabulous.
   PSAMMUS, see Gravel.
   PSELLIS'MUS, iptxxia-fAog, from xptXX^w,' I
 stutter.'  Imperfect or  depraved  state  of the
■ articulation.  A genus in the class Pneumatica;
 order Phonica, of Good.
   Psellismus Nasitas, Rhinophonia—p. Rho-
 tacismus, Rotacism.
   PSELLOTES, Balbuties.
   PSEUDAC'OE,  Pseudacoi'a,   Pseudecdi'a,
 from \f>evSt]g,' false,' and etKorj, ' audition.' Pseu-
 dacu'sis; False hearing.
   PSEUDACORUS, Iris pseudacorus.
   PSEUDASTHE'SIA,  Sensus  perver'sus,
 from yjfvStig, ' false,' and aia&avoftai,  ' I feel.'
 Parapsis illuso'ria, Pseu'daphe, Pseudaph'ia.
 Depraved feeling.  Imaginary sense  of touch
 or general feeling in organs that have no exis-
 tence.  Common to those  who have suffered
 amputation;  and in hypochondriacs and the in-
 sane.
   PSEUDALEI MORBI, Feigned diseases.
   PSEUDANGUSTURINUM, Brucine.  ,
   PSEUDAPHE, Pseudaesthesia.
   P SEUD ARTHROSIS, Pseudarticula'tio,
 Pseudartic'ulus;  Articula'tio notha seu artifi-
 da'lis, from  iptoSng, 'false,'  and tt^dqov,  'a
 joint.'   A false joint or articulation.
   PSEUDARTICULATIO, Pseudarthrosis.
   PSEUDECOIA, Pseudacoe.
   PSEUDENCEPH'ALUS, Paraceph'alus,
 from xpev5»g, 'false,' and eyxeipaXov, 'the ence-
 phalon.'   A monster whose cranium is open in
 its whole extent from before to behind, its base
 supporting a vascular tumour.—G. St. Hilaire.
   PSEUDO, False—p.  Asthma, Dyspnoea.
   PSEU DOBLEP'SIA, Pseudoblepsis, Pseudo-
 ra'sis, Suffu'sio oc'uli, from iptoS»g, ' false,' and
 (Sxtxptg, 'sight;' Pseudops'ia, Parop'sis  illu-
 so'ria, Suffu'sio, Phantas'ma,  False sight.   A
 generic name, used  by Cullen for perversion of
vision.   See Metamorphopsia.
   PSEUDOBLEPSIS, Paropsis.
   PSEUDOCARCINOMA  LABII, Cancer
aquaticus.
   PSEUDOCROUP, Asthma thymicum.
   PSEUDOCYESIS, Pregnancy, false—p. Cye-
sis molaris, Mole.
   PSEUDOENCEPHALITIS, Hydrencepha-
loid disease.
   PSEUDOGEU'SIA,  Pseudogeu'sis, Pseudo-
geus'tia, from ipt^Siig,' false,' and yevcig,' taste.'
Hallucina'tio gustus.  False taste.
   PSEUDOGEUSTIA, Pseudogeusia.
   PSEUDOLI'EN, Pseudosplen.  Glands situ-
 ate in the neighbourhood of the spleen; proba-
 bly, lymphatic glands.
   PSEUDOMEC HO AC AN A, Convolvulus
 panduratus.
   PSEUDOMEDICUS, Charlatan—^. Mem-
 brane, Membrane, false — p.  Meninx, Mem-
 brane, false—p. Metamorphosis polyposa, Poly-
 pus.
   PSEUDOMEMBRANA, Membrane, false.
   PSEUDOPERIPNEUMQNIA, Peripneumo-
 nia notha.
   PSEUDOPHLOGOSIS VENTRICULI RE-
 SOLUTIVA ET COLLIQUATIVA, Gastro-
 malacia.
   PSEUDOPHTHI'SIS. False phthisis. Ema-
 ciation occasioned by other cause than organic
 lesion of the lungs.
   PSEUDOPL AS'MATA.from i^hoSh, ' false,'
 and ttXmow, ' I form.'  A term applied to ma-
 lignant heterologous tumours.—Vogel.
   PSEUDOPLEURITIS, Pleurodynia—p.
 Polypi, see Polypi—p. Pyrethrum, Achillea
 ptarmica—p. Spleen, Pseudolien.
   PSEUDOPNEUMONI A, Peripneumonia no-
 tha.
   PSEUDOPNEUMONITIS,  Peripneumonia
 notha.
   PSEUDOPSIA, Pseudoblepsia.
   PSEUDORASIS, Pseudoblepsia.
   PSEUDOREX'IA, Pseudorex'is;  from ipsv-
 Stu,' false,' and cgt£ig,' appetite.' False appetite.
   PSEUDOS'MIA, Pseudosphre'sia, Pseudos-
phre'sis, from xpevSrjg,  ' false,' and oo-pv, ' smell.'
 False sense of smell.
   PSEUDOSPHRESIA, Pseudosmia.
   PSEUDOSYPHILIS, Syphilis pseudosyphi-
 lis.
   PSEUDOTHANATOS, Asphyxia.
   PSEUDOVARIOLA, Varicella.
   PSEUDYMEN, Membrane,  false.
   PSIDIUM POMIF'ERUM.  The Apple Gua-
 va, Guava, Guayava.  This plant and P. Pyrifi-
 erum bear fruits; those of the  former like ap-
 ples,—of the latter like pears.  The  apple kind
 has an acid flavour, the other is sweet.  Of the
 inner pulp of either,  the natives of the Indies
 make jellies; and, of the outer rind, tarts, mar-
 malades, &c.   They are somewhat astringent;
 this quality, indeed, exists in every part of the
 tree, and abundantly in the  leaf buds, which are
 occasionally boiled with barley and liquorice as
 an excellent drink in diarrhcea.  A simple de-
 coction of the leaves  is said to  be useful in the
 itch and most cutaneous eruptions.
   PSILOSIS, Depilation.
   PSILOTHRUM, Bryonia alba, Depilatory.
   PSIMMYTHON, Plumbi subcarbonas.
   PSOA, Dysodia.
   PSOA, Psoia, Psya, Lumbi, ' the  loins,'
 Alop'eces, Nephrome'trx, Neurome'tres.  The
 psore muscles.
   PSOAS MAGNUS,P*oa* seulumba'ris inter'-
nus, Pri-lombo-trochantin, Pri-lombo-trochan-
tinien (Ch.,)  Femur moven'tium sextus.   A
muscle, seated on the lateral parts of the lum-
bar portion of the vertebral column;  and pass-
ing down to the superior and anterior part of
the thigh.   It is long; fusiform; and attached,
above, to the body and  transverse processes of
the first four lumbar vertebrae, and last dorsal,
Below, it  terminates, by a very thick tendon,
common to it  and the  iliacus muscle,—which is
inserted into the top of the lesser trochanter. 
PSODYMUS
708
PSYCHROPHOBIA
 This muscle bends the thigh upon the pelvis,
 and carries it  in rotation  outwards.   It may,
 also, bend the pelvis on the thigh, and the loins
 on the pelvis.  It acts  considerably in station
 and progression.
  Psoas Parvus, Pr'e-lombo-pubien, (Ch.)  A
 muscle situate anteriorly to the last.  It is
 long, thin, flat, and narrow;  and is attached,
 above, to the body of the last dorsal vertebra,
 and below, to the linea ileo-pectinea, by means
 of a slender tendon, which furnishes two expan-
 sions—one  to  the Iliac aponeurosis,  and the
 other to the pelvis.  This muscle bends the ver-
 tebral column on the pelvis; and, reciprocally,
 the pelvis on the vertebral column.
  PSODYMUS, Gastrodidymus.
  PSOIA, Psoae.
  PSOITE, Psoitis.
  PSOI'TIS,   Inflammatio mus'culi,   Psoas,
 Lumba'go  inflammato'ria  spasmod'ica,  (F.)
 Pso'ite, Inflammation du muscle Psoas.  From
 ^0*1,'the loins,' and itis, denoting inflammation.
 Inflammation of the psoas muscles and of the
 parts situate before  the  lumbar vertebrae: ac-
 companied, from  its commencement, by consi-
 derable fever, violent pains in the part  affected
 and in the thigh of the same side, which remains
 commonly half bent.   Psoitis may terminate
 by suppuration, and form lumbar abscess.
  PSOLE, xfju)xv, 'the male  organ:' also,  the
 glans when uncovered.
  PSOLON, Membrosus.
  PSOLON'CUS,  from  xpwXr,, and oyxog, 'a
 tumour.'  Swelling of the glans, or of the penis
 generally.
  PSOLUS, from yjoXt].   One who has the glans
 uncovered.  One who has been circumcised.
  PSOPHOMETER, Stethoscope.
  PSOPHOS, ipoifog, 'a noise.'  A loud noise;
 a hollow sound.
  PSORA, from ipwo),' I touch, I feel.' Sca'bies,
 Phlysis  Scabies,  Ecpye'sis scabies,  Scabiola,
 Itch, Scratch,  (F.)  Gale, Mai  Saint-Main,
 Rogne.  A contagious eruption of very minute
 pimples—pustular,  vesicular, papular, inter-
 mixed, and alternating, itching intolerably and
 terminating in scabs.  It seems to be connected
 with an insect of  the genus Acarus ;—the  Ac'-
 orus seu Sarcop'tes seu Sarco])'tus seu Phthi'rium
 Scabiei, Ac'arus Ciro, (F.) Ciron.  The  itch
 occupies, particularly, the spaces between  the
 fingers, the back of the  hands, wrists, elbows,
 axillae, groins, hams, &c, and rarely affects the
 face.  The best applications, for its cure,  are,
 —the Unguentum Sulphuris or Ung.  Sulph.
 comp. night  and morning;  but the unpleasant
 smell of the sulphur has given occasion to  the
 use of other means;—as the  White Hellebore,
 Potass in deliquescence, Muriate of Ammonia,
 Sulphuric Acid, &c.  The repugnance to  the
 smell of sulphur ought not, however, to be re-
 garded; especially as, in the  course of four or
 five  days, it will, in almost all cases, produce
 a perfect cure.
  Psora Agria, Psoriasis inveterata—p.  Le-
 prosa, Psoriasis—p. Squamosa, Psoriasis.
  PSORA'LEAGLA-NDVLO'SA,Alvaquill'a.
Family, Leguminosae.   Sex.  Syst. Diadelphia
 Decandria.  A  shrub, used in Chili as a vulne-
rary.
  Psora'lea Pentaphyl'la,  Psora'lia, Con-
trayer'va nova, Mex'ican Contrayer'va.  The
 root is little, if at all, inferior to the  contra-
yerva in its medical properties; which, by the
by, are unimportant.
   PSORALIA, Psoralea pentaphylla.
   PSORENTERIA, Cholera.
   PSORI'ASIS, formerly,  the  state of being
affected with v^cooa. Lepido'sis psori'asis, Serpe'-
do, Serpi'go,Impeti'go (of some), Sca'bies sic'ca,
S. feri'na, Psora lepro'sa, P. squamo'sa, Scaly
Tetter, Dry Scale, Dry Scall, (F.) Dartre squa-
meuse lichenoide, D. icailleuse, Gratelle, Gale
miliare, G. canine  ou seche.  A cutaneous af-
fection, consisting of patches of rough, amor-
phous scales; continuous or of indeterminate
outline:  skin often chappy.  Psoriasis occurs
under a considerable variety of forms.   The
surface, under the scales, is more tender and
irritable than in lepra, which psoriasis, in some
respects,  resembles.   Dr.  Willan  has  given
names to eleven varieties of psoriasis: the chief
of which are the Psoriasis gutta'ta, P. diffu'sa
(one  form of which is  the Baker's Itch, and
Grocer's Itch, and another the Washerwoman's
Scall,) the P. gyra'ta, and  P.  invetera'ta seu
Psora a'gria.  The treatment of psoriasis must
be antiphlogistic, with the  internal  use of the
fixed alkalies, sulphur, &c.  The irritable kinds
do better without any local  application.   The
more  local  and less inflammatory are amelio-
rated  by emollient and  soothing applications;
or by slightly stimulating means, sea-bathing,
the Ung. hydrarg. nitrico-oxyd., Ung.  oxidi
zinci, &c.
   PSO'RICUS.  That which has the nature of
itch.  A medicine for curing the itch.
  PSOROPHTHALMIA, Ophthalmia tarsi.
  PSYjE, Psoas.
  PSYCHAGOGA, Psychagogica.
  PSYCHAGO'GICAjP^ycA^o^fromy^i;,
' life,'  ' soul,'  and ayw, ' I  lead.'   Medicines
which resuscitate, when life seems extinct; as
in syncope and apoplexy.
  PSYCHE, Anima.
  PSYCHIATRI'A, from ipvXv,  'mind,' and
taxpeia, 'healing.'  Treatment of diseases of
the mind.
  PSY'CHICAL;   Psy'chicus,  from  yvxn,
'mind.'  That which relates to the mind or
mental endowments.
  PSYCHOLOGY, Psycholog"ia, from Mrv/rj,
'mind,' and Xoyog, 'discourse.'  A treatise on
the intellectual and moral faculties.   Also, the
intellectual and moral faculties or sphere.
   PSYCHONOSOL'OGY,   Psychonosolog"ia,
from ipv/n,' mind,' voong,' disease,' and Xoyog,
'a description.'  The doctrine of, or a treatise
on, diseases of the mind.
  PSYCUOR'AGFS,Agoni'zans,Moribun;dus,
Mor'ibund, from ipv<%r\, ' mind,' and fctyt],' rup-
ture.'  Dying.  In Articulo Mortis.
  PSYCHORAGIA, Agony, Death.
  PSYCHORRHAGIA, Agony, Death.
  PSYCHOS, Cold.
  PSYCHO'SESjfrom^u^, 'mind.'  Neuroses
of the intellect.  Diseases of the mind.
  PSYCHOTICA, Analeptica.
  PSYCHOTRIA,  Analeptica—p.   Emetica,
Ipecacuanha.
  PSYCHOTROPHUM, Betonica officinalis.
  PSYCHROLU'SIA,  Psychrolu'tron,   from
xpv/gog,' cold,' and Xovoj, ' I wash.' A cold bath.
  PSYCHROPHOBTAJrom^t/^oc, 'cold,' and
tpo(iog,c fear.'  Dread of cold, especially of cold
water.  Impressibility to cold. 
PSYCHTICA
709
PTERYGOID
  PSYCHTICA, Refrigerants.
  PSYDRA'CIA, quasi, ifjvxqa 'vdpaxia, ' cold
drops.'   The ancients  sometimes  used this
term for pimples; at others, for vesicles.  Wil-
lan and Bateman define Psydracium  to be, a
small pustule, often irregularly circumscribed,
producing but a slight elevation of the cuticle,
and terminating  in a laminated scab.   Many of
the psydracia usually appear together, and be-
come confluent;  and, after the discharge of pus,
they pour out a thin, watery humour; which
frequently  forms  an  irregular  incrustation.
Frank limits the term to a psoriform eruption,
which differs from itch in not originating from
an insect, and which is not contagious;—per-
haps the lichen.   Authors have differed regard-
ing its acceptation.
  Psydracia Acne, Acne.
  PSYLLIUM,  Plantago psyllium.
  PTARMICA, Achillea ptarmica—p. Monta-
na, Arnica montana.
  PTARMICUM, Errhine, Sternutatory.
  PTARMOS, Sneezing.
  PTELEA, Ulmus.
  PTERIGO-STAPHYLINUS  INTERNUS,
Levator palati—p. Syndesmo-staphyli-pharyn-
gien, Constrictor pharyngis.
   PTERIS, Polypodium filix mas.
   Pteris Aquili'na, 'Eagles' Wings,' so called
from its leaves.  Pter'ia,  Thelyp'teris, Filix
Nympha'a, Common  Brake or Female Fern;
Filix fa'mina, (F.) Fougere femelle, La grande
Fougdre.  Nat.  Ord. Filices.  The root is con-
sidered to  be anthelmintic;  and as efficacious
as that of the male fern in cases of tape-worm.
   PTERNA, Calcaneum.
   PTERNIUM, Calcaneum.
   PTERNOBATES,  Calcigradus.
   PTEROCARPUS ERINACEA, see Kino—
p. Sandalinus, P. Santalinus.
   Pterocar'pus Santali'nus, P. Sandali'nvs,
San'talum seu San'dalum Rubrum, Red San-
ders or Saunders Tree.   Family, Leguminosae.
Sex. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria.  Red Saun-
ders  wood, San'talum (Ph. U.  S.,)  Lignum
sandali'num is used only as a colouring matter:
it gives to rectified spirit a fine deep red.  The
juice of this tree, like that of P. Draco, affords
a species of Dragon's blood.
   PTEROS'PORA ANDROMEDEA, Scaly
Dragon claw, Dragon root, Fever root, Albany
beech-drop.   An indigenous plant,  Nat. Ord.
Monotropeae, Sex. Syst. Decandria Monogynia;
—found in the state of New York, which blos-
soms in  July.   The root has been regarded as
an anthelmintic, diuretic, emmenagogue, &c:
but it is not used.
   PTERYG'ION, PTeryg'ium, Ala, from nrsq v$,
' a wing.'   A small wing.   Onyx, Pyo'sis, Un-
guis, (F.)  Drapeau, Onglet.   A varicose  ex-
crescence of the conjunctiva, of a triangular
shape, and commonly occurring at the  inner
angle of the eye;  whence it extends  over  the
cornea.  Sometimes two or three pterygia oc-
cur on the same eye, and cover the whole cor-
nea  with  a thick veil, which totally  prevents
vision.  According to Scarpa, the ancients gave
the name Pannic'ulus to this last complication.
If the pterygion cannot be dispelled by means
of discutient collyria, it must be removed by
th« scissors.
  PTERYGIUM, Pterygion, Scapula—p. Lar-
daceum, Pinguecula—p. Pingue, Pinguecula.
  PTERYGO-ANGULI-M AXILLAIRE, Pte-
rygoideus internus—p. Colli-maxillaire, Ptery-
goideus externus—p. Maxillaire, grand, Ptery-
goideus internus—p.  Maxillaire, petit, Ptery-
goideus externus—p.  Palatine canal, Pterygoid
canal—p. Pharyngeus, Constrictor pharyngis—
p. Staphylinus, Circumflexus.
  PTER'YGO-PAL'ATINE, Pterygo-palati'-
nus.   That which belongs  to the pterygoid
process and palate.
  Pterygo-Palatine Artery or Superior pha-
ryngeal is a very small artery, and  is given off
by the internal maxillary at the bottom of the
zygomatic fossa: after having passed through
the pterygo-palatine canal, it  is distributed  to
the superior part of the  pharynx, the sphenoid
bone, and the Eustachian tube.
  Pterygo-Palatine Canal.  A small canal,
formed by the internal ala of the pterygoid pro-
cess, and the palate bone.  It gives passage to
the vessels of the same name.
  PTERYGODES, Alatus.
  PTERYGOID, Pterygoi'des, Pterygoideus,
Alifor'mis; from mtovi, 'awing,' and tidoc,
' form.'  A name given to two processes at the
inferior surface of the sphenoid bone; the two
lamina; which form them having been compared
to wings.  These alae or wings or processes,—
Proces'sus a/iform'es,—have been distinguished,
according to  their position, into internal and
external.
  Pterygoid Artery,Vidian Artery,Ram'ulus
Ductus  Pterygoidei, Arte'ria pharynge'a su-
pre'ma, arises from the internal maxillary artery,
at the bottom of the zygomatic fossa, and enters
the pterygoid canal with the nerve  of the same
name, to proceed to be distributed  on  the Eu-
stachian  tribe  and  velum palati.   The name,
pterygoid arteries, is  likewise given to the
branches, which the  internal maxillary and
some of  its divisions, as the meningea media,
and  posterior  temporalis profunda, furnish  to
the pterygoid muscles, behind the  neck of the
lower jaw.
  Pterygoid Bone, Sphenoid.
  Pterygoid  Canal,  Vid'ian canal, Ductue
pterygoideus, Cana'lis Vidia'nus, (F.) Conduit
ptirygo'idien ou Vidien, Pterygo-palatine canal,
is a  narrow channel,  which traverses, in a di-
rection from  before to behind, the  base of the
pterygoid process, and gives passage to  the
pterygoid nerve.   The foramina of the sphe-
noid, which terminate th'e canals, have the same
epithets applied to them.
   Pterygoid  Fossa,  Fossa Pterygoidea, (F.)
Fosse ptirygoidienne  ou ptirygolde,  is the de-
pression which separates the two  laminae  or
alae of the pterygoid process.
   Pterygoid Mus'cles, Ala'res mus'culi, Ali-
form'es mus'culi, are two in number.  1. The
Pterygoideus externus. P. minor, (F.) Ptirygo-
colli-maxillaire, Petit Ptirygo-maxillaire (Ch.)
Petit ptirygo'idien, Ptirygo'idien externe, is a
thick, short muscle, which arises, by short apo-
neuroses, from the outer surface of the external
ala of the pterygoid process, and from the outer
surface of the great ala of the sphenoid bone;
and is inserted at the anterior part  of the neck
of the lower  jaw-bone, and the corresponding
part of the inter-articular fibro-cartilage.   This
muscle draws  the condyle of the lower jaw and 
PTERYGOIDIEN           710           PUBIO-COCCYGIEN
the inter-articular ligament forwards.  It car-
ries the chin forwards, and to the opposite side.
If the two external pterygoids act together, the
jaw is carried directly forwards.  2.  The Pte-
rygoideus internus, P. major, Masse'ter intern'-
us, Latens in Ore, (F.) Grand Ptirygo-maxil-
laire, Ptery go-anguli maxillaire, Grand Ptiry-
To'idien ou Ptirygo'idien interne. A thick, quad-
rilateral  muscle,  which is attached  by short
and very strong aponeuroses; above, to the pte-
rygoid fossa, whence it proceeds downwards,
backwards, and outwards, to  be inserted into
the inner surface of the ramus of the lower jaw,
near its angle.  This muscle  raises the  lower
jaw, and carries it  a little forwards. It also
performs the grinding motion.
   Pterygoid Nerves.   These are two in num-
ber,  i.  The Pterygoid or Vid'ian Nerve.  It
arises from  the posterior  part  of the spheno-
palatine ganglion; traverses the Vidian canal
of the sphenoid; and, beyond, divides into two
filaments.  1. A superior or cranial, Nervus sn-
perficia'lis sive petro 'sus, which ascends into the
cranium, and enters the hiatus of Fallopius to
unite with the facial nerve.  2. An inferior ox
carotid, Nervus profundus sive major, which
traverses the carotid canal, and unites with the
ascending branches of the superior cervical gan-
glion of  the trisplanchnic. n. The Pterygoid
Nerve, properly so called, Nervus musculi ptery-
goidei, is given off by  the inferior maxillary
branch of the 5th pair.
   PTERYGOIDIEN GRAND ou IN-
 TERNE, Pterygoideus internus—p.  Externe,
Pterygoideus externus—^. Petit, Pterygoideus
externus.
   PTERYGO'MA.  Same etymon.   Awing;
a projecting or pendulous body.  A  swelling
of the vulva, which prevents  coition.—M. A.
Severinus.                       '*
   PTERYX, Ala.
   PTILOSIS, Deplumatio, Madarosis.
   PTISAN A,  Tisane—p. Communis, Decoc-
tum hordei compositum—p. Hippocratica, De-
 coctum hordei.
   PTISSANA, Tisane.
   PTOCHIA'TER, Ptochia'trus, same etymon
as the next.  A physician to the poor, or to an
establishment for the poor.
   PTOCHIATRI'A, from nrwXog, ' poor,' and
larqtia, ' healing.'  Practice amongst the poor.
 Also,  an institution for the  treatment  of the
 diseases of the poor.
   PTOCHOCOMI'UM, from mwyog, 'a poor
 person,' and xuutv, ' I take care of;' Ptocho-
 dochi'um, Ptochotrophe'um.   An almshouse.
   PTOCHODOCHIUM, Ptochocomium.
   PTOCHOTROPHEUM, Ptochocomium.
   PTOMA, Cadaver.
   PTOSIS, Prolapsus—p. Bulbi oculi, Exoph-
thalmia.
   Ptosis Ir'idis, Iridoce'le,  Her'nia lr'idis,
Iridopto'sis, Prolap'sus Iridis, from nrcooig,
' a falling.'   A prolapsus of the iris through a
 wound of the cornea.   It is known by a black-
 ish  tubercle, which projects a little  from  the
 cornea in various forms.
   Ptosis Palpebr*, Blepharoptosis.
   PTYALAGOGUE, Sialogogue.
   PTYALIN, see Saliva.
   PTYALISM, Salivation.
   PTYALISME MERCURIEL, Salivation,
 mercurial.
  PTYALISMUS, Salivation—p. Acutus mel-
litus, see Salivation—p. Acutus sympatheticus,
see Salivation—p. Hydrargyratus,  Salivation,
mercurial—p. Iners, Slavering—p. Mercurialis,
Salivation, mercurial—p. Pyrosicus, Pyrosis.
  PTYALOGOGUE, Sialogogue.
  PTYALON, Saliva.
  PTYASMAGOGUE,   Expectorant,  Sialo-
gogue.
  PTYELON, Saliva, Sputum.
  PTYSIS, Exspuition.
  PTYSMA, Exspuition.
  PTYSMATIS'CHE SI S, Ptysmatos'chesis,
from rrrwr/jcu, ' sputum,'and (o-^sir,' to retain.'
Suppression of pulmonary expectoration.
  PTYSMATOSCHESIS, Ptysmatischesis.
  PUANTEUR, Dysodia.
  PUBENS,  Ephebus.
  PUBER, Ephebus.
  PUBERE, Ephebus.
  PUBERTAS, Ephebia.
  PU'BERTY,  Pubertas,   Hebe,  Pubes,
Aphrodi'sia,  Ephebi'a,   Epheb'ia, Ephe'botes,
Ephebo'synS, Pubes'cence, from pubescere, 'to
begin to  have  hair on  the chin  and  sexual
organs.'   The period of life at which young
people of both sexes are pubes'cent or nubile.
According to the  civil  law puberty occurs at
12  years in  females, and  14  in males.  The
period, however, varies somewhat  in different
climates,  and in different  individuals  of  the
same climate.
  PUBES, Epis'chion, Epicten'ion, Cteis, Pec-
ten ; the  Pubic  region.  Same etymon.  The
middle part of the hypogastric region; so call-
ed, because it is covered with hair, in both
sexes, at the period of  puberty.  The hair is
also called Pubes, Lanu'go Pudendo'rum; and,
of old, pubertas signified the same.
   Pubes, Puberty.
   PUBESCENCE, Puberty.
   PUBESCENT, see Puberty.
   PUBIAUS, Pubic.
   PUBIC, Pu'bian, Pu'bicus,  Pubia'us, (F.)
Pubien.   That which  belongs to  or concerns
the pubis.
   Pubic Arch or Arch  of  the Pubis, (F.) Ar-
cade pubienne.   The arch at the anterior part
of the inferior circumference of the  pelvis.  It
is  more  expanded in  the  female  than in the
male;  to correspond with  the additional func-
tions which she  has to execute.
   Pubic Articula'tion, or Sym'physis Pubis,
results  from the  junction of the ossa  pubis.
The medium of union is cartilage.
   Pubic Lig'aments are two very solid, fibrous
fasciae, situate before and beneath the symphy-
sis pubis, which they strengthen.  The one is
called the anterior pubic ligament ; the other
the inferior or subpubic.
   Pubic Region, Re'gio Pubis. The region of
the pubes.
   PUBIEN, Pubic.
   P UBIO-C 0 C CYGIEN-ANNULA1RE,
 Pubio-coccyge'us annularis.  Dumas gave this
name to  the levator ani and ischio-coccygeus,
which he considers a single muscle.
   PUBIO - COCCYGIEN- ANNULALKE,
 Levator Ani—p. Femoral, Pectinalis—p.Femo-
 ralis, Adductor longus femoris—p.  Ombilical,
 Pyramidalis abdominis—p. Prostatieus,  Com-
 pressor prostatas—p. Sous-ombilical, Pyramida-
I lis abdominis—p. Sternal, Rectus abdominis. 
PUBIS, OS
711
PULMO
   PUBIS, OS, Episei'on, Episi'on, Epis'chion,
 Share Bone, Os Pec'tinis. The anterior part of
 the os innominatum; so called because it cor-
 responds to  the genital organs and pubic region.
 1 he angle of the pubis  is formed by the  union
 of the body and rami of each side.
   PLTB'L1CA  PARTES.  Those organs are
 so called, the object of whose functions  is the
 nutrition  of all the  others.  Such are the diges-
 tive and respiratory organs.
   P U C COON,  Sanguinaria Canadensis—p.
 Red, Sanguinaria Canadensis—p. Yellow, Hy-
 drastis Canadensis.
   PUCE, Pulex irritans—p. Maligne, see An-
 thrax—^. Pinitrante, Chique.
   PUDDING-GRASS, Mentha pulegium.
   PUDENDA, Genital organs.
   PUDEND'AGRA.  A  hybrid word; from
 pudenda, (pudere,  ' to be ashamed,')  ' the geni-
 tal organs,'  and the  Greek ayqa,' a seizure.' Ac-
 cording to  some,  this term means pain in the
 genital parts: Dolor pudendo'rum, Men'tulagra,
 JEdaodyn'ia; according to others, it is synony-
 mous with  syphilis.
   Pudendagra  Pruriens,  Prurigo  pudendi
 muliebris.
   PUDENDAL   HERNIA.   Hernia,  which
 descends  between the vagina and ramus ischii,
 and  forms  an oblong tumour in the labium;
 traceable in the pelvis, as far as the os uteri.
   PUDENDUM, FEMALE, Vulva—p. Mulie-
 bre, Vulva.
   PUDENDUS, Pudic.
   PUDIC,  Pudi'cus,  Piulm'dus, (F.)  Hon-
 teux.   Same  etymon.   That  which  causes
 shame.  A  naT.e given to the  genital organs
 as well as to different other parts.
   Pudic  Arteries are distributed to  the or-
 gans of generation.   They are,— 1.   The inter-
 nal  Pudic,  Arteria Pudi'ca, A. puden'da com-
 mu'nis, (F.) Artere honteuse interne, A. Sous-
 pubienne (Ch.), Gen'ital Ar'tery.  It is furnished
 by the  hypogastric,  and  divides   into  two
 branches; the one—the  inferior ox perineal—
 which gives off the inferior hemorrhoidal and
 the artery of  the septum; and  the other—the
 superior,  (F.) Ischiopinienne—which furnishes
 the transverse perineal artery, and divides into
 two  branches; the  artery of the corpus caver-
 nosum, and the dorsalis penis.   This latter,  in
 the female,  has the name Dorsa'lis Clitor'idis.
 2. The external Pudic Arteries,(F.) Arteres scro-
 tales ou vulvaires (Ch.,) A. honteuses externes,
 which are two in number.  The one is superficial
 or subcutaneous, and the other deep-seated or sub-
 aponeurotic.  They are  given off from the fe-
 moral artery or some one of  its branches; and
 are distributed to the external parts of genera-
 tion.
  Pudic Nerve, (F.) Nerf honteux, Nerf is-
 rhiopenien ou Ischio-clitorien (Ch.) is a branch
 furnished  by the sacral plexus, which is distri-
 buted to the genital organs ; and especially, to
 Ihe penis in  man, and the clitoris in the female.
  PU'ERILE, Pueri'lis, from puer,' a child.'
 (F.)  Respiration puirile, R. exag'eree, R. sup-
 plementaire,  R. hypervisiculaire.  A  term ap-
 plied to the respiration when it is heard loud
 through the  stethoscope, as in healthy children.
  PUERILITAS, Dementia of the aged.
  PUERITIA, see  Age.
  PUER'PERA, from puer, (a child,' and pa-
rere,  'to bring forth.' Tokas, Lochos, Enix'a,
 Lecho,  a lying-in woman,  (F.)  Femme en
 Couche, Accouchie.  A female  in  child-bed.
 One recently delivered.
  PUER'PERAL,Pwwjper<z'/j,s; fxoxa puer per a.
 Relating to parturition and its consequences.
   Puerperal Convulsions,  Eclampsia gravi-
 darum et parturientium.
   Puer'peral  Fever.   Any fever occurring
 during  the  puerperal state—Febiis Puerpera'-
 rum, Lechop'yra,  Lo chio calii'tis, Lochiop'yra,
 Child-bed  fever.  Most  commonly restricted
 to a malignant variety of Peritonitis.
   PUERPERIUM, Child-bed state.
   PUFF-BALL,  Lycoperdon,  Leontodon ta-
 raxacum.
   PUF'FLNESS, from (D.)p o f f e n,' to blow:'
 Infla'tio,  Sufilu'tio;  Tumefac'tio mollis,  (F.)
 Bouffissure, Boursouflure.   A  soft  intume-
 scence, without redness, which may be partial
 or general, and be produced by accumulation of
 serous fluid, extravasation of blood,  effusion of
 air into the subcutaneous cellular  tissue, &c.
 Puffiness is most frequently seen in the face and
 legs; and sometimes appears around a wound.
   PUGIL'LUS, Drax, Dra'chion, fxompugnus,
 'the  fist.'  Dragma, Dragmis,  (F.)  Pincie.
 The quantity of any substance, which  may be
 taken with the end  of two  or three  fingers.
 The eighth part  of a handful.
   PUKE, Emetic.
   PUKE WEED, Lobelia inflata.
   PUKING, Vomiting,  Regurgitation.
   PULEGIUM, Mentha pulegium—p. Cervi-
 num, Mentha cervina.
   PULEX  IRRITANS,  The common  flea.
 (F.)  Puce.  A parasitic insect found  on the
 bodies of man and animals.
   Pulex Penetrans, Chique.
   PULICA'RIS, Pulicula'ris,  from pulex, 'a
 gnat.'   An  epithet given to cutaneous eruptions
 resembling  gnat-bites;—and, also,  to the dis-
 eases in which such eruptions occur.
   Pulicaris Herba, Plantago psyllium.
   PtJLLNA,  MINERAL WATERS  OF.
 These Bohemian springs contain  sulphates of
 soda and magnesia, and chloride of magnesium.
  PULMO, Pulmo'nes, by transposition of the
 letter I fxom pleumon, rrxn juwr; Pneumon, Pleu-
 mon, Spiramen'turn an'imce, Ergaste'rion spir'-
 itus,  Flabell'um et ventila'brum  cordis,  the
 Lung.   The  essential  organ  of respiration,
 which is double, and  occupies the two  sides of
 the chest.   The lungs, which are of a spongy,
 soft, flexible, compressible, and dilatable struc-
 ture, fill exactly the two cavities of the  thorax,
 and  are separated from each other by the  me-
 diastinum and the heart.  The right lung, which
 is shorter and broader than the left, is divided,
 by  two  oblique fissures,  into  -three unequal
 lobes, Lobi seu Aix pulmo'num.   The left has
 only two lobes, and consequently only  one fis-
 sure. At the internal surface of those  organs,
 which is slightly concave,  there  is,  about the
 middle,  a pedicle, formed by the bronchia and
 pulmonary vessels, and called,  by anatomists,
 the root of the lungs, (F.) Racine des Poumons.
 Essentially, the lungs  are composed  of  prolon-
gations and ramifications of the bronchia, and of
 the pulmonary arteries and veins,—the  divi-
sions of which are supported by a  fine, cellular
tissue.
  When the surface of the lungs is examined in 
PULMONAIRE DES FRANCAIS    712                 PULSE
a clear light, we may see, even through the
pleura, that their parenchyma is formed by the
aggregation of a multitude of small vesicles, of
an irregularly spheroid or ovoid shape, full of
air, and separated by white  and opake septa.
These vesicles are called air-cells, Spiramen'ta
seu  Spiram'ina  seu  CelVula   Pulmo'num.
Along  the partitions or septa is deposited, in
greater or less  quantity, the black pulmonary
matter, (F.) Matiere  pulmonaire noire,  as it
has  been  called, which seems  to  be natural.
Sometimes it is seen in points; at others, in
spots. The colour of the lungs varies according
to age and other circumstances.  In youth, it
is more red; and afterwards, grayish or bluish;
often, as if marbled.   The pleura pulmonalis is
their investing  membrane.   The air is carried
to the lungs by means of  the trachea and
bronchia.   The  black venous blood, which re-
quires oxygenation, is conveyed  to  them from
the heart,  by the pulmonary artery ; and when
it has  undergone this change, it is returned to
the heart by the pulmonary veins.   The blood-
vessels inservient to the nutrition of the lungs,
are the bronchial arteries and veins.  The pul-
monary lymphatics are very numerous.  Some
are superficial; others, deep-seated.  They pass,
for the most part, into the bronchial ganglions
or glands.  The nerves are  furnished by the
pulmonary plexus.
   PULMONAIRE DES  FRANCAIS, Hie-
racium murorum.
   PULMONA'RIA, P., officina'lis, P. Macu-
la'ta, P. Maeulo'sa,' Lungwort, Spotted Lung-
wort, Jeru'salem Cowslip,  Jerusalem  Sage,
Spotted Comfrey, (F.) Sauge  de  Jerusalem.
Family,   Boragineae.   Sex. Syst.  Pentandria
Monogynia.  The leaves of this plant have been
used as demulcents and pectorals ;  partly from
their resemblance  to lungs; and,  partly, be-
cause  they manifest  a slightly mucilaginous
taste.  The plant is not worthy of notice.
   Pulmonaria, Pneumonia—p. Arborea, Li-
chen pulmonarius—p. Gallica, Hieracium mu-
rorum.
   PUL'MONARY, Pulmona'ris, Pulmona'lis.
That which relates or belongs to the lungs.  A
name given to various parts.
   Pulmonary  Artery, Arte'ria pulmona'ris,
Vena arterio'sa, arises from the  upper and left
part of the right ventricle of the heart; whence
it passes obliquely upwards and to the leftside;
dividing into two trunks, opposite  the second
dorsal vertebra—one passing to each lung.  At
its origin, it is furnished with three sigmoid or
semilunar valves.   It carries the blood  to the
lungs for aeration.
   Pulmonary Matter, Black, see Pulmo.
   Pulmonary Plexus, Plexus pulmona'ris. A
considerable irervous network,  situate behind
the  bronchia, which is formed by the filaments
of the pneumogastric  nerve or par  vagum, and
by other  filaments from  the  inferior cervical
ganglion  and  the first thoracic ganglia.  This
plexus forms a kind of areolar web, with nu-
merous meshes of different sizes, in which ves-
sels are  lodged, surrounded by much cellular
tissue.    This  plexus sends filaments  to  the
bronchia, which they accompany to their  ex-
tremities.
   Pulmonary  Veins, Vena pulmona'res, Ar-
te'ria veno'sa.  These arise in  the lungs from
the final  terminations of the arteries of the
same  name;  collect  in  ramusculi and rami of
greater and greater size, and ultimately unite
in four trunks; two of which issue from  each
lung to open into the  left auricle of  the heart.
The pulmonary veins have the same structure
as the other veins of the  body; from which
they differ, in containing arterial blood, as the
pulmonary artery differs from  the  others  in
conveying venous blood. They carry the blood
back to the heart  after aeration.
  PULMONES   TARTARIZATI,  Lithiasig
pulmonum.
  PULMONIA,  Phthisis  pulmonalis, Pneu-
monia.
  PULMON'IC,  Pulmon'icus,  Pneumon'icus,
Pulmona'rius.   One affected with  phthisis—
one labouring under diseases of the lungs.  Any
thing  relating or  belonging to the lungs.  A
medicine for  the lungs.
  PULP, Pulpa, Pulpa'men, Sarx.  The soft
and parenchymatous parts of vegetables reduced
to a paste by the operation of pulping.
  Pulp of the Tooth, Dental pulp.
  PULPA CASSIA,  see Cassia fistula—p.
Dentis, Dental pulp—p. Prunorum sylvestrium
condita, Conserva pruni sylvestris.
  Pulpa Testis,  Paren'chyma testis.  The pa-
renchyma of the testis.
  PULPAMEN,  Pulp.
  PULPE DENTAIRE, Dental pulp.
  PULPEZIA, Apoplexy.
  PULPING, Palpation, Pulpa'tio.  An ope-
ration—the object of which is to reduce certain
vegetable substances to a pulp.  For this pur-
pose,  they are bruised  in  a mortar, and  then
passed through a hair sieve, by the aid of a
wooden spatula, called a Pulper, (F.) Pulpoire.
  PULPOIRE, see  Pulping.
  PULQUE, see  Agave Americana. - -^ -..
  PULS EX OVIS  et LACTE, Oogala.
  PULSATILLA NIGRICANS, Anemone
pratensis*—p. Vulgaris, Anemone pulsatilla.
  PULSATILLE NOIRE, Anemone praten-
sis—p. des Pris,  Anemone pratensis.
  PULSATIO, Pulsation—p. Cordis, Palpita-
tion.
   PULSATION, Pulsa'tio, Sphygmos,Sphyx-
is, Pede'sis, Pedetk'mos, (F.) Battement.  The
beating of the heart and arteries.   Also, the
beating felt in an inflamed part.
   PULSATIVUS, Throbbing.
   PULSATORY, Throbbing.
   PULSE, from pulso, ' I beat;' Pulsus, Pul-
sa'tio, Pulsus cordis et arteria'rum, Ictus cor-
dis et arteria'rum,Incur'sus arteria'rum,Sphyg-
mos,Sphygma,Diasphyx'is,(F.) Pouts.  Beating
of the arteries, produced by the afflux of the blood
propelled by the heart in its contractions.  For
the sake of  convenience, we choose the radial
artery at the wrist to detect the precise charac-
ter of the pulse.  These characters relate to the
number  of pulsations in a given time;  to their
degrees  of quickness; hardness, and strength;
to the equality or inequality either of the pul-
sations themselves or of their intervals; to the
development or fulness of the artery, and to the
different impressions it may produce on the fin-
 ger.
   The following estimates have been made of
 the pulse at  various  ages : 
PULSE                  713                  PULSE
JVumber of beats per minute, according to
SSmmering.
In the embryo,.
At birth........
One month,....
One year,......
Two years,.. .
Three years,...
Fevi'n years,...
Twelve years,.
Puberty,.......
Adult age,.....
Old age,.......
130 to 140
  100
120 to 103
10- to tO
 90 10 .-0
   72
   70
Do.

1.0
110
 DO
MiiLLER.
  ],r>0
  ])0.

115 torn
100 to 115
 90 to 100
 85 to i 0

 80 to ?5
 70 to 75
 50 to er,
  It  does not appear, from recent researches, i That which is broad, full, strong,  and fre-
that the pulse of the aged is less frequent, but | quent.
the contrary.  In general, the pulse  is more
frequent  in females and in irritable persons,
than in males and those of an opposite tempera-
ment.  In the healthy state, the pulse, besides
having the proper number of pulsations, is nei-
ther hard nor unusually soft;  it is  moderately
developed; of a medium strength; and perfectly
equal, both as regards the  pulsations and their
intervals.  In diseases it wanders, more or less,
from these physiological conditions.  The dif-
ferent  characters of  the pulse that have been
enumerated, are remarkably numerous. In a dic-
tionary, it  is necessary to detail them, although
many of them are not now regarded;  and some
ure ridiculous.   At times, when an  impediment
exists to the flow of blood along the pulmonary
arteries, either owing to mechanical obstruction
or to diminished force of the ventricle, a reflux
takes place along the veins, giving rise to the
• venous pulse.'
   Pulse, Ardent, Pulsus ardens, (F.)  Pouls
ardent, Fouls ileve.  One which seems to raise
itself to a point in order to strike the finger.
   Pulse, Cap'rizant, Pulsus  Capri'zans, P.
■lorcadis' sans,P. gazell'ans, P. fusa'lis,  Goat-
leap pulse, (V.) Pouls caprisant.  One, which
seems to leap, as it were; an imperfect  dilata-
tion of the artery  being succeeded by a fuller
and a stronger one.
   Pulse, Complex, (F.) Pouls combine ou com-
pose, P. compliqui.   A pulse  which has  the
character of several critical pulses united. ^
   Pulse,  Contract'ed, (F.) Pouls serre, P.
 concentre.  One whose pulsations  are narrow,
 deep, and slightly hard.
   Pulse,  Convul'sive, Pulsus convulsi'vus,
 (F.) Pouls convulsif.  That which is-unequally
 frequent or unequally hard; in short, which re-
 sembles the irregular pulsations of a muscular
 fibre in a state of convulsion.
   Pulse, Crit'ical,  Pulsus crit'icus.  A pulse
 which, after having possessed the characters of
 irritation, becomes free, open, soft, &c.
   Pulse,Decurt'ate,Pulsus Myurus: see,also,
 Myurus.
   Pulse,  T>h.tlv, Pulsus profun'dus, (F.) Pouls
 p-ofond.  One  which cannot be  felt without
 difficulty, and without strong pressure by the
 ringer.
   Pulse, Deficient,  Pulsus defic"ie»s, P.
 Flickering, Pulsus  an'nuens et circum'nuens,
 ( F. )  Pouls  defaillant,  P.  insensible.  One
 which seems, every  instant, about to cease.
   Pulse,  Depressed, Pulsus  depres'sus, (F.)
■ Pouls deprimi.   That which is deep and weak.
   Pulse, Devel'oped, (F.)  Pouls  devcloppe.

          46
  Pulse, Dicrot'ic, Pulsus Di'crotus, P. bi'-
crolus, P. intestina'lis, P. bife'riens, P. mallea'-
ris, P. interci'sus, CF.) P. dicrote, P. rebondis-
sant, P. redoubli.   That in which the finger is
struck twice at each pulsation;  once  lightly,
the other time more strongly.
  Pulse,  Equal,  Pulsus aqua'lis.   That  in
which the pulsations  resemble each other, and
return at equal intervals.
  Pulse, Febrile, Pulsus febri'lis.  One very
frequent.
  Pulse, Feeble, Weak, Pulsus deb'His, (F.)
Pouls  fadble.   One which  strikes the  finger
feebly.
   Pulse, Fil'iform,  P. thready. One which
resembles a thread slightly vibrating.
   Pulse, Flickering, Pulse, deficient.
   Pulse, Form'icant, Pulsus formi'cans, (F.)
Pouls for mica nt.   One  which resembles,  by
being  small  and scarcely perceptible, the mo-
tion of an ant.
   Pulse, Frequent, (F.) P.agiti,P.pricipiti.
One which strikes more frequently than usual
in a given time.
   Pulse, Full,  Pulsus plenus, (F.)  Pouls
plein.  One which gives the notion of great  re-
pletion in the vessel.
   Pulse, Goat-leap, P. Caprizant.
   Pulse, Gut'tural, Pulsus  guttur a1 lis, (F.)
 Pouls guttural.  A pulse which has been sup-
 posed to indicate  the termination of affections
 of the throat.
   Pulse, Hard, Pulsus durus, (F.) Pouls dur.
 That in which the pulp of the finger  seems to
 yield to the pulsation.
   Pulse, Hectic, Pulsus hec'ticus.  The weak,
 frequent pulse observed in hectic fever.
   Pui.se, Hemorrhoid'al, (F.)  Pouls des Hi-
 morrho'ides.  A critical pulse, announcing  the
 appearance of the hemorrhoidal flux.  It is de-
 scribed as  unequal;—the pulsations not being
 alike in force, and still less the intervals.
    Pulse, Hepat'ic, (F.)  Pouls du Foie.   A
 pulse imagined to indicate affections of the liver.
 It is not worthy of description.
    Pulse, Inferior, CF.)  Pouls infirieur, P.
 abdominal,  P. ventral.  One supposed  to  an-
 nounce evacuations below the diaphragm.
    Pulse, I\ tercur'rent, Pulsus intercur'rens
 seu  inter'cidens.   One  in which a  superfluous
 pulsation seems to occur from time  to time.
    Pulse, Intermittent,(F.) Pouls intercadent.
 One in which the pulsations  fail from time to
 time.
    Pulse, Intes'tinal, (F.) Pouls des intestins, 
PULSE                  714                PULSUS
 P. de la diarrhie.  A critical pulse, presumed
 to announce an evacuation by the intestines.
   Pulse, In'tricate, Pulsus Intrica'tus, (F.)
 Pouls embarrassi.   That which is but little
 developed and unequally slow.
   Pulse, Irreg'ular, Pulsus anorma'lis.  One
 whose pulsations are unequal, and return at un-
 equal intervals.
   Pulse of Irrita'tion, Pulsus ab irritatio'ne
 seu nervi'nus seu acrit'ieus.   One which is fre-
 quent, hard, and contracted.
   Pulse, Jarring,  P. vibrating—p. Jerking,
 Pulse, sharp.
   Pulse, Languid, ( F.) Pouls languissant.
 A slow and feeble pulse.
   Pulse, Large, Pulsus crassus, P. magnus,
 (F.)  Pouls grand,  P. large.  That which  is
 large and full.
   Pulse, Long.   One which strikes the finger
 to a great extent in length.
   Pulse, Low, Pulsus hu'milis, (F.) Pouls has.
 One in which the pulsations are scarcely per-
 ceptible.
   Pulse, Nasal, (F.) Pouls nasal, P. capital,
 P. du Nez.  One supposed to announce the end
 of an irritation in the nasal fossae.
   Pulse, Nat'ural, (F.) Pouls  naturel  des
 adultes, P.  parfait, P. des adultes, P. modiri.
 One that  is equal and regular in strength and
 frequency;  compressible, and devoid of hard-
 ness.
   Pulse, Organ'ic, (F.) Pouls organique.  One
 which indicates the affected organ, or the organ
 by which an evacuation will  take place.
   Pulse,  Pec'toral, (F.) Pouls de I'expectora-
 tion.   A critical  pulse, announcing the termi-
 nation of some pulmonary irritation.
   Pulse,  Quick.   One which strikes sharply,
 but not forcibly, against the finger.
   Pulse, Reg'ular, Pulsus norma'lis aut regu-
 la'ris.  One whose pulsations are equal,  and
 succeed each other at equal intervals.
   Pulse, Resist'ing, (F.) Pouls risistant.  One
 a little tense,  a little  hard.
   Pulse, Sharp, (F.) Pouls prompt, P. vite, P.
 vif.  One which  strikes the finger sharply, ra-
 pidly. When to a greater extent, it is called a
jerking pulse.
   Pulse,  Sharp-tailed, Pulsus myurus:  see
 Myurus.
   Pulse,  Simple, Pulsus  simplex.  A critical
 pulse, indicating  an evacuation  by one organ
 only.
   Pulse, Slow, Pulsus tardus, P. rarus, (F.)
 Pouls lent,  P. tardif,  P. rare.   One  which
 strikes the finger  slowly.
   Pulse,  Small, Pulsus  parv-r-ds, (F.) Pouls
petit.   One  whose pulsations are slender and
 weak.
   Pulse, Soft, Pulsus mollis, (F.) Pouls mou.
 One which yields under the finger.
   Pulse, Stom'achal, (F.) Pouls stomacal, P.
 de I'estomac.   One supposed to announce an
 evacuation by  the stomach.
   Pulse,  Strong, Pulsus fortis,  (F.) Pouls
 fort, P. vihiment.  One which strikes the finger
 strongly.
   Pulse,  Supe'rior,  Pulsus Superior, (F.)
Pouls supirieur.  A critical pulse, superve-
ning on irritation of organs situate  above the
 diaphragm.
  Pulse, Supple, Pulsus elas'ticus, (F.) Pouls
 souple.  One  in  which  the  pulsations have
 strength without hardness.
   Pulse of  Sweat,  Pulsus Sudora'lis, (F.)
 Pouls Sudoral, P. de  la sueur.   A  critical
 pulse, indicating an approaching perspiration.
   Pulse, Tense,P. Cordy, Pulsus tensus, (F.)
 Pouls tendu, P. roide.  One in which the artery
 resembles  a  cord  fixed at its two  extremities.
 When resembling  a wire, it is called wiry.
   Pulse, Thready, P. filiform.
   Pulse, Trem'ulous,  Pulsus trem'ulus, (F.)
 Pouls tremblant, P. palpitant.  One in which
 each pulsation oscillates.
   Pulse, Un'dulating, Pulsus ftuctuo'sus, P.
fluens, P. incidens Sola'ni, (F.) Pouls ondulant,
 P. ondoyant.  One which resembles, in  its
 movements, those of the waves.
   Pulse, Une'qual, Pulsus inaqua'lis, (F.)
 Pouls inegal.  One whose pulsations are not
 alike, or return at unequal intervals.
   Pulse, U'rinal, Pulsus urina'lis, (F.) Pouls
 de I'Urine.   A critical pulse, fancied to denote
 an approaching evacuation of urine.
   Pulse, U'terine,  Pulsus  uteri'nus, (F.)
 Pouls Utirine, P.de la  Matrice, P. des Regies.
 One which indicates the flow of the menses, or
 the occurrence of metrorrhagia.
   Pulse, Venous, Pulsus venarum.
   Pulse, Vermic'ular.   That which imitates
 the movement of a worm.
   Pulse, Vi'brating; Jarring Pulse.   One in
 which the artery seems to vibrate  like a musi-
 cal string.
   Pulse, Wiry, see Pulse, tense.
   VULSILE'GlUM,Pulsilo'gium,Pulsim'eter,
 from pulsus, 'the pulse,' and lego, 'I tell.'
 Sphygmometer, Sphygmoscop'ium.  Any in-
 strument for  measuring the quickness or force
 of the pulse.
   PULSIMANTI'A;  from pulsus, and tiurxeta,
 'divination.'   The art  of predicting or prog-
 nosticating by the pulse.
   PULSIMETER, Pulsilegium.
   PULSUS,  Pulse—p.  Acriticus,  Pulse of ir-
 ritation—p. Aqualis, Pulse, equal—p.  Annu-
 ens et circumnuens, Pulse, deficient—p. Anor-
 malis, Pulse, irregular—p. Bicrotus,  Pulse,
 dicrotic—p. Biferiens, P. dicrotus—p.  Capri-
 zans, Pulse, caprizant—p. Crassus,  Pulse, large
 —p. Debilis, Pulse, feeble—p. Deficiens, Pulse,
 deficient—p.  Dicrotus, Pulse, dicrotic—p. Dor-
 cadissans, Pulse,  caprizant—p. Durus, Pulse,
 hard—p. Elasticus, Pulse, supple—p. Fluctuo-
 sus, Pulse, undulating—p. Fluens, Pulse, un-
 dulating—p. Formicans, Formicant, and Pulse,
 formicant—p. Fortis, Pulse, strong—p. Fusalis,
 Pulse, caprizant—p.  Gazellans, Pulse, capri-
 zant—p. Heterochronicus, see Heterochronicus
—p. Humilis, Pulse,  low—p. Incidens Solani,
 Pulse, undulating—p.  Intercidens, Pulse,  in-
tercurrent— p. Mallearis, Pulse, dicrotic—p.
Intercisus,  Pulse, dicrotic—p. Intercurrens.
 Pulse, intercurrent—p.  Intestinalis,  Pulse, di-
crotic—p. Intricatus, Pulse, intricate—p. Mag-
nus, Pulse, large—p. Mollis, Pulse, soft.
   Pulsus Myu'rus, Pulse, decurtate, P. sharp-
tailed, (F.) Pouls myure.  One which goes on
diminishing.   See Myurus.
  Pulsus Nervinus,  Pulse  of irritation—p.
Normalis, Pulse,  regular—p. Parvus,  Pulse,
small—p. Plenus, Pulse, full—p. Rarus, Pulse,
slow.
  Pll'sus Serri'nus, (F.) Pouls serrin, P. ser- 
PULTATIO
715
PULVIS
rattle.  One which strikes, sometimes strongly,
at others feebly, and recalls the idea of a saw.
  Pulsus  Strictus, (F.) Pouls itroit.  One
that  strikes the finger  to a small extent in
breadth.
  Pulsus  Sudoralis, Pulse of sweat—p. Tar-
dus, Pulse, slow—p. Urinalis, Pulse,  urinal—
p. Uterinus, Puke, uterine.
  Pulsus Vac'uus, (F.) Pouls vide. One which
gives the idea of emptiness of the artery.
  Pulsus Vena'rum, Venous Pulse, Phlebopa'-
lia.  A pulsation occasionally  noticed in the
jugular veins.   It is owing to some of the blood
of the  right ventricle  reflowing into the  right
auricle, and communicating  an impulse to the
venous blood arriving in the auricle through the
descending cava.  It is often a sign of impedi-
ment to the flow of blood along the pulmonary
artery.
  PULTATIO, Atheroma.
  PULTICE, Cataplasm.
  PULTICULA, Bouillie.
  PULVERES EFFERVESCENTES, Pow-
ders, soda.
  PULVERIZATION, Pulverisa'tio, Pulve-
ra'tio, from pulvis, i dust;' Coniosto'sis.  The
operation  of dividing  substances, so  as to re-
duce them to powder.
  PULVILLUS, Pad, Bourdonnet—p. e Lina-
mentis confectus,  Bourdonnet—p.  Rotundus,
Bourdonnet.
  PULVINAR, Pulvina'rium. A pillow.
  Pulvinar Humuli, see Humulus lupulus.
  Pulvinar MEDicA'TUMseuMEDiciNA'LE,iS«c'-
culus medicina'lis.  A medicated pillow; as of
hops.
  Pulvinar Parvum, Pad—p. Ventriculi, Pan-
creas.
  PULVINULUS, Pad.
  PULVIS, Couis, (F.) Poudre.  A substance,
reduced into small particles by pulverization.
Simple powders are those of a single substance;
compound, those which result from a mixture
of several different powders. ■  An impalpable
powder is one which is so fine that it can scarcely
be felt  under the finger.   A compound powder
was, formerly,  called Spe'cies, (F.) Espece.
  Pulvis  Absorbkns, P. de magnesia compos.
—p. Adspersorius, Catapasma—p. Alexiterius,
P. contrayervae comp.—p. Alexiterius, P. ipe-
cacuanhae  compositus—p.  Algarothi, Algaroth.
  Pelvis Aloes Compos'itus, Compound pow-
der of Aloes, Pulvis  Alo'es  cum Guai'aco, P.
alo'et'icus cum Guaiaro. (Alo'es spicat. ext. §iss,
guaiac. gum. res. ^j, pulv. cinnam. comp. ^ss.
Rub the aloes  and  guaiacum  separately, then
mix the whole.  Ph. L.)  Cathartic, stomachic,
and sudorific.   Dose, gr. x to 9j.
  Pulvis Aloes cum Canel'la, Pulvis aloes et
canella, Powder of Aloes with Canella, Species
Hi'erce picra, Hiera picra, Pulvis Alo'et'icus.
(Alo'es  Ibj.  canella £iij.  Rub separately into a
powder, and mix.   Ph. U. S.)  A warm cathar-
tic.  Dose, gr.  x to £)j.
  Pulvis  Aloes cum Guaiaco, P. A. composi-
tus—p. Aloeticus,  P.  aloes  cum canella—p.
Aloeticus,  Hiera picra—p. Aluminosus, P. sul-
phatis aluminas  compositus—p. Aluminis com-
positus, P. sulphatis aluminae  compositus—p.
Aluminis  kinosatus, see P. sulphatis  aluminae
compositus.
  Pulvis de Ama'ris Compos'itus, Pulvis an-
tiarthrit'icus  ama'rus, (F.) Poudre antiarthri-
tique amlre. (Rad. gentian., aristoloch. rotund.,
aa p. 3, flor. centaur, min. p. 4, fol. chamadr.,
chamapith. manipul.—f. pulvis, Ph. P.)   In
gouty affections, dyspepsia, &c.   Dose, gr. xx.
   Pulvis Angelicus, Algaroth—p. Anodynus,
P. ipecacuanha; comp.—p. Antiacidus, P. cretae
compositus—p.  Antiacidus, P.  de magnesia
compos.—p. Antiarthriticus amarus, P. deama-
ris compositus—p. Antiarthriticus purgans, P.
de senna, scammonea et lignis—p. Antiasth-
maticus, P. de sulphure et scilla.
   Pulvis Antilys sus, Mead's Powder against
the bite of a mad dog.  It consisted of ash-
coloured liverwort in  powder, with an  equal
quantity of black pepper; a drachm and  a half
of the two forming a dose for an adult.
   Pulvis Antimonialis, Antimonial powder.
   Pulvis  de  Aro Compos'itus,  Compound
Powder of  Arum, (F.) Poudre of Birckmann,
(Rad.  ari,  acori veri, pimpinell. saxifrag. aa
40 p. ocul. cancror.ppt. \2 p., cinnam. 7 p.,po-
tassae sulph. 6 p., ammonia muriat. 2 p.—f.pulv.
Ph. P.) Sternutatory.
   Pulvis Aromaticus, P. cinnamomi composi-
tus.
   Pulvis As'ari Compos'itus, P. sternutato'-
rius, P. errhi'nus, P. capita'lis Sancti An'geli,
P. cephal'icus, Cephalic snuff; Compound pow-
der of Asarabac'ca, (F.) Poudre d'asarum com-
posie  dite  sternutatoire,  P. de Saint-Ange.
(Folior. asar. Europ. p. \.xes.,fol. origan, ma-
jorana, flor. lavand.  spic, sing. p. 1.   Rub
into powder.  Ph. L.)   Sternutatory.
   Pulvis Auri, see Gold—p. e. Bolo composi-
tus cum opio, P. creta; compositus cum opio—
p. e Bolo compositus  sine opio, see P.  creta?
compositus—p.  Cambogiae  compositus,  P. e
gummi gutta—p. Capitalis Sancti Angeli, Pul-
vis asari compositus—p. Carbonatis calcis com-
positus, P.  creta; compositus—p.  Cardiacus, P.
contrayervae comp.—p. Carthusianorum,  Anti-
monii sulphuretum rubrum—p. Catharticus, P.
scammoneae comp.—p.  Cephalicus,  P.  asari
compositus.
   Pulvis Cinnamo'mi Compos'itus, Compound
Powder of  Cin'namon,  Pulvis seu Spe'cies  Im-
perato'ris,P. vita Imperato'ris,P. Diaro'maton,
Species diacinnamo'mi, S. latifican'tes Rhazis,
Tra'gea aromat'ica, Species Diam'brx sine odo-
ra'tis,  Species  aromat'icx, Pulvis  aromaticus
(Ph. U. S.), (F.) Poudre de canelle composie
ou aromatique.   (Cinnam., zingib. aa 31J,
cardam., myrist. aa. Jfj.  Rub to a fine powder.
Ph. U. S.)  Stimulant and carminative.  Dose,
gr. xtogj.
   Pulvis Cobbii seu Tunquinen'sis.  The fa-
mous Tonquin powder, introduced into England
by a Mr. Cobb.   It was composed of 16 grains
of musk, and 48 grains  of cinnabar ; and  was
mixed in a gill of arrack.  It was formerly re-
garded as a specific in hydrophobia.
   Pulvis Comitis Warwicensis, P. Corna-
chini—p. Comitissae, Cinchona.
   Pulvis Contrayer'vjE Compos'itus,  Lapis
contrayerva,  Contrayerva  balls,  Compound
Powder of Contrayer'va, Pulvis cardiacus, P.
alcxite'rius,  P.  Mantua'nus.   (Contrayerv.
rad. contrit. £v, test. prap. Ibiss.  Mix. Ph.
L.)   Stimulant and sudorific.   Dose, gr. xv
to ^ss.
   Pulvis Cornachi'ni, Diaceltates'son  Para-
celsi, Earl of Warwick's Powder,-Pulvis Ox - 
                  PULVIS                7

ydi Stib'ii compos'itus, Pulvis Com'itis War-
wicen'sis, Pulvis de Tribus, Cer'berus Triceps,
Pulvis Scammo'nii antimonia'lis, (F.) Pou-
dre Cornachine.  (Scammon.  Alep., potass.
supertart., antim. diaph. aa p. ae. f. pulvis. Ph.
P.)   Cathartic.   Used chiefly in cutaneous
diseases.  Dose, gss to gj.
  Pulvis Cornu Usti cum O'pio, Pulvis opia'-
tus, Powder of Burnt Hartshorn with opium,
(F.)  Poudre de come  brulie avec  I'opium.
(Opii duri cont. gj, corn. ust. prsrp. gj, coc-
 ■or. cont. gj.  Mix. Ph. L.)  Ten grains con-
tain one of opium.  Anodyne.
  Pulvis Cretaceus, P. cretae compositus.
  Pulvis Cretae Compos'itus, P. Carbona'-
tis Calcis compositus, Compound Powder of
ihalk, P. creta!ceus,Spe'cies e Scorpio sine, opio,
Diascor'dium, Pulvis antac/'idus, P. terres'tris,
Species  Diacre'tx, (with  Bole  Armeniac in
place  of chalk—the Pulvis  e Bolo compositus
sine opio,) (F.) Poudre de craie composie.  ( Cre-
ta ppt. Ibss, cinnam. cort. giv, tormentill. rad.,
acacia gum., sing, giij, pip. long, fruct. giv.
Reduce separately to a fine  powder, and mix.
Ph. L.)   Antacid, stomachic, absorbent.  Dose,
gr. xx to J}ij.
  Pulvis Cret.k Compos'itus cum O'pio, Com-
pound Powder of Chalk with opium, Pulvis e
Creta  compositus cum  opio (with Bole Arme-
niac instead of chalk—Pulvis eBolo compositus
cum opio,) Species e  Scordio cum opio, (F.)
Poudre de craie composee avec I'opium.  (Pulv.
cret. c. g vjss, opii duri cont. £)iv. Mix.  Ph. L.)
Contains one grain of opium in 40.   Anodyne
and absorbent.   Dose, £)j to Qij.
  Pulvis  Diaphoreticus, P. ipecacuanhae
comp.—p. Diapnoicus, P. ipecacuanhae comp.—
p. Diaromaton, P. cinnamomi compositus—p.
Diasenue,  P.  sennae compos.—p. Diaturpethi
compositus, P. jalapae compositus.
  Pulvis Ducis Portlan'di;e, Duke of Port-
land's Gout Powder.   (Rad. aristoloch., gen-
tianae, summit, chamadr., centaur, min. aa p.
;v.)  Dose, gss to gj.
  Pulvis Emmenagogus, P. myrrhae composi-
tus—p. Epilepticus Marchionum, P. de magne-
sia compositus—p. Errhinus, P. asari composi-
tus—p. Galactopoeus, P. de magnesia compos.
  Pulvis  e Gummi Gutta, P. Cambo'gia com-
positus, P. hydrago'gus, Camboge Powder, (F.)
Poudre hydragogue ou de gomme gutte, P. de
Querceta'nus.  (Rad. jalap. 24 p., rad. mechoa-
can.  12 p., cinnam., rhei. aa 8 p., gum. cam-
bog. 3 p., fol.  soldanella  sice. 6 p., semin.
anisi  12 p., fiat pulvis.  Ph.  P.)  A drastic ca-
thartic.   In anasarca  and in worms.   Dose,
gr. xv to xxx.
  Pulvis Gummo'sus Alkali'nus, Sapo vegeta'-
'lilis,  (F.) Poudre de savon vigital.  (Guaiac.
pulv.  32 p., potass, carb. 4 p.   Make into  a
powder.  Ph. P.)  Antacid.
  Pulvis  ex  Helminthocort'o  Compos'itus,
P. vermif'ugus absque mercu'rio, (F.) Poudre
vermifuge sans mercure. (Fuc. helminthocort.,
sem. contra., summitat. absinth., tanaceti, fol.
scordii, sennx, rhei. aa p. re, fiat pulvis. Ph. P.)
Dose, 9J to gj.
  Pulvis Hydragogus, P. e gummi gutti—p.
Hydrargyri cinereus, see Hydrargyri  oxydum
cinereum—p. Hypnoticus, Hydrargyri sulphu-
retum nigrum—p. Imperatoris, P.  cinnamomi
compositus—p.  Incisivns,  P.  de  sulphure et
scilla—p. Pro infantibus, P. de magnesiA  com-
16                 PULVIS

 pos.'—p. Infantum, P. de magnesia compos.—
 p. Infantum antacidus, P.  de  magnesia com-
 positus.
   Pulvis Ipecacuan'hjE Compos'itus, P. alexi-
 te rius,  P. anod'ynus,  P. diaphorel'icus,  P.
 diapno'icus, P. sudorificus Dove'ri, Compound
 powder  of Ipecacuanha,  P. Ipecacuanhx et
 Opii  (Ph. U. S.), Dover's Powder, ( F.) Poudre
 de Dover ou  d'ipecacuanha et d'opium, P. de
 Dower.   (Ipecacuanh. pulv., opii  pulv., sing
 gj,  potassx sulphat."^']. Mix.)  Diaphoretic.
 Dose, gr. v to gr. xij.
   Pulvis Ipecacuanhje et Opii,  P.  ipecacu-
 anhae compos.
   Pulvis Jalap'^e Compos'itus, P. Diaturpe'thi
 compositus, Compound powder of Jalap, Pulvis
 laxans, P. Purgans, P. laxati'vus vegetab'ilis,
 P. laxans cum sale, P. Jalap'a sali'nus, P.j.
 tartar'icus, Spe'cies Diajalapx, (F.) Poudre de
 jalap composie.  (Pulv. jalap, gj, potass, bi-
 tart. gij. Mix.)   Cathartic.  Dose, Qj to gij.
   Pulvis Jalaps Salinus, P. jalapae composi-
 tus—p. Jalapae tartaricus, P. jalapae compositus
 —p. de Jalapa  et scammonio compositus,  P.
 scammonea;  comp.—p.  Jamesii,   Antimonial
 powder—p.  Jesuiticus,  Cinchona—p.  Joannis
 de Vigo, Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum.
   Pulvis Kino Compos'itus, Compound Pow-
 der  of kino,  (F.)  Poudre  de  kino composie.
 (Kino gxv,  cort.  cinnam. giv, opii  duri  gj.
 Rub each to powder, and mix. Ph. L.)  Astrin-
 gent.  Dose, gr. v  to xx.
   Pulvis  Laxans, P. jalapae  compositus—p.
 Laxans cum  sale,  P.  jalapae  compositus—p.
 Laxativus vegetabilis, P. jalapae compositus.
   Pulvis de  Magne'sia Compos'itus, P. Ga-
 lactopa'us,  P.  Nutri'cum, P. Infan'tum,  P.
 Infantum  antac''idus, P.  pro Infan'tibus, P.
 antiac"idus, P. absor'bens, P. epilep'ticus Mar-
 chio'num,  Compound  powder  of   Magne'sia,
 (F.) Poudre absorbante et anti-acide.   (Mag-
 nesia, sacchar. aa p. ae. Mix. Ph. P.)
   Pulvis Mantuanus, P.  contrayervae comp.
 —p. Marchionis, M.  Pulvis—p.  Mercurialis
 cinereus, Hydrargyri oxidum cinereum—p. ad
 Mucum  pulmonalem  liberius ciendum, P. de
 sulphure et scilla.
   Pulvis Myrrh* Compos'itus, P. e  Myrrha
 compositus, Compound Myrrh Powder, Pulvis
 ad ul'cera tend'inum,  P. Emmenago'gus, (F.)
 Poudre  Balsamique.  (Myrrha, sabina, ruta,
 castor. Russ. aagj.)   A  stimulant, antispas-
 modic, and emmenagogue.   Dose, gr. xvto  xl.
   Pulvis Nutricum, P. de magnesia composi-
 tus—p. Opiatus, P. cornu  usti cum opio—p.
 Oxydi stibii compositus, P. cornachini—p. Par-
 turiens, Ergot—p.  de Phosphate calcis  et stibii
 compositus, Antimonial powder—p. Principis,
 Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum—p.  Purgans, P. ja-
 lapae compositus—p. Quercetanus,  Hydrargyri
 submurias.
   Pulvis Quercus  Mari'na, Fowler  of Yel-
 low Bladder-Wrack.  (The wrack in  fruit,
 dried, cleaned, exposed to a red heat in a cru-
 cible, with a perforated lid, and then reduced to
 powder. Ph.D.)  Virtues dependent on iodine:
 used, consequently, in bronchocele, &c.  Dose,
 gr. x to xl.
   Pulvis Quercus Marin;e, see Fucus vesicu-
 losus.
   Pulvis Scammo'nete Compos'itus, Compound
 Powder  of Scammony,  Pulvis e  Scammonio
 compositus, Pulvis Scammonii, Pulvis de Ja-
16 
PULVIS                 717         PUNICA  GRANATUM
 lapa et Scammo'nio compositus dictus Cathar'-
 ticus, (F.) Poudre cathartique ou  Poudre de
 Scammonie composie.  (Scammon., ext. jalap.
 dur., sing., gij, zingib. rad. gss.  Rub sepa-
 rately to powder  and mix.  Ph. L.)  Cathar-
 tic.   Dose, gr. viij to gr. xv.
   Pulvis Scammo'nii cum Aloe, P. e Scammo-
 nio cum Aloe, Scammony and Aloes  Powder.
 (Scammon. gvj, ext. jalap, dur., alo'es Socotr.
 5a giss, zing, gss.)  Cathartic.  Dose, gr. x
 to xv.
   Pulvis Scammonii Antimonialis, P. corna-
 chini.
   Pulvis Sennae Compos'itus, Compound pow-
 der of Senna, Pulvis e Send compositus, P. e
 Senna compositus, Pulvis Diase'na, (F.) Pou-
 dre de sine composie.  (Sennce folior., potass.
 supertart.,  sing, gij, scammon. gss, rad. zin-
 gib. gij.  Ph.L.)  Cathartic,hydragogue. Dose,
 9Jt0 3J-
   Pulvis de  Senna,  Scammo'nio  et Lignis
 Compos'itus   dictus  Antiarthriticus  Pur-
 gans, (F.) Poudre de Pirard.   (Gum Arab.,
 potass,  supertart., fol. senna, chinx, aa  4  p.,
 scammon.,  rad. sarsapar., china, guaiac. lign.
 aa 2 p., fiat pulvis.  Ph. P.)  Purgative.  Used
 to obviate gout.  Dose, gj.
   Pulvis Stanni, see Tin—p. Sternutatorius,
 P. asari compositus—p. Stibiatus, Antimonial
 powder—p. Stypticus, P.  Sulphatis aluminae
 compositus—p.  Sudorificus,  P.  ipecacuanhas
 comp.—p. Sudorificus Doveri, P. Ipecacuanhae
 compositus.
   Pulvis Sulpha'tis Alu'minje  Compos'itus,
 P. alumina''sus, P.  alu'minis kinosa'tus, Pul-
 vis styp'ticus, Pulvis  aluminis  compositus,
 Alu'men kinosa'tum, Compound Alum Powder,
 (F.)  Poudre   styptique ou  d'alun composie.
 (Sulphatis  alumina, p. iv. kino, p. 1.  Ph. E.)
 Astringent. In intestinal hemorrhage and diar-
 rhoea.   Dose,  gr.  x to xv.
   Pulvis de  Sul'phure  et Scilla, P. Anti-
 asthmat'icus, P. Incisi'vus, P. ad mucum pul-
 mona'lem libe'rius  cien'dum, (F.) Poudre inci-
 sive ou anti-asthmatique.  (Sacchar. alb. p. 3,
 sulphur, lot. p. 2, scilla. siccat. p.  j. Ph. P.)
 Dose, gr. v to gss.
   Pulvis de Sulpha'te Potas'sje Compos'itus,
 P. tem'perans  Stah'lii, (F.) Poudre tempirante
 de Stahl. (Potass, sulph., P. nitrat. aa.9 p.,hy-
 drarg. sulph. rubr. 2 p. Mix.  Ph. P.) As an
 antiphlogistic, and in acidity of the first pas-
 sages.  Dose, 9j to pij.
   Pulvis e Sulphure'to  Hydrar'gyri Nigro
 et  Scammo'nio dictus Vermif'ugus  Mercu-
 RIa'lis,  (F.)  Poudre  vermifuge mercurielle.
 (Pulv. cornachin., hydrarg. sulphuret. nigr.  re-
 cent, praep., aa p. ae. Mix. Ph. P.) Dose, J}j to
 gss.
  Pulvis Sympatheticus,  Sympathetic pow-
 der—p.  Temperans Stahlii, P. de sulphate po-
 tassae compositus—p. Terrestris, P. cretae com-
 positus.
  Pulvis Tragacan'th^ Compos'itus, Species
 Diatragacan'tha frig"ida, Pulvis e Tragacan'-
 thd compositus, Compound Powder of Traga-
 canth, (F.) Poudre de gomme adragant  com-
posie.  (Tragacanth. contus., acacix gummi
 cont., amyli, sing, giss, sacch. purif. giij. Ph.
 L.)  Demulcent.   In coughs,  &c.  Dose, gss
 to giij.
  Pulvis de  Tribus, P. cornachini—p. Tun-
 quinensis, P. Cobbii—p. ad Ulcera tendinum, P.
 myrrhae  compositus—p.  Vermifugus  absque
 mercurio, Pulvis ex helminthocorto comp.—p.
 Vermifugus mercurialis, P. e sulphureto hy-
 drargyri nigro et scammonio—p. Vitae Impera-
 toris, P.  cinnamomi compositus.
   PUMEX, Lapis pu'micis, P //mice, (F.) Pierre
 Ponce.  This was formerly employed as a de-
 siccative and dentifrice.
   PUMICE, Pumex.
   PUMILIO, Nanus.
   PUMILUS, see Nanus.
   PUMP, BREAST, Antlia lactea—p. Stomach,
 Antlia gastrica.
   PUNA, Veto, Sorocco, Soroche, Mareo, (S.)
 A sickness common in the elevated districts of
 South America,  and elsewhere, which attacks
 those unaccustomed to breathe the rarefied at-
 mosphere. It strongly resembles sea-sickness,
 with a most acute and depressing throbbing in
 the head.  It does not often affect the respira-
 tion considerably.
   PUNA1SE, Cimex.
   PUNAISIE,  Ozaena.
   TVNCH,Rhi'zagra,fiompungere,eto prick.'
 Repulso'rium, (F.) Repoussoir.   A surgical in-
 strument  used  for  extracting the  stumps of
 teeth.  See Lever. Also, an agreeable alcoholic
 drink, made of spirit,  wine, sugar, lemon juice
 and  water.   Milk  is sometimes  substituted
 in part for the  water: it then forms Milk
Pzt?ich>
  PUNCTA  OSSIFICATIONIS, Ossification.
points of—p. Mucosa, see Acne.
  PUNCTICULA,  Petechife.
  PUNCTIO, Paracentesis, Puncture—p. Ner-
vi, Neuronygme.
  PUNCTUM AU'REUM, Punctu'ra  aurea.
Formerly, when an intestinal  hernia was re-
duced, by an incision made through the  inte-
guments down to the upper part of the sperma-
tic vessels, a golden wire was fixed and twisted.
 so as to prevent the descent of any thing down
 the tunica vaginalis.  Hence the  term.
  Punctum Sa'liens,  P. sanguin'eum sa'liens,
 Glob'ulus sanguineus, Functus ruber sa'liens.
 The first moving point which makes its appear-
ance after the fecundation of the germ.  It has
been generally, but erroneously, applied to the
heart of the embryo.
  PUNCTURA, Paracentesis—p. Aurea, Punc-
 tum aureum.
  PUNCTURE,  Punctu'ra, Punc'tio, Cente'-
 sis,  Paracentesis, Nyxis, from  pungere, ' to
 prick;'  Tresis   Punctura, (F.)  Piqure.  A
 wound made by a pointed  instrument,  as a
 sword, bayonet,  needle, thorn, &c.  A punc-
 ture is, generally, of trifling consequence;  but,
 sometimes, it becomes  important from the parts
 implicated, and the after consequences.
  PUNCTURING.  Same etymon.   Com-
punc'tio,  Paracente'sis, (F.)  Ponction.  The
operation of opening, by means of a trocar, lan-
 cet, &c, any natural or accidental cavity; with
 the view of evacuating any fluid,  effused or ac-
cumulated therein.  Paracentesis is a sort  of
puncturing.
  PUNCTUS RUBER SALIENS, Punctum
saliens.
  PUNGENT, (F.) Povgitif.  Pain is  said to
be pungent, when it  seems as if a pointed in-
strument were forced  into the suffering part.
  PU'NICA GRANA'TUM.  The Pomegra -
nate, Rhoa, goa,  Rhaa, gwa, Grana'tum, Malo- 
PUNK                  71
grana'tum, (F.) Grenadier:  Family, Myrtoi-
deae.  Sex. Syst. Icosandria Monogynia.  The
rind of the fruit, called Malicho'rium, Malaco-
rium, or Malicorium; and the  flowers—called
Balaustine  flowers — are used  in  medicine.
They have been employed both internally and
externally as astringents.  The seeds are called
Cocco'nes, KOKKwvcg. The portion, however, of
the plant, that  has  attained most celebrity, is
the bark of the root, Grana'ti Radi'cis Cortex,
which appears  to be very efficacious in taenia.
It is  given in  decoction, (Granat. rad.  cort.
gij; Aqua Oij, boiled to Oiss.)  Dose, f. gij,
every  half hour.   Three or  four doses  are
usually sufficient to expel the worm.
  The bark  contains a peculiar matter called
Grenadin.
  PUNK, Boletus igniarius.
  PUOGENIA, Pyogenia.
  PUPIL, Pupil'la, Pu'pula, Pupil'io, Vis'io,
Opsis, Core, Cora, Rhox, Fene'stra seu Nigrum
seu Fora'men Oc'uli, Prunel'la, Lumen, Glene,
Sight of the eye, (F.) Pupille, Prunelle.  The
aperture of the iris, through which the rays of
light pass that have to impress the image of an
object on the retina. This aperture can be di-
lated or contracted  so as to allow a greater or
smaller quantity of  luminous rays to penetrate.
The pupil, in man,  is round,  and by it the an-
terior  and posterior chambers of the eye com-
municate  with each other.  In the foetus, during
the first six months of gestation, it is closed by
the pupillary membrane.
  Pupil, Closure of the, Synezizis.
  PUPILLAE VELUM,  Pupillary membrane.
  PUPILLARIS HERBA, Lapsana.
  PU'PILLARY, Pupilla'ris.  That which be-
longs to the pupil.
  Pupillary Membrane, Membra'na Pupilla'-
ris,  Pupil'la velum, Membra'na Wachendor-
fia'na.  The central  aperture  of the  iris  is
closed, in the fcetus, during a certain period of
gestation, by a  very thin membrane.  It disap-
pears in the seventh month.
  PUPPET ROOT, Veratrum viride.
  PUPPIS OS, Frontal bone.
  PUPULA, Pupil.
  PU'PUL^E,  Apices digito'rum.  The pulps
or extremities of the fingers.
  PURBLINDNESS, Myopia.
  PURGAMENTA, Excrement—p. Alba, Leu-
corrhcea—p. Infantis, Meconium—p. Puerperii,
Lochia—p. Uteri, Lochia.
  PURGANS MEDIC AMENTUM, Cathartic.
  PURGATIO, Catharsis—p. Alvi, Catharsis
—p. Muliebris alba, Leucorrhcea—p. Puerperii,
Lochia.
  PURGATIONES, Menses —p.  Menstrua;,
IVTcriscs.
  PURGATIONS, Menses.
  PUR'GATIVE,  Purgati'vns, Purgans,
Moch'licus, Catoret'icus, Catoter'icus, Cathar'-
tic, (F.) Purgatif, from purgare, ' to  cleanse.'
A medicine which operates more powerfully on
the bowels than a laxative, stimulating the
muscular  coat, and exciting increased secretion
from the mucous coat.
  PURGE ROOT,  Euphorbia corollata.
  PURIF'ICANS, Purif icus, from purificare,
' to make  pure or clean.'  Purifying : hence :—
  Purificantia ; Medicines that  cleanse  or
purify the blood.
  PURIFICUS, Purificans.
18              PURSINESS

   PU'RIFORM, Puriform'is;  from pus, and
forma.  That which has the appearance of pus.
   PURO-HEPATITIS, see Hepatitis.
   PURO-MUCOUS, Puro-muco'sus, from pus,
puris, and mucus.  Having  the character  or
appearance of pus and mucus.
   PURPLES, Purpura hsemorrhagica.
   PUR PURA,  Por'phyra,  ' a  purple colour.'
This word has been employed in many senses.
It generally means, livid spots on the skin from
extravasated blood, with languor and loss  of
muscular strength, pains  in the  limbs. — (F.)
Pourpre.
   In Purpura Simplex, Porphyra simplex, Pete'-
chix sini febre, Pelio'sis, Phanig'mus Petechia'-
lis ; Prof a'sio subcuta'nea, Pete'chial Scurvy,
the spots are numerous, but small and flea-bite-
shaped ;  chiefly  on the breast, arms, and legs;
with paleness of countenance.
   In Purpura Hamorrhag"ica,  Porphyra hse-
morrhagica, Stomac'acS universalis, Hamorrha-
gia universa'Us, Petechiano'sis, Morbus macu-
lo'sus hamorrhag"icus Werlhof'ii, Pelio'sis ha-
morrkag"ica, Scorbu'tus, Schorbu'tus, Hamor-
rha'a petechia'lis, Hamatospilia, Land Scurvy,
Purples, (F.) Scorbut, S. de Terre, Maladie  de
Werlhof, Himacelinose, Peliose himorrkagiqu e
—the spots are circular, and of different sizes;
often in stripes or patches, irregularly scattered
over the thighs, arms, and trunk; with occasional
hemorrhage from  the  mouth, nostrils, or vis-
cera, and great debility and depression of spirits.
   In Purpura Nau'tica, Porphyra nautica, Scor-
bu'tus, Pecltytyr'be, Gingibra'chium,  Gingipe'-
dium, Scelotyr'be, Stomac'ace, Scorbu'tus nau'-
ticus or Sea scurvy, (F.) Scorbut, there are spots,
of different hues,  intermixed with the  livid,
principally at the roots of the hair; the teeth
are loose; the gums are spongy and bleeding;
the breath is fetid, and the debility universal and
extreme.   This  occurs chiefly at sea, after ex-
posure to a moist,  cold, foul atmosphere; with
long use of one kind of food and of stagnant water.
   All these varieties of purpura resemble each
other considerably.  In the first two, however,
there seems, at  times, to be some excitement,
which has led to the employment of purgatives,
and  even of bleeding, with  advantage.   They
are dependent upon a peculiar diathesis, which
has  been termed  Scorbu'tic Cachex'ia, Lues
Scorbu'tica, and  Cacochym'ia Scorbu'tica.  Ge-
nerally speaking, the use of the  mineral acids
will  be indicated; and in  sea scurvy,  vege-
table acids must be regarded as the best anti-
scorbutics.  Nitre is, also, a good antiscorbutic,
and in cases of great  prostration it  may  be
united with Peruvian bark or turpentine.  Ta-
marinds and cream of tartar, made into drink,
are also  serviceable.   But the great remedy is
change from low to cheerful spirits; from filth
to cleanliness; and from a cold and damp, to a
temperate and dry climate, with change of food,
and especially the use of green vegetables.
   The general principles of management are
the same in sea, as in land scurvy.
   Purpura, Scarlatina—p.  Alba benigna  el
maligna, Miliary fever—p.  Maligna, Petechia?
—p. Miliaris, Miliary fever—p. Puerperarum,
Miliary  fever—p.  Urticata, Urticaria.
   PURPURISSUM,  Hydrargyri  sulphuretum
rubrum.
   PURSE, Scrotum.
   PUR'SINESS, Dyspna'a pinguedino'sa, (F.) 
PURSLAIN
719
PYLORUS
 Pousse. Dyspnoea accompanied with oppressive
 fatness.
   PURSLAIN, Portulaca—p. Milk, Euphorbia
 corollata—p. Water, Veronica beccabunga.
   PU'RULENT, Purulen'tus, Em'pyos, Pyo'-
 des, Pyicus.  That which  has the character of
 pus or consists of pus; as purulent matter, a
 purulent collection, &c.
   PURULENTIA, Suppuration.
   PURVAIN,  Verbena officinalis.
   PUS, Matter, Humor purulen'tus, Pyon,Py-
 ono'ma.  A secretion from inflamed textures,
 and especially from the cellular membrane.  It
 is, almost always, of the same nature, whatever
 may be the part it proceeds from.  Pus of a good
 quality,—laudable pus, Pus bonum seu laudab'-
 ilS seu nutriti'vum seu verum,  (F.) Pus lou-
 able, is of a yellowish-white colour, opake, in-
 odorous,  and of a creamy  appearance.   Heat,
 acids, and alcohol coagulate it. When analyzed
 by Schwilgue,  it afforded albumen and water,
 a  particular extractive substance, and a small
 quantity of  soda, phosphate of lime, and other
 salts.  Normal pus consists essentially of two
 distinct parts,  pus corpuscles or pus globules,
 and a colourless aqueous fluid, liquor puris, in
 which the corpuscles are suspended.
   Pus Bonum,  see Pus—p. Corpuscles, see Pus
 —p. Corrosivum, Sanies—p. Globules, see Pus
 —p. Laudabile, see Pus—p. Louable, see Pus—
 p. Malignum, Ichor—p. Malignum, Sanies—p.
 Nutritivum, see Pus—p. Verum, see Pus.
   PUSILLA'TUM, Pusula'tum, fxompusillus,
 i small.'   A coarse  powder.
   PUSILLUS, Nanus.
   PUSTULA, Pustule—p. Ardens, Eczema—
 p. Oris, -Aphthae.
   Pustulje Siccje, Lichen.
   PUSTULA'TION, Pustula'tio; from pustu-
 la, ' a pustule.'  The formation of pustules.
   PUSTULE,  Pus'tula, fxom pus : Ecpye'sis,
 Ecthy'ma,  Benath, Bube,  Epanas'tasis.  An
 elevation of the cuticle, with an  inflamed base
 containing pus.  Willan  and Bateman  reckon
 four varieties of pustules :  Phlyza'cium, Psy-
 dra'cium,  Achor  and Favus.  The  variolous
 pustule is often called,  by the French, Grain;
 by us,  Pock.
   PUSTULE  MALIGNE, see  Anthrax.
   PUSULATUM, Pusillatum.
   PUTIUM, Prepuce.
   PUTREDO, Hospital  Gangrene,  Putrefac-
 tion.
   PUTREFACTION, Putrefac'tio, Pu-
 trescen'tia,  Sepsis,  Sap'rotes, Putrid fermen-
 tation, Putrefact'ive fermentation, from pu-
 tris, piitre,  ' rotten,'  and facere,  ' to  make.'
 A decomposition, experienced by animal  sub-
 stances,  when deprived  of life  and   placed
 under particular substances.  The presence  of
 water is indispensable.  The temperature most
 favourable to it, is from 60°  to 90° of Fahren-
 heit.  The most common products of putrefac-
 tion are water,  carbonic acid, acetic acid, am-
 monia, carburetted hydrogen, and aserni-putrid
 substance, which is  volatilized and has  an in-
 fected odour.  It has been supposed that some-
 thing like putrefaction may occur in the living
 body, as in case of putrid fever.   To this con-
 dition,  Piorry has given  the name Typhoha-
 mia, conceiving it to be owing to alteration of
the blood by putrid animal matters. Putrefac-
tion signifies  the state  of becoming  putrid:
 whilst  putridity,  Putre'do, Putrid'itas, (F.)
 Pourriture, is the state of rottenness.
  PUTRESCENT,  Hyposaprus —p. Poison,
 see Poison.
  PUTRESCENTS, Putrefaction—p. Uteri
 gravidi, Hystero-malacia.
  PUTRTD, Pu'tridus, Sapros, (F.) Putride,
 from putrere,' to rot.'  An epithet for some af-
 fections, in which the matters excreted and the
 transpiration itself exhale a smell of putridity.
 It is particularly applied to typhus.
  PUTRIDITAS, see Putrefaction.
  PUTRIDITY, see Putrefaction.
  PUTRILA'GO,Putror, (F.)Putrilage. Same
 etymon.  The pultaceous  matter or slough,
 which forms  in certain gangrenous and other
 ulcers, and is thrown off.
  PUTROR, Putrilage.
  PUTZOCHILL, see Myroxylon Peruiferum.
  PYARTH'RUM, from nuov,' pus,' and a^ov,
 'joint.'  A suppurated joint.
  PYCNICMASTICA, Incrassantia.
  PYCNOSIS, Inspissatio.
  PYCNOTICA, Incrassantia.
  PYEC'CHYSIS; fxomnvov, 'pus,'and««%i/<r(?,
 ' effusion.'  An effusion of pus.
  PYELPTIS, from  nucXog, 'pelvis,' and itis,
 denoting inflammation.   Inflammation of the
 pelvis and calices of the kidney.
  PYELOMETER, Pelvimeter.
  PYELONEPHRITIS, fromnvtXog, 'pelvis,'
 veipqog, 'kidney,' and itis, denoting inflamma-
 tion.  Inflammation  of the  kidney and of the
 pelvis and calices.
  PYELOS, Pelvis.
  PYEMESIS, Pyoemesis.
  PYESIS, Suppuration-.
  PYETIA, Colostrum.
  PYGE, Nates.
  PYGME, Forearm.
  PYGODID'YMUS, Did'ymus symphyoperi-
 nx'us, Pygop'ages; from noyrj, ' the nates,' and
 fidufAos, ' a twin.'   A monstrosity, in which
 twins are united by the sacrum and coccyx.
  PYGOPAGES, Pygodidymus.
  PYICUS, Purulent.
  PYLE, Porta.
  PYLEMPHRAX'IS, from ttuxv, 'porta,'  'a
 gate,'and epqqa^tg, 'obstruction.'  Obstruction
 of the vena portae.
  PYLORIC, Pylor'icus.  Same etymon as py-
 lorus.  That which relates to the pylorus.  An
 epithet given to different parts.
  Pyloric Artery, Arte'ria Corona'ria dex-
 tra, (F.) Petite artere gastrique droite,  arises
 from the hepatic, and is distributed to the py-
 lorus and to the lesser curvature of the stomach,
 anastomosing, particularly, with  the A. coro-
 naria ventriculi and A. gastro-epiploica dextra.
  Pyloric Vein follows the same distribution
 as the artery.
  PYLORUS, Jan'itor, Portona'rium; from
 rrvxn,' a gate,' and ovqoc, ' a guardian;' Os'tium
 ventric'uli  duodena'le seu pylor'icum seu dex-
 trum seu infe'rius, Orifir"ium dextrum seu infe-
 rius seu Egres'sus seu Os infe'rius seu An'nu-
 lus  seu Sphincter ventri'culi, Ostia'rius, Hos-
 tia'rius, (F'.) Pylore.  The lower or right ori-
 fice of the stomach—Orifice  intestinal, (Ch.)—
 is called Pylorus, because it closes the entrance
into the intestinal canal, and is furnished with a
 circular,  flattened,  fibro-mucous  ring,  which
occasions the total closure of the stomach during 
PYOBLENNICUS
720
PYRETICOSIS
digestion  in that organ.  This ring has  been
called the Valve of the Pylorus, Sphincter Py-
lo'ri, Pylo'rus proprie sic dictus,  (F.) Valvule
du pylore.  It is a fold of the mucous and mus-
cular membranes of the stomach;  and is the
Pyloric muscle of some authors.
   PYOBLENNICUS, Mucopurulent.
   PYOBLENNORRHCE'A; from nvov, 'pus,'
pXsna, ' mucus,' and gE«, ' I flow.'  A discharge
of puriform mucus.
   PYOCENO'SIS;  from nvov, 'pus,' and *s-
vwctg, 'evacuation.'  Evacuation of pus.
   PYOCHEZ'IA, Diarrka'a purulen'ta; from
n-xjov, 'pus,'  and Xttw,  'I go to  stool.'  Dis-
charge of pus by stool.   Purulent diarrhoea.
   PYOCffi'LIA, Asci'tes purulen'tus,fxom7rvov,
'pus,' and y.oiXta, 'the belly.'  Pus  in the ab-
dominal cavity.
   PYOCYSTIS, Vomica.
   PYODES, Purulent.
   PYCEDE'MA; from rrvov, 'pus,' and oi$nua,
' swelling.'   Tumefaction of the surface owing
to effusion of pus.
   PYOEM'ESIS, Pyem'esis, Vom'itus purulen-
tus; from now, ' pus,' and e^ia-ig, '  the act of vo-
miting.'  Vomiting of pus.
   PYOGENESIS, Pyogenia.
   PYOGEN'IA, Puogen'ia, Pyogen'esis,  Pyo-
po'e'sis; from vuor, 'pus,' and yirto-,g, 'genera-
tion.'  Generation of pus.  The theory or me-
chanism of the formation of pus.   Some  have
believed that pus is formed by the arterial sys-
tem, and  is deposited, by way of  excretion, in
the inflamed parts;  others, that it  is formed by
the destruction of solid parts.  These opinions
are, however, inadmissible; and pus is now re-
garded  as mainly the product of  a particular
secretion  in the diseased part.
   Pyogenia  Corrosiva,  Ulceration—p.  Sim-
plex, Suppuration.
   PYOGEN'IC, Pyogen'icus;  same etymon.
Having relation  to the formation of pus.
   PYOHA'MIA, from noor, ' pus,' and 'ai^a,
' blood.'  Alteration of the blood  by pus.
   PYOID GLOBULES, see Pus.
   PYOME'TRA, P.  purulen'ta, from   nvov,
'pus,' and /^/to*,  'womb.'   A  collection of
pus in the uterus.
   Pyometra Purulenta, Pyometra.
   PYON, Pus.
   PYONEPHRITE, see Nephritis.
   PYONOMA, Pus.
   PYOOTORRHCEA, Otirrhoea.
   PYOPERICAR'DIA,  Pyopericar'dium,
from nvov, 'pus,' vtqi, 'about,'andxapjiu,'the
heart.'  A collection of pus in the  pericardium.
  PYOPHTHALMIA, Hypopyon.
  PYOPLEURITE,  Empyema.
  PYOPOE'SIS, Pyogenia.
  PYOP'TYSIS, from nuov, 'pus,'  and jrrt/co,
' I spit.'  Spitting of pus.
  PYORRHAG"IA, from nv-.v, ' pus,' and pay*,
' violent rupture.'  A sudden discharge  of  a
large collection of matter.
  PYORRHCE'A, from nvov, ' pus,' and otto,' I
flow.'  A discharge of pus.
  Pyorrhce'a Alvi'na, Pyochezia—p. Aurium,
Otirrhoea — p. Nasalis, Ozaena — p.  Palpebrae,
Blepharopyorrhoea — p.  Urinalis,  Pyuria—p.
Viarum lacrymalium,  Dacryopyorrhcea.
  PYOSIS,-Hypopyon, Pterygion, Suppuration
—p. Pectoris, Empyema.
  PYOTHORAX VERUS, Empyema.
  PYOTORRHEE, Otorrhoea.
  PYOTURIA, Pyuria.
  PYR, Fever.
  PYRA, Anthrax—p. Crustumina, Crustumi-
natum—p. Crustumerina, Crustuminatum.
  PYR'AMID, Pyr'amis, Eminen'tia pyrami-
da'lis tym'pani, from irvq, ' flame,' which has a
conical appearance. (?) A small, bony projec-
tion  in the cavity of the  tympanum, which i?
excavated, to lodge the muscle  of the stapes
Also, the Centre-pin of the trephine.
  Pyramid, see Calumba, and Vermiform pro-
cesses—p. of Malacarne, Vermiform process,
inferior.
  PYRAMIDAL DE L'ABDOMEN,  Pyra-
midalis abdominis—p.  dela Cwi«se,Pyram:dalis
—p. du Nez, Pyramidalis nasi—p. Stapedial.
Stapedius.
  PYRAMIDALE, (OS,) Cuneiform, (bone.)
  PYRAMIDA'LIS ABDOM'INIS, Mus'culus
Fallo'pii vel succenturia'tus vel auxilia'rius,
(F.)Pubio-ombilical, Pubio-sous-ombilical,(Ch.,)
Pyramidal  de I'abdomen.   A  small, fleshy
pyramidal fasciculus,  whose  existence is  not
constant; and which is  inserted, by its base, into
the upper part of the pubis, and  terminates, by
its summit, at the inferior part of the  linea alba.
When it contracts it stretches the linea alba.
  Pyramida'lis, P. Fem'oris, Ili'acus exter'-
nus, Pyriform'is, Piriformis, Primus  et supe-
rior quadrigem'inus, (F.) Sacro-trochanterien,
(Ch.) Pyramidal de la cuisse.  A  flat, triangu-
lar muscle, situate at the  posterior part of the
pelvis.  By its base, it is attached to the  an-
terior surface of the sacrum; to the correspond-
ing surface of the great sacro-sciatic ligament
and to the posterior part of the  ilium.   It  ter-
minates by a tendon, which is attached to  the
inner surface  of the  great trochanter.  This
muscle is a rotator of the thigh outwards, or of
the pelvis in an opposite direction.
  Pyramidalis Femoris, Pyramidalis.
  Pyramida'lis  Nasi, Proc"erus nasi, Nasum
dila'tans, (F.) Fronto-nasal (Ch.), Pyramidal
du nez.  A thin, triangular muscle, which has its
summit upwards.  Above, it is continuous with
the occipito-frontalis.  It descends vertically be-
fore the root of the nose, on which it terminates;
becoming confounded  with the  transversalis.
This  muscle wrinkles the  skin of the root of
the nose transversely, and stretches that which
covers the tip.
  PYRAMIDES ANTERIEURES, Corpora
pyramidalia—p. Ferreini,  Ferrein, pyramids
of—p. Malpighianae, Papillae of the kidney—p.
Postirieures du cervelet,  Corpora  restiformia.
  PYRAMIDS,  POSTERIOR,  Corpora resti-
formia—p. of Wistar,  Sphenoidal cornua.
  PYRAMIS,  Penis,  Pyramid —p. Cochlea;.
Modiolus—p. Trigona, see Temporal bone.
  PYRCAA, Incendium.
  P YREC'TIC A,'  febrile;' from Trvqnog,' fe-
ver.'  Fevers : the  first order in the class Ha-
matica of Good.
  PYRENOIDES, Odontoid.
  PYRkTHRE, Anthemis pyrethrum.
  PYRETHRUM,  Anthemis pyrethrum,  Ur-
tica—p. Parthenium, Matricaria parthenium—
p. Sylvestre, Achillea ptarmica.
  PYRETICO'SIS; from nvQ,  'fixe,' and tu-
oirog,' fever;'  Morbus febri'lis.  A febrile af-
fection. 
PYRETICUS
721
PYULCON
   PYRETICUS, Febrifuge.
   PYRETOGRAPH'IA; from wuqtxct, 'fever,'
 and ye,u(fv, ' a description.'  A description of
 lever.
   PYRETOL'OGY, Pyretolog"ia;  from noqt-
 roc, ' fever,' and Xoyog, ' a discourse.'  Pyrol'-
 ogy.  A treatise on fevers.  A title sometimes
 given to a monograph  on  fever.
   PYRETOS, Fever.
   PYREXIA, Pynx'is.  Same etymon as the
 next.  Fever.  The febrile condition.  Also,
 a paroxysm of fever—Paroxysmus febri'lis.
   PYREXIA, fxomvvq, 'fire.'  Febrile dis-
 eases.  The first class of Cullen's Nosology.
   PYRI MARTIALES, Ferrum tartarizatum.
   PYRIA,  Fomentation,  Vaporarium.
   PYHIATERIUM, Vaporarium.
   PYRICAUSTUM, Burn.
   PYRIFORMIS, Pyramidalis.
   PYRI PH'LEGES,5Typ/q)/s^j;f,fromwuo,'fire,'
 and ipXtya,  'I  burn.'   One  who has a burning
 fever.
   PYRITES,  IRON, Ferri sulphuretum.
   PYRMONT, .MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 A celebrated  mineral spring, on the Weser, in
 Westphalia, four leagues  from Hamelet.  The
 waters are tonic, and contain chlorides of so-
 dium  and magnesium, sulphates of  soda and
 magnesia, and carbonates of iron, lime,  and
 magnesia dissolved in carbonic acid, with some
 resinous principles.  It is a highly carbonated
 chalybeate.
   Artificial Pyrmont Water maybe formed
 of Epsom salt, gr. xv,  Common salt, gr. v,
 Magnesia,  gr. x, Iron filings, gr. v, Water,
 Oiij.  Impregnated with  the  gas from Marble
 powder and Sulphuric  acid, aagvij.
   PYRCENUS, Spiritus  rectificatus.
   PYR'OLA,  P.  rotundifo'lia, Round-leaved
 wintergreen.   Order,  Pyrolaceae.   This plant
 was once used as a gentle astringent and tonic.
   Pyr'ola  Macula'ta,  Spotted Pipsis'sewa,
 Whiteleaf,  White  Pipsisseway,  King cure,
 Ground holly, Rheumatism weed, &c, has simi-
 lar properties.
   Pyrola Umbella'ta, Chimaph'ila  vel  Chi-
 moph'ila  umbella'ta, C. Corymbo'sa,  Ground-
 holly,  Pipsissewa, Wintergreen, Rheumatism
 weed, Herbe a pisser (Canada).  This common
 American plant is allied to the uva ursi, in bo-
 tanical as well as medical qualities.  It is tonic
 and diuretic.   The bruised  leaves irritate the
 skin.  From the decoction or infusion an agree-
 able beverage may be  formed by adding sugar,
 ginger to flavour it, and yeast  to produce fer-
 mentation.  Under the name Pipsis'sewa  Beer
 it has been used in scrofulous affections.
   PYROLEUM OSSIUM RECTIFICATUM,
 Oleum animale Dippelii.
   PYROLIGNEOUS  ACID, AC'idum Pyro-
 ace'ticum, A.  Ligni pyro-oleo'sum, A. Ace'ti-
 cum empyreumat'icum, A. Lig'neum, Pyrolig'-
 nic Acid, (F.) Acide Pyroligneux, Vinaigre de
 bois.  An acid, obtained  by distillation, from
 wood, coal, &c, which was once believed to be
 of a peculiar character.  It is now known to be
 formed of acetic acid and an empyreumatic oil,
 from which it  may be freed ; and, in this state,
 is sold in commerce for Acetum destillatum.
 It is used for similar purposes as distilled vine-
 gar, and for preserving animal substances.  It
 has also been used as an antiseptic in gangrene
and sphacelus, and to foul ulcers; wherever in-
 deed  creasote is  indicated.—The  dose of the
 impure pyroligneous acid internally is from 5
 to 30 drops, three or four times a day.
   PYROMA'NIA; from 7<»p,' fire,' and mania.
 Insanity, with an irresistible desire to destroy
 by fire.
   PYROPH'AGUS, Igniv'orus, fxom irvq,
 ' fire,' and ipayio, ' I eat.'   One who eats  fire.
 A juggler, who eats bodies in a state of ignition.
   PYROS, Triticum.
   PYRO'SIS, from tivq, ' fire,'' the  act of burn-
 ing.'  Ptyalis'mus pyros'icus, Limo'sis cardial'-
 gia sputato'ria, Ardor stom'achi, A. Ventric'uli,
 Cardial'gia sputatoria, Pyrosis Suec"ica, Apo-
 reno'sis vom'itus pyrosis,  Dyspepsia pyrosis,
 Cuismoreg'mia,  Ebullif'io  stom'achi,  Orex'is
 (of some),  Waterbrash, Waterqualm,  Black-
 water, (F.) Ardeur de PEstomac,  Fer chaud,
 Cremason, Soda, Gorgosset. This affection con-
 sists ofa hot sensation in the stomach, with eruc-
 tations of an acrid, burning  liquid, that causes a
 distressing sensation in the parts over which it
 passes. Attention to diet, and the use of bitter
 absorbents,  will usually relieve,  when the  dis-
 ease is functional.  Occasionally,  it is symp-
 tomatic of organic disease of the stomach.
   Pyrosis also signified, of old,  inflammation,
 gangrene, and a burn.
   Pyrosis Suecica, Pyrosis.
   PYROSOPHIA, Chymistry.
   PYROTECHNIA, Chymistry.
   PYROTECHNY, Pyrotech'ne,  from  xvq,
 'fire,' and rc^vr;, 'art.'  Art of making fire-
 works, &c.   Also,  chymistry.   M. Percy has
 used the term Pyrotechnie Chirurgicale for the
 art of applying  fire or the actual cautery in
 surgery.
   PYROTHONIDE;  from nvq,  'fire,'  and
 o6ovv,  ' linen.'  Liquor pyro-oleo'sus  e lin'teo
para'tus.  A kind of pyrogenous or empyreu-
 matic  oil produced  by the  combustion of  tex-
 tures of hemp, linen, or cotton in a  copper ves-
 sel.   The brown product is acid.  Its medical
 properties probably resemble those of creasote.
 Diluted with three or four  times its weight of
 water, it has been used as a gargle  in cynanche
 tonsillaris, but it is  not now employed.
   It is said, also, to be a  popular remedy for
 tooth  ache and skin  diseases.  When prepared
 from rags, it is called rag oil; when  from paper,
paper oil.
   PYROTICUS, Caustic.
   PYRUS CYDO'NIA. The Quince Tree, (F.)
 Coignassier. Family, Rosacea;.  Sex. Syst. Ico-
 sandria Pentagynia.   The fruit is termed Cydo'-
nium Malum, Malum Canum, Malum coto'neum.
 Melum cydo'nium, Quince, (F.) Coign.  Quince
 seeds  are sometimes used in decoction as a de-
 mulcent.  The fruit makes a pleasant preserve.
   Pyrus Malus, Melea.  The Apple Tree, (F.)
Pommier.   Apples are an agreeable fruit when
ripe.   When unripe, they disagree, especially
with  those  of weak digestive  powers.  The
same  may be said of the pear: the  fruit of the
Pyrus commu'nis, Apios, P. Sorbus, P. Sati'va,
(F.) Poirier.—Apple, (F.) Pomme.—Pear, (F.)
Poire.
  Apple Brandy is a spirituous liquor obtained
from the juice of the apple, and  much  used in
the United States.
   PYTIA, Colostrum.
  PYTISMA, Sputum, Sperm.
  PYUL'CON, from nvov, 'pus,' and <£;ixa>, 'I 
PYURIA
722
QUARTI-STERNAL
extract.' (F.) Tire-pus. A surgical instrument
for extracting pus from  any cavity.  Many
pyulca have been employed, all of which act as
exhausting syringes.
  PYU'RIA,  Pyotu'ria, Pyorrha'a urina'lis,
from tvom, ' pus,' and ouqov, 'urine.' Discharge
of purulent urine : a symptom which occurs in
many diseases; particularly in cases of renal
calculi, and in organic affections of the bladder.
It receives various epithets,  according to the
part whence the  pus proceeds:—as  Pyuria
urethra'lis, P. rena'lis, and P. vesir.a'lis.
  Pyuria Chylosa, Chyluria—p. Lactea, Chy-
luria—p. Mucosa, Cystirrhoea—p. Serosa, Cys-
tirrhoea—p. Viscida, Cystirrhoea.
  PYXIS, -nvhg.  A box ; a pill-box.  Also an
emollient ointment.—Aetius and Paulus.
  Pyxis, Boite, see Cotyloid.
Q.
   Q. see Abbreviation.
   QUABEBE, Piper cubeba.
   QUACK, Charlatan.
   QUADRANS, Quarta pars libra.  A quarter
 of a pound.  Three ounces (Troy.)
   QUADRANTAL, Amphora.
   QUADRATUS, Depressor labii inferioris—
 q. Dorsi, Q. lumborum.
   Quadra'tus Fem'oris, Quadratus, from qua-
 dra, ' a square ;' Quartus quadrigem'inus quad-
 ratus, (Ch.) Tuber-Ischio-trochantirien, Ischio-
 sous-trochantirien, (F.) Carri  de  la Cuisse.
 A muscle  situate at  the  posterior and upper
 part of the thigh.  It  is thin, flat, and quadri-
 lateral, and is attached to the outer part of the
 tuberosity of the ischium;  whence it proceeds
 transversely to the inferior part of the posterior
 rnargin of the great trochanter.  It  rotates the
 limb, turning the toe outwards.
   Quadratus Gen;e,  Platysma  myoides—q.
 Radii, Pronator radii quadratus.
   Quadratus Lumbo'rum, Quadratus seu Lnm-
 ba'ris externus; Flectens par lumbo'rum, Qua-
 dra'tus dorsi,  (F.) Ilio-costal (Ch.) Ilio-lumbi-
 costal, Carri des lombes. A flat, somewhat thick,
 irregularly quadrilateral muscle, situate in the
 loins, at the sides of the vertebral column. It
 is attached, below, to the crista ilii  and  ilio-
 lumbar ligament; and above, to the inferior
 margin of the last rib;  and besides, to the  base
 of the transverse processes of the last four  lum-
 bar vertebrae.  This muscle inclines the  loins
 to its side; depresses the last rib, and is thus a
 muscle of  respiration.  It can also raise the
 hip.
   QUADRIGEM'INA TUBER'CULA, Emi-
 nen'tice Quadrigem'ince,  Optic  Lobes, Optic
 Ganglia, Pons Syl'vii, Cor'pora quadrigem'-
 ina, Nates et  Testes, Cor'pora bigem'ina,  (F.)
 Tubercles  quadrijumeaux,  Eminences bigimi-
 nees.  Four medullary tubercles, situate at the
 posterior surface of the tuber annulare.  They
 are white, externally; gray, internally; oblong;
 rounded; connected by pairs, and separated by
 two grooves, which divide them crucially.  Of
 these tubercles—the   superior,  called  nates,
 Tuber'cula avterio'ra,  Glu'tia, are  larger and
 more prominent than the lower, called testes,
 Tuber'cula posterio'ra.  The pineal gland cor-
responds exactly to the point of intersection of
the two furrows that separate them.
  QUADRIGEMINUS PRIMUS ET SUPE-
RIOR,  Pyramidalis—q.  Quadratus  quartus,
 Quadratus femoris—q. Secundus et tertius, Is-
chio-trochanterianus.
  QUAHOIL, Cacao.
  QUAIL, Tetrao coturnix.
   QUANDROS.  Ancient name for a precious
 stone, believed to exist in the brain of the vul-
 ture ; and to which was attributed the property
 of augmenting the secretion of milk, and pre-
 serving from deadly  accidents.  No such stone
 exists.
  QUARANTINE,  from (I.)  Quaranti'na;
 itself from quaranta, 'forty.'  (F'.)Quarantoine.
 The time during  which travellers, returning
 from a country where  the plague or any other
 pestilential  disease  exists,  are  compelled to
 remain on board ship or in a lazaretto.  They,
 as well as the ship, are said ' to perform quaran-
 tine.' Quarantine is sometimes extended beyond
 forty days,  whilst its duration  is  frequently
 much less.  It is sometimes enforced by land;
for  example, when contagious diseases require
the establishment of cordons sanitaires, and
when persons are  desirous of leaving infected
districts.  During  quarantine, no communica-
tion is allowed between the travellers and the
inhabitants of the country.  Quarantine is a
great impediment to  commerce ;  and is, doubt-
less, very frequently enforced when there is
but little danger of contagion.  The evils, how-
ever, that might arise from the introduction of
a widely-spreading contagious disease,  are so
disastrous, as to  induce legislators to maintain
these laws in perhaps an unnecessary degree of
rigour.
  QUARTAN, 'of or belonging  to the fourth.'
 Quarta'na Febris, An'etus Quarta'nus,  Tetar-
 tx'us, Quartan Ague, (F.) Quarte.   An inter-
 mittent, the paroxysms of which recur every 4th
 day, leaving between them two days' interval.
 We speak also of the  Quartan Type.  A Double
 Quartan is one in which one paroxysm occurs
 on the third and another on the second day, so
 that there is only one day of apyrexia and two
 of paroxysms in succession;—the  paroxysms
 of every 4th day  resembling each other.  A
 Triple Quartan  is one in which  there  is a pa-
 roxysm every day; and on every three days the
 paroxysms correspond.  A  redoubling or re-
peating  quartan,  (F.) Fievre quarte doublie,
 is one in which there are two paroxysms every
 4th day.   See Intermittent.
  QUART ANUS REMITTENS, Tetartophia.
  QUARTA'RIUS.  An ancient measure, equal
 to one-fourth  of the sextarius.  See  Weights
 and Measures.
  QUARTE, Quartan.
  QUARTIO, Astragalus.
  QUARTI-STERNAL, Quadristerna'lis. The
 fourth osseous portion of the sternum, corre-
 sponding to the fourth intercostal space.—Be-
 clard. 
QUASSATIO
723
QUININE
   QUASSATIO, Conquassation.
   QUASSATURA, Conquassation.
   QUASSIA, Quassia ama'ra, Quassy, Quas-
sia excel'sa, Picrx'na excel'sa, Febrif'ugum lig-
num, Lofty Bitterwood  Tree, Bittet-ash, (F.)
Quassie.  A West India tree, from which is
obtained the Lignum  Quassix, Quassia, (Ph.
U. S.)  It is an intensely durable bitter, with-
out astringency; and  has been employed as a
tonic and  stomachic.   It  is generally given in
the form of infusion.  The bitter principle is
called Quassin.
   Quassia Simarou'ba, Simarouba, Simaruba,
S. officina'lis,  Euon'ymus,  Bitter Simaruba,
Mountain Damson.   The bark  of the Sima-
rouba is bitter, and not unpleasant.   Both wa-
ter and alcohol extract its virtues.   It is not
astringent.  It is  exhibited wherever a simple
tonic is required.
   QUASSIN, see  Quassia.
   QUATERNIO, Astragalus.
   QUATRE EPICES, see Myrtus  pimenta.
   QUATRIO, Astragalus.
   QUEEN'S DELIGHT, Stillingia—q. of the
Meadows, Spiraea  ulmaria—q. Root, Stillingia.
   QUERCULA  MINOR, Teucrium chamae-
drys.
   QUERCUS ALBA, the White Oak; Quercus
Robur,  the Common  Oak;  Q. Tincto'ria, the
Black Oak; Q. rubra Monta'na, the Red Oak or
Spanish Oak; Family, Amentaceae; Sex. Syst.
Monoecia  Polyandria;  (F.) Chine.   The  bark
of all these varieties is, probably, alike in me-
dicinal properties.  It is powerfully astringent
and tonic, and has  been used internally in inter-
mittents, and externally in decoction, as an as-
tringent wash, where such is indicated.
   Acorns, Ceces, Nuces Quercus, (F.) Glands,
were at one time much used as food;  and a de-
coction of them was once recommended in dysen-
tery and diarrhoea,  in glandular obstructions, &c.
A pessary made of them has been advised in
immoderate flow of the menses.   They are not
now used.
   Quercus Tnfecto'ria.  A tree of  Asia Mi-
nor, which affords Turkey  Galls, Nut Galls,
Galia Tier'cica,  G. Querci'na,  G. Tincto'ria,
Nux Galia, Galia max'ima  orbicula'ta, Cicis,
Cassenoles, Galia, Galls, Gall-nut, (F.) Noix
de Galle.   The nut-gall—Galia (Ph. U. S.) is
a morbid protuberance or tubercle, produced by
the puncture of the Diplo'lepis Gallx Tincto'-
rix, or Cynips Quercus folii.  It is powerfully
astringent and tonic, and has been employed in
diarrhcea, intestinal hemorrhage, and intermit-
tents :-but is chiefly used, externally, in gargles
and  injections.  The  powder, made into  an
ointment with lard, is  used in piles.
   Quercus  Coccifera, see Kermes—q. Mari-
na, Fucus vesiculosus—q. Suber, see  Suber.
   QUEUE  DE CHEVAL,  Cauda equina, see
Medulla spinalis—q. de la Mo'elle ipiniere, Cau-
da equina—q. de Pourceau, Peucedanum.
   QUICK-IN-THE-HAND,  Impatiens.
   QUICKEN  TREE,  Sorbus acuparia.
   QUICK'ENING,from Sax. cpiccan, 'to make
alive.'  The period of  gestation when the mo-
tion of  the  fcetus  first becomes perceptible.
This usually occurs about the eighteenth week,
and was at  one time  erroneously believed to
mark the time at which the fcetus becomes alive
—Anima'tio fatus.  It need scarcely be said, J
that it possesses the principle of life from the |
 moment of the union of the materials furnished
 by the sexes at a fecundating copulation.  When
 the motion is felt, the female is said to be < quick
 with child.'
   QUICKENS, Triticum repens.
   QUICKLIME, Calx viva.
   QUICKSILVER, Hydrargyrum.
   QUIES, Acinesia.
   QUINA, Quinina—q. Quina,  Cinchona.
   QUINA  ACETAS  SULPHAS, &c, see
 Quinina.                              %
   QUINCE, see  Pyrus cydonia—q. Tree, Py-
 rus cydonia.
   QUINIA,  Quinina—q.  Acetate of, Quinine,
 acetate of—q. Amorphous, see  Quinia, extract
 of.
   Quinia, Extract of, Qui'nia sulphas impu'-
 rus.   A preparation which consists in evapo-
 rating the liquor poured off the  crystals of sul-
 phate of quinia, to the consistence of a pilular
 mass.
   It has the properties of sulphate of quinia,
 and its active principle appears to be amorphous
 quinia.
   Quinia, Impure Sulphate  of, Extract  of
 Quinia—q. Iodide of, see  Iodine—«q. and Mer-
 cury,  Protochloride of, Hydrargyri et Quinia;,
 Protochloridum—q. Sulphate of,  Quinine, sul-
 phate of.
   For other salts of Quinia, see Quinine, ace-
 tate of.
   QUINIA  ACETAS,  SULPHAS, &c, see
 Quinine.
   QUININE, Qui'nia, Quina, Kini'num, Chi-
 ni'num, Quinina.  An alkaline, uncrystalliza-
 ble substance;  under  the form  of a porous,
 whitish mass; almost insoluble in water, solu-
 ble in  alcohol and ether.   It forms, with acids,
 salts that  are in general soluble.   It is obtained
 from different cinchonas, but chiefly from the
 yellow, and  is  the active principle of those
 valuable drugs.
   Quinine or Quinia, Sulphate of,  Qni'nx
 Sulphas, Qvini'na Sulphas, Quince Disul'phas,
 Quince Sulphas, Chi'nium seu Chini'nvm Sul-
 phu'ricum, (F.)  Sulfate de  Quinine—the salt
 usually employed in medicine—occurs in nee-
 dles of a pearly and  satiny  appearance.  It is
 employed with great success in the treatment
 of intermittents; and is available in many cases,
 where the bark in substance could not be re-
 tained, or would be injurious.  Dose, from 3  to
 10 grains  in the  24 hours.   It  is obtained, by
 treating the yellow bark with  sulphuric acid.
 The following form is adopted  in the Pharma-
 copoeia of the United States, (1842)—Cinchon.
flav. in pulv. crass. Ibiv; Acid.muriat. f. giij;
 Calcis,in  pulv. gv; Aqua, cong. v; Acid. Sul-
 phur.,  Alcohol; Carbon, animal, §a,q. s.  Boil
 the bark in one-third of the water mixed with
 one-third of the muriatic acid, and strain through
 linen.  Boil the residue twice successively with
 the same quantity of acid  and water as before,
 and strain.  Mix the decoctions, and, while the
 liquor  is hot, gradually add the lime, previously
 mixed  with two pints of water, stirring con-
 stantly, until the quinia is completely precipi-
 tated.  Wash  the precipitate  with distilled
 water, and having pressed and  dried it, digest
 it in boiling alcohol.  Pour  off  the liquor and
 repeat  the digestion several times, until the al-
 cohol is no  longer rendered bitter.  Mix the
liquors, and distil off the alcohol, until a brown 
QUININISM               724             RACHIOPHYMA
viscid mass remains.   Upon this substance, re-
moved from the vessel, pour about half a gallon
of distilled water, and having heated the mix-
ture to the boiling point, add as much sulphuric
acid as maybe necessary to dissolve the impure
alkali.  Then add an ounce and a half of animal
charcoal;  boil for two minutes; filter the liquor
while hot, and set it aside to crystallize. Should
the liquor, before filtration, be entirely neutral,
acidulate  it very slightly  with sulphuric acid.
Shoijj|d it, on the contrary, change the colour of
litmus paper to a bright red, add more animal
charcoal.  Separate the crystals from the liquor,
dissolve them in  boiling water slightly acidu-
lated with sulphuric acid, add a little animal
charcoal,  filter and set  aside to  crystallize.
Wrap the crystals in bibulous paper, and dry
with a gentle heat.  The mother waters may
be made to yield an additional quantity of sul-
phate of quinia by precipitating the quinia with
solution of ammonia, and  treating the precipi-
tated alkali with water,  sulphuric acid,  and
animal charcoal, as before.
  Quinine or Quinia, Ac"etate of, (Quinia
Ace'tas, Chinium  Ace'ticum, Ace'tas chinii, A.
chini'ni, A. chinicus, A. Quinice, A. Quina, A.
Quini'ni,  A.  Kini'ni;)  Arseniate (Qui'nia
arsen'ias,  Chini'num  arsenico'sum;) Citrate
(Quinia citras, Citras chinicus) Ferrocyanate
(Quinx Ferrocy'anas, Chinium  Ferrocyano-
gena'trim,  &c.,) Lactate (Quinia lactas,) Mu-
riate (Quinia murias, Chinium muriat'icum,
Ch.  sali'tum  seu hydrochlor'icum, &c.,)  Ni-
trate (Chinium nitricum, &c.,)  Phosphate
(Quina Phosphas,  Chinium phosphoricum,
&c.,) Tannate (Quinix  Tannas,)  Tartrate,
and Valerianate of Quinia, (Quinice Valeri-
anas) have been administered in the same cases
as the sulphate.
  QUINI'NISM, Quininis'mus, Quinism.  The
aggregate  of encephalic or neuropathic pheno-
mena induced by over doses of quinia.
  QUINOIDINE, Chinioidine.
  QUINQUEFOLIUM, Potentilla reptans.
  QUINQUINA,  Cinchona—q. Aromatique,
 Croton cascarilla—q. Bicolor, Cinchonae Cari-
 baeae cortex—q. Faux, de Virginie,  Cusparia
 febrifuga—q. Gris de Loxa, Cinchonae lancifo-
 liae cortex—q. Jaune, Cinchonae cordifoliae cor-
 tex—q. Orange, Cinchona; lancifoliae cortex—q.
 Piton,  Cinchonae Caribaeae cortex—q. Rouge,
 Cinchonae oblongifoliae  cortex.
   QUINSEY,  Cynanche tonsillaris—q. Ner-
 vous, Angone—q. Wolf, Lycanche.
   QUINTAN, Febris quinta'na, F. pemptx'a,
 F. quinia;  from  quintus, 'a fifth.'  A fever
 whose paroxysms return only every  five days
 inclusively; and between which there are, con-
 sequently, three days of apyrexia.
   QUINTE, (F.)  This word is used synony-
 mously with paroxysm ox fit, when speaking of
 cough,—as une Quinte de Toux—'a fit of cough-
 ing.'  Also, the influenza.
   QUINTEFEUILLE, Potentilla reptans.
   QUINTES, see Pertussis.
   QUINTESSENCE,  Quinta Essen'tia.   A
 name formerly given to alcohol, impregnated
 with the principles of some drug.   It was, con-
 sequently, often  synonymous with Alcohol'ic
 tincture.  The most volatile principles of bodies
 were, also, called Quintes'sences.
   QUINTI-STERN AL. The fifth osseous por-
 tion  of the sternum.   It corresponds to the 5th
 and 6th intercostal spaces.
   QUINUA, Chenopodium quinoa.
   QUOTIDTAN, Quotidia'nus, Ephe'merus,—
 itself from quotidie,' daily.'   That which takes
 place every day.
   Quotid'ian  Fever,  Febris  quotidia'na seu
 hemere'sia seu hemer'ina, Q. ague, An'etus quo-
 tidia'nus, Cathe'merus,  Cathemer'inus, Methe-
 mer'iuos, Amphemer'inos, Amphimer'inus, Am-
phe'merus, Febris amphe'mera seu me.themer'-
 ina seu methemer'ia, Quotidia'nus, (F.) Filvre
 quotidienne, is an intermittent, the paroxysms
 of which recur every day.
   A  simple, double, ox triple quotidian, is a quo-
 tidian, which has one, two, or three paroxysms
 in the 24 hours.
R.
  R. is placed at the commencement of a pre-
scription,  as  a  contraction of Rec"ipe~.  (See
Abbreviation.)   Originally, it was the sign %
of Jupiter, and  was placed at the  top of a for-
mula, to propitiate  the king of the gods, that
the  compound might act favourably.
  RABDOIDES, (SQTURA,) Sagittal suture.
  RABID, Rab'idus, (F.) Rabique, Rabiiique,
from  rabies,  'canine madness.'   That  which
belongs to hydrophobia; as rabid virus, &c.
  RABIRIQUE, Rabid.
  RABIES CANINA, Hydrophobia.
  RABIQUE, Rabid.
  RACCOON BERRY,  Podophyllum  monta-
num.
  RACE, from  radice,  abl.  of radix, ' root.5
The union or aggregate of individuals  whose
conformation or particular condition differs per-
ceptibly from those of neighbouring varieties.
In the human species, several races  are desig-
nated. See Homo.
  RACEMEUX, Racemosus.
  R ACEMO'SUS, Rac"emous, Rac"emose, (F.)
Racemeux.  In clusters, like grapes.
  RACE'MUS.   A cluster—as of grapes.
  RACHAMELCA, from Hebr. cm (rechem)
*the womb,' and -\cv (molech,)  'a  king:' Re-
chamal'ca.   A peculiar formative  principle,
supposed, by Doleeus, to exist in the uterus.
  RACHE. Porrigo.
  RACHIAI, Rhachiaei.
  RACHIALGIA, Colic,  metallic, Rhachio-
dynia, Vertebral disease—r.  Mesenterica, Ta-
bes mesenterica—r. Pictoniensium, Colic, me-
tallic—r. Pictonum, Colic, metallic.
  RACHIALGIE MESENTERIQUE, Tabes
mesenterica.
  RACHIALGITIS, Rhachialgitis.
  RACHIDIAN  ARTERIES, Spinal arteries
—r. Bulb,  see Medulla oblongata—r. Canal,
Vertebral canal.
  RACHIOPHYMA, Rachiphyma. 
RACHIPHYMA
725
RADIALIS
  RACHIPHY'MA or Rhachipky'ma, Rachio-
phyma, Tumor Dorsi, from V*/'«>' the spine,'
and <pu,uu,' a tumour.'   A tumour on the spine
or on the back.
  RACHIS, Vertebral column.
  R AC HIS AGR A,Rhach'isagra,Rhach'iagra,
Khach'eagi a, Rhach'idagra, Rhachi'tis spina'-
lis, from 'pu/t^, 'the spine,'  and ayqa, 'a sei-
zure.'  A gouty or rheumatic affection of the
spine.
  RACHITA, Rhachitae.
  RACHI'TIS,  Rhachi'tis, from '^a^ic, 'the
spine,' and itis, a suffix denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the spine.   Also,  Cyrto'sis
Ra'chia, Cyrton'osus, Morbus Ang'licus, Os-
'eomala'cia Infan'tum, Tabes pectorea; Innutri-
tio ossium, Spina nodo'sa, Rachitis mus, the En-
glish disease, Rickets; from iqa.<^ig, ' the spine.'
(F.)  liarhiiisme, Nouure.   A  disease charac-
terized by crookedness of the long bones; swell-
ing of their extremities; crooked spine; promi-
nent abdomen; large head; and often precocity
of intellect.   It is accompanied by  leanness,
general debility, indigestion;  and frequently
induces atrophy and  hectic.  Rickets occurs,
particularly, during the first years of existence,
in weakly children, born of rickety or scrofu-
lous parents; brought up in  damp or confined
situations; who are badly nourished,  and do
not take sufficient exercise.  The progress and
termination of the disease are very variable.
Some children gradually recover their health:
others become more and more  deformed, and
ultimately die of consumption, dropsy, or other
organic  disease.  The  treatment  is  almost
wholly hygienic. Pure air; a healthy situation;
nourishing diet; exercise;  sea or common cold
bathing, and tonics, afford  the best prospect of
success.
   Rachitis Adultorum, Mollities ossium.
   RACHITISME, Rachitis.
   RACHO'SIS,  Rhacho'sis,  Rako'sis,  from
•pafci«, or 'p*xou>,' I wrinkle.'  A relaxation of
Che  scrotum.  Propto'ma seu lax'itas  Scroti,
Scrotum peu'dulum.   An excoriation of the re-
laxed scrotum.—Dictionaries.
   RACINE J BEC QUE T, Geranium moscha-
tum—r. de Bengal, Cassumuniar—r. de Chords,
Dorstenia contrayerva—r. de Dracke, Dorstenia
contrayerva—r. des Philippines, Dorstenia con-
trayerva—r. de Safran, Curcuma longa—;•. de
Saint Esprit, Angelica—r. Salivaire, Anthemis
pyrethrum—r. de  Turbeth, Convolvulus turpe-
t.hum.
  RACINES DU CEiZFEZ-ET,Corpora res-
tiformia.
  RACLURES  DES  BOYAUX,  Ramenta
intestinorum.
  RA CORNISSEMENT (F.), from se racor-
»ir,' to shrivel in the fire as leather does.' Cor-
>i if cat ion.   A physical property, possessed by
animal  substances, which consists in a kind of
contractility, accompanied with sudden corru-
gation and curling.  It is produced by heat, and
by  chemical agents, especially by the strong
mineral acids.
  RADCLIFFE'S  ELIXIR,  see  Tinctura
aloes composita.
  RADESYGE, Radzyge.
  RADEZYGE, Radzyge.
  RA'DIAL, Rudia'lis, from radius, a bone of
the forearm.   That which relates to the radius.
  RADIAL ANTilRIEUR, Palmaris magnus.
  Radial Artery, A.  extern'a  Cu'biti.  It
arises, from the brachial, at the upper and an-
terior part of the forearm; descends on the outer
side as far as the lower part of the radius, and
proceeds downwards  and backwards towards
the superior extremity of the  space which se-
parates the first two metacarpal bones.  It then
buries itself in the palm  of the hand, where it
forms the profound or radial palmar arch.  The
radial artery gives off the recurrent radial, seve-
ral radio-muscular branches, the transverse pal-
mar radio-carpal artery, the external superficial
artery of the palm of the hand, the external dor-
sal of the thumb, the dorsalis  carpi, dorsal in-
terosseous artery of the index, ire.
  RADIAL EXTERNE PREMIER, see Ra-
dialis— r. Externe second, see Radialis — r.
Grand, see Radialis.
  Radial Nerve, Radio-digital (Ch.), Spiral
Nerve,  Spiiral  muscular N., Musculo-spiral
nerve, arises from the four inferior branches of
the brachial plexus.   It is, at  first, situate be-
hind the other nerves of the  plexus.  It then
becomes engaged between the three portions of
the triceps braehialis, passes behind the hume-
rus, and descends between the  supinator longus
and braehialis internus, as far as opposite the
upper extremity of the radius.   In  its course it
gives numerous filaments to  the triceps, supi-
nator longus,  extensor carpi  radialis longior,
and to the integuments.   Opposite the upper
extremity of  the radius it divides  into  two
branches;—the one posterior, which turns back-
wards into the substance of the  supinator brevis,
and when it has reached the space between the
two layers of muscles on the posterior surface
of the forearm, divides into a  great number of
filaments, which are distributed to those mus-
cles, and to the integuments of the  hand.   The
other branch is anterior:  it descends before the
supinator brevis and the radius; until, near the
inferior third of that bone, it engages itself be-
tween the tendons of the supinator longus and
extensor carpi radialis longior; and,  becoming
afterwards  subcutaneous, divides  into  two
branches, whose filaments are distributed to the
integuments of the thumb, index, middle finger,
to the outside of the ring finger, and to the first
interosseous muscle of the back of the hand.
  RADIAL PETIT, see Radialis.
  Radial Veins, Deep-Seated,follow the same
course as the radial artery.
  RADIALIS EXTER'NUS BRE'VIOR, Ex-
ten'sor Carpi Radialis Bre'vior, Radialis secun-
dus, (F.) Second radial  externe, Petit radial,
Epicondylo-sus-mitacarpien, (Ch.)  An exten-
sor muscle of the  wrist, situate  beneath the
extensor carpi radialis longior.  It is attached,
above, to the external tuberosity of the hume-
rus, and terminates below, by a long tendon,
inserted  into the posterior part of the upper
extremity of the third bone of the  metacarpus.
It has the same uses as the next muscle.
  Radia'lis Exter'nus  Lon'gior,  Extensor-
Carpi Radia'lis  Lon'gior, Radialis  externus
primus, (F.) Premier radial externe, Grand ra-
dial, Humiro sus-mitacarpien, (Ch.) Itis seated
at the  outer part of the forearm;  is thin, but
thicker on the outside than on the inside.   It is
attached, above, to the inferior part of the outer
edge, and to  the corresponding  tuberosity, of
the humerus ; and terminates, below, by a long
tendon, which is attached to  the superior ex- 
RADIATED
tremity of the second bone of the metacarpus.
It extends the hand on the forearm.
   Radialis Externus Brevior, see Radialis—
r. Externus primus, see Radialis—r. Extensor
longior,  see  Radialis—r. Internus, Palmaris
magnus—r. Secundus, see Radialis.
   RAD'IATED, Radia'tus, from  radius, 'a
ray;' (F.) Rayonni.   That which is arranged
in rays; in lines, diverging from a common cen-
tre.   An  epithet given to several  ligaments,
&c, as to those which unite the ribs  to the
sternum; those which unite the tibia and fibula
at their inferior  extremity, &c.
   RADICAL, Radica'lis, from radix,' a root.'
A radical cure, cura radica'lis, is one in which
the disease is destroyed, as it were, from the
root.   It is used in opposition to palliative cure.
   Radical Moisture, Humidum radicale.
   Radical Vessels, Vas'cular Rad'icles, (F.)
Radicules  vasculaires,  are  the  small  vessels
that take their  origin in the  tissues, and by
their  union form larger  vessels.
   RADICES OSSIS HYOIDEI, Cornua ossis
hyoidei.
   R ADICIS'EC A, from radix, radicis,' a root,'
and secare, ' to cut.'  One employed  in collect-
ing and preparing plants was formerly so called.
   RADICULA, Raphanus hortensis.
   RADICULES  VASCULAIRES, Radical
vessels.
   RADII CILIARES, Ciliary processes.
   Radii  Frontis.  The folds or wrinkles of
the forehead.
   RADIO-CARPAL, Radio-carpia'nus.  That
which relates to the radius and carpus.
   Radio-Carpal Articulation  is  the wrist
joint, or articulation  of the os scaphoides, os
semilunare, and os cuneiforme of the carpus
with the inferior surface of the radius, and the
fibro-cartilage,  situate below  the ulna.   It is
strengthened by  lateral, anterior, and posterior
ligaments.
   Radio-Carpal Transverse Palmar  Arte-
ry, (F.) Artere  Radio-carpienne-transversale-
palmaire.  A  transverse branch, given off by
the radial  artery, opposite the lower edge of
the pronator quadratus, which sends several
branches to the anterior or palmar  surface of
the carpus.
   RADIO-CUTAN& (NERF,) see Cutaneous
—r. Phalangettien du pouce, Flexor longus pol-
licis manus.
   RADIOLUS,  Sound.
   RADIO-MUSCULAR, Radio-muscula'ris.
A name given to the branches  sent off from the
radial artery to the  muscles of the forearm in
the first part of  its  course;  as well  as  to the
nervous filaments which the radial nerve sends
to the same muscles.
   RADIS, Raphanus  hortensis.
   RADISH,  Raphanus hortensis—r.  Water,
Nasturtium amphibium.
   RADIUS,  'a  spoke:'—so  called from  its
shape.  Cercis,  Foc"ile minus seu  superius,
Canna minor, Os adcubita'le, Additamen'turn
ulna,Manu' briummanus,P'arape'chyon,Arun'-
do bra'chii minor, (F.) Os du Rayon.  A long,
prismatic bone, the  upper and lesser extremity
of which is called the head.  This is supported
by a cervix or  neck.   At the part where the
neck is confounded with the body of the bone
is the tubercle or bicipital tuberosity or eminence
for the insertion of  the biceps. The radius is
RAISINIERE
articulated, above, with the os humeri and with
the lesser  sigmoid cavity of the ulna: below,
with the scaphoides, semilunare, and the head
of the ulna.   Its  inferior extremity, which is
larger than the superior, is flattened before and
behind: is irregularly quadrilateral; and has.
below, a double facette to be articulated with
the first two bones of the carpus.  On the outer
side is the  styloid  process; and, on the inner,
a concave  facette, which joins  the ulna.  Be-
hind,  are grooves for the  passage of the exten-
sor tendons.    The radius  is  developed from
three  points of ossification;  one for  the body,
and one for each extremity.
  RADIUS, COL DU, Collum radii.
  RA'DIX, Rhiza.  A root: also, the male or-
gan.
  Radix, Root or  fang of a tooth is the part
contained in  the alveolus.   The radix or root
of the nail  is  the portion hidden under the skin,
&c.   Surgeons give  the name to the prolonga-
tions,  sent by  scirrhous, cancerous, or other
tumours into the neighbouring parts.
  Five Aperient Roots, Quinque radi'ces ape-
rien'tes,  were, of old,—asparagus,  butchers'
broom, fennel,  parsley, and smallage.
  Five Lesser Aperient Roots, Quinque radi'ces
aperien'tes  mino'res,—were caper, dandelion,
eryngo, madder, and rest-harrow.
  Radix Braziliensis, Ipecacuanha.
  Radix Cordis, Basis  Cordis.  The base of
the heart.
  Radix Indica Lopeziana, Lopez radix—r.
Lingua;, see Tongue—r. Lopeziana, Lopez radix
—r. Ninsi, Sium  ninsi—r.  Rubra, Rubia—r.
Serpentum, see Ophiorrhiza mungos—r. Un-
guis, Nail,  root of—r. Ventris, Umbilicus.
  RADULA, Raspatorium.
  RADZY'GF., Radzygin,Radesyge,Radezyge,
Thx'ria, properly  Theria, from &r]Qiov, (lsXxog,)
' a malignant ulcer.' Lepra borealis seu Norve-
gica, Norwe'gian Lep'rosy.  A name given, in
Norway, to a disease, bearing considerable ana-
logy to the yaws.  Some have esteemed it a
species of lepra or elephantiasis.
  Another form—the Spedalske, or  Spedalsk-
hed—of Norway, appears to be a variety of ele-
phantiasis Graecorum.
  RAGE,  Ira, Furor  brevis,  Orge,  Thymos,
(F.) Colere.  Violent passion, characterized by
contraction of the  muscles of the face, violence
in every movement, extreme  irritation of the
nervous system, acceleration of the blood's mo-
tion, and redness and swelling of the face.
  Rage, Rhage.
  RAGE,  Hydrophobia.
  RAGWEED, Ambrosia elatior.
  RAGWORT, Senecio Jacoba-a.
  RAID E UR CAD A VfRIQUE,R'vgox mortis.
  RAIFORT, Raphanus hortensis—r. Sauvage,
Cochlearia armoracia.
  RAINBOW-WORM, Herpes iris.
  RAINURE, Groove—r.  Digastrique, Mas-
toid groove.
  RAISIN, see Vitis vinifera—r. d'Amirique,
Phytolacca decandra—r. de Bois, Vaccinium
myrtillus—r. d'Ours,  Arbutus uva ursi—r. de
Renard, Paris.
  RAISINIERE  (F.)  A name given to  a
small granular, brownish or blackish  tumour,
which forms  occasionally at the surface of the
cornea, in consequence of ulcers or  accidental
wounds of that  membrane:—Nysten. 
RAISINS
727
RAPHANEDON
  RAISINS, Uvae passae, see Vitis vinifera—r.
de Corinthe, see Vitis Corinthiaca.
  RAISON, Reason.
  RAKAS1RA.  An American balsam; of a
brownish or brownish-red colour ; semi-trans-
parent ; brittle; softening and becoming tena-
cious  by heat;  inodorous when  cold, but ex-
haling  a  very agreeable smell  when heated;
and possessing  a  balsamic and  slightly bitter
taste.   The precise vegetable that furnishes it
is  not known.  It has been used chiefly as a
balsam in gonorrhcea and urinary affections.
  RAKIA, see Spirit.
  RAKOSIS, Rachosis.
  RJiLE, Rattle—r. Bronchique sec, see Rattle
—r. Bronchique humide, see Rattle—r. Cavern-
tux, Gurgling—r. Crepitant,see Crepitation, and
Rattle—r. Muqueux, see Rattle—r. Ronflant,
see Rattle—r. Sibilant, see Rattle—r. Sonore,
see Rattle—r. Sous-crcpitant, see Rattle.
  RAM EAU, Ramus.
  RAMEN'TA INTESTINORUM, (F.) Ra-
clures des Boy aux.  The shreds or scrapings,
as it were, of the mucous membrane of the bow-
els, often discharged in  malignant  dysentery.
The  evacuation in which these  are contained
has been  termed Drachore'ma xysmato'des.
  RAMENTUM, Fragment,  Scobs.
  RAMEX, Hernia—r. Varicosus, Varicocele.
  RAMIFICA'TION,.Raw?/:/?cffl/*/o)fromr«»w*,
' a branch,' and fio,  ' to become.'   A division
of arteries, veins, or nerves into branches.
Also, a branch itself.
  RAMILLE, Ramusculus.
  RAMOLLISSEMENT,  Mollities— r. du
Cerveau, Mollities cerebri—r. du Caur, Car-
diomalacia—r.  de PEstomac,  Gastromalacia—
r. du Foie,  Hepatomalacia—r. Gris, see Hepa-
tization—r. de la Mo'elle epiniere, Mollities me-
dulla; spinalis—r. Rouge, see Hepatization—r.
de I'Intestin, Entero-malacia—r. des Os, Mol-
lities ossium.
  RAMPANT, (F.)  ramper,  ' to climb.' Re-
pens, Reptans.  That which creeps or drags on
the earth.  The French Bandage rampant has
the folds  arranged spirally around the  part,
leaving intervals between them.   It is a reten-
tive bandage, but is easily displaced, and, there-
fore, not  employed.
  RAMPES  DU LIMACON, Scalae of the
cochlea.
  RAMPHOS, Rostrum.
  RAMULUS, Ramusculus.
  RAMUNCULUS,  Ramusculus.
  RAMUS, Clados, a branch, (F.) Rameau. A
division of an artery,  vein, or nerve.   Also, the
male organ.
  Ramus Durior Septim.e   Conjugations,
Facial nerve.
  RAMUS'CULUS,  Ram'ulus,  Ramun'cuius,
Sur'culus, Cladis'cos, diminutive of ramus.  A
division of a ramus.  (F.) Ramuscule, Ramille.
  RANA  ESCULEN'TA,  (F.)  Grenouille.
This frog and the bull frog, Raria  Tauri'na—
are eaten as a delicacy.   They  are nutritious
and easily digested.
  Rana, Ranula.
  RANCE, Rancid.
  RANCID, Ran'cidus, Sapros, (F.)  Ranee,
from rancere, ' to be  stale.'  An epithet given
to fatty bodies, which have become acrid from
age or the contact oi air.  Mild ointments may,
thus, become very irritating, and unfit for the
purposes for which  they were  originally in-
tended.
  RANINE, Rani'na; from Rana,  'a frog.'
The termination of the  lingual artery is so
called; that is, the portion of the artery which
advances horizontally between the genio-glos-
sus and lingualis muscles as far as the point of
the tongue.   The ranine  vein follows the same
course as the artery, and  opens into the inter-
nal jugular or into the superior thyroid.
  RANULA, from  Rana,  ' a frog,' so called
from its resemblance; Dyspha'gia Ranula, Em-
phrag'ma saliva'r€, Frog Tongue,  Ba'trachos,
Batra'chium,Hydroglos'sa,Hypoglos sis,Hypo-
glossum, Hypoglot'tis, Hypoglos'sium, Rana,
(F.) Grenouillette.  A small, soft, fluctuating
and semi-transparenttumour, whichforms under
the tongue, owing to the accumulation of saliva
in Wharton's duct.  In order to give exit to the
accumulated fluid, and to  establish a permanent
opening for the discharge  of the saliva, the cyst
may be punctured, and the opening maintained
by a minute cylinder, with a button at each ex-
tremity, as has been recommended by Dupuy-
tren;  or a portion of the  cyst may be removed
by  the scissors,  and  the  mouth  be  frequently
washed by any astringent lotion.  Sometimes,
the salivary duct is found plugged by a small
calculus.
  Ranula Lapidea, see Calculi, salivary.
  RANUN'CULUS, (F.) Renoncule.  Family
Ranunculaceae.   Sex. Syst. Polyandria Polygy-
nia.  A genus of plants, most of the species of
which, when taken internally, act as acrid poi-
sons.   See Poison.   They are, also, acrid  and
vesicant, when applied to the skin, and have,
accordingly,  been  often  used as counter-irri-
tants.  The following species answer to this
description.
  Ranunculus Abortivus.
  Ranunculus  Acris, R. praten'sis, Upright
Meadow Crowfoot, Butter Cups, Yellow-weed,
Blister-weed,  Pilewort,  Burwort,  Meadow-
bloom, Yellows, (F.) Bouton d'or.
  Ranunculus Albus, Anemone nemorosa.
  Ranunculus  Bulbo'sus, R. praten'sis, Ra-
nunculus  (Ph.  U. S.), Bulbous-rooted Crow-
foot, (F.) Renoncule bulbeuse, Bassinet.
  Ranunculus Fica'ria, Chelido'nium minus,
Scrophula'ria minor,  Fica'ria ranunculoi'des,
Chelido'nia rotundifo'lia  minor, Cur'suma ha-
morrhoida'lis herba, Ranunculus vernus, JEgo-
le'thron, Lesser celandine, Pihwort, (F.) Petite
chilidoine, Petite Eclaire, Ficaire.  The leaves
and root  have  been used  medicinally:—the
leaves as an antiscorbutic; the root as  a cata-
plasm  in piles.
  Ranunculus   Flam'mula, Surrec'ta alba,
Smaller Water  Crowfoot,  Lesser  Spearwort,
(F.) Petite Douve.
  Ranunculus Illyricus.
  Ranunculus Lingua.
  Ranunculus  Palustris,  R.   sceleratus—r.
Pratensis, R. bulbosus.
  Ranunculus  Scelera'tus, R.  Palus'tris,
Risus  A'pium, Marsh Crowfoot.
  Ranunculus Vernus, R. ficaria—r. Virgini-
anus, Lobelia syphilitica.
  RAPA NAPUS, Brassica  rapa—r. Rotunda,
Brassica rapa.
  RAPE, Brassica napus, Stuprum.
  RAPHANE'DON, from paipunc, 'a radish,'
'like a radish.'   Rhaphanedon.   A transverse 
                RAPHANIA               7

fracture  of a long bone, leaving no  splinters.
What has been  called, in France, Fracture en
rave.
  RAPHA'NIA, Convul'sio  Raphania, Rha-
pha'nia,  Morbus spasmod'icus malig'nus seu
popula'ris, M. Silesiacus, Eclamp'siatypho'des,
Sync'lonus  Raphania.  Linnaeus  gave  this
name to a convulsive disease, not uncommon in
Germany and Sweden, and which has been at-
tributed  to the seeds of the Raph'anus Rapha-
uis'trum being mixed with the corn.  The con-
vulsions are seated in the limbs, and are attended
with acute pain.  See Convulsio cerealis.
  Raphania Maiztica, Pellagra.
  RAPHANIS,  Raphanus hortensis.
  RAPHANUS, R. hortensis.
  Raph'anus Horten'sis, Raph'anis, Rhaph'-
anus, Raphanus, R. sati'vus, R. niger, Radic'-
ula, Rhaphys, Rhapys, Rhaps.  The Radish,
(F.)  Raifort,   Radis.   Family,   Cruciferse.
Sex. Syst. Tetradynamia Siliquosa.  The root
of this plant is  a common esculent.  It has,
also, been given as a diuretic in calculous affec-
tions.  The juice, made into a syrup, is exhibit-
ed to relieve hoarseness.  Radishes have long
been celebrated as anti-scorbutics.
  Raphanus Marinus, Cochlearia armoracia—
r. Raphanistrum, see Raphania—r. Rusticanus,
Cochlearia armoracia.
  RAPHE, Rhaphl, 'a suture.' A name given
r.o prominent lines resembling a raised stitch.
Such is the raphe or tramis which divides the
scrotum  into two  parts,  and which extends
from the anterior part of the anus  to the ex-
tremity of the penis.  The name Raphe or Li-
nea media'na, is, also, given to two prominent
lines which are  longitudinal  and  parallel, and
are seen  at the upper surface of the corpus cal-
losum, extending from the anterior to the pos-
terior extremity of  that commissure.
  RAPHEX, Chenopodium vulvaria.
  RAPHIANKIS'TRON, from e«^ov, 'a nee-
dle,'and aymo-xPov, ' a hook.'   An instrument
employed in the formation of artificial pupil.
  RAPHION, Needle.
  RAPHIS, Needle.
  RAPHYS, Raphanus hortensis.
  RAPPORT (F.), Rela'tio, Renuncia'tio. A
deposition made by a  physician or surgeon to
prove the condition  of a person, the nature of a
disease, the existence or non-existence of preg-
nancy, sudden or violent death, &c.  Formerly,
there were the Rapports dinonciatifs, made at
the desire of the injured or  their friends, and
intended to point out to the judges  the details
of the crime or misdemeanor,—the Rapports
provisoires, the  object of which was to obtain
provisions for the injured individual, both as
regarded food and medicine, and to  defray the
expenses of prosecution;—and Rapports mixtes,
or those which were both dinonciatifs and pro-
visoires.  At present, reports  or depositions are
generally divided into judiciary, or those which
serve to  throw light on the subject  matter of
any  civil or criminal  cause;  and administra-
tive, which afford information on subjects  re-
lating  to any branch of  the public  adminis-
tration, as on the nuisance or  otherwise of cer-
tain  establishments, the character of any  epi-
demic. &c.
  RAPPORT, Eructation.
  RAPTUS  POST-TERGANEUS,  Opistho-
tonos.
28                RATTLE

