Imperial Stereoscopic Anatomy 
• OF THE 
HEAD and NECK 
BY 
Professor D. J. Cunningham 
M. D. (Edin. et. Dubl.), D. S. C., LL. D. (Glasg. et St. And.) D. C. L. (Oxon.) 
in collaboration with 
David Waterston 
M. A., M. D., F. R. C. S. E., F. R. S. E., Lecturer and Senior 
Demonstrator of Anatomy, Edinburgh University 
Professor M. H. Cryer 
M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Oral Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 
Visiting Surgeon to Philadelphia General Hospital, Member of 
American Medical Association, Pathological Society of 
Philadelphia, Philadelphia County Medical Society 
Frederick E. Neres 
M. D., formerly Instructor in Otology and Operative Otology, 
New York Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital, 
and Chief of Clinic of Manhattan Eye, Ear, Nose 
and Throat Hospital of New York City 
Section IV 
NEW YORK 
Imperial Publishing Company CONTENTS SECTION IV 
NORMAL ANATOMY OF TEMPORAL BONE AND INTERNAL EAR. 
No. 1-Temporal Bone Topography. External Surface. 
No. 2-Mastoid Antrum Opening. Supra Meatal Square. Neres. 
No. 3-Simple Mastoidectomy. Operation for Acute Mastoiditis. (Schwartze Zaufal.) 
No. 4-Radical Mastoidectomy. Operation for Mastoiditis, Following Chronic Suppurative Otitis 
Media. (Schwartze-Stacke.) 
No. 5-Meato Mastoid Operation. Operation for the Cure of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with 
Necrosis.. (Stacke.) 
No. 6-Relation of Mastoid Antrum to Mastoid Process. Posterior View. 
* ■ 
No. 7-Descending Portion of Lateral Sinus. Interiorly placed. 
- F 
No. 8-Antral Tegmen Abnormally Low and Bulbous Knee of Sinus. 
No. 9-Abnormally Large Tip Cell. Inferior View. 
No. 10-Course of the Descending and Transverse Facial Canal. 
No. 11-Relation of Lateral Sinus Bulb to Descending Facial Canal. 
No. 12-Mastoidectomy. Danger Localities. 
No. 13-Relation of Descending and Transverse Facial Nerve to Horizontal or External Semicir- 
cular Canal and Oval Window. 
No. 14-Section through Annular Ring, Mastoid Antrum and Process. 
No. 15-Vertical Section. Inverse Tympanic View. 
No. 16-Ossicular Relation to Aditus Ad Antrum. 
No. 17-Vertical Transverse Section through Tympanum and Mastoid Process. 
No. 18-Posterior Tympanic Wall Relation. No. 1. 
No. 19-Posterior Tympanic Wall Relation to Facial Canal and Mastoid Antrum, No. 2. 
No. 20-Relation of Ossicular Chain to Tympanum and Mastoid Antrum, Superior View. 
No. 21-Relation of Ossicles to Vestibule of Cochlea. Perpendicular Section. 
No. 22-Ossicular Relation to Tympanum. Tympanic View. 
No. 23-Ossicular Relation to Annular Ring. Inverse View. 
No. 24-Relation of Vestibule to Internal Auditory Canal. Inferior View. 
No. 25-Ossicular Relation to Cochlea. Tympanic View. 
No. 26-Relation of Semicircular Canals to Tympanum, Ossicles and Mastoid Process. 
No. 27-Relation of External Semicircular Canal to Fallopian Canal. 
No. 28-Relation of External and Superior Semicircular Canals to Aditus and Fallopian Canal. 
No. 29-Relation of Semicircular Canals to floor of Mastoid Antrum 
No. 30-Cochlea Relation to Semicircular Canals, Superior View No. 1. 
No. 31-Cochlea Relation and Semicircular Canals. Superior View No. 2. 
No. 32-Cochlea Relation to Internal Auditory Canal and Semicircular Canals. Internal View. 
No. 33-Semicircular Canal Relation to Aqueductus Cochlea and Internal Auditory Canal. Posterior 
View. 
No. 34-Cochlea Relation to Posterior Tympanic Wall. 
No. 35-Cochlea Relation to Ossicles and Mastoid Antrum. Superior View. 
No. 36-Cochlea Relation to Internal Auditory Canal and Vestibule. Horizontal Section. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 1 
EXTERNAL SURFACE. This external surface of the temporal bone is of extreme importance to the 
aural surgeon. It shows definite bony landmarks that are recognized while passing the fingers over 
the bone surface after the soft parts have been retracted. The area posterior and slightly superior 
to the auditory canal, in a radius of about 4 c.m., should always be viewed and felt before any bone 
operative work is commenced which will outline dangerous localities beneath the surface. 
This bone is in every respect perfect, and normal according to measurement and ossification. All 
the depressions and eminences are readily discernible. Only the essential markings are given. The 
careful study of this bone facilitates the reading of the accompanying stereograms. 
The relation of the auditory canal to the zygomatic root and mastoid ridge and process is well 
shown, also the mastoid fossa, a constant anatomical landmark is located 3 m.m. posterior to the 
posterior superior quadrant of the auditory canal; G m.m. from the zygomatic crest and 8 m.m. from 
the temporal ridge. 
TEMPORAL BONE TOPOGRAPHY 
The figures indicate- 
1-Squamous Portion 
2-Temporal Ridge 
3-Mastoid Fossa 
4-Spine of Henley (Suprameatal Spine) 
5-Annular Ring 
6-Tympanum 
7-Zygomatic Crest 
8-Zygoma 
9-Auditory Meatus 
10-Styloid Process 
11-Mastoid Process 
12-Mastoid Tip 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - - - NEW YORK 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 2 
SUPRA MEATAL SQUARE. NERES. The location and entrance into the mastoid antrum is always 
necessary in every case where a mastoid operation is performed. The supra meatal square is con- 
structed as follows: The superior limit line A of the square is made by extending the zygomatic 
ridge at the zygomatic crest Z C horizontally posterior to the distance of about one inch. The in- 
ferior limit line B is made by drawing a line from the center of the auditory canal also horizontally 
posterior and parallel to the superior limit line A. The anterior limit line C is made by dropping a 
line perpendicular to the superior limit line A at the zygomatic crest; this line passes through the 
anterior margin of the mastoid fossa and base of Henley's spine and bisects also the inferior limit 
line B. This line is tangent to the posterior wall of auditory canal. The posterior limit line D is 
made by taking a point 15 m.m. posterior to the anterior limit line C on the superior limit line A 
and dropped perpendicularly; this line is parallel to the line C, and also bisects the inferior limit 
line B. This forms a perfect 15 m.m. square. A square opening made within these borders will 
locate the mastoid antrum at a depth of 16 to 18 m.m. 
MASTOID ANTRUM OPENING 
The figures indicate- 
1-Superior Limit Line 
2-Posterior Limit Line 
3-Inferior Limit Line 
4-Anterior Limit Line 
5-Mastoid Antrum Opening 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 3 
SIMPLE MASTOIDECTOMY 
SCHWARTZE ZAUFAL 
Operation for Acute Mastoiditis 
This operation is performed after the mastoid antrum has been opened, as shown in stereogram 
No. 2. The entire external table is removed (never going above the superior limit line A of the 
square, see stereogram No. 2), including the mastoid tip, with complete ablation of all the mastoid 
cells (zygomatic, squamous and mastoid) enlarging the antral mouth of the aditus ad. antrum. Os- 
sicles are not disturbed. 
This specimen has been tilted slightly backward to show more distinctly the antral tegmen. The 
head of the malleus is just visible, anterior to the incus, and the short incal process as it lies in its 
groove on the aditus floor is easily seen. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Antral Tegmen 
2-Mastoid Antrum (Floor) 
3-Eminence Ext. Semi-Cir. Canal 
4-Incus 
5-Tympanic Tegmen 
6-Aditus Ad. Antrum (Floor) 
7-Posterior Wall of Auditory Canal 
8-Tympanum 
9-Prominence of Lateral Sinus 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY ------ NEW YORK 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 4 
RADICAL MASTOIDECTOMY 
SCHWARTZE STACKE 
Operation for Mastoiditis, following a Chronic Supperative Otitis Media 
The same general operative procedure is followed as illustrated in the preceding stereograms 
Nos. 2 and 3. A complete simple mastoid operation is performed; then the posterior superior tri- 
angular quadrant of the osseous auditory canal is removed down to the annular ring and including 
the external wall of the aditus. The incus and malleus are removed through this slit (5 m.m. wide). 
The stapes is undisturbed. The complete operation consists in converting the mastoid process, an- 
trum, aditus ad. antrum, tympanic attic and tympanum proper into one continuous smooth cavity. 
Ossiculectomy of the malleus and incus. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Mastoid Antrum (Floor) 
2-Eminence of Ext. Semi-Cir. C. 
3-Aditus 
4-Stapes 
5-Fallopian Canal. Tympanic Turn. 
6-Posterior Inferior Quad, and Meatus 
7-Tympanum 
8-Round Window 
9-Prominence of Lateral Sinus 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY ------ NEW YORK 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 5 
MEATO MASTOID OPERATION 
STACKE 
Operation for the Cure of Chronic Supperative Otitis Media with Necrosis 
Procedure differs materially from the foregoing ones in that the field of attack is located and 
confined to the antral and tympanic region. The mastoid antrum is found through the superior 
meatal square (see preceding stereogram No. 2). The posterior superior triangular quadrant of 
osseous auditory canal is removed to the depth of the annular ring (16 to 18 m.m.), including 
the external wall of the aditus. The malleus and incus are removed. Stapes left in situ. This 
forms into one continuous cavity, the mastoid antrum, aditus ad. antrum, tympanic attic and 
tympanum proper. The mastoid process with its cells is undisturbed. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Mastoid Antrum (Floor) 
2-Eminence Ext. Semi-Cir. C. 