   RAPUM MAJUS, Brassica rapa.
   RAPURE, Rasura.
   RAPYS, Raphanus hortensis.
   RAQUETTE, Cactus opuntia.
   RAREFA'CIENS, Rarifa'cievs, Araot'icus,
 (F.) Rarefiant, from rarus, 'rare,' and facere,
 ' to  make.'  Medicines were so termed, which
 were supposed to be possessed of the power of
 giving more  bulk or extension to the blood or
 other humours.
   RAREFIANT, Rarefaciens.
   RARIFACIENS, Rarefaciens.
   RA'RITAS, (F.) Rareti.  Rarity; scanti-
 ness; fewness.
   Raritas Dentium.  A large space between
 the teeth, which appear to be, and may be,too few.
   RASCATIO, Excreation.
   RASCETA, Carpus,  Malleolus—r.  Pedis,
 Tarsus.
   RASCHA, Carpus, Malleolus.
   RASETA, Carpus, Malleolus.
   RASETTA, Carpus, Malleolus.
   RASH FEVER, Scarlatina—r. Nettle, Urti-
 caria—r. Rose, Roseola—r. Summer, Lichen
 tropicus—r. Tooth, Strophulus.
   RASOIR, Razor.
   RAS'ORISM. The Italian medical doctrine of
 controstimulus, of which Rasori was the founder.
   RASORIUM, Raspatorium.
   RASPATO'RIUM,  Raso'rium,   Rat'ula,
 Scalprum raso'rium, Xyster, Xyste'rium, Xys-
 trum,  Rad'ula, Runci'na,  Runcin'ula,  Scal-
 prum, (F.) Rugine, Grattoir. An  instrument
 used for rasping  bones,  to detach the perios-
 teum,—either in certain surgical operations, or
 for anatomical  purposes.
   RASPBERRY, Rubus idaeus—r. Ground, Hy-
 drastis Canadensis.
   RASSETA PEDIS, Tarsus.
   RASTETA, Carpus, Malleolus.
   RASU'RA, Xysma, Xysmos,  (F.) Rdpure,
 from radere, rasum, ' to scrape.'  A rasure, or
 scratch, or  erosion.  Also, the  rasping  or
 shaving  of any substance; as Rasu'ra  Cornu
 Cervi, Hartshorn shavings.
   Rasura, Scobs.
   RATAFI'A.  A liquor prepared by impart-
 ing  to  ardent spirits the  flavour  of various
 kinds of fruits, adding sugar.
   RATANHY, Krameria  ratanhia—r.  of the
 Antilles, Krameria ixina.
   RATE, Spleen.
   RAT/iLEUX, Spleneticus.
   RATELIER, see Dentier.
   RATIO, Rationa'litas, from reor, ratus,' to
 think.'  A reason, a cause, an explanation, a
 mode or manner;  as Ratio symptom'atum, an
 explanation of the symptoms,—Ratio meden'-
 di, Genus  curatio'nis, Via curandi; the mode
 or manner of cure.
   Ratio, Reason—r. Medendi,  see Ratio—r.
 Symptomatum, see Ratio.
  "RAT"IONAL,  Rationa'lis.   That which is
 conformable  to reason.   This epithet is often
 opposed to empirical;  as rational  treatment.
 The French also, say S/'s-nes rationales, in op-
 position to Signcs  sensibles.
   RATIONALITAS, Ratio.
   RATSBANE, Arsenious acid.
   RATTLE, Rhonchus, Rkenchus, Rhenxis,
 from (D.)  Ratel; Rhoncus, Cerchnus, Rhog
 mos, (F.) Rale.  Noise produced by the air in
 passing through mucus, of which the lungs are 
RJ1LE CREPITANT          729
RECLINATION
unable to free themselves.  This condition  is
chiefly observed at the approach of death; and
is commonly called, "the rattles."
  The term Rclle has  been  given to different
sounds during  respiration, caused by the air
passing through fluid contained in the bronchi,
or areola;  of the pulmonary tissue; which are
perceived by the stethoscope.
  RALE CREPITANT, Rhonchus crepitans,
iee Crepitation.
  RALE MUQUEUX, Rhon'chus  muco'sus,
Mucous  Rattle, Subcrep'itant rhonchus, Rale
sous-cr'epitant,  R.  bronchique humide.   The
sound produced by the passage of air  through
mucus accumulated in the bronchi or trachea,
or through softened  tubercular matter.  This
idle occurs in catarrh, and in softened tubercle.
When carried to a very high degree  it consti-
tutes gurgling, (F.) Gargouillement.
  RALE SIBILANT, Rhon'chus  sib'ilans,
Sib'ilant Rattle.   A slight, though  prolonged
whistling sound, occurring either at the com-
mencement  of inspiration,  or of expiration,
owing to the presence of mucus, thin and viscid,
but not  abundant,  which obstructs, more  or
less completely, the smaller bronchial ramifica-
tions.  It is seated  in the small tubes, and oc-
curs in the first stage of bronchitis.
  RALE SONORE, Rale  bronchique sec, R.
ronflant, Rhonchus  sono'rus, Sono'rous Rattle.
A sound resembling at times the  snoring, (F.)
Ronflement, of  a person  asleep, at others the
sound of the bass string of an instrument  when
rubbed with the finger, and not unfrequently the
cooing (F.) (Roucoulement) of a dove.  It seems
to  be  caused by a contraction of the bronchial
!ubes, and is characteristic of chronic catarrh.
  RALE VESICULAIRE, see Crepitation.
  RASH, Exanthem—r. Lichenous,  Lichen—
r. Tooth, Strophulus.
  RATTLEBUSH, Sophora tinctoria.
  RATTLESNAKE,  Crotalus  horridus—r.
Leaf,  Goodyera pubescens—r.  Root, Polygala
senega, Trillium latifolium.
  RATTLESNAKE'S MASTER, Liatris sca-
riosa,  &c.
  RATTLEWEED, Actaea racemosa.
  RATULA, Raspatorium.
  RAUCE'DO, Rau'citas, Parapho'nia rauca,
Asper'itas Arte'ria as'perx, Vox  rauca, Bron-
chus,  Hoarseness, (F.) Enrouement, Raucite.
A change in the voice, which loses its smooth-
ness and  becomes low and obscure.  It is a
common  symptom  in  diseases of the larynx
and trachea.
  Raucedo  Catarrha'lis.   Hoarseness from
cold.
  RAUCITAS, Raucedo.
  RAUCITE,  Raucedo.
  RAUCOUS,Raucus.  Hoarse; as a raucous
voice—Vox rauca seu raucis'ona.
  RAVE, Brassica rapa.
  RAYONNE, Radiated.
  RAYONS  SOUS-IRIENS,  Ciliary pro-
cesses.
  RAZOR, Culter Tonsor'ius, Macha'ris,No-
rac'nla,  Xyrum, Xyrus, (F.)  Rasoir, from
radere, rasum,  ' to shave.'  An instrument for
shaving.   Used in  surgery to remove  hairs,
where they would interfere with any  operation.
  REACTION, Reac'tio, from re, ' again,' and
agere, actum, <  to act.'  An action of resistance
to a power applied.   A species of vital move-
        47
ment or excitement, tending to prevent or de-
stroy the effects of any noxious power applied
to the  animal economy, and which, by some,
has been attributed to the vis medicatrix natu-
res.  It is certainly dependent on the organic
instinctive actions of the frame. It is the state
of activity which succeeds the action  on the
nervous system of certain morbific influences.
  REAL'GAR, Realgal, Arlada, Arladar, Au-
ripigmen'tum rubrum, Arsen'icum rubrum fac-
ti"tium, Abessi, Sandara'cha Grxco'rum, Red
Sulphuret  of Mercury.  A  violent  poison.
See Poison.
  REASON, R a 'tio,  Logos, (F.) Raison. Same
etymon as  Ratio.  The faculty or property of
the mind, by means of which man perceives the
distinction between right and wrong, in physics
as well as in morals.  Reason is a just conclusion
resulting from the comparison of two ideas, by
virtue  of which we form a judgment.
  REBOLEA, Mummy.
  REBONA, Mummy.
  REBOUTEUR, Renoueur.
  RECEPTACULA  DURA MATRIS, Si-
nuses of the dura mater.
  RECEPTACULUM CHYLI, < receptacle of
the chyle;'  R. Pecquet'! seu Pecquetia'num,
Diverso'rium Chyli,  Stagnum chyli, Sac'cuius
chy'lifer  seu ro'rifer, Saccus  lac'teus, Al'veus
ampullo sus seu ampulles'cens, Utric'ulus  lac-
teus, Vesic'ula chyli, Ampul'la chylif'era seu
chyli, Cister'na lumba'ris, C. Chyli, Chylocys'-
tis, Chylodochi'um,  Lat'ices   lactei,  Lumbar
cistern, Reservoir of Pecquet, (F.) Reservoir
du chyle, R. de Pecquet, Citerne  lombaire.  A
considerable dilatation of the thoracic duct, in
front of the  lumbar  region  of  the  vertebral
column.  It is the commencement of the duct.
  Receptac'ulum Cotun'nii.  A  triangular
space,  formed  by a separation  of  the two
laminae of the dura mater of the  internal  ear,
near the middle  of the posterior surface of
the pars  petrosa of the temporal bone, where
the aquaeductus vestibuli terminates.  It is al-
ways filled with the Fluid of Cotugno.
  Receptaculum Pecqueti, R. Chyli—r. Sellae
equinae lateribus appositum, Cavernous sinus.
  RECEPTIVITY,  Receptiv'itas', (F.)Ricep-
tiviti,  from recipere, receptum, ' to receive.'  A
word used  by Tissot to express  the  suscepti-
bility of certain organs to receive morbific im-
pressions.
  RECEPTUM, Prescription.
  RECESSIO, Paroxysm.
  RECESSUS., Abscess, Sinus—r. Sulciformis,
see Fovea vestibuli.
  RECHAMALCA, Rachamelca.
  RECHUTE, see Relapse.
  RECIDIVA MORBI, Relapse.
  RECIDIVE, see Relapse.
  RECIPE, (L.) (re, and capere, 'to take.')
A Latin word which signifies ' take,' (F.) Pre-
nez, and with which  prescriptions  are com-
menced.  It is, often, represented by  R, g(, and
was formerly by T/ , the  symbol of Jove.  See
Abbreviation.
  RECIPROCATION, VIBRATIONS  OF,
see Sound.
  RECLINATIO,  Reclination—r. Palpebra-
rum, Ectropion.
  RECLINA'TION, Reclina'tio, from reclinare,
(re and clinare, ' to bend,') ' to bend back.'  A
mode of operating for the cataract, which con- 
RECLUSOR PALPEBRARUM
730
RECTUS ABDOMINIS
 sists in applying the needle in a certain manner
 to the anterior surface of the cataract and  de-
 pressing it into the vitreous humour, in such a
 way, that the front surface of the cataract is  the
 upper one and its back surface the lower one.
   RECLUSOR  PALPEBRARUM,  Levator
 palpebrae superioris.
   RECOMPOSITION, Metasynchrisis.
   RECONVALESCENTIA, Convalescence.
   RECORDATIO, Memory.
   RECORDATUS, Memory.
   RECORPORATIVUS, Metasyncritic.
   RECREATIO, Restauratio.
   RECREMENT, Recremen'tum, from re, and
 cernere,  cretum, ' to sift.'   A humour, which,
 after having been  separated from  the blood, is
 again returned to it; such as the saliva, the  se-
 cretion of serous membranes, &c.  Such fluid
 is said to be recrementitial, (F.)  Ricrimenteux,
 Ricrementitiel.
   RECREMENTA VESICA, Urine.
   RECREMEN'TO-EXCREMENTIT"IAL.
 Applied to secreted fluids, as the saliva, bile,
 &c,  which are in part reabsorbed and in part
 excreted.
   RECREMENTUM, Recrement.
  RFCRlfDFSCFXi'Tl A, Palincote'sis,Recru-
 des'cence, from re, ' again,'  and  crudus, ' raw.'
 An increase of a disease after a temporary  re-
 mission.
  RECTIFICATION, Rectifica'tio, from rec-
 tum facere, 'to make right.'  An operation  by
 which certain liquids are purified by distilling
 them either singly or  after admixture with
 other substances.
  RECTI'TIS. A hybrid word,  from rectum
 and  itis, denoting inflammation; properly or-
 chitis, or proctitis.  Inflammation of the rectum.
 Proctitis, Proctalgia inflammato'ria.
  RECTOSTENOSIS, Stricture of the rectum.
  RECTO-YAG"lNAL,Recto-vagina'lis. That
 which relates or belongs to the  rectum or  va-
 gina.
  Recto-vaginal  Fistula is owing to a pre-
 ternatural communication between the  rectum
 and vagina, through the above septum.
  Recto-vaginal Septum,  (F.) Cloison recto-
 vaginal, is"formed by the junction—back to
 back—(or by what the French term adossement)
 of the rectum and  vagina.   It separates these
 two  canals from each other.
  RECTUM; so called from a notion that itis
 straight.  It is not so.  Intesti'num  Rectum,
 Apeuthys'menos, Euthyen'teron, Longaon,Lon-
 gas, Longanon, Archos, Cys'saros, Princeps,
 Monoco'lon, (?). The  third and last portion of
 the great intestine.  It forms the  continuation
 of the sigmoid flexure of the colon, occupies
 the posterior  part  of the pelvis,  and extends
 from the left side of the sacro-vertebral articu-
 lation to the coccyx, before  which it opens out-
 wards by the  orifice  called the anus.  It is
 cylindrical, but saccated, as it were, at its infe-
 rior  portion, where it  is consequently larger,
 and is attached to the sacrum by the  mesorec-
 tum.   Like the other  portions  of the canal it
 is formed of three  membranes.  Towards  the
 lower extremity, some parallel and longitudinal
 wrinkles are  observable on its  inner surface:
 these are the Columns, Colum'na car'nex of the
Rectum OX of Morgagni, (F.) Colonnes du rec-
tum ou de Morgagni.   They are merely folds
of the mucous membrane, between which is a
 number of Lacunx.  The arteries of the rectum
 are numerous.   They proceed from the inferior
 mesenteric, hypogastric, and internal pudic, and
 are called hemorrhoidal.  The veins open, partly
 into the hypogastric vein,  partly into the infe-
 rior mesenteric.  The nerves proceed from the
 sciatic and hypogastric plexuses.  The  rectum
 receives the faecal matters, as  they pass  from
 the colon, which serves as  a reservoir.
   RECTUS ABDOM'INIS, (F.) Pubio-stemal,
 Sterno-pubien, (Ch.) Droit de I'abdomen.  A
 long flat  muscle, situate at the anterior part
 of the abdomen, and separated from that of the
 opposite side by the linea alba.  It is attached,
 above, to  the  cartilages of the last three true
 ribs; and, below, to the pubis by a very strong
 tendon, the  outer edge of which is continuous
 with the fascia  transversalis.   This muscle is
 enclosed in an aponeurotic sheath; and, in its
 course, has three or four transverse aponeuro-
 tic intersections.   It bends the chest  on the
 pelvis, and conversely.
  Rectus Anterior Brevis, Rectus capitis in-
 ternus minor—r. Anterior longus, R.  capitis
 internus major—r. Capitis  anticus longus, R. c.
 internus major.
  Rectus Capitis Internus Major, R. inter-
nus  major, R. anterior longus, Rectus capitis
anti'cus longus, (F.) Trachilo-basilaire, Grand
droit antirieur de la tete.   This muscle is long
in proportion to its breadth; flat, and  broader
above than below.  It is situate at the anterior
and lateral part of the neck, and arises from the
transverse processes of the 3d, 4th, 5th, and
bth cervical vertebrae.   It  is inserted into the
basilary process of the occipital bone.
  Rectus Capitis Internus Minor, JR. inter-
nus  minor, Ren'uens, An'nuens,  R. anterior
brevis, (F.) Petit trachilo-basilaire, Petit droit
antirieur  de la tUe.  This is situate  deeper
than the last.  It is thin, flattened, irregularly
quadrilateral, and passes from the anterior sur-
face of the body of the first vertebra, near the
origin of the transverse process, to be inserted
into the basilary process.
  Rectus  Capitis Latera'lis, R. lateralis
Fallo'pii,  Transversa'lis anti'cus primus, Ret-
tus lateralis,  (F.) Trachilo-atloido-basilaire,
Atloldo-sous-occipital (Ch.), Droit latiral de
la tete.  There is a muscle of this name on each
side of the head.  It is flat, quadrilateral, and
passes from the transverse  process of the atlas
to the occiput, behind the jugular fossa.  It in-
clines the head to one side.
  Rectus Capitis Posti'cus Major, R. Major,
R.  Capitis posti'cus minor (Albinus,)  Spini-
axo'ido-occipitalis, (F.) Axo'ido-occipitale (Ch.)
Grand droit postirieur de  la tete.  A flat, tri-
angular muscle situate at the posterior and su-
perior  part  of the neck.   It extends from the
spinous process of the second cervical vertebra
to the external surface of the lower semicircu-
lar ridge  of the  occipital bone.  This muscle
extends the  head; inclines  it to one side; and
causes  it  to experience a rotary motion, whick
directs the face to its side.
  Rectus Capitis Posti'cus Minor, R. Minor,
(F.)  Tuber-atlo'ido-occipital, Atloido-occipital
(Ch.), Petit droit posterieur de la tete.   A flat,
triangular muscle,  situate  beneath the  last,
which  passes  from the posterior arch  of the
atlas to the occipital bone.  It extends  the
head. 
RECUBITORIUM            73:
   Rectus  Capitis Posticus  Minor, R. c. p.
 major—r. Cruris, R. femoris.
   Rectus Externus Oculi, Abductor oculi, In-
 dignabun'dus, Indignato'rius, Iracun'dus, Oc'-
 ulum movens secundus,  Orbito-extus-scliroti-
 cien.  All the recti muscles of the eye, four in
 number, arise from the bottom of the orbit, and
 are inserted  into the sclerotic coat of the eye.
 The Rectus externus, (F.) Droit externe, Iras-
 cible ou Abducteur, is divided, at its posterior
 extremity, into two portions, one of which is
 attached to the outer part of the foramen opti-
 cum, and the other to the sphenoid bone.
   Rectus Femoris, Rectus sive Grac"ilis ante-
 rior.  Rectus cruris,  (F.)  Ilio-rotulien,  Droit
 anterieur de la cuisse.  A straight muscle seated
 at the anterior part of the thigh.   It extends
 from the anterior and inferior spine of the ilium
 and  the cotyloid  cavity of the  patella.   This
 muscle extends the leg upon the  thigh, and con-
 versely.  It can, also, bend the thigh upon the
 pelvis or carry the pelvis forward.
   Rectus  Inferior  Oculi, Depres'sor oculi,
 Tim'idus, Dep'rimens,  Hu'milis, Oc'ulum mo-
 vens  quartus, (F.) Sous-optico-spheno-scliroti-
 cien, Droit infirieur ou abaisseur de I'ail, Mus-
 cle humble, arises below the optic foramen, from
 the sphenoid bone.  It depresses the eye.
   Rectus  Internus Oculi, Addu'cens oculi,
 Bibito'rius,  Oculi adductor, Oculum movens
 primus, (F.) Orbito-intus-scliroticien,  Droit
 interne de I'ail ou adducteur  ou buveur.  It
 arises from the sphenoid at the inferior part of
 the foramen opticum.  It turns the eye towards
 the nose.
   Rectus Superior Oculi, Attol'lens oculi, At-
 tol'lens oc'ulum, Leva'tor oculi, Superbus, Ele-
 va'tor oculi,  Oculum movens tertius, (F.) Sus-
 optico-spheno-scliroticien,Droit supirieuroxx'eli,-
 vateur de I'ail, Dcdaignewr, is attached  to the
 circumference of the foramen opticum.
   (All  the  recti muscles are concerned in the
 voluntary  motions of the eye.   The oblique
 muscles have been supposed by Sir C. Bell to
 execute the involuntary. [?] )
   Rectus Interior Femoris, Gracilis—r. In-
 ternus major, R.  capitis internus major—r. In-
 ternus minor, R. capitis internus minor—r. La-
 teralis,  R. capitis  lateralis—r. Lateralis Fallo-
 pii, R.  c. lateralis—r. Major, R. capitis  posti-
 cus major—r. Minor, R. capitis posticus minor.
   RECUBITORIUM, Anaclinterium.
   RECURRENT,Recur'rens; from recurrere,
 (re, and currere,) ' to run back.'  A name given
 to several arterial and nervous branches, which
 seem to re-ascend towards the origin of the
 trunk whence they emanate.
   Recurrent Arteries.   This name has been
 given to several arteries of the forearm, and to
 one of the leg.   In the forearm, there are 1.
 The Radial recurrent, Artere recurrente de I'epi-
 eondyle, (Ch.) which arises from the superior
 part of the radial, and ascends between the su-
 pinator longus, s. brevis, and the braehialis in-
 ternus.  2. The  anterior  cubital recurrent, A.
 recurrente de I'ipitroclMe, (Ch.) which  arises
 from the upper and inner part of the cubital,
and ascends  between the  pronator  teres and
 braehialis internus.   3. The posterior cubital
recurrent, which arises from the preceding ar-
tery, or from the cubital itself, and ascends be-
tween the olecranon and internal tuberosity of
the humerus. 4. The posterior radial recurrent,
1            REFRIGERANTS

 A. recurrente ol'ecranienne, ( Ch.)   It arises
 from the posterior interosseous, and ascends be-
 tween the posterior cubital and anconeus mus-
 cles.  In the leg,—ihe Arteria recurrens tibia-
 lis, A. recurrente du genou (Ch.) is furnished
 by the anterior tibial,  and ascends to the tibia-
 lis anticus muscle.
   Recurrent Bandages are formed by convo-
 lutions of the bandages, which make a kind of
 cap for the part—as the head—to which they
 are applied.
   RECURVATIO, see Hump.
   RECUTITUS, Apella.
   REDBEAN, Abrus  precatorius.
   REDBERRY, Arbutus uva ursi, Gaultheria,
 Panax quinquefolium—r. Bitter, Cornus Florida
 —r. Swamp, Vaccinium oxycoccos.
   REDIMICULUM, Diadema.
   REDINGO TES ANGLAISES,see Condom.
   REDINTEGRATIO, Regeneration, Restau-
 ratio.
   REDIVIA, Paronychia.
   REDONDANCE, Plethora.
   REDOUBLEMENT, Exacerbation,  Pa-
 roxysm.
   RED ROOT, Celastrus,  Sanguinaria Cana-
 densis.
   REDS, Menses.
   REDUCTIO, Taxis.
   REDUCTION, Reduc'tio, Reposif'io, Resti-
 tutio, Diap'lasis, Diaplas'mus, Syntax'is,from
 re, and ducere, ductum, ' to  lead.'  A surgical
 operation, the object of which is to restore dis-
 placed parts to their original situation.  Thus,
 we say the reduction  of a luxation, when  the
 displaced parts are again brought to their pro-
 per relative situation.  The reduction of a her-
 nia is the restoration of the protruded parts to
 the cavity of the abdomen.  This is, also, called

   REDUNDANTIA,  Plethora.
   REDUVIA, Paronychia.
   REFECTIO, Restauratio.
   REFECTIVA, Analeptica.
   REFECTUS, Restauratio.
   REFICIENTIA, Analeptica.
   REFLECTION,  Duplicature.
   REFLEX  SYSTEM  OF NERVES,  see
 Nerves.
   REFLEXIO PALPEBRARUM, Ectropion.
   REFRACTION, Refrac'tio, Photocamp'sis,
 Dia'dasis, fxom re, and frango, 'I break.' The
 change of direction which  rays of light  expe-
 rience when they pass  obliquely from one me-
 dium into another of different density.  If  the
 light passes from a rarer to a denser  medium,
 it approaches  the perpendicular  raised at  the
 point of  immersion.    The  contrary  occurs,
 when it goes from a denser to  a rarer medium.
 The theory of lenses, telescopes, and of the eye,
 rests entirely on this property of light.
   RltFRAICHISSANTS, Refrigerants.
   REFRIG'ER ANTS, Refrigeran'tia, Psych'-
 tira, Antither'ma, Frrgefacien'tia, (F.) Rifrai-
 chissans,  Rifrigeratifs,  from re, and frigere,
 ' to cool.'  Medicines which depress the morbid
 temperature of the body.  The chief reputed re-
 frigerants are the Potassae Nitras,(?) the  Soda
 Boras, (?) but chiefly the abstraction of caloric
 by ice and iced drinks,  cold water, cold lemon-
 ades, soda water,  and effervescing draughts
 internally; and externally cool air, cold water,
 evaporating lotions and frigorific mixtures. 
RtiFRlGERATIFS           732              REMITTENT
  REFRIGERATIFS, Refrigerants.
  REGENERATIO, Reproduction.
  REGENERATION, Regenera'tio, Palinge-
r/e'sia, Redintegra'tio, from re, and general e,' to
beget.'  Reproduction of a part of the body,
which has been destroyed.
  REG"IMEN, from regere,' to govern.'  The
rational and  methodical use  of food,  and of
every thing essential to  life; both in a state of
health and disease.  It is often restricted, in its
meaning, to Diet.  It  is sometimes used sy-
nonymously with hygiene.
  REGINA PRATI, Spiraea ulmaria.
  REGIO, Region.
  Regio Auricularis.  The region of the ear.
  Regio Bucca'lis.  The region of the cheeks.
  Regio Cardiaca, Epigastric region.
  Regio Cervica'lis.  The region of the neck.
The cervical region.
  Regio Epigastrica, Epigastrium.
  Regio Facia'lis.   The facial region.
  Regio Frontalis.  The frontal region.
  Regio Gastrica, Umbilical region—r. Hy-
pogastrica, see Hypogastrium—r.  Hypochon-
'riaca,  Hypochondre — r.  Iliaca, Iliac region
—r. Inguinalis, Inguinal region—r. Ischiadica,
Ischiadic region—r.  Jugalis,  Jugal region—r.
Lumbalis, Lumbi—r. Mentalis, Mental region
—r. Mesogastrica, Umbilical  region—r. Nasa-
lis, Nasal region—r. Nucha;,  Nuchal region—
p.  Nuchalis,  Nuchal  region—r.  Occipitalis,
Occiput—r. Occipitalis inferior, Nuchal region
—r. Perinaei, Perinaeum—r. Praecordiaca, Prae-
cordial region—r. Pubis, Pubic region—r. Sto-
machalis,  Epigastric  region—r.  Stomachica,
Epigastric region—r. Temporalis,  Temple—
r. Umbilicalis, Umbilical region.
  RE'GION, Re'gio.  Same etymon.   Anato-
mists have called regions, determinate spaces
on the surface of the body or of different organs.
Thus, the abdomen has been divided into seve-
ral ; to which different names have been given.
See Abdomen,  Epigastrium,  Hypochondrium,
Hypogastrium.
  REGION OMBILICALE,Vmhilical region.
  REGIONAL ANATOMY, see Anatomy.
  REGLES, Menses—r. Deviies, Menstruation,
vicarious—r. Difficiles, Dysmenorrhoea.
  REGLISSE, Glycyrrhiza.
  REGLUTINATIO, Decollement.
  RkGNE ANIMAL,  see Animal.
  REGULUS ANTIMONII,  Antimonium.
  REGURGITATION,  Regurgita'tio.   The
act by which a canal or reservoir frees itself,
without effort, from substances accumulated in
it.  Usually, it is applied to the puking or pos-
seting of infants ; and to the rising of solids or
fluids into the mouth in the adult,—from re, and
gorge,' the throat.'   What is called " vomiting
at pleasure" is regurgitation.
  The substances brought into the mouth by re-
gurgitation, the French call Renvois.
  REIN, Kidney.
  REINE DES PRES, Spiraea ulmaria.
  REINFORCE'MENT, FASCICULUS OF,
F. Cunea'tus.  A band  of fibres from the cor-
pus innominatum, or lateral part of the antero-
lateral column of the medulla,  which is conti-
nued  up behind and around the corpus olivare,
is lined on its inner or central surface with ci-
neritious  substance, enlarges  as  it  ascends,
passes over  the  upper surface of the pons Va-
rolii, and  is expanded into the optic thalamus.
It thus forms, in its course, the anterior paries
of the fourth ventricle, and is brought into view
by brushing away the tuberculum cinereum or
gray matter of the ventricle.   The band  has
received these names owing to its  constantly
increasing as it  ascends, and being mixed up
with gray matter on its inner face, from which
it seems to derive new fibres.
  REJECTIO, Anago'ge, from re, and jacere,
' to cast.'  Every excretion by the mouth; spit-
ting, expectoration, regurgitation or vomiting.
  Re.iectio Sanguinis e Pulmonibus, Haemop-
tysis.
  RELACHEMENT, Relaxation.
  RELAPSE, Hypot'rop*, Epis'trophe, Hypos'-
trophe, Morbi recidi'va, Hypotropias'mus, from
re,' again,' and labor, ' I fall down.' The re-
turn of a disease, during, or  shortly after, con-
valescence.  The French use  Rechute in  this
sense; and Ricidive, (Morbus recidi'vus,) for
the return of a  complaint, at a greater or  less
period after the complete restoration of health.
  RELATIO, Rapport.
  RELATION,FUNCTIONSOF,seeFunction.
  RELAX'ANT, Laxans, Malact'icum, Cha-
las'ticum, Paret'icum, (F.) Reldchant; from re,
and laxare, 'to loose.'  A medicine which di-
minishes the tension of organs.  Mucilaginous
and fatty substances are relaxants.
  RELAXANTIA, Emollients.
  RELAXATIO CORDIS  ET  ARTERIA-
RUM, Diastole.
  RELAXA'TION, Relaxa'tio. Same etymon.
Chala'sis, Chalas'mos, (F'.) Reldchement.   In
Physiology, relaxation is  opposed  to contrac-
tion.  In Pathology,  it means great looseness
of a part.
  RELEVEUR  DE L'ANUS, Levator  ani
—r. de la Levre infirieure, Levator labii  infe-
rioris—r. du Menton, Levator labii inferioris—
r. de POmoplate, Levator  scapulae—r. de la
Prostate,  Levator prostatae—r. de VUrlthre,
Levator urethrae.
  RELIQUAT, (F.)  The remnant or remains
of a disease.
  REMAK FIBRES, see Fibres, Remak.
  REMANSIO MENSIUM, Amenorrhcea.
  REME.DE, Clyster, Medicament—r. du Ca-
puchin, Liquor hydrargyri nitrici—r.  du  Due
d'Antin, Liquor hydrargyri  nitrici.
  REMEDIAL, Medicinal.
  REMEDIATE, Medicinal.
  REMEDIUM, Juvans, Medicament—r. Den-
tifricium, Dentifrice.
  REMEDY,  Medicament—r. English,  Cin-
chona.
  REMISSIO,  Decline,  Remission—r. Cordis
et Arteriarum, Diastole—r. Morbi, Remission
—r. Virium, Atony.
  REMIS'SION,i2ewiJ5'5t'o,  Epan'esis, An'esis,
Submis'sio,Aph'esis,En'dosis,Remis'sio, Meio'-
sis, from remittere, (re, and  mittere, ' to send,')
' to relax.'  In a more extensive signification,
a temporary diminution of the symptoms of a
disease, either  acute  or chronic, Remis'sio
•morbi.   Diminution  in  the  febrile symptoms,
such as occurs in a remittent fever, between
the exacerbations.
  REMITTENSICTERODES,Fever,yellow.
  REMIT'TENT, Remit'tens.  Same etymon.
Any disease which presents remissions.
  Remittent of Children,  Fever, infantile
remittent. 
REMORA                733            REPRODUCTION
   Remittent Fever, Febris remit'tens, Epan'-
etus, Exac"erbating, paroxysmal, sub-continual,
endem'ic, endem'ial or endem'ical fever,  (F.)
Fievre rimittente, is one  which strikingly ex-
acerbates and remits, but without intermission.
The ordinary bilious fever of the United States
is a simple  remittent—Epanetus mitis, (F.)
Fievre rimittente simple.
   REMORA,  from remora'ri, (re, and mora,
< delay,') 'to arrest.' The name of two surgical
instruments, intended  to  retain parts in situ.
The one was used, formerly, in  castration, to
prevent  the intestines from protruding at the
inguinal ring;  the other,  called Remora Hil-
da'ni, (F.) Arrh d'Hildan, Echene'is, exiting,
was employed to maintain fractures  and luxa-
tions reduced.  It is not now used.
   Remora Aratri, Ononis spinosa.
   REN, Kidney.
   RENAL, Rena'lis,from Ren, 'the kidney.'
That which relates to  the kidney.
   Renal Arteries, Emul'gent Arteries, are
very large  and short, and commonly two in
number,—one to each kidney.  They arise from
the sides of the abdominal aorta, forming with
it a right  angle.   The  left  is commonly a
little more  anterior  and  elevated  than  the
right.   After a short course, they arrive at the
fissure of the kidney, where they divide, before
entering it, into three or four very considerable
branches.
   Renal Capsule, Capsule, renal.
   Renal  Plex'uses, Emul'gent  Plexuses.
These are two:—one on each side.   They pro-
ceed from  fasciculi of the solar  and cceliac
plexuses; from the outer part of  the semilunar
ganglion and the final  expansion of the small
splanchnic nerves.  These plexuses  begin by
three or four ganglions,  situate at  the  com-
mencement of the renal artery;  and they give
off from their circumference many fine, straight
filaments, which do not anastomose, and which
enter the kidney with the divisions of the renal
artery.   These divisions they accompany.
  Renal Veins,  Emulgent  Veins.  These
are very large.  Their roots follow the same
course  as the arteries in  the substance of  the
kidney.   In the fissure or pelvic  portion of  the
kidney, they unite into a  single  trunk, which
passes transversely inwards, and opens at  the
side of the vena cava descendens.
  RENCHUS, Snoring, Stertor.
  REN'C ULUS, Reniculus, Ren'ulus, diminu-
tive of Ren, ' a kidney.'  A small kidney.   A
lobe  of the kidney.
  RENES SUCCENTURIATI, Capsules, re-
nal.
  RENICULUS, Renculus.
  RENIFORM, Nephroid.
  RENNES, MINERAL WATERS OF- Ther-
mal salines in the department of Aube, France,
containing carbonic  acid  and chloride of mag-
nesium.   Temperature 103° to 121°, ofFahr.
  RENNET,Runnet,fxom (G.)gexinn en, 'to
coagulate.' (?)  When  the fourth stomach or
 Abomasus, of the calf is salted and dried, it pos-
 sesses the property of coagulating milk, when
 a portion of it is soaked  in  water, and the in-
 fusion is added to milk.
  RENONCULE,  Ranunculus—r. Bulheuse,
 Ranunculus bulbosus.
  RENOUEE,  Polygonum  aviculare.
  RENOUEUR, (F.) Rebouteur, Rhabilleur.
 A bone-doctor:—a bone-setter. One who makes a
 trade of reducing fractures and dislocations.
  RENOVATIO, Ananeosis.
  RENUENS, Rectus capitis internus minor.
  RENULUS, Renculus.
  RENUM ATONIA, Nephratonia—r. Paraly-
 sis, Nephratonia.
  RENUNCIATIO, Rapport.
  RENVERSEMENT DE LA LANGUE,
 Paraglossa—r. de la Matrice, Uterus, inversion
 of the—r. des Paupihes, Ectropion—r. du Rec-
 tum, Proctocele—r. de la Vessie, Exocyste, Ex-
strophia of the bladder.
  RENVOIS, see Regurgitation.
  REPANDATIO, Lordosis.
  REPELLENTIA, Repellents.
  REPEL'LENTS, Repellen'tia, Repercutien'-
 tia, Apocrus'tica, (F.) Ripercussifs, from  re,
 and pellere, ' to drive.'  Medicines which, when
 applied to a tumefied part, cause the fluids, that
 render it tumid,  to recede, as it were, from it.
 Astringents, cold water, ice, &c.,are repellents.
  REPERCUSSIFS, Repellents.
  REPERCUSSIO,  Contra-fissura,  Repercus-
 sion.
  RETERCUS'SION,Repercus'sio,Anac'lasis,
 from re, per, and quatere, 'to shake or batter.'
 Disappearance of a tumour or cutaneous eruption,
 in consequence of the application of a repellent.
 The action of a repellent remedy.  The French
 writers use the term Dilitescence, Delitescen'tia,
 for the sudden disappearance of a tumour, inflam-
 mation, eruptive disease, or purulent collection,
 without the disease occurring in any other part
 of the body : in this respect delitescence differs
 from metastasis : Dilitescence of an inflamma-
 tion or ' sudden disappearance' is distinguished
 by certain French pathologists from Resolution.
 Repercussion also means Ballottement.
  REPERCUTIENTIA, Repellents.
  REPLETIO, Fulness,  Plethora.
  REPLI  LONGITUDINAL DE LA ME-
NINGE, Falx cerebri.
  REPOSITIO,  Anaplasis, Reduction, Taxis.
  REPOUSSOIR,  Punch—r. d'Arttes,  Pro-
bang.
  REPRODUCTION, Reproduc'tio, Regenera'-
tio,  from re, and producere, (pro, and ducere.)
 The function by which living bodies produce
 bodies similar to  themselves.  See Generation,
 As a general remark, it will be found true, that
the  larger  animals  are  uniparous; and  the
smaller, which are more exposed to destruction,
multiparous.  The mammalia being of the same
 natural class as man, it may be useful to com-
pare them in this respect. 
  REPRODUCTION              734                    RES


COMPARATIVE TABLE OF REPRODUCTION IN THE CLASS MAMMALIA.
Species.
       Primates.
Man,..................
Monkeys, (large).......
   Do.   (long tailed,).

      Carnivora.
Bear,..................
Badger,................
Hedgehog,.............
Ferret,................
Otter,..................
Pole-cat,___
Marten, ....
Weasel, and
Ermine,....
Didelphus
Opossum
Philander
Lion,
Tiger,.... |
Leopard,.. $ "
Lynx,..................
Wildcat,..............
Wolf,...................
Dog in the most natural 7
  state,...............5
Fox,....................
Jackall,.................
Isatis,..................
Phoca,..................
is,.... 1
1, and V.
ir,.... )
       Rodentia.
Squirrel,.........
Flying Squirrel,..
Ondatra,........
Beaver,..........
Hare,......
Rabbit,.....
Rat,........
Mouse,.....
Marmot,. ...
Guinea Pig,
Dormouse, .
      Edentata.
Armadilla,......
     Ruminantta.
Camel,.................
Dromedary,.............
Buffalo..................
Beef,...................
Lama,..................
Reindeer,...............
Buck and Doe,.........
Roebuck,...............
Saiga 'Antelope,).......
Chamois and Wild Goat
Goat,...................
Musimon,..............
Sheep,..................
Horse,
Solipedes.
Zebra,.
Pachydermata.
Hog,.
Elephant,......
Rhinoceros,....
Hippopotamus,.
Morse,.........
Age capable of en-
   gendering.
14 years
 3 years
 2 years
2 years
 1 year
11 months
before 1 year
2 years
  Do.
before 1 year
  2 years

 10 months

  1 year
1 year.
lyear
6 months
  Do.
  Do.
5 to 6 weeks.
  1 year
4 vears
  Do.
3 years
2 years
3 years
2 years
]| year
  Do.
1 year
  Do.
  Do.
H year
1 year
2£ years
  Do.
  Do.
9 months or 1 year
   16years(?)
    5 years ?)
Duration of gesta-
      tion.
9 months
7 months
6 months
112 days
1 mo. and 10 d;iyj
     Do.
   3 months

   56 days
3 to 4 months
 3 months
 9 weeks
 56 days
 73 days
 63 days
 2 months
    Do.
 63 days
 3 months(?)


 45 days
 4 months
30 days
   Do.
5 or 6 weeks
 1 month
 6 weeks
 3 weeks
Number of young at
    each birth.
Period of cessation of the
       function.
11 months or 1 y'r
      Do.
    9 months
      Do.
8 months
  Do.
5 months
  Do.
  Do.
  Do.
  Do.
  Do.
290 days
    Do.
    Do.
  4 months
9 to 11 months
1 to 3
Do.
Do.
    1 to 4
    3 to 4
    3 to 5
5 to 9 twice a year
    3 to 4


    3 to 6
4 to 6

3 to 4
4 to 5
3 to 4
4 to 6
5 to 9

3 to 6
 Do.
5 to 8
6 to 7
2 to 3
3 to 4 twice a year
    3 to 4
    3 to 5
    2 to 3
 j 2 to 4 several t
 | times a year j
    4 to 8 do.
    5 to 6 do.
      Do.
    2 to 4
5 to 8 times a year
    3 to 5
4 times a year


      1
      1
      1
   1 to 2
    Do.
      1
   1 to 2
    Do.
    Do.
  1,2, and 3
    Do.
   lto2
    Do.
1 to 2
Do.
Do.
10 to 20
 1 or 2
 lor2(?)
    1
    1
At a somewhat advanced
   25 to 30 years.
   20 to 25 years.

Produces during life.
8 to 10 years,
 10 years. (?)

20 to 25 years.
    Do.

   9 years.
  15 to 20 years.
  15 years.

  10 or 12 years.
Produces during life.
       Do.
   Lives 6 years.

   Lives 8 years.
 Lives 8 or 9 years.
Produces during life.
       Do.
       Do.
       Do.
  7 to 8 years. (?)


  40 to 50 years.
       Do.
  15 to 18 years.
   9 years.
  12 years.
Lives 16 years.
Lives 25 or 30 years.
Lives 12 or 15 years.
Lives 15 or 20 years,
Lives 18 or 20 years.
   7 years.
   8 or 10 years.
   8 years.
25 or 30 years.
     Do.
     Do.
  15 years.
Lives 70 years. (?)
Lives 60 years. (?)
  REPULSORIUM, Punch.
  REPURGA"TIO, Anacathar''sis,from re, and
purgare, 'to cleanse.'   According to Castelli—
purgation by transpiration or by expectoration.
Medicines producing this effect are called Re-
purgan'tia.
  REQUIES, Acinesia.
  REQUIETIO, Acinesia.
  RES CONTRA-NATU'RAM.   'Things
against nature,' (F.) Choses contre-nature, axe
those things  which  tend to destroy  man;—as
disease, and every thing connected with it.
  Res  Culinaria,  Culinary art—r. Medica,
Medicina.
  Res  Natura'les, (F.)  Choses naturelles.
Those things, which, by their union, were con-
ceived  to constitute the  nature of man;  such
as the elements, temperaments, humours, spirits,
&c.
  Res Non Natura'les, (F.) Choses non-natu- 
                 RESEAU

relies.   Those things which, anciently, formed
the matter of hygiene.  See Non-naturals.
  Res Venerea, Coition—r. Vestiaria, Vesti-
tus.
  RESEAU, Rete—r.  Admirable, Rete mira-
bile—r. Merveilleux, Rete mirabile.
  RESECTIO, Resection—r.  Articulorum,
see Resection.
  RESEC'TION, Resec'tio, from resecare, (re,
and secare,) ' to cut off.'   A name, given, es-
pecially by the French surgeons, to operations
in which the carious extremities of long bones,
or the  unconsolidated extremities of  fractured
bones forming irregular  joints,  are  removed
with the  saw—Resectio articulo'rum, Decapi-
ta'tio articulo'rum.
  RESECTION, see Amputation.
  RESE'DA LUTE'OLA, Weld, Dyer's Weed.
A European plant naturalized in  the  United
States, which was at one time used as  a  diapho-
retic and diuretic.
  RESERANS, Aperient.
  RESERVOIR DE  LA  BILE, Gall-blad-
der—r. du Chyle, Receptaculum chyli—r. des
Larmex, Lachrymal sac—r.  of Pecquet, Recep-
taculum chyli—r. de Pecquet,  Receptaculum
chyli.
   RESIDENT] A, Sediment.
  RESIMUS, Camus.
  RESIN, Resi'na,  Rheti'ne.   A vegetable
product, commonly dry and concrete, more or
less brittle, inodorous or slightly odorous, in-
sipid, or of an acrid warm taste;  of a smooth,
glassy fracture, heavier than water, inflamma-
ble, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether,
and yolk of an  egg, and negatively electrifiable
by friction. Many resins are used in medicine;
the greater part  are  purgative and irritating.
Some act  like acrid poisons.
  Resin, C a  ye nne, Caoutchouc—r. of the
Spruce fir, see  Pinus  abies.
  RESINA, Resin—r. Abietis, Pinus Abies—r.
Abietis, Pinus picea—r. Abietis humida, Pinus
abies — r. Abietis sicca, see Pinus abies—r. Alba,
see Pinus sylvestris—r. Alba humida,  see Pi-
nus Abies—r.  Copal, Copal—r.  Elaslica, Ca-
outchouc—r. Flava,  see  Pinus  sylvestris—r.
Fluida, Canadensis, see  Pinus balsamea—r. Ju-
niperi, Sandarac—r. Laricis, see Pinus larix—
r. Lentiscina,  see Pistachia lentiscus—r. Li-
nuida pini balsameie, see Pinus balsamea—r.
Liquida pini laricis, see Pinus larix—r. Nigra,
Colophonia—r.  Pini, see Pinus sylvestris—r.
Pini empyreumatica liquida, see Pinus sylves-
tris—r. Pini abietis sponte  concreta,  see Pinus
abies—r.  Strobilina,  see  Pinus  balsamea, and
Pinus  mughos —r. Terebinthi, see  Pistachia
terebirithus.
  RESINATUM, Rhetino'ton, §wt/vcotov.  An
epithet  for wine impregnated with resin, and
used by the ancients as a  stomachic.
   RESINE DE GOMA  li T see Bursera  gum-
mifera—r. de Lierre,  see  Hedera helix.
  RESINOCE'RUM, Rhetinoceron,  from ?»-
n»»,' resin,'and xr,oog, 'wax.'  A mixture of
resin and  wax.—Galen.
  RESOLUTIO, Resolution—r.  Membrorum,
Paralysis.
  Resolutio Morbi.  The  resolution or disap-
pearance of a disease; especially when without
any critical evacuation.
  Resolutio  Nervorum, Paralysis—r.  Ven-
5    RESPIRATION BRONCHIQUE

triculi autopeptica, Gastromalacia—r. Virium,
Dialysis.
  RESOLU'TION, Resolu'tio, Discus'sio,
from  resolvere, (re and  solvere, ' to loosen.')
Removal or disappearance, as of a disease.  Re-
solution is one of the terminations of inflamma-
tion,  in which the inflamed part returns  gra-
dually, and without suppuration to the healthy
condition.
  RESOLUTION DES  MEMBRES,  Pa-
ralysis.
  RESOLVENTIA, Discutients.
  RES'ONANCE, (F.)  Retentissement, from
re, 'again,' and sono,' I sound.'  ' A return of
sound.'   A thrilling of  the voice  more loud
than natural; or its  existence in a part where
it is not heard in health; as detected by auscul-
tation.  A thickened and hardened state of the
lungs, caused either by a mass of crude tuber-
cles, or by inflammation, is generally considered
to produce this phenomenon, by rendering the
lung a better conductor of  the  murmur  of the
voice in the bronchi.   Hence the origin of the
term Bronchophony, from ftqoryog, 'bronchus,'
and <j>turj/,  'the voice;' (F.) Voix bronchique,
Voix tubaire, V. bourdonnante.
  Resonance, Vibrations of, see Sound.
  RESONITUS, Contra-fissura.
  RESORBENS, Absorbent.
  RESORPTIO,  Absorption,  Resorption—r.
Cutanea,  see  Absorption—r.  Cutis, see  Ab-
sorption.
  RESORP'TION, Resorp'tio,  from resorbere,
(re, and sorbere,) ' to absorb again.'  Absorption
of a fluid which has been previously deposited
in a part by the exhalants  :—as of pus,  blood,
serum, &c.
  RES P1RABLE, Respirab'ilis. Same etymon
as Respiration. Any gas which can be breathed
without positive danger is so called.
  RF.SPIRAMEN, Respiration.
  RES PI R AMEN T IJ M, Respiration.
  RESPIRATIO, Respiration—r. Abolita, Ap-
noea—r. Brevis, Dyspnoea—r.  Difficilis, Dysp-
noea—r. Stertens, Stertor—r. Stertuosa, Stertor.
  RESPIRATION,  Respira'tio,  Anap'noe,
from  respiro, (re, and spiro,)  ' I take breath.'
Anapneu'sis, Pneu'sis spira'tio,  Respira'men,
Respiramentum, Respira'tus, Respir'itus, Spir'-
itus.   A function  proper to animals, the object
of which is, to place the  materials of the blood
—the mixture of the venous blood with  lymph
and chyle—in contact with atmospheric air, in
order that it may acquire  the vivifying qualities
that  belong  to arterial blood.   The  organs
for executing this function are,  in the mam-
malia, birds, and reptiles,—the lungs. In man,
the respiration consists of mechanical and  chy-
mical phenomena.  The mechanical are Inspi-
ration and Expiration.   The evident chymical
phenomena consist in the  formation of a cer-
tain quantity of carbonic acid, the absorption
of  a  part of  the  oxygen  of  the air, and the
disengagement of  a quantity  of water  in the
state  of vapour.  In the healthy condition the
respiration is easy,  gentle, regular, and with-
out noise.  In  man, the respirations are gene-
rally  about 35  per minute in the first year of
life;  25 during the second; 20 at puberty; and
18 in  the adult age.
  RESPIRATION BRONCHIQUE, see
Murmur, respiratory—r. Exagirie, see Puerile
—r. Hypervcsiculaire, see  Puerile.
7 
RESPIRATOR              73i
  Respiration, Jerking,  (F.) if?,  saccadie.
When the murmur of inspiration, in place of
being continuous, is interrupted as by starts, it
is called 'jerking.'  It is a concomitant of in-
cipient pleurisy, pleurodynia, spasmodic asthma,
and tuberculosis of the lung with corresponding
pleuritic adhesion.—Walshe.
  Respiration of the Cells, Murmur, Respi-
ratory—r. Metallic, Tintement mitallique—r.
Nulle,  see  Murmur, respiratory—r. Proof,
Docimasia pulmonum—r. Puirile, see Puerile—
r. Rdpeuse, see Murmur, respiratory—r. Rude,
see Murmur, respiratory—r. Silencieuse, see
Murmur, respiratory—r. Saccadie, R. jerking
—r. Souffiante, Murmur, respiratory—r.  Sup-
plimentaire, see Puerile—r. Tubal, see Murmur,
respiratory.
  RES'PIRATOR, same etymon.  Various in-
struments have been devised for the purpose of
tempering the air before it reaches the lungs in
winter. One of the best is that of Jeffrey, which
is made of several layers of fine wire tissue.
  RESPIRATORIUM VENTRIS, Diaphragm.
  RESPIRATORIUS, Respiratory.
  RES'PIRATORY, Respirato'rius,  same ety-
mon.  Appertaining to respiration.  An epithet
applied to the murmur heard by auscultation in
a healthy adult,  during  inspiration  and  expi-
ration.  It  marks the entrance of the air into
the cells, and its passage out  of them.   See
Murmur.
  Respiratory Tract, Tractus respirato'rius.
The middle  column of the spinal marrow, de-
scribed by Sir Charles Bell as that whence the
respiratory nerves originate.   See Nerves.
  RESPIRATUS, Respiration.
  RESPIRITUS, Respiration.
  RESSERR&, (VENTRE,) Constipation.
  RESTA BOVIS, Ononis spinosa.
  RESTAGNATIO,  Eructation.
  RESTAURANS, Corroborant.
  RESTAURA'TIO, Refec'tio,Refec'tus, Ana-
lep'sis, Anatrep'sis,  Anacom'ide, Analte'sis,
Anacte'sis,  Apocatas'tasis.   Restoration of
strength, after disease or great  fatigue;  Epa-
northo'sis, Recrea'tio, Redintegra'tio, Restau-
ra'tio virium.  Return of the organs to  their
normal condition.
  Restauratio Virium, see Restauratio.
  REST HARROW, Ononis spinosa.
  RESTIFORMIS PROCESSUS, Coracoid.
  RESTITUTIO, Reduction—r. Organica, Mo-
rioplastice—r. Partium deperditarum, Morio-
plastice.
  RESTLESSNESS,  Agitation.
  RESTORATION, Restauratio.
  RESTORATIVE, Corroborative.
  RESTRICTIO  INTESTINI RECTI vel
ANI, Stricture of the  rectum.
  RESUMPTI'VUS,  Resumpto'rius; from re,
' again,'  and sumere,  ' to take.'  Causing to
resume.   Resumpti'vum.   Any agent  calcu-
lated to restore flesh  and strength to one who
has been reduced.
  RESUMPTORIUS, Resumptivus.
  RESURRECTION-MAN, Resurrectionist.
  RESURRECTIONIST,  Resurrection-man,
Body snatcher: from re, and surgere,  ' to arise.'
An individual who violates  the sanctuary of
the grave to obtain subjects for dissection.
  RESUSCITATION, Resuscita'tio, from re-
suscita're, (re, and suscitare, sursum   citare
seu ciere,)  ' to move up,'  ' to stir up anew.'
6             RETIA UTERI

Revivifica'tion.  The restoration of  persons,
apparently dead, to life.   See Asphyxia  and
Suffocation.
  RETCHING, Vomiturition.
  RETE, Plexus—r. Malpighii, Corpus muco-
sum.
  Rete, Retic'ulum; 'a net;' Dict'yon, (F.)
Riseati.  A name given to the interlacing and
decussation of blood-vessels, lymphatics, fibres,
and nerves when they form a kind of network.
  Rete has also been applied to the epiploon.—
Castelli.
  Rete Majus, Epiploon, gastro-colic.
  Rete Mirab'ile, (F.) Riseau admirable, R.
merveilleux.  A name given to the ramifications
and anastomoses of the internal carotid  and
vertebral arteries at the base of the  brain.
  Rete Mirabile vel Rete Vasculo'sum Mal-
pig'hii is the plexus formed on the cells of the
lungs by the minute ramifications of  the pulmo-
nary  artery.
  Rete Mucosum, Corpus  mucosum.
  Rete Vasculo'sum  Testis.  An irregular
plexus or network, formed  by the communica-
tion of the Vasa recta at  the  upper and back
part of the testicle.   These Vasa recta are sent
out at the  back part of the testicle, from the
convoluted seminal tubes.   The Rete Vasculo-
sum testis  sends out from  twelve  to  eighteen
straight tubes, called  Vasa efferentia, which
convey the semen from the testes to the  epi-
didymis.
  RETENTIO, Retention—r. Aerea, Dysp-
noea—r. Alvina, Constipation—r. Bilis, Ischo-
cholia.
  Retentio Fluxus Hemorrhoidals.  Sup-
pression of the haemorrhoidal flux.
  Retentio Fcetus, Dystocia—r. Lactis,  Is-
chogalactia—r. Lochiorum, Ischiolochia — r.
Mensium,  see Amenorrhoea—r. Spermatis, Is-
chospermia—r. Sudoris, Hydroschesis.
  RETENTION, Reten'tio, Apolep'sia,  Apo-
lep'sis, from retinere, (re, and tenere,) ' to hold
back.'  Accumulation of a solid or liquid sub-
stance, in canals intended for its excretion, or
in a reservoir, intended to contain it for a short
period.
  Retention of Urine ; Paru'ria Retentio'nis
vesica'lis, Ischu'ria vesica'lis, Retentio Uri'na,
(F.)  Ritention d'urine.  A disease in which
the urine accumulated in the bladder cannot be
evacuated; or, at least, cannot be passed with-
out extreme difficulty.  In the former case, the
retention  is said to be complete;  in the latter,
incomplete.  Many  writers have distinguished
three degrees of this affection, to which they
have  given the names Dysury, Strangury, and
Ischury.   Retention of urine may depend upon
loss of contractility, paralysis of the bladder,
&c,  or on some obstacle to the passing of the
urine, as in cases of pressure of the womb on
the bladder, of tumours in  its  vicinity, foreign
bodies in its cavity, inflammation of the urethra,
swelling of the prostate, stricture, &c.   The
pain  is  extremely violent,  and the  bladder
may be found distended above the pubis.   The
treatment  consists in introducing the catheter,
or puncturing the bladder, and in combating the
cause, which has produced the retention, by par-
ticular means adapted to each  case.
  RETENTISSEMENT,Resonance—r. Au-
tophonique, see Autophonia.
  RETIA UTERI, see Uterus. 
RETICULAR
  RETICULAR, Re'tiform, Reticularis, Ret'-
inus, Amphiblestro'i'des,  Dycto'i'des, Retifor'-
mis, from rete, 'a net.'  That which resembles
a net.   An epithet applied to many structures
in the body.
  Reticular Substance, Cellular tissue.
  RETICULUM : diminutive of rete, ' a net.'
The Bonnet or Honeycomb bag—the second sto-
mach of the ruminant animal.  See  also, Epi-
ploon, and Rete.
  Reticulum Cutaneum, Rete  mucosum—r.
Mucosum, Rete mucosum.
  RETIFORM, Reticular.
  RETINA, from  rete,  ' a  net:' Tu'nica ret'-
ina seu reticularis seu retifor'mis seu in'tima
oc'uli, Iuvolu'crum reti  compara'tum, Verricu-
la'ris membra'na, Amphiblestroi'des membrana.
A soft, pulpy, grayish, semi-transparent, very
thin membrane; extending from the optic nerve
to the crystalline, embracing  the vitreous hu-
mour, and lining the choroid; without, however,
adhering to either of those parts.  It terminates
by a defined edge—margo denta'tus—at the pos-
terior  extremities of the ciliary processes.  It
is constituted, according to most anatomists, by
the expansion of the optic nerve.  The  retina
appears formed of two  laminae; so joined  to-
gether, that it is almost impossible to separate
them.   The one—the innermost—is medullary,
and pulpy; the other—the outer—is stronger,
and fibro-vascular.   The retina is the essential
organ of vision; on it the images  of objects are
impressed.   Both it and  the optic nerve are de-
void of general sensibility. They may be punc-
tured or lacerated without pain being experi-
enced.  The  nerve of general sensibility distri-
buted to the  eye is the fifth  pair.
  RETINACULA  MORGAGINII, see Frana
of the valve of Bauhin.
  RETINACULUM, from retinere, (re, and
tenere,) ' to hold back.'  A surgical instrument,
formerly  used in the operation of castration;
and in that of hernia, to prevent  the intestines
from falling into the scrotum.—Scultet.  Reti-
nacula are also band-like extensions of a cellu-
lo-membranous structure, which seem to sus-
pend the ovum in its place.
  Retinaculum, Biide.
  Retinaculum Ten'dinum Pfroneo'rum, Va-
gi'na malleola!ris  extern'a.   The ligamentous
sheaths that retain in situ at the outer ankle the
tendons of the peroneal muscles.
  RETINI'TIS, Inflamma'tio Ret'inx, Amphi-
blestroidi'tis, Dictyi'tis,  from retina and  itis, a
suffix denoting inflammation,—a term of hybrid
formation.  Inflammation of the retina; an un-
common affection, except as an accompaniment
of other forms of ophthalmia.
  RETINUS, Reticular.
  RETORT,Retor'ta, Batia, Cornu, Cornu'ta,
Cornes'ta, Cornumusa, (F.) Cornue, from  re-
torqueo, (re, and torqueo, tortum,)' I bend back.'
A vessel, commonly of glass  or  earthenware,
employed in distillation. It may be plain, or
have a tubulure for admitting substances whilst
the distillation is going on.  In the latter case,
it is said to be " tubulated."
  RETRACTION,  Retrac'tio, from retrahere,
(re and trahere,)  'to draw  back.'   State of a
part, when drawn towards  the centre of the
body or backwards;—as retraction of the tes-
ticles.   Sometimes  it  is  used synonymously
7              REV ASS ERIE

 with shortening  or drawing up; as> in retrac-
 tion of the thigh.
   RETRACTION DE LA MATRICE,  Re-
 troversio uteri.
   RETRACTOR ANGULI ORIS, Buccinator.
   RETRAHENS AURIS, Posterior  Auris,
 Tiicauda'lis, Triceps Auris, Retrahens Auric'-
 ulx,R. Auriculam, Secun'dus proprio'rum Au-
 riculx, Bicauda'lis, Dep'rimens Auric'ulce, Pro-
 prius  Auris  externx, (F.) Masto'ido-eonchi-
 nien, Masto'ido-oriculaire (Ch.),  Auriculaire
 postirieur.   It consists of one or more  small
 fasciculi  or  fleshy,  thin, somewhat irregular
 fibres,  situated  behind  the  ear.  These  are
 attached to the mastoid process, and  pass hori-
 zontally forwards, to terminate at the convexity
 formed by the concha of the ear.  If this muscle
 had any use, it would carry the ear backwards.
   R£TR£CISSEMENT, Arctatio, Stricture.
   RETRIMENTA VESICAE,  Urine.
   RETRIMENTUM, Excrement.
   RETROCESSION, Retroces'sio,  Retroces'-
 sus,  Retrogres'sus,  from  retrocedere,  (retro,
 ' backwards,' and cedere,' to give place.')  The
 act of going back.  A disappearance or metasta-
 sis of a tumour, eruption, &c, from the outer part
 of the body to the inner.
   RETROCESSUS, Retrocession.
   RETROFLEXIO UTERI, Retroversio uteri.
   RETROGRESSUS, Retrocession.
   RETROPULSION DE  LA  MATRICE,
 Retroversio uteri.
   RETROVER'SIO U'TERI, Retroversion of
 the Uterus, JEdopto'sis Uteri retrover'sa, Retro-
 flex'io  Uteri, Anapod'isis seu Anapodis'mus
 Uteri, (F.) Ritroversion, Ritraction, Obliquiti
 ou Ritropulsion de la Matrice.  A  change in
 the position of the uterus, so that the fundus of
 the organ is  turned towards  the  concavity of
 the sacrum, whilst the neck is directed towards
 the symphysis  pubis.   This displacement is
 commonly attended  with constipation, tenes-
 mus, and retention of urine.   Its usual period
 of occurrence is  between the  third  and fourth
 months  of pregnancy; before the uterus  has
 escaped above the superior aperture of the pel-
 vis.  In the treatment,  the  catheter must be
 regularly used twice a day, until the uterus,
 by its growth, rises above the pelvis.   The ca-
 theter should be  small, flat, and curved consi-
 derably more than common, in consequence of
 the distorted course of the u rethra. The bowels
 must be kept open; and absolute rest, in a re-
 cumbent  posture, be  enjoined.  Should it be
 impracticable to  draw off the  urine, attempts
 must be made to  replace the  uterus.   The wo-
 man being on her hands and knees, the fore and
 middle fingers of the accoucheur's left hand are
 to be passed  up the rectum to the fundus uteri;
 which they must elevate, whilst the cervix uteri
 is  carefully  depressed by  two fingers  of  the
 right hand in the vagina.  Should the  fingers
 employed to  elevate the fundus  not  be long
 enough to effect this  object, a  piece of whale-
 bone may be substituted, having a small piece
 of sponge attached to one extremity as a pad.
   RETROVERSION DE  LA  MATRICE,
 Retroversio uteri.
   REUNIO, Synthesis—r.  Partium separata-
 rum, see Synthesis—r. per Primam intentionem,
 see  Intention—r.  per  Secundam intentionem,
 see Intention—r.  Vasorum, Anastomosis.
   R&VASSERIE, Incoherence; see Somnium. 
REVE
738
RHENCHUS
  RkVE, Somnium.
  REVEIL,  see  Sleep — r. en Sursaut, see
Sleep.
  REVELLENT, Derivative.
  REVERY,  Aphelxia.
  REVIVIFICATION, Resuscitation.
  REVULS1F, Derivative.
  REVUL'SION, Revul'sio,fxom re,and vellere,
'to pluck;' Amis'pasis.  The act of turning
the principle  of a disease from the organ in
which it seems to have taken its seat.  Rube-
facients, vesicatories, bleeding in the foot, &c,
are often used  for this purpose. See Derivation.
  REVULSIVE, Derivative—r. Bleeding, see
Bloodletting.
  REVULSORIUS, Derivative.
  REX METALLORUM, Aurum.
  REYNOLDS'S  SPECIFIC, see Vinum col-
chici.
  RHA, Rheum.
  RHABARBARUM, Rheum—r. Album, Con-
volvulus  mechoacan — r.  Antiquorum, Rheum
Rhaponticum—r. Dioscoridis, Rheum Rhapon-
ticum—r. Monachorum, Rumex patientia—r.
Nigrum,  Convolvulus jalapa—r. Pauperum,
Thalictron—r. Sibericum, Rheum—r. Tartari-
cum, Rheum—r. Turcicum,  Rheum.
  RHABARBE, Rheum—r. Blanche, Convol-
vulus mechoacan—r. des  Moines,  Rumex Al-
pinus.
  RHABDOIDES(SUTURA),Sagittal suture.
  RHABILLEUR, Renoueur.
  RHACHET.E, Rhachit*.
  RHACHETRUM, Medulla spinalis.
  RHACHI^I, Rhachitae.
  RHACHIAGRA,  Rachisagra.
  RHACHIALGIA, Rachialgia, Rhachiodynia,
Spinal irritation.
  RHACHIALGITIS, Spinal irritation, Mye-
litis.
  RHACHIDAGRA, Rachisagra,  Rachialgia,
Rhachiodynia.
  RHACHIOCYPHOSIS, Gibbositas.
  RHACHIODYNIA;  from ?*Xic,' the verte-
bral column,'  and oSwr;, 'pain;'  Rhachial'gia.
Pain in the vertebral column.
  RHACHIOMYELITIS, Myelitis.
  RHACHIOPLEGIA. Paraplegia.
  RHACHIOSCOLIOMA, Scoliosis.
  RHACHIOSCOLIOSIS, Scoliosis.
  RHACHIOSTROPHO'SIS; from e,ayjc,' the
vertebral column,' and o-rqe<pa, 'I turn;'  Con-
tor'tio colum'nx vertebra'lis.  Duration of the
vertebral column.
  RHACHIOT'OMUS, Rhachiot'omum;  from
£*//<-, 'the vertebral column,' and ro^t],  ' inci-
sion.' An instrument for opening the vertebral
column.
  RHACHIPARALYSIS, Paraplegia.
  RHACHIPHYMA, Rachiphyma.
  RHACHIRRHEUMA,  Lumbago.
  RHACHIS, Vertebral column—r. Nasi, see
Nasus.
  RHACHISAGRA, Rachisagra.
  RHACHI'T^E,  from ?a/,?, 'the vertebral
column;' Rhachia'i, Rachi'ta,  Rhache'ta, or
Rachix'i.  The muscles of the spine.
  RHACHITES, Medulla spinalis.
  RHACHITIS, Rachitis—r. Adultorum. Mol-
lities ossium—r. Spinalis, Rachisagra.
  RHACHITISMUS, Rachitis.
  RHACHOSIS, Rachosis.
  RHACHUS, Rhacus, Rhagus; from qtjt-ireiv,
' to tear.'  A  wrinkle.   A  laceration of the
skin.   A lacerated ulcer—ulcus lac"erum.
   RHACUS, Rhachus.
   RHiEBOCRANIA, Torticollis.
   RHAG'ADES,oaya(?5c, Rhaga'dia; from o>?y-
nid, 'to break or rend;' Scissu'ra, Fissu'ra,
Fima.  Ruptures,  chaps, or narrow and long
ulcers, which form near the origin of mucous
membranes, especially  around the anus, and
which are generally owing to the  syphilitic vi-
rus.
   Rhagades, see Fissure.
   RHAGE, Rage; qay».  Same  etymon.  A
suffix denoting violent rupture or discharge, as
in FLemoxrhage, Menoxrhagia, &c.
   Rhage, Fissure.
   RHAGES, Uva) passse.
   RHAGODEITIS, Uveitis.
   RHAGOI'DES, Rhago'des, Rhago'ideus,Rha-
gicus, from oat;, ' a grape.'  Grape-like; as Tu-
nica Rhagoides : the uvea.  Also, the choroid
coat of the eye.
   RHAGUS, Rhachus.
   RHAMNUS, Rhamnus cathar'ticus, Spina
cervi'na, Rhamnus soluti'vus, Spina infeeto'ria,
Cervispi'na, Buckthorn, Purging  buckthorn,
(F.) Nerprun purgatif.   Family,  Rhamnoidese.
Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.   The ber-
ries— Rhamni  Bacca—have a faint and  disa-
greeable odour; and bitterish, nauseous taste.
They are cathartic, and are apt to  excite gri-
ping, which must be obviated  by  the use of di-
luents.
  Rhamnus  Alater'nus, Common  alaternns,
(F.) Alateme.   The leaves have been used as
detergents and astringents, in  the form of gar-
gle especially.
  Rhamnus  Fran'gula.   The Black  Alder,
Frangula Alnus,Alnus Nigra, (F.) Aune noir,
Bourdane,  Bourghie.  All the parts of this
tree, as well as of the common alder, are astrin-
gent and bitter.   The bark is most so.  The
inner, yellow bark of the trunk or root acts as
a cathartic.  It has also been employed as  an
anthelmintic.
   Rhamnus Ziziphus, see Jujube.
   RHANTER, Canthus, (greater.)
   RHAPHANEDON, Raphanedon.
   RHAPHANJ A, Raphania.
   RHAPHANIS, Raphanus hortensis.
   RHAPHANUS, Raphanus hortensis.
   RHAPHE, Raphe, Suture.
   RHAPHOSYMPH'YSIS; fromn*«». -suture.'
and o-vftyvo-tc,  ' union.'   Union by suture,—aa
of the bones of the cranium.
   RHAPHYS, Raphanus hortensis.
   RHAPONTICUM, Rheum  Rhaponticum—r.
Vulgare, Centaurea centaurium.
   RHAPONTIQUE, Rheum rhaponticum.
   RHAPS, Raphanus hortensis.
   RHAPYS, Raphanus hortensis.
   RHATANIA, Krameria ratanhia.
   RHAX, see Vitis vinifera.
   RHEGE. Cramp, Contusion, Laceration.
   RHEGMA, Cramp, Contusion, Laceration,
Rhexis—r. Ligamentare, Apospasma.
   RHEGMUS, Cramp, Contusion, Laceration.
   RHEMBASMUS, Somnambulism.
   RHEMBE, Rkembus; from  osupeiv, 'to wan-
der about.'  Irregularity in the return of febrile
paroxysms.
   RHEMBUS, Rhembe.
   RHENCHUS, Rattle, Snoring. 
RHENXIS                739             RHEUMATISM
  RHENXIS, Rattle, Snoring.
  RHEON, Rheum.
  RHETINE, Resin.
  RHETINOCERON, Resinatum.
  RHETINOTON, Resinatum.
  RHEUM, (pronounced room,) Rheu'ma, (F.)
Rhume; from  otw, ' to  flow.'  The  discharge
from the air passages arising from cold.
  Rheum, Salt.  A popular name in the United
States, like ' tetter,' for various cutaneous affec-
tions of the eczematous and herpetic forms more
especially.  It is at  times  applied to a kind of
chronic psoriasis; and  likewise to cutaneous
affections  in those who immerse the hands in
metallic or acid  solutions.
  Rhe'um, R.palma'tum, R. compac'tum, R. un-
dulatum, Rhabar'barum, Rheon, Rha, Rhaum,
Lap'at hum orienta'le',  L. Chinen'sB, Rhabar'-
barum ve'rum, R. Tartar'icum, R. Siber'icum,
R. Tur'cicum, Rhubarb, (F.) Rhabarbe. Family,
Polygoneae.  Sex. Syst. Enneandria Trigynia.
The root—Rheum—is the part used in  medi-
cine.   Its odour  is aromatic, peculiar, and  ra-
ther nauseous; taste, somewhat aromatic, sub-
acrid, bitterish, and astringent.  It colours the
saliva and the urine  yellow.  It is  easily pul-
verized, and forms a powder of a bright buff-
yellow colour.  Both water and spirit extract
its  virtues.   Rhubarb root is  purgative, sto-
machic and astringent.(?)  It  is chiefly used
for the properties first mentioned: externally,
the powder is  sometimes sprinkled over ulcers,
to assist their  granulation.  Dose, Qj to ^ss of
the powder.   In a  smaller dose, it  is stoma-
chic.
  Numerous species  of Rheum, Rh. palmatum,
Rh. undulatum, and Rh. compactum, have pur-
gative roots.
  The rhubarbs  most used in the United States
are the Chinese or India Rhubarb—Rheum Si-
nen'sl vel lnd'icum;—the Russian,  Turkey, or
Bucharian  Rhubarb — Rheum  Rus'sicum  vel
Tur'cicum;—and European Rhubarb.
  Rheum  Compactum, Rheum—r. Indicum, see
Rheum—r. Palmatum,  Rheum—r.  Russicum,
see Rheum—r. Sinense, see Rheum—r. Turci-
cum, see Rheum—r. Undulatum, Rheum.
  Rheum  Rhapon'ticum, Rhapon'tic Rhubarb;
Rhapon'ticum,  Rhabar'barum Dioscor'idis, R.
Antiquo'rum,(F.)Rhapontique, Rhapontic. The
root of this seems to have been the  rhubarb of
the ancients.   It  is more astringent than that
of the rheum palmatum, and less purgative;  for
the latter purpose, two or three drachms  being
required for a  dose.
  French, Rhapontic or Krimea Rhubarb, is ob-
tained  from this  species, as well as from Rh.
undulatum, and Rh. compactum.
  RHEUMA,  Catarrh,  Diarrhcea,  Rheum,
Rheumatism.  Also, inflammation of a fibrous
tissue,—as in rheumatism and gout.—Fuchs.
  Rheuma Catarrhale, Bronchitis, (chronic)
—r. Epidemicum, Bronchitis,  chronic, Catarrh,
epidemic—r. Pectoris, Catarrh—r. Uteri, Leu-
corrhcea.
  RHEUMAPYRA, Rheumatism, acute.
  RHEUMARTHRITIS,  see   Rheumatism,

  RHEUMARTHROSIS,  see  Rheumatism,
acute.                                .
  RHEUMATALGIA, Rheumatism, chronic
—r. Arthritica, see Rheumatism, acute.
  RHEUMAT'IC, Rheumat'icus, (F.) Rhuma-
tismale, Rhumatique.  Belonging  to rheuma-
tism;  as  rheumatic fever.  Also, applied to
one affected with rheumatism;  (F.) Rheumati-
sant.
  RHEU'MATISM, Catarrha'a;  from gtt/^a,
'a defluxion, catarrh.'  Dolor Rheumat'icus et
arthrit'icus, (Hoffman,) Rheumato'sis, Myoso'-
tis, Rheuma, Myodyn'ia, (F.) Rkumalisme.  A
kind of shifting  phlegmasia, sometimes seated
in the muscles,  sometimes  in the parts sur-
rounding the joints;  and at others, within them.
Hence the names  Muscular, Articular,  and
Synovial, which have been applied to it.  The
disease may be acute, or chronic.
  Rheumatism of the Abdomen,  Coeliorrheu-
ma.
  Rheumatism, Acute,Rheumatis'mus acu'tus,
Rh.  universa'Us febri'lis,  Arthro'sia  acuta,
Rheumatismus, Rh. inflammato'rius seu hyper-
sthen'icus, Rheumat'ic Fever,  Rheumatop'yra,
Rheumap'yra,  Febris rheumat'ica inflammato'-
ria,  Syn'ocha  rheumat'ica, Myoso'tis, Myi'tis,
Cauma rheumatism'us, Arthri'tis rheumatis-
mus, Arthro-rheumatis'mus, Synovi'tis rheu-
matisma'lis,  Hxmo-arthri'tis,  (F.)  Rhuma-
tisme  aigue,  Fievre  rhumatismale,  usually
comes on with the ordinary symptoms of fever;
soon after which, or simultaneously, or  even
before the appearance of febrile signs, excru-
ciating pains are felt in different parts of the
body, particularly in the larger joints, which
are  more or  less red  and  swollen;  the  pain
shifting from  one to the other, at times with
great rapidity.  The disease rarely terminates
in less than six weeks, during the  greater part
of which  period the febrile symptoms remain
severe; and what is peculiar to the disease, the
skin may be covered daily with a profuse per-
spiration, although  it feels  extremely hot, and
the pulse appears in no way modified by it.  It
is one of the essential symptoms of the affection,
and  consequently affords no  relief.  The  only
danger to be apprehended from acute rheuma-
tism, notwithstanding the apparent severity of
the symptoms, is the translation or extension of
the disease to some  internal part, especially to
the heart. This tendency must always be borne
in mind. Acute rheumatism seldom terminates
in chronic; they who are  liable to the  for-
mer  are rarely so to the latter, and conversely.
The disease will generally  run its course in
spite of treatment.   The usual antiphlogistic
plan had better be pursued during the first days
of the disease.  Blood-letting maybe employed.
if the vigour of the  patient and of the disease
seem to require  it; but, although the blood is
generally buffy, bleeding does not usually seem
to afford  much  relief.  The bowels must be
kept open; effervescent draughts be administer-
ed, and opium be given in full doses to allay
pain.  This is, generally, all that is necessary
during the first week; after which, advantage
will  usually be obtained from the exhibition of
the sulphate of quinia with sulphuric  acid.  It
does not augment the excitement;  and will be
found proper in almost all cases.   Rheumatic
inflammation is very different from other varie-
ties,  and this  may  account  for the anomaly.
After a few weeks, the disease usually goes off,
but leaves the patient very liable to a recur-
rence on slight exposures or errors of diet: at
times,  acute rheumatism of the joints puts on 
RHEUMATISM
740
RHINOPLASTY
the appearance of gout, and seems to be a com-
plication of the two affections.  It is then called
Gouty or Arthrit'ic rheumatism, or Rheumatic
gout, Rheumatol'gia arthrit'ica, Rheumarthro'-
sis, Rheumarthri'tis, Arthri'tis rheumat'ica seu
juveni'lis.
  Rheumatism of the Arm, Brachiorrheuma—
r. Arthritic, see  Rheumatism, acute—r. of the
Bladder, Cystorrheuma—r. of the Bowels, En-
terorrheuma.
   Rheumatism,  Cap'sular,  Rheumatis'mus
capsula'ris.  Rheumatism seated in the lining
membrane of the joints and bursa? of the tendons.
The parts most liable to its attacks are the feet
and hands, where  it is generally easily recog-
nised by the enlargement of the joints;  but the
peculiar characters of the disease are, perhaps,
most  strikingly seen when it attacks the knee.
   Rheumatism of the Chest, Pleurodynia.
   Rheumatism,  Chronic, Arthro'sia chron'iea,
Rheumatismus chronicus  seu nonfebri'lis,  R.
vulga'ris seu invetera'tus seu habitua'lis seu
frig"idus,  Rheumatol'gia,  Rheumatodyn'ia,
Arthrodyn'ia, Arthritis arthrodynia, (F.) Rku-
matisme chronique, Rhumatalgie, is attended
with  pains in the  hips, shoulders,  knees, and
other large joints.   These are, sometimes, con-
fined  to one joint;  at others, shift from one to
another, without occasioning inflammation, or
fever.  In  this  manner,  the complaint often
continues  for a  great length of time, and then
goes off.  There is  no danger attendant  upon
it; but the patient may become lame, and is  al-
ways liable to painful recurrences.   Neither
variety generally terminates in suppuration;
but effusion of coagulable lymph is apt to occur,
so as to occasion permanent  thickening of the
parts.  The great  preventive of chronic rheu-
matism, and one of the most valuable curative
agents, is flannel,  worn  next the skin.  The
whole class of rubefacients may, also, be used
with  advantage.  The warm bath,  especially
the natural warm bath, the temperature of which
does not vary, is perhaps the most successful
remedy of all.
   Rheumatism of  the Extremities,  Acror-
rheuma—r.  of the  Face, Prosoporrheuma—r.
Gouty, see Rheumatism, acute—r. of the Heart,
Cardiorrheuma—r. of the Leg, Scelorrheuma—
r. of a Limb, Merorrheuma—r.  Local,  Meror-
rheuma — r. of the Loins, Lumbago—r. of the
Neck, Torticollis—r.  Partial, Merorrheuma—
r. of  the Skin, see Dermalgia—r. Topical, Me-
rorrheuma.
   Rheumatism,  Preabdom'inal, (F.) Rhuma-
tisme pri-abdominal.  Rheumatism of the  mus-
cles of the anterior and lateral  portions of the
abdomen;  supposed by MM. Genest and Re-
quin to be the same as the nervous affection of
the peritoneum of Gooch.
   Rheumatism of the Uterus, Metrorrheuma
—r. Weed, Pyrola maculata, P. umbellata.
   RHEUMATISMUS ABDOMINIS, Coelior-
rheuma—r. Acutus, Rheumatism, acute—r. Bra-
chii,  Brachiorrheuma—r. Cancrosus, Neuralgia
faciei—r.Cervicis,Torticollis—r.Colli,Torticol-
lis—r.Cordis, Cardiorrheuma—r. Cruris, Scelor-
rheuma —r. Dorsalis,  Lumbago—r. Extremita-
tum, Acrorrheuma—r. Faciei, Prosoporrheuma
—r. Febrilis, Dengue—r. Inflammatorius seu hy-
persthenicus,  Rheumatismus acutus—r. Intes-
tinorum, Enterorrheuma—r. Intestinorum cum
ulcere, Dysentery—r. Larvatus, Neuralgia fa-
ciei—r. Localis,  Merorrheuma—r.  Membro-
rum singulorum,  Merorrheuma — r. Non  fe-
brilis,  Rheumatism, acute—r. Partialis, Me-
rorrheuma—r. Pectoris, Pleurodynia—r. Phleg-
monodes, Myositis—r. Spurius nervosus, Neu-
ralgia— r. Universalis febrilis, Rheumatism,
acute—r. Uteri, Metrorrheuma—r. Vesicae uri-
nariae, Cystorrheuma—r.Vulgaris seu invetera-
tus seu habitualis seu frigidus, Rheumatism,
chronic.
  RHEUMATODYNIA,Rheumatism, chronic.
  RHEUMATOPHTHAL'MIA,  Rheumoph-
thal'mia; from pcv^ta, ' rheumatism,'  and oqdaX-
nia, ' inflammation of the  eyes.'  Rheumatic
ophthalmia.
  RHEUMATOPYRA, Rheumatism, acute.
  RHEUMATOSIS, Rheumatism.
  RHEUMOPHTHALMIA, Rheumatophthal-
mia, Sclerotitis.
  RHEX'IS, Rhegma, Dirup'tio, Rup'tio, Rup-
tu'ra, Rupture.  Rupture of a vessel or organ.
Spontaneous opening of an abscess.
  Rhexis Oc'uli.  Bursting of the eye from any
cause; spontaneous or excited.
  RHICNO'SIS, from  qiKvoo/u.*i,  'to become
wrinkled;' Cutis  corruga'tio.  Wrinkling  of
the skin from extenuation of the body; opposed
to txxxnig, or distension from repletion.
  RHIGOS, Rigor.
  RHIN, Nasus.
  RHINAL'GIA, Rhinodyn'ia, from qiv, 'the
nose,' and *xyog, ' pain.'  Pain in  the nose.
  Rhinal'gia ab Intru'sis.  Pain in the nose
from foreign bodies.
  Rhinalgia Vermino'sa.  Pain  in the nose
from worms.
  RHINAN'CHONE, Rhinan'gia, Rhinosteg-
no'sis; from qiv, 'the nose,' and ay/orr,, 'nar-
rowness.'   Contraction of the nose.   Snuffles.
  RHINANGIA, Rhinanchone, Snuffles.
  RHINCHOS, Rostrum.
  RHINENCEPHALIA, Cyclopia.
  RH.WEN'CllYSlS,Rhynenchys'ia, from qiv,
' the nose,' tv, ' in,' and /vu>, ' I pour.'  An in-
fusion  or injection, made into the nostrils, with
a syringe called Rhinen'chites.
  RHINES, Nares.
  RHINI'TIS, Nasi'tis,  from  giir,  qtvog, ' the
nose,' and itis, denoting inflammation. Inflam-
mation of the nose. Coryza.
  Rhinitis Ulcerosa, Ozsena.
  RHINOBLENNORRH02A, Rhinorrhcea.
  RHINOCACE, Cory'za scarlatinosa; from
giv,' the nose,' and x*xoc,' evil.' The offensive
discharge from the nose, and other symptoms
indicating a morbid condition of the Schneide-
rian membrane that accompany the worst forms
of scarlatina.
   RHINOCATARRHUS,  Coryza.
  RHINOCNES'MUS, from  giv, 'the  nose,'
and xrr]o-f/oc, ' itching.'  Itching of the nose.
  RHINODYNIA, Rhinalgia.
   RHINOPHO NIA,  from ?m, ' the nose,' and
Qmvr),  ' the voice.'   A  nasal voice, called,
also, Dyspho'nia immodula'ta nasa'lis. Para-
pho'nianasalis,Paraphoniares'onans, Psellis •
mus na'sitas, Mycteropho'nia, Na'sitas,  Vox
nasa'lis, Parala'lianasa'lis.  Speaking through
the nose.
   RHINO PL AS'TIC, Rhinoplas'tica (ars)
from §n,'the nose,' and -rXio-o-oi, ' I form.'  An
epithet applied to the operation for forming a
new nose. The Taliacotian operation, so called 
RHINOPTIA              741            RHUS  CORIARIA
because described by Tagliacozzi.  It consists
in bringing  down a portion of flesh from the
forehead, and causing it to adhere to the anterior
part of the remains of the nose.
  RHINOPTIA, from §t», 'the nose,' and on-
xoutti, 11 see.'  The act of seeing over the nose.
Squinting over the nose.
  RHINORRHAGIA, Epistaxis.
  RHINOR'RHAPHY,  Rhinorrhaph'ia, from
on, ' nose,' and e*?r;, ' a suture.'   An operation
for the removal of epicanthus, which consists
in pinching up a longitudinal  fold of the skin,
including this fold  in two elliptical incisions,
removing it, and bringing together the edges of
the wound by harelip suture.
   RHINORRHffi'A, Rhinoblennorrka'a, from
o/v, e.no(, «the nose,' and gsw, ' I flow.'   A dis-
charge of limpid mucus from the nose without
any inflammatory symptom.  A gleet from the
nose.
   RHINO'SIS, from guar, 'a skin, leather,' or
from ginvog, 'rugous.'  The state of looseness
and excess of skin observed in phthisis.—Vogel.
   RHINOSTEGNOSIS, Rhinanchone.
   RHIPTASMOS, Jactation.
   RHIPTOLUSIA, Affusion.
   RHIS. Nasus.
   RHIZA, Radix.
   RHIZAGRA, Punch.
   RHIZO'MA, Rhizome: from ejr-a, ' a root.'
The part of the root of a plant, which consists
of wood or flesh, as in the carrot.
   RHIZOPH'AGUS,  from €«t«, ' a root,'  and
rpaya, 'I eat.'  One who lives on roots.
   RHIZOTOMIST, see Simples.
   RH1ZOTOMUS, Apothecary.
   RHOA, Punica granatum.
   RHODELiE'ON, Oleum  rosa'rum.   Oil of
roses, or oil impregnated with roses.
   RHO'DIA, Rhodiola ro''sea, Rosea, Rosewort,
(F.) Rhodiole.  Sex. Syst.  Dicecia  Octandria.
The root, Roseroot, when dry, has a very plea-
sant smell,  and is slightly astringent.  It is not
used.
   RHO'DINUS, Rho'dius, Rosa'ceus, Ro'seus,
Rosa'tus.   Rosy.   Formed of, or containing,

   RHODIOLA  ROSEA, Rhodia.
   RHODIOLE, Rhodia.
   RHODITES VINUM. Wine in which roses
have been macerated.
   RHO'DIUM  LIGNUM, Rhodium  or Rose-
 wood.  The wood or  root of a tree supposed to
 be Genis'ta Canarien'sis  of Linnaeus.  (F.)
 Bois de rose, Bois de Chypre.  Family, Legu-
 minosre.  Sex. Syst. Diadelphia  Decandria.—
The  essential oil is  a perfume,  and possesses
 '.•ordial and tonic virtues.   Its smell is  attrac-
 tive to  fish, rats, &c.
   RHODIUS, Rhodinus.
   RHODODAPHNIS, Nerium oleander.
   RHODODENDRON  CHRYSANTHE-
 MUM, R. Chrysan'thum; the Olean'der. Rose
Bay, Yellow rhododendron,  Mountain Laurel,
(F.) Roszge, R. Chrysanthe.   Nat. Ord.  Eri-
cea3.  Sex. Syst. Decandria  Monogynia.  This
plant has been  recommended in rheumatism,
gout, and syphilis.  In an overdose, it produces
acro-narcotic symptoms.
   RHODOME'LA  PALMA TA, Dulse, Sac'-
eharine Fucus.  One of the Algae  eaten in large
quantities throughout the maritime countries of
the north of Europe, and in the Grecian Archi-
pelago.
  RHODOMELI, Mel rosae.
  RHODON, Rosa centifolia.
  RHODOSACOHARUM, Confectio rosae gal-
licae.
  RHODOSTACTON, Mel rosae.
  RHODOSTAGMA, Aqua rosae.
  RHOEA, Punica granatum.
  RHCEAS,  Papaver rhoeas.
  RHOEBDESIS, Absorption.
  RHOZUM, Rheum.
  RHOGMOS, Rattle.
  RHOI'TES, fom,c; a wine impregnated with
the pomegranate; from gotg, Pomegranates,—
Dioscorides.  A confection, made  by boiling
the juice of the pomegranate in honey.—Paulus
of iEgina.
  RHOMBOIDEUS, fromootfoc,'a rhombus,'
whose sides  are equal, with two obtuse and two
acute angles.  Rkombo'ideus major  and minor,
Rhomboi'des, Cervici-dorso-scapulaire.  A mus-
cle situate at the posterior inferior  part of the
neck, and at the posterior part of the back.  It
has a rhomboidal shape, and is attached, by its
inner edge, to the posterior cervical ligament,
and to the spinous processes of the last cervical
vertebra, and of the first four or five  dorsal. By
its  outer edge,  it is  attached to the spinal or
posterior edge of the scapula.  It is divided into
two fasciculi, constituting the Rhomboideus ma-
jor and minor, the latter being situate higher
than the other.  This muscle draws  the scapula
backwards and upwards, and impresses upon it
a rotary motion, which  brings its inferior angle
nearer to the spine; and, consequently, de-
presses  the anterior angle and the shoulder.
   RHOMBOS, Qo/u(iig.   A bandage mentioned
by Galen, so called on account of its  rhomboidal
shape.
   RHONCHUS, Rattle,  Snoring,  Stertor—r.
Crepitans, Rale cripitant—r. Mucous, see Rale
cripitant — r. Sibilans, see Rale cripitant—r.
Sonorus,  Rale  sonore — r.  Subcrepitant,  see
Rattle.
   RHOPALISMUS, Priapismus.
   RHOPALOSIS, Plica, Pupil, Uvea.
   RHOPE,  Congestion.
   RHOTACISMUS, Rotacism.
   RHUBARB, Rheum—r. Chinese, see Rheum
—r.  French, Rheum Rhaponticum—r. India,
see Rheum—r. Krimea, Rheum  Rhaponticum
—r. Monk's, Rumex Alpinus, Rumex patientia
—r.  Poor man's, Thalictron—r.  Rhapontic,
Rheum rhaponticum—r.  Russia, see Rheum—
r. Turkey, see Rheum—r. Wild, Convolvulus
panduratus.
   RHUBARBE FAUSSE, Thalictron—r. des
Pauvres, Thalictron.
   RHUE, Ruta.
   RHUMATALGIE,  Rheumatism, chronic.
   RHUMATIQUE, Rheumatic.
   RHUMATISANT,  Rheumatic.
   RHUMATISMALE,  Rheumatic.
   RHUMAT1SME, Rheumatism  — r. Aigu,
Rheumatism, acute—r.  Chronique, Rheumatism,
chronic—r.  Priabdomi.nale, Rheumatism, pras-
abdominal—r. de I'Utirus, Metrorrheuma.
   RHUME, Rheum—r. de Cerveau, Coryza—
r. de Poitrine, Catarrh.
   RHUS CORIA'RI A, Sumach, Shumach,Rhus
Glabrnm, Adu'rion, Elm-leaved Sumach, (F.)
Sumac  des  Corroyeurs.  Family,  Terebintha- 
RHYPARIA               742                  RING
 ceae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.  This
 is the only species of the genus rhus that is  in-
 nocent. Both the leaves and berries have been
 used as astringents and tonics.
   Rhus Glabrum, Rh. coriaria.
   Rhus Radi'cans, Rhus veruix, Poison vine,
 (America.)  This plant is poisonous, (see Poi-
 sons, Table of,) and is extremely acrid, when
 applied to the skin,  producing  erysipelas and
 vesications, and has  been used, like the next
 variety, in paralysis  and  other nervous affec-
 tions.
   Rhus Sylvestris, Myrica gale.
   Rhus Toxicodendron, Toxicoden'dron, Poi-
 son  oak  (America,)  (F.) Sumac  vinineux.
 This plant has been used in paralytic affections
 and cutaneous eruptions.   It is poisonous, like
 the  last.   Dose, gr. ss to gr. iv.
   Rhus Vernix, Rh. radicans.
   RHYPARIA, Rupia, Sordes primarum via-
 rum.
   RHYPOS, Sordes.
   RHYPTICA, Detergents.
   RHYPTICUS, Abstergent.
   RHYSIS, Flux.
   RHYSMUS, Rhythm.
   RHYSSEMA, Wrinkle.
   RHYTHM, Rhythmus, Rhysmus, 'measured
 movement.'   The order, or proportion, which
 reigns between the different parts  of a whole.
 Applied, in medicine,  to the pulsations of the
 heart—to the pulse—to express the due propor-
 tion between one pulsation and those following it.
   RHYTHMICAL   CONTRACTIONS  OF
 MUSCLES, are those that succeed one another
 after regular  intervals.
   RHYTHMUS, Rhythm.
   RHYTIDOSIS, Rutidosis.
   RIB, Costa—r.  False, see  Costa — r. Float-
 ing, see Costa—r. Sternal, see Costa—r. True,
 ■see Costa.
   RIBES  NIGRUM,  Cassis.  The Blackcur-
 rant, (F.)  Groseillier noir. Sex. Syst. Pentan-
 dria  Monogynia.  The berries have been re-
 commended in sore throat, as diuretics.   The
 leaves have been advised for the same purpose.
 They are chiefly used as preserves.
  Ribes Rubrum,  Grossula'ria non spino'sa,
 the red currant, (F.) Groseillier rouge; of which
 the  white is  only  a variety.  It is cultivated,
 and affords an agreeable fruit.  It possesses the
 qualities of the subacid fruits in general, and
 makes an excellent preserve.
  RIBS, NECK OF THE, Collum costarum.
  RICE, Oryza—r. Disease,  Cholera—r.Wild,
 Zizania aquatica.
  RICHARDSONIA, see Ipecacuanha.
  RICHLEAF, Collinsonia Canadensis.
  RICHWEED,  Actoa racemosa,  Ambrosia
 trifida, Collinsonia Canadensis.
  RICIN, Ricinus communis.
  RICINOIDES, Jatropha curcas.
  RICINUS  COMMU'NIS.  The Castor oil
 plant, Catapu'tia  major,  Ricinus  vulga'ris,
 Palma Christi, Faba purga'trix, Cerua or Ke-
 rua, Cici, (F.) Riein, Five purgatif.  Family,
 Euphorbiaceae.  Sex. Syst. Moncecia Monadel-
 phia.  Castor-oil seeds, whence the oil is ob-
 tained, are inodorous;  taste acrid and slightly
 sweetish.  One or two seeds will act as a ca-
thartic; but theoil,07e«wi ric"ini,0.inferna'le,
 (F.) Huile de  Riciu, is  alone used.  It is ob-
tained by bruising  the castor seeds, previously
 decorticated, and then expressing the oil with-
 out the application of heat.  Recently drawn
 castor  oil, Oleum de kervd, O. kervi'uum, Al-
 ker'va, Oleum Ric"ini, O. Cic"inum, O. Palma.
 liq'uidum, is inodorous and nearly insipid.  It
 is  cathartic, operating speedily, and  may be
 used in all cases where powerfully stimulating
 purgatives would be injurious.  Dose, f. gj to
 f. J iss.  Hufeland recommends that a drop of
 the croton oil shall be added to an ounce of the
 oil of poppy, and that the mixture shall be called
 O'leum Ric"ini Officina'le.
   A  variety of Ricinus at Cape Verd is em-
 ployed by the inhabitants to increase the secre-
 tion of milk.  It is applied in the form of poul-
 tice,  made with the green  leaves, to the mam-
 mae, or of a strong  decoction, with which the
 mammae and the external parts of generation are
 washed.
   Ricinus Major, Jatropha curcas—r. Minor,
 Jatropha manihot.
   RICKETS, Rachitis.
   RICTUS LUPINUS, see Harelip.
   RIDE, Wrinkle.
   RIDING, (of Bones.)  Ossium superposit"io,
 (F.) Chevauchement. Displacement of the frag-
 ments of a  bone, chiefly produced by the con-
 traction of muscles,  which occasions shortening
 of the limb; the fractured extremities riding
 over each other, instead of being end to end.
   RIGIDITAS, Rigidity.
   Rigiditas Articulorum, Ancylo'sis spu'ria.
 Stiffness of the joints.  False ancylosis.
   RIGIDITY, Rigid'itas, from rigere, ' to stif-
 fen.'  Great stiffness of fibre, or want of supple-
 ness.    The stiffness of  the  dead  body,  (F.)
 Roideur cadavinque, is one of the most certain
 signs of the cessation of life.
   RI'GOR, Rhigos, Algor, Coldness, Cheim'ia,
 (F.)  Frisson.   Same  etymon.  Sensation of
 cold,  with involuntary shivering of the whole
 body:—a symptom of fever.  A slighter degree,
 and at times full rigor, is occasionally termed
 a chill, frigus ten'?/,?, perfrigera'tio.
   Rigor Artuum, Contractura—r. Cadavero-
 sus, Rigor mortis—r. Corporis mortui, Rigor
 mortis—r. Emortualis, Rigor mortis—r. Max-
 illae inferioris, Trismus.
   Rigor Mortis, R. cor'poris mor'tui, R. cada-
 vero'sus, R. emortua'lis, Necronarce'ma, (F.)
 Roideur ou Raideur cadavirique.   'Stiffness
 of death.'  Death stiffening.  The rigidity of
 limbs that occurs on dissolution.
   Rigor Nervorum,  Tetanus—r.  Nervosus,
 Tetanus.
   RIMA, Schisma, Sckiza.  A fissure, a cleft;
 as  Rima, ox Ri'mula Glot'tidis seu Laryn'-
gis, 'the opening of the glottis.'  Rima vulva,
 R. magna,  Introritus, Sinus  vulvae, Scapha,
 Scaphus seu Fissu'ra magna seu Scissu'ra vul-
 va, Schiza, 'the opening of the vulva.'  See
 Vulva.
  Rima Canalis Orbitarii, Suborbitar fissur*
—r. ad Infundibulum, Vulva cerebri—r. Laryn-
 gis, Rima glottidis—r. Magna, Vulva,  see Ri-
 ma.
  RIM.E, Rhagades.
  RIMULA GLOTTIDIS, Rima glottidis—r.
Laryngis, Rima glottidis.
  RINiEUS, Compressor naris.
  RINCHOS, Rostrum.
  RING, Sax. hpins, pins, Germ. Ring, Cri-
cos, (F.) Anneau.  A name given to natural, 
RINGWORM
743
ROSA
circular, or roundish apertures, with muscular
or aponeurotic  parietes, which  serve  for the
passage of some vessel or canal:—as the umbi-
lical ring, inouinal ring, &c.
  RINGWORM,  Herpes circinatus—r. of the
Scalp, Porrigo scutulata—r. Ulcerative, Herpes
exedens—r. Vesicular, Herpes praeputii.
  RIRE  ou RIS,  Risus—r. Canin,  Canine
laugh—r. Moqueur, Canine laugh—r. Sardo-
nicn, Risus sardonicus—r. Sardomen, Canine
laugh—r. Sardonique, Canine laugh.
  RISAGON, Cassumuniar.
  RISIGALLUM, Orpiment.
  RISING, see Regurgitation—r. of the Lights,
Cynanche trachealis.
  Rising or Eleva'tion of the Pulse, Pulsus
eleva'tio.   The pulse is said to rise, when it be-
comes more full  and frequent, as occurs in the
exacerbation of acute diseases.
   RISO'RIUS NOVUS.  Santorini  gives this
 name  to a portion  of the  platysma myoides,
which passes from the cheek towards the com-
 missure of the lips.
   RISSIGALLUM, Orpiment.
   RISUS, from ridere, visum, 'to laugh.'   Ge-
 lus, Laughing, Laughter, Laugh, (F.) Rire ou
 Ris.  An involuntary movement of the  mus-
 cles  of the face, and  of the lips in  particular,
 accompanied with a sonorous and interrupted
 respiration, commonly indicating mirth and sa-
 tisfaction.
   Risus Apium,  Ranunculus sceleratus—r. Ca-
 ninus, Canine laugh—r. Involuntarius, Canine
 laugh—r. Sardonicus, Canine  laugh—r. Spasti-
 uus, Canine laugh.
   RIVER WEED, Conferva rivalis.
   RIZ, Oryza.
   ROAN TREE, Sorbus acuparia.
   ROB, Roob, Robub, Rohob, Rohab, (F.) Ex-
 trait des fruits.   This word,  of Arabic extrac-
 tion, means the  juice of any fruit thickened to
 the consistence of honey by evaporation, before
 it has fermented. The juice of the grape, boiled
 to this consistence, was called Sapa, and, when
 not quite so thick, Defru'tum.
   Rob Cynosbatos, Confectio rosae caninae—r.
  px Moris, Diamorion—r. Nucum, Diacaryon.
   ROBIN RUN-AWAY, Glechoma hederacea.
   ROBINIA AM.A'RA,Family,Leguminosae.
  Sex.  Sr/st. Diadelphia Decandria.  The roots
  of the Robinia amara of Cochin China are  bit-
  ter, and have  been  recommended, especially in
  that country,  in diarrhoea and dyspepsia.
   Robinia Pseudo-Aca'cia, Locust tree; native
  of America.   The flowers are said to possess
  antispasmodic properties.
    ROBORANS, Corroborant.
    ROBORANTIA, Tonics,
    ROBUB, Rob.
    ROCCELLA, Lichen roceella.      „„_„
    ROCHE'S  EMBROCATION  FOR HOOP-
  ING-COUGH.  An empirical preparation, com-
  posed of ol. oliv. :$xvj, ol. succin. gviij, ol. cai-
  yoph.,Q,. s. to scent it strongly.
    ROCHER, see Temporal  bone.
    ROCHETTA ALEXANDRLNA,  Soda.
    ROCKET, GARDEN,  Brassica eruca—r.
  Roman,  Brassica eruca.
    ROCK ROSE, Helianthemum Canadense.
    ROCOU, Terra Orleana.
    ROGNE, Psora.
    ROHAB, Rob.
    ROHENA BARK, Swietenia.
  ROHOB, Rob.
  ROIDEUR CADAVERIQUE, Rigor mor
tis.
  ROISDORFF, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Alkaline waters in Germany, which contain
carbonic acid and carbonate of soda.
  ROLLER, Bandage, Fascia.
  ROMARIN, Rosmarinus—r. Sauvage, Le-
dum sylvestre.
  ROME, (CLIMATE  OF.)  The climate of
Rome, as regards its physical qualities, is con-
sidered to be one of the best in Italy.  It is pe-
culiarly still; and, hence, has been  esteemed
valuable as a winter climate in pulmonary dis-
eases, and for invalids generally, as  it admits
of their taking exercise in the open air at  a
lower  temperature than they otherwise could
do.  In the  early  stages of consumption, Sir
James Clark generally  found the  climate fa-
vourable.
   ROMPEURE,  Hernia.
   RONCE, Rubus idaeus—r. Bleue, Rubus cae-
sius—r. de Montague, Rubus chamaemorus—r.
Noire, Rubus fruticosus.
   RONCHUS, Snoring, Stertor.
   ROND, Round—r. Grand, Teres major—r.
Petit, Teres minor.
   RONFLEMENT, Snoring, Stertor, see Rat-
tle—r. de Diable, Bruit de Diable.
   ROOB, Rob.
   ROOF  OF THE MOUTH, Palate.
   ROOT, Radix—r. Ague, Aletris farinosa—r.
Bitter, Apocynum  androsaemifolium—r. Cana-
da, Asclepias tuberosa—r. Red, Celastrus—r.
Rough, Liatris—r. of Scarcity, Betwhybrida—
r. Squaw, Actaea racemosa—r. Sweet, Acorus
 calamus—r. Unicorn, Aletris farinosa—r. Yel-
 low, Xanthoriza apiifolia — r. Yellow,  Jeffer-
 sonia Bartoni.
   ROPE BARK,  Dirca palustris.
   ROQUETTE,  Brassica eruca, Soda.
   RORELLA, Drosera rotundifolia.
   RORIF'EROUS, Ror'ifer, (F.) Rorifere, from
 ros, 'dew,' and ferro, 'to carry.'  Epithet given
 to vessels which pour exhaled fluids on the sur-
 face of organs.
   Roriferous Duct, Thoracic duct.
   ROS, Sperm—r. Calabrinus, Fraxinus ornus
 —r. Solis, Drosera rotundifolia.
   ROSA, R. centifolia.
   Rosa Alba.  The White  Rose, (F.) Rosier
 blanc. Family, Rosacea?.  Sex. Syst. Icosan-
 dria Polygynia.   The  flowers of this  species
 possess similar but inferior qualities to the da-
 mask.
   Rosa Cani'na ;  R. sylves'tris, Cynor'rhodon,
 Caniru'bus, Cani'nus Sentis, Cynocyt'isus, Cy-
 nospas'tum, Cynos'batos, Dog Rose, Wild Brier,
 Hip Tree,  (F.) Rose du chien, Eglantier  de
 chien, E. sauvage. The fruit of this variety,
 called Heps ox Hips, has a sourish taste, and is
 formed into a conserve.  See Confectio cynos-
 bati.   It is seldom employed,  except  to give
 form to more active  remedies;  as to pills, bo-
 luses, linctuses, &c.
    Rosa Centifo'lia ; Hecatomphyl'la, Damask
 Rose, Rosa Damasce'na, R. Pallida, (F.)Rosier
 a cent feuilles, Rhodon, Rosa.   The petals ol
 this rose have an  extremely fragrant odour, and
 subacidulous taste. They are laxative; but ars
 scarcelv used for any  purposes except for  the
 distillation of rose-water, Oil of Roses, Oleum
  Rasa, and the lormation of a syrup. 
ROSACE
   Rosa Damascena, R. centifolia.
   Rosa  Gal'lica ;  Red  Rose,  Rosa rubra,
 (F.) Rosier de Provins.   The petals of  this
 variety are astringent;  and are used in infusion,
 conserve, &c.
   Rosa Pallida,  R. centifolia—r.  Rubra, R.
 Gallica—r*  Saltans, Essera—r. Sylvestris, R.
 canina.
   ROSACE, Roseola.
   ROSACEUS, Rhodinus.
   ROSAGE, Rhododendron chrysanthemum.
   ROSAGO, Nerium oleander.
   ROSALIA, Scarlatina.
   ROSALINE, Scarlatina.
   ROSATUS, Rhodinus.
   RUSE, Erysipelas—r. Christmas, Helleborus
 niger—r. Corn, Papaver rhoeas — r. Damask,
 Rosa centifolia—r. Dog, Rosa canina—r. Dog,
 conserve or confection  of, Confectio  rosae cani-
 nae—r. du chien, Rosa  canina—r. Rash, Roseo-
 la—r.  Red, Rosa Gallica—r. White,  Rosa alba.
   ROSEA, Rhodia.
   ROSEBALM,SCARLET,Monarda coccinea.
   ROSE DROP, Gutta rosea.
   ROSELLINA, Roseolae.
   ROSEMARY, Rosmarinus — r. Marsh,  Sta-
 tice limonium, and S. Caroliniana.
   ROSENHEIM, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Rosenheim is 34 miles S. E. from Munich in
 Bavaria.  The waters contain sulphuretted hy-
 drogen, carbonic acid, carbonate of lime, chlo-
 rides of calcium and magnesium, carbonate of
 soda, and oxide of  iron.  They are used as to-
 nics.
   ROSE'OLA, Exanthe'sis  Roseola, Rose Rash,
 (F.) Rosiole,  Eruption anomale,  Rosace, Fie-
 vre  rouge,  Efflorescence erysipilateuse.   An
 efflorescence in blushing  patches,  gradually
 deepening to a rose-colour, mostly circular or
 oval;  often alternately fading  and  reviving;
 sometimes,with a colourless nucleus; and chiefly
 on the cheeks, neck, or arms.  It is  frequently
 found, as a  symptom,  in dentition,  dyspepsia,
 rheumatism, &c, and is of no consequence.  See
 Roseola, Rubeola and Scarlatina.
   Roseola Acnosa, Gutta rosea.
   Roseola tEsti'va. The affection which
 prevails in summer.  The eruption is a darker
 colour, and is attended  with more itching.
   Roseola Annula'ta.   Characterized by
 patches in the  form of rose-coloured  rays, with
 central areas of the colour of the skin.
   Roseola Ficosa, Sycosis—r. Variolosa,  Ro-
 seolae.
   ROSE'OLA, Roseola, Roselli'na, False mea-
 sles, French  measles, (F.)  Rosiole, Fansse
 rougiole.   This name  is also given by some
 to an acute exanthem,  mid-way between mea-
 sles and  scarlatina,  and  which belongs  to
 neither one  nor the other, as it affords no pro-
 tection against  either.  It  is, also,  termed
 Rubeola by some.  An eruption  which often
 precedes that  of small pox is termed Roseola
 Variolo'sa.
   ROSEOLE, Roseola, Roseolae.
   ROSE PINK, Chironia angularis.
   ROSES,   MILK  OF.    A cosmetic wash,
 formed, according  to one method, of subcarbo-
 nate of potass, gr.  vj ;  oil of almonds, ^j ; es-
 sence of bergamot, gij ;  aqux rosa, 3 iij ; orange
flower  water, "ij.  Mix.
   ROSEUS, Rhodinus.
   ROSEWOOD, Rhodium lignum.
44               ROUILL&

   ROSEWORT, Rhodia.
   ROSIER  BLANC, Rosa  alba—r. a  Cent.
feuilles, R.  centifolia—r. de Provins,  Rosa
 Gallica.
   ROSIN, BLACK,  Colophonia —r. Brown,
 Colophonia—r. White, see Pinus sylvestris—r.
 Yellow, see Pinus sylvestris.
   ROSIO STOMACHI, Cardialgia—r. Ventri-
 culi, Cardialgia.
   ROSMAR1NUM, Rosmarinus.
   ROSMARI'NUS.i?. officina'lis, Alchachil, R.
 horten'sis, Libano'tis corona'ria,  Dendrolib'-
 anus, Rosemary, (F.) Romarin.  Family, La-
 biatae.  Sex. Syst. Diandria Monogynia.  The
 tops of this  plant, Rosmarinus, (Ph.  U. S.)
 Herba Anthos, have a fragrant, grateful smell;
 and an  aromatic, warm, bitterish taste, which
 is dependent upon an essential oil, combined
 with camphor.   Rosemary has been recom-
 mended in nervous headaches, in the form of
 infusion.   It is now rarely used, except for its
 odour.   The flower  is called Anthos, a\9og.
 Its oil—Oleum Rosmarini—is  officinal.   From
 two to  six or ten  drops are given in nervous
 complaints rubbed up with sugar.
   Rosmarinus Sylvestris, Ledum sylvestre.
   ROSSALIA, Scarlatina—r.  Squamosa, Scar-
 latina.
   ROSSOLIO, see Spirit.
   ROSTRUM, Rkinchos, Rinchos, Ramphos,
 ' a beak.' (F.) Bee.   A name  given to several
 old forceps, on account of  their resemblance to
 the beaks of different birds.  The principal were
 the Rostrum corvi'num, anati'nnm, psittaci'-
 num, vulturi'num, cyg'neum vel  olori'nwm,
grui'num, lacerti'nnm, &c.
   Rostrum Externum, Olecranon—r. Porci-
 num, Acromion—r.  Posterius, Olecranon—r.
 Sphenoidale,  Azyges processus.
   ROSY BUSH, Spirtta tomentosa—r.  Drop,
 Gutta rosea—r. Whelk, Gutta  rosea.
   ROT,  Eructation—r.  Grinders', Asthma,
 grinders'.
   ROT'ACISM, Rotacism'us, Rkotacis'mus,
 Psellis'mus rkotacis'mus,  (F.) Grasseyement.
 A vicious pronunciation of the Greek, r, Ran,
 common in the northern parts of England; espe-
 cially near Newcastle.
   ROTACISMUS, Grasseyement.
   ROTA'TOR, from  rota, ' a wheel.'  A name
 given to several muscles  that turn the parts
 to which they are  attached upon their axes;—
 such as, the oblique  muscles  of the eye, the
 pronators and supinators, &c.
   Rotator, Trochanter.
   ROTATORES  FEMORIS, Obturatores—r.
 Oculi, Oblique muscles of the  eye.
   ROTULA,  Patella,  Trochiscos—r.  Genu,
 Patella.
   ROTULE, Patella.
   ROTUNDUS, Round.
   ROUCOU, Terra Orleana.
   ROUEN, MINERAL WATERS OF.  This
 water,  known  under  the  name, Eau des fon-
 taines de la Mariguerie, is cold, and contains
 carbonate of iron, carbonic acid, carbonate of
 lime, chloride of calcium, &c.  It is tonic.
   ROUGE,  Colcothar—r. D'Angleterre, Col-
 cothar.
   ROUGAOLE,  Rubeola—r. Fausse, Rose-
 olae.
   ROUGH ROOT, Liatris.
   ROUILL&, Rubiginous. 
ROUND
745
RUFT
  ROUND, Teres, Rotun'dus, (F.) Rond. Ana-
tomists have given this name to many organs
whose  fibres  are collected in round fasciculi.
See Teres.
  Round Fora'men, Fora'men rotund'um.  A
foramen of the sphenoid bone, a little  behind
the foramen  lacerum superius, which gives
passage to the second branch of  the 5th pair of
nerves, called superior maxillary.
  Round  Ligaments of  the Uterus, Liga-
men'ta rotund'a U'teri,  (F.) Cordons sus-pu-
biens,  (Ch.), Cordons vasculaires, Ligaments
ronds  de I'utirus.   Two cords, which  arise
from the lateral and superior parts of the uterus,
whence they  proceed towards  the abdominal
rings,  which they pass through, and terminate
by vanishing in the cellular tissue of the groins,
mons veneris, and labia majora.  These cords are
whitish, flattened, and narrower in the middle
than at the  extremities.   Their fibres which
are longitudinal, are apparently  albugineous.
   RUBBER, INDIAN, Caoutchouc.
   RUBE'DO,  Rubor.  Redness; from rubere,
'to be red.'   A diffused, but not spotted, red-
ness on any  part of the skin; like that which
arises  from blushing.  Blushing.
   RUBEFA'CIENT, Erethis'ma, Eretkis'ti-
 cum,  Rubefa'ciens,  from  rubens, 'red,' and
fa'cio, 'I make.'  (F.) Rubifiant. That which
 produces redness.   A medicine, which causes
 redness of the skin.   The action is called Rube-
faction.
   RUB&FIANT, Rubefacient.
   RUBE'OLA, Rubeola vulga'ris, from rubere,
 ' to be red.'   Rose'olx, Exanthe'sis  Rubeola,
 Vetera'na, Blac'cia,  Bovil'la, Morbil'li, Scar-
 lati'napustulo'sa,S. Milia'ris, Febris morbillo'-
 sa, Typhus morbillosus, Phanicis'mus, Ecphy'-
 ■mata, Measles; (F.) Rougiole,  Fievre morbil-
 leuse.  One  of the major exanthemata;  gene-
 rally  affecting individuals  but  once, and pro-
 duced by specific contagion.  The rash usually
 appears on the 4th, but sometimes on the 3d,
 5th, or 6th day of a febrile disorder;  and, after
 a continuance of four days, gradually  declines
 with  the fever.  The disease  generally com-
 mences from 10 to 14 days  after the contagion
 has been received.  The  eruption first shows
 itself  in distinct, red, and nearly circular spots,
 somewhat less than the ordinary areolae of flea
 bites.  As these increase in number, they coa-
 lesce ; forming smallpatches of an irregular figure,
 but approaching nearest  to  that of semicircles
 or crescents.   These patches  are intermixed
 with single, circular dots and with interstices
 of the natural colour of the  skin.  On  the face
 they are slightly raised, so as to give the sensa-
 tion of inequality of surface to the finger passed
 over  the cuticle.   The  disappearance of the
 eruption* is  followed by desquamation of the
 cuticle.  Measles  is  not  dangerous  of itself;
 but it is apt to induce pneufnonia in winter,
 and dysentery in summer, which are, at times,
 very  fatal.  These are apt to  come on at the
 time of, or soon after, the disappearance of the
 eruption.  When they supervene, they must be
 treated as idiopathic affections.  It demands a
 general antiphlogistic treatment.  Willan has
 pointed out  a kind of Rubeola spu'ria, which
 he calls Rubeola sine Catar'rho.  In this the
 rash runs its  regular course, with little fever
 or catarrhal  affection;  affording no  certain
 security against the common or  regular disease.
          48
He  also gives the name, Rubeola Nigra or
Black Measles, to an unusual appearance of
the  measles about the 7th or 8th day, when the
rash becomes suddenly livid, with a mixture of
yellow. It is devoid of inconvenience or danger;
and  is removed in a week or ten days by the
mineral acids and tonics.
  RUBEOLA, Roseolae.
  RU'BIA, R. Tincto'rum,Erythrod'anum, Rn-
bia  major, Radix rubra, Dyer's Madder, Mad-
der, (F.) Garance. Family, Rubiaceae.  Sex.
Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.  The roots of this
plant have a bitterish, somewhat austere, taste;
and a slight, not agreeable, smell.  They were
formerly considered  deobstruent,  detergent,
and diuretic.
  RUBIG"INOUS, Rubigino'sus, from rubigo,
'rust.'  (F.)  Rouill'e.   Rusty.    Having the
colour of rust.  An epithet given to the  sputa
in certain cases of pneumonia.
  RUBINUS  VERUS, Anthrax.
  RUBOR, Rubedo.
  RU'BRICA FABRI'LIS.  A  red, heavy,
earthy matter, formerly employed for making
drying plasters; Hard Ruddle, Red Chalk.
   Rubrica  Sinop'ica.   A  heavy,  compact,
reddish earth: formerly used in diarrhoea.
  RUBRIN, Haematin.
  RUBUS ARCTICUS. The Shrubby Straw-
berry, Baccx Norland'ica.  Family, Rosaceae.
Sex. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia.  The fruit is
recommended by Linnaeus as possessing anti-
septic, refrigerant, and antiscorbutic qualities.
  Rubus C/e'sius; the Dewberry plant, (F.)
Ronce bleue.  The fruit resembles the black-
berry in appearance and properties.  The bark
of  the  root of li. Trivia'lis, American  Dew-
berry, is astringent.
   Rubus Cham/emo'rus;  the Cloudberry Tree,
 Chamxmo'rus, Cloudberries, Knot-berries, (F.)
 Ronce de Montague.   The ripe  fruit is  some-
 times prepared like a jam, and used in fevers,
 &c, to allay thirst.   It has been much extolled
 as an antiscorbutic.
   Rubus Frutico'sus; the Common  Bramble,
 which  affords Blackberries, (F.) Ronce  noire.
 The berries  are  eaten as a summer  fruit, of
 which they form  a poor variety.   The bark of
 the root of the Rubus vitio'sus, American Black-
 berry,  High  or  standing blackberry,  Hairy
 American Bramble, is astringent, and has been
 used in the last stages of dysentery, and in cho-
 lera infantum.
   Rubus Id;e'us; Batos, ftaxog; the Raspberry,
 (F.) Framboise, Ronce.  The fruit of the best
 varieties is extremely agreeable;  and is much
 used.  It was, formerly, called Batinon moron.
   Rubus Trivialis, see Rubus caesius—r. Vil-
 losus, see Rubus fruticosus.
   RUCTAMEN, Eructation.
   RUCTATIO, Eructation.
   RUCTUATIO, Eructation.
   RUCTUOSITAS, see Eructation.
   RUCTUS, Eructation—r. Acidus, Oxyreg-
 mia—r. Nidorosus, Cnissoregmia.
   RUDDLE, HARD, Rubrica fabrilis.
   R UE, Ruta—r. Common, Ruta—r.de Chevre,
 Galega officinalis—r.  Goat's, Galega officinalis
 —r. Goat's,  Virginia, Galega  Virginiana—r.
 Meadow, Thalictron—r. des Murailles,  Asple-
 nium ruta muraria—r. des Prh, Thalictron—
 r.  Sauvage, Ruta.
   RUFT, Eructation. 
RUGA                  746         RUYSCHIANA TUNICA
   RUGA, Wrinkle.
   RUGINE, Raspatorium.
   RUGISSEMENT, Rugitus.
   RUGl'TUS,Brycheth'mos, from rugire,rugi-
tum, 'to roar.'  (F.) Rugissement.  A Latin
word, which ordinarily expresses  the roaring
of the lion: and which is used, by some medi-
cal writers, to designate a particular species of
borborygmus compared to it.
   RUM, Tafia, Molas'ses Spirit.  A spirit dis-
tilled from sugar, or molasses.  See Spirit.
   RUMA, Mamma.
   RUMEN, Hypogastrium.
   RUMEX  ACETO'SA,  Common  Sorrel,
Ox'alis Aceto'sa, Acetosa vulga'ris,  A. pra-
ten'sis, Anax'yris, A. arven'sis,  Sorrel, Sour
dock, Acetosa nostras, (F.)  Oseille.   Family,
Polygoneae.   Sex. Syst. Hexandria Trigynia.
The leaves are  sour, and are used  in cookery,
and also as a refrigerant.
   Rumex Acu'tus;  Sharp-pointed Wild dock,
Oxylap'athum,  Lap'aihum, Rumex, Lap'athos,
(F.) Patience sauvage.  The decoction of the
root has been long used in cutaneous affections.
It is, sometimes, employed for the cure of the
itch.
   Rumex Alpi'nus.   The systematic name of
the plant that affords the Monk's Rhubarb, (F.)
Rhabarbe des Moines.  See Rumex patientia.
   Rumex Aquaticus, Rumex hydrolapathum
—r. Britannica, Rumex hydrolapathum—r.
Digynus, Oxyria reniformis.
   Rumex Hydrolap'athum, Water-Dock, Hy-
drolapathum, Rumex aquat'icus,Herba Britan'-
nica, Rumex Britan'nica, Lapathum aquaticum,
(F.) Parelle, Patience d'eau.  The  leaves of
this plant are subacid, and said to be laxative.
The root has been used as a tonic, astringent,
and antiscorbutic.   It has also been employed
externally in some cutaneous affections.
   Rumex Obtusifo'lius, Blunt-leaved  Dock.
The root of this as well as of R. crispus, has
similar virtues  to that of the other species.
   Rumex   Patien'tia, Rhabar'barum  mona-
cho'rum, Hippolap'athum, Patientia,  Garden
Patience,Monk's Rhubarb, (F.)Patience. This
root, which  is supposed to possess the virtues of
rhubarb, but in an  inferior degree, according
to Linnaeus, is  obtained from  the  Rumex  pa-
tientia; according to Murray, from the Rumex
Alpinus.
   Rumex Sanguineus.  The root of the bloody
dock has an  austere and astringent taste;  and
has been employed in dysentery.   It is called,
also, Lap'athum sanguin'eum, (F.) Oseille ou
Patience Rouge, Sangdragon.
   Rumex Scuta'tus, French Sorrel, Acetosa ro-
tundifo'lia,  A.  Roma'na, A. Rotundifolia hor-
ten'sis, Roman or Garden Sorrel, Green Sauce,
(F.) Oseille boucher, Oseille. ronde,- Petite O.
Virtues the same as those of the common sorrel.
  RUMINA'TION, Ruminatio, from ruma or
rumen,' the gullet.'  Merycis'mus.  A function
peculiar to ruminating animals, by which they
chew a  second time the food  they have  swal-
lowed.  An analogous phenomenon is sometimes
seen-in man.
  RUMP, Croupion—r. Bone, Coccyx.
  RUNCINA, Raspatorium.
  RUNCINULA, Raspatorium.
  RUNNET, Rennet.
  RUNNING, Cursus, (F.) Course.   A suc-
cession  of leaps, executed  with  rapidity, to
transport the body quickly from one place to
another.
   RUNUNCULA, Raspatorium.
   RUPES, Lips of the Vulva.
   RU'PIA, Ulcus aton'icum, Ecphly'sis Rky'-
pia, Rhypa'ria, from qvnog, ' filth.'  An erup-
tion of large flattish blebs, which contain  a
fluid—at first serous, afterwards puriform, and
often  bloody,  which  rapidly concretes  into
crusts, at the base of which are ulcers of va-
riable depths.
   It requires the use of tonics internally, and
of stimulating ointments externally.
   RUPTIBILITAS, Fragilitas.
   RUPTIO, Rhexis.
   RUPTORIUM,  Cauterium—r.  Commune.
Potassa fusa.
   RUPTURA, Ecrexis, Hernia,  Laceration,
Rhexis—r. Corneae, Ceratorrhexis—r. Herniosa,
Hernia—r.  Ovarii,   Oariorrhexis—r.  Uteri,
Uterus,  rupture of the—r.  Vaginae,  Colpor-
rhexis.
   RUPTURE,  Hernia, Rhexis—r. du Cam,
Cardiorrhexis—r. of the Groin, Bubonocele—r.
de la Matrice, Uterus, rupture of the—r. Wort,
Herniaria glabra.
   RUPTURED, see Hernial.
   RUSCUS, R. aculea'tus, Bruscus, Oxymyr-
rhinS, Oxymyrsine, Myrtacan'tha, Catan'gelos,
Myacan'tha,Sco'pia re'gia,Wild Myrtle,Centro-
myrine, Butcher's Broom, (F.) Petit houx, Fra-
gon.  Family, Smilaceae.  Sex. Syst.  Dicecia
Monadelphia.   The root has been recommend-
ed as an aperient and diuretic.
   Ruscus Aculeatus, Ruscus.
   Ruscus Hypoglos'sum; Uvula'ria, Hypoglos-
sum, Bislin!'gua,Bonifa'cia,Laurus Alexandria
na angustifo'lia,  (F.) Laurier Alexandrin.
Formerly used against relaxed uvula.
   RUSH, SWEET,  Acorus calamus,  Juncus
odoratus.
   RUSMA, see Orpiment.
   RUSPI'NI'S  TINCTURE  FOR  THE
TEETH. An empirical preparation, composed
of Florentine orris ^viij, cloves  i;j,  rectified
spirit Oij, ambergris  Qj.  It is said to  contain
gallic acid, and has been given in haematuria.
   RUT, Heat.
   RUTA, Ruta graveolens, R. horten'sis, Com-
mon Rue, Peg'anum, Besa'sa, (F.) Rue, Rhue,
Rue sauvage.   Family, Rutaceae.  Sex. Syst.
Decandria Monogynia. The plant has a strong,
ungrateful odour,  and bitter  pungent taste.
It is acrid, so as to blister the skin.  Its pro-
perties are reputed to  be tonic, stimulant, anti-
spasmodic, and emmenagogue.  Dose,  gr. xv.
to 7)ij.
   Oleum Rutx, distilled Oil of Rue, is antispas-
modic;  and,  externally,  rubefacient.  Dose,
gtt. ij to vj.                        •
  Ruta  Capraria, Galega officinalis—r. Mu-
raria,  Asplenium ruta muraria.
   RUTABULUM, Penis.
  RUTA'CEUM, from Ruta, < rue.'   Vinegar
of rue.
   RUTIDOMA, see Rutidosis.
   RUTIDO'SIS, Rytido'sis,  Rhytido'sis, from
gvriSooi, 'I wrinkle.'   The act of wrinkling;
as Rutidoma  means a shrivelled or wrinkled
body.   A destruction or atrophy  of the  eye.
Corrugation and subsidence of  the  cornea.
   RUYSCHIA'NA  TU NICA, (F.) Lame ou
Membrane Rvyschienne.  According to  Ruysch 
RYE
747
SACCHARUM
and the greater part of his disciples, the choroid
coat of the eye is formed of two laminae. His son
gave to the inner the name Tunica Ruyschia'na
or Membra'na Ruyschia'na seu Ruysch'ii.
  Tu'nica Cellulo'sa Ruyschia'na is the cellular
substance under the peritoneal covering of the
   S. A. &c, see Abbreviation.
   SABADILLA,  Veratrum sabadilla, see Ve-
 ratrina.
   SABADILLIN, see Veratrina.
   SABATILLA,  Veratrum sabadilla.
   SABBATIA, Chironia angularis—s. Angu-
 laris, Chironia angularis.
   SABINA, Juniperus sabina.
   SABINE, Juniperus sabina.
   SABLE, Maculo'sus,' sanded.'  Having the
 appearance as if stewed with sand.  The terms
 sabli and piqueti are sometimes applied to the
 brain, when a slice of it exhibits red points as
 if it had been strewed with red sand.   Such is
 the  case in cerebral hyperaemia.
   SABOT DE VENUS  JAUNE, Cypripe-
 dium luteum.
   SABUCUS, Sambucus.
   SAB'ULOUS, Sabulo'sus, Areno'sus, Psam-
 mo'des.   The sandy deposit often seen in  the
 urine.
   SABULUM CONARII, see Pineal gland.
   SABURA, Saburra.
   SABUR'RA, Sabu'ra,  Sordes.  This word
 signifies by derivation, coarse  sand, or ballast.
 In its common acceptation, it  means foulness
 of the stomach, as it is sometimes called; —
 vitiated matters supposed to  be retained and
 accumulated in the stomach—the result of im-
 perfect digestion—and which  have been some-
 times  considered  as  a morbid product of  the
 mucous secretion of that organ, or of the biliary
 secretion; at others, as a residuum from ali-
 mentary substances  badly digested.  The Sa-
 burral state, Collu'vies gas'trica,  Crudita'tes
 ventric'uli, Gastris'mus,  (F.) Embarras gas-
 triqne, Etat saburral, is an accumulation of sa-
 burrae, (F.) Saburresgastriques, in the stomach,
 which the Humourists considered to be the cause
 of a  number of diseases.
   Saburra Veuminosa, Helminthiasis.
   SABURRATIO, Arenatio.
   SABURRES GASTRIQUES, see Saburra.
   SAC HERNIAIRE, Hernial sac.
   SACCATUS, Encysted.
   SACCHAR, Saccharum.
   SACCHARINA, Saccharoles.
  SACCHAROLES  (F.), Sacchnri'na.   A
 name given by MM. Hemy and Guibourt to
 medicines which have sugar or honey for exci-
 pient, or for predominant principle.
  SACCHAROMYCES, Torula cerevisiae.
  SACCHARORRHOEA,  Glycyrrhcea—s. Cu-
 tanea, Sudor dulcis.
  Saccharorhcr'a  Lac'tea, Galactorrha'a sac-
 chara'ta.  A  secretion  of  unusually   sweet
milk.
  Saccharop.rhcea Pulmona'lis,^?/*"^ dulcS
seu sacchara'tum.  The copious  expectoration of
unusually  sweet matter from the lungs.
stomach.  It is not numbered among the coats
of that organ.
  RYE, Secale—r. Horned, Ergot—r. Spurred,
Ergot.
  RYTIDOSIS, Rutidosis.
  RYTIS, Wrinkle.
   SAccHARORRirrEA Urinosa, Diabetes mellitus.
   SACCHARUM, Sacchar.  From the Arab-
 ic, or  rather Sanscrit, Sa-kar,  ' white  earth;'
 Suckar, Succkar, Sutter, Zuchar,Zu'caro,As'-
 sakur, Tigala, Zac'charum, Zozar, Zu'charum,
 Zuc'carum, Zuchra, Mel arundina' ceum,Sugar,
 (F.) Sucre.  The produce of the juice of the
 Sac'ckarum officina'rum vel officinale  of Lin-
 naeus,  (Cal'amus In'dicus, Cal'amus Sacckari'-
 nus, Sugar Cane,(F.) Canne a Sucre, Canna-
 melle;  the  Arun'do  saccharif era of Sloane.
 Family, Gramineae.  Sex. Syst. Triandria Di-
 gynia) and also of the beet, maple, &c.
   True Sugars are those with which alcoholic
 fermentation may be effected, by the addition of
 yeast and water.  They are:—
  Species.              Varieties.
 .         ( Hard sugar of the cane, maple, beet,
  '  ' '  *  (   chestnut, &c.
 y        \ Liquid sugar, sugar of malt, of the
       '  j   sweet potato, molasses, honey, &c
 o       j Hard sugar of the grape, ripe fruits^
    ' *  '  \   starch, diabetes, &c.
 4.  . .  •    Hard sugar of the mushroom.
   Imperfect sugars are those in which alcoholic
 fermentation cannot be effected by means of
 yeast and  water.
  Species.              Varieties.
 1.  . .  . , Manna.
 2.....Sugar of Milk.
 3.....Sugar of jelly or glue (gelatin.)
 4.....Liquorice.
 5.....Picromel.