3-Aditus 
4-Fallopian Canal 
5-Stapes 
6-Promontory 
7-Round Window 
8-Posterior Inferior Auditory Wall 
9-Tympanic Floor 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY ______ NEW YORK 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 6 
RELATION OF MASTOID ANTRUM TO MASTOID PROCESS 
POSTERIOR VIEW. A rectangular sawed section has been removed from the posterior and central 
portion of the mastoid process, including the posterior superior squamous portion. This antrum is 
rather large, cells leading from it are plainly visible. A thin perpendicular bony septum separating 
tip cell. No. 4. The bony lamina covering the mastoid antrum in this specimen is deeper than 
usual. No. 1. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Antral Tegmen 
2-Antrum 
3-Mastoid Cells 
4-Tip Cell (Partitioned) 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - - - NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 7 
DESCENDING PORTION OF LATERAL SINUS 
ANTERIORLY PLACED. The opening into the mastoid antrum in this specimen is very small (4 
m.m.), due to the encroaching upon it of the lateral sinus in this region. The mastoid cells are few 
and shallow. The internal table, covering the lateral sinus, fills almost completely the entire pos- 
terior and central portion of the mastoid process. This sinus is very superficial to the external cor- 
tex, especially at its superior turn (2 m.m.). 
The figures indicate- 
1-Mastoid Antrum Opening 
2-Tympanum 
3-Posterior Auditory Canal Wall 
4-Mastoid Cell Space Between Canal Wall and 
Lateral Sinus 
5-Ascending Portion of Sinus 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - - - NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 8 
ANTRAL TEGMEN ABNORMALLY LOW AND BULBOUS KNEE OF SINUS 
This specimen graphically illustrates two most important structures encountered while ablating 
the mastoid cells, if located abnormally as shown in this specimen. The antral tegmen has been re- 
moved showing the dura beneath. The knee of the lateral sinus is seen centrally placed; also the 
posterior or lateral turn of the sinus as it passes back to the torcular herophili. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Antral Tegmen (Dura) 
2-Mastoid Antrum (Floor) 
3-Torcular Bend of Sinus 
4-Posterior Auditory Canal Wall 
5-Narrow Space Between Knee of Sinus and 
Auditory Canal 
6-Ascending Sinus 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - - - NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 9 
ABNORMALLY LARGE TIP CELL 
INFERIOR VIEW. The tip of the mastoid process has been sawed transversely across, revealing a 
very large cell in this region of the mastoid process. This specimen illustrates how a large quantity of 
pus can collect and be confined in this portion of the temporal bone. The average mastoid process 
has a number of large cells at the top, but rarely one of such extreme dimensions as shown in this 
specimen. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Zygoma 
2-Auditory Meatus. External Surface 
3-Large Tip Cell 
4-Pharyngeal Mouth of Eust. Tube 
5-Stylo Mastoid Foramen 
6-Carotid Canal 
7-Opening of Aqueductus Cochleae 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 10 
COURSE OF THE DESCENDING AND TRANSVERSE FACIAL CANAL 
In this specimen the entire posterior osseous wall of the auditory canal has been removed down 
to the external bony covering of the facial canal (16 m.m.) The bony covering of the descending por- 
tion of the nerve canal has been drilled into throughout its entire course, beginning at the stylo mas- 
toid foramen and through the fallopian canal, exposing it completely. The mastoid cells have been 
ablated in order to show the facial relation as regards depth from external surface (16 to 18 m.m.). 