   Sugar is prepared from the  expressed juice
 of the  sugar cane, boiled with the addition of
 quicklime or common vegteable alkali.  It is
 used, in pharmacy, for the preparation of sy-
 rups, conserves, lozenges, &c. It is very nutri-
 tious, and is employed as an aliment, and as a
 demulcent and antiseptic.  Dissolved in small
 quantities in water, as in tea, it is apt to disa-
 gree with dyspeptics;  an evil which does not
 always occur when  the  same  substance  is
 taken more largely.
  Saccharum Acer'num, S. Canaden'sis, Ma-
ple Sugar; is often used as a demulcent.
  Sac'charum Album, S. purifica'tum, Saccha-
 rum (Ph. U. S.),  White Sugar,Refi'ned Sugar,
 Sal Indus, is the  Loaf Sugar.  Double-refined
 Sugar  has been called  Tabarzet.
  Saccharum Can'didum, S. candum seu can-
turn seu canthum, Al'phenic, Nabot, Sugar can-
dy, (F.) Sucre Candi, is the crystallized juice
of the cane.
  Saccharum Candum, S. Candidum—s. Can-
turn, S. Candidum—s.  Canthum, S. Candidum
—s. Commune, Saccharum non-purificatum.
  Saccharum Hordea'tum Barley Sugar, Pt-
s. 
SACCULI ADIPOSI           748              SACROILIAC
aides, Penid'ium,  Sac'charum penid'ium, is a
variety of sugar candy.
  Saccharum Lactis, Sugar of milk.
  Saccharum Non-Purifica'tum, Muscova'do,
raw or brown or moist sugar, is the S. comma'-
ui, S. rubrum, Mel canna, or coarse sugar.
  Saccharum Officinarum, see Saccharum—
s. Penidium, Hordeatum—s. Rosaceum, Con-
fectio rosae gallicae—s. Saturni, Plumbi  super-

  SACCULI ADIPOSI, Fatty vesicles—s. La-
ryngei, Ventricles  of the larynx.
  Sac'culi  Medicina'les.  Bags  containing
medicinal substances.
  Sacculi Medullares, see Medullary mem-
brane.
  Sac'culus,  diminutive of saccus, ' a  little
sac'  This name has been  given to two sacs
formed by the  membranous vestibule,  which
open into each other, and contain the otolithes
and otoconies:  one  of these is termed the saccu-
lus vestib'uli, the other sacculus.  See Semicir-
cular canals.
  Sacculus, Marsupion—s.  Cephalicus, Cucu-
pha—s.   Chylifer  seu  rorifer,  Receptaeulum
chyli—s. Cordis, Pericardium—s. Ellipticus,
see Semicircular canals—s. Medicinalis, Pulvi-
nar medicatum—s. Sphericus, see Semicircular
canals—s. Vestibuli, Semicircular canals.
  SACCUS, Sac—s. Coli, Caecum—s. Cordis,
Pericardium—s. Herniosus,  Hernial sac—s.
Epiploicus, Epiploon—s. Intestini crassi, Cae-
cum—s.  Lachrymalis, Lachrymal sac—s. La-
crumalis, Lachrymal sac—s. Lacteus,  Recep-
taculum chyli—s. Mucosus, see  Bursas mucosas
—s. Pleurae, Pleura—s.  Venarum cavarum, Si-
nus dexter cordis—s. Venarum pulmonalium,
Sinus  pulmonalis.
  SACER, Sacral—s. Ignis, Herpes zoster—s.
Morbus,  Epilepsy—s. Musculus, Transversalis
dorsi.
  SACERDOS PENIS, Arum maculatum.
  SACHET(F.),Sac'culus, 'a bag.'  A small
bag containing perfumes to  be placed among
clothes to communicate  to them an agreeable
odour. The following is a formula for the pow-
der they contain.  Powdered cloves and pow-
dered  cassia, each  one ounce; powdered orris
root, an ounce and a half 5 powdered yellow san-
dal wood, one drachm;  otto of roses, twenty-
four drops;  oil of lavender, oil of bergamot,
each one  drachm; musk, six grains.
  SACK.  A wine used by our  ancestors; Vin
sec.  Probably Skerry.
  Sack,  Saccus, Secluso'rium; Sax. rac.  A
bag or pouch.
  Sack, Her'nial,  Saccus hernio'sus, (F.) Sac
herniaire.  An envelope or  pouch, formed by
the serous membrane of the cavity, whence  a
viscus has escaped.   We distinguish, in a her-
nial sac,  its orifice or the opening by which it
communicates with the great cavity lined by
the serous membrane : its cervix or neck, (F.)
Collet, the narrow portion on the outside of the
orifice, where strangulation sometimes occurs:
the body, (F.) Corps, which is the round promi-
nent part; and the fundus or bottom,—the part
opposite  to the orifice.
  Sack, Serous.   The shut  cavity formed by
any serous membrane, as by the pleura or pe-
ritoneum.
  SACRA FISTULA, Vertebral column.
  SACRAL, Sacer, (F.) Sucre.  That which
 belongs  or  relates to the sacrum.  A  name
 given to several parts.
   Sacral Arteries are distinguished into  1.
 The anterior or middle sacral, Median Artery
 of the Sacrum of Chaussier, which arises from
 the posterior  part of the abdominal aorta,  in
 front of the 4th lumbar vertebra.   It descends,
 in a serpentine manner, upon the sacro-vertebral
 articulation, and on the anterior surface of the
 sacrum.   It furnishes  many lateral  branches,
 which unite with the lateral sacral arteries, and
 enter the anterior sacral foramina, to  be dis-
 tributed to the membranes of the marrow, &c.
 2. The lateral sacral arteries, which are two  in
 number; one on each  side.   They arise  from
 the hypogastric, from  the ilio-lumbar,  or from
 the gluteal; and descend before the anterior
 sacral foramina, anastomosing  in an  arched
 manner, towards the coccyx, with the middle
 sacral.  They give off external and posterior-
 branches, which enter the sacral foramina; and
 internal branches,  which are distributed to the
 pyramidalis, sacrum, &c.
   Sacral  Grooves, (F.) Gouttilres sacries.
 Two longitudinal excavations, slightly marked,
 at the posterior surface of the  sacrum; which
 appear to terminate the vertebral grooves or
 gutters.
   Sacral Nerves, (F.) Nerfs  sac.ris,  are ge-
 nerally six  in number.  They arise from the
 termination of the spinal marrow.  The  first,
 united with the great cord which descends from
 the lumbar plexus, concurs with the three others
 in the formation of the  sacral or sciatic  plexus.
 The third and fourth, with branches of the great
 sympathetic, form the hypogastric plexus. The
 fifth  and sixth are distributed to the  ischio-
 coccygeus muscle, and  to the sphincter and le-
 vator ani.
   Sacral Plexus, Sciat'ic plexus,—the sacral
portion of the crural plexus of Chaussier, con-
 stituted as just mentioned, is situate in  front of
 the pyramidalis.  It gives off, backwards, two
 branches, called the pudic,  (F.) honteux, and
 the lesser sciatic.  It terminates in  the great
 sciatic nerve.
  SAC RE,  Sacral.
   SACROCOCCYGEAL, Sacro-coccygeus.
 Relating to the sacrum and coccyx.
  Sacrococcygeal Articula'tion is  that of
 the lower extremity of the sacrum with the su-
 perior facette of the coccyx.  It is closed by
 two ligaments;—an anterior and a posterior sa-
 crococcygeal.
   SACROCOSTALIS, Sacro-lumbalis—s. Fe-
 moral, Glutaeus major.
   SACROCOXALGIA, from  sacrum,  'theos
 sacrum,' coxa, 'the hip,'  and aXyog,  'pain;'  a
 hybrid term.  Some authors have called thus
 a rheumatic affection of the sacro-iliac sym-
 physis.
   SACROILIAC, Sacro-ili'acus.  That which
 relates to the sacrum and ilium.
   Sacroiliac  Articula'tion,  Sym'physis, or
 Synchondrosis, Ilio-sacral articula'tion, sym-
physis or synchondrosis, is  the union  of two
 surfaces;—two inclined planes, broader above
 than below; one formed by the sacrum, the
 other by the ilium.   Both surfaces are incrusted
 by an articular  cartilage.  The bands which
 strengthen them are the two sacro-sciatic liga-
ments, the sacrospinal, a sacro-iliac  ligament,
and some irregular fibres.  The sacro-iliac li- 
SACROISCHIATICUS           74
gament is  a very thick assemblage of short,
dense, irregular  fibres, occupying  the space
which.the  sacrum  and  ilium leave between
them, behind their articular surface.   Some au-
thors have  termed some irregular fibres, situate
in front of  the sacro-iliac articulation, anterior
sacro-iliac  ligaments, in opposition to the pre-
ceding fasciae, which they call posterior sacro-
iliac.
  SACROISCHIATICUS, Sacro-sciatic.
  SACROLOMBAIRE, Sacro-lumbalis.
  SACROLUMBAR,  Sacro-lumba'lis, Sacro-
lombaire.   That which belongs  to the  sacrum
and loins.
  Sacrolumbar, Sacro-lumba'lis, Sacro-lum-
ba'ris  Muscle, Sacro-costa'lis,  Dorso-trache'-
lian portion of the Sacrospinal of Chaussieur,
(F.) Lombo-costo-trachilien, Sacro-lomba.ire, is
seated at  the posterior  part  of the trunk;  is
thick and triangular below; flat and  thin in the
remainder, and terminates in  a point at its up-
per extremity.   It  is attached to the posterior
surface of  the  sacrum;  to the corresponding
portion of  the crista ilii; to the extremities of
the transverse  processes of the lumbar verte-
brae ; to the angles  of the eleven inferior ribs;
to the tuberosity of the first,  and the posterior
tubercle of the  transverse processes  of  the last
five cervical vertebrae.  The  sacro-lumbalis
straightens the  vertebral  column when bent
forwards, and maintains it straight.  By means
of its insertion  into the ribs, it can  elevate or
depress these bones, according as it contracts
from above to below, or from below to above.
It acts, consequently, sometimes as an  inspira-
tory, at others as an expiratory  muscle.
  From six or eight of the lower ribs arises an
equal number of fleshy portions, which termi-
nate at the inner side of this muscle, and are
called Mus'culi Accessor'ii vel Additamen'tum
ad Sacro-lumba'lem, (F.) Accessoires duSacro-
lombaire.
  From the upper part of the  sacro-lumbalis, a
fleshy slip, called Cervica'lis descen'dens,Cervi-
ealis descendens Diemerbroeck'ii, Transversa'lis
collatera'lis colli, Accesso'rius ad Sacro-lumba-
lem,(F.) Transversaire grUe, runs up, to be fixed
to the transverse processes of the 4th, 5th, and
6th cervical vertebrae, by three distinct tendons.
These last parts,  though separated by  some
anatomists, belong to the sacro-lumbalis.
  SACROSCIAT'IC, Sacro-ischiat'icus.  That
which belongs to the sacrum and ischium.
  Sacrosciatic Ligaments are two  ligaments,
which assist in  securing the sacro-iliac articu-
lation.  The great ox posterior sacro-sciatic liga-
ment extends from the crista  ilii and the sides
of the sacrum and coccyx to  the tuberosity of
the ischium.  The less ox anterior sacro-sciatic
ligament arises from the same point,  and termi-
nates in the spine of the  ischium.
  SACROSPINAL, Dorso-trachelian  portion
of the sacro-lumbalis.
  SACROSPINA'LIS.   That which relates to
the sacrum  and spine. Under this name, Chaus-
sier  describes the sacro-lumbalis, longissimus
dorsi, transversalis, transverso-spinalis, and  in-
tertransversalis.  He divides  it into  three por-
tions.
  SACROTROCHANTERIEN,Vyxamida\is.
  SACROVERTEBRAL,  Sacro-vertebro'lis.
That which relates  to the sacrum and  the ver-
tebrae.
9                SAFFRON

  Sacrovertebral Articulation is the junc-
tion of the last vertebrae of the  loins with the
sacrum.   The  angle  which these two bones
form  at  the anterior  part has been  called the
Prom'ontory of the Sacrum, or the Sacro-verte-
bral Angle.
  Sacrovertebral Ligament is a strong liga-
ment, which passes  from the anterior part of
each  of  the transverse processes of the last
lumbar  vertebra  to be attached to the base of
the sacrum.  Its use is to maintain the articu-
lation of those two bones in situ.
  SACRUM, Os sacrum, Os basila're, Os Ala-
gas, Os latum, Os clun'ium, Ver'tebra magna,
Albagiazi, Hi'eron ost'eon, Clunis, Subver'tebra,
Subver'tebrum, Vet1 ula; from  sacer, 'sacred;'
because  it contributes  to  protect the genital
organs, which were  considered  sacred, or  be-
cause it  was offered  in sacrifice.   The bone,
which forms the posterior part of the pelvis.
and is a  continuation of the vertebral column.
The sacrum is symmetrical and  triangular,
situate at the posterior  part of the pelvis, and
concave anteriorly.  It has,—1.  A pelvic or an-
terior surface, which corresponds to the pelvic
cavity, and has four  transverse furrows,  that
point out the parts where the primitive portions
of the bone were separated from each other.
On each side  there  are four foramina, called
anterior sacral; these are oblique, and decrease
in size, from above downwards.   Through these
pass the anterior branches of the sacral nerves.
<J. A spinal ox posterior surface, which is convex,
rough, and covered by muscles.   Upon the me-
dian line are  four horizontal, tubercular emi-
nences, forming a continuation  of the  spinous
processes of the vertebrae;  and below, a trian-
gular notch, where the sacral canal terminates.
On each side of the surface are four foramina.
called posterior sacral, which are smaller thaji
the anterior, and give passage to the posterior
branches of the sacral nerves.   3.  The verte-
bral surface  or base.  Its greatest  extent  is
transversely.   It is  articulated  with the  last
lumbar  vertebra.  On it we see the orifice of
the sacral  canal, of a triangular shape, which
decreases  in width   from  above  downward;
terminates the vertebral canal; is  lined by a
prolongation of the cerebral membranes; con-
tains the  fasciculi of the sacral nerves;  com-
municates, externally, by the sacral foramina :
and terminates at the triangular notch on the
posterior  surface of the bone.   At the sides of
the upper orifice of the sacral  canal are two
articular processes, which  receive the articu-
lar processes of the last lumbar vertebra.   The
projection  formed by the union of the base of
the sacrum with the last lumbar vertebra, is
called the Promontory, Promonto'rium Ossis
sacri, Greater  angle  of the  Sacrum  or Sacro-
vertebral Angle.  4.  A coccygeal face or apex,
(F.) Face coccygienne  ou  Sommet, which is
very narrow, and is articulated with the coccyx.
5. Two  lateral margins, which  have, above, a
broad oblique  surface, articulated  with  the
ilium.
  The sacrum is developed by 30 to 36 points
of ossification.
  SADDLE, TURKISH, Sella Turcica.
  SiEPES, Sepes.
  SAFFLOWER, Carthamus tinctorius.
  SAFFRON,  Crocus—s. Bastard,  Carthamus
tinctorius—s.  Flower, Carthamus tinctorius— 
SAFRAN BATARD           75
s.  Dyers', Carthamus tinctorius—s. Meadow,
Colchicum autumnale.
  SAFRAN BATARD, Carthamus tinctorius,
Colchicum autumnale—s. des Indes, Curcuma
longa—s.  de Mars apiritif, Ferri subcarbonas
—s. de Mars  astringent,  Colcothar—s. des
Pres, Colchicum autumnale—s. Racine de,
Curcuma longa.
  SAFRANUM, Carthamus tinctorius.
  SAFRE, Smalt.
  SAGA,  Sago.
  SAGAPE'NUM, Sag'apin, SerapVnon, (F.)
Gomme siraphique.  A gum-resin, supposed to
be obtained from the Fer'ula Per'sica.  Family,
Umbelliferae.   Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.
Its  odour is fetid and alliaceous; taste pungent,
bitterish, nauseous.  It is in small, agglutinated
masses of a yellow colour; tenacious; breaking
with a horny fracture.  It  is a reputed anti-
spasmodic and emmenagogue.  Dose, gr. x to
3SS*
  SAGAPIN, Sagapenum.
  SAGE,  Salvia—s. Indian, Eupatorium per-
foliatum—s. Jerusalem, Pulmonaria—s. Tree,
Lantana.
  SAGE-FEMME, Midwife.
  SAGENA, Epiploon.
  SAGESSEDES CHIRURGIENS, Sisym-
brium Sophia.
  SAGIMEN VITRI, Soda, subcarbonate of.
  SAGIT'TAL, Sagitta'lis, Sagitta'tus, from
sagitta, ' an arrow.'
  Sagittal  Furrow,  Sagittal  Groove, (F.)
Gouttiere sagittale, is a channel on the median
line of the  inner surface of the skull-cap.  It is
excavated  in the os frontis, in the two parietal
and occipital bones, and extends from the crista
galli to the internal occipital protuberance.  It
lodges the longitudinal sinus, which has been
called the  sagittal sinus.
  Sagittal Suture,Obela'a sutu'ra,0. Raphe,
Sutura  Virga'ta,  S. juga'lis, S.  Rabdo'i'des,
Rhabdoi'des, Rkabdo'des, Rhabdoldeus seu Bi-
parieta'lis.  The  suture which unites the two
parietal bones, and which extends, from before
to behind, on the median line, from the coronal
suture to the lambdoidal.  It is so called, from
sagitta, ' an arrow,' because it seems to  meet
the coronal suture as an arrow meets the string
of a bow.
(  SAGITTA'RIUM ALEXIPHAR'MACUM,
Malac'cx  Radix, Canna In'dica, Arun'do In-
dica.  A root  cultivated in the West Indies,
and supposed to be a remedy for  wounds by
poisoned arrows.
  SAGITTATUS, Sagittal.
  SAGO, Sagus, Saga, Sagu, Segu, (F.) Sai-
gon, Sague.  A fecula, obtained from the pith
of the Sagus Rumpk'ii, growing in the Moluc-
cas, Philippine isles, &c, and which is brought
to us in small grains.  The same substance is,
also, obtained from the West  Indies, but it is
inferior to that from the East.  By boiling in
water or milk, sago becomes soft and transpa-
rent, and forms an agreeable and nutritious food
in febrile,  calculous, and other  disorders.  It is
made palatable by sugar, lemon-juice, or  wine,
where the last is not contra-indicated.
  Sago, French,  see Solanum tuberosum, and
Arrowroot, common—s. Portland Island, see
Arum maculatum.
  SAGOU, Sago.
  SAGU,  Sago.
)0                   SAL

   SAGUE, Sago—s.  Petit, see Solanum tube-
 rosum.
   SAGUS, Sago—s. Rumphii, see Sago..
   SAHARA, Insomnia.
   SAIGNEE, Blood-letting—*. Spoliative, Spo-
 liativa phlebotomia.
   SAIGNEMENT DU NEZ, Epistaxis.
   SAILORS, DISEASES, &c, OF.  Sailors,
 by nature of their occupation, are  liable  to
 many diseases.  Several of these may, however,
 be warded off by proper attention to cleanliness
 and ventilation.
   SAIN  BOIS, Daphne gnidium—s.  Douse,
 Adeps praeparata.
   SAINT  AMAND, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.  Sulphuretted  waters, in the department
 Du Nord, France.   They contain  carbonic and
 sulphohydric acids.   The Bone or deposit con-
 tains  sulphohydric  acid,  and  salts of iron and
 magnesia.  Temperature, 64° to 82°, Fahr.
   SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  CLIMATE OF.
 This  sea-port of Florida is a frequent  retreat
 during the winter season  for the valetudinarian
 from  the  more northern parts  of the  United
 States. The climate is certainly comparatively
 mild and  equable; but it is liable to frequent
 north-east storms.   There are only a few days,
 however, in the winter,  in which the  invalid
 cannot take exercise in the open air.  Tampa
 Bay, and Pensacola, in Florida;  and Mobile, in
 Alabama, which are sometimes visited by the
 consumptive, are less liable to the  storms  in
 question.
   SAINT CHARLES'S  ROOT, Carlo  sancto
 (Radix.)
   SAINT CROIX,  Santa Cruz.
   SAINT JAMES'S WORT, Senecio Jacobaea.
   SAINT JOHN'S  DANCE,  see Mania, danc-
 ing—St. John's Wort,  Hypericum perforatum.
   SAINT KITTS,  see West Indies.
   SAINT  LEONARD'S,  CLIMATE OF.
 This place, which is situate about  a mile to the
 westward of Hastings, in Sussex,  England,  is
 less sheltered than  it, and is therefore a less
 favourable retreat,  during the winter months,
 for the phthisical valetudinarian.
   SAINT MYON, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Some  cold, acidulous waters at Saint  Myon,
 near Riom, in the department of Puy-de-D6me.
 They contain free carbonic acid, subcarbonate
 of soda, chloride of sodium, and carbonate and
 sulphate of lime.
   SAINT NECT AIRE, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.   Springs  in the department of Puy-de-
 Dome, France. They contain carbonic acid,
 bicarbonate of soda,  and chloride of sodium.
 Temperature, 7.5° to 103°, Fahr.
   SAINT PARDAUX, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.   Chalybeate springs in the department of
 Allier, France.  They contain carbonie acid
 and iron.
   SAINT SAUVEUR, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.   Sulphurous waters in the department of
 Hautes-Pyrenees, France.  Temperature, 76°
 to 93°, Fahr.
   SAINT VINCENT'S, see West Indies.
   SAINT VITUS'S  DANCE,  Chorea,  see
 Mania, dancing—s.  Vitus's Dance  of the Voice,
 Balbuties.
   SAIRE, Essera.
   SAL, Salt—s. Absinthii, Potassae subcarbonas,
 see Potash—s.  Acetosellae, Potass, oxalate of—-
| s.  Acetosus  ammoniacalis,  Liquor ammoniae 
SALAAM CONVULSION        75
acetatis—s. Acidum benzoes, Benjamin—s. Al-
bus, Soda, muriate of—s.Alembroth,Alembroth
salt—s. Alkali, Soda, subcarbonate of—s.  Al-
kalinus fixus fossilis,  Soda—s. Amarum, Mag-
nesiae sulphas—s. Ammoniac, volatile, Ammo-
niae  carbonas—s.  Ammoniacum,  Ammoniae
murias—s.  Ammoniacum  martiale,  Ferrum
ammoniatum—s. Ammoniacum secretum Glau-
beri, Ammoniae sulphas—s. Ammoniacum  tar-
Ureum,  Ammoniae tartras—s.  Ammoniacum
vegetabile, Liquor ammoniae acetatis—s. Am-
moniacus nitrosus, Ammoniae nitras—s. Ammo-
niae, Ammoniae murias—s. Anglicanum,Magne-
> iae sulphas—s. Antiepilepticus of Weissman, Cu-
prum ammoniatum—s. Antimonii, Antimonium
tartarizatum—s. Ammoniacum, Ammoniae  mu-
rias—s. Artis, Alembroth salt—s. Asphaltitis,
Bit  noben—s.  Catharticus  amarus,  Magnesiae
sulphas—s. Catharticus Glauberi, Soda, sulphate
of—s.  Communis,  Soda, muriate of—s. Cornu
cervi volatile, Ammoniae carbonas—s.Culinaris,
Soda, muriate of—s. Digestivus Sylvii, Potassae
murias—s. Diureticus, Potassae acetas—s. de
duobus, Potassae sulphas—s. Ebsdamense, Mag-
nesiae sulphas—s. Enixum, Potassae supersulphas
s. Epsomensis, Magnesiae sulphas—s.  Essen-
tiale Benzoes, Benjamin—s. Febrifugus of Le-
mery,  Potassae  supersulphas—s.  Febrifugus
Sylvii, Potassae murias—s. Fontium, Soda, mu-
riate of—s. Fossilis, Soda, muriate of—s. Fuli-
j;inis,  Ammoniae carbonas—s. Gemmae, Soda,
muriate of—s. Herbarum, Potassae subcarbonas
—s. Indus, Saccharum album—s. Lixiviosum,
see Lixivium—s. Lucidum, Soda, muriate  of—
s. Marinus, Soda, muriate of—s.  Martis, Ferri
sulphas—s. Martis  muriaticum sublimatum,
Ferrum  ammoniatum—s. Mirabile  perlatum,
Soda, phosphate of—s. Mirabilis Glauberi, Soda,
sulphate of—s. Muriaticum baroticum, Baryta,
muriate of—s. Nitrum, Potassae nitras—s. Os-
sium,  Ammoniae  carbonas—s.   Panchrestum,
Potassae tartras—s. Petrae,  Potassae nitras—s.
Tartarum, Potassae  subcarbonas—s.  Plumbi,
Plumbi superacetas—s. Polychrestus, Potassae
sulphas—s. Polychrestus Glaseri, Potassae sul-
phas cum sulphure—s. Polychrestum Seignetti,
Soda, tartrate of—s.  Prunellae, Potassae nitras
fusus sulphatis paucillo mixtus—s. Rupellensis,
Soda, tartrate  of—s. Sapientiae, Alembroth  salt,
Potassae sulphas—s.Saturni, Plumbi superacetas
—s.  Scientiae,  Alembroth  salt—s.  Secretus
Glauberi, Ammoniae sulphas—s.SedativusHom-
bergi,  Boracic acid—s. Sedlicensis, Magnesiae
sulphas—s. Seignetti, Soda, tartrate of—s.  Sen-
nerti, Potassae acetas—s. Seydschutzense, Mag-
nesiae  sulphas—s. Sodae,  Soda, subcarbonate of
—s. Sodomenus, Bit noben—s.  Succini,  Suc-
cinic acid—s. Tartari, Potassae subcarbonas, see
Potash—s. Tartari essentiale, Tartaric acid—s.
Tartari sulphuratum, Potassae sulphas—s.  Uri-
nae, Microcosmicum Sal—s. Urinosum, Urea—
s. Vegetabilis, Potassre tartras—s. Vitae, Alem-
broth  salt—s.  Vitrioli,  Zinci sulphas—s.  Vi-
trioli  narcoticum,  Boracic  acid—s.  Volatile,
Ammoniae carbonas, Spiritus ammoniae aroma-
ticus— s. Volatile Benzoes, Benjamin—s. Vola-
tile  boracis, Boracic acid—s. Volatile oleosum
Sylvii, Spiritus ammoniae aromaticus—s. Vola-
tile  succini,  Succinic acid—s. Volatilis salis
ammoniaci, Ammoniae carbonas—s.Vomitorium
vitrioli, Zinci sulphas.
   SALAAM, CONVULSION, see Convulsion,
Salaam.
1               SALIVANS

  SALAB, Salep.
  SALACITAS, Satyriasis—s. Vulva?, Nym-
phomania.
  SALAD, CORN, Valeriana dentata.
  SALAP, Salep.
  SALCOMBE, (CLIMATE OF.)  A small
place—the Montpelier of Huxham—which is
one of the warmest spots on the S. W. coast of
England, and, therefore, in this respect adapted
for the phthisical invalid  as a winter retreat.
  SALEP, Saloop' (so  pronounced.)  Salab,
Salap.  The prepared bulb of the Orckis mas'-
cula and other species of  Orchis.   The salep of
Cachmere is from a species of Euloph'ia.  Salep
is in small, irregular, hard masses.  In its com-
position in relation to water  it is closely ana-
logous to tragacanth.  It  is possessed of similar
virtues with sago,  tapioca, &c.
  SALER'NUM, SCHOOL OF.  An  ancient
school of medicine at Salerno  in Italy.  It was
established by Charlemagne,  in  802; and was
the first Christian university at which medicine
was taught.  11 was much celebrated, especially
in the 12th century.   The work on hygiene,
" De Conservandd Valetudine," which bears
its name, has passed through several editions in
various languages.  It is supposed 1o have been
written by  John of Milan, in 11U0, and is in
Leonine verses.
  SALICARIA, Lythrum salicaria.
  SALICINE, see Salix.
  SAL1CORNIA  ARABICA, &c, see Soda.
  SALINE', Sali'nus, Salina'cius,  Salinac''-
idas, Sali'tus, Salsus, Hali'nus, Halmy'rus,
Halico'des, from sal.   That which contains a
salt, or has the properties of a salt.
  Saline Draught or Mixture.  This may
be made as follows :—Potass, carbon. ►)], acid.
citric, vel tartar, gr. xv, vel succ. limon. recent.
^ss,  aqux f.  gviij, syrup, cujusvis  gj.  M.
Given in divided doses as a febrifuge.
  Saline Effervescing Draught or Mixture
is made by adding a due proportion of either of
the acids above  mentioned, or of lemon juice,
to the proper proportion of the carbonate of soda
or potassa; about 25 grains of the acid saturate
30 grains of the carbonate.  See Powders, soda.
  SALIS AMMONIACI  FLORES,  Ammo-
niae  carbonas.
  SALITIO, Leap.
  SALITUS, Saline.
  SALIUM, Saliva.
  SALIUNCA, Valeriana Celtica.
  SALIVA, Si'alon,  Si'elon, Sialo'ma, Pty'-
alon, Pty'elon, Sa'lium, Sputa'men, S put amen'-
tum, Sputum, Spittle.   An  inodorous, insi-
pid, transparent, slightly viscid fluid; secreted
by  the parotid, submaxillary and sublingual
glands, and poured into the mouth by the ducts
of Steno, Wharton and Rivinus; the use of which
is to mix with the alimentary bolus, and to
serve in the process of digestion.  It  is com-
posed, according to Berzelius, of 992.2  parts of
water, 2.9 of a particular animal matter, solu-
ble in water, and insoluble in alcohol, pty'alin,
princip'ium saliva'le, mate'ria  siali'na, of 1.4
of mucus, 1.7 of chlorides of potassium and so-
dium, 0.9 of lactate of soda and animal matter,
and  0.2 of soda.
  SALIVA FLUXUS CIBO VISO, see Sali-
vation.
  SALIVAIRE, Salivary.
  SALIVANS, Salivary, Sialagogue. 
SALIVANT
752
SALT
  SALIVANT, Sialagogue.
  SALIVARIS, Salivary—s. Herba, Anthemis
pyrethrum.
  SAL'IVARY, Saliva'rius, Sali'vans, Sali-
va'ris, Salivo'sus, from saliva, (F.) Salivaire.
That which belongs to the saliva.
  Salivary Calculi, see Calculi, salivary.
  Salivary Fis'tul*, Sialosyrin'ges, are such
as depend upon an accidental opening into the
excretory ducts  of the salivary  glands.  Fis-
tulae are most commonly met with in the duct of
Steno.
  Salivary Glands,  secreting organs  of the
saliva,  salival glands, are situate symmetri-
cally, to the number of three, on each  side of
the face, and behind and under the lower jaw.
Their form is very irregular, and their extent
varies according to individuals.   Their excre-
tory ducts—Ductus Saliva'rii,(F.) Canaux ou
Conduits salivaires, carry  the saliva directly
into the mouth, without pouring it into any in-
termediate reservoir, as happens  in the  case of
some of the other glands.  The salivary glands
have been distinguished into,—1. The parotid;
2. The submaxillary;  3. The sublingual.
  SALIVATIO,  Salivation — s.  Mercurialis,
Salivation, mercurial.
  SALIVATION, Saliva'tio, Saliva'tio cal'-
ida, Epiphora ptyalis'mus, Sialis'mus,Sputum
Oris, Sialis'mus, Sial'achus, Sielismos, Sia-
lorrha'a, Sialoze'mia^ Ptyalis'mus, Pty'alism,
Fluxus sali'va,(F.) Flux de Bouche, Flux sali-
vaire.  A superabundant secretion of saliva; oc-
casioned either locally, by the use of  irritating
masticatories,  or under the influence of some
cause which acts on the whole economy, and
especially of mercurial preparations.  In this
last case it is accompanied by a coppery taste in
the mouth,  by swelling of the gums, and some-
times by looseness of the teeth.  Salivation
may usually be diminished by the use  of as-
tringents, laxatives, &c.
  Ptyalismus  acu'tus  sympathet'icus,  Salivx
fluxus  cibo viso, Mouth  watering, the in-
creased flow of saliva produced  by the sight,
smell, or thought of agreeable food, is a  species
of ptyalism, as well as the  Ptyalismus  acutus
melli'tus, Apoceno'sis ptyalis'mus mellitus, or
Sweet  spittle.   In this the saliva has a sweet
or mucilaginous taste.
  Salivation, Mercu'rial, Saliva'tio  mercu-
ria'lis,  Sialoze'mia  'mercurialis, Ptyalis'mus
mercuria'lis, P. hydrargyra'tus,  ( F. )  Ptya-
lisme mercuriel, Salivation mercurielle.  Sali-
vation produced by mercury.  The stomatitis
that accompanies it  is termed mercurial, Hy-
drar'gyro-stomati'tis, (F.) Stomatite mercurielle.
  SALIVATION MERCURIELLE,  Saliva-
tion, mercurial.
  SAL1VATUM, Sialagogue.
  SALIVOSUS, Salivary.
  SALIX.   The Willow, I'tea, (F.) Saule.  A
genus of plants from the Linnaean system.
  Salix Frag"ilis, or Crack willow (Ph. D.)
Salix Alba, or White willow (Ph. D. and Ph.
U.  S.)  Salix Latifo'lia, or broad-leaved wil-
low.   Salix Ca'prea, or Great  round-leaved
willow (Ph. L.)  Salix Pentan'dria, Salix
Vituli'na, Salix  Eryoceph'ala.  The bark
of  each of  these has a  slightly aromatic odour,
and a  bitter astringent taste, which is nearly
the same in all the species.  It is tonic and as-
tringent, and has been used in intermittents, and
in cases of dyspepsia, worms, &c.  The active
principle has been separated, and called Sal'-
icine.  It is like the quinia in medicinal effica-
cy.  Dose, Qj to gj of the powder.   Dose of
Salicine from 4 to 6 grains.
  Salix -Egyptiaca,  Calaf.      •
  SALLOW, Lurid.
  SALMIAC, Ammoniae murias.
  SALOOP, Salep.
  SALPETRA, Soda, nitrate of.
  SALPINGEMPHRAXTS,  from  o-axniy:,
'the Eustachian tube,'and iuifg*£«:, 'obstruc-
tion.'  Obstruction of the Eustachian tube;—a
cause of deafness.
  SALPINGITIS, from o-aXmy%, 'a tube,'and
itis,' denoting inflammation.'  Inflammation of
the Eustachian tube.
  SALPINGOCYE'SIS, Paracye'sis  tuba'rin,
Graviditas tuba'ria, from  aaxmy%, 'a tube or
trumpet,' and kvi^k, ' pregnancy.' Tubal preg-
nancy.—See Pregnancy.
  SALPINGOMALLEEN, Tensor tympani
—s. Staphylinus internus,  Levator palati.
  SALl'INGOPHARYNGyE'US^romo-aATn^,
' a trumpet,' and <t>±gvy\, ' the pharynx.'  Val-
salva and Douglas have given  this name to a
bundle of fibres, which passes from the Eusta-
chian tube to the pharynx.
  SALPINGOSTAPHYLINUS,  Circumflex
muscle.
  SALPINGOSTENOCHO'RIA.fromraJl/u^-,
'a tube,' o-Tivog, 'narrow,' and #<«(?*> 'space.'
Narrowness or stricture of the Eustachian tube.
  SALPINX, Tuba.
  SALSAFI, Tragopogon.
  SALSAMENTUMCRUDUM,Omotarichos.
  SALSAPARILLA  GERMANICA, Sarsa-
parilla Germanica.
  SALSEDO MUCRUM, Potassae nitras.
  SALSEPAREILLE, Smilax sarsaparilla—
s. d'Allemagne, Sarsaparilla Germanica.
  SALSILAGO, Muria.
  SALSO'LA  KALI, Prickly  Saltwort, Kali
spino'sum cochlea'tum, Tragus  sive  Tragum
Matthi'oli.  This plant, as well as the Salsola
sati'va and the Salsola soda, produces the alka-
line salt,  commonly called  Barilla,  Soda, or
Kelp.
  Salsola Sativa, &c, see Soda.
  SALSUGINOSUS,  Halmyrodes.
  SALSUS, Saline.
  SALT, Sal, Hal, Hals, 'axg, (F.) Sel.  A
name formerly given to a considerable number
of substances of very different nature.   At pre-
sent, chymists apply the term Salts exclusively
to the combination of  an acid with  one or more
bases.   Neutral salts are those in which the
acid and base reciprocally saturate each other.
Acid salts or supersalts, (F.) Sursels,axe those
in which the acid predominates over the base.
  Alkaline salts or subsalts, (F.) Soussels,
those in which the base is, on the contrary, pre-
dominant.   The different denominations of the
salts are  compounded, 1. Of the name of the
acid; the termination of which is changed into
ite, when the name of the acid is in ous;—ate,
when it is in ic.  Thus the salts formed by the
sulphurous acid are sulphites ; those by the sul-
phuric, sulphates. 2. This name is followed up
by that of the oxyd, that enters into the compo-
sition  of the salt.  Thus, the sulphate of pro-
toxyd of iron is  a combination of sulphuric acid
with the protoxyd of  that metal.  Frequently) 
SALTANS ROSA             75
to shorten the name,  the  word oxyd is sup-
pressed ;  and proto, deuto, trito, &c, put before
the acid  :—as protosiilphate of  iron.  Simple
salts are  those resulting  from  the combination
of an acid with a single base : double salts with
two different bases :  triple  with three, &c.   A
haloid salt is one constituted after the type of
common  salt, or which contains a  metal and a
salt-radical, as chlorine,  iodine, &c.   An oxy-
salt is formed from the combination of an acid
with an oxide.
   When  salt  is used  in  an abstract  sense, it
means the chloride of sodium.
   Salt Aperient,  of Frederick, Soda, sul-
phate of—s. Baker's, Ammoniae carbonas—s. of
Barilla,  Soda, subcarbonate of—s. Bay, Soda,
muriate  of—s. Bitter  purging, Magnesiae sul-
phas—s.  Common, Soda, muriate of—s. Epsom,
Magnesiae sulphas—s. Glauber's, Soda, sulphate
of—s. Glauber's, Lymington, see Soda, sulphate
of—s. Rochelle, Soda, tartrate of—s. Rock,
Soda, muriate of—s. Sea, Soda, muriate of—s.
Secondary, Neutral  salt—s. Seignette's, Soda,
tartrate of—s. Smelling,  Ammoniae carbonas—
s. of Soda, Soda, subcarbonate of—s. Sore-throat,
Potassae  nitras fusus sulphatis paucillo mixtus
—s. of Tartar, see Potassae subcarbonas,  and
Potash—s. Tasteless purging, Soda, phosphate of
—s. of Urine, Ammoniae carbonas—s. White,
Soda, muriate of—s. of  Woodsoot, Ammoni?e
carbonas—s. of Wormwood, see Potash.
   SALTANS ROSA,  Urticaria.
   SALTATIO,  Dancing—s. Sancti Viti, Cho-
rea.
   SALTERTON.   A village about four miles
to the eastward of Exmouth, England, frequent-
ed as a winter abode  by invalids.  It is in a
small, open valley on the sea-shore, and is well
protected from winds,particularly the northerly.
   SALTPETRE, Potassae  nitras.
   SALT US, Leap, Vulva—s.  Tendinum, Sub-
sultus tendinum.
   SALTWORT, PRICKLY, Salsola kali.
   SALUBRIS, Salutary.
   SALU'BRITY, Salu'britas, (F.) Salubriti,
from  solus,' health.'   Any thing which contri-
butes to  the health of individuals or of commu-
nities.  Situations differ materially from each
other in this respect; and the cause of the  dif-
ference is often an interesting topic of inquiry.
   SALUS, Sanitas.
   SALUTARY, Peries'ticos, Saluta'ris,Salu'-
ber, Salu'bris, Hygiei'nus, Hygiasticus, Hy-
gie'rus.  Same etymon.  Healthy.  That which
is favourable  to health.   Some diseases have
been considered salutary; but this is  doubtful.
   SALVATEL'LA; Same etymon,(?)  Vena
salvatel'/a, is  situate on  the back of the hand,
near its inner  margin.  It  begins on the poste-
rior surface of the fingers and dorsal surface of
the hand, by a plexus, formed of a number of
radicles,   frequently  anastomosing  with each
other  ; it then ascends  to the inner part of  the
forearm,  where it takes the  name—posterior cu-
bital.   The ancients  recommended this vein to
be opened in certain diseases, as in melancholic
and hypochondriacal affections; and they attri-
buted to  such abstraction of blood considerable
efficacy in the cure of disease: hence its name.
   SALVE, BLISTERING, Unguentum lyttae
—s. Eye, Unguentum oxidi zinci  impuri—s.
Eye, Singleton's, Unguentum hydrargyri nitri-
co-oxydi—s. Healing, Cerate of calamine.
»3             SAN GIULIANO

   SAL VIA, S. officina'lis, S. horten'sis, Ele-
 lis'phacos,(F.) Sauge, Thi de France. Family,
 Labiatae.   Sex.  Syst. Diandria Monogynia.
 Sage has a peculiar,  aromatic  odour,  and a
 warm,  aromatic, bitterish taste.  Its virtues
 depend upon an essential oil.  It is tonic, sti-
 mulant, and carminative.   In the form of a
 weak infusion, it is occasionally used as a dilu-
 ent, and as a wash for sore mouth.   Dose, gr.
 xv to xxx or more.
   Salvia Horminum, Hormi'num,(F.) Sauge-
 hormin, of the Pharmacopoeias, is used in simi-
 lar cases.
   Salvia  Hortensis,  Salvia—s.  Officinalis,
 Salvia.
   Salvia  Scla'rea,  Sclarea,  Gallit'richum,
 ^tkio'pis, Biser'mas,  Colus Jovis,  Common
 Clary, (F.)  Orvale  ou  Toute-bonne.   The
 leaves have been recommended as corroborants
 and anti-spasmodics.
   Salvia Vit,e, Asplenium ruta muraria.
   SAMBU'CUS, Sabu'cus, Sambucus  nigra,
 S. vulga'ris, S. Arbo'rea, ActS, Infe'lix lignum ;
 the Elder, (F'.) Sureau commun.   Family, Cap-
 rifoliaceae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia—
 (The flower and  bark were  formerly called
 Cano'pum.)  The flowers, berries, and bark of
 the  elder have been  used in  medicine.   The
 flowers have been reputed  diaphoretic and  dis-
 cutient : the berries, aperient and sudorific :  the
 bark,  purgative,  and,   in  small  doses, deob-
 struent.  The  flowers are sometimes used in
 fomentations, and to form  a cooling ointment.
   Sambucus Arborea, Sambucus—s. Chamae-
 acte, S. ebulus.
   Sambucus Eb'ulus, Ebulus,  Chamxac'tS,
 Od'ocos,  Sambucus  Ckamxac'te  seu He'lion,
 Sambucus hu'milis, S. Herba'cea, Dwarf-elder,
 Danewort,  (F.)  Hieble.   The  root, interior
 bark, leaves, flowers, berries, (Bacca seu Grana
 Actes,) and seeds have all been given in mode-
 rate doses as resolvents and deobstruents; and
 in large doses as hydragogues.  The berries of
 Sambucus Canaden'sis, the Common 'Elder of
 America, are made officinal in the American
 Pharmacopoeia.
   Sambucus  Helion,  Sambucus  ebulus—s.
 Herbacea, S. ebulus—s. Humilis,  S. ebulus—s.
 Nigra, Sambucus—s. Vulgaris, Sambucus.
   SAMI TERRA, Sa'mian Earth. An argilla-
 ceous  earth, found in  the  island of Samos, to
 which were ascribed virtues similar to those of
 the Terra Lemnii.—Galen, Dioscorides.
   SAMIUS LAPIS.   A stone found in the Isle
 of Samos, which the ancients believed to be
 astringent and refrigerant.
   SAMPHIRE, Crithmum maritimum.
   SAMPSUCHUS, Thymus mastichina.
   SAMPSUCUS, Origanum majorana.
   SAMPSYCH'INON, Sampsu'chinnm.   An
 ointment composed of aa/uipv/ov; which  was
 perhaps marjoram.—Dioscorides.
   SANABILIS, Curable.
   SANAMUNDA, Geum urbanum.
   SANATIO,  Curation, Cure.
   SANATIVE, Curative.
   SAN  GIULIANO,  MINERAL WATERS
 OF.  At the foot of the mountain San Guiliano,
 a  league and a half from Pisa, are several mine-
 ral springs; temperature from 84° to 107° Fahr.
   The spring, Pozzetto, contains carbonic acid,
 sulphates of soda, lime, and magnesia; chlorides 
SAND
754          SANTALUM ALBUM
of sodium and magnesium;  carbonates of lime
and magnesia; argil and silica.—Santi.
  SAND, see Gravel.
  SANDALUM  CERULEUM,  Guilandina
moringa—s. Rubrum,  Pterocarpus santalinus.
  SAN'DARAC, Sandara'cha, Gum Ju'niper,
Gum  Sandarack, Pounce,  Gummi  Junip'eri,
Sandara'ca, Vernix sicca,  Resi'na  Juniperi.
A name  given, by the Arabs,  to an  odorous
resin, that flows from  the Thuya aphyl'la.
Family, Coniferae.  Sex. Syst. Moncecia Mona-
delphia.   It is stimulant, like all the resins;
but is very little used.
  SANDARACHA GR^CORUM, Realgar.
  SANDERS, see Saunders.
  SANDIVER, see Vitrum.
  SANDIX, Plumbi oxydum rubrum.
  SANDYX, Plumbi oxydum rubrum.
  SANG, Blood—s. Arteriel, Arterial blood—
s. Dragon, Rumex sanguineus—s. Dragon, see
Calamus  rotang—s. Globules du, Globules of
the blood—s. Perte de, Haemorrhagia.
  SANGLOT, Sob.
  SANGSUE, Hirudo.
  SANGUIDUCTUS DUR^  MATRIS, Si-
nuses of the dura mater.
  SANGUIFICATIO,Haematosis—s.Debilior,
Hyphaematosis.
  SANGUIFLUXUS, Haemorrhagia—s.  Ute-
rinus, Metrorrhagia.
  SANGUIMOTION, Circulation.
  SANGUIMOTORY, Circulatory.
  SANGUIN, (Vaisseau) Blood-vessel.
  SANGUINALIS  CORRIGIOLA,  Polygo-
num aviculare.
  SANGUINA'RIA,  S.  Canaden'sis, Blood-
root, Bloodwort, Puccoon, Red Puccoon, Red
Root, Indian Paint,  Tur'meric. Nat.  Ord.
Papaveraceae.  Sex.  Syst.  Polyandria Mono-
gynia.  A North American plant, the rhizoma
and seeds of which are  used in medicine.  They
are emetic.  Dose of the powder, 8 to 20 grains.
They are said to  reduce the velocity of the
pulse, like digitalis.
  SANGUINE, Sanguin'eus,  Sanguino'sus,
Hxmat'icus, Hamato'des, Hamate'rus, Hama-
ti'nus, Hamo'des, Hxmo'i'des;  (F.) Sanguin.
Bloody, blood-like. Relating to, or  containing
blood,—as ' sanguine temperament.'
   SANGUINEA, Potassae nitras.
   SANGUINEUS, Sanguine.
   SANGUINIS ABSORPTIO,  Htemorrhophe-
sis—s. Congestio, Congestion—s. Dissolutio,
Haemateclysis—s. Fluor, Haemoptysis—s. Fluor
Vesicae, Cystorrhagia—s. Ictus, Apoplexy—s.
Missio, Blood-letting—s. Profluvium copiosum,
Haemorrhagia—s.  Profluvium ex Ore, Stoma-
torrhagia—s. Stagnatio,  Haemostasis.
   SANGUIN'OLENT,  Sanguinolen'tus, from
sanguis, 'blood.' Tinged with blood.  An epithet
applied, particularly, to the sputa when so tinged.
   SANGUINOSUS, Sanguine.
   SANGUIPUR'GIUM, from sanguis,' blood,'
and purgare, ' to  cleanse.'  Purgation  of the
blood.  A name given by some authors to mild
fevers; from an idea that they purged the blood
of noxious matters.
   SANGUIS,  Blood, Sperm—s.  Concretus,
Coagulum—s. Draconis,  see Calamus rotang—
s. Hirci.siccatus, see  Blood—s. Menstruus, see
Menses—s. in Urina, Haematuria.
   SANGUISOR'BA  OFFICINA'LIS.   The
Ital'ian  Pim'pinel, Pimpinel'la Ital'ica, (F.)
Pimprenelle noire.  It was  formerly  used as
an astringent and tonic, in hemorrhages, dysen-
tery, &c.
  SANGUISUGA, Hirudo.
  SANGUISU'GUM.   A barbarous term, to
denote too  great an accumulation of blood in
the heart.—Bonetus.
  SANICLE, Sanicula—s. American, Heuche-
ra cortusa—s. Yorkshire, Pinguicola vulgaris.
  SANICULA, S. Europa'a, Cuculla'ta, Do-
deca'theon,  Sym'phytum petrx'um, Sanic'ula
mas, Diapen'sia cortu'sa, San'icle, (F.) Toute-
saine.  Family, Umbelliferae. Sex. Syst. Pen-
tandria Digynia.  This herb was formerly used
as a mild astringent.   It is bitterish, and some-
what austere.
  Sanicula, Saxifraga granula—s.Eboracensis,
Pinguicola vulgaris—s. Europaea, Sanicula.
  Sanic'ula Marilan'dica.  This indigenous
plant grows in marshes,or 1 ow and shaded ground.
It is possessed of tonic virtues; and the  pow-
dered root is employed in popular practice as a
favourite remedy in intermittent fever.
  It has been recommended recently in chorea.
  Sanicula Montana, Pinguicola vulgaris.
  SANIDO'DES,  Sanio'des,  'resembling  a
board,' from aavtg, gen. oaviSog, 'a board,' and
siSog,' resemblance.'   One whose thorax is nar-
row, and, as it were, contracted.
  SANIE, Sanies.
  SANIES, Ichor, Tabum, Virus, Pus malig'-
num,  P. corrosi'vum, (F'.)  Sanie.    A thin,
serous fluid, presenting some of the qualities of
pus and  blood,  and commonly exhaled at the
surface of ulcers.
  SANIODES, Sanidodes.
  SANIOSUS, Ichorous.
  SANIOUS, Ichorous.
  SANITAIRE, (F.)  That which relates to
the health—as itablissement sanitaire; police
sanitaire.
  SANITA'RIUM, Sanatorium; fxoxnsanitas.
1 health.' A retreat selected for valetudinarians,
in consequence of its salubrity.  Also, an esta-
blishment for the  treatment of the sick.
   SAN'ITAS,  Hygie'a,  Hyge'a,  Hygian'sis,
Hygi'asis,  Integ'ritas, Prosper'itas  Valetu'di-
nis, Salus, Hygiei'a,  Valetu'do, Valitu'do, Va-
letu'do bonaseu secun'da seu com'moda, Hyge'i'a,
Euzoodyna'mia, Health, (F.) Santi, from sanus,
' sound.' Health has  been defined,—a state, in
which all the functions are  exerted with regu-
larity and harmony.   A person may, however,
be in health, although certain functions are not
performed.   A blind man, for example, has
health when all  his  functions, except  sight,
proceed with regularity.
   Sanitas, Cure.
   SANKIRA, Smilax China.
   SANS PAIRE, (Veine,) Azygos vein.
   SANTA  CRUZ, (CLIMATE OF.)   This
West India Island is frequently selected as a
winter retreat for the phthisical valetudinarian
from the United  States; but it does  not seem
 entitled to any preference, in such cases, over
the other islands of the West Indies, whilst its
 general salubrity is said to be less than  that of
 many.
   SANTAL, Santalum album.
   SAN'TALUM  ALBUM,  S. cit'rinum, S.
pal'lidum, Yellow Saunders, Sir'ium myrtifo'-
 Hum, (F.)  Santal.  Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Mo-
 nogynia.  The virtues of the wood of  the white 
SANTA
755
SAPONEA
 saunders reside in a volatile oil  and resinous
 principle.  The  odour is fragrant, and resem-
 bles a mixture of ambergris and roses.  It has
 been used as a stimulant and sudorific, but it is
 not now employed.  The saunders woods are
 called, collectively, in French, Santaux.
   Santalum Rubrum, Pterocarpus santalinus.
   SANTE, Sanitas.
   SANTONICUM, Artemisia santonicum.
   SANTORINI, FISSURES OF, (F.)  Inci-
 sures ou Scissures  de Santorini.  Clefts  at
 the upper and back  part of the  fibrocartila-
 ginous portion of the external ear.
   Santorini, Tubercles of.  Small  cartila-
 ginous projections  at  the top of the arytenoid
 cartilages, which support the ligaments of the
 glottis.   See Corniculum Laryngis.
   SANVE, Sinapis.
   SAPA, see Rob.
   SAPHA'D A.  Paracelsus has given this name
 to reddish scales adherent to the hair in some
 eruptions of the hairy scalp.
   SAPHAENA, Saphena.
   SAPHENA, Sapha'na, from oaipvg, 'mani-
 fest," evident.'  (F.)Sapkene.  A name given
 to two subcutaneous veins of the  lower limb.
 These are: 1. The  Great Saphena  Vein,
 Saphena interna, Tibio-malleolar,  (Ch.,) (F.)
 Grandi Veine Saphlne ou Sapkine interne. Its
 radicles occupy the inner part of the great toe,
 and form a transverse arch on the back of the
 foot, which unites with the saphena externa,
 and receives at its convex part, which is turned
 forwards, a number of branches coming from
 the toes.  These radicles, when united, ascend
 before the inner ankle, and  form  a trunk, the
 size of which  is farther increased  by  several
 branches that  proceed from  the region of the
 tarsus, and that of the metatarsus.   This trunk
 ascends vertically at the inner part of the  leg;
 passes behind the inner condyle of the femur;
 proceeds along the inner part of the thigh; re-
 ceives other subcutaneous veins,  such as th£
 abdominal  subcutaneous, the external pudic,
 &c, and  passes through the inferior opening of
 the crural canal to empty itself into the femo-
 ral vein.  2.  The  Lesser Vena  Saphena, or
 Saphena  externa; the Peroneo-malleolar  Vein
 of Chaussier, (F.) Petite Veine Saphene ou Sa-
 phene externe, commences  by  several roots,
 which are spread over  the  dorsum and outer
 side of the foot, and embrace the  outer ankle.
 Behind this, they  unite into a single trunk,
 which ascends obliquely, approaching the tendo
 Achillis,  and proceeds  vertically  towards  the
 ham to open into the popliteal vein.
   SAPHtNE, Saphena.
   SAPID, Sap'idus,  (F.) Savoureux.  Pos-
 sessed of sapidity.  Having the power of affect-
 ing the organs of taste.
   SAPIDITY, Sapor, (F.) Sapiditi, from sa-
pere, 'to  taste.'  The quality of bodies  that
gives them taste.
   SAPIN COMMUN,  Pinus picea.
   SAPIN'DUS SAPONA'RIA,Soaj» Tree,(F.)
Savonnier commun.  The name  of the plant
that affords the Soap Nuts, Sapona'ria Na'cu-
la, Bac'ca Bermuden'ses,  Soap-berries.    A
spherical  fruit about  the size of a cherry, the
cortical part of which is  yellow, glossy, and so
transparent as to show the spherical black  nut
that rattles within, and includes a white kernel.
The cortical part of this fruit, which has simi-
 lar effects with soap in washing, has been re-
 commended in chlorosis, and as a stomachic and
 deobstruent.
   SAPO, Soap, Sax. Tape, Smegma, (F.) Sa-
 von.   A product obtained by treating fatty bo-
 dies with  caustic alkalies dissolved in water.
 In the Pharmacopoeia of  the United States, it
 means Soap made with soda and olive oil.
   Yellow Soap is  formed of turpentine, oil,
 and alkali.
   Castile Soap, being made of fine olive oil,  is
 generally used internally.  The yellow and soft
 soaps are the most stimulating;  and are, conse-
 quently, best adapted for particular cutaneous
 eruptions.
   Internally,  soap is purgative and diuretic;
 externally, it is detergent and stimulant.  Soapy
 water  is used with the greatest success, in cases
 of poisoning by acids.  It is mostly applied ex-
 ternally to bruises and sprains.  In Pharmacy,
 it is used to favour the solution  of resins.
   Sapo Ac"idus, Acid Soap, is a combination
 of a fixed oil with an acid.
   Sapo Ammoniacalis, Linimentum ammoniae
 fortius—s. Ammoniae oleaceus, Linimentum
 ammoniae  fortius—s. Amygdalinus, Sapo  me-
 dicinalis—s.   Cacaotinus,   Sapo coconeus—s.
 Calcarius,  Linimentum aquae calcis—s. Casti-
 liensis, see Sapo Medicinalis.
   Sapo Coco'neus, Soap of Cocoa Nut Oil, S.
 cacaoti'nus, (F.) Savon de  cacoa, has been much
 used in Germany in herpetic affections.
   Sapo Durus, S. Hispanicus—s. Hispanicus,
 see S.  medicinalis.
   Sapo Kalicus, S.  Mollis.
   Sapo Liq'uidus, Liquid Soap, Lotio sapona'-
 cea, is  a cosmetic which is composed of olive
 oil giv, ol. tartari per deliquium gss.  Rub
 together, and add aqua rosarum gxij.
   Sapo Medicina'lis, Medic"inal Soap,Sapo
 amygdali'nus,  (F.) Savon medicinal, is made
 with oil of sweet almonds  and half its weight
 of caustic alkali or, like the Sapo Hispan'icus
 seu Castilien'sis, Spanish or Castile soap, Sapo
 durus, (F.) Savon dur, of olive oil and soda.
   Sapo Mollis, Common or Soft Soap, S. vir'-
 idis, S. n.i'ger, S. ka'licus, (F.) Savon mou,
 Savon noir, is  made of potass and oil or tallow.
 The Sapo  vulgaris,  or ' common soap' of the
 Pharm. U. S. is made with  soda and animal  oil.
   Sapo Niger, Black Soap, Melanosmeg'ma,
 is a composition of train oil and an alkali: and
 Green So av, Sapo vir'idis, ofhempseed, linseed,
 or rape oil  with an alkali.   See  Sapo Mollis.
   Sapo Vegetabilis, Pulvis gummosus alkali-
 nus—s. Viridis, Sapo mollis—s. Vulgare,  see
 Sapo Mollis.
  SAPON AIRE, Saponaria.
  SAPONA'CEOUS; Sapona'ceus; fxomSapo,
 'soap.' Soapy.  Containing soap, as Linimen-
 tum saponaceum, Soap liniment.
   SAPONA'RIA, from Sapo, 'soap.'  Soap-
 wort, Bruise-wort, Stru'thium, Lana'ria, Lych-
 nis sylves'tris, Poix'uma, (F.) Saponaire.  Fa-
 mily, Caryophylleae.  Sex.Sijst. Decandria Di-
 gynia.   A decoction  of the  leaves of this plant
 has been recommended in scrofula, cancer,  old
 syphilis, cutaneous eruptions, jaundice, visceral
obstructions, &c.  It is hardly ever used.
  Saponaria Nucul/e, see Sapindus saponaria.
  SAPO'NEA, from  Sapo, ' soap.'  A pectoral
medicine, prepared with  sweetened  syrup of
violets, and oil of sweet almonds. 
SAPONULES              75
  SAPON'ULES, Sapon'ula, (F.) Savonules.
Same etymon.  Combinations of volatile or es-
sential oils with different bases.
  Acid Saponules, are combinations  of such
oils with different acids.
  SAPOR, Sapidity, Savour.
  SAPO'TA, Acras Sapota, Oval-fruited Sa-
pota,  (F.)  Sapotier, Sapotillier.  Sex. Syst.
Hexandria Digynia.  A tree which grows in the
Antilles, and particularly at St. Domingo.   Its
fruit is much esteemed.  It resembles the mar-
malade of quinces; and hence has been called
natural marmalade.  The  seeds make an emul-
sion, which has been given in  nephritic affec-
tions.  The bark has been recommended as a
febrifuge.
  SAPOTIER, Sapota.
  SAPOTILLIER, Sapota.
  SAPROPYRA, Typhus  gravior.
  SAPROS, Putrid,  Rancid.
  SAPROS'TOMUS, from o-anqog, < foul, of a
bad odour,' and aro^x, 'mouth.'  One who has
an offensive breath.
  SAPROTES, Putrefaction.
  SAR'APUS,Sar«^ow5.  One who has a large
foot; whose toes are largely separated, or whose
feet are much asunder in walking; from o-xiqw,
' I grin,' and tovc, 'the foot.'   See Kyllosis.
  SARATO'GA, MINERAL WATERS OF.
The Saratoga  springs in New York  are ten
miles north-east from Ballston.  They contain
the same ingredients as  those of the latter
place; and are much frequented by visiters from
every part of the United States.  The following
analysis has been given of the Congress spring:
In a wine  gallon—gaseous contents:  carbonic
acid,  311 cubic inches;  atmospheric air, 7.
Solid contents.   Chloride  of sodium,  gr. 385 ;
iodide of sodium, gr. 3.5 ; bicarbonate of soda,
gr. 8.982; bicarbonate of magnesia, 95.788; car-
bonate  of  lime,  98.098;   carbonate  of iron,
5.075;  silica, 1.5;  bromide  of potassium, a
trace.   Total gr. 597.943.—Steel.
  The Walton ox Iodine spring contains chloride
of sodium, carbonate of magnesia, and iodide of
sodium.
  SARCEPIPLOCELE, Sarcoepiplocele.
  SARCEPIPLOMPHALOCELE,  Sarcoepi-
plomphacele.
  SARCEPIPLOMPHALUS,  Sarcoepiplom-
phalus.
  SARCIDIUM, Caruncle.
  SARCINA, Fcetus.
  Sar'cina  Ventric'uli, Sarcina,  < a pack,
a woolpack.'   A  microscopic  cryptogamous
plant found in the fluid of waterbrash.
  SARCION, Caruncle.
  SARCITES, Anasarca — s. Flatuosus, Em-
physema.
  SARCITIS, Myositis.
  SARCOCE'LE, Hernia  carno'sa, Schirrus
 Testic'uli, from vaqt,, 'flesh,'  and nyx*, 'a tu-
mour;' Sarco'ma scroti, (F.) Hemic charnue.
Scirrhus or cancer  of the testicle.  This dis-
ease affects adults particularly; and appears,
most  commonly, after an  inflammatory swell-
ing of the testicle.  Sometimes it is dependent
upon a blow; at others, it makes its appearance
without  any appreciable  cause.  It  is well
known  by a hard,  heavy, ovoid  or spherical
swelling of the testicle, which is, at first, slight-
ly, or not at all painful, and merely causes an
unpleasant traction  on the  spermatic  cord.
.6             SARCOPHAGUS

 There is  no heat or change of colour of the
 skin; the  spermatic cord is swollen, and parti-
 cipates in the affection : very painful shootings
 occur:  the lymphatic glands of the abdomen
 become swollen, and form atumour,which may,
 at times, be felt through the  abdomen; and the
 patient, at length, dies with every sign of the
 cancerous diathesis.  The prognosis is very un-
 favourable.  The only means, indeed, that can
 save life is the extirpation of the testicle.
   SARCOCOL'LA,(F.)CoWe-^a8>,from<rap.-,
 ' flesh,' and noXXa, < glue.'  A resinous matter,
 obtained from  Pena'a Sarcocolla,  P.  mucro-
 na'ta, and other species of Penaea.  An African
 shrub, which has been so called from a belief
 that it facilitates the consolidation of flesh.  It
 is in the form of small, oblong, semitransparent
 globules,  of a yellowish or  reddish blue,  and
 smells like aniseed.  It was once employed as
 an astringent and detergent.
   SARCODES, Carneous.
   SARCOEFlPLOCE'LE,Sarcepiploce'le,fxom
 o-aq^, 'flesh,' tnnrXoov, 'theepiploon,' and xr]Xi\,
 ' a tumour.'  Epiplocele,  complicated with sar-
 coma or sarcocele.
   SARCOEPIPLOM'PHALUS, Sarcepiplom'-
 phalus,Sarcepiplomphaloce'le,fxom o-aei.,'flesh,'
 tmrrXoov, ' the epiploon,'  and opyaxoc, ' the na-
 vel.'   Umbilical hernia, formed by scirrhous
 epiploon or complicated with sarcoma.
   SARCOHYDROCELE, Hydro-sarcocele.
   SARCOLEM'MA, Sarcole'ma, from o-ap?,
 ' flesh,' and Xept/ua, ' a coat.'  The sheath which
 surrounds the fibrils of muscle that form a fibre.
 It is quite distinct from the cellular  membrane
 that binds'the fibres  into fasciculi.—Bowman.
 See Perymisium.
   SARCOLOGIA, Myology,
   SARCOL'OGY, Sarcolog"ia, from e-ac-:,
 ' flesh,' and Xoyog,' a discourse.'  The part of
 anatomy which treats of the soft parts. It com-
 prises  myology, angiology, neurology,  and
 splanchnology.
   SARCO'MA, Emphy'ma Sarcoma, Sarcoma-
 tous tumour, Sarco'sis, Porrus, Sarcophy'ia,
 Ecsarco'ma, Exsarco'ma, Tumor car'neus,  Ex-
 crescen'tia carno'sa,  Pol'ypus carno'sus, from
 <raq:,  ' flesh.'   Any species of  excrescence
 having a fleshy consistence.
   Common  Vascular or Organized Sarcoma
 of Abernethy, Emphy'ma Sarcoma Vasculo'-
 sum, is vascular throughout: texture simple:
 when bulky, mapped on the  surface with arbo-
 rescent veins.  Found over  the  body and limbs
 generally.
   Sarcoma, Carcinomatous, Scirrhus—s. Cer-
 cosis, see Cercosis—s. Epulis, Epulis—s. Mas-
 toid, Mammary sarcoma — s.  Medullare, see
 Encephaloid—s. Medullary, Encephaloid,  Hae-
 matodes fungus—s.  Pulpy,  Haematodes fungus
 —s. Scroti, Sarcocele.
   SARCOMATEUX, Sarcomatous.
   SARCOMATODES,  Sarcomatous.
   SARCOMATOSUS, Sarcomatous.
   SARCOMATOUS,  Sarcomato'sus,  Sarco'-
 mato'des, (F.) Sarcomateux. Belonging to, or
 having the characters of sarcoma.
   SARCOMPHALUM, Sarcomphalus.
   SARCOM'PHALUS, Sarcom'phalum, from
 o-'^o?, ' flesh,' and o^ipaxog, ' the  navel.'  A scir-
 rhous  ox fleshy tumour, developed at the navel.
   SARCOMYCES, Sarcospongus.
   SARCOPHAGUS, Carnivorous,  Catheretic. 
SARCOPHYIA
757
SAVON
  SARCOPHYIA, Excrescence, Sarcoma.
  SARCOPTE, Acarus.
  SARCOPTES SCABIEI, see Psora.
  SARCOPYO'DES, from  <t»p$, 'flesh,' nvov,
'pus,'  and tt$os, 'resemblance.'   Having the
appearance of pus mixed with flesh.  An epi-
thet given to certain excreted matters, and par-
ticularly to the sputa of those labouring under
consumption.
  SARCO'SIS, from <rag\,' flesh.'  The forma-
tion of flesh.   Also, sarcoma.
  Sarco'sis  Bulbi, Exophthal'mia fungo'sa
seu sarcomat'ica.  A fleshy  growth from the
lobe of the eye.
  SARCOSPONG'US, Sarcomy'ces; from <r*e£,
' flesh,' and o-iroyyog, 'fungus.' A fleshy fungus.
  SARCOSTOSIS, Osteo-sarcoma.
  SARCOTICUS, Incamans.
  SARCOUS,  from o-aqi,  'flesh.'  Of,  or be-
longing to flesh or muscle—as 'sarcous tissue.'
  SARDIASIS,Canine laugh, Risus sardonicus.
  SARDONIASIS, Canine laugh, Risus sardo-
nicus.
  SARE, Essera.
  SARRASIN,  Polygonum fagopyrum.
  SARRETE, Trismus infantum.
  SARRIETE, Satureia hortensis—s. de Crite,
Satureia capitata.
   SARSA, Smilax sarsaparilla.
   SARSAPARILLA, Smilax S.—s. False, Ara-
lia nudicaulis.
   Sarsaparil'la German'ica, Gramen major,
G. rubrum,  Salsaparil'la Germanica,  Carex
Arena1 ria, (F.) Laiche, L. des Sables, Salse-
pareille  d'Allemagne.  Family, Cyperoideae.
Sex. Syst. Moncecia Triandria. A plant, which
 grows plentifully on the sea-coasts of Europe.
 It has been recommended in some mucous affec-
 tions  of the trachea,  in rheumatism, gout, &c.
   Sarsaparilla, Indian, Hemidesmus Indicus.
   SARTAPARILLA, Smilax sarsaparilla.
   SARTORIUS, from Sartor, 'a tailor,' be-
cause used in  crossing the  legs;  Suto'rius,
 Longis'simus Fem'oris, Fascia'lis, F. Longus
seu sutor'ius,  (F.) Il'io-cresti-tibial, Ilio-pri-
tibial, (Ch.) Couturier.  A muscle, situate at the
anterior part  of the thigh.  It is long, small,
 and flattened, and extends, obliquely, from the
 anterior and superior spine of the ilium to the
 superior and inner part of the tibia.  This mus-
 cle can, also, bend the pelvis on the thigh, and
 conversely.
   SARX, Flesh, Pulp.
   SARZA, Smilax sarsaparilla.
   SASSAFRAS, Laurus sassafras—s. Medullas,
 see Laurus  sassafras—s.  Radicis  cortex, see
 Laurus sassafras—s. Swamp, Magnolia  glauca.
   SAT'ELLITE, Satelles. That which guards:
 —that which is placed near.
   Satellite Veins are those that accompany
 arteries.
   SATHE, Penis.
   SATIES, Satiety.
   SATIETAS, Plesmone.                .
   SATI'ETY,  Sati'etas,  Satu'ritas,  baties,
 Satura'tio, PI ethos,  Plesmone,  from satiare,
 (itself from satis,' enough,') 'to give enough.
 Disgust for food; commonly  produced by reple-
 tion.
   SATIN, Lunaria rediviva.
   SATURANS, Absorbent (medicine).
   SATURATIO, Satiety, Saturation.
   SATURATION,  Satura'tio,  from  satis,
'enough.'   The state of a compound in which
its elements are combined in such proportions
that a fresh quantity of either cannot be added
without producing excess.
  SATUREI'A  HORTEN'SIS, Satureia, S.
sati'va, Cuni'la sativaPlin'ii, Thymbra, Sum--
mer Sa'vory, (F.) Sarriete.  Family, Labiatae.
Sex. Syst. Didynamia  Gymnospermia.  An
aromatic plant, cultivated for culinary purposes.
It has been used, as an excitant, in anorexia,
anaphrodisia, &c.
  Satureia Capita'ta, Ciliated Sa'vory, Thy-
mus,  Thymus sylves'tris,  Thymus Cret'icus,
Cuni'la, (F.)  Sarrilte de  Crite.   Possesses
similar properties to thyme.
  Satureia Origanoides, Cunila mariana—
s. Sativa, S. hortensis.
  SATU RITAS, Satiety.
  SATURNI DULCEDO, Plumbi superacetas.
  SATURNI'NUS, Sat'urnine; fxom Saturnus,
' lead.' Medicines containing lead.
  SATURNISM'US, Intoxica'tio  saturni'na;
from  Saturnus, ' lead.'  Poisoning by lead.
Lead  poisoning.
  SATURNUS, Plumbum.
  SATYRI'ASIS, from 2*Tupof, 'a Satyr;' be-
cause the Satyrs are said to have been greatly
addicted to venery.  Satyrias'mus, Satyris'-
mus,Priapis'mus,Salac"itas,Bracku'na,Aras'-
con, Satyriasis furens, Lagne'sis Salac"itas,
 Lagnesis furor masculi'nus, Lagne'a, Lagni'a,
 Lagno'sis,Lasciv'ia, Lasciv'itas, Tenti'go vere'-
tri.   An irresistible desire, in man,  to  have
frequent connexion  with females, accompanied
 by the power of doing so without exhaustion.
 The causes are commonly obscure.  Sometimes,
 the abuse  of  aphrodisiacs has  occasioned  it.
 The principal symptoms are:—almost constant
 erection;  irresistible and almost insatiable de-
 sire for venery; frequent nocturnal pollutions.
 Cold lotions ; the cold bath; a mild diet; active
 exercise, &c, are the only means that can be
 adopted for its removal.
   Satyriasis Furens,  Satyriasis.
   SATYR1ASMUS, Satyriasis.
   SATYRION, Orchis mascula.
   SATYRISMUS,  Satyriasis.
   SATYRIUM, Goodyera pubescens.
   SAUCE-ALONE, Alliaria.
   SAUCE, GREEN, Rumex scutatus.
   SAUER KRAUT  (G.), 'Sour  Cabbage.'
 (F.)   Ckou-croute.   A culinary  preparation,
 made with chopped cabbage, left to  attain an
 incipient state  of acetous fermentation.  It is
 reputed by the Germans to be salubrious, easy
 of digestion, and eminently antiscorbutic.
   SAUGE, Salvia—s. des Bois, Teucrium scor-
 dium—s. Hormin, Salvia horminum—s. de Ji-
 rusalem, Pulmonaria.
   SAULE, Salix.
   SAUMURE, Muria.
   SAUNDERS, RED, Pterocarpus santalinus
 —s. Tree, Pterocarpus santalinus—s. Yellow,
 Santalum album.
   SAURA, Lizard.
   SAUSAGE POISON, Allantotoxicum.
   SAUT, Leap.
   SAUVE-VIE, Asplenium ruta muraria.
   SAVEUR,  Savour.
   SAVINE, Juniperus sabina.
   SAVINIER, Juniperus sabina.
   SAVON Sapo—*•  Ammoniacal,  Linimen-
 tum ammoniae fortius—*. Cacao, Sapo coconeus 
SAVONNIER COMMUN        758               SCALENUS
 —s. Calcaire, Linimentum aquae calcis—s. Dur,
 Sapo durus—s. Medicinal, Sapo medicinalis—
 *. Mou, Sapo mollis—*. Noir, Sapo mollis.
   SAVONNIER COMMUN, Sapindus sapo-
 naria.
   SAVONULE, Saponulus.
   SAVONULUS, Saponulus.
   SAVORY, CILIATED, Satureia capitata—
 s. Summer, Satureia hortensis.
   SAVOUR,Sapor, Taste, (F.) Saveur. Quality
 of bodies, by which they act upon the sense of
 taste.  The  taste is not the same in all sapid
 bodies.  It may be sweet, bitter, metallic.
   Chymists, at times, avail themselves of  this
 quality of bodies to analyze an unknown sub-

   SAVOUREUX, Savoury.
   SAVOURY", Sap'idus, (F.) Savoureux. An
 epithet given  to bodies that  have taste;  and
 particularly  to those that excite a very agreea-
 ble  impression on the organ of taste.
   SAVOY AN, Galium  verum.
   SAW, Prion, Serra,  (Dan.)  Sawe, (Sax.)
 raja, (F.) Scie.  A  surgical instrument made
 like a common saw; and used for  sawing the
 bones in amputation's, or for removing exosto-
 ses, &c.  Saws of different sizes and shapes are
 used in surgery.  The  crown of the trepan is
 nothing more than a species of circular saw.
   Saw, Amputa'tion, Serra amputato'ria. The
 saw used in amputation.
   Saw, Hey's.  An instrument  used  by Mr.
 Hey of Leeds in fractures of the cranium.   It
 consists of a long handle, to which a small saw
 with a convex, or straight edge is attached,  and
 by which a piece of bone of any shape may be
 removed.  With the trephine, the saw  must
 always be circular.
   SAW PALMETTO,  Chamaerops serratula
 —s. Wort, Liatris.
   SAXIFRAGA, Pimpinella saxifraga—s. An-
 glica, Peucedanum silaus.
   Saxif'raga Crassifo'lia.  Family, Saxifra-
 ges. Sex. Syst. Decandria Digynia. The root
 of this species of saxifrage has been extolled
 by Pallas, as pre-eminently antiseptic.
   Saxifraga Granula'ta, S. alba, Sanic'ula,
 Sedum, White sax'ifrage,(F.) Saxifragegranu-
 lie.   Recommended as diuretic and lithontrip-
 tic;  but not used.
  Saxifraga Rubra,  Spiraea filipendula—s.
 Vulgaris,  Peucedanum silaus.
  SAXIFRAGE, BURNET, Pimpinella saxi-
 fraga—s.  Granulie,   Saxifraga  granulata—s.
 Meadow, Peucedanum silaus—s. White,  Saxi-
 fraga granulata.
  SAXIFRAGUS, Lithontriptic.
  SAXON'ICUS  PULVIS.   A  powder, pre-
 pared with the roots of the wild and cultivated
 angelica; the asclepias  vincetoxicum, &c.   It
 was  considered  formerly  as  an antidote.—
 Pharm. Aug.
  SCAB, from  Sca'bies, and scabere, ' to dig.'
 An  incrustation  which forms  upon a  sore,
 owing to the  concretion of the fluid discharged
from it.  An eschar.
  Scabby or Scabbed ; covered or diseased with
 scabs.
  SCABIES, Psora—s.  Agria, Lichen—s. Ca-
pitis, Porrigo lupinosa,  Porrigo scutulata—s.
Capitis favosa, Porrigo favosa—s. Fera, Ecthy-
ma—s. Ferina, Psoriasis—s. Papuliformis, Pru-
 rigo—s. Sicca, Lichen—s. Sicca, Psoriasis—s.
 Venerea contagiosa, Scherlievo.
   SCABIEUSE ORDINAIRE, Scabiosa.
   SCABIOLA, Scabies.
   SCABIO'SA, S. Arven'sis, Field Sca'bious,
 (F.)  Scabieuse ordinaire.  Family, Dipsaceae.
 Sex.  Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia.  The plant
 is bitter and  subastringent, and was  formerly
 used  in the  cure of leprous  affections and dis-
 eased lungs.
   Scabiosa Arvensis, Scabiosa—s. Carduifolia,
 Echinops.
   Scabiosa Succi'sa, Succisa, Morsus Diab'oli,
 Devil's bit, (F.) Mors du Diable, has similar
 properties.
   SCABIOUS,   Erigeron  Philadelphicum—s.
 Field, Scabiosa—s. Sweet,  Erigeron hetero-
 phyllum.
   SCABISH,  CEnothera biennis.
   SCABRITIES, Lichen.
   SCALA,  'a ladder.'  A machine  formerly
 used for reducing dislocations of the humerus.
   Scal.e of the Coch'lea, Gyri seu Ductus
 spira'les seu Cana'les cochlea, (F.) Rampes ou
 Echelles  du Limacon—are the cavities in the
 cochlea, separated from each other by the spiral
 septum.  The one—Scala inter'na seu poste'-
 rior seu inferior coch'lex, S. Tym'pani—would
 communicate with the cavitas tympani by the
 fenestra rotunda, were it not for the membrane
 that closes it.   The other—Scala exter'na sen
 ante'rior seu superior coch'lea, S. vestib'uli—
 opens  into  the cavity  of  the vestibule.  The
 scalae  communicate  with  each other by an
 opening at the top of the partition.
  Scala  Anterior  Cochleae,  see  Scala—s.
 Clausa, see Scala—s.  Externa cochleae, see
 Scala—s. Inferior cochleae, see Scala—s. Inte-
 rior cochleae, see Scala—s. Posterior  cochleae.
 see Scala—s. Superior  cochleae, see  Scala—s.
 Tympani, see  Cochlea and Scala—s. Vestibuli,
 see Cochlea and Scala.
  SCALE, Squama, Lepis,  (F.) Ecaille.  An
 opake  and thickened lamina of cuticle;  com-
 monly produced by some  degree of inflamma-
 tion of the true skin, over which it is formed.
  Scale, Dry, Psoriasis.
  Scaly  Diseases or Squama, Lepido'ses, from
 the second  order in Willan and Bateman's
 system of cutaneous diseases.
  SCALENE ANTERIEUR, Scalenus anticus
 —s. Postirieur, Scalenus posticus.
  SCALE'NUS;  ' irregular or unequal.'  Geo-
 meters employ this word to designate a triangle
 whose three sides are unequal.   Anatomists
have given the name to two muscles.  1. Sca-
lenus Anti'cus, Portion of the Costo-trackelian,
 (Ch.) (F.) Scalene antirieur, is situate at the
 lateral and inferior parts of the neck.   It is
 long and triangular;  and is inserted, below, at
the upper surface of the first rib; and, above,
at the anterior tubercle of the transverse pro-
 cesses of the 3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th cervical ver-
 tebrae.  This muscle bends the neck, and draws
 it to its side.  It can also raise the first rib.
2. Scalenus Posti'cus, (F.) Scalane postirieur,
Portion of the Costo-trackelian, (Ch.,) is situ-
ate  behind the  last.   It is also long and trian-
gular; but more bulky than the S. anticus.  It
 is attached, below, to the outer surface of the
 first two ribs; and terminates, above, at the
summit of the transverse processes of the last
six  vertebrae of the neck.  This muscle bends 
SCALL
759
SCAPULA
the neck laterally, and can elevate the first two
ribs.   Some anatomists, as Albinus and Som-
mering, have described five scaleni muscles on
each side, and have called them Scalenus prior,
S. min'imus, S. latera'lis, S. me'dius, S. pos-
ti'cus.  Riolan and Chaussier only describe one
scalenus muscle  on each  side.  Cowper  and
Douglas, and the generality of the English ana-
tomists, admit three, S. anti'cus, me'dius, and
posti'cus; or Primus, secun'dus, and ter'tius;—
Winslow, Boyer  and many of the French ana-
tomists,—two, as above described.
  SCALL,  Impetigo—s. Asbestos, see Eczema
of the hairy scalp—s. Dry, Psoriasis—s. Honey-
comb, Porrigo favosa—s. Milky, Porrigo larvalis
—s. Running, Impetigo—s.  Running,  Eczema
—s. Washerwoman's, Psoriasis  diffusa.
  SCALLED HEAD, Porrigo scutulata.
  SCALP,  Teut. Schelpe, 'a shell.'  The
integuments covering  the  head.   The hairy
scalp is called, also, Capillit"ium, Tricho'ton,
(F.) Chevelure.
  SCALPEL, Scalpel'lum,  Scalpel'lus, Cul-
ter,  Inciso'rium,  Smi'leon;  from  scalpo,  ' I
rasp, I cut.'  A cutting instrument, formed of
a blade of well-tempered steel, very sharp, of
variable shape and  size, and fixed  solidly in a
handle.  Its use is to divide the soft  parts in
operations,  dissection, &c.
  SCALPELLUM,  Scalpel—s. Lenticulare,
Phacopis.
  SCALPELLUS, Bistouri, Scalpel.
  SCALPEUM, Bistouri.
  SCALPRUM, Raspatorium—s. Chirurgicum,
Lancet.
  Scalprum Denta'rium, Lima denta'ria.  A
tooth file.   A file used by the dentist.
  Scalprum Rasorium, Raspatorium.
  SCAMMA, Fossa.
  SCAMMONEE   D'ALEP,  Convolvulus
scammonia.
  SC AMMONIUM, see Convolvulus scammo-
nia—s. Syriacum, Convolvulus scammonia.
  SCAMMONY, Convolvulus scammonia—s.
of Montpellier, Cynanchum Monspeliacum.
  SCAMNON HIPPOCRATIS, Bathron.
  SCAMNUM HIPPOC'RATIS, Bathron Hip-
pocrati'on of Galen, (F.) Banc d'Hippocrate. A
machine invented by Hippocrates for reducing
fractures.   It was a sort of bed, six feet long;
on which the patient was fixed.  Straps were
attached above and below the fracture  or luxa-
tion, and extension and  counter-extension were
effected by a winch.  It is described in Galen,
Oribasius, Scultetus, &c.
  SCANDIX, S. cerefolium.
  Scandix  Cerefo'lium, Scandix, Scandyx,
Pecten Ven'eris, Cerefolium, Daucus Seprin'ius,
Charophyl'lum, Ch. Sativum, Autkris'cus  ce-
refolium, Chxrefo'lium, Chervil, (F.) Cerfeuil.
Family, Umbelliferae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria
Digynia.  A culinary herb,  which is  slightly
aromatic and grateful.  It is said to be gently
aperient and diuretic.
  Scandix Odora'ta; Sweet Cic"ely.  Proper-
ties the same as the other.  Also, Chserophyl-
lum odoratum.
  SCANDULARIUS MUSCULUS, Parathe-
nar, Transversus  pedis.
  SCANDYX, Scandix  cerefolium.
  SCAPHA, Scaphus, 'a skiff or cock-boat;'
from oxairw,' I make hollow.' The excavation
or cavity of the external ear, between the helix
 and anthelix.   The meatus auditorius externus.
 The rima vulvae.  Also the name of a bandage
 for the head,  mentioned by Galen, and called
 likewise, Tkolus Diode'us.
   SCAPHIA, Nates.
   SCAPHION, Cranium, Papaver (Capsule.)
   SCA'PHIUM OCULA RE, Pelvis Oculdris,
 Eye-glass, (F.) Bassin oculaire, Gondole ocu-
 laire,  (Eilliere.  A small porcelain  glass or
 metallic vessel used for applying lotions to
 the eye.
   SCAPHO-CARPQ-SUPER-PHALANGEUS
 POLLICIS, Abductor pollicis brevis.
   SCAPHOID, Scaphoi'des, from oxaipr], ' a
 skiff,'  and  udog,  ' form.'  A name  given to
 several parts.
   Scaphoid Fossa, Fossa Scapko'i'des, (F.) En-
foncement Scapko'ide.  A small cavity at the
 upper  part of  the internal ala of the pterygoid
 process, in which  the peristaphylinus internus
 is attached.
   Scaphoid Bone of the Hand, Os Scaphoides
 Manus, Os naviculars, Os cymbifor'me, Boat-
 like bone, (F.) Scapko'ide de la main.  The
 first bone of the first row of the carpus.  The
 upper surface is convex, and articulated with the
 radius.  The under and outer surfaces are also
 convex,—to be articulated with the trapezium
 and trapezoides.  Between the upper and under
 cartilaginous surfaces there is a rough fossa for
 the insertion of the capsular  ligament.  The
 anterior and inner surface has an oval cavity,
 where it is articulated with the os magnum,
 which gives name to the bone.   There is a
process on the outer end of the bone, for the
 attachment  of part of the anterior transverse
 ligament of the wrist.
   Scaphoid Bone of the Foot, Os Scaphoides
 Pedis, Os navicula're, Os cymbifor'me, Boat-
 like bone, (F.) Scapko'ide du Pied.  This bone
 is situate at the forepart  of the astragalus and
 inner part of the foot.   The posterior surface
 forms a cavity, somewhat like that of a  boat,
 for receiving the head of the astragalus. There
 is a prominence at the inner side of the bone,
 for the insertion of tendons, muscles, and strong
 ligaments.  The forepart of the bone is convex,
 and divided  into three articular surfaces for ar-
 ticulation with the ossa cuneiformia.  Between
the os  naviculare and astragalus, the foot has its
 principal lateral and rotary motions; although
 each of the other joints of the tarsus contributes
a little.  Part of the tibialis posticus is inserted
 into it.
   SCAPHOIDE  DE  LA  MAIN,  Os sca-
phoides manus—s.du Pied. Os scaphoides pedis.
   SCAPHOIDO-ASTRAG'ALAN,.Sc^/io;^o-
astragala'nus.   That which relates to the sea
phoid bone and astragalus. The articulation of
these bones is so called; and the ligament which
strengthens  it  is termed the  Scapho'ido-astra-
galan ligament.
   SCAVFlOlTiO-CUmTD.Scapkoido-cuboida'-
us.  That which relates to the scaphoid and
cuboid'bones.   The articulation of those bones
is  so called.
   SCAPHULA, Navicularis fossa.
   SCAPHUS,  Auditory canal, external, Rima
vulvae, Scapha.
   SCAP'ULA, Scap'ulum, Plata, Omopla'ta,
Homoplata,  Scop'tula,  Epino'tion, Lalitu'do
hu'meri,  Omop'lat?, Os latum hu'meri, Scutum
thora'cis seu cordis, Spath'ula,Pteryg'ium,Che- 
SCAPULAR
760
SCARLATINA
lo'nium, Spat'ula; the Blade-bone, the Shoulder-
blade, (F.) Omoplate.  An irregular, broad, flat
bone, of a triangular shape, situate at the pos-
terior part of the shoulder.   It has, 1. A pos-
terior  or  dorsal  surface  or Dorsum,  Testu'do
scap'ula, divided transversely into two parts,
by a triangular  process, called  Spine of the
Scapula; which  terminates by a  considerable
eminence, called Acromion.  Above the spine,
is the Fossa supraspinata; below  it, the  F.
infraspinata.  2. An anterior or costal surface,
or venter, forming the Fossa subscapulars.  3.
A superior or cervical edge, which is thin, and
terminates, anteriorly, by a strong, curved apo-
physis, called the coracoid process.  4. A pos-
terior or vertebral edge, called, also,  the base.
5. An outer or axillary or inferior edge, having
a thick, truncated angle, in which is the glenoid
cavity.  With this is articulated the head of the
humerus. The glenoid cavity is separated from
the body of the bone by a narrower part, called
the cervix or neck.   The edges or margins are,
also, called costx.  The scapula has three angles
—an inferior, superior, and anterior.
   Scapula, Humerus.
   ScapuljE Nasi, Partes latera'les nasi.  The
lateral  parts of the nose.
   SCAP'ULAR, Scap'ulary, Scapula'ris, from
scapula, ' the shoulder-blade.'  That which re-
lates  or belongs to the scapula.
   Scapular  Aponeurosis.   A  broad, thin,
aponeurosis, with decussating  fibres; which is
attached, above,  to  the spine of  the scapula;
below, to a crest between the teres  major and
infra-spinatus; within, to  the spinal edge of the
scapula; and which, at its middle, unites with
the thin aponeurosis that covers a part of the
external surface of the deltoid.
   Scapular  Arteries.   These  are  several.
a. The Superior scapular, Superficial scapular
of  Sommering,  Dorsa'lis scapula   superior,
Transversa'lis  scapulae,  T. Hu'meri.  This
arises from the subclavian; and often from the
inferior thyroid, or from a trunk  common to it
and the posterior scapular or transverse scapu-
lar or cervical.   It passes behind the clavicle,
above the superior edge of the scapula, and bu-
ries  itself between  the dorsal surface Of that
bone and  the muscles inserted into it.  b. The
inferior scapular or common scapular or inter-
nal scapular or subscapular artery, A. Thorac1'-
ica axilla'ris vel ala'ris, is of considerable size.
It arises  from the inferior part of the axillary
artery, behind  the brachial plexus — gives  off
several branches  to the armpit, and divides into
two  branches:—the one,  Scapula'ris interna,
and the smaller of the two, is distributed, almost
entirely, to the serratus major anticus, and  la-
tissimus dorsi; the other, the larger of the two,
the Dorsa'lis Scap'ulx inferior vel Circumflex'a
Scapula'ris, which distributes its branches to
the subscapular and supra-spinal, and infra-spi-
nal regions.
  Scapular Notch, see Notch, scapular.
  Scapular Veins follow the same course as
the arteries, which they accompany.
  SCAPULARE, Scapulary.
  SCAP'ULARY, Scapula're, Fascia Scapula'-
ris, from  scapula.  A  broad, linen  bandage,
divided into two tails for three quarters of  its
length,  the undivided extremity  of which is
attached to the posterior  and  middle part of a
bandage carried round the body;  the  tails pass-
ing over the shoulders; and being attached to
the anterior part of the body bandage, to pre
vent it from slipping down.
  SCAP'ULO-HU'MLRAL. An epithet given
to the shoulder-joint.  It is an orbicular articu-
lation, resulting from the reception of the head
of the humerus into the glenoid  cavity of the
scapula.  To  keep the bones in  connexion,
there are : I. A very strong, conoidal capsular
ligament; passing from the circumference of
the glenoid  cavity around the neck  of the hu-
merus.   2. A fibrocartilaginous  ring, called
the glenoid ligament, and a synovial capsule.
  SCAPULO-HUM/iRAL, Teres  major—s.
Humiro-olicranien, Triceps extensor cubiti—
s. Hyo'idien,  Omohyoideus—s. Radial, Biceps
flexor cubiti—s. Trochitirien, grand, Infra-spi-
natus.
  SCAPUS, Penis.
  SCARAB^EOLUS HEMISPHiERICUS,
Coccus  cacti.
  SCARBOROUGH,  MINERAL WATERS
OF.  Scarborough Spa.  A celebrated English
chalybeate, at Scarborough, in Yorkshire.   One
of the  springs is a simple, carbonated chaly-
beate, like that of Tunbridge : the other has an
admixture of purging salt. Scarborough, having
the additional advantage of sea-bathing, is much
frequented by invalids.
  SCARDAMYG'MUS, Scardamyx'is,  (F.)
Clignement,  from  a-Kaqdxuvoonv, 'to wink.'
Winking, nictation.
   SCARIFICATION, Scarifica'tio, (Galen,)
Amyx'is, Schasis, Catacas'mus, Catackas'mus,
Amyg'mus, Schasmus, Encharax'is, from o-xt-
qt<pxa/uat, 'to make a slight scratch.'  The act
of scarifying.   Also, a small incision, Am'ycke
made into the skin with a lancet, bistoury, oi
scarificator, for different therapeutical purposes,
—as to draw  blood, or to  discharge some  ef-
fused fluid.  When  the scarifications are  very
superficial, and do not go farther than the  skin,
they are termed by the French, Moucketures.
  SCAR'IFICATOR, Scarificato'rium, Schas- 4*
te'rium.   An instrument for making scarifica-
tions.   It consists  of a small brass box, of a
cubical  shape, in which 10 or 12 lancet points
turn upon a  common pivot.  By means of a
spring, all these blades can be made  to issue at
once, and make as many scarifications.
  SCARIFICATORIUM, Scarificator.
  SCARIOLA, Cichorium endivia,  Lactuca
scariola.
  SCARIOLE, Cichorium  endivia.
  SCARLATA, Scarlatina.
  SCARLATI'NA, from scarlatto (I.), 'a deep
red.'   Scarlata,  Enantke'sis Rosa'lia, Rosa'-
lia,Rossa'lia, R.squamo'sa,Rosa'lix,Rube'olse,
of some, Morbil'li ig'nei, M. confluences, Mor-
bus scarlatino'sus,  Febris  scarlatina'sa,  Gut'-
turis morbus epidem!icus Forest'i,Pur'pura, Ty-
phus scurlati'nus, Febris rubra, Scarlet Fever,
Rash-fever, Porphyris mus, Porpkyrisma, (F.)
Fievre rouge,  F. pourprie.  The  characteristic
symptoms of scarlatina are:—a scarlet flush, ap-
pearing about the second day of fever on the face,
neck, and fauces ; and progressively spreading
over the body; terminating about the 7th day.
Two great varieties may be reckoned;—the S.
simplex, S. febris, S. benig'na, S. sine angi'nd,m
which the fever is moderate and terminates with
the efflorescence; prostration of strength  being
trifling, and the contagious property slight;— 
SCARLET  BERRY            761                SCHOOL
and the S. Angino'sa, S. Paristkmit'ica, S. Cy-
nanch'ica, S. mit"ior, in which the fever is se-
vere ; the throat ulcerated; the eruption later
in its appearance, and less extensive;  often
changing to a livid hue; the fever being highly
contagious.  Scarlatina malig'na, S. gra'vior,
has been reckoner! a variety of this, in its  worst
degree.   It agrees with the Cynanche maligna
of Cullen.                               s
   Scarlatina belongs to the Major exanthemata,
and  is a  disease,  chiefly,  of children.   The
eruption differs from measles, in being an efflo-
rescence not raised  above the cuticle.   Mea-
sles, too, is attended with catarrhal symptoms,
whilst the complication,  in scarlatina, is  cy-
nanche.   The treatment of simple  scarlatina
need not be much.   It must be antiphlogistic.
If the throat be very much ulcerated, acid gar-
gles and counter-irritants must be employed;
and if the affection become manifestly typhoid,
and  the  sore throat of a malignant  character,
the case must be treated like typhus gravior;
along with antiseptic gargles of bark, acid, &c.
Anasarca sometimes  supervenes on scarlatina,
and  requires attention.  Purgatives are here
demanded  as well as  the use of sorbefacients,
such as mercury and squill, &c.
   Scarlatina  Anginosa,  see Scarlatina—s.
Benigna,  see Scarlatina — s.  Cynanchica, see
Scarlatina—s. Febris, see Scarlatina—s. Gra-
vior, see Scarlatina—s. Mitior, see Scarlatina—
s. Miliaris, Rubeola—s. Paristhmitica, see Scar-
latina—s. Pustulosa, Rubeola—s. Rheumatica,
Dengue—s. sine Angina, see Scarlatina—s. Ur-
ticata, Urticaria.
   SCARLET BERRY, Solanum dulcamara.
   SCARLET FEVER, Scarlatina.
   SCATACRASIA, Scoracrasia.
   SCATACRATIA, Scoracrasia.
   SCELAL'GIA,  from o-xsfcor, 'the leg,' and
aXyog, ' pain.'   Pain of the leg.
   Scelalgia  Puerperarum,  Phlegmatia  do-
lens.
   SCELETEU'SIS.   Mummification.   Also,
the  mode of making a skeleton,  Skeletopa'a,

   SCELETOLOGIA, Skeletology.
   SCELETON, Skeleton.
   SCELETOPCEA, Sceleteusis.
   SCELETUM, Skeleton—s.  Artificiale, see
Skeleton—s.  Naturale, see Skeleton.
   SCELONCUS, Phlegmatia dolens.
   SCELORRHEU'MA, Rheumatis'mus cruris,
from o-KtXog,  'the  leg,' and  qtv^n, 'defluxion,
rheumatism.'   Rheumatism of the leg.
   SCELOS, Leg.
   SCELOTYRBE, Chorea,  Porphyra nautica
—s. Febrilis, see Subsultus tendinum—s. Fes-
linans,  Paralysis  agitans — s. Tarantismus,
Chorea.
   SCEPARNON, Amnios, Ascia.
   SCEPASTERIUM, Couvrechef.
   SCEPASTRUM, Couvrechef.
   SCEPTRUM, Penis.
   SCHASIS, Scarification.
   SCHASMUS, Scarification.
   SC IIASTERION, Fleam, Lancet, Scarifica-
tor.
   SCHEBA ARABUM, Artemisia  santonica.
   SCHERBET', Sherbet',  Serbet',  Tscherbet,
Sorbe'tkum, Sorbet'tum,  Sorbe'tum.  A  drink
prepared  by  the Turks,  Persians,  &c, with
sugar and the juice of acid fruits.
        49
|   SCHERLIEVO, Mai di Scherlievo, Mai di
 Breno, Mai di Fiume, Margaretizza, Morbus
 Croatus,Framba'sia Illyr'ica, M.fluminien'sis,
 Falcadina, Malo di Scarlievo, Scabies venerea
 contagio'sa.  A name given to a particular form
 of syphilis, observed in  Illyria.  It is said to
 be capable of being communicated without im-
 mediate contact; and, that its principal symp-
 toms are;—pains in the bones, ulceration of the
 fauces, pustules, and  fungous growths in diffe-
 rent parts of the body.
   SCHERO'MA.   A dryness of the  eye from
 the want of lachrymal secretion.—Dictionaries.
   SCHIAS, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea.
   SCHIDAKE'DON, Schidace'dum,  Schinda-
 ce'dum, Schindal'amus, Schindal'mus, from oxi-
 to), ' I cleave.'  A longitudinal fracture of a
 bone.—Galen.
   SCHINDACEDUM, Schidakedon.
   SCHINDALAMUS, Schidakedon,  Schindy-

   SCHINDALESIS, Schindylesis.
   SCHINDALMUS,  Schidakedon, Schindyle-
 sis.
   SCHINDYLESIS, Schindale'sis, Schindal'-
 amus, Sckindal'mus.  An articulation of bones
 —by  furrowing, as it were; as  in  that of the
 vomer, which constitutes, in part,  the septum
 narium.   Also, the act of splitting into small
 pieces; from a-<%iv8vxta>,  ' I split  into  small
 pieces.'—Hippocrates.
   SCHINEL^E'ON,  from <rX"oc, 'the mastic
 tree,' and ixaiov,  'oil;'  Oleum lentis'cinum.
 Oil of mastic.—Dioscorides.
   SCH1NOCEPHALUS, Scillocephalus.
   SCHINOS, Scilla.
   SCH1SMA, Fissure, Rima.
   SCHISTOCEPH'ALUS, from a x frog,'cleft,
 separated,' and  xsp-ixrj,  'head.'   A  monster
 having some part of the head cleft  or fissured.
 —Gurlt.
   SCHISTOCOR'MUS, from aXio-Tog, 'cleft,
 separated,' and xog/uog,  ' trunk.'   A monster
 having some part of the trunk cleft or fissured.
 —Gurlt.
   SCHISTOM'ELUS, from o%urrog, 'cleft, se-
 parated,' and jutX.og,' a limb.'  A monster whose
 limbs are  fissured.
   SCHIZA, Rima, Rima vulvae.
   SCHIZATRICH'IA, Trichoschisis, Schizo-
 trich'ia, from  tr/i?*, 'a cleft,'  'a split,'and
 6gi£,  'a hair.'  The splitting of the hairs  at
 their  extremities.—J. P.  Frank.
   SCHLANGENBAD, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.  Schlangenbad is a much frequented water-
 ing place  in Germany.   The waters contain a
 little  carbonic  acid,  and carbonate  of soda.
 Temperature 86°  Fahrenheit.
   SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE, Pituitary
 membrane.
   SCHOENANTHUS, Juncus odoratus.
   SCHOLA,  School.
   SCHOOL, Schola. A placeof education. (F.)
 tcole.  In Europe, the large Medical Schools
 are usually  attached  to the universities.  In
 England, however, there  has been  no medical
 school of celebrity at either of the  universities
 of Oxford  or Cambridge; owing greatly to their
 provincial situation.   Of late, two schools have
 existed in  London, attached to the London uni-
 versity—University college and King's college.
! Excellent private schools have, however, long
! existed in that metropolis.  The medical schools 
SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN
762
SCIRRHOPHTHALMIA
 of Europe which have been most celebrated are
 those of Edinburgh, Leyden, Berlin, Halle, Tu-
 bingen, Paris, Montpellier, Bologna, Padua, Pa-
 via, and Pisa.   In the United States, the medi-
 cal schools are numerous; at this time not fewer
 than 30 or 40.   Those most numerously attend-
 ed are the medical department of the Universi-
 ty of Pennsylvania, Jefferson Medical College of
 Philadelphia, the University of the City of New
 York, and the Louisville Medical Institute.
   SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN, MINERAL
 WATERS  OF.   The waters of this New Jer-
 sey Spring  are chalybeate.  According to Dr.
 McNevin, they  contain extractive, chloride of
 sodium, chloride of calcium, chloride  of  mag-
 nesium, carbonate of lime, sulphate of lime, car-
 bonate of magnesia,  silex, and  carbonate, and
 oxide of iron.
   SCHORBUTUS, Purpura.
   SCHOUSB^A COCCINEA, Cacoucia coc-
 cinea.
   SCHWALBACH, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Schwalbach is a town of Germany, seated  on
 the Aa, 32 miles west of Frankfort.  The wa-
 ters contain chloride  of sodium, carbonates  of
 lime and magnesia, iron, sulphate of lime, carbo-
 nic acid, and oxygen, &c.  Employed as a tonic.
   SCHWANN,  WHITE  SUBSTANCE OF,
 see Substance, white, of Schwann.
   SCHWENDECK,  MINERAL  WATERS
 OF.   These waters are about 5 leagues from
 Munich in  Bavaria.   They contain  carbonic
 acid; carbonate and sulphate of lime, chloride
 of calcium; chloride of magnesium; carbonate
 of soda, and oxide of iron, and are much  used
 for cutaneous affections.
   SCIAT'IC,Ischiat'ic, Ischiat'icus, Sciat'icus,
 from to-t^iov, ' the haunch.'  A word formed by
 contraction  from ischiatic, which latter is still
 used.   See Ischiatic.
   Sciatic Nerve, Great, Nervus isckiad'icus,
 Great femo'ropoplite'al (Ch.) (F.) Grand nerf
 sciatique, ought  to be esteemed a continuation
 of the sacral plexus.  It issues from the pelvis
 between the pyramidalis and superior gemellus;
 descends along the posterior part of the thigh;
 and after having given branches  to the gemini,
 quadratus, obturator  externus, glutaeus maxi-
 mus, semi-membranosus, semi-tendinosus, bi-
 ceps  and third  adductor  muscles,  it divides,
 about  the inferior third of the thigh, into two
 branches; the one, named the external popliteal;
 the other, the internal.
   Sciatic Nerve, Lesser,  Inferior glu'teal
 branch of the sacral plexus, lesser fern'oro-pop-
 lite'al nerve, (Ch.) (F.)  Nerf petit sciatique,
 which seems especially formed  by the 2d and
 3d sacral, is given off from the  lower part  of
 the plexus, and escapes from the pelvis beneath
 the pyramidalis muscle.   It gives branches  to
 the glutaeus maximus,—a sciatic branch or in-
fra-pelvic cutaneous,  which passes under the
 tuberosity of the  ischium, and furnishes  fila-
 ments to the glutaeus maximti3, and to the mus-
 cles of the perinaeum,  urethra, penis, scrotum.
 &c,—and a posterior femoral cutaneous branch
 the filaments of which traverse the femoral apo-
 neurosis to  be distributed  on  the skin  of the
 posterior  part of the thigh.   The principal
 branch of the lesser sciatic nerve divides,  near
 the ham, into two or three filaments, which de-
 scend under  the  integuments almost  as far as
 the inferior part of the leg.
   Sciatic Notch, Great, Sciatic Fora'men,
 lncisu'ra ischiad'ica major, (F.) Grande ichan-
 crure sciatique  ou grand  trou  sciatique, is a
 large notch at the posterior edge of each os in-
 nominatum, below the posterior and  inferior
 iliac spine, which is converted into a foramen
 by the sacrum and sacro-sciatic ligaments.  The
 lesser sciatic notch, lncisu'ra Ischiad'ica minor,
 Luna Albi'ni,  (F.) Petite ichancrure ischia-
 tique, is much smaller than the last, from which
 it is separated by the sciatic spine.   It gives
 passage to the tendon of the obturator internus,
 and to the internal pudic vessels and nerves.
   Sciatic Region, Ischiadic region.
   Sciatic Spine, Spine of the Ischium, Spinous
 Proc"ess of the Ischium, is a short, flat, pyra-
 midal eminence on the os innominatum, above
 the preceding foramen; which gives insertion
 to the lesser sacro-sciatic ligament.
   SCIATICA, Neuralgia femoro-poplitaea.
   SCIE, Saw.
   SCIENTIA HERMETIC A,  Alchymy—s.
 Medendi, Medicina—s. Medica, Medicina.
   SCIERO'PIA, from o-xnqog,' shady,' and m\p,
 ' the eye.' A defect of vision, in which all ob-
jects have a darker hue than natural.
   SCILLA, Scilla marit'ima, Scylla, Aschil,
Schinos,  Oc'ulus  Typho'nis,  Ornitlwg'alum
marit'imum,  Squilla,  squill or sea  onion,
Eye  of  Typhon, (F.)  Ognon marin.   Fa-
mily, Liliaceae.  Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogy-
nia.  Native of Spain, Austria, &c.   The bulb
or root  of the squill  has a  bitter, nauseous
taste, and  is extremely  acrid;  inflaming the
skin  when rubbed on it. Its  acrimony, on
which its virtues depend, is destroyed by heat,
drying, and keeping.  It  is extracted by vine-
gar, spirit, and water.   In large doses, squill
is  emetic and purgative; in  small  doses, diu-
retic,  and  expectorant.  Its  active principle
has been  called  scillitine.  Dose, gr. j to v of
the dried root, united or not with mercury.
   ^CYL\JdCE?WA\Al%Sckinoeepk'alus,fxom
o-xiXXu,' a bulbous rooted plant, the squill,' and
xtQixy,' head.' One who has a large bulbiform
head.
   SCINCUS, a-v.tyv.og, OX axiyyog.  A Species of
Sanrns  or Lacer'ta, common  in Egypt,  and
much extolled by the ancients, as alexipharmic
and aphrodisiac.
   SCINTIL'LA  VEN'ERIS,  'a relic  of  Ve-
nus.'  A name given, by Paracelsus, to the im-
potence and loss of power in the limbs, produced
by syphilis.
   SCIOM'ACHY, Slioma'chia,  Skiamachia ;
from ama, 'a shade,' and  imXr, 'a fight.'  An
exercise with the ancients, which consisted in a
mock encounter  at boxing and  jumping with
one's own shadow.
  SCIRRHE, Scirrhus.
  SCIRRHOBLEPHARONCUS,seeScleriasis.
  SCIRRHOCELE, Orcheocele scirrhosa.
   SCIRRHOGAS'TRIA, (F.) Squirrogastrie;
Scirrhus ventric'uli; from irxiogog, ' hard,'and
yuortjg, ' stomach.'  Scirrhus  of the stomach.
  SCIR'RHOID, Scirrho'i'des, Scirrko'des, from
nxiqoog,  ' scirrhus,' and  tiSog,  'resemblance.'
Resembling scirrhus.
  SCIRRHOMA, Scirrhus.
  SCIRRHOPHTHAL'MIA,  Scirrkophthal-
mus, from o-Kiqqo;, ' scirrhus,' and  oytraXfitg,
1 the eye,' Cancer oc'uli.   Cancer of the eye. 
SCIRRHOSARCA NEONATORUM    763
SCLEROTITIS
  Scirrhophthalmia Palpebrarum, see Scle-
riasis.
  SCIRRHOSARCA NEONATORUM, Indu-
ration of the cellular tissue.
  SCIRRHOSIS, Scirrhus.
  SCIRRHOUS, Scirrho'sus; same etymon as
scirrhus.  Of or belonging to scirrhus.
  Scirrhous Sarco'ma of Ab'ernethy, Em-
phy'ma  sarco'ma  scirrko'sum.  Hard, rigid,
vascular infarction of glandular follicles; in-
dolent, insentient, glabrous; sometimes shrink-
ing and becoming more  indurated.   Found in
glandulous structures.
  SCIRRHUS,  Squirrkus, Scirrho'ma, Scir-
rho'sis, Cancer scirrho'sus, Carcino'ma simplex,
C.  fibro'sum, Indura'tio  malig'na, Schirrus,
Sclerus, Carcinom'atous sarco'ma, Hard cancer,
Fibrous  cancer; from omggos, 'hard,' 'indu-
rated;' (F.)  Squirre, Schirre, Skirre.  A  dis-
ease, so called from tne hardness that character-
izes it.  It is a state of induration, of a pecu-
liar kind, affecting glandular  structures gene-
rally, but capable of occurring  in other tex-
tures.   It usually precedes carcinoma, of which
it may, indeed, be considered as the first stage.
Scirrhus must not be confounded with the indu-
ration which succeeds  inflammation, although
the two states are often complicated, and may
stand, occasionally, in the relation of cause and
effect to each other.  Scirrhus is ordinarily ac-
companied by violent shooting pains.  It is also
irregular on its surface; and when cut into has
a bluish .or grayish white colour.   When the
surgeon is satisfied of the  existence of scirrhus,
he  had better remove it at once.  No other
treatment seems to possess much advantage.
  Galen uses the term Scirrho'sis for a livid
excrescence caused by inflammation.
  Scirrhus  et Carcinoma Ventriculi, see
Gastrostenosis cardiaca et pylorica—s. Hepatis,
Hepatoscirrhus—s. Intestinorum, Enteropathia
cancerosa—s. Palpebrarum,  see  Scleriasis—s.
Testiculi, Sarcocele—s. Uteri, Metroscirrhus—
>, Ventriculi, Gastroscirrhus.
  SCISSORS, Forfex, Forpex, Psalis,  Tomis,
(F.) Ciseaux.  A well  known instrument in
common use, and often employed  in surgery.
Scissors are  composed of two cutting blades,
crossing each other and moving  upon an axis.
They are straight or curved.  Sometimes the
curve  is on  the flat side when they are called
in France Ciseaux a curlier; at others, on their
edges.  The scissors, bent so  that the blades
make an obtuse angle with the handles, are also
much used.   They are called in France Ciseaux
coudis.  Scissors  are used for dividing  soft,
loose, isolated parts, which it would be difficult
to reach and to cut with  the  bistoury.  They
are employed, likewise,  in the  operation for
harelip, and  for removing warts, fungous ex-
crescences, &c.
  SC1SSURA, Fissure—s. Vulvae, see Rima.
  SCISSURyE,  Rhagades.
  S CIS SURE DE GLASER, Fissure, glenoid
—s. Grande midiane du  Cervelet, Valley—*.
de Santorini, Santorini, fissure of.
  SCLAREA, Salvia sclarea.
  SCLEREMA,  Induration  of the  cellular
tissue
  SCLFREME,  Induration  of the cellular
tissue
  SCLEREMIA,  Induration of the cellular
tissue.
  SCLEREMUS,  Induration  of the cellular
tissue.
  SCLERENCEPHA'LIA, Indu'ratio cer'ebri,
from o-xxxqog,' hard,' and.iyxeyaXoi,' the brain.'
(F.) Endurcissement  du cerveau.   Induration
of the brain.
  SCLERIA, Scleriasis.
  SCLERI'ASIS, Sclero'ma, Sclero'sis, Scle'-
ria,   Sclerys'mus,  Seph'irus,   from  ir*.Xy}pr.g,
' hard.'   Any kind  of hardness or induration.
Sometimes hardness of the eyelids, Callo'sitas
palpebrarum, Scirrhoblepharon'cus, Scirrkoph-
thal'mia palpebra'rum, Scirrhus palpebra'rum;
at others, hardness of the genital organs of the
female; probably synonymous with scirrhus.—
Galen.   Paulus.  Hardness  of bones, Fragil-
itas Os'sium.
  SCLERITIS, Sclerotitis.
  SCLERODERMA, Induration of the cellular
tissue
  SCLERODES, Sclerotic.
  SCLEROMA, Induration of the cellular tis-
sue, Scleriasis.
  SCLEROMENINX, Dura mater.
  SCLERONYXIS, Scleroticonyxis.
  SCLEROPHTHALMIA, Hordeolum.
  SCLEROS, Hard.
   SCLEROSARCO'MA, from  o-xXxgog, 'hard,'
and o-agKv'iiia, ' a fleshy tumour.'  A hard, fleshy
tumour, seated on the gums, and resembling a
cock's comb.
   SCLEROSIS, Induration of the cellular tis-
sue  Scleri&sis.
  SCLEROSTENOSIS CUTANEA,  Indura-
tion of  the cellular tissue.
  SCLEROT'IC, Sclerotica, from a-y.Xr,noa,  ' I
harden.'  Cornea  opa'ca,  Selero'des,  Tunica
dura seu albugin'ea seu du'rior et crass'ior seu
ex'tima seu alba seu can'dida  seu innomina'ta
oc'uli, Sclero'tis, (F.) Sclirotique.  A hard, re-
sisting,  opake  membrane; of a pearly white
colour and fibrous nature, which covers nearly
the posterior four-fifths  of the globe of the eye,
and has the form of a sphere truncated before.
It is strengthened by the expansion of the mus-
cles of the eye, to which expansion many anato-
mists have given the name Tu'nica albugin'ea.
It forms the white of the eye, Albu'men, Album
oc'uli, Lon'chades, Log'ades, lochades, Leu'-
cades.  The sclerotic is penetrated posteriorly
by a round opening, for the passage of the optic
nerve;  and,  anteriorly, it has  a  much  larger
opening, into which  the transparent cornea is
received.  There are, besides, many small ob-
long apertures  in it for the passage of nerves
and  vessels, proceeding to the interior  of the
eye.  In the foetus, the sclerotic may be sepa-
rated into two very distinct laminre.
  SCLEROTICA PERATOIDES, Cornea.
   SCLEROTICITTS. Sclerotitis.
   SCLEROTICONYX'IS, Scleronyx'is, Sclero-
tonyx'is, from o-x/i/OJf, 'hard,' and rvhg, ' punc-
turing.'   Perforation  of the sclerotica  in the
operation for cataract by depression.
   SCLEROTICA. Tndurans.
   SCLIROTIQUE,  Sclerotic.
   SCLEROTIS, Sclerotic.
   SCLEROTITIS,  Inflamma'tio  Sclerotica,
Levci'tis. Lonchadi'tis, Logadi'tis,  Scleri'tis,
Sclerociti'tit.R/ieumat'ic ophthal'mia, Ophthal-
mia arthrit'i ea,from sclerotica,and ///s, denoting
inflammation.  Inflammation of the  sclerotic
coat of  the eye. 
         SCLEROTIUM CLAVUS         71

   SCLEROTIUM  CLAVUS, see Ergot.
   SCLERUNTICUS, Indurans.
   SCLERUS, Induration, Scirrhus.
   SCLERYNTICUS, Indurans.
   SCLERYS'MA, from o-x-lnqog,' hard.'  Indu-
 ration ;  also, induration of the liver.—Bonet.
   SCLERYSMUS,  Scleriasis.
   SCLIRUS, Scirrhus.
   SCLOPETA'RIUS, from sclopetum, 'a gun.'
 Relating to a gun.   Hence, Aqua sclopeta'ria,
 a water for gunshot  wounds.  Vul'nera  sclope-
 ta'ria, gunshot wounds, &c.
   SCLOPETOPLAGiE, Wounds, gunshot.
   SCOBS, Prisma, Xysma, Ramen'tum, Rasu'-
 ra.  A shaving, also, an alkali; and the scoria
 of any metal.
   SCCENANTHUM, Juncus odoratus.
   SCOLECESIS, Helminthiasis.
   SCOLECIASIS,  Helminthiasis.
   SCOLEX, Ascaris lumbricoides.
   SCOLIOMA, Scoliosis.
  SCOLIO'SIS, Scolio'ma, Rhachioscolio'ma,
 i'rom  o-xoXiog, 'crooked.'   A distortion  of the
 spine to one side.  See Hump.
  SCOLOPEND RA, Asplenium scolopen-
 drium.
  SCOLOPENDRI A, Asplenium ceterach, and
 A. scolopendrium.
  SCOLOPENDRIUM OFFICINARUM, As-
 plenium scolopendrium.
  SCOLOPOMACH^ERION,  from  o-K.°Xona%,
 'the  woodcock,' and f^aX<tiga, 'a knife;'  so
 called because itis bent a little at the extremi-
 ty like  a  woodcock's bill.  A sort of blunt-
 pointed bistoury.—Scultetus.
  SCOLYMUS  SATIVUS,  Cynara scolymus.
  SCOOP, Teut. Schoepe, Cocklea'rS, (F.)
 Curette.   A  surgical instrument of the  shape
 of a spoon, which is used for the extraction of
 certain foreign bodies.  The scoop is often em-
 ployed to extract balls, impacted in the soft
 parts; to remove calculi from the urinary blad-
 der in lithotomy, &c.   A small scoop is some-
 times used to extract foreign bodies  from the
meatus auditorius externus, nasal fossae, &c.
  SCOPA REGIA, Ruscus.
  SCOPARIUS, see Spartium scoparium.
  SCOPE, o-kovv, Seop'ia, mom*, Scopos, a-xo-
 ■vic, from o-Konia, ' I look around.'  A common
 suffix to words meaning ' view, inspection,' as
 cranioscopy, stethoscopy, &c.
  .-COPTULA, Seopula.
  SCOPULA, Brush.
  SCOR, Excrement.
  SCORACR ATI'A, Scoracra'sia,Scatacra'sia,
 Scatacrati'a, Copracrati'a, Copracrasia,  Incon-
 tinentia Alvi,  from <ry.o>o,  ' excrement,' and
 ,:rjt*<rta, ' want of control.'   Want of power to
 retain the  faeces.   Involuntary evacuation  of
 the faeces.
  SCORBUT, Porphyra nautica, Purpura hee-
 morrhagica—s. des Alpes, Pellagra — s.  de
 Terre, Purpura haemorrhagica.
  SCORBU'TIC, Scorbu'ticus.   That  which
 belongs to scurvy.  One affected with scurvy.
  SCORBUTUS, Purpura—s.  Alpinus, Pella-
 rra—s.  Nauticus, Porphyra  nautica—s. Oris,
 Cancer aquaticus.
  SCORDINEMA,  Carebaria, Pandiculation.
  SCORDINISMUS, Carebaria, Pandiculation.
  SCORDIUM, Teucrium scordium.
  SCORDON, Allium.
  3C0RITH, Sulphur.
!4               SCROFULA

   SCORODON, Allium.
   SCORPIODEXTS,from oxoqniwv, ' the scor-
 pion,' and dt]$tg, 'bite:'—more properly, Scor-
 piostig'ma; from oxoqnitav, and onyua, 'punc-
 ture.'  The sting of the scorpion.
   SCOR'PION, Scor'pio, Scorpius,  from  oxoq-
 moto,' I puncture.'  A genus of insects having a
 sting at the extremity of their tail, with which
 they make dangerous  wounds.   An Oil  of
 Scorpion was  once made  from  them, which is*
 not now used.
   SCORPIOSTIGMA, Scorpiodexis.
   SCORPIUS, Scorpion.
   SCORTUM, Scrotum.
   SCORZONE'RA, <S. hu'milis, Escorzone'ra,
 Vipera'ria, Serpenta'ria Hispan'ica, Offic"inal
 viper's grass, Viper's grass,  Goat's grass.
 Family,  Cichoraceae.  Sex.  Syst.  Syngenesia
 Polygamia.   The  roots have been used  as
 alexipharmics, and in hypochondriacal disorders
 and obstructions of the viscera.  The root  of
 the Scorzonera Hispan'ica is esculent, but in-
 efficacious as a drug.
   SCOTAS'MA, Scoto'ma, Scoto'dia, Scoto'sis,
 Scotus; from axorog, ' darkness.'  Obscurity of
 vision, darkness.   Suffu'sio ra'dians.   Also
 Scotodinia.
   SCOTODIA, Scotasma, Scotodinia.
   SCOTODINTA, Scotoma,  Dinus Scoto'ma,
 Scotodi'nc, Tenebrico'sa verti'go, Scotos, Scotas'-
 ma, Scoto'sis, from axorog,' darkness,' and Stvew,
 ' I turn round.' Giddiness, with impaired sight,
 often succeeded by headache.  See Vertigo.
   SCOTOMA, Scotasma, Scotodinia.
   SCOTOS, Scotasma, Scotodinia.
   SCOTOSIS, Scotodinia.
   SCOTT'S ACID BATH, Nitro-muriatic acid
 bath.  A.bath of dilute aqua regia, employed
 by Dr. Scott, of India, as a remedy in hepatic
 diseases.   Three pints by measure of muriatic
 acid, and two of nitric acid, are mixed to form
 the  aqua regia.  In  preparing  this for use, a
 pint of it is mixed with  an equal quantity  of
 water.   The acid bath consists of three ounces
 of this dilute acid to every gallon of water.
   SCRATCH, Psora.
   SCREATUS, Excreation.
   SCRIPTULUM, Scruple.
   SCRIPULUM, Scruple.
   SCRIPULUS, Scruple.
   SCROBIC'UL\JS,Scrobic'ulum,(F.)Fossette.
 A little ditch or furrow; diminutive of Scrobs,
 'a ditch.'
   Scrobic'ulus Cordis, Anticar'dium, Procar'-
 dium, (F.)  Fossette  du caur,  Avant-caur,
 Anticaur.  The pit of the stomach.  The de-
 pression at the anterior  part of the abdomen,
 below the xiphoid cartilage.
   Scrobiculus Variola, Pockmark.
   SCROFFA, Scrofula.
   SCROF'ULA, Scroph'ula, Scropkula;  from
 scrofa, 'a  sow;' because swine were presumed
 to be subject to a similar complaint.  Scrophu-
 lo'sis, Morbus scrophulo'sus, Vit"ium scrophu-
 lo'sum, Cacochym'ia  seu  Cackex'ia seu  Dys-
 cra'sia scrophulo'sa, Padatroph'ia glandulo'sa,
 Struma, Charus, Coiras,  Tabes  Glandularis,
 Adeno'sis scrofulo'sa, Scroffa, Chraas, King's
 evil, The Evil, Cruels (Scottice), (F.) Scroph-
 ules, Scrofules, Strumes, Acrouelles, Humeurs
 froides, Tubercules des glandes lymphatiques,
 Mai du Roi.  A state of the system character-
 ized by indolent, glandular tumours, chiefly  in 
             SCR0FTJLA1RE            7

 the neck; suppurating slowly and imperfectly,
 and  healing with  difficulty; the disease ordi-
 narily occurring in those of a sanguine tempe-
 rament,  with thick upper lip, &c.   The  tu-
 mours, after suppuration, degenerate into ulcers;
 which, in  process  of time, cicatrize, leaving
 scars.  The internal organs are apt to  be  at-
 tacked in those disposed to scrofula; hence they
 are often the subjects of phthisis and mesenteric
 affections.   Scrofula is  hereditary; and is fre-
 quently excited by insufficient or improper re-
 gimen, and by a close, confined air during the
 first years of  existence.  The  best treatment
 is :—to strengthen the system by animal diet;
 pure air, and exercise, cold bathing, or sea-wa-
 ter bathing, &c.
   Scrofula Abdominalis Interna, Physconia
 strumosa.
   SCROFULAIRE, Scrophularia  nodosa— s.
 Aquatique, Scrophularia aquatica.
   SCROFULEUX, Scrofulous.
   SCROF'ULOUS, Scrophulo'sus, Scrophula'-
 rius, Strumous, Strumo'sus, (F.)  Scrofuleux,
 Strumeux.  Suffering from, or relating to, scro-
 fula.
   SCROPHULA,  Scrofula —s. Mesenterica,
 Tabes mesenterica—s. Moluccana, Frambcesia.
   SCROPHULJE, Scrofula—s. Gonorrhoicae,
 Gonorrhcea impura.
   SCROPHULA'RIA AQUAT'ICA, Beton'-
 ica aquat'ica, Fica'ria, Ferra'ria, Castran'gula,
 Greater  Water Figwort, Water Bet'ony, (F.)
 Scrofulaire  aquatique.  The leaves are  cele-
 brated as correctors of the bad flavour of senna.
 They were at one time regarded as eminently
 antiscrofulous, stomacnic, and carminative.
   Scrophularia Foitida, Scrophularia nodosa
 —s. Minor, Ranunculus ficaria.
   Scrophula'ria  Nodo'sa, Figwort,  Kennel-
 wort, Scropkula'ria fa'tida, Scrophularia vul-
 ga'ris, Millemor'bia, Scrophularia, (F.) Scro-
fulaire, Herbe aux icrouelles.  The root and
 leaves of this  plant have been celebrated, both
 as an internal and external remedy, against in-
 flammations, piles, scrofulous tumours, ulcers,
 &c.
   Scrophularia Vulgaris, Scrophularia no-
 dosa.
   SCROPHULARIUS, Scrofulous.
   SCROPHULES, Scrofula—*.  Misenti-
 riques, Tabes mesenterica.
   SCROPHULOS1S,  Scrofula.
   SCROPHULOSUS, Scrofulous.
   SCROTAL, Scrota'lis; from scrotum.  Re-
 lating to the  scrotum,—as Hernia scrota'lis,
 scrotal hernia.
   SCROTOCE'LE.  A hybrid term; from(L.)
 scrotum, and xvXrj,  'a tumour.'   Hernia  Scro-
 ta'lis,  Scrotal her'nia.  Inguinal  hernia, de-
 scending into the scrotum—Oscheocele.
   SCROTUM, from scorteus, scorteum, ' made
 of leather.'(?)  Osche, Os'ckeus, Os'chus, Os'-
 cheon, Ock'eus, Perin, Scortum, Marsu'pium,
 Bur'sula, Bursa tes'tium  seu  viri'lis,   Cap'-
 ulus,(1) Orchas, Os'cus, Follic'ulus genita'lis,
 the Purse, the Cod,  (F.) Les  bourses.  The
 integuments which cover  the  testes.  These
 are nothing more  than  a prolongation of the
 skin of the inner part of the thighs, perinaeum,
 and penis.   The  skin is remarkable for  its
 brown colour, for  the  numerous  rugre,  espe-
 cially when the scrotum is contracted; for the
 great  number of sebaceous follicles  it contains;
65                SEA-AIR

 and for the long and few hairs which issue from it
 in the adult.   The scrotum is divided into two
 equal parts by a raphe, which extends from the
 anus to the root of the penis.   Its organization
 is similar to that of the skin of other  parts of
 the body, except that the chorion is thinner.
    Scrotum  Cordis, Pericardium — s. Pendu-
 lum, Rhachosis.
    SCRUPLE, Diob'olon, Gramma'rium, Scru'-
 pulus, Scru'pulum,  Scrip'tulus, Scrip'ulum,
 Scrip'ulus.y A weight of twenty grains, Troy;
 twenty-four grains, Poids de marc.
    SCUDAMORE'S MIXTURE, see Mixture,
 Scudamore's.
    SCULL, Cranium—s. Cap, Calvaria.
    SCURF,  Sax.  rcuriF,  Teut. S c h o r f t;
 Fur'fura.  Small exfoliations of the cuticle are
 so called.
    SCURFY, Furfuraceous.
    SCURVY OF  THE ALPS,  Pellagra —s.
 Land,  Purpura  hemorrhagica — s.  Petechial,
 Purpura simplex—s. Sea, Porphyra nautica—s.
 GrasSjXpmmon, Cochlearia officinalis—s. Grass,
 lemon^ochlearia officinalis — s. Grass, wild,
 Cochlearia coronopus.
    SCUTELLA, Cup.
    SCUTELLA'RIA GALERICULA'TA, Ter-
 tiana'ria, Skull-cap, (F.) Casside bleue.  Fa-
 mily, Personeae.  Sex. Syst.  Didynamia An-
 giospermia.  This plant has a bitter taste and
 a garlic smell.  It has been esteemed especially
 serviceable in tertian ague.
   Scutellaria Lateriflora, Skull-cap, Mad-
 weed, Hoodioort,  Blue Pimpernel.  An indi-
 genous plant, which grows in  all parts of the
 United States in moist places.   It was at one
 time esteemed  a preventive of hydrophobia, but
 is probably possessed of little virtue of any kind.
   Scutellaria Integrifo'lia,—another indi-
 genous variety,—is an intense bitter.
   SCUTICULA DIGITORUM MANUS,Pha-
 langes of the fingers.
   SCUTULjE DIGITORUM MANUS, Pha-
 langes of the fingers.
   SCUTUM,  Thyroid  cartilage —s.  Cordis,
 Scapula,  Sternum—s. Genu, Patella—s. Pecto-
 ris, Thorax.
   Scutum Stomach'icum.   A large plaster, ap-
 plied to the breast or stomach.
   Scutum Thoracis, Scapula.
   SCYB'ALA, plural of oxvfiaXov,' dung.'  En-
 terol'ithus Scyb'alum, Excrementa Alvi siccio'-
 ra, Faces indura'ta.  Hard fecal matters dis-
 charged in round lumps.
    SCYLLA, Scilla.
    SCYPHOPHORUS  PYXIDATUS,  Lichen
 pyxidatus.
    SCYPHUS AUDITORIUS, Infundibulum of
 the cochlea — s. Cerebri, Infundibulum of the
 brain—s. Vieussenii, Infundibulum of the coch-

    SCYROS, Callosity.
    SCYTALIDES  DIGITORUM  MANUS,
 Phalanges of the fingers.
    SCYTHICA, (RADIX,) Glycyrrhiza.
    SCYTHROPASMUS, from oxi^po?,'gloomy;'
 axvOqwnattiv,  'to look gloomy;' Vultus tet'-
 ricus et  mastus.   A  gloomy, depressed coun-
 tenance, of bad augury in serious diseases.
    SCYTITIS, Cytitis.
    SCYTODEPSIUM, Tannin.
    SEA-AIR.  The air in the neighbourhood of
 the sea contains  saline  particles commingled 
66               SEDIMENT
             SEA SICKNESS            7

with it, which render it a valuable change for
scrofulous and debilitated individuals.  The sea
and sea-coast are  usually, also, more equable
in their temperature than places inland.
   SEA SICKNESS, Nausea marina—s. Water,
see Water, Sea.
   SEAL, GOLDEN, Hydrastis Canadensis—s.
Solomon's, Convallaria polygonatum.
   SEARCHING, Sounding; from  (F.)  cker-
cher, ' to seek.'  The operation of ascertaining
whether a  patient have a stone in the bladder,
by the introduction of a metallic instrument.
   SEASONING, Acclimation.
   SEAT, Anus—s. Bone, Ischion.
   SEBACE, Sebaceous.
   SEBA'CEOUS, Seba'ceus, (F.) Sibaci; from
sebum,' suet.'  That which has the nature of
suet.
   Sebaceous Flux, Stearrhcea.
   Sebaceous or  Sebip'arous  Glands,  Seba-
ceous Fol'licles, Sebaceous Crypts, Follic'uli se-
ba'cei, Crypta seba'cea, Oil  Glands, Mil'iary
glands, are small hollow organs, of abounded
or pyriform shape, seated in the  suti^nce of
the skin, and opening on its surface by a small,
excretory duct; furnishing a  yellow, unctuous
humour, Smegma  cuta'neum,  Sebum  cuta'-
neum, having some analogy with suet, which
is destined  to lubricate the surface of the body.
Follicles of a similar nature exist around the
corona glandis of the male, and under the skin
of the labia  majora and nymphae of females.
They secrete a sebaceous matter, which emits
a peculiar odour; and, hence after the name of
one who described them, have been  called
Gland'ula  odorif'era Tyso'ni, G. Tyso'ni, Ty-
son's glands.
   SEBESTIER MYXA, Sebestina.
   SEBESTI'NA, Cordia myxa, Sebes'ten, Seb-
sten, Myxa, Cornus sanguin'ea, Prunus sebes-
tina, Smooth-leaved Cor'dia or Assyr'ian plum,
(F.) Sebestier myxa.   The  dark, black fruit
of the Sebestina possesses glutinous and ape-
rient  qualities, and is exhibited, in  decoction,
in various diseases of the chest.
   SEBIPAROUS,  see Sebaceous.
   SEBSTEN, Sebestina.
   SEBUM, Pinguedo,  Sevum — s. Cutaneum,
see Sebaceous glands.
   SECA'LE, S. cerea'le.  The Rye plant. (F.)
Seigle.  Rye is chiefly used as an  article of
diet, particularly in the northern parts of Eu-
rope, where a spirit is  also extracted from  it.
The grain is disposed to acescency: and hence
its internal use  at first  generally produces a
laxative effect.
   Secale  Cornutum,  Ergot — s.  Luxurians,
Ergot.
   S'ECALIS  MATER, Ergot.
   SECERNENT, Secreting.
   SECERNING, Secreting.
   SECESSIO F^ECUM, Defecation.
   SECESSUS NIGER, Melaena.
   StlCHE, Sepia.
   SECLUSORIUM, Sac.
  SECONDARY, from secundus,c the second.'
Something  that acts subordinately to another;
as the secondary symptoms of a disease; that is,
those which supervene on the primary.
  SECONDINES, Secundines.
  S E C R E T A.  Same  etymon as Secretion.
Things or matters  secreted or separated from
the blood.
  SECRE'TING, Secreto'rius, Secer'ning, Se-
cern'ent.  Same  etymon  as Secretion.  That
which secretes,—as a secreting organ.
  SECRETIO, Secretion—s. Lactis, Galacto-
sis—s. Lotii, Uropoesis—s. Urinae. Uropoesis
—s. Vicaria, see Vicarious.
  SECRE'TION,  Secre'tio, Apoc'risis; from
secernere, ' to separate.'  An organic function,
which is chiefly executed  in the glands,  and
consists in an elaboration or separation of the
materials of the  blood, at the very extremities
of the arterial system, or  rather of the vascular
secretory system; and which differs in each or-
gan according to its particular structure; hence
the formation of different fluids;—bile, saliva,
urine, milk, &c.   The  secretions are of three
kinds :—exhalant, follicular, and glandular.
  SECRETORIUS, Secreting.
  SECT, METHODICAL, Methodists.
  SEC'TIO, Section. The act of cutting. A di-
vision.
  Sectio Alta, see Lithotomy—s. Anatomica,
Dissection—s. Cadaveris, Autopsia cadaverica
—s. Cadaveris legalis, Autopsia cadaverica—s.
Caesarea, Caesarean section—s. Franconiana, see
Lithotomy—s. Hypogastrica, see Lithotomy—
s.  Lateralis, see Lithotomy—s. Legalis,  Ob-
ductio — s. Mariana, see Lithotomy—s. Nym-
pharum, Nymphotomy—s. Rectovesicalis, see
Lithotomy—s. Renalis, Nephrotomy—s. Ten-
dinum, Tenotomy—s. Vagino-vesicalis, Colpo-
cystotomia—s. Vesicalis, Lithotomy.
  SECTION, Sectio—s. Sigaultian, Symphyse-
otomy.
  SECUNDI, Secundines.
  SECUNDINjE, Secundines.
  SECUNDINES, Hys'tera, Deuter'ion, After-
birth, Secun'da, Secandi'na, (F.) Arriere-faix,
Sicondines, Dilivre.  All  that remains in the
uterus after the  birth of the child,—viz., the
placenta, a portion  of the umbilical  cord, and
the membranes of  the ovum.  These are com-
monly not  expelled till  some time  after the
birth of the fcetus; hence  their name.   See Di-

  SECUNDUS PROPRIORUM AURICULiE,
Retrahens auris.
  SEDANTIA, Sedatives.
  SED'ATIVES, Sedati'va, Pauon'ta, Sedan'-
tia, Adec'ta, Catastal'tica, Deprimen'tia, (F.)
Calmants, Tempirants, from sedo, ' I settle or
assuage.'   Medicines which directly depress
the vital forces, and which are consequently
employed whenever it is  necessary to diminish
preternaturally increased action.  The chief re-
puted sedatives are : Acidum Hydrocyanicum,
Acidum Hydro-sulphuricum, Tabacum, Missio
Sanguinis, and certain gases by inhalation, as
azote, carbonic acid,(?) carburetted and sulphu-
retted hydrogen.
  SEDEM ATTOLLENS, Levator ani.
  SEDES, Anus, Excrement—s. Cruentae, Dy-
sentery, Haematochezia—s. Lactescentes, Cce-
liac flux—s. Procidua, Proctocele.
  SED'IMENT, Sedimen'tum, Lemma, Resi-
den'tia. Same etymon. (F.) Dipot.  Adeposit
formed  by  the precipitation of some one or
more of the substances held in solution or sus-
pension by a liquid.  That which is  formed in
urine, at the time of cooling, has  been called
Hypos'tasis, Hyposte'ma, Residen'tia, Subsi-
ded tia, (F'.) Dipot de Purine.   This sediment
or deposit varies in different states of the sys- 
SEDIMENTUM
767
SEMICANALS
tern.  In calculous affections, it is  one of the
most important objects of attention.
  SEDIMENTUM, Sediment—s. Urinae  late-
ricium,  see  Lateritious—s. Urinae pityro'ides,
see Furfuraceous.
  SEDITIA, Nates.
  SEDLITZ,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
Seidlitz,  Seidsckiitz  or  Seydschutz  water.
Springs in Bohemia,  near Prague,  which are
simple salines.   They contain a large quantity
of sulphate of magnesia, a little sulphate of soda
and sulphate of lime, carbonic acid,  carbonates
of lime and magnesia, and a resinous matter.(?)
They are  employed as purgatives in a multi-
tude of diseases.
   Sedlitz Powders  may be  formed of  Soda
tartarizata gij, Soda carbon. Qij, in one paper ;
Acid tartaric, gr. xxxv, in another.  For half
a pint of water.
   SEDON  BRULANT, Sedum — s. Reprise,
Sedum telephium.
   SEDUM, Sedum acre, Illec"ebra, Hellec"ebra,
 Vermicula'ris, Piper  mura'll, Sedum  minus,
 Sempervi'vum acre, Wall pepper, Stone  crop,
Biting Stone crop, Small Houseleek, Aei'chry-
son, JEo'nion, (F.) Joubarbe acre,  Orpin bru-
lant,  Vermiculaire brulante,  Sidon  brulant.
 Family, Crassulaceae.   Sex. Syst.  Decandria
 Pentagynia.  In its recent state it is very acrid,
and proves both emetic and cathartic.  Exter-
 nally, in  the form of cataplasm,  it produces
 vesications and erosions.  It has  been recom-
 mended in cancerous and malignant ulcers.
   Sedum, Saxifraga granulata—s. Majus, Sem-
 pervivum tectorum—s. Minus, Sedum.
   Sedum Tele'phium, Faba crassa, Cras'sula,
 C. Major, lllec"ebra major, Tele'pkium, Faba-
 ria cras'sula, Anaeamp'seros, Orpine, (F.) Si-
 don reprise, Grand orpin, Feve ipaisse, Jou-
 barbe des  vignes, &c. Formerly used as a ca-
 taplasm in cuts, hemorrhoids, corns, whitlows,
 &c.
   SEED, Sperm.
   SEGMENTA  CARTILAGINEA, see Tra-
 chea.
   SEGNIT"IA, Segnif'ies, from segnis,  'slug-
 gish.'  Sluggishness or torpor in the exercise
.of a function:—as Segnities Alvi, Torpor  of
 the bowels : Segnities Virium, Languor.
   SEGNITIES,  Segnitia.
   SEGRAY, MINERAL WATERS OF. Near
 Pithiviers,  in Gatinais, in the French depart-
 ment of Loiret,  there is a chalybeate spring,
 which has some reputation.
   SEGU, Sago.
   SEIDLITZ, Sedlitz.
   SEIDSCHUTZ, Sedlitz.
   SEIGLE, Secale—s. Ergotie, Ergot.
   SEIN, Uterus, see Mamma.
   SEIRIASIS, Coupde Soleil.
   SEKISKAYAVODKA, see Spirit.
   SEL, Salt—*. Admirable de Lemery, Magne-
 sia sulphas—s.  Admirable  perli, Soda,  phos-
 phate of— s. de Cuisine, Soda, muriate of—*.de
 Dirosne,  Narcotine—*. d'Egra, Magnesiae sul-
 phas—*. d'Opium, Narcotine—*. de  Saturne,
 Plumbi superacetas—s.de Verre, see Vitrum—
 *. Volatil d'Angleterre, Ammoniae carbonas.
   SELAGO, Camphorosma Monspeliaca.
   SELENE, Moon, see Nail.
   SELENIASIS, Somnambulism.
   SELENIASMUS, Somnambulism.
   SELENOBLETUS, Lunatic.
  SELENOGAMIA, Somnambulism.
  SELERY, Apium graveolens.
  SELF-HEAL, Prunella.
  SELI'BRA,  Semili'bra,  Sembella, half a
pound.  Six ounces, Troy; eight, Avoirdupois.
  SELINI'TES, o-exivnr,g.  Wine impregnated
with the seeds of the o-tXaov  or smallage.—
Dioscorides.
  SELINUM GALBANUM, Bubon galbanum
—s. Oreoselinum, Athamanta aureoselinum.
  SELLA, S. Turcica—s. Equina,  S. Turcica
— s.  Familiarica,  Lasanum—s. Obstetricia,
Diphrus—s. Sphenoidalis, S. Turcica.
  Sella Tur'cica, Ephip'pium, Fossa Pituita'-
ria, Sella Tur'cica,  Sella, S. equi'na seu sphe-
noida'lis, Turkish Saddle, (F.) Selle Turcique
ou du Ture.  A depression at  the  upper sur-
face of the sphenoid bone, which is bounded,
anteriorly and posteriorly, by the clinoid pro-
cesses ; and lodges the pituitary gland.  It is
so called from its resemblance to  a Turkish
saddle.
  Sella Turcica, Pituitaria fossa.
  SELLE TURCIQUE, Sella Turcica—*, du
Ture, Sella Turcica.
  SELS NEUTRES, Neutral salts.
  SELTZ  or SELTZER, MINERAL  WA-
TERS OF.  Cold, acidulous springs, the source
of which is at Seltz, nine leagues from  Stras-
burgh, and in the Department of the Bas-Rhin.
They contain carbonates of lime, magnesia,
and soda, chloride of sodium, and much car-
bonic acid.  They  are refrigerent, tonic, diu-
retic, and aperient.
  Artificial Seltzer Water may be made
from muriat.  acid.  gr. xxxv.  water Oj, white
marble gr. iij.  Stop up till dissolved.  Add
carbonate  of Magnesia, gr. v,  and, after  some
time, subcarbonate of soda, gr.  xxxij.   Close it
till used.
  SEMBELLA, Selibra.
  SEMECARPUS  ANACARDIUM, Avicen-
nia tomentosa.
  SEMEIOG'RAPHY, Semeiograph'ia, Semio-
grapky,Semiogra!phia, from o-rjueiov, ' a symp-
tom,' and yqaiptj, ' a description.'  A  descrip-
tion of symptoms or signs of disease.
  SEMETOL'OGY, Semeiot'ice, Semiology, Se-
miotice,  Phanomenolog"ia, from  cnp.wv, 'a
symptom,'and xoyog, 'a  discourse.'   (F.)Si-
meiotique.   The  branch of pathology  whose
object is the doctrine of the symptoms or signs

  SEMEION BOETHEMATICUM,  Indica-
tion.
  SEMEIOSIS, Semeiology.
  SEMEIOTIQUE, Semeiology.
  SEMEN, Sperm—s. Badian, Illicium  anisa-
tum— s. Cinae, Artemisia santonica—s. Contra,
Artemisia  santonica—s. Contra vermes, Arte-
misia  santonica — s. Masculinum  seu  virile
seu genitale,  Sperm—s.  Muliebre, Sperm (of
the female)—s. Sanctum, Artemisia santonica
—s.  Zedoariae, Artemisia santonica.
  SEMENTINA, Artemisia santonica.
  SEMI, from 'ry^to-v, ' half.'  Semi or demi, in
composition, universally signifies 'half;' both
in French and English.
  SEMIAN'IMIS,   Semimor'tuus, Sem'inex,
Semivi'vus;  from  semi,  'half,' and  animus,
' soul.'  Half-living.  Half-dead.
  SEMICANALICULUS, Sulcus.
  SEMICANALS, Sulcus. 
             SEM1CEPHALUS            7<

   SEM1CEPHALUS, Hemicephalus.
   SEMICIRCULI OSSEI, Semicircular ca-
 nals.
   SEMICIR'CULAR, Semicircula'ris.   That
 which represents the half of a circle.
   Semicircular Canals, Cana'les seu Ductus
 semicircula'res seu tubaform'es seu circula'res,
 Semicir'culi os'sei, Funes seu Canalic'uli semi-
Jannula'res  labyrin'thi,  (F.)   Canaux  demi-
 circulaires, are seated in the pars petrosa of the
 temporal bone, and open into the vestibule,
 behind which they are situate.   They are three
 in number, of which one is superior or vertical;
 another posterior or oblique; and the third ex-
 terior or horizontal.  Their parietes are formed
 of a bony, compact, hard plate.  Their uses in
 audition are not known: at their  termination
 they have the  elliptical arrangements  called
 ampul'la; and  by both extremities they open
 into the vestibule,  in the sac  at its superior
 part—the  Sac'culus  Ellip'ticus, Al'veus  seu
 Utric'ulus commu'nis, Utricle, Sinus  or Alveus
 utriculo'sus, Sacculus  vestibuli  or  Median
 sinus.  In front of the S. ellipticus, nearer the
 cochlea, and opposite the foramen ovale, is the
 Sac'culus spher'icus or sacculus.
   SEMIC1RCULUS   EXSCULPTUS,   Hia-
 tus diaphragmatis aorticus.
  SEMICON'GIUS.  Half a gallon, or  four
 pints.
  SEMICU'BIUM, Semicupium, lnses'sio, In-
 ces'sio,  Eucathis'ma, Excathis'ma, (F.) Demi-
 bain, from semi, 'half,' and  cubare, 'to lie
 down.'   A half-bath, or such as receives only
 the hips or extremities.
  Semicubium, Bath, half, Semi-cubium—Semi-
 fibulaeus,  Peronaeus  brevis—Semi-interosseus
 indicis, Abductor indicis—Semi-interosseus pol-
 licis, Opponens pollicis.
  SEMILIBRA, Selibra.
  SEMILLA DEL  GUACHARO.   Various
 kinds of hard and dry fruits, found in the sto-
 machs of the young Guacharoes, a sort of noc-
 turnal bird.  The fruits are a celebrated South
 American remedy in ague.
  SEMILU'NAR, Semilunaris, (F.) Demi-lu-
 naire ou Semi-lunaire, from semi, ' half,' and
 luna, 'the moon.'  Having the shape of a half-
 moon.
  Semilunar  Cart'ilages, Semilunar  fibro-
 cartilages, Sigmoid car'tilages, Cartilag/'ines
 sigmo'idea seu  semiluna'res,  are  two  fibro-
 cartilages, which exist between the condyles
 of the os femoris and  the articular surfaces of
 the  tibia.  The  innermost, which is longer
 from before to  behind  than transversely,  is
 nearly  semicircular.   The  outermost  forms
 almost an  entire circle; an arrangement,  in
 both cases, corresponding to the different sur-
 faces of the tibia.  They are thicker at their
 outer circumference, which is convex, than at
 the inner,  which is concave and  very  thin.
 Both are  inserted, before and behind, into the
 spine of the tibia, by means  of  fibrous fasciae.
  Semilunar  Ganglion,—Ganglion  abdomi-
 na'le seu splanch'nicum seu transver'sum seu
 sola!re,  G. surrinal, (Ch.), belongs to the great
 sympathetic.  These  ganglia present conside-
 rable variety, and are  deeply situate in the ab-
 domen, above and behind the supra-renal cap-
 sules.   They correspond, posteriorly, to  the
 pillars of the diaphragm and the aorta.  They
 have the shape  of  a  crescent  reversed, often
18          SEMISPINALS COLLI

 surrounded by other ganglia of a smaller size.
 From their periphery the numerous filaments
 proceed, which go to the formation of the solar
 plexus.
   Semilunar Notch of the  Sternum, Four-
 chette—s. Valves, Sigmoid valves—s. Mascula-
 tus. Eunuch.
   SEMILUNULA UNGUIUM, see Nail.
   SEMIMAS, Eunuch.
   SEMIMASCULUS, Eunuch.
   SEMIMEMBRANEUS,  Semimembrano-
 sus.
   SEMIMEMBRANO'SUS, Semimembra'ne-
 us, (F.) Isckio-popliti-fimoral, Ischio-popliti-
 tibial, (Ch.) Demimembraneux.  A muscle situ-
 ate at the posterior part of the thigh.  It is flat,
 thin, narrow, and  aponeurotic  in its upper
 third; broader and  fleshy  in  the middle, and
 tendinous below.  It is attached above to the
 tuberosity of the ischium;  and  below—by a
 tendon, which has three divisions—to the outer
 condyle of the femur, and to the posterior and
 inner part of the internal tuberosity of the tibia.
 This muscle  is a  rotator  inwards, and  a flexor
 of the leg.  It can also bend the thigh upon the
 leg.  In standing it maintains the  pelvis in
 position, and can even draw it downwards.
   SEMIMORTUUS, Semianimis.
   SE'MINA  FRIGIDA  MAJO'RA.  The
 greater cold  seeds.   The ancients gave this
 name to the  emulsive seeds of the cucumber,
 melon, gourd, and water-melon.
   Semina Frigida  Minora.  The lesser cold
 seeds.  The  ancients gave  this  name to the
 seeds of the lettuce, purslane, endive, and chi-
 cory.
   SEMINAL, Spermatic—s.  Fluid, Sperm—
 s. Granules, see  Granule.
   SEMINALIS,  Spermatic.
   SEMINERVOSUS,Semi-tendinosus—Semi-
 orbicularis, Orbicularis oris—Semi-pestis, Ty-
 phus.
   SEMINEX, Semianimis.
   SEMINIF'EROUS, from semen, 'sperm,' and
 fero, 'I carry.' Spermatopk'orous.  An epithet
 given to the vessels which secrete and  convey
 the seminal fluid.
   SEMINIUM, Sperm.
   SEMIOGRAPHY, Semeiography.
   SEMIOLOGY, Semeiology.
   SEMIOTICE, Semeiotice—s. Faciei, Physi-
 ognomy.
   SEMIPLEGIA, Hemiplegia.
   SEMISEXTUM,  Hemiecton.
   SEMISICIL'ICUS. A weight of one  drachm
 or three scruples.—Rhodius.
   SEMSIDERATIO, Hemiplegia.
   SEMISIDERATUS, see  Hemiplegia.
   SEMISOMNIS,  Coma.
   SEMISOPITUS,  Coma.
   SEMISOPORUS, Coma.
   SEMISPECULUM.   An  instrument used
 for dilating the incision made into the  neck of
 the bladder in the operation of lithotomy.—Fa-
 bricius Hildanus.
   SEMISPINALS COLLI,  Semispinals
 colli, Artie'ulospina'lis, Transver'so-spinalis
 Colli, Spinalis cervi'cis, Spinalis Colli, Traus-
 versa'lis Colli, Transversospinal, (F.) Demi-
 ipineux ou transversaire-ipineux du cou.  This
 muscle arises from the transverse processes of
 the six uppermost dorsal vertebrae, by an equal
 number of distinct tendons, which  run ob- 
SEMISPINATUS COLLI         769
SENSE
liquely under the complexus,  and is  inserted
in the spinous processes of all the  cervical
vertebrae, except the first and last.  Its action
is, to extend the neck obliquely backwards and
to one side.
  Semispinals Dorsi, Semi-spinalis externus,
Transver' sospinalis  dorsi,  Semi-spina'tus,
(Riolan),  Transversospinal,  (F.)  Demi-ipi-
neux du dos, Transversaire-ipineux  du dos.
This muscle  arises from the  transverse pro-
cesses of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth
dorsal vertebrae, by as many distinct  tendons,
which soon  grow fleshy; and then again be-
come tendinous, and are inserted into the spinous
processes of  the sixth or  seventh  uppermost
dorsal, and two lowest cervical vertebrae, by as
many tendons.  Its action  is, to extend the
spine obliquely backwards.
  Semispinals Externus, Semi-spinalis dorsi
—s. Internus, Transversalis dorsi—s. Spinatus,
Longissimus dorsi, Semi-spinalis dorsi.
  SEMISPINATUS COLLI,  Semispinalis
colli.
  SEMIS'SIS, Semis.  The half of a pound,
ounce, drachm, &c.
  SEMITENDINOUS, Semi-nervo'sus, (F.)
Ischio-criti-tibial, Isckio-pritibial, (Ch.) Demi-
tendineux.   This  muscle  is situate at the
posterior part  of the thigh.  It  extends ob-
liquely, downwards and inwards, from the tube-
rosity of the  ischium—to which it is  attached
by a flat tendon, common to it and the  biceps—
as far as the posterior and inner part of the
tibia, to which it  is  attached by means of
another  round tendon.  Its fibres are  commonly
interrupted by an aponeurosis.  Its uses are
the same as those of the semimembranosus.
   SEMITERTIANA, Hemitritaea—*. Tierce,
Hemitritaea.
  SEMIUNCIA, Hemiuncion.
   SEMIVIR, Eunuch.
  SEMIVIVUS, Semianimis.
   SEMOLI'NA, Manna  croup.   This may be
made by grinding wheat  in an apparatus, sepa-
rating  the flour from the middlings,  dressing
the latter four different times in a bolting mill,
and sifting through parchment sieves,  until the
product is perfectly freed  from bran.  In Poland
it is called Cracow groats.
  Semolina is generally imported  into England
from the Baltic, and in Russia is said to be ma-
nufactured from buckwheat.  It has a  granular
form like some kinds of oatmeal, a dingy white
colour, a farinaceous,  somewhat  insipid, taste,
and is well adapted for the diet of children af-
fected with derangement  of the bowels.
  SEMPERVIVUM ACRE, Sedum.
  Sempervivum Tecto'rum, House-Leek, Se-
dum Majus, A'izoon, Beiahalalen,  Buphthal-
mus,  Barba  Jovis,  Sengreen,  Agriocin'ara,
Andrachahara, Ckrysoper'mum, (F.) Joubarbe
des toits.  The leaves have a mild, subacid aus-
terity, and are  often applied to bruises and old
ulcers.
  SEMUNCIA, Hemiuncion.
  SENA, Cassia senna.
  SENE, Cassia senna—*. d'Amirique, Cassia
Marilandica—*. Faux, Colutea arborescens.
  SENE'CIO, <S. vulga'ris, Erig'erum, Corta-
lon, Erigeron, Groundsel, Fireweed, (F.) Sene-
con commun.  Family,  Corymbiferae.  Sex.
Syst. Syngenesia Polygamia Superflua.  A com-
mon plant in Europe; frequently applied, bruised,
to inflammations and ulcers, as refrigerant and
antiscorbutic.
  Senecio Jacobje'a, Jacobx'a, St. James' Wort,
Ragwort, (F.) Jacobie.  The leaves have  a
roughish, bitter, subacid, and extremely nause-
ous taste.  A decoction has been used in dysen-
tery.   A poultice of the  leaves  has been re-
commended in rheumatic affections; and a de-
coction of the root has  often been employed in
cases of wounds and bruises.
  SENECON COMMUN, Senecio.
  SENECTA, Senectus.
  Senec'ta An'guium.   The cast-skin of a ser-
pent.   A decoction of it is said to cure deafness !
  Senecta Decrepita, Decrepitude—s. Extre-
ma, Decrepitude—s. Summa, Decrepitude—s.
Ultima, Decrepitude.
  SENECTUS, Senec'ta, from senere, 'to be
old.' Geras, Se'nium, JEtas seni'lis seuprovec'ta
se\imala,Oldage,Senil'ity,(F.)Vieillesse. The
last period of life,  commencing, according to
some, at 60 years of age, but varying according
to numerous circumstances.   It is characterized
by  progressive diminution of the physical and
moral faculties.
  Senectus Ultima, Decrepitude.
  SENEGA, Polygala  senega.
  SEN'EGAL, GUM.  The exudation from the
Mimo'sa Senegal, Family,  Leguminosae, Sex.
Syst. Polygamia Monoecia, which grows in the
country  of Africa, through which the river
Senegal  runs.  It is in loose or single  drops,
much  larger than  gum  Arabic, or the gum
which exudes from the cherry tree;  and is much
more difficult of solution than the former.
  SENEGINE, see Polygala senega.
  SENEKA, Polygala  senega.
  SENEVE, Sinapis.
  SENGREEN, Sempervivum tectorum.
  SENILE, Seni'lis, from senere,  ' to be old.'
Relating or belonging  to old age:—as ' senile
delirium,' dotage.
  SENILITY, Senectus.
  SENNA, Cassia senna—s. Alexandrina, Cas-
sia  senna—s. American, Cassia Marilandica—s.
Bladder, Colutea arborescens—s.  Essence of,
prepared, Selway's, see Infusum sennae compo-
situm—s. Italica, Cassia senna—s. Wild, Cas-
sia  Marilandica.
  SENS,  Sense.
  SENSA'TION, Sensa'tio, from sentire, sen-
sum, '  to feel;' JEstke'ma.  The consciousness
or  cognizance by the  brain of an impression
caused by an external body on the organs of the
senses.  It is not necessarily, however, confined
to bodies external to us; for we can receive an
impression by touching any part  of our own
body.  The body which communicates the im-
pressions needs but to be external  to the part
impressed.  Sensations are divided into exter-
nal, internal and morbid.   The  external axe
communicated by the five organs of the senses.
The internal axe such as occur within the body,
and arise from some alteration in the function
of  the  part, for  the time being.   Hunger and
thirst are internal sensations, as well as all the
natural wants. Morbid sensations may be either
internal or external.
  SENSE, Sensus, Sen'sio, JEsthe'sis, (F.) Sens.
Same  etymon.   A  faculty,  possessed by ani-
mals, of appreciating impressions from external
objects.  (F.) Sentiment.   The senses are five
in  number: sight,  hearing, smell, taste,  and 
fO            SEPTUM MM.DIAN
             SENSIBILITAS             77

touch.  Of these, the first two and the last ad-
minister more to the intellect; and, hence, have
been  called, by some, the intellectual senses:
the other two seem more destined for the nutri-
tion of the body; and, hence, have been termed
corporeal  or  nutritive  senses.  Other senses
have been suggested—as the  intense sensation
experienced during the venereal act; a sense of
heat and cold: a  muscular  sense,  a common
sense or ccenaesthesis, &c.
  Senses, Nervous  System  of the, Medulla
oblongata.
  SENSIBILITAS,  Sensibility—s.  Anomala,
see Irritable—s. Aucta, see Irritable—s. Mor-
bosa,  see Irritable.
  SENSIBILITY, Sensibil'itas.  Same etymon
as Sensation; JEsthe'ma.  The faculty of re-
ceiving  impressions, and having the conscious-
ness of them.  Bichat defines it as the property
possessed by living bodies, of receiving impres-
sions, whether the individual be  conscious of
them  or not.  In  the former case, where con-
scious, he calls the sensibility, animal: in the
latter, where  not, he terms it organic.   This
last is common to vegetables  and  animals, and
presides over nutrition, absorption, exhalation,
secretion, &c.  The other does not exist in ve-
getables: it is the  origin of the sensations—ol-
faction,  vision, gustation, audition, thirst, hun-
ger, pain, &c.  There are few parts of the ani-
mal body,  but what are sensible—if not in
health—in disease.  The free  extremities of
the hair, and  nails, and  the epidermis are not
so.  See Insensibility.           *
  SENSIO, Sense.
  SENSITORIUM, Sensorium.
  SEN SO'RI UM, Senso 'rium commu'ne, Or 'ga-
non senso'rium internum, Sensito'rium, Empo'-
rium  spirituum, JEsthete'rion.  The  common
centre of sensations.
  SENSORY, Sentient.
  Sensory Gang'liR   A name  given by Dr.
Carpenter to  a series of ganglionic  masses at
the base of the brain, which are in direct com-
munication with the nerves of sensation—as the
olfactory, optic, auditory and  gustatory.
  Sensory Nerves, Nerves of sensation, axe so
called in contradistinction to Motor nerves.
There are general sensory nerves—as those con-
nected with the posterior part of  the spinal
marrow, and the fifth pair; and special sensory,
as those of the senses.
  SENSUS ^EGRITUDINS, Indisposition—
s. Osmometricus, Olfaction—s.Perversus, Pseu-
daesthesia.
  SEN'TIENT, Sen'tiens, Sen'sory.  Feeling.
  Sentient Extremities of Nerves are  their
minute  terminations  in the organs.
  SENTIMENT, see Sense.
  SEPARATO'RIUM,  from separo,  ' I sepa-
rate.'   A surgical instrument, for  separating
the pericranium from the skull.
  A Sep'aratory, Vitrum Hypoclep'ticum,  is a
pharmaceutical vessel for separating fluids of
different densities from each other.
  SEPEDOGENESIS, Sepedonogenesis.
  SEPEDONOGEN'ESS, Sepedogen'esis, from
rrjntSaiv, ' putrescency,' and  ytvio-ig,  'genera-
tion.'    A septic disposition or tendency; such
as is met with in typhus gravior.
  SEPES, Sx'pes.  ' A hedge,' 'arow:' as Sepes
seu Se'ries seu Pecten den'tium:—a row of teeth.
  Sepes Dentium, see Sepes.
   SEPHIRUS, Scleriasis.
   SEPIA, S. officina'lis, Se'pium, Pracip'itans
magnum, Cuttle-Fisk, (F.) Seche.  The shell of
the cuttle-fish has been used as an absorbent;
and is often added to tooth powders.
   SEPLASIA'RIUS.  A name formerly given
to those who sold perfumes, ointments, &c.  It
is derived from Seplasia, the name of a public
place at Capua, where these kinds of prepara-
tions were frequently sold.  A druggist.
   SEPSICHYMIA, Septochymia.
   SEPSIS, Putrefaction.
   SEPTANA FEBRIS,  Fever, septan.
   SEP'TENARY, from septem,' seven.' ' Con-
sisting of seven.'  The septenary years of the
old believers in critical periods were times at
which,  it  was  supposed,  important changes
might be expected to take place.   The grand
climacteric was fixed  at 63,  and  it was con-
sidered that if a person passed  that age, he had
well-founded  expectations that his life might
be protracted to 90.
   SEPTENNIAD, Climacteric, (years.)
   SEPTFOIL, UPRIGHT, Tormentilla.
   SEPTIC, Sep'ticus, Septus,  from o-r\nui, 'to
rot.'  That which  produces putrefaction.  A
substance which corrodes and disorganizes the
soft parts without causing much pain.
   Septic Poison, see Poison.
  SEPTIMESTRIS FCETUS, see Foetus sep-
timestris.
  SEPTINERVIA, Plantago.
  SEPTOCHYM'IA, Sepsichym'ia; from o-r^tg,
' putrefaction,' and %v/jioc,  ' juice.' Putrefaction
or putrescency of the humours.
  SEPTOPYRA, Typhus gravior.
  SEPTUM, (F.)  Cloison. Apart intended to
separate two cavities from each other, or to di-
vide a principal  cavity into several secondary
cavities.
  These septa are numerous in the human body.
The chief are the following:—
  Septum Cerebelli, Falx cerebelli—s. Cere-
bri, Falx cerebri—s. Cochleae auditoriae,Lamina
spiralis.
  Septum Cordis, Septum medium cordis. The
partition which separates the two ventricles of
the heart.
   Septum Encephali,  Tentorium.
   Septum Lu'cidum seu pellu'cidum seu ten'ub
et pellucidum seu medium seu  Spee'ulum luci-
dum seu Lapis specula'ris seu Mediasti'num
seu Diaphrag'ma  ventriculo'rum  latera'lium
cer'ebri, Spee'ulum, (F.) Septum midian, (Ch.)
Cloison transparente.  The soft portion or me-
dullary substance,  which separates the two la-
teral ventricles of  the brain from  each other.
This septum  is composed of two laminae; be-
tween which a small cavity exists, filled by a
serous  fluid, and called the Fossa of Syl'vius,
5th ventricle of Cuvier, Sinus of the me'dian
septum, (Ch.).  The brothers Wenzel  are  of
opinion that this cavity is lined by a peculiar
membrane.
   SEPTUM MEDIAN, S.  lucidum—*. Mi-
dian du cervelet,  Falx cerebelli—s. Medium
cerebri, S. lucidum.
   Septum  Na'rium, Interseptum seu Dissepi-
men'tum seu Interfi'nium seu  Discri'men seu
Imbrex seu Diaphrag'ma na'rium, (F.) Cloison
des Fosses nasales.  The partition between the
nares.   It is  formed by the vomer, the perpen-
dicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and a carti- 
SEPTUS
771
SERUM
lage of a triangular shape.   These parts  are
lined by the pituitary membrane, which receives
a considerable number of nerves and vessels.
  Septum Parvum Occipitale, Falx cerebelli
—s. Pellucidum, S. lucidum—s. Scalae,  Lamina
spiralis—*. Staphylin, Velum pendulum palati
—s. Tenue et pellucidum, S. lucidum—s. Tho-
racis,  Mediastinum—*. Transverse, Tentorium
—6.Transversum, Diaphragm—s. Vestibuli ner-
voso-membranaceum, see Labyrinth.
  SEPTUS, Septicus.
  SEPUM, Sevum.
  SEQUESTRUM,  from sequestro, 'I sepa-
rate.'   The portion of bone, in necrosis, which
is dead, and separated from the living bone;
acting, whilst retained, as an extraneous body.
When the sequestrum is superficial and small,
it is called Exfoliation.
  SERAPEUM, Syrup.
  SERAPINON,  Sagapenum.
  SERAPIUM, Syrup.
  SERBET, Scherbet.
  SER'ICUM, Silk; from Sere*—the Thibetans
probably — from  whom it was first obtained.
(F.)  Soie.  The thread spun  by the  Bombyx
Mori  or  Silkworm.  Silk is used by surgeons
for ligatures, &c.
  Sericum Anglicum, see  Sparadrapum  ad-
haesivum.
  SERIES DENTIUM, see Sepes.
  SERIEUX,  Serious.
  SERINGUE,  Syringe.
  SERIOLA, Cichorium intybus.
  SE'RIOUS, (F.) Sirieux, Grave. A term ap-
plied  to a disease, Dyspathi'a, Morbus gravis,
and to a symptom that  is attended with danger.
  SERIS, Cichorium intybus.
  SERMOUNTAIN, Laserpitium album.
  SERO-COLITS, see Colitis.
  SERO-HEPATITIS, see Hepatitis.
  SEROLIN, from serum,' whey.'  A fatty
matter detected in the blood by Boudet, Lecanu,
 Sanson, and others.
  SEROSITE, Serum.
  SEROSITY, Serum.
  SEROUS, Sero'sus,  (F.) Sireux.   Thin;
watery; relating to the most watery portion of
animal fluids.   See Serum.
  Serous Membranes, Membranes, serous.
  SERPEDO, Psoriasis.
  SERPENT,  Serpens, Anguis, Ophis; from
serpo, ' 1  creep.'  A snake.
  Snake  Broth was, at one time, recommended
as a restorative.
  Many serpents are venomous : and the bites
of some fatal.  See Poisons,  Table of.
  SERPENTAIRE NOIRE,  Actaea race-
mosa.
  SERPENT ARIA, Aristolochia serpentana—
s. Gallorum, Arum dracunculus—s. Hispanica,
Scorzonera—s. Minor, Arum maculatum—s. Ni-
gra, Actaea racemosa.
  SERPENTARI^   BRAZILIENSS  RA-
DIX.  Caincae radix.  .
  SERPENTINE, Ophites.
  SERFENTINUS, Ophites.
  SERPIGINOUS, from serpere, ' to  creep.
An epithet given to  certain affections, which
creep, as it were, from one  part to another,-—
'Serpiginous erysipelas,'(F.)Erysipele serpigi-
neux.
  SERPIGO, Herpes circinatus, Lichen  pso-
riasis.
  SERPILLUM, Thymus serpyllum.
  SERPOLET, Thymus serpyllum.
  SERPULLUM, Thymus serpyllum.
  SERPYLLUM, Thymus  serpyllum—s. Ci-
tratum, see Thymus serpyllum.
  SERRA, Saw—s. Amputatoria,  Saw, ampu-
tation—s. Versatilis, Trepan.
  SERRAT'ULA AMA'RA, Family, Cynaro-
cephaleae.  Sex.  Syst.  Syngenesia Polygamia
aequalis.  A species of Sawwort, recommended
in ague.
  SERRATUS ANTICUS MINOR,Pectoralis
minor—s. Major, Serratus magnus.
  Serra'tus Magnus.  So called from its ser-
rated appearance; from serra, 'a saw.'  Serra-
tus major anti'cus, Serratus major, (F.) Costo-
basi-scapulaire, Costoscapulaire, (Ch.,) Grand
denteli.  A very broad (especially anteriorly,)
thin, flat, irregularly quadrilateral muscle, situ-
ate at the sides of the  thorax.  It  is attached,
before, to the  external surface of the first 8 or
9 ribs, by as many distinct digitations; and, be-
hind, to  the spinal edge of the scapula.  The
superior fibres are almost horizontal; the lower
become gradually more and more oblique up-
wards and backwards.  This muscle carries the
scapula forwards,  and causes it to  execute a
movement of rotation, which directs its infe-
rior angle forwards, and the anterior upwards.
When the shoulder is fixed, it  raises the ribs.
  Serratus Posti'cus Inferior,  (F.) Dorso-
lombo-costal, Lombo-costal, (Ch.,) Petit denteli
postirieur et infirieur. A broader and thinner
muscle than the following, but nearly of the
same shape.   It  is  situate obliquely  at the
lower part of the back; and extends from the
spinous processes of the last two or three dor-
sal vertebra, and the first two or three lumbar,
to the inferior margin of the last four false
ribs.   This muscle depresses the ribs, and thus
concurs in expiration. It is  an antagonist  to
the next.
  Serratus Posti'cus Supe'rior,  (F.)  Cer-
vi 'ci-dorso-costal,  Dorso-costal,  (Ch.)  Petit
denteli supirieur.  A flat,  thin, quadrilateral
muscle; situate obliquely at the posterior infe-
rior part of the neck, and the  superior part  of
the back. It passes from the posterior cervical
ligament, the spinous process of the last cervi-
cal vertebra; from the spinous processes of the
first two or three dorsal, to the  second, third,
fourth, and fifth ribs;  into which it is inserted
by  as many digitations.  It  raises the ribs, and
is, consequently, an inspiratory muscle.
  SERTULA  CAMPANA,  Trifolium  meli-
lotus.
  SERUM,  Sperm.
  Serum, ' whey.'   Orrhos,  Oros, Seros'ity,
(F.) Sirositi.   The  most  watery portion  of
animal fluids,  exhaled by  serous  membranes.
It is a constituent part of blood, milk, &c.
  Serum of the Blood, Ha'mydor, Ichor san'-
guinis, (F.) Sirum du Sang, is the  liquid which
separates from the blood, when coagulated  at
rest.  It is of a greenish-yellow colour; viscid,
slightly coagulable by heat, acids,  and alcohol.
It is composed of water;  chloride of sodium;
certain phosphates; and albumen, constantly
united to soda, almost in a saponaceous combi-
nation.
  The fluid which exudes from the albumen  of
the serum of the blood, when coagulated by heat,
is by some called serosity. 
StiRUM DU SANG           772                   SEX
  SERUM DU SANG, S. of the blood.
  Serum  Lactis,  Aqua lactis; the Serum of
Milk, Whey, (F.) Sirum du lait, Petit lait.
That part of milk, from which the butter and
caseous matter have been separated.   It is a
transparent, citrine-coloured liquid, containing
sugar of milk, mucilage, acetic acid, phosphate
of lime, and some other saline substances.  It
is used as a slightly nutritious diluent and refri-
gerant.
  Serum  Lactis Hoffman'ni,  (F.) Petit-lait
d'Hoffmann, is a name given to the liquid, re-
sulting  from treating with boiling water milk
which has been evaporated to an almost solid
consistence.  It is not much used.
  Rennet Whey is made thus: milk 2 pints;
rennet gss, infused in a little hot water; mix
and  keep in a gentle heat for some hours, then
strain.—Gray.
  Serum of  Serous Membranes, Serum mem-
branarum serosa'rum,  Water of Dropsy, (F.)
Sirum des membranes sireuses, Eau des hydro-
piques.   It resembles the serum of the blood,—
especially in cases of  hydrocele.  The water
of hydrothorax and ascites contains much less
albumen:—sometimes enough to  coagulate on
the application of heat: at others, not.
  SERVICE, MOUNTAIN, Sorbus acuparia—
s. Tree, Sorbus domestica.
  SERVIETTE EN CARRE-, Couvrechef.
  SES'AMOID, Sesamo'i'des, Sesamo'des,  Sesa-
mo'ideus, from or\o-a^ri, ' a grain of  sesamum,'
and tidog,' resemblance.'
  Sesamoid  Bones, Ossa seu Ossic'ula sesamo'i-
dea, are small bones, situate in the substance of
tendons, near certain joints.   Their number is
various.  They are commonly more in the male
than female.  Two  are  constantly met with
beneath  the  metatarso-phalangal articulations
of the great toe.  Sometimes, the articulations
of other bones of the metatarsus with the pha-
langes of  the toes have them likewise.   In the
hand, there are two before the metacarpo-pha-
langal joint of the thumb.  At times, they are
met with in  the other  metacarpo-phalangal
articulations.  Occasionally, two exist behind
the condyles of the femur, in the  tendons of the
gastrocnemii muscles.  A considerable os sesa-
moideum is also met with in the tendon of the
peronaeus longus.  These  bones are commonly
round, and flattened only on one surface, which
is incrusted  with cartilage.  Their size is very
variable, according to the joints in which they
exist.   Traces of sesamoid bones are  not  ob-
served in infants : in them, they are replaced by
small, cartilaginous concretions.   They are de-
veloped by  a single point of ossification; and
are, like the  patella (which is a true sesamoid
bone,) composed of much  cellular  substance,
covered by a thin layer of compact tissue.   The
use of these bones is,—to allow the tendon to be
inserted into the  lever at a greater  angle; and
thus enable the power to act  more advanta-
geously.
  Riolan has given the name Ossa sesamoidea
to two bony points sometimes met with;—the
one at the outer side of the carotid canal of the
temporal bone; and the other at the edge of the
cavernous sinus, at the side of the internal caro-
tid artery.
   SESAMUM, see Sesamum orientale.
  Ses'amum  Orienta'le, Benne~, Oily Grain.
The seeds of this  African plant  are cultivated
in Georgia and South Carolina, where the ne-
groes use them with Indian  corn as an article
of food.  They yield a larger proportion of oil
than any other vegetable;  one hundred weight
producing ninety  pounds  of  oil, which  is, at
least, equal to Florence oil.
  The Benne oil,  Oleum Ses'ami, is used in the
southern States as a laxative.  The leaves—Se-
samum (Ph. U. S.)—afford, by infusion, an ex-
cellent mucilage.
  SESCUN'CIA, Sesquiun'cia, Hemiol'ion. An
ounce and a half.   See Sesqui.
  SESELI, Laserpitium siler—s. .flDgopodium,
Ligusticumpodagraria—s. Creticum, Tordylum
officinale—s. des Pres, Peucedanum silaus.
  Ses'eli Tortuo'sum,  Seseli  Massilien'sS,
Hartwort of  Marseilles.  The  seeds  have a
warm taste; and a greater degree of pungency
than those  of Laserpitum Siler, which is the
Seseli of the Pharmacopoeias.
  SESQUI.  This word, joined with any num-
ber, weight, measure, &c, signifies one and a
half; as sesquigranum, 'a grain and half.'
  SESQUIUNCIA, Sescuncia.
  SETA EQUI'NA, ' a horse's hair.'  Hair-
worm, Helmin'tkus Gor'dii.   A kind of worm,
found in stagnant water, from 4 to 6 inches
long, and twisted into various knots and con-
tortions : colour pale brown, with dark extre-
mities.  It is common in the intestines of the
Laplanders; causing the Colica Lappon'ica, in
which  the gripings are, at times, exceedingly
severe.
  SETA'CEUM, Seto,  Seton,  from  seta,  'a
bristle.'  A long  strip of  fine linen or cotton
twist,  passed  through  the  skin  and  cellular
membrane, to  keep up an issue;  or  through
suppurating cavities, between the fragments of
fractured bones, &c, to  fulfil certain indica-
tions.  The term is  also applied to the issue
so established.  The operation is simple.  It
consists in laying hold of a fold of skin, and
passing a seton  needle through it, with the
thread attached.  Every day a fresh portion of
the thread is  drawn through the sore.  Setons
are established in many diseases;—in obstinate
ophthalmiae, cephalalgiae; epilepsy, thoracic and
abdominal affections, &c; but they are not as
much used as formerly.
  SETFAST, see Furunculus.
  SETO, Setaceum.
  SETON, Setaceum.
  SETTERWORT, Helleborus fcetidus.
  SEVADILLA, Veratrum sabadilla.
  SEVATIO, Steatoma.
  SEVRAGE, Weaning.
  SEVUM, Pinguedo.
  Sevum, Sebum, Sepum,  Stear, Adeps ovil'li,
Sevum verveci'num.  Suet, mutton suet.  Pin-
guedo.
  Sevum PrjEpara'tum, Sevum, (Ph.U.S.,)—
Ovil'li Sevum Prapara'tum, prepared  Suet,
(F.) Graisse  de  Mouton, Suif, is formed by
cutting suet  in pieces;  melting over a slow
fire, and straining through linen.  It is emol-
lient, and is sometimes boiled in milk, (gij to
Oj,) and is used in diarrhoea and dysentery.  Its
principal employment  is  in the formation of
plasters.
  Sevum Vervecinum, Sevum.
  SEX, Sexus, Genos, Physis.   The physical
difference between male and female in animals
and vegetables;—as the male sex, Sexus po'tior 
SEXTANS
773
SICCHASIA
sell for'tior Sett 5. viri'lis; and the female sex,
Sexus seq'uior, S. mulie'bris, Alter Sexus,' The
sex.'
  SEXTANS,  Sexta pars  librx.  The sixth
part of a pound.—Galen.
  SEXTA'RIUS.  An  ancient measure for li-
quid  and  solid substances.  See Weights and
measures.
  SEX'TUL A, Hexagium, 'igayiov.  The sixth
part of an ounce.               ,
  SEX'UAL, Sexuo'lis, from  sexus, ' a sex.'
That which relates to the sex;  which charac-
terizes the sex.
  Sexual  Diseases, Morbi sexua'les, are the
diseases  of the  genital  organs;  as Sexual
Functions are the genital functions.
  Sexual Intercourse, Coition—s. Organs,
Genital organs.
  SEXUS, Sex—s. Alter, see Sex—s. Fortior,
see Sex—s. Muliebris,  see Sex—s. Potior, see
Sex—s. Sequior, see Sex—s. Virilis, see Sex.
  SEYDSCHUTZ WATER, Sedlitz water.
  SHALLOT, Echalotte.
  SHAMPOOING, Massing, (F.) Massage,
Massement.  A Hindoo process, which consists
in pressing the body of  the bather in a peculiar
manner; cracking  the various  joints, and em-
ploying blows and friction.
  ' Kneading' consists  in pressing alternately
upon a part of the body to arouse the muscles
to more energetic  action.  It is employed at
times in dyspepsia.
   SHAMROCK, INDIAN, Trillium latifolium
—6. Water, Menyanthes verna.
   SHARON SPRINGS, NEW YORK.  These
springs, which are situate about 10 or 12 miles
south of Canajoharie, N. Y., and 45 miles west
of Albany, are much frequented.  They con-
tain, according to the analysis of Dr. Chilton,
sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, chloride
of sodium, chloride of magnesium, sulphohy-
drate of  sodium,  sulphohydrate  of calcium,
vegetable  extractive matter, and free  sulpho-
hydric acid gas.  Their temperature is 48° Fahr.
   SHEATH, Vagina.
   SHEEP  POISON, Kalmia latifolia.
  SHELL  FLOWER,  Trillium latifolium—s.
Liquid, see Calcis murias.
   SHERBET, Scherbet—s. Orange, see Syru-
pus aurantii.
   SHERMAN'S  WORM  LOZENGES, see
Worm lozenges, Sherman's.
   SHERRY", Sack, see  Wine.
   SHIELD, WATER, Nelumbium luteum.
   SHIN, O'crea, Crista tib'ia.   The spine or
anterior part of the tibia or leg.  It is, also,
called Anticne'mion, and Crea.
   SHINGLES, Herpes  zoster.
   SHORT, Sax. rceor^, from rcipan, 'to cut,
to shear,' shored, shor'd, short, (F.) Court.  A
word used, by  anatomists, in  opposition to
long; and to distinguish parts  from each other
that have otherwise the same name.
   Short  Bones, for   example, are those in
which the  three dimensions—length, breadth,
and thickness—are  nearly alike;  such  are the
vertebrae, bones of the carpus, tarsus, &c.
   SHOTBUSH,  Aralia spinosa.
   SHOULDER-BLADE, Scapula.
   SHOVEL  PICKEREL  WEED, Unisema
deltifolia—s. Pond, Unisema deltifolia.
   SHOW, see Parturition.
   SHOW-CHOO, see Spirit.
  SHOWER-BATH, see Bath.
  SHRUB.  Perhaps from Arabic, sharab, 'sy-
rup.'   A compound of spirits, lemon juice, and
sugar.
  SHUD'DERING, Frem'itus, Phryag'ma,
from (G.) S chaude r, Schauer, (F.) Fri-
missement, Tressaillement.   A peculiar sensa-
tion, felt either externally or  internally;  and
which  seems to be the result of a spasmodic
movement of the parts in which it occurs.  A
slight feeling of cold sometimes accompanies
it.  It is, at times, the result of a moral cause,
and is often the precursor of shivering.
.  SHUMAC, Rhus coriaria.
  SIAGANTRITIS; from oiaywv, 'the jaw,'
etvrpov, 'a cavity,' and itis, denoting  inflamma-
tion.   Inflammation of the lining membrane of
the antrum of Highmore.
  SIAGON, Maxillary bone.
  SIAGO'NAGRA,  from o-iaywv, 'the  jaw,'
and ayga, 'a seizure.'  Arthri'tis maxilla'ris.
A gouty or rheumatic affection of the joint of
the lower jaw.
  SIALACHUS, Salivation.
  SIAL'AGOGUE, Sialago'gus, Sial'ogogue,
Ptyal'agogue, Ptyas'magogue, Sali'vans, Sali-
va'tum, Sialocinet'icus, Apophlegmat'isans per
os, (F.) Salivant, fxom o-ixXov, 'saliva,' and a.ya,
' I expel.'  That which provokes the secretion
of saliva.  Pyrethrum and  mercury are  sialo-
gogues.  Sialagogues  may be of two kinds,—
those which  act through the  circulation,  and
those which  act immediately  on the salivary
organs.  Mercury belongs to the former—pyre-
thrum  to the latter class.  The chief  siala-
gogues are armoracia, calamus, mezereum, py-
rethrum, tabacum and zingiber.
  SIALISMUS, Salivation.
   SIALOCINETICUS, Sialagogue.
   SIALOLITHI, Calculi, salivary.
   SIALOLOG'IA, from o-iaXov, ' saliva,'  and
Xoyog,  'a discourse.'   A treatise on saliva.
   SIALOMA, Saliva.
   SIALON, Saliva.
   SIALORRHCEA, Salivation.
   SIALOSCHESIS, from o-iaXov, 'saliva,'and
o-x*o-ig, ' retention.'   Retention or suppression
of the  saliva.
   SIALOSYRINGES, Salivary fistulae.
   SIALOZEMIA, Salivation—s. Mercurialis,
Salivation, mercurial.
   SIBARE, Phrenitis.
   SIBBENS, Sivvens, Framba'sia Sco'tica. An
infectious disease in the mountainous parts of
Scotland, viewed to be of the venereal kind.
Siwin, in the Keltic, means raspberry;  and it
is said that, in this affection, fungi appear like
raspberries.  From siwin, the inhabitants have
made sievin, sibben, sibbens, and sivvens.  By
some,  this affection is regarded as a complica-
tion of the venereal and itch.  In the Orkneys,
sibbens means itch.—Jamieson.
   SIBILSMUS AURIUM, Tinnitus aurium.
   SIBILUS AURIUM, Tinnitus aurium.
   SICCAN'TIA,  from  siccare,  'to  dry.'
Xeran'tica, (F.) Siccatifs.   Drying medicines.
— Galen.
   Siccantia, Desiccativa.
   SICCATIFS, Siccantia.
   SICCATIO, Drying.
   SICCHA'SIA, o-,xXaoia, 'disgust.'   A dis-
 tressing disgust for food; such as is experienced
 by women with child. 
SICILICUM
774
SILIQUA
   SICIL'ICUM.  A Roman weight of about
 two drachms.
   SICK, Sax. reoc, JEger, JEgro'tus, Nos'eros,
 Noso'des, Jacens, Laborio'sus,  Labo'rans, (F.)
 Malade.  Labouring under disease.  Such is
 its acceptation in old English, and generally in
 the United States.  In England, it most com-
 monly means disorder of the stomach,—nausea.
   A sick person, JEger, JEgro'tus, (F.) Malade,
 who is under the charge of a physician is said
 to be a patient or the patient of the physician.
 At times, but rarely, patient is used for a sick
 person in the abstract.
   Sick Stomach, Milk sickness.
   SICKLY, Morbo'sus, Valetudina'rius, Adyn'-
 atos, Nosac'erus, Noso'des, (F.) Maladif.  One
 who is  subject to be sick,  or is in feeble health.
   SICKNESS, Disease—s. Falling,  Epilepsy
 —s. River, Milk sickness—s. of the Stomach,
 Vomiting—s.  Swamp, Milk sickness.
   SICLIUM, Sicilicum.
   SICUA, Cupping-glass.
   SICULA, Beta, Penis.
   SICYEDON, Cauledon.
   SIDA ABUTILON, Abutilon cordatum.
   SIDE, PAIN IN THE, Pleurodynia.
   SIDERA'TIO, Sydera'tio, Sidera'tion, from
 Sidus,  'a  star;'  because the  condition  was
 thought to be produced by the influence of the
 stars.   The state of one struck suddenly, with-
 out apparent cause, and as  if by  the influence of
 the stars.  The ancients comprised, under this
 name, different morbid conditions, such as pa-
 ralysis, apoplexy, and gangrene.
   Sideratio, Apoplexy, Asphyxia, Phrenitis—
 g. Ossis, Spina ventosa.
   SIDERATION, Astrobolismos, Sideratio.
   SIDERION, Ferramentum.
   SIDERITES, Magnet.
   SIDERITS,Magnet,Teucrium chamaepitys.
  SIDEROS, Ferrum.
   SIDEROXYLON, Chrysophyllum cainito.
   SIDHEE, see Gunjah.
  SIDMOUTH, (CLIMATE OF.)  Sidmouth
 is in Devonshire, England, on the sea-beach, at
 the mouth of the Sid.   It is much frequented by
 invalids, both during the summer and winter.
 The climate is, however, damp, and subject to
 »ea fogs.
  SIEGE, Anus.
  SIELSMOS, Salivation.
  SIELON, Saliva.
  SIFFLEMENT (F.), from siffler,' to whis-
 tle.'  Whistling.
  SIFFLEMENT MODULhl, Chant  des
 arthres,  Bruit musical, ' modulated whistling,
 or music of the arteries.' A  kind  of sound
 heard on auscultation, resembling, at times, the
 humming of certain insects.
  The sound is chiefly met with in  those la-
bouring under chlorosis.
  S1GAULTIAN SECTION, Symphyseotomy.
  SIGE, Taciturnity.
  SIGH, Suspirium.
  SIGHT, Vision—s. Askew, Dysopia lateralis
__s. False, Metamorphopsia, Pseudoblepsia—s.
Feebleness of, Amblyopia.
  SIGILLUM SALAMONS, Convallaria po-
lygonatum—s. Virginitatis, Hymen.
  SIGMATOID, Sigmoid.
  SIGMOID,   Sigmoidal,  Sig'matoid,  Sig-
mo'i'des, Sigmo'des, Sigmoi'deus. That which
 has the form of the Greek S or C ;  from sigma,
 and ttiog, 'resemblance.'
   Sigmoid  Cartilages, Semilunar cartilages.
   Sigmoid Cavities or Fosss of the Ulna,(F.)
 Cavitis ou  Fosses sigmo'ides, are two notches
 at the upper part of that bone,—one for the re-
 ception  of the humerus;  the other for that of
 the radius.
   Sigmoid  Flexure of  the Colon, Flexu'ra
 sigmoi'dea, is a turn the colon takes immediate-
 ly before its termination in the rectum.
   Sigmoid  or Semilunar Valves,  Valvula
 Sigmoi'dea,  Proces'sus Sigmo'i'des,  (F.)  Val-
 vules  sigmo'ides ou semilunaires, are three val-
 vular folds, at the commencement of the pulmo-
 nary artery and aorta.  These valves have tha
 form of a crescent, when applied against the
 parietes of the vessel.  When the blood is sent
 from the ventricles by their contraction, the
 valves are applied against the sides of the ves-
 sel ; but, during the diastole of the ventricle,
 they are depressed, and prevent the blood from
 returning to the heart.   At the middle of the
 convexity of each  valve is a small, hard, trian-
 gular  granulum, called Corpus'culum seu Glo-
 bulus Aran'tii, which completely closes up the
 passage.  It is, also, called Corpusculum Mor-
 gagn'ii, and  C.  Sesamoi'deum, (F.)  Globule
 d'Arantius.
   SIGN, Signum, Semi'on, (F.) Signe.  Any
 present or past circumstance, afforded by the
 examination of a patient, or of matters concern-
 ing him, whence a conclusion  may be drawn
 regarding the nature and seat  of  his  disease.
 The phenomena which precede  the disease are
 called anamnes'tic or commem'orative signs ;—
 those which accompany it, are termed diagnos'-
 tic, if they reveal the nature or seat of the dis-
 ease,—prognos'tic, when they indicate its pro-
 bable duration and termination.
   SIGNA ASSIDENTIA, see Assidens.
   SIG'NATURE, Signatu'ra, Signa'tio, from
 signum, 'a sign;' Epispkagism'os.   This term
 was applied  in the Eastern  countries, in the
 middle ages, to mystic characters of good or bad
 augury, with which it was pretended that every
 one was  marked by  the star under which ha
 was born.
   Signatures of  Plants meant certain pecu-
 liarities in their external  formation or colour,
 whi«h  indicated that they were proper for parti
 cular diseases :—as in the case of the Lungwort,
 Liverwort, &c.
   SIGNES AVANT-COUREURS, Precurso-
 ry signs—*. Pricurseurs,  Precursory signs.
   SIGNUM, see  Parturition—s. Characteris-
 ticum, see Pathognomonic—s. Conjunctum, see
 Pathognomonic—s. Diacriticum,  see Diacritica
 signa—s. Morbi essentiale, see Pathognomonic.
   SILACH, Sitae.  An Arabic word, used to
 designate thickening of the eyelids, Crassi'ties
 Palpebra'rum; and, also, Alopecia.—Forestus,
 Stephanus.
   SILENCE, see  Murmur, respiratory.
  SILE'NE VIRGIN'ICA, Ground Pink, Wild
 Pink, Catch Fly.   The root has been employed
in decoction, as an efficacious anthelmintic.
  SILER MONTANUM, Laserpitium siler.
  SIL'IQUA,  Cera'tion ; the carat.  A weight
of about four grains.
  Siliqua Arabica, Tamarindus—s.  Dulcis,
Ceratonium siliqua. 
SILIQUASTRUM PLINII         775
SINUS
  SILIQUASTRUM  PLINII,  Capsicum an-
nuum.
  SILK, Sericum—s. Weed, Asclepias tuberosa
—s.  Weed,  common, Asclepias  Syriaca — s.
Worm, see Sericum.
  SILLON, Sulcus—*. Horizontal de la veine
tmbilicale, see Liver—*.  Transversale, see Li-
ver—*. de la  Veine cave infirieur, see Liver—
j. de la  Veine porte, see Liver.    *
  SILO, Camus.
  SILPHIUM, Laserpitium.
  SILUS, Camus.
  SILVER,  Argentum—s. Ammonio-chloride
of, see Argentum—s. Chloride  of, see Argen-
tum—s. Chloruret of, see Argentum—s. Cya-
nide  of,  see Argentum—s. Cyanuret of, see Ar-
gentum—s. Iodide of, see Argentum—s. Ioduret
of, see Argentum—s. Leaf, Magnolia macrophyl-
la—s. Muriate of, see Argentum—s. Nitrate of,
Argenti nitras—s. Oxide of, see Argentum—s.
and  Ammonia, Chloride of,  see Argentum—s.
and Ammonia, Chloruret of, see Argentum.
  SILYBUM, Carduus marianus.
  SIMAROUBA, Quassia simarouba—s. Bit-
ter,  Quassia  simarouba—*.  Faux, Malpighia
mourella.
  SIMARUBA, Quassia simarouba—s. Offici-
nalis, Quassia simarouba.
   S1MILATIO, Assimilation.
   SIMITIUM, Plumbi subcarbonas.
   SIMO,  Camus.
   SIMONEA FOLLICULORUM, Acarus fol-
liculornm.
   SIMOTRACHELUS, Bysauchen.
  SIMPLES.  Medicinal herbs.  One skilled
in simples is called a Simplist, a  Rhizot'omist.
   SIMPLST, see Simples.
   SIMULATED  DISEASES,  Feigned dis-

  SIMULATI MORBI, Feigned diseases.
   SIMUS, Camus.
   SINA LEVANTICA,  Artemisia santonica.
   SINAPELiE'ON,  from  o-ivam,  'mustard,'
and ixtiov,' oil.'  Oil impregnated  with mustard.
   SINAPI, Sinapis.
   SINA'PIS, Sinapis nigra, Bras'sica nigra,
Napus, Eru'ca, Sina'pe, Sinapi, Na'pium, Na-
py,  Common Black Mustard, (F.)  Moutarde
noire,  Senevi,  Sanve.   Family,  Cruciferae.
Sex. Syst.  Tetradynamia  Siliquosa.   The
seeds are inodorous, when  entire;  but, when
bruised, the  odour  is very pungent; taste bit-
terish and acrid.  They yield  their virtues to
water,  and  afford a bland  oil by expression.
The seeds are stimulant, diuretic, emetic, and
rubefacient.  They are sometimes  recommended
to be swallowed whole, in dyspepsia, torpor of
the bowels, &c.  Externally, they are applied
in the form of cataplasm.  See Sinapism.
  Sinapis Alba, White Mustard, Napus Leu-
rosina'pis, is  also used medicinally.  It is some-
what less pungent  than  the black.   The dis-
tilled oil—Oleum Sinapis—is a powerful stimu-
lant  and rubefacient.
   Wliitehead's Essence of Mustard consists of
oil of turpentine, camphor, and a portion of spi-
rit of Rosemary : to which is added a small
quantity of flour of mustard.  It is a celebrated
embrocation for rheumatism, &c.
   Whitehead's Essence of Mustard Pills con-
sist of yellow resin and balsam of tolu, enough
to make into pills.
  Sinapis Arven'sis, Charlock, Wild Mustard,
has the seeds sometimes substituted for black
mustard-.
  SINAPISS, Bole Armenian.
  SIN'APISM,  Sinapis'mus, from o-irant,
'mustard.'   A  cataplasm, of which  mustard
forms the  basis, which  is  used  for  exciting
redness, and acting as a counter-irritant.  It is
prepared by mixing flour of mustard and vine-
gar together to the due consistence.   See Cata-
plasma sinapis.
  SIN'CIPUT,  Sincip'ital  Region,  Bregma,
Syn'ciput,  Mesocra'nium, Mesoc'ranum, Hemi-
cephalx'um, Hemicephal'ium, Hemicepk'alum ;
the top of the head.   The French use it syno-
nymously with vertex.  By some  it is applied
to the frontal region or fore part of the cranium.
The parietal bones have been called sincipital
bones, Ossa sincip'itis, (F.) Os du sinciput.
  SINDON, o-ivdeev, very fine linen.  A small
piece of  rag, or a round pledget, supported by
a thread at its middle, and introduced into the
opening  in the cranium made by the trephine.
   SINEW, Tendon.
   SINGLETON'S GOLDEN OINTMENT is
formed of sulphuret of arsenic (realgar), and lard,
or spermaceti ointment.
   SINGULT'OUS, Lygmo'des, Lygo'des, Lyn-
go'des,Lynggo'des ; from Singultus, 'hiccough.'
Relating to or affected with hiccough.
   SINGULTUS, Lynx, Lygmus, Spasmolyg'-
mus, Clonus Singul'tus, Pneusis  singultus,
Hiccough, Hiccup, (F.) Hoquet.  A  noise made
by the sudden and involuntary contraction of
the  diaphragm, and the simultaneous contrac-
tion of the glottis, which arrests the air in the
trachea.  It is a symptom of many morbid con-
ditions, and especially of gangrene,  but occurs,
frequently, in persons otherwise in good health.
   SINUEUX, Sinuous.
   SINUOSITAS, Sinus.
   SIN'UOUS, Sinuo'sus, (F.) Sinueux, from
sinus, ' a bay or curve.'  An epithet  given to
certain ulcers, and especially to certain fistulae,
which are  tortuous.
   SINUS, Si/ruo'sitas, Colpos, Abscon'sio, Eu-
rycho'ria, Reces'sus, (F.) Golfe.  Any cavity,
the interior of which is more expanded than the
entrance.  In this sense, anatomists  have ap-
plied the term to cavities  in certain bones of
the head and face.  It has been, also, applied to
certain venous  canals, into which a number of
vessels empty themselves; such as  the sinuses
of the dura mater and of the spine ; the sinus of
the  vena porta;  uterine  sinuses, &c.
   In surgery it means  a long, narrow, hollow
track, leading from some abscess, diseased bone,
&c, (F.) Clapier.
   Sinuses of bones form part of the nasal cavi-
ties. They are the frontal, sphenoidal, maxil-
lary, &c.  The name has also been given, occa-
sionally, to the ethmoid and mastoid cells.
   Sinus Acusticus, Auditory canal, internal—
s. Arteriosus, S. pulmonalis—s. Basilar, Sinus
transversus—*.  Caverneux, Cavernous sinus—
s. Cavernosi uteri, Sinus  uterini—s.  Caverno-
sus, Cavernous sinus—s. Cerebri, Ventricles of
the brain—*. Clioro'idien, S. quartus—s. Circu-
lar, of Ridley, Sinus coronarius—s. Circularis,
 S. coronarius—*. Coronaire du caur, see Car-
diac veins.
   Sinus Corona'rius, Sinus circula'ris, S. cir-
cularis Ridleyi, Circular sinus of Ridley, Cor'-
onary sinus. A venous canal, which surrounds, 
SINUS CORONARY           776       SINUS OF THE VENA CAVA
in a more or less regular manner, the pituitary
fossa and gland, emptying itself  into the cor-
responding cavernous sinus by each of its extre-
mities.
  Sinus, Coronary, Sinus coronarius—s. Coro-
nary of the heart, Sinus coronary, venous.
  Sinus  Coronary, Venous,  Coronary sinus
of the heart.  A name  given, on account of its
great size, to that portion of the great coronary
vein which embraces the left auriculo-ventri-
cular furrow.
  Sinus Coxje, see Cotyloid—*. Droit, S. quar-
tus.
  Sinus Dexter CoRDis,Sinus vena'rum cava',-
rum, S. veno'sus,  Saccus vena'rum cava'rum.
The right auricle of the heart:—Atrium cordis
dextrum.  See Auricula.
  Sinuses  of the Dura Mater, Sinus seu
Fis'tula seu Cavita'tes seu Ventric'uli seu Tu -
bull seu Sanguiduc'tus seu Receptac'ula Dura
matris, are formed by a separation of the layers
of the dura mater, which acts as a substitute
for the  outer membrane of veins.  Bichat ad-
mits only four great sinuses, of which all the
others seem to be dependencies;—the two late-
ral sinuses, the straight sinus, and the longitu-
dinal sinus.  To the lateral  sinuses belong,—
the petrous sinuses, superior  and  inferior; the
transverse sinus ;  the  cavernous  sinuses ; the
coronary sinus, and the occipital  sinuses.  To
the straight sinus belongs the inferior longitu-
dinal.   The longitudinal  sinus,  properly so
called, has  no sinus under its  dependence.
  Sinus Falciformis Inferior, S. longitudinal,
inferior—s. Falciformis superior, S. longitudi-
nal, superior—s. Fourth, Torcular Herophili—
s. Gense pituitarius, Antrum of Highmore—s. of
the Jugular vein, see Jugular veins—s. Lacry-
malis, Lachrymal sac.
  Sinuses of the Larynx, Ventricles of the
larynx.
  Sinuses, Lat'eral, Sinus transver'si, S.mag-
ni, S. latera'les, (F.) Sinus latiraux.  Each of
these  sinuses, distinguished into right and left,
begins at the torcular  Herophili,  or confluence
of the sinuses, and terminates at the sinus of the
jugular vein.
  SINUS LATlRAUX, Sinuses, lateral.
  Sinuses,  Longitu'dinal, S. Longitudina'les.
These are two in number.  1. Superior Lon-
gitudinal  Sinus,  S. falcifor'mis superior, S.
triangularis, Sinus midian, (Ch.)  A long,
triangular canal; convex above, concave below,
which occupies the whole of the upper edge of
the falx cerebri.  It is broad behind, and much
narrower before, where it commences by a cul-
de-sac, at the crista galli of the ethmoid bone.
It passes along the frontal or coronal crest, sa-
gittal suture, and the vertical groove of the oc-
cipital bone.  It receives several veins from
the dura mater; and all those  that are spread
over the convex and plain surfaces of the two
hemispheres of the brain.  It discharges itself
into the upper part of the torcular Herophili.
2 Inferior Longitudinal Sinus, Sinus falci-
for'mis inferior, Vena  falcis  cer'ebri.   This is
much narrower than the last, and occupies the
inferior edge of the falx cerebri, from its ante-
rior third to the tentorium cerebelli, where it
terminates, commonly by two branches, in the
straight sinus.
  Sinus Magni, Sinuses, lateral—s. Maxillary,
Antrum of Highmore—*. Median, Sinus longi-
tudinal superior—s. Median, see Semicircular
canals—s. Muliebris, Vagina.
  Sinus, Occip'ital, Sinus occipita'lis.  These
sinuses commence at the sides of the foramen
magnum  ossis occipitis, and ascend—becoming
broader and nearer each other—into the sub-
stance of the falx cerebelli,  where they  fre-
quently unite.   Each opens  into the inferior
part of the .torcular  Herophili.   They receive
the veins of the falx cerebelli, of the dura ma-
ter which lines the fossae cerebelli, and  of the
posterior part of the cerebellum.  Haller and
Sommering have given  them the name of pos-
terior occipital sinuses, to distinguish them from
the transverse  sinus, which they have  called
anterior occipital sinus.
  Sinus  Occipitalis Anterior, Sinus trans-
versus—s. Ophthalmic,  see Cavernous sinus—
s.  Perpendicularis,  S.  quartus—s.  Pituitarii
frontis, Frontal sinuses—s. Polymorphus, Ca-
vernous sinus—s. Portarum, see  Liver—s. Pu-
dendi, Vagina—s. Pudoris, Vagina, Vulva.
   Sinus Pulmona'lis, S. sinis'ter cordis, A'tri-
umcordissinis'trum,S.vena'rumpulmona'lium, *
S. arterio'sus, Saccus vena'rum pulmona'Hum.
The left  auricle of the heart.  See Auricula.
  Sinus of the Pulmonary Veins, Auricle, left.
  Sinus Quartus, S. perpendicula'ris, (F.) Si-
nus choro'idien (Ch.), Sinus droit, Straight Si-
nus.  This sinus—triangular throughout; wide
posteriorly; narrower anteriorly;  slightly ob-
lique downwards and backwards—passes along
the base of the falx cerebri, from the termina-
tion of the  inferior  longitudinal sinus  to the
torcular  Herophili.  It receives the inferior
longitudinal sinus, the veins of the lateral ven-
tricles or vena  Galeni, the superior cerebellous
veins, &c.
  Sinus Renum, Pelvis of the kidney—s. Rhom-
boidal, Calamus scriptorius—s. of the Septum
lucidum, Ventricle, fifth—s. Sinister cordis, S.
pulmonalis—s. Sphenoidal is, Cavernous sinus—
s. Straight, S. quartus—s. Superciliares, Frontal
sinuses—s. Transversi,  Sinuses, lateral.
   Sinus Transver'sus, S. occipita'lis ante'rior,
Bas'ilar  sinus.   This sinus lies transversely at
the anterior part  of the  basilary  process of the
occipital bone.  It forms a communication be-
tween the two petrous sinuses, and the  caver-
nous sinus of one side and those of the other.
Its breadth is commonly very great.  It is si-
tuate  between  two layers of the dura  mater,
and presents, internally, a kind of cavernous
tissue.
   Sinus Triangularis,S.longitudinal, superior.
   Sinus  Uteri'ni,  Sinus  caverno'si  U'teri,
Uterine  sinuses.  A name given to cavities,
formed by the uterine veins in the substance of
the uterine  parietes.   They are very large
during pregnancy.
   Sinus UTRicuLosus,see Semicircular canals—
*. des Vaisseaux siminiferes, Corpus Highmori.
   Sinuses  of Valsal'va are three depressions
in the aorta and pulmonary artery, immediately
opposite the semilunar valves.   Their use is to
leave the edges of the valves free, so that they
can be  caught by the refluent  blood.  Where
the aorta is about to send off  the first of its
large branches, at the top of the thorax, it is of
great size, and has been called the Large sinus
of Valsalva.
   Sinus  of the Vena Cava, Auricle, right—s.
Venarum cavarum, S. dexter cordis—s. Vena- 
SIPEERI
777
SLATERS
rum pulmonalium, S. pulmonalis—s. Venosus,
S. dexter cordis.
  Sinuses, Ver'tebral, (F.) Sinus vertibraux.
Two great venous sinuses, different from those
of the  dura mater, which extend the whole
length of the vertebral canal, from the occipital
foramen to  the end of the sacrum, behind the
bodies of the vertebrae, before the dura mater,
and at the sides of the posterior vertebral liga-
ment.  At their inner side they communicate
with each other by means of branches, which
form true transverse sinuses.  They are situate
at the middle of the body of each vertebra, pass-
ing under  the posterior vertebral  ligament.
They receive, at their middle  part,  the veins
lhat arise in the spongy tissue of the  vertebrae.
Cy their external  side, the vertebral sinuses
communicate  with  the  posterior branches of
the vertebral,  intercostal,  and lumbar  veins.
At their posterior side they receive  the veins,
which  creep on the prolongation of the dura
rnater that envelops the marrow.
   Sinus Vulvae, Rima vulvae.
   SIPEERI, Bebeeru.
   SIPEERINE, see Bebeeru.
   SIPHAR, Peritoneum.
   SIPHILIS,  Syphilis.
   SIPHITA, Somnambulism—s. Parva, Chorea,
   SIPHO, Syringe—s. Urins, Diabetes.
   SIPHONIA CAHUCHU, see Caoutchouc—
s. Elastica, see Caoutchouc.
   SIPHUNCULUS, Syringe.
   SIRA, Orpiment.
   SIR1ASIS,  Coup de Soleil, Insolation, Phre-
nitis—s. .fEgyptiaca, Coup de Soleil.
   SIRIUM M YRTIFOLIUM, Santalum album.
   SIRIUS,  Canicula.
   SIROP DE CAPILLAIRE, see  Adiantum
capillus veneris—*. de Coralline, see Corallina
Corsicana.
   SIRUP,  Syrup.
   SISON AMMI.  Family, Umbelliferae. Sex.
Syst. Pentandria Digynia.  The plant that af-
fords the Ammi verum of the shops ; (F.) Ammi
des Boutiques.  The seeds were once used as  a
carminative.
   Sison Amo'mum, (F.) Amome faux, is consi-
dered to be excitant and diuretic.  It  is  the
field honewort.
   SISYMBRIUM MENTHASTRUM, Men-
tha aquatica.
   Sisymbrium  Nastur'tium, Nasturtium
nquat'icum, N. officina'le,  Laver  odora'tum,
Crateva'sium, Cressi,  Cardami'ne  fonta'na,
Water Cress,  (F.)  Cresson de  fontaine.  Fa-
wily,  Cruciferae.   Sex.  Syst.  Tetradynamia
Siliquosa.   Water cresses are  commonly used
in salad.  They have obtained  a place  in  the
materia medica for their antiscorbutic qualities.
   Sisymbrium Officinale, Erysimum.
   Sisymbrium So'phia ;  the Herb Sophia, So-
phia Chirurgo'rum, Flix or Flux weed, (F.) Sa-
ges se des Chirurgiens.  It was once reputed to
be anthelmintic, and  valuable  in  hysterical
affections.   It is not used.
   Other species of Nasturtium, as  N. Palus'-
tre, Marsh water cress; and N. ampkib'ium,
Water radish, possess similar virtues with Nas-
turtium officinale.
   SITICULOSUS, Dipsodes; see Alterative.
   SITIENS,  Dipsodes.
   SITS,  Thirst—s. Inten-sa, Polydipsia—s.
Morbosa, Polydipsia.
         50                   •
  SITKA, MINERAL WATERS  OF.  See
Archangel, New, mineral waters of.
  SITOS, Aliment.
  SITUS  ANOMALUS  seu PERVERSUS
INTESTINORUM, Splanchnectopia.
  SIUM, Sium nodiflo'rum, Creeping Water-
parsnep, (F.) Berle  nodiflore.  Family, Um-
belliferae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.   It
is stimulant, and supposed to be  diuretic and
lithontriptic.  It is, sometimes, employed  in
cutaneous eruptions.
  Sium Latifo'lium  is the common Water-par-
snep of the United States.   It is said to be poi-
sonous.
  Sium Ninsi.  The  plant whose root is called
Radix Ninsi, Ninzin, Nindsin.   This root
was long supposed to be the same as ginseng,
and it possesses similar, though weaker proper-
ties.
  Sium Sis'arum, Skirret, is used as a salad in
Europe; and has been supposed a useful diet in
chest affections.
  SIVVENS, Sibbens.
  SKELETIA,  Emaciation.
  SKELETOL'OGY, Sceletolog"ia,  (F.) Sque-
lettologie, from oxiXtrog,' a skeleton,' and Xoyog,
' a discourse.' A treatise on the solid parts of
the body.  This part of anatomy comprehends
Osteology and Syndesmoloiry.
  SKEL'ETON, Scel'etum, fxom nxiXtxnc, Ca-
dav'er exsiccd turn, (F.)  Squelette,  Sceleton, a
dried body; from axtXXu<, 'i dry.'  The aggre-
gate of the hard  parts of the body, or the bones.
A skeleton is found  in almost all animals, al-
though it may not be  always formed in the same
manner.  In some, as in the Crustacea and tes-
tacea, it is wholly or partly external, Exo-ske-
leton,  Dermo-skeleton.  In others, as in birds,
the  mammalia, &c,  it is internal, Endo-skele-
ton, Neuroskeleton.   It serves as a support for
other organs.  On it the general shape of the
body and of its various parts is greatly depend-
ent.  When  the bones are united by their na-
tural ligaments,  the  skeleton  is said to be na-
tural, Scel'etum natural le ; when articulated  by
means of wires,  artificial, Scel'etum artificia'li.
  SKELETOPCE'IA, Sceletopa'a, Sceleteu'sis,
from oxtXtxog, 'a skeleton,' and notiu>, 'Imake.'
The part of practical anatomy which treats of
 the preparation of bones, and the construction
of  skeletons.  Bones are prepared  to exhibit
their conformation, structure, chymical compo-
sition, mode of development, and changes; the
different cavities formed  by the union; and to
demonstrate their connexions, relations,  modes
 of union, &c.
   SKEVTSCH,  Erigeron Philadelphicum.
   SKEVISH, FLEABANE, Erigeron  Phila-
 delphicum.
   SKIN, Cutis.
   SKIN-BOUND DISEASE, Induration of the
 cellular tissue.
   SKIOMACHIA, Sciomachy.
   SKIRRET, Sium  sisarum.
   SKIRSE, Scirrhus.
   SKOKE, Phytolacca decandra.
   SKUE-SIGHT, Dysopia lateralis.
   SKULL, Cranium.
   SKULL-CAP, Calvaria, Scutellaria galeri-
 culata.
   SKUNK-CABBAGE,  Dracontium foetidum.
   SLATE, IRISH, Hibernicus lapis.
   SLATERS, Onisci aselli. 
SLATKAIA TRAVA          778                SNORING
  SLATKAIA TRAVA, see Spirit.
  SLAVERING,  from  saliva:  Ptyalis'mus
iners, Driv'elling,  (F.)  Bave.   Involuntary
flow of saliva, from sluggishness of deglutition,
without increased secretion.  It is seen in the
infant, the aged, and the idiot.
  SLEEP, Sax. rlep; Somnus, Sompnus, Sopor,
Dormif'io, Hypnos, (F.) Sommeil. Temporary
interruption of  our relations with external ob-
jects.  A repose of the organs of sense, intel-
lectual faculties, and voluntary motion.
  The act of quitting this  condition is called
awaking, (F.) Evigilation, Reveil.  Sometimes
this is progressive and natural; at others, sud-
den and starting;  (F.) Reveil en sursaut,—as
in nightmare, affections of the heart, hypochon-
driasis, &c.
  Magnetic  sleep—Hypno'sis biomagnet'ica—
is the sleep induced by  the so called animal
magnetism.
  SLEEPLESSNESS, Insomnia.
  SLEEP-WALKING, Somnambulism.
  SLING, (G.) Schlinge, Mitel'la, Mit'rium.
A bandage, employed to keep the forearm bent
on the arm, in cases of injury  done to those
parts, in  fracture of the clavicle, injury of the
hands, &c.   A  handkerchief is often sufficient
for this purpose.  It must be folded diagonally,
and be tied, by the extremities, round the neck.
The French surgeons have used many varieties
of Echarpes or slings; as the Grande ickarpe,
Echarpe moyenne, Petite ickarpe, Echarpe de J.
L. Petit, &c.
  SLIPPERS,  Impatiens.
  SLIT AND TAIL BANDAGE, Invaginated
bandage.
  SLOE TREE, Prunus  spinosa.
  SLOUGH, Eschar.
  SLOWS, Milk sickness.
  SLUG, Limax—s. Sea, Bicke de Mer.
  SLUMBER,  Somnolency.
  SMALLAGE, Apium graveolens.
  SMALL-POX,  Variola—s. Modified, Vario-
loid.
  SMALT, Protox'ide of Cobalt, Smaltum, Sa-
fre, Azur, Blue Starch.  This oxyd has  been
given in rheumatism, in the dose of ten to
twenty grains.  A larger quantity excites vo-
miting.
  SMARAG'DUS, (F.) Imerande.   The eme-
rald.  It was formerly regarded as a tonic.
  SMARTWEED, Polygonum punctatum.
  SMECTICA, Detergents.
  SMECTIS, Cimolia terra.
  SMECTRIS, Cimolia terra.
  SMEGMA, arti,yfiai  from ourjXnv, 'to wipe,
to rub off.'  Soap, grease, a salve, a liniment.
Also, the secretion from the sebaceous follicles
of the skin.
  Smegma Articulare, Synovia—s. Cutaneum,
see Sebaceous glands.
  Smegma Pr/epu'tii. The fatty secretion from
the sebaceous follicles of the glans penis.
  SMEGMATORRHCEA,  Stearrhcea.
  SMEGMORRHCEA, Stearrhcea.
  SMELL, SENSE OF, Olfaction.
  SMELLING, Olfaction.
  SMELLOME'S OINTMENT  FOR  THE
EYES, Ceratum resinae.
  SMILAX, Taxus baccata — s. Aspera Chi-
nensis,  Smilax China—s.  Aspera Peruviana,
Smilax sarsaparilla.
  Smilax China, China, China orienta'lis, San-
kira,  Gauquara,  Smilax  as'pera  Chinen'sis,
China root, (F.) Squine, Esquine.   Family,
Smilacece.  Sex. Syst. Dicecia Hexandria. For-
merly much used  in cutaneous and venereal af-
fections.
  Smilax Indica Spinosa, Smilax pseudo-China
—s. Officinalis, Smilax sarsaparilla.
  Smilax Pseudo-China, Smilax In'dica  spi-
na! sa, China occidenta'lis, China spu'ria nodo'-
sa;  American  or West India China.   In scro-
fulous disorders, the root has been often pre-
ferred to the oriental kind.  In other  cases, it
possesses similar  virtues.
  Smilax Sarsaparil'la, <S. officina'lis,Sarsa-
paril'la, Sartaparil'la, Smilax as'pera Peruvia'-
ni, Sarza, Sarsa, Carivillan'di, Iva Pecan'ga,
Macapatli, Zarsa, Zarzaparil'la,  (F.) Salse-
pareille.   The root of the Sarsaparilla  is inodo-
rous;  taste bitterish, feculaceous, and fibrous:
of a dark colour externally;  white within.  It
is possessed of diuretic and  demulcent pro-
perties, and has been often employed in the se-
quelae of syphilis;   when, after  a mercurial
course,  nocturnal pains, ulceration, &c, con-
tinue.  It has also  been  advised  in  scrofula,
chronic rheumatism, &c; but its efficacy is, to
say the least of it, a matter of doubt.   Dose, J}j
to ^j of the powder.
  SMILE, amXri.  A curved,  two-edged  bis-
toury.  A knife.
  SMILEON, Scalpel.
  SMYRNA, Myrrha.
  SMYRNISMOS, Embalming.
  SMYR'NIUM  OLUSA'TRUM, Hipposeli'-
num,  Smyr'nium, Maeero'na, Macedonis'ium,
Herba Alexandri'na, Gri'elum, Agrioseli'num,
Alexan'ders, Alsanders.  A plant formerly cul-
tivated for culinary  purposes.  The seeds are
bitter and aromatic, and the roots more power-
fully bitter.  They have been recommended as
resolvents, diuretics, emmenagogues, &c.
  SNAGREL, Aristolochia serpentaria.
  SNAIL, Limax—s. Shell, Cochlea.
  SNAKEHEAD, Chelone glabra.
  SNAKEROOT,  BIRTHWORT,  Aristolo-
chia serpentaria—s. Rlack, Actaea racemosa—
s. Button, Eryngium aquaticum, Liatris spicata
—s. Canada,  Asarum Canadense — s. Dewitt,
Prenanthes—s. Evergreen, Polygala paucifolia
—s. Heart, Asarum  Canadense—s. Virginiana,
Aristolochia serpentaria.
  SNAKEWEED, Aristolochia serpentaria,
Helenium autumnale, Polygonum bistorta—s.
American, Cicuta maculata.
  SNEEZING, from Sax. nieran; (G.) Nie-
s e n,  Clonus Sternuta'tio, Sternuta'tio, Sternu-
tamen'tum, Sternumen'tum, Ptarmos, (F.) £.ter-
nuement.  A  convulsive motion of the expira-
tory  muscles,  by which the air  is driven ra-
pidly, and rushes sonorously, through  the nasal
fossae, carrying with it  the mucus and foreign
bodies,  which adhere to  the pituitary mem-
brane, and have occasioned the movement.
   SNEEZEWORT, Achillea ptarmica, Hele-
nium autumnale.
   SNORING, Rhenckus, Rhenxis,  Ronckus,
Rhonchus, Stertor, Renchus, (F.) Ronflement;
from (G.) scharnen.  Noise  made in the
posterior part of the  mouth and nasal  fossae
during  the movements  of inspiration, particu-
larly in sleep, both when the person is  in health,
and in disease, as in apoplexy.  In certain affec- 
SNOT
779
SODA
tions of the chest—in some cases of pulmonary
catarrh—a kind of snoring may be distinctly
heard by applying the ear or the stethoscope to
the chest.
  SNOT, Nasal mucus.
  SNOW, Sax. rnap, Nix, Chion, (F.) Neige.
Water in a solid state, which falls from the at-
mosphere in white flakes.   It is used externally
as a tonic and discutient.
  SNOWBALL, Cephalanthus occidentalis.
  SNUFF, CEPHALIC, Pulvis asari compo-
tus.
  SNUFF LES, Teut. S n u f f e 1 n, Grave'do ne-
onato'rum, Rhinan'gia, Rhinanck'one.  Breath-
ing hard through the nose, often owing to accu-
mulation of the mucous secretions,—an affec-
tion to which infants are liable, and which is
relieved by oiling the interior of the nostrils.
  SOAP, Sapo—s. Acid,  see Sapo—s. Berries,
Sapindus saponaria—s. Black, see Sapo—s. Cas-
tile, Sapo durus — s. of the Cocoa-nut oil, see
Sapo—s. Common or soft, see  Sapo—s. Liquid,
see Sapo—s. Medicinal, see Sapo—s. Spanish,
Sapo durus—s. Yellow, see Sapo.
  SOAPWORT, Saponaria.
  SOB, from Sax. reopian, 'to grieve;' (F.)
Sanglot.   A  spasmodic,  sudden, and  momen-
tary contraction of the diaphragm, immediately
followed by relaxation, by which the little air,
that the contraction  has  caused to enter the
chest, is driven out with  noise.  It is an  evi-
dence  of corporeal or mental suffering,
  SOBOLES, Epigone.
  SOBRIETAS, Temperance.
  SOCIA  PAROTIDS,  see Parotid.
  SOCI'ETY, Soci'etas, (F.) Sociiti, from so-
ciare,  ' to  associate.'   An association for the
promotion of some common object.
  Societies,  Medical.  Associations of  me-
dical gentlemen for the promotion of science
have been numerous, and productive of valuable
results.  In the United States,  societies exist
in many of the states, possessing the power of
examining into the qualifications of every one
who may  be desirous of practising within their
particular jurisdiction.  In some of the states,
however, the qualified and unqualified are per-
mitted to exercise their profession with equal
privileges and immunities.
  Amongst the medical associations that have
issued from time to time useful transactions or
publications, are the following: In America,—
The Massachusetts Medical Society; the Phy-
sico-medical, and Medical Societies of the State
of New York; and the College of  Physicians
of Pkiladelphia.  In Europe,—The Associa-
tion of Fellows and Licentiates  of the King's
and Queen's College of Physicians of Ireland;
the Medico-CJiirurgical and Phrenological So-
cieties of Edinburgh; the College, of Physicians,
the Medico-Chirurgical, the Medical  and  the
Sydenham  Societies of London;  the Associated
Apothecaries and Surgeon  Apothecaries of Eng-
land and  Wales,  and the Provincial Medical
and Surgical Association; the Royal Academy
■if Surgery, the Royal Society of Medicine, the
Sociiti Medicale d'Emi/lation,  the  Sociiti de
Mideeine, the  Royal Academy of Medicine, and
the Sociiti Medicate d'Observation, of Paris;
the Medico-Chirurgical Academy of  Vienna;
the Medical Societies of Berlin and Copenha-
gen, &c. &c.  In Asia,—The Medical and Phy-
sical Society of Calcutta.
  Valuable  medical essays are  likewise con
tained in the  published  Transactions of  th
American Philosophical Society; of the Roya
Societies of London,  Edinburgh, Gottingen
&c; of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris
the Imperial Society of Sciences  of St. Peters
burg; the Royal Academy of Sciences of Turin
the Academia  Imperiulis  Leopoldina Naturi
Curiosorum, &c.
  SOCORDIA, Hallucination.
  SODA.  An Arabic word.  Protox'ide of so'
dium, (F.) Sonde, is obtained by adding causti
lime to a solution of carbonate of soda.  Th
soda in solution may be obtained by evapora
tion as hydrate of soda.  Its action is like tha
of potassa; but it is not officinal.
  Soda impu'ra, Barilla, Barigflia, Baril'lor
Soda Hispan'ica, Ana'tron, Natron,  Ana'ton
Nitrum Antiquo'rum, Kelp, Aphroni'trum, Sa
alkali'nus  fixus  fos'silis,  Car'bonas  Sodi
im'purus, Subcar'bonas Soda  impu'ra,  Ana
chron, the mineral alkali is obtained from se
veral sources; — naturally, in  Egypt:  artifi
cially, from the incineration of marine plants
and from the decomposition of sulphate of soda
&c.  It is principally, however, derived fror
plants growing on the sea-coast;—as the Salso'
la sati'va, S. soda, S.  tragus, Salicor'nia her
ba'cea, So.Iicornia Arab'ica, &c.   The Barill
ashes are from the ashes of the Salicor'nia Eu
ropa'a:—the Kelp, Sonde de Varecq, from  th
Fucus vesiculo'sus  and  other  varieties — th
Turkey Barilla, Roquette, Cendre du Levant
Rochet'ta Alexandri'na, from the Mesembryan'
themum Cop'ticum;—the Al'icant Barilla, Sod,
Alicanti'na, S. Alonen'sis, from the Mesembry
an'themum nodiflo'rum;—and the Carthage'n,
Barilla, from the Salicor'nia and Salso'la.
  Impure subcarbonate of soda, (F.)  Sonde di
commerce, consists of subcarbonate of soda, pot
ash, chloride of sodium, clay, and other earth'
substances.   It is chiefly used for preparing  th
pure subcarbonate.
  Soda, Cardialgia, Cephalalgia, Pyrosis.
  Soda Aceta'ta, Soda  Ace'tas, Ac"etate o
Soda, Terra folia'ta minera'lis, (F.) Acitate d
sonde.  This salt is used in similar cases wit!
the  acetate of potass.
  Soda Aerata, Sodae carbonas—s. Alonensis
Soda—s. Biborate of, Borax—s. Bicarbonate oJ
Sodae  carbonas—s. Borate  of, Borax—s. Borax
ata, Borax.
  Soda, Car'bonate of, Sodx Car'bonas, Car
bonas Na'tricum, Soda Aera'ta, Sodx Bicar'
bonas, Bicar'bonate of Soda, Carbonate of pro
tox'ide of So'dium, (F'.) Carbonate de Sonde
S. effervescente, S. aerie, S. Crayeuse. (Sodc
subcarb. Ibj,  aqua destill. Oiij.   Dissolve  thi
subcarbonate of soda,  and pass  carbonic acii
through the solution ; set it aside to crystallize.
Its  use is the  same as the subcarbonate, thai
which  it is  less caustic, and is better adaptei
for  effervescing draughts.
  Soda Cau'stica,Protox'ide ofSo'dium,Caus
tic Soda, (F.) Sonde caustique, S. a la Chaux
Sonde pure.   The impure subcarbonate, treatei
by quicklime, and consequently deprived of it
carbonic acid.  It may be used  as a caustic
like the Potassa fusa, and is even preferable ti
it, as it does not deliquesce and run.
  Soda, Chloride  of, S. Chlorina'ta, Seds
Chlo'ridum, Chlorinated Soda, Natrum Oxy
muriat'icvm, Soda Chlorure'tum, Oxymu'riat 
SODA, CHLORINATED         780
SODIUM
of Soda,  (F.) Chlorure de Soude,  Chlorure
d'oxide de Sodium.  This salt is used as a dis-
infecting  agent;   both  to  remove  offensive
smells in  chambers, and to alter the  condition
of fetid ulcers.  See Liquor Sodas Chlorinatae.
  Soda,  Chlorinated,  Soda, chloride  of—s.
llispanica, Soda—s. Hydrochlorate  of, Soda,
muriate of.
  Soda, Hyposulph'ite of, Soda kyposulph'is,
(,F.) Hyposulfite de Soude.  This salt has been
lately extolled in chronic cutaneous,  and scro-
fulous affections.   It is given in syrup.
  Soda, Lithate  of,  Urate of soda—s. Me-
phite of, Soda, subcarbonate of.
  Soda, Mu'riate of, Soda murias, Soda mu-
ria'ta, S. muriat'ica, Al'kali minera'lS  sali'num,
Sal commu'nis, Sal culina'ris, Sal fon'tium, Sal
gemmx, Sal mari'nus, Natron muria'tum, Sal
albus, Natrum muriat'icum, Common salt, Sea
salt, Hydrochlo'rinas  Na'tricus, Sal fos'silis,
Sal  lu'cidum, Muria, Rock  salt, Bay salt,
White  salt, Quadricklo'ru.ret of Sodium, Hy-
drochlo'rate of protox'ide of Sodium,  Hydro-
cklo'rate  of Soda, Cklorure'tum So'dii, So'dii
Chlo'ridum, Chloride of Sodium, (F.) Chlorure
de Sodium, Sel de Cuisine. In an impure state,
this  salt is one of the most abundant of natural
productions.   It is soluble in 3 parts  of water,
and is tonic, purgative, and anthelmintic.  Ex-
ternally, stimulant.   It  is a well known and
useful  culinary substance.
   Soda, Nitrate of, Soda Nitras, Natron ni'-
tricum, Al'kali  minerale nitra'tum, Nitrum
Cu'bicum,  Nitrate of protox'ide of Sodium,
Protoni'trate of Sodium, Nitrum, Rkomboida'le,
Nitras Natricum,  Salpe'tra.   Its virtues are
similar to those of  the nitrate of potass, for
which it has been substituted.
   rioDA, Oxymuriate  of, Soda, chloride of.
   Soda, Phosphate of, S. Phosphora'ta, Soda
phos'phas, Subphosphate of protox'ide  of So-
dium, Phosphas Na'tricum, Natrum  Oxyphos-
phoro'des,  Subprotophospkate of Sodium, Sub-
pkos'pkate of Soda,  Sal mirab'ili  perla'tum,
Triba'sic  phosphate of Soda,  Alkali  minera'lB
pkosphora'tum,  Tasteless  purging  salt, (F.)
Phosphate  de  Soude,  Sel  admirable perli.
(Bone burnt to  whiteness and  powdered, fix;
Sulphuric  acid, Ibvj ;  Carbonate of soda, q.  s.
Mix the bone with the acid in a  covered vessel,
add  a gallon of water, and  stir.  Digest for
three days, occasionally adding a little water
to  that  lost  by  evaporation,  and  frequently
stirring the mixture.  Pour in now a gallon of
boiling water, and strain through linen, gradu-
ally adding more boiling water,  until the liquor
passes nearly tasteless.  Set the strained liquor
by,  that the  dregs may subside; from which
 pour off the clear solution, and  boil  down to a
 gallon.  To this  solution, poured off from the
 dregs and heated in an iron vessel, add by de-
 grees the carbonate of soda previously dissolved
 Ln hot water, until effervescence ceases, and the
 phosphoric acid is completely neutralized; then
 filter the liquor, and set it aside to crystallize.
 Having removed the crystals, add, if  necessary,
 a small quantity of  carbonate of soda to the
 liquor, so as to render it slightly alkaline; then
 alternately evaporate  and crystallize so long as
 crystals  are produced.  Lastly, preserve the
 crystals in a well  stopped  bottle,—Ph. U. S.)
 Cathartic, in the dose of from gss to gj.
Soda, Phosphate of, tribasic, S. Phosphate
of.
  Soda, Subcarb'onate of, Sodx Subcarbonas,
Soda Carbonas (Ph. U. S.), Subcarbonate of
protox'ide of Sodium, Mephite of Soda, Natron
prapura'tum, Sal Soda, Salt of Soda, Flos Salis,
Sagi'men  Vitri, Salt of Baril'la, Sal al'kali,
Carbonas  Soda of some, (F.) Sous-carbonate
de Soude.   The impure  subcarbonate, dissolved
in water;  the solution filtered and crystallized.
Soluble in two parts of water at  6(1°.   It is
much used as an antacid ; and  also as a deob-
struent in scrofulous and other affections.  Dose,
gr. x to gss.
  The dried Subcar'bonate of Soda, Sodx Sub-
car'bonas exsicca'ta, Soda carbonas exsicca'tus,
Carbonas  Soda sicca'tum, (F.) Sous-carbonate
de Soude dessichi, is employed as an antacid
and lithontriptic.   Dose, gr. x to xv.
  Soda, Subphosphate of, S. phosphate of.
  Soda, Sulphate of, Soda Sulphas, Natron
vitriola'tum, Sal catharticus Glaube'ri, Al'ciiH
minera'lS sulphu'ricum, Natrum sulphu'ricum,
Soda vitriola'ta, Sulphas na'tricus, Sal mirab'—
His Glaube'ri,  Ape'rient  Salt  of  Frederick,
Glauber's Salts, (F.) Sulfate de Soude.   Ob-
tained from the salt that remains after the dis-
tillation of muriatic acid;  the superabundant
acid being saturated with subcarbonate of soda.
It is soluble in three  parts of water at 60° ; is
purgative, and, in small doses, diuretic.  Dose,
gvj to gx.
  The Lymington Glauber's Salts is a Sulphate
of  Magnesia and  Soda, and is obtained from
the mother liquor of sea-water, or by dissolving
Epsom salt in a solution of Glauber's salt.
  Soda, Tartrate of,  Tartrate of potass and
Soda, Soda Tartariza'ia, Tar'tarized Soda, Sal
Rupellen'sis, Rochelle  Salt, Sal Polyckres'tum
Seignet'ti, S. Seignetti,  Seignette's Salt, Natron
tartariza'tum, Tartris  potas'sa et  Soda, Sodx
et Potas'sa  Tartras (Ph. U. S.),  Sodx potas-
sio-tartras,  Tartras Potas'sx  et  Soda, Tar-
trate de potasse et  de Soude.  (Sodx subcarb.,
p.  1 ; potass, supertart., p. 3; aq. ferv., p. 15.
Dissolve the subcarbonate in water; and add,
gradually, the supertartrate.  Filter the solu-
tion  and crystallize.)  It is a gentle cathartic.
Dose, gss  to gj.
   Soda, Urate  of,  Urate of Soda—s.  Vitrio-
lata, S. sulphate of—s. Water, Acidulous water,
 simple.
   Sodje Acetas, Soda, acetate of—s. Biboras,
 Borax—s. Bicarbonas, Soda, carbonate  of—s.
 Boras, Borax—s. Boras alcalescens, Borax—s.
 Boras supersaturus,  Borax—s.  Carbonas, Soda
 —s. Carbonas, Soda, Subcarbonate of—s. Car-
 bonas exsiccatus, see Soda, subcarbonate of—s.
 Carbonas   impurus, Soda—s.  Chloras, Soda,
 chlorate  of—s. Hyposulphis, Hyposulphite  of
 soda—s.  Murias, Soda, muriate of—s. Nitras,
 Soda, nitrate of—s. Phosphas, Soda, phosphate
 of—s. et Potassae  tartras, Soda, tartrate of—s.
 Potassio-tartras, Soda, tartrate of—s. Subboras,
 Borax—s. Subcarbonas impura, Soda.
    SODII AURO-TERCHLORIDUM, see Gold
 —s. Chloridum, Soda,  muriate of—s. Chlorure-
 tum, Soda, muriate of.
    SODIUM, Na'trium, Natro'nium. The me-
 tallic basis of soda.
    Sodium, Carbonate of Protoxide of, Sodae
 carbonas—s. Chloride  of, Soda, muriate of—s.
 Chlorure de, Sodx murias—*. Chlorure d'Oxide 
SODOMA  GALLORUM          781                 SOLID
de, Soda, chloride  of—s. Protonitrate of, Soda,
nitrate of—s. Protoxide of, hydrochlorate of,
Soda, muriate of—s. Protoxide of, Soda—s. Pro-
toxide  of, nitrate  of, Soda, nitrate of—s.  Pro-
toxide  of, phosphate  of,  Soda, phosphate of—s.
Protoxide of, subcarbonate of, Soda, subcarbo-
nate of—s. Quadri-chloruret of,  Soda, muriate
of—s. Subborate of protoxide of, Borax—s. Sub-
protoborate of, Borax—s. Subprotophosphate of,
Soda, phosphate of.
   SODOMA GALLORUM, Syphilis.
   SODOMIA, Buggery.
   SODOMY, Buggery.
   SOFTENING, Mollities.
   SOI-POUR-SOI, Homceozygy.
   SOIE, Sericum.
   SOIF, Thirst—*. Excessive, Polydipsia.
   SOL, Gold.
   SOLAMEN INTESTINORUM, Pimpinella
anisum—s. Scabiosorum, Fumaria.
   SOL'ANOID, iSo/arcoiVe*; from solanum, 'the
potato,' and tidog, 'resemblance.'  Resembling
a potato;  potato-like.   An epithet applied to a
form of cancer, which appears to be intermediate
between scirrhus  and encephaloid, increasing
more rapidly than the former, yet approaching
it in firmness.
   SOLA'NUM, S. nigrum, S. vulga're, Com-
mon Nightshade, Garden  Nightshade,  (F.)
Mor ell e a fruit noir.  Family,  Solaneae.  Sex.
Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.  A narcotic poi-
son.—The Huile de Morelle is made, by mace-
rating  in oil, for several days,  the leaves and
fruit of this plant. The oil is anodyne and dis-
cutient.
   Solanum Dulcama'ra, Dulcamara, Solanum
Scandens, Glycipi'cros,Ama'ra dulcis, Solanum
ligno'sum, 2.tqvXv^ of Theophrastus, Bitter-
sweet,  Woody Nightshade, Bittersweet Night-
shade, Bittersweet Vine,  Nightshade Vine,Violet
bloom.  (F.)  Douce-amere, Morelle grimpante.
The taste of the stalks is bitter, followed by
sweetness ; hence  its name.  It has been used
in many diseases, as a  diuretic  and sudorific,
especially  in chronic  rheumatism,  humoral
asthma, dropsy, various skin diseases, scrofula,
and jaundice. Dose, in powder, 9j to gj.
   Solanum Esculentum, S. tuberosum—s.Fce-
tidum, Datura stramonium—s. Furiosum, Atro-
pa belladonna—s. Lethale, Atropa belladonna—
s. Lignosum, S. dulcamara.
   Solanum   Lycoper'sicum ;  the Love-apple
plant.  The fruit of this, called Toma't a or Love-
apple, (F.) Pomme d'Amour, is  much eaten in
the United States; and, with the French,  Spa-
niards, Portuguese,  &c, forms an  esteemed
sauce.
   Solanum  Magnum Virginianum  Rubrum,
Phytolacca decandra—s. Maniacum,  Atropa
belladonna—s. Maniacum, Datura  stramonium
—s. Melanocerasus, Atropa belladonna.
  Solanum   Melon'gena,  Molongena,  Egg-
plant, Mud Apple plant; (F.) Aubergine.  A
native  of Asia, Africa, and America.  Its ob-
long,  egg-shaped  fruit, Pomum Melon'genx,
Malum insa'num, is prepared in soups and
sauces  in those countries, like the tomata.
  Solanum Nigrum,  Solanum—s. Racemosum
Americanum, Phytolacca decandra — s. Scan-
dens, S. Dulcamara.
  Solanum Sanctum; thePalestineNightshade.
The fruit of this is globular, and is much eaten
in the countries  where it is a native.
  Solanum  Tuberos'um, Bata'bas,  Solanum
esculen'tum, Papas America'nus, Pappus Ame-
rica'nus, America'num  Tubero'sum,  Batta'ta
Virginia'na; the Pota'to, (F.) Pomme de Terre.
A native of Peru.  A nutritious and wholesome
vegetable; one of the most useful, indeed, that
exists.  One hundred pounds of potatoes afford
ten pounds of starch, which is equal to arrow-
root, as a nutrient and demulcent.  It is called
Potato Flour, P.  Starch, French Sago, Petit
Sague, Common Arrow-root, &c.
  Solanum Urens, Capsicum annuum—s. Ve-
sicarium, Physalis—s. Vulgare, Solanum.
  SOLAR, Sola'ris, from sol,  'the sun.' Re-
lating to the sun; having rays like the sun.
  Solar  Plexus,  Plexus sola'ris,  Centrum
commu'ne, Cer'ebrum abdomina'lt.  A  collec-
tion of ganglions and filaments,  interweaving
and anastomosing with  each other repeatedly.
and belonging to the system of the great sym-
pathetic.  This vast plexus, lying on the verte-
bral column, the aorta,  and the  pillars of the
diaphragm, has  a  very  irregular shape.  The
ganglions and filaments composing it are soft.
reddish, and almost all issue from the semilunar
ganglions.  It receives, also, branches from the
pneumogastric.  It seems to be chiefly intended
for  the aorta, and accompanies all its branches ;
furnishing many secondary plexuses, which are
called the infra-diaphragmatic, caliac, superior
mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, renal or emul-
gent, spermatic,  &c.
  SOLDANELLA, Convolvulus soldanella.
  SOLDIERS' WEED, Matico.
  SOLE, Solum, Solea, Basis cor'poris, Ichnus,
Superfic"ies planta'ris pedis,  Peti'na, Vestig"-
ium, Pe'dion, Peza, Pelma, Planta'ris superfi-
cies pedis, Fa'cies conca'va seu infe'rior seu Pla-
num seu Concavum seu  Pars inferior seu Pia-
nit"ies seu Planta seu Volapedis, (F.) Plante du
Pied.  The sole of the foot; the under surface
of the foot.
  SOLEA, Sole.
  SOLlAIRE,  Soleus.
  SOLEN, Cradle, see Vertebral column.
  SOLENA'RIUM, from o-wXr,v, 'a canal.'  An
instrument of surgery, representing a kind of
gutter, in the cavity of which the penis was
placed, like a limb in a cradle.—Galen.  The
word Solen itself—o-otxrp, Cana'lis—was used,
in antiquity, for a grooved channel, in which a
fractured limb was placed.
  SOLE'US,  Gastrocnemius  inter'nus,  Tibio-
calcanien, (Ch.;) (F.) Soliaire, from solea, 'a
sole of a shoe.'  A muscle situate at the  poste-
rior part of the leg.  It is broad, flat, and almost
oval; and is attached, above, to  the  posterior
edge of the fibula, to  the oblique line  on the
posterior surface, and to the inner edge of the
tibia.  It terminates, below, by a large tendon, %
which unites to that of  the gastrocnemius ex-
ternus, to form the tendo Achillis.  This muscle
extends the foot  on the leg, and conversely.
  SOLID, Sol'idus, Ste'reos. A body whose in-
tegrant molecules are so united by the force of
cohesion, that they will not separate by their
own weight.   The solids, in the human body.
are the bones, cartilages, tendons, muscles, liga-
ments, arteries, veins, nerves,membranes, skin,
&c.  The anatomy, or rather study of the solids.
is called Stereol'ogy, from a-junoc, ' solid,' and
xoyog, ' a discourse.' 
SOLIDAGO
782
SOMACETICS
  SOLIDAGO, see  Solidago virgaurea—s. Sa-
racenica, S. virgaurea.
  Solida'go Virgau'rea, Virga aurea, Herba
do'rea, Cony'za coma aurea, Sym'pkytum Pe-
tra'um, Elick!rysum, Consol'ida seu Solida'go
Saracen'ica, Golden rod.  Nat. Ord.  Compo-
sitae Corymbifera.  Sex. Syst. Syngenesia super-
flua.  (F.) Verge d'or.  The leaves of Solida'go
odo'ra—Solida'go (Ph. U. S.)—and the flowers
have been recommended as aperients and tonics,
in urinary diseases, and in internal hemorrhage.
  SOL'lDlSM, Patkolog"ia  solida'ris.  The
doctrine of those  physicians who refer all dis-
eases to alterations of the solid parts of the body.
To the believers in this doctrine, the appellation
Sol'idists  has been given.  The solidists think
that the solids alone are endowed with vital pro-
perties; that they alone can receive  the impres-
sion of morbific agents, and be the seat of patho-
logical phenomena.  Solidism has been the pre-
valent doctrine until recently.  It  is  scarcely
necessary to say, that in all our investigations,
the condition of both solids and fluids  must  be
regarded.
  SOLIUM, Baignoire,  Taenia solium—s. Pe-
dis, Metatarsus.
  SOLUBILITY,  Solubil'itas, from  solvere,
solutum,  ' to  dissolve.'   That property of a
body by virtue of which it can be dissolved in
a menstruum.

table of the solubility of some  substances
                 in water.
NAMES OF SALTS.
i            Acids.
Benzoic,.......................
Citric,.........................
Oxalic........................
Tartaric,......................
            Salts.
Acetate of Potass,.............
---------Soda................
Carbonate of Ammonia.........
-----------Magnesia,........
-----------Potass,...........
------------Soda,.............
Chlorate of Potass,.............
----------Soda,...............
Muriate of Ammonia,..........
----------Lime,..............
----------Magnesia...........
----------Potass,.............
----------Soda,...............
Nitrate of Potass,..............
---------Soda.................
Phosphate of Soda.............
Sulphate of Ammonia..........
-----------Coppei,............
-----------Iron,..............
_----------Magnesia,.........
__---------Potass,............
___________Soda,.............
Subborate of Soda,...........
Supersulphate of Potass........
Supertarirate of Poiass,........
Tartrate cf Potass,.............
Tartrate of Potass and Soda,...
----------Antimony and Poias
Solubility in 100
 parts water.
at 60°	at 212°
0.208	4.17
133	200
50	100
very soluble	
100	
35	
50	
2	
25	
50	
6	40
35	35
33	100
200	
100	
33	
35.42	36.16
14.25	100
33	100
25	50
50	100
25	50
50	100
100	133
6.25	20
37	125
8.4	10.8
5.0	100
1.5	3.3
25	
20	
fifi	:f3
  SOLUM, Sole.
  SOLUTIO, Solution—s.Alexiteria Gaubiana,
see Disinfection — s. Ammoniae subcarbonatis,
Liquor ammonia subcarbonatis—s. Arsenicalis,
Liquor arsenicalis—s. Arsenicata, Liquor arse-
nicalis—s. Arsenitis kalicae, Liquor arsenicalis
—s. Calcis, Liquor calcis—s.  Camphorae aethe-
rea, Tinctura  aetherea  camphorata—s.  Cam-
phorae oleosa,  Linimentum camphorae—s. Con-
tinui, Solution of continuity—s. Ferri nitratis,
see Tinctura ferri  muriatis—s. Guaiaci gum-
mosa, Mistura  guaiaci—s. Muriatis barytae,
Baryta, muriate of—s. Muriatis calcis, see Cal-
cis murias—s.Muriatis ferrici aetherea,Tinctura
seu alcohol sulfurico-aethereus ferri—s. Muriatis
hydrargyri oxygenati, Liquor hydrargyri oxy-
muriatis—s. Potassii iodidi iodureta, Liquor io-
dini compositus—s. Resinae guaiaci aquosa, Mis-
tura guaiaci—s. Subcarbonatis ammoniaci  spi-
rituosa, Spiritus ammoniae.
   Solutio  Sulpha'tis  Cupri  Compos'ita,
Aqua vitriolica caru'lea,  Sydenham's Styptic
Water.  (Sulph. cupri, §iij, alum., acid, sulph.,
aa ^ij, aqua, gviij : dissolve, and filter.)
   SOLU'TION, Solu'tio, Lysis,  (F.) Dissolu-
tion.  An operation which consists in dissolving
a solid  body in a menstruum.  Likewise, the
product of such operation.  It means, also, with
many, the termination of a disease: — with
others,  a termination accompanied by critical
signs ;—and, with others, again,  it is synony-
mous with crisis.
   Solution of Acetate of  Ammonia, Liquor
ammonia? acetatis—s. of Acetate of morphia,
Liquor morphiae acetatis—s.  Alkaline, see Fu-
ligokali—s. of Alkaline iron, Liquor ferri alka-
lini—s. of Alum, compound, Liquor  aluminis
compositus—s. of Ammoniated copper, Liquor
cupri ammoniati—s. Arsenical, Liquor arseni-
calis—s. of Charcoal, concentrated, see Tinc-
tura catechu—s. of Chlorinated  soda,  Liquor
sodae chlorinatae—s. of  Citrate of potassa, Li-
quor potassae citratis.
   Solution of Continu'ity, Solu'tio contin'ui.
Any division of parts previously continuous;—
as a wound, a fracture,  &c.
   Solution of Corrosive  Sublimate,  Liquor
hydrargyri oxymuriatis—s. Donovan's, see Ar-
senic and Mercury, Iodide  of—s.  Fowler's, Li-
quor arsenicalis—s. of Hydriodate of potass, Li-
quor potassae hydriodatis—s. of Iodide of iron,
Liquor ferri iodidi—s. of Iodine, compound, Li-
quor iodini compositus—s.  of Iron, nitrated, see
Tinctura ferri muriatis—s. Labarraque's,  Eau
de Javelle — s. of Lime, Liquor  calcis — s.
Lugol's, Liquor iodini compositus—s. of Mag-
nesia, condensed, Magnesia, fluid—s. of Monro,
Liquor of Monro—s.of Oxymuriate  of mercury,
Liquor  hydrargyri oxymuriatis—s. Plenck's,
see Hydrargyri oxydum cinereum — *.  de Po-
tasse, Liquor potassae—s. of  Potass, Liquor po-
tassae— s. of Subacetateof lead, Liquor plumbi
subacetatis—s.  of  Subacetate of lead, diluted,
Liquor  plumbi  subacetatis dilutus—s. of  Sub-
carbonate o£ potass, Liquor  potassae subcarbo-
natis—s. of Sulphate of morphia, Liquor mor-
phiae sulphatis—s.  of Tartarized  antimony, Vi-
num antimonii tartarizati—s. of Van Swieten,
Liquor  hydrargyri  oxymuriatis.
   SOLUTIVUS, Laxative.
   SOLVENS,  Solvent —s. Minerale,  Liquor
arsenicalis.
   SOLVENT,  Solvens, (F.) Fondant,  from
solvere, 'to dissolve.'   A medicine supposed to
possess the property of dissolving or removing
obstructions and extraneous substances.  Thus
we have solvents of the stone in  the bladder,
&c.
   Solvent, Mineral,  Liquor arsenicalis.
   Solvents, Dissolventia.
   SOMA, Body, Corpus.
   SOMACETICS, Gymnastics. 
S3           SOPHISTICATION
                SOMATIC                7*

  SOMATTC,  Somat'icus;  from o-arca,  ' the
body.'   That  which  concerns the body;—as
somatic death, or death of the body, in  contra-
distinction to molecular death or the death of a
part.
  SOMATOL'OGY, Somatolog"ia, from rwfjia,
' the body,' and xoyog,' a discourse.'  A treatise
on the human body.   Anatomy.
  SOMATOTOMY, Anatomy.
  SOMMEIL, Sleep.
  SOMNAM'BULSM, Somnambula'tio, Hyp-
nobate'sis, Hypnobata'sis, Hypnobati'a, Rhem-
bas'mus,  Lunatis'mus, Hypnoner'gia, Seleno-
ga'mia, Nyctobate'sis, Autonyctobati'a, Seleni'-
asis, Selenias'mus, Somnnmbulis'mus, Nyctob'-
asis, Noctambula'tio, Noctambulis'mus, Nycto-
ba'dia, Nyctoba'tiu, Sipkita, Syphita, Paroni'-
ria am'bulans,  Noctisur'gium,  Oneirodyn'ia
acti'va, Somno-vigil, Sleep-walking, from som-
nus, ' sleep,' and ambulare, ' to walk.'  A con-
dition of the brain  which occasions the indivi-
dual to  execute, during sleep,  some of those
actions that commonly take place when awake.
It has been imagined that the somnambulist is
guided solely by his internal senses; but there
are many facts which  induce the belief that the
external  senses are not always entirely sus-
pended.   The   causes  of  somnambulism are
very obscure;  and the principal indication of
treatment is,—so to arrange the bed-chamber
of the somnambulist,  that he cannot get out of
it during sleep; and to  avoid suppers, as well
as all bodily and mental excitement.
  Somnambulism, Magnet'ic or Artificial,
Somnambulis'mus artificia'lis, Cataph'ora mag-
net'ica,  is   that peculiar  nervous  condition,
into which individuals have  been occasionally
thrown by the  Animal Magnetizer.   It has oc-
curred only in those of weak nervous tempera-
ment; in hysterical females, &c.
  SOMNAMBULSMUS,  Somnambulism—s.
Artificial is, Somnambulism, magnetic.
  SOMNAM'BULST, Somnam'bulus,  Hyp-
nob'ates, Noctam'bulus, Lunat'icus, Noctam'bu-
lo, Somnam'bulo.  A  sleep-walker.
  SOMNAMBULO, Somnambulist.
  SOMNIA'TIO,  from Somnium, 'a dream.'
The act of dreaming.
  Somniatio Morbosa, Oneironosus—s. in
Statu Vigili, Hallucination.
  SOMNIF'EROUS,  Som'nifer,  Soporifer,
Hypnot'icus, Hypnopaus, Soporati'vus, Sopo-
rific, Soporif'erous.   A medicine which causes
sleep.
  SOMNILO'QUIUM, Somniloqnis'mus, Som'-
niloquism, from somnus, ' sleep,' and  loquor,
' I speak.'   Talking in the sleep.
  SOM'NIUM,  Enyp'nion, Insom'nium,  a
Dream,  (F.) Reve, Songe.  A confused assem-
blage, or accidental and involuntary combina-
tion of ideas and images, which present them-
selves to the mind during sleep.  Dr. S. Mitchell,
of New York,  used the word Somnium to sig-
nify the state between sleeping and waking, in
which persons  perform acts of  which they are
unconscious.
  For ' waking dreams,' see Hallucination.
  Those distressing dreams which occur during
a state of half sleep, are called, by the French,
Rivasseries.
  SOMXO-VIGIL, Somnambulism.
  SOMNOLENCY,  Somnolen'tio,  Hypnas-
the'sis,  Hypno'dia,  Dormita'tio,  Heaviness,
Carus Letkar'gus Cataph'ora,  Cataphora, Co-
ma Somnolen'tum, Caro'sis, Slumber, (F.) As-
soupissement.   Sleepiness.  Also  a state in-
termediate  between sleeping and  waking.  It
is often a symptom of disease.
  SOMNUS, Sleep.
  SOMPNUS, Sleep.
  SON, Furfur, Sound.
  SONCHUS OLERA'CEUS, Cicer'bita, Sow
Thistle, (F.) Laiteron doitx.  Family, Cichora-
ceae.  Most of the species of Sonchus abound
with a milky juice, which is very bitter, and
said to possess diuretic virtues.
  SONDE, Sound,  Specillum—*.  Cannilee,
Director.
  SONDE  D'ANEL.  A very fine stylet  of
silver, awl-shaped at one end.  It is used for
probing  the lachrymal  passages  through the
puncturfT lachrymale.
  SONDE DE BELLOC.   An instrument in-
vented by Belloc  for plugging the nasal fossae,
in cases of hemorrhage.  It consists of a curved
silver canula, open at both ends, and furnished
withabutton.  The instrument is passed through
the nares to the throat; and a plug is attached
to the button, so that, when  the instrument is
drawn forwards through  the nose, the posterior
nostril is stopped.
  SONDE  BRISiE (F.),  Eyed probe.  A
long, straight  stylet, composed of two parts,
which may be screwed to each other;  blunt at
one end, and furnished  at the  other with  an
eye, so  that it may be used  either as a probe
for punctured wounds, or for a seton needle.
   SONDE A CONDUCTEUR, (F.).  A mo-
dification of the ordinary catheter;—to facili-
tate the changing  of catheters, without the fear
of making  false passages.  It is a common ca-
theter, open at its beak.   The Stylet or Man-
drin is one half longer than that of the ordinary
catheter.  To use the instrument, the  stylet is
pushed into the cavity of the bladder through
the catheter.  The latter is then withdrawn  by
slipping it over the stylet, which is kept  in  its
place, and serves  as a guide to a fresh catheter.
   SONDE  DE  LAFOREST.  A small,
crooked canula, used for probing the nasal duct
from below upwards, and for throwing injec-
tions into it.
   SONDE ou PINCE DE HUNTER.  A
cylindrical silver  canula; of the size of a  com-
mon catheter;  open  at  both extremities, and
containing  a wire of iron, one of the ends of
which is split into two  parts; each being ter-
minated by a small silver  scoop,  and   sepa-
rating from each other by virtue of their  elas-
ticity,  when pushed out of  the  canula, and
again approximating when drawn in.  It has
been used for laying hold of small calculi in the
urethra.
   SONDE DE VARECQ, Soda.
   SONGE, Somnium.
   SONITUS AURIUM, Tinnitus aurium—s.
Fluidi, Hygrechema—s.  Hepaticus, Hepateche-
ma—s.  Intestinalis, Enterechema—s. Stoma-
chicus, Gasterechema.
   SONUS, Sound—s. Vocis, Accent.
   SOOJA,  see Dolichos.
   SOOT,  Fuligo—s. Tea, see Fuligokali—s.
Wart, Cancer, chimney-sweeper's.
   SOPHIA, Sisymbrium sophia—s. Chirurgo-
rum, Sisymbrium sophia.
   SOPHISTICATION,  Falsification. 
84                SOUDE
       SOPHORA HEPTAPHYLLA       7

   SOPHORA  HEPTAPHYL'LA,  Anticho-
 ler'ica.   Family, Leguminosae.  Sex. Syst. De-
 candria Monogynia.  The root and seeds of this
 shrub are intensely bitter, and are said to have
 been found  useful in cholera, colic dysentery,
 &c.
   SOPHORA  TINCTO'RIA, Baptis'ia  tinc-
 to'ria, Podalyr'ia Tincto'ria, Indigof'era, Wild
 Indigo, Indigo Weed, Broom, Indigo Broom,
 Horsefly Weed, Yellow Broom, Clover Broom,
 Rattle Bush,  Yellow Indigo. An  American
 plant,  the taste of whose root is unpleasant,
 subacrid,  and nauseous—very similar  to ipe-
 cacuanha.   In a large dose, the bark of the root
 acts both as an emetic and  cathartic.  It has
 been considered antiseptic and  febrifuge, and
 has been  used, in  the form  of fomentation  or
 cataplasm, in phagedenic and  gangrenous ulcers.
 A liniment, prepared by simmering the cortical
 part of the  root in cream, has been found  an
 efficacious application to sore nipples and  to