The descending portion (15 m.m. long) runs perpendicular to and hugs the auditory meatus. The 
facial elbow is well shown. At this point (or the beginning of the fallopian canal) the nerve turns 
anteriorly, almost horizontally, passing across the posterior superior portion of the tympanic wall, a 
distance of 8 m.m. Only a thin lamina of bone (a fraction of a m.m. in thickness) separates the 
nerve from the upper boundary of the oval window. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Trephine Opening, through Antral Tegmen 
2-Mastoid Antrum (Floor) 
3-Ant. Tympanic. Facial Foramen 
4-Transverse Facial Canal 
5-Stapes 
6-Facial Elbow 
7-Trephine Opening through Tympanic Tegmen 
8-Descending Facial Canal 
9-Stylo Mastoid Foramen 
10-Annular Ring 
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Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 11 
RELATION OF LATERAL SINUS BULB TO DESCENDING 
FACIAL CANAL 
The entire wall of the auditory canal, anterior portion and tip, bony covering and cells of the 
mastoid process, exposing the facial canal throughout its course, have been removed, illustrating the 
intimate relation of the sinus at the bulb to the descending facial canal. Caution should be exercised 
while removing a mastoid tip. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Mastoid Antrum 
2-External Semi-Cir. Canal (Open) 
3-Facial Canal 
4-Oval Window 
5-Lateral Sinus Bulb Portion 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - _ _ NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 12 
MASTOIDECTOMY DANGER LOCALITIES 
This temporal bone demonstrates the four cardinal danger localities while operating on the tem- 
poral bone. The facial nerve is seen as it enters and emerges from its opening in the anterior su- 
perior quadrant of the tympanic wall, passing backward almost horizontally, dropping vertical at the 
elbow, to the region of the stylo mastoid foramen. The (horizontal) or external semi-circular canal 
is opened, giving its relation to the floor of the aditus ad. antrum. The antral tegmen has been re- 
moved throughout its whole length. An external semi-lunar portion of bone has been chiseled away 
over the zygomatic root to show the tympanic floor of the middle cerebral fossa. The lateral sinus 
prominence in the posterior central portion of the mastoid process is in its normal location. The 
ossicular chain is in natural articulation. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Dura over Middle Cerebral Fossa 
2-(Horizontal) or External Semi-Cir. Canal 
3-Incus 
4-Malleus 
5-Stapes 
6-Mastoid Antrum Floor 
7-Lateral Sinus Horizontal (Turn) 
8-Facial Nerve 
9-Ascending Sinus Prom. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - - - NEW YORK 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 13 
RELATION OF DESCENDING AND TRANSVERSE FACIAL NERVE TO HORI- 
ZONTAL OR EXTERNAL SEMICIRCULAR CANAL AND OVAL WINDOW 
This dissection is carried sufficiently far and to a greater depth than any of the foregoing serial 
specimens. The entire auditory canal has been removed to the level of the annular ring. The facial nerve 
has been exposed throughout its entire course. The same depletion of the mastoid cells, trephine 
openings have been made through tegmen, same as in Fig. 6. The external wall of the ext. semi- 
cir. C. (horizontal) is removed. It will be seen that the transverse portion of the facial nerve passes 
beneath and parallel to this semi-circular, and above and parallel to the oval window; the fallopian 
canal wall is all that separates them. The ascending portion of the carotid canal forms the anterior 
inferior boundary of the tympanic cavity. This specimen shows how easily the carotid artery can 
be injured while curetting the tympanic mouth of the eustachian tube, for the external inferior wall of 
the eustachian tube forms the external posterior wall of the carotid canal. This lamina of bone (% 
to 2 m.m. thick) is all that separates the eustachian tube from the artery, 
The figures indicate- 
1-Trephine Openings through Tympanic and 
Antral Tegmen 
2-Mastoid Antrum (Floor) 
3-Horizontal or External Semi-Cir. Canal 
4-Oval Window 
5-Corda Tympani Nerve 
G-Facial Nerve 
7-Round Window 
8-Carotid Artery 
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Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 14 
TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH ANNULAR RING AND MASTOID 
ANTRUM AND PROCESS 
This temporal bone has been cut in this locality in order to demonstrate the relation of the eusta- 
chian tube, ossicular chain, facial nerve, aditus, mastoid antrum and mastoid cells to tympamc cavity. 
This specimen shows the numerous mastoid cells that may be present in the average mastoid 
process. These cells are encased in a rather thin cortex. The tensor tympanic muscle is well illus- 
trated. The bony covering of the processus cochleariformis is removed, exposing the muscle its 
whole length. The tympanic tegmen presents on its tympanic surface a number of cell spaces. Two 
small recesses are within these cells for the reception of the head of the malleus and body of the 
incus. This bone gives the general temporal anatomy. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Petrous Tip 
2-Carotid Canal 
3-Greater and Lesser Superficial Petrosal Nerves 
4-Anterior Tympanic Facial Foramen 
5-Malleus 
6-Incus 
7-Tympanic Tegmen 
8-Prom, for External Semi-Circular Canal 
9-Antral Tegmen 
10-Squamous Cells 
11-Floor of Middle Cerebral Fossa 
12-Annular Ring (Drum Attached) 
13-Mastoid Tip 
14-Mastoid Cells 
15-Mastoid Antrum Floor 
16-Descending Portion of Facial Nerve 
17-Round Window 
18-Stapes 
19-Promontory 
20-Tensor Tympani Muscle 
21-Eustachian Tube 
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Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 15 
VERTICAL SECTION 
INVERSE TYMPANIC VIEW. This specimen has been sawed just internal to the annular ring, reveal- 
ing uniform arching of tympanic and antral tegmen. The tympanic membrane is in position and at- 
tached to the annular ring and anterior surface of the manubrium of the malleus. The smooth ex- 
ternal surface of the aditus ad. antrum; above and posterior to the body of the incus and the ex- 
ternal superficial antral cells; also wall of the lateral sinus, as it hugs the posterior inferior boun- 
dary of the mastoid antrum. The position of the malleus and incus, how they lie in the tympanic at- 
tic ; also the relation of the short process of the incus, to the aditus ad. antrum are all typically 
portrayed. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Tegmen 
2-Mastoid Antrum. Ant. Surface 
3-Lateral Sinus. External Surface 
4-Malleus 
5-Anterior Wall of Aditus 
6-Incus 
7-Tensor Tympani Muscle 
8-Drum Membrane 
9-Eustachian Tube 
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Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 16 
OSSICULAR RELATION TO ADITUS AD. ANTRUM 
This section has been sawed perpendicularly through the center of the external auditory canal, 
meeting a lateral sectional sawing through the eustachian tube at the posterior margin of the annular 
ring. The malleus, incus and stapes are in situ.The body of the incus lies in the tympanic mouth 
of the aditus ad. antrum. The stapes is visible just to the left of the long process of the malleus. 
The mastoid antrum opening shows above the body of the incus; horse-hair bristles pass through the 
channels of the descending facial canal and the corda tympani. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Tympanic Tegmen 
2-Mastoid Antrum Opening (Tympanic Mouth) 
3-Incus (Body) 
4-Malleus 
5-Stapes 
6-Eustachian Tube 
7-Annular Ring 
8-Horse Hair Passing Through Descending 
Facial Canal 
9-Stylo Mastoid Foramen 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co, 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 17 
VERTICAL TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH TYMPANUM AND 
MASTOID PROCESS 
This specimen sawed through the same region as shown in stereogram No. 14, illustrates an ab- 
normality, in that the lateral sinus is much more superficial and closer to the external table than is 
usually the case. The sinus in this relation and position is exposed by sawing the section; but 
well posterior. 
THE POSTERIOR INFERIOR. Antral cells show in close proximity to the lateral sinus. The ossicles 
are seen resting against the posterior tympanic attic wall. The thin shell of bone above them is the 
typmanic tegmen. The tensor tympani muscle is exposed resting in its bony covering, forming the 
roof of the eustachian tube. Note the course of the descending facial canal just posterior and in- 
ferior to the ossicular chain. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Post. Inferior Antral Cells 
2-Incus 
3-Malleus 
4-Stapes 
5-Tensor Tympani Muscle 
6-Promontory 
7-Eustachian Tube 
8-Section through Lateral Sinus 
9-Stylo Mastoid Foramen (Facial Nerve Exit) 
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IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 18 
POSTERIOR TYMPANIC WALL RELATION-NO. 1 
This section similar to that shown in stereogram No. 15 has been sawed perpendicularly 
through the posterior wall of the auditory canal to the depth of the descending facial canal, meet- 
ing a lateral sawing through the eustachian tube and annular ring. The ossicular chain, malleus, 
incus and stapes have been removed. The entire posterior tympanic wall surface with its projec- 
tions and depressions and foramina? are shown, especially the tympanic opening of the processus 
cochleariformis. through which the tendon of the tensor tympani mus. emerges. The pyramid of 
the tympanum is shown. No. 8. Through the opening at its apex the tendon of the stapedius mus. 