   SOPHRONST^E  DENTES, see  Dentition.
   SOPHRONISTERES  DENTES,  see  Den-
 tition.
   SOPHROSYNE, Temperance.
   SOPIENS, Paregoric.
   SOPIO, Opium.
   SOPOR.  A profound sleep, from which the
 person can  be  roused with  difficulty.  It is a
 symptom in many of the neuroses.
   Sopor Caroticus, Carus.
   SOPORARI^ ARTERI^E, Carotids.
   SOPORATIVUS, Somniferous.
   SOPOKIFER, Somniferous.
   SOPORIFIC, Somniferous.
   SORA, Essera.
   SORB TREE, Sorbus domestica.
   SORBASTRELLA, Pimpinella saxifraga.
   SORBEFA'CIENT, Sorbefa'ciens, from sor-
 bere, 'to  suck  in,' and facere, ' to make.'  A
 remedy that promotes absorption.
   The following are the chief sorbefacients:—
 Acida  Vegetabilia;  Alkalia; Ammoniacum;
 Brominum;  Galbanum; Hydrargyri Praeparata;
 Iodinum; Liquor Calcii chloridi; Spongia usta;
 Compression, (methodical;)  Friction;  Mental
 Sorbefacients, (Imagination,  Emotions.)
   SORBETHUM, Sherbet.
   SORBETTUM, Sherbet.
   SORBETUM, Sherbet.
   SORBIER   DES  OISELEURS,  Sorbus
 acuparia.
   SORBITIO, Jus.
   Sorbitio Carnis seu Ex Carne.  Broth  or
 soup made of meat.
   SORBITUM, Jus.
   SORBUM, see Sorbus domestica.
   SORBUS, Crataegus aria, S. domestica.
   Sorbus Acupa'ria, Me,spilus, Mountain Ser-
 vice, Mountain Ask, Quicken Tree, Roan Tree,
 (F.) Sorbier des Oiseleurs.  The berries of this
 tree are employed for similar purposes as the last.
   Sorbus Domest'ica, Sorbus, Oie, Service  or
 Sorb Tree, (F.) Cormier.  Family, Rosaceae.
 Sex. Syst. Icosandria Trigynia.  The fruit  of
 this tree,  Sorbum, is astringent, and has been
 recommended in diarrhoea and dysentery.   It
 is given in the form of rob.   A kind  of cider is
 made from it, and also brandy.
   SORDES, Rhypos.  A dirty-looking sanies,
 discharged from ulcers.  Also, accumulations
of the secretions of the mouth, on the teeth  in
adynamic fevers more especially, and of foul
matters in the stomach—Sordes prim'arum via'-
rum,  Rhypdria.  The French  call an ulcer,
exhibiting such an appearance,  sordid.  Also
dirt of any kind.
  Sordes, Ichor, Saburra—s. Acidae, Acidities
—s. Aurium, Cerumen—s. Primarurp viarum,
Embarras gastrique,  see  Sordes—8. Ventris,
Excrement.
  SORDICUL^ AURIUM, Cerumen.
  SORE, Ulcer.
  Sore, Bay.  A  disease which Mosely con-
siders to be a true cancer.   It is endemic in the
Bay of Honduras.
  Sore Mouth, Stomatitis—s. Clergyman's,
Pharyngitis, follicular—s. Gangrenous, Cancer
aquaticus—s. Inflammatory, Cynanche  tonsil-
laris—s. Putrid, Cynanche maligna—s. Throat,
Cynanche — s.  Throat,  ulcerous,   Cynanche
maligna.
  SORENESS, from  Teut. seer, (G.)  Sehr,
' very,' Sax. ran, Parap'sis acris teneritu'do.
Painful uneasiness  or tenderness, local  or  ge-
neral, on being touched with a pressure that
does not  usually  excite  distressing feeling.
Often, a febrile symptom. Also, the tender-
ness of a wound, ulcer, &c.
  SORGHUM, Panicum Italicum.
  SOROCCO, Puna.
  SOROCHE, Puna.
  SORORIA'TIO.   The period at which  the
breasts of the female become developed. The
act  of  becoming  thus developed.   A  young
maiden, whose mammae begin to show, was for-
merly called sororians virgo.—Plautus.
  SORREL,  COMMON,  Rumex acetosa—s.
French, Rumex scutatus—s.  Garden,  Rumex
scutatus—s. Mountain, Oxalis acetosella, Oxy-
ria reniformis—s. Salt of, Potass, oxalate of—s.
Roman, Rumex scutatus—s. Tree, Andromeda
arborea—s. White, Oxalis acetosella—s. Welsh,
Oxyria reniformis.
  SOSTRUM, improperly Sotrum; from a-atm,
' to  save.'  A reward given to one who saves
the  life  of  another.   A   physician's  fee  or
honorarium.
  SOTERIA DOCTRINA, Medicina.
  SOTERIJE AQUiE, Waters,  mineral.
  SOTIREL'LA.  Ancient name of a medicine
composed of opium, several narcotics, nutmeg,
saffron, camphor and soot.   It was used  in cer-
tain diseases of the teeth.
  SOTRUM, Sostrum.
  SOUBRESAUT, Subsultus tendinum.
  SOUCHERLOON, Bit noben.
  SOUCHET DES  INDES, Curcuma longa
—*. Odorant, Cyperus longus—*. Rond, Cype-
rus rotundus.
  SOUCI, Calendula officinalis, Panophobia—
*. des Champs, Calendula arvensis—*. Ordi-
naire, Calendula officinalis.
  SOUDE, Soda—*. Acetate de, Soda, acetate
of—*. Airi, Sodae carbonas—*. Borate de,  Bo-
rax—*. Borate sursaturi de, Borax—*.  Carbo-
nate  de, Sodae carbonas—*.  Caustique, Soda
caustica—s.alaCkaux, Soda caustica—*. Chlo-
rure  de, Soda,  chloride of—*.  du Commerce,
Soda—*. Crayeuse, Sodae carbonas—*. Efferves-
cente,  Sodae carbonas—*. Hyposulfite de, Soda,
hyposulphite of—*. Phosphate de, Soda, phos-
phate  of—*. et  de  Potasse, Tartrate de, Soda,
tartrate of—*. Pure, Soda caustica—s. Sous-
borate de, Borax—*.  Sous-carbonate de, Soda, 
SOUFFLE
785
SPARADRAPUM
 subcarbonate of—*. Sulfate de, Soda, sulphate
 of.
   SOUFFLE, see  Murmur,  respiratory—*.
 Amphorique, see Cavernous respiration—*. Mi-
 tallique, see Cavernous respiration—*. Placen-
 taire, Bruit placentaire—*. Tubaire, see Mur-
 mur, respiratory—*. Utirin, Bruit placentaire.
   SOUFRE,  Sulphur—*.  Sublime,  Sulphur
 sublimatum.
   SOUND, Specill'um, Stylus, Explorato'rium,
 Radi'olus, (F.) Sonde.   An  instrument used
 by  surgeons to discover  whether there be  a
 stone in the bladder.   It  is usually made of
 highly polished steel, and is shaped like the ca-
 theter.   The operation is termed sounding.
   The French Sonde has, however, a more ex-
 tensive signification.  It means different in-
 struments  introduced  into cavities of  certain
 organs, or into wounds, fistulas, &c, to inves-
 tigate their condition;  or to fulfil some thera-
 peutical indication.  See Sonde.
   Sound, Bruit—s. Auricular,  Apyromele—s.
 Bellows, friction, rasp, saw,lancet, &c, see Bruit
 —s. Laryngeal, Laryngeche.
   SOUNDING, Searching, see Sound.
   SOUPIR, Sigh.
   SOUR BERRY, see  Oxycantha Galeni, Vac-
 cinium  oxycoccos—s. Dock,  boreal,   Oxyria
 reniformis—s.  Leaf,  Andromeda arborea—s.
 Tree, Andromeda arborea—s.  Wood,  Andro-
 meda arborea.
   SOURCIL, Supercilium.
   SOURC1LIER, Corrugator supercilii, Su-
 perciliary.
   SOURDS MUETS, see Mutitas surdorum.
   SOURIS, Nictation.
   SOUS - ACROMIO  - CLAVI- HUMERAL,
 Deltoid—*. Atlo'idien,  Subatloidaeus—*. Axo'i-
 dien, Subaxoidteus—*. Clavier,  Subclavius—*.
 Costaux, Intercostal—*. Cut one, Subcutaneous
 —*. Epineux, Infra-spinatus—*. Lingual, Sub-
 lingual—*. Maxillaire, Submaxillary—*. Max-
 illo-Labial, Depressor  anguli oris—*. Mental,
 Submental — *. Mitacarpo-latiri-phalangien,
 Prior  annularis—*. Opticosphino-scliroticien,
 Rectus inferior oculi—*. Orbitaire, Suborbitar
 —*. Pubio-coccygien, Levator  ani—*. Pubio-
 creti-tibial,  Gracilis—*. Pubio-pritibial, Graci-
 lis—*.  Pubio-trockantirien-externe, Obturator
 externus—*. Pubio-trockantirien-interne,  Ob-
 turator internus—*. Scapulaire, Subscapularis
 —*. Scapulo-trochinien, Subscapularis—*. Sets,
 see  Salt.
   SOUTHERNWOOD, Artemisia abrotanum
 —s. Field, Artemisia campestris—s. Maritime,
 Artemisia maritima — s. Tartarian,  Artemisia
 santonica.
   SOWBREAD, Arthanita, Cyclamen.
   SOY, see  Dolichos soja.
   SPA, MINERAL WATERS OF.   A town
 seven leagues S. E. of Liege, where there are
 several  springs, possessing  a sharp acidulous
 taste; containing much carbonic acid, carbo-
 nates of iron, lime, and magnesia; carbonate of
 soda, and chloride  of sodium.   The  water is
 much used as a tonic.
  Spa  Water, Artificial.  Sodx subcarb.,
gr. vij ; magnesix carbon., 9j ; limat. ferri., gr.
iij  ; sodii chlorid., gr. j ; aqux, Oiij.  Impreg-
nate  with gas from  marble powder and  sulph.
acid., aa. 7)x-
  SPACE,  INTERPEDUNCULAR,   Tarini
 pons—s. Perforated, anterior, Locus perforatus
 anticus—s. Perforated, posterior, Tarini pons.
   SPADO, Castratus, Eunuch, Spasm.
   SPAGYRIA, Chymistry.
   SPAG"YRSTS, from  onaw, 'I separate,'
 and aytiqo>, ' I assemble;' because they reduced
 compounds into elements; and formed the latter
 into compounds (?).  A sect of physicians, who
 pretended to account for the changes that occur
 in the human body in health and disease, in the
 same manner as the chymists of their day ex-
 plained  those of the inorganic kingdom.—Me-
 dici'na  Paracelsis'tica seu Spagyr'ica, was
 likewise called Hermet'ica, because it was be-
 lieved that the means of cure adopted  in it had
 been found in the  books of Hermes.
   SPAN^E'MIA,  from onavog,  'poor,' and
 'atua, '  blood.' Poverty of the blood.  Dimi-
 nution in the  quantity of fibrin and red corpus-
 cles of the blood,—as where bleeding has been
 carried beyond certain  limits.—Simon.
   SPANDARAPUM,  Sparadrapum.
   SPANISH  FLY, Cantharis.
   SPANOPO'GON, from  onavog,  'rare,' and
 nwyiav, ' beard.'   One who has lost his beard,
 or has a thin beard.
   The Greeks called those who had little beard,
 or who had lost it, Spanopogo'nes.
   SPARADRAPA, Sparadrapum.
   SPARADRAPIER. The name of a ma-
 chine  for spreading sparadraps.   A  Plaster
 machine.  It consists of a table, with two raised
 pieces, movable, and furnished with points, by
 which the cloth can be stretched, and  of a la-
 mina or  blade of metal to  extend  the plaster
 over it.
   SPARADRA'PUM, Sparadra'pa, Sparadra-
 pus, Tela emplas'tica, Spandara'pum, (F.) Spa-
 radrap.    Any adhesive plaster spread upon
 linen or paper.  The chief sparadraps are the
 following:—
   Sparadrapum Adh^esi'vum, Adhe'sive Plas-
 ter.  A spread plaster of the Emplastrum  adhx-
 sivum.  It is  also called Strapping.
   English Court Plaster is a Sparadrap, (F.)
 Taffetas agglutinatif, T.gommi, Taffetas d'An-
 gleterre; Ser'icum An'glicum, Emplas'trum An-
 glicum,  E.  Anglica'num,  E.  Adhasi'vum
 Woodstock'ii,  E. Icklkyocol'la tela induc'tum,
 E. Glutino'sum, Tela Ichthyoeol'la glu'tinans,
 Isinglass Plaster.  It  is made  by stretching
 black silk, and brushing it over with a  solution
 of isinglass gj, in proof spirit, gxij, to which
 tinct. benz. gij, are added.   When dry, this  is
 repeated five times; after  this, two coats are
 given it  of a  solution of tereb.  Chia  giv, in
 tinct. benz. gvj, which renders it less liable to
 crack.
  Liston's Isinglass Plaster is made by spread-
 ing several coats of strong solution of isinglass
 in weak  spirit over oiled silk, or, still better,
 over animal membrane previously prepared for
 the purpose from the peritoneal coat of the cae-
 cum of the ox.
  Sparadrapum pro Fontic'ulis, Issue Plas-
 ter, is sometimes  made of  simple  diachylon,
 Ibij;  Burgundy pitch, and sarcocolla,  each
 giv; common turpentine,"^.  Spread upon linen
 and polished with a moistened calendering glass
 rubber.
  Sparadrapum seu Tela Galteri, Defensive
Plaster, (F.) Toile de Gautier.   This  is  made
of olive oil, Ibss; suet, giv; wax,  gx; litharge, 
SPARADRAPUS
786
SPECIFIC
common turpentine, thus  and mastich, aa gij;
bole armeniac, flour, aa  gj.   Pour it, while
liquid, upon cloth, and spread.  Used for issues
and to keep on dressings.
  Sparadra'pum Vesicato'rium.  Several sub-
stances have been introduced as substitutes for
blistering plaster, (see Emplastrum Lyttae,)
under the names—Tela vesicato'ria, Blistering
Tissue, &c, and other forms of which are the
Taffetas vesicant, Papier ipispastique, Taffetas
cpispastique.   They are made of an ethereal or
alcoholic extract of can tharides,or of cantharidin,
mixed with wax and spread, in. a very fine layer,
on silk or paper  previously oiled or waxed.
They are efficient agents.
  Sparadrapum Vir'ide,  Corn Plaster.  This
may be made  of yellow wax,  ftij; Burgundy
pitch, gxij ; common turpentine, gvj ; verdigris,
giij; spread on cloth and polished.
  Kennedy's  Com Plaster is  made of yellow
wax, ftij; Venice Turpentine, gij; verdigris,gj.
  SPARADRAPUS, Sparadrapum.
  SPARAGMA, Laceration.
  SPARAGMOS, Spasm.
  SPARAGUS, Asparagus.
  SPARAL'LIUM, Clyster uteri'nus.  An in-
jection into the vagina.—Ruland and Johnson.
  SPAREDIA.  A ligature covered with the
white of  egg.—Paracelsus.
  SPAR'GANON, Spar'ganum, from maoyin,
' I swathe, I wrap.'  ' Swathing clothes;' a kind
of bandage, with which children were formerly
surrounded.—Foesius.  Also, a fascia.
  SPARGANO'SIS, Spar go'sis, Intumescen'tia
lac'tea mamma'rum, Mastodyn'ia polyg'ala,
from onaqyaco,' I am ready to burst.'  Extreme
distention of the breasts by milk.  Sparganosis
also means the wrapping of a child in swathing
clothes.
  Sparganosis Puerperarum, Phlegmatia do-
lens.
  SPARGANUM, Sparganon.
  SPARROWGRASS, Asparagus.
  SPARSUS, Sporadic.
  SPAR'TIUM JUN'CEUM, Spanish broom.
A small  European shrub,  cultivated in the gar-
dens  of the United States, on account  of its
yellow flowers.  The  seeds are  diuretic  and
tonic, in  small  doses; emetic and cathartic in
large. They have been used in dropsy—10 or
15 grains three times a day.
  Spartium Scopa'rium, Cyt'isus scopa'rius,
Genis'ta, Broom, Cytiso-genista, (F.)  Ginet a
balai. Family, Leguminosap.  Sex. Syst. Dia-
delphia Decandria.  Broom  Tops, Spartii Ca-
cumina,  Scopa'rius, (Ph.  U. S.)—have a bitter
taste, and are possessed of diuretic properties.
They have been used in dropsies.  Dose, of the
powder,  Qj to gj.  All the genistae have similar
virtues.  A decoction of the genista, along with
the  cauterization  of the pustules  under the
tongue, has been recommended in hydrophobia.
  SPASM, Spasmus,  Sparag'mos, Synol'cB,
Spado, from o-naw, ' I  draw.'  The Greeks
gave  this name to all kinds of convulsions.  It
is now usually applied to  involuntary muscular
contractions; and these, again, have been divided
into tonic spasm, Paraton'ia, which consists in
permanent rigidity and immobility of the mus-
cles that are the seat of it, (see Tetanus); and
clonic spasm, which consists in alternate con-
tractions and  relaxations, (see  Convulsion.)
  Cullen has a class, Spasmi—the neurospasmi
of Fuchs.
  Spasm, Clonic,  Convulsion—s. Cynic,  see
Canine laugh—s. of the Glottis, Asthma thy-
micum—s.  of the Larynx,  Asthma thymicum
—s. with Rigidity, Tetanus.
  SPASMATICUS, Spasmoticus.
  SPASMATODES, Spasmoticus.
  SPAS ME, DE LA GLOTTE  ET DU
THORAX, Asthma thymicum—*. de la Vessie,
Cystospasmus.
  SPASMI, see Spasm.
  SPASMODES, Convulsive.
  SPASMODIC, Spasmoticus.
  SPASMOL'OGY, Spasmolog"ia, from o-nao-
uog,' spasm,' and Xoyog,' a treatise.'  A treatise
on spasms.
  SPASMOLYGMUS, Singultus.
  SPASMOT'ICUS,  Spasmat'icus, Spasmnto'-
des, Spas'ticus, Spasmod'ic.  Any thing relating
to spasm.   Also, an antispasmodic.
  Morbi constricto'rii, M. spasmot'ici, &c, are
diseases accompanied with spasm.
  SPASMUS, Convulsion, Spasm—s. Aurium,
Otalgia—s. Caninus, see Canine laugh—s. Clo-
nicus, Convulsion—s. Cynicus, see Canine laugh
—s. Facialis, Tic—s. Glottidis, Asthma thymi-
cum—s. Linguae, Glossospasmus—s. Maxillae
inferioris, Trismus—s. Muscularis, Cramp—s.
Musculorum Faciei, Canine laugh—s. Univer-
salis, Synclonus—s. Ventriculi, see Cardialgia
—s. Vesicae, Cystospasmus.
  SPAS'NIA, same etymon. (?)  A term, used
by Mercurialis,  to designate the lancinating
pain, produced, at times, in the chest by vio-
lent fits of coughing.
  SPASTICUS, Spasmoticus, Tonic spasm.
  SPATHA, Hypaleiptron.
  SPATHES'TER,from,r7ra(Vldraw.'(?) A
surgical instrument, used for drawing the prepuce
over the glans, when too short.—P.  Amman.
  SPATHOMELE, Spatula.
  SPATHULA, Scapula, Spatula—s. Fcetida,
Iris fcetidissima.
  SPATHYEMA  FCETIDA, Dracontium fce-
tidum.
  SPATILE,  a-7rs.TiX.ri, 'human  excrement.'
A liquid fecal evacuation.   Excrement.—Hip-
pocrates.
  SPATIUM ORIS, Mouth.
  SPAT'ULA, Spath'ula, diminutive of Spa'-
tha, T-ra&n, ' a broad-sword.'  Spatkome'le, Spe-
cill'um latum.   An instrument, used for spread-
ing plasters, stirring  ointments, holding down
the tongue, &c.  Also, the scapula.
  Spatula pro Ore, Glossospatha.
  SPEARWORT, Ranunculus flammula.
   SPEAUTER, Zinc.
   SPECIES, Powders, compound—s. Aromati-
cae, Pulvis cinnamomi compositus—s. Diacin-
namomi, Pulvis cinnamomi compositus—s.Dia-
cretae, Pulvis cretae compos.—s. Diajalapae, Pul-
vis jalapae compositus—s.Diambraesineodoratis,
Pulvis cinnamomi  compositus—s. Diatragacan-
thae frigidae, Pulvis tragacanthae compositus—s.
Hierae picrae, Pulvis aloes  cum canella—s. Lae-
tificantes Rhazis, Pulvis cinnamomi  compositus
—s. e Scordio cum opio, Pulvis cretae composi-
tus  cum opio—s.  e Scordio  sine  opio,  Pulvis
cretae compositus.
   SPECIF'IC,  Specif'icus,  from   species, ' a
form or fashion,' and fucere,' to make.'   A sub-
stance to which is attributed  the property of 
SPECIFICUM PARACELSI        78
removing, directly, one disease rather than any
other.  Probably no such remedy exists.  Mer-
cury in syphilis, and sulphur in the itch have
been regarded as the strongest examples.
  Specific of Herrenschwand.  A once cele-
brated German vermifuge.   It  is  said to have
consisted of 10 grains of Gamboge, with 20 of
Carbonateof Potassa. It is affirmed, that mercu-
ry and arsenic have also been found in it.—Paris.
  SPECIFICUM PARACELSI, Potassae sul-
phas.
  SPECIL'LUM, Mele, Stylus, Explorato'rium,
from specio, ' I examine,'—Specialrion, a probe.
(F.) Stylet,  Sonde.  A surgical  instrument,
employed for  examining wounds,  fistulas, and
for passing setons,  &c.  It is  usually formed
of silver; and is terminated, at one end, by an
olive-shaped button.  The eyed probe  has an
aperture at the other extremity.
  Specillum, Everriculum, Hypaleiptron,
Sound—s.  Auricularium, Apyromele—s. Ce-
reum, Bougie—s. Excavatum,  Stylus excava-
tus—s. Latum, Spatula—s. Minus, Melotis.
  SPECLARION, Specillum.
  SPECTACLES, from spectare, 'tobehold;'
Conspicil'la, (F.) Besides, Lunettes ordinaires,
Conserves.  Glasses to assist the sight; arranged
so as to be adapted to both eyes.  These glasses
are more or less concave or convex, according
as the sight is more or less short, (myopic) ox
long (presbyopic.)  When the glass is adapted
to one eye, it is called an Eyeglass, Conspicil'-
lum, Perspicil'lum, Vitrum ocula're.
  SPECULA'RIS LAPIS.  A transparent mi-
neral, but of what  nature  is not  clear, which
was formerly employed in epilepsy.   In old
times it was used for glass.—Pliny.
  SPECULUM, Catop'ter, Catop'tron,  Diop'-
tron.  In Latin, 'a mirror;' from specio,' I see.'
In surgery, it means different instruments  for
dilating cavities, and facilitating their examina-
tion.   See Dilator.   There are various  instru-
ments of  this  kind,—the S. Ani, S. Vagina,
(Colpeuryn'ter, Elytreurynter,) S. Matri'cis, S.
Oculi, S.  Oris ((F.) Baillon,) S.  Gutturis, S.
Vesica'.
  Speculum Citrinum, Orpiment—s. Indicum,
Ferri limatura—s. Lucidum, Septum lucidum
—s. Oris, Glossocatochus—s. Veneris, Achillea
millefolium.
  SPECUS, Vulva—s. Cordis, Ventricle of the
Heart—s. Pro medulla spinali, see Vertebral
column—s. Vertebralis, see Vertebral column.
  SPEDALSKE, see Radzyge.
  SPEDALSKHED, see Radzyge.
  SPEECH, Voice, articulated.
  SPEECHLESSNESS, Mutitas.
  SPEEDIMAN'S  PILLS, see Pilulae aloes et
myrrhae.
  SPEEDWELL,  BROOKLIME,  Veronica
beccabunga—s. Female, Antirhinum  elatine—
s. Officinal, Veronica—s. Water, Veronica bec-
cabunga.
  SPELTRUM, Zincum.
  SPERAGUS, Asparagus.
  SPERM, from anu^w, (I sow.'  Spermat'ic
fluid or liquor, Sem'inal fluid, Seed, Semen, S.
viri'le seu masculi'num seugenita'le, Semin'ium,
Genita'lS,  Medul'lx, Bytis'ma, Ros, Sanguis,
Serum, Humor genitalis seu  semina'lis seu
vene'reus, Uri'na genitalis, Genitu'ra, Sperma,
S. viri'le,  Spermi'um,  Tho'rc, Tho'rus, Lac
maris, Lagne'a, Lagni'a, Lagneu'ma, Germen,
17               SPERMATIC

 Male's milk, Prop'agatory or genital liquor,
 Vita'lE virus, Vitak or quickening venom.   A
 whitish, viscid fluid,  of  a peculiar smell, se-
 creted by the testicles, whence it is carried by
 the vasa deferentia to the vesiculae seminales,
 to be thrown into  the vagina, during coition,
 through the ejaculatory ducts  and the urethra.
 It is the fecundating fluid, and must come into
 actual contact with  the germ of the female.
 The Aura semi'nis,  Gonau'ra is incapable of
 effecting fecundation.  The semen, at the time of
 emission, is composed of two different fluids; the
 one liquid and transparent, which is considered
 to be the secretion  of the prostate,—the other,
 white, and as thick as mucilage; the product of
 the testicular secretion.  The sperm contains,
 according to Vauquelin, 900 parts of water, 50
 of animal mucilage, 10 of soda, and 30 of calca-
 reous phosphate.  The animal matter is pecu-
 liar, and by some termed spermatin.
   Microscopic observations show that it con-
 tains Spermatozoa, or more  properly sperma-
 tozoids,  for their animalcular nature  is ques-
 tionable.   By careful examination, other mi-
 nute, round, granulated bodies may almost al-
 ways be detected, which are in all cases much
 less numerous than the spermatozoa.   These
 bodies are the seminal granules.  Pure sperm,
 in its most perfect  state, consists principally of
 seminal animalcules and seminal granules; both
 of which are  enveloped in a small quantity of
 fluid, liquor sem'inis.
   It has been imagined,  but  erroneously, that
 during coition, there  is a  secretion of female
 sperm—Semen mulie'bre,  Tkelyg'onvm.   The
 increased secretion that  takes place is chiefly
 from the glands of Duverney.
   SPERMA,  Sperm—s. Mercurii,  Hydrargy-
 rus acetatus.
   Sperma Rana'rum, Sperni'ola seu Sperui'-
 olum seu Sperm'iola seu Spermi'olum rana'rum.
 Frog's spawn.  Once used in medicine.
   SPERMACETI, Cetaceum—s. Whale,  see
 Cetaceum.
   SPERMACRASIA, Spermatorrhoea.
   SPERMATACRASIA, Spermatorrhoea.
   SPERMATACRATIA,  Spermatorrhoea.
   SPERMAT'IC, Spermat'icus, Semina'lis,
 Sem'inal.  That which relates to the  sperm.
 A name given to different parts connected with
 the organs of generation.
   Spermatic Arteries, A. Spermat'icx, A.prx-
 paran'tes, (F.) Arteres  testiculaires,A.de Vovaire
 (Ch.) are two in number;—one on each side,
 —and arise from the  sides of the aorta, some-
 times from the renal  arteries.  They descend,
 almost vertically, at the sides of the vertebral
 column, and are distributed differently in the
 two sexes.  In man, the spermatic artery, situ-
 ate at the side of the vas deferens, issues by the
 abdominal ring; gives numerous  ramifications
 to the spermatic chord,  and  divides into  two
 fasciculi of branches,  one of which goes to the
 testicle,—the  other lo the epididymis.  In the
 female, the  spermatic artery,  ovarian artery,
 dips into the pelvis, and passes to the ovarium,
 Fallopian tube, and round ligament.
   Spermatic  Chord, Testicular Chord,  Fu-
 nic'ulus  Spermaticus, Corpus varico'sum, (F.)
 Cordon spermatique ou testiculaire.  The vas-
 cular and nervous chord, by which the testicle
 is suspended.  It is composed of the spermatic
 artery and veins;  of  other small vessels ; of 
SPERMATIN              78
lymphatics; of nervous filaments from the sper-
matic plexus, and from the genito-crural branch
of the lumbo-abdominal plexus;  of the vas defe-
rens, and, very often, of a fibro-cellular chord,
which unites the peritoneum to  the upper part
of the tunica vaginalis, and in which encysted
hydrocele of the spermatic chord occurs.  All
these parts are united together  by a very lax,
cellular tissue, and surrounded by coats, which,
reckoning from without, are;—1. The skin and
cellular membrane.  2. A fibro-cellular  mem-
brane, formed  by the fascia superficialis.  3. A
very thin layer, formed by fibres of the cremas-
ter muscle, united archwise before, and often
also behind, the chord.  4.  The proper sheath
of the spermatic  vessels, or the tubular prolon-
gation furnished by the fascia transversalis to
the chord, on  a level with the superior orifice
of the inguinal canal.   The spermatic chord is
commonly shorter on the right side than on the
left; and of a  different size in different indivi-
duals.   It ascends, almost vertically from the
superior margin of the  testicle as far as the
lower  orifice  of the  inguinal  canal;  passes
through this canal and enters  the abdomen,
crossing the epigastric artery.  Here it  forms
an evident elbow, directing  its course  back-
ward.  At this part, also, the organs composing
it separate from  each other:—the vas deferens
descending into  the pelvis to pass behind the
bladder;—the  blood-vessels and  lymphatics as-
cending towards  the lumbar region, &c.
  Spermatic Fluid, Sperm—s. Liquor, Sperm.
  Spermatic Passages or Ways, Vix Sperma-
tica, are the canals concerned in the excretion
of semen.
  Spermatic Plexuses of nerves, Plexus testi-
culares, are two  in number, and are furnished
by the renal plexuses.  Their filaments,  called
Spermatic nerves, follow the arteries of the same
name to the testicle in man;  and to the  ovary
and Fallopian  tube in the  female, — ovarian
nerves.   They cannot be traced into the sub-
stance of these organs.
  Spermatic Veins are two or three in num-
ber, on each side.  They accompany the sper-
matic artery,  and  open:—those of  the  right,
into the vena cava inferior; those of the left,
into the  corresponding renal vein.  These veins
form, above the testicle, a kind of venous net-
work, called, by some, the Spermatic Plexus ;
and another plexus before  the  psoas  muscle,
called the Corpus pampiniforme.
  SPERMATIN, see Sperm.
  SPERMATS'MUS, Emis'sio sem'inis, from
a-nte,/"*, 'sperm.'  The emission of sperm.
  SPERMATOCE'LE, Hernia semina'lis scro-
ti,Osckeoce'lS semina'lis, Gonoce'lB, fxom o-Tteu*.,
vsperm,'and nr]Xr], 'a  tumour.'  The ancients
gave this name to certain swellings of the tes-
ticle which were regarded as produced  by an
accumulation of sperm  in the  organ.   Also,
varicocele.
  SPERMATOCLEMMA, see Pollution.
  SPERMATOCLEPSIS, see Pollution.
  SPERMATOCYSTIDORRHAG'TA,  Cau-
lorrhng"ia ejaeulato'ria,  Hxmatu'ria ejacula-
to'ria, H. semina'lis, from o-ni^u*., OTtq/u.arog,
' sperm,' xvo-rtg, ' bladder,' and ^yv,' a break-
ing forth.'   A discharge of blood from the ure-
thra, or the act of ejaculation  of sperm.
  SPERMATODES, Gonoides.
  SPERMATOGONIA, Spermogon'ia, Sper-
!8              SPHACELUS

matopa'ia, Spermatopo'e' sis,  Spermi'um,  from
o-rrcq^ia, 'sperm,' and ytvrace,' to beget.'  The
preparation or secretion of sperm.
   SPERMATOID, Gonoides.
   SPERMATOLEPSIS,  see Pollution.
   SPERMATOLIPSIS, see Pollution.
   SPERMATOL'OGY, Spermatolog"ia,  from
o-7rce,/u.a, ' sperm,' and A&>cf, 'a discourse.'  A
treatise on sperm.
   SPERMATOPH'OROUS,&™tM*/'mw*,from
a-mq/uci,' sperm,' and <j>fgu>,' I carry.'   Sperm-
bearing.  The cells or granules in the sperm
have been so called.
   SPERMATOPCEIA, Spermatogonia.
   SPERMATOPOESIS, Spermatogonia.
   SPERMATOPOETIC, Spermatopoeus.
  SPERM ATOP(E'U S, Spermatopoetic'us,Sper-
matopoiet'icus, Spermatopoet'ic,Gonepa'us, Gone-
poiet'icus, Gonopoiet'icus, from ant^i^a,'sperm,'
and rroisiv, ' to make.'  Food, to which has been
attributed the property of augmenting the se-
cretion of semen; and, consequently, of exciting
the venereal act.   Very succulent and very nu-
tritious substances have been so considered.
   SPERMATORRHEA, Spermorrha'a, Sper-
macra'sia, Spermatoze'mia,  Spermatacra' sia,
Gonacra'sia,  Gonacrati'a, Spermatacrati'a, Go-
norrha'a vera, (F.) Flux de Sperme, Pollutions,
Pertes siminales; from <r/rfg,u=t, 'sperm,'and
gea, 'I flow.'  An emission of sperm, without
copulation.  See Gonorrhoea and Pollution.
  Spermatorrhoea Atonica, Gonorrhcea laxo-
rum.
  SPERMATOS'CHESIS, from o-Trt^*,
' sperm,' and o-<%to-ig, ' retention.'  Retention or
suppression of the spermatic  secretion.
  SPERMATOZEMIA,  Spermatorrhoea.
  SPERMATOZO'A,Zoosper'mata,from o-xte,-
(i*., ' sperm,' and lwov,  ' animal.'  Zoospermes,
Spermatozo'dires,  Spermatozolds,  Animal'cula
semina'lia seu spermat'ica, Vermic'uli spermat'-
ici.  Spermatic  animalcules(?).  Animalcules
seen in the sperm, and  by some supposed to be
the formative agents in  generation.  See Sperm.
   SPERM ATOZO AIRES, Spermatozoa.
   SPERMATOZOIDS, Spermatozoa.
  SPERMIOLUM RAN ARUM, Sperma rana-
rum.
   SPERMIUM, Sperm, Spermatogonia.
  SPERMOBOLE, see Ejaculation, Sperma-
tismus.
  SPERMOEDIA  CLAVUS, Ergot.
   SPERMOGONIA, Spermatogonia.
  SPERMORRHCEA,  Spermatorrhoea.
  SPERNIOLUM RANARUM, Sperma rana-
rum.
   SPHACtLE, Sphacelus—*. de la Bouche,
Cancer aquaticus.
   SPHACELIA SEGETUM, see Ergot.
   SPHACELSMUS,  Sphacelus—s.  Cerebri,
Phrenitis.
   SPHACELUS, Gangra'na Sphacelus, Spha-
celis'mus,  Cold mortification,  (F.)  Spkacele,
Gangrene froide, from 0-va.tto, ' I slay.'  This
word is used, by some,  synonymously with gan-
grene ; by others, with gangrene when it occu-
pies the whole substance of a limb.  Commonly,
it means  the  disorganized portion, in  cases of
mortification, anthraconecro'sis, which must be
thrown off—or is, in other words, totally  dead.
The foul disorganized portion of an ulcer —
called the slough—must be considered a kind
of sphacelus. 
SPHARA                789           SPHENOPALATINE
  Sphacelus was formerly used  for excessive
pain; and for agitation from excessive pain, or
violent emotion.
  Sphacelus Cerealis, Ergotism.
  SPHtERA, Pila—s. Marina, Pila marina—s.
Thalassia, Pila  marina.
  SPH/ERANTHUS  INDICUS, Adaca.
  SPH^RIDION, Pilula.
  SPH.ERION, Globule, Pilula.
  SPHyEROCEPHALA ELATIOR,Echinops.
  SPHjEROCOCCUS CRISPUS, Fucus cris-
pus.
  SPHiERUL/E  SANGUINIS, Globules of
the blood.
  SPHAGE, Throat.
  SPHENDONE, Funda.
  SPHENOID, Spkeno'i'des, Spheno'des, Sphe-
noide us, Sphenoid a'I is, fxom  o<pnv, 'a wedge,'
andtidof,'resemblance.'  Wedgeshaped. Hence,
  Sphenoid Bone, Spkeno'ides os, Os basila're
seu cuneifor'me seu  cu'neo  compara'tum seu
sphenoidale seu multiforme seu az'ygos seu
papilla'rS seu polymor'pkon seu  paxilla'rB seu
haxilla're seu  alxfor'me  seu spheco'i'des seu
respifor'mS seu inconjuga'tum,Pter'ygold bone.
An azygous bone, situate on  the median line,
and at the  base of the cranium.   It articulates
with all the other bones of  that cavity; sup-
ports  them, and strengthens  their union.   Its
form is  singular, and  resembles  a bat with its
wings extended.  It has, 1. An inferior or gut-
tural surface, on which is situate  the crista,
that joins the vomer;  a channel,  which concurs
in forming the pterygo-palatine foramen; the
pterygoid  process;  the pterygoid  fossa; the
scaphoid depression;  the Vidian or pterygoid
canal; the  foramina — ovale, spinale, &c.  2.
A superior or cerebral surface, on which are:—
the clinoid processes; the pituitary fossa; the
foramina (ovale, rotundum, and spinale;) the
Apophysis  of Ingrassias  or  lesser wing; the
foramen opticum, &c.  3. An occipital or pos-
terior surface, which is articulated with the ba-
silary process of the occipital bone.   4. An an-
terior or orbitar-nasal surface;  having, ante-
riorly, a crista  to unite with the  ethmoid bone;
and, on each side, a  round aperture, which leads
into two cavities  in the substance of  the bone,
separated by a middle septum,  and called the
sphenoidal sinuses.   5. Two zygomato-tempo-
rul or external surfaces, which  correspond to
the temporal and zygomatic fossae.
   Some divide  the  sphenoid  into body or mid-
dle portion; and ala, which are four in number,
and are subdivided into great ( Temporal Plates
or Wings)  and little (Apophyses of Ingrassias.)
The Sphenoid suture surrounds  the bone.
   Sphenoid, Spinous Process  of  the,  Sphe-
noid spine.
   SPHENOI'DAL, Spheno'ida'lis. That which
belongs or  relates to the sphenoid bone.
   Sphenoida'lia Cor'nua, (F.) Cornets sph*-
vo'idaux, Cornets de Berlin; Ossic'ula Berti'ni,
Ossa triangula'ria, Pyr'amids of Wistar. Two
small, thin, and curved  bones, situate between
the sphenoid and ethmoid, with which they are
confounded in the adult.  They  have  the shape
of a hollow pyramid, with the base turned back-
wards ;  and are developed by a  single point of
ossification.  They  are  articulated  with  the
Bphenoid, ethmoid,  palate bone,  and vomer.
   Sphenoidal  or Supe'rior Or'bitary  Fis-
sure, Fora'men laC'erum supe'rius, (F.) Fente
sphenoidale, is a large fissure, situate between
the great and little ala of the sphenoid.   It is
seen at the upper and back  part of the  orbit,
between which and the cranium it is a means
of communication.
  Sphenoidal Spine, (F.) Epine sphenoidale,
Spinous Process  of the Sphenoid;—1. A pro-
jecting crista at the inferior surface of the sphe-
noid bone, for articulation with the vomer.  2.
A triangular process, Apophyse sous-temporale,
(Ch.) met with near the posterior margin of the
same bone, behind the foramen spinale.  At the
point of the spinous  process, a styloid process
is frequently met with.
   SPHENOIDES, Cuneiform, Sphenoid— s. Os,
Sphenoid bone.
  SPHENOMAXILLARY,  Spkeno-maxilla'-
ris.   That which relates to the sphenoid and
maxillary bones.
   Sphenomaxillary Fissure, Inferior  or'bi-
tar Fissure, (F.) Fente spheno-maxillaire ou or-
bitaire infirieure, called, also, Fora'men luc'1-
erum infe'rius, F. spheno-miixilla'rc, is situate
at the posterior part of  the angle formed by
the union of the internal and inferior  parietes
of the orbit.  It  is constituted, above, by the
sphenoid bone; below, by the superior maxil-
lary and palate bones; and, before, by the malar
bone.   It is narrower at  the middle than at the
extremities, and  forms  a communication be-
tween theorbitarcavity and the zygomatic fossa.
   Sphenomaxillary Fossa  is a name given by
some anatomists, to a depression at the union of
the sphenomaxillary and  pterygomaxillary fis-
surcs.
   SPHENOOR'BITAR.   A name  given, by
Beclard to the anterior  part  of the body of the
sphenoid bone, which is  developed by a varia-
ble number  of points of ossification.
   S PHENOPAL'ATINE, Sphenopnluli'nus.
That which relates to the sphenoid and palate
bones.
   Sphenopalatine Artery, Large lateral na-
sal A., is the termination of the internal maxil-
lary.  It enters at the posterior part of the su-
perior meatus of  the nose, through the spheno-
palatine foramen, and spreads  its numerous
branches on the  pituitary membrane covering
the septum, the cornua, and  the meatus.
   Sphenopalatine Fora'men is a round aper-
ture, formed by the  vertical portion of the os
palati and the sphenoid.   It establishes a com-
munication  between the nasal  fossae and the
zygomatic fossa.
   Sphenopalatine  Ganglion, Ganglion  of
Meckel, Sphenoidal G.  (Ch.)   A small, ner-
vous, cordiform, or triangular ganglion, of va-
riable size, situate without the foramen sphaeno-
palatinum, in the pterygomaxillary fissure.  It
seems suspended by several nervous filaments
to the trunk of the  superior maxillary nerve,
and gives off internal or sphenopalatine fila-
ments, inferior or palatine filaments, and  a pos-
terior filament, which is the Vidian or pterygoid
nerve.
   Sphenopalatine  Nerves,  Lat'erul   nasal
Nerves, arise from the ganglion—just described
—at its inner part, and enter the nasal fossae by
the sphenopalatine foramen.   They are 5 or 6 in
number, and distribute  their  filaments  to the
outer  and  inner  parietes of the nasal  fossae.
One of the most remarkable branches  is the
Naso-palatine. 
SPHENOPALATINE          790          SPILSBURY'S DROPS
   SPHENOPALATINUS, Levator palati.
   SPHENOPARIETAL,  Spheno-parieta'lis.
 That which belongs or relates to the sphenoid
 and parietal bones.
   Sphenoparietal  Suture is formed by the
 articulation of the extremity of the greater ala
 of the sphenoid with the anterior and inferior
 angle of the parietal bone.
   SPHENO - PTERYGO-PALATINUS, Cir-
 cumflexus—s. Salpingostaphylinus, Circumflex
 —*. Salpingo-mallien, Laxator tympani.
   SPHENOSS, see Wedged.
   SPHENOSTAPHYLINUS, Levator palati.
   SPHENOTEMP'ORAL, Spheno-tempora'lis.
 That which belongs to the sphenoid and tempo-
 ral bones.
   Sphenotemporal Suture  is the suture at
 the articulation of the great alae of the sphenoid
 bone with the squamous portion of the tempo-
 ral.  Beclard gives  the  name  sphenotemporal
 to the posterior part of the body of the sphe-
 noid, which  is developed by distinct points of
 ossification.
   SPHEX, Wasp.
   SPHINCTER, Constric'tor, Musc'ulus con-
 stricto'rius; from o-piyyw,  'I  constrict.'   A
 name given to  several annular muscles, which
 constrict  or close certain natural openings.
   Sphincter Ani, Annularis Ani.  Many ana-
 tomists have described two sphincter muscles
 of the anus :—1. The S. exter'nus, Aspidis'cos,
 S. cuta'neus, Coccygio-cutani-spkincter, Orbi-
 cularis Recti, Constrictor Ani, Coccygio-anal,
 (Ch.)  It is situate around the anus;  is ellip-
 tical  from  before to  behind;  flattened, and
 pierced at its middle.  Its fibres describe con-
 centric arcs, which are attached, behind, to the
 extremity of the coccyx, by a dense, cellular
 substance; and are confounded, anteriorly, with
 the bulbo-cavernosi and transversi perinaei mus-
 cles.   This  muscle  contracts and  closes the
 anus.  2.  The inner or internal Sphincter Ani,
 Sphincter  intestina'lis of Winslow, is by many
 anatomists considered as the termination of the
 circular fibres  of the rectum.   It is  annular,
 and situate around the inferior extremity of the
 rectum, to the extent of about a finger's breadth.
 It has the same uses as the other.
   Sphincter Gulje, Constrictores  pharyngis
 —s. Ilei,  Bauhin,  valve of—s. Intestinalis,
 Sphincter  ani internus—s. Labiorum, Orbicu-
 laris oris—s. Oculi, Orbicularis palpebrarum—
 -;. Palpebrarum, Orbicularis palpebrarum—s.
 Pylori, see Pylorus—s. Vaginae, Constrictores
 cunni—s.  Ventriculi, Pylorus.
   Sphincter Vesi'cb, Sphincter of the bladder.
 Some anatomists have given  this  name  to
 whitish, elastic, and circular fibres, which sur-
 round the neck of the bladder, but do not consti-
 tute a particular muscle.   Morgagni has given
 the name  Pseudo-Sphincter  to the anterior
 fibres of the  levator  ani,  which pass beneath
the neck of the bladder, and, by  their contrac-
tion, close that opening.
  SPHONGUS, Spongia.
  SPHRAGIDONYCHARGOCOME'TA, from
nipqayig, 'a seal,' owS, 'thenail,' aoyo?,'white,'
or perhaps  aqyvqog,  'silver,'  and  xoutm,  'I
adorn.'  A charlatan who adorned his fingers
to the  very nails with rings.—Aristophanes,
Hippocrates.
  SPHYGMA, Pulse.
   SPHYG'MICA ARS,  Sphygmic  art, from
 aifvynog, ' the  pulse.'   The art of judging by
 the pulse, in health or disease.
   Sphygmica Doctrina, Sphygmologia.
   SPHYGMICUS, Throbbing.
   SPHYGMOCEPHALUS, Crotaphe.
   SPHYGMODES, Throbbing.
   SPHYGMOLOG'TA, Sphyg'mica Doctri'na,
 from o-ipvyuog, 'the pulse,' and  Xoyog, 'a de-
 scription.'  The doctrine of the pulse.
   SPHYGMOMETER, Pulsilegium.
   SPHYGMOS, Pulsation, Pulse.
   SPHYGMOSCOPIUM, Pulsilegium.
   SPHYRA, Malleolus.
   SPHYXS, Pulsation.
   SPIC, Lavendula.
   SPICA, Fas'cia repens; the Spica  bandage,
 (F.) Epi.  A bandage so called in consequence
 of its  somewhat resembling a spike of barley.
 The turns of the bandage cross  like the letter
 V;—each leaving a third of the roller uncovered.
 It is distinguished into ascending and descend-
 ing. It may be applied over various parts of
 the body, and in a different manner in each case;
 thus, there is the Spica seu Fascia inguina'lis,
 Spica  inguina'lis duplex, the  spica for the
 shoulder, and another for the thumb.
   Spica Alpina, Valeriana Celtica—s. Celtica,
 Valeriana Celtica—s. Indica, Nardus  Indica—
 s. Nardi, Nardus Indica.
   SPICEBERRY, Gaultheria, Laurus Benzoin.
   SPICEBUSH, Laurus Benzoin.
   SPICES, FOUR, see Myrtus pimenta.
   SPICEWOOD, Laurus Benzoin.
   SPICILLUM,  Specillum.
   SPIDER, see Araneoj tela.
   SPIDERWORT, Liliago.
   SPIGELIA, S. Marilandica.
   Spige'lia Marilan'dica, AntheVmia, Spige'-
 lia LoniC'era, Peren'nial Wormgrass or Indian
 Pink, Caroli'na  Pink, Starbloom, Worm root.
 Nat. Order, Gentianeae.  Class,  Pentandria.
 Order, Monogynia.  Indigenous.   The root—
 Spigelia, (Ph. U. S.)—is celebrated  as an an-
 thelmintic, particularly in cases  of  lumbrici.
   It is also asserted to have been found service-
 able in remittent fever.  It is a narcotico-acrid.
 Dose, gr. x to gss.
   SPIGNEL, Ethusa meum.
  SPIKENARD,  Conyza  squarrosa,  Nardus
 Indica—s. American, Aralia racemosa—s.Small,
 Aralia nudicaulis—s. Tree, Aralia spinosa.
  SPILAN'THUS  ACMEL'LA,  Achmella,
 Acmella, Balm-leaved Spilanthus.   Family,
 Corymbiferae.  Sex. Syst.  Syngenesia, Polyga-
 mia  aequalis.   This plant possesses a glutinous,
 bitter taste, and fragrant smell.   The herb and
 seed are said to be diuretic and emmenagogue.
 They have been used in dropsies, jaundice, fluor
 albus, and calculous complaints; given in infu-
 sion.
  Spilanthus,  Balm-leaved, Spilanthus ac-
 mella.
  Spilanth'us  Olera'ceus, Spear-leaved Spi-
lanthus, (F.) Cresson de Para.  A tincture of
the plant has been recommended in toothache.
  SPILI, see Naevus.
  SPILOMA, see Nawus.
  S PILOSIS,  Epichrosis—s. Ephelis, Ephe-
lides—s.  Poliosis, Poliosis.
  SPILSBURY'S ANTISCORBUTIC DROPS.
An empirical preparation, formed of  hydrarg.
oxymur., rad. gentian., cort.  aurant. sice, aa 
SPINA
791
SPINDLE  TREE
gij, antimon. cried., santal. rubr. aa,gj, spiritus
vini rectif., aqux, aa gviij.
  SPINA,' a thorn;' Spine, (F.) £pine.  A pro-
cess on the surface of a bone, which  has  been
compared to the spines or thorns on  certain
vegetables.   The chief processes of this name,
are:—the nasal spine, the spine of the scapula,
the spine of the ischium, the four iliac spines,
the palatine spine, the maxillary, the sphenoid,
&c.   The spine of tke back is the collection of
vertebra constituting the vertebral column.
  Spina, Penis—s. Acida, Oxycantha Galeni—
s. iEgyptiaca, see Acaciae gummi—s. Alba, Car-
duus marianus, Mespilus oxycantha—s. Bifida,
Hydrorachis—s. Cervina, Rhamnus—s. Dorsi,
Vertebral column, see Nasus—s. Dorsi intror-
sum Flexa, Lordosis—s. Ferrea, Pin—s.  Hel-
montii, Aiguillon—s. Hirci, Astragalus verus
—s. Infectoria, Rhamnus—s. Nodosa, Rachitis.
  Spina Vento'sa, Spina  ventos'itas, Tere'do,
Fungus  Artic'uli, Ostarthroc'acl, Tumor fun-
go'sus artic'uli, Lu'pia junctu'ra, Hyperspon'-
gia, Flatus spinx, Arthroc'ace, Padarthroc'uce,
White Swelling  (of some,) Sidera'tio Ossis,
Cancer  Ossis, Gangra'na Ossis, Exosto'sis.
A term  of no definite  meaning, as is obvious
from these various words having been considered
its synonymes.  By some, it is defined to be—
a disease of the osseous system, in which the
texture of the bone dilates, seeming  to be dis-
tended with air, and constituting  a variety of
osteo-sarcoma.  By others, it  is considered to
be a tumour arising from an internal caries of
a bone; occurring  most frequently in the carpus
or tarsus.  The term itself is a translation from
the Arabic of Rhazes.  See, also, Hydrarthrus
and Mollities ossium.
   Spina Vertebralis, Vertebral column.
   SPINACH, Spinacia.
   SPINACHIA, Spinacia.
  SPINA'CIA, Spina'chia, Spina'cia olera'cea,
Spin'age,  Spinach,   (F.)  Epinard.   Family,
Atripliceae.  Sex. Syst. Dioecia Pentandria. A
plant which resembles the cabbage in its dietetic
powers.  The leaves boiled, with the addition
of oil, form a good emollient cataplasm.  It has
 been used in phthisical complaints; but its me-
 dicinal properties, if it have any, are not now
 regarded.
   Spinacia Oleracea, Spinacia.
   SPIN.fE, Spinous Processes—s. Ventositas,
 Spina ventosa.
   SPINAGE, Spinacia.
   SPINAL, Spina'lis, Spino'sus, Spina'tus,
 (F.) Epiniere, from spina, ' the spine.'  That
 which relates to the vertebral  column.
   Spinal  Arteries are two  in number, viz:
 1.  The posterior spinal, Artlre mediane posti-
 rieure du Rackis, (Ch.)  It arises from the ver-
 tebral, near the  corpora pyramidalia, and de-
 scends on the posterior surface of the spinal
 marrow, distributing its ramifications to it. 2.
 The  anterior spinal artery, A. midiane anti-
 rieure, (Ch.,) is larger than the last, and arises,
 also, from the vertebral.   It descends, in a ser-
 pentine  manner, upon  the anterior surface of
 the marrow; furnishes ramusculi to  it, and
 unites with that of.the opposite side, opposite
 the foramen magnum occipitis.  A very tortu-
 ous branch arises from this union, which de-
 scends as far as  the inferior extremity of the
 marrow, to which it sends numerous  divisions.
   The term Spinal Arteries or Rachidian Ar-
teries is also given, in the abstract, to all the
arteries of the spinal marrow and  vertebral
canal.  The same may be said of the veins and
nerves.
  Spinal Cord, Medulla spinalis.
  Spinal  Foram'ina, (F.) Trous rackidiens,
in the abstract, are  the  foramina formed by
every two contiguous vertebrae, through which
the spinal nerves issue.   See  Vertebral.   The
term Fora'men Spina'le is especially applied,
however, to a small foramen, in front of the
spinous process of the sphenoid bone, through
which  the middle artery of the  dura  mater en-
ters the cranium.  It is, likewise, called Fora-
men  spkenospino'sum,  (F.) Trou  Sphino-ipi-
neux ou petit rond, Trou ipineux.
  Spinal Irrita'tion, Rhachialgi'tis, Rhachi-
al'gia, Neural'gia spina'lis, NotaVgia.   A
modern pathological view, which  refers most
nervous diseases to irritation of the spinal cord.
This irritation is presumed to be indicated by
tenderness on pressure over the spinous process
of one or more vertebrae, or over the  nerves
proceeding from the cord and distributed to the
parts at the sides of the spine.  Such tender-
ness, however, by no means indicates the patho-
logical condition in question, as it is often met
with in  those  enjoying perfect health.  The
treatment advised is cupping  and counter-irri-
tation  on each side of the spine, which may be
beneficial in such diseases, no matter what part
of the  frame may be in  a morbid state, by ex-
citing  a new and revellent impression on a very
sensible portion of the cutaneous surface.
  Spinal Nerve, Accessory of tke Par vagum
or Vth  pair, Accessory nerve of Willis, Spinal
Accessory,  Spino-cranio-trapizien,  Superior
res'piratory N.,  Eleventh pair of  encephalic
nerves, Trachilo-dorsal, (Ch.) arises from the
medulla  spinalis,  within  the vertebral canal,
between the anterior and posterior roots of the
cervical nerves at a greater or less distance from
the  cranium.  The  roots unite  to form the
nerve, which ascends into the cranium  through
the foramen magnum of the occipital bone, and
issues  by the foramen lacerum posterius, cross-
ing the sterno-cleido-mastoideus, to which it
gives filaments, and losing itself entirely on the
trapezius muscle.
   Spinal Nerves, Vertebral nerves—s. Pro-
longation, Medulla spinalis.
   SPINALES  COLLI  MINORES, Interspi-
nales  colli—s.  et Transversales lumborum,
Transversalis dorsi.
   SPINALIS CERVICS, Semi-spinalis colli
—s. Colli, Semi-spinalis colli.
   Spinalis Dorsi, Grand ipineux du dos, Spi-
nalis Dorsi major.  Winslow calls  thus some
fleshy  fasciculi, which are situate on the lateral
surfaces of the spinous processes; from the third
dorsal vertebra to the first or second lumbar;
and which form part of  the transverso-spinalis
of most authors.   The same anatomist calls—
Spina'lis Dorsi minor, Petit  ipineux du dos—
some small, fleshy fibres, situate  on each side
of the interspinal ligament.   They are short,
flat, and pass from one  spinous process to the
other.   Like the preceding, they form part of
the  transverso-spinalis.   All these  fleshy fas-
ciculi  strengthen the vertebral column.
   SPINATI, Interspinales colli.
   SPINATUS, Spinal.
   SPINDLE TREE, Euonymus Americanus. 
SPINE
792
SPIRIT
   SPINE, Vertebral column—s. Curvature of
 the, Gibbositas.
   SPINI-AXOIDO-OCCIPIT ALS, Rectus ca-
 pitis posticus major—*. Axo'ido-trachili-atlo'i-
 dieu, Obliquus inferior capitis.
   SPINITIS, Myelitis.
   SPINO-DORSITS, Myelitis.
   SPINOLA, see Hydrorachis.
   SPINOSUS, Spinal.
   SPINOUS, Spino'sus, (F.) Epineux. Having
 the shape of a spine or thorn.
   Spinous Proc"esses  or Apoph'yses of the
 Ver'tebra, Acan'tka, Spina, CynoVophoi, (F.)
 Apophyses ipineuses, are situate at the  posterior
 part of each vertebra, and afford attachment to
 the  muscles, whose office it is  to extend the
 spine.  See Vertebra.
   SPIRAC'ULA, (F.) Spiracules, from spiro,
 ' I breathe.'  Respiratory pores of the skin.
   SPIRiE CEREBRI, Convolutions,  cerebral.
   SPIR.E'A  FILIPENDULA,  Filipendula,
 Saxifraga rubra, Dropwort, (F.) Filipendule.
 Family, Rosaceae.   Sex. Syst. Icosandria Pen-
 tagynia.  The root of  this plant is  said  to
 possess astringent and lithontriptic virtues.
   Spirje'a  Tomento'sa, Hardhack, Red mea-
 dow-sweet, Steeple bush, Rosy bush, White-leaf.
 This indigenous species, which is abundant  in
 the northern  states  of the Union, is tonic and
 astringent; and is usually administered either
 in the form of extract or of decoction,  (Spiraa
 gss;  aqua Oj.)
   Spirje'a  Trifoliata, Gillenia  trifoliata.
   Spirjea Ulma'ria, Ulmaria, Regi'na Prati,
 Barba capra, Meadow Sweet, Queen of the Mea-
 dows, Bar'bula capri'na,  (F.) U/maire, Reine
 des Pres.   The leaves have been  recommended
 as mild astringents:—the  flowers as antispas-
 modics and diaphoretics.
   SPIRAMENTA  PULMONUM, see Pulmo.
   STIRAMENTUM ANIM^, Pulmo.
   SPIRAMINA PALPEBRARUM,  Lachry-
 mal puncta—s. Pulmonum, see Pulmo.
   SP1RATIO,  Respiration.
   SPIRIT, Spir'itus; from spirare,' to exhale;'
 (F.) Esprit.   A name given to  every liquid
 product of  distillation.   Spirits were formerly
 distinguished into—inflammable, acid, and alka-
 line; and consequently a number of substances
 were crowded together, which often resembled
 each other in no other property than  in being
 volatile.  The  term is now confined  to  alco-
 holic  liquors, of which the following are the
 chief.
   Arrack.  Distilled from coarse palm sugar,
 named jaggery, fermented  with the bark of the
 Mimosa leucophlea; also from rice and the fer-
 mented juice of the  Palm; made  in India.   Its
 varieties are:—
   1.  Makwak Arrack.  Made in India  from the
 flowers of the Madhuca tree, Bassia butyracea.
  2.  Tuba.  Made from palm wine, in  the Phi-
lippine Islands.
  Araka.   Distilled, by the Tartars, from kou-
 mis, fermented mare's milk.
  Araki.  Distilled from  dates, by the Egyp-
tians.
  Arika.  A variety of koumis, distilled from
 fermented mares' milk, in Tartary  and  Ice-
 land.
  Brandy.   Distilled from wine, figs,  peaches,
persimmon apple, mulberries,  and sometimes
 other fruits, in Europe, Asia, North and South
 America, wherever  wine is made.  The best
 brandy is that of Cognac; the next, that of Bor-
 deaux and Rochelle.  The  varieties are—
   1. Aguardiente, (S.)  In  Peru, the common
 brandy obtained from grapes is the Aguardi-
 ente de Pisco, so called, because shipped at the
 port of Pisco.   Another kind, much dearer, and
 of  excellent flavour is  made  from Muscatel
 grapes, and is called Aguardiente de Italia.  It
 is sometimes seen in the United States.
  2. Lau.  Made from rice, in Siam.
  3. Rakia. Made in Dalmatia from the husks
 of grapes mixed with aromatics.
  4. Rossolio.   Made at Dantzic, from a com-
 pound of brandy, rossolis, and other plants.
  5. Troster.   Made on the Rhine, from the
 husks of grapes, fermented with barley and rye.
  6. Sekis-kayavodka.   Made from the lees of
 wine and fruit at Scio.
  Geneva Hollands, (genievre, French for juni-
 per.)  Distilled from malted barley and  rye,
 rectified on juniper  berries, in Holland.  Its
 variety is—
  Gin.   Made  in England, from malted barley,
 rye, potatoes;  rectified with turpentine.
  Goldwasser. Distilled at Dantzic, from wheat,
 barley, and rye, rectified with aniseed, cinna-
 mon, and other spices.
  Kirschwasser.   Distilled from the Malacheb
 cherry, in Switzerland.
  Maraschino.   Distilled from the Macarska
 cherry, at Zara, the capital of Dalmatia.
  Rum, (supposed  to be derived from  the ter-
 minal syllable of the  word saccharum:  but the
 native Americans called this liquor Rum.) Dis-
tilled, in the West Indies and  South America,
from cane-sugar and  molasses, and in North
 America from maple sugar.  Its variety is—
  Slatkaia trava.  Made at Kamtschatka, from
 a sweet grass.
  Show-choo.  Distilled, in China, from the
 lees of mandarin, a wine made from boiled rice.
  Whisky, (supposed to be derived from usque,
the  first two syllables of usquebagk, the original
 name in Ireland.)   Distilled,  in Scotland and
 Ireland, from malted and raw barley, rye, oats,
and potatoes: and  in the south of France, from
 sloes.  In  Ireland  it was called buil-ceaun, or
 madness  of the head.  The best Scotch whisky
 is Glenlivet, the best Irish,  Ennishowen.
  Y-wer-a. Distilled, in the Sandwich Islands
 from the root of the Tee-root, baked, pounded,
 and fermented.
  To these may be added an intoxicating liquor
 made by the Affghanistans, from  ewes' milk;
 and that made  at Kamtschatka, from a species
 of mushroom, named muchumer.
  Spirit of Aniseed, Spiritus  anisi—s. Bath-
 ing, Freeman's, see Linimentum saponis  com-
 pos.—s.  Bathing,  Jackson's, see Linimentum
 saponis  compos.—s.  Bezoardic  of Bussius, see
 Bussii  spiritus  Bezoarticus—s.  Bone,  Liquor
 volatilis  cornu cervi—s.  of Burrhus, Burrhi
 spiritus  matricalis—s. of Carraway, Spiritus
 carui—s. of Ether, aromatic, Spiritus  aetheris
 aromaticus—s.  Fuming, of Beguin, AmmoniaB
 sulphuretum—s. Fuming, of  Boyle, Ammoniar
 sulphuretum—s. of  Hartshorn,  Liquor cornu
 cervi—s. of Horseradish, compound, Spiritus
armoraciae compositus—s. of Lavender, Spiritus
 lavandulae—s. of Lavender, compound, Spiritus
lavandulae  compositus—s. of Mindererus, Li- 
SPIRITS,  ANIMAL
SPIRITUS
 quor ammoniae acetatis—s. of Nitre, sweet  Spi-
 ritus ffitheris nitrici—s. of Nitric ether, Spiritus
 Athens nitrici-s. of Pennyroyal, Spiritus pu-
 legii—s. of Peppermint, Spiritus menthae pipe-
 rita—s. Proof, Spiritus tenuior—s.  of Salt, Mu-
 riaticum acidum—s. of Scurvygrass,  golden,
 see Spiritus armoracia?. compositus—s. of Spear-
 mint, Spiritus menthae viridis—s. of Sulphuric
 ether, Spiritus aetheris sulphurici—s. of Sulphu-
 ric ether, compound, Spiritus aetheris sulphurici
 compositus—s. of Turpentine, Oleum terebin-
 thinae rectificatum—s. Verdigris, Aceticum aci-
 dum—s. of Vitriol, Sulphuric acid—s. of Wine
 and camphor, Spiritus camphorae.
    SPIRITS, ANIMAL, Nervous fluid.
    SPIRITUS, Breath, Life, Respiration, Spirit
 —s.  yEthereus nitrosus, Spiritus aetheris nitrici
 — s.  iEthereus  vitriolicus,  Spiritus  aetheris
 sulphurici.
    Spiritus JE'theris Aromat'icus,  JEther
 Sulphuricus cum alcoho'lS aromat'icus, Elix'ir
 vitrio'li dulce, Sweet  Elix'ir of Vit'riol,Viga'ni's
 Elixir of Vitriol, Aromat'ic Spirit of Ether.
 (Cinnam. cort. contus. giij.cardam. sem. contus.
 giss. piperis longi fruct. cont., zingib. rad. con-
 cis.,  sing. gj. spiritus cetheris  sulphuric. Oj.
 Macerate, for 14 days, in a stopped  glass vessel
 and strain.  Ph.L.)  It is used as a stimulant
 in nervous affections.  Dose, f. gss to f. gj.
    Spiritus  JEtheris Nit'rici, Sp. JEtheris ni-
 tro'si,Sp. nitri dulcis, Sp. JEtke'reus nitro'sus,
 Sweet Spirit of Nitre, Nitre drops, JEther ni-
 tricus  alcoolisa'tus,  Spirit of  Nitric,  Ether.
 (Nitrate of Potassa,  in  coarse  powder,  Ibij,
 Sulphuric acid, Ibiss; Alcohol, Oixss; Diluted
 Alcohol, Oj ; Carbonate of Potassa, g j.  Mix
 the nitrate of potassa and the alcohol in  a large
 glass retort, and having gradually poured in the
 acid, digest  with a gentle  heat for  two  hours;
 then  raise the heat, and distil a gallon.   To the
 distilled  liquor  add the  diluted alcohol  and
 carbonate of potassa, and  again distil a  gallon.
 —Ph. U. S.)  It is  refrigerant, diuretic, anti-
 spasmodic, and  diaphoretic.   Dose, gtt. xxv.
 to f. gj.
   Spiritus JEtheris Sulphu'rici, JEther Sul-
 phuricus cum Alcoho'le, Liquor JEtke'reus Sul-
 phuricus, Spiritus Vitrioli dulcis,Spiritus JEthe-
 ris vitriolici, Liquor  Sulphuricus alcoolisa'tus,
 Spirit of Sulphuric Ether.  (JEther. sulphuric.
 Oss;  sp. rec. Oj.   Mix.  Ph. L.)  Stimulant,
 diaphoretic,  diuretic, and antispasmodic.   Dose,
 f. gss to f. giij.
   Spiritus JEtheris Sulphurici Compos'itus,
 Sp.xtheris vitriol'ici compositus. Liquor anod'y-
 nus Hoffmanni, Compound Spirit of Sulphuric
 Ether, Hoffmann's Anodyne  Liquor.   (JEther
 Sulphuric. Oss; Alcohol. 0j; Ol. JEther. f. giij.
 Ph. U. S.  Ph.  L.)   Mix.  A  stimulant"and
 antispasmodic.
   Spiritus  ./Etheris Vitriolici  Compositus,
 Spiritus  aetheris sulphuric, comp.
   Spiritus   Ammonia, Al'kali  ammoni'acum
 spirituo'sum, Al'cohol ammonia turn, Sp. salis
 ammoni'aci,  Ammoni aca alcoholisa'ta, Liquor
 ammo'nii vino'sus, L. ammonia spirituo'sus,
 Lixiv'ium ammoniaca'le'  vino'sum, Spiritus
 salis ammoni'aci vino'sus seu dulcis seu dulci-
fica'tus,   Solu'tio  subcarbona'tis  ammoni'aci
 spirituo'sa, (F.) Esprit d'ammoniaque.   (Am-
 mon.  muriat. in pulv. subtilissim., calcis, aa
 ftj; alcohol, f. gxx; aqua, gix.  The water is
 employed to slake the lime; the muriate of am-
         51
 monia is then well mixed with it, and by means
 of heat, the ammonia is made to pass into the
 distilled  water contained  in  a quart bottle.
 Ph. U.S.)  Stimulant and antispasmodic. Dose,
 f. gss tof.gj.
   Spiritus Ammonia Aromat'icus, Alcohol am-
 monia'tum  aromaticum, Aromatic ammonia'ted
 Alcohol, Sal volat'ile Drops, Spiritus salis vo-
 lat'ilis oleo'sus, Sp. volatilis  aromaticus, Sal
 volatile oleosum Sylvii, Sp. ammonia compos'-
 itus, Tinctu'ra aromatica  ammoniata, Liquor
 oleo'sus Sylvii, Lixiv'ium ammoniaca'le aroma-
 ticum.   (Ammon.  muriat.  gv;  Potass,  carb.
 gviij, cinnam. cont., caryophyll. cont. aa gij;
 Limon. cort. giv;  alcohol, aqua  aa, Ov. M.
 Distil Ovijss.  Stimulant.   Dose, f. gss to f. gj.
   Spiritus Ammonite Compositus, Spiritus aro-
 maticus.
   Spiritus Ammonite  Fce'tidus, Sp. volat'ilis
 fatidus, Fit Drops, Al'cokol ammonia'tum fati-
 dum, Tinctu'ra asafatida ammoniata, Fetid Spi-
 rit of Ammonia.  (Sp. ammonix Oij, asafatida
 gij.  Macerate for 12 hours,  and  distil Oiss.
 Ph. L.)  Stimulant and antispasmodic.  Dose,
 f. gss to f. gj.
   Spiritus Ammoni* Succina'tus, Succina'ted
 Spirit of Ammonia, Common Eau de Luce,  Am-
 moni'acum succina'tum, Aqua Lu'cix, Liquor ex
 Ammonia  et  Oleo  Suc'cini, Liquor ex'citans,
 Spiritus Ammonix cum Suc'cino, Sp. Salis  Am-
 moni'aci  lactes'cens seu  lacteus.   (Mastich.
 giij, sp.rect. f.gix, ol. lavand. gtt.  xiv, succin.
 ol. gtt- iv,  liq.  ammon. f. gx.   Macerate the
 mastich in  the  alcohol, and pour off the clear
 tincture: add  the   rest and  shake.   Ph. L.)
 Stimulant and antispasmodic.   Dose, gtt. x to f.
 gss, or f. gj.
   Spiritus Animales,  see Nervous fluid.
   Spiritus Ani'si, Spiritus Anisi compos'itus,
 Aqua anisi for'tis, Aqua Sem'inum Anisi com-
 posita,  Spirit of An'iseed, (F.) Esprit d'anis.
 (Anisi  sem. cont.  fljss, spirit  tenuior. cong.,
 aqux quod  satis sit ad  prohibendum empyreu-
 ma.  Ph.L.)   Carminative.   Dose, f. gss to f.
 gss.  In the compound spirit, angelica is'usually
 an ingredient.
   Spiritus  Anthos, Spiritus rosmarini.
   Spiritus Armora'cia Compos'itus,  Sp.
 Rapk'ani compositus, Aqua  Raphani composita,
 Compound  Spirit of Horseradish,  (F.) Esprit
 de raifort  composi.  (Armorac. rad. recent.
 concis., aurant. cort. exsicc,  sing, ftij, myrist.
 nuc.  contus.  gss,  spirit, ten.  cong.  aqua q.
 s. ad prohibendum empyreuma. Ph. L.) Stimu-
 lant and antiscorbutic. (?)   Dose, f. gj, to f.
 giv.
   The Golden Spirit of Scurvy grass—an  em-
 pirical preparation—is  formed by adding gam-
 boge gviij, to  one gallon of the sp. armoracia
 compositus.
   Greenough's Tincture for tke teeth, is formed
 of amygd. amar. gij, lig. Bresil., cassia bacc,
 aa giv,  irid. Florent. gij, coccinell., sal. aceto-
 sella, alum, aa, gj,  sp. vin.  red. Oij, sp. armo-
 racia comp. f. gss.
   Spiritus  Beguinis, Ammoniae sulphuretum.
   Spiritus Camph'oRjE, Sp. camphora'tus,  Sp.
 vino'sus campkoratus,  Tinctu'ra  Camphora,
 Spirit of Wine and Camphor, Spirit  of Cam-
phor, (F.) Esprit de Campkre, Alcool camphri,
 Eau de Vie camphri. (Camphor, giv, alcohol.
 Oij.  Dissolve.) Stimulant, anodyne and dis-
 cutient.  Used only externally. 
SPIRITUS
794
SPIRITUS
   SriRiTUS Car'ui, Sp. Cari Carui, Spirit of
 Car'raway, Aqua Sem'inum Carui fortis,  A.
 Sem'inum Carui, Strong Carui  Waters, (F.)
 Esprit de Carvi.  (Carui sem. cont. Ibiss, sp.
 tenuior. cong. j, aqux q. s.  Distil a gallon.
 Ph. L.)  Carminative.   Dose, f. gj  to  f. gss.
   Spiritus Cinnamomi, Sp. Lauri Cinnamo-
 mi, Spirit  of Cin'namon,  Aqua Cinnamomi
 fortis, Aqua Cinnam. spirituo'sa, Strong Cin-
 namon Water, (F.) Esprit de Cannelle.  (Cort.
 cinnam. Qv,  sp. red. Oivss.)  Stimulant and
 carminative.  Dose, f. gj to f. gss.
   Spiritus Col'chici Ammonia'tus, Ammonia-
 l.e.d Spirit of Colchicum.  (Sem. colchic. cont.
 gij, sp. ammon. aromat. Oj.   Ph. L.)  Narco-
 tic, cathartic, and diuretic.   Used in gout, rheu-
 matism, and dropsy.   Dose, from git- xxx to f.
 oj-
   Spiritus Cornu  Cervi,  Liquor C. C.—s.
 Fumans Beguini, Ammoniae sulphuretum—s.
 Genitalis, Aura seminis.
   Spiritus Junip'eri Compos'itus, Compound
 Spirit of Juniper, Aqua  Junip'eri. composita,
 (F.) Esprit de gen.ievre composi.  (Bacc.junip.
 cont. ffij, sem. carui cont., fanicul. sem. cont.,
 ila giss, sp. ten. cong. j, aq. Oij.   Distil a gal-
 lon.  Ph. L.)  Stimulant and diuretic.  Dose,
 f. gj to f. gss.
   Spiritus Lauri  Cinnamomi, Spiritus cinna-
 momi.
   Spiritus Lavan'dul/e, Sp. Lavandulx. spi-
 ca, Spirit of Lav'ender, Sp. Lavand. simpl.,
 Lavender  Water, (F.)  Esprit  de Lavande.
 (Lavand. flor. recent. Ibij,  sp.  rectif. cong.,
 aquaOV).  Distil a gallon.)  Usually made by
 adding the oil to rectified spirit.  Used as a
 perfume chiefly.
  Spiritus Lavandula Compos'itus, Tinctu'ra
 Lavandulx composita, Red Hartshorn, Laven-
 der drops, Compound Spirit of Lavender, (F.)
 Esprit de  Lavande  composi.   (Sp.  Lavand.
 Oiij,  sp. rosmarin.  Oj,  cinnam.  cort, contus.
 gj, myrislic.  nucleor. cont. gss,  caryophyll.
 cont. gij,pterocarpi ligni cone. giij. Macerate
 lor 14 days, and filter through paper.   Stimu-
 hint.   Dose, gu- xl  to f. gij.
  Spiritus Letiialis, Carbonic acid—s. Lum-
 bricorum, Liquor volatilis cornu  cervi.
  Spiritus Mentha  Piveki't/e., Spirit of Pep-
permint, Aqua Mentha piperit'idis spirituo'sa,
 Sp. Mentkx piperit'idis, (F.)  Esprit de Menthe
 "oivree.  (Olei menth. pip.  ^vjss, sp. rectif.
 Oivss, aquae,  q. s.  distil  a  gallon.  Ph. L.)
 Carminative and stimulant.  Dose, f. gss to f.

  Spiritus Mentha Sativa, Spiritus menthae
 viridis.
  Spiritus Mentha  Vir'idis, Spearmint, Spi-
 ritus  mentha  sativa, Aqua Mentha vulga'ris
 .■spirituo'sa, (F.) Esprit de Menthe. verte.   (Olei
 Menth. virid. Qviss,  sp. rectif. Oivss, aq. q.  s.
 Distil a gallon.  Ph.L.)   Like the last in pro-
 perties and dose.
  Spiritus Millepedarum,Liquor cornu cervi.
  Spiritus  Myris'tica, Spiritus Myristica
 Muscha'tx, Sp. Nucis Moschata,  Aqua Nucis
 Moschatve, Nutmeg Water, Ai/na Nephrit'ica,
 (F.) Esprit de Muscade.  (Myrist. nucl.  cont.
 gij, spirit, tenuior. cong.  j, aqux Oj.   Distil a
 gallon.   Cordial and carminative.  Dose, f. gj
 to  f. giv.
  Spiritus Myrti Pimenta, Spiritus pimentae
 —s. Nitri acidus, Nitric  acid—s. Nitri dulcis,
 Spiritus aetheris nitrici—s. Nitri duplex, Nitric
 acid—s.  Nitri fumans, Nitric  acid—s.  Nitri
 Glauberi, Nitric acid—s. Nitri simplex, see Ni-
 tric acid—s. Nitri vulgaris, see  Nitric acid—s.
 Nucis moschatae, Spiritus  myristicae—s. Oph-
 thalmicus Mindereri, Liquor ammoniae acetatis.
   Spiritus Pijif.n'ta,S/>. Myrti Pimenta,Spi-
 ritus Pimento, Spirit of Pimento, Aqua Mirab'-
 ilis.   (Piment, baccar.  cont. gij,  sp. tenuior.
 cong., aqua. Oj.  Distil a gallon.   Cordial and
 carminative.  Dose, f. gj, to f. giv.)
   Spiritus  Pule'gii, Spirit of Pennyroyal,
 Aqua Pulegii spirituo'sa, Spirituous Penny-
 royal Water, (F.) Esprit de Pouliot.  (Olei pu-
 legii  J^vij, sp. red. Oivss, aqua, q. s.  Distil a
 gallon. Ph. L.)  Same as spirit of spearmint in
 properties and dose.
   Spiritus Rectifica'tus, Sp.Vini rectificatus,
 QHnostag'ma, CEnela'um, Pyra'nus, Sp. Vino'-
 sus rectificatus, Alcohol, A.Vini, Spirit of Wine,
 (F.) Esprit  de Vin rectifii.   Rectified spirit  is
 much used in Pharmacy to dissolve resinous and
 other  substances.   It is seldom exhibited in-
 ternally; although it exists in the diluted state
 in all  vinous and spirituous liquors.  Externally,
 it is  employed as a discutient.—S. g., accord-
 ing to the London Pharmacopoeia,  0.^3d; ac-
 cording to that of Dublin, 0.810 ; of Edinburgh
 and United States, 0.835, (see Alcohol,)  and  of
 Paris, 0.819  to 0.827.
   Spiritus  Rector, Aroma—s. Raphani com-
 positus, Spiritus armoraciae compositus.
   Spiritus Rosmari'ni, Sp. Rorismarini offici-
 na'lis, Spirit of Rosemary, Spiritus Anthos,
 Hungary Water, (F.) Esprit de Romarin.  (Ol.
 rosmarini gij, sp. red. cong. j, aqux Oj.    Dis*
 til a gallon.)  Stimulant. Dose, f. gj, to f. giv.
   Spiritus Salis Acidus seu Fumans, Muria-
 ticum acidum—s. Salis ammoniaci, Spiritus
 ammoniae—s.  Salis ammoniaci aquosus, Liquor
 ammoniae—s.  Salis ammoniaci  lactescens seu
 lacteus, Spiritus ammoniae succinatus—s. Salis
 ammoniaci  sulphuratus, Ammoniae  sulphure-
 tum—s.  Salis  Glauberi,  Muriaticum  acidum—
 s. Salis marini coagulatiis, Potassae murias—s.
 Salis marini,Muriaticum acidum—s. Salis vola-
 tilis oleosus, Spiritus  ammonia?  aromaticus—
 s. Sulphurico-rethereus camphoratus, Tinctura
 aetherea  composita — s. Sulphurico-aethereus
 martialis, Tinctura seu Alcohol  sulphurico-
 aethereus ferri—s. Sulphuris, Sulphurous acid—
 s. Sulphuris per eampanam, Sulphurous acid—
 s. Sulphuris volatilis, Ammoniae sulphuretum
—s. Snlphurosus volatilis, Sulphurous acid.
   Spiritus Tenu'ior,^4/«>/;o/ di/n'tum. S/iiritu*
 vino'sus tenu'ior, Proof Spirit,  (F.) Esprit rh
 vin dilaye.   Generally made for pharmaceuti-
 cal purposes, by mixing equal parts of rectified
 spirit and water.   S.  g. Lond.  0.920; Edinb.
 and United  States, 0.'i3">.   It  is employed  in
 the same cases as those in which the alcohol  is
 used:—chiefly, as a solvent of vegetable mat-
 ters,  in the  form of tinctures.
   Spiritus Veneris, Aceticum acidum—s.Vini
 rectificatus,  Spiritus rectificatus — s. Vinosua
 camphoratus,  Spiritus  camphora? — s. Vinosus
 tenuior,  Spiritus tenuior — s. Vitalis, Nervous
 fluid — s. Vitrioli,  Sulphuric acid — s. Vitrioli
 acidus Vogleri,  Sulphuricum acidum dilutum
—s. Vitrioli coagulatus Mynsichti, Potassae sul-
 phas—s. Vitrioli  dulcis, Spiritus aetheris sul-
 phurici—s. Vitrioli phlogisticatus,  Sulphurous
acid—s.Volatilis aromaticus. Spiritus ammoniaa 
SPIR01D CANAL             795
SPLENIC
aromaticus—s. Volatilis  fcetidus, Spiritus am-
moniae foetidus.
  SPIROID CANAL, Aquaeductus Fallopii.
  SPIROMETER;  badly  compounded from
spiro, 'I breathe,' and /uuroov, ' a measure :'—
properly Anapnom'eter,  Pneusom'eter.  Any
instrument for measuring  the quantity of air
given out in respiration.
  SPIROPTERA HOMINIS, see Worms.
  SPISSANTIA,  Incrassantia.
  SPIT, Sputum.
  SPITAL, MINERAL WATERS OF.  The
village of Spital  is situate on the south side of
the Tweed, near  Tweedmouth.  The springs
there contain  chloride of calcium,  sulphate of
eoda, sulphate  and carbonate of lime.  They
act as saline cathartics.
  SPITH'AMA, Dorans. A measure of twelve
fingers' breadth.
  SPITTING, Exspuition.
  SPITTLE,  Saliva—s. Sweet,  see Salivation.
  SPLANCHNA, Entrails.
  SPLAXCHNECTOP'IA,  Splanchnodias'ta-
sis, Situs perver'sus seu anoni'alus intestino'-
rum; from o-nXixyyjeov,  'an intestine,' **., 'out
of,' and T07roc, ' place.'  Misplacement or ec-
topia of the intestines.
  SPLANCHNELMINTHA, Worms.
  SPLANCHNEURYS'MA,  from o-rrxu-) c^ov,
'an intestine,'  and awuvoi,  ' I dilate.'  Morbid
dilatation of the intestines.
  SPLANCHNIC, Splanch'nicus, Vis'cer al,
from o-nXiyXrov, '  viscus.'  That which relates
to the viscera.
  Splanchnic  Cav'ities are the  three great
cavities  of the body;—those of the cranium,
chest, and abdomen.
  Splanchnic  Nerves belong to the great sym-
pathetic, and  are  two in number on each side.
They are distinguished  into: — I.   The great
splanchnic nerve, (F.) Grandsurrinal, (Chaus.)
Its roots—four or five in number, come from the
(ith,  7th, 8th,  !>th, and  sometimes the 10th tho-
racic ganglion. They descend inwards, on the
sides of the vertebral column, beneath the pleu-
ra, and unite into  a single trunk, which enters
the abdomen through a separation of the fleshy
fibres of the pillars of the diaphragm; passes
behind the stomach, and divides into several
branches, which pass into the semilunar ganglion.
1. The lesser  splanchnic nerve, (F.) Splanch-
ttiqr/e  accessoire  of  Walther, Petit surrinal,
(Ch.,) is composed  of two distinct branches,
proceeding from  the  ICth and llth thoracic
ganglion, which unite  on the 12th dorsal ver-
tebra into a cord, that  pierces the diaphragm
Kingly; enters  the abdomen, and divides into
two  branches,  one of which anastomoses with
the greater splanchnic  nerve, whilst the other
sends its filaments to the renal and solar plex-
uses.
  SPLANCHNTCA.  Medicines  adapted  to
diseases of the bowels.   Also, the 2d order of
the class Caliaca of Good; defined,—diseases af-
fecting the collatitious viscera, and  character-
ized  by disquiet or diseased action  in the or-
gans  auxiliary to the digestive process, without
primary inflammation.
  SPLANCHNODIASTASIS,  Splanchnecto-
pia.
  SPLANCHNOD'YNK, from cnXayyvov, 'a
viscus,' and 6<V „.  ' pain.'  Pain  in the bowels.
  SPLANCHNOGRAPHIA,Splanchnography.
  S P L A N C H NOG'RAP HY, Splanchnogra'-
pkia, from onXayXvcv, 'a viscus,' and xoyog, 'a
description.'  The part of anatomy which treats
of the  viscera.
  SPLANCHNOLITin'ASlS^romrni^ay*?!!-.
' a viscus,' and Xtdos, ' a  stone.'  The formation
of a  calculous concretion in any viscus.
  S P L A N C H N 0 L'O GY, Splanchnology,
from o-nXmyc^yor, ' a viscus,' and X-yog, ' a dis-
course.'   A  treatise on  the  viscera: — also,
Splanchnography.
  SPLANCHNOPATHI'A, from  <nrx*yXiov,
'a viscus,' and  -rradot, ' suffering.'  A disease
of the  intestines.
  SPLANCHNOSCLEROSS,  from  o-rrxcty-
%r0v, 'a  viscus,' and 0-x.Xnqog,' hard.'  Indura-
tion of a viscus.
  SPL ANC HNOT'OMY, Splancknotom'ia,
Splanchnot'ome,  from o-nxmy^yov,  'a viscus,''
and  ttfj-voi, ' I cut.'  Dissection or  anatomy of
the viscera.
  SPLAYFOOT, see Kyllosis.
  SPLEEN, Lien, Hepar sinis'trum sen adul-
teri'num, (F.)  Rate.  A soft,  spongy, paren-
chymatous organ; of a more or less  deep violet
red, situate deeply in the left hypochondrium,
below  the diaphragm, above the colon, between
the great tuberosity of the stomach and the car-
tilages of the false ribs, and above and anterior
to the kidney.  Its ordinary length is 4£ inches ;
its thickness, 2\ ; and its weight H ounces.  Its
parenchyma, which is bathed in blood, contains
a multitude of grayish,  soft, and semi-transpa-
rent granulations — splenic  corpuscles.  It is
covered  by a serous membrane,  furnished by
the  peritoneum; and by a  proper  coat, of a
fibrous nature, which is intimately united with
it, and transmits into its interior delicate, solid.
and  very elastic prolongations.   At its inner
edge is a fissure, by which the vessels and nerve*
enter the organ.   The functions of  the spleen
are unknown.   One of  the  latest opinions is,
that it  belongs to the lymphatic system.
  Spleen, Hypochondriasis — s. Supernume-
rary, Lienculus.
  SPLEEN WORT, Asplenium, Asplenium sco-
lopendriqm — s. Bush, Comptonia asplenifolia.
  SPLENAL'GIA,  Neural'gia  lie'vis, Sple-
nica, Splenodyn'ia,  from o-irxrtr, ' the spleen,'
and aXy.c, ' pain.'  Pain in the  spleen.
  Splenalgia Phlf.gmonodea,  Splenitis — s.
Subinflammatoria chronica, Splenoncus.
  SPLENECTAMA, Splenoparectama.
  SPLENECTASS, Splenoparectama.
  $?LENECTQWlA,SpleneCtome,txom<rirlM.
' the spleen,'  ?x,  'out of,' and refivai, 'I cut.'
Extirpation of the spleen.
  SPLENECTOPIA,  Disloca'tio  lie'nis seu
splenis; from a-nxvv, 'the spleen,' and extcwc«,
' out of place.'  Dislocation of the spleen.  Not
a common occurrence.
  SPLENEMPHRAX'IS.S/^o^wz'm.from
<rvxi;v,' the spleen,'and SjU^iufm,'  I obstruct.'
Obstruction of the spleen.—Vogel.
  SPLENES, Hypochondriasis.
  SPLENET'ICUS,  Sple'nieus,  Splenitirus,
Li en o'sus, (F.) Ratclcux.  That which relates
to the spleen:  one  labourins  under  diseased
spleen.  A medicine adapted for diseases of the
spleen.
  SPLENIC, Sple'nieus, Sple'mus,  from crvxtir,
' the spleen.'  That which relates to  the spleen. 
SPLENICA
796
SPONDYLIS
   Splenic Artery.  It arises from the cceliac;
 and passes  from right  to left,  forming  many
 windings along the upper edge of the pancreas,
 which lodges it in a special groove.  It reaches
 the fissure of the spleen, and divides into seve-
 ral branches that enter the organ.  In its course
 it furnishes the pancreatic, left gastro-epiploic,
 and the vasa brevia.
   Splenic Cachexia, see Cachexia  splenica—
 s. Corpuscles, see Spleen.
   Splenic Plexus is a nervous network, which
 proceeds from the cceliac  plexus, and accompa-
 nies the splenic artery, sending secondary plex-
 uses to each division.
   Splenic Vein arises from the  spleen, and ac-
 companies the splenic artery; proceeding from
 left  to right, to unite with the superior mesen-
 teric vein, and to form, with it,  the  abdominal
 vena porta.   In its course, it receives veins cor-
 responding to the vasa brevia, the right and left
 gastro-epiploic, the duodenal, pancreatic, coro-
 naria ventriculi, and inferior mesenteric veins.
   SPLENICA, Splenalgia.
   SPLENIC US,  Spleneticus, Splenic.
   SPLENIOLA, Compress.
   SPLENIS TUMOR, Ague cake.
   SPLENISATION, Splenization.
   SPLENSCUS, Compress.
   SPLENITICUS, Splenic.
   SPLENI'TIS, from o-nXrjv, 'the spleen,' and
 itis, denoting inflammation.   Inflammation of
 the spleen.  Empres'ma splenitis, Inflamma'tio
 lie'nis, I. splenis, Splenalgia phlegmono'dea,
 ( F.) Inflammation, de la Rate.  A rare  disease,
 characterized by local pain, swelling, and heat,
 which sometimes  terminates by suppuration.
 It must be treated like other inflammations.
   SPLENIUM, Compress—s.  Cruciatum,
 Croix de Malte.
   SPLE'NIUS, 5. Cap'itis, S. Colli, (F.) Cer-
 eico-dorso-mastoidien et dorso- trachilien, Cervi-
 ro-masto'idien (Ch.), Posterior mastoid muscle.
 So called from its resemblance to the spleen of
 certain animals.   A muscle  situate at the pos-
 terior part of the  neck, and  upper part of  the
 back.  It is much broader above than below,
 where it terminates in a point.  It is attached,
 by its inner edge,  to the  spinous processes of
 the first five dorsal vertebrae ; to  that of the 7th
 cervical, and to the inferior  part of  the poste-
 rior cervical ligament.  By its upper extremity,
 it  is attached to the transverse processes of the
 first two cervical vertebrae, to the mastoid pro-
 cess, and to  the posterior surface of the occipi-
 tal bone.  Some have considered  this muscle
 to be formed of two portions, which  they have
 called Splenius colli,and Splenitis cap'itis. The
 splenius extends  the head, inclines it, and ro-
tates it. If the splenii of each side act together,
 they extend  the head.
   SPLENIZA'TION, Sphnizatio, (F.) SpUni-
sntion, from o-rXt]v, ' the spleen.'  A term  ap-
plied  to the state of the  lung in  the  first  or
 second stage of pneumonia in which its tissue
 resembles that of the_spleen.
  SPLENOCE'LE, Her'nia liena'lis, from
o-nxxv, 'the  spleen,'  and kijMj, 'a  tumour.'
Hernia formed by the spleen.
  SPLENODYNIA, Splenalgia.
  SPLENOG'RAPHY,  Splenography,  from
77iXnv, 'the spleen,' and y$«.$*, 'a description.'
A  description of the spleen.
  SPLENOH-E'MIA, (F.) SpUnohimie, from
irnxijv, 'the spleen,' and 'aifn, 'blood.'  Con-
gestion or hyperaemia of the spleen, a common
phenomenon in many diseases, especially in ty-
phoid and intermittent fevers.
   SPLENOID,  Spleno'i'des,  Spleno'des, from
o-Trxrjv,'spleen,'andu3cg,<resemblance.'  Spleen-
like.   Having the appearance of the spleen.
   SPLENOL'OGY, Splenolog"ia, from a-nxr\v,
'the spleen,' and Xoyog,' a discourse.'   A trea-
tise on the spleen.
   SPLENONCIE, Splenoncus.
   S P L E N 0 N'C U S, Megalosple'nia, Hyper-
tropk'ia seu Supernutri"tio splenis seu lienis,
Intumescen'tia seu Infarc'tus seu Physco'nia
lienis, Splenal'gia subinflammato'ria  chron'-
ica, Splenempkrax'is, Hypersplenotroph'ia, (F.)
Splinoncie, Hypert'opkie  de la Rate; from
s-tajjv, 'the spleen,'and oyxos, 'atumour.' Tu-
mefaction of the spleen.  See Ague cake.
   SPLENOPARECTAMA,  Splenec'tama,
Splenoparec'tasis, Splenec'tasis, from  o-nX>p,
'the spleen,' and naqexruiia, 'excessive volume.'
Excessive  enlargement of the spleen.—Plouc-
quet.
   SPLENOPARECTASS, Splenoparectama.
   SPLENOPHRAXIA, Splenemphraxis.
   SPLENORRHAG'MA,  from  <rnX,,v,  'the
spleen,' and pay*;,' rupture.'   Hemorrhage from
the spleen.
  SPLENOSCIR'RHUS,  from   onXV; 'the
spleen,' and axippoc, ' hardness.'  Scirrhus or
cancer of the spleen.
  SPLENOT OMY, Splenotom'ia, Splenot'ome,
from o-rrxii*, ' the spleen,' and xifirw, ' I cut.'
Dissection of the spleen.
  SPLINT, Teut. Splinter, from splijten,
'to split;' Hastel'la,  Ass'ula,  Asser'culum,
Plag'ula, Narthex, Fer'ula, (F.) Attelle,Eclisse.
A flexible and resisting lamina  of wood, used
in the treatment of fractures, to  keep the frag-
ments in apposition, and prevent  their displace-
ment.  Splints are made of iron, wood, bark of
trees, leather, pasteboard, &c.  They are gene-
rally padded, and are  fixed by a roller or by
tapes, according to circumstances.
  SPLINTER, (F.) Esquille.   Same etymon.
This term is  sometimes  applied  to a small
portion of wood, which occasionally enters the
skin,  and  gives occasion to  much  irritation
until it is  removed,—Acu'leus lig'neus, (F.)
fcckarde.
  It is also applied to fragments that separate
from a fractured or diseased bone.
  SPLITROCK,  Heuchera cortusa.
  SPODIUM GRAECORUM. Album graecum.
  SPOLIARIUM, Apodyterium.
  SPOLIATI'VA, from spolio, 'I take away.'
Phlebotom'ia. spoliati'va, ( F.) Saignie spoliative.
Blood-letting, used for the purpose of diminish-
ing the mass of blood.
  SPOLIATORIUM, Apodyterium.
  SPONDYLAL'GIA,  Spondylodynia, from
o-novSvXog,' a vertebra,' and aXyog,' pain.' Pain
in the vertebrae.  Cacorrhachitis.  See  Verte-
bral Disease.
  SPONDYLARTHRITIS,  from  o-novtlvXoc,
| a vertebra,' ap&por, ' a joint,' and itis, denoting
inflammation.   Gouty or rheumatic inflamma-
tion of the spinal column.
  SPONDYLARTHROCACE,  Vertebral dis-

  SPONDYLI, Vertebrae.
  SPONDYLIS, Coccyx. 
SPONDYLITIS             797                  SPUR
  SPONDYLITIS,  Inflamma'tio  ver'tebra,
from o-rovSvxog, and itis, denoting inflammation.
Inflammation of the vertebrae.
  SPONDYLIUM, Coccyx, Heracleum spon-
dylium.
  SPONDYLOCACE, Vertebral disease.
  SPONDYLODYNIA, Spondylalgia.
  SPONDYLOPATHI'A, from «■»«»/„*«, 'a
vertebra,' and na6og, 'a disease.'  A disease
of the vertebral column.
  SPONDYLOPYOSS, Vertebral disease.
  SPOND'YLUS, anordvXog.  A vertebra; and,
especially, the two large  cervical vertebrae.
Also, the vertex.
  SPONGE, BASTARD, Alcyonium.
  SPONGI.  The tumefied glands of the neck.
  SPON'GIA, Spongos, Sphongus, Sport gia offi-
cina'lis, Spon'gia Mari'na, Sponge, (F'.) Eponge.
An organized marine substance, of the  great
class of Zoophytes, met with in many seas, but
especially in the Mediterranean and Arabian.  It
is supple, elastic, porous, and capable of absorb-
ing fluids in which it may be placed, and  of
thus increasing in size.   It  is  employed  in
surgery, for cleansing or washing; for  absorb-
ing acrid  discharges from ulcers; suppressing
hemorrhage when  the mouth of the vessel can
be compressed by it, and for forming tents for
dilating wounds;  in which  case, the sponge  is
immersed in melting wax, and cooled before
being used.  It is  then called Prepared Sponge
or Sponge Tent.
  Spongia Assa, S. Usta—s. Cynosbati, Bede-
gar.
  Spongia Usta  seu  Assa, Carbo spon'gia,
Burnt Sponge, contains carbonate and phosphate
of lime, carbonate  of soda, charcoal, and iodine.
It is used in bronchocele, scrofulous affections,
and herpetic eruptions; and its good effects seem
to be dependent upon iodine.   It is made by
cutting sponge  into pieces, and heating it, that
any extraneous matter may be separated; burn-
ing it  in a close iron vessel until  it becomes
black and  friable, and, lastly,  rubbing it into
very fine powder.—Ph.  U. S.
  SPON GliE LAPS.  A name given to small
friable stones  found  in  sponge.   They  were
formerly esteemed lithontriptic.
  SPONGIODES, Spongoid.
  SPONGIOLE, Spongiolum: from o-noyytov,
'a sponge.'  The  soft succulent extremity  of
the fibrils or true roots of a plant, by which it
absorbs or sucks up fluid.   Similar spongioles
have been supposed to exist at the terminations
of the absorbents in animals.
  SPON'GION.   Ancient name of an epithem
made of goats' dung: and also  of a malagma,
which was considered capable of absorbing the
serum in dropsies, like  a sponge.—Paulus,
Gorraeus.
  SPONGIOSUM  (OS), Ethmoid bone.
  SPONGIOSUS,  Spongoid.
  SPONGOID, Spongo'ides,  Spongioses, Spon-
gio'sus, from o-noyyta, 'sponge,' and eidnc, 're-
semblance.'  Resembling sponge.   Of the na-
ture of sponge.
  Spongoid Inflammation, Haematodes fungus.
  Spongoid Tissue, (F.) Tissu spongo'ide. An
adventitious spongy tissue, found in cases  of
rickets.—Guerin.
  SPONGOS, Tonsil.
  SPONSA SOLIS, Calendula officinalis.
  SPONTANEOUS, Sponta'neus, fxomsponte,
' voluntarily.'  That which occurs of itself, or
without any manifest external cause.  Evacu-
ations are termed spontaneous, which are  not
produced by medicine.  Spontaneous las'situdt
is that which is not the result of fatigue.  Dis-
eases  are also spontaneous  which supervene
without apparent cause.
  SPOONWOOD, Kalmia latifolia, Tilia.
  SPORADIC,  Spor'ades, Sporad'ici, Morbi
disper'si,  Morbi sparsi, from  entiqur,  'to
spread.'  Diseases  are so  called  which super-
vene indifferently in every season  and situation.
from  accidental  causes, and independently of
any epidemic or contagious influence.
  SPORE, Spor'ule, Sporum, Spor'ulum, from
crnciqw, 'I sow.'  The reproductive body in
cryptogamous plants, which is analogous to the
seed of phanerogamous plants.
  SPORIDTUM; same etymon.  The repro-
ductive body in algaceous plants,  which resem-
bles the spore of other plants.
  SPORULE, Spore.
  SPORUM, Spore.
  SPOTS, GERMINAL, see Molecule.
  Spots, Red, (F.)  Taches rouges, Rose spots.
Small red spots which appear in typhoid fever,
from  the 8th to the  15th  day of the  disease.
They  are most frequently seen  on the lower
and middle portions  of the chest, and upper part
of the abdomen.
  Spots, Rose, see Spots, red.
  SPRAIN, corrupted from strain:—Subluxa'-
tio, Distor'tio, Dias 'tropkl, Diastrem'ma, Luxa'-
tio  imperfec'ta,  Exarthre'ma,   Exarthro'sis,
Stremma, Tklasma  Stremma; a  wrench,  (F.)
Ditorse, Entorse, Foulure.   A violent straining
or twisting  of the  soft parts surrounding  the
joints.  According to  the degree  of the sprain.
the fibrous  parts of the joint may be simply
stretched, or they may be  ruptured.  This af-
fection, which has been regarded as incomplete
luxation, occurs, particularly, in the gingly-
moid  joints;—as in the foot, wrist, knee,  &c.
The violence causes an afflux of  blood, the se-
rum of  the blood is poured out, and often  the
blood itself, owing  to the  rupture of vessels;
and inflammation arises, which ends  in resolu-
tion or induration.   Local, antiphlogistic appl:-
cations  are  required,  with perfect rest;  ad,
when  the inflammatory action has  subsided, cold
pumping and friction,  with the application  of a
plaster and bandage, will afford support till the
parts  affected recover  their due tone.
  SPRAT, YELLOW-BILLED, Clupea
thryssa.
  SPRUCE BEER, White  Spruce  Beer.   A
beer made as follows.   To 10 gallons of water,
add 6 pounds of sugar, and 4 oz. of essence of
spruce.   Add yeast, and bottle,  when ready.
It is grateful and antiscorbutic.
  Spruce Beer  Powders  may  be  formed of
white sugar, gj, and J}ij;  soda subcarb., gr.
xxvj; essence of spruce, gr. x,  in  each  blue
paper; and  acid of tartar, gss in each white
paper.  For half a pint of water.
  SPUITIO, Exspuition.
  SPUMA ARGENTI, Plumbi oxydum semi-
vitreum—s. Cerevisice, Yest—s.  Trium draco-
num,  Antimonium muriatum.
  SPUMEUX, Frothy.
  SPUMOSUS, Frothy.
  SPUNK, Boletus  igniarius.
  SPUR, Sax. rpuJ1? (F.)  £peron des  Arteres. 
SPURGE, CAPER
798
STAPES
The angle at which the arteries leave a cavity
or trunk.
   Spur, Ergot.
   SPURGE, CAPER,  Euphorbia lathyris—s.
Cypress,  Euphorbia   Cyparissias—s.  Flax,
Daphne gnidium—s. Flowering, large, Euphor-
bia corollata—s. Garden, Euphorbia lathyris—
s. Greater,Euphorbia palustris—s. Ipecacuanha,
Euphorbia   ipecacuanha—s.  Laurel,  Daphne
laureola—s. Marsh,  Euphorbia  palustris—s.
Olive, Cneorum tricoccum—s. Olive,  Daphne
mezereum—s. Sea, Euphorbia paralias.
   SPUTAMEN, Saliva, Sputum.
   SPUTAMENTUM, Saliva, Sputum.
   SPUTATIO, Exspuition.
   SPUTUM, Apochrem'ma,  Chremma, Emp-
tys'ma, Sputa'men, Pty'elon, Pytis'ma, Spit,
from spuere, sputum, 'to spit.'  (F.) Crachat.
The secretions ejected from the mouth in the
act of spitting.   It is composed of saliva, and
of the mucus secreted  by the mucous mem-
brane of the nasal fossae and fauces, and often by
the membrane of the larynx and bronchia. The
sputa are, sometimes, called eruginous, when
of a  greenish-yellow  colour;  gummy, when
they resemble a thick solution of gum; frothy,
(F.) mousseux, when covered with froth; rubi-
ginous, (F.) rubigineux ou rouillis, when of a
reddish-yellow; and streaked, (F.) striis, when
mixed with lines of blood.  Also, saliva.
   Sputum Cruentum, Haemoptysis—s. Dulce,
Saccharorrhcea pulmonalis—s. Oris, Salivation
—s. Saccharatum, Saccharorrhcea pulmonalis
—s. Sanguinis, Haemoptysis.
   SQUALLING, Vagitus.
  SQUAMA, Scale, Table.
   SQUAM.E, Scaly diseases.
  SQUAMARIA, Plumbago  Europaea.
   SQUAMEUX, Squamous.
   SQUAMIFORMIS, Squamous.
   SQUAMOUS, Squamo'sus, Lepido'i'des, Le-
pido'des, Squamifor'mis, Scaly ; from squama,
■a scale.'  That which  relates to or resembles
a scale.
  Squamous Portion of the temporal bone,
(F.) Portion Squameuse ou icailleuse du Tem-
poral,  is the upper part of  the temporal, so
called from a fancied resemblance to a scale.
   Squamous Suture, Sutura squamo'sa, S.
mendo'sa seu lepidoei'des seu lepido'des, Sutu'ra
cra'nii squamo'sa, (F.) Suture squameuse ou
rcailleuse.   The suture which unites the squa-
mous port ion of the temporal bone to the parietal.
  Certain  scaly cutaneous affections are also
called squamous, (F.) squameux.  See Scale.
  SQUARE STALK, Monarda coccinea.
  SQUAW-MINT, Hedeoma.
  SQUAW-ROOT, Actaea racemosa, Caulophyl-
lum thalictroides.
  SQUAW-WEED, Erigeron Philadelphicum.
  SQUELETTE, Skeleton.
  SQUELETTOLOGIE, Skeletology.
  SQUILL, Scilla—s.  Vinegar of,  Acetum
kc iIlae.
  SQUILLA, Scilla.
  SQUINANCIE, Cynanche, Cynanche ton-
sillaris.
  SQUINANCY, COMMON. Cynanche tonsil-
laris.
  SQUINANTHIA, Cynanche.
  SQUINANTHUS, Juncus odoratus.
  SQUINE, Smilax China.
  SQUINsY, Cynanche tonsillaris.
   SQUINTER, see Strabismus.
   SQUINTING, Strabismus.
   SQUIRRE, Scirrhus.
   SQUIRROGASTRIE, Scirrhogastria.
   SQUIRRUS, Scirrhus.
   STACHELBERG, MINERAL WATERS
OF.  Stachelberg Springs are far down in the
valley of the Linth, in Switzerland.  The wa-
ters are sulphureous, and are much visited  by
gouty and rheumatic  invalids.
   STACHYS FCETIDA, Galeopsis.
   STACTE, Myrrha.
   STADE, Mage.
   STADIUM, Period, Stage.
   Sta'dium Annihilatio'nis seu Convalescen '-
tia.  The period of recovery from disease.
   Stadium Augmen'ti seu Inuremen'ti Morbi.
The period or stage of increase of a disease.
   Stadium Caloris, Stage,  (hot)—s.  Conva-
lescentiae, S. annihilationis.
   Stadium Decremen'ti. The period or  stage
of decrease of a disease.
   Stadium Frigoris, Stage, (cold)—s. Incre-
ment Morbi, S. Augmenti morbi.
   STAFF, (D.) St af.  An instrument  of great
importance in lithotomy, — being the director
for the  gorget or knife.  It is made of steel;
and the handle is  flat and rough, in order that
it may be more securely held.  The  groove is
on its convex surface.
  STAFFA, Stapes.
  STAG'S PIZZLE, see Cervus.
  STAGE, Sta'dium, (F.)Estage, itage, Stade.
The period or degree of a disease; especially the
period of an intermittent:—as the cold stage,—
sta!dium fri'goris,—hot stage, &c.
  STAGGERWEED, Delphinium.
  STA'GIUM.  The sixth part of an ounce.
  STAGMA, from o-.-ratu),' I distil;' Stalag'ma.
Any distilled liquid or liquor.
   Stagma, Gutta.
   STAGNA'TION, Stagna'tio, from stagnate,
' to form a pond.'  Accumulation and retarda-
tion of fluids in any part of the body.
   STAGNUM CHYLI, Receptaculum chyli.
   STAHLIAN.  One who follows the doctrine
of Stahl.
   STAHL'IANISM.  The  doctrine of Stahl,
which  considered  every vital  action under the
direction and presidency of the soul. See  Animist.
   STALAGMA, Stagma.
   STALAGMITIS  CAMBOGIOIDES, see
Cambogia.
   ST ALA CMOS, Distillation.
   STALTICUS, Incarnans.
   STAMMERING,  Balbuties—s. of the Fin-
gers, Cramp, writers'.
   STANGOS, Tin.
   ST ANNI  MURIAS, Tin,  muriate  of—s.
Oxyduli murias, Tin, muriate of.
   STANNIOLUM, Tinfoil.
   ST ANNUM, Tin—s. Foliatum, Tinfoil—s.
Indicum, Zincum.
   STAPEDIEN, Stapedius.
   STAl>E'mUS,Stapes,(F.)Stapedie,n,Pyra-
midal-stapidien.  A muscle of the middle ear,
which draws the stapes obliquely upwards.
   STAPES, Stapha,  Staffa, 'a stirrup.'  (F.)
Rtrier.  The innermost of the small bones of
the ear, so called because it resembles a  stirrup.
It  is situate  horizontally in the cavity of  the
tympanum.   Its head,  which is  directed out-
wards, is  articulated with  the  os orbiculare. 
STAPHA
799
STATISTICS, MEDICAL
Its  base faces inwards, and is applied to the
fenestra  ovalis, which it closes  imperfectly,
and to the membrane of which it is united.  Its
branches are one anterior, and  the other poste-
rior.  They are curved; and the space between
them  is  parabolic.   Surgeons  have given the
name Stapes to a bandage used in bleeding from
the foot; which forms a figure of 8 around the
ankles.
  STAPHA, Stapes.
  STAPHS, Delphinium staphisagria.
  STAPHISAGRIA, Delphinium staphisagria.
  STAPHISA1GRE,  Delphinium staphisa-
gria.
  STAPHYLJEMATO'MA,  from rwyvXr,,
' the uvula,' and Hamatoma.   A tumour formed
by effusion of blood beneath the mucous mem-
brane of the uvula.
  STAPHYLAGRA, Staphylepartes.
  STAPHYLE, Uvula, see Vitis vinifera.
  STAPHYLEPAR'TES, from rraifvXr,, 'the
uvula,'  and  £*•*/§&, 'I lift up;' Staph'ylagra.
An instrument for laying hold of, and removing
the uvula.—Paulus.
  STAPHYLINI,see Azygos muscle—s.Medii,
see Azygos muscle.
  STAPHYLINO-PHARYNGEUS, Palato-
pharyngeus.
  STAPHYLINUS EXTERNUS,  Circum-
flGXUS.
  STAPHYLIS, Nipple.
  STAPHYLITS, Uvulitis.
  STAPHYLIUM, Nipple.
  STAPHYLODIALYSS, Cionis, Staphylce-
dema.
  STAPHYLCEDE'MA, Angi'na uvula'ris,
Dyspha'gia uvulo'sa, Hypostaph'yle, Hyposta-
phyli'lis,Staphylodial'ysis, Prolapsus seu Prop-
to' sis u'vula, Casus U'vula, Himas, Himanto' -
ma, Himanto'sis, Staphylon'cus, Stapkylori'cia,
QHde'ma u'vula, Pioduc'tio uvulae a pitui'td,
U'vula decid'ua seu relaxa'ta, Cras'pedon.  Re-
laxation and tumefaction of the uvula, which,
either from, inflammation or infiltration, hangs
down so as  to  occasion difficult deglutition,
cough, &c.   Scarification, astringent gargles,
and, if necessary, excision, constitute the treat-
ment.
  STAPHYLO'MA, from ^xnifuxr,, 'a grape.'
Uva'tio, Myocepk'alon, My'iocepk'alum, Parop'-
sis Stapliylo'ma, Stapkylo'sis,  Polygro'ma.   A
name given to different tumours of the anterior
surface of the globe of the eye.
  Staphyloma Comcum, Staphyloma of the
cornea—s. Pellucidum  conicum,  Staphyloma
of the cornea.
  Staphyloma of  the  Cornea, Sugar-loaf
Cornea, Con'ical Cornea, Con'ical kydropkthal'-
mia,  Stapliylo'ma  con'icum,   S.  pellu'cidum
con'icum, C'anophthalmia, Prolap'sus cor'nea,
Ceraton'cns, Hypercerato'sis, Hypercer'asis, is
an unequal, embossed, bluish or whitish, round
or conical tumour; of variable size; formed by
the projection of the transparent cornea, which
is sometimes extenuated and distended, at others
thickened.
  Staphyloma of the  Iris is the disease de-
scribed by Scarpa under the name Procidentia
Iridis.   It is hernia of the iris, through an ac-
c idental opening of the cornea.   Also, lndauxe-
sis.
  Staphyloma of the Sclerot'ic differs from
the last,  in the prominence existing  on a part
of the  eye covered by the sclerotic, which is
much thinner.
  Staphyloma Uvea, Iridauxesis.
  STAPHYLONCIA, Staphylcedema.
  STAPHYLONCUS, Staphylcedema.
  $TAPRYLOPLAS'TIC, Staphyloplasties,
from o-TcufvXn, 'the uvula,'  and nXu<r<ru,  'I
form.'   An epithet applied to the operation
for replacing the  soft palate, when it has been
lost.
  STAPHYLOR'RAPHY, Velosynth'esis, Sta-
phylorrha'phia,hionorrka'pkia,Cionorrhaph'ia,
Uranor'rhaphc, Uranorrha'phia, Uraniscorrha'-
phia, Uraniscor'rhapke,  from  aruipoXn,  ' the
uvula,' and i>u</», ' a suture.'  The operation
for uniting a cleft palate.   It consists in paring
the edges of the cleft; passing ligatures through
them, and bringing them together.
  STAPHYLOSS, Staphyloma.
  STAPHYLOTOMY, Staphylotomy, from
o-Tiqvxr],  'the uvula,'  and  xourt,  'incision.'
Amputation of the uvula.
  STAR-APPLE, BROAD-LEAVED, Chry-
sophyllum cainito—s. Blazing, Aletris farinosa
—s. Bloom,  Spigelia Marilandica—s. Grass,
Aletris farinosa—s. Knap-weed, Centaurea cal-
citrappa—s. Stroke, Coup-de-soleil— s. Wort,
Aletris farinosa—s. Wort, golden, Bubonium.
  STARBECK SPA.  A chalybeate spring at
Harrowgate.
  STARCH,  Amylum—s. Blue, Smalt—s. Io-
dide of, see Iodine—s. Potato, see Solanum tu-
berosum.
  STARKEY'S PILLS,see Pilulae ex helleboro
et myrrha.
  STASE, Stasis.
  STASIS, arivtg, from  o-«w, 'I stop.'  (F.)
Stase.   This word has  nearly the same signifi-
cation  as  stagnation.   Stagnation,  however,
sometimes includes a morbid  condition of the
fluids,—Stasis never.
   Stasis, Station.
   STATIC.   An epithet applied to the physi-
cal phenomenon  presented by organized bodies
in contradistinction to the organic or vital.
  STAT ICA SEPTI T$A'RVQM,Appen'dixcn-
ta'nea septi na'rium. The cutaneous appendage
to the septum narium.
   STATICE CAROLINIA'NA of the United
States, Amer'ican Thrift, Marsh  Rose'mary,
Marsh Root, Seaside thrift, Inkroot,  Sea La-
vender, is considered to be a mere variety of the
statice limonium.
  Stat'ice Limo'nium, Behen rubrum, Limo'-
nium,  L. majus, Behen, Sea  Lav'ender, Red
Behen, Behm»n Ackmar, Marsh Rosemary, La-
vender  Thrift,  (F.) Behen  rouge.   Family,
Plumbagineae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Pentagy-
nia. The roots have been esteemed astringent,
tonic, and eminently antiseptic.
   STA'TION, Sta'tio, Stasis, Status; from
stare, ' to stand.'   The act of standing.
  STATIONARY, Stationa'rius,  from stare,
'to stand.'  A name given by Sydenham  and
Stoll to certain diseases, which depend upon a
particular state of the atmosphere;  and which
prevail in a  district for  a certain number of
years, and then give way to others.
  STATISTICS, MEDICAL, Vital Statistics,
(F.) Statistiqtte midicale.  That part  of medi-
cine which relates  to the detail of facts con-
nected  with  the  mortality, salubrity, &c. of
different countries and situations. 
STATURE
800
STERCORACEOUS
  It has also been used in a wider sense to signify
the same  as Numerical method, (F.) Mitkode
numirique; which is applied to the systemiza-
tion of medical facts, or to the use of numbers
in the investigation of disease.
  Statistics, Vital, Statistics, medical.
  ST ATX5RF*,Statii'ra, Meg'ethos, Magnitu'do
cor'poris.   The height of the human  figure.
The following table exhibits the results of seve-
ral  admeasurements, with the  heights of some
of the monkey species, on the authority of Mr.
Lawrence.
                                   Stature.
                                   Feet. In.
                                  16    4*
An Englishman,   -     -    -   - <    to
                                  (5   00
                                  15    4
An Englishwoman,     -    -   - \    to
                                  (5   00
European male skeleton,      -   -  5    8
         Do......5    5
A Negro at the Lunatic Hospital,    (^   jq,
    Liverpool,    .    -     -   - J
Another from Virginia,  -    -   -  5    5\
Another from the Gold Coast,     -  5    8
Another,.....5   00
Negro skeleton,    -     -    -   -  4   11
Another,     -----  5    7^
A Lascar,    -----  5    4
Venus de' Medici,  -    -    -   -  5   00
Tyson's Chimpanse (Simla Troglo-  (q    q
  dytes,)     -     -    -    -   - )
Mr. Abel's Orang Outang,   -   -  2    7
Camper's      Do    -    -  less than 30
Mr. White's Monkey,  -    -   -  2    2
  STATUS, Acme—s. Cruditatis, Crudity—
s. Erethiticus, Nervous diathesis—s. Gastricus,
Embarras gastrique — s. Nervosus,  Nervous
diathesis—s. Sthenicus, Sthenia—s. Verminosus,
Helminthiasis.
  STAVESACRE, Delphinium staphisagria.
  STAXIS, Apostax'is.  A slight epistaxis or
nasal hemorrhage.—Hippocrates.
  STEAR, Pinguedo, Sevum.
  STEARIN, see Pinguedo.
  STEARRHCE'A, Steatorrka'a,  Smegmator-
rha'a,  Smegmorrha'a,  Seba'ceous  Flux, from
0-Tn.q, ' suet,' and qta>,' I flow.'   Augmentation
of secretion from the sebaceous follicles of the
skin.
  STEATITES, Polysarcia.
  STEATOCE'LE,  from ort*q,  'suet,' and
y.xX>i, 'a tumour.'   A tumour formed by a col-
lection of steatomatous matter in the scrotum.
  STEATO'MA, Tumor lar'deus, from o-rtaq,
'suet;' Seva'tio, Steato'sis, Emphy'ma encys'-
tis steatoma.  An encysted tumour, whose con-
tents are similar to fat.
  STEATOP'YGA;from,rT*a?, 'fat,'and nuyr,,
'buttocks.'  Fat buttocks; such as exist in the
Hottentot females.
  STEATORRHEA, Stearrhcea.
  STEATO'SS, Steatoma.
  Steato'sis Cordis, Degenera'tio adipo'sa cor-
dis, Cardiethmolipo'sis and Cardiomyolipo'sis,
(Piorry), Fatty heart.  Unusual deposition of
fat on the heart:—by some presumed to be oc-
casionally a true adipous degeneration of the
substance of the heart, which  is probably in-
correct.
  STEATOZOON FOLLICULORUM, Aca-
rus Folliculorum.
  STEEL, Chalybs.
  STEEPLE-BUSH, Spiraea tomentosa.
  STEER'S OPODELDOCH, see Opodeldoch,
Steer's.
  STEGANOP'ODES, o-nyavo.Too'ic,  Planip'-
edes.   They who have flat  feet, or are web-
footed, from tn.iy*.vog, ' covered,'  and  irovs,
' foot.'
  STEGNO'SIS, Steno'sis, Constipa'tio, Stipa'-
tio, Condensa'tio,  Obstruc'tio,  from o-riyvoor,
' I constrict.'  Constriction  or  narrowness  of
the pores and vessels.  Stricture.   Constipa-
tion.   Suppression of the  evacuations.
  STEGNOTICA, Astringents.
  STEIROSIS, Sterilitas.
  STELENGS, Stridor dentium.
  STELLA, Fas'cia stella'ta,  (F.) ttoile.   A
bandage, improperly compared to  a star, be-
cause it  is crossed like  the letter X.  This
bandage is applied upon one  or both shoulders.
In the first case,  it is  called simple; in the
second, double.   It was employed  in cases  of
fractures of the sternum, clavicle, and scapula;
in luxations of the humerus,  &c.
  Stella Terra,  Plantago coronopus.
  STELLATA  RUPINA,  Centaurea  calci-
trapa.
  STELOCHITIS, Osteocolla.
  STENAGMUS,  Suspirium.
  STENAXIS, Suspirium.
  STENIA, Sthenia.
  STENICUS, Active.
  STENOBREGMATE,  see Cranium.
  STENOCARDIA, Angina pectoris.
  STENOCHO'RIA, Stenochori'asis.  Angus-
tia.  Employed by some for contraction of the
vagina.
  Stenochoria  Intestini Recti, Stricture  of
the rectum—s. CEsophagi, Dysphagia constricta.
  STENOMYCTE'RIA; from oravoc,'narrow,'
and /uvxTr/g, 'nose.'  Contraction of the nasal
passages.
  STENOSIS, Stegnosis.
  STENOSTEGNOSIS, Stenostenosis.
  STENOSTENO'SS, S'tenostegno'sis; from
Steno, and o-rivoiatg, 'contraction.'  Obstruc'tio
ductus Stenonia'ni;  narrowness or  contrac-
tion of the Duct  of Steno.
  STENOSTO'MIA; from <rmoc, 'narrow,'
and citou* ,' mouth.'  Contraction of the mouth.
  STENOTHORA'CES, from ot ***(,< narrow,'
and dwqat, ' the  chest.'   They who have nar-
row chests.
  STENTOROPHO'NUS, from 2tsv™?, Sten-
tor, a  Greek in the army before  Troy; and
(poivri, 'voice.'  One who has a strong voice.
  STEPHANE, Crown.
  STEPHENS, MRS., REMEDY  FOR THE
STONE.  This consisted of lime, prepared  by
calcining the shells  of eggs and snails, made
into  pills with  soap. A decoction was, also,
administered, consisting of chamomile, fennel,
parsley, and burdock, *with a portion of Alicant
soap.   Its virtues were dependent upon the lime
and the tonic properties of the decoction. Hales,
Hartley, Kirkpatrick, Lobb, and others, wrote
in favour of this nostrum; and it was ultimately
bought by the British parliament for .£5000.
  STERA, Uterus.
  STERCORA'CEOUS,Stercora'rius,Diacho-
ret'icus, Ster'coral, from stercus,' dung.'  Fecal,
(F.) Stercoraire, Stercoral.
  The French use the term Fistules stercoraires 
STERCORAIRE             80
for those which are kept up  by the  constant
passage of fecal or stercora'ceous matter.   The
name Stercoraires is sometimes given, in de-
rision, to  those  physicians, who are fond of
purging  their patients: a posteriori has been
similarly used.
   STERCORAIRE, Stercoraceous.
   STERCUS, Excrement, Fimus—s.  Anseris,
Fimus  anseris—s. Caninum  album,  Album
Graecum—s. Diaboli, Asafcetida—s. Equi non
castrati, Fimus.
   Stercus Huma'num,  Homerda.  Human ex-
crement.
   Stercus Lacerta, Crocodilia.
   STEREOCYST'S, from trrtqtog,' hard,' and
xvo-rtg, ' cyst.'  A hard steatoma.
   STEREOS, Solid.
   STEREOTTCA, from m; cor, < hard.'  For-
tuitous lesions or deformities affecting the hard
parts.  The 2d order, class Tychica of Good.
   STER'ILE,  Ster'ilis,  A'gonos, Aph'orus,
Aphor'icus, Abla'stes, Infecun'dus,(Y.) Stirile.
Sameetymonas Sterilitas. Notproducingfruit:
infecund.
   STERILS, Sterile.
   STERIL'ITAS,.4g-ora'za, Steiro'sis, Stiro'sis,
Agenne'sia, Agenne'sis, Infecun'ditas, Steril-
ity, Aeye'sis, Bar'renness, Infecun!'dity, Apho'-
ria, Atec'nia,  Atoc'ia, from ortqqog, or oxtqtog,
'hard, barren.'   Quality of that which is bar-
ren.  Sterility may be absolute or relative.  The
former depends upon some vitious conformation
of the genital organs,  apparent or concealed,
and occasionally admits  of cure.  Sterility is
relative when a female  does not conceive with
one individual, but does with another.  S terility
in females is often dependent upon a condition
of  the  uterus  characterized  by  membranous
menstruation.
   STERNALGIA, Angina pectoris.
   STERNO-CLAVIC'ULAR, Stemo-clavicu-
la'r-is.  That  which relates to the sternum and
clavicle.
   Sterno-clavic'ular   Articulation is the
union of the  inner  extremity of the clavicle
with a round facette at each side of the superior
extremity of the  sternum. In  this articulation
there are, besides the incrusting cartilages, two
radiated sterno-clavicular, (F.) Sterno-clavicu-
laires rayonnies; one anterior, and one posterior
—an  inter-clavicular ligament,  extending be-
tween the two clavicles, and two synovial cap-
sules, separated  by an inter-articular fibro-car-
tilage.  The costo-clavicular ligament may also
be considered  to belong to this articulation.
   S TERNO-CLA VIO-MAS TOIDIEN, Ster-
no-cleido-mastoideus—s. Cleido-hyoideus, Ster-
no-hyoideus.
   STERNO-CLEIDO-BRACHIALS,Pectora-
lis major.
   STERNO-CLEIDO-MASTOIDEUS,  Ster-
no-mustoideus, Cleido-masto'ideus, Masto'ideus,
Masto'ideus anterior, Nuta'tor cap'itis;  (F.)
Stemo-clavio-mastoidien,  Sterno-masto'idien;
from origrov,'thesternum,'y.Xu-, 'the clavicle,'
andfAio-joc,' the mastoid process.' A muscle si-
tuate  at  the anterior and lateral part of the
neck.  It is long and flattened :  simple, above:
and divided  into  two portions below; where it
is inserted into the  anterior and superior part
of the sternum,  and the  inner  quarter of the
clavicle.   Above, it terminates at the mastoid
process,   which  it  embraces,  at  the neigh-
1              STETHAEMIA

 bouring part of the temporal bone, and at the
 outer third of the upper curved line of the oc-
 cipital bone.  It carries the head forward; in-
 clines, and rotates it to one side.  When  both
 contract, they bend the head directly forwards.
   STERNO-COSTAL, Triangularis sterni—
 *. Costo-clavio-kumiral, Pectoralis  major—*.
 Humiral, Pectoralis major.
   STERN O-HYOlDEUS,   Sterno-cleido-hyo'i-
 deus, Sterno-hyaides, Hyoides primus:  from
 a-rc^yov, 'the sternum,' and 'voting, 'the os hy-
 oides.'  A muscle situate at the anterior  part
 of the neck; inserted, above, at the inferior  edge
 of the body of the hyoid bone; below, into the
 upper part of the posterior surface of the  ster-
 num;—at the posterior part of the sterno-clavi-
 cular articulation, and sometimes into the car-
 tilage of the first rib.  It depresses  the os hy-
 oides.
   STERNO-MASTOIDIEN,  Sterno-cleido-
 mastoideus—*. Pubien,  Rectus abdominis.
   STERNO-THYROIDEUS, Sterno thyro'ides,
 Bron'chius.   A muscle, situate at the anterior
 part of the neck.  It is attached, above, to the
 oblique line seen on the outer  surface of the
 thyroid cartilage; and terminates, below, at the
 upper part of the posterior surface of the  ster-
 num, and the cartilage of the second rib.  When
 it contracts, it depresses the thyroid cartilage
 and  os hyoides, by the medium of the thyro-
 hyoid membrane.
   STERNODYNIA  SYNCOPALS,  Angina
 pectoris—s. Syncoptica  et  Palpitans, Angina
 pectoris.
   STERNUM,  Stemon, from o-xiqqog, 'solid;'
 Pectus, Os asse£ seu pec'toris seu xipho'ides seu
 gladi'oli seu ensifor'me, Scutum cordis, Breast
 Bone.   An azygous symmetrica] bone, situate
 at the  forepart of the chest.   It is flat; broad
 above; narrower in the middle; and terminates,
 below, by a pointed cartilage—the xiphoid.  It
 has an anterior or cutaneous surface, a poste-
 rior  or mediastinal—a  superior or  clavicular
 extremity, and an inferior or abdominal.   It is
 articulated with the clavicles and the seven up-
 per ribs on each side, by means  of their carti-
 lages.   According to Beclard, it is  formed of
 six principal bones, which he names, from their
 position, 1. Primisternal or clavi-sternal: 2.
 Duo-sternal: 3. Tri-sternal: 4. Qu arti-sternal:
 5. Quinti-sternal: 6. Ultimi-sternal or ensister-
 nal.
   STERNUMENTUM, Sneezing.
   STERNUTAMENTORIA, Achillea  ptar-
 mica.
   STERNUTAMENTUM, Sneezing.
   STERNUTATIO, Sneezing.
   STERNUTATOIRE, Sternutatory.
   STER'NUTATORY,  Sternutato'rius, from
 sternutare, ' to sneeze.'   Sternutamen'tum, Er-
 rki'num, Ptar'micum, Anarrki'num, (F.) Ster-
 nutatoire. A substance which provokes sneezing;
 —as tobacco, &c.—See Errhine.
  STERTEUR, Stertor.
  STERTOR, Ronchus ox Rhonchus, Renckus,
 Rhencus, (F.) Sterteur, Ronflement, from  ster-
 tere, 'to snore.'  The deep  snoring  which ac-
 companies inspiration in some  diseases,  par-
 ticularly in apoplexy.  Such respiration is said
 to be  stertorous;  Respira'tio stertuo'sa  seu
 stertens seu stertoro'sa.
  STETH^E'MIA,iTyper a'mia Pulmo'num sen
 Pec'toris,  Conges'tio Pulmonum seu Pectoris, 
STETHOCATHARSIS          802               STIPATIO
(F.) Hyperimie des Poumons, Congestion des
Poumons.  Hyperaemia of the lungs.   Con-
gestion or accumulation of blood in the pulmo-
nary vessels.
  STETHOCATHARSIS, Expectoration.
  STETHOCHYSIS, Hydrothorax.
  STETHODESMIS, Corset.
  STETHODESMIUM, Corset.
  STETHODESMUS, Corset.
  STETHORRHEUMA, Pleurodynia.
  STP^TH'OSCOPE, Stethoscop'ium, Stetkos'-
copitm, Echoscop'ium, Psophom eter, Thoracos-
cop'ium, from axn9og,' the chest,'and a-Hovta,
' 1  examine.'   An instrument invented  by
Laennec, of Paris, for  exploring the  chest.
The stethoscope, sometimes called Pectori/oque,
is a cylinder of wood, from four inches to a foot
long; pierced through and through by a longi-
tudinal canal about a quarter of an inch in  di-
ameter.  The longer are generally composed
of two portions, that fit together by means of a
screw, one of which is hollowed at the extre-
mity, in the  shape of a funnel.   These two
portions being screwed to each other, the phy-
sician lays hold  of the instrument, as he would
of a pen, puts the funnel-shaped extremity on
the  chest of the patient, and applies his ear to
the  other.  To explore  the pulsations of the
heart, the funnel is plugged up by a piece of the
same kind of wood accurately adapted to it, and
pierced by a canal of the same width as that in
the  body of the  instrument.  Stethoscopes are
sometimes flexible, like the flexible ear-trumpet.
  This  mode of examining  affections of the
chest, Stetk'oscopy, Stetkoscop'ia, &c, is  what
Laennec terms  Auscultation midiate,  Medi-
ate  Auscultation.
  ST ET HO SCO PIA, see Auscultation, and
Stethoscope.
  STETHUS, Thorax.
  STEW, Stove.
  STHENI'A, Steni'a, Diatk'esis  stken'ica,
Status  stken'icus,  Vis  aucta,  from  crdiv.c,
' strength,' ' power.'  Excess of strength ;  ex-
citement of the  organic actions.  A word used,
especially by the Brunonians, as well as Asthe-
nia,—its antitheton. Stkenicoxdynamic diseases
axe such as depend upon excessive excitement.
  STHENICUS, Active.
  STHENOPYRA, Synocha.
  STIBI, Antimonium.
  STIBIALIS,  Antimonial.
  STIBIATUS TARTRIS LIXIVIA,  Anti-
monium tartarizatum.
  STIBII BUTYRUM, Antimonium muriatum
—s. Deuto-murias sublimatus, Antimonium mu-
riatum—s.  et Potassae deuto-tartras, Antimo-
nium tartarizatum—s. Hydrosulphuretum  ru-
brum, Antimonii sulphuretum rubrum—s. Oxi-
dum acido muriatico oxygenato paratum, Alga-
roth—s. Oxidum album mediante nitro confec-
tum, Antimonium diaphoreticum—s. Oxidum
praecipitando paratum, Algaroth—s. Oxodes al-
bum, Antimonium  diaphoreticum—s. Oxodes
sulphuretum, Antimonii sulphuretum praecipi-
tatum—s. Oxydi sulphurati hydro-sulphuretum
luteum, Antimonii sulphuretum pra?cipitatum—
s. Oxydulati sulphuretum, Antimonii sulphure-
tum  praecipitatum—s.  Oxydulum vitreatum,
Antimonii  vitrum—s. Oxydum  semivitreum,
Antimonii  vitrum—s. Oxydum  sulphuratum,
Oxydum stibii sulphuratum—s.  Subhydrosul-
phas, Antimonii sulphuretum rubrum—s. Sub-
murias praecipitando paratum, Algaroth—s. Sul-
phurati hydrosulphuretum rubrum, Antimonii
sulphuretum rubrum—s. Sulphuretum nigrum,
Antimonium—s. Vitrum, Antimonii vitrum.
  ST I BIOS UM HYDROSULPHURETUM
CUM  SULPHURE, Antimonii  sulphuretum
praecipitatum—s. Oxidum, Antimonium diapho-
reticum.
  STIBIUM, Antimonium.
  STICHAS ARABICA, Lavendula  stcechas.
  STICKWORT, Agrimony.
  STICTA  PULMONACEA, Lichen pulmo-
narius.
  STIFF JOINT, MUSCULAR, Contractnra.
  Stiff Joints, Milk sickness.
  STIFFNECK, Torticollis.
  STIGMA, Cioatricula.
  STIGMATA, see Naevus.
  Stig'mata Ovario'rum, Cicatrixes Ovario'-
rum.   The  cicatrices left in the  ovary  after
the escape of ova.
  STILBOMA, Cosmetic.
  STILLA, Gutta.
  STILLATIO  SANGUINIS E  NARIBUS,
Epistaxis.
  STILLICID'IUM, Substil'lum, from stillare,
'to drop.'  This term  is often used synony-
mously with Strangury.  It means the flow of
any fluid—particularly the urine—drop by drop.
Also a kind of embrocation, Stillicid'ium supra
partem, effected by dropping a liquid upon a part.
  Stillicidium   Lachrymarum, Epiphora—s.
Narium, Coryza—s. Sanguinis e naribus,  Epis-
taxis—s. Supra  partem, see Stillicidium.
  STILLINGIA, S. sylvat'ica, Queen's  Root,
Queen's delight, Yaw root, Mar'cory, Cockup
hat.  An indigenous  plant, which grows  in
pine barrens, from Virginia to Florida.   Sex.
Syst. Monoecia Monadelphia.  Nat.  Ord. Eu-
phorbiacese.  The root is said to be used in sy-
philis, obstinate cutaneous affections, &c, like
sarsaparilla.
  STIMATO'SS, Stymatosis, Hamorrha'gia
Penis, Stymatorrha'gia, Phallorrha'gia, Cau-
lorrha'gia, from o-tv/j.*, ' priapism,' itself from
o-tus/v,'to erect.'  Hemorrhage from the male
organ, accompanied or not with priapism.
   STIMMI, Antimonium.
   STIM'ULANT, Stim'ulans, Ex'citans, Ex-
citant, In'citans, Incenti'vum, Irri'tans, Inci-
tant, from  stimulare, ' to goad.'  A medicine
which has  the  power of exciting the organic
action of the different systems of the  economy.
Some stimulants are diffusible,—that  is, have a
prompt but  temporary action ; others are per-
manent or persistent.  The action of stimulants
is called Stimulation, Stimula'tio, Incita'tio.
   The  chief stimulants  are the following:—
.-Ether Sulphuricus, Ammonia, Asafcetida, Bru-
cia, Camphora, Capsicum, Castoreum, Cinna-
momum, Copaiba, Cubeba, Guaiacum, Hydrar-
gyri  Praeparata, Iodinum,  Nux Vomica, Olea
Essentialia, Opium (in small dose,) Piper, Si-
napis, Strychnia, Zingiber,—Alcohol, Caloric,
Electricity, Mental Emotions, (the Impetuous.)
   STIMULUS, 'a goad.'  Licit amen'turn, Ir-
rita'men, Irritamen'tum, Poten'tia  Irri'tans.
 Any thing which excites the animal economy.
   STINK   POKE,  Dracontium  fcetidum—s.
Weed, Chenopodium anthelminticum, Datura
stramonium, Polanisia graveolens.
   STIPATIO, Stegnosis. 
STIROSS
803
STOMATITIS
  Stipatio Tela Cellulo'sa Infant'um. In-
duration of the cellular tissue of children.
  STIROSS, Sterilitas.
  STITCH, Pleurodynia—s. Common, Suture,
common—s. Royal, Suture, common—s. in the
Side, Pleurodynia.
  STIZOLOBIUM, Dolichos pruriens.
  STLENGS, Stridor dentium.
  STOCHEION, Element.
  STOCKING, LACED, (F.) Bas lasse.  A
bandage used by surgeons, which consists of a
stocking made of firm cloth or dog-skin, admit-
ting of being tightly laced  anteriorly.  It  is
employed in varices and ulcers of the  legs.
  STCECHAS ARABICA, Lavendulastcechas.
  STOMA, Mouth.
  STOMAC'ACE,  Stomaloc'acc, Stomal'gia,
Labrisul eitim,  Cheiloc'ace, Uloc'ace, Cheiloma-
la'cia, Stomatono'ma, Stomatonecrosis, from
0-zo/A.t., 'the mouth,'and xaxog, 'evil:' Cancer
Oris,  Canker.    Fcetor of the mouth with a
bloody discharge from the  gums.  (F.) Can-
cer aquatique;  see Cancer  Aquaticus.   Also,
Scurvy.
  Stomacace,  Porphyra  nautica—s.  Gangrae-
nosum, Cancer aquaticus—s. Universale,  Pur-
pura haemorrhagica.
  STOMACAL, Stomachal.
  STOVIACALGIA, Cardialgia.
  STOMACH,  Stom'achus, Ventric'ulus, Ne-
dys,  Anoca'lia,  Gaster,  (F.)  Estomac,  from
uxo/jl*, 'a  mouth.'  One of the principal organs
of digestion.  It is a musculo-membranous re-
servoir ; continuous, on the  one side, with the
oesophagus; on  the other, with the duodenum.
It is situate beneath the diaphragm, between the
liver and  the spleen ; and occupies the epigas-
trium and a part of the left hypochondrium.
In it the food is converted into chyme.  When
viewed externally, the stomach has, 1. An an-
terior face, which  looks  a little  upwards.  2.
An inferior face, directed downwards.  3. An
inferior ox colic margin, which is convex and
extensive, and is called the  greater curvature,
(F.)  Grand courbure.  It gives  origin to the
omentum  majus.   4. A superior  or diaphrag-
matic margin, which is shorter, concave, and is
called the lesser curvature, (F.) Petit courbure.
The lesser omentum  is attached to this.  5. A
left or asophageal  orifice, called, also, the car-
dia, Os ventric'uli  or upper orifice.  6. A  right
or intestinal, or inferior  orifice, called the py-
lorus.  7. A considerable dilatation,  situate to
the left of the cardia and greater curvature—
the great  tuberosity of the stomach;  and, 8. A
less extensive dilatation,  situate to the right of
the greater curvature,—the  lesser tuberosity or
lesser cul-de-sac, Antrum Pylori.  The inner
surface of the stomach  is  of  a  reddish-white
colour, and has a marbled  appearance.   It is
constantly  covered by  thick mucus,  and is
lined by a mucous membrane, which presents
numerous wrinkles.  The parietes of the sto-
mach  consist of three membranes in superpo-
sition.  The outermost is serous: and is an ex-
tension of the  peritoneum;  the middle coat is
muscular,—some of its fibres running longitu-
dinally; others, transversely: the  innermost
membrane is of a mucous nature, Crusta villo sa
ventriculi, Gastro-mycod'eris, but not exactly
a continuation of the membrane  that lines the
cesopha-us.  The mucous and muscular mem-
branes form, at the pylorus, a  valve, called
the Pyloric valve.  These three coats are united
by a dense, close, cellular membrane; and, be-
tween  the mucous and muscular  coats,  along
the two curvatures especially, is a quantity of
muciparous glands, called Glands  of Brunner.
The arteries of the stomach are very numerous,
and proceed from the coronaria ventriculi, the
pyloric, splenic, and right and left gastro-epip-
loic.  The veins have the same name, and pur-
sue the same course as the arteries.  They pour
their blood into the trunk of the vena porta.
Its lymphatic vessels are very numerous, and
pass into ganglia, situate along the two curva-
tures.  The nerves of the stomach proceed from
the pneumogastric, and  three divisions of the
cceliac plexus.
   Stomach Disease, Limosis.
   Stomach Pimp, Gastren'chyta, Antli'a gas'-
trica.  A useful instrument for conveying fluids
to the  stomach, when deglutition  is impracti-
cable, and for pumping up the contents of the
stomach.  It consists of a forcing syringe, to
the bottom and nozzle of which flexible tubes
can be attached.   When the object is to  force
fluids into the stomach, the stomach-tube must
be attached to the nozzle, and passed down the
throat,—the tube  connected with  the bottom
of the syringe being placed in the fluid to be in-
jected.  To empty the stomach, the stomach-
tube must be attached to the bottom of the in-
strument.  This instrument has  been of great
service where poisons have been  taken.  The
antidote, when any exists, and is at hand should
be administered immediately prior to its use.
   The  stomach  pump was first  employed in
America by Dr.  Physick, in the year 1812.
   Stomach, Sick, Milk sickness—s. Tube, see
Tube,  oesophageal.
   STOM'ACrIAL,Stomack'ic,Cardiacus,Sto-
mack'icus, Stomae.ka'lis, Viscera'lis, (F.) Sto-
macal, Stomachique.  That which belongs to
the stomach;  that which is good  for  the sto-
mach ; which strengthens the stomach.  A me-
dicine that gives tone to the stomach.
   STOMACHALGIA, Cardialgia.
   STOMACHI RESOLUTIO, Dyspepsia.
   STOMACHIC,  Stomachal.
   STOMACHIQUE, Stomachal.
   STOM'ACHUS, from o-ro/xa, ' mouth.'  This
word has been used in several different accepta-
tions ; for example, for the oesophagus, for the car-
diac orifice of the stomach, (see Cardia,) and for
the stomach itself.  Hippocrates calls the neck of
the bladder  axo/ua^o; xi/o-zsuc; and the neck of
the uterus thc «8T§ac o-rofin^og.
   STOMAL'GIA, Stomatalgia,Stomatodyn'ia,
from o-Toua, ' mouth,' and axyot,' pain.'  Pain
in the  mouth; Stomac'ace.
   STOMA P YRA, Aphthae—s. Aphtha, Aphtha.
   STOMATALGIA, Stomalgia.
   STOMAT'IC, Stomat'icus, from o-rouc,
' mouth.'  A medicine used in diseases, &c, of
the mouth.  Dentifrices, masticatories, &c, are
stomatics.
   STOMATITE APHTIIEUSE, Stomatitis,
aphthous—*. Charbonneuse,  Cancer aquaticus
—*. Couennense,  Stomatitis, pseudo-membra-
nous—*. Cremeuse pultacee, Aphthae—s. Folli-
cnleuse, Stomatitis, aphthous—*. Gangrineuse,
Cancer aquaticus—*. Mercurielle, see Salivation,
mercurial—*. Ulcireuse, Stomatitis, aphthous.
   STOMATITIS, from o-touo.,  'the mouth,'
and itis, denoting  inflammation.   (F.) Inflam- 
STOMATOCACE
804
STRABOTOMY
mation de  la  Bouche;  Inflammation of  the
mouth.
  Stomatitis, Aphthous, S. follicular, S. ul-
cerous, Emphly'sis Aphtha,A. Adulto'rum, (F.)
Stomatite, S. aphtheuse,  S. folliculeuse, S. ul-
cireuse.  An inflammation of  the  follicles of
the mouth, constituting the aphthae of the adult,
which is generally  accompanied by cephalic,
gastric,  and general  disturbance.   It may be
either descrete or confluent, and requires gene-
ral and local treatment, adapted to the case.
  Stomatitis, Erythem'atous. Simple inflam-
mation of the mouth.
  Stomatitis, Exsudativa, Aphthae—s. Folli-
cular,  S. aphthous—s.   Gangrenous,  Cancer
aquaticus.
  Stomatitis, Mercu'rial, Hydrargyrostom' -
atis, Hydrargyrostomati'tis, Stomatitis mercu-
rin'lis.   Inflammation of the  mouth induced
by mercury.
  Stomatitis of Nursing-women appears to be
a variety of S. aphthous.
  Stomatitis, Pseudomem'branous, (F.) Sto-
matite couenneuse,Diphthirite buccale; Pseudo-
membranous inflammation of tke mouth;—in its
worst form, Stomatyphus, (F.) Figarite.   In-
flammation of the mouth accompanied by the
exudation of  a false membrane,—a  disease
which is rarely seen except in large foundling
establishments.
  Stomatttis, Ulcerous, S. aphthous—s.  Ve-
siculosa infantum, Aphthae.
  STOMATOCACE, Stomacace.
  STOMATODYNIA, Stomalgia.
  STOMATOGAS'TRIC, Sto'mato-gas'tricus,
from o-Toutt, ' the mouth,' and yao-mp, 'the  sto-
mach.'  Appertaining to the  mouth  and  sto-
mach,—as the  stomato-gastric ganglia  of the
lower animals.
  STOMATOMALACIA PUTRIDA, Cancer
aquaticus.
  STOMATONECROSIS,  Cancer aquaticus,
Stomacace.
  STOMATONOMA, Stomacace.
  STOMATOPA'NUS, from  orou*,  'the
mouth,' and rruvog, ' a glandular tumour.'  Sto-
matophy'ma  glandulosum,  Panus Fau'cium.
Tumefaction of the glands of the mouth.
  STOMATOPHY'MA, from a-ropa, 'the
mouth,' and <j>uu*, 'a swelling.'  A swelling in
the mouth.
   Stomatophyma Glandulosum,  Stomatopa-
nus.
   STOMATOPLAS'TIC,  Stomatoplas'ticus;
from o-TOfit,' the mouth,' and 7rX*.o-<ru>,' I form.'
The operation of forming a mouth, where the
aperture has been contracted from any cause.
   STOy[ATORRKAG"I\,Stomatorrka'a,Ha-
morrhag"ia oris, H. fau'cium,  San'guinis pro-
flu'vium ex- Ore, Hamorrho'i'des Oris, Stomato'-
sis, Stomorrhag"ia, (F.) Himorrhagie buccale,
from o-ro/ua,' the mouth,' and qrjyvu(ai, 'I break
out-'  Hemorrhage from the mouth.
   Stomatorrhagia Alveolorum, Phatnorrha-
gia—s. Gingivarum, Ulorrhagia.
   STOMATORRHCEA, Stomatorrhagia.
   STOMATOSCOPE, from o-rofxa,' mouth,'
and o-xorrto, ' I  view.'  Any instrument for
keeping  the mouth open, so as to permit the
parts within to be inspected; Speculum oris.
   STOMATOSEPSIS,  Cancer aquaticus.
  STOMATOSS, Stomatorrhagia.
  STOMATOSPASMUS, Trismus.
  STOMATYPHUS,  Stomatitis, pseudomem-
branous.
  STOMOMANICON, Platysma myoides.
  STOMORRHAGIA, Stomatorrhagia.
  STONE IN THE BLADDER, Calculi, vesi-
cal—s. Binder, Osteocolla—s. Crop, Sedum—s.
Crop, biting, Sedum—s. Mint, Cunila mariana
—s.  Pock,  Acne—s. Root, Collinsonia Cana-
densis.
  STONES, THE, Testes.
  STOOL,  Dejectio.
  STORAX, Styrax—s. Liquida, Liquidambar
styraciflua.
  STOREY'S WORM CAKES.  An empiri-
cal preparation, formed of calomel ^j, jalap.
gj, zingib. J}ij, sacch. gj, cinnab. antim. q. s.
to colour them; syrup, simpl. q. s. to make into
cakes.
  STORKBILL, Geranium maculatum.
  STOVE.  Old  French Estuve, Stupha; a
Stew,  JEstua'rium,  (F.)  Etuve.  A limited
space, warmed artificially, and in which the air
is slowly renewed.  It is used  for drying  va-
rious substances, as plants, extracts, conserves,
&c,  or for  taking vapour baths.  In  this case,
the stew or stove is said to be wet or humid; in
the  opposite case, it  is said to be  dry, (F.)
seche.  The latter, which is used by the Turks,
is the  Lacon'icum or Calida'rium of the Ro-
mans.  The former is their Tepida'rium, or Va-
pora'rium.   These kinds of baths greatly excite
the cutaneous transpiration;  and are valuable
agents in rheumatic and other affections.
  STRABI, see Strabismus.
  STRABILSMOS,  Strabismus.
  STRABS'MUS,  Strabilis'mos,  Parop'sis
Strabismus, from  o-Tq*^og,' twisted,' ' one who
squints;' Strabos'itas, Loxophthal'mus, Dis-
tor'sio,  Lus'citas, Illo'sis,  Ilo'sis,  Helo'sis,
Squinting,  Goggle Eye, (F.) Strabisme, Vue
louche, Louckement.   Want of concordance of
the optic axes.  It may be dependent upon na-
tural or acquired inequality in the  action of the
motory muscles  of the eye;  on a convulsive
state of one of those muscles; a difference in
the sensibility of  the two eyes; or a cerebral
affection.   In the  treatment, if the disease seem
to depend upon an excess of strength in one of
the motory muscles, we must endeavour to give
tone to that which is too weak, by placing be-
fore  the eye a mask having a small aperture on
the side to  which it is necessary to  direct the
pupil; or by wearing glasses, provided with a
piece of looking-glass, on the side to  which the
eye  is vitiously turned; so that the  reflection
may be  inconvenient, and occasion  the organ
to be turned in  an opposite direction;  or  by
putting a black patch on the angle opposite to
that  to which  the eye is turned.  If owing to
weakness, the organ must be strengthened by
being exerted  alone, and by leaving  the other
at rest.  If the disease be symptomatic of cere-
bral affection, attention must, of course, be di-
rected to the latter.
  Those affected with Strabismus  are called
Strabi,  Strabo'nes,   Strabo'ni,  Strebli,  llli,
Squin'ters; in French, Louches, Bigles.
  STRABONES, see Strabismus.
  STRABONI, see Strabismus.
  STRABOSITAS,  Strabismus.
  STRABOT'OMY,  Strabotom'ia, from a-r^a- 
TO STRAIN
PC5
STROMA
(Sag, 'one  who  squints,'  and roun, 'incision.'
The operation for the removal of squinting by
the division of the muscle or muscles that°dis-
tort the eye-ball.
  To STRAIN, colare, (F.) couler, from fn-g«y-
yuv, stringere,  (F.) estreindre, 'to constrict or
squeeze.'   To pass decoctions,  infusions,  &c,
forcibly through linen; also, to exert an effort.
This is accomplished by fixing firmly the parts
where the muscles  to be  exerted  originate, in
order that their full power may be developed.
  STRAINING, Nisus.
  STRAITS OF THE PELVIS, see Pelvis.
  STRAMOINE, Datura stramonium.
  STRAMONIA, Datura stramonium.
  STRAMONIUM, Datura stramonium —s.
Majus album,  Datura stramonium—s. Spino-
sum, Datura stramonium.
   STRANGAL'IDES, from o-xqayytow, 'I tor-
ment.'  Small,  hard tumours,  which  form in
the breast, when the milk does not find issue.
   STRANGALION, Tubercle.
   STRANGALIS, Tubercle.
   STRANGALSMUS, Strangulation.
   STRANGERS' FEVER, see Fever, stran-
gers'.
   STRANGULATIO,  Orthopncea,  Strangula-
tion—s. Uterina, Angone.
   STRANGULA'TION, Strangula'tio, Pnix,
Pnig'mos, Strangalis'mus,  (F.) Etranglement,
Strangulation.  State of a part too  closely
constricted.  Thus we say  that there is stran-
gulation  of  an intestinal  hernia,  when the
opening that gives passage to the  portion of
protruded intestine contracts, so as to intercept
the continuity of the digestive canal.  In Legal
Medicine, it  means the forcible obstruction of
the air passages, by a ligature  or  by the  hand
for criminal purposes.  See Suffocation.
   STRANGULATOR, see Lycoides.
   STRANGURIA, Enuresis—s. Cruenta, Cys-
torrhagia.
   STRANGURIE,Stxanguxy—s.Menstruelle,
Dysmenorrhoea.
   STRAN'GURY, Stranguria, Paru'riastilla-
tl'tia, from c-r^yytiv, 'to  squeeze,' and o^or,
'urine:'  Dysu'ria, Uri'na Stillicid'ium vel
 Substil'lum,  (F.) Strangurie.  Extreme diffi-
 culty in evacuating the urine, which issues only
 drop by drop, and is  accompanied  with  heat,
 pain, tenesmus at the neck of the bladder, &c.
 See Ischuria, and  Retention.           „,„„„
   STRATHPEFFER, MINERAL  WATERS
 OF.  A sulphuretted water, at Strathpeffer, a
 few miles west from  Dingwall in  Ross-shire,
 Scotland.  It contains sulphate of soda, sulphate
 of lime, chloride of sodium, sulphate of magne-
 sia, and sulpho-hydric acid.
    STRATIOTES, Achillea millefolium.
    STRATUM PROLIGERUM,  Proligerous
 disc.                      .      _  .  _,
    STRAWBERRY, Fragaria—s.  Bush, Euony-
 mus Americanus-s. Shrubby, Rubus arcticus
 __c  Tree Euonvmus Americanus.
    STREATHAM, MINERAL WATERS OF.
 Streatham is a  village near London.  The wa-
 ters are saline and cathartic.
    STREBLI,  see Strabismus.
    STREBLOSS, Luxation.
    STREMMA, Luxation,  Sprain.
                                       ■* dis-
in which emphysematous  tumours  form on
different  parts of the body,—accompanied by
sonorous excretions of gas by the mouth and anus.
  STREPITUS AURIUM, Tinnitus aurium.
  STRETCHING, Pandiculation.
  STRLL, Vibices—s.  Ciliares, Ciliary pro-
cesses—s. Corneae, Tenia semicircularis—s. Re-
tinae subjectae ligamento ciliari, Halo signatus
—s. Semilunares, Taenia semicircularis.
  STRIATED MUSCULAR FIBRE, see Mus-
cular fibre.
  STRIATUS, Canneli, Grooved, see Corpora
striata.
  STRIBILIGO, Efflorescence.
  STRICTURA, Stricture—s. Ani,  Stricture
of the  rectum—s. Intestini recti, Stricture of
the rectum—s. Intestini recti spasmodica, Stric-
ture of the rectum, spasmodic—s. CEsophagi
callosa,  Dysphagia  constricta—s. CEsophagi
spasmodica, CEsophagismus—s. Pharyngis seu
oesophagi vera, Dysphagia  constricta—s. Prae-
putii, Phimosis—s. Urethrae, Urethrostenosis.
  STRICTURE,  Strictu'ra, from stringere,
striatum, 'to tie hard.'   Coarcta'tio, Stegno'sis,
(F.)  Ritricissement.  A  diminution or con-
tracted condition of some  tube or duct, as the
resophagus, rectum, urethra, &c.  This  must
be dilated by appropriate bougies.  Strictures
may, also, occur in the intestines, &c.: they are
unmanageable, with the exception of those of the
rectum,  which admit of topical applications.
  Stricture of  the CEsophagus, Dysphagia
constricta—s. of the Pharynx, Dysphagia con-
stricta.
  Stricture of the Rectum, Spasmod'ic, Stric-
tu'ra Intestini Recti spasmod'ica, Obstruc'tio
Recti  spas'tica.   An affection occurring in the
nervous  especially, which  subsides  sponta-
neously, after a longer or shorter continuance.
   Stricture of the  rectum, Strictu'ra Ani seu
Intestini Recti, Arckostegno'ma, Recto steno'sis,
 Euthyenterosteno'ma, Archostegno'sis, Arcko-
 steno'sis, Procto'encllsis,  Angusta'tio  et Re-
 stric'tio  intestini recti vel ani, Stenocho'ria in-
 testini recti, Proctosteno'sis organica,  occurs
 also organically, and is a very serious affection;
 being  generally dependent upon scirrhus.
   Stricture of the Stomach, Gastrosteno'sis,
 Coarcta'tio ventric'uli.  See Gastrostenosis car-
 diaca, &c.
   Stricture of the Urethra, Urethrosteno-
 sis—s. of the Urinary bladder, Cystostenocho-
 ria—s. Vesicae urinariae, Cystostenochoria.
   STRIDOR DENTIUM, Brygmus.
   STRIGA  CARTELAGINOSA  CORDIS.
 Isthmus of the fossa ovalis.
   STRIGIL, Strig His, Stlen'gis, Stelen'gis.   A
 flesh  brush.  Also, an instrument, anciently
 used in the baths, for scraping offthe sweat.
   STROBILITI'TES, from orooiixog, stro'bil-
 us, 'a cone of the pine.'   Wine impregnated
 with the cones of the pine.
   STROEMIA, Cadaba.
   STROKE, APOPLECTIC.  An apoplectic
 seizure.
   Stroke, Back, of the Heart, Impulse, dia-
 stolic.
   Stroke, Paralyt'ic. A sudden attack of en-
 cephalo-spinal paralysis.
   STROMA, Strag'ulum, Stramen'tum; from
  rxqwvww, a-ioowo/ai, 'to spread out; to cover.'
  c'T'TJT^mTO'STTS  MORBUS.   'Noisy
     »   1kind of flatulent disease, said by Sor- j The bed or foundation texture of an organ,-
°aSC-   iSifun^Sfinthe Austrian^,:" the  stroma of the ovary.  Applied, also,
bait to be not uncommon 
STROMBULCUS
606
STRYCHNOS
 to the bed or base of any deposit—as the 'amor-
 phous stroma' of scrofulous deposits.
   STROMBULCUS, Forceps (bullet.)
   STRONGLE, Strongylus—s. Giant, Stron-
 gylus gigas.
   STKON'GYLUS, from a-xqoyyvxog,  'round.'
 Hippocrates,  Chabert, and others mean the As'-
 caris lumbricoi'des by this term.  The Sti ongy-
 lus Gigas, (F.) Strangle, S. giant, is, however,
 distinct.   It has an obtuse,  flat head; mouth,
 ^unrounded with six flatfish papillae: the whole
 bursa of the  male truncated: the tail of the fe-
 male rounded. It is sometimes met with,—five
 inches, a foot, a foot and a half,  and even three
 feet long,—and from two lines to half an inch
 in diameter.   It is occasionally found  in the
 human  kidney;  rarely  in  other viscera, and
 still more rarely in the intestinal tube.
   Strongylus, Teres.
   STROPHOS, Tormina.
   STROPHULE, Strophulus.
   STROPHULUS, Lichenlasis  stroph'ulus,
 Ebullil'io, Exantke'ma strophulus, Exor'mia
 strophulus, Red Gum, Red Gown, Tooth Rash,
 White Gum, Milk-spots, (F.) Strophule, Feux
 de dents.  It  consists  of an eruption of red, or
 sometimes whitish pimples; occurring in early
 infancy, chiefly about the face, neck, and arms,
 surrounded by a reddish halo; or interrupted by
 irregular patches of cutaneous blush.  All the
 varieties under this genus arise in consequence
 of the extreme vascularity and irritability of
 the skin at this period  of life, when the consti-
 tution is liable to be  disturbed by irritation,
 either in the  alimentary canal,  gums or other
 parts.  None  of these  eruptions  are of any im-
 portance, and  no medical treatment is usually
 necessary.  If the stomach seem at all disor-
 dered, a little rhubarb and magnesia may be ad-
 ministered occasionally.   Willan and Bateman
 reckon five species,—Strophulus intertinCtus,
 Red gum or gown;  S. al Indus or wkite, gum ;
 S, confer'tus or rank red gum, Tootk rash;  S.
 volat'icus or Erythe'ma volat'icum, and S. can'-
 di<>us.
   Strophulus Sylvestris, Ignis sylvaticus—
 *. Volaticus, Ignis sylvaticus.
   STROPHUS, Tormina.
   STRUCTIO, Structura.
   STRUCTURE, Structu'ra, Struc'tio, Con-
 forma'tio, Catasceu'e, from struere,  structum,
 • to build.'  The  arrangement of the different
 tissues or organic elements of which animals
 and vegetables are composed.
   STRUMA,  Bronchocele, Scrofula.
   Struma  Adiposa, Obes'itas  colli.   Fatty
 neck.  Prominence of the neck  from obesity.
   STRUMES, Scrofula.
   STRUMEUX, Scrofulous.
   STRUMOS1S  CEREBRI, Encephalophy-
 mata—s. Pulmonum, Tubercles of the lungs.
   STRUMOSUS, Scrofulous.
   STRUMOUS, Scrofulous.
   STRUTHIOPH'AGUS, from  orqov.9,or, 'a
young ostrich.' and o*yw,' I eat.'  Struthiopha-
gous tribes still exist in some parts of Africa.
   STRUTHIUM, Saponaria.
   STRUVE'S  LOTION  FOR  HOOPING-
COUGH, see   Lotion,  Struve's, for hooping-
cou<rh.
  STRYCHNIA, Strychnina.
  STRYCHNINE,   Strychnina, Strych'nia,
Strycknlnum,  Strych'nium, Vauqueline.  An
 alkaline principle; solid, crystalline, inodorous,
 bitter, and  excessively poisonous,  which has
 been discovered in the Strychnos nux vomica.
 (Nucis vomica.  ra3iir. Ibiv; calcis pulv. gvj;
 acid, muriat. f. giij; alcohol., acid, sulphuric.
 dil., liquor, ammonia: carbon, animal, purif.,
 aqua, aa q.s.  Digest the  nux vomica in  two
 gallons of water, acidulated with a fluidounce
 of muriatic acid, for 24 hours : then boil for two
 hours,  and  strain with expression through a
 strong linen bag.  Boil the residuum twice
 successively in the same quantity of acidulated
 water, each time straining as before.   Mix the
 decoctions, and evaporate to the consistency of
 thin syrup; then  add the lime previously mixed
 with a pint of water, and boil for ten  minutes,
 frequently stirring.  Pour  the mixture into a
 double linen  bag, and  having washed the pre-
 cipitate well with water, press, dry, and powder
 it.  Treat the powder repeatedly with boiling
 alcohol, until deprived of its bitterness; mix
 the liquors and distil off the alcohol by means of
 a water bath.  Mix the residue with water, and
 having applied heat, drop  in sufficient diluted
 sulphuric acid to neutralize and  dissolve the
 strychnia; then add purified animal  charcoal;
 boil for  a few minutes, filter, evaporate,  and
 crystallize.  Dissolve the crystals in water,and
 add  sufficient solution  of ammonia to precipi-
 tate the strychnia.   Lastly, dry the precipitate
 on bibulous paper.  Ph. U. S.)  The medical
 action of strychnia  on man and animals is ex-
 actly like that of the  alcoholic extract of nux
 vomica.  It is, however, more active. An eighth
 of a  grain is sufficient to kill a  large  dog;  and
 a quarter of a grain produces marked  effects on
 the human body, when in health.   It has been
 given in paralysis and other cases  like the nux
 vomica.   Dose, gr. one-twelfth to one-eighth.
   The Acetate of Strychnia, the lodate in the
 dose of one-eighth of a grain ; the Nitrate and
 the Snlphaiehave been given in the same cases
 as pure strychnia.
   STRYCHNOS, Solanum dulcamara—s. Gui-
 anensis, see Curare.
   Strychnos Nux Vom'ica, Nux Vomica, Nux
 Mctel'la,  Caniram, Koochla Tree.   Family,
 Strychnoideae.  Sex. Syst.  Pentandria Mono-
 gynia.  (F.) Vomiquier.  A tree of the family
 Strycknoides which grows in  India,  and  the
 seeds of which have  been long sold in the shops,
 under the names, Nux Vomica, Vomic nut, Poi-
 son  nut,  Bachelors' buttons, he,  (F.) Noix
 vomique.   For a  long  time, these seeds were
 used only for poisoning rats; but, of late years,
 an alcoholic  extract has been prepared from
 them, which has been administered in paralytic
 affections, in small doses. Dose of the aleoholit
 extract, Extrac'tum nucis vom'ica spirit no'sum,
 E. nucis  vomica resino'sum, E. n.v. alcohol'-
 icum, (F.) Ext rait alcokol i que de noix vomique,
 one or  two grains.   It produces a kind of tetanie
 convulsion in the paralyzed parts, when given
 to the requisite extent.  It has,  also, been  ad-
 ministered in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.
 The  following is the formula forth'? preparation
 of the Extrac'tum Nucis  Vom'ica  of  the
 Pharm. U. S. (S42.)   Take of Nux vomica,
flTJ; Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.  Expose  the
Nux  Vomica to steam till it is softened; then,
having sliced and  dried it, grind it into powder.
Introduce it into an apparatus for displacement,
and pour alcohol  upon  it gradually, until  the 
               STRYPHNA               80

liquid passes without bitterness.  Distil off the
greater  part of the alcohol  from the filtered
liquor, and evaporate  the residue to the proper
consistence.
  The wood of Strychnos Colubrlna, an Indian
tree, contains strychnia.  It was formerly con-
sidered a specific against the bites of venomous
animals; and was recommended by Boerhaave,
in intermittents.   It  is the Lignum Colubrl-
num, (F.) Bois de Couleuvre.
  Strychnos  Toxicaria, see Curare.
  STRYPHNA, Astringents.
  STRYPHNOS, Acerb.
  STUDIOSUS MEDICINE, Philiatros.
  STUDIUM INANE, Aphelxia otiosa.
  STUDY, BROWN, Aphelxia otiosa.
  STUFFING, Cynanche tracheal.s.
  STULTITIA,Fatuitas.
  STUNNED.  Old French Estonne. (L.^ atto-
nitus, 'astonished.'  (F.) Etonni. An epithet,
applied to one, who, in consequence of a fall or
other accident, has received such a concussion
of the brain as to deprive him, for a time, of his
mental manifestations.
  STUPA, ^tupha, Stuppa,  Stupelon.  Tow,
used in certain surgical apparatus and dressings.
Also, a Stupe, that is, cloth or tow used in fo-
mentations. A flannel, wrung out of hot water,
and applied to a part, is a stupe.
  STUPE, Stupa.
  STUPEFACIENTIA, Narcotics.
  STUPEFACTIFS, Narcotics.
  STUPEFACTIO, Narcosis.
  STUPEFIANTS, Narcotics.
  STUPEION, Stupa.
  STUPEUIl, Stupor.
  STUPHA, Stove, Stupa.
  STIPIA, Tin.
  STUPID1TAS, Idiotism, Imbecility.
  STUPOR, Ecplex'is, Ecplex'ia,  Consterna'-
rio,(F.) Stupeur, from stupere, 'to be stupified.'
Diminished activity of the intellectual faculties;
"ften amounting to lethargy. It occurs in many
affections, especially  in the neuroses.
   Stupor, Narcosis—s. Artuum, Obdormitio—
a. Dentium, Haemodia—s. Formicans, Formica-
tion— s. Mentis, Fatuitas — s. Vigilans, Cata-
lepsy.
   STUPPA, Stupa.
   STUPRUM,  Rape, (F.) Difloration,  Viol.
Forcible and  illicit enjoyment of a married or
unmarried female.  When  committed upon the
latter, which is most commonly the case, it  is
also called, Deflora'tion, Deflora'lio, Devirgi-
na'tio, Vitia'tio, Apanthis'mus, &c.  In judging
whether rape has  been committed  under such
nrcumstances, the state of the genital organs;
the age of the individual; and the possibility of
accidents and diseases of the parts, will have
to be considered.  It will be necessary, also, to
be acquainted with the evidences of virginity;
and  to determine,—if signs of virginity no
longer exist,—whether  its loss  be attributable
to copulation, or  to  the introduction, into the
vagina, of any other body than the male organ,
kc.   Recent deflowering can, of course, be much
more readily distinguished  than that which has
laken place some time.
  STYAN. Hordeolum.
  STYE. Hordeolum,
  ST YG MATES.  M. J. Cloquet has proposed
tins word, or Stigmates, fxom o-rtyft*, 'a mark,'
to designate  the marks, in form of cicatrices,
7           STYLO-MASTOID

 which remain on the peritoneum after the obli-
 teration of the neck of the hernial sac.   They
 are, commonly,  radiated folds, of a whitish ap-
 pearance, more or less thick, and of a fibrous
 or fibro-carti luminous nature.
  STYLET,  Specillum.
  STYLI, Styloid processes.
  STYLIFORM,  Styloid.
  STYLO-CERATOIDES, Stylo-hyoideus—s.
 Cerato-hyoideus, Stylo-hyoideus.
  STYLO-CHONDRO-HYO'IDEUS.  A name
 given, by Douglas and Albinus, to a fleshy fas-
 ciculus,  which  the stylo-hyoid muscle  some-
 times presents,  and which is  attached  to the
 lesser cornu of  the os hyoides.  It is the same
 fasciculus which Santorini calls Stylo-hyoi'des
 novus, Stylo-hyoideus alter.
  STYLO-GLOSSUS.   A  muscle situate at
 the anterior and superior part of the neck.  It
 is narrow behind; much  broader before;  and is
 attached to the  styloid process of the temporal
 bone, and to the stylo-maxillary ligament; and
 is inserted into the side of the tongue.  It  raises
 the base of the tongue and carries it backwards.
  STYLO-HYOIDEUS, Stylo-hyo'Me.n, Stylo-
 cer'ato-hyo'ideus, Stylo-cerato'i'des, Styto-kyo'i-
 des major.  A muscle situate at the superior,
 anterior, and lateral part of the neck.  It  is thin
 and narrow,—especially posteriorly: anteriorly,
 it opens to give passage  to the tendon of the di-
 gastricus.  It is attached to the styloid process
 of the temporal  bone, and to the body of the os
 hyoides.  It raises the os hyoides, and carries it
 backwards.
  Stylo-hyoid Ligament is a fibrous, flattened
 cord, which passes from the styloid process to
 the lesser cornu of the os hyoides.
  Stylo-hyoid  Nerve  is  the second branch
 given off bv the facial nerve.
   STYLOID,Sty'liform, Stylo'i'dcs, GraphioV-
 des,  Grapholdes,  Graphio dis, (it aphido'.'des,
 Belono'des, from  o-tumk,'a style,' 'a peg,''a
 pin,' and aSo-,,' shape.'  Shaped like a peg or pin.
   Styloid Corkua, see Hyoides os.
   Styloid Proc''esses,  Pencil-like Processes,
 Proces'sus Beloides seu Belemno'des seu Belo-
 no'i'des seu Graphioldes seu Graphoi'des,  Slyli,
 axe, 1. A long  and  slender process of the tempo-
 ral bone, to which are attached the stylo-glos-
 sus, stylo-pharyngeus, and stylo-hyoideus mus-
 cles;  and the stylo-hyoid  and  stylo-maxillary
 ligaments.  2. Two slender and pyramidal pro-
 cesses at the inferior  extremities of the  radius
 and ulna.
   STYLO-NA^TOID^tylo-masto.'rletis. That
 which relates to  the styloid and mastoid pro-
 cesses.
   Stylo-mastoid  Artery arises from the pos-
 terior auricular, and, in some subjects, from the
 occipital.  It  enters thestylo-mnstoid foramen;
 passes along  the aqueduct of Fallopius, and
 spreads its ramifications  on the mucous mem-
 brane of the  tympanum, and in the mastoid
 cells,  and semi-circular canals; and terminates
 by anastomosing with a branch of the Arteria
 meningxa  media,  which enters by  the Hiatus
 Fallopii.   Murray has given the name—Stylo-
 mastoid—to the  posterior auricular artery itself.
  Stylo-mastoid F ok x'u^s,For amen Stylo-mas-
 to'ldeumoxF. Aqnxduc'tus Fallo'pii. (F.) Trou
 anonyme, is situate at the inferior surface of the
 petrous portion  of the temporal bone, b°tween
 the styloid and mastoid processes. It terminates
BO 
08              SUBCLAVIAN
          STYLO-MAXILLARY          8
                              i          —,
the aqueduct of Fallopius, and gives passage to
the facial nerve.
  STYLO-MAX'ILLARY,  Stylo-maxilla'ris.
That which relates to the styloid processes and
jaw.
  The Stylo-Maxillary Ligament is a liga-
mentous, flat cord, extending between the sty-
loid process and the angle of the jaw.
  STYLO-PHARYNGEUS, (F.) Stylo-thyro-
pharyngien.  A muscle, situate at the anterior
and lateral part of the neck.  It is slender; thin,
above; attached to the styloid process of the
temporal bone, and  terminates in the parietes
of the pharynx, as well as at the posterior mar-
gin of the thyroid cartilage.   It raises the pha-
rynx,  and  carries  it  backwards.   Professor
Chaussier has united,  under  the  name  Stylo-
pkaryngien, the three constrictor muscles of the
pharynx, the stylo-pharyngeus, and palato-pha-
ryngeus.
  S TYLO-THYRO-PHAR YNGIEN.  Sty-
lopharyngeus.
  STYLUS, Sound.
  Stylus Excava'tus, Specil'lum  excava'tum.
A hollow sound.
  STYMA, Erection, Priapismus.
  STYMATOSIS, Stimatosis.
  STYM'MATA, from o-xvpf**, 'that which
constricts or thickens.'  The  most solid oint-
ments.  Also,  the  ingredients proper  for  in-
creasing their consistence.
  STYPSIS, Astriction, Constipation.
  STYPTERIA, Alumen, Styptics.
  STYPTIC, EATON'S.  A name first given
to Helvetius's  Styptic, when introduced  into
Great Britain.  It is now usually made of cal-
cined green vitriol, gj; proof spirit, tinged with
a little oak bark,  Oij.
  Styptic, Helvetius's, see Ferrum tartariza-
tum.
  Styptic, Ruspini's.  A nostrum said to con-
sist of gallic acid, a small quantity of sulphate
of  Zinc  and Opium, dissolved  in a mixture
of alcohol and rose water, which has had much
reputation  as an  internal and external astrin-
gent.
  Styptics, Contrahen'tia, Constricti'va Medi-
r.amen.'ta, Constringen'tia, Anastal'tica, Styp-
te'ria, from  otu<pti, ' I constringe.'   Sometimes
used synonymously  with  astringent, but gene-
rally applied to a  substance employed to arrest
hemorrhage,—Ena'mon.  A mechanical styptic
is one that arrests the flow of blood, by being ap-
plied immediately to the mouth of the bleeding
vessel, or by inducing a coagulum, mechanical-
ly,  in  the vessel.  A  chymical  styptic is one
which coagulates, chymically,  the blood around
a bleeding orifice.
  STYRAC'TNUM O'LEUM.   Oil obtained
by  boiling storax in  good olive oil.
  STYRAX, from a-Ti^aS, 'areed,' in which it
was preserved.  A resin obtained from the Sty-
rax officina'le, and S. calamlta.  It is the solid
storax ;—officinal storax.  There are two kinds
of storax met with: 1. The Red Storax, Gum
Storax, Thus Judao'rum, Styrax rubra, Styra'-
cis  bal'samum, Balsamum styracis officinalis,
which is obtained by incision  from the Styrax
officina'le, and, perhaps, from the Liquidam'bar
orienta'lis.  The purest is in  tears ; but it has
lost some of its smell in drying.  2. Common
storax, Styrax calamlta.   That  which  has
been received in  reeds or vessels, and  has had
saw-dust added immediately to thicken it.  The
odour of Storax is fragrant: the taste aromatic.
It is considered, like  the other balsams, to be
stimulant and  expectorant, but is rarely used
long.
  Pu'rified  Storax, S. cola'ta, S. purifica'ta,
is prepared  by dissolving storax in alcohol;
straining the solution;  then  distilling off the
alcohol with a gentle heat,  until the  storax
acquires the  proper consistence. — Ph. U. S.
Dose, gr. x to xxx.
  Styrax Alba, see Myroxylon Peruiferum—
s. Benzoin, see Benjamin—s. Liquida,  Liquid-
ambar styraciflua.
  STYSIS, Erection,  Priapismus.
  SUAVEOLENS, Beneolens.
  SUB.  A  common Latin prefix,  signifying
'beneath.'
  SUBAC'TIO, Chiro'sis, Cheirosis. The ope-
ration  of making plasters, extracts, &c, with
the hand, or with the  pestle and mortar.
  SUBAFFECTIO, Hydropathia.
  SUBAGITATRIX, Tribade.
  SUB-ATLOIDEUS,  Infra-atldideus,  (F.)
Sous-atlo'idien.  That which is situate beneath
the atlas or first cervical vertebra.   Chaussier
has given this name to the second pair of cer-
vical nerves.
  SUB-AXOiDEUS,Infra-axo'ideus,(F.)Sous-
axo'idien.   That which is below the  axis or
vertebra dentata.   Chaussier has  given this
name to the third pair of cervical nerves.
  SUBBORAS NATRICUM, Borax.
  SUBCARTILAGINEUM, Hypochondre.
  SUBCLA'VIAN, Subcla'vius, Subclavicu-
la'ris, from sub,' under,' and  clavis, ' the cla-
vicle.'  That which is under the clavicle.
  Subclavian  Arteries,  (F.) Arteres  sous-
clavieres, axe situate  at the upper part of the
chest,  and  the lateral and lower parts of the
neck.  The right arises at the corresponding
side of the trachea,  and  comes  off from the
arteria  innominata  or brachio-cephalic trunk.
The left leaves the aorta at the end of the arch.
Both extend as far as the superior surface of the
first rib, in the space  between the scaleni mus-
cles, beyond which they take the name axillary
arteries. The subclavian arteries run, for some
distance, without sending off  any branch. In
the neighbourhood  of the first rib, however,
they give off, 1. Upwards, the vertebral and in-
ferior tkyroideal.  2. Downwards, the internal
mammary, and superior intercostal.  3. Out-
wards, the transverse cervical or  posterior sca-
pular, the superior scapular, and the posterior
cervical or profunda.
  Subclavian or   Subclavius Muscle, Sub-
clavia nus, (F.) Costo-claviculaire (Ch.) Sous-
clavier, is situate  at  the superior and anterior
part of the chest.   It is attached, by its inner
extremity, to the superior surface of the carti-
lage of the first rib; and by its superior margin
and outer extremity  to the inferior surface of
the clavicle.   This muscle depresses the cla-
vicle, and carries it forward.   When the shoHl-
der is fixed, it can raise the first rib.
  Subclavian Veins, (F.) Veines sous-clavieres,
are continuations  of  the  axillary,  and extend
from the inferior extremity of the scalenus an-
ticus, in front of which they pass, to the vena
cava superior, which  they form by their union.
The right  subclavian vein is very  short: the
left, longer and broader.   These veins receive 
SUBCLAVICULA            809            SUBMAXILLARY
the mouths of the internal and external jugulars,
vertebral and  superior intercostal.   The  left
subclavian  receives two  veins more than the
right,—the left internal mammary and left in-
ferior thyroid.   The thoracic duct opens  into
the left subclavian:—the corresponding great
lymphatic vessel into the right.
  SUBCLAVICULA, from sub,  'under,'  and
davicula,' the clavicle.'  The first rib.
  SUBCLAVICULARS, Subclavian.
  SUBCLAVIUS, Subclavian muscle.
  SUBCRUEN'TUS,'somewhatbloody;'from
sub, and cruentus,' bloody;' Hyphx'mos.  That
which has the colour and nature of blood.  An
epithet  given  to certain excreted substances,
which are  mixed with blood, or have the ap-
pearance of blood.
   SUBCRUR^I, see Cruraeus.
   SUBCUTA'NEOUS,Subcuta'neus, fxom sub,
'under,' and cutis, 'the skin;' Inter cuta'neus,
(F.) Sous-cutani.  That which is placed im-
mediately under the skin.
   SUBDELIRIUM, Typhomania.
   SUB'DITA, Subditl'tia,  from  subdere, ' to
put under;' Pros'tketa.  Medicines  introduced
into some one  of the natural  apertures;—as
suppositories, pessaries, &c.
   SUBDITITIA, Subdita.
   SUBDUCTIO, Dejection.
   SUBER, Cork:—the bark  of  the  Quercus
Suber or Cork  Tree.  (F.) Liige.   Family,
Amentaceae.   Sex. Syst. Moncecia Polyandria.
Cork, when burnt, is applied as a mechanical
styptic to bleeding piles, &c.  Surgeons use it
for making tents; and it has been recommend-
ed to be worn as an amulet to suppress the se-
cretion of milk!
   SUBETH, Coma.
   SUBFRONTA'LIS  SUTU'RA.   A suture,
resulting from the articulation of  the os frontis
with the nasal process of the superior maxillary
hone, and the proper bones of the nose.
   SUBGRONDATION, Depression.
   SUBHUMERATIO, Catomismos.
   SUBIGATOR, Tribade.
   SUBINFLAMMATIO,Subinflammation—s.
Hepatis, Hepatitis, chronic.
   SUBINFLAMMA'TION, Subinflamma'tio,
from sub, 'under,' and inflammatio.  Inflam-
matiwi'cula, Hypopklegma sia.   A mild degree
of inflammation, so slight as hardly to deserve
the name inflammation.  Broussais  understood
by the term, an augmentation  in the vital phe-
nomena of the vessels that convey white blood.
Lymphatic engorgements, scrofula, herpes, and
cancer he considered subinflammations.
   SUBINTRAN'TES FEBRES, from sub,' un-
der,' and intrare, ' to enter.'  Communican'tes
febres.   Fevers primarily intermittent, whose
paroxysms approximate, so that one  paroxysm
begins  before that which preceded it has  gone
through its stages.—L. Bellini.
   SUBJEE, see Gunjah.
   SUBLIGACULUM, Truss.
   SUBLIGATURA, Truss.
   SUBLIMAMENTUM, Enaeorema.
   SUBLIMATE, CORROSIVE, Hydrargyri
oxymurias.                          . ,
   SUBLIM-A'TION,Sublima'tio,Meteoris mus,
Hvpso'sis,  from sublimo,  'I raise up.'   An
operation  by which dry and solid matters are
volatilized and  condensed at the  upper part of
a subliming  apparatus.   The oxymunate  of
         52
mercury, sal ammoniac, &c. are commonly ob-
tained by sublimation.   The product of subli-
mation is a Sub'limate, Sublima'tum, (F.) Sub-
limi.
  SUBLIMATUS CORROSIVUS, Hydrargyri
oxymurias.
  SUBLIME, Sublimis.
  SUBLIME, Enaeorema, Sublimate—*. Corro-
sif, Hydrargyri oxymurias.
  SUBLI'MIS, (F.) Sublime, 'high, elevated,
superficial.'  Anatomists have given the name
sublimis to certain muscles, which are situate
more superficially than their kindred muscles.
These last  they have called profundi.  Of the
former, the flexor sublimis digitorum is an ex-
ample.
  The French use the term ' respiration sub-
lime ' for the respiration which is accompanied
by  considerable elevation of the  ribs, and with
separation  of the alae nasi at the time of inspi-
ration.
  SUBLINGUA, Uvula.
  SUBLINGUAL, Sublingualis, (F.) Sous-
lingual, from sub, ' under,' and lingua, ' the
tongue.' That which is seated under the tongue.
  Sublingual Artery, with some is the Lin-
gual.   With others, it is a branch given off by
the lingual opposite  the genio-glossus muscle,
which is distributed  particularly to the sublin-
gual gland, to the mylo-hyoid, and  genio-glos-
sus muscles, &c.
  Sublingual Gland, Glan'dula sublingualis,
G.  Bartholinia'na, G. Rivinia'na, is seated  in
the substance of the inferior paries of the mouth,
beneath the anterior  part of the tongue.  It is
smaller than the submaxillary, of which it fre-
quently seems to be only a prolongation.   It is
oblong, flattened, amygdaloid, and is  covered
by  the mucous membrane of the mouth, beneath
which it projects.  This gland has 10 or 12 ex-
cretory ducts—Ductus Rivinia'ni seu Walthe-
ria'ni—some of which open beneath the fraenum
linguae, joining Wharton's  duct, whilst others
pierce the  mucous  membrane of  the mouth se-
parately.   It has the same structure as the pa-
rotid.
  SUBLINGUIUM, Uvula.
  SUBLINGUUM, Epiglottis.
  SUBLUXATIO, Sprain.
  SUBMAXILLARY, Submaxilla'ris, Infra-
maxilla' ris, (F.)  Sous-maxillaire, from sub,
' under,' and maxilla, ' the  jaw.'  That which
is seated beneath the jaw.
  Submaxillary Ganglion is a small nervous
ganglion, situate opposite the gland.  It seems
to be formed by the superior branch of the Vi-
dian nerve, and communicates with the lingual
nerve of the inferior maxillary.  Its  filaments
form a  plexus which penetrates the submaxil-
lary gland.
   Submaxillary Gland, Max'illary Gland,
Hypognath'aden, is a salivary gland, less than
the parotid, seated at the inner side of the ramus
and body of the inferior maxillary bone, in the
triangular  space between the two bellies of the
digastricus.  Irregularly ovoid, and  flattened
on  three surfaces, it has the same aspect and
organization as the other salivary glands.  Its
 excretory  duct  is called Wharton's Duct, and
 terminates at the side of the fraenum linguae,
 by a very  small orifice.  It is also called Duc-
 tus inferior. 
SUBMENTAL
810        SUBSULTUS TENDINUM
   SUBMEN'TAL,  Submenta'lis, (F.)  Sous-
 mental,  from sub, 'under,' and mentum, 'the
 chin.'  Situate under the chin.
   Submental  Artery is  furnished by the fa-
 cial, near the base of the jaw.  It passes  for-
 wards along the attachment of the mylo-hyoi-
 deus, to which it furnishes branches that cross
 it to anastomose with those of the sublingual.
 Near the median  line it bifurcates, to  be  dis-
 tributed to  the chin  and muscles of the infra-
 hyoid region.
   Submental Vein, which accompanies the ar-
 tery, opens into the  labial.
   SUBMER'SION, Submer'sio, from sub, 'un-
 der,' and mergere, mersum, ' to plunge.'  The
 act of plunging, or being entirely plunged, in a
 liquid.
   Asphyx'ia  by submersion, drowning,  As-
 phyxia Immer'sorum, is not owing to a certain
 quantity of liquid being introduced into the  ali-
 mentary or air-passages: but simply to the inter-
 ception of air, and of the respiratory phenome-
 na.   It  is a case of suffocation, the signs of
 which, on dissection, are equivocal, without  cir-
 cumstantial evidence.
   SUBMSSIO, Remission—s. Cordis, Systole.
   SUBMURIAS  AMMONIACO-HYDRAR-
 GYRICUS, Hydrargyrum praecipitatum.
   SUBOR'BITAR, Suborbita'rius, Infra-or'bi-
 tar, Infra-orbita'lis, Infra-orbita'rius,  (F.)
 Sous-orbitaire, from  suv, 'under,' and orbita,
 ' the orbit.'   That which is seated beneath  the
 orbitar  cavity.
   Suborbitar  Artery, Infra-orbitar A., pro-
 ceeds from the  internal  maxillary, from which
 it separates  near the  anterior and superior part
 of the zygomatic  fossa.  It  enters the infra-
 orbitar  canal, and passes  through it,  giving
 branches to  the anterior and  superior  dental
 canal; issues by the  foramen infra-orbitarium;
 and divides, in  the fossa canina, into a number
 of branches, which lose themselves in the neigh-
 bouring parts.  The  infra-orbitar vein follows
 the same course.
  Suborbitar  Canal, Infra-orbitar  Canal,
 (F.) Canal OU Conduit sous-orbitaire, is a small
 canal, which runs  obliquely through the sub-
 stance of the inferior paries of the orbit.  It
 begins, behind, by a simple gutter, and divides,
 anteriorly, into  two  branches, one of  which
 descends into the anterior paries of the maxil-
 lary sinus, whilst the other passes out, in the
 canine fossa, by an orifice,  called  Foramen-in-
 fra-orbitarium, (F.)  Trou sous-orbitaire.  The
 infra-orbitar artery and nerve pass along it.
  Suborbitar  Fissure, Infraorbitar Fissure,
 Rima cana'lis orbita'rii,Fissu'ra infraorbita lis.
 A fissure in  the superior maxillary bone; the
 superior commencement of the suborbitar canal.
  Suborbitar Fossa, Canine fossa.
  Suborbitar  Nerves, Infra-orbitar Nerves,
 seem to terminate the  superior maxillary. They
 issue from the infra-orbitar canal by the fora-
 men of  the  same name, and spread out in a
 radiated manner in the fossa  canina, to divide
 into superior or palpebral filaments, inferior or
tibial, internal or nasal, and external or buccal.
  SUBPERITONEAL APONEUROSIS, Fas-
 cia, subperitoneal.
  SUBPLACENTA, Decidua membrana.
  SUBPOPLITiEUS, Poplitaeus muscle.
  SUBPUBIC ARCH, Arcus subpu'bicus.  A
 strong arch of the superior  pelvic  aponeurosis,
 which completes the posterior orifice of the ob-
 turator or subpubic canal.
   Subpubic Membrane, Obturator membrane.
   SUBPUBIO-FEMORALIS,  Abductor  bre-
 vis—s. Prostatieus, Compressor prostatae.
   SUBPUTRIS, Hyposaprus.
   SXJBSC AP'\JLAR,Subscapula'ris,(T.)Sous-
 scapulaire, Sous-scapulo-trochinien, from sub,
 ' under,' and scapula,' the shoulder-blade.' That
 which is beneath the scapula.
   Subscapular Fossa, Fossa Subscapula'ris.
 A considerable  excavation at the anterior sur-
 face or venter of the scapula, in which the sub-
 scapularis is seated.
   Subscapular Muscle,Subscapula'risMuscle,
 Immer'sus, Infra-scapula'ris,(F^Sous-scapulo-
 trochinien, (Ch.) Porte-feuille, Muscle sous-
 scapulaire. A muscle situate in the above men-
 tioned fossa. It is flat, broad, and triangular; is
 attached,  by its  base, to the subscapulary fossa
 and to the anterior lip of  the edge  of the spine
 of the scapula,  and is inserted  into the lesser
 tuberosity of the humerus.  It carries the arm
 in rotation inwards.  It  can also  depress it,
 and bring it towards the body.
  SUBSIDENTIA,  Sediment.
  SUBSTANCE  EMAILLEE  DES
 DENTS, Enamel of the teeth.
  SUBSTANCE, HYALINE, Cytoblastema—
 s. Intercellular, Cytoblastema—*. Vitrie des
 Dents, Enamel of the teeth.
  Substance, White, of Schwann.  A hollow
 cylinder within the tubular nervous fibre, which
 differs in composition and refracting power from
 the matter that occupies the centre of the tube.
  SUBSTANTIA  ADAMANTINA  DEN-
 TIUM, Enamel—s. Filamentosa dentium, Ena-
 mel—s. Hyalina, Cytoblastema—s. Oss*a den-
 tium, see Tooth—s. Ostoidea, see Tooth.
  Substantia Perfora'ta Me'dia.  When the
 pia mater  has been  removed from the space
 between the crura cerebri  termed the inter-
 cru'ral or interpeduncular, the surface appears
 cribriform from  the perforations of the nume-
 rous minute vessels which penetrate it.   This
 is the substantia perfora'ta me'dia of Vicq
 d'Azyr.
  Substantia Pulposa Dentis, Dental pulp—
 s. Rhomboidea, Corpus dentatum—s. Spongiosa
 Urethrae,  Corpus spongiosum  urethrae—s. Vi-
 trea  dentium, Enamel  of the teeth—s. Vitrea,
 Cytoblastema.
  SUB'STANTIVE, Substanti'vus; from sub-
stare, (sub and  stare,) 'to stand under or sub-
sist.'  An  epithet applied by Dr. Paris to ali-
 ments which are nutritious, in contradistinc-
tion to adjective aliments, which are themselves
not possessed of nutritive virtues, but impart to
the  digestive organs greater energy, so as to
enable them to extract more nutriment from the
substantive aliments.   Meat, for example, is a
substantive aliment: the condiment, as mustard,
eaten with it, an adjective aliment.
  SUBSTILLUM, Stillicidium.
  SUBSULTIO, Palpitation.
  SUBSUL'TUS TEN'DINUM,&^M* ten'di-
num,Clonus subsultus,Subsultus, Carpholog"-
ia spasmod'ica, Myopalmus, Twitching of the
 Tendons, (F.) Soubresaut, from subsilire, sub-
sultum, (sub and satire,) ' to make short leaps.'
Twitching, communicated to the tendons by the
involuntary and  instantaneous  contraction of
the muscular fibres.  It is more observable at 
             SUBSURDITAS

the wrist than elsewhere; and is an evidence of
great cerebral irritability, and debility, when
it occurs at an advanced period of fever.
  The muscular agitations or twitchings  ob-
served in febrile diseases, especially of children,
have been termed Convulsibilitas, Seelotyr'bB
febri'lis, and Irritabil'itas morbo'sa.
  SUBSURDITAS, Deafness.
  SUB'UBERES, from sub,' under,' and ubera,
< the breasts.' Infan'tes sugen'tes, Sucking chil-
dren.  Infants  at the breast, in contradistinc-
tion to the Exu'beres, trroyaxaxxot, or those which
have been weaned.
  SUBVERSIO STOMACHI, Vomiturition.
  SUBVERTEBRA, Sacrum.
  SUBVERTEBRUM, Sacrum.
  SUBVOLA, Hypothenar.
  SUC, Succus—*. Gastrique, Gastric juice—
 *. Midullaire, Marrow.
  SUCCA'GO, from succus, 'juice.'  The in-
spissated juice of plants;  robs, jellies, &c.
  S\JCCEDA''NEUM.,Succida'neum,Substitu'-
tum, Antiballom'enum, Surroga'tum, Antembal-
lom'enum, Quid pro quo, from succedere, (sub
and  cedere,) ' to go under, to come in place of
another.'   An epithet  for  medicines that may
be  substituted  for others  possessing  similar
 properties.
   SUCCENTURIA'TUS, from succenturiare,
 (from sub and centuria,) ' to supply a soldier to
 fill a vacancy;' and hence ' to substitute or put
 in the room of.'   That which is a substitute for
 another; as  Renes succenturiati,  ventriculus
 succentnriatus, &c.
   SUCCHAR, Saccharum.
   SUCCIDANEUM, Succedaneum.
   SUCCIN, Succinum.
   SUCCINCTURA, Diaphragm.
   SUCCINCTUS, Diaphragm.
   SUCCINI RESINA, Musk, artificial.
   SUCCINTC  ACID, Ac"idum  Suc'cini, A.
 Succin'icum, Acor succineus, Sal Succini, Sal
 volat'ile Succini, has been considered antispas-
 modic and diaphoretic, in the dose  of from five
 to twenty grains.
   SUCCINUM, Elec'trum, Ambra,  Ambram,
 Ampar, Bereni'cS, Amber, Yellow  Amber, (F.)
 Succin, Ambre jaune.  This substance, which is
 found on the shores of the Baltic, is composed
 of a resinous matter,  of essential  oil,  and an
 acid  sui  generis.   It  is  inodorous, except
 when heated or rubbed; insipid ; in fragments
 of a pale golden yellow  colour;  transparent,
 and has a shining lustre.   S. g. 1-08: insoluble
 in water, and slightly acted on by  alcohol.  It
 is used for affording its essential oil—the O'leum
 or Bal'samum Suc'cini; (F.) Huile de  Succin.
 This oil possesses  stimulant, antispasmodic,
 diuretic, and rubefacient properties.
   The O'leum  Suc'cini rectifica'turn, Rectified
 Oil of Amber, is made as follows -.—Oil of Am-
 he.r, Oj, water, Ovj.  Mix in a glass retort, and
 distil until Oiv of the water have  passed with
 the oil into the receiver;  separate the oil from
 rho water, and keep it in well stopped bottles.
 (Ph. U.S.)                        „x  „  ,
   The white amber, Leucelec'trum,  (F.) Ambre
 blanc, is a variety.                _         .
   Succinum  Cinereum, Ambergris—s. Gn-
 seum, Ambergris.
  SUCCION, Sucking.
  SUCCSA, Scabiosa succisa.
   8UCCOLATA, Chocolate.
L                 SUDOR

  SUCCORY, WILD, Cichorium intybus, Chi-
 ronia angularis.
  SUC'CUBUS, from sub, and cubare, 'to lie.'
 Some authors have  used this  word  synony-
 mously with nightmare.  Others mean by  it
 a female phantom, with which  a man  in his
 sleep  may believe  he  has intercourse;—as
 Incubus, has been applied  to  the male phan-
 tom,  with which a  female may dream  she
 is similarly situate.
  SUCCUS, Chylus, Opos, Opis'ma, Chylis'-
 ma, Ecchylo'ma, Apothlim'ma, Juice, (F.) Sue.
 The fluid obtained by  pressing plants, flesh,
 &c;  succus expres'sus.  It is  also applied to
 certain animal fluids, as S.  Gastricus, &c.
  Succus  Acacia Germanica  Inspissatus,
 see Prunus spinosa—s. Acaciae nostratis, see
 Prunus spinosa—s. Cicutae spissatus, Extractum
 conii—s. Cyrenaicus, Laserpitium.
  Succus Enter'icus, <S. intestina'lis, Intes'ti-
 nal Juice.   The fluid secreted from the lining
 membrane of the small intestines.
  Succus Expressus, Apothlimma—s. Gastri-
 cus, Gastric  juice—s. Intestinalis, Succus en-
 tericus—s.  Japonicus,  Catechu—s.  Nerveus,
 Nervous fluid—s. Nutritius,  Chyle—s. Pan-
 creaticus,  see Pancreas—s. Spissatus Aconiti
 Napelli, Extractum aconiti—s. Spissatus atropae
 belladonnae, Extractum  belladonnas—s. Spissa-
 tus conii maculati, Extractum cicutae—s. Spis-
 satus hyoscyami nigri,  Extractum hyoscyami
 —s. Spissatus lactucae sativs,  Extractum lac-
 tucae.
  SUCCUS'SION, Hippocrat'ic Succus'sion,
 Succus'sio, from  succutio, (sub and quatio,)  ' I
 shake from beneath.'   A mode of ascertaining
 the existence of a fluid in the thorax, by giving
 the body one or more slight shakes.
  Succussion, Ballottement.
  SUCHOR, Saccharum.
  SUCKING, Suc'tio, Suctus, Atkelx'is, Bdal-
 sis, Myze'sis, (F.) Succion; from sugere, suc-
 tum, ' to suck.'   The act of drawing liquid into
 the mouth,  by forming a  vacuum  with the
 tongue acting as a piston, during inspiration.
  Sucking Child, Lactens.  A suckling.
  To  SUCKLE,  Lactare, yaXaxxorqoiptiv, ti-
 Srupvtiv.  (F.) Allaiter  ou  Alaiter.   To  give
 suck   To nurse•
  SUCKLING, Lactation,  Sucking child.
  SUCRE, Saccharum—*.  Candi, Saccharum
 candidum—*. de Lait, Sugar of milk—*. de Sa-
 turne, Plumbi superacetas.
  SUCTJO, Exsuctio, Sucking.
  SUCTION POWER.  The force exerted on
 the blood in the veins, by the active  dilatation
 of the heart.  See Derivation.
  SUCTUS, Sucking.
  SUDAMINA, Hydro'ata, Hidro'ata, Hidro'-
 ta, Pap'ulx  sudora'les, Suffersu'ra, Alha'sef,
 Plantanodis, Boa; from sudor,' sweat.' Small
 vesicles, which appear upon the skin, especially
 in  the summer time, in hot countries, and  in
 diseases attended with much sweating.  It is a
 miliary eruption.  See Miliary fever.
  Sudamina, Desudatio, Echauboulures, Lichen
 tropicus.
  SUDARIUM, Achicolum, Vaporarium.
  SUDATIO, Hidrosis.
  SUDATORIA, Hidrosis—s.  Maligna, see
 Sudor Anglicus.
  SUDATORIUM, Achicolum, Vaporarium.
  SUDOR, Hidros, (F.) Sueur,' sweat.'   The
81 
SUDORIFER
812
SUGGILLATION
product of cutaneous transpiration, when visi-
ble on the surface of the body.  It is colourless;
of an odour more or less strong and variable;
and of a saline taste.   It is composed, accord-
ing to Berzelius, of water, lactic acid, lactate of
soda united with a  little animal matter, chlo-
ride of sodium, and a little  chloride of potas-
sium, an atom of earthy phosphate, and some
oxyd of iron.
  Sudor, Miliary fever.
  Sudor An'glicus, Hidron'osos, Hidrop'yra,
Hidropyr'etos, Febris sudato'ria, Milia'ris su-
dato'ria, Sudor milia'ris, Morbus sudatorius,
Ephem'era malig'na, E. sudatoria, E. Britan.'-
nica, Pestis Britannica, Sudato'ria malig'na,
E.   An'glica  pes'tilens, Sweating  Sickness,
Sweating fever, (F.) Suette,  S. Miliaire, S.
Epidimique, Sueur Anglaise.   A very severe
epidemic disease,characterized by profuse sweat-
ing, which appeared in  England in  14S6;  and
recurred, at different times, until  about  the
middle of the 16th century.   It was accompa-
nied with  coldness, excessive prostration of
strength, palpitation, frequency and  inequality
of the pulse, &c, and terminated favourably or
unfavourably in the course of  24 hours.  The
French have given the name Suette de Picar-
die, Suefte des Picards, Fievre suante, Miliaris
sudatoria,  Sudor Picard'icus, to an epidemic
disease, which has  appeared several times in
that province; the principal symptoms of which
were, profuse  sweats, and a miliary eruption.
The disease recurred in 1821, and has been de-
scribed, at  length, by M. Rayer, who considers
it to consist of a simultaneous state of inflam-
mation of various tissues; and proposes to class
it with variola, scarlatina, and measles.
   Sudor Colliquativus, S. Profusus.
   Sudor Cruen'tus, S. sanguin'eus, Ilamati-
dro'sis, ILematkidro'sis, Ephidro'sis cruen'ta,
Hamorrhag"ia per Cutem, (F.) Himatidrose,
Sueur de Sang; Sweating  of blood, Bloody
sweat, Hemorrhage from the skin.   Cutaneous
perspiration intermixed with  blood:—a very
uncommon affection.
   Sudor  Dulcis,  Sacckarorrha' a  cuta'nea,
Ephidro'sis sacchara'ta.  A discharge of sac-
charine matter by perspiration.
   Sudor Localis, Meridrosis—s.  Miliaris,
Miliary fever,  Sudor  Anglicus—s.  Partialis,
Meridrosis.
   Sudor Perfu'sus, S. Colliquativus.  A pro-
fuse or immoderate sweat.
   Sudor Sanguineus, Sudor cruentus—s. Uni-
 versalis, Panhidrosis.               •
   SUDORIFER, Sudoriferous, Sudorific.
   SUDORIF'EROUS,  Sudorifer,  Hydroph'o-
rus, from sudor, ' sweat,' and fero,  ' I carry.'
That which carries sweat, as the  sudoriferous
ducts or glands.
   SUDORIFIC,   Sudorif'icum,   Sudorifer,
Hidrot'icum, Hydrote'rium, Hydrotopa'um, Hi-
dropo'et'icum, from sudor, ' sweat,' and facio,
' I make.'   A medicine which provokes sweat-
ing.  See Diaphoretic.
   Four Sudorific Woods, Quatuor ligna su-
dorifica, were, formerly, guaiacum, perfumed
cherry, sarsaparilla, and sassafras.
   SUDORIPAROUS, see Perspiration.
   SUDORS  NULLITAS,  Anidrosis—s. Pri-
vatio, Anidrosis—s. Snppressio, Ischidrosis.
   SUET, Sevum.
   SUETTE, Sudor Anglicus—s. ipidimique,
Sudor Anglicus—*. Miliaire, Sudor Anglicus—t,
de Picardie, Sudor picardicus—*. des Picards,
Sudor picardicus.
  SUEUR, Sudor—*. Anglaise, Sudor Angli-
cus—*. d'Expression, Expression, sweat of—
*. de Sang, Diapedesis, Sudor cruentus.
  SUFFERSURyE, Sudamina.
  SUFFIMEN, Suffimentum.
  SUFFIMENT'UM, Hypocapnis'ma, Suffi'-
men, Thymi'ama, Suffi'tus, Suffumiga'tio, (F.)
Parfum.   A perfume.   A fumigation.
  SUFFITIO, Fumigation.
  SUFFTTUS, Fumigation, Suffimentum.
  SUFFLATIO, Puffiness.
  SUFFOCATIO, Suffocation, Orthopncea—s.
Hypochondriaca, Hypochondriasis—s. Hysteri-
ca,  Angone—s. Stridula,  Cynanche trachealis
—s. Uterina, Angone.
  SUFFOCATION, Suffoca'tio, Prafoca'tio,
Apopnix'is, Asphyx'ia, Melana'ma, from sub,
'under,'  and focus, 'a fire-place.'  Death, or
suspended animation from impeded respiration,
whether  caused by the inhalation of noxious
gases, drowning, hanging, strangling, or smo-
thering.  The principal  morbid appearances in
such cases are :—the lungs of a deep blue colour.
with the blood extra vasa ted in the air-cells;
right  auricle  and ventricle filled  with  dark
blood, as well  as the neighbouring veins;  li-
vidity  of the countenance, turgescence, and,
perhaps,  rupture of the vessels of the brain.
  Treatment of suspended animation by suffo-
cation in general.  The patient  must be con-
veyed into a room not too warm.  Blood-letting
must be used, if at all, with caution :—friction
must be employed with salt or warm flannels,:
stimulating fluids, in a dilute state, be poured
into the  stomach by means of a tube, and  at-
tempts be  made to  inflate the lungs.   Laryn-
gotomy,  if necessary.
  Suffocation, Pnigopho'bia, (F.) itouffement,
is used for  threatened suffocation, as strangling
is.   It means the state of dyspnoea and oppres-
sion experienced when a sufficient quantity of
air does not enter the lungs, or when the che-
mical phenomena of respiration are imperfectly
executed; as in cases of asthma.
  SUFFOCATION UTERINE, Hysteria.
  SUFFRAGO, Poples.
  SUFFUMIGATION, Suffimentum.
  SUFFUMIGIUM, Fumigation.
   SUFFUMINATIO, Fumigation.
   SUFFUSIO, Pseudoblepsia—s. Aurigino3a,
Icterus—s. Bilis, Icterus—s.  Colorans, Chro-
mopsia—s. Dimidians, Hemiopia—s. Exclarans,
Oxyopia—s. Fellis, Icterus—s. Lentis crystal-
linse, Cataract—s. Metamorphosis,  Metamor-
phopsia— s.  Multiplicans, see  Diplopia — s.
Myodes, Metamorphopsia—s. Nigra, Amaurosis
—s. Oculi, Cataract, Pseudoblepsia—s. Oculo-
rum, Metamorphopsia—s. Radians, Scotasma—
s. Sanguinis, Ecchymoma.
   SUGAR,  Saccharum—s. Barley, Penidium
—s.  Candy, Saccharum  candidum—s.  Cane,
see Saccharum—s. of Lead, Plumbi superacetas
—s. Pine, see Arrowroot.
   Sugar of Milk, Sac'charum lactis, Galac'to-
sac'charum, (F.) Sucre de Lait, is obtained from
whey by  evaporation  and crystallization.  It
possesses  the demulcent  properties of the su-
 gars.
   Sugars, Various, see Saccharum.
   SUGGILLA'TION, Sugilla'tio, Livor, Su- 
SUGGRUNDIUM             813           SULPHURIC ACID
gillation, OJJde'ma  cruentum;  a  bruise; from
sugillare, 'to give a  black eye.'  By most
authors used synonymously with ecchymosis
and ecchymoma.   It  is, also, applied to the
spots, or ecchymoses which occur in consequence
of intrinsic causes,—in disease  and in incipient
putrefaction.   It is common  in dead  bodies.
To this  last case  it is,  indeed,  restricted by
some  medico-legal  writers; and  an interesting
question sometimes arises:—Whether  the ap-
pearance  have been induced before death or
afterwards ?  Whether it be a case of ecchymo-
sis or of suggillation ?  In the former, the ex-
travasated blood will usually be coagulated;
not so in the latter.  It  is often, however, dif-
ficult to form  a correct  judgment without re-
ference to the history  of the case.
   SUGGRUN'DIUM,  perhaps from suggredi,
'• to go under.'  The eave of a house.
   Suggrundium  Oculi,  Superciliary  arch—s.
Superciliorum, Frontal protuberance.
   SUICIDA, Autochir.
   SUICIDAL INSANITY, Suicide.
   SU'ICIDE, Suicldium:  from sui cades,
' murder of one's self.'  The act of killing one's
self.   Autochi'ria, Autocton'ia,  Idiocton'ia,
Autophon'ia.  Suicide is very frequently the
result of disease of the  mind; the individual
seeming, at  times, to  be irresistibly  impelled
 to self-destruction.—Melancho'iia Suicid'ium,
 M. autochi'ria, Suicidal Insanity.   Also, one
 who commits self-murder.
   SUIE, Fuligo.
   SUIF, Sevum.
   SUITES DE COUCHES, Lochia.
   SULCATUS, Canneli, Grooved.
   SULCULUS LABII SUPERIORIS, Lacuna
 Labii superioris.
   SULCUS,  Semicana'lis, Semicanalic'ulus.
 A furrow.   A groove.   (F.) Sillon.  Anato-
 mists have  given this name to grooves on the
 surface of bones and other organs.
   French writers  on anatomy  often  use the
 term  Sillons for the  grooves which lodge the
 arteries and creep on  the surface of bones;
 whilst those that receive veins are called gout-
 tib-es,' gutters.'   Also, the Vulva.
   Sulcus Antero-posterior Jecoris,see Liver
 —s. Labii  superioris, Lacuna Labii superioris
 —s. Transversalis, see Liver—s. Umbilicalis,
 see Liver.
   SULFATE  D'AMMONIAQUE,  Ammo-
 niae sulphas.
   SULFIDUM CARBONII, Carbonis sulphu-
 retum.
   SULFUR, Sulphur.                 .
   SULFURE DE CARBON, Carbonis sul-
 phuretum.
   SULPHAS  ALUMINARS, Alumen—s.
 Ammoniacae CupTatus,  Cuprum ammoniatum
 -s. Cadmicus, Cadmii Sulphas—s.  Kahco-alu-
 minicum, Alumen—s. Natricus, Soda, sulphate
 of—s. Zincicum, Zinci sulphas.           ,
   SULPHUR, Sulfur, Scorith, Tkelon, Tkion,
 Averich, Terra folia'ta,  Fumus  citrinus,Aq-
 nila,  Brimstone,  (F.)  Soufre.   The Native
 Sulphur is called Rock Sulphur, Sulphur vivum,
 &c.   Sulphur, as we  meet with it, is  in rolls,
 Sulphur in rofulis, S. rotun'dtim, Roll Brim-
 stone.   It  is a volcanic  production, and is ob-
 tained,  in large  quantities, from ^tara, in
 Italy.   Roll Sulphur is impure  sulphur, melt-
 ed, and run into  moulds.  It is unpleasantly
odorous, when heated or rubbed; insipid; solid,
and brittle. S. g. 1.99.  Fusible at 226°; vola-
tilizable by heat, and condensing unchanged.
  Sulphur Antimoniatum, Antimonii sulphu-
retum praecipitatum—s.  Carburet of, Carboni*
sulphuretum—s. Iodatum, see Iodine—s. Iodide
of, see Iodine—s. Liver of, Potassa; sulphuretum,
  Sulphur Lotum, Sulphur sublima'tum latum,
Wasked Sulphur, Magiste'rium Sulph'uris, Sul-
phuris Flores loti, is prepared by pouring boil-
ing water on sublimed sulphur, so as to wash
away any acid  it may contain, and then dry-
ing it.
  Sulphur  Pracipita'tum, Lac  Sulph'uris,
Milk of Sulphur, Precip'itated Sulphur, (F.)
Creme de Soufre, is  prepared  by boiling sub-
limed sulphur and lime together, and adding
muriatic acid to precipitate the sulphur.
  Sulphur Sublima'tum, Sulphur, (Ph. U. S.)
Sublimed Sulphur or Flowers of Sulphur, (F.)
Soufre subiimi, Fleurs de Soufre, is the sulphur
of commerce, sublimed  in close vessels.
  Sulphur is possessed  of stimulant, laxative,
and diaphoretic properties.   As a laxative, it is
used in hemorrhoidal  and other affections.  In
the itch, applied externally and taken internally.
it has been considered as a specific (?), and it is
a valuable remedy in  most cutaneous affections
that are local.  Dose, gss to gij.
  The faeces or dregs, left in the purification or
sublimation of sulphur,  are called Horse Brim-
stone, Dregs of Sulphur vivum, Sulphur cabal-
li'num, S. vivum, Sulphuris vivi recremen'ta.
They are very impure, and are  only used ex-
ternally.
   Sulphur,Vegetaele, Lycopodium—s. Wort,
Peucedanum.
  SULPHURATUS,Sulphureous,Sulphurated.
   SULPHU'REOUS, Sulpkuro'sus,  Sulphu -
rius, Sulphura'tus, Sulpk'uretted.  Possessing
the properties of, or  relating to sulphur.
   SULPHURETTED,  Sulphureous —s.  Hy-
drogen, see Hydrogen, sulphuretted.
   SULPHURETUM AMMONIACE, Ammo-
nias sulphuretum—s.  Ammoniae hydrogenatum,
Liquor fumans Boylii—s. Kalicum, Potassae sul-
phuretum—s. Lixiviae,  Potassae sulphuretum.
   SULPHURIC ACID, AC'idum Sulphu'ri-
cum  vel Sulfuricum, Oleum Vitrioli, Spir'-
itus Vitrioli, S. v. fortis, Acidum vitriolicum,
 Oil of Vitriol,  Spirit of Vitriol, Vitriolic Acid,
Acidum  Vitrioli  dephlogistica'tum, Acor Sul-
phuris, (F.) Acide Sulpkurique ou Sulfurique.
 Sulphuric acid is inodorous; has a strong acid
 taste, and is corrosive.   S. g. 1.845 (Ph. U. S.)
 It is escharotic, stimulant, rubefacient.  Mixed
 with lard, it is sometimes used in local pains,
 and certain cutaneous affections.
   Sulphuric Acid, Aromatic, AC'idum Sul-
 phu'ricum Aromat'icum, A. vitriolicum aromat'-
 icum^. vitriolicum alcoko'lB aromaticum, Elixir
 vitrio'li,  E. v. aromaticum, E. vitrioli.  Myn-
 sich'ti, E. vitrioli Edinburgen'sium, E. vitri-
 oli cum  tinctu'ra aromaticd, E. vitrioli dulc?
 seu acido-aromat'icum, Alcohol cum aromat'ibv*
 sulphurica tus, Tinctu'ra acidi sulphurici, is
 formed of sulphuric acid, f.  gjijss; ginger.
 bruised, gj;  cinnamon, bruised, giss ;  Alcohol,
 Oij.—Ph. U. S.  Dose, g"- x to xxx.  Pk. L.
   Sulphuric  Acid,  Dilu'ted,  AC'idum Sul-
 phuricum Dilu'tum, Acidum vitriol'icum dilu-
 tum, Elixir of Vitriol, Elixir vitrioli, Spir'-
 itus vitrio'li ac"idus Yogle'ri,(F.) Acide svlfn- 
SULPHURIS IODIDUM         814          SUPERSCAPULARIS
 rique dilayi, is formed, according to the Phar-
 macopoeia of the United States, by adding aq.
 destillat. f. gxij, to acid, sulph.  f. gj.   It is
 tonic, astringent, and refrigerant.  Dose, gtt. x
 to xx, largely diluted.  When used as a gargle,
 half a drachm may be added to gvj of water.
   Very dilute  sulphuric acid was  formerly
 termed Phlegma vitrioli.
   SULPH'URIS IO'DIDUM,  I'odide of Sul-
 phur, see Iodine.   It is thus directed to be pre-
 pared in the Pharmacopoeia of the U. S. (1842).
 (Iodin. giv ; sulphur, gj.)  Rub the iodine and
 sulphur together in a glass, porcelain, or marble
 mortar, until they are thoroughly mixed.   Put
 the mixture  into a matrass, close the orifice
 loosely, and apply a gentle heat, so as to darken
 the mass without melting it.  When  the colour
 has become uniformly dark throughout, increase
 the heat so as to melt the iodide;  then incline
 the matrass in  different directions, in order to
 return into  the mass any portions  of iodine
 which may have condensed on the inner surface
 of the vessel: lastly, allow the  matrass to cool,
 break it, and put the iodide into bottles, which
 are to be well stopped.
   SULPHURIUS, Sulphureous.
   SULPHUROSUS, Sulphureous.
   SUL'PHUROUS  ACID, Acidum sulphu-
 ros'icum, A. sulph'uris volat'ile, A. Sulphuro'-
 sum vel   Sulfurosum,  Spir'itus sulphuris,
 Spiritus sulpkuro'sus volat'ilis, Sp. sulphuris
 per  campa'nam, Sp. vitrio'li phlogistica'tus,
 Gas  sulphuris,  (F.)  Acide Sulfureux,  Air
 Acide Vitriolique.  Obtained by treating mer-
 cury with  concentrated sulphuric  acid, or by
 burning sulphur. It is sometimes used in the
 gaseous,—at others, in the liquid state.   Sul-
 phurous acid gas is used to disinfect cloths, con-
 fined air, letters coming from infected places,
 &c. It is also exhibited, with great success, in
 the  forrh of fumigation, in the treatment of
 certain chronic  cutaneous affections,  and of
 sciatic and rheumatic pains in general.   If re-
 spired pure, it acts  in the manner of violent
 irritants;  and is not long in producing death.
   SULTZMALT, MINERAL WATERS
 OF.  Sultzmalt  is a village in the  department
 of the Upper Rhine; where are  several sources
 of cold, acidulous waters, which seem  to con-
 tain carbonic acid, subcarbonate of soda, sub-
 carbonate of lime, sulphate of lime, and a lit-
 tle bitumen.  They are refrigerant,  aperient,
 and  alterative.
   SUMAC DES CORROYEURS, Rhus co-
 riaria—*. Vinineux, Rhus toxicodendron.
   SUMACH, Rhus  coriaria.
   SUMEN, Hypogastrium.
  SUMMER COMPLAINT. A popular name
 in the United States, for diarrhoea occurring in
 summer.  It is often, also, made to include dy-
 sentery and cholera  infantum:  with some it
 means cholera infantum only.
  Summer Diseases, see Estival—s. Rash, Li-
 chen tropicus.
  SUMMITAS CUTIS, Epidermis.
  SUMMUS HUMERUS, Acromion.
  SUNBURN, Ephelides—s. Dew, Drosera ro-
 tundifolia—s. Flower, false, Helenium autum-
 nale—s. Flower, swamp, Helenium autumnale
—s.  Pain, see Hemicrania—s. Rash, Lichen—
s. Stroke, Coup de Soleil.
  SUNSTROKE, EGYPTIAN, Coup de Soleil
  SUPELLECTILE DIOGENS, Palm.
   SUPELLEX ANATOMICA, Museum ana-
 tomicum—s. Diogenis, Palm.
   SUPER.  A common Latin prefix;  in com-
 position, signifying ' above.'
   SUPERBUS, Rectus superior oculi.
   SUPERCILIARIS, Corrugator supercilii.
   S U P E RCIL'l AR Y, Supercilia'ris, from
 super, 'above,' and cilium,' the edge of the eye-
 lid.'  That which relates to the supercilia or
 eyebrows. (F.) Sourcilier ou Surcilier.
   Supercil'iary Arches, Superciliary  Ridges,
 Arcus  supercilia'res, Suggrun'dia oculo'rum,
 (F.) Arcades sourcilieres, are two slightly pro-
 jecting apophyses, situate at the anterior  sur-
 face of the os frontis, above the superior margin
 of the orbits.   They are separated by the nasal
 bosse, and covered hy the superciliaris muscle,
 to which they give attachment.
   Superciliary Ridges, Superciliary arches.
   SUPERCILTUM, Ophrys, Oph'rya, Vallum,
 (F.) Sourcil.   Same etymon.   The  eyebrows
 are two arched eminences,—convex above, and
 more or less prominent, according to the indi-
 vidual,—which lie on  the superciliary arch of
 the  os  frontis, above the eyelids, and extend
 from the sides of the  root of the nose to the
 temple. Their inner extremity or head  is more
 prominent than the outer or tail. The eyebrows
 are covered with short and stiff hairs, which are
 directed, obliquely, from within outwards, and
 are,  commonly, of the colour of the hair.  The
 skin in  which  these hairs are  implanted, rests
 on the orbicularis palpebrarum, frontalis, and
 superciliaris muscles, which move the eyebrows
 in different directions.  The eyebrows serve as
 an ornament to the countenance; and by cover-
 ing the eye defend it from the impression of
 too strong a light.  They direct the perspira-
 tion  also from the eye.
   Supercilium Acetab'uli.  The edge of the
 cotyloid cavity of the os innominatum.
   SUPEREVACUATIO, Hypercrisis.
   SUPERFECUNDATION, Superfcetation.
   SUPERFICIES PLANT ARS PEDIS, Sole.
   SUPERFCECUNDATIO, Superfcetation.
   SUPERFCETATIO, Superfcetation.
   SUPERFCETATION, Superfata'tio, Super-
feta'tio, Epicye'sis, Hypercye'sis, Superimprag-
 na'tio, Epig'one, Superfacunda'tio, Epicye'ma,
 Superfecundation, from super, 'upon,' and fa-
 tare, 'to bring  forth young.'   Conception  of a
 fcetus—epicye'ma—in a uterus which already
 contains one.   The impregnation of a  female
 already pregnant.  The possibility of this has
 been denied; but there  is abundant evidence to
 show, that it is possible at a very early period
 of pregnancy.
   SUPERGEMINALS,  Epididymis.
   SUPERGENUALS, Patella.
   SUPERHUMERALE, Epomis.
   SUPERIMPRjEGNATIO, Superfcetation.
   SUPERIOR  AURIS,  Attollens  aurem—s.
 Rotundus clitoridis, Ischio-cavernous.
   SUPERLABIA, Clitoris.
   SUPERLIGAMEN,  Epidesmus.
   SUPERLIGULA, Epiglottis.
   SUPERNUTRITIO LIENIS, Splenoncus-
s.  Splenis, Splenoncus.
   SUPEROXALAS KALICUM, Potass, oxa-
late of.
   SUPERPURGATIO, Hypercatharsis.
  SUPERSCAPULARIS, Supraspinal—s.
Inferior, Infra-spinatus. 
    SUPINATEUR COURT ou PETIT   8.

  SUPINATEUR COURT ou PETIT, Su-
 pinator radii brevis—*. Grand  ou long,  Supi-
 nator radii longus.
  SUPINA'TION, Supinatio,  from supinus,
 ' lying on the back.'  The movement in which
 the forearm and hand are  carried outwards, so
 that the  anterior surface of the latter becomes
 superior.
  In Pathology, Supination, Supinatio,  Hyp-
 tias'ma, Hyptias'mus, means the horizontal po-
 sition on the back, with the head thrown  back,
 and  the legs and arms  extended.  It is often a
 sign of great weakness in disease.
  SUPINATOR.   Same etymon.  That which
 produces  supination.   A  name given to two
 muscles of the  forearm.
  Supinator  Brevis  seu Minor,  Supinator
 radii brevis—s. Longus seu major,  Supinator
 radii longus.
  Supinator Radii Brevis, S. brevis senminor,
 (F.) Epicondylo-radial (Ch.,) Supinateur court
 ou petit supinateur.  A muscle, seated at the
 outer and back part of the forearm.   It is flat-
 tened, triangular,  and  curved  upon  itself, in
 such a manner that it embraces the superior
 extremity of the radius.   It is attached, on the
 one  hand, to the external  tuberosity  of the hu-
 merus, and to a small  portion of the posterior
 surface of the  ulna, and  is inserted into the
 upper  third of the outer and upper surfaces of
 the  radius.  It produces,  by contracting,  the
 motion of supination.
  Supinator Radii Longus, 5. longus sive major,
 Bra'chio-radia'lis, (F.)  Humiro -sus -radial
 (Ch.),Long ou grand supinateur, is seated at the
 anterior and outer part of the forearm.  It  arises
 from the inferior part of the outer edge of the
 os humeri, and  from the external intermuscu-
 lar aponeurosis; and is inserted, by a long ten-
 don, into the outer edge of the radius, near the
 base of the styloid process.  It causes the supi-
 nation of the forearm, which it  can likewise
 bend on the arm.
   SUPPEDANEA, Hypopodia.
   SUPPLANTALIA, Hypopodia.
   SUPPLEMENTA   EPIPLOICA,  Epiploic
 appendages.
  SUPPORTER, ABDOMINAL,Belt, Russian.
   SUPPOSITION DE  PART, Pregnancy,
 pretended.
   SUPPOSITORIUM, Suppository—s. Uteri-
 num, Pessary.
   SUPPOSITORY, Supposito'rium, Hypoth'-
 eton, Bacillus, Balanis'mus, Bal'anus, Glans,
 from supponere, (sub,  and  ponere,  ' to  put,')
 ' to  put  under.'  Any  solid medicine, in the
 form of a cone or cylinder, intended to  be in-
 troduced into the rectum;—either for the pur-
 pose of favouring  intestinal evacuations, or to
 act  as an anodyne.   Purgative  suppositories
 are made of soap, aloes, or any other irritating
 substance.
  SUPPRESSIO ALVI, Constipation— s.  Lo-
 chiorum,  Ischolochia—s. Lotii, Ischuria—s.
 Mensium,  Amenorrhoea—s.   Menstruationis,
 Amenorrhoea—s. Sudoris, Ischidrosis.
  SUPPRESSION DU FLUX MENSTRU-
 EL, Amenorrhoea—*. de Part, see Parturition
 —*. d'Urine, Ischuria.
  SUPPURANS, Suppurative.
  SUPPURA'TION,   Suppura'/io,  Ecpye'ma,
 Purulen'tia, Pyo'sis, Pye'sis, Diapye'ma, Dia-
pye'sis, Pyogen'ia simplex, (F.) Aboutissement.
5           SUPRA-SPINATUS

Formation or secretion of pus, (see, also Pyoge-
nia,) from sub,' under,' and^w*. It is a frequent
termination of inflammation, and may occur in
almost all the tissues.  This termination is an-
nounced by slight chills; by remission of the
pain, which, from being lancinating, becomes
heavy;  by a sense of weight in the part,  and,
when the collection of pus can be  easily  felt,
by fluctuation.  When pus  is thus formed in
the cellular membrane, and is collected in one
or more cavities, it constitutes an abscess. If
it be formed from a surface exposed to the  air,
it is an ulcer.-  and such ulcers we are in the
habit of establishing artificially in certain cases
of disease.
   SUP'PURATIVE,  Suppu'rans,  Suppuratl-
vus, Diapye'ticus, Ecpyo'ticus, Ecpyiscon'tus.
That which facilitates suppuration.  Suppura-
tives are, generally, vesicants mixed with lard.
   SUPRA.  A common  Latin prefix: in com-
position, signifying ' above.'
   SUPRA-COST A'LES,  Levato'res  Costa'-
rum, (F.) Sur-costaux,  from supra,  'above,'
and  cost a, ' a rib.'   A name given to twelve
small,  fleshy  fasciculi,  which are  flattened,
triangular, and with radiating fibres.  They
pass from the transverse processes of the dorsal
vertebrae  to the superior  margin of the rib be-
neath.  Spigelius,  Cowper, Boyer,  Chaussier,
and  others consider  them to form part of the
intercostales externi.
  SUPRA-OR'BITAR,Supra-orbita'lis,Supra-
orbita'rius,  (F.)  Sus-orbitaire,  from supra,
' above,' and orbita,' the orbit.' That which is
situate above the orbit.
   Supra-Or'bitar Fora'men,Fora'men Supra-
orbita'rium, F. orbitarium supe'rius, (F.) Trou
sus-orbitaire ou orbitaire supirieur, is a fora-
men or  notch  completed by a ligament at the
inner third of the orbitar arch.  It gives  pas-
sage to the supra-orbitar or superciliary artery,
a branch of the ophthalmic, which ascends the
forehead, and is distributed thereto.
   SUPRA-PU'BIAN, Supra-pubic, Supra-pu-
bia'nus, from supra, and pubes. That which is
seated above the pubis.
   Supra-Pubian Nerve, (F.) Nerf sus-pubien,
is the internal ramus  of the inguino-cutaneous
branch  of the first lumbar  nerve.  It is the
genito-crural branch  of  Bichat.  It descends
almost vertically before the psoas muscle;  and,
near the crural arch, divides into two branches.
One of  these accompanies the spermatic cord,
and  is distributed to the cremaster, scrotum,
and  integuments on the inner part of the thigh.
The other issues from the pelvis with the fe-
moral filaments;  traverses the aponeurosis of
the thigh, and is distributed to the integuments
of the upper and anterior part of the limb.
   SUPRA-RE'NAL,  Supra-rena'lis, (F.) Sur-
rinal, from supra, ' above,' and ren,' the  kid-
ney.'  Seated above  the kidney—as the supra-
renal capsule.
   SUPRA-SCAPULARS, Supra-spinatus.
   SUPRA-SEMIORBICULARS, Orbicularis
oris.
   SUPRA-SPINA'TUS,  Supra-spino'sus,  (F.)
Sur-ipineux, Sus-ipineux,  from  supra,  and
spina.  That which is seated above the spine.
   Supra-spinata Fossa,  (F.) Fosse sus-ipi-
neuse, is a triangular depression  above  the
spine of the scapula.
   Supra-Spinatus Muscle, Super-scapula'ris, 
SUR
811
(F.) Susspino-scapulo-trochitirien, Petit sus-
scapulo-trochitirien, (Ch.) Suprascapularis, is
situate in the fossa supra-spinata.  It is elon-
gated, thick, and triangular, and is attached, on
the one  hand, to the two inner  thirds of the
fossa supra-spinata;  and terminates, on the
other, at  the anterior part of the great tuberosity
of the humerus.   This muscle raises the arm.
  Supra-Spino'sa  Ligamen'ta,  Supra-spinal
lig'aments, are two in number.   1. The Dorso-
lumbo-supraspinal ligament, (F.) Ligament
sur-ipineux  dorso-lombaire,  extending above
the spinous processes of  the dorsal and lumbar
vertebrae from the 7th cervical as far as the
median crista of the sacrum.  2. Cervical-su-
pra-spinal ligament, (F.)  Ligament-sur-ipi-
neux cervical, which extends above all the cer-
vical spinous processes, and  is attached, above,
to the outer occipital protuberance.
  SUR,  Supra.  A French prefix, signifying
' above.'
  SURA, Gastrocne'me, Gastrocne'mia,  Gas-
trocne'mium;  calf of the leg,   (F.) Mollet,
Gras de  Jambe.   The projection, formed at the
posterior part of the  leg by the gastrocnemii
muscles.  Also, the fibula.
  SURCILIER,  Corrugator supercilii, Super-
ciliary.
  SURCOSTAUX, Supracostales.
  SURCULI FELLEI,  Pori biliarii.
  SURCULUS, Ramusculus.
  SURDENT (F.), supra, 'above,' and dens,
' a tooth.' When  a milk tooth does not fall out
at the period of the  second dentition, but  is
merely forced to  one side by the new tooth, it
is called  a surdent.
  SURDITAS, Cophosis, Deafness.
  SURDITE, Cophosis, Deafness.
  SURDOMUTITAS,  Deaf-dumbness.
  SUREAU COMMUN, Sambucus.
  SURELLE, Oxalis acetosella.
  SUREPINEUX, Supraspinatus.
  SUR-EXCITATION, see Excitement, and
Super-excitation.
  SURFEIT, Colica crapulosa.
  SURGEON, Chirur'geon ; old French, Sur-
gien, Chiro'nax, Chirur'gus,  Vulnerum med'-
icus,  Cheiria'ter,  Ckiria'ter, Tdtrus, (F.)  Chi-
rurgien, from Xuq,' the hand,' and eqyov,' work.'
One who practises surgery.  The surgeon, says
Celsus, ought to be young, or, at all events, not
advanced in  life.   His  hand must  be steady,
expert, and never tremulous: he must use the
right or left with  equal facility :  his sight must
be clear  and  penetrating: his mind intrepid;
and  although unmoved  when he proceeds to
operate,  he must  not be in haste, nor cut less
than is necessary, but finish his operation,  as if
the cries of the patient  made  no impression
upon him.
  SURGEON-APOTH'ECARY.  One  who
unites the practice of surgery with that of the
apothecary.   A general practitioner.
  SURGEON-DENTIST, Dentist.
  SUR'GERY,Ckirur'gia, Chiriatrla, Ckeirix'-
is, Chi'risis,  Chirix'is, Chiris'mus, Metachei-
rix'is, Metachi'risis, Metachiris'mus, Tracta'-
tio manua ria, Medicina operati'va, Medicina
ef'ficax, (F,)  Ckirurgie.  The part of  the heal-
ing art which relates to external diseases; their
treatment; and; especially, to the manual  ope-
rations adapted for their cure.  Also, the office
of a surgeon.
6            SUSCEPTIBILITY

   Surgery, Anaplastic, Morioplastice — s.
 Autoplastic, Morioplastice—s. Dental, Dentis-
 try.
   Surgery, Mil'itary, (F.)  Ckirurgie mili-
 taire, is that which relates to the operations to
 be performed on the field of battle, or subse-
 quently ;—with the attention to be paid to the
 wounded, &c.
   Surgery, Op'erative, is termed Aciur'gia,
 Acur'gia, and Acidur'gia.
   Surgery, Plastic, Morioplastice.
   SURGICAL, Chirur'gieus, (F.) Chirurgical,
 Chirurgique.   That which relates to surgery;
 as surgical  anatomy, surgical operations, sur-
 gical instruments, &c.
   SURGIEN, Surgeon.
   SURINAMINE, see Geoffraea Surinamensis.
   SUR-IRRITATION, see Irritation.
   SUROXYGENESES.   A  name given by
 Baumes to diseases attributed by him to super-
 abundance of oxygen.
   SURPEAU, Epidermis.
   SURRECTA ALBA, Ranunculus flammula,
   SUR-RENAL,  Supra-renal.
   SURROGATUM, Succedaneum.
   SURSELS, see Salt.
   SURTOUTS LIGAMENTEUX DE  LA
 COLONNE VERTEBRALE, Vertebral liga-
 ments.
   SURUMPE (S.)  A disease to which the tra-
 veller in the Cordilleras is liable.  It consists of
 a violent inflammation of the eyes, caused by the
 reflection  of the bright rays of the sun.   The
 eyes become violently inflamed,  and the lids
 swell and bleed.  The pain is intense, and fre-
 quently induces delirium.—Tschudi.
   SURVIE, Survivorship.
   SURVIVORSHIP, (F.) Survie, from super-
 vivere, (super, and vivere,) (F.) survivre,  ' to
 live longer.' In legal medicine, this word means
 the probability that any individual has survived
 others in  an accident, which has been fatal to
 all.   This is often an important question, con-
 nected with the  inheritance of property, and on
 which physiology can rarely afford more  than
 presumptive grounds for conclusion.
   SUS, Supra.  A French prefix, signifying
 ' above.'
   SUS-ACROMIO-HUMERAL, Deltoid.
   SUS-CARPIEN;  from sus, (F.)  'above,'
 and carpe,'  the wrist.'  Above the wrist.  An
 epithet given by Chaussier to the  dorsal artery
 of the wrist—Artere  sus-carpienne—a branch
 of the radial.
   SUS-EPINEUX, Supraspinatus-*. Maxillo-
 labial, Levator  anguli oris—*. Maxillo-labial,
 grand, Levator  labii superioris alaeque nasi—*.
 Maxillo-labial moyen, Levator labii superioris
 proprius—*. Maxillo-nasal, Compressor naris
 —*. Optico-sphinoscliroticien, Rectus superior
 oculi—*.  Orbitaire,  Supra-orbitar—*. Phalan-
 gien  du pouce. Abductor pollicis brevis—*.
 Pubio-fimoral, Pectinalis—s. Scapulo-trochiti-
 rien, le plus petit, Teres minor—*.  Scapulo-
 trockitirien, petit, Supraspinatus—*.  Spino-
 scapulo-trochitirien, Supraspinatus.
   SUSCEPTIBILITY, from facile suscipiens,
 (sub or sus, and capio, ' I take,') ' easily taking,
 or  undertaking.'  Sensibility,  in  its most en-
 larged acceptation. Impressibility. This term,
 with the epithet nervous, is sometimes used for
 that increase in  the moral sensibility which  is
 particularly observed in nervous affections. 
SUSCEPTIO INTESTINORUM     817
SUTURE
   SUSCEPTIO INTESTINORUM, Intussus-
 ception.
   SUSPENDICULUM, Cremaster.
   SUSPENSA, Enaeorema.
   SUSPENSOIRE, Suspensory.
   SUSPENSORIUM, Suspensory—s. Testis,
 Cremaster.
   SUSPEN'SORY,  Suspenso'rius, from sus-
 pendere, (sub or sus, ' under,' and pendere, 'to
 hang,')'to hang under.' (F.) Suspensoire. That
 which sustains or suspends.
   Suspensory  Bandage, Suspenso'rium, is  a
 bandage intended to support the scrotum, in
 cases of disease  of the testicle or of scrotal
 hernia.  It consists of a kind of bag, fixed above
 to a cincture,  and  retained  below by strings
 passing between the thighs, and fixed to the
 cincture behind.
   Suspensory  Ligament of the Liver, Lig-
 amen'tum suspenso'rium he'patis, Perpendic'-
 ulum he'patis,  is a triangular duplicature of the
 peritoneum,  between the inferior surface of the
 diaphragm and the upper surface of the liver,
 which is continuous with the great falx of the
 umbilical vein.
   Suspensory  Ligament of the  Penis is  a
 fibro-cellular fascia,  of a  triangular  shape,
 which extends from the anterior part of the
 symphysis pubis to  the corpus cavernosum,
 which it sustains. A similar ligament belongs
 to the clitoris.
   SUSPENSUM, Enaeorema—s. Urine, Enaeo-
 rema.
   SUSPIRATIO, Suspirium.
   SUSPIRATUS, Suspirium.
   SUSPIRITUS, Suspirium.
   SUSPIR'IUM, Suspira'tio, Suspira'tus, Sus-
 pir'itus, from sub or sus, ' under,' and spiro, ' I
 breathe ;' Mygmus, Mych'mus, Mychtkis'mus,
 Stenag'mus,  Stenax'is;  a sigh, (F.)  Soupir.
 A short breathing.   A slow,  voluntary con-
 traction of the  diaphragm and intercostal mus-
 cles, the effect of which is to  restore the due
 relation between the circulation and respiration,
 or to free ourselves from an  inconvenient sense
 of weight felt in  the chest, when we are much
 depressed,—a  weight,  which  appears  to be
 chiefly dependent on the functions of the heart
 being  disturbed through the moral influence.
 The sigh differs from the sob:—the latter being
 involuntary and spasmodic.  Sighing, occurring
 in fevers to a great extent, indicates considera-
 ble depression.  When  accompanied  with  a
 vocal sound,  it  constitutes a groan.
   Suspirium  Cardiacum, Angina pectoris.
   SUSTENTACULUM, Aliment.
   SUSTENTATOR  CLITORIDIS,  Erector
 clitoridis—s. Penis, Erector penis.
  SUSURRUS, Bourdonnement—s.  Aurium,
 Tinnitus aurium.
  SUTELA, Suture.
  SUTERBERRY, Xanthoxylum fraxineum.
  SUTORIUS, Sartorius.
  SUTTER,  Saccharum.
  SUTURA  ABDOMINALS, Gastroraphy—
 s.  Arcualis,  Coronal suture—s. Biparietalis,
 Sagittal suture—s. Clavata, Suture, quilled—s.
 Cranii squamosa, Squamous suture—s. Dentata,
 see Suture—s. Frontoparietalis, Coronal suture
—s. Jugalis, Sagittal suture—s. Lambdoidalis,
Lambdoid suture—s. Limbosa, see  Suture—s.
Lepidoides,  Squamous  suture—s.  Mendosa,
Squamous suture—s. Notha, see Suture—s. Obe-
 laea, Sagittal suture—s.  Ossium Spuria, Har-
 mony—s. Prorae, Lambdoid suture—s. Punctata,
 Suture, common—s. Puppis, Coronal suture—
 3. Rhabdoides, Sagittal suture—s.  Serrata, see
 Suture—s. Serrata, Sagittal suture—s. Vera,
 see Suture.
   SUTURE, Sutu'ra, Sute'la, ArmB, RhaphB,
 from suere, sutum,  'to stitch;' Dove-tail joint,
 (F.) Engrenure.  A kind of immovable articu-
 lation, in  which the bones unite by  means of
 serrated edges, which are, as it were, dove-tailed
 into each other.   The  articulations  of the
 greater part of the bones of the skull are of this
 kind.   The coronal, lambdoidal, and sagittal
 sutures are called true sutures, the two tempo-
 ral are called false  sutures, suturx nothx.
   A dent at ed suture—Sutu'ra denta'ta—is one
 in which the processes are long and dentiform,
 as  in the interparietal suture.   In a serrated
 suture—sutu'ra seu syntax'is serra'ta—the  in-
 dentations and processes are  small  and fine,
 like the teeth of a saw, as in the suture between
 the two portions of the frontal bone.  In the
 sutu'ra limbo'sa there is along with the den-
 tated margins  a degree of bevelling of one, so
 that one bone  rests  on the other, as in the oc-
 cipito-parietal suture.
   Suture, in Surgery, Rha'phB, means an ope-
 ration which consists in stitching  the lips of a
 wound to procure  their  union.   The suture
 was, at one time,  largely employed;  but, in
 modern times, its use has been wisely restrict-
 ed.  There are few wounds in which  the edges
 may not be brought together by adhesive plaster
 appropriately applied.  This kind of union,  by
 adhesive  plaster  simply, has  been  absurdly
 termed  Sutura sicca or dry suture, in opposi-
 tion to the Sutura cruenta or suture properly
 so called.   The suture is  generally performed
 with  waxed thread  and straight or  curved
 needles, according to the arrangement of parts.
   The chief sutures are the interrupted  suture,
 the quilled suture, the glover's suture, and the
 twisted suture. 1. The Interrupted Suture,
 (F.) Suture a points  siparis, Suture entrecoupie,
 is performed by passing a needle, armed with a
 ligature, through the lips of the wound previ-
 ously brought  into contact; and then tying the
 extremities of the thread.  The other stitches
 are made in the same manner.  They are sepa-
 rate or interrupted.   It is the suture most com-
 monly used.  2. The Quilled Suture, Sutura
 clava'ta, (F.) Suture enchevillie ou emplumie ou
 empennie, Compound Suture, is merely the  in-
 terrupted  suture, with this difference, that the
 ligatures  are not tied over  the face  of the
 wound, but over two quills or rolls of plaster,
 or bougies, which  are laid along the sides of
 the wound.  It is used by some  surgeons, on
 account of there being less danger of the stitches
 tearing  out.   It is  not much employed.  3.
 The Glover's Suture, Contin'ued Suture, Un-
 interrupted Suture, (F.) Suture  de Pelletier,
 Suture en surget, is executed  by  introducing
 the needle first  into one lip of the wound from
 within outwards, then into the other  in the
 same way; and, in this manner, sowing up the
 whole extent of the wound.  It has been chiefly
 used in wounds of the intestinal canal.   It is
 now rarely employed except  for  stitching  up
dead bodies.  The  common stitch or  suture,
Sutura puncta'ta, (F.) Suture d points passis,
has been used in similar cases.  4. The  Royal 
318          SYMBLEPHAROSS
         SWADDLING CLOTHES         £