emerges. Through the narrow slit anterior and below the tip is the foramen of the corda tympani 
nerve. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Mastoid Antrum Opening (Tympanic Mouth) 
2-Prominence of Ext. Semi-Cir. Canal 
3-Tympanic Foramen of Transverse Facial 
4-Tip of Proc. Cochleariformis 
5-Oval Window 
6-Carotid Canal. Internal Surface 
7-Transverse Facial Canal 
8-Pyramid 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - - _ NEW YORK 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 19 
POSTERIOR TYMPANIC WALL RELATION TO FACIAL CANAL AND 
MASTOID ANTRUM-NO. 2 
This specimen is the same as shown in stereogram No. 18. The lateral sawing through the an- 
nular ring; is further posterior and through the center of the antrum, and mastoid process. All the 
cells have been ablated except bounding the mastoid antrum. The descending facial canal in this 
specimen is a trifle shorter than usual. The transverse portion of the canal as it passes across the 
tympanum is also a little higher, especially at its internal tympanic turn. The mastoid antrum is 
partially divided into two compartments by a central cellular partition. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Mastoid Antrum (Cellular Isthmus) 
2-Eminence of Ext. Semi-Cir. Canal 
3-Ant. Tympanic Foramen of Transverse Facial 
Canal 
4-Oval Window 
5-Promontory 
6-Carotid Canal, Internal Wall 
7-Round Window 
8-Descending Facial 
9-Lateral Sinus Prominence 
10-Depleted Mastoid Process 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 20 
RELATION OF OSSICULAR CHAIN TO TYMPANUM AND MASTOID ANTRUM 
SUPERIOR VIEW. The bony tegmen over the antrum and tympanum is removed, exposing the 
bodies of the malleus, incus, antrum, and tympanum. There relation and depth are well illus- 
trated. The cells No. 2 just to the left and above the short proc, of the incus are the internal root 
cells of the zygoma. Very often the first cells affected by necrosis resulting in general mastoid in- 
volvement. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Mastoid Antrum 
2-Zygomatic Root Cells 
3-Body of Incus 
4-Head of Malleus 
5-Ext. Auditory Canal. Tympanic End 
6-Annular Ring (Inferior Surface) 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY ______ NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 21 
RELATION OF OSSICLES TO VESTIBULE OF COCHLEA 
PERPENDICULAR SECTION. This specimen has been sawed, perpendicularly, completely dividing 
temporal bone, through auditory canal, and posterior margin of the oval window. Ossicular chain 
in situ, shown in the right half; stapes foot plate resting in oval window, separating the tympanum 
from vestibule No. 5. Tympanic attic, tympanum and ossicular chain are viewed laterally. The 
transverse facial canal No. 3 and external semi-circular canal No. 2 are sawed through; 2 m.m. of 
bone separating these canals. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Antrum 
2-External Semi-Circular Canal 
3-Facial Canal 
4-Incus 
5-Vestibule 
6-Stapes (Foot Plate) 
7-Malleus 
8-Annular Ring 
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IMPERIAL PUBLISHINGCOMPANY - - - - - - N E W Y O R K IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 22 
OSSICULAR RELATION TO TYMPANUM 
(Note-Key-plate is one-half above normal size.) 
TYMPANIC VIEW. Mastoid, squamous and part of petrous portion of the temporal bone have been 
removed, showing malleus, incus and stapes, articulated in natural position. The processus coch- 
liariformis No. 6, facial canal No. 8 have been opened, demonstrating the regional anatomic relation 
of the ossicular chain. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Superior Semi-Circular Canal 
5-Incus 
3-Malleus 
4-Posterior Semi-Circular Canal 
5-Stapes 
6-Proc Cochleariformis 
7-Round Window 
S-Facial Canal 
9-Carotid Canal 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - - - NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 23 
OSSICULAR RELATION TO ANNULAR RING 
INVERSE VIEW. The entire petrous portion of the temporal bone has been removed. The natural 
drum membrane is preserved with the ossicles in normal relation. The position or location of the 
anterior surface of the mastoid antrum is well illustrated. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Antrum Anterior Surface 
2-Aditus Ad. Antrum Ant. Surface 
3-Stapes 
4-Incus 
5-Malleus 
6-Drum Membrane 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - - - NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 24 
RELATION OF VESTIBULE TO INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL 
INFERIOR VIEW. The lower portion of temporal bone has been removed to level of internal audi- 
tory canal, exposing vestibule of cochlea, cochlea and inferior surface of ossicular chain. The ves- 
tibule No. 6 is seen to the right and on a horizontal plane with the int. aud. canal No. 5. The cochlea 
No. 1 just above the auditory canal. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Cochlea 
2-Malleus 
3-Incus 
4-Stapes 
5-Internal Auditory Canal 
6-Vestibule 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 25 
OSSICULAR RELATION TO COCHLEA 
TYMPANIC VIEW. Specimen has been sawed perpendicularly through the center of the external 