Stitch or Suture is the name of an old opera-
tion for the cure of bubonocele.  It consisted
in putting a ligature  under the hernial  sac,
close to  the  abdominal ring, and then tying
that part of the sac, so as to render it impervi-
ous by the adhesive inflammation thus excited.
5. The Twisted Suture, (F.) Suture entor-
tillie, is employed, chiefly, to unite wounds of
the cheeks and of the free edges of the lips.   To
perform it, a pin or needle is passed through
the  edges of the wound,  so as  to keep them
accurately in contact.  A piece of thread is
then wound accurately round the pin, from one
side of the division to the other, in the  form of
the figure oo .  The number of pins and sutures
must, of course, correspond with the extent of
the wound.  This is the suture used in cases of
harelip. f,.The SUTURE A ANSE,of LeTixan,
has only been employed in cases of wounds of
the intestines.  For this purpose, the edges of
the wound are brought together, and as many
needles, with unwaxed threads,  used as there
are to be stitches.  Each  stitch is then made
by passing a needle through the edges;  and all
the ligatures  which belong to one side of the
wound are tied  together, and twisted so as to
form a thread, which is fixed externally.
  Suture, Compound, Suture, quilled—s. Con-
tinued, Suture, glover's—*.  Ecailleuse,  Squa-
mous suture—*.  Empennie, Suture, quilled—*.
Emplumie, Suture,  quilled — *.  Enchevillee,
Suture, quilled—*. Entortillie, Suture, twisted
—*. Entrecoupie, Suture, interrupted—s. False,
Harmony—*. Occipita.le, Lambdoid suture—s.
Occipito-parietal, Lambdoid suture—*.  de Pel-
letier,  Suture, glover's—*.  d Points passis,
Suture, common—*. a Points separis,  Suture,
interrupted.—s.  Sagittal, see Sagittal suture—
*. Squameuse, Squamous suture—*. en Surget,
Suture, glover's—s. Superficial, Harmony—s.
Uninterrupted, see Suture, glover's.
  SWADDLING  C L 0 T HES, Swathing
clothes.
  SWALLOW,  Hirundo—s. Wort, Asclepias
vincetoxicum—s. Wort, orange, Asclepias tube-
rosa—s. Wort, tuberous-rooted, Asclepias tube-
rosa—s. Wort, white, Asclepias vincetoxicum.
  SWAMP CABBAGE, Dracontium fcetidum
—s.  Sickness, Milk sickness—s. Wood, Cepha-
lanthus occidentalis, Dirca palustris.
  SWATHING  CLOTHES, Swaddling
Clothes, Incunab'ula, Fascia, Panni, from Sax.
rpet>an,' to bind.'  (F.) Maillot.  The kind of
clothing or bandaging formerly applied  to chil-
dren during the  first year of life.  It  is now,
properly, laid aside, and every freedom allowed
to muscular exertion.
  SWEAT, Sudor—s. Bloody, Sudor cruentus
—s.  Scab, Crusta genu equinae.
  SWEATING  OF BLOOD, see  Diapedesis,
and Sudor cruentus—s. Plant, Eupatorium per-
foliatum—s. Sickness, Sudor Anglicus.
  SWEATING  SICKNESS, MALWAH.  A
disease which appears to be allied to the worst
form of cholera, and to bear a close relation to
malignant congestive  fever.  As its npxxie im-
ports, it occurs in Malwah in India.
  SWEET BITTER,  Triosteum — s. Bush,
Comptonia asplenifolia—s.  Fern, Comptonia
asplenifolia—s. Flag, Acorus calamus—s. Pod,
Ceratonium siliqua—s. Root, Aralia nudicaulis.
  SWELLING,  Epanaste'ma, Exar'ma,.Exa-
de'sis,  Presis, Presma, Oncus, Extumefac'tio,
 Tumor, Tumefac'tio, (F.) Enflure, Gonflement,
from   Sax.  mllan,  (D.)  s w e 1 1 e n (G.)
schwellen, 'to swell.'  Morbid  increase of
bulk in the whole, or a part, of  the body.  See
Tumour.
   Swelling, White, Hydrarthrus.
   SWERTIA CHIRAYITA.Gentiana chirayita
—s. Difformis, see Calumba—s. Frasera, see
Calumba.
   SWIETE'NIA  FEBRIF'UGA,  Feb'rifuge
Swiete'nia, (F.) Mahogan fibrifuge.  Family,
Meliaceae.   Sex.  Syst. Decandria Monogynia.
The bark of this  tree, which is  a native of the
East Indies, and called there Rohena Bark, has
an aromatic odour and bitter taste.  It is tonic
and stomachic, and has been used in intermit-
tents, and in diseases where bitter tonics are
indicated.  Dose, }}j to £)ij of the powder.
   Swiete'nia Mahog'ani,  Mahogany  Tree,
grows in the West Indies  and  tropical Ame-
rica, and is possessed of similar  properties.
   SWIMMING, Natation—s. of the Head, Ver-
tigo.
   SWOON, Syncope.
   SYALADENI'TS, Inflamma'tio glandula'-
rum saliva'lium,  from o-iaXov, 'saliva,' aSrjv, 'a
gland,'  and itis,  denoting  inflammation.  In-
flammation of the salivary glands.
   SYCAMINOS, Morus nigra.
   SYCAMINUM, see Morus nigra.
   SYCE, Ficus, Ficus carica.
   SYCEA, Ficus.
   SYCEPH'ALUS, from <rVv, ' with,'  and  **-
<paxn, ' head.'   A monster having  two heads
united together.
   SYCION, o-vkuv, from  o-vxov,  'a fig.'  A de-
coction of dried figs.
   SYCI'TES, from n-vxov,  ' a fig.'   Wine,  in
which figs have been infused.
   Sycites, Catorchites.
   SYCOMA, Ficus.
   SYCO'SIS.  Same  etymon.  A  tumour  of
the shape of a fig.  Also, a fungous ulcer.   A
horny excrescence  about  the  eyelids.  Dr.
Bateman defines  it:—an eruption of inflamed
but not very hard tubercles  occurring on the
bearded portion of the face and on the scalp,
in adults;  and usually clustering together  in
irregular patches;—Phyma Sycosis, Rose'ola
fico'sa.  Of this he has given two  species:  1.
Sycosis Menti, S. barba, Men'tagra, Mentlgo,
 Varus  Men'tagra, Chinwelk,  Barber's  Itch,
(F.) Dartre pustuleuse mentagre: and, 2. Syco-
sis Capil'li, S.  Capillifii.  The  treatment, in
both cases, resembles that for Porrigo favosa.
   Sycosis, Ficus.
   SYCUM, Ficus.
   SYDERATIO, Sideratio.
   SYLLEPSlOLOG"IA, from  o-vXXrjx/jig,' con-
ception,' and xoyog, ' a description.'  The doc-
trine  of conception.
   SYM, SYN, o-uv, ' with, together,' like  the
cum,  con, col, cor, &c, of the Latins.  A com-
mon prefix.  Before b, p, ph, ps, and m,—sym,
or xyn, is changed into sym or xym, (com;) be-
fore c, ch, g, k, and x, into syn or xyn, ovy,^uy,
(con;)  before I into syl  or xyl, (col;)  before r
into syr or xyr (cor;) and before * into sy or xy,
and sys, (co and cos.)
   SYMBLEPHARON, Ankyloblepharon.
   SYMBLEPHAROSS, Concre'tio palpebra-
rum  cum bulbo  oc'uli,  from ovv,  'with,' and
(IXetpagov, ' an eyelid.'  A  preternatural adhe- 
SYMBOLE                819  SYMPLOCARPUS ANGUSTISPATHA
sion between the eyelids; and especially be-
tween the upper eyelid and globe of the eye.
  Symblepharosis, Ankyloblepharon.
  SYMBOLE, Commissure.
  SYMBOLEUSS, Consultation.
  SYMBOLSMUS, Sympathy.
  SYMBOLIZATIO, Sympathy.
  SYMBOLOGICA, Symptomatology.
  SYMBOLUM, Sympathy.
  SYM'MELES; from <rvv,' with,' and ^Xog,
'an extremity.' Mon'opus. A genus of monsters
whose  extremities are joined together.—I. G.
St. Hilaire.
  SYMMETRIA, Symmetry.
  SYMMETRICAL, Symmet'ricus, trvufiir^og,
from ovv,' with,' and ^eigsiv,' to measure.' An
epithet given to those parts of the body, which,
if seated on  the median line, may be  divided
into  two equal, and perfectly like halves; or
which—if situate,  the  one  to the right, the
other to the left of this line—have a similar con-
formation, and a perfectly analogous arrange-
ment.
   SYM'METRY,  Symmet'ria,  Commen'snm,
Membro'rum Om'nium Competen'tia, Propor'tio.
The regularity in form, observed in many parts,
situate on the median line; and also, the resem-
blance which exists between many organs that
are situate on each  side the  median line.  Bi-
chat first noticed that this symmetry was con-
fined to the organs of animal life;  as the head,
brain,  spine, organs of sense, of locomotion, &c.
   SYMPARATERESIS, Observation.
   SYMPASMA, Catapasma.
   SYMPATHESIS, Sympathy.
   SYMPATHETIC, Sympath'icus, Sympathe-
tica, (F.) Sympathique, from o-vv, ' with,' and
nadog,  'suffering.'  That which  depends on
sympathy.   Sympathetic affections of an organ
are  those morbid phenomena that supervene
without any morbific cause acting directly on
it, and by the reaction of another organ prima-
rily affected.  Thus, itching of the nose is  a
sympathetic  affection, produced by irritation in
 the intestinal canal.
   The epithet sympathetic is also given to dif-
ferent nerves.   See Trisplanchnic, Pneumogas-
 tric, and Facial.
   Sympathetic, Great, Trisplanchic nerve
 —s. Middle, Pneumogastric.
   Sympathetic Powder, Pulvis sympathet'-
 icus of  Sir  Kenelm  Digby, was composed  of
 calcined sulphate of iron, prepared in a  particu-
 lar manner.   It was long supposed to be able
 to cure a wound, if applied to the weapon that
 inflicted it;  or even to a portion of the bloody
 clothes.  It is proper to remark, however, that
 the wound itself was carefully excluded  from
 the air, and from all irritation.
   SYMPATHETICUS MINOR, Facial nerve.
   SYMPATHETSMUS, Sympathy.
   SYMPATHIA, Consent of parts.
   SYMPATHICUS, Sympathetic.
   SYMPATHIQUE, Sympathetic.
   S Y M'P A T H Y,  Sympathi'a, Sympathe'-
sis, Compas'sio, Consensus, Sympathetis'mus,
Xympathi'a,  Conflux'io,  Conspira'tio,  Com-
mer'cium, Consortium, Homoiopathla, Homo-
eth'nia,  Adelphix'is, Symbolis'mus, Symboh-
za'tio, Sym'bolum.   The connexion that exists
between  the action  of two or  more organs,
more or less distant from each other; so that
the affection of the first is transmitted, seconda-
rily, to the  others, or to one of the others, by
means  unknown.  A knowledge of the par-
ticular sympathies between different  organs,
throws light on  the etiology of diseases, their
seat, and the particular organ towards which
our therapeutical means should be directed.
See Irritation.
  SYMPEPSIS, Coction.
  SYMPEXS, Concretion.
  SYMPHORA, Congestion.
  SYMPHOREMA, Congestion.
  SYMPHORESIS, Congestion.
  SYMPHYIA, Symphysis.
  SYMPHYOCEPH'ALUS, Metop'ages,  Ce-
phalop'ages; from o-v/x<?vTig, 'united together,'
and xcqum, 'head.'  A monstrosity in which
twins are united by the head.
  SYMPHYSEOTOMY,Symphysot'omy,Syn-
chondrot'omy,  Symphyseotom'ia,  Symphysio-
tom'ia, from au/jL^oo-ig, and xt/tvo, ' I cut.'  The
operation or section of the Symphysis, Sigaul-
tian operation, Sigaultian section.  This ope-
ration is performed with the view of augment-
ing the diameter of the pelvis, in order to faci-
litate delivery in certain cases of faulty confor-
mation of that cavity, with wedging of the head
of the child therein.  To perforin the operation,
(F.) disymphyser, the female is placed on  her
back;  the pubes is shaved ; and, with a strong
scalpel, the  soft parts are divided on the median
line.   The articulation  is then cut.   As soon
as the fibrous parts, which hold the bones toge-
ther, are divided, they separate to a certain dis-
tance from each other; and the delivery may be
accomplished.  The knife, with which the ope-
ration is performed, is  called, by the  French,
Couteau symphysien.
   SYMPHYS'IA, from o-upqvatg, 'a  growing
together.'   A malformation consisting in the
union  of parts  that  are   usually divided.—
Breschet*
   SYMPHYSIOTOMY, Symphyseotomy.
   SYM'PHYSS, Symphyia, Coalescen'tia, Co-
al'itus, from o!^«pi/u), (<ri/v,' with,' and <j>uto, ' I
grow,') ' I  unite together.'  A union of bones.
The bond  of  such union.  The aggregate of
means used for retaining bones in situ in the
articulations.  The name symphysis has, how-
ever, been  more particularly appropriated to
certain articulations ; as to the symphysis pubis,
sacro-iliac  symphysis, &c.
   Symphysis, Coalescence, Commissure, Inser-
tion—s. Cartilaginea, Synchondrosis—s. Liga-
mentosa, Syndesmosis—s.  Ossium muscularis,
Syssarcosis—s. Pubis, Pubic articulation.
   SYMPHYSOTOMY,  Symphyseotomy.
   SYMPHYTOS, Hereditary.
   SYM'PHYTUM.  Same etymon.  Symphy-
tum officina'le,  Consolida major,  Comfrey,
Alum, Alus, (F.) Grande Consoude.  Family,
Boragineae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia.
The roots of this European plant are very mu-
cilaginous, and  are  employed  as emollients.
They  are  used in decoction  in haemoptysis,
dysentery,  chronic diarrhoea, &c.
   Symphytum, Solidago virgaurea—s. Mini-
mum,  Bellis—s. Minus, Prunella.
   Symphytum Petr^e'um, Coris Monspelien'sis,
Montpel'lier Coris.  An intensely bitter  and
nauseous plant, which is said to have been useful
in syphilis.   See, also, Sanicula.
   SYMPLOCARP'US  ANGUSTSPA'THA, 
SYMPODIA
820
SYNDROME
Dracontium angustispatha—s. Fcetida, Dracon-
tium fcetidum.
  SYMPOD'IA, Monopodia;  from aw, 'to-
gether,' and  noV(, voSog,  ' a foot.'  A  mon-
strosity in  which there  is coalescence of the
lower extremities.
  SYMPTOM, Sympto'ma,  Ac'cidens, Casus,
from o-xj-t,  'with,'  and n-rwpia,  'a  fall,' from
niTTU,' I fall.'  Any change, perceptible to the
senses  in any organ or function, which is con-
nected with morbific  influence.  It is by the
aggregate  and succession of symptoms that a
disease is  detected.  The term symptoms of
symptoms  has been used for  the effects which
result  from the symptoms of a disease;  but
which effects are not essentially connected with
the disease itself. Thus the debility arising from
the frequency of the evacuations in dysentery is
a symptom of symptoms.  See Sign.
  SYMPTOM A TURPITUDINIS, Nympho-
mania.
  SYMPTOMAT'IC, Symptomat'icus.  That
which  is a symptom  of some other affection.
Thus we speak of a symptomatic disease, in
opposition to one that  is idiopathic.
  SYMPTOMATOLOGY,Symptomatolog"ia,
Symbolog"ica, from o-Ufimw/u*, ' a symptom,'
and Xoyog, ' a treatise.'  The branch of patho-
logy, the  object of which is the knowledge of
symptoms.
  SYMPTO'SS,  from o-vv,' with,' and vinra,
' I fall.'  Depression or collapse, emaciation or
atrophy, either of the  whole  body or of a part.
  SYNiEREMA, Corrugation.
  SYN^ETION, Concausa.
  SYNANCHE,  Cynanche,  Cynanche tonsil-
laris.
  SYNANCIE, Cynanche.
  SYNAPHYMENITS, see Ophthalmia.
  SYNARTHRODIA, Synarthrosis.
  SYNARTHRO'DIAL,  Synarthrodia'lis,
from o-vv, ' with,' and ag&qao-ig, 'articulation.'
That which belongs to synarthrosis; as Synar-
throdial articulation.
  SYNARTHROSIS, Synarthrodia, Abarti-
cula'tio, Coarticula'tio.  An immovable  arti-
culation.  Synarthrosis includes three species :
Suture, Harmony, and Gomphosis.
  SYNATHROESIS,  Congestion.
  SYNATHROSMUS, Congestion.
  SYNCAN'THUS, from o-uv, 'with,' and xtv-
««?,' the corner of the eye.' A morbid adhesion
between the globe of the eye and the orbit.
  SYNCHONDRO'SIS, Sym'phy sis seu Cop'ula
seu Connex'io cartilagin'ea,Chondrosyndesm'us,
from  <rm, 'with,' and Xoviqoc,  'a cartilage.'
Union or articulation of bones by means of car-
tilage :—as the articulations of the ribs with the
sternum, by means of their  cartilages of pro-
longation.
  SYNCHONDROTOMY, Symphyseotomy.
  SYNCHRONIUS, Synchronous.
  SYNCHRONOUS,  Syn'chronus, Synchron'-
ius, Isoch'ronous, from our, 'with,' and %oovog,
' time.' That which occurs  at the  same time.
Thus the  pulsations of an artery may be syn-
chronous with those of the heart.
  SYNCHRONUS, Synchronous.
  SYNCHYSIS, Confusion.
  SYNCIPUT, Sinciput.
  SYNCLONESS, Synclonus.
  SYN'CLONUS, Synclone'sis, from o-vyKXo-
nr»,  (o-w, ' with,' and xxoveu), ' I shake.')  «I
shake together.'  Clon'ici universa'Us, Clonus,
(Young.)  Tremulous, simultaneous, and chro-
nic agitation of various muscles, especially
when excited by the will.  Also, general spasm,
spasmus universa'Us.  See  Tremor,  Chorea,
&c.
  Synclonus Ballismus, Paralysis agitans—s.
Beriberia, Beriberi—s. Chorea, Chorea—s. Ra-
phania, Raphania—s. Saltans, Chorea—s.  Tre-
mor, Tremor.
  SYNCOMS'TUS, from c-uyxo^iLa,, (avy and
xofttLta,) ' I bring together;'  Autop'yros, Panis
domes'ticus, secundarius,  ciba'rius, confusa'-
neus.  Bread of the whole wheat or of the un-
sifted meal.  Household bread.  Also, a  cata-
plasm made of the same.
  SYN'COPAL, Syncopa'lis, Syncop'ticus,Syn-
cop'tus.  Same etymon as Syncope ; as Synco-
pal Fever, Febris  Syncopa'lis.  A pernicious
intermittent characterized by repeated attacks
of syncope.
  SYN'COPE, from o-vyy.oma>, 'I fall down.'
An'imi  defec'tio, Animi, deliquium, Leipopsy-
chia, Lipopsych'ia, Apsych'ia, Apsyx'ia,  Lip-
sis An'imi, Asphyx'ia, Apopsych'ia, Lipothyml-
ia, Leipothym'ia,  Eclips'is,  Su'bitus animi ca-
sus,  Swoon, Faintingfit, (F.) £vanouissement,
Difaillance, Pamoison.  Complete and,  com-
monly,  sudden  loss of sensation  and motion,
with considerable  diminution, or  entire sus-
pension of  the  pulsations  of the heart and
the respiratory movements.  Syncope is,  com-
monly,  an  affection of  no consequence; but,
sometimes, it  is an  index of diseased heart.
Placing the patient in  the horizontal posture;
sprinkling cold water over the face and the ap-
plication of volatile substances to the nose, are
all that will  be required during the fit.  See
Asphyxia, and Suffocation.
  Syncope Angina, Angina pectoris — s. An-
ginosa, Angina pectoris.
  SYNCOPTICUS, Syncopal.
  SYNCOPTUS, Syncopal.
  SYNCRITICA, Astringents.
  SYNDACTYLUS, Aschistodactylus.
  SYNDESMITS, see Ophthalmia.  Also, in-
flammation of articular ligaments; Inflamma'-
tio ligamento'rum.
  SYNDESMOG'RAPHY, Syndesmogra'phia,
from o-vvSto-ftog, 'a ligament,' andyqaifr], 'a de-
scription.'   A  description  of the ligaments.
The part of anatomy which describes the liga-
ments.
  SYNDESMOL'OGY,  Syndesmolog"ia,  from
o-wStouog, ' a ligament,' and xoyog, 'a treatise,
discourse.'  A treatise on the ligaments.
  SYNDES'MO-PHARYNGEUS.   A   fasci-
culus of the constrictor pharyngis superior.
   SYNDESMOS, Ligament.
   SYNDESMOSIS, Synneuro'sis, Synymen'-
esis, Connex'io seu Sym'physis  ligamento'sa,
Commissu'ra ner'vea, Connerva'tio, Colliga'tio,
from o-vvSeo-fit.og, ' ligament.'  The articulation
of two or more bones by means of a ligament;
—as of the radius with the ulna.
   SYNDESMOT'OMY, Syndesmotom'ia,fxom
ourSio-fjiot., 'ligament,' and te^j'ui, 'I cut or dis-
sect.'   Dissection of the ligaments.
   SYNDESMUS, Bandage,  Ligament.
   SYN'DROME, from ow,  'with,' and cJoo^or,
' a course.'   Concur'sus, Concourse.  A name
given  by the empirical sect to the  union  of
symptoms which takes place in diseases.  Syn- 
SYNDYASMUS
821
SYNTEX1S
drome pletho'rica, for example, meant the union
of symptoms produced by plethora.
  SYNDYASMUS, Coition.
  SYNECHES, see Continued fever.
  SYNECHI'A, from o-ov, ' with,' and tXm,' to
have,' or ' to hold.'   Adhesion between the iris
and transparent cornea, or between the iris and
crystalline  lens.   The former  case  is called
Synechia ante'rior: the latter S. posterior.
  SYNENERGIA,  Synergy.
  SYNERGIE, Synergy.
  SYN'ERGY, Synergi'a, Synenergi'a,  (F.)
Synergie; from o-vv, ' with,' and tqyov, '  work.'
A correlation or concourse of action between
different organs in health;  and, according to
some, in disease.
  SYNESIS, Intellect.
  SYNEUROSS, Syndesmosis.
  SYNEZPZIS, Synize'sis, Considen'tia, from
o-ov, ' with,' and Ltuyvuuv, ' to join.'  Parop'sis
Synizesis,  Caligo a Synizesi, Caligo Pupillx,
Imperfora'tio pupillx, Closure or occlu'sion or
oblitera'tion  of the  Pupil, Phthisis Pupillx,
Amyo'sis.   This disease  is  sometimes  faulty
conformation, depending  upon  the  continued
existence of the membrana  pupillaris,  or the
absence  of  the  pupil.  It is, in other  words,
congenital.   At other times, it is owing to ac-
cident,  and supervenes on violent ophthalmia,
or  on the operation for cataract.  They who
are affected with   synezizis are completely
blind;—the iris having no central aperture.  In
certain  cases,  a remedy  may  be obtained by
making an  opening  in the iris, which may sup-
ply the  place of the pupil, and through which
the rays of light may reach the retina.  This
operation is  called  the operation for  artificial
pupil.
  SYNGENES, Hereditary.
  SYNGENICUS,  Congenital.
  SYNHYMENESIS, Synymenesis.
  SYNIMENESIS, Synymenesis.
  SYNIZESIS, Considentia, Svnezisis.
  SYNNEUROSIS, Syndesmosis.
  SYN'OCHA, from aweXw, (<rw, and  cXor, ' I
have or  hold,') ' I continue.'  Inflammatory Fe-
ver, Dynam'ic Fever, Angiop'yra, Sthenop'yra,
Febris eauso'des, F. caumato'des, Febris  deu'-
rens, F. ardens, Febris  contin'ua sanguin'ea,
Febris  contin'ua non put ris,  Syn'ochus  (Vo-
gel,)  Febris  acmas'tica,  Synochus  impu'tris
(Galen,) Febris acu'ta, F. acu'ta sanguin'ea, F.
con'tinens,  F.  continens  non pu'trida, F. an-
gioten'ica,  F. sthenica, F. sanguin'ea, Homot'-
onos, F. inflammato'ria, Ene'cia cauma, Enecia,
F.  ton'ica,  Phlogop'yrus, Cauma,  Calentura
continua,  (F.)  Fievre ardente,  F.  continente
inflammatoire, F.  sanguine, F. irritative, F.
angeioteiiique, F.  inflammatoire, General  in-
flammation, Gastro-entirite intense.  A  species
of  continued fever, characterized  by increased
heat; and  by quick,  strong, and hard pulse;
urine high-coloured; disturbance of mind slight.
It  requires, of course, the  most active treat-
ment.
   Synocha  Rheumatica, Rheumatism, acute
—s. Vaccina, Vaccina.
   SYN'OCHAL, Synocha'lis; same etymon.
Relating to. or having the characters of, synocha.
  SYN'OCHUS,  Ene'cia  syn'ochus,  Febris
lenta, (Linnaeus,)  same  etymon.  Continued
fever, compounded of synocha and typhus:—in
its  commencement  often resembling the former;
in its progress, the latter: Mixed fever, Com-
mon continued fever, Syn'ochoid fever.   See
Continued fever, Fever, and Typhus.
   Synochus, Synocha—s. Biliosa, Fever,  gas-
tric, Fever, bilious—s. Catarrhalis, Influenza
—s. Icterodes, Fever, yellow—s. Imputris,
Synocha—s. Miliaria, Miliary fever—s. Vari-
cella, Varicella.
   SYNOLCE, Spasm.
   SYNONIA, Synovia.
   SYNOSTEOG'RAPHY,   Synosteogra'phia,
from aw, 'with,' oonov,  'a bone,' and yquipw,
' I describe.'   The part of anatomy which de-
scribes the joints.
   SYNOSTEOL'OGY,  Synosteolog'ia, from
ow, ' with,'  onreov,  ' a bone,' and Xoyog, ' a
treatise.'   A treatise on the joints.
   SYNOSTEO'SS,  Synostosis,  from   <rvv,
'with,' and ooreov, ' a bone.'  Union by means
of bone.
   SYNOSTEOT'OMY, Synosteotom'ia, from
o-vv, ' with,' oo-xfor, ' a bone,'  and  rcrniiv, ' to
cut.'  Dissection of the joints.
   SYNOSTOSIS, Synosteosis.
   SYNOVIA, fxom <rvv, 'with,' and taov, 'an
egg.' Mucila'go, Un'guen articula're, Syno'nia,
Axun'gia articula'ris,  Unguentum seu Smeg-
ma  articula're, Mucila'go  articulo'rum  sen
junctura'rum,  Humor articula'ris,  Hydrar-
thrus, Humor seu Hu'midum  nati'vum  seu
Gluten  articulo'rum,  (F.)  Synovie.  A fluid
resembling the white of egg, which is exhaled
by the  synovial  membranes  surrounding the
moveable articulations.  The synovia has been
found, on analysis, to consist of water, a little
albumen, soda, chloride of  sodium, phosphate
of lime, and—Fourcroy fancied—uric acid.   Its
use is to lubricate the joints,  and  the sheaths
in which tendons play.
   SYNO'VIAL, Synovia'lis.  That which re-
lates to the synovia.
   Synovial Glands, Havers's  Glands, Gland'-
ulx articula'res, G. Synovia'les, G. Haversia-
nx, are the secretory fringes, which float in the
 interior of the synovial capsules (see Capsules.)
 They do not seem to be glandular.   They have
 been called Syno'vial fim'bria, (F.)  Franges
 synoviales.
   SYNOVI'TS; from Synovia, and itis, a ter-
 mination denoting inflammation.  A term,  bad-
 ly compounded, applied at times to inflamma-
 tion of the synovial membrane.
   Synovitis  Riieumatismalis, Rheumatism,
 (acute.)
   SYN'TASIS, ciwraoig,  from c-vvxiivio,  (o-vv,
 and xttru, 'I stretch,') 'I strain.'   Tension of
 parts: hence  c-uvt*tixcc,  are medicines which
 render  parts  tense.    Syntex'is, on the other
 hand, means  Colliqua'tio,  or wasting of the
 body; from o-wir\xa-i, 'I melt together.'
   SYNTAXIS, Articulation, Reduction, Taxis
 —s. Serrata, see Suture.
   SYNTECOPYRA, Hectic fever.
   SYNTECTYCOPYRA, Hectic fever.
   SYNTENO'SS, from o-ov,'  with,' and ™»r,
 ' a tendon.'  A species of articulation in which
 two bones are joined by means of tendon;  as
 the sesamoid  bones with the toes, the rotula
 with the tibia, &c.
   SYNTERESS, Prophylaxis.
   SYNTERETICUS,  Prophylactic.
   SYNTEXIS, Colliquation, Consumption. 
SYNTHENA
822
SYRINGOTOME
   SYNTHENA.   A term employed by Para-
 celsus  to designate a species  of epilepsy, ac-
 companied by cardialgia and tormina.
   SYN'THESIS, Reu'nio,' composition or put-
 ting together,' from o-vv, and ti.v^i, ' I place.'
 A surgical operation, which consists in  uniting
 parts that are divided; and approximating such
 as are  separated  or distant  from each other,
 Reu'nio  par'tium  separata'rum, Syn'thesis of
 continu'ity, means the union of the  edges of a
 wound, or the approximation of the extremities
 of a fractured bone. Synthesis of contigu'ity is
 the reduction of displaced organs; as  in eases of
 hernia  and luxations.
   Synthesis, Composition.
   SYNTHETS'MUS, same etymon.  The ag-
 gregate of operations and means for  reducing a
 fracture,  and maintaining it  reduced: — com-
 prising extension, counter-extension, coapta-
 tion, and bandaging.
   SYNTRIMMA, Contritio.
   SYNTRIPSIS, Contritio.
   SYNTROPHOS, Connutritus.
   SYNULOSS, Cicatrization.
   SYNULOTICA, Cicatrisantia.
   SYNUSIA, Coition.
   SYNYMEN'ESS, Synhymen'esis,  Synimen'-
 esis, from our, 'with,' and 'viiijv, 'a membrane.'
 Union of bones by  membrane, as in the case of
 the bones of the head in the fcetus.
   Synymenesis, Syndesmosis.
   SYPHAR,  Peritoneum.
   SYPHILIDES, Syphili'da, (F.) Dermosy-
 philides,  Dermatosies  viroleuses.  Same  ety-
 mon as  Syphilis.   The cutaneous eruptions that
 accompany constitutional syphilis are so deno-
 minated by the French writers.
   SYPHILIDIA'TER,  Syphilidiatrus,  from
 Syphilis,  and iaxe,og, ' a physician.'  A  pox
 doctor.    One  who occupies himself in treating
 syphilis.
   SYPHILIDOMANIA, Syphilomania.
   SYPHYLIPHOBIA; from Syphilis and ?o(1og,
 ' dread.'  A morbid dread of syphilis,  giving
 rise to fancied symptoms of the disease: a form
 of hypochondriasis.
   SYPH'ILS, Morbus Gallicus, Siphilis, Sy-
 philis'mus, Cachex'ia  venerea, Cachochym'ia
 Vene'rea,  Malum vene'reum, Mor'bus Italicus,
 M. Hispan'icus, Puden'dagra, Lues,  Me'vivm,
 Lues vene'rea, Lues syphilis. Morbus aphrodis'-
 ius, Syphilis venerea, S. maligna, Morbus Nea-
 polita'nus, Morbus In'dicus,  Patursa.  Basi-
 lis'cus,  Boa,  Sod'oma  Gallo'rum;  Venereal,
 Venereal  Disease, Pox,  French Pox;  (F.)
 Virole,  Maladie vinirienne,  Mai  de Naples,
 Mai Franqais, Maladie de Venus.   The ety-
 mology of syphilis  is unknown.  Some consider
 it to proceed fromo-uc, 'a hog;' and others, from
 e-i<pog,—formed, by contraction, from  o-ivaxog,
 'shameful,' 'dirty,' &c.   It  is an infectious
 disease, communicable by coition, or by the
 eontact  of parts that are only lined  with a thin
 epidermis; as the lips, nipple, &c.  It  generally
 makes its first appearance by  a chancre,  fol-
 lowed sooner or later by a bubo. The chancre
 is  a primary symptom or sore; but  there are
 others which are secondary or  constitutional.
 These are:—ulcers in the throat;  copper-co-
 loured blotches on the skin; pains in the bones,
nodes, &c: the last are sometimes  termed ter-
tiary phenomena.   The origin of syphilis is not
known.   It is believed to have been introduced
 into Europe from  America, at the end of the
 15th century [?].  Its progress  is  extremely
 variable, as well as its duration, which is often
 unlimited, if left to  itself.  Mercury may be
 esteemed the best  remedy, but the disease ad-
 mits of cure without it.   Almost every antisy-
 philitic composition, whose use is attended with
 success, probably contains mercury united with
 diaphoretics or other medicines.  It is  gene-
 rally sufficient to  keep  the mouth sore  for  a
 fortnight for the cure of chancre: for venereal
 sore throat, and other  recent constitutional
 symptoms, eight or ten weeks will be required;
 and, of course, a longer time, if these symptoms
 have persisted longer.  Sometimes, after  mer-
 cury has been given  for a time, the symptoms
 continue stationary;  and do not yield until the
 mercury has been discontinued, and tonics and
 eutrophics have been administered.   The pre-
 parations of iodine have been much used, of late,
 in the revellent treatment  of this disease.
   Syphilis Indica, Frambcesia.
   Syphilis Pseudo-Syphilis, Lues Syphilo'des,
 Pseudo-syphilis.   A term given to  ulcers or
 other affections that resemble syphilis, but are
 indeterminate  in their character,—the symp-
 toms being irregular in their appearance, and
 usually yielding spontaneously, or under  the
 use of tonics, change of air, &c.  The condition
 has not been at all well defined.   The Sivvens,
 Radesyge, &c, have been referred to this head.
   SYPHILSMUS, Syphilis.
   SYPHILOMA'NIA, Syphilidoma'nia,—v\x\-
 garly,  Noddle Pox.   A  mania, with  which
 some persons are affected, so that they subject
 themselves to antivenereal treatment, under the
 notion that they are affected with syphilis.
   SYPHITA, Somnambulism.
   SYPHO-AURICULARS, Otenchytes.
   SYRIGMOPHO'NIA, from av^y^g, 'whist-
 ling,' and qwvw, 'voice.'   A piping state of the
 voice.
   SYRIGMUS, Tinnitus aurium.
   SYRINGA,  Eustachian Tube, Fistula, Sy-
 ringe, Trachea.
   Syringa Clysmatica, Syringe, Clyster.
   Syrin'ga Vulga'ris, Common Lilac.   The
 leaves and fruit are bitter and somewhat acrid,
 and have been used as a tonic and antiperiodic.
   SYRINGE, Syr'inx, Syrin'ga, Sipho,Siphun'-
 culas, (F.) Seringue, from o-v^iyZ,' a pipe.'   A
 familiar apparatus through which any liquor is-
 squirted.
   Various forms  of syringe are used in medi-
 cine and surgery.
   Syringe, Clyster, Syrin'ga clysmat'icaflly-
 santllum, (F.) Clysopompe.  A syringe for ad-
 ministering clysters.
   Syringe, Cupping, Antlia sanguisuga.
   SYRINGICUS, Fistulous.
   SYRINGITIS  EUSTA'CHII, Inflammation
 of the Eustachian tube.
   SYRINGMOS, Tinnitus aurium.
   SYRINGODES, Fistulous.
   SYRINGOTOME, Syringot'ornus, Syrin-
got'omum, from cv^ty^, ' a pipe,'  ' a fistula,'
and Ttfxvuv, 'to cut.'   A surgical instrument,
formerly used  in the  operation for  fistula in
ano.  It is a bistouri, concave at its  edge, and
terminated by  a  long, flexible, probe-pointed
stylet.  This stylet or probe  was first intro-
duced by the external opening of the fistula into
the rectum, whence it was drawn externally 
SYRINGOTOMIA
823
SYRUPUS
through the anus, carrying with it the cutting
edge of the instrument, which divided the in-
termediate parts.  The operation for fistula in
ano has been called Syringotomy.
  SYRINGOTOM'I A. Same etymonas the last.
The operation for fistula in ano by incision.
  SYRINX, Eustachian tube, Fistula, Syringe,
 Trachea—s. Hiera, Vertebral column.
  SYRMAS'MOS, from <rvqy.attw, 'I evacuate.'
A gentle evacuation by vomiting or stool.
  SYROP, Syrup—*. d'Ail, Syrupus allii—*.
d'Armoise composi, Syrupus aromaticus—*. de
Chicorie composi, Syrupus de chicorio compo-
situs—*. des Cinq racines, Syrupus e quinque
radicibus—*. de Cuisinier, Syrupus de sarsapa-
rilla. et senna compositus—*. d'Ether, Syrupus
cum aethere sulphurico paratus—*. de  Gingem-
bre,  Syrupus zingiberis—*. de Guimauve, Sy-
rupus  althaeae—*. de, Longue vie, Mellitum  de
mercuriali compositum—*. de Mercure, Syrupus
de mercurio mediante gummi—*. de Mures,
Syrupus mori—*. de Nerprun, Syrupus rhamni
—*. de Pavots blancs,  Syrupus papaveris—*.
de Pommes composi, see Syrupus sennae—*. de
Quinquina avec le Vin, Syrupus de kina kind
cum vino—*. de Roses Pales, Syrupus  rosae—*.
de Roses rouges, Syrupus rosae—*. de Vinaigre,
S. aceti.
  SYRUP, Syru'pus, Serapi'um, Serape'um,(F.)
  yrop; derived according to some, from o-uqw,
' I draw,' and onog, 'juice;' but more probably,
from the Arabic Siruph, Sirab, or  Scharab,
which signifies 'a potion.'  A saturated solu-
tion of sugar in water, either simply, or united
with some vegetable or other princ iple. Syrups,
in general, require two pounds of sugar to the
pint, and  they are judged  to be sufficiently
boiled  when a portion, taken up in  a  spoon,
flows  like  oil.  In the Pharmacopoeia of  the
United States, (1842,) it is directed, that syrups,
whose density is not precisely determined by
the process should have the s. g. 1.261, when
boiling, and of about  1.319 at ordinary tempe-
ratures.  Syrups should be kept in small bot-
tles in a cool place.  They are chiefly used to
render medicines palatable.
  Syrup, see Syrupus—s. of Almonds, Syrupus
amygdalae — s. Antiscorbutic, Syrupus anti-
scorbuticus — s. of Buckthorn, Syrupus  rham-
ni—s.  of Capillaire, common, Syrupus simplex
— s. of Cinchona with wine, Syrupus de kina
kina cum vino—s. of  Clove July flower,  Syru-
pus caryophylli rubri—s. of Clove pinks, Sy-
rupus caryophylli rubri—s. of Ether, Syrupus
cum aethere sulphurico paratus — s.  of Five
roots, Syrupus e quinque radicibus—s. of Gar-
lic, Syrupus allii—s.  of Ginger, Syrupus zin-
giberis— s. Hive, Syrupus scillae compositus—
s. of Honey, Mellitum simplex —s. of  Iodide
of iron, Liquor  Ferri iodidi—s. of Ipecacuan-
ha, Syrupus ipecacuanhae—s.  of Lemon, Sy-
rupus limonis—s. of  Marshmallows,  Syrupus
althaeae —s.  of  Meadow saffron, Syrupus col-
chici autumnalis—s.  of Mugwort, compound,
Syrupus aromaticus—s. of Mulberries, Syrupus
mori—s. of Orange juice,  see Syrupus aurantii
—s. of Orange peel, Syrupus aromaticus—s. of
Orgeat, Syrupus amygdalae—s. of Poppies, Sy-
rupus  papaveris—s.  of Poppy, red,  Syrupus
rhceados—s. of Rhatany, Syrupus kramenae—s.
of Rhubarb, Syrupus rhej-s. of Rhubarb, aro-
matic, Syrupus rhei aromaticus—s. of Rhubarb,
spiced', Syrupus rhej aromaticus—s. of Saffron,
Syrupus croci—s. of Squills, Syrupus scillae—
s. of Squill, compound, Syrupus scillae compo-
situs—s. of Succory, compound, Syrupus de ci-
chorio compositus—s. of Tolu, Syrupus toluta-
nus—s. of Vinegar, Syrupus aceti—s. of Vio-
lets, Syrupus violae.
   SYRUPUS, S. simplex—s. Acidi acetosi, S.
aceti.
   Syrupus Ace'ti, S. AC'idi Aceto'si, Syrup
of Vinegar, (F.) Syrop  de  Vinaigre.  (Aceti
Oiiss, sacch. purif. ffiiiiss.  Boil to form a syrup.
Ph.E.)  It is refrigerant and antiseptic.  Dose,
f. gj to f.  gij.
   Syrupus cum jE'there Sulphu'rico Para'-
tus, Syrup of Ether, (F.) Syrop d'ither. (Very
pure sugar,  1000  p.; distilled  water,  500 p.;
dissolve in the cold, and strain;  add  sulphuric
ether, 48  p.  Shake for five or  six days, and
draw off the limpid syrup.  Ph. L.)  Properties
like those of ether.
   Syrupus Al'lii, Syrup of Garlic, (F.) Syrop
d'ail.   (Allii concis. gvj, acet. destillat.  Oj,
sacchar. Ibij.  Macerate the  garlic in the  vine-
gar, in a glass vessel for four days; then express
the liquor and set  it by, that the dregs may
subside; lastly, add the sugar to the clear liquor,
and proceed in the manner directed for syrup.
Ph. U. S.)  Use, same as that of garlic. Dose,
f. gj to f. giv.
   Syrupus Alth^'je, Syrup of Marshmallow,
Syrupus ex Altha'd, S. de Altkad, S.  Althaa
officina'lis, (F'.) Syrop de Guimauve.  (Althaa
rad. recent, cont.  Ibss, sacch. pur. Ibij,  aqua
Oiv.   Boil the root in the water to one-half;
and press  out the liquor; when cold, defecate;
add the sugar,  and boil.   Ph. L.)  Emollient
and demulcent.  Dose, f. gj  to f. giij.
   Syrupus Amomi Zingiberis, S. zingiberis—
s. Anticausoticus, see Anticausodic.
   Syrupus Amyg'dals, Syrup of Almonds,
Syrup of Orgeat,  Orgeat.   (Amygdal.  dulc.
Ibj, amygdal. amar. giv, aqua,  Oiij, sacchar.
Ibvj.  Blanch the almonds, and rub them in a
mortar to  a very fine paste,  adding, during  the
trituration, three fluidounces of the water, and
a pound of the sugar. Mix the paste thoroughly
with the remainder of the water;  strain  with
strong expression;  add the  remainder of  the
sugar to the  strained  liquor, and dissolve it
with the aid of a gentle heat.  Strain the syrup
through fine linen, and having allowed it to cool
put it into bottles, which must be well stopped,
and kept in a cool place.  Ph. U. S.)
   Syrupus Antiscorbu'ticus, S. de Armora'-
cia compositus, Antiscorbu'tic Syrup.  (Leaves
of cochlearia, burkbean,  water-cresses, horse-
radish root and bitter oranges, each Ibj, cinna-
mon, giss.  Cut, and pour on white wine Bbiv.
Macerate for two days; distil over Oj in a sand
bath;  add to this  of sugar, Ibij, and form a
syrup.  Again, take what remains in the cu-
curbit:  pass it through cloth; let it rest; de-
cant, and  add sugar Ibij ; make  into a syrup,
and clarify with white of egg.  Mix it  with
the first while yet warm.  Ph. P.)  Antiscor-
butic," alterative, tonic, stomachic, &c.  Dose,
f. gij to f.  gij.
   Syrupus Aromat'icus, S. de Artemis'ia com-
positus, Compound  Syrup of Mugwort,  (F.)
Syrop d'armoise composi.  (Tops of artemisia
vulgaris, in flower, gvj, inula root, ligusticum
levisticum, and fennel, each gss, pennyroyal.,
catmint, savine  leaves,  each gvj, marjoram, 
SYRUPUS
824
SYRUPUS
 hyssop, pyrethrum, rue, basil, each giij, aniseed
 and cinnamon, each gix; bruise  and macerate
 in hydiomel Ibxviij;  distil over Oss; add to this
 a pound of sugar.  Again, take the liquid that
 remains in the cucurbit, strain it gently; add
 sugar Ibiv.   Then mix the two. Ph. P.)  To-
 nic, emmenagogue, &c.
   Syrupus de Armoracia Compositus, S. anti-
 scorbuticus—s. de Artemisia compositus, S.an-
 tiscorbuticus—s. Asparagi, see Asparagus.
   Syrupus Auran'tii, S. Aurantio'rum, S. Citri
 Aurantii, S.  Cor'ticis  Aurantii, S.  Aurantii
 Corticis (Ph. U. S.), S. e Cortic'ibus Auran-
 tio rum, S.  de Cortice Aurantio'rum, Syrup  of
 Orange peel.  (Aurant. cort. cont. gij, aq.ferv.
 Oj,  sacch. pur.  tbijss.  Macerate the peel  in
 the  water for twelve hours.   Add the sugar.
 Ph. U. S.)  Stomachic.  Dose, f. gj to f. gij.
   A Syrup of Orange Juice, Orange  Sherbet,
 Syrupus e  succo Aurantiorum, may  be  made
 by adding white  sugar Ibij to  Ibj of the juice of
 oranges, strained and clarified.
   Syrupus  Balsamicus, S. tolutanus.
   Syrupus  Caryophyl'li Rubri, S.  Dianthi
 Caryophylli, Syrup of Clove July flower, Sy-
 rup of Clove Pinks, Syrupus  infusio'nis flo-
 rum caryophyllo'rum.  (Petalorum dianth., ca-
 ryoph. recent, unguibus resectis Ibj, aqua bull.
 Oiv, sacch. purif. lbvij.  Ph. E.)   Aromatic.
   Syrupus Cassia Sennae, S. sennae.
  Syrupus  de Cicho'rio Compos'itus, S. de
 Rheo,  Compound Syrup of Succory, (F.) Sy-
 rop de chicorie composi.  (Root of succory, gvj,
 leaves  of  succory gix, leaves of fumitory and
 scolopendrium, eachgiij, Alkekengi berries,gij.
 Boil in  water Oxiv to Oxij: pass through cloth,
 and  dissolve in  white  sugar Ibv.  Boil till  it
 has  the consistence  of syrup.  Again, take
 water Oviij, rhubarb gvj, yellow sunders and
 cinnamon, each  gss.   Infuse for twenty-four
 hours; pass through linen, and add the preceding
 syrup.  Ph. P.)  It is laxative and stomachic.
 Dose, f. gj to f. gss.
  Syrupus Cinchona  cum Vino, S.  de  kina
 kina cum vino.
  Syrupus Cincho'ni^e, Syrup of Cinchonia.
 (Simple syrup one pound; sulphate of cinchonia
 nine grains.  Mix.)   Six spoonfuls  are  com-
 monly sufficient to arrest an intermittent.
  Syrupus Citri Aurantii, S. aromaticus.
  Syrupus Col'chici Autumna'lis, <S. Colchici,
 Syrup  of  Meadow Saffron.   (Rad. colch. au-
 tumn, recent, gj, acidi  acetosi  f. gxvi, sacch.
pur. gxxvj.  Macerate the root in the  vinegar
 for  two days, occasionally shaking the vessel;
 then strain,  with gentle expression.   To the
 strained fluid add the sugar, and boil to a syrup.
 Ph. E.)  Diuretic, antiarthritic.   Dose, f. gj
 to f. gss, or more.
  Syrupus Corticis Aurantii, S. aromaticus
 —s. Citri medicae, S. limonum—s. e Succo ci-
 tronum, S. limonum.
  Syrupus Croci, Syrup of Saffron.  (Croci
 stigmat. gj, aqua fervent. Oj, sacch. purif.
ffiiiss.   Ph. L.)  Cardiac.  Chiefly used for co-
 louring.
  Syrupus Diacodion, Diacodion—s. Dianthi
 Caryophylli, S. caryophylli rubri.
  Syrupus Emeti'ns, Syrup of Em! etine. (Sim-
ple  syrup ibj, emetine 16 gr.  M.)   In small
doses, expectorant;  and in large, emetic.
  Syrupus  Empyreumaticus, Melasses—s.
 Ferri iodidi, Liquor Ferri iodidi—s. Hydrargy-
 ri, Syrupus de mercurio mediante gummi—s.
 Infusionis florum caryophyllorum, Syrupus ca-
 ryophylli rubri.
   Syrupus  Ipecacuan'h;e, Syrup of Ipecacu-
 anha.  (Ipecac, in pulv. crass, gj, alcohol, di-
 lut. Oj, syrup,Oij.  Macerate the ipecacuanha
 in the alcohol for  14 days, and filter.  Evapo-
 rate  the  filtered  liquor  to  two  fluidounces,
 and again filter; then mix it with the syrup,
 and evaporate by a water bath to a proper con-
 sistence.  Ph. U. S.)  It may' also  be  pre-
 pared by displacement.
   Syrupus de Jalap'a, Syrup of Jalap. (Pulv.
 Jalapa gx.  sem.  coriandr.,  fanicul. dulc.  aa
 gss;  aqua f. gxijss, sacch.  gxxv, f. syrupus.
 Ph. P.)   Cathartic.  Dose, f. gij, to f. gss for
 children.
   Syrupus de Kina Kina cum Vino, S.  Cin-
 cho'na cum vino, Syrup of Cinchona with wine,
 (F.) Syrop de quinquina avec  le vin.   (Cort.
 cinchona officinalis gij, ext, cinchona gvj, vini
 albi (Vin. Lunel. vel cujusvis ei  similis,) Oj,
 alcohol (s. g. .9S5, to .915,) f. gj, sacchar. alb.
 Ibiss.  Bruise the  cinchona;  gradually  add the
 alcohol, so as to form a soft mass; pour on the
 wine; macerate for two days, and strain.   Dis-
 solve the  extract,  add the sugar,  and  make a
 syrup.  Ph. P.)   Dose, f. gss to f. gj.
  Syrupus Krame'rIjE, Syrup  of Rhat'any.
 (Ext. Kramer, gij, aqux Oj,  sacchar. Ibijss.
 Dissolve the extract in the  water, and filter;
 then add the sugar, and form  into syrup.   Ph.
 U. S.)  An adjunct to  astringent mixtures; or
 given in diarrhoea,  a tea-spoonful to a child.
  Syrupus Limonis, S. Limonum—s. Succi li-
 monis, S. limonum.
  Syrupus Limo'num, S. limonis, S. citri med'-
 ica, S. e succo citro'num, S. e succo limo'num,
 S. succi limo'nis, Syrup of Lemon, Lemon Sy-
 rup.  (Limon succ. colat. Oj, sacchar .pur. Ibij.)
 Cooling, antiseptic.
  Syrupus  e Meconio, S.  papaveris—s. de
 Melle, Mellitum simplex—s. e Succo mororum.
 S. mori.
  Syrupus de  Mercu'rio Median'te  Gummi,
 Mercu'rius gummo'sus Plenck'ii, Syrupus Hy-
 drar'gyri, (F.) Syrop de mercure  ou Mercure
gommeux de Plenck.  (Hydrargyri pur. gj, p.
gumm. acacia, giij, syrup diacod. gss.   Rub
 together till the mercury is extinguished.  Ph.
 P.)   Possesses the properties of the  blue  pill.
 Dose, gr. ij to viij, or more.
  Syrupus Mori, S. e succo moro'rum, S. succi
 mori, Syrup of Mill berries,(F.) Syrop de mures,
 (Mori succ.  colat.  Oj,  sacchar. purif. Ibij. Ph.
 L.) Gratefully refrigerant.
  Syrupus Morph'i^e Aceta'tis, Syrup of ace-
 tate of morphia.  (Syrup, one  pint,  acetate of
morphia, gr.  iv.)  Dose, two tea-spoonfuls, as
 an opiate.   It  is  about  the  strength of the
 same quantity of syrup of poppies.
  Syrupus Morphine  Sulpha'tis is made in
 the same way.
  Syrupus Niger, Melasses.
  Syrupus Papav'eris, S. papaveris somniferi,
S. papaveris albi, S. e  meco'nio, S. de meconio,
Diaco'dion,  Syrup of poppies, (F.)  Syrop de
pavots blancs ou diacode.   (Papav. capsul. ex-
siccat. et  contus.  exemptis  seminibus, gxiv,
sacch. pur. Ibij, aq. fervent, cong. ijss.   Mace-
rate the capsules in water, for  12  hours;  boil
to a gallon, and express strongly.  Boil the li- 
SYRUPUS
825
SYRUPUS
quor to Oij;  and strain while hot.  Defecate by
rest, and boil to Oj, adding the sugar so as to
form a syrup.  Ph.  L.)  One  ounce contains
about one grain of opium.  Anodyne and de-
mulcent.
  The Dublin college has a  Syrupus Opii,
called  Common Syrup of Poppies,  which is
made by dissolving 18 grains  of the Watery
Extract of Opium in 18 ounces  of boiling wa-
ter.  Properties, those of opium and syrup.
  Syrupus de Papavere Erratico, S. rhcea-
dos—s. de Pomis compositus, see S.  sennae.
  Syrupus Qui'nia, Syrup of Quinia. (Sim-
ple syrup, 2 pints, sulphate of quinia, 64 grains.)
Six spoonfuls are commonly sufficient to arrest
an intermittent.
  Syrupus  e Quinque Radi'cibus,  Syrup of
five roots, (F.) Syrop des  cinq raeines.  (Rad.
apii, faniculi, apii petroselini, aa, gv.  Infuse
for 24 hours in boiling water Oiiss, and strain.
Rad. asparag., rusci  aculeati,  aa gv, aqua,
Ovij.  Boil and reduce to half; adding, towards
the end, the residue  of the preceding infusion.
Boil again for some minutes; strain, and add
white sugar, Ibvj.   Ph. P.)  Aperient and di-
uretic.  Used  in  obstructions  of the  liver,
spleen, and  mesentery;  and  in dropsy,  &c.
Dose, f. gss to f. gj, or more.
  Syrupus Rhamni, S. Rhamni cathar'tici, S.
de Spina cervi'nd, S. spina cervi'nx, Syrup of
Buckthorn,  (F.) Syrop de nerprun.   (Rhamn.
baccar. succ. recent. Oiv, zingib. rad. concis.,
pimenta bacc. contrit., aa. gss, sacch. purif.
ffiiiiss.  Defecate the juice for 3(days, and strain.
To  a  pint  of  this, add the  ginger and pi-
mento; macerate for 4 hours and strain; boil
what remains to Oiss.  Mix the liquors  and
add  sugar, so  as to form a syrup.   Ph. L.)
Cathartic, but apt to gripe.  Dose, f. giv to f.

  Syrupus  Rhej, Syrup of Rhubarb.  (Rhej,
cont. gij; Aqux bullientis, Oj ; Sacchar. Ibij.
Macerate the rhubarb in  the  water for  24
hours, and strain: add the sugar, and form into
syrup.  Ph. U. S.)  Dose to a child, as a lax-
ative, one or two teaspoonfuls.
  Syrupus  Rhej  Aromat'icus, Aromatic  Sy-
rup  of Rhubarb,  Spiced  Syrup of Rhubarb.
(Rhej, cont. giiss; Caryophill. cont., Cinnam.
cont. aa. £ss;'Myrist. cont. gij;  Alcohol, dilut.
Oij; Syrup  Ovj.   Macerate the rhubarb  and
aromatics in the diluted  alcohol  for 14 days,
and  strain;  then, by means of a water  bath,
evaporate the liquor to a pint, and while still
hot, mix  with the  syrup previously heated.—
 Ph.  U. S.)   It may also  be made by the pro-
cess of displacement.
  The aromatic syrup of rhubarb is a gentle
carminative cathartic.  Dose  to a child, f. gj;
to an adult, f. gj.
  Syrupus  de Rheo, Syrupus de Cichorio com-
posite
  Syrupus Rhce'ados, S. de papav'erB errat'ico,
S. papaveris erratici,  Syrup of  Red Poppy,
(F.) Syrop de coquelicot.  (Rhaad.  petal,  re-
cent, ttj,  aq. fervent, f.  gxviij, sacch. purif.
Biiiss.   To  the water, heated in a water bath,
add the petals.  Remove  the vessel; macerate
for 12 hours; express;  defecate and  add sugar
to form a syrup.  Ph. L.)  Chiefly used  to
give colour.
  A factitious syrup is often made of aloes dis-
solved in simple syrup.
         53
  Syrupus Ros^:, Syrupus rosa'rum soluti'vus,
S. e  rosis siccis, S. rosx centifo'lix, S. rosa'-
ceus  soluti'vus, Syrup of Roses, (F.) Syrop de
roses pales.  (Rosx centif. petal, exsicc. gvij,
sacch. purif'.Ibvj, aq. fervent. Oiv.  Macerate
the petals for 12 hours.   Evaporate the strained
liquor to ftiiss.  Add the sugar. Ph.L.)  Gently
laxative.  Dose, f. gij to f. giss or more.
  Syrupus  Ros^e  Gal'licjE, Syrup  of Red
Roses,  (F.)  Syrop de  roses rouges.  (Rosae
Gallic, petal, exsicc. %vij,aqux bull. Ov, sacch.
purif.  Ibvj;  prepared  like the last.  Ph.  E.)
Mildly  astringent.  Added  to  stomachic  in-
fusions.
  Syrupus Sacchari, S. Simplex.
  Syrupus  Sarsaparil'ljE, Syrup of Sarsa-
parilla.  (Rad. Sarsap. cont. Ibj, aqux bullient.
Cong., sacch. purif. Ibj.  Macerate the root for
24 hours; boil to Oiv.  Strain while hot; add
the  sugar, and  boil.   Ph.  L.)   Used in the
same cases as the root.  Dose, f. gj to f. giv,
and more.
  Syrupus de Sarsaparill'a et  Senna  Com-
pos'itus, Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla and
Senna,  (F.) Syrop de Cuisinier.  (Rad. Sar-
sap. concis. Ibij.  Infuse for 24 hours in warm
water Oxij; boil for a quarter of an hour; pass
with expression, and boil again the residuum in
Ox  of water.  Reduce  this to Ovj, and repeat
the operation 2 or 3 times.   Mix all the liquors
and boil them together with flowers of borage,
white roses, senna leaves and aniseed, each ^ijj
reduce  to half, pass, and add honey Ibij.   Boil
to a syrup.  Ph. P.)   It is considered to be
alterant,  depurative,  and sudorific.   Dose, f.
gss  to f. gij.
   A similar sj'rup, under the name  Syrupus
Sarsaparill'^: Compos'itus, Compound Syrup
of Sarsaparilla, is directed in the Pharmaco-
pceiaof the United States, (1842.) (Sarsaparill.
cont. Ibij ; Lign. guaiac. rasur.giij ; Rosa cen-
tif ol., Senna,  Rad. Glycyrrhiz. cont. aa gij;
 Ol.  Sassafras;  Ol. Anisi. aa m. v.; Ol. Gaul-
therix m. iij; Alcohol, dilut. Ox.; Sacchar. fijviij.
Macerate the sarsaparilla, guaiacum wood, roses,
senna,  and liquorice root in the diluted alcohol
for 14 days; express and filter.  Evaporate the
tincture in a warm bath to four pints; filter, add
the sugar, and form into syrup.  Lastly, having
rubbed the  oils with a small quantity of the
syrup,  mix  them thoroughly with the remain-
der. Ph.  U. S.)
   It may also  be made by the process of dis-
 placement.
   Syrupusde Scammo'nio, Syrup of Scam'mony.
 (Pulv. Scammon. gss, sacch. alb. giv, alcohol.
 (s. g. .985 to .915) f. gviij.  Heat the mixture
 moderately; then set fire to the alcohol with  a
 lighted taper; agitate constantly, until the flame
 is extinguished. Suffer it to cool; pass through
 cloth, and add Syrup of Violets, f. giv. Ph. P.)
 gj contains 18 grains of scammony.  Dose, f. gj
 to f. gss.
   Syrupus Scill/e, S. scillit'icus,S. scillama-
 rit'ima, Syrup of Squills.   (Acet. scillx. Oj,
 sacch. pur. Ibij.)  Diuretic, expectorant, and
 emetic. Used in the same cases as the oxymel.
   Syrupus  Scillje Compos'itus, Mel Scilla
 Compositum, Compound Honey of Squill, Com-
pound Syrup of Squill, Hive Syrup.   (Scilla
cont.; Senegx cont. aa. giv;  Antim. et Potassx
 Tart.  gr. xlviij; Aqux Oiv; Sacchar. Ibiiiss.
 Pour the water upon the squill and seneka, and, 
SYRUPUS
826        SYZYGIUM NERVORUM
having boiled to one half, strain and add the
sugar. Then evaporate to three pints, and while
the syrup is still hot, dissolve in it the tartrate
of antimony and potassa.—Ph. U. S.)
  It may also be made  by the process of dis-
placement.
  It is  often  given as  an emetic  in  cases of
croup, and in catarrh,  especially in children.
Dose, to infants, 10 drops to a drachm, repeated
every 15 minutes, if vomiting be desirable.
  Syrupus Sen'eg^;, Syrup of Seneka. (Senega
cont. giv; Aqua Oj ; Sacchar.  Ibj.   Boil the
water with the seneka to one half, and strain:
then add the sugar, and  form  into syrup.   Ph.
U. S.)
  It may also be formed by the process of dis-
placement.                               »
  This is a favourite stimulant expectorant (?)
with many practitioners.  Dose, f. gj  or f. gij.
  Syrupus Sennae, S. cassia senna, Syrup of
Senna, (Sennx^i], sem. fanicul. cont. gj, sacch.
pur. gxv, aqux ferv. Oj. Macerate the senna
leaves and fennel seeds  with  a gentle heat for
an hour.  Strain; add the sugar, and make into
a syrup.—Ph. U. S.) Cathartic.  Dose, f. gij
to f. giss or more.
  The Parisian Codex has a Syrupus de Senna
of a  compound  character, called  Syrupus de
pomis compos'itus, (F.) Syrop de pommes com-
posi.  It contains, also, borage, bugloss, &c.
Dose, f. gss to f. gij.
  Syrupus Simplex, Syrupus (Ph. U. S.), S.
Sac'chari, Sac'charum clarifica'tum, Liqua'rium,
Simple  Syrup, Common syrup  of capillaire.
(Sacch.  purif. fbiiss, aqux Oj.  Dissolve the
sugar; set aside for 24hours; remove the scum,
and pour off the clear liquid.)  Used to cover
nauseous tastes, &c.
  Syrupus de Spina Cervina, Syrupus rhamni
—s. de  Stoechade communis,  see Lavendula.
   Syrupus Toluta'nus,S. Tot' uta'ni,S.toluif '-
erx bal'sami, S.  baham'icus,  Balsam'ic syrup,
Syrup of tolu. ( Tinct. Tolut. f. gj; Syrup, Oiss.
Mix the tincture with the syrup, and, by means
of a water bath, evaporate to the  proper con-
sistence.—Ph. 77. S.)  Use;—To give flavour.
   Syrupus Vi'ol^, &. viola odora'ta, S. viola'-
rum, S. e succo viola'rum, Syrup of Violets.
(Flor. recent,  viol,  odorat. Ibij, aq. bull. Oviij,
sacch. pur. Ibxv.  Macerate, in a covered vessel,
for 24 hours; pass, without expression, through
linen; add the  sugar so as to form  a syrup.
Ph. E.)  Very  gently  laxative.  Dose,  f. gj,
to f. gij.
   Syrupus e Succo Violarum, S.  violae.
   Syrupus Zingib'eris, S. amo'mi zingiberis,
Syrup  of Ginger,  (F.) Syrop de gingembre.
Tinct. Zingib. f. giv; Syrup, cong.  Mix the
tincture with the syrup, and, by  means of a
water-bath, evaporate  to the proper  consist-
ence.—Ph. U.S.)   To the strained liquor add
the sugar, and form a syrup.
   N. B.  The Parisian  Codex contained a few
other compound syrups besides those enume-
rated; amongst these is a Syrup of calf's lungs,
Syrupus e pulmon'ibus vitullnis, (F.) Syrop de
mou de veau, as an expectorant!!
   These syrups are made  according to  the
usual rule, and  possess  the virtues of the sub-
 stances after which they are named.
  SYSPA'SIA, from o-va-nao>, (o-vv, and  ot*»,
'I draw,') 'I contract.'  Clonic spasm, with di-
minished sensibility and inability of utterance.
A genus in Good's Nosology, which  includes
convulsion, epilepsy, and hysteria.
  Syspasia Convulsio, Convulsion—s. Epilep-
sia, Epilepsy—s.  Hysteria, Hysteria.
  SYSSARCO'SIS, from aw,' with,' and <t*q£,
'flesh.'   Commissu'ra ossium car'nea, Symph-
ysis ossium muscula'ris, Connex'io ossium cor-
no'sa, Carna'tio, Concarna'tio. Union of bones
by means of muscles; such as the union of the
os hyoides with the lower jaw, of the scapula
with the ribs, &c.
  SYSTALSIS, Systole.
  SYSTAL'TIC,Systalticus,Peristaltic; from
o-voTtXXw, (o-vv, and o-vtXXw,) 'I contract.'  A
systaltic motion in a part is one in which there
is alternate contraction and dilatation.  See Sys-
tole.
  SYSTATTCA,  from o-wKrvrifAi,  (<rw,  and
itrrmit,  'I place,') 'I associate.'  Diseases af-
fecting  several or all of  the sensorial powers
simultaneously; irritation or inertness of mind,
extending to the  muscles, or external senses;
or of the muscles, or external senses, extending
to the mind;—the 4th order, class Neurotica,
of Good.
  SYSTEM, Syste'ma, from o-w, 'together,' and
icrrrrjfjn,  *" I place.'   This word, taken in a good
sense, means the collection and arrangement of
different matters  having an  analogy to each
other, or working towards the same end.  In
natural  history, it means a methodical arrange-
ment of beings for the purpose of facilitating
their study.  System is,  however, sometimes
used in  an unfavourable sense in physical sci-
ence,  and  often means,—a purely  gratuitous
supposition, by which the  march of nature is
attempted to be universally  explained,  and to
which every thing is made to bend.   In  anato-
my, system is an  assemblage of organs, com-
posed of the same tissues, and intended  for si-
milar functions; for instance, the nervous sys-
tem, muscular system, &c.
  SYS'TEMATSM.  A method, according to
which every fact of a science is collected around
an  opinion, true  or false.   One who reduces
things to such a method is called a Sys'tematist.
  SYSTEMATOL'OGY, Systematolog"ia,fxom
avertrifta,  'system,'  and  xoyog, 'a  discourse.'
The doctrine or a treatise of systems.
  SYSTEME   VASCULAIRE  A  SANG
NOIR,  see  Vascular—*.  Vasculaire a sang
rouge, see Vascular.
  SYSTEMIC.  Belonging to the general sys-
tem—as ' systemic circulation' in contradistinc-
tion to  the 'pulmonic.'
  SYS'TOLE.  Same etymon as Systaltic;
Systalsis, Constric'tio, Contrac'tio seu Augusta-
tio  seu Svbmissio seu Mica'tio cordis.  The
movement of constriction or contraction of the
heart, to give impulse to the blood, or to cause
its progression.   It is opposed to the Diastole
of the organ.
  SYS'TOLIC, Systolicus; same etymon.  Re-
lating to the systole of the  heart, as  ' systolic
murmur.'
  SYZYGIUM NERVORUM, Par nervorum, 
T. BANDAGE               827'                 TABES
T.
  T. Bandage,  T. fas'cia, Fas'cia T. formis
seu Heliodo'ri, Cru'cial Bandage.  A bandage
shaped like the letter T.  It consists of a strip
of linen, of variable length and breadth,  the
middle of which  is attached, at right angles, to
the extremity  of another strip, also of variable
length and breadth.  When two such strips are
attached, at a distance from  each other,  the
bandage is called a double T.  This bandage is
used, principally, for supporting the dressings
after the operation for fistula in ano, in diseases
of the perinamm, groin, anus, &c.
  T. Fascia,  T. Bandage.
   TABAC, Nicotiana tabacum—t.  des Savoy-
ards,  Arnica  montana—t.  des Vosges, Arnica
montana.
  TABACUM, Nicotiana tabacum.
   TABARZET, Saccharum album.
  TABEL'LA, Tab'ula, Tabula'tum, Lozan'ga,
Lozan'gia, Mor'stilus,  Morsellus, a  lozenge:
Tessella, (F.) Tablette, 'a small  table.'   A
solid medicine, composed of a powder, sugar,
and mucilage; and generally shaped like a disk.
See Pastil and Troch.
  Tabella, Table.
  TABELLA ABSORBENTES, T. de Mag-
nesia.
  Tabell* Ac"idi Oxal'ici,  T. ad sitem, Lo-
zenges of Oxalic Acid.  (Acid,  oxalic, gj, sacch.
alb. gss, ol.  limonis,  gtt.  xviij  vel  gtt.  xij.
Make into lozenges with mucilage of gum tra-
gacanth.  Ph. P.)   Lozenges are made in the
same way with  the citric  and tartaric acids.
They are refrigerant.
  Tabellje de Alths'a, Lozenges of Marsh-
mallows.  (Rad. Althaa pulv.  giss, sacchar.
alb. pulv. givss, f. massa. Ph. P.) Demulcent,
expectorant.
  Tabell* Antimonia'les Kuncke'lii, Tabel-
la de stib'ii sulphurCto, Lozenges of Sulph'uret
of Ant'imony, Mor'stdi antimonia'les, M. stibii,
M. stibia'ti,  Trochis'ci stibiati.   (Amygdal.
dulc.^^sacch.fbss, sem. cardam., cinnam. pulv.,
sulph.  antim. prapar. aa gj,  fiant tabellae.
Ph. P.   Each to weigh 10 grains.)  Recom-
mended in  cutaneous diseases, blennorrhagia,
arthritic pains, &c.  Dose, 4 or more.
   TABELLiE AD  ArDOREM VENTRICULI, TrO-
chisci carbonatis calcis—t. Cardialgicae, Tro-
chisci carbonatis calcis.
   Tabella de Cat'echu  et  Magne'sia,  Lo-
zenges of  Catechu and Magnesia, (F.)  Ta-
blette s de cachou  et de magnisie.   (P. eatech.
gvj, p. magnes. giv, p. cinnam. giij, sacch. alb.
Ibss, g. tragac. gr.  xij, aq. cinnam. q. s. ut f.
massa. Ph. P.  Each  to weigh 12 gr.)  An-
tacid, absorbent, and stomachic.   Dose, 5 to 10
lozenges.
   Tabella Cincho'na, T. de kind kind, Bark
lozenges.   (Ext. cinchon. sice, gss, sacch. giv,
cinnam. gss, mucilag.g. trag. q. s. ut f. massa.
Ph. P.)  Tonic.
   Tabellte de Citro et Diacarthamo, T. de
Scammonio et Senna.
   Tabella de Ferro, Steel lozenges, Tab'ulx
martia'les, T. instauran'tes, T. antichlorot'ica.
(Ferri limat. porphyriz. gss, p.  cinnam. gj, p.
sacch. gv, g.  trag. et aq. ciuuatn. q.  s., ut fiat
massa.  Each lozenge to weigh 12 gr. Ph. P.)
Tonic, stomachic.   Dose, v to x.
  Aromatic lozenges of steel.   These consist of
sulphate of iron, with a small proportion of the
Tincture of Cantharides.
  Tabellje de Kina Kina, T. cinchonae.
  Tabellje de Magnesia, T. absorben'les, Mag-
nesia lozenges. (Magnes. gj, sacchar. alb. giv,
mucil. g. tragac. q. s.  Ph. P.)  Absorbent and
antacid.
  Tabella de Rheo, Rhubarb lozenges.  (P.
rhej. gss, sacch. gv, mucilag. gum tragac. q. s.;
f. massa.   Each to contain 12 grains.  Ph. P.)
Stomachic  and laxative.
  Tabella de Scammo'nio et Senna Compos'-
itm, Compound lozenges of scammony and senna,
T.  de citro et diacar'thamo.   (Scammon. giij,
Sennx givss, rhej. giss, caryoph. gj, corticis
limon. confed. gj, sacch. gvj, f. massa. Ph. P.)
Purgative.   Dose, gij to gvj, or more.
  Tabella ad Sitem, T. acidi  oxalici—t. ad
Sodam, Trochisci carbonatis calcis—t. de Stibii
sulphureto, T. antimoniales Kunckelii.
  Tabella de Sul'phure  Sim'plices, Simple
sulphur lozenges. (Sulphur lot. gss, sacch. giv,
muc. g. tragac. cum  aqua rosa prae-par. q. s.
Ph. P.)  Expectorant, demulcent, &c.  Used
in diseases  of the chest, and in cutaneous affec-
tions.  Dose, 1 lozenge.
  TabeldjE de Sulph'ure Compos'itje,  Com-
pound sulphur lozenges.  (Sulph. lot. gij, acid.
benzoic, gr. xij, rad. irid. p. gss, ol. anisi. gtt.
viij, sacch. gvss, g. trag. q. s. Ph. P.)  Ape-
rient, expectorant and  stimulant (?).  Dose, 4
a day.
  TABERNA MEDICA, Pharmacopolium.
  TABES, Maras'mus Tabes,  Tabum,  from
tabere, ' to  consume;'  Te'kedon, Atroph'ia, De-
cline.  Emaciation of the  whole  body,  with
general languor, hectic fever, and, for the most
part, depressed spirits.
  Tabes,  Atrophy, Phthisis—t.  Coxaria,  Is-
chiophthisis—t. Diabetica, Diabetes mellitus
—t. Diuretica, Diabeles mellitus.
  Tabes Dorsa'lis, T. Dorsua'lis, Maras'mus
tabes dorsa'lis, Phthisis no'tias, Phthisis dor-
sa'lis, Myelophthlsis,  Myelatroph'ia, Tabes
ossis sacri.  By this term  is meant a wasting
of the body, attended at first with a pain in the
back or  loins, and  afterwards in the neck or
head,—caused, it has been conceived, by  too
early or too frequent addiction to venery.
  Tabes Glandularis, T. mesenterica, Scro-
fula—t. Lactea, Atrophia lactantium, see Ga-
lactia.
  Tabes Mesenter'ica, Atroph'ia mesenter'ica,
Atroph'ia Infant1 um, A. glandularis, A. infan-
tilis,  A.  dorsi,   Parabys'ma  mesenter'icum,
Ma'cies Infan'tum, Pxdatroph'ia,  Tabes glan-
dularis, T. Scrofulo'sa, Scrofula mesenterica,
Rachial'gia mesenterica, Myelophthi'sis  sicca,
Febris hec'tica infan'tum, Phthisis mesara'ica,
Physco'nia mesenterica, Mesenterltis, Mesen-
teric Disease, (F.) Carreau, Chartre,  Scro-
fules ou Ecrouelles mesentiriques,ttisie misen-
tirique, Rachialgie misentirique, Atrophie  mi-
sentirique, Physconie  misentirique,  Entero-
misentirile, Tubercles des  ganglions misenti-
riques, Phthisie  misentirique.   An engorge- 
TABIDUS
ment  and  tubercular  degeneration  of  the
mesenteric glands, followed by emaciation and
general disorder of  the  nutritive functions.
The disease is often owing to inflammation or
irritation of the lining membrane of the intes-
tines, giving occasion to enlargement  of  the
glands of the mesentery,—as injury to the upper
or lower extremities  causes inflammation, and
enlargement of the  lymphatic glands  of  the
axilla and groin.  It occurs, particularly, in
children of a scrofulous diathesis; and in those
who are weaned too early, or fed on indigestible
substances.  Diarrhoea, emaciation, anorexia, or
immoderate appetite; hardness and swelling of
the  abdomen;  and,  towards  the  end,  hectic
fever, are the chief symptoms of this affection;
the prognosis of which is usually unfavourable.
On opening the bodies of those who die of  the
disease, the mesenteric glands are found disor-
ganized, tubercular,  or in a more or less  ad-
vanced state of suppuration.   The treatment
is the same as in scrophulosis.  Frictions may
be  added  over the abdomen  and  spine;  and
mercury, in small doses, so as to excite a new
action in the system.  The food must be easy
of digestion, and the bowels be kept soluble.
  Tabes Nutricum, Atrophia lactantium,  see
Galactia—t. Pectorea, Rachitis—t. Pulmona-
lis, Phthisis pulmonalis—t. Ossis sacri, Tabes
dorsalis—t. Scrofulosa, T. mesenterica—t. Se-
num, Marasmus senilis.
  TABIDUS, Phthisicus.
  TABLE, Tab'ula,  Tabella,  Tabula'tum,
Lam'ina, Pa'ries, Squama.  A name given  to
the plates of compact tissue,  which form the
bones of the cranium.  Of these, one is exter-
nal; the other internal and called Tab'ula vi'-
trea on account of its brittleness.
   TABLES  DE MORTALITY,  Mortality,
bills of.
  TABLET, Trochiscus.
   TABLETTE, Tabella.
  TABLETTES  DE  CACHOU ET DE
MAGNESIE, Tabellae de catechu et magnesia.
   TABL1ER, Ventrale cutaneum.
  TABULA, Tabella, Table.
  Tabula Antichlorotice, Tabellae de ferro
—t. Instaurantes, Tabellae de  ferro—t. Mar-
tiales, Tabellae  de ferro,
  TABULATUM, Tabella, Table.
  TABUM, Ichor, Sanies, Tabes.
  TAC, Influenza.
  TACAMAHACA,  Fagara octandra—t. Ca-
ragna, Caranna.
  TACHE, Macula—t. de Naissance, Naevus.
  TACHENCAUSIS, Combustion, human.
   TACHES HEPATIQUES, Chloasma.
  TACHES LAITEUSES, Plaques laiteuses,
' milky spots or patches.'  White  spots occa-
sionally seen on the heart, and regarded  by
many pathologists as the results of previous
pericarditis.
  TACHES DE ROUSSURE, Ephelides—*.
Rouges, Spots,  Red.
  TACHYIA'TER,  Tachyiatrus.   Same ety-
mon as the next.  One who cures speedily.
  TACHYIATRI'A, from raXug, 'quick,' and
iccT0eia, 'healing.'  The art of curing quickly.
  TACH'YTOMY, Tachytomia,  from  xa%ug,
' quick,' and rcpy, e incision.'  The art of cut-
ting or operating rapidly.
  TACITUR'NITY, Tacifttr'nitas, SigS,' si-
lence,' from tacere, 'tobe silent.'   ' State of a
28              T^NIAFUGE

 person who does not speak.'  Morbid tacitur-
 nity sometimes exists as a symptom of the neu-
 roses, especially of melancholy.
   TACT, Tactus.  A modification of the sense
 of touch.  Passive judgment by the cutaneous
 nerves regarding bodies exterior to  the skin.
 Tact is passive: Touch, active.
   TACTIO, Touch.
   TACTUS,  Tact,  Touch—t.  Dolorificus,
 Haptodysphoria.
   TJEBJE, Das, Sue.  A term used for a me-
 dicine employed under the form of fumigation,
 pessary, or troch.
   TAENIA, Te'nia, Fas'cia,  from  i-aivia,  'a
 fillet, a riband.'  See Bandage.  Also a genus
 of intestinal worms, characterized by an elon-
 gated, flattened, and articulated body, with four
 suctorial oscula on the head. Of this genus, two
 only inhabit the human body—the Txnia lata,
 (see Bothriocephalus latus,) and Tania solium.
   T.enia Acephala, Bothriocephalus latus—t.
 d  Anneaux courts, Bothriocephalus latus—t. a
 Anneaux longs, Taenia solium—t. Articulos de-
 mittens, Taenia solium—t. Cucurbitina, Taenia
 solium—t. Dentata, Bothriocephalus latus—t.
 Grisea, Bothriocephalus latus—t. Hippocampi,
 Corpora  fimbriata—t. Humana armata, Taenia
 solium—t. Humana  inermis, Bothriocephalus
 latus—t. Hydatigena, Hydatid—t. Lata, Both-
 riocephalus latus—t. a tongues articulations,
 Taenia solium—t. Membranacea, Bothriocepha-
 lus latus—t.nonarme, Bothriocephalus latus—t.
 Osculis  lateralibus  geminis,  Bothriocephalus
 latus—t. Osculis lateralibus solitariis, Bothrio-
 cephalus latus—t. Osculis marginalibus solita-
 riis, Taenia solium—t. Osculis superficialibus,
 Bothriocephalus latus—t. Prima, Bothriocepha-
 lus latus—t. Sans ipine, Taenia solium—t. Se-
 cunda, Taenia solium.
   Taenia Semicircula'ris, Gem'inum centrum
 semicircula'rc, Limbus posterior corporis stria'-
 ti, Stria  cor'nea, Stria semiluna res,  Fran'-
 ulum novum, Fascia semicircula'ris, Bandelette
 des iminences pyriformes, (Ch.) (F.) Bande-
 lette, B.  demicirculaire, Lame cornie,  A me-
 dullary, grayish, semitransparent layer, situate
 in the groove that separates the thalamus opti-
 cus from the corpus striatum in the lateral ven-
 tricle.
   Taenia So'lium, T. os'culis marginalibus so-
 lita'riis, Tania cucurbitina, Tania huma'na
 arma'ta, Hal'ysis solium, Vermis cucurbiti'nus,
 Lumbri'cus latus, Tinia sans epine,  Txnia ar-
 ticulos demit'tens, So'lium, T. secunda, Tinia
 a tongues articulations, Tinia d anneaux longs,
 Ver   solitaire,  V.   cucurbitain,  Long  Tape
 Worm, has an almost hemispherical, discrete
 head;  an obtuse beak; the neck full anteriorly;
 all the joints slightly obtuse, the anterior very
 short; the next almost square, and the rest ob-
 long; the marginal foramina vaguely alternated.
 The taenia solium is commonly a few feet long:
 sometimes its length is enormous.  It is said
 to have been met with 600 feet long.  It prin-
 cipally inhabits the small intestines, and is not
 common.  The oil of turpentine, in some form,
 largely exhibited, is perhaps the  best remedy.
   TjEnia Tenella, Bothriocephalus latus—t.
 Vulgaris, Bothriocephalus latus.
   TimiM COLI, see  Colon.
   T^E'NIAFUGE, Tmiaf'ugum, from txnia,
 and fugo, 'I drive off.'   A remedy calculated
 to expel  taenia. 
                TiENIOLA

  T^ENIOLA, Bandelette.  Used by Gerber
for a simple, band-like, or flat fibre, Filum ta-
niaforme, seen under the microscope.
  TAFFETAS AGGLUTINATIF, Sparadra-
pum adhaesivum—t. d'Angleterre, see Sparadra-
pum adha;sivum—t. Epispastique, Sparadrapum
vesicatonum—t. Gommi, see Sparadrapum ad-
haesivum— t. Visicant, Sparadrapum vesicato-
rium.
  TAFIA, Rum.
  TAILLADE, Incision, see Entaille.
  TAILLE, Lithotomy—t.Hypogastrique, Hy-
pogastric operation of lithotomy, see Lithotomy
—t. Par le rectum, see Lithotomy—t. Posti-
rieure, see Lithotomy—t. Recto-visicale, see
Lithotomy—t. Sus-pubiinne, see Lithotomy.
  TAKAMAHAKA, Fagara octandra.
  TAL.  A word formerly employed for al-
kali.  It also meant the dung of the peacock.
  TALC  EARTH, Magnesia.
  TALCUM  NEPHRITICUM,  Nephreticus
lapis.
  TALEN'TUM, raxavrov. An ancient weight
equal to 54 pounds, 2 oz.,  5 dr., and 24 grains
Poids'de Marc.  See Weights and Measures.
  TALEOLUS, Malleolus.
  TALIACOTIAN OPERATION, Rhinoplas-
tic.
  TALINUM UMBELLATUM, see Mistura.
  TALIPES, Kyllosis (Clubfoot.)
  TALON, see Calcaneum.
  TALPA, 'a mole.'   Topina'ria, Tupina'ria,
Talpa'ria,  Testu'do, (F.)  Taupe.  A  tumour
situate on  the  head, which has been supposed
to burrow like a mole.
  TALPARIA, Talpa.
  TALUS,  Astragalus, Malleolus, see Calca-
neum.
  TAMARA  CONGA, Averrhoa carambola.
  TAMAR^EA ZECLA,  Tamarindus.
  TAMARIN, Tamarindus.
  TAMARIN'DI PULPA, Pulp of tamarinds,
(Tamarinds, q. s.   Digest them with  a small
quantity of water, until they become of a uniform
consistence; then  separate the  seeds  and fila-
ments, by pressing through a hair-sieve.  Ph.
U.S.)
  TAMARINDS, PULP OF, Tamarindi pulpa.
  TAMARIN'DUS,  T. In'dica, Thamarindus,
Oxiphanicon,  Siliqua Arab'ica, Balampul'li,
Tamara'a zecla, Oxyphani'cia, Aca'cia Indica,
Tamarind tree,  (F.)  Tamarin.  Family, Le-
guminosae.   Sex.  Syst. Triandria Digynia.
The pulp of the tamarind  with  the seeds con-
nected by numerous  tough strings, is exported
from the West Indies, preserved in syrup,—
Tamarindus, (Ph. U.S.)  It is refrigerant and
laxative.  Tamarind whey is made by boiling
gij  of the pulp with Ibiss  of  milk.   When
strained, it is used  as a diluent in fever.
  TAMARSCUS, Tamarix Gallica.
  TAM'ARIX GALLICA, Tamaris'cus. The
Tamarisk  tree.   Family, Portulaceae.   Sex.
Syst.  Pentandria   Pentagynia.   The  bark,
wood, and leaves were formerly employed me-
dicinally ;—the former for its aperient  and cor-
roborant virtues, in obstructions of the liver;
the  latter in icterus, haemoptysis, and some cu-
taneous affections.
  TAMBOUR CAVIT/t DU, Tympanum.
  TAMPA BAY,  see Saint Augustine.
  TAMPON, see Plugging.
!9               TARACHE

   TAMPONNEMENT, Plugging.
   TANACE'TUM,  T. vulga're, Tana'sia,
Athana'sia, Parthe'nium mas, Tansy, (F.) Ta-
naisie vulgaire.  Family, Corymbiferae.  Sex.
Syst. Syngenesia Polygamia.  The leaves and
flowers of tansy have a peculiar, strong odour,
and warm, bitter taste.  They are tonic, deob-
struent^), and anthelmintic.  Dose, gss to gj.
The infusion is usually drunk as tea.
   Tanace'tum  Balsami'ta, Balsamita mas,
B. suaveolens, B. major, Tanacetum horten'se,
Costus horto'rum, Mentha Roma'na seu Sara-
cen'ica,  Costmary, Alecost,  Cock-mint,  (F.)
Menthe coq, Herbe  au coq, Grand Baume.   A
fragrant-smelling herb, somewhat  resembling
mint, and formerly much esteemed as a corro-
borant, carminative,  and emmenagogue.
   Tanacetum Hortense, T. balsamita.
   TANAISIE VULGAIRE, Tanacetum.
   TANASIA, Tanacetum.
   TANGE, rayyrj, ' rancidity.'   A putrescent
tumour.
   TANINUM, Tanninum.
   TANNIC ACID, Tannin.
   TANNICUM PURUM, Tannin.
   TANNIN, from (F.) tanner, 'to tan.'  Tan'-
nicum purum, Tanninum, Tani'num, Princip'-
ium adstringens seu Scytodep'sicum seu Byrso-
dep'sicum seu Coria'ceum, Scytodep' sium,Jiciduin
Tan'nicum, A.  Qtiercitan'nicum, Tannic acid,
(F.)  Acide tannique.   A  principle obtained
from oak bark and  other astringent vegetables,
so called from  its forming the principal agent
in the process  of tanning.  Pure Tannin, ob-
tained from galls, (see Ph. U.  S.) has been
lately introduced into medicine as an excellent
and powerful astringent.  Dose, two grains re-
peated several  times a day.  The Tannate  of
Lead, Plumbi Tannas, has been applied, in the
form of ointment, to excoriations, and sloughing
sores from pressure, (gij of the tannate to g j of
cerate.)
   TANSY, Tanacetum—t. Wild, Potentilla an-
serina.
   TAPER, HIGH, Verbascum nigrum.
   TAPE'TUM, Ta'pestry.  A shining spot,  on
the outside of the  optic nerve,  in the eyes  of
certain animals, which is owing to the absence
of the pigmentum  nigrum occasioning the re-
flection of a portion of the rays from the mem-
brana Ruyschiana.   Its use appears to be, by
reflecting the rays, to cause a double impression
on the retina, and thus add to the  intensity of
vision.
   Tape'tum AwE'oiA.,Membra'na exter'na den'-
tium.  The outer membrane of the teeth.  The
lining membrane or periosteum of the alveoli.
   TAPEWORM, BROAD, Bothriocephalus la-
tus—t. Long, Taenia  solium.
   TAPIOCA, see  Jatropha manihot—t. Pearl,
see Jatropha manihot.
   TAPSUS BARBATUS, Verbascum nigrum.
   TAPSARIA, Decoctum hordei.
   TAR,  see Pinus sylvestris—t. Barbadoes, Pe-
troleum—t. Mineral, Pissasphaltum.
   TAR'ACHE, Tarax'is,  Tarag'ma,  Tarag'
mus, 'disorder.'  A  disorder of sight, which
arises from a blow, compression of the eye, or
the action of  dust, smoke or other external
cause.  By some,  it is understood to signify
mild or incipient ophthalmia.
   Tapo^j; tij? KOiXtag,' disturbance of the belly.'
Diarrhoea.
8! 
TARAGMA               830                 TASTE
   TARAGMA, Tarache.
   TARAGMUS, Tarache.
   TARAGON, Artemisia dracunculus.
   TARANTALISMUS, Tarantismus.
   TARANTSM'US, Tarentis'mus, Taranta-
lis'mus, Dinoma'nia, Chore'a Sancti Valentlni,
Taren'tulism, Tar'antism.  A feigned or ima-
ginary disease in Apulia, characterized by  ex-
cessive avidity for dancing at the sound of in-
struments, and which was ascribed, by the vul-
gar, to the bite of the tarantula.  A sort of ta-
rantismus, considered peculiar  to Africa, and
believed  to be  spontaneous, has been called
Tarentismus Tangita'nus, Janon-tarentisme.
   TARANTULA, from Tarentum or Tarento,
a town of Italy where it abounds; Taren'tula,
(F.) Tarentule.  A species of spider—the Ara'-
nea  Tarentula of Linnaeus, Lyco'sa Tarentula
of Latreille, whose bite  has  been looked upon
us dangerous. Music has been thought to cure
it.
   TARASCON, MINERAL WATERS OF.
Chalybeate springs in the department of Ar-
risge, France.  They contain iron and carbonic
acid.
   TARAXACUM, Leontodon taraxacum.
   TARAXIS, Tarache, see Ophthalmia.
   TARCHON  SYLVESTRIS, Achillea ptar-
mica.
   TARENTISMUS,  Tarantismus—t. Tangi-
tmus,  Tarantismus.
   TARENTULA, Tarantula.
   TARENTULISM,  Tarantismus.
   TARGAR, Juniperus communis.
   TARI.  Palm or cocoa wine, from which
sugar was obtained, called Jagre.  It was once
used as a tonic.
   TARI'NI  PONS,  Interpeduncular  space,
Posterior perforated space, Locus perfora'tus
posti'cus.  A cineritious substance,  between
the corpora albicantia, which assists in forming
the bottom of the third ventricle.
   TARO, Arum esculentum.
   TARQUETTE, Herniaria glabra.
   TARSAL, Tar'sens.   That which relates to
the tarsus.
   Tarsal  Articulations  result  from   the
union of the bones of  the tarsus with each
o her.
   TARSEUS, Tarsal.
   TARSO-METATARSAL, Tarso-metatar'-
seus.  That which relates to tarsus and meta-
tarsus.
   Tarso-Metatarsal Articulations  are
those between the bones of the second row of
the tarsus and the metatarsal bones.  The term
Tarso-metatarsal is likewise applied  to  liga-
ments  connected with  these joints,  some  of
which are dorsal, and others plantar.
   TARSO-METATARSI-PHAL ANGLE N
DU POUCE, Adductor pollicis pedis—t. Pha-
langiendu pouce, Flexor brevis pollicis pedis—t.
Sous-phalangien du petit orteil, Flexor brevis
minimi digiti pedis—t. Sous-phalangettien  du
premier orteil, Flexor  brevis pollicis pedis.
   TARSOPHY'MA, from Tarsus,  and 91/^*,
' a tumour.'  A swelling of the tarsus.
   TARSOT'OMY,  Tarsotom'ia, from Tarsus,
and TopLrt, ' incision.'  The section or  removal
of the tarsal cartilages.
   TARSUS, Planta prima pedis, Rasse'ta  seu
Rzsce'ta  pedis, Pe'dium, Cavic'ulx pedis  no-
dus.  1. The posterior part of the foot.  The
tarsus consists of 7 bones, arranged transversely
in two rows, between  which amputation is
sometimes performed.  The first or Tibial row,
(F.) Premiere rangie, R. jambiere, consists of
the astragalus and os calcis; the second or me-
tatarsal, (F.) seconde rangie, R. metatarsienne,
of the scaphoides, cuboides, and three ossa cu-
neiformia.  2.  The Tarsi, Tarsal  cartilages,
Tarsal fibro-cartilages, Orchoi, Crepid'ines seu
Coro'na seu Chela  seu Un'gula Palpebrarum,
Thar si, are two small cartilaginous layers, seated
in the substance of the free edge of each  eyelid.
The upper is larger and broader than the lower.
Both commence at  the bifurcated extremity of
the tendon of the orbicularis palpebrarum, and
pass to the opposite commissure of the eyelids.
They are broader in  the middle  than at their
extremities.
   TARTAR, Antimonium tartarizatum  (im-
properly), Potassae supertartras  impurus—t.
Calcareous, Potassae subcarbonas—t. Crystals
of, Potassae supertartras—t. Emetic, Antimo-
nium tartarizatum—t. Soluble, Potassae tartras,
see Potash.
   TARTA'REI MORBI.   A  term employed
by Paracelsus to  designate  certain diseases
which he attributed to tartar.
   TARTARI CRYSTALLI, Potassae  super-
tartras.
   TARTARTC ACID,  AC'idum tartar'icum,
A. tartaro'sum, Acor tartar'icus, Acidum tar'-
tari  essentia'le,  Tarta'reous acid, Sal  tartari
essentiule.  (Potassx bitart. Ibiiss, aq. destillat.
ferv., cong.  iij, creta ppl Ibj,  acidi sulph. Ibj.
Boil the bitartrate with two gallons of the wa-
ter, and gradually add the prepared chalk, until
no more  bubbles appear; let the tartrate of
lime subside; then  pour  off the fluid and wash
the tartrate of lime with distilled water, until
it is tasteless.  Pour upon it the sulphuric acid,
diluted with a gallon of boiling distilled water;
and  set the mixture aside for 24 hours, occa-
sionally stirring it.  Filter and evaporate to
crystallize.  Ph.L.)  It is refrigerant and an-
tiseptic, but is  chiefly used for making effer-
vescent draughts with soda.
   TARTARUM, Potassae supertartras impu-
rus—t. Vitriolatum, Potassae sulphas.
   TARTARUS AMMONIA, Ammoniae  tar-
tras—t. Chalybeatus, Ferrum tartarizatum—t.
Crudus, Potassae supertartras impurus—t. Den-
tium, Odontolithos—t. Emeticus, Antimonium
tartarizatum—t. Kalicoferricus, Ferrum tarta-
rizatum—t. Kalinus,  Potassae  tartras—t. Lixi-
viae, Potassae tartras—t.  Martialis, Ferrum tar-
tarizatum—t. Potassae ferruginosus, Ferrum tar-
tarizatum—t. Subpotassicus, Potassae supertar-
tras—t. Superpotassicus, Potassae supertartras,
—t.  Tartarizatus, Potassai tartras.
   TARTRATE D'AMMONIAQUE, Ammo-
niae tartras.
   TARTRE BRUT,  Potassae  supertartras
impurus—t. Cm, Potassae supertartras impurus
—t.  des Dents, Odontolithos—t. Emitique, An-
timonium tartarizatum—t.  Stibie, Antimonium
tartarizatum.
   TARTRUM SOLUBILE, Potassae tartras.
   TASS, Extension, Tension.
   TASTE, Gustus, Geusis, Geuma, Geuthmos,
(F.) Gout.  One of the five  external  senses,
which instructs us of the savours of bodies, and
of which the tongue is the principal organ.
   Gustation, Gustatio, is the exercise of this 
TAUPE
831
TEMPERAMENT
faculty.  In disease,  the taste frequently be-
comes variously vitiated.  The nerves of taste
are probably the lingual branch of the fifth pair
and the glosso-pharyngeal.
  Taste, Savour.
  TAUPE, Talpa.
  TAUROCOL'LA,  Tavgaxoxx*.  Glue made
of the ears and genitals of the bull.  It was for-
merly much esteemed.
  TAURUS, Penis, Perinaeum.
  TAXIS, 'arrangement;' from nto-o-ee, '■ I or-
der,' ' I arrange;'  Reposl'tio, Reduc'tio, Syn-
taxes.   A methodical pressure exerted by the
hand on a hernial tumour,  for the purpose of
reducing it.  This operation is generally easy in
hernias that are free from adhesions, of small
size, and with a large opening into the sac; but it
is very difficult and frequently impracticable in
those that are adherent or strangulated.   To
perform the taxi3, the patient should be put in
the horizontal posture, and in one in which the
parietes of the abdomen  are relaxed.   The
manual procedure varies in each species of her-
nia.  In all cases, too strong  pressure of the
parts  must be  avoided; as  inflammation and
gangrene might be  induced.  The displaced
organs must  be pushed into the abdomen, ac-
cording to the direction of  the  axis of the her-
nial sac.  The reduction is sometimes favoured
by blood-letting ad deliquium; the warm bath;
warm fomentations ; tobacco,  emollient glys-
ters; and, at times, by cold applications, as ice,
 &c.  In a case of strangulated hernia, should
 the taxis fail, an operation becomes  necessary.
   TAXUS BACCA'TA. TheYewtree,Smilax,
 Smilas, Thym'alos,  (F.)  If.  Family,  Coni-
 ferse.   Sex. Syst. Dioecia  Monadelphia.  The
 ancients believed the yew to be poisonous ; but
 the fruit may be eaten without inconvenience.
 The  leaves  have been often recommended in
 epilepsy.   The resin, obtained from the bark,
 has been called albir.
   TAYE, Caligo.
   TAYLOR'S  REMEDY FOR DEAFNESS,
 see Allium.
   TEA, Thea—t. Bahama, Lantana camara—t.
 Berried, Gaultheria—t. Berry, Gaultheria—t.
 Blankenheim,  see   Galeopsis  grandiflora—t.
 Brazil, Lantana pseudothea—t. Labrador, Le-
 dum latifolium—t. Marsh, Ledum palustre—t.
 Mexico, Chenopodium ambrosioides—t. Moun-
 tain, Gaultheria—t. New Jersey, Celastrus—t.
 Oswego, Monarda coccinea—t. Kedberry, Gaul-
 theria— t. Soot, see Fuligokali—t. South sea,
 Ilex vomitoria—t. Spanish,  Chenopodium am-
 brosioides.
   TEAR, Sax. •cean, Lac'ryma, Lach'ryma, La-
 cruma,  Dacry, Dac'ryma, Dac'ryon, Humor
 lachrymalis, (F.) Larme.  An excrementitious
 humour, secreted  by the lachrymal gland, and
 poured between the globe  of the eye, and the
 eyelids, to facilitate the motions of those parts.
 The tears are saline, inodorous, and colourless.
 They turn the syrup of violets green; and con-
 tain  chloride of sodium, with excess of base,
 phosphates of lime and soda, and albumen.
   TEASEL, CULTIVATED,  Dipsacus syl-
 vestris.
   TEAT,  Nipple.
   TEAZEL, Eupatorium perfoliate
   TECEDON, Phthisis.
   TECNOCTONIA, Infanticide.
   TECOLITHOS, Judaeus  (lapis.)
  TEETH, see Tooth—t. Eye, Canine Teeth—
t. Jaw, Molar teeth—t. Milk, see Dentition—
t. Neck of the, Collum dentium—t. Vitreous sub-
stance of the, Enamel of the teeth.
  TEETHING,  Dentition.
  TEGIMEN, Integument.
  TEGMEN, Integument.
  TEGULA HIBERNICA, Hibernicus lapis.
  TEGUMEN, Integument.
  TEGUMENT, Integument.
  TEGUMENTUM, Integument—t. Auris, see
Tympanum—t. Ventriculorum cerebri, Centre,
oval, of the brain.
  TEIGNE, Pityriasis, Porrigo, Porrigo lupi-
nosa—t.  Annulaire, Porrigo  scutulata — t. en
Anneau, Porrigo scutulata— t. Faveuse, Porrigo
favosa — ?. Furfuraci, Porrigo  furfurans — t.
Nummulaire, Porrigo scutulata.
  TEINESMOS, Tenesmus.
  TEINODYN'IA;  from ruvetv, 'to extend,'
and oSwy,' pain.' Pain of the sinews or tendons.
  TEINOPHLOGO'SIS; from runtv, 'to ex-
tend,' and qxoywo-tg, ' inflammation.'  Inflam-
mation of the sinews or tendons.
   TEINTURE, Tincture—*. Ethirie, iEthe-
real—t. Rubifiante,  Tinctura cantharidis.
  TEKEDON, Tabes.
  TELA,  Texture, Tissue — t. Accidentalis
Medullaris, Encephaloid— t. Cellulosa, Cellular
tissue—t. Erectilis,  Erectile tissue—t. Galteri,
Sparadrapum Galteri—t. Hippocratis cribrosa,
Cellular tissue—t.  Hymenochondroides, Tissue,
cartilaginous — t.  Hymenochondrodes, Tissue,
cartilaginous — t.  Ichthyocollae  glutinans, see
Sparadrapum adhaesivum—t. Inodularis, Tissue,
inodular—t.  Organica, Histos—t.  Vesicatoria,
Sparadrapum vesicatorium.
   TELAMON, Habena.
   TELAMO'NES, rtXauiovtg, 'bandages.'
 Charpie,  used for wounds; or linen, employed
 for bandages.
   TELANGECTASIA, Telangiectasia.
   TELANGIECTASIA, Telangiectasis, Te-
 langecta'sia, Angeiotelecta'sia, Harnaiotelan' gio-
 sis,Hamotelangio'sis Angiectdsia, Anastomo'-
 sis aneurysmal ica; from xiXos, i fax,' ayytiov,
 ' vessel,' and ex.t*oic,  'dilatation.'   Dilatation
 of vessels.  Nsevus maternus.  Aneurism by
 anastomosis. According to  some, fungus hae
 matodes.  See Haematodes fungus.
   TELEPHIUM,  Ulcus telephium.  The an-
 cients gave this name to any ulcer of a very bad
 kind, and  difficult to cure, because the  wound,
 which Achilles inflicted on Telephus, degene-
 rated into a similar ulcer.
   Telephium, Sedum telephium.
   TELLURSMUS, Magnetism, animal.
   TELUM, Penis—t. Emplasticum, Sparadra-
 pum.
   TEMPE, Temple.
   TEMPERAMENT, Temper amen'turn, Tem-
 peratu'ra,  Tempera'tio,  Tempe'ries; originally
 from tempus, ' time,' the great  temperer; Com-
 plex'io, Crasis, Eucra'sia. A name given to the
 remarkable  differences that  exist between in-
 dividuals, in consequence of  the  variety  of
 relations  and proportions between the consti-
 tuent parts  of  the body.  Thus, of old, it was
 supposed, that, according to  the predominance
 of any one of the four humours  then generally
 admitted,—blood, lymph, bile,  and atrabilis  or
 black bile,—the manifestations  of the functions
  were tempered or modified so as to give rise to 
TEMPERANCE
832        TEMPORO-MAXILLARY
a sanguine, lymphatic, choleric, or atrabilious
or melancholic predominance or temperament.
The idea of the existence of certain  of these
humours has  been banished, yet the influence
of some, as of the blood, lymph,  and bile, is
still admitted by many.  Too much influence
has, doubtless,  been  assigned to temperament
in the sense in which it was formerly and still
is generally understood, although there can be
no question that difference of organization oc-
casions a difference in the activity of organs.
   Temperament, Bilious,Choleric temperament.
   TEM'PERANCE,Sophros'yne,Nephal'iotes,
Sobrletas,  Sobriety.   Moderation,  opposed to
gluttony and  drunkenness.   The advantage of
temperance, in a hygienic point of view, re-
quires no comment.
   TEMPE'RANTS, Sedatives.
   TEMPERATIO, Temperament.
   TEMPERATURA, Temperament.
   TEMPERIES,  Temperament.
   TEMPLE, Tempus, Re'gio  Temporalis,
Crolaphus, (F.) Tempe.  A depression, on each
side of the  head, between the forehead and eye
anteriorly, and the ear posteriorly.   The tem-
ples, distinguished into right and  left, corres-
pond to the temporal fossa on each side.  The
word is said to be from the Latin tempus,' time,'
because in  this part the hair first begins to turn
white, and  to indicate age.
   TEM'PORAL, Temporalis.  That which re-
lates to the temples.
   Temporal  Aponeuro'sis  is  a very strong
aponeurosis, of a bluish, shining colour, which
is attached to  the whole of the curved line of
the temporal bone; to the posterior edge of the
malar  bone;   to the  superior margin of the
zygomatic  arch; and forms an envelope for the
temporal muscle.
   Temporal  Arteries, Crot'aphite  Arteries,
are several.  1. The  Temporal Artery, properly
so called, arises from the outer side of the su-
perior part of the external carotid.  It ascends
between the ramus of the jaw, the meatus audi-
torius  externus, and the parotid gland, which
covers it as far as the zygomatic arch.  Above
this it becomes subcutaneous; and, when it has
attained the  middle  of the  temporal region, it
divides into two branches;  the one anterior—
A. temporu'lis fronta'lis seu inter'na seu ante'-
rior; the other posterior—the A. temporalis oc-
cipita'lis seu exter'na seu supe'rior.  The tem-
poral artery,  before its  division, gives off, 1.
Branches to the parotid; to the joint of the lower
jaw; to the meatus auditorius, and to the masse-
ter.  2. The transverse  artery of the face.  3.
The middle temporal, which arises beneath the
cheek-bone, and traverses the temporal aponeu-
rosis, immediately beneath that bone.   II. The
Deep-seatedTem'poral s ,A.tempora'les profun' da.
These are  two in number.  They arise from the
internal maxillary, and have been distinguished,
from their position, into anterior and posterior.
They send their principal divisions to the tem-
poral muscle.
   Temporal Bone,  Os tem'poris seu tempora'lS
 seu arcua'le seu arma'll  seu parieta'le inferius
 seu crotaphit'icum seu memen'to mori senmendo'-
 sum seu crot'aphus, is seated at the lateral and
 inferior part of the cranium, of which it forms
 part; and  contains, within it, the special organs
 of audition.   It is usually  divided into three
 portions:—1. The squamous, Pars squamo'sa,
Os lepidoides seu squamo'sum seu squamifor'-
me~, (F.) Portion ecailleuse ou squameuse.  2.
The mastoid portion, and, 3. The Petrous por-
tion, Petrous ProC'ess, Pars petro'sa, Pyr'amis
trigo'na,  Os  lapideum  seu  lapido'sum  seu
saxeum seu petro'sum seu litho'ides seu durum
seu prarupta rupi assimilatum seu  nervate,
Pars  pyramidalis ossis tempori, (F.) Portion
pierreuse, Rocher, Os pitreux, Apophyse pyra-
midale, A. pitrie.
  It has, first, an auricular  or external face,
on which is a surface that makes part of the
temporal  fossa;  the  zygomatic process; the
glenoid cavity;  the fissure of Glaserius; the
meatus auditorius externus;  the mastoid pro-
cess; the digastric groove; the  canalis caroticus;
the jugular fossa; the styloid process; the stylo-
mastoid foramen, inc.   2. A cerebral ox internal
surface, which corresponds to the cavity of the
cranium, and on which is the  Pars petrosa, the
hiatus Fallopii, the meatus auditorius internus,
the fissure of the aquaductus vestibuli, a por-
tion of the gutter for the  lateral sinus, &c.  3.
A circumference, on which is observed the ori-
fice of the bony portion of the Eustachian tube
and the aquaductus cochlex, &c.  The temporal
bone is articulated with the sphenoid, occipital,
parietal, malar,  and  inferior  maxillary  bones.
It is developed from five  points of ossification.
   Temporal Fossa is an excavation, observed
at each side  of  the head.  It is filled by the
muscle whose name it bears, and is formed by
the temporal and sphenoid, below; by the pa-
rietal and frontal bones, above; is separated, by
a transverse crista, from  the  zygomatic fossa;
and completed, before, by the cheek bone.
   Temporal Muscle, Temporalis, Crotaphi'tes,
(F'.) Arcadi-temporo maxillaire, Temporo-maxil-
laire (Ch.) is a broad, flattened, triangular mus-
cle which fills the temporal fossa. Its fibres are
attached to the temporal  aponeurosis and fossa;
and all converge into a strong  tendon, which
passes  under  the  zygomatic arch, and  is in-
serted into the  coronoid process of the lower
jaw.   This muscle raises  the lower  jaw, and
applies the teeth against each other.
   Temporal  Nerves. These are distinguished
into the superficial  temporal, furnished by the
inferior maxillary branch of the 5th pair, be-
hind the condyle of the jaw;  and the temporales
profundi,—anterior and  posterior, furnished by
the same nerve, at its exit from the cranium.
 Sommering has  given the name temporal to the
 divisions sent by the facial nerve to the tempo-
 ral regions.
   Temporal Veins were formerly called JEtoi
 or A'etoi Pklebes, Aq'uila Vena.
   TEMPORO-AURICULAIRE,  Attollens
 aurem—t. Maxillaire, Temporal muscle.
   TEMPORO-MAX'ILLARY,Tem>ro-77taa;t'£-
 la'ris.  That which  belongs to the temporal
 bone and lower jaw.
   Temporo-maxillary  Articulation or joint
 of the lower jaw, is seated between the glenoid
 cavity and transverse process of the temporal
 bone on the one hand, and the  condyle of the
 lower jaw on the other.  Two  thin  cartilages
 cover the surfaces of these bones.   The one is
 common to the  transverse process and the por-
 tion  of the glenoid cavity,  anterior  to the fis-
 sure of Glaserius; the other belongs to the con-
 dyle.  This articulation is  furnished with  an
 inter-articular fibro-cartilage, two synovial cap- 
TEMPUS
833
TENTIPELLUM
sules, and two lateral ligaments:—the one in-
ternal, and  the other external.
  Temporo-maxillary Nerves of Bichat are
the divisions of the facial nerve, distributed to
the temporal and maxillary regions.
  TEMPUS, Temple—t. Intercalare, Apy-
rexia, Intermission.
  TEMULENTIA, Ebri'etas, Ebrios'itas,
Methys'mus, Drunk'enness:—from wine, QHno-
phlyg"ia, Onophlyx'is, Vinolen'tia, (F.) Ivresse.
Plater gave this name to delirium; Ettmuller,
to an apoplectic  condition,  depending upon
drunkenness; the Apoplex'ia Temulen'ta or dead
drunkenness.  Commonly, Temulentia is  used
synonymously with drunkenness, Methe;  and
is often employed in the description of diseases
to indicate a state resembling  drunkenness.
Mania e Temulentia is the same as Delirium
tremens.
  TENACULA,  Bone-nippers—t.  Volsella,
Forceps (lithotomy.)
  TENACULUM, from teneo,  'I hold.'  A
kind of fine hook attached to a handle which is
thrust through the parietes of a blood vessel to
draw it out and enable it to be tied.
  Tenaculum, Assalini's.   An  ingenious in-
strument, invented by Assalini.   It consists of
a forceps,  or double tenaculum,  the  points of
which are  fine, sharp, and  bifurcated, so as to
be readily received into each other when the
instrument is closed on the artery, which it is
by a  spring.   It is of great use when the sur-
geon  has no assistant at hand.  The instrument
is figured in S. Cooper's "First Lines."
   TENAILLE INCISIVE, Bone-nippers.
   TENASMUS,  Tenesmus.
  TENDON, Tendo, Pronerva'tio, from raivw,
' I stretch:' Tenon, a Sinew.  A fibrous cord,
more or less  round, long,  or flattened; of a
white, pearl colour, and composed of very close
parallel fibres.  The tendons are attached to
the bones, by one extremity; by the other, they
receive the insertions of the fleshy fibres: some-
times they afford attachment to fleshy fibres at
both  ends;—as in the digastric muscle.  The
tendons must be considered as so many cords,
for transmitting the motion of muscles to the
bones or levers.
   TENDON D'ACHILLE, Achillis tendo.
   Tendon, Cordiform, of  the  Diaphragm,
Centre, phrenic.
   TENDONS, TWITCHING OF THE, Sub-
sultus tendinum.
   TENEOTOMIA, Tenotomy.
   TENESME, Tenesmus—t. de I'QZsophage,
CEsophagismus—t. Visical, Bradysuria.
   TENES'MUS, Teines'mos, Tenas'mus, from
Ttiva, 'I stretch:' Proc'tica Tenesmus, Procto-
spas'mus,  Obstipa'tio  Tenesmus, Tinag'mus,
(F.)  Tinesme, Epreintes.  Frequent,  vain, and
painful desires to go to stool;—one of the chief
symptoms  of inflammation of the lining mem-
brane of the digestive tube, as of dysentery.
   Tenesmus  Vesic/e,  Bradysuria—t.  Vesicae
mucosus, Cystirrhoea.
   TENETTES,  Forceps  (craniotomy.)
   TENIA, Taenia.
   TENNESSEE', MINERAL WATERS OF.
On the waters of French Broad  River, in this
state, is a large, clear, thermal spring.   The
heat  is so great that,  on  first going into the
water, it is almost insupportable.
   TENON, Tendon.
  TENONT'AGRA, from tjrwv, < tendon,' and
ayqa,' seizure.'  A variety of gout; which af-
fects the tendinous parts of muscles, or the ten-
dinous ligaments, which strengthen certain ar-
ticulations.
  TENONTOTOMIA, Tenotomy.
  TENONTOTRO'TI, from rtvwv, 'tendon,'
and riTqwoxw,  ' I wound.'   They who  are
wounded in the tendons.— Galen.
  TENOT'OMY, Tenotom'ia, Teneotom'ia, Te-
nontom'ia,  Sec'tio seu  Dissec'tio  ten'dinum,
from Tticuv, 'a tendon,' and rouy, 'incision.'
The operation of dividing a tendon, often prac-
tised for the removal  of loxarthrus or deviation
of the joints—as in club foot.
  TENSEUR DE  L'APONiVROSE Fl-
MORALE, Fascia lata muscle.
  TEN'SION, Ten'sio, Tensu'ra, Tasis, Diat'-
asis, Entonia, (Enton'ia is also used for over-
tension,) Conten'sio, Disten'sio, from tendere,
' to stretch.'  State of a part, which is stretched,
when its textures are distended by the  afflux
of fluids, or the accumulation of gas; or when
its fibres are drawn, as it were, in an opposite
direction, and are, consequently, more resisting
than usual.
  TENSOR TARSI.  A small muscle, belong-
ing to the  inner commissure  of  the  eyelids,
well described by Professor Horner, of Philadel-
phia, and hence termed Muscle of Horner.  It
is  about three lines broad and  six long;  arises
from the posterior flat surface of the os unguis,
near its junction with the  ethmoid bone,  and
passes forwards and outwards, lying on the pos-
terior face of the lachrymal ducts.   As it ap-
proaches the commissure of the lids, it splits
into two nearly equal parts, each of which is
appropriated to a duct, and inserted along its
course,  almost to the  punctum  lachrymale.
Its chief office seems to be, to influence the
position of the puncta lachrymalia, and to re-
gulate the course of the tears  through  the la-
chrymal ducts.
   Tensor Palati, Circumflexus musculus.
   Tensor Tym'pani, Inter'nus Auris, Internus
Mallei,(F.) Salpingo-mallien.  A small muscle
which arises from the petrous portion of the
temporal bone, and the cartilage of the Eusta-
chian tube, and terminates  by  a tendon, which
is reflected  over  the  processus cochleaformis,
and is inserted into the apophysis of the handle
of the malleus.
   Tensor Vaginae Femoris, Fascia lata muscle.
   TENSURA, Tension.
   TENSUS, Penis.
   TENT, Tenta, Turun'da, and its  diminutive
Turun'dula, Penic'ulus, Penicillus, Penicil-
lum,  Motos, Lemnis'cus: (F.) Tente,  Meche,
from tentare, ' to try or explore.'   In surgery,
tents are small rolls  of lint, of a cylindrical or
pyramidal  shape, which  are  introduced into
wounds and deep ulcers, to prevent them from
closing before they are filled up from the bottom.
Tents are  sometimes also made of prepared
sponge, gentian root, &c.   They are not so
much used as they formerly were.
   TENT AC UL ARIA, Filaria hominis bron-
chialis.
   TENTACULUM  CEREBELLI, Tentorium.
   TENTE, Tent—t. du Cervelet, Tentorium.
   TENTIGO VENEREA, Nymphomania—t.
Veretri, Satyriasis.
   TENTIPELLUM, from tendo, 'I stretch,' 
TENTORIUM              834          TERRA NOCERIANA
and pellis, 'the skin.'   Ancient name of a cos-
metic, with which, it was pretended, wrinkles
could be effaced.
  TENTO'RIUM, T.cerebel'lo super-exten'sum,
T. cerebelli, Tentac'ulumcerebelli,Septum trans-
verse, (Ch.) Transverse Septum, Septum enceph'-
ali, Intersep'tahorizonta'lia Pacchio'ni,Proces'-
sus transver'sus dura matris, Lateral Processes
of the Dura Mater, Diaphrag'ma cer'ebri, (F.)
Tente du cervelet, Plancher du Cerveau, from
tendere, tentum, ' to stretch.'   A process of the
dura mater, which separates the cerebrum from
the cerebellum.   It  extends from the internal
horizontal spine of the occipital bone, directly
forwards to the sella Turcica of the sphenoid.
  Tentorium Cerebello, Tentorium.
  TENTUM, Penis.
  TENTWORT, Asplenium  ruta muraria.
  TENUIS MATER, Pia mater.
  TENUITAS AQUOSA, Predominium aquae.
  TEPHROSIA VIRGINIANA,  Galega Vir-
giniana.
   TEPIDARIUM, see  Stove.
  TEPLITZ, Toplitz.
  TERAS. Monster.
  TERATOLOGY, Teratolog"ia, from rtqag,
—'genitive,' reqarog, 'a monster/ and  Xoyog,
'a discourse.'  A description, or the doctrine,
of monsters.
  TERATOSIS, see Monster.
  TEREBELLA, Trepan.
  TEREBENTHINE,   Terebinthina—t.  de
Bordeaux, see Pinus sylvestris—t. de Chio, see
Pistacia terebinthus—t.  de Copahu, Copaiba—
t. Commune, see Pinus sylvestris—t. d'Egypte,
see Amyris opobalsamum—t. de  Giliad, see
Amyris opobalsamum—t. du Grand Caire, see
Amyris opobalsamum—t. de Judie, see Amyris
opobalsamum—t.  de Meleze, see Pinus larix—
  TEREBINTHINA, from riniuv&og, or rtqt-
(iiv&oc,' the turpentine tree.'   Tur'pentine, Bo-
tin, Albotim, Altilibat, Brutino, (F.) Tiriben-
thine.  A substance, of the consistence of honey,
which  flows from many trees of the terebin-
thaceae, and coniferae families.   It  is viscid;
shining; more or less transparent; inflammable;
of a warm, pungent taste; strong smell,  and is
entirely composed of resin and essential oil,
without benzoic acid. It is soluble in alcohol.
See Turpentines, Pinus palustris and  Pinus syl-
vestris.   All  the turpentines are stimulant,
diuretic, and cathartic.
  Terebinthina  Argentoratensis, see Pinus
picea—t.  Balsamea, see  Pinus  balsamea—t.
Canadensis, see Pinus balsamea—t.  Chia, see
Pistacia terebinthus—t.  Communis, see  Pinus
sylvestris—t. Cypria, see Pistacia terebinthus
—t.  Empyreumatica, see  Pinus sylvestris—t.
Veneta, see Pinus larix—t. Vera, see Pistacia
terebinthus—t. Vulgaris, see Pinus sylvestris.
t. de Vinise, see Pinus larix.
  TEREBINTHUS, Terminthus—t. Gummi-
fera, Bursera gummifera—t. Lentiscus, Pistacia
lentiscus—t. Vulgaris, Pistacia terebinthus.
  TEREBRA, Trepan.
  TEREBRATIO, Trepanning.
  TEREDO  OSSIUM,  Caries, Spina ventosa.
  TERES, Stron'gylus, Cylindroi'des, ' long
and round.'  An epithet given to many organs,
the fibres of which  are collected into  round
fasciculi.
  Teres Lig'amen'tum, (F.)  Ligament rond.
This name is given to the round ligament in
the  cotyloid cavity of the  os  innominatum,
which is attached to the head of the  bone, and
to the bottom of the cavity.  It is also given
to a small fibrous fascia, which extends from
the coronoid process of the  ulna to below the
bicipital tubercle of the radius.
   Teres  Major,  (F.) Anguli-scapulo-hume-
ral, Scapulo-humiral, (Ch.) Grand rond, is situ-
ate at the inferior and posterior  part  of the
shoulder.   It is attached, on the one hand, to
the outer surface  of the scapula;  to  the  cor-
responding part of its axillary margin; and, on
the other, to the posterior margin of the bicipi-
tal groove of the humerus.  It carries the arm
backwards and inwards, and carries it also in-
wards in rotation.   When it acts with the lon-
gissimus dorsi and pectoralis major, it applies
the arm against the lateral part of the chest,
and keeps it forcibly there.
   Teres Minor, (F.) Le plus petit sus-scapulo-
troehitirien, (Ch.) Petit rond, Marginisus-sca-
pulo-trochitirien;  Nonus humeri Placentlni,
is situate at the  posterior and inferior part  of
the shoulder: it is narrow and flattened, from
above to below, in its inner half; and, from be-
fore to behind, in the outer.   Tt is  attached, on
the one part, to the outer surface of the scapula,
near its inferior angle; and, on the other, to the
inferior part of the great tuberosity of the hu-
merus.  It depresses the arm, and causes it to
turn on its axis from within outwards.  It also
carries it backwards.
  TERESIS, Observation.
  TERETRIUM,  Trepan.
  TERETRON, Trepan.
  TERGEMINI, Trigemini.
  TERGUM, Dorsum, Vertebral column.
  TERMINALIA, see Myrobalanus.
  TERMINOLOGY, Nomenclature.
  TERMINTHUS,  Terebin'thus, fiom <r*g/utv-
&og,  'the turpentine tree.'   Phyma  Anthrax
Terminthus, Berry or Fungous carbuncle.  The
ancients  gave this name to  a  tumour,  sur-
mounted by a black pustule, and  resembling
the fruit of the turpentine  tree.
  Terminthus, Pistacia terebinthus.
  TERMINUS  SUPERIOR  ASPERSE AR-
TERIA,  Larynx.
  TERMS, Menses.
  TERRA ABSORBENS MINERALS, Mag-
nesiae carbonas—t.  Aluminis, Argilla pura—t.
Amara aerata,  Magnesiae carbonas—t.  Amara
sulphurica, Magnesiae sulphas—t. Bolaris, Ar-
gilla pura—t. Foliata, Sulphur—t. Foliata mi-
neralis, Soda acetata—t.  Foliata  tartari, Po-
tassae acetas—t. Fornacum, see Bricks—t. Ful-
lonica, Cimolia purpurescens—t. Japonica, Ca-
techu, Nauclea gambir.
  Terra  Lem'nia, Argilla  bolus flava, Lem'-
nian Earth, Lemp'nias.  A name given by the
ancients to  a solid, reddish, astringent,  sub-
stance, prepared with the pulp of the fruit of the
Baobab, an African tree, according to ProspeT
Alpinus.  It seems, however, to be an argilla-
ceous earth.  It has been employed  as an as-
tringent.
  Terra  Livon'ica.  A  Terra  sigilla'ta  or
sealed earth  from  Livonia,- redder than  that
from Silesia, and very astringent.
  Terra Merita, Curcuma longa.
  Terra  Noceria'na.  A whitish, soft, and
astringent earth, found in the environs  of No-
cera, in Italy. 
TERRAPIN
835
TETANUS
    Terra Ori^k'^x,Pigmen'tum urucu, Urucu,
  (F.)  Rocou,  Roucou,  Bichet.  A  pigmental
  matter obtained from the seeds of the Bixa Or-
  leana.  In Jamaica, it is recommended in dys-
  entery, and is considered to possess  astringent
  and stomachic qualities.  It is called, according
  to its shape, Flag Annot'to, Roll or Egg Annotto.
    Spanish Annotto, Bixa, is  in small, oblong
  cakes.  It is  chiefly employed as a colouring
  matter.
    Terra Os'sea, Materia ossea.  Bony matter.
  The earthy portion of bones.
    Terra  Ponderosa,  Baryta—t.  Ponderosa
  muriata, Baryta, muriate of—t. Ponderosa sa-
  lita, Baryta, muriate of—t. Saponaria,  Cimolia
  purpurescens.
    Terra Portugal'lica, Barros, Bucaros. A
  reddish, astringent, styptic earth, obtained from
  Portugal.
    Terra Sigilla'ta, Sealed Earth.  A bole
  or earthy matter, made into little cakes or flat
  masses, and stamped with certain impressions,
  as with the head of the Grand  Seignior.  To
  these belong the Terra Silesiaca, Terra Lemnia,
  T. Turcica.   See Bolus alba.
    Terra Silesiaca, see Terra sigillata—t. Tal-
  cosa  oxyanthracodes,  Magnesiae carbonas—t.
  Turcica, see Terra sigillata.
    Terra  Uri'na.   The earthy deposit in the
  urine.
    Terra  Vitrioli Dulcis, Colcothar.
    TERRAPIN, Emys palustris.
    TERRE BOLAIRE, Bolus—?.  Noix, Bu-
  nium bulbocastanum—t. Pesante, Baryta—t.
  Sigillie,  Bolus alba.
    TERRETTE, Glecoma hederacea.
   TERTIAN FEVER, Febris tertia'na, An'-
  etus  tertianus, Trita'us,  Tertian Ague, (F.)
  Fievre tierce.   An intermittent, whose parox-
  ysms recur every third day, or every 48 hours.
  The  mildest,  and the most pernicious, inter-
  mittents  belong to this head.  As  a  general
  rule, it is the most manageable form of ague.
   TERTIAN ARIA, Scutellaria galericulata.
   TESSARA, Cuboid.
   TESSELLA, Tabella.
   TEST,  DANIEL'S,  see Docimasia pulmo-
 num—t. Hydrostatic, see Docimasia pulmonum
 —t. Ploucquet's, see  Docimasia pulmonum—t.
 Static, see Docimasia pulmonum.
   TESTA PR^PARA'TA, Prepared Oyster-
 shell.   Oyster-shell, freed from extraneous mat-
 ter, washed with  boiling  water,  reduced to
 powder, and prepared in the same manner as
 Creta praeparata
   Testa, see  Ostrea.
   TESTA'CEOUS,  from testa, 'a shell.'  A
 powder, consisting of burnt shells.  These con-
 tain carbonate of lime chiefly, and  hence the
 term has been applied to  cretaceous substances.
 See Creta.
   TESTJ3 FORNACEtE, Bricks—t. Ostrese,
 sgg 0strc3«
   TESTES.   The  Testicles.  Vulgarly, the
 Stones.  A name, also,  given to  the inferior
 tubercles  of the corpora quadrigemina,  to dis-
 tinguish them from the superior, called Nates.
   Testes  Cerebri, see Quadrigemina corpora.
   TES'TICLE, Testis, T. viri'lis, Testic'ulus,
 Orchis, Pomum  amo'ris, Did'ymus, Gem'ini
(pi.;)  Gemelli  (pi.;)  Ovum, (F.)   Testicule,
from testis, ' a witness,' because the testicles
 are evidences of virility.  The name of two
 glandular organs, contained  in the scrotum,
 whose office is  to  secrete sperm.  They are
 formed of a grayand softish substance, composed
 of tortuous  canals, called  Tu'buli seminif'eri
 vel Vasa semina'lia, folded on each other, and
 of extreme fineness;  the number of which, ac-
 cording to the estimate of Monro, is 62,500,
 and the total length  5,208 feet.  All these ca-
 nals, uniting in their course, pass  through the
 corpus Highmorianum, concur in forming the
 epididymis,  and give origin to the vas deferens.
 The testicles are covered,  immediately,  by a
 fibrous  membrane,  of an opake  white colour,
 and very tough, called Tu'nica Albugin'ea, ox,
 simply, Albugin'ea, Periles'tis,  of  which the
 corpus Highmorianum is only an enlargement.
 Over  this, again, is  the tunica  vaginalis, the
 second envelope of the testis.
   Testicle, Swelled, Hernia humoralis.
   TESTICONDUS, Crypsorchis.
   TESTICULE, Testicle.
   TESTICULUS,  Testicle—t. Accessorius,
 Epididymis—t. Caninus, Orchis mascula.
   TESTIS FEMINEUS,Ovary—t.Minor,Pros-
 tate—t. Muliebris, Ovary—t. Virilis, Testicle.
   TESTUDINATIO CRANII,  Camarosis.
   TESTU'DO, Chelo'ne, (F.) Tortue   A ge-
 nus of reptiles, including the turtle, the flesh of
 which is much esteemed as an article of diet.
   Also, an encysted tumour, which has  been
 supposed to resemble the shell of a turtle; Em-
 phy'ma encys'tis gang'lion.  See Talpa.
   Testudo Cerebri, Fornix—t. Scapulae, see
 Scapula.
   TET'ANIC, Tetan'icum, Convulslvum, Con-
 vulsive, from tsivu, ' I stretch.'  A  remedy
 which acts on the nerves, and,  through them,
 on the muscles, occasioning, in large doses,
 convulsions.   The chief agents  of this class
 are Nux Vomica,  Strychnia,  Brucia,  Arnica
 and Toxicodendron.
   Also,  an epithet for a tonic convulsion.
   TETANOMATA, Tetanothra.
   TETA^O'TriRA,Tetanom'ata,Erugato'ria,
 from TETOfjoc, ' free from wrinkles.'  Medicines
 which remove wrinkles.—Gorraeus.
   TETANUS, from mm,  'I stretch;' Spasm
 with rigidity,  Convul'sio In'dica, Holoton'ia,
 Holoton!icus, Holotelanus, Tet'anus universa'-
 Us, Rigor nervo'sus seu nervorum, Exten'sio
 seu Disten'sio,  Enta'sia Tetanus,  Cat'ochus
 cervlnus,  Catochus  holoton'icus.  A  disease
 which  consists in a permanent contraction of all
 the muscles or merely of some, without alter-
 nations of relaxation.  It is characterized by
 closure of the jaws; difficulty or impracticabi-
 lity of deglutition;  rigidity and  immobility of
 the limbs and trunk, which is sometimes curved
 forwards (Emprosthot'onos), sometimes back-
 wards  (Opisthotonos), and  sometimes to one
 side, (Pleurothot'onos.)   When tetanus is con-
 fined to  the muscles of the jaws, it is called
 Trismus.  It  is a most formidable  affection.
 The means of treatment are :—copious and re-
 peated  blood-letting ; bathing, cold and warm ;
 powerful doses of opium, and other narcotics.
 In Traumat'ic Tetanus, or that  which  super-
 venes on a wound, every  extraneous  matter
 must, of course, be removed from the wound,
and soothing applications be made to it.
  Tetanus Anticus,  Emprosthotonos—t.  Do-
lorificus,  Cramp—t. Dorsalis, Opisthotonos—t. 
[TETARTiEUS            836              THALAMUS
 Lateralis, Pleurothotonos — t. Maxillae inferio-
 ris, Trismus—t. Posterganeus, Opisthotonos—
 t. Posticus, Opisthotonos—t.  Universalis,  see
 Tetanus.
   TETART^US, Quartan.
   TETARTOPHI'A,  from maqxog, 'the
 fourth,' and fua>, ' I arise.'  Quarta'nus remit-
 ters.   A quartan,  in which the intermission is
 inordinately short or imperfect.
   TETE, Caput,  Head—t. de  Veau, Elephan-
 tiasis of the Greeks.
   TETRADRACH'MON, from moat, 'four,'
 and dq*X/uij, 'a drachm.'   A weight of four
 drachms or half an ounce.
   TETRAGONUS,  Platysma myoides.
   TETRAMY'RON, from t«tPoc, 'four,' and
 fxvqov, ' an ointment.'  An ointment of four in-
 gredients.   Galen.
   TETRANGURIA, Cucurbita citrullus.
   TETRANTHE'RA PICHU'RIM, Faba Pi-
 churim,  F. Pechu'rei.  The seeds of this Bra-
 zilian plant have been used in diarrhoea, dysen-
 tery, flatulent colic, &c.   Dose, 9M-
   TETRA'O  COTUR'NIX,   Cotumix;  the
 Quail, (F.) Caille.  The quail is  an esteemed
 article of diet.  The Greek name is oqrv£; and
 the places, called  Ortygia, are named after it.
 The excrements of the quail  were  formerly
 extolled  in epilepsy, and the  fat  in  specks of
 the eye.
   TETRAPHAR'MACUM^romTn-fKtc/four,'
 and <paquaxov, ' a medicine.'   A medicine con-
 sisting of four ingredients.
   TETRAS'CELUS, from titq*, 'four,' and
 a-xixog, ' leg.'  A  monster having four legs.—
 Gurlt.
   TETROB'OLON.  The weight of four oboli,
 or two scruples.—Gorraeus.
   TETROROS, Astragalus.
   TETTER, Herpes—t. Crusted, Impetigo—t.
 Honeycomb, Porrigo favosa—t. Humid, Eczema
 impetigo—t. Milky, Porrigo larvalis—t. Pustu-
 lar, Impetigo—t. Running, Impetigo—t. Scaly,
 Psoriasis.
   TETTERWORT, Chelidonium majus.
   TEUCRIUM CAPITA'TUM, Poley-Moun-
 tain of Montpel'lier,  Po'lium monta'num,  is,
 generally, substituted for the last.   The com-
 mon Foley  mountain is the Teucrium monta'-
 num;  and  the Golden Poley-mountain,  the
 Teucrium Po'lium, Po'lion.
   Teu'crium  Cham^'drys,  Chamxdrys,  C.
 minor  repens,  C.  vulga'ris,  Quer'cula minor-
 sen Calamandrlna,  Trissa'go, Chama'drops,
 Trixa'go, Common German'der, Creeping Ger-
 mander,  Small Germander,  English  Treacle,
 (F.)Petit chene, Germandrie officinale. Family,
 Labiatae. Sex. Syst. DidynamiaGymnospermia.
 This is possessed  of aromatic  and bitter pro-
 perties.  The dose of the dried  powder is from
gss to gj.
   Teucrium  Chamap'itys,  Chamapitys, Ar-
 thet'ica,  Arthretica, Aju'ga, A. Chamap'itys,
 Abiga, Chamamo'rum, Iva arthrit'ica, HoloC-
 yron, Io'nia, Siderltis, Common Groundpine,
 (F.) Petite Ivette.  Properties like the last. The
 tops or leaves have been recommended as ape-
 rients and tonics; especially in female obstruc-
 tions, and in paralytic disorders.
   Teucrium Cret'icum,  Poley-mountain  of
 Candy,Po'lium Cret'icum. The tops and whole
 herb enter into the old compounds, Mithridate
 and Theriaca.   It has a moderately aromatic
 smell;  and a  nauseous, bitter taste, and is
 placed among the aperients and corroborants.
   Teucrium Flavum has similar properties to
 T. chamaedrys.
   Teucrium Iva, Chamap'itys moscha'ta, Iva
 moscha'ta Monspelien'sium, Iva, Chamapitys
 anthyl'lus, French Groundpine, (F'.)Ivettemus-
 quee.  It has similar virtues to T. Chamaepitys,
 but is weaker.
   Teucrium Marum, Marum Syriacum, Ma-
 rum  Cret'icum, Majora'na Syriaca, Marum
 verum,  M. Cortu'si, Chama'drys inca'na ma-
 rit'ima, Marum germander, Syrian herb mas-
 tich,  Cat thyme,  Orig'anum  Syriacum, (F.)
 Marum  ou Germandrie Maritime, Herbe  aux
 chats. A very aromatic plant, of a camphorated
 smell; formerly much used  in medicine as a
 tonic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue,  &c.
   Teucrium  Scor'dium;  Water Germander,
 Scordium, Trissa'go palus'tris, Chamadrys pa-
 lustris, Al'lium red'olens, (F.) Germandrie Sco-
 rodone, Sauge des bois, Germandrie aquatique.
 The leaves have a garlicky smell, and bitterish,
 slightly pungent taste.   It has the tonic pro-
 perties of the other Teucria.
   TEXTUM INTERLOBULARE, Interlobu-
 lar tissue.
   TEXTURA, Texture—t. Organica, Histos.
   TEXTURE, Textu'ra, Textus, from texere,
 textum,  ' to weave.'   Tela, Hypha, Hyphe.
 The particular arrangement of the tissues that
 constitute an organ.
   TEXTUS, Texture, Tissue—t. Cellulosus,
 Cellular  tissue—t. Desmosus, Desmoid tissue
—t. Nervorum, Plexus nervorum—t. Organi-
cus, Cellular tissue—t. Papillaris, Corpus pa-
pillare—t. Parenchymalis, Cellular tissue.
   TH.ERIA, Radzyge.
   THAL'AMUS,  SaXa/nog, (F.) Couche; 'a
room or chamber; a bed.'   The place at which
a nerve originates, or has  been considered to
originate.
   Thal'ami Nervo'rum  Optico'rum seu 0p'-
tici, Eminen'tia magna cer'ebri, Ganglia cere-
bri posti'ca,  Crura  medul'lx oblonga'ta,  (of
some,)  Stria't a cor'pora super'na posterior a,
 Collic'uli nervo'rum optico'rum,Optic  Thal'ami,
(F.) Couches des nerfs oculaires, (Ch.,) Couches
des nerfs optiques, Couches optiques.   Two
rounded  and irregular surfaces, which are seen
exposed  in the lateral ventricles of the brain,
and in the third ventricle, the inferior surface
of which presents  two projections, called Cor-
pora genicula'ta, that furnish several filaments
to the optic nerves.   The name was given from
a  belief that the optic nerves originate from
them. They, however, arise more posteriorly,
and adhere merely to the  inner margin of those
bodies.  Gall considers, that the thalami act as
ganglions to the nerves; and. hence.he calls them
Grand ganglion ciribral inferieur.   They are
also called Posterior ganglion of the  cerebrum.
From the thalami and corpora striata fibres pro-
ceed upwards  to constitute the convolutions of
the brain, and  the various bands that connect
the different parts of the brain together. The up-
per and inner parts of the  thalami are  so closely
connected as to form one continued surface, called
Commissu'ra mollis.  The posterior parts turn
downwards and outwards; after which they are
elongated to form the two white cords, termed
 Tractus op'tici.
   Thalamus Regalis, Pericardium. 
THALICTRON
837
THERAPEUTICS
  THALICTRON,  Tkalictrum,  T. magnum,
T. flavum, T. flaves'cens, Meadow-rue, Poor
Man's Rhubarb, Rhabar'barum pau'perum, (F.)
Pigamon  jaundtre,  Rue  des  pres,  Fausse-
Rhubarbe,  Rhubarbe des  pauvres.   Family,
Ranunculaceae.  Sex. Syst. Polyandria Poly-
gynia.   The root  resembles rhubarb  in  its
properties.
  THALICTRUM,  Thalictron.
  THAMARINDUS, Tamarindus.
  THANASIMUS, Mortal.
  THANATODES, Mortal.
  THANATOL'OGY, Thanatolog"ia, Thnes-
colog"ia, from  Qavuxog,  'death,' and xoyog, 'a
discourse.'  A  description, or the doctrine, of
death.
  THANATOS, Death.
  THAP'SIA, from  the island Thapsus.  The
deadly  carrot,  Thapsia  ascle'pias.   Family,
Umbelliferae.  Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia.
The root operates violently, both upwards and
downwards.  It is not used.
  THAPSUS BARBATUS,Verbascumnigrum.
  THARSI, see Tarsus.
  THE., Thea—t. des Apalaches, Ilex vomitoria
—t. de  France,  Salvia—t. d'Europe, Veronica
—t. de  la Mer du  sud, Ilex vomitoria—t. du
Mexique, Chenopodium ambrosioides—t. de Si-
mon Pauli, Myrica gale—t. Suisse, Falltranck.
  THEA, Chaa, Tea, (F.)  The.  There are
two principal species of tea-plant; the  Thea
Bohe'a, and Thea vir'idis; the black tea, and
the  green.  Family, Hesperideae.  Sex.  Syst.
Polyandria Monogynia.  In  commerce, many
kinds of tea are met with.   Several of the dif-
ferences between these appear to result from
the age at which the  leaves have been collected,
and the mode of their desiccation.
  Tea-drinking  was introduced  into  Europe
about the year Kiti6; since which time its use
has  become universal; and, in  spite of the as-
sertions of medical  terrorists,  it is, except in
particular idiosyncrasies, entirely harmless.
  By an analogical transference,  very common
in language, the word Tea has been used almost
synonymously with  infusion, as Beef tea, Mint
tea, &c.
  Thea Germanica, Veronica.
  THEBE'SIUS, VEINS OF.   A name given
to supposititious branches of the coronary veins,
which Christopher Adam Thebesius, a German
anatomist, described as opening into the heart
by  small  depressions observable in the right
auricle; and which have been called Foram'ina
Thebesii.   No such veins can be demonstrated.
The valve, at the orifice of the coronary vein,
in the right ventricle, is called  Valvula ThebC-
sii, V. Guiffartia'na, V. vena magna.
  THECA, Case, Vagina, Sheath—t. Cerebri,
Cranium—t. Cordis, Pericardium—t. Vertebra-
lis, see Vertebral canal.
  THEION, Sulphur.
  THEIOTHERM^E,  Waters,  mineral sul-
phureous.
  THELASS, Lactation.
   THELASMUS, Lactation.
   THELASTRIA,  Nurse.
  THELE, Nipple, Papilla.
  THELITIS, from 6t,Xr,, 'the female nipple,'
'the female breast,'and itis, denoting inflam-
mation.  Inflammation of the nipple.
  THELON CUS,  Mastoncus.
  THELOS, Mamma.
  THELYGON'IA, from 9r,\ot, 'pertaining to
the female sex,' and yoxr\,' generation.'  The
part taken by the female in the act of genera-
tion.  Also, nymphomania.
  THELYGONUM, Sperm (of the female.)
  THELYPTERS, Pteris aquilina.
  THENAR, divae,, from tffvo.,'I strike.'  The
palm of the hand, or sole of the foot.
  Thenar Em'inence is the  projection at the
anterior and outer part of the hand, formed by
the abductor brevis, opponens, and flexor brevis
pollicis.
  Thenar Muscle.  Riolan and Winslow give
this name to the fleshy mass, formed of the ab-
ductor brevis, opponens pollicis, and the ante-
rior part of the flexor brevis  pollicis.  In the
foot, Winslow gives the name Thenar muscle to
the abductor and flexor brevis pollicis pedis.
  Thenar, Flexor brevis pollicis manus, Palm.
  THEOMANIA, Demonomania.
  THEOPLEGIA, Apoplexy.
  THEOPLEXIA, Apoplexy.
  THEORETICAL, Theoret'icus, Theo'ricus,
from ^euigEfc',' I contemplate.' (F.) Thioritique,
Th'eorique.  That which is confined to theory,
or  is connected with it.  An  epithet also ap-
plied to a sect of physicians, who founded their
doctrine  chiefly on reasoning.
  THEORIA, Theory.
   THEORIQUE, Theoretical.
  THEORY, Tkeo'ria,  from  Stoytw, 'I con-
template.'  The speculative part of a science.
The connexion  established  in the  mind be-
tween a general fact, or the least possible num-
ber of general facts, and all the particular facts
dependent thereon : for  example,—the motions
of the heavenly bodies, and the most important
natural phenomena are connected with a single
fact,  previously known  by  observation; viz.
that the force  of gravity acts inversely accord-
ing to the square of the distance.   This consti-
tutes the theory of universal gravitation.  The-
ory must not be confounded with system.  The-
ory regards nature as it is, and is a rigid deduc-
tion from facts.  System is too often the crea-
ture of the imagination, to which nature is made
to bend.
   Theory of Medicine, Institutes  of Medi-
cine, Theoretical Medicine, is that part of the
science which attempts philosophically to ac-
count for the various phenomena that present
themselves during health as well as  in disease.
It is the philosophy of Medicine.  The Insti-
tutes of  Medicine  are generally  considered to
comprise Physiology and its applications to Pa-
thology, Hygiene, and Therapeutics.  By some
it is considered to include General Pathology
and General Therapeutics.
   THEOTHERM^E, Waters, mineral sulphu-
reous.
   THERAPEIA, Curation, Therapeutics.
   THERAPEUSS, Therapeutics.
   THERAPEUTA, Therapeutist.
   THERAPEUTICE, Therapeutics.
   THERAPEU'TICS,  Titer apeu'tice,  Thera-
peu'sia,  Therapeusis, Iatrotech'nicc, Practice of
Physic,   Therapela,   Therapi'a,   Curato'ria
Meth'odus, Methodus Meden'di, from dt^/tntva,
'I  wait  upon, I alleviate,  I attend upon the
sick.'  (F.) Therapeutiqne.   That part of me-
dicine, the object of which is  the treatment of
disease.   With others,  the department which 
THERAPEUTIQUE           838
THLASPI
 comprises an explanation of the modus operandi
 of medicines.
   THERAPEUTIQUE, Therapeutics.
  THERAPEUTIST, Therapeu'ta.  Same ety-
 mon.   Une  who  practises  therapeutics.   A
 practitioner of medicine.  To be a good thera-
 peutist, a man must be  well versed  in every
 department of medicine, and be capable of ob-
 serving and  reasoning well.   He may be a
 good observer,  and yet a bad reasoner.    He
 cannot practise well unless he is both.  Hence,
 the comparatively small number of good thera-
 peutists.
  THE R API A, Therapeutics.
  THERIA, Radzyge.
  THERIAC  OF ANTIPATER,  Antipatri
 theriaca.
  THERIACA, $r]qtaxit, from Srjq,' a ferocious
 or  venomous animal,' and  axfo^a/,  'I  cure.'
 Treacle, (F.)  Thiriaque.   Also, a medicine,
 believed to  be capable  of curing,  or   pre-
 venting the  effects of the bite of a venomous
 animal.  In  this  sense it is  chiefly  used by
 writers.
  Theriaca  Androm'achi,  Venice Treacle, is
 an ancient  alexipharmic  electuary;  consisting
 of a farrago of 61  different  ingredients, which
 possessed the most opposite properties.  It was
 invented byAndromachus of Crete, and prepared
 by order of Nero.  It  has received various  mo-
 difications; and, to the discredit of the Faculti
 de Midecine of Paris, has held its place in their
 Codex, with even  an additional number of in-
 gredients.  The Electua'rium Opia'tum poly-
phar'macum of the  Codex has contained acid in-
gredients, 5; astringent, 5;  bitter, 22; indige-
 nous aromatics, 10; umbelliferous aromatics, 7;
 balsams and resinous substances, 8 ; fetid ingre-
 dients, 6; narcotics, 1; earthy substances, 1;
gummy  or  amylaceous, 4; saccharine, 3"; total
72!  and one  of these  the flesh of the viper!
 A little more than a grain of  opium is contained
 in each drachm of  the  compound.
  Theriaca Celestis, Tinctura opii—t. Com-
 munis, Melasses—t. Edinensis, Confectio opii.
  Theriaca  Germano'rum.  An extract or
 rob, prepared from juniper berries.  Used as a
stomachic.
  Theriaca Londinen'sis, Cataplasma Cyml-
ni.   A cataplasm  of cumin  seed, bay berries,
germander, snakeroot,  cloves, honey, and some-
times opium,  or syrup of poppies.
  Theriaca Rusticorum, Allium.
  THERIAQUE,  Theriaca.
  THERIATRICA, Veterinary art.
  THERIODES, Ferine.
  THERIO'MA, Therion, from #»g,  <a veno-
mous animal.' Any extremely malignant ulcer.
 Sometimes  confined to ulcers of the lungs.
  THERION, Therioma.
  THERIOTOMY, Zootomy.
  THERM A, Heat—t.  Emphytum,  Animal
heat.
  THERMiE, Signal,  Ther'mata.  Warm baths
or springs.   See Waters (mineral.)
  Therm.e Fabarik, Pfeffers, Mineral Waters
of—t. Piperinae, Pfeffers, Mineral  Waters  of—
t. Plumbariae, Plombieres, Mineral Waters of.
  THERMASMA, Fomentation.
  THERMATA, Thermae.
  THERM ANTIC A,  Calefacients.
  THERMUM  EMPHYTUM, Animal heat,
 Biolychnium.
    THESIS, 6tT,g, from rih/uu, 'to place.'  ' A
  position  or proposition.'  Disputa'tio, lnaug'-
  ural Dissertation.   The name usually given
  to the essay composed by a candidate for gra-
  duation in medicine, which he is at times re-
  quired to defend publicly.  Often, however, it
  is a mere form giving useless labour and trou-
  ble to the student, inasmuch as  it is executed
  as a task, and never afterwards regarded by the
  preceptor or  by others.    Sandifort, Haller,
  Smellie, and  Stoll, have published collections
  of these.
    Also, a suffix denoting 'arrangement;' hence
  Diathesis.
    THEVE'TIA A!WO\fA\,Ahouai.  The ker-
  nels of the nut of this Brazilian tree  are said to
  be a violent poison.  At the Antilles, its nuts
  are called Noix de Serpent; and they are used
  against the bites of serpents.
   THIGH, Sax.  aeoh,  Femur, Femen,  Crus,
  Merits, Me'rium, (F.) Cuisse.  The part of the
  lower limb which extends from the pelvis  to
  the leg.  The thigh is  larger at its superior
  than inferior part, and has the form of an in-
  verted and  truncated cone, slightly depressed
  from within outwards.   Above, it is bounded,
 anteriorly, by the  groin; externally, by the hip:
 behind, by the fold of the nates ; and within, by
I the perineal region.  Below, it is bounded, an-
 teriorly, by the prominence of the knee; pos-
 teriorly, by the ham.  It  is formed of a consi-
 derable number of muscles, blood-vessels, lym-
 phatics, nerves, &c.; and is covered by a strong
 aponeurosis.
   THIGHBONE, Femur—t. Neck of the, Col-
 lum femoris.
   THION, Sulphur.
   THIRST, Sax.  Byjirt, (D.) Dorst,  Sitis,
 Dipsa, Potio'nis  deside'rium, (F.)  Soif.   A
 simple desire or an absolute want  for  liquids.
 Physiologists are not entirely agreed regarding
 the seat of thirst;  some place it in the fauces;
 others in the stomach.  Its immediate cause is
 not known.   It has been attributed to a dry
 condition  of the nervous papillae of the pharynx,
 produced  by suppression of the salivary and
 mucous secretions. This is probably true; but,
 again, it is owing to the wants of the  system,—
 a supply of fluid being required to compensate
the numerous  losses  that are constantly taking
 place.  Thirst is an internal sensation,—an in-
 stinctive want,—arising from organization, and
 inexplicable.  It is an urgent symptom in  many
 diseases, particularly in those of vascular ex-
 citement.
   Thirst, Excessive, Polydipsia—t. Morbid,
 Dipsosis.
   THIRSTY, Dipsodes.
   THISTLE, BLESSED, Centaurea benedicta
 —t. Cotton, Onopordium acanthium—t. Globe,
 Echinops—t.  Holy, Centaurea benedicta—t.
 Ladies', Carduus Marianus—t. Milk, common,
 Carduus Marianus—t. Pine, Atractylus  gum-
 mifera—t. Sow, Sonchus oleraceus—t.  Star,
 Centaurea calcitrapa—t.  Yellow,  Argemone
 Mexicana.
   THLADIAS, Eunuch.
   THLASIAS, Eunuch.
   THLASIS, Contusion—t. Depressio, Depres-
 sion.
   THLASMA, Contusion—t. Concussio, Con-
 cussion—t. Stremma, Sprain.
   THLASPI, Pennycress.  Family, Cruciferaj. 
THLIBIAS
839
THRIX
Sex. Syst. Tetradynamia Siliculosa.  Two spe-
cies of thlaspi are directed, in some pharmaco-
poeias, for medical use:—the Thlaspi arven'se
or Treacle mustard, and the Thlaspi campes'trS
or Mith'ridnte mustard.  The pharmaceutical
properties of both kinds resemble those of com-
mon mustard.
  THLIBIAS, Eunuch.
  THLIPSENCEPH'ALUS, from &x,iptg, 'com-
pression,' and  iy/.i^uxog, 'the  encephalon.'  A
monster in whom the skull is open, not merely
in the frontal and parietal, but also in the occi-
pital regions,—a distinct fontanelle not existing.
  THLIP'SIS, SXixpig, Compres'sio.  Compres-
sion, and especially constriction of vessels by
an external cause.  Oppression.
  THNESCOLOGIA, Thanatology.
  THOLUS, Achicolum—t. Diocleus, Scapha.
  THORACENTE'SIS, Paracentesis Thora'-
cis, from Sa-gaS, 'the thorax,' and xivrrjo-ig, 'per-
foration.'  Tapping the thorax.  Perforation of
the thorax.
   THORACHIQUE, Thoracic.
  THORACIC,  Thorad'icus, from  thorax,
'the chest;' (F.) Thoracique  ou Thorachique.
That which relates or belongs  to the chest; as
Thoracic vis'cera, &c.
   Thoracic Inferior Artery, Arte'ria  Tho-
rac"ica Exter'na Infe'rior vel Longa,A. mamma'-
ria externa, A. thoracica inferior, (F.)Deuxieme
des Thoraciques (Ch.,) arises from the axillary,
a little below the preceding, and  descends ver-
tically over the lateral  part of the thorax, and
the serratus major anticus.  It afterwards bends
inwards;  becomes  subcutaneous, and divides
into several branches, which embrace the breast.
It gives numerous ramifications to the pectora-
lis major, serratus anticus, intercostals, gang-
lions of the axilla, mamma, &c.
   Thoracic Superior Artery, Arte'ria Thora-
cica Exter'na Superior, (F.) A. thoracique supi-
rieure, Premiere des  Thoraciques (Ch.,) arises
from the axillary artery or from the acromial;
and descends  forwards between the pectoralis
major and P.  minor, to which it  distributes it-
self by a great  number of branches.   In some
 subjects, there are two or three Arteria thora-
 cicx externx superiores.
   Thoracic Duct,Ductus thoraC'icus seu chy'-
 lifer seu chyli seu lac'teus seu ro'rifer seu Pec-
 queti  seu Pecquetia'nus, Vena alba  thora'cis,
 Alveus ampulles'cens, Distributo'ria lactea tho-
 racica, Ductus thoracicus posterior seu verte-
 bra'lis, Galax ia, Duct of Pecquet, Alimentary
 Duct, (F.) Canal ou Conduit Thoracique, is the
 duct in which the lymphatics of the lower limbs,
 abdomen, left superior extremity, left side of
 the head, neck, and thorax terminate.  It begins
 at  the receptaculum  chyli,  which  is formed
 by the union  of five or six large  lymphatic
 trunks,—themselves  formed from the union of
 all  the  absorbent  plexuses of the abdomen.
 The  duct  ascends  into the chest through the
 pillars of the diaphragm, and by the side of the
 aorta and vena azygos.  It contracts in dimen-
 sion, as far as the 6th dorsal vertebra, when it
 inclines towards the left hand; ascends behind
 the arch of the aorta; passes behind the left in-
 ternal jugular vein, and opens at the posterior
 part of the subclavian vein  of the same  side.
 Its embouchure is furnished  with two valves,
 which prevent the blood from passing from the
 vein into the duct.
  Thoracic Limbs are the upper limbs;—so
called because they are articulated with the la-
teral and upper parts of the chest.
  Thoracic, Long or Inferior, Mammary in-
ferior external artery.
  Thoracic Regions are the different regions
of the chest.  Thus we say, anterior, lateral, and
superior thoracic, &c.
  THORACICA, Pectorals.
  THORACICS, FIRST OF THE, Mammary
superior external artery.
  THORACIQUE, Thoracic.
  THORACOCENTE'SIS,  from doiqag',  'the
chest,'and ^vx^o-ig, 'puncture.'  Paracentesis
thora'cis.   Puncture of the chest to evacuate
contained fluid—as in empyema.
  THORACOCYSTS, Thoracystis.
  THOR'ACO-GASTRODID'YMUS,  Did'y-
mus sym 'phyo-thoracoga s'trius ,Xyphodid 'ymus.
from  -So.pac,  'the  chest,' yao-jno, 'the belly,'
and JiSvuot, 'a twin.'   A monstrosity in which
twins are united by the chest and abdomen.—
Gurlt.
  THORACO-FACIAL,P]atysmamyoides—t.
Maxillo-facial, Platysma myoides.
  THORACODID'YMUS, from  &o>Qag,  'the
chest,' and fidvpos, 'a twin.'  A monstrosity in
which twins are united by the thorax.—Gurlt.
  THORACODYNE, Pleurodynia.
  THORACOPATHI'A,  from  ^ay*?,  ' the
chest,' and na&ug, 'disease.'   Disease or suffer-
ing in the chest.
  THORACOSCOPIA, see Auscultation.
  THORACOSCOPIUM, Stethoscope.
  THORACYST'IS, from Swq*.:, 'the chest,'
and  %xjo-Ttg, 'a bladder.'   Encysted  dropsy of
the chest.  Hydatids in the chest.
  THORAX, 6a-qa.^, 'a cuirass, a coat of mail.'
Cith'arus, Me'dius venter, Pectus, Stethus, Scu-
tum pec'toris, the Breast, the Chest, Bir, Che-
lys, Cassa, (F.) Poitrine.   One of the splanch-
nic cavities; bounded, posteriorly, by the ver-
tebra;  laterally, by the ribs  and  scapula;  an-
teriorly, by the sternum;  above, by the  cla-
vicle ;  and  below, by the diaphragm.   It is
destined to lodge and protect the chief organs
of respiration and circulation:—the  lungs  and
the heart.
  Thorax, Corset.
  THORE, Sperm.
  THORN  APPLE, Datura stramonium—t.
Red,  Datura  Sanguinea.
  THOROUGHSTEM, Eupatorium  perfolia-
tum.
  THOROUGHWAX,  Eupatorium  perfolia-
tum.
  THOROUGHWORT, Eupatorium perfolia-
tum.
  THOROW-WAX, Bupleurum rotundifolium.
  THORULUS STRAMINEUS, Fanon.
  THREADWORM, LONG, Trichocephalus.
  THREPSIS, Assimilation, Nutrition.
  TH REP SOL'OGY,  Threpsolog"ia,  from
9ot\pig, 'nutrition,' and Xoyog,  'a description.'
The doctrine of, or a treatise on, the nutrition
of organized bodies.
  THREPTICE,  Assimilation.
  THRIDACE, Lactucarium.
  THRIDAX, Lettuce.
  THRIFT, LAVENDER, Statice limonium—
t. American, Statice Caroliniana—t. Sea-side,
Statice Caroliniana.
  THRIX, Capillus, Hair. 
40                THYMUS
                THROAT                8

  THROAT, Spose, Spota, Jugulum, Inter-
stil'ium Jugula're, Guttur, Sphage.  The ante-
rior part of the neck.   (F.) Gorge.  Also, the
Fauces, (F.) Gosier.
  THROATROOT, Geum  Virginianum,  Lia-
tris.
  THROATWORT, Campanula trachelium.
  THROBBING,  Pulsati'vus, Sphyg'mieus,
Sphygmo'des,Pulsatory. Athrobbingpain,(F.)
Douleur pulsative, is a kind of pain which is,
or seems to be, augmented by the pulsation of

  THROMBOCYS'TIS, from Spotfog, 'a clot,'
and xuoTtg, 'a  cyst.'   The cyst occasionally
surrounding  a  clot of blood—as in encephalic
hemorrhage.
  THROMBOSIS, Coagulation, Thrombus.
  THROMBUS, 6qou(iof, 'a clot,' from xqupttv,
'to coagulate;'  Tkrombo'sis, Trumbus, Hama-
to'ma.   A small, hard,  round, bluish tumour;
formed by an effusion of blood in the vicinity
of a vein which has been opened in the opera-
tion of blood-letting.   The thrombus is most
commonly owing to the opening in the  vein
and that of the skin not corresponding; to ex-
cessive smallness of the cutaneous orifice; or
to small, fatty  granules, which prevent the dis-
charge of the  blood.   Compresses,  dipped in
salt water; camphorated spirit, and slight com-
pression usually disperse it.  See Blood.
  THROWORT, Leonurus  cardiaca.
  THRUSH, Aphthae—t. White, Aphthae—t.
Milk, Aphthae.
  THRYPSIS, Comminution.
  THUJA OCCIDENTALS, Thuya occiden-
talis.
  THUREA, Juniperus lycia—t. Virga, Juni-
perus lycia.
  THU S, see Pinus abies—t. Fcemininum, see
Pinus abies—t. Judaeorum, Croton cascarilla—
t. Judaeorum, Styrax—t. Judaeorum, Thymiama
—t. Libanotos, Juniperus lycia—t. Masculum,
Juniperus lycia—t. Verum, Juniperus lycia—t.
Vulgare, see Pinus abies.
  THUYA APHYLLA, see Sandarac.
  Thu'ya  seu  Thuja  Occidenta'lis,  Arbor
Vita, Tree of life.  Nat. Family,  Coniferae.
The leaves and  wood were formerly in high re-
pute as resolvents, sudorifics, and expectorants,
and were given in phthisical affections, inter-
mittent fevers, and dropsies.  The  expressed
juice has been  applied to condylomata.  The
arrangement of the medullary  matter  of the
cerebellum, termed Arbor Vita, is also called
Thuya.
  THYLACIITS, Gutta rosea.
   THYM, Thymus.
  'PHYMA,  Thymion.
  THYMALOS, Taxus baccata.
  THYMASTHMA, Asthma thymicum.
  THYMBRA, Satureia hortensis—t.  Hispa-
nica, Thymus mastichina.
  THYME,  CAT, Teucrium Marum—t. Com-
mon, Thymus—t. Lemon, see Thymus serpyl-
lum—t. Mother  of, Thymus  serpyllum—t.
Wild, Thymus serpyllum.
  THYMELiEA, Daphne gnidium.
  THYMELCO'SIS, from  Svuog,   'thymus,'
and liXx.og, 'an  ulcer.'  Ulceration of the thy-
mus gland.
  'J'HYMI'AMA, eu^Wft*, 'a perfume;' Musk-
wood,  Thus Judao'rum, (F.) Narcaphte.  A
bark from Syria, Cilicia, &c, supposed to be
the product of the liquid storax tree.  It has am
agreeable, balsamic smell; approaching that of
liquid storax.
   Thymiama, Fumigation, Suffimentum.
   THYMIASIOTECHNIA, Thymiatechny.
   THYMIASS, Fumigation.
   THYMIATECHNY, Thymiatech'nia,  Thy-
miasiotech'nia Cura fumigato'ria, from -dufiia-
/u.a,'an odour,'and te^vj;, 'art.'  The art of
employing perfumes in medicine.
   THYM'ION, Thyma, Thymus,Porrum,Por-
rus. Verru'ca rhagoi'dea, Verru'ca minor,  from
flt/^of, 'thyme.'  A small wart on the skin, re-
sembling a bud of thyme.
   THYMIOSIS, Frambcesia—t. Indica, Fram-
bcesia.
   THYMI'TES.   Wine  impregnated  with
thyme.
   THYMI'TS, from  Svuog, 'thymus,'  and
itis, denoting inflammation.  Inflammation of
the thymus gland.
   THYMOPATHFA, Psychopatki'a, from 3u-
nog,' the mind,' and rr*8og,' affection.'  A dis-
ease of the mind.
   THYMOS, Rage.^
   THYMOXAL'ME,  from 3-vftog, 'thyme,'
o£vg,  'acid,' and 'axg,  'salt.'  A  compound of
thyme, vinegar, and salt.
   THYMUS, &v/iiog, Glandu'la Thymus, Cor-
pus  Thymiamum  seu Thy'micum, Glan'dium,
Thymus gland.   An organ, the uses of which
are totally unknown, and which is  seated in the
upper separation of the anterior mediastinum.
The thymus has the appearance of a glandular
body.  It is oblong; bilobate;  soft, and  very
variable in size and colour.   In the fcetus, it is
very large, and contains a milky  fluid; but it
gradually disappears, and in old age is scarcely
discernible.  The arteries,  called thymic, are
from the inferior thyroid, internal mammary,
bronchial, and mediastinal.  The veins  have
the same arrangement.   It receives some ner-
vous filaments from the pneumogastric  nerves,
the phrenic, and the inferior cervical ganglia.
   Thymus, T. vulga'ris, Common Thyme, (F.)
Thym, T. Ordinaire.  Family, Labiatae.  Sex.
Syst. Didynamia  Gymnospermia.  This  herb
has an agreeable, aromatic smell;  and a warm,
pungent taste.  It is reputed to be resolvent,
emmenagogue, tonic, and stomachic.  It is not
much used.
   Thymus, Satureia capitata, Thymion—t. Cre-
ticus, Satureia capitata.
   Thymus Mastich'ina, Common herb, Mas-
tich, Marum  vulga're,  Samp'suchus, Clinopo'-
dia, Mastich'ina Gallo'rum, Thymbra Hispan'-
ica, Jaca In'dica.  A  low, shrubby, Spanish
plant, used as an errhine.   It has a smell like
mastich.  Its  virtues  resemble  those  of the
Marum Syriacum; but it is said to be less pow-
erful.
   Thymus Serpyl'lum, Mother of   Thyme,
Wild Thyme, Her'pylos, Herpyl'los, Serpyllum,
Serpullum, Serpillum, Gilarum, Serpyllum
vulga're minus, (F.) Serpolet.   This plant has
the  same  sensible  properties as the  garden
thyme;  but has a milder, and rather more grate-
ful flavour.  Lemon Thyme, the Serpyllum ci-
tra'tum, is merely  a  variety of  the  Thymus
Serpyllum.  It is very pungent; and has a par-
ticularly grateful odour, approaching  that of
lemons. 
THYRA
841
THYROIDEAL
  Thymus Sylvestris, Satureia capitata.
  THYRA, 6ui>*,  'a  gate,  folding-door.'  In
composition,  Thyreo  and  Thyro,  &vqiog, 'a
shield  resembling a  folding-door,' mean  the
thyroid cartilage.
  THYREMPHRAXIS, Bronchocele.
  THYREO, Thyro, in composition, relate to
the thyroid cartilage or gland.
  THYREOADENITS, Thyreoids.
  THYREO-ARYT'ENOID,  Thyro-arytenoi-
dtus, or Thyro-a.ryteno'ides.  That which re-
lates to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.
  Thyreo-arytenoid Ligaments, Inferior Li-
gaments of the  Larynx, Lips of the Glottis, Vo-
cal Cords, are two ligaments  about two lines
broad, formed  of elastic  and parallel  fibres,
which are contained in a duplicature of the mu-
cous  membrane of the  larynx.   They  extend
horizontally from the anterior projection at the
base of each arytenoid cartilage to the  middle
of the angle of  union of the thyroid cartilage.
They  are the  essential organs of voice.  See
Glottis.
   Thyreo-arytenoid Muscles, Thyreo-ary-
tenoidei, are  thin muscles, which arise from
the middle and inferior part  of  the  posterior
surface of the thyroid cartilage:  whence they
proceed backwards and outwards, to be inserted
into the outer part of the base of the arytenoid
cartilage.  They give the necessary tension to
the ligaments of the glottis, in the production
of the voice.  Santorini  has  given the name
Thyreo-aryteno'ideus  obliquus to a portion of
the aryteno'ideus muscle.
   THYREO-EPIGLOT'TIC,  Thyreo-epiglot-
tideus, Thyrepiglott'icus.   Sabatier and Santo-
rini have  given this name to the  outer portion
of the thyro-arytenoid muscle; because it passes
from the thyroid cartilage to  the anterior part
of the epiglottis.
   THYREO-HYOID, Thyro-hyo'ideus,  Thyro-
hyo'ides,  Hyodeothyreo'des.  That which  be-
longs or relates to the thyroid cartilage and os
hyoides.
   Thyreo-hyoid or  Hyo-thyroid Membrane
is a very broad, yellowish, fibrous membrane,
thicker at the  middle than at the extremities,
which is  attached above to the  posterior  sur-
face of the body and  great  cornu of the os hy-
oides; and, below, to  the whole  superior edge
of the thyroid cartilage.
   THYREO-tFYOiDEUS  or Hyo-thyreoideus
Muscle is situate at the anterior and superior
part of the neck.  It is attached to the oblique
line on the anterior surface of the thyroid  car-
tilage; to the inferior edge of the body of the
os  hyoides, and to the anterior portion of its
great cornu.  It approximates the thyroid  car-
tilage and os hj'oides to each  other, by  raising
the Cartilage, and with it the whole larynx: or,
it can depress the os hyoides.
  THYREO-PHARYNCEUS,Thyro-Pharyngeus.
   THYREOID, Thyroid.
   THYREOIDEUS, Thyroideal.
   THYREOI'TIS, Thyreoddeni'tis, Angi'na
thyreo'idea, from Sv^tog, ' a shield,' anditis, de-
noting inflammation.   Inflammation of the thy-
roid gland.
   THYREONCUS, Bronchocele.
   THYREOPHRAXIA, Bronchocele.
   THYREPIGLOTTICUS, Thyroepiglottic.
   THYRO, see Thyreo.
   THYRO-ARYTENOID, Thyreo-arytenoid.
        54
  THYRO-CRICO-PHARYNGEUS, see Cri-
co-pharyngeal.
  THYRO-HYOIDEUS, Thyreo-hyoid.
  THYRO-PHARYNGEUS,  Thyreo-pkaryn-
geus.  Valsalva, Morgagni, Santorini, and Win-
slow have given this name to the portion of the
constrictor pharyngis inferior, which is attached
to the thyroid cartilage.
  Thyro-Pharyngeus, Constrictor pharyngis,
see Crico-pharyngeal.
  T H YR O -P HARYNGO-STAPHYLINUS,
Palato-pharyngeus.
  THYROCELE, Bronchocele.
  THYROID, Thyreoid, Thyro'i'des, from 6u?«,
ca gate or folding-door,' or from Qvptog,  'a
shield,' and uSog,' form.'  That  which has the
shape of a folding-door.
  Thyroid Car'tilage, Cartila'go Scutifor'-
mis, C. Scuta'lis, C. Clypea'lis,  Coopertorium,
C.Pelta'lis seu pelta'tus, Scutum, Ada!mi Mor-
sus  Os, is  the largest of the cartilages  of the
larynx, at the anterior part of which it is situ-
ate.  It is larger transversely than vertically;
broader above than below;  and  seems formed
by the junction of the two quadrilateral plates,
which produce, by their union, an angle that
projects forwards.   Its two posterior margins
terminate above, and on each side, by an ensi-
form prolongation,  called the  greater cornu of
the  thyroid  cartilage;  and, below, by  a less
prominent eminence, the lesser cornu, which is
articulated with the cricoid.
   Thyroid Gland, Corpus Thyreo'ideum, Glan-
dula Thyreo'idea, (F.) Gland  ou  Corps  Thy-
ro'ide, is an organ, the uses of which are not
known.  It  covers  the  anterior and inferior
part of the larynx, as well as  the first rings of
the trachea, and seems to be composed of two
lobes, flattened from before to behind,  which
are united by a transverse  prolongation of the
same nature  as  themselves, called  the Isthmus
of the Thyroid Gland.  The tissue of the thy-
roid is soft, spongy, and of a brownish colour;
but its  intimate structure is unknown.   It is
formed of several distinct lobules;  collected in
lobes of greater or  less size.  These are com-
posed of granulations, some of which contain a
yellowish or milky fluid.  The  thyroid gland
receives four large arteries, called  Thyroideal,
as well as corresponding veins.   Its nerves pro-
ceed from the  pneumogastric, and  from the
cervical ganglia.  No excretory duct has ever
been found in it.  Its uses are not  known.
   THYROIDEAL,  Thyroideus, Thyreo'ideus,
(F.)  Thyro'idien.   That which concerns the
thyroid gland or cartilage.
   Thyroideal  Arteries  are  two  on  each
side.  1. The superior Thyroideal, superior la-
ryngeal, superior  guttural, arises  from the
anterior part of the external carotid, and pro-
ceeds to the  upper  part of the thyroid  gland,
after having  given  off a laryngeal branch and
a crico-thyroid.   2.  The inferior  Thyroideal,
infe'rior gut'tural, much larger  than  the last,
arises from  the  upper part of the  subclavian.
It passes in a serpentine manner,  to the infe-
rior part of  the thyroid gland, to  which it is
distributed,  after having given a number of
branches to  the  neighbouring  parts, among
which is the cervicalis ascendens.
  Thyroideal  Veins are, 1.  A superior- tky-
roideal, and  several middle thyroideal,  which
open into the internal jugular vein. 2. An in- 
THYROIDPEN
842
TICKLING
ferior  tkyroideal,  much larger  than the pre-
ceding, whose branches form—by anastomosing
with those of the opposite side, in front of the
trachea—a very remarkable  venous plexus,
which  J.  Cloquet calls the infra-tkyroideal
plexus.  The inferior thyroideal veins open,—
the left  into the corresponding  subclavian;—
the right, into the vena cava superior.
   THYROID1EN, Thyroideal.
   THYROPHRAXIA, Bronchocele.
   THYRSUS, Penis.
   TIBI-PERONEO-TARSIEN,  Peronaeus
longus.
   TIB'I A. A Latin word, which signifies a flute
or pipe.  Cneml, Procne'me, Piocne'mium, Fo'-
cile majus, Arun'do major, Canna major, Can-
na major seu domes'tica cruris.   The  largest
bone of the leg.   A long irregular, and triangu-
lar bone, situate on the inner side of the fibula.
It has, 1.  A Superior  or  femoral  extremity,
which  is very large, rounded, and has two emi-
nences at the sides,  called  Tuberosities of the
Tibia,  or Tibial tuberosities.  The  outermost
is articulated with the fibula.  On its head are
two articular, oval, concave surfaces, separated
by a process, called Spine of the tibia, which are
articulated with the condyles of the Os femoris.
2. An  inferior  or  tarsal extremity,  having an
articular  surface  beneath, which  joins  the
astragalus; within, a triangular eminence, which
forms the malleolus  internus ;  and, on the out-
side, a triangular surface, which articulates with
the fibula.  3. The body or shaft of the tibia
has three faces,  separated by three angles, the
anterior  of which is the most prominent, and
is called the spine or crista of the tibia ox tibial
spine.   It is the shin.  The tibia is articulated
with the femur, fibula, and astragalus.  It is
developed  by three  points of ossification, one
for the body, and one for each extremity.
   Tibia Minima, Fibula.
   TIBI^EUS, Tibial.
   TIBIAL,  Tibia'I is,  Tibix'us,  (F.)  Tibial,
Jambier.  That which relates to the tibia or to
the leg.
   Tibial Aponeuro'sis, (F.) Aponivrose Jam-
biere, surrounds the  muscles of the  leg.  It is
continuous, above, with the femoral aponeurosis,
?.nd arises, also, from the head of the fibula, and
from several fibrous expansions which detach
themselves from the tendons of the triceps, sar-
torius, gracilis, and semitendinosus.  Thence it
descends around the leg, attaching itself to the
whole extent of the anterior and inner edges of
the tibia.  It sends, below, an expansion, which
passes before the tendo Achillis, and is continu-
ous with the anterior annular ligament of the
tarsus.  It is attached, also, to the sheath of the
peronei muscles.
   Tibial  Arteries are two in  number.  1.
The Tibia'lis Antica, which arises from the
popliteal artery, before its bifurcation; passes
immediately through the opening in the upper
part of the interosseous ligament, and reaches
the anterior part of the leg; when it turns down-
wards, and descends, obliquely,  between the
extensor communis  digitorum pedis and the ti-
bialis  anticus, anterior to the interosseous liga-
ment ; glides under the anterior annular ligament
of the  tarsus, and takes the name Dorsalis tarsi.
 Amongst the numerous branches, given off by
 the  tibialis antica, may be distinguished—the
 Tibialis recur'rens,  A. malleola'ris interna, and
A. malleolaris externa. 2. The Tibialis post lea,
arises from the bifurcation of the popliteal ar-
tery; and, slightly tortuous, descends between
the two planes of the posterior muscles of the
leg; until it arrives  under the arch of the cal-
caneum, where it divides into two  branches—
the Plantar arteries.
  Tibial Nerves are two in number.  1. The
anterior  tibial  nerve,  Pritibiosusplantairc,
(Ch.)   One of the two branches in which the
external popliteal terminates.  It accompanies
the arteria tibialis antica.  2. The posterior  ti-
bial nerve, Branche tibiale dnnerf femoro-pop-
litie, (Ch.) is the internal, popliteal.
  Tibial Veins, Anterior and Posterior,have
the  same arrangement  as  the arteries which
they accompany.
  TIBIA'LIS ANTI'CUS, Cate'nx mus'culus,
(F.)  Tibio-sus-mitatarsien,  Tibio-sustarsien,
(Ch.) Jambier antirieur.   A muscle  situate at
the anterior part of the leg.   Above, it has the
shape of a triangular prism; below,'it is slender
and tendinous.   It is attached, above, to the an-
terior part of the external tuberosity of the  ti-
bia; to  the superior half of the outer surface of
that bone; and to the anterior surface of the in-
terosseous ligament.   Below, its tendon termi-
nates at the  base of the first cuneiform  bone,
and at the posterior  extremity of the first me-
tatarsal bone.   This muscle bends the foot  on
the leg, and directs  its point inwards, at the
same time that it raises  its inner edge.  It can,
also, bend the  leg on the foot, and prevent it
from falling backwards  in standing.
  Tibialis Gracilis, Plantar muscle.
  Tibialis Posti'cus, (F.) Tibio-tarsien, Tibio-
sous-tarsien,  (Ch.) Jambier  postirieur.   This
muscle is situate at the posterior and deep part
of the leg.  It is thicker above than below; and
is attached, above, to the posterior surface of the
fibula; to the posterior surface of the tibia, and
to the  interosseous ligament.  Its  tendon ter-
minates, below, at the tuberosity on the inferior
extremity of the os  scaphoides.   This muscle
extends the foot on the  leg;  at the same time
raising  its inner edge.   It,  likewise, extends
the leg on the foot.
   TIBIO-CALCAN1EN, Soleus—t. Phalan-
gettien, Flexor longus digitorum pedis profun-
dus perforans—t. Sous-tarsien, Tibialis posticus
—t. Sus-mitatarsien, Tibialis anticus—t. Sus-
tarsien, Tibialis anticus.
   TIB'IO-TARSAL, Tibio-tar'seus,(F.) Tibio-
tarsienne.  What relates to the tibia and tarsus.
   Tibio-Tarsal Articula'tion is the articu-
lation of the foot with the leg.  It is formed by
the tibia and the astragalus; and is strengthened
by lateral, and by anterior and  posterior liga-
ments.
   TIBIO-TARSIEN, Tibialis posticus.
   TIC,  Twitching.   A local and habitual con-
vulsive  motion of certain  muscles; and, espe-
cially, of some of those of the face.  It is, some-
times, called  in France Tic  convul.sif ou  Tic
non douloureux, to distinguish it from Tic, dou-
loureux  or  neuralgia  faciei,  and  has been
termed a partial chorea or form of chronic cho-
rea, Spasmus facia'lis, Chme'a fa'ciei.
   TIC DOULEUREUX, Neuralgia, facial—t.
non douloureux, see Tic.
   TICKLE WEED, Veratrum viride.
   TICKLING,  (F.)  Ckatouitlement.   This
1 word, sometimes, means the  action of tickling 
TICKWEED
843
TINCTURA
(titilla'tio;) at others, the sensation produced
by this action (pruritus.)  A vivid  sensation,
which commonly causes laughter, and a state
of general spasm that may be dangerous if too
long protracted.  There are  someparts of the
body, where we are easier tickled than others;
for example, the sole of the feet, and the hypo-
chondriac legions.
  TICKWEED, Hedeoma.
  TIERCE, see Tertian.
  TIGE P1TUITAIRE, Infundibulum of the
brain—t. Sussphinoidale, Infundibulum of the
brain.
  TIGILLUM, Crucible.
  TIGLIA seu TIGLII  GRANA, see Croton
Tiglium.
  TIGRETIER, see Mania,  dancing.
  TIGULA, Saccharum.
  TIKIMMA, Cacoucia coccinea.
  TILBURY, MINERAL WATERS OF.  A
saline chalybeate at West Tilbury, in Essex,
England.  It is not much frequented.
  TILIA, T. Europa'a, Phil'yra.   The Lime
tree or  Linden  tree,  Basswood, Wkitewood,
Spoonwood, (F.)  Tilleid.  Family, Tiliaceae.
The flowers have been supposed to possess  ano-
dyne and antispasmodic virtues.
   TILLEUL, Tilia.
   TILLICHERRY CORTEX,  Nerium  anti-
dysentericum.
   TILMA, Linteum.
   TILMOS, Evulsion.
   TILMUS,  Carphologia.
   TIM AC.   The name of an East India root,
but of what vegetable is not clear.  It is  said
to  possess diuretic properties;  and hence has
been given in dropsies.
   TIMIDUS, Rectus inferior oculi.
   TIN, (D.)  Ten.   Slannum,  Cassit'eros,
Cattit'eros, Stangos,  Jupiter,  Stu'pia, Laos,
Plumbum  album seu candidum, Plumbum can-
didum,  (F.) /'tain.  A solid metal; of a pecu-
liar odour when rubbed;  insipid; colour  whi-
tish;  s. g. 7.291; giving a peculiar tinkling
sound when struck.   It is  used, in  medicine,
only as  a  mechanical  anthelmintic.  Dose, 3J
of  the Pulvis St anni or Granular tin, in mo-
 lasses.  This is made by melting tin in an iron
 vessel  over the fire, and, while it  is cooling,
 stirring until it is reduced to a powder, which
 is passed through a sieve.—Ph. U. S.
   Tin, Butter of, Tin,  muriate of—t. Chlo-
 ruret of,  Tin, muriate of—t. Deutohydrochlo-
 rate of, T. muriate of.
   Tin-Foil, St annum folia'tum, Stanni'olum,
 is used for plugging carious teeth, &c.
   Tin-Glass, Bismuth.
   Tin, Granular, see Tin—t. Muriate of, su-
 peroxygenated, T. muriate  of.
   Tin, Muriate  of, Butter of Tin, Faming
 liquor  of Liba'vius, Mu'rias Stanni Murias
 Oxyd'uli Stanni, Cklor'uret of  Tin, Deu to-hy-
 dro-chlorate of Tin, Superoxygena'ted Muriate
 of Tin.  This is formed of Tin, one part; con-
 centrated  muriatic acid, three  parts,  lobe
 crystallized by the aid of heat.  A violent ca-
 thartic.  Dose, gr. ij or  nj.
   Tin, Sulphuret of, Aurum musivum.
   TIN ASM I'S, Tenesmus.
   TINCTU'RA. from finacrctinctum, 'to dye.'
 Tincture. Essen'tia, (F.)  Ti'mlure  Alcoolat, .<//-
 cohol. The term tincture is generally restricted
 M  spirituous solutions of vegetable, animal, and
some saline substances.   It corresponds, there-
fore, with the word Quintes'sence, in one of its
old significations;  and with the Jilcoola'turn of
the Co kx of Paris.   It is not unusual, however,
to speak of  aqueous  tincture,  etlier-eul tincture,
&c.  Tinctures are made either with pure al-
cohol or proof spirit.  The former are precipi-
tated by water: and, therefore, are seldom used
internally; the latter  are common additions to
infusions, decoctions,  &c.  They ought not, of
course,  to be united with any vehicle which
can decompose them, or separate any thing from
them in a palpable form; unless such decompo-
sition is desired by the prescriber.  In making
tinctures, the ingredients should be reduced to
a coarse powder;  and the maceration  be made
in close vessels, exposed to a heat of about 80°,
and frequently shaken.  When completed, they
must be filtered, and put away for use in close
bottles.  When the process of displacement is
employed, great care must be taken, so that the
substances treated may be, as far as  possible,
exhausted of their  soluble principles, and a per-
fectly  clear  tincture  be  obtained.   To those
who are not familiar with the  process, the  plan
of maceration is preferable.—Ph. U. S.
   Tinctura Absin'thii Compos'ita, Compound
 Tincture  of  wormwood,  Essen'tia  absin'thii
composita seu amara. (Absinth., artem. pontic.
caryopk. aa gss, sacch. gij, alcohol. Oss.  Mace-
rate for fifteen days. Ph. P.) Tonic, stomachic,
vermifuge, and carminative.   Dose, f. gij  to f.
gss.
   Tinctura Acacije Catechu, T. catechu—t.
 Acetatis ferri cum alcohole, see T. ferri acetatis
—t. Acidi sulphurici, Sulphuricum acidum aro-
 maticum.
   Tinctura Aconi'ti, Tincture of Aconite,
 (Aconit. giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate for
 14 days, express, and filter through paper. Ph.
 U. S.)   It may also be made  by displacement.
 Ph. U. S.
   Tinctura ^Ethe'rea Camphoea'ta, Sofa'tw
 cam'phorx xthe'rea, Liquor nervinus Bangii,
 Spiritus  sulphu'rico - athereus   camphora'tus,
 Naphtha vitrioli campkora'ta. (Camphor, p. i.
 JEther sulphuric, p. ii.)  Stimulant  in atonic
 diseases, arthritic cardialgia and spasm. Dose,
 20 to 30 drops in white wine.
   Tinctura  ^Etherea Ferri,  Alcohol  (seu
 Tinctura) sulphurico-tethereus ferri—t. Alco-
 holica Chinae composita, T.   cinchonae compo-
 sita—t. Alcoholicacorticum aurantiorum Whyt-
 tii, Tinctura cinchonae amara—t. Alexiphaima-
 ca Huxhami, Tinctura cinchonae composita.
   Tinctura Al'oes, T. Aloes Soeetorlnce, Es-
 sen'tia Aloes, Alcohol  cum  Aloe perfolia'td,
 Tincture of Aloes.   (Aloes, gj,  ext.  glycyrrh.
 giij, aqux Oiss, alcohol. Oss.   Macerate for 14
 days, and filter.   Ph. U. S.)  Properties,  those
 of aloes.  Dose, f. gss to f. giss.
   Tinctura Aloes Xthe'rea, JEthe'real  Tinc-
 ture of Aloes, Tinctura aloes vitriola'ta. (Aloes
 Socot., Myrrh, Ou giss,  croci gj, sp.  atheris
 sulph. Oj.   Digest the myrrh in the ether for 4
 days; then add the aloes and  saffron.  Ph. E.)
 Stimulant and cathartic.   Dose, f. gj to f. gij.
   Tinctura Aloes  Compos'ita, Elix'ir Pro-
 prieta'tis, E. aperitivum, E. Aloes,  Tinctura
 Aloes cum  Mijrrka,  T.  Alois et  Myrrkx,  (Ph.
 U.S.) T.  Aloes et Mijrrka croca'ta,  Elixir of
 long life, Compound Tincture of Aloes,   (F.)
 Elixir de longue vie, Baume  de viedeLelievre, 
TINCTURA               844               TINCTURA
(Aloes, in pulv., giij, croci, gj, Tinct. Myrrha,
Oij.)  Macerate for 14 days, and filter.   Pur-
gative and stomachic.  Dose, f. gj  to f. gij.
  Radcliffe's Elixir is formed of Aloes Socotr.
^vj, cort. cinnam., rad. zedoar, aa gss, rad. rhei
"j, coccinell. gss, syrup, rhamni gij, sp. tenuior.
Oj, aqux pura f. gv.
  Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhs, T. aloes com-
posita—t. Aloes  et myrrhae  crocata, T.  A.
composita—t. Aloes  vitriolata, T. A. aethe-
rea — t.  Amara,  T. gentianae  composita—t.
Amomi  repentis,  T.  cardamomi—t.  Amomi
zingiberis, T. zingiberis.
  TiNCTbRA Angustu'ra, Tincture of Angus-
tura. (Cort. cuspar. in pulv. crass, redact, gij,
sp. vin. ten. Oij.  Digest. Ph. D.)  Dose, f. gj
to f. gij.
  Tinctura Antiodontal'gic a, TootkackeTinc-
ture.  (Tannin. Qj, Mastich, gr. v, ather. gij.
M.)   To be applied  on  cotton wool, to  the
tooth previously dried.
  Tinctura  Aristolochia Serpentaria,  T.
serpentariae—t. Aromatica, T. cinnamomi com-
posita—t. Aromatica ammoniata, Spiritus am-
moniae aromaticus.
  Tinctura Asafce'tida, T. Fer'ula Asafati-
da, Tincture of Asafatida, T. fatida, T. asafa-
tidx,  (Asafatid. giv, sp. rect. Oij. Macerate
for fourteen days and filter.)   Dose, gti- xv to
*'• si-
  Tinctura Asafcetida Ammoniata, Spiritus
Ammonias fcetidus.
  Tinctura Auran'tii, T. Cor'ticis Aurantii,
Tincture of Orange Peel.  (Aurant.  cort. recent.
giij, sp. red. Oij.   Digest for 14 days.)   Sto-
machic.   Used  as an adjunct to stomachic
draughts.  Dose,  f. gss to gij.
  Tinctura Aurea, Alcohol seu tinctura sul-
phurico-aethereus ferri.
  Tinctura Belladon'na, Tincture  of Bella-
donna.  (Belladonnx, giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.
Macerate for 14 days; express, and filter through
paper.  Ph. U. S.)  It may, also,  be prepared
by displacement.   Ph. U. S.
  Tinctura Benzo'ini Compos''ita, Compound
Tincture of Benzoin,  T. Benzoes composita,
Batsamum Catkolicum, B. Per'sicum, Balsa-
mum traumat'icum, Elixir traumaticum,Friar's
Balsam,  Vervain's Balsam,  Wade's  Drops,
Jesuit's  drops, Commander's Balsam,  Wound
Balsam, Balsam for cuts.  (Benzoin,  giij,
styrac. purif. gij, tolut. gj, aloes, in pulv. gss,
alcohol. Oij.  Macerate for 14 days and filter.)
Stimulant.   Used chiefly to wounds and ulcers.
  The basis of Turlington's Balsam of Life is
the Compound Tincture of Benzoin.   The  fol-
lowing form is recommended by a committee
of the Philadelphia  College  of Pharmacy :—
Alcohol.  Oviij, Benzoin, gxij, Styrac. liquid,
giv, Aloes Socotrin."^], Balsam Peruvian, gij,
Myrrha, gj, Rad. Angelic, gss, Balsam Tolut.,
Ext. Glycyrrh. aa, giv.   Digest for  ten  days,
and strain.
  The Essence of Coltsfoot consists  of  equal
parts of the Compound Tincture of  Benzoin  and.
Balsam of Tolu,  to which is  added double the
quantity of Rectified Spirit of Wine.   It is sold
as a pectoral.
   Tinctu'ra Calum'ba, T.  Columba, T.  Co-
lombo, Tincture of Columbo,  Columbo  Bitters,
 (Calumb. rad. cont. giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.
 Macerate for 14 days; express, and filter.    Ph.
, U. S.)  Dose, f. gss  to giv.  It may, also, be
 made by displacement.
   Tinctura Camphora, Spiritus camphorae.
   Tinctura Cam'phora Coju-os'ita, T. Opii
 Campkora'ta, Compound Tincture of Camphor,
 Camphorated Tincture of Opium, Elixir Pare-
 gor'icum,  Paregoric Elixir.   (Opii, in pulv.
 Acid Benzoic, aa gj, ol. anisi, f. gj, mellis despu-
 mat. gij,  Camphor.  "$i],  alcohol,  dilut. Oij.
 Macerate for 14 days, and filter through paper.
 Ph. U. S.)  One fluidounce contains nearly gr.
 ij of opium.  Anodyne.  Dose, f. gj to f. giij.
   Squire's Elixir, an empirical carminative
 preparation, is thus made, according to one for-
 mula.  (Opii giv, camphor, gj, coccinell. gj,
 fanicul. dulc. gij, tinct. serpent. Oj, sp. anisi.
 cong. ij, aqua  Oij, auri mnsivi,^vj.)
   Tinctura Canthar'idis, T. C. Vesicato'ria,
 T. Lytta, T.  Melo'es  vesicato'rii, Tincture of
 Blistering Fly, T. of Spanish Fly, (Y.)Teinture
 rubifiante. (Cantharid. cont.gij,alcohol.dilut.
 Oij.  Macerate for 14 days; express, and filter.
 It may,  also, be prepared  by  displacement.
 Ph. U. S.)  Stimulant and diuretic, but not
 often used internally.  Externally, stimulant.
 Dose, gtt. x.
   Matthew's Injection, a once celebrated nos-
 trum for fistula in ano, consisted wholly of a
 dilute Tincture of Cantharides.
   Tinctura Cap'sici, Tincture of Capsicum.
 (Capsic.gj. alcohol, dil.  Oij.  Macerate for 14
 days, and filter.  Ph. U. S.)   It may, also, be
 prepared by displacement.  Stimulant.  Dose,
 f. gss to gj.
   Tinctura Cardamo'mi, T. amo'mi repen'tis,
 Tincture of Cardamoms.   ( Cardam. cont. g iv,
 alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate for 14 days, strain,
 and filter.  Ph. U. S.)  It may, also, be made
 by displacement.   Use, the same as the  seeds.
 Dose, f. gj to f. giv.
   Solomon's Balm of Gilead, an empirical pre-
 paration, seems to  be an aromatic tincture,—of
 which  Cardamoms form a leading ingredient,—
 made  with brandy.  Some affirm that it con-
 tains cantharides.
   Tinctura Cardamomi Compos'ita,Compound
 Tincture  of Card'amoms,  Stomach  Tincture,
 Tinctura Stomach'ica.  (Card, sem., carui sem.,
 cocci,  aa gij,  cinnam. cort. cont.  giv. uvar.
 passar. demptis acinis,  giv, spirit, ten.  Oij.
 Ph. I.)   Stomachic and carminative.   Dose f.
 gij to f. giv.
   Tinctura Caeminati'va Syl'vii, Alcoola'-
 tum Carminati'vum Sylvii, Carminative Elixir
 of Sylvius. (Rad. angelic. 4 p., rad. impera-
 tor., galang. aa 6 p., fol. rosmarin., majoran.,
 ruta, basilic, aix 48 p., baccar. laur. nobil. 12 p.
 sem. angelic, ligust. levist.,  anis aa  16 p.,
 zingib., nuc.  moschat. -aa. 6 p., cinnam. 12 p.,
 caryopk.,  cort. limon. aa  4 p.  Add alcohol
 1500p. Macerate and distil, 1000 p.  Ph.P.) A
 warm  stomachic, carminative, &c.  Dose, gss
 to f. gss.
   Tinctura  Cascaril'la,  T. Croto'nis Eieu-
 the'ria, Alcohol cum Croto'ne Cascarilla, Tinc-
 ture of Cascarilla.  (Cascarill. cort. cont. giv,
 sp. ten. Oij.   Ph. L.)  Dose, f. gj to f. giv.
    Tinctura Casto'rei, T. Castorei Ros'sici,
 Essen'tiaC astorei,A\' cohol castoria! tum,T .Cas-
 torei Canaden'sis, Tincture of Castor. (Castor
 cont. gij, alcohol. Oij.  Macerate  for 7 days,
 express, and filter.)  Tonic and antispasmodic.
 Dose,  gtt. xx to f. gij, or more. 
TINCTURA
845
TINCTURA
  Tinctura Castorei Compos'ita, Compound
Tincture of Castor.  (Cast, gj, g. asafatid. gss.
alcohol. ammomat.Oj.  Ph.E.)  Antispasmodic.
Dose, f. gj to f. giv.   Called, also, Elixir fa'ti-
dum, Tinctura castorei fatida seufatida ammo-
niata.
  Tinctura Cat'echu, Tinctura Japon'ica, T.
Mimo'sx Catechu, T. Aca'cix Catechu, Tincture
of Catechu. (Calech. giij, cinnam. contus f. gij,
alcohol, dilut.  Oij.  Macerate for 14 days,'ex-
press  and  filter.  Ph.  U.  S.)  Astringent.
Dose, f. gj to f. gij.
  The Concentrated Solution of Charcoal, sold
for cleaning the teeth, seems to be little more
than the tincture of catechu.
  Tinctura Cicuta, T. conii  maculati.
  Tinctura Cincho'na, T. Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni
Simjrlex, T. Cort. Peruvia'ni, Tincture of Cincho-
na, Tincture of Bark.  (Cirtchon. cont. gvi,
alcohol, dilut.  Oij.   Macerate for 14 days, ex-
press,  and  filter  through paper.  Ph.  U. S.)
It may, also, be made by displacement.  Dose,
f. gj to giv or more.
  Tinctura Cincho'na Ama'ra, Elixir anti-
hypochondrlacum, E. rob'orans  Whyt'tii,  E.
Whyttii,Essen'tia Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni Composi-
ta, Tinctu'ra alcohol'ica corticum aurantio'rum
Whyttii, T. Kinklna ama'ra, Elixir stomach'-
icus spirituo'sus.  (Cinck.  p.  viij,  Gentian.
Rad.,  Cort. Aurant. p. iij.  Alcohol (.900) 96
p. Digest.)   Dose, one or two teaspoonfuls.
  Tinctura Cinchona Ammonia'ta,  T. Cor'-
ticis Peruvia'ni volat'ilis, Ammoniated Tincture
of Bark, Volatile  Tincture of Bark.  (Cinchon.
lancifol.  cort.  cont. giv. sp. ammon.  aromat.
Oij.  Ph. L.)   In dyspepsia,  combined with
acidity and languor.
  Tinctura Cinchona ^Ethe'rea Compos'ita,
T.  Kina Kina athe'rea compos'ita, Elixir'ium
Antisep'ticum Docto'ris Chaussier, Ckaussier's
Antisep'tic Elixir.  (Cinchon. officin. gij, cas-
carill. gss, cinnam. giij, croci gss, sacch. alb.
gxxxviij.  Put these bruised into a mattress,
and add vin. alb. Hispanic, vel vin. muscat., al-
cohol,  aa Oj.  Macerate  for  two days, and add
sulphuric ether f. giss. Ph. P.)  Tonic, stimu-
lant, and antiseptic.  Dose, f. gss to f. gj.
  Tinctura Cinchona Compos'ita, Compound
Tincture of Cinchona or Bark, Huxkam's Tinc-
ture of Bark, T. Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni Compo-
sita, T. febrifuga Docto'ris Huxka'mi, Essen'-
tia China, E.  Cor'ticis Peruvia'ni Alexiphar'-
maca  Huxkami, Essen'tia antisep'tica  Hux-
hami,   Tinctu'ra  Alexipkar'maca Huxkami,
Tinctu'ra Alcohol'ica Chinx Compos'ita.  (Cin-
chon.  cont. gij, aurant.  cort.  cont. giss, ser-
pent, cont. giij, croci, santal. aa gj, alcohol, di-
lut. f. gxx.  Macerate for 14 days, express, and
filter.   Ph. U.  S.)  It may, also, be  made by
displacement.  More grateful  than the simple
tincture.   Dose, f. gj to f. giij.
  Tinctura Cinnamo'mi, Tincture of Cinna-
mon, Essen'tia Cinnamomi, T. Lauri  Cinna-
momi,  (Cinnam.  cont. giij, alcohol, dilut. Oij.
Macerate for 14 days, express, and filter.   Ph.
U. S.)  It may, also, be prepared by displace-
ment.   Stomachic.  Dose, f. gj to f. gij.
  Tinctura Cinnamo'mi  Compos'ita,   Com-
pound  Tincture of  Cinnamon,  Tinctu'ra Aro-
mat'ica, Essen'tia Aromatica, Alcool cum Aro-
mat'ibus  Compos'itus, Eau  de  Bon fer me  ou
d'Armngnac.  (Cinnam. cont. gj, cardam. cont.
gss, zingib. cont. giij, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Ma-
cerate  for  14 days, express, and  filter.   Ph-
U. S.)   It may, also, be prepared by displace-
ment.   Use, same as the  last.   Dose, f. sj to

  Tinctura  de  Cochlea'riis,  Alcoola'tum de
Cochleariis, A.  antiscorbu'ticum.  (Fol. coch-
lear, recent. 2500 p., rad. armoracix, 230 p.,
alcohol. (22° to 32°  Be.) 3000 p., distil off 20u0
p.  Ph. P.)  Antiscorbutic.  Dose, f. gij to gj.
  Tinctura  Col'chici, T. C.  Sem'inis, (Ph.
U.S.),  Tincture of Colchieum Seed.  (Colchic.
sem. cont. giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.   Macerate
for  14 days, express, and filter.  Ph. U. S.)  It
may, also, be prepared by displacement.  Dose.
ten to sixty drops.
  Tinctura Colchici Seminis, T. colchici—t.
Colombae, T. Calumbae.
  Tinctura Coni'i, T. C. Macula'ti, T. Cicu'-
ta, Tincture of Hemlock.   (Conii fol. giv, al-
cohol, dil. Oij.  Macerate  for 14 days, express.
and  filter.  Ph.  U. S.)  It may also be made
by  displacement.   Use;—the same as  that of
the leaves.
  Tinctura Conii Maculati,T. conii—t. Con-
volvuli Jalapae, T. jalapii—t. Corticis aurantii,
T.  aurantii—t. Corticis Peruviani composita,
T. cinchonae comp.—t. Corticis Peruviani sim-
plex, T. cinchonae—t. Corticis Peruviani vola-
tilis, T. cinchonae ammoniata.
  Tinctura  Croci Sati'va, T» Croci, Tinc-
ture of Saffron.  (Croci Angl.  cont. gj, alco-
hol, dilut.gxv. Ph.E.) Slightlystomachic(?).
Dose, f. gj to f. giij.
  Tinctura de Croco Comtos'ita, Elixir'ium
de  Garus, Alcoola'tum de  Croco Compos'itum,
Compound Tincture of Saffron, Elixir of Ga-
rus.  (Aloes Socotr. 320 p., myrrh. (54 p., croci.
32  p., cinnam., nuc. mosckat., caryoph. aa, 16
p., alcohol. 10U0 p. aq. flor. aurant. 5000 p.
Digest  for two days;  distil 4000  p. and add
syrup of capillaire, 5000 p.  Ph. P.)  Aroma-
tic, cordial, stomachic.   It is also called Elixir
cordia'le et stomach'icum, and E. anticolicum
croca'tum.
  Tinctura  Crotonis Eleutheria, T. casca-
rillae.
  Tinctura Cubeb'a, Tincture of Cubebs. (Cu-
beb. cont. giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate
for 14 days,  express, and filter.  Ph.  U. S.)
It  may, also, be prepared by displacement.
Dose, one or two fluidrachms.
  Tinctura Digita'lis, Tincture of Digitalis,
T. Digitalis purpu rex.   (Digital, giv, spirit.
ten. Oij.  Macerate for 14 days, express, and
filter.)  It may, also, be prepared by displace-
ment.   Use, same as that of the leaves.  Dose.
gtt. x.
  Tinctura  Febrifuga Doctoris Huxhami,
T.  cinchonae  composita.
  Tinctura Ferri Aceta'tis, Tincture of Ace-
tate of Iron.   (Potass, acetat. gij, sulph. ferri
gj, sp. rectif.  Oij.  Rub the acetate and  sul-
phate into a soft mass.   Dry and rub with the
spirit.   Digest for  7 days, and  pour  off.   Ph.
D.)  Tonic and  astringent.  Dose,  g»- xx to
f. gj.  The  Dublin college directs a Tinctura
Acetatis Ferri cum Alcoho'le, which differs frorr
the other, in  having half the quantity, only, of
the Acetate of Potass.
  Tinctura  Ferri Ammonia'ta,  Tincture of
Ammoniated  Iron,  T. Ferri Ammoni'aca'lis, T.
Florum martia'lium, T.  Martis  Mynsick'ti.
(Ferri  ammon. giv, sp. ten. Oj. Ph. L.)   Use— 
TINCTURA
846
TINCTURA
same as that of the ammoniated iron.   Dose, f.
gss to f. gij.
  Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, T. ferri muriatis.
  Tinctura Ferri Muria'tis, T. Ferri cklo'-
ridi, (Ph. U. S.), T. Ferri sesqui-chlo'ridi, Li-
quor Ferri muria'tis, Tincture of Muriate of
Iron, T. Martis in Spiritu Salis, T. M. cum Spi-
ritu Salis, T. Ferri Muria'ti, Tincture of Steel,
Alcohol ferra'tus. (Ferri subcarb. Ibss, acid, mu-
riat. Oj,  alcohol. Oiij.   Add  the acid to the
subcarbonate in a glass vessel, and shake during
three days.  Pour off and add  the spirit.  Ph.
U. S.)   Tonic and styptic.  Dose, gtt-  x to
xx.
  A solution of nitrate of iron, Liquor seu So-
lu'tio Ferri Nitra'tis, Liquor  Ferri  Sesquini-
tra'tis, Solution of Sesquinitrate of Iron, has
been recommended  in  chronic  diarrhoea  and
dysentery. Its virtues exactly resemble those
of the muriate of iron.
  The Antivenereal  Drops, at one time so ce-
lebrated at Amsterdam,  were  examined by
Scheele, and found to be a tincture of chloride
of iron and corrosive sublimate.
  Tinctura Ferri  Sesquichloridi, T. Ferri
muriatis—t. Ferulae  Asafcetidae,  T. Asafoeti-
dve—t. Florum martialium, T.  ferri ammoniata
—t.  Fcetida, T. asafcetidae—t. Fcetida ammo-
niata, T. castorei composita—t. Fuliginis, see
Fuligo.
  Tinctura Gal'bani, Tincture of Galbanum.
(Galb. gij, sp. tenuior. Oij.  Ph. D.)^ Stimu-
lant  and antispasmodic.   Dose f. gj to if. giij.
  Tinctura Galla'rum,  T. Galia, Tincture
of Galls.   (Gall, contus. giv, alcohol, dilut.
Oij.   Macerate for  14 days, express and filter.
Ph.  U. S.)  It may, also, be prepared  by dis-
placement.  Astringent.  Dose, f. gj to giij.
  Tinctura Gentia'na Compos'ita,Compound
Tincture of Gentian, Tinct. Ama'ra, Spirit Bit-
ters, Elix'ir Stomach'icum.  (Rad. gent, con-
cis.  gij, aurant. cort.  exsiccat.  gj. cardam.
sem. cont. gss, spirit tenuior. Oij.   Macerate
for 14 days, express, and filter.)   It may, like-
wise, be  prepared  by displacement.   Ph. U.
S.   Tonic and stomachic.  Dose, f. gj to f.
3»j-
  Brodum's Nervous Cordial consists of the
Tinctures of  Gentian,  Columba, Cardamom,
and Bark, with the Compound Spirit of Laven-
der,  and Wine of Iron.
  Stoughton's  Elixir is a compound tincture
of gentian.  The Elixir'ium Docto'ris Stougk-
ton seu Tinctu'ra Ama'ra of the Parisian Codex
is prepared as follows:—Absinth, summit, ex-
siccat., Te/icri  ckamadrys., Rad. gentian., cort.
aurant. aa gvj, cascarilla  gj,  rhei gss, aloes
socotr. gj, alcohol. Oij.)  Digest.
  Tinctura Guai'aci, T. G. Officina'lis, Tinc-
ture of Guaiacum.   (Guaiac. Ibss, sp. red. Oij.
Macerate  for  14 days, and  filter.)   Stimulant
and  sudorific.   Used  especially in  rheumatic
and arthritic cases.   Nearly the same as Hill's
Essence of Bard ana or Burdock.
  Tinctura Guai'aci Ammonia'ta, Ammoni-
ated Tincture of Guai'acum, T. Guaiaci na Vo-
lat'ilis, Elixir Guaiaci Volatilis, Alcohol cum
Gualaco officina'li  ammonia'tus,  Alcohol am-
monia  et Guaiaci, T.  Guai'aci, P.  L.  17S8,
Volatile Tincture  of Guaiacum.   (Guaiac.
cont. giv, sp.  ammon. arom. Oiss.   Macerate
for 14 days, and filter.)  Properties same as
the last.   Dose, f. gj to f. gij.
   Hatfield's Tincture—a nostrum—consists of
Guaiacum and  Soap,  aa gij, rectified  spirit,
Oiss.
   Tinctura  Helleb'ori, T. H.  Nigri, Tinc-
ture of Black Hellebore, T. Melampo'dii.  (Rad.
helleb. nigr. cont. giv, sp. tenuior. Oij.  Ma-
cerate for 11 days, express and filter.)  It may
also be prepared by displacement.—Ph. U. S.
Dose, f. gss to f.,gj.
   Tinctura Hiera, Vinum  aloes.
   Tinctura Hu'muli,  Tincture of Hops. (Ha-
muli strobil. gv, sp. tenuior. Oij.)  Tonic and
sedative.  Dose, f. gss to f. giij.
   Tinctura Hyoscv'ami, T. Hyoscyami nigri,
Tincture of Henbane.  (Hyoscyam. fol. giv,
sp. ten. Oij.  Macerate  for 14 days, express
and filter.)  It may also  be prepared by dis-
placement—Ph.  U. S.   Narcotic,  anodyne.
Dose, gtt- xx to f. gij.
   Tinctura  Io'dini,  Alcohol Io'dii, Tincture
of Iodine.   (Iodin. gj, alcohol. Oj.  Dissolve.
Ph. U. S.)  The tincture spoils by keeping, or
at least, deposits the iodine.   It has been much
used in goitre, &c.  Dose, ten drops  three times
a day.
   Tinctura   Iodini  Compos'ita,  Compound
Tincture of Iodine. (Iodin. gss, Potassii Iodid.
gj, Alcohol. Oj.   Dissolve—PA. U. S.)  Dose
10 to 30 drops.
  Tinctura Jala'pii,  T. Jala'pa, T. Convol-
vuli Jalapx, Tincture of Jalap, Vallga.  (Ja-
lap, rad.  cont. gviij,  sp. ten. Oij.   Macerate
for 14 days, express and filter—Ph. U. S.)  It
may also be made by displacement.  Cathartic.
Dose, f. gj to f. giv.
  Tinctura Jala'pii  Compos'ita,  Elixir  Ja-
lap' ce Compos'itum, Elixir purgans, Essen'tia
catholica purgans Rotk'ii, Elixir unthelmin'ti-
cum Succo'rum, Eau de vie Allemande. (Jalap.
Ibss, Scammon. gj, Alcohol.  (22°,)  Ovj.  Ma-
cerate for  eight days.   Ph. P.)  Dose, 60 to
100 drops.
  Tinctura  Japonica,  Tinctura catechu—t.
Kinae kinie  aetherea composita—t. Cinchonae
aetherea composita—t. Kinkinae  amara, Tinc-
tura cinchonae amara.
  Tinctura Kino, Tincture of Kino.   (Kino
contrit. giij, sp.  ten.  Oij.  Pk.  L. E., & D.)
Astringent.   Dose, f. gj to f. gij.
  Tinctu'ra Krame'ria, Tincture of Rkatany.
(Kramer, in pulv. gvj, alcohol, dilut. Oij. Ma-
cerate for  14 days, express,  and filter.   Ph. U.
S.)  It may also be prepared by  displacement.
Dose, f. gj to  f. gij.
   Tinctura Lauri Cinnamomi, Tinctura cin-
namomi—t.  Lavandulae  composita,  Spiritus
lavand. comp.—t. Lyttae, Tinctura cantharidis
—t. Martis  Glauberi, see Ferrum tartarizatum
—t. Martis in spiritu salis, Tinctura ferri  mu-
riatis—t. Martis Mynsichti, Tinctura ferri am-
moniata—t. Martis vinosa, Vinum ferri—t. Me-
lampodii,  Tinctura hellebori nigri—t.  Meloes
vesicatorii,  Tinctura  cantharidis—t. Metallo-
rum,  Lilium  Paracelsi—t.  Mimosae  catechu,
Tinctura catechu.
   Tinctu'ra  Lobe'lia, Tincture  of Lobelia.
(Lobel. giv ; alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Macerate for
14  days', express, and filter.   Ph.  U. S.)  It
may also be prepared by displacement.   Dose,
f-.^j tof. gij.
  Tinctu'ra Lupuli'na, Tincture of Lu'puline. 
TINCTURA
847
TINCTURA
 (Lupulin. giv ; alcohol. Oij.   Macerate for 14
 days, and filter.  Ph. U. S.)  Dose f. gj to f. gij.
  Tinctura  Meloes  Vesicatorii,  Tinctura
 cantharidis.
  Tinctura Moschi, Tincture of Musk, Es-
 sence of Musk.   (Mosch. in  pulv. redact, gij,
 sp. vini red. Oj.)  Dose, f. gj to f. giv.
  Tinctura Myrrha, Tincture of Myrrh, Sim-
 ple Tincture of Myrrh. (Myrrha contusae g iv,
 alcohol Oiij.  Macerate for 14 days, and filter.
 Ph. U. S.)   Tonic, deobstruent, antiseptic, and
 detergent.  It is chiefly used in gargles, and
 applied to foul ulcers, spongy gums, &c.
  Hudson's  Preservative for the Teeth and
 Gums consists of Tinct. myrrh., tinct. cinch.,
 aq. cinnam. aagiij, eau d' arquebusade,"^], pulv.
 gum. Arab. gss.   M.
  Tinctura Nervina Bestucheffii, Tinctura
 seu  alcohol  sulphurico-aethereus ferri—t. Ner-
 vina Halensis, Tinctura seu alcohol sulphurico-
 aethereus  ferri—t. Nervino-tonica, Lamotte's,
 Alcohol seu  tinctura sulphurico-aethereus ferri.
  Tinctura Nucis Vom'ica, Tincture of Nux
 Vomica.  (Alcohol, s. g. .837, f. gj; Dry Ex-
 tract of Nux Vomica, 3  gr.)  Dose, gtt. v to
 xxx in cases where the nux vomica is indicated.
  Tinctura Olei Mentha  Piperi'ta, Tinc-
 ture of Oil of Peppermint, Essence of Pepper-
 mint.   (Ol.mentkx piperitx, f. gij, alcohol. Oj.
 Dissolve.  Ph. U.S.)  Dose, 5 drops, as a car-
 minative.  The Tinctura Olei Mentha Vir'-
 iDrs, Tincture of Spearmint, Essence of Spear-
 mint, is made in the  same manner.  Ph. U. S.
  Tinctura O'pii, Tincture of Opium,  Liquid
 Lau'danum, Theriaca cales'tis,  Alcohol cum
 Opio,  Tinctura  Theba'ica, Tinctura Sedatlva.
 (Opii contriti gijss,  alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Mace-
 rate for 14 days, express, and filter.  Ph. U. S.)
 Nineteen  minims contain about one grain of
 opium.  Properties, those of opium.  Dose, gtt.
 xx  to  Ix and more.   By macerating the dregs
 remaining after making the Tinctura Opii in a
 solution of Tartaric Acid, a solution is obtained,
 which is said to  be devoid of the exciting and
 constipating properties of the tincture of opium.
 Gray calls it Haden's Liquor Opii Sedatlvus.
  Tinctu'ra Opii Ac-ex a.'tx, Ac" etated Tincture
 of Opium.   (Opii gij; aceti, f. gxij;  alcohol.
 Oss.  Rub the opium with the vinegar; add the
 alcohol, and having macerated for 14 days, ex-
 press and  filter.   Ph. U.  S.) Twenty drops
 are equivalent to a grain of opium.
  Tinctura Opii Ammonia'ta, Ammo'niated
 Tincture  of  Opium, Edinburgh  Paregor'ic
 Elix'ir.  (Flor. benz., croci aa giij, opii gij, ol.
 anisi gss, alcohol, ammoniat. f. gxvj.   Digest.
 Ph.  E.) f. gj contains one  grain of opium.
 Used like the Tinctura Camphora Composita.
  Tinctura  Opii Camphorata, Tinctura cam-
 phorae  composita—t. Plumbosa, Liquor plumbi
 subacetatis dilutus.
  Tinctura  Quas'sia,  T. Quassix  excel'sx,
 Tincture of Quassia.  (Quassia rasur. gij, al-
 cohol.dilut. Oij.  Macerate for 14 days, express,
and filter. Ph. U.  S.)  It may also be prepared
by displacement.   Tonic.  Dose, f. gj to gij.
  Tinctura  Qui'nia  Sulpha'tis, Tincture of
 Sulphate of Qui'nia.  (Sulphate of Quinia, gr.
 vj, alcohol, (.847) f. gj. M.) Dose f. gj to giv,
in the day.
  A Tinctura  Cincko'nia Sulpha'tis may be
made in a similar  manner.
  Tinctura  Rhabarbari, Tinctura rhei — t.
 Rhabarbari composita, Tinctura rhei—t. Rha-
 barbari vinosa, Vinum rhei palmati.
   Tinctura  Rhei, T. Rhabarb'ari, T. Rhabar-
 bari spirituo'sa, T.  Rhai,  T.  Rhei palma'ti,
 Tincture of Rhubarb.  (Rhei. rad. concis. giij,
 cardam. cont. gss, alcohol,  dilut. Oij.  Mace-
 rate for 14 days,  express, and  filter.  It may
 also be prepared by displacement.  Ph. U. S.)
 Stomachic or purgative, according to the dose
 employed: f. gj to gij as a stomachic; f.giv to
 g j as a purgative.
   Tinctura  Rhei Compos'ita,  T. Rhabarbari
 composita, Compound Tincture  of  Rhubarb.
 (Rhei  rad. concis. gij, glycyrrhiz.  rad. cont.
 gss. zingib. rad. concis., croci stigmat. aa. gij,
 aqua,  f. gxij, sp. ten. Oj. Ph. L.)  Properties
 same as the last.
   Tinctura Rhei et Al'oes, Tincture of Rhu-
 barb and Aloes, Elixir sacrum.  (Rad. rhei con-
 cis. gxi, aloes gvj. sem. cardam. cont. gss, al-
 cohol, dilut. Oij. Macerate for 14 days, express,
 and filter. Ph. U.  S.)  Properties like the last.
   Rymer's Car'diac  Tincture consists of an in-
 fusion  of Capsicum, Camphor, Cardamom seeds,
 Rhubarb, Aloes and Castor in. Proof Spirit, with
 a very small  quantity of Sulphuric Acid.
   Tinctura  Rhei et Gentia'na, Tincture of
 Rhubarb with Gen'tian, Tinctura Rhei Ama'ra.
 (Rhei cont. J^Y], gentian, cont. gss, alcoholis di-
 luti Oij.  Macerate  for 14 days, express, and
 filter.   Ph. U. S.).  It may also be prepared
 by displacement.  Properties same as the last.
   Tinctura  Rhei et Senna, Tincture of Rhu-
 barb and Senna, Warner's Gout Cordial. (Rhei
 cont. gj, senna gij, coriandr.  cont., fanicul.
 sem. cont. aa gj, santal. rasur. gij, croci., gly-
 cyrrhiz. rad.  aa gss, uvar.  passar. acinis  ex-
 emptis, Ibss, alcohol, dilut. Oiij.  Macerate for
 14 days; express, and filter.  Pk.  U.S.)  Dose,
 f. gss to f. gij.
   Tinctura  Rhcei,  Tinctura rhei—t. Rhoei
 amara,  Tinctura rhei et  gentianae — t. Sacra,
 Vinum aloes—t. Saponis camphorata, Linimen-
 tum  saponis  compositum — t. Saponis et opii,
 Linimentum saponis  et opii—t. Sedativa, Tinc-
 tura opii.
  Tinctura Sanguina'ria,  Tincture of Blood-
 root. (Sansruinar. cont. giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.
 Macerate for  14 days, express, and filter.   Ph.
 U. S.)  It may also be prepared by displace-
 ment.   Dose, 30 to (iO drops.
  Tinctura  Satonis Camphorata,  Linimen-
 tum saponis.
  Tinctura Scilla,Tincture of Squill. (Scilla
 exsiccat. giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.   Macerate for
 14 days, express, and filter.  It  may also be
 made by displacement. Pk. U. S.)   Dose, gu-
 xv to lx.
  Tinctura  Senna, T.  Senna Compos'ita,
 Elixir  Salu'tis, Daffy's  Elixir, Tincture  of
Senna.  (Seniur fol.  giij, Carui sem. cont.gii;,
cardam. sem.  cont.gj, uvarumpassarum demp-
tis acinis,  giv, sp.  ten. Oij. Ph. L. 6r  D.)  Sto-
 machic, carminative and  cathartic.  Dose, f.
o'j t0 f- Eh
  Tinctura  Senna et  Jala'pa, Tincture of
 Senna and Jalap.  (Senna giij, jalap, pulv. gj,
 coriandr.  cont., carui cont., au  :;ss, cardam.
 cont. gij, sacch. giv,  alcohol, dilut. Oiij.  Ma-
 cerate for 14 days, express, and filter. Ph. U.S.)
 It may also be prepared by displacement. Dose,
f-3i.j tof. gj. 
TINCTURE               848      TINTEMENT METALLIQUE
   Tinctura Serpenta'ria, T. S. Virginia'nx,
 T. Aristolochi'a Serpentari<x,Tincture of Snake-
 root. (Rad. serpent, giij, sp. ten. Oij.  Mace-
 rate for 14 days, express, and filter. Ph. U. S.)
 It may also be prepared by displacement.  To-
 nic.  Dose, f. gss to f. gij.
   Tinctura Stomachica, Tinctura cardamomi
 composita.
   Tinctura Stramo'nii,  Tincture of Stramo'-
 nium. (Stramon. sem. cont. giv, alcohol, dilut.
 Oij.  Macerate for 14 days, express, and filter.
 Ph. U.S.)  It may also  be prepared  by dis-
 placement.  Dose, ten  to twenty minims.
   Tinctura Strych'nia, Tincture ofStryck'-
 nia.  (Alcohol, s. g. .837.  Oj, strychnix  gr.
 iij.)  Dose, 6 drops to 24.  Properties, those of
 strychnia.
   Tinctura seu Al'cohol Sulphu'rico-^Ethe-
 reus Ferri, Gutta nervi na,  Liquor Anod'ynus
 Martia'lis, Al'cohol xthe'reus ferra'tus, Napk'-
 tka Vitrioli Martia'lis, Solutio Muriatis fer-
 rici atke'rea,  Spir'itus  sulphurico-atke'reus
 Martialis,Tinctu'ra nervlna  Halen'sis, T. Ton'-
 ico-nervlna Halen'sis, Tinctura au'rea, T. ner-
 vinaBestuckeffii, T.nervino-ton'ica (Lamotte's,)
 T.atke'reaferri, JEther Martia'lis, De LaMotte's
 Golden Drops, Bestuchejf's Nervous Tincture,
 Elixir  d'or  de M. le Giniral De La Motte.
 An ethereal solution of muriate of iron.  It is
 much used in gout, hypochondriasis, &c.
   Tinctura Sulphuris Volatilis, Liquor fu-
 mans Boylii—t. Thebaica, Tinctura opii,Vinum
 opii.
   Tinctura Toluif'era Bal'sami, Tincture of
 Balsam of Tolu', T. Bal'sami Toluta'ni, T. To-
 luta'ni, (Ph. U. S.),( Tolutan. £}ss, alcohol.lbj.)
 Reputed  to  be expectorant  and corroborant.
 Dose, f. gss to f. gj or more.
   Tinctura Tonica Nervina Halensis, Alco-
 hol (seu Tinctura)  sulphurico-aethereus  ferri.
   Tinctura Valeria'na,  Tincture of Valerian.
 (Valerian, cont. giv, alcohol, dilut. Oij.  Mace-
 rate for 14 days, express,  and  strain.   It may
 also be prepared by displacement.  Ph. U. S.)
 Stimulant and antispasmodic.  Dose,f. gss to gij.
   Tinctura Valeriana Ammonia'ta., Ammo'-
 niated or Volatile Tincture of Valerian, T. Vale-
 riana Volat'ilis. (Valeriana cont. giv, sp. am-
 mon. arom. Oij. Macerate for 14 days, express,
 and filter. It may also be made by displacement.
 Ph. U. S.) Like the former. Dose, f. gss tof.

   Tinctura  Vera'tri,  T. Veratri albi, Tinc-
 ture of White Hellebore.   (Rad.  veratri alb.
 cont.^viij,alcohol.dilut. Oi}ss. Ph.E.) Emetic
 and cathartic: but not very manageable.   Dose,
 g«. v. to x.
   Tinctura Zingib'eris, T. Amo'mi Zingiberis,
 Tincture of Ginger. (Zingib. cont. gviij, alco-
 hol. Oij.  Macerate for 14 days, express, and
 filter.  It may also be made  by displacement.
 Ph. U.S.)  Stimulant and carminative.   Dose,
 f.  gss to f. gj.
   TINCTURE OF ACETATE  OF   IRON,
 Tinctura ferri acetatis—t.  of Aconite, Tinctura
 aconiti—t. of Balsam of Tolu, Tinctura toluifera;
 balsami—t. of  Bark, Tinctura cinchonae—t. of
 Bark, ammoniated, Tinctura  cinchonae  ammo-
 niata—t. of Bark, compound, Tinctura cinchonae
 composita—t. of Bark, Huxham's, Tinctura cin-
 chonae composita—t. of Bark,  volatile, Tinctura
 cinchonae  ammoniata—t. of Belladonna, Tinc-
tura belladonnae—t. of Blistering Fly, Tinctura
 cantharidis—t. Cardiac, Rymer's, Tinctura rhei
 et aloes—t. of Colchicum seeds,  Tinctura col-
 chici—t. of Colombo, Tinctura Calumbae—t. of
 Cubebs, Tinctura cubebae—t. of Galls,  Tinc-
 tura gallarum—t. of Ginger, Tinctura zingiberis
 —t. for the Gout, Dr. Wilson's, see Colchicum
 autumnale—t. Hatfield's, seeTinctura guaiaci
 ammoniata—t. of Hellebore, white,  Tinctura
 veratri—t. of Hemlock, Tinctura conii maculati
 —t. of Henbane, Tinctura hyoscyami—t.  of
 Hops, Tinctura humuli—t. of Iodine, compound,
 Tinctura iodini composita—t. of Iron, ammo-
 niated, Tinctura ferri ammoniata—t.  of Iron,
 muriated, Tinctura ferri muriatis—t. of Lobelia,
 Tinctura lobeliae—t. of Ludwig, see Ferrum
 tartarizatum—t. of Lupuline, Tinctura lupulinae
 —t. of Musk, Tinctura moschi—t.  Nervous,
 BestuchefPs, Tinctura seu alcohol  sulphurico-
 aethereus ferri—t. of Oil of Peppermint, Tinctura
 Olei menthae piperita?—t.  of Oil of Spearmint,
 Tinctura  olei  menthae viridis—t.  of Opium,
 acetated, Tinctura opii acetata—t. of Orange
 peel, Tinctura aurantii—t. of Rhatany, Tinctura
 krameriae—t. of Rhubarb, Tinctura rhei—t. of
 Rhubarb and aloes,  Tinctura rhei et  aloes—t.
 of Rhubarb and gentian, Tinctura rhei et gen-
 tianae—t. of Rhubarb and senna,  Tinctura rhei
 et sennae—t. of Saffron,  Tinctura croci—t. of
 Saffron, compound, Tinctura de croco composita
 —t. of Senna and jalap, Tinctura sennas et jalapae
 —t. of Snakeroot, Tinctura serpentariae—t. of
 Soap, camphorated, Linimentum saponis—t. of
 Spanish Fly, Tinctura cantharidis—t. of Squill,
 Tinctura scillae—t. of Steel, Tinctura ferri chlo-
 ridi—t. Stomach, Tinctura cardamomi composi-
 ta—t.  of Stramonium, Tinctura  stramonii—t.
 for the Teeth, Greenough's, see Spiritus armo-
 racise compositus—t. Toothache, Tinctura an-
 tiodontalgica—t.  of Wormwood,  compound,
 Tinctura absinthii composita.
  TINDER, Boletus igniarius.
  TINEA, Porrigo—t. Faciei, Porrigo larvalis
 —t. Favosa,  Porrigo favosa—t. Ficosa, Porrigo
 scutulata—t. Furfuracea, Porrigo furfurans—t.
 Granulata, Porrigo scutulata, Porrigo lupinosa
 —t. Lactea,  Porrigo larvalis—t. Lupina, Por-
 rigo lupinosa—t. Mucosa, Porrigo lupinosa—t.
 Porriginosa,  Porrigo  furfurans—t.  Tondens,
 Porrigo decalvans.
  TINKER'S WEED, Triosteum.
  TINKLING, METALLIC,  Tintement mi-
 tallique.
  TINNIMENTUM METALLICUM,  Tinte-
 ment mitallique.
  TINNI'TUS AU'RIUM, Fludua'tio seu Son'-
 itus au'rium, Paracu'sis imagina!ria, Susur'-
 rus au'rium, Ote'chus, Syrig'mus, Syring'mos,
 Sib'ilus aurium, S.  clango'sus,  Strep'itus seu
 Sibilis'mus  aurium, Eckos, Eneche'ma,  Bom-
 bus, Murmur, ' ringing of the ears,' from tin-
 nire,  'to ring.' (F.) Tintement,  Tintouin,
Bourdonnement, Bruissement.   An imaginary
 sound,  like the ringing of a bell, the  noise of
 wind,  the  murmur  of water,  &c,  heard  in
 health and in sickness.  It is, often, an accom-
 paniment of cerebral disorder.
  TINTEMENT,  Tinnitus aurium—t.  Bul-
laire, T.- mitallique.
  TINTEMENTMETALLIQUE(F.),  Tinte-
ment bullaire, Tinnimen'tummetal'licum,Conor
stethoscop'icus, Metallic Respiration,  Metallic
 Voice, Metallic Tinkling.   A particular  noise,
heard by the stethoscope when applied to the 
TINTINNABULUM            849
TOKAS
 chest, and  which, according to Laennec, re-
 sembles that caused by striking metal, glass,
 or  porcelain,  with a  pin;  but is,  perhaps,
 more like the sound of the  keys of a  musical
 snuff-box.  The tintement mitallique or metal-
 lic tinkling is  heard on causing the patient to
 speak or breathe; but is more distinct when he
 coughs.   When  the phenomenon  is  not  so
 strongly marked, it produces only the metallic
 resonance.   The  ' metallic tinkling,' is a pa-
 thognomonic symptom  of a communication be-
 tween the bronchia and cavity of the chest; in
 other words, of Pneumothorax.
   TINTINNABULUM, Uvula.
   TINTOUIN, Tinnitus aurium.
   TIPSARIA, Decoctum hordei.
   TIRE-BALLE, Forceps (bullet.)
   TIRE-FOND, (F.)   A surgical instrument,
 formerly used to elevate the piece of bone sawed
 off by the trephine.
   TIRE-PUS, Pyulcon.
   TIRE-TETE, (F.)   A name given to dif-
 ferent instruments used for extracting the head
 of the child when left in the uterus, and in cer-
 tain cases of difficult labour.  The crotchet is
 one of those, as well as the Tire-tete a bascule
 of Levret, &c.
   TIRES, Milk sickness.
   TISANE, Ptlsana  or Ptis'sana,  Ptisane,
 from m10-avn, ' pearl barley,' itself from nno-o-a,
 ' I decorticate.'   A name given to aqueous me-
 dicines, containing but  little, if any medicinal
 agent.   The ancients gave the  name particu-
 larly to the  decoction of barley.
  ^TISANE COMMUNE, Decoctum hordei.
   TISSU, Tissue—t. Accidentel, see Acciden-
 tal—t.  Caverneux, Cavernous texture—t. Cel-
 luleux  des os, Cancelli—t. Inodulaire, Tissue,
 inodular—t. Spongo'ide, Spongoid tissue.
   TISSUE, Textus, Tela,(F.) Tissu.  By this
 term, in anatomy, is meant the  various parts,
 which, by their union, form the organs;  and
 are, as  it  were,  their anatomical elements.
 General anatomy is the anatomy of the tissues,
 which are the seat of the investigations of the
 pathological anatomist.   The best division, in-
 deed, of diseases would be  according  to  the
 tissues  mainly  implicated.  For the element-
 ary tissues, see Fibre.   The compound tissues,
 which,  by associating or combining variously,
 form every  organ of the body, have been vari-
 ously classed : but every division is imperfect and
 liable to objections. The following, by Messrs.
 Todd and Bowman, is one of the most recent.
  Tabular View of the Tissues op the Human Body.
                                 Examples.
                            ") Posteiior  layer of
 ]. Simple membrane, homogeneous, | the cornea.—Cap-
    or nearly  so, employed alone. ? sule of the lens.—
    or in the formation of com- | Sarcolemma   of
   pound membranes.         J muscle, &c.
 2.FilamentousTissues,the elements} White and yellow
   of which are real or apparent >  fibrous tissues.—
   filament?.                 '  Areolar tissue.
 3.Compound membranes,composed) Mucous membrane
   ofsimple membrane and a layer I —Skin.—True or
   of cells of  various forms, fepi- I secreting glands
   thelinm or epidermis.,) or of are- (* -Serous and syno-
   ol;ir tissue  and epithelium.    J  vial membranes.
 4. Tissues which retain the  primi-) Adipose  tissue.—
   tivc cellular structure as their s  Cartilage.—Gray
   permanent character.        )  nervous matter.
5. Sclerous or hard tissue.
6. Compound tissues.
a. Composed of tubes of homoge-
   neous membrane, containing a
   peculiar substance.
6. Composed of white fibrous t»s- ? r-jbro-cartilage
   sues and cartilage.          J
Bone.—Teeth.
Muscle.—Nerve.
  Tissue, Accidental or Adventitious, con-
sists of every substance—foreign to the primi-
tive organization of the  economy, but yet or-
ganized and  living—which  may  be developed
in the anterior or at the surface  of organs.
Laennec divides the accidental tissues into two
sections.  1. Those that resemble others in the
animal economy, or analogous accidental tis-
sues; and, 2. Those that have nothing analo-
gous in the body, and which are always the re-
sult of a morbid process—the heterologous or
heteroclite accidental tissues.  To the first class
belong, ossifications; accidental  fibrous,  fibro-
cartilaginous, cartilaginous, cellular,  and cor-
neous tissues; hairs; the  serous membranes of
certain encysted tumours; the mucous mem-
branes of fistulous canals, and accidental syno-
vial membranes.  To the second  belong tuber-
cles, scirrhi, melanosis, &c.
  Tissue, Areolar, Cellular tissue.
  TissuE,CA.RTix.A.G"movs,Hymenochondro'des
seu Hymenockondro'i'des  (Textura seu  Tela.)
  Tissue, Cribriform, Cellular  tissue—t. Fi-
brous, see Fibrous—t.  Filamentous,  Cellular
tissue.
  Tissue, Inod'ular,Telainodula'ris, (F.) Ino-
dule, Tissu inodulaire.   A name given by Del-
pech to an accidental fibrous tissue developed
in suppurating wounds, which is the principal
agent in cicatrization.  It has, at first, the ap-
pearance  of a  reddish  cellulo-fibrous layer;
but  soon loses its vascularity; and its fibres,
which pass in all directions, become of a dull
white colour, and of a consistence and hardness,
that may be compared to those of the strongest
articular ligaments.   It is well seen in the ci-
catrix left after burns.
  Tissue, Laminated, Cellular tissue—t. Liga-
mentous, Desmoid tissue—t. Mucous, Cellular
tissue—t. Porous, Cellular  tissue—t.  Reticu-
lated, Cellular tissue.
  TITHENE, Nurse.
  TITH YM A LUS, Euphorbia palustris—t. Cy-
parissia, Euphorbia  cyparissias—t,  Latifolius,
Euphorbia lathyris—t. Paralias, Euphorbia pa-
ralias.
  TITILLAMENTUM, Gargarism.
  TITILLATIO, Tickling.
  TITTHE, Nipple.
  TITTHION, Nipple.
  TITTHIS, Nipple.
  TITTHOS, Mamma, Nipple.
  TITUBANTIA, Bredouillement.
  TITUBATIO, Fidgets, Vacillatio.
  TO-Amy-FRO-SOUlST),Bruit defrottement.
  TOAD-FLAX, Antirhinum linaria.
  TOBACCO, Nicotiana tabacum—t. English,
Nicotiana rustica—t. Indian, Lobelia inflata—t.
Poison, Hyoscyamus niger—t.  Wild,  Lobelia
inflata.
  TOCETOS, Parturition.
  TOCODOMYCODORITIS MALIGNA VA-
GINALIS, Colpocace puerperarum.
  TOCOLOGY, Obstetrics.
  TOCOS, Parturition.
  TODDY TREE, Mamei.
  TOE, Digitus pedis.
  TOEPLITZ, see Toplitz.
  TOFUS, Tophus.
  TOILE  D'ARAIGNEE, Araneae  tela—t.
Choroidienne, see Choroid—t. de Gaultier, Spa-
radrapum Galteri.
  TOKAS, Puerpera. 
TOKOLOGY               850                 TONSIL
   TOKOLOGY, Obstetrics.
   TOLA, Tonsil.
   TOLES, Tonsil.
   TOLIUM, Tonsil.
   TOLLES, Tonsil.
   TOLLUM, Tonsil.
   TOLUIF ERA BAL'SAMUM, Myrox'ylon
 Toluif'erum.   Family,  Terebinthaceae.  Sex.
 Syst. Decandria Monogynia.  The name of the
 tree which affords the Balsam of Tolu', Balsa-
 mum Toluta'num, Toluta'num, (Ph. U. S.), To-
 luif'erx Balsami Balsamum, Goac'onaz, Red
 Balsam of Peru, (F.) Baume de Tola, B. de
 Cartkagine.  It has a very fragrant  odour, and
 warm,  sweetish taste; is thick, and of a red-
 dish-yellow colour.  It is stimulant and expec-
 torant, (?) and is used in coughs.   It is chiefly,
 however, employed on account of its flavour.
   TOLUTANUM, see Toluifera balsamum.
   TOMATA, Solanum lycopersicum.
   TOME, Tom'us, roinj, rouog, 'incision.'  A
 common suffix, as in Lithotomy, Bxonchotomy,
 &c.
   Tome, Cut, Incision.
   TOMEION, Knife.
   TOMEN'TUM CER'EBRI, from tomentum,
 ' a flock of wool.'  The infinite number of small
 vessels which pass  between the pia  mater and
 convolutions of the brain.   They enter the sub-
 stance of the brain at right angles.
   TOMEUS, Knife.
   TOMIS,  Scissors.   *  .
   TOMOTOCIA, Cesarean section.
   TONE, Tonus, from tsiho, ' I stretch.'  The
 state of tension or firmness proper to each or-
 ganic tissue.  It is  the effect of tonicity.
   Tone, Elasticity.
   TONGA, see Datura sanguinea.
   TONGRES,  MINERAL  WATERS  OF.
 The town  of Tongres is  about a  league from
 Maestricht in the Low Countries.  The springs,
 of which there are several, are chalybeate, con-
 taining  carbonates of iron and magnesia.
   TONGUE,  Sax. tuns, (D.) Tong, Lingua,
 Glossa, Glotta, (F.) Langue.  The tongue is a
 muscular, symmetrical, and very mobile  organ;
 situate in the  mouth, from  the os hyoides and
 epiglottis to the incisor teeth.  Its particular
 use is,  to  procure  for  us  the  sensation  of
 savours; and  it aids in  the acts  of sucking,
 mastication, deglutition, pronunciation, and ex-
 puition.  It has the shape of a pyramid, flat-
 tened above and below; rounded at its angles,
 and terminated, anteriorly, by a  blunt  point.
 Its upper surface, called the dorsum, is free,
 flat, and divided into two portions by a median
 furrow, lin'ea  media'na; at the posterior extre-
 mity of which is the foramen cacum or  Fora'-
 men of Morgagni.   The  inferior surface  is
 free, and covered by the mucous membrane on
 its anterior third and sides: but behind  and in
 the middle it is attached to the lower jaw by
 means of the genio-glossus; and to the hyoides
 by the hyoglossus.   Its margins are rounded;
 thick  behind,  thinner  anteriorly.  Its tip,  or
point, or dental extremity is rounded and free:
 —the root, base, or hyoid extremity, Radix lin-
 gua, is  continuous with the epiglottis and ve-
 lum palati.   It  is very thick at  the foramen
 caecum; but thinner as it approaches  the hyoid
 bone.   The tongue is composed of muscles, and
 covered by a mucous membrane—Periglot'tis,
 Involu'crum lingua, Membra'na  seu Tu'nica
 vagina'lis seu Cutis seu Epider'mis seu Tunica
 seu Involu'crum muco'sum seu Crusta villo'sa
 lingua—which forms also the fraenum beneath
 the tongue.  On this membrane are seen the
 different  papilla.   The nerves of this  organ
 proceed from the inferior maxillary,glosso-pha-
 ryngeal and  hypoglossal.   The first and second
 are connected with  taste; the  last with the
 motions of the organ.  Some recent observers,
 however, consider the  glosso-pharyngeal to be
 the special nerve of gustation.  The arteries are
 the lingual,  from the external carotid; and the
 palatine and tonsillar, from the labial.  The
 veins are the superficialis lingua, rartina, lin-
 gualis, and submentalis.  They open into those
 of the pharynx and larynx.  Its lymphatic ves-
 sels pass  into ganglia, situate at the edge of the
 hyoglossi muscles.
   Tongue, Black.   A fever  which prevailed
 in the western States in the winter of 1842-3;
 probably  typhoid  fever.  According  to some,
 an epidemic  erysipelas.
   Tongue, Hernia of the, Glossocele—t. In-
 flammation of the, Glossitis—t. Red, fever, see
 Typhus—t.  Scraper,  Cure-langue—t. Tie, see
 Ankyloglossum.
   TONIC,  Ton'icus.  Same etymon as  Tone,
 Relating to tone.
   Tonic,  Ton'icus, Tono'ticus, Antasthen'icus,
 (F.) Touique, Fortifiant, in Therapeutics, means
 a  medicine, which has  the power of exciting
 slowly, and by insensible degrees, the organic
 actions of the different  systems of the animal
 economy,  and of augmenting their strength in a
 durable manner.  Bitter, vegetable substaflfees
 which are not associated with an acrid or nar-
 cotic principle; preparations of iron; cold water,
 &c, act as tonics.   They are also called Com-
fortan'tia, Confortatlva, Corroboran'tia, Con-
firman'tia, Roboran'tia, &c.
   The following are the chief Tonics:—Acidum
 Arseniosum,  Acidum Nitricum, Acidum  Sul-
 phuricum, Argenti Nitras, Bismuthi Subnitras,
 Carbo Ligni, Cascarilla, Cinchona, Cinchonia,
 Colomba,  Cornus Florida, Cupri Acetas, Cupri
 Sulphas, Cuprum ammoniatum, Cusparia, Eu-
 patorium perfoliatum, Ferri Praeparata, Genti-
 ana, Liriodendron, Lupulina, Piperina, Prunus
 Virginiana,  Quassia,  Quinia,  Salix, Salicina,
 Serpentaria, Zinci  praeparata,----Aquae mine-
 rales  acidulae et ferrugineee,  Mental Tonics,
 (Confidence,  Hope, Amusement.)
   Tonic Power, Irritability.
   Tonic Spasm, Spasmus ton'icus, Convul'sio
 tonica, Conductio, Spas'ticus, Tonos, Ento'nia,
 En'tasis,  Enta'sia.   A rigid contraction of
 muscles without relaxation, as in trismus, te-
 tanus, &c. See Tetanus and Spasm.
   TONICITY, ToniC'itas.  The faculty that
 determines the general tone of the solids.  Ex-
 cessive tonicity causes erethism or crispness;
 deficient tonicity, aiowy or weakness.   Tonicity
 has been used in the same sense as irritability.
   TONIQUE,  Tonic.
   TONOS, Tonic spasm—t. Trismus, Trismus.
   TONOTICUS, Tonic.
   TONSIL, Tonsilla, Amyg'dala, Paristh'mia,
 Paristh'mium,  Ampliibran' chium,  Glan'dula
 colli, Tola,  Tolles,  Toles, To'lium,  Tollum,
 Spongos, An'tias, PI.  Anti'ades, Almond of the
 ear, Almond of tke throat, (F.) Amygdale,  Ton-
 sille.   An ovoid follicle, about half an inch in
 length, similar in shape to an almond, and situ- 
TONSILLA PESTILENTES       851
TOROSUS
ate, on  each side, between the pillars of the |
velum  palati.  The  inner surface, projecting
into the isthmus of the throat, is covered by the
mucous  membrane, in which are the orifices of
a dozen  cells, whence a  transparent, viscid
mucus oozes on pressure.   This mucus is des-
tined to facilitate deglutition, by lubricating the
isthmus faucium ;  and is forced out during the
passage of the alimentary bolus.
  TONSILLiE PESTILENTES, Cynanche
maligna.
  TONSILLARUM GANGR^NA, Cynanche
maligna.
  TONSILLE, Tonsil.
  TONSILLITIS, Cynanche  tonsillaris.
  TONSORIUS CULTER, Razor.
  TOOTH, Sax. ro», Dens, Odous, (F.)Dent.
The teeth, Dentes, Mord'ices, are  small, hard
bones, fixed in the  alveoli of each jaw,  and
serving to lay hold of, and to cut, tear, and tri-
turate alimentary  substances.   True  teeth are
found only in man, the mammalia, reptiles, and
fish.  The teeth have, in general, the shape of
an irregular cone,  the base of  which is towards
the interior of the  mouth;  and the apex, single
or divided, towards  the bottom of the alveoli.
Each tooth has a part situate  out of the alveo-
lus, and covered by a vitriform substance.  This
part is called the crown or coro'na.  It is bounded
by  a narrower portion, called the cervix, (F.)
collet, which separates it from the portion in the
alveolus—the fang or root, (F.) racine.  In the
adult, the teeth are '62  in number; 16 to each
jaw :  these consist of 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 bi-
cuspidati, and 6 molares.  (See these various
terms.)  The teeth enclose a vascular and ner-
vous pulp, in a central cavity, Cav'itas Pulpa,
Cavum Dentis, Antrum denta'le.  They are
formed of a  very hard,  compact  tissue;  and
the  corona  is  covered  by  a vitreous  sub-
stance called Enam'el.  The incisor and canine
teeth are developed by  a single point of ossifi-
cation,  the lesser molares, by two;  and the
larger  by four or five.  See  Dentition.   Re-
searches by Retzius, M'uller  and  others,  have
shown  that the ivory or Dentine, Substantia
os'se.a of Malpighi, of the tooth consists of tu-
bular fibres, which contain organic deposits of
calcareous salts; and of intertubular substance,
 in  which are observed corpuscles or  osseous
 cells  of the tooth, called by  Professor Owen
ca.lcig"erous  cells, which also contain earthy
 salts.   At the part where the enamel terminates
at the cervix of the tooth, the crusta petro'sa, ce-
meu'tum. or cortical substance, commences in an
extremely thin stratum, passes down and gra-
dually increases in thickness towards the extre-
mity of the root, where  it is generally  the thick-
est.  It is said by  Nasmyth to have been traced
on  the enamel, and Purkinje and Frankel found
it lining the cavitas pulpae.   They gave it the
rame Substantia ostoidea.  It is the mate'ria tar-
ta'rea of Malpighi.  In the compound teeth of
the herbivorous animal, a deposition is found
on  the  surface of  the enamel, which  has  been
called cemeritum.-  M tiller, however,  regards i
to be a deposit from the salts and the saliva, and
to be essentially the same as what is called tar-
tar in the human subject.
  TOOTHACHE, Odontalgia—!.  Bush,  Xan-
thoxylum fraxineum—t. Tree, Aralia spinosa,
Xanthoxylum clava  Herculis.
   TOOTH EDGE,  Agacement des dents, Hae-
modia—t. Paste, Dentifricium—t. Rash, Stroph-
ulus—t. Shell, dog-like. Dentalium.
  TOPHACEOUS CONCRETION, Tophus.
  TOl'HUS, Tofus, Osteot'opkus, Tophaceous
Concretion.   A collection of hard, calcareous
matter, which forms,  particularly, at the sur-
face of joints affected with gout; (see Calculi,
arthritic,) and occasionally, in  the interior of
organs,  around the teeth, &c.   It  likewise
meant gravel.
  TOPIC, Top'ical,  Top'icus.  A local appli-
cation; (F.)  Topique.  See Local.
  TOPICUS, Local.
  TOPINARIA, Talpa.
  TOPIQUE, Topic.
  TOPLITZ or TEPLITZ, MINERAL WA-
TERS OF.  Tbplitz is  a town  of Bohemia,
celebrated  for its  numerous  thermal springs.
The water contains chloride of  sodium, carbo-
nate, and sulphate of soda; and carbonates of
lime and iron, &c.  Temp. 114° to 12-i0 Fahr.
  Toplitz. Tbplitz.
  TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY, see Ana-
tomy.
  TORCULAR, Tourniquet.
  Tor'cular Heroph'ili, The Press  of  He-
roph'ilus, Lechenelon, Lenos, Lenum, Fourth
Sinus, (F.) Confluent des Sin us, Pressoir d'Hi-
rophile.  A smooth and polished cavity, of ir-
regular shape, in which several sinuses of the
dura mater meet.  It  is  situate before the in-
ternal occipital protuberance, at  the union of
the three great duplicatures of the dura mater.
It has six openings into it:—one above, that of
the superior longitudinal  sinus;  two below, an-
swering  to the occipital  sinuses; one anterior,
belonging to the  straight sinus ; and two late-
ral, and very broad, which lead into the lateral
sinuses;  and convey from the cavity the blood
that has  been poured into it by  the others.
  TORCULUM. Tourniquet.
  TORDYL'IUM OFFICINA'LE, Ses'eh
Cret'icum, (F.) Siseli de Crete.  Family, Um-
belliferae.  Sex.Sy'. Pentandria Digynia.  The
seeds and roots of this Southern  European plant
are considered carminative and diuretic.  They
enter into the theriaca.
  TORE'NIA  ASIAT'ICA,   Cala-dolo.   A
small Malabar plant, the juice of whose leaves,
sweetened with sugar, is said  to cure gonor-

  TORMENTIL, Geranium maculatum, Tor-
mentilla.
  TORMENTIL'LA, T. erec'ta,  Potentilla
tormentilla, Common Tormen'til, Upright Sept-
foil,  Heptaphyl'lum, .Consolida rubra,  (F.)
 Tormentille.  Family, Rosaceae.  Sex. Syst.
Icosandria Polvsynia. The root has a  slightly
aromatic odour; and austere, styptic  taste.  It
is astrinsent.  Dose, of the powder, gr. x. to ,"].
  TORMENTUM, Ileus, Intussusceptio.
  TORMINA, Strophos, Calia/'gia, Encali-
al'gia, Anile'ma, Anile'sis, Gripes, Mulligrubs,
(FO  Tranchies.   Acute  colicky pains.  Dys-
entery.                                 .
  Tormina  Celsi,  Dysentery— t.  Parturien-
tium, Pains, labour—t. Post partum, see Pains,
labour.
  TORNACULUM, Tourniquet.
  TOROS'ITAS,  Corpulen'tia  carno'sa, Hab'-
itus athleficns.   Muscular strength, from toro-
sus, ' brawny,'—tori, ' brawn.'
  TOROSUS, Muscular. 
TORPEDO
852
TRACHEA
  TORPEDO, Narcosis.
  TORPEFACTIO UNIVERSALIS, Holonar-
cosis.
  TORPIDITAS, Torpor.
  TORPIDUS, Narcotized.
  TORPOR, Torpid'itas, Noth'rotes, Parap'sis
expers, (F.) Engourdissement, from totpere,' to
be numbed.'  State of a part which becomes
numb, and almost incapable of motion.  It  is
also applied to a debilitated, sluggish condition
of a part or of the whole of the body;  Aer'gia,
(F.) Accablement.
  Torpor, Narcosis—t. of the Colon, see Co-
lon, torpor of the—t. Intestinorum, Constipa-
tion—t. Soporiflcus, Nocar.
  TORQUAY.   A  town in Devonshire, Eng-
land,  which, on account of the mildness of its
clirnate,  and its sheltered situation from the
bleaker winds, is a frequent retreat  for the
phthisical invalid.
  TOR'SION,  Tor'sio.   The act of twisting.
Torsion of the extremities of bleeding  vessels,
Angios'tropke, until the blood ceases to flow, is
sometimes  used to arrest hemorrhage from di-
vided vessels.
  TORTELLE, Erysimum.
  TORTICOL'LIS,  Obstip'itas, Caput obstl-
pum,  Obsti'pa  cervix,  Obstip'itas  cap'itis seu
Colli, Collum obsti'pum, Trachel'agra, Euta'sia
Loxia, Lox'ias, Cephalox'ia, Ancylode'rS, Ancy-
lode'ris, Rhabocra!nia, Auchenorrheu'ma, Rheu-
matis'mus colli, Rh. Cervi'cis, Stiffneck, Wry-
neck; from  torquere, tortum, 'to  twist,' and
collum,' the neck.'  A variety of rheumatism,
seated in the muscles of the neck,  which pre-
vents the motion of the head, and causes the
patient to hold  it inclined to the side  affected.
It is, commonly, of short duration; usually dis-
appearing in a few days.  Rubefacients are the
best topical applications.  The term is also ap-
plied to permanent  contraction of  the  muscles
of the neck, which causes the head to be held
to one side.  The remedy is the division of the
contracted muscles.
  TORTOISE,  FRESHWATER,  GREAT,
Hydraspis expansa.
  TORTUE, Testudo.
  TORTURA  ORIS, Canine laugh, Neuralgia
faciei—t. Oris paralytica  Linnaei, Paralysis,
Bell's.
  TOR'ULA CEREVIS'IiE, Saccharom'yces,
My coder'ma cerevisia, CryptocoCcus ferment'um,
Yeast plant.  One of the simplest forms of ve-
getation,  capable,  under favourable  circum-
stances, of vegetating rapidly, and assisting in
producing the fermentation  of saccharine sub-
stances.   The  plant has been found in  vo-
mited fluids, and in faeces.
  TORULUS GLANDIS, Crown of the glans.
  TORUS, Muscle—t. Manias, Metacarpus.
  TOT A BON A,Chenopodium bonus Henricus.
  TOTUxM CARNOSUM, Pancreas.
  TOUCH,  Tactus,  Tac'tio,  Haphe,  Hapsis,
Palpa'tion, (F.) Toucher.   One  of the five
senses, and  that which makes known to us the
palpable qualities of bodies, such as their con-
sistence, quality, &c.  It is seated, particularly,
in the hands; and differs from tact in being ac-
tive.
  Touch-me-not, Impatiens fulva.
  Touch, Royal.  It was at one time univer-
sally believed, in England, that the Royal touch
would remove  Scrofula  or King's Evil, (as it
was thence called.)  This superstition is now
entirely exploded.  Edward, the Confessor, was
the first English king who touched for the Evil.
   TOUCHER, Esaphe, Touch.
   TOUCHWOOD,  Boletus igniarius.
   TOUR  DE MA1TRE, Coup de muitre.
   TOURBILLON VASCULAIRE, Vasa va-
sorum.
   TOURNESOL, Heliotropium Europaeum.
   TOURNIOLE, Paronychia.
   TOUR'NIQUET, Tor'cular, Tor'culum, Tor-
nac'ulum, Pra'lium, Prx'lium, Pra'lium seu
Prelum arteria'lS, Verticil1'him, Fas'cia tor'tilis,
from (F.) tourner, 'to turn.'   A  surgical  in-
strument for stopping the course of blood in
the limbs, by  exerting a strong  compression
upon the principal artery.  It was invented by
a French surgeon, Morel, in the middle of the
17th century;  and was modified subsequently,
by Nuck, Verduc, Monro, Petit, and Louis.  It
is used to suspend, for a time, the circulation
in a limb, during great  operations; to arrest
arterial hemorrhage in cases of  wounds; to
compress certain aneurismal and other tumours,
&c.
   TOUS-LES-MOIS.   A fecula obtained from
the root of Canna coccin'ea.  It resembles po-
tato starch; and may be  substituted for arrow
root.   It is obtained from St.Kitts.
   TOUTE BONNE, Salvia sclarea.
   TOUTE  EPICE,  see Myrtus  pimenta—t.
Saine, Sanicula.
   TOUX,  Tussis—t. Bleue, Pertussis—t. Bron-
chique, Bronchial cough, Cough, tubal—t. Ca-
verneuse,  see  Cavernous respiration—t. Con-
vulsive, Pertussis—t. Quinteuse,  Pertussis—t.
Tubaire, Bronchial cough, Cough, tubal.
   TOXICAL, Poisonous.
   TOXICATIO, Poisoning.
   TOXICODENDRON, Rhus toxicodendron.
   TOXICOHJS'MIA, from t^/kov, 'a poison,'
and 'ai^a,< blood.'  Poisoning  of the blood.—
Piorry.
   TOXICOL'OGY, Toxicolog"ia, from to5«wv,
(itself from iogov,  ' a  bow,') ' a  poison,' and
xoyoc, ' a description.'  A treatise on poisons.
  TOXICOSES, (G.)Toxikosen,fromTo?i*or,
' a poison.'  A family of diseases, according to
the classification of Fuchs, caused by the recep-
tion  of poisons into the system.
   TOXICUM, Poison, Venom.
   TRABECULA. Corpus callosum—t. Willisii,
Chordae Willisii.
   TRABECULE CORDIS, Columnae carneae.
   TRABES CORDIS, Columns  carneae.
   TRABS,  Penis—t. Medullaris, Corpus cal-
losum.
   TRACHE'A, (generally, however, accented
 Tra'chea,) Trache'a arte'ria, Bronchus, As'pera
arteria, Fis'tula spiritua'lis, F.  pulmona'lis,
 Canna, Syrin'ga, Syrinx ; the Windpipe, (F.)
 Trackee artere, from xe*yyg, 'rough,' and stgri/-
e,ia,' artery,' composed of ««§,' air,' and xrj^tir,
' to keep.'  The trachea is a cylindrical, fibro-
cartilaginous and  membranous tube, flattened
behind, and situate on the median line, before
the vertebral column, from the inferior part of
the larynx,  as far as the third  dorsal vertebra.
There it divides into  two branches, the bron-
chia, which separate to go to each lung.  The
trachea, the function of which is  to convey air
to the lungs during respiration, is composed, 1.
Of cartilaginous rings,  An'nuli  cartilagin'ei, 
TRACHEAL               853             TRANSFUSION
Segmen'ta  cartilagin'ea, Orbes cartilagino'si,
incomplete behind; situate one above the other,
and kept in situ by a fibrous membrane.   2.
Of a mucous membrane, which  lines it inter-
nally, and contains numerous mucous follicles.
3. Of  transverse muscular  fibres, not well
marked,  which  occupy its  posterior surface.
4. Of vessels, which proceed from the superior
and inferior thyroideal; and, 5. Of nerves, that
are given off by the pneumogastric and the cer-
vical ganglia.
  Trachea Arteria, Trachea.
  TRA'CHEAL, Trachea'lis.   An  epithet ap-
 plied to the  respiration as heard through the
 stethoscope opposite the trachea, larynx,  and
root of the bronchia: the air appearing as if
sucked in from the cylinder during  inspiration,
and expelled during expiration.
  TRACHEE  ARTERE, Trachea.
  TRACHEITIS, Cynanche trachealis.
  TRACHELAGRA, Torticollis.
  TRACHELIAN, Cervical.
  TRACHELITIS, Cynanche trachealis.
  TRACHELIUM  AMERICANUM, Lobelia
cardinalis.
   TRAC HELO-A TLOIDO-OCCIPITAL,
Obliquus  superior capitis—t. Atlo'ido-basilaire,
 Rectus capitis lateralis—t. Basilaire, Rectus
capitis internus major—t. Basilaire, petit, Rec-
 tus capitis internus minor.
   TRACHE'LO-DIAPHRAGMAT'IC,  Tra-
chelo-diapkragmat'icus.  The 4th pair of cervi-
 cal nerves, whence the phrenic  nerve  chiefly
arises.—Chaussier.
   TRA CIIELO-MASTOIDIEN,  Complexus
 minor—t.  Occipital, Complexus — t.  Phyma,
 Bronchocele—t. Scapulaire, Levator scapulae.
  TRACHELOS, Collum.
  TRACHEOCELE, Bronchocele.
  TRACHEOPHONY, Laryngophony.
   TRACHEfoPHTHISIS, see Phthisis laryn-
 gea.
   TRACHEORRHAG'IA, Hamop'toe seuHx-
 mop'tysis larynge'a et trachea'lis, fiomTga^-fiot,
 'the  trachea,' and  qxyvofA,, 'to  break forth.'
 Hemorrhage from the trachea.
   TRACHEOTOMY, see Bronchotomy.
   TRACHITIS, Cynanche trachealis.
   TRACHO'MA, Aspre'do,  from  t?«^,-,
 'rough.'  Gran'ular  conjunctiva, gran'ular
 eyelid, (F.) Asperiti des Paupiires.  A rough-
 ness of the inner surface of the eyelids; granu-
 lar eyelids.  A variety of ophthalmia, of which
 three  kinds  have  been designated:—T. Sa-
 bulo'sum,  from  sand, &c, getting  between
 the eyelids;  T.  carunculo'sum,  Phadaro'des,
 Phadaro'sis, Morum palpebra inter'na,  from
 fleshy excrescences; and T. herpet'icum, fxom
 hard pustules on the inner surface of  the  eye-
 lids.  This last is also called Fico'sis, and Pal-
 pebra fico'sa.
   TRACTATIO MANUARIA, Surgery.
   TRACTORATION, Perkinism, see  Trac-
 tors, metallic.
   TRACTORS,  METAL'LIC.  Metallic
 agents, introduced by  Dr. Elisha  Perkins, of
 Connecticut, about the end of the last century,
 to cure diseases.  The parts were rubbed with
 these  tractors, and  hundreds of thousands of
 cases were reported to have been cured by the
 tractora'tion.  The affections, in  which  they
 were chiefly  used,  were local  inflammations,
and pains in different parts.   The  good effects
were, doubtless, owing to the influence exerted
by the mind  over the body.  The bubble did
not exist long.  See Perkinism.
  TRACTUS  INTESTINORUM, Intestinal
Tube—t. Respiratorius,  Respiratory tract.
  TRAGAC AN'TUA,Gummi Tragacan'tka, G.
Astrag'ali Tragacantha, Gum Tragacanth, Gum
Dragon ; the concrete juice of the Astragalus
Tragacantha or Astragalus  verus, a  native of
Persia.  Family, Leguminosae.  Sex. Syst. Dia-
delphia Decandria. (F.) Gomme Adragant, Adra-
gant.  This gum  is inodorous; nearly insipid;
of a whitish colour; semi-transparent, and stri-
ated.  It is in thin, vermiform pieces; and does
not form a smooth, uniform mucilage with wa-
ter.  It is demulcent, but is rarely used alone.
  TRAGEA AROMATICA, Pulvis  cinnamo-
mi compositus.
  TRAG"ICUS,  Tragien, (Ch.), from Tragus.
A small, flat, triangular muscle, which almost
wholly covers the outer surface of the  tragus,
arising from its  base, and terminating at the
top of the eminence.
   TRAGIEN, Tragicus.
   TRAG 0 MAS C HA'LIA,  Tragomas'ckale,
from Toatyic, 'a  goat,'  and /x*rr<%aX», 'axilla.'
The strong, unpleasant odour of the armpits.
   TRAGOPHONIA, Egophony.
   TRAGOPO'GON, from tq*yo<;, 'a  goat,' and
rraymv,  'beard.'  A  genus of plants; Family,
Cichoracea?.  Sex. Syst. Syngenesia Polyga-
mia iEqualis.  (F.) Barbe de Bouc; of which
the roots of the Tragopogon porrifo'lium, Sal-
sifi, Oyster root,  and the  young  shoots of  the
 T. praten'sB, Meadow Salsifi, or Common Goat's
Beard, (F.) Salsifis des pris,  are eaten as
food.  The root of the latter has been used as a
diuretic.
   TRAGOSELINUM,  Pimpinella saxifraga—
t. Majus, Pimpinella magna.             /
   TRAGUS, T^ayog, 'a  goat;'  from its  being
furnished, in some persons, with hair, like  the
beard of a goat;  Hircus, Hirquus.  A small,
 flattened, triangular  nipple, situate before  the
meatus auditorius externus, which it appears
to  conceal.  It is covered with hair in old peo-
ple, whence its name. Also, the peculiar goat-
like smell of the  axillae.
   Tragus Matthioli, Salsola kali.
   TRAINASSE, Polygonum aviculare.
   TRAMIS, Perineum.
   TRANCE, Catalepsy, Ecstasis.
   TR ANCHEES,  Tormina—?. Utirines,
 Pains, after.
   TRANSFIGURATIO, Transformation.
   TRANSFORM A'TION, Transforma'tio,
 Transfignra'tio,   Transmuta'tio, Metab'ole :
 from  trans,  'beyond,' and  forma,  'form.'
 Change of form.
    TRANSFORMATIONS DE TISSU, (F.)
 The French  pathologists  designate thus  the
 change that occurs  in  an organ, the tissue ot
 which becomes similar to that of another organ.
 The chief transformations are  cartilaginous,
 osseous, and adipous.  See Tissue.
   TRANSFUSION, Transfusio, from trans-
fundere,  (trans, and fundere, 'to pour,')  'to
 pour from one vessel into another.' Transfusio
 San'guinis, Cura Medea'na, Mcthxmachym'ia,
 Hxmatometach'ysis, Ilrrmometack'ysis, Diach'-
 ysis, Transplanta'ti'o Med'ica nova, Chirur'gia
 transfuso'ria,  Exotichxmato'sis.  The act  o
 passing the blood of one animal into the veins 
TRANSLATION             854             TRANSVERSUS
 of another ;  an operation which was formerly
 used to fulfil various therapeutical intentions.
 It has  been revived in cases of uterine  hemor-
 rhage ; and, apparently, with some success.
   The operation can only be performed safely
 on animals .having like  kinds of blood.  See
 Globule.
   TRANSLATION, Metastasis.
   TRANSMUTATIO, Transformation.
   TRANSPIRATIO, Perspiration—t. Unila-
 tera, Hemidiaphoresis.
   TRANSPLANT A'TIO,  Metaphytela.  A
 pretended method of curing diseases,  devised
 by Paracelsus—by making them pass from one
 individual to another, either animal or vege-
 table.
   Transplantatio, Morioplastice—t.  Medica
 nova, Transfusion.
   Transplanta'tio Dentis, Insil'io  dentis.
 The act of transplanting a tooth from one per-
 son to another.
   TRANSPORT, Delirium.
   TRANSPOSITIO, Metathesis.
   TRANSPOSITION,   Transpositio,  from
 trans, ' over,' andponere,' to put;' Metatk'esis.
 Change of situation.
   Transposition of the  Vis'cera, Polype'ria
 promis'cua translati va, is a congenital  vice of
 conformation,  which  consists in the  viscera
 being found out of the situations they ordinarily
 occupy: the  heart, for example, being  on the
 right side; the liver  on the left, &c.
   TRANSUDATIO, Diapedesis.
   T R A N S U D A'T ION, Transuda'tio, from
 trans,  'through,'  and sudare,  sudatum,  'to
 sweat.'  The passage of a fluid through  the tis-
 sue of any organ, which may collect in small
 drops on the opposite  surface, or  evaporate
 from it.
   Transudation, Exosmose.
   TRANSVERSAIRE   EPINEUX,  Trans-
 versalis dorsi—t. Epineux du con, Semispinalis
 colli—t. G'-Ue, see Sacro-lumbalis—t. Epineux
 du dos, Semispinatus dorsi.
   TRANSVERSAL  DE   LA  CONQUE,
 Transversalis au-ris — t. du Nez,  Compressor
 nasi—t. des Orteils,  Transversus pedis.
   TRANSVERSALIS, Transverse.
   Transversa'lis Abdom'inis, (F.) Lombo-ab-
 dominal, (Ch.), Transverse de I'Abdomen. This
 muscle  is seated, deeply, on the lateral parts of
 the abdomen.  It is flat, thin, and broader before
 than behind.   It is attached, above, to the car-
 tilage of the last true rib, and to those of every
 false  rib; and, below, to the inner lip of the
 rrista of the  ilium;  to the two outer thirds of
the crural arch, and to the upper part of the
pubis.  Its fibres,  moreover, are inserted,  be-
hind,  by means  of broad aponeuroses, into the
top of the transverse and  spinous processes of
the first four lumbar vertebrae; and, before,
 into the linea alba, and the ensiform cartilage.
This muscle,  all of whose fibres have  a  trans-
verse direction, constricts the belly, and dimi-
 nishes the base  of the chest, by drawing in-
wards the ribs to which it is attached.
  Transversalis Anticis Primus, Rectus ca-
pitis lateralis—t. Collateralis colli, see  Sacro-
lumbalis.
  Transversa'lis Colli,  Transversalis  Major
colli, Portion  of the Sacrospinal  (Ch.), (F.)
 Transversaire,   A muscle, seated at  the pos-
terior and lateral part of the neck and upper
 part of the back.  It is attached to the trans-
 verse processes of the 5 or G lowest vertebrae of
 the neck; and to those of the 4 or 5 first dorsal.
 It extends  the  vertebra;  of  the neck,  and in-
 clines them to its side.
   Transversalis Colli, Semi-spinalis colli.
   Transversalis Dorsi,  Transverso-spinalis,
 Multif'idus Spina,  Lumbo cervical portion of
 the Spinal, (Ch.) (Transverso-spinalis Lum-
 bo'rum, Transverso-spinalis Dorsi, Transverso-
 spinalis  Colli,) Mus'culus  sacer, Spinales et
 transversales lumborum,  Semi-spinalis inter-
 nus, sive Transverso-spinalis colli pars inter-
 na, (Winslow,) Lombo-dorsi-spinal, &c, (F.)
 Transversaire ipineux.   This muscle, usually
 called by English anatomists, Multifidus spina,
 and  including all  the  transversospinales, is
 situate in the vertebral gutters, extending from
 the posterior part of the sacrum to the second
 cervical vertebrae.  It is  thicker  in the  neck
 and loins than in the back and behind  the sa-
 crum.  Its  use is—to straighten the vertebral
 column, and to impress upon it a slight rotary
 motion.
   Transversalis Nasi,  Compressor naris.
   TRANSVERSARIUS, Transverse.
   TRANSVERSE, Transver'sus,  Transversa'-
 lis, Transversa'rius, from trans, ' over,'  and
 vertere, ' to  turn.'  That  which runs across:
 also, that which relates to the transverse pro-
 cesses of the vertebrae.
   Transverse Artery  of  the Face, arises
 from the temporal; passes transversely across
 the  face,  in front of  the condyle of the lower
 jaw, and gives  its branches to the different
 muscles of the cheek.
   Transverse Fissure,  see  Liver — t. Liga-
 ment of the Atlas, Annular ligament.
   Transverse Perineal Artery,  Uretkro-bul-
 bar (Ch.,) is given  off from the upper branch
 of the internal pudic ; and passes  inwards  and
 forwards above the transversus perinaei muscle,
 as far as the bulb of the urethra, into which it
 dips ;—subdividing into numerous  branches.
   Transverse Proc"esses of the Ver'tebrje,
 (F.) Apophyses transverses  des vertebres, are
 the  bony eminences  that jut out  transversely
 and posteriorly from the  sides of the vertebra.
   Transverse Suture, Sutu'ra transversa'lis,
 runs across the face, and sinks into the orbit;
joining the  bones of the  skull to  those of the
face, but with  so many  irregularities and in-
 terruptions, that it can scarcely be recognised
as a suture.
  TRANSVERSE DE L'AB DO MEN,Txans-
 versalis abdominis—t. de POricule, Transver-
sus auris—t. du Pirinie, Transversus perinaei.
  . TRANSVERSOSPINAL,Semi-spinalis col-
li, Semi-spinalis dorsi—t. Spinalis, Transversa-
lis dorsi—t. Spinalis colli, Semi-spinalis colli—
t.  Spinalis dorsi, Semi-spinalis dorsi.
   TRANSVER'SUS  AURIS MUSCLE, (F.)
 Transverse de POricule, (Ch.) Transversal de la
Conque, is often wanting.  It is formed of some
transverse fibres, situate transversely,  behind
the projection of the  helix which divides the
concha into  two portions.
   Transversus   Pedis,  Scandula'rius,  (F.)
Transversal des  Orteils,  Mitatarso-sous-pha-
langien transversal du premier orteil, (Chaus-
sier.)  A muscle, which  arises by fleshy slips
from the heads of the metatarsal bones of the
three outer toes.  Its tendon is inserted into the 
TRAPA NATANS
855
TREPANNING
base of the first phalanx of the great toe, being
blended with that of the adductor pollicis.
  Transversus Perinsi, Leva'tor Ani parvus,
Ischio-pilineal, (Ch.,) (F.) Transverse du Piri-
nie, is placed  at the posterior part  of the peri-
naeum.  It is thin, triangular, and situate trans-
versely.  Its external extremity is  attached to
the ramus and tuberosity of the ischium: its
inner extremity is confounded with its  fellow
of the opposite side, and with the anterior part
of the sphincter ani and posterior  part of the
bulbo-cavernosus.  The use of this muscle is,—
to compress the urethra, and  to support  the
rectum and  bladder.  To a fasciculus of this
muscle, Santorini has  given the name  Ure'thra
Eleva'tor seu Ejacula'tor.
  Transversus Perina'i  Alter, Prostat'icus
inferior.   A small muscle which occasionally
accompanies the last.
  TRAPA  NATANS, (F.) Macre flottante,
Noix  d'Eau,  Chataigne d'Eau.   Sex. Syst.
Tetrandria Monogynia. The plant which affords
the Nuces  Aquat'ica, Trib'uli  aquatici,  Cal-
trops.  The  nut is considered nutrient and de-
mulcent,  and is  said  to be useful in  diarrhoea
from abrasion of the bowels, and in  calculus.
A poultice is sometimes made of it to discuss
hard and indolent tumours.
   TRAPEZE, Trapezium, Trapezius.
  TRAPEZIUM,  OS, toittsuov.  So  called
from its shape.  Os mult an'gulum majus, (F.)
Os trapeze.  The first bone of the second row
of the carpus.  It is articulated,  above, with the
scaphoides ;  below, with the first bone  of the
metacarpus ; within, with the trapezoides, and
second metacarpal bone.  Anteriorly, posteri-
orly, and  externally, it gives  attachment  to
ligaments.
  TRAPE'ZIUS, Cuculla'ris, (F.)  Dorso-sus-
acromien, (Ch.,) Trapizc, Capuchon.  A mus-
cle, seated at the posterior part of the neck and
shoulder, and at the upper part of the back.  It
has the shape of a trapezium;  is attached, on
the one hand,  to the  inner third of the upper
curved line  of the occipital  bone;  to the pos-
terior cervical ligament; to the spinous pro-
ems of the 7th cervical vertebra; and to those
of all the dorsal vertebrae; and, on the other
hand, to the spine of the scapula ; the acromion
and the outer third of the posterior margin of
the clavicle.  Its upper fibres  are  situate ob-
liquely downwards and outwards ;  the trans-
verse and inferior, obliquely outwards and in-
wards.  This  muscle  elevates  the shoulder;
'■arries it backwards, or depresses it, according
■;s its upper, middle, or lower  fibres contract
separately.  It straightens the  head, also, and
inclines it to one side.
   TRAP'EZOID LIGAMENT.  The anterior
part of the  coraco-clavicular ligament.  It is
d very strong, fibrous fasciculus, which has the
shape of  a trapezium, and is situate obliquely,
between  the acromion process and clavicle.
  TRAPEZOIDES,  OS,   Os  multan'gulum
minus, Os pyramida'le. carpi, from Tuan^t»v,
■a  trapezium,'  and  fifcc,  'shape  or  resem-
blance.'  The  second bone of the second row
of the carpus,—so called from its shape.  It is
smaller than the trapezium, on the  inside of
which it is  situate.   It is articulated,  above,
with the  os naviculare ; below, with the second
metacarpal bone; on the outside, with the trape
zium;  and internally with the  magnum
An-
teriorly and posteriorly, it affords attachment
to ligaments.
  TRAUBENCUR, Grape cure.
  TRAULISM1JS, see Balbuties and Bkesitas.
  TRAULOl'ES, see Blaesitas.
  TRAUMA, Wound.
  TRAUMAT'IC, Traumat'icus,Vulnera'rius;
from ie,aii/ui*, ' a  wound.'  Any thing relating
to a wound.
  TRAUMATICA, Detergents.
  TRAUMATIC US, Traumatic, Vulnerary.
  TRAUMATOP YRA, Febris  traumatica;
from Te,*v/xu,  'a  wound,' and nve,, 'fire.'   A
wound fever, or fever consecutive  to a wound.
  TRAVAIL D'ENFANT, Parturition.
  TRAVELLER'S JOY, Clematis vitalba.
  TREACLE, Melasses, Theriaca—t.English,
Teucrium chamaedrys—t. Venice, Theriaca.
  TREAD, Cicatricula—t. of the Cock, Mole-
cule.
  TREE,  ELK, Andromeda  arborea—t.  of
Life, Thuya occidentalis—t.  Sour, Andromeda
arborea.
  TREFLE D'EAU, Menyanthes  trifoliata.
  TREFOIL, Hepatica triloba—t.  Bean, stink-
ing, Anagyris—t. Marsh, Menyanthes verna—
t. Sour, Oxalis  acetosella—t. Water, Menyan-
thes trifoliata.
  TREMA, Foramen.
  TREMBLEMENT, Tremor—t. Mitallique,
see Tremor.
  TREMBLES, Milk-sickness.
  TRRMBLING, Tremor.
  TREMOR, Trepida'tio, Syn'clonus Tremor,
Tromus, Trembling, (F.)  Tremblement,  from
tremere, 'to tremble.'  Involuntary agitation of
the body, or of some  part of it, without  any ob-
stacle to voluntary motion.  It depends,  gene-
rally, upon debility of the  muscular, or of the
nervous system; and, hence, is observed in con-
valescence, and in typhoid affections.   It oc-
curs, also, in  old people; in hard  drinkers;
workers in mercury, lead, &c.: in the last case,
it is called by  the French, Tremblement mital-
lique,  Tremor met all icus.  Tremor  seems  to
resemble paralysis more than convulsion.  See
Paralysis agitans  and Pavitatio.
  Tremor Cordis, Hippus, Palpitation—t. Me-
tallicus, see Tremor.
  TREPAN, Trep'anum, Terebel'la, Trip'anon,
Percter 'ium,Peretor'ium, Serra versat 'His,Chan''-
icis, Chanicion, Ter'ebra, Ter'etron, Te ret rium,
Vertib'ulum, Trypanon, (F.) Tripan, from rev-
navi, 'I perforate.'   A surgical instrument re-
sembling a wimble, and worked in the  same
manner.   It is used  for removing portions  of
bone, and particularly of the bones  of the skull.
The term trepan is given more  particularly  to
the part of the instrument that makes the per-
foration.  The  handle is so constructed  as  to
receive different bits, as the Crown, the Tripan
perforatifox Perite'rion, the T. exfol.iatifox De-
squamato'rium trep'anum, and the T. abaptis'ta.
  In Great Britain and the United States, this
instrument has been superseded by the trephine.
which  is more manageable.
  TREPANATIO, Trepanning.
  TREPANATION, Trepanning.
  TREPAN'NING, Terebratio,Anatre'sis, Ce-
pkalotripe'sis. Trepana'tio,Trype'si s,Tresis.Pri-
st's, Prismas, Fora'tio, (F.) Trepanation.  Same
etymon.  The  methodical application of the
trepan. 
TREPANON               856               TRICHIASIS
   TREPANON, Trepan.
   TREPANUM, Trepan.
   TREPHINE.   The  instrument which  has
 replaced the trepan in some countries.   It con-
 sists of a simple, cylindrical saw;  with a han-
 dle placed transversely like that, of a gimlet, and
 from the centre of the circle, described by the
 teeth of the saw, a sharp little perforator pro-
 jects, called the Centrepin.  The centrepin is
 capable of being removed, at the surgeon's op-
 tion, by means of a key for the purpose.  It is
 used to fix the instrument until the teeth of the
 saw have made a circular groove, sufficiently
 deep for it  to work steadily.  The pin must
 then be removed.   Sometimes the  pin is made
 to slide up and down, and  to be fixed  in  any
 position, by means of a screw.
   TREPHOUSA, Nurse.
   TREPIDATIO, Tremor—t. Cordis, Cardio-
 tromus.
   TREPON'DO.  A weight of three  pounds.
 —Scribonius.
   TRE'SIS, r^no-tg, from vpiu, ' I bore.'  Pro-
 perly, a perforation.  A  wound.  A  forcible
 solution of  continuity  in a soft  part, com-
 mencing externally.  A genus in the nosology
 of Good.
   Tresis, Trepanning, Wound—t. Causis, Burn
 —t. Punctura, Puncture—t. Vulnus, Wound—
 t. Vulnus laceratum, see Laceration—t.  Vulnus
 simplex, Cut.
   TRESSAILLEMENT, Shuddering.
   TRESSO'RIA, Episi'on, mta-uov.   A term
 formerly applied to the  hair covering the mons
 veneris, the absence of  which has,  by the vul-
 gar, been esteemed a matter  of reproach.
   TRI, x%<, in composition,' three.' Hence:
   TRIANGLE MEDULLAIRE,  Fornix.
   TRIAN'GULAR, Trigo'nos, Triangularis,
 from tris, for tres, 'three,' and angulus,  'an
 angle.'  That which has three angles.
   Triangular Ligament  or Infra-pubian is
 a ligamentous fascia with short  fibres,  situate
 transversely beneath the symphysis  pubis,
 which it strengthens.
  TRIANGULA RIS,Depressor anguli oris—t.
 Coccygis,  Coccygeus—t.  Nasi,   Compressor
 naris.
  Triangula'ris Sterni, Sterno-costal (Ch.,)
 Pectora'lis inter'nus.  A muscle  situate at the
 anterior and inner part of the chest, behind the
 cartilages of the ribs.  It  has the  shape  of a
 lengthened triangle,  the base of  which is  di-
 rected downwards.  It  is attached to the pos-
 terior, lateral, and inferior part of the sternum,
 whence its fibres pass upwards and outwards,
 and  terminate by as many distinct  digitations
 at the cartilages  of the 3d, 4th, 5th, and (ith true
 ribs.  This  muscle depresses the ribs and con-
 tributes to expiration.
  TRIBAS, (F.) Tribade, from T?if?u>, '  I rub.'
 Frictrix, Frica'trix, Futu'tor, Mas'cula, Suba-
gita'tri.r, Subiga'tor.  A female whose clitoris
 is so large as to cause her to be  regarded as an
hermaphrodite.
  TRIBULI AQUATICI, see Trapa natans.
  TRIBUTUM  LUNARE, Menses—t. Men-
 struum, Menses.
  TRIC^E, Plica—t.Incuborum, Plica—t.Scro-
forum, Plica.
  TRICAGO, Teucrium chamaedrys.
  TRICAUDALIS, Retrahens auris.
  TRICEPS, from tris for tres, ' three,' and
 caput, ' head.'   A name given to muscles that
 have three fleshy bundles at one of their extre-
 mities.
   Triceps  Adduc'tor  Fem'oris. Under this
 appellation  are  comprehended  three distinct
 muscles; Adductor  brevis, A. longus, and  A.
 magnus.
   Triceps Auris, Retrahens auris—t. Braehia-
 lis, Triceps extensor cubiti.
   Triceps Cruris, Femora'lis, (F.) Trifemoro-
 rotulien (Ch.,) Crural,  Trifimoro-tibi-rotalien.
 Triceps  crural, T.  de la cuisse, is  situate at
 the anterior, inner, and outer part of the thigh.
 It is formed of three bundles at its superior
 extremity,  viz.  1.  A  middle fasciculus (the
 crura'lis  of most anatomists.)   2.  An exter-
 nal  fasciculus  (the vastus externus)  and  3.
 An inner fasciculus (the vastus internus.)  It
 is attached, above,  to the anterior, inner, and
 outer  surfaces  of  the  femur, and to the two
 edges of the linea aspera, from the base  of the
 trochanter to within four fingers' breadth of the
 knee.   Below, it terminates by a large tendon,
 which is attached to the base and edges of the
 patella, as well as to the  inner and outer tubero-
 sities of the tibia.  The triceps extends the leg
 on the thigh, and conversely.
   TRICEPS DELA CUISSE, Triceps cruris
 —t. Crural, Triceps cruris.
   Triceps Exten'sorCu'biti,Triceps Brachia'-
 lis, (F.) Scapulo-humiro-olecranien (Ch.), Tri-
 ceps brachial.   This muscle, which occupies all
 the posterior part of the os humeri, is described
 as two muscles by Douglas,  and as  three by
 Winslow.   It arises by three heads.   The first
 or long head,—long head of the biceps externus
 of Douglas, Anconeus major of Winslow—arises
 from the anterior extremity of the inferior costa
 of the scapula,  near  its neck, and  below the
 origin of the teres minor.  The second head, or
 short head of the biceps externus of Douglas, An-
 coneus externus of Winslow, arises  from the
 upper  and outer part of the os  humeri, at the
 base of the great tuberosity—and the third head
 —Braehialis externus of Douglas, Anconeus in-
 ternus of Winslow, the  shortest of  the three,
 arises from the back part of the  os humeri, be-
 hind  the flat tendon of the  latissimus dorsi.
 These three portions unite about  the middle of
 the arm, so as to form one thick and powerful
 muscle, which is inserted at the  upper part of
 the olecranon.—It extends  the forearm on the
 arm, and conversely.
  Triceps Magnus, Adductor magnus—t. Mi-
 nor,  Adductor  longus  femoris—t.  Secundus;
 Adductor brevis.
  TRICH.<E INCUBORUM,  Plica.
  TRICHANGIECTA'SIA^w^V/tertaM'a,^-
 ckocirsus, fxom 9^1%, Tpi/og, 'a  hair,' ayytiov,
 ' a vessel,' and szTa^/c, ' dilatation.'  Morbid
 dilatation of the capillary vessels.
  TRICHIA, Entropion.
  TRICHI'ASIS, Trickio'sis,  Tricho'sis, from
 3-$<;,  rqiyos, 'hair.' Morbus pila'ris.   This
 name has been given to  several affections.  1.
 To a disease of the kidneys or bladder, in which
 filamentous  substances,  resembling hairs, are
 passed in the urine.  This is also called  Pili-
 mic'tio.  It  must be regarded as a variety  of
 Catar'rhus vesica.   2.  To a  painful swelling
 of the breasts,  in  child-bed women,  when
 the milk is excreted with difficulty:—a disease
attributed, by Aristotle, to a hair swallowed by 
TRICHILIA
857
TRIGEMINI
accident and carried to the breasts through the
circulation; and 3dly, To inversion of the eye-
lashes.  See Entropion.
  TRICHILIA, Cathartics.
  TRICHI'NA  SPIRA'LIS.   Same etymon.
A small species of entozoa discovered in the
muscles of voluntary motion.   Trichinae consist
of very  minute cysts,  of an oblong  figure,
having considerable resemblance  in size and
colour to young pediculi, and are somewhat al-
lied to the eels found in paste and vinegar.  No
symptoms have as yet been observed to be pa-
thognomonic of their presence.
  TRICHIOSIS, Trichiasis—t. Distrix, Distrix.
  TRICHIS'MUS. Same etymon.  Capilla'tio,
Fissu'ra pila'ris.  A capillary fracture, fissure,
or crack.
  TRICHIURIA, Trichocephalus.
  TRICHOCEPH'ALUS, Trichoceph'alus dis-
par;  from 9%i%, Tpi/oc, ' a hair,' and  xstpuxti,
' head.'   Tricku'ris, Trickuris  vulgaris,  Tri-
ehuris  intestina'lis, As'caris trichu'ria,  Tri-
chiu'ria, Trichocephalus hom'inis, Mastigo'des
hominis, Long thread-worm.   A worm, from an
inch and  a half to two  inches long; the head
acute; the body spirally involuted in the male,
almost straight in the female.  The trichoceph-
alus  dispar  generally inhabits  the  caecum and
 colon, and is  rarely met with in the small in-
testines.  It gives rise to no peculiar symptoms,
and requires the usual anthelmintic  treatment.
   TRICHOCIRSUS, Trichangiectasia.
   TRICHOLABIS, Madisterium.
   TRICHOLABIUM, Madisterium.
   TRICHOLOGIA, Carphologia.
   TRICHOMA, Capillamentum, Plica.
   TRICHOMANES, Asplenium trichoma-
 noides.
   TRICHOMATION, Capillamentum.
   TRICHOMATOSE HAIR, Plica.
   TRICHOMONAS, Tiichom'onad; from0ei£,
  t^i^oc, 'a hair,' and  (/.ov*.g, ^ovaSog, 'unity.'
  An animalcule found by M. Donne  in the mu-
 cus of the vagina, where cleanliness  has  not
 been attended to,  and to which he has given the
 name Trichomonas vagina'lis.  By some it  is'
 considered to be  nothing more than separated
  ciliated epithelium from the uterus.
   TRICHON'OSUS, from 9^%, ^iXog, ^hair,'
 and troo-oc,' disease.'  A disease of the hair.
   TRICHOPHYIA, Trichophyt'ica, from #f,£,
  ryxog, ' hair,' and upvtn■,' to grow.'  Remedies
  that  promote the  growth of the hair.
   TRICHOPHYTON TONSURANS, see Por-
  rigo  decalvans.
   TRICHOSCHISIS, Schizatrichia.
   TRICHO'SIS,  Pila're  malum;  from  Spt*,
  r^Xog, 'hair.' Morbid organization  or defi-
  ciency of hair.  A genus in the system of Good.
   Trichosis, Entropion,  Trichiasis—t.  Area,
  Porrigo decalvans—t. Athrix, Alopecia—t. Dis-
 trix, Distrix—t. Furfuracea, Porrigo furfurans
  —t.  Hirsuties, Hirsuties—t. Plica, Plica—t.
  Poliosis, Poliosis—t. Setosa, Hystriciasis.
   TRICHOTON, Scalp.
   TRICHURIS, Trichocephalus.
   TRICLISPERMA GRANDIFLORA, Poly-
  gala paucifolia.                       -j  u-
   TRICUS'PID,  Tricus'pis,  Incuspidalis,
  Tricuspida'tus, from  tris fox tres,  'three,'and
  cusvis'a point.'   That which has three points.
   Tricuspid Valves, Valvula Trieuspides seu
  tri-rlo'chines  seu trisul'cx, are three trmngu'ar,
          55
valvular  duplicatures,  formed  by  the  inner
membrane of the right cavities of  the  heart,
around the orifice by which the auricle commu-
nicates with the ventricle.  The elongated and
pointed top of each of these valves is continuous
with the  chordae tendinea;, which set out from
the columnae carneae of the heart. These valves
are depressed  to allow the blood to flow from
the auricle into the ventricle; and are raised
to prevent its reflux into the auricle.
  TRIENS, Un'cia qua'tuor.   The third part
of a pound.  Four ounces, Troy.—Galen.
  TRIFACIAL, Trigemini.
   TRIFEMORO-ROTULIEN, Triceps  cru-
ris—t. Tibi-rotulien, Triceps cruris.
  TRIFOLIUM ACETOSUM, Oxalis  aceto-
sella—t. Aquaticum, Menyanthes trifoliata—t.
Aureum, Hepatica triloba—t. Cervinum, Eupa-
torium cannabinum—t. Fibrinum, Menyanthes
trifoliata—t. Hepaticum, Anemone hepatica.
   Trifo'lium Melilo'tus Officina'lis, Meli-
lotus, Lotus sylves'tris, Ser'tula Compa'na, Tri-
fo'lium caballlnum, Coro'na regia, Trifolium
odora'tum, Common mel'ilot, (F.) Melilot.  Fa-
mily, Leguminosae. Sex, Syst. Diadelphia Decan-
dria.  The  infusion or distilled water of this
plant has been  employed in cases  of ophthal-
mia.  It has  also been used  in fomentations,
glysters, &c.
   Trifolium  Paludosum, Menyanthes  trifoli-
ata—t. Palustre, Menyanthes trifoliata.
   TRIGAS'TRIC,  Trigas'tricus,  Triventer;
from re.£is, ' three,' and yao-rrjg,' belly.'  That
which has three bellies.  An epithet for mus-
cles so circumstanced.
   TRIGEM'INI, Tergem'ini, from tris,' three,'
and gem'inus, 'double;' 'threefold,' 'triplets.'
Thefifth pair of nerves, Par trigem'inum, Nervi
divi'si,  N. gustato'rii, Nervus quintus, Par
 quintum nervorum cerebra'lium, N. tremellus,
 N. mixtus, N. sympathet'icus me'dius, N. sym-
path'icus medius,N. anon'ymus, N. innomina'-
tus, Par trium funiculo'rum,  Trifa'cial, (F.)
 Nerf gustatif innomini, Nerf a  trois cordes,
 Nerf  trijumeau.  This nerve arises below the
 tuber  annulare by one  large posterior root from
 the corpora restiformia, and by two small an-
 terior roots from the corpora olivaria, whenee,
 proceeding forwards  to  the side  of the  sella
 Turcica, the filaments composing the large root
 form  a  ganglion—the Gasserian.   Emerging
 from this ganglion, the filaments, of which the
 large  root consists, form, with those constitu-
 ting the small roots, and which had not passed
 through the ganglion, two flattened trunks, each
 of which is soon divided into three branches, in
 such a manner, however,  that the first, or oph-
 thalmic  branch, and the second or upper maxil-
 lary, are composed exclusively of the filaments
 that arose from the   corpora  restiformia  and
 passed through the Gasserian  ganglion; whilst
 the third or lower maxillary branch is composed
 in part of those filaments, and in part of those
 that arose from the corpora olivaria, and passed
 on  one  side  of the  ganglion  without going
 through it.  The  whole,  therefore, of the first
 and second branches, and a part of the third are
 sensiferous nerves, whilst the remaining part
 of the third—the man'ducatory or mas'ticatory—
 is wholly motiferous,  and passes to the ptery-
 goid and other  muscles concerned  in mastica-
 tion. 
TRIGONE CEREBRAL        858          TRITICUM  JESTIVUM
  TRIGONE  CEREBRAL, Fornix—t. Vesi-
cal, see Urinary Bladder.
  TRIGONEL'LA  FCENUM, T.  Fa'num
Gra'cum, Fen'ugreek, Fa'nugreek,Fanum Gra'-
cum, Bu'ceras, Carphos,JEgoc"eras,  (F.) Finu-
grec.   Family, Leguminosae.  Sex. Syst. Dia-
delphia Decandria.   A native of the  south of
France.  The seeds have a strong, disagreeable
smell, and an unctuous, farinaceous taste; ac-
companied  by  a slight  bitterness.  They are
chiefly used in poultices.
  TRIGONOS, Triangular.
  TRIGONUS LIEUT AUDI, see  Urinary
bladder.
  TRIJUMEAUX, Trigemini.
  TRILLIUM  LATIFO'LIUM,  Broadleaf
Bethroot, Bethroot, Rattlesnake root, Wakerobin,
Coughroot, Indian Balm, Ground Lily, Jews'
Harp, Indian Shamrock, Pariswort, Truelove.
Sex. Syst.  Hexandria Trigynia.  A plant pe-
culiar to North  America, which blossoms in the
spring.   The root is astringent.
  There are many species of Trillium all of
which possess the same properties.
  TRIOCEPHALIA. Aprosopia.
  TRIOR CHIS, from xeiig, 'three,'and oqXtg,
'atesticle.'  One who has three testicles.
  TRIOSTEUM, T. Perfolia'tum,  Bastard
Ipecacuan'ha, Fever Root, Feverwort,  Tinker's
weed. Horse ginseng, Ipecac,  Wild Coffee,
White ginseng, Gen'tian, White Gentian, Sweet
Bitter.  In  very large doses, the bark  of the
root proves  emetic.  It is a good cathartic, in
doses of twenty or thirty grains.  It sometimes
operates as a diuretic.
  TRIPE DU ROCHE.   Different lichens of
the species Gyrophora, inhabiting the arctic re-
gions of America, bear this name.  They are
eaten as food by the hunters.
  TRIPH ARM ACUM, rqitpaquaxov.   A me-
dicine composed of three ingredients.
  TRIPLET, from  triplex, 'triple.'   One of
three children born at the same accouchement
or gestation.  Also,  relating  to  triplets—as a
 triplet conception.'
  TRIPSIS, Contusio, Trituration.
  TRIPUDIATIO SPASTICA, Chorea.
  TRIQUETRUM, (OS,) Cuneiform  (bone.)
  TRISIS, Brygmus.
  TRISMUS, from toii>, 'I gnash.'   Enta'sia
Trismus, Capis'trum,  Touos  Trismus, Locked
Jaw, Spasmus seu Rigor seu Tet'anus  maxill'x
inferio'ris, Gnatho spas'mus, Stomatospas'mus,
(F-) Mai de Machoire.  Spastic closure of the
under jaw;  a partial tetanus.  Cullen  makes
two varieties—T. nasceu'tium, T. neonato'rum,
Sarrete, attacking infants during  two  weeks
from birth;  and T. traumaticus, originating
from a wound.
  Trismus Capistratus, Bridissure—t. Catar-
rhalis maxillaris, Neuralgia maxillaris—t. Clo-
nicus, Neuralgia faciei—t. Cynicus, see Canine
laugh—t.  Diastrophe Sauvagesii,  Paralysis,
Bell's—t.Dolorificus,Neuralgiafaciei—t. Maxil-
laris, Neuralgia faciei—t. Nascentium,  see Tris-
mus—t. Neonatorum, see Trismus—t. Sardoni-
cus, Risus sardonicus.
  TRISPER'MUM, from rgtig,  'three,' and
cme/**)' a grain or seed.'  A cataplasm, con-
sisting of three seeds,—cumin, bay, and small-
age.  Gorraeus.
  TRISPLANCHIA, Cholera.
  TRISPLANCH'NIC, Trisplanch'nicus; from
Tgi«, 'three,' and o-nXay/vor, e viscus.'  That
which relates to three orders of viscera.
  Trisplanchnic Nerve, Great sympathetic,
Intercos'tal, Ganglion'ic nerve, Nerve oforgan'-
ic life, Ver'tebral nerve;—named by Bichat the
organic nervous system, in  opposition to the
other nervous parts, called the animal nervous
system. Gall terms it, the nervous system of the
automat'ic functions. It is called Trisplanchnic,
because it distributes its branches to the organs
in the three great splanchnic cavities—the head,
chest and abdomen.   It is composed of a series
of ganglia, united by intermediate branches, and
passing along the side of the spine to the lowest
part of the trunk; communicating, by a branch,
with  each of the thirty pairs of spinal nerves
and several of the  cerebral nerves;  and de-
taching nerves from its several ganglia, which
accompany the arteries, and are distributed,
particularly, to the organs of involuntary func-
tions.  At its upper part, it is concealed in the
canalis caroticus  and cavernous sinus, and is
joined there by  a branch of  the (ith pair of
nerves, and by a twig from the Vidian nerve of
the 5th pair.   In passing down by the side of
the spine, it forms three ganglia in the neck :—
the superior, middle, and inferior; 12 in the
back—the thoracic; 5 in the loins—the lumbar;
and three or four sacral.  When it reaches the
coccyx it unites with its fellow from the oppo-
site side, forming a small ganglion—the coccy-
geal,  Gan'glion impar, az'ygous gan'glion.
Meckel divides it  into  two portions—1. The
central ganglions  ox central  part, composed
of the numerous ganglionic plexuses in the ab-
domen ; the centre of which is the  semilunar
and solar plexuses.  2. The external ganglions,
Limitrophes or external part, which comprise
the series of ganglions situate at the sides of
the spine, from the base of the cranium to the
sacrum.  The great sympathetic seems to form
a distinct nervous system, destined for the or-
gans of involuntary motion; for although com-
municating with both