auditory canal, meeting a lateral perpendicular sawing through eustachian tube. The posterior tym- 
panic wall removed exposing turns of cochlea No. 5. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Incus 
2-Malleus 
3-Stapes 
4-Tensor Tympani Muscle 
5-Cochlea-Three turns 
6-Mastoid Tip Cells 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co, 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 26 
RELATION OF SEMICIRCULAR CANALS TO TYMPANUM OSSICLES AND 
MASTOID PROCESS 
Due to an abnormal areation, dolichocephalic skull, and extensive cell deposits at the zygomatic 
root and above the tympanic attic, made it possible to demonstrate the ossicular chain and semi- 
circular canals without any photographic distortion. The malleus, incus and stapes are in natural 
position and articulation. All three semi-circular canals are open throughout their entire circumfer- 
ence. The short process of the incus lies across the junction of the anterior external bend of the 
superior and external semi-circular (horizontal) canals. The fallopian canal has been removed 
showing the transverse facial artery passing below and behind the long incal process, and the 
neck of the malleus. The narrow slit, posterior and slightly inferior to the post, semi-circular 
canal entering below' the vestibule, at an angle of 45 degrees, is the aqueductus vestibuli. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Malleus 
2-Incus 
3-Superior Semi-Cir. Canal 
4-Horizontal or Ext. Semi-Cir. Canal 
5-Posterior Semi-Cir. Canal 
6-Stapes 
7-Aqueductus Vestibuli 
8-Facial Nerve 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 27 
RELATION OF EXTERNAL SEMICIRCULAR CANAL TO FALLOPIAN CANAL 
A complete radical mastoid ablation has been done. The external bony covering of the ex- 
ternal or horizontal semi-circular canal has been removed exposing this canal over two-thirds of its 
course. The transverse facial or fallopian canal wall has been broken through throughout in its 
tympanic course No. 3. The transverse facial canal is anterior and slightly superior but parallel 
to the external semi-circular canal. These canals are separated by a bony partition 3 m.m. thick. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Ant. Tympanic Facial Foramen 
2-Posterior Antral Wall 
3-Transverse Facial Canal (Fallopian) 
4-External Semi-Circular Canal 
5-Oval Window 
6-Promontory 
7-Lateral Sinus Eminence 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 28 
RELATION OF EXTERNAL AND SUPERIOR SEMICIRCULAR CANALS TO 
ADITUS AND FALLOPIAN CANAL 
In this specimen the regular radical operation has been performed. The zygomatic root and 
tympanic attic cells and all mastoid cells have been removed including the entire posterior auditory 
canal wall down to the tympanic or annular ring. The superior and external semi-circular canals 
and the fallopian canal are opened. The relation of these canals to the aditus ad. antrum floor is 
demonstrated. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Ant. Tympanic Facial Foramen 
2-Superior Semi-Circular Canal 
3-Opening of Vestibule 
4-Ext. or Horizontal Semi-Circular Canal 
5-Mastoid Antrum 
6-Transverse Facial Canal (Fallopian) 
7-Oval Window 
8-Pyramid 
9-Promontory 
10-Round Window 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 29 
RELATION OF SEMICIRCULAR CANALS TO FLOOR OF MASTOID ANTRUM 
The same preliminary ablation of the mastoid process has been done as shown in stereograms 
No. 27 and No. 28, with the addition of the opening of the posterior semi-circular canal. The rela- 
tive position of the semi-circular canal to the mastoid antrum is illustrated. The anterior internal 
and inferior surface of the antrum is bounded by the semi-circulars. This technique is the method 
employed when operative work is indicated upon the semi-circular canal and vestibule. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Ant. Tympanic Facial Foramen 
2-Superior Semi-Circular Canal 
3-External (Horizontal) Semi-Circular Canal 
4-Mastoid Antrum 
5-Oval Window 
6-Posterior Semi-Circular Canal 
7-Promontory 
8-Round Window 
IM PERIAL PUBLISHING CO MPA NY - - - - - - N E W Y O R K 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 30 
COCHLEA RELATION TO SEMICIRCULAR CANALS 
SUPERIOR VIEW NO. 1. The entire internal superior surface of the petrous portion of the tem- 
poral bone is removed, exposing the floor of the mastoid antrum and inferior surface of the audi- 
tory canal. The external semi-circular canal is opened throughout its length, the superior sigmoidal 
turn of the superior semi-circular canal is demonstrated; also the external superior bony covering of 
the cochlea, giving its relation to the internal auditory canal and vestibule of the cochlea. The slit 
No. 6 passing from the region of the lateral sinus, below the mastoid cells, leading into the vestibule 
of the cochlea at the junction of the posterior internal turn of the superior and posterior semi-cir- 
cular canal is the aquiductus vestibuli. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Auditory Canal (Floor) 
2-Mastoid Antrum (Floor) 
3-Ext. Semi-Circular Canal 
4-Superior Semi-Circular Canal 
5-Posterior Semi-Circular Canal 
6-Aqueductus Vestibuli 
7-Vestibule of Cochlea 
8-Greater and Lesser Superficial Petrosal Nerve 
Canals 
9-Superior Surface of Cochlea. 
10-Internal Auditory Meatus 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 31 
COCHLEA RELATION TO SEMICIRCULAR CANALS 
SUPERIOR VIEW NO. 2. All the cancellous bone surrounding the semi-circular canals, cochlea and 
internal auditory meatus, have been removed, leaving only the bony shell covering of the structures 
located in the petrous portion. Cochlea turns have been opened, including the vestibule of the 
cochlea. This specimen is placed in this position to give the cochlea relations to the semi-circular 
canals as regards depth. The cochlea and internal auditory canals lie inferior and also below and 
posterior to all of the semi-circular canals. The entire mastoid process and petrous portion have been 
exenterated, and only the flint-like bone covering, outlining the internal ear is left. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Depleted Mastoid Process 
2-External Semi-Circular Canal 
3-Superior Semi-Circular Canal 
4-Vestibule of Cochlea 
5-Internal Auditory Canal 
6-Cochlea, two turns open. 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 32 
COCHLEA RELATION TO INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL AND 
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS 
INTERNAL VIEW. This bone is the same as shown in stereogram No. 31, but viewed laterally. The 
internal tip of the petrous portion is removed. The cochlea has been drilled into; through all its cir- 
cumferential turns from the tip to the base. The superior surface of the internal auditory meatus is 
opened, exposing the groove for the facial nerve as it passes from the anterior tympanic foramen into 
the internal auditory canal. The posterior lateral surface of the superior semi-circular canal is open. 
The base of the cochlea, and its three turns resting on the external surface of the internal auditory 
canal. The carotid canal passes below the base and second turn of the cochlea. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Lateral Sinus 
2-Mastoid Antrum, Posterior Surface 
3-Superior Semi-Circular Canal 
4-Facial Groove, Internal Turn 
5-Cochlea, three turns 
6-Internal Auditory Canal 
7-Mastoid Tip 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 33 
SEMICIRCULAR CANAL RELATION TO AQUEDUCTUS COCHLEA AND 
INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL 
POSTERIOR VIEW. The posterior semi-circular canal is opened throughout its length. The su- 
perior and internal surface of the superior semi-circular canal No. 2 is to the right and above the 
posterior canal. The aqueductus cochlea No. 7 passes perpendicular up between the posterior semi- 
circular canal No. 5 and posterior to the internal auditory meatus No. G. The elliptical (lilly) shaped 
mouth of the internal auditory meatus is level, or slightly below and to the right of the posterior 
semi-circular canal. 
I he figures indicate- 
1-Ablated Mastoid Cavity 
2-Superior Semi-Circular Canal 
3-External Semi-Circular Canal (Superior 
Surface) 
4-Opening Into Vestibule 
5-Posterior Semi-Circular Canal 
6-Internal Auditory Meatus 
7-Aqueductus Cochlea 
8-Lateral Sinus 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 34 
COCHLEA RELATION TO POSTERIOR TYMPANIC WALL 
This section taken to demonstrate the regional relation of the three turns of the cochlea to the 
posterior tympanic wall. The internal surface of the eustachian tube and cancellous bone surround- 
ing the cochlea has been removed. The external or tympanic wall of the cochlea opened from the 
promontory (which is the first turn of the cochlea) to base. This specimen is of additional value, in 
that the maximum size of the cochlea and its location and relation to the tympanum is shown. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Superior Semi-Circular Canal 
2-Facial Groove for Transvere facial Artery 
3-Oval Window 
4-Cochlea 
5-Round Window i 
6-Descending Facial Canal 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY - - - - - - N E W Y O R K Imperial stereoscopic anatomy of the head and neck 
No. 35 
COCHLEA RELATION TO OSSICLES AND MASTOID ANTRUM 
SUPERIOR VIEW. The bony antral and tympanic tegmen has been removed in this specimen. The 
bodies of the malleus and incus are viewed from above. The superior half of the cochlea has been 
drilled away, demonstrating the position of the cochlea as it lies internal in the tip of the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone. The three tiers or turns of the cochlea are shown. Distance from the 
center of the cochlea to the ossicles, 16 m.m.; the same distance from the ossicles to the mastoid 
antrum. The superior surface of the carotid canal is just below the cochlea. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Lateral Sinus 
2-Mastoid Antrum 
3-Aditus Ad. Antrum 
4-Incus (Body) 
5-Malleus (Head) 
6-Cochlea (three tiers or turns) 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK IMPERIAL STEREOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK 
No. 36 
COCHLEA RELATION TO INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL AND VESTIBULE 
HORIZONTAL SECTION. This specimen, horizontally sawed section, through the center of the audi- 
tory canal, cochlea, internal auditory canal and vestibule of the cochlea, showing tiers or turns of 
the cochlea and cribriform openings in the internal auditory canal for the cochlea and vestibular 
branches of the auditory nerve, Nos. 2 and 3. The facial and superior semi-circular canals are 
divided, Nos. 8 and 9. No. 7. Groove in the annular ring for the attachment of the drum mem- 
brane. 
The figures indicate- 
1-Cochlea 
2-Cribriform openings for Coch. Branch of 
Auditory Nerve 
3-Cribriform openings for the Vest. Branch 
of Auditory Nerve 
4-Oval Window 
5-Vestibule of the Cochlea 
6-Ext. Auditory Canal 
7-Annular Ring 
8-Facial Canal Cut Across 
9-Superior Semi-Circular Canal 
Copyrighted, 1911, by Imperial Publishing Co. 
IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK