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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
        Bethesda, Maryland
I 
'M MCt
•t 
 
ARNOLD'S
    MEDICAL COMPANION

  .               FOB

          YOUNG  MEN;

              containing the


LAWS  OF PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH,

                 AND A

       HISTORY OF EVERY DISEASE ;


    ITS CAUSE, PREVENTION, AND CURE.

                 ALSO,

          A SPECIAL LECTURE

ON ORGANIC GENERATION; ITS PHILOSOPHY, SINGULARITIES,
    AND DERANGEMENTS; CONTAINING MANY STRANGE
       AND USEFUL FACTS ON THE SUBJECT
             OF PROCREATION.

                 BY
         J. L.  ARNOLD, M.D.
          CINCINNATI:
H. M. RULISON, QUEEN CITY PUBLISHING HOUSE,
       115  MAIN  STREET.

          PHILADELPHIA:
   DUANE RULISON, QUAKER CITY PUBLISHING HOUSE,
         33 South Third Stbbbt.
              1 856. 
      Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, hy
                   JOHN L. ARNOLD,
In the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of Ohio.
($537)
      E. MORGAN &  SONS,
btereotypers, printers, and binders,
         111 Main  Street. 
                    PREFACE.

                        --------«»■   —

   A word to the reader, before the  perusal of this book.  In
order to have a practical knowledge of this subject, it is  neces-
sary that you study thoroughly the following pages, from the
first to the last, and that you have studied already my Lectures
on Anatomy,  Physiology, and Hygiene.   In this  way, you can
acquire a thorough knowledge of the human system in a healthy
and in a diseased condition ; and how to preserve it in the former,
or bring it safely out of the latter.  It is not sufficient that you
turn to some particular disease and read of it, in order to under-
stand the disease in all its relations with the body;  you should
study  thoroughly the whole book, and then you will learn the
general principles that govern the entire  system, and be  much
better prepared to understand any particular disease.   This book
does not pretend to take the place of the intelligent physician in
every  case.  The intelligent physician  is necessary, in  every
community, to  advise with in  complicated cases; cases that
cannot be understood by limited experience.   To an intelligent
physician, the circulation of this book will be an advantage, en-
abling the community  in  which he practices, to appreciate his
acquirements.   To the ignorant pretender—the charlatan alone—
will a dissemination of this kind  of knowledge be a disadvantage.
There are many simple  diseases  and simple diseased conditions
of the body that can be understood and treated by those who are
not physicians, as well as by physicians themselves.  In fact,
these  simple diseased conditions are  the  commencement  of  a
great majority  of more  serious diseases,  and if attended  to on
         15                                  (iU> 
iV                       PREFACE.
 the start,  would generally ward them off entirely.  To  enable
 the reader to prevent disease ; when it isVpproaching to check it
 at the commencement—and to treat more serious diseases where
 medical aid cannot be obtained, is the object of this book.
   Among  the remedial means recommended, are  some  whose
 great power render it necessary that they be used with caution.
 Among these, are  Blood-letting and the Mercurial  preparations.
 Although  invaluable in many diseased conditions  of the body,
 if pushed  too  far they are capable  of doing  harm.  It is thus
 with almosjb every  valuable  agent; its power of  doing good,
 when prorferly used, is in proportion to its power of doing harm,
 when improperly used.  Where powerfully depleting remedies
 are recommended,  particularly blood-letting,  a strong plethoric
 habit and a violence of diseased action is presupposed.   When
 this is not the case, milder means should be used.  General
 blood-letting will seldom  be  found  absolutely necessary,  if
 simpler means for reducing the system be  properly  used.  As
 a general rule, use the mildest means possible,  to correct diseased
 action.   Never reduce the system more than is absolutely  neces-
 sary,  so  that  the period  of convalescence  may  be as  short
 as possible.  This subject also recommends itself to the general
 student, as  a study of Science and Art, without reference  to its
 practical  utility.  No other branch of human knowledge affords
 so vast a field  for investigation as  this ; and, although much is
known of it already, sufficient remains unknown to stimulate the
ardent searcher after discovery,
                                                 J. L.  A.
    January, 1856. 
CONTENTS
                           TO

SYNOPSIS  OF ANATOMY,  PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE,

                        AND TO

        DISEASE AND  ITS TREATMENT.
■«%»■
                      LECTURE  I.

Introduction.  Importance of the subject.  The object of the follow-
  ing work. Nine-tenths of the sickness unnecessary.  How disease
  is easily cured on the start.  Illustration.  These lectures an ad-
  vantage to the intelligent physician.  Medical jugglery will be
  done away with.  The change that this will produce.  The author's
  object in practicing the medical profession.  The duty of a phy-
  sician.  Outline of the following work.......................13
The  framework. Bone ; its composition ; how demonstrated.  Use
  of  these parts.  When these parts are not in the right proportion.
  Madame Supiot.  Lord Anson's voyage.  Sensation of bones. Dis-
  eases  of bones.  Individual bones.  Bones of the  head;  their
  structure. Elasticity of bones. What this illustrates. Peculiarity
  of  the  skull;  use  of its  holes.  Bones of the nose. The upper
  jaw.   Ductus ad Nasum.  The lower jaw ; how its  shape varies.
  The teeth.  Cause of toothache.   The spine.   The  spinal  cord.
  Spinal nerves. Use of the cartilage between the spinal bones; their
  shape in different parts of the spine. The pelvis ; its peculiarities
  in  the two sexes ; its contents ; when too small  in the female.  The
  coccyx. The thigh-bones.  How bones are divided.  Why the long
  bones are cylindrical.  Use of the marrow.  How the thigh bones
  are fastened to the pelvis ; their manner of being  moved.   The
  patella or knee-pan.  The bones of the leg, the tibia and fibula.
  Bones of the foot and toes, the tarsal, metatarsal, and the phalan-
  ges.   Bones  of  the arm,  fore-arm,  wrist, hand,  and  fingers.
  The ribs; their motions  and use.  Effects of  tight-lacing.   The
  scapula or shoulder-blade. The clavicle.  The os Hyoides. Bones
  of the ear.  The philosophy of heariDg......................17
                                                 (v) 
vi
CONTENTS.
                      LECTURE  II.

The  muscular system.  Use of the muscles.  Illustration.  Compo-
  sition of muscle ;  how it produces  motion ; its nerves.  Illustra-
  tion. How all animal motions are produced. Muscles of the scalp,
  ears, mouth, eyes, and nose.  Muscles that move the head.  How
  the voice is produced.  A description of its instrument, the larynx.
  Muscles of the chest and their function.  Muscles of the abdomen
  or  belly, and their use.  The effect of girding the loins tightly;
  worse than girding the chest.   Muscles of the thighs.  How the
  muscles are fastened to long bones.  Muscles of the leg, foot, and
  toes ; their development in pedestrians and dancers.  Muscles of
  the arm, fore-arm, hand, and fingers.  The nervous system; has
  two centres;  the voluntary; the  involuntary.  Nerves  issuing
  from the brain.  Auditory.  Olfactory.  Gustatory.  Optic.  The
  fifth sense.  The spinal cord.  The spinal nerves.   The effect  of
  cutting off a nerve.  How the feeling of a part may be destroyed
  and the motion remain.   How the motion and not the feeling of a
  part may be destroyed ;  the cause. The organ of the intellect. The
  involuntary or ganglionic system of nerves ; its functions ; beyond
  the control of the  will.   The circulatory system.   The heart;  its
  structure.  Philosophy of the circulation of the blood, and the
  changes the blood undergoes while passing through the lungs and
  through the general system.  The capillaries.  Arteries.  Veins.
  Nutrition.   Forces that circulate the blood. What is derived from
  the blood.   Secretions.  How the blood is replenished.  The pro-
  cess of digestion or the conversion of food into blood.   Lympha-
  tics ;  their function.   The process of  digestion  explained  on
  chemical principles.  The glandular system.   The structure and
  function of a gland.  The bile ; its use ; how and when it is poured
  into the bowel.  The kidneys ; their function.   The urethra. The
  Skin ; its principal function.  The reason we  do not melt in hot
  weather. Illustration.  How a  man can remain  in a hot oven.
  Why we drink so  much in hot weather.  Cleanliness of the  skin.
  Mucous membranes.  Serous membranes; where each are found
  and their use.  The hair; its growth and use.  The beard;  its
  use.  The nails...........................................28

                     LECTURE  III.

Disease and its treatment.  Fever.  Why  it Bhould be first con-
  sidered.  Definition of fever; its symptoms ; what system it first
  affects, and in what order it affects the others.................42 
CONTENTS.                       Vii
The effect of fever if it be not checked.  Nearly all cases of fever
  might be warded off; how this  could be done.  Things  to be
  avoided. Things to  be attended to ; food, exercise, care, ablu-
  tions, cathartics.  If skin yellow; if dry.  If chills.   The steam-
  bath ; how prepared and used...............................43
If the fever has set in, what is to be done.  If indigestible substances
  in stomach.  Nauseants.   The use of  calomel, oil,  and  senna.
  Cold water ;  how it should be used..........................44
The food.  How long these remedies should be used.  If the fever
  returns.  Bleeding how performed.  Cupping.  If the fever does
  not give way.  If an internal organ is congested or inflamed. .45
The different kinds  of fever.   The intermittent;  its  character ;
  symptoms; its three  stages.  The  cause of intermittent  and re-
  mittent fevers.............................................46
In'what  districts it exists.   Probabilities of a permanent  cure.
  Manner of treating the intermittent fever or fever and ague. Treat-
  ment after the disease has been stopped.  A valuable bitters. Treat-
  ment of remittent fever....................................47
Treatment of continued fever.  Typhus fever;  its symptoms ; its
  treatment.   The action  of Mercury on the system.............48
What is to be done when there are complications, as obstinate vomit-
  ing  or  diarrhea, in an  inflammation  of some vital organ, as the
  brain, lungs, liver, or bowels. The drinks. External applications.
  The nourishment.  When stimulants  are necessary, and what are
  best...................................................•••49
When nourishment cannot be introduced by the mouth. Salt-bath.
  A thing to be guarded against.  Rules to be observed during con-
  valescence.   Typhoid fever.................................50
Its character ; its treatment.  Yellow fever ; its mortality; its pecu-
  liar characteristics; its symptoms; its treatment.  A new treat-
  ment......................................................
Eruptive fevers.  Scarlet  fever ; its symptoms and treatment.  Rule
  as to the size of doses  of medicine for persons of different ages.
  If the throat be sore in scarlet fever.   Receipt for making a valu-
   able medicine. Measles ; how different from scarlet fever.....52
 A peculiar symptom in this disease.  A law of disease in relation to
   peculiar structures.   Illustration.  What parts are lined with
   mucous membrane.  The object to be accomplished in treating
   measles.....-.............................................
 Remedies to be used.   When there is much oppression in the lungs.
   Small-pox;  its  description at  different stages;  its treatment. 
viii
CONTENTS.
  Treatment of the malignant variety.  Where excessive diarrhea.
  To prevent " pitting" or " pox-marks."  How the system can be
  protected against small-pox.   Inoculation and vaccination.. .54
How to vaccinate. Varioloid.  Chicken-pox ; its treatment.  Miliary
  fever...........«..........................................55
Its symptoms and treatment..................................56

                     LECTURE  IV.

Inflammation; its meaning; how characterized.  An established
  principle.  How inflammation may terminate.  Resolution.  Sup-
  puration.  Ulceration.  Mortification........................57
Divisions of inflammation.  Acute.  Chronic. Treatment; general;
  local. A variety of local applications. If the inflammation cannot be
  " scattered" or suppuration prevented.  How it is to be treated.58
How to make a poultice.  The skin ; its structure.   Cuticle.  Rete-
  mucosum.  Cutis vera.  Diseases of the skin.  Erysipelas.....59
How  distinguished; where it occurs ;  how it extends ; its cause.
  General treatment.  Applications to the part..................60
Boils ; their situation ; how " driven away;" when matter or pus has
  formed.  Tetter or ringworm ; its cure.  Itch ;  its cause and cure.
  Ulcers; fever-sores ; treatment.  A valuable ointment.  If much
  fever with ulcers. Where a scrofulous or bad constitution. A very
  valuable preparation.......................................61
The sulphur-bath; how made  and  used.   Shingles; how cured.
  Scald-head ; its treatment.  Corns ; their nature and cure......62
Chilblains.  The eye ; its structure ; cornea ; sclerotic and choroid
  coats ; iris and ciliary processes.............................63
Retina;  lens ; aqueous and vitreous humors.  The use of each of
  these parts of the eye.  The philosophy of vision. The eyebrows.
  The eyelids.   The tarsi.   The meibomian glands.............64
Muscles  that move the eye and its appendages.  The lachrymal
-  gland.  The ductus ad nasum.  The conjunctiva.  Diseases of the
  eye.  Inflammation of the conjuctiva ; its cause.  How to remove
  particles of dust or insects from the eye......................65
What should be avoided in inflammation of the conjunctiva.  Treat-
  ment ; local; general.  Cataract; its cause and cure.  Amaurosis
  or palsy of the optic nerve ; its treatment....................66
Ulcers or morbid growths on the eye ; their treatment.  The nose ; its
  structure ; arrangement  of the olfactory nerve.  Philosophy of
  smelling.  Diseases  of the  nose.  Catarrh.  Polypus.  Noli-me- 
                         CONTENTS.                       IX

  tangere or touch-me-not. How foreign bodies can be removed from
  the nose..................................................67
The ear ; its anatomy and physiology.  The philosophy of hearing.
  The Eustachian tube ; how  it becomes olosed,  and how this
  closure injures  the hearing ; how  relieved.   Bones and muscles
  of the ear.................................................68
Inflammations of the structures of the ear; their treatment;  inter-
  nal and external remedies...................................69

                      LECTURE  V.

The mouth ; comparison.  The lips ; their structure.  Sore lips ; a
  cure.  How the lips are moved.  The saliva; its source and use.
  Drinks unnecessary while eating............................70
How chewing, spitting, and swallowing are performed.   The Pha-
  rynx. Inflammation of the mouth.  Treatment.  Sore mouth in
  children; how treated. Valuable applications. Treatment of sali-
  vation.  The tonsils.  Quinsy; its cause, nature, and treatment.71
Chronic inflammation of the tonsils ; how treated.  Elongated  uvula
  (teat of the palate); its danger ; its treatment.  The windpipe; its
  situation.  Why the food does not pass down the windpipe.   The
  epiglottis.  The larynx.  The corda? vocales.  The arytenoid car-
  tilages....................................................72
The muscles that move them.  The  philosophy of the voice.   What
  the tongue has to do with it.  Difference of the larynx in the two
  sexes. "Adam's apple."  Croup; its symptoms and treatment.. 73
Necessity of opening the trachea.   The trachea.  Bronchia?.   Divi-
  sions of the bronchise.  The air cells ; their use..............74
Bronchitis ; its treatment.  The warm-bath. Chronic bronchitis; its
  treatment;  what must be avoided. Consumption ; its origin. Tu-
  bercles.   How consumption destroys  its victim ; how it can be
  detected ; its symptoms.  Examination of the chest...........75
Can consumption be cured ?..........................-........76
The only hope.  The treatment; how it can be warded off; use of
  tonics ; the  salt-bath ; change of climate;  exercise ;  remedies;
  food. Inhalation.  Pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs ; its
  symptoms.................................................77
Its  treatment.  A variety of inflammation of the lungs found in
  malarious or fever and ague districts, called "Lung fever."---78
Requires a peculiar treatment.  What this  treatment  should  be. 
X                        CONTENTS.

  The effect of ordinary treatment in this variety.  How expectora
  tion can be assisted........................................79
Treatment  during convalescence.   Pleurisy.   Spasmodic affections
  of the lungs, such as Asthma or Phthisic ; how relieved.......80
Diseases of the heart; what can be done.  Dropsy of the heart. The
  diaphragm ; its structure and arrangement...................81
Abdominal organs.  The esophagus ;  how to remove foreign sub-
  stances from.   The stomach ; its structure.  How bile gets into
  the stomach...............................................82
Irritation of the  stomach.  Inflammation of the stomach ;  treat-
  ment.  Dyspepsia ; its seat, symptoms, and cause............83
Its treatment.  How to prevent a return of dyspepsia.  The duode-
  num ...............................'......................84
Inflammation of the iptestines ; how distinguished, and how cured.
  Chronic inflammation of the intestines......................85


                      LECTURE  VI.

Disease of the liver or " Liver Complaint."  Dysentery or " Bloody
  Flux."....................................................86
How it should be  treated.  Piles..............................87
Hernia. Rheumatism ; its  varieties.   Acute rheumatism.   Chronic
  rheumatism.  Valuable remedies............................88
Metastasis of rheumatism.  Gout.............................89
Who are most subject  to  it; its cure.  Dropsy ; what causes it;
  where located ;  its treatment.  Dropsy of the head in children. 90
Tapping.  Palsy ; its  varieties; seat of the disease ; cause ; treat-
  ment for.  An operation....................................91
Use  of Electricity.  Convulsions  or Fits ;  different causes; how
  removed ; when they become habitual.......................92
Epilepsy.   Apoplexy ; its mortality ; general  description and treat-
  ment of...................................................93
How prevented.  Hydrophobia; its singular  nature ; may  lie dor-
  mant ; its horrid symptoms.................................94
How prevented; in reference to treatment.  No confidence in trifling
  herbs.  The use of spirits..................................95
Bites of venomous insects and snakes ;  how treated.  Cancer • the
  part it attacks;  a local application the only certai.i cure.......96 
CONTENTS.
xi
Affections of the kidneys and bladder ;  inflammation of.   Stone in
  the bladder.   Excrescences on the skin ; warts ; corns........97
Asphyxia  from  drowning;  how treated.   Artificial respiration.
  Electricity.   Poisons.......................................98
Treatment for poisoning from Narcotics ; opium ; arsenic ;  corrosive
  sublimate ; nitric, sulphuric or muriatic acid ; caustic potash ; lye
  or any of the  alkalies.  How an emetic is  assisted.  Hysteria or
  " Hysterics.".............................................."9
Delirium Tremens ;  its two varieties requiring opposite modes of
  treatment.  Wounds.  Incised wounds ; how treated.........100
If a large bloodvessel be cut.  Punctured wounds.  Lacerated or
  contused wounds ; cause of  their not bleeding...............101
How to tell whether a bloodvessel be an artery or vein, and conse-
  quently how to tie it.  Simple method to stop bleeding.......102

                      LECTURE VII.

 Slight wounds of the abdomen.  Wounds of the intestines.   Wounds
   of the neck.   How food should be given.  Slight  wounds of the
   chest.  When they penetrate the lungs ; when blood collects. .103
 What the patient should avoid.  Gunshot wounds.   Danger not so
   great at first as afterward.  Where the system sympathizes very
   much with the wounds.  Common  bruises and sprains.  When a
   person has received a violent shock to the system.  When a blood-
   vessel is ruptured that cannot be tied.......................104
 Hemorrhage ; in plethoric individuals ; if it continues.  Hemorrhage
   from the uterus ; from the nose;  lungs.   In what  cases hemor-
   rhage should not be stopped.  Wounds of the head ; why danger-
   ous ; where  skull fractured................................105
 Where the tendons of  muscles are  cut off.   Lockjaw.  Fractures ;
   definition ; its varieties ;  how detected ;  treatment; if the flesh
   wounded or bloodvessels ruptured..........................106
 Fractures.  Fracture of the thigh-bone........................107
 Anchylosis or stiff joint.  Fractures  in the joints ; in all other bones
   of the body.  Dislocations; definition ; how detected ; how reduced.
   Dislocation  of the thigh and leg...........................*108
 Of  the shoulder ; of the  smaller bones ; the  lower jaw; its disloca-
   tion and fracture ; how treated.............................109
 When there is a difficulty in reducing a dislocation.  Amputation 
Xll                       CONTENTS.

  when a surgeon cannot be obtained in time how it can be per-
  formed ..................................................HO
Cholera ; its history........................................II*
Its  characteristics ;  its causes ;  where most apt to occur and in
  what classes of persons; why more common in cities........112
Asiatic cholera; its symptoms ; how it can be checked; its differ-
  ent stages and their peculiar symptoms..............-......113
Its termination ; appearances after death.  Means to be used for its
  prevention...............................................114
How a person should live in cholera times.  Chlorine.  Lime.  Treat-
  ment ....................................................H5
Treatment proper for its different stages.......................116
Treatment during convalescence..............................11'

                     LECTURE VIII.

Organs of Generation.  Peculiarities  of the sexes.  Peculiarities of
  man ; of woman.   Male organs of generation................118
Semen.  The Vesiculce Seminales ; their muscles ;  the use of these
  muscles.  Functions of the male organs of generation.  The exci-
  tants of these organs.   Diseases of  the male organs of generation.
  Gonorrhea.  Syphilis......................•..............119
How these  are  contracted ; how  both contracted at the same time.
  These diseases a punishment for violating a law of Nature.  Treat-
  ment of Gonorrhea.  Strictures ; how cured.................120
Bougies ; manner of introducing.  Treatment of syphilis.  Bubo.. 121
Treatment of syphilis when it becomes constitutional.  Impotence ;
  its cause and cure.........................................122
Onanism or masturbation.  Hydrocele.   Cancer of the testicle. Fe-
  male organs of generation.................................123
Internal and external.   Philosophy  of  impregnation.  Connection
  between the mother and child.   Signs of pregnancy..........124
Membranes that surround the child.   How the child is nourished.
  The navel cord.   Circulation of the blood in  the  foetus  or child
  before birth.   The placenta or afterbirth.  At what age the child
  can live in the external world.  Directions for childbirth.....125
Hemorrhage after delivery.  Officious midwives and doctors.  The
  duties of a physician.  Effects of  hurrying the case.........126
Flooding.  Child-bed fever.   Tying and cutting  the umbilical or 
CONTENTS.
xiii
  navel cord.  How the child should be treated. Food of the mother-
  Diseases of women........................................127
Syphilis.  Gonorrhea.   Derangements of  the uterine system.  At
  what age the menses  should appear; the effect of their non-ap-
  pearance ; the treatment.  Stoppage of the menses...........128
Treatment.   " Green  sickness."  Excessive  now  of the menses.
  Leucorrhea  or " whites."................................• -l29
Painful menstruation.   Falling of the womb or Prolapsus Uteri.
  Tumors and Polypi.  Cancer of the uterus  .................130
           MATEItIA   MEDICA.


                     LECTURE  IX.

What is included under  this head.....»......................131
Food ; its character ; quantity ; variety.   Preserves and condiments.
  Temperature of food ; how eaten.  The best drinks.  The effects
  of using hot, stimulating food and drinks.  Warmth of the body.
  Clothing.  Exercise.  Effects of  standing in the cold.   Fresh air.
  Sudden changes in temperature.   Cleanliness.  Evacuation of the
  bowels.  Equanimity of the mind..........................132
Bad habits to be avoided.  Light clotning.  The diet for a sick per-
  son ;  with fever; with inflammation  of  the Jbowels.   Drinks  in
  fevers.  Food during convalescence.  Food for persons with chronic
  diseases ;  dyspepsia ; consumption.........................133
Means  for quickly reducing the  system.  Blood-letting; in what
  cases and under what circumstances it  may be resorted to.   How
  to draw blood ; in what  position ; fainting from ; how stopped
  quantity ; repetition......................................134
 Cupping and leeching ; when necessary ; how performed.  Diseases
  requiring  blood-letting....................................135
 Its  use in reducing dislocations.   Case of obstinate  costiveness
   related.  When blood-letting not necessary.  The author's expe-
   rience in blood-letting.   Emetics.  Definition ; where useful. .136
 Recipe for an emetic ; how used.  An emetic for poisoning ; for affec-
   tions of the chest.  The best emetic for children ;  for croup;
   snuff-plaster.  An emetic to assist in raising the  matter in con-
   sumption.  An emetic to be used in the beginning of fevers. .137 
Xiv                       CONTENTS.
 Tobacco as an emetic.  The size of doses foi different ages.  Emet-
  ics used as nauseants; in what cases.   Eecipe ; for adults... 138
 For children;  Cathartics.   Definition;  different  in action; where
  indicated; improper use of; in what cases should be used with cau-
  tion.   Injections ;  in dysentery.............................139
 Mild cathartics.   Where indicated.  A variety of recipes.  More ac-
  tive cathartics.  Recipe.   A pill used at the  Commercial Hospi-
  tal, Cincinnati. Cathartics for  dropsy.   Composition  of Bran-
  dreth's pills..............................................140
 Of  Morrison's pills, No. 1 and No. 2.   Recipe where the liver is in-
  active ; where there is spasm or griping.  A tonic pill for weakly
  persons.  A pill for weakly girls and women who are irregular in
  their menses.............................................141
Drastic or powerful  cathartics.  Croton oil, scammony,  eleterium,
  colocynth ; where indicated.  Cathartic injections.  Where useful*
  Recipes.  Cathartics for  infants...........................142
A variety of recipes.  Injections for infants.  How to use an injection.
  Diaphoretics.   Definition ; in what cases they can be used.  Means
  for producing  diaphoresis or sweating.   When restlessness.. .143
Dover's Powder.  Sweet spirits of nitre.   The steam-bath.   When a
  gentle  moisture is desired.   In high fever.  About the use of cold
  water in fevers.  Expectorants.............................144
Depletion ; in what diseases useful.  Means of producing expectora-
  tion.   A variety of expectorants and expectorant recipes.  Inhala-
  tions.  Expectorants for  consumption.  Expectorants  introduced
  by inhalation.  Valuable preparations for coughs ; for adults ; for
  children..................................................145
Diuretics.  Definition; where useful.   The most valuable diuretics
  and diuretic preparations.................................146

                       LECTURE X.

Emmenagogues.   Their action on the womb.  Means  that assist
  emmenagogues.  The principal  emmenagogues.  Anthelmintics
  Definition.  A list of the  most useful anthelmintics  with their
  doses.............................................|......147
Tonics.   Definition ; in what conditions  of the system indicated.
  Food.  Preparations of iron, why useful.  Valuable preparations
  and how used............................................148
A. tonic for dyspepsia ; for liver complaint.  Tonics used externally.
  Tonics for debilitated infants...............................149 
CONTENTS.
XV
For children subject  to  the fever  and  ague.   A tonic injection.
  Bathing.  Astringents.   Their action ; in what cases used.  The
  principal astringents.  A good prescription for ordinary summer
  complaint........,...........'............................150
The most valuable astringent.  Prescriptions for  obstinate diarrhea
  For  diarrhea in infants.   Blackberry syrup.   Prescription for
  dysentery................................................151
Prescription for sore mouth ; for sore eyes ;  for hemorrhage from the
  womb ; for hemorrhage from the lungs ; for hemorrhage from the
  stomach.  External applications.  Sedatives.  Definition ; in what
  cases useful..............................................152
Opium and its different preparations. Other medicines used as seda-
  tives.   Sedatives applied externally, in what cases..........153
A valuable sedative ointment. Water as a sedative ; how used. Chlo-
  roform  ; its value in surgical operations,  nervous diseases, and in
  child-bearing..................................-.........154
Sedatives for children;  A number of valuable preparations.   Anti-
  spasmodics.  In what  cases  indicated.   The principal antispas-
  modics.  For   spasms  in children.   Antispasmodic  injection.
  Chloroform..............................................155
Excitants or stimulants.  When they can be used ; in prostration ;
  torpidity; drowning; stroke  of lightning; low fevers.  Used lo-
  cally; in what cases.  The principal stimulants.  Friction---156
Electricity.  Alteratives and  s1>rbefacients.   Definition ; their action.
  Mercury and its different preparations; how used; where  liver
  inactive.................................................157
In croup.  Why  mercurial preparations are valuable.  An excellent
  ointment.  An antidote for lice  of all species................158
External  applications.  Stimulating; their use and where indicated.
  Blister-plaster,  how  made.   A mustard-plaster, how made.  A
  valuable liniment; another ;  how liniments should be used.. .159
Granville's lotion ; composition of the milder; of the stronger.  An
  ointment  for indolent and long-standing ulcers (sores).  Cooling
  and sedative applications.  Where useful; water; ice.   A poultice
  for a painful swelling or inflammation.  A valuable ointment for
  painful sores.,...........................................lg0
Ointment for the itch.  Ointments for venereal and scrofulous sores.
  A good ointment for a  simple sore.   Tartar-emetic  ointment; its
  use.  Poultices; where useful;  different kinds.  Applications for
  "proud-flesh;" for  sores  resembling cancers.  How  to kill the
  nerve of a tooth..........................................161 
XVI
CONTENTS.
An application where mortification is about to take place.  A tooth-
  powder.  A preparation for coloring the hair ; another.   Poisons
  and their antidotes.  When a poison  is swallowed what is to be
  done first................................................162
The next thing to be done.  If the poison be corrosive. Antidotes
  for alkalies ; saltpetre ; liver of sulphur ; arsenic ; tartar-emetic ;
  carbonate of barytes ; blue vitriol; verdigris ; Scheele's green ; for
  food cooked in  copper vessels ; Spanish-flies ; opium, laudanum,
  paregoric, morphia........................................163
Lead, red lead, white lead, sugar of lead; corrosive sublimate; iodide
  of mercury; oxalic acid.  Prussic acid ; nitrate of silver ;  muriate
  of tin ;  Dyer's solution ; putty; gunpowder; sulphate of zinc
  (white vitriol); acetate  of zinc; muriatic acid; nitric acid; sul-
  phuric acid..............................................164
Treatment of the bites  of mad dogs, serpents, and insects......165
The  most  Important Medicines that  should be kept  in a  family
  living at a distance from a Drug Store......................165
Weights and Measures, by which Medicines are administered.. .166
A parting word of Advice to the reader how to be Healthy, Happy,
  Handsome, and Long-lived...............................167
# 
LECTURE I.
            INTRODUCTION.

  It is unnecessary to  dwell  on the vast importance
of the subject  before us,* and the many advantages a
proper understanding of it would confer; suffice it to
say, that just in proportion as health is valuable—just
in proportion as a long and happy life is desirable—in
that proportion is a knowledge of the laws of life, of
health, and of the healing art valuable.  We do not
expect, in these lectures, to make every hearer a skill-
ful physician;  this requires the patient study of years
and nOt of books alone; but of Nature, as she exhibits
herself  under  every possible  circumstance.  A well
qualified physician will always be necessary in  the
most  intelligent community;  to  advise with in  the
most extreme cases, where the disease cannot  be com-
prehended by  those whose  experience is limited, and
where the ordinary means of treatment are insufficient.
But I do expect to set forth the laws of Life and Health
in such  a manner that all may comprehend th£m; and
by living according to them, prevent much, if not all
the bodily suffering they would otherwise be subject to;
for it may be set down as a fact, that nine-tenths of
our sickness is owing to a violation of the  laws of
our  system. • I  expect to set  forth  the simple, com-
mon sense principles of the healing art (which at the
                                       (13) 
14
SYNOPSIS  OF ANATOMY,
beginning of almost every disease can be applied by the
unprofessional,  as well as by the professional,  and
which,  in  a majority of cases, if applied at first,
will nip disease in the bud), so that each person  can
understand and apply them.
  It is the  inability to apply the  proper remedies at
first, that makes so  many serious cases of sickness.
When a fire breaks out in a building, a child with a
bucketful of water, can put it out; but if the fire gets
fiercely agoing, it baffles the power of the most skill-
ful men.  And if  the child, ignorant  of what course
to take, throws a combustible  liquid, such as turpen-
tine, on the fire,  in  the hopes of quenching it, he
makes the matter tenfold worse.  When a person gets
sick, he or his friend will do something for him; no
difference how injurious their treatment may be, they
must do something, until the case becomes alarming,
and then  they send for a physician;  whereas, if the
case had not been  made worse  by improper treatment,
it would not have needed a  physician.   Now,  my
object is to enable every one to throw on the  bucket
of water on the start, instead of the turpentine, so as
to quench the flame before the whole  structure is in-
volved.  Perhaps  there may be some physicians, actu-
ated by mercenary, rather than philanthropic motives,
who will censure me for thus removing  the veil from
medical science, so that all can see and understand.
But the consciousness  of doing good to thousands,
will  more  than  compensate me  for bearing the  un-
grounded ill-will of the few.   These lectures,  instead
of injuring the intelligent physician, will be an advan-
tage to him; for by disseminating  the first principles
of medicine through the community in which he prac-
tices, it will enable his patrons to better distinguish 
PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.
15
him from the mere  empiric, who, by operating on the
people's ignorance of the healing art, not unfrequently
is better patronized  than the intelligent physician.
  I trust that the  progressive enlightenment of the
age will  ere-long do away with that mystery which
has so long kept  this most valuable knowledge  from
the popular mind.  What has been not inappropriately
called  " the jugglery of medicine," must eventually
be done away  with.  The time will  come when medi-
cines will not  be  a  whit more valuable, nor  diseases
or parts of the body more singular, for being dubbed
with Latin names.  All this mummery and  mystery
will give place to  good, solid common  sense.  The
science  of Physiology and  Materia Medica will  be
taught in our  common schools, and  will be considered
essential studies.  When this is done, we shall not see
so much contemptible  quackery and humbuggery as
now exist in the  practice of medicine.  We shall not
see ignorant charlatans grow rich from their impudence
alone.   We shall not see the commonest  medicines
(disguised under  the senseless and ridiculous names
that we  see paraded in the newspapers,) swallowed
down by the million, from  the mere recommendation
of the lies advertised  in their circulars.  In  a word,
we shall not see the people taking anything and every-
thing they hear recommended for their ailments, with-
out knowing the nature or even the names  of the in-
gredients of these compounds.
  I started out in life with the resolution of devoting
what feeble powers I was possessed of to the cause of
humanity, and I  think I can  best serve  that end  at
present,  and particularly through this new country,
where the seeds of disease are so thickly scattered, by
disseminating, to  the extent of my small abilities, the
          16 
 16            SYNOPSIS  OF ANATOMY,

 principles of health and disease, and of the means of
 preserving the former and of curing the  latter  Thus
 far my life has been principally devoted to my profes-
 sion.  When  a student, I devoted  myself to it with
 the ardor of an enthusiast.  I not only informed my-
 self from books and lectures, but from the sick-bed of
 the hospital, where disease is depicted  in  every imag-
 inable shape,  and where alone the medical  student
 can  properly  qualify himself.   The  last  few years
 have been devoted to the practical  application of  the
 principles  of  medicine  to  the removal  of disease,
 rendering me now, I imagine, capable of imparting
 instruction on this subject, both from  study and from
 practical experience.  Henceforth, therefore, I shall en-
 deavor to use my professional acquirements, not wholly
 as a means of  enriching myself, but by teaching others,
 to add my mite  to the  welfare  of the whole.  "  Let
 your light shine before men," is a maxim applicable
 to the physician, if to any one;  because he  holds in
his hands the keys of life and  death; and how cul-
 pable must he be, if he withholds this light of know-
ledge from his fellows!   Every  physician ought to
 consider himself the  medical teacher,  as well as  ad-
viser, of the community in which he lives.  I admit,
if every well Qualified physician would thus  consent
 to make himself useful, fewer physicians would be ne-
 cessary ; but what were necessary would be of a higher
 order and  the people at large would  be  greatly  the
gainers.
   I  shall first give  an outline of  the anatomy and
physiology of  the human body; that is, give  a brief
 description of  its  different parts and the duties those
 parts perform in the animal economy, in a  healthy
 condition ;  and the way of keeping those  parts in a 
PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.           17
healthy condition. „ Then I shall consider the body in
its unhealthy condition;  the causes and effects of this
condition, and the best means of changing this to a
healthy condition.  Next, I shall treat of the diseases
of each organ separately, and their treatment.   Mate-
ria Medica, or a description  of the most valuable
medicines used  at the present day, with their proper-
ties and doses, will form  the subject of the last lecture.

                     THE BONES.
   The framework of the body is composed  of the bones
and the ligaments.
   Bone is  composed of two parts intimately mixed
together; an earthy  part and  a gelatinous part.  If
you burn a bone, the gelatinous part  will  be removed,
and  you will have the  earthy  or limy part  remain-
ing;  being shaped  precisely as it  was  before, but
whiter and much more  brittle.  If you let a  bone lie
sometime in muriatic acid, the  limy portion  will be
eaten out by the acid, and you will  have the animal'
or gelatinous  portion remaining, having  the same
shape as the bone, but so limber that you can tie it in
a knot like a string.
   Now the mere separation  of the bone  into its two
parts will show you its admirable composition to meet
 the objects for which it  was designed.  The limy part
 is to  give it firmness, to  prevent  its bending.   Where
 this  limy part does not exist in sufficient quantity,
 the limbs are apt to become crooked,  as in rickets, and
 more particularly in a disease called  Mollifies Ossium
 or softening of the bones.  The thigh-bones of Ma-
 dame Snpiot were so flexible, from a deficiency of lime,
 that  she could lay her feet on each side of her head;
 he<r  other bones were equally flexible.  At her death, 
18             SYNOPSIS OF ANATOMY,
she was two feet two inches shorter than before she
was afflicted with this disease.
  The animal or gelatinous portion of the bone is as
important in its structure as the  limy or earthy por-
tion ;  it serves to make the bone tough and difficult to
be broken. Where there is not a sufficient quantity of
animal matter  in  the bone, it  is  brittle, liable to be
broken by the slightest jar.  The  contractions  of the
muscles alone have been known to fracture the  bones.
This state of the bones constitutes the disease called
Fragilitas Ossium or brittleness of the  bones. Old
persons are  most  subject to it.  It often is produced
by the scurvy.  During Lord Anson's voyage around
the globe, his seamen  were so  afflicted  with brittle-
ness of the bones  from  the  effects of scurvy, that all
whose bones had  been broken, however well they
might have been united, had  them to come apart again.
  The bones, in a healthy state, have but  little feeling,
but when diseased, they become exceedingly painful,
more so than the flesh when  it is diseased, because the
enlarged .bloodvessels press the nerve against the sides
of the bone; but when  the  flesh is diseased it yields
from the pressure of the nerve.
  The bones are subject  to a  disease called Caries,
which acts on the bones as an eating sore does  on the
flesh.   It is caries that causes the teeth to decay. Ex-
ostosis is an enlargement of the bones.   I have seen
cases  of exostosis in the Commercial Hospital, Cincin-
nati, where  the bones were  twice  their  natural size.
The bone sometimes changes into a fleshy substance.
Necrosis, or death of the bone, corresponds to mortifi-
cation in the flesh.  Spina  Ventosa, is where  matter
forms in the interior of a bone  and  afterward  makes
its wav ontward beneath the skin. 
PHYSIOLOGY, AND  HYGIENE.           19
                 INDIVIDUAL BONES.
  Bones of the Head.   The bones  of  the  skull are
separated from each other at birth, so that in passing
into the world, they can lap over each other and thus
occupy less space.  They are flat;  concave internally,
and convex externally. They are formed of two plates,
between which is an  elastic, spongy substance called
the Diploe.  This  diploe is elastic, and  serves as a
protection  to the  brain  from blows.   And here I
will remark that  all bones are  endowed with this
elasticity to  prevent  the constant jarring that would
otherwise take place.  If our bones were as inelastic
as lead, the jumping from a fence would produce such
a coricussion or  shock of the  brain, that we  should
instantly die.
   We see illustrated  here, as in every other part of the
 human body, and in  fact, in every part of the  animal
 and vegetable kingdoms, the infinite  wisdom of  an
 all-wise Creator.   The most insignificant part  of the
 most insignificant insect is eloquent of the wisdom of
 God.   Everything in nature  is perfectly adapted to
 the purpose for which it was designed.   No improve-
 ment in any organized thing, can be suggested by the
 acutest human mind.
    The two plates of  the skull are in some places sepa-
 rated from  each other,  forming cells; as is the case
 behind the eyebrows,  forming what  are called the
 Frontal Sinuses.  These frontal sinuses  communicate
 with  the nose and discharge  matter into it not unfre-
  quently  when a person has a  bad cold.  The bones of
  the skull, during childhood, gradually unite, until they
  become as one bone, inclosing the brain in a firm case,
  best  adapted, by its spherical form, to counteract  the
  effects of blows.  Wherever yon strike the skull, you 
20             SYNOPSIS OF ANATOMY,

strike an arch whose columns go in every direction—
and an arch is the most resisting of all structures.
  Through the skull are holes, in different parts, for
the passage of nerves and bloodvessels.  At the base
of the skull is a large hole, through which passes  the
spinal marrow—the largest nerve of the body—down
through the middle of the back-bone.
  The Upper jaw-bone and the bones of the nose are
joined to the skull.   The lower  jaw is articulated
with it by ligaments.  A great part of the nose is filled
with thin plates of bone, on the  surface of which is
spread out the Olfactory or smelling nerve.  From this
arrangement we  see  that the  odors drawn  in  at the
nose, have a much larger extent of nerve to  act upon
than if the nerve was expanded only on the sides of
the nose.  In the  upper jaw-bone are two cavities—
one on each side—opening into the sides  of the nose,
which are sometimes the seat of a very painful dis-
ease— the inflammation of  its  lining membrane.
When  matter collects in these cavities and does not
get exit, a tooth has  to  be drawn and a hole  bored
from the socket of the tooth into the cavity of the jaw
to let the matter  out.  There is  another small hole
opening into the nose on each side; it leads from the
nose,  through a small  tube,  called the  Ductus  ad
Nasum, up into the socket of the  eye.  Through this
tube the tears pass from the eye into the nose.  When
this tube  is stopped up  the tears run down over the
cheek, producing a constant weeping.   This difficulty
may be remedied by enlarging it with bougies  or by
inserting a small silver tube in the duct.
  The Lower jaw is shaped like a horse-shoe, bent  up
at the heel.  In infancy it is bent but very little at the
back part, called the Angle of the jaw;  as the teeth 
             PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGD3NE.           21

come in it becomes more bent; as the teeth fall out it
becomes more straight again, as  in infancy; thus the
child's lower jaw and the aged person's have the same
shape.  This provision is to enable the jaws  to come
together at all  ages.   When this change takes place
in persons with long noses, they are apt to be provided
with a pair of pinchers, the nose and chin making the
forks thereof.
  The Teeth are composed of ordinary bone internally,
and  of a hard enamel externally.  When this enamel
is destroyed, which  is done  by hot drinks, acids, and
biting  hard substances, the internal structure quickly
decays, as  all bones do when long exposed to the air;
hence the necessity of preserving carefully the enamel
of the teeth by carefully avoiding the destructive influ-
ences spoken of above.   Each tooth is provided with
a nerve, an artery, and  a vein, which enter  it at the
point of the root.  When the nerve of  the tooth be-
comes exposed, or the  inner structure  of the tooth
becomes diseased, it is subject to the painful  affection
known to almost every one—the toothache. The reason
why the toothache is so painful is that the bloodvessels
beeome enlarged and press the nerve against the side
of the tooth, there being no chance for the  nerve to
yield as there is in a fleshy part.
  Next we come to the Spine or back-bone.
   The spine is a column of twenty-four bones, one
placed above another.  Through each of these bones,
vertically, passes a large hole which, when the bones
are together, forms a continuous tube from the large
hole at the bottom of the skull, where the uppermost
bone  is attached, to the  lowest  extremity of the
sacrum—the bone on which the spine rests.  Through
this Spinal Canal, as it is called, passes the Spinal Cord 
22
SYNOPSIS  OF ANATOMY,
or Spinal Marrow — the largest nerve  of  the body,
or rather all  the nerves  of the body  bound  up in
one cord.  Between  each  of the bones  of  the spine,
on each  side, is a much smaller hole, through which
comes out  a nerve from  the spinal cord  to  supply
the parts nearest it with nervous  influence.   There
are twenty-five pairs of these nerves coming out from
as many pairs of holes between  the  spinal  bones.
The  upper  and  lower bone,  each, forms half  of
the hole for the  exit of the nerve: five more pairs
of these  holes for the exit of nerves coming from the
sacrum.
  The spinal  bones  or vertebrae  have  little  promi-
nences of bone protruding from each side and from
the back part; to these are attached muscles for bend-
ing the spine in different directions, and for moving
other parts of the body.   Between each of the bones
is a  cartilaginous or gristly substance  to make the
Bpinal column  more elastic, preventing concussions
or jarrings of the brain, and to afford  easier motion
between the bones of the spine.
  The bones of the  different parts of the spine are a
little different in their shape.  Those of  the neck (the
Cervical vertebrae) are flat, and shaped so as to afford
great rotary motion, enabling us to look in all direc-
tions without turning our body.  The cervical vertebrae
are seven in number. Below these bones are the Dor-
sal vertebras, behind the  breast; they are twelve in
number.  They admit of but  little motion, because
much motion  of the breast would interfere with the
action of the  heart  and lungs.  To the sides of the
dorsal vertebrae are attached the heads  of  the  twelve
ribs.  The other extremeties of the ribs are attached
to the sternum or breast-bone. 
             PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.          23

  The five lower bones of the spine (the Lumbar ver-
tebrae) are larger and their articulating surfaces more
convex, so as to allow of much  motion backward and
forward, and sidewise.  The spinal column or back-
bone rests on the pelvis or bones of the hip.
  The bones of the Pelvis are large and strong for the
attachment of the  muscles that move the legs.  They
constitute the foundation to which the rest of the
frame is attached.  The pelvis is much larger and
broader in the female than in the male, which makes
her hips appear so wide.  This female peculiarity is
made more  prominent in our times by the superabun-
dance of clothing used about the lower part of the
body.  The pelvis sits on the heads of the thigh-bones,
which are round like balls, and fit into corresponding
round sockets in the pelvis.   They are held there by a
strong ligament which covers the whole joint, and by
a round ligament that goes from the head of the thigh-
bone into the socket.   The pelvis has a shape some-
thing like a basin, from which it derives its name.
   In the  cavity of  the pelvis  are  the  lower intes-
tines, the urinary organs,  and  the female organs of
generation.   The  cavity is much larger  in the female
than in the  male, to allow  the  passage  of the child.
This wideness of the hips and largeness of the cavity
of the  pelvis is a very important point in female per-
fection.  Where the hips  are  narrow and the cavity
consequently small, it  is with difficulty children are
brought forth.   Sometimes tli'e cavity  is so small that
the  child  cannot possibly pass  through; then the
child has to be cut to pieces and taken away piece-
 meal ;  or the mother has to be cut open,  and  the child
 taken out through the abdomen or belly.
   Extending an inch and a half or two  inches below
         17 
24             SYNOPSIS OF ANATOMY,
the lowest point of the sacrum, is a small  tapering
bone, with two or three divisions, called the Coccyx.
This might well be named the tail-bone of man;  and
especially by  those  philosophers  who  contend  that
man wore originally a bona fide  tail.  This Coccyx
turns inward and is sometimes broken in parturition
(child-bearing), especially in  those who  have no chil-
dren until a late period of life.
  The thigh-bone (Femur) is  large and strong; this is
necessary, because the  weight of the whole body rests
on  these bones.   Here,  I would remark, that bones
are divided into flat, round, and long bones.   Round
bones are those thick, hard bones, comprising the wrist
and back part of the foot.  Long bones are those
forming  the arms, legs, fingers and  toes.  They are
cylindrical, larger at the ends than in  the middle, and
hollow within the shaft.  The  ends are  large  and
solid, to  articulate with other  bones.  The  shaft  is
hollow because it is much stronger than if the same
quantity of bone of which it  is composed, were in the
form of a solid shaft.  The hollows of long bones are
filled with a very nutritious substance—the marrow—
which supports the body, by being absorbed and taken
up into the  blood, when the  body is deprived of its
natural food.   The heads of the thigh-bones, where
they articulate or join  with the pelvis, are round like
balls, and fit nicely into sockets, where  they  are held.
by a large, round ligament going from the upper part
of the ball  to the upper  part of the  socket,  and
by  a capsular ligament,  which surrounds the  ball,
and  is fastened to  the  edge of the socket, inclos-
ing the head of the thigh-bone  in  a  shut sack.  To
the thigh-bones are  attached   large  muscles,   fas-
tened at the other end  to the  bones of the pelvis and 
PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.          25
spine.   These  muscles move the thigh  in  different
directions.  Another set of muscles commence at the
thigh-bone and are inserted into the  leg, moving that.
The lower end of the thigh-bone is articulated with the
upper end of the  tibia or leg bone ;  before this joint,
between the extremities of the two bones, ,is the flat,
Bhort bone, called the Patella or knee-pan, designed to
protect the joint, and  assist the motion of the leg; it
is attached below, by  means of a strong ligament to
the tibia or leg bone;  and above, to the  muscles that
form the fleshy part of the fore-part of the thigh, de-
signed by their contraction to throw the  leg forward.
Beside the tibia or large bone  of the leg  there  is an-
other smaller  one of  the  same length, lying on the
outside of the tibia,  to give  better support to  the
muscles of the leg.    This bone is called the Fibula.
These  bones,  the tibia and fibula,  are articulated
with the  bones of the foot.

                 BONES OF THE  FOOT.
   The  back  part of the  foot is composed of several
thick, short  bones, closely connected together, admit-
ting of but little motion, but giving great strength to
that part of  the foot on which the weight of the body
generally rests.  Extending before these, are the bones
of the instep and toes.  The first row of five bones,
is called  the Metatarsal bones; they are very strong,
and have but little motion.  The next three rows or
phalanges decrease in size  and strength till the last
row.  The different joints of the  bones of the foot are
bound together by ligaments.   The bones of the foot
 are put together so as to form an arch, on which the
 weight of the  body rests.
   The arm has one large bone, called the Humerus. 
26
SYNOPSIS  OF ANATOMY,
The fore-arm has two bones; the Ulna and Radius. The
ulna is attached firmly to the large bone of the arm,
while the radius  is  attached at  the  lower end to  the
bones of the wrist, and so connected with the ulna as
to revolve over it, producing what is called Pronation
and Supination of the hand.
   The bones of the  wrist are of a similar character
as those of the back  part of the foot, and the bones of
the fingers are of the same description as those of  the
toes, with  the  exception of their greater length, and
of their admitting of more motion.

                     THE RIBS.
   The ribs are twelve in number:  seven  are what  are
called true ribs ; that is, they are fastened at both ends ;
one end by a joint to the back-bone; the other, by a.
gristle or cartilage to the breast-bone or  Sternum.
The other five false ribs are only fastened at one end
to the back-bone, the other end being loose. The ribs are
constructed so as to  expand the chest laterally, much
more than  vertically; that is, sidewise more than up
and  down.  Hence  the impropriety  of  girding  the
bosom tightly;  it prevents the due expansion  of  the
lungs, and  consequently the  due  inhalation  of air.
Theraare thousands  in our country that  are opposed
to capital  punishment who  are hanging themselves
daily; the  only difference  being, that  strangulation
is effected a little higher up in the one case than in  the
other.
   The shoulder-blade or Scapula, is situated on  the
upper and backside  of the  chest, being held in its
place by muscles, ligaments and the collar-bone (Cla-
vicle), which is fastened at one end to the  shoulder-
blade, and at the other end' to the breast-bone (ster- 
PHYSIOLOGY,  AND HYGIENE.
27
num).* The Os Hyoides is a small bone of the shape
of a Tetter v; it resembles the wish-bone of' a chicken
as near as anything I can compare it to.  It is situated
in the throat, and serves to protect the vocal organs,
and to assist them in making sounds.
  The bones of the ear are of the most curious work-
manship.   There is  a  large  external channel which
goes into the internal organs of the ear.  Then there is
a chain of bones connected with the tympanum or ear-
drum, which goes to the innermost bone  of the ear,
which is  hollow and filled with a fluid, which fluid is
compressed more or less as the tympanum or ear-drum
is vibrated  by the air;  which vibrations communicate
a motion to the little chain of bones compressing the fluid
in the internal bone, before described.  Now this fluid
presses on some delicate nerves spread out inside  the
innermost  bone,  which communicate the  impression
to the brain through the nerve called the Auditory
nerve.   This is the mechanical operation of hearing. 
LECTURE  II.
              THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM.
  We next come to the  muscular system — the lean
meat of the animal.
  The muscles are not made merely to cover up the
bones and  give  beauty  to the  shape; every muscle
is of use in giving motion.   There is not a fibre of
muscle in the whole body but what assists in giving
motion to some part; and there is not a movement
in any part of the  body  but what is produced by the
contraction or relaxation of muscle.  Walking, talk-
ing, the motions of the eye, the mouth, face and  throat
in swallowing, laughing and the like, are all performed
by muscles; as likewise  the circulation of the  blood,
breathing, the motions of the bowels, the movements
of the hands and arms, of the legs and feet.
  Muscles  are composed of a number of strings or
fibres—of lean flesh bound  together  by membrane.
They are fastened  at each end to the parts they are
intended to move.  When a muscle contracts, its sub-
stance  becomes  more compact; it becomes shorter,
swelling out in the middle, and by this shortening,
moves  the part it is attached to.   This swelling of the
muscle can be felt, by grasping the middle of the arm,
while the fore-arm is drawn up.
  To each muscle  goes a nerve, conveying the  orders
of the will from the brain to the muscle, formine; a
sort of electric telegraph through all parts of the body
         (28) 
PHYSIOLOGY,  AND HYGIENE           29
centering at the brain.   The way motion is produced
where and when we want it, is this:  our  will sends
the order along the nerve to the muscle moving the
part we wish to move, to contract; it contracts,  and
the motion is produced.   For instance—I wish to put
an  apple to my mouth; my hand is directly above the
apple.   My will sends an order along the nerve going
to the extensor  muscles of the  fingers; these  muscles
contract, and my fingers  open.   Now I send an order
to the  muscle holding my hand up, to  relax. It re-
laxes, and my hand falls  on the apple.  I now want to
Bhut my fingers.  I send an order to the contractor
muscles of the  fingers  to  contract.  They  contract,
and my fingers shut, grasping the apple.  If you take
a chicken's leg and pull the white cords shown when
the leg  is cut off, you can open and shut the toes in
the same manner that  I open and shut my fingers.
Now I wish to raise my hand to my mouth and  turn
it over.  I send an order to the flexor muscles of the
fore-arm to contract.  It contracts, and  draws  my
hand up.  At the same  time,  1 send  an order to the
muscle that turns the hand to  contract.  It contracts,
and turns my hand over.  Thus the operation is per-
formed in a hundredth part of the time I have spent in
explaining it.  In this manner every voluntary motion
of our  body is performed, and not only of our body,
but of every  animal,  insect,  fish, bird,  or reptile.
This is what enables the flea to jump, the snake to
crawl,  the elephant  to walk.  To describe all the
muscles of the body, would occupy more timl than we
 have to spare.  I will merely notice some of the  most
 important ones.
   The face and scalp are full of muscles; some to  draw
 up the skin of the forehead ; some to move the ear in all 
30
SYNOPSIS OF ANATOMY,
directions (but few  persons can use these  muscles for
moving the ear).  Some muscles are to-open and shut
the jaw; some to draw up the nose and lip ; some to
draw  up the corners of the mouth, as in laughing.
The eyelids and mouth have each  a circular muscle
to shut them; there are others  to  open them.   The
eyeball  has  muscles  that turn  it  in every  direc-
tion.   When one  of  these  is. too  short,  it draws
the eye to one side, producing  strabismus or cross-
eye.   The  head is  turned  in  every direction  by
muscles arising in the neck and attached to the lower
part of the skull.   The voice is produced  by the  vi-
bration  of two  little cords, like  violin-strings, drawn
across a box of cartilage, which produces the promi
nence iq front of the neck, called "Adam's  Apple."
This  box of cartilage  is  called  by  physicians, the
Larynx.  The vocal cords stretching across the larynx,
are attached  to small  movable cartilages,  which are
moved by little muscles tightening the cords when we
wish to make a fine sound, and  loosening them, when
we wish to make a coarse sound.   Every time we alter
the tone of our voice, these little muscles either tighten
or loosen the vocal cords.   The chest is expanded  by
muscles attached to the ribs and  spine.  It is drawn
in or compressed by the contraction  of the muscles of
the abdomen or belly, which are attached to the lower
part of the ribs  at  one end, and to  the bones of the
pelvis at the other.  Hence the impropriety of girding
the loins tightly.  It prevents a due action of the ab-
dominal muscles, and consequently a proper expulsion
of air from the lungs.  It is less pernicious to bind the
region of the chest than that of the  loins, because the
abdominal  muscles  have as much to do with respira-
tion as the muscles of the chest; beside, girding the 
PHYSIOLOGY,  AND HYGIENE.          31
loins tightly, compresses the great bloodvessels more
than girding the chest can possibly do.  Swelling of
the lower extremities is a complaint among females,
brought  on  by this cause oftener than by any other.
If you are determined then  on tight-lacing, put your
corsets up around  your breast, so that you will  not
stop your breathing and the circulation of your blood
at the same time.
   The thighs  are moved in all directions by muscles
commencing about  the pelvis and the lower part of
the back, and attached to the sides of the thigh-bone.
In like manner, the leg is  moved by muscles arising
from the  pelvis and the thigh-bone, and attached to
the fore  and back part of the bones of the leg.  You
can feel  the tendons or cords of the muscles* that flex
or draw  up the leg behind the  knee;  they  are com-
monly called  the  Ham-strings.  Tendons  are  little
white cords fastened to the ends of muscles and going
to the part the muscles are designed to move.
   This  arrangement  is a  great advantage,  because
there is more room in some other parts for the situa-
tion of muscles, than where the power of the muscle
is required ; hence a small cord goes from the muscle
to the part to be moved.
   The muscles that  extend the leg and foot are fas-
 tened to the upper part of the knee-pan, by means of a
 stout tendon; from  the lower  part of  the knee-pan
 goes a strong ligament that is fastened to the front
 part of the large  bone of the leg.  The muscles that
 move the foot commence from the bones about the
 knee;  some  are  attached  to  the heel-bone and the
 under part of the foot and toes, to flex  the foot;
 others  are attached  to the upper  part of the foot
 and toes, to  raise  the foot.  In persons who walk a 
32
SYNOPSIS  OF ANATOMY,
great  deal, and in dancers  these  muscles  become
largely developed.
   The arm is moved forward by muscles arising from
the front part of the chest, and  inserted into the front
part of the bone of the arm.   It is moved backward
by muscles originating from the shoulder-blade and
bones of the spine, and inserted into the backside of
the bone  of the  arm.   It is  moved up or down by
muscles whose contraction draws it in those directions.
The fore-arm and fingers are moved by muscles in a
similar way that the leg and toes,  before described,
are moved.
                  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM.
   The nervous system has  two centres from which
nervous influence radiates.  That of the  Voluntary
nerves, and that of the Involuntary nerves.  The centre
of the voluntary nerves, or the nerves over which our
will has a control, is the Brain.  The centre of the in-
voluntary nerves, or nerves over which our will has no
control, is the  Solar Plexus — a ganglion of nerves
lying behind the stomach along the spine.
   From the brain issue, first, the nerves of the Senses,
to each of which  belongs the peculiarity of the sense
of which it is the instrument.
   The Auditory, or nerve of hearing, takes cognizance
of sounds, and  nothing else.  It goes  from the brain
and is distributed on the lining of the little bone of the
ear filled with fluid, as  before described.  The impres-
sions  of the vibrations of the air on the nerve spread
out on this  little bone, and  those impressions being
conveyed to the brain, constitute the  sense of hearing.
   The Olfactory, or smelling nerve is affected by odors
alone.   It goes from the brain, and is distributed on
the bones of the nose, which are formed so as to afford 
PHYSIOLOGY, AND  HYGIENE.           33
a large surface for the expansion of the nerve and con-
sequently a large surface to be acted on by the air.
  The Gustatory, or nerve of taste is  affected by the
taste or  sapidity of objects.  It is distributed on the
tongue.
  The Optic nerve, or nerve of sight, takes cognizance
of light.  It is spread out on the back part of the eye.
  The fifth sense is that of Touch, located mostly in the
parts that we use in feeling, as the ends of the fingers.
  Next come  from the brain the nerves  that go to all
the voluntary muscles  of the body and to all the sen-
sitive  parts.   These nerves  convey  pleasurable  or
painful sensations to the brain, and  carry the orders
of the will to the muscles.  These nerves going to the
body, come from the lower part of the brain all bound
up together and surrounded by a sheath.  This bundle
of nerves is called the Spinal  Cord ;  a very different
kind of substance from that found in the hollow  of
long bones, which is nothing but fat.  Each nerve, in
this bundle, goes to some particular part in the body.
They issue from the spinal marrow or cord, between
the bones of the spine.
  If  you cut off the spinal cord at any particular
place, all the parts supplied with nerves  issuing  below
where you cut it off, will be paralyzed, because you
have cut off their communication  with the brain ; and
invariably, where the nerve of a part is cut off, the
feeling and motion of the part are destroyed.  A part
of a nerve may be destroyed, however, and the feeling
or motion remain.  The motion of a part may be de-
stroyed without destroying the feeling, and  the feeling
of  a part may be destroyed without destroying the
motion ; because there are two parts to each of these
nerves—a motor part  and  a sensitive part; at their 
34
SYNOPSIS OF ANATOMY,
departure from  the spinal cord, these parts are sepa-
rate, but they are joined again before being distributed
over the body.
  The brain, beside controlling  muscular motion and
being the seat  of the will and  the senses, is also the
organ of the intellect and the passions.  That a part
or the whole of the brain exercises these functions wo
are well  aware; but that each branch of the  intellect
and of the  passions has some particular part of the
brain for its organ, we are not prepared to say; and
much less are we prepared to  say, that each of these
portions  of the brain has  a  corresponding protube-
rance of the skull, for several of these protuberances
are produced, not by a growth of the brain, but  by a
growth of bone.
  The Involuntary or Ganglionic nervous  system  has
its  centre behind the stomach ; it  is called the Solar
Plexus.  This system presides  over the heart, lungs,
bloodvessels, glands, capillaries, the stomach,  and the
nutrition of  the whole body.   The functions of the
parts over  which the ganglionic system presides, are
such that should be  entirely free from the control of
the will.  How long would life remain if we had con-
trol over our heart, lungs, bowels, and liver ?  They
would constantly be subjected to the  caprices of our
changeable will.

             THE  CIRCULATORY  SYSTEM.
  The Circulatory system is composed of the Heart, Ar-
teries, Veins, Capillaries, and  Absorbents.  The heart
is a muscular body, which, by its contractions, circu-
lates the blood  in the same manner that squeezing a
bladder filled with water, will project  the water with
force.  The  heart is divided into four  apartments. 
             PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.           35

Each apartment is surrounded by muscle.  The two
surrounded with the weakest  muscles are called the
Auricles;  by whose contraction  the blood is forced
into the other apartments, called the Ventricles, which
are  surrounded  with much more powerful muscles.
By the contraction of the right ventricle  the blood is
forced through  the lungs to be purified by coming in
contact with the air, from which it  absorbs  oxygen
and gives out in exchange carbonic acid gas.
   When the blood  has passed through the lungs, it
returns to the left auricle of the heart, whose contrac-
tion forces it into the left ventricle.   The left ventricle
contracting, forces the blood  into every part of the
body, until the blood comes to  the little tubes found in
every structure, called the Capillaries.  While the blood
is passing  through  these little capillaries, just large
enough to  let a globule of blood pass at a time, the
nutritive part of the blood  is  taken away from  it,
changing it from arterial, to venous blood. The nutri-
tive portion of the blood, thus taken  away, goes to the
growth of  the part.   Before the bloodvessels  are sub-
divided into these capillaries  they are called arteries,
and the blood  in  them, arterial blood.  If you  cut
one of them the blood will issue in jets, corresponding
to each contraction of the heart.  But after the blood
enters the  capillaries, it is not  affected so much by the
force of  the heart, but is carried through  them by the
force called Capillary Attraction, which enables a fluid
to rise, of  itself, in a very small tube.
   After  the blood has passed through the capillaries,
it goes into the veins, into which the capillaries ter-
minate, forming a connecting link, as  they do, between
the  arteries and veins.   From  the   small veins  the
blood is  carried into the larger ones, like the water  of 
36
SYNOPSIS  OF ANATOMY,
brooks into rivers, until the whole venous blood is col-
lected into two large streams, one coming up from the
lower part of the body and the other  coming  down
from the head, and both emptying into  the right auri-
cle of the heart, by whose contraction it is forced into
the right ventricle.  By the contraction  of the right
ventricle the blood is forced into the lungs, from which
it returns to the left auricle; the left auricle  contract-
ing, the blood is forced into the left ventricle; the left
ventricle contracting, forces  the blood through  the
general system again.   This  is  the simple course of
the circulation of the blood.
  From the blood are derived the growth and mainte-
nance of the body, and  all the  secretions thrown  off"
from the body by various channels ; such as the secre-
tions of the kidneys or the urine, the secretions of the
skin or the sweat, the vapory secretions of the lungs,
the secretions of the bowels, and others which will be
mentioned in  due time.  But from whence  does  the
blood derive the supplies to keep up all these expendi-
tures ?   From what  is  taken  into  the  stomach, and
what is  taken  up in every part of the  body by what
are called the  Lymphatics.
  When we take  food in the stomach  it is dissolved
by a peculiar fluid called the Gastric juice, formed by
little follicles in the stomach for  that express  purpose.
When  it is properly dissolved by the gastric juice, it
is passed into  the first bowel and sucked up by little
tubes,  whose  mouths  open  into   the  whole course
of the bowels.  These tubes are  called the Chyliferous
vessels, because they suck up  the food after  it is
changed into a milky substance, called Chyle.  These
little vessels open most numerously into the first bowel,
called the Duodenum.   When the chyle is thus  taken 
PHYSIOLOGY, AND  HYGIENE.           37
up by the little vessels, it is emptied into a main duct,
which  empties into  a large vein, and is mixed with
the blood.  This  is the way the food  gets  into the
blood,  to replenish it and to keep tip the system.
  In every part of the body  are little vessels called
Lymphatics, that are constantly  taking up  the old,
worn-out  parts of  the body and sending them into the
blood,  to be renovated again.  The whole system can
be affected by a medicine being rubbed on the skin, it
being taken up and carried into the system by lym-
phatics.   We don't know the  exact  nature  of the
changes of the food into blood;  the blood into flesh,
bone,  skin, ligaments, glands,  hair, nails, and the
various secretions; and the returning of the old mat-
ter to be renovated again.   Pro. Leibeg, a  celebrated
chemist,  has  attempted to explain these changes on
purely chemical principles.  The body  is compared to
a steam engine—the stomach being the furnace;  the
lungs the bellows  ; the blood the water; the heart and
bloodvessels the boilers; and the nerves the conduct-
ing-pipes, which  convey the  steam or moving power
to the muscles, which act as straps and wheels to keep
the machinery of the  system  in operation.   These
operations are not  sufficiently explained at present,
but they  will eventually be satisfactorily explained by
the known laws of physics.

               THE  GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
   A Gland is a soft, round structure for the separation
of some peculiar fluid from the blood.  The Liver and
 Kidneys  are  glands.  You can  form no idea  of the
nature of the fluid a gland secretes from its structure.
 What peculiarity there is in the  structure of the liver
to enable it  to  separate  the bile from the blood; or 
38
SYNOPSIS OF ANATOMY,
why it should separate the bile rather than some other
secretion—the saliva,  for instance—we cannot, from
its structure, tell.  Each secretion has  its use.  The
secretion of  the  Salivary glands of the mouth is to
moisten the food, and  thus  facilitate swallowing.  It
is probable that Nature designed no other fluid being
taken while eating;  as we see illustrated by the feed-
ing  of the  inferior  animals.  The  cow and  horse
though using much dryer  food  than  man, seldom
drink while eating.  The Bile or secretion of the liver
is designed  to  stimulate  the  bowels  to carry off the
refuse  and superfluous portions of our food.  It is the
natural purgative of the  system; better by far, than
all the " liver " and  " antibilious " pills or " purifying
extracts " that were ever mixed up.
  While digestion is  going on  and the chyliferous
vessels are  taking  up what  nutriment  the system
requires, the bile accumulates in the Gall-bladder ; for
the opening of the  gall-duct, which conveys the bile
from the gall-bladder into the bowel, is so constructed
as to  prevent  the bile  flowing  out while the  first
bowel, where the chyliferous  vessels  mostly open, is
full.   But after the  bowel  becomes  partially  empty
from the absorption  of chyle, then the mouth of the
gall-duct opens;  the  bile runs  into the bowel  and
stimulates it to  carry off the useless  matter.   The
manner of the bile being poured into the bowel, shows
the impropriety of eating at too short intervals,  thus
keeping the bowel continually full, and keeping  the
month of the gall-duct pressed shut.
  The Kidneys are  to prevent a too great accumula-
tion of fluid  in the system, as we are continually using
more  fluid  than  the system  requires.   The kidneys
also  separate and carry off  improper substances  that 
PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.           39
get into the blood.  The secretion of the kidneys is
called the Urine.  After it is separated from the blood,
it is carried from the kidneys by two ducts, called the
Ureters, into the bladder.  It is-©arried from the blad-
der by a duct, called the Urethra.
  The Skin also separates and carries off the watery
part of the blood.   It is filled with little tubes, called
Perspiratory Ducts, for this purpose, connecting with
the bloodvessels at one end, and opening externally on
the skin.   The principal  function of the skin, beside
carrying  off the effete  matters and superabundant
fluids of the blood, is to maintain an equable tempe-
rature of  the body, by the evaporation of the sweat or
perspiration from the surface.  When fluids evaporate,
they carry off a certain amount of heat.   In this way
the evaporation of  the sweat from the skin carries  off
the excess of heat of the body.  If it were not for this
wise  provision, the body would  melt down, in hot
weather.
   This  effect  of evaporation is illustrated by  boil-
ing water in a kettle.  You cannot  melt the kettle
so long as there is water in it, for the changing of  the
water into steam carries off one thousand degrees of
heat, which, if retained in the kettle, would soon melt
it.  It  is  this power  of sweating to keep down  the
heat of the body, that enables men to remain in a hot
 oven until a piece  of meat is roasted.  If they did not
 keep down  the  temperature  by evaporation, they
 would roast as soon as the meat.   The  reason of  our
 drinking  so much in the summer is to afford fluid for
 evaporation.'  The necessity of keeping the skin clean,
 so that the pores  may exhale this fluid, is apparent.
 The  exhilaration  one feels  after washing his body
 proves this.
            IS 
40             SYNOPSIS OF ANATOMY,

  You observe that where the skin passes from the
outer to the inner part of the lip, it  changes in its
nature.   This inner skin is called Mucous Membrane.
It lines the mouth, throat, stomach, and all the bowels,
the windpipe, the air tubes and cells of the lungs, the
urinary and uterine systems,  the nose,  and eyelids.
   Mucous  membrane  secretes  a  soft  fluid, called
Mucus, which protects  the membrane and  facilitates
the passage of the various substances over it.

                SEROUS MEMBRANES.
  These  are membranes of a different structure and
for  a different purpose.  The lungs,  heart,  bowels,
womb, liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain have a cover-
ing of Serous membrane.  It is generally shaped like
a sack, one side of which is attached to the organ that
it covers, and the other side to the walls of the cavity
that the organ is in.  They serve also to separate the
different organs from one another.  Serous membrane
exists also in the  joints, in the shape of a shut sack.
This membrane secretes a watery fluid, called  Serum,
designed to  facilitate the  motion of the parts with
which it is connected.
                    THE HAIR.
  The Hair  grows from a capsule at its roots.   It is
barbed like wheat, so as to make it lie in one direc-
tion.  Its use is to protect the part it covers, as on the
head, and to prevent chafing, as under the arms.  The
exact use of the beard has not been decided upon. By
civilized  nations generally, it seems to be considered of
no use, as it is kept shaved off.  Perhaps its principal
design might have been to distinguish the sexes, which
has been rendered  unnecessary heretofore by difference
in dress. 
             PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.           4J

                     THE NATLS.
  The Nails grow very much in the same way as the
cuticle. They are designed as a protection to the ends
of the fingers and toes, and to render the sense of touch
more acute.
  We  have given now a general  description  of the
different tissues and organs that constitute the  human
body in a normal or healthy condition. 
LECTURE  III.
          TREATMENT OF DISEASE.

  Next we  shall treat of the unhealthy conditions of
the body, and of the different tissues  and organs as
affected by disease ;  and of the best treatment to cure
these diseased conditions.
                      FEVER.
  Fever  seems first  to claim our attention, inasmuch
as it is a cause, or accompanying symptom, or a con-
sequence of most every diseased action.  Fever is that
condition of the system in which there is an increased
circulation of the blood with increased heat and dimin-
ished action  of the secreting organs.   The feeling of
the skin  is generally sufficient to detect fever.   There
is an indescribable sensation of pungent heat expe-
rienced by the  healthy skin coming in contact with a
fevered  part,  that  cannot be mistaken.   The other
symptoms accompanying fever generally, are a sense
of weariness, loss  of appetite,  thirst,  restlessness,
headache, dryness Of the tongue, costiveness, want of
sleep or disturbed with dreaming.
  Fever  first affects the  nervous  system, producing
bad sensations, then the  secreting  system, preventing
the separation  of those fluids from the blood, which
ought to be thrown off from the body by the liver,
kidneys,  bowels, skin, and lungs.  It  next affects the
circulating system; the heart beats faster and harder,
         ( 42 j 
FEVER.
43
until general fever becomes  established.  If the fever
is not checked, congestion and inflammation of some
vital organ takes place—some master-wheel of the
machine becomes destroyed—without whose action
the operations of life cannot go on, or the whole sys-
tem becomes prostrated and vitality is extinguished in
every part.
  Nearly all  the  ordinary cases of fever might be
warded off, as well as  not, by the simplest means, if
used in the first or forming stage.   When you have the
unpleasant feelings described as those ushering in fever,
don't go and take more stimulating food and drinks
to rouse your weary spirits ; if you do, you will be but
fanning the slumbering sparks  of fever into a flame ;
but  rather  lessen your amount  of food; for a few
meals take nothing but the  simplest articles  of diet,
such as thin corn-meal gruel, or  rice-water.  If you
have been confined too closely within doors, take more
exercise in the open air.  If you have worked too hard
with your head or hands, ease up a little, give your-
self rest.  Dismiss care from your mind ;  and be sure
and give yourself  a good scrubbing from head to foot,
with water and  a coarse  towel.   If your  bowels are
costive, take a brisk cathartic, Salts, or Oil, or Senna.
If your skin is yellow, and you have a bitter taste in
your mouth, and your urine is high-colored, take ten
grains of Calomel just before going to bed, and work
it off in the morning with a  dose  of Salts.   If the
skin, hands, and feet are cold, and you are subject to
chills creeping over you, give yourself a  good steam-
ing, which can be done by putting a blanket around
you and sitting over a basin of hot water, into which
an assistant will hold,  by means of a pair of tongs, hot
bricks or flat-irons, letting them into the water so as 
44                    FEVER.

to produce as much steam as you can bear.   By these
simple means you can ward off an ordinary  attack of
fev.r.  But, if you neglect using these means until the
fever  fairly sets  in—until the skin, liver, bowels, and
kidneys have stopped secreting their fluids—until you
are hot and  dry—"burning up with a fever"—as  the
phrase is, then  you must resort  to  more  energetic
means.   If  there  be  a weight  and  sickness  at  the
stomach, as  though some indigestible substance were
there, take an emetic.   Twenty grains of Ipecac, with
two grains  of Tartar-emetic; to be  followed,  when
vomiting commences, with  copious draughts  of  warm
water until  the  stomach  is thoroughly  evacuated.
After the vomiting is over,  put  the same quantity of
ipecac, and tartar-emetic in a pint of warm water, and
use a  tablespoonful every half hour, or hour, just often
enough  to keep  slightly nauseated ;  at the same time
using from  two  to four  grains (according to  the
strength  of constitution  or violence  of the  fever) of
Calomel every two or  three  hours, until  it operates
freely on the bowels.
  If  the bowels  are not operated upon after  six  or
eight  doses  have  been  taken, take a large dose  of
Epsom-salts, or Castor-oil, or Senna. About two'table-
spoonsful of either will probably be  sufficient.  The
spoonsful of senna should  be heaped up.   After  the
senna is steeped, it can be rendered more palatable by
the addition of  sugar  and milk.  The  forehead and
face should  be  kept constantly wet  with  cold Water,
which can be done by keeping one thickness of thin
muslin^wet,  lying over it  all the time.  If a  cloth,
abWf me- size of a pillow-slip, be kept wet with  warm
water arid laid over the breast and bowels, it will favor
sweating greatly.  Cold  water  in any quantity, and 
FEVER.
45
that  acidulated with  lemons, or vinegar, or tartaric
acid, if it is more agreeable, can be allowed.
  No food should be taken while there is a high fever,
unless it should be some thin, corn-meal gruel.  If
the fever gives way, and you then break out in a sweat,
and  the  pulse  becomes softer, it is not  nece"ssary to
continue the use of the tartar-emetic and ipecac, longer;
the use of which  is  designed to  reduce the  heart's
action, and to overcome the  heat and dryness of the
skin: when this is accomplished it is unnecessary to"
continue  the remedy longer.   If  the fever returns,
resume the same treatment again until you have sub-
dued  it.   If the person be strong and full of blood,
and the above treatment does not subdue the fever in
the course of twenty-four or thirty-six hours, he should
be bled from the arm in a sitting posture, until faint-
ing or until  a pint of blood  has been taken.   If  there
be much  tendency of blood to  the brain, or pain in
the head, cupping on the back of the neck will greatly
relieve it.  Cupping can be performed with a common
thin tumbler and a sharp  razor.  Set fire to a small
piece of paper, throw it in the tumbler, and clap the
tumbler over the part to be  cupped. When it has
drawn five or ten minutes, take it off, and make a' few
gashes with the razor; clap the tumbler on again and
let it draw as long as it will.
   If, after all these means have been used, there still
remains  a feverishness, take twenty grains  of Dover
powders, or enough to make you sleep, when you will
probably break out in a  profuse sweat.   If there be
oppression in the  chest or  under  the ribs, or in the
bowels, keep cloths wrung out of hot water over the
part.  If the oppression continues  for twenty-four or
forty-eight hours, indicating congestion in some inter- 
46
FEVER.
nal organ and threatening inflammation, or  if inflam-
mation has already commenced, more violent external
applications must be used—a mustard plaster or a blis-
ter, and a large one, covering a space larger than you
suppose the internal surface to be that is inflamed.  If
inflammation  of  the brain is threatened  shave the
back part of the head, and put a blister on, letting it
extend down along the spine, being careful to keep the
forehead  constantly wet with cold water.
  There are different kinds of fever.  The Intermittent
fever, the Remittent fever, and the Continued fever,
according as there is a complete  intermission  of the
fever at regular times, or an abatement of it, without
a complete intermission, or a continuance of the fever
without any  abatement.  Then there is the  Bilious
fever, where the liver does not perform its  functions
properly.   The Inflammatory fever, where  some im-
portant organ is inflamed.  The Eruptive fever, where
there is an extensive eruption on the skin.
  Fevers are of different grades also; the high, active
form of fever, called  Synochal, and the low form of
fever, called  Typhus fever.  The  Intermittent fever,
commonly called Fever and Ague, comes on regularly
every day, or every other day, or  every third day, or
even at longer intervals.  It commences with a chill,
caused by the blood leaving the extremities and sur-
face of the body and  rushing to the internal organs;
this chill  is succeeded by a fever, caused by a re-action,
which  drives the blood to the surface again with in-
creased force.   The fever or hot stage, is succeeded by
the sweating  stage;  after which the circulation seems
to be restored to a healthy action.
  The intermittent and bilious fevers, and  remittent
fevers, are generally caused by a poison in  the atmo- 
FEVER.
47
sphere,  called  Marsh  Miasm, that is  generated  by
stagnant water or decaying vegetable matter.  This is
the reason of its great prevalence in new countries,
where the water-courses are obstructed and the forests
are full  of decayed leaves and timber.
  There are  many  means  by which the periodical
return of the intermittent fever or fever and ague,
chill-fever, dumb-ague, ague in  the  face, sun-pain
(all of which proceed  from  the same cause) can be
stopped ; and if the person is careful, as regards exer-
cise, diet, and exposure to wet or cold, he  may remain
exempt  from the disease ; but so long as  one remains
in a miasmatic district, and more especially with irre-
gular habits, there  will be  a liability to  a return of
these periodical complaints.
  A very good way to shorten the immediate attack
of intermittent fever is to use the steam bath in the
cold stage, until sweating is produced, using, at the
same time, nauseating doses of Ipecac, or Tartar-eme-
tic.  After the sweating stage is over, commence using
two grains of Quinine and four of Blue-mass every two
hours, until eight doses are taken ;  eating nothing but
the lightest kind of food, such as gruel, rice-water, or
weak chicken-broth. After the ague is stopped, it will
be necessary to eat  lightly and work lightly until the
body has regained  its healthful vigor.   A tea made
of some tonic bitter, such as Wild Cherry-tree bark,
Quassia,  or  Peruvian  bark, would  be  very useful,
taken every morning before breakfast.
   Remittent  fever,  or that where  there  is  a slight
abatement of  the  fever,  generally toward morning,
should be treated in the same manner as laid down
for the treatment of simple fever.   After the fever has
been broken up by this treatment, Quinine should be
          19 
 48      CONTINUED FEVER — TYPHUS  FEVER.

 taken in doses of about two  grains, every two hours,
 until eight doses are taken.
   Continued fever should be  treated in the same man-
 ner as described for simple fever, also; perhaps a little
 more energetically, if  necessary,  until the fever is
 subdued; and after it is subdued, if it be in a fever
 and ague district, use a few doses of  Quinine to pre-
 vent a return of the fever.
   Typhus  fever is  marked by an early prostration of
 the powers of life, a wandering of the mind, a dryness
 and brownness of the tongue, a stoppage of the secre-
 tions,  involuntary  discharges  from the bowels  and
 bladder, and generally an implication of some vital
 organ, as the brain, lungs, liver, or  bowels.  In  the
 treatment of typhus fever,  if  bleeding be necessary at
 all, it is at the commencement of the disease,  and that
 by means of cups over the part most oppressed.  Then
 you want to introduce the mercurial influence into the
 system as speedily as possible;  by which means you
 expect to restore the different parts  of the system to a
 natural and healthy action.   Mercury is the sheet-
 anchor  of hope.   If you  can affect the system by
 Mercury there are strong hopes of recovery.  If you
 cannot do this, it is reasonable to suppose the case is
 dangerous.
  In my  experience there is nothing that  gives so
 much satisfaction in restoring  the  natural secretions
 a^s Mercury; it  seems  to  act  directly on the  skin,
 bowels, kidneys,  and more  especially on the liver.
 You must  keep constantly in mind that an action on
 these vital organs is the desideratum in the treatment
not only of typhus fever, but of every other disease
where these organs are in an  inactive condition.  Give
then, two grains of  Calomel (Calomel is a preparation 
TYPHUS FEVER.                49
of Mercury), every two hours,  until the skin softens
and is inclined to become moist; until  the discharges
from the bowels become more healthy ; that is, more
yellow and of  a natural consistence,  and until  the
tongue loses its dryness and becomes moist and soft.
When Mercury has accomplished thisr it has done all
the good it-can, and requires to be used no longer, or
else  salivation will  ensue, which is to be avoided if
possible.
  If there be  not much irritability of the stomach,
that is, much nausea  or vomiting, combine  the two
grains of Calomel with half a grain or a grain of Ipecac,
according as the stomach will bear it.  If there be a
looseness or running off at the bowels,  combine  each
dose of Calomel with two grams of Dover Powder.  If
there be  obstinate vomiting, put some hot cloths or a
mustard plaster over  the stomach; if this does not
stop it, combine the Calomel with  an eighth part of a
grain of Morphia, until the vomiting stops.   As long
as the  head is hot and feverish, it should be kept wet
with cold water.  If any of the internal organs be-
come congested or inflamed, a blister must  be put
over the  part.   Cold water is  the  best drink, and  it
can be freely used.   If a cloth be kept wet with warm
water over the breast and  bowels, it will have a ten-
dency  to prevent internal  congestion,  and will favor
sweating.
   If nourishment is desired at all during the active
stao-e of typhus fever, or when a favorable crisis has
taken  place, the lightest kind of nourishment only,
should be used, such as corn-meal gruel or rice-water,
or thin  chicken-broth.  When  the system sinks very
low, stimulants may be used, although I must confess,
I never saw much advantage from their use in typhus 
50
TYPHOID FEVER.
fever.   Hot, highly-seasoned chicken  or beef-broth
combines nourishment with stimulus, and probably is
the best that can be used in such cases, given in small
quantity every four or five hours.   In very low cases,
Brandy toddy or Wine may be used as necessity re-
quires.  Cloths wrung out of hot camphor and  laid
over the body and limbs, is a good  way of applying
stimulus.   When there is a  difficulty of introducing
nourishment and stimulus by the mouth, it can be in-
troduced in an injection.  Rubbing the limbs with
salt and water,  by means of a coarse towel, either in
the fir,st or last  stages of the  disease, is a very useful
means.  If a diarrhea sets in during the latter stages of
the disease, it must be checked.  This can generally
be done by keeping flannels wrung out of hot camphor,
over the bowels, and  by giving four grains of Dover
Powder, four grains of Mercury and Chalk, and  two
grains of Tannin every four hours, until the diarrhea
is checked.  During the course of this fever, great care
must be observed in the  use of purgatives, for, some-
times three or four large discharges from the bowels will
carry off the patient.   When it becomes necessary to
move the bowels, it had better be done by injections.
  During convalescence from this disease, one cannot
be too careful in regard to diet, and  exertion, and ex-
posure.  The lightest diet, the lightest exercise,  and
the least exposure is urgently indicated.  Some bitters
made of Peruvian bark and port  wine, used in small
quantities, is often of much benefit in giving tone to
the system.
                  TYPHOID FEVER.
  This is a grade of fever between an active synochal
fever and a typhus fever; its treatment resembles that
laid down for typhus in the main.  Changes must be 
YELLOW FEVER.
51
made as symptoms occur.  If there be a high, active
fever, the  system must be reduced; if there be pros-
tration, stimulants must be  used;  if internal conges-
tions, counter-irritating applications to the surface, as
cloths  wrung out of hot water, mustard plasters or
blisters.
                  YELLOW  FEVER.
  The Yellow fever is the most aggravated form of re-
mittent ;  sometimes carrying off its victims in twenty-
four hours.  It is characterized by a most violent fever
at first; a yellowness of the skin;  a vomiting of  yel-
lowish matter, and  a great derangement of the ner-
vous system. After these symptoms come great pros-
tration of the whole  system, and a vomiting of black
matter, like coffee-grounds.   There is no certain  me-
thod  for the cure of this  disease; it too frequently
baffles the  skill of the  most intelligent physicians.
The only  course that can  be  taken,  is to  treat the
symptoms as they arise, depleting where the action is
too high, and stimulating where there is prostration.
The first  may be accomplished by cupping  over the
region of the stomach, by small mercurial cathartics
(four grs. Calomel every three hours), and by sponging
the surface.  The  latter, by rubbing the surface with
Mustard and Brandy, and introducing what stimulus,
internally, that will be retained.  A  new treatment
has been  recommended by some physicians, who say
they have tried it with good success;  it is to use sa-
line medicines, such as the muriate of ammonia, the
salts  of magnesia,  common salt  and  the like.
  We next come to  the  Eruptive fevers, or  those ac-
companied with an eruption on the surface. 
 52           SCARLET FEVER—MEASLES.

                  SCARLET  FEVER.
   Scarlet fever is so called, from  the peculiar scarlet
 appearance of the skin in this complaint.  It is con-
 tagious ; the  fever is ushered in by chilly sensations,
 weakness, headache,  pains in  the  limbs, and  the
 symptoms generally that usher in an ordinary fever.
 The eruptions appear two days after the fever.  In its
 treatment, the object is to keep  the system in as  fa-
 vorable a condition as possible, so that the  fever does
 not  get  too violent.  Sponge the face and head, if
 there is too great tendency  of blood  to the brain; if
 the bowels are costive, open  them gently with Salts or
 Senna.   If there is a want of action of the liver, give
 a dose of Calomel —fifteen grains  to a grown person,
 eighteen years old or upward.  Half this  dose to a
 youth half this age, and half the dose for a youth, to a
 child half the  youth's age, and half the dose for a
 child, to an infant half the  age of the child.  This is
 a good  rule to go by, in administering medicines to
 persons  of different ages—dividing the  dose  as  the
 age corresponds with the age of an adult  (which may
 be considered eighteen years).   If the throat is sore,
 gargle it frequently with a  strong solution  of alum.
 Spirits  of Mendereri  may  be given; a  teaspoonful
 every hour,  to  keep the skin moist.  This can  be
 made by putting carbonate of ammonia in vinegar, so
 long as the vinegar will effervesce.

                     MEASLES.
  Measles commence  like a common cold.  On  the
fourth day, the eruption appears, which  is  distin-
guished from the eruption of scarlet fever,  by its being
 of a darker color, and coming more in separate spots,
than in scarlet fever.   The nose, eyes, and  lungs  are 
MEASLES.
53
 generally affected.   And here, I will speak of a prin-
 ciple that holds true in irritation or inflammation in
 any particular structure.   When irritation or inflam-
 mation exists in any particular structure of the body,
 it is more likely to  extend along that structure than
 along another structure, although the other structure
 lies next to  it.  And if irritation or  inflammation
 leaves one part of the body, and goes to another part,
 it is more likely to fall on a structure similar to  the
 one it first existed in.  For instance, in an irritation
 or inflammation of the mucous membrane of the in-
 testinal canal, which extends from the mouth down-
 ward, it is apt to go along the whole length of the
 bowels; and wherever this mucous membrane extends. "
 Mucous membrane lines the throat, windpipe, and all
 the  bronchial tubes or  divisions  of the  windpipe,
 which  communicate with the  air-cells  of the lungs.
 Mucous membrane  lines the nose, and a small duct
 opening into  the nose, which conveys the tears from
 the eyes.  The eyeball is covered with a mucous mem-
 brane, called  the  Conjunctiva, which also lines  the
 eyelids.  Now the extension of the irritation along the
 mucous membrane  into the  nose, eyes, and lungs, is
 the cause of all these being affected in measles.
  The object in the  treatment  of this, as in the fore-
going  disease, is, to  keep the arterial action or fever,
from getting  too high.   Give an emetic  of Ipecac, at
first, to be followed by a dose of Salts; then give half-
a grain of Ipecac, and a teaspoonful  of the spirits of
Mendereri every two or three hours, until  the active
stage of the disease is over.  When there is much  op-
pression of the lungs, cupping may be practiced in the
first stage of the disease; or the use of mustard plas-
ters or blisters in the latter stage. 
54
SMALL  POX.
                    SMALL POX.
  Small Pox is an  eruptive fever, ushered in by the
same symptoms as other fevers, the eruption appear-
ing on the fourth  day.   On the eighth day the suppu-
ration is complete, and  on the tenth  or eleventh the
sores  break and  begin to dry up.  Its treatment is
very simple.
  Keep the room cool and shaded.   Let the  patient
use as  a drink  cold  water, in  which  is  dissolved
cream  of tartar.   Use,  every  three  or four hours,
six  or eight drops  of the Diluted Sulphuric acid,
which  is  formed by mixing one  part  of  sulphuric
acid with thirteen of water.   At the onset of the dis-
ease it is best to give a Mercurial Cathartic—say ten
grains of Calomel and ten of Jalap.  If the fever is too
violent blood must be taken.  Let the diet be very
light.  The  room must be  well aired.  If sinking
occurs, as often is the  case in what is called the con-
fluent or malignant  variety, where all the sores run
together and form one continuous sore over a great
part of the body,  stimulants must be used to support
the  powers of life.  Where  an  excessive  diarrhea
occurs in this malignant variety, it must be  checked;
which  can be done, probably, by the use  of small
doses of opium.
  Some physicians  are in the  habit  of opening  the
pustules on the face, before they burst, and putting in
a little lint dipped in some mild ointment to prevent,
in a measure, the formation of what are called " pock
marks."   The system  may be protected against  the
small pox by Inoculation and  by Vaccination.  The
former is the application of small pox matter to  the
cut  or scratched skin, by means of which it is absorbed,
and excites a very mild form of the disease;  and once 
CHICKEN POX.
55
having  the  disease, as  is the case with the measles
and scarlet fever, exempts one from having it again.
Vaccination is the application to the scratched skin
of the matter from a cow that has had the small pox,
which excites  a still milder form  of the disease  and
still protects the system from the small pox.  Vacci-
nation is generally practiced with matter or the scab
from another person that has been vaccinated.  Dis-
solve a small portion of the scab in a drop of water,
then scratch the skin on the arm with a sharp instru-
ment until you start the blood, put the matter on,  and
then put a wet wafer over it and a rag around the arm,
and let it be until it takes, which will be in  from three
to five days.
   I consider vaccination a  sure preventative  of the
small pox.  I  have tested it in my own case.   I  was
vaccinated when I was five years old, and  have since
been  exposed  to small  pox in its most virulent form
without taking it.  Sometimes persons who have been
vaccinated take a slight eruption on being exposed to
small pox, called  Varioloid, which is not a  serious
disease.
                   CHICKEN POX.
   Chicken Pox has some of the symptoms of small
pox, though much milder.  In ordinary cases nothing
is  necessary to  be done but to  keep the bowels open,
give cooling drinks, use light diet, and keep the room
well aired.
   There is another kind of eruptive fever called Miliary
fever.   After the fever has existed  three or  four days,
the body breaks out in  a kind of a rash or little red
pimples, gradually extending over the extremities  and
abdomen. 
56         TREATMENT  OF MILIARY FEVER.

  Treatment.—Keep the bowels open by mild cathar-
tics.  Use cooling drinks.  If there  be much fever,
keep up a slight nausea by means of small doses of
Ipecac.   If  sinking  occurs, give  tonic, stimulating
remedies, such as Quinine and Wine. 
LECTURE  IV.
                  INFLAMMATION.

  The next subject we shall treat of is Inflammation.
No word, literally, can better express this morbid con-
dition  than the  one that is applied to it—inflamma-
tion—for the word is derived from the Latin verb,
inflammo,  which means, to bum.  For  inflammation
is  really a burning  and  destruction of the part in
which  it  exists.  Inflammation is  characterized by
increased  heat and redness in the part, attended with
pain and swelling.  The redness, and heat, and swell-
ing are produced by too great  a  quantity of blood in
the part.   It is an established principle of medicine,
that, wherever there is irritation there is an increased
flow of blood.  The pain is produced by the pressure
of the  enlarged bloodvessels on the nerves.
  Inflammation  may terminate by a return of the part
to its natural condition, without any alteration of its
structure;  this is called  a termination by Resolution,
and is the most favorable termination.  It  may ter-
minate by the formation  of matter called Pus.   This
is called a termination  by Suppuration. It may ter-
minate by an absorption  or eating  away of the part,
forming an ulcer.   This  is called  a termination by
Ulceration.  And  lastly, it^nay  terminate by a com-
plete destruction, or death, of the part.  This is called
a termination by Mortification.  Where parts, cut by
a  sharp instrument,  unite  by being glued together 
58
INFLAMMATION.
 with an adhesive fluid thrown out  for the purpose in
 all such cases, the slight inflammation accruing, which
 is necessary for  the  healing of the part, is  called
 Adhesive inflammation.
   Inflammation is of two kinds, Acute and Chronic
 Acute, when it is violent and apt to excite fever in
 the general system.  Chronic, when it is slow and has
 existed for a long time, the  symptoms  not being so
 violent as in acute inflammation.  The treatment of
 inflammation  in  any organ, is  General  and  Local.
 General, by keeping the whole body  in  a proper con-
 dition; which is done  by  the  use  of the common
 reducing means, used  as circumstances require ; such
 as blood-letting by the lancet or cups, nauseants, the
 warm-bath, cathartics, light diet  and sedatives.  The
 Local treatment is, when the inflammation first occurs,
 and there is a probability of being  ab\e to drive it
 away without the formation of matter, to apply some-
 thing that will excite the enlarged bloodvessels to con-
 tract  and force out  the accumulated and stagnant
 fluids.  The means to be used are compression with a
 tight bandage; very cold or very hot applications, as
 ice-water, the shower-bath, flannels wrung out of hot
 water; stimulating applications, such  as turpentine,
 the various»etimulating liniments, mustard, hartshorn
 confined tg the part, or  a blister of Spanish Flies, or
 of the common potato flies; astringent applications,
 such as a solution of the sugar of lead or alum, or a
strong decoction  of  oak bark or  nut-galls.   If you
cannot drive away or " scatter," the swelling by these
means, which you can ascertain in the course of from
twenty-four to forty-eight hours, and the formation of
matter is certain, you must then use means to promote
the formation of matter—to " bring the  swelling to 
THE SKIN—ITS DISEASES
59
 a head.**  A poultice will accomplish it better than
 any other means.  As good a way to make a poultice as
 any, is to cut a slice of light bread, take the crust off,
 lay the bread  on a plate,  and  then saturate it with
 warm water.  Lay  the  slice thus  prepared on the
 affected part, and keep it  moist and warm until the
 matter is collected sufficiently to be discharged.  We
 will commence now with the  inflammations of the
 several structures of the body.

                     THE SKIN.
   The  Skin  is  composed  of three coats.   The outer
 coat, called the Cuticle, a transparent covering with-
 out color or feeling, designed as a protection  to the
 coats beneath ;  it is the coat that is raised  up in blis-
 ters.   The middle  coat, called  the  Rete-mucosum or
 Mucous Net-work/is a very delicate membrane, with
 difficulty separated from the other coats.  It is the seat
 of the coloring-matter of the skin; it is the color of
 the rete-mucosum that distinguishes the sooty Ethio-
 pian from the fair Circassian, so that beauty does not
 in reality lie  even skin deep, as is generally supposed,
 but only half skin deep.  The third, or  inner coat of
 the skin, is the one in which is situated  the bloodves-
sels, nerves,  absorbents,  and exhalants of the skin.
This third coat, called the Cutis Vera, or true skin, is
the seat of inflammation.

               DISEASES  OF THE SKIN.
  •Erysipelas is an inflammation of the skin.  In this
disease a shining redness is diffused continuously over
the skin,  attended with  a burning, itching pain.  It
commences on all parts of the body, sometimes on the 
60
ERYSIPELAS.
arms or legs, and sometimes on the body or  face.  It
extends with great rapidity, often commencing at one
point on the face and extending  over  the entire face
and  scalp during twenty-four hours.   When it is on
the face, the eyelids are apt to  become shut by the
swelling.  When it occurs  on the scalp, the brain  is
very apt to become affected.  It is generally produced
by derangement of the bowels or of the system gene-
rally—from  " bad blood," as the common expression
is.   The least scratch will  serve  for a starting-point,
when the system is in the proper condition for the
reception of the disease.  Sometimes the atmosphere
seems to be  impregnated with some sort of poison that
favors  its extension, causing it to assume an epidemic
form.
   Its  treatment consists,  first,  in  purging out the
bowels with a mercurial cathartic;- ten grains of Calo-
lomel and ten grains of Jalap.  If this does not operate
in eight hours,  repeat the dose, until a brisk operation
is produced.  At the same  time, apply over the part a
strong solution  of Lunar Caustic,  ten grains  to the
ounce of water.   Draw a stick of the Lunar Caustic,
moistened,  around the  inflamed  part; it  will some-
times prevent the erysipelas going over it.  A narrow
strip of Blister-plaster  put round will have the same
effect to prevent its extension.  Where there is much
arterial excitement, and the person is full of blood, it
would  be well  to draw some blood.   Where the ery-
sipelas is changing about  from  one place to another,
and  the  head  seems to  be affected, there is danger of
its going to  the brain, and a Mustard-plaster or Blister
had better be put between the shoulders to concentrate
the irritation there. 
          BOILS—RINGWORM—ITCH—ULCERS.        61

                       BOILS.
  Boils are situated in and under the skin ; they can
sometimes be driven  away  before matter forms, by
cutting them open and letting out.the blood, and then
applying compression and cold over the part.  Or they
can be driven away by some  stimulating application,
as a  Mustard-plaster,  Spirits of Ammonia, or a Blis-
ter;   but  where matter  is  forming or  has  already
formed, which is apt to be the case after forty-eight
hours, a bread-and-milk poultice had best be used.

              TETTER, OR RINGWORM.
  Tetter,  or Ringworm,  can be cured by washing
with  a solution of  Corrosive  Sublimate.

                       ITCH.
   The Itch, which is caused by little vermin, like lice,
too small to be  seen with the naked-eye, can be cured
\y anointing with Sulphur and Lard a few times, and
then  washing the entire  body with soap and water,
and putting on clean clothes.  Red or Blue Precipitate
ointment will also cure the itch.

                 ULCERS, OR SORES.
   Ulcers  on the legs, commonly called Fever-sores,
should be treated by bandaging the leg  from  the toes
upward, using an ointment made of Jamestown-weed,
lard and tallow, and Mercurial ointment.  If there be
much pain, put  a little Sugar of Lead and Opium with
the ointment.   The patient  should keep still and use
Haht diet.  If there be  much heat and fever in  the
                                        -r    •
leg, keep the bandages wet  with water.  Use inter-
nally two tablespoonful of the following syrup, three
times a day:  Make a strong  tea of Sarsaparilla, using 
 62     8HINGLES—SCALD-HEAD—CORNS—WARTS.

 about two quarts of water with as much Sarsaparilla
 as it will cover, and boiling it down to a pint.  Dis-
 solve in this, half a dram of the Hydriodate of Potassa,
 and use as directed above.   The Sulphur-bath is very
 efficacious  in  the  cure  of  cutaneous eruptions.  A
 Sulphur-bath can be given by putting the person in a
 box with a close door.  In the top of the box have a
 hole, large enough  to  put the head through, around
 which is  fastened  a collar of oiled-silk with a draw-
 string to prevent the gas strangling the subject.  The
. gas can be let in at the bottom  by means  of a tube
 attached to a tight vessel, into which is put about a
 tablespoonful of Sulphur, and set  on fire.

                     SHINGLES.
   There is  a very common  eruption of vesicles that
 encircle the waist, like  a girdle,  called  " Shingles,"
 which can generally be cured by using a brisk Cathar-
 tic and  washing the part with some astringent wash,
 as a solution of Sugar of Lead or  Alum.

                    SCALD-HEAD.
   In Scald-head the hair should be closely cut off and
 the scalp washed every morning with soap and water,
 after which  an  ointment of  Mercurial Ointment and
 Sugar of Lead should be applied.

                       CORNS.
   Corns are morbid  growths of the skin pressing on
 the extremity of a nerve, caused by too great pressure
 on the parts, as by the use of tight boots.   They will
 generally get well themselves by wearing  large boots.
 They can be cured by paring them down to the quick,
 and  then putting on a drop of Sulphuric Acid.
   Warts can be cured in  the same wav. 
CHILBLAINS—THE EYE.
63
                    CHILBLAINS.
  Chilblains are caused generally by the parts being
frozen; they are characterized  by an intense itching.
They may be cured, at first, by rubbing them with
turpentine or some stimulating  liniment.  If they
break and form an  ulcer, use a stimulating ointment
such as the Citrine Ointment.

                     THE EYE.
  The Eye is composed of three  distinct  coats or lay-
ers.   The outer  coat is composed of the Sclerotica and
Cornea; the middle, of the Choroid coat, the Iris, and
Ciliary processes; and the inner coat, of the Retina
and  Zonula Ciliaris.  The outer coat is  hard and re-
sisting to give strength to the eyeball.  The front part,
the Cornea, is transparent and shaped like a watch-
crystal.  It is inserted into  the  Sclerotic coat in pre-
cisely the same manner that a watch-crystal is inserted
into its  rim. It  would seem  as though the watch-
maker had got the idea of the crystal from the eye.
  The next coat of the eye  is the Choroid and  Iris.
The Choroid is a thin-colored membrane, the  outer
side of a chocolate color, the inside of a deep  black.
The design of this dark color, is to absorb the surplus
rays of light, otherwise we would be dazzled and con-
fused by a  strong light.  In Albinoes,  this color is
wanting, which  renders them incapable of seeing, ex-
cept at twilight  or by moonlight.  The Iris—meaning
rainbow, is so called, from its variety of colors in dif-
ferent individuals.  It serves as a curtain to divide the
front and back chambers  of  the eye.  It has a round
hole in the  centre, called the Pupil,  through which
the rays of light pass, through which we  see.   The
iris  is composed of two  sets of muscular fibres, one
          20 
64                   THE EYE.
set radiating from the centre to the circumference, by
whose contraction the pupil is dilated, and a set  of
circular fibres, by whose contraction the pupil is con-
tracted.  A  strong light  excites the circular  fibres
to contraction, so that not so much  light is admitted
into  the eye.  A  weak light excites  the radiating
fibres to contraction, so that more light may be admitted
into  the eye.  The iris has also another thin layer
back  of the fibrous or muscular layers, of a  purple
color, called the Uvea.  The third tunic  of the eye is
called the Retina.  It is merely an  expansion of the
optic  nerve,  which enters into  the ball  of the eye
from behind, and is spread over about three-quarters
of the inner, back part of the eye.  This  coat is the
seat of our sight.   On this, the light forms a picture
of the object we see, and the impression is carried to
the brain along the optic  nerve, which goes to the
brain.  Behind the iris is  a transparent,  crystalline
body, called the Lens, the use of which, is to concen-
trate the rays of light, so as to form a picture small
enough  for the size of the Retina.  Before this lens,
filling what  are  called the Anterior and Posterior
chambers of the eye, which are separated by the iris,
is a thin, transparent humor, called the Aqueous hu-
mor.  Behind the lens, filling the main part of the
cavity of the  eyeball,  is what is called  the Vitreous
humor;  there is  a delicate, transparent  membrane,
going  all  through this  vitreous  humor,  dividing
it into  cells.    The  eye  is  supplied  with  nerves
and bloodvessels, as is every other organ of the body.
The  appendages of the eye are the eyebrows, the
eyelids, the Tarsal cartilages, the Meibomian glands,
the eyelashes, the  muscles, the lachrymal gland ducts,
sack,  and nasal duct.   The eyebrows and eyelids have 
DISEASES  OF THE EYE.
65
  muscles that move them,  opening and shutting the
  eyes.   The eyebrows  are designed to shade the sight,
  and turn  the perspiration  from the eye.  Along the
  edge of the  eyelids are the Tarsal cartilages, designed
  to give a shape to the eyelids, and enable them to shut
  closely, and to give  a  firm basis  to  the  eyelashes.
  Along the  edge  of the  eyelids are a set of minute
  glands, called the Meibomian glands, which secrete a
  fluid  that anoints the edges of the eyelids,  keeping
  them  from stickiug together.
     The Lachrymal gland is  situated above the eye, and
  secretes the tears.  It pours them out, so that they run
  over the eye, after which, they  go into two little holes
  in the edge  of  the  eyelids, in the inner corner of the
  eye;  one hole is in the upper, and one in the lower
  eyelid.  These holes are the mouths of the Lachrymal
  Ducts, which open into the Lachrymal Sac ;  from the
  lachrymal sac,  the tears are conveyed into the nose,
  through the Nasal Duct.  The front portion of the eye-
  ball and the inside of the eyelids are  covered with a
  mucous  membrane,  called  the  Conjunctiva,  which
  continues on through the  lachrymal and nasal ducts
  into the nose.

                  DISEASES OF THE EYE.
     The Conjunctiva or mucous membrane covering the
   eye and lining the lids, is  subject to inflammation,
   caused generally  by substances  such as dust,  and
.   insects coming in contact with the external covering of
   the eye, or  " getting into the eye," as it is generally
   called.  These should always be removed  as soon as
   possible.    The best way to remove them  is  to do it
   with a pin, the head  of which, is guarded by a thick-
   ness  of silk handkerchief.  After the irritating body 
66
CATARACT—AMAUROSIS.
has been removed, there will be a soreness and a feel-
ing as though it were still there, and often, the sore-
ness is made much worse by a constant  rubbing of the
eye.  This rubbing  of the eye should be  carefully
avoided in all its diseases.  Inflammation of the con-
junctiva is often the result of catarrhs  or  bad colds;
the irritation extending from  the throat and nose  up
the mucous membrane that lines the tubes that carry
the tears  from the eyes to the nose. The  best treat-
ment  is to bathe the eyes frequently with cold water,
or cold  water in which is dissolved some  astringent
substance, such as alum  or sugar-of-lead.  The  eyes
should be kept from a strong light, either  by a dark
room  or by a green sun-shade.   A  light diet  should
be used, and the bowels  should  be kept regulated, or
rather loose, by cathartics, such as  Salts, Senna,  or
Castor-oil.  The eyes should be used as little as  pos-
sible.    These directions  apply  to  all  inflammatory
affections of the eyes.
  Cataract is an opacity of the lens of the eye, preventing
the rays of light from passing through and  forming a
picture  on  the  retina, destroying  vision.  Cataract
can be easily told by the appearance of  a white cloud
behind  the iris, and from a dimness or complete loss
of sight.  The removal or  destruction  of the lens  by
means of a surgical operation, is the only way to cure it.
  Amaurosis is a palsy of the optic nerve.  No altera-
tion in  the structure of the eye can be noticed; it is
a  loss  of power in  the  optic nerve, to  take  cogni-
zance of light. The only means  that can be used, with
any prospect of benefit, are those that will have a ten-
dency to stimulate the optic nerve to action,  such as
Moxae,  Electricity, Strychnine, either  applied on  a
blistered surface over the eye, or dropped in the form 
        THE NOSE—CATARRH—POLYPUS, ETC.      67

of a tincture, into the eye.  Where amaurosis has ex-
isted any length of  time, the prospect for cure is very
poor.
  When ulcers or fungous growths form on the cor-
nea or sclerotica, or on the lining of the eyelids, they
should be touched with Lunar Caustic.   In  the treat-
ment of all diseases of the eye, too  much attention
cannot  be  paid to  those  dietetic rules necessary for
keeping the body in a healthy condition.

                    THE NOSE.
  The walls of the Nose  are composed of Bone and
Cartilage, covered externally by skin, and lined inter-
nally by mucous  membrane.  On  this  mucous mem-
brane is spread out the  Olfactory nerve or nerve of
smell.   To afford a larger surface for the expansion of
this nerve four little bones are placed  in the nose like
shelves, two in  each nostril, which are also  covered
with  mucous membrane, on which this nerve is ex-
panded.  Animals  having  very acute  smell, as the
hound, have a still  larger surface for the expansion of
this nerve.  The air, impregnated with  odors, coming
in contact with the  olfactory nerve  spread  out on the
lining of the nose, communicates that peculiar sensa-
tion to the extremities of  the nerve called — Smell or
Odor.   Catarrh or  cold produces  an irritation of the
lining membrane of the  nose, causing it to secrete a
mucus ; this difficulty generally goes away of  itself.
   There are serious diseases pertaining to this handle
of the  face.  Polypus is a pulpy  growth  inside the
nostrils that must be removed either by ligature or the
knife.   The end of the nose is sometimes the seat of
a  most painful  disease, called Noli-me-tangere, or
" Touch-me-not."  It  is cured by some  application 
68       SUBSTANCES  IN THE NOSE—THE EAR.

that  will kill the  nerve, generally  some preparation
of arsenic.
           FOREIGN  BODIES IN THE NOSE.
  Foreign substances. Beans or Peas, for instance, can
be removed from the nose, simply by punching them
out at the  back part of the nostrils, unless a small
wire, bent double, can be passed up the nose and thus
haul the substance out in front.
                     THE EAR.
  The Ear is a most beautiful  machine, taken as a
whole, perfectly adapted to the  purpose for which it
was designed; that is, to communicate the vibrations of
the air to the Auditory or Hearing nerve.   The vibra-
tion of the air is the cause of all sound.  The outer
or cartilaginous portion of the ear is formed  so as to
collect and concentrate the vibrations of the air on the
ear-drum,  which  is a delicate  membrane, stretched
across the auditory passage, dividing the external from
the  internal  ear.  This  ear-drum  could  not vibrate
unless there was an opening for the air to go out and
in from the inner chamber,  no more than the head of a
military drum would vibrate if it had no  hole  in  the
side.  Now there  is just such  a hole, connected by a
tube with the back  part  of the mouth ; sometimes
when a  person  has  a bad cold and the lining mem-
brane  of this tube, called the  Eustachian tube, in-
flames, and the tube becomes closed, the hearing is
destroyed.   It  has been restored in  some instances,
by puncturing the ear-drum, so as to admit air to the
inner chamber.  This tube is sometimes opened after
it has  become  closed,  by an  operation.  Connected
with the ear-drum  is a  chain of the  most delicate
and  intricate  little  bones  and  muscles  in the whole 
INFLAMMATION OF THE EAR.
69
body.  The innermost  of  these  little bones  is con-
nected with a  small  spiral-shaped  bone,  hollow,
resembling  a snail  shell.   This little spiral-shaped
bone, called Cochlea, is filled with a fluid.  Lining the
inside of the cochlea is a membrane in which the audi-
tory or hearing nerve is spread out.  Now the last
bone  of the chain is placed  so as to press on the fluid
in the cochlea and thus make an impression on the
ramifications of the auditory nerve, so that just as the
ear-drum is vibrated by the undulations of the air that
produce  sound,  so this fluid  is compressed  by the
last of the chain of bones,  and the auditory nerve  is
impressed with the sensation of hearing.
  Inflammation  of the structures of  the ear, which
may be known by heat and pain in  the part, should
be treated by frequent  washings and  injections with
cool  and astringent  washes,  Such as sugar of Lead
water, and by a depletion  of the general system  by
light diet and cathartics.   In  Chronic Inflammations
of the internal ear, attended with a purulent discharge,
injections of soaped water should be used twice daily,
and  counter-irritation should  be used by  means of
blisters behind the ears, or by means of pustulation
produced by a use of Tartar-emetic ointment, applied
so as to keep out  a crop of sores behind the ears con-
tinually,  until the discharge from, the ears ceases. 
LECTURE  V.
                   THE MOUTH.

  The Mouth contains, receives, and gives out many
things.  It is, as it were, the vestibule of the human
temple.   The  Lips  partake  partly of the nature of
mucous membrane  and partly of the nature of the
external  skin, called Epithelium, very delicate in its
structure, at  least  that  is  the  opinion  of  most all
lovers; its ruby, delicate structure is well calculated
for the kissing operation.
   The lips become sore sometimes, and are apt  to be
kept sore by the tongue licking them continually.  A
slight soreness can be cured  by keeping them dry and
applying some simple ointment.   If the soreness has
been of long standing and is very painful, they should
be first cauterized by lunar caustic.  The lips are moved
in every direction by muscles. The Tongue is composed
almost entirely of muscles, whose contractions move it
in almost every possible direction.  These muscles
have  their origin from different parts of the jaw-bone
and from the os hyoides.  Over  the  tongue is spread
out the Gustatory or Tasting nerve.  Under the tongue
and under the lower jaw are glands that secrete the
juices of the mouth, the Spittle or Saliva, with which
our food should be moistened.  If we chewed our food
long enough and did not exhaust these glands by the
continual use,of artificial  stimulants, they would  afford
sufficient fluid to mix our food with without any other
         (70) 
THE PALATE, THROAT, AND TONSILS.
71
drink during eating.   None of our domestic animals
drink while they are eating; and our digestive appara-
tus is similarly constituted.
  In the cheeks, lips, palate and throat are muscles for
performing the various motions of the parts in chewing
and swallowing, spitting and  speaking.  The  Palate
is a curtain suspended between the mouth and  throat
to enable us to breathe while we. are chewing.  Behind
the mouth is the cavity called the Pharynx or throat,
into which the mouth and the two nostrils terminate,
from  the upper  and back part of which the  Eusta-
chian tubes commence, and from the  bottom of which
commences  the  Esophagus or gullet, and Larynx  or
windpipe.
  The mouth  is often subject to inflammation.  It is
oftener  owing to some derangement of the  digestive
organs than to any other cause. Your first object then
is to get these in a proper condition, and then some
slightly astringent wash, as of Borax, Alum, or Sugar
of Lead, will effect a speedy cure.  For sore mouth in
children, generally called  Thrush, some  Slippery-elm
water in which is dissolved Alum. The bowels should
first be evacuated, however, by some mild cathartic,
such  as Magnesia.  When ugly ulcers  form  in the
mouth they should be rubbed over with Blue-stone or
Nitrate of silver.  In salivation from use of Mercury,
hold  a piece of Alum in the mouth, or chew Oak-bark
or Nutgalls.
                     TONSILS.
   On each side  of the throat, back of the mouth, are
two little lumps, called the Tonsils, that are not unfre-
quentlv inflamed and enlarged.  Active inflammation
of the' tonsils, called Quinsy, should  be treated  by
general depletion  of the system, by  means of Blood- 
   72        QUINSY—THE WINDPIPE—LARYNX.

   letting, Cathartics, and light diet,  and by a frequent
♦   use of astringent gargles.   The application of Cups to
   the outside  is the best way to abstract  blood in this
   case.  When inflammation of the tonsils has fairly set
   in, it is  almost certain to terminate in suppuration,
   and no relief is  to be expected until the pus or matter
   is discharged.   In chronic inflammation of the tonsils,
   touching  them  with Lunar Caustic will sometimes
   effect a cure; when  it does not, however, the tonsils
   must be  cut off  with  an  instrument  made for the
   purpose.
     When the little teat of the palate, called the Uvula,
   grows too long, producing  a disagreeable tickling in
   the throat, try  to  reduce  its length first by the use of
   Caustic;  if this fails, it must be cut off, otherwise it
   might lay the foundation of some serious disease of the
   respiratory organs.

                      THE WINDPIPE.
      The Windpipe is situated in front of the Esophagus,
   so that the food, in passing down the throat, must
   pass over the top of the windpipe.  To prevent the
   food passing down  the windpipe, a little clapper of
   cartilage  is placed over the opening of the windpipe,
   which  shuts down  when  we swallow,  and  rises  up
   ' when we breathe.   This  little cartilage is called the
   Epiglottis.

                         LARYNX.       ,
      Under the epiglottis is a little cartilaginous box,
   called the Larynx,  across which are stretched  two
   little cords, called the  Cordae Vocales, which are fas-
   tened at the other end to two movable cartilages, called
   the Arytenoid  cartilages.  To  these movable carti- 
CROUP—WOUNDS OF THE WINDPIPE.
73
lages  are fastened  muscles whose  contraction and
relaxation tighten  or loosen the Cordae Vocales.  By
the vibration of these cords principally, the tones of
the voice are produced.  It is these and not the tongue,
as is generally supposed, that produce the voice.  This
little  music-box of the throat is larger and more pro-
minent in men than in women, producing that promi-
nence  in  front of man's  throat,  called "Adam's
Apple."
  When the Larynx is inflamed, it is called  Laryn-
gitis or Croup.   Children are more subject to  it than
grown  persons.  The best treatment is to keep the
child constantly nauseated by small doses of  Ipecac.
With the first two or three doses mix a grain or two
of  Calomel, enough to produce an operation  on the
bowels.  Keep a poultice of Tobacco-leaves or Snuff
around the throat.   If the inflammation is not sub-
dued in a day or two, a false membrane forms in  the
Larynx, which  is  pretty sure  to  produce  death by
suffocation.
   When suffocation is about to take place from Croup,
 an opening may  be made in  the Windpipe, below
 "Adam's Apple," and a quill inserted so that the child
 can breathe until the inflammation and swelling sub-
 side in the Larynx and the child is enabled to breathe
 through the natural passage.
    When the Windpipe has been cut off, or partly off,
 as in an  attempt  at  suicide, the edges  of the wound
 should  be brought  together with  adhesive strips,
 and  the parts kept perfectly still.  The reason that
 attempts  at suicide,  by cutting the throat,  are not
 more fatal, is that the wound is made too  high up,
 where much cartilage is to be cut through before the
 large  bloodvessels of the neck  are reached; lower 
74
TRACHEA—AEB CELLS.
down, near the breast-bone, the bloodvessels lie more
superficially and are more easily severed.
  When foreign substances get down the Windpipe
and become fast, if they cannot be coughed up, they
must be taken out through an  opening in  the wind-
pipe.
  Below the Larynx  the Windpipe  continues  to the
lungs, a straight cartilaginous tube, rendered firm  by
ring-like thickenings at equal distances apart.   When
the Windpipe, called  the Trachea below the Larynx,
reaches  the lungs, it  divides into two tubes, the right
and left Bronchiae, going to the right and left  lungs.
These Bronchiae subdivide into other bronchiae, until
they finally become minute tubes, each one going to a
separate air cell.
  These Air Cells constitute the principal part  of the
Lungs;  they are covered with bloodveseels, through
which the  impure blood, returned from every part of
the system, passes, being forced there by the contrac-
tion of the right side of the heart.  The impure  blood,
in passing through the  minute bloodvessels around
the air  cells,  comes  in  contact with the air  and is
changed from impure venous blood  to  pure arterial
blood.   This is the object of breathing,  to  bring the
air down the windpipe, along the  bronchial  tubes,
until it  reaches the air cells and comes in contact with
the blood.   When the blood  is changed by passing
around  the air cells,  it is taken up by another set of
vessels and taken back to the  left side  of the  heart,
whose contraction sends it  through the general sys-
tem.  The windpipe and the bronchial tubes are lined
with mucous membrane.  This mucous membrane is
irritated in common colds.
   The inflammation of the mucous membrane  lining 
TREATMENT OF BRONCHITIS.           75
the larynx is the cause of croup.  When the lining of
the bronchia is inflamed, it is called Bronchitis.   The
treatment of croup has been spoken of before. The treat-
ment of acute or active bronchitis should be much the
same;  topical applications, such as hot cloths, mustard
plasters or blisters, should be applied over the breast.
Flannels wrung out of hot  water, and  frequently re-
newed,  are  excellent applications for this difficulty.
Fever must  be kept down by the  depleting remedies
used to keep general fever down, such as blood-letting,
active cathartics, and nauseants.  Dissolve six grains
of Tartar-emetic in a pint of warm water, and give a
tablespoonful  every  half hour  or  hour, sufficient to
keep a slight sickness  at the stomach, until the  fever
abates, and  a moisture of the  skin  is produced.  If
fever and dryness of the skin return, use the Tartar-
emetic water again, in  the same way.   The warm-
bath in this, as in  most  other inflammatory diseases,
is of great utility.   After  the disease has  existed
some time, and the  patient is weakened with a cough
and  difficulty of breathing, the Syrup of Squills or a
Syrup of Elecampane or Horehound, combined with
Cherry-tree bark, and some preparation of Iron is very
useful; using at the same time, some irritation on the
outside, as a blister or mustard plaster;  and using the
salt-bath every three or four days ; and being careful
to avoid exposure; — nor use the  voice more than
is absolutely  necessary.   Many cases  of chronic
bronchitis have been mistaken for consumption, and
when cured, they are reported  as  cases  of consump-
tion cured.
  Consumption is a very different disease; it is not
situated (at  least in  the first stage,) in  the bronchial
tubes, but in the substance  of  the lungs themselves. 
76
CONSUMPTION.
Some persons are predisposed to consumption;  that is,
they have from their infancy, the seeds of the disease
in their lungs, transmitted to them from their con-
sumptive  parents;  these seeds of consumption are
called  Tubercles; they can  easily be detected in the
lungs of those predisposed to this disease, resembling
little yellow seeds.   These seeds may lie dormant in
the lungs during life; but it is seldom  they do.  In
the spring-time of  life, generally, and from a slight
cold they  are germinated, and rapidly grow into the
most incurable disease.  When these seeds begin to
be developed into disease, they enlarge,  inflame, and
finally change into matter, which is discharged through
the bronchial tubes, thence up the windpipe, and out
at the mouth, forming sores in the lungs, which  rapidly
increase  in  size, eating away the substance of the
lungs, until  there is not lung enough left to purify the
blood; then the patient dies.  You can  always detect
these cavities in the  lungs, by putting the ear to the
chest, when  you will hear the gurgling of the matter
within, especially  when  the  patient coughs.  The
chest sinks  as the  lungs decay.  By tapping  on the
chest,  it sounds more hollow than in the healthy one.
The patient becomes weak, pale, poor,  he has  fever
every  afternoon;   profuse  night-sweats,  sometimes
diarrhea, hacking cough at  first, afterward more vio-
lent, throwing  up yellow matter.  When this  disease
fairly sets in, and large cavities or sores are formed in
the lungs, it is incurable.  Those cases staring one in
every  quack  advertisement,  of consumption being
cured, are vile  impositions to extort money from the
credulous sufferer.
   The only hope of cure is in the first  stage; before
the sores  are formed; before matter is spit up to any 
INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.          77
great extent.   In the first stage  of the disease, the
person should  live on the  most simple,  unirritating
food; and  he should ride much on horseback ; this
alone, has  prevented  many cases of consumption; at
the same time,  he can use a tonic  of Sarsaparilla and
Wild Cherry bark, with  some  preparation of Iron ;
rubbing  the body from  head to foot every morning
with a flesh-brush, and taking a salt-bath once a-week.
Removing  to a warm climate is also very necessary.
Use dry cupping on  the outside of the chest,  and
Tartar-emetic ointments  in order to raise a crop of
sores there ; this will  draw  the irritation from the in-
side to the outside, and thus prevent the disease being
developed.  When the disease fairly sets in, an occa-
sional vomit will  help to throw up  the matter.  Nour-
ishing food, and tonics  of Bitters, Iron, and the
Mineral acids will support the system.  A little Opium
will check  the  diarrhea,  and allay the pain; Blisters
will also be useful, but no hope can there be, of  these
remedies curing  the  disease.   Medicines introduced
by inhalation act more directly on the  diseased lung
than when taken  by the mouth.
  In Pneumonia  or Inflammation of the Lungs, which
commences with  chills, pain, and oppression in the
chest,  the  difficulty  of breathing increasing  as the
disease advances, with cough, the  skin  hot, the pulse
strong and quick, difficulty in drawing in the breath,
tongue white, the bowels  costive generally, the treat-
ment should be of the most active kind, or the patient
dies; bleeding from the arms freely, and several times,
if the violent symptoms should return; then Tartar-
emetic in sufficient quantity to  keep the patient con-
stantly nauseated, Cupping over the chest, mild Ca-
thartics, and Injections; the Warm-bath.  If oppres- 
78
LUNG  FEVER.
 sion still continues,  large  Blisters  on  the  chest.
 These means, if used actively, will generally cure the
 patient.  There is a  variety  of inflammation of the
 substance of the  lungs,  occurring in  malarious dis-
 tricts, commonly called " Lung Fever," that is peculiar
 in its nature, and requires a peculiar treatment.  It is
 most apt to occur in damp, chilly weather, during the
 winter and spring, when the temperature is between
 the freezing and  the  thawing points — that kind  of
 cold, damp weather that strikes a chill through one,
 more disagreeable than  a  more severe coldness, that
 would freeze up the moisture.  The damp atmosphere,
 at such times, seems to be peculiarly favorable for the
 reception and dissemination of miasms.  Such weather
 seems to relax and prepare the system for the recep-
 tion of malarious poisons; especially is  it so with
 systems  already  debilitated  by  malarious  diseases.
 Persons having had the Fever and Ague, are liable, dur-
 ing such weather,  to take a chill; the blood, leaving the
 surface and extremities of the body, rushes in on the
 lungs and congests them so much more violently than
 in a chill of the common Fever and Ague, that when
n;he reaction or  fever takes  place, the blood is not en-
 tirely driven from the lungs, but a portion of it re-
 mains, and becomes consolidated, filling up the spongy
 structure of the lungs, so that it resembles  liver in-
 stead  of lung.  Now, there  is no way of removing
 this hardened  lung, except by its becoming  inflamed
 and changed into matter, and discharged by the mouth.
 This constitutes what is called " Lung Fever," in Fever
 and Ague districts.   It  is marked by fever, which
 continues all the time, dry skin, a dry,  brown tongue,
 difficulty in breathing, not much pain in the chest, un-
 less the pleurae are also inflamed, and a circumscribed 
LUNG FEVER.
79
purple flush on the cheeks, or more generally, on one
cheek only.   This is the most fatal disease that is pe-
culiar to malarious districts, and requires the best of
attention  to  be  cured.  Generally, the patient has
already  been  debilitated  by  disease,  consequently,
powerful depleting means  are inadmissible, such as
general Blood-letting and powerful Cathartics.  When
called to a case that is  just attacked, I prescribe small
doses of Calomel and Ipecac, say two grains of each,
every two hours,  until  the bowels are  freely operated
on, after which I continue the use of Ipecac, in suffi-
cient quantity to keep down inordinate fever.
  Remember, it is impossible to subdue the fever so
that it will not return,  until the lung has commenced
suppurating, or changing into matter.  Keep the face
and forehead wet with cold water as long as it is hot and
feverish.  Flannels, frequently wrung out of hot water,
or mustard plasters, must be kept over the breast.   If
the  urgent  symptoms  do  not subside in  forty-eight
hours, or if the  patient has been down  two or three
days with it before you are called, put on a large blis-
ter,  covering  over one  quarter of  the  entire chest,
over the affected lung.  Put the ear to  the chest fre-
quently to learn how much of it is impervious to the
air, and how large a portion is ulcerating.  When the
hardened lung begins to be changed into matter, the
object is to have the matter raised or spit up, as fast
as it is formed.   If the patient  has sufficient strength
to raise the matter as it is formed, until the whole of
the  diseased  lung is  removed in that way, he will
recover.  Hence the necessity  of  not reducing the
patient's strength on the commencement of the disease
more than is necessary.
   Expectoration  or raising of the  matter, is much 
80
PLEURISY—ASTHMA.
assisted by keeping flannels, wrung out of some hot
stimulating fluid, such as camphor and water,  over
the chest.   During this latter period of the disease, no
more  nauseahts should  be used  than  is absolutely
necessary  to keep  down  too high a fever.   In  fact,
during this period the fever  should be kept  down, if
possible, simply by keeping the face bathed with cold
water.  If there is  an appetite, give simple food,  such
as rice, chicken-broth, buttermilk, and  the  like.  It
would be well, after the patient commences throwing
up matter, to give  a  tea-spoonful of the  Compound
Syrup  of  Squill, with two grains of quinine, every
four hours, for two or three days.   It will have a ten-
dency to  assist expectoration,  and prevent an undue
return of fever.
                     PLEURISY.
  In Pleurisy (inflammation of that serous membrane
which surrounds the lungs and holds  them  in  their
place), which is indicated by  fever,  a darting  pain
through the chest, not so much oppression generally
as in Pneumonia (inflammation of the  lungs), nearly
the same  treatment  should  be used as in the above
mentioned diseases.   Opium may be given where the
action of the system is somewhat reduced.

               ASTHMA OR  PHTHISIC.
  "Spasmodic  affections of the lungs, are relieved by
nauseating or emetic doses of Lobelia or Squills. Smok-
ing Tobacco, and the common  Jamestown Weed have
been known to cure it. Whooping-coughs, colds, and
most other irritating or inflammatory affections of the
lungs, can  be cut short by nauseating remedies, the warm
bath, light diet,  and, afterward, expectorants of Squills,
Gum-ammoniac, Senega Snake-root, and  the like. 
THE HEART—DIAPHRAGM.
81
                    THE HEART.
  The Heart  is subject to inflammation of its sub-
stance, Rheumatism, Dropsy, an enlargement of its
Structure, to a changing of its valves  into Bone  and
to Nervous  affections.  Perhaps we have less control
over the Heart, either  in  the healthy or unhealthy
condition, than over any other organ of the body.   In
diseases of the heart the general system must be kept
in proper condition;  nothing stimulating should be
taken into the  stomach, unless in attacks where instant
death is threatened ; here a teaspoonful of Ether,  and
a like quantity of Spirits of Lavender will be useful.
Dropsy of this organ  exists in the serous membrane
which surrounds the  heart; it is apt  to  occur when
Dropsy exists  in other parts of the body; active purg-
ing is here indicated,  with Jalap and Cream of Tartar.
Where there seems  to be a want of action in the  sys-
tem,  tonics, particularly of Iron, should be  used;
Sedatives will sometimes prevent  the irregular  action
of the heart; of these Digitalis is most generally used
for  this purpose: commence with three drops  of the
Tincture, three times  a  day, and increase it to  fifteen
or twenty or thirty.  Nothing should be allowed to
trouble the mind.  Blisters on the thighs are recom-
mended by the highest authorities ; cupping over  the
heart, also.
                 THE DIAPHRAGM.
  The Diaphragm or  Midriff,  divides  the chest from
the abdomen or belly.   It is muscular  and tendinous,
contracting  at each  inspiration,  drawing the lungs
down, and relaxing during expiration. Hiccup is a
spasmodic affection of  the Diaphragm;  drinking a
little  cold water, and holding  the breath, will  gener-
ally relieve it. 
82             ESOPHAGUS—STOMACH.
                ABDOMINAL ORGANS.
  We shall now ascend out of the chest and go down
the gullet into the lower story, as there is no door that
opens directly from the chest or engine-room, into the
abdomen  or furnace-room  of the human craft.  The
Esophagus or  Gullet,  is  a  muscular  tube,  which,
by  alternate  contractions, beginning  at  the top,
forces the food  into the stomach.   This is  the reason
why  the  food goes into  the  stomach  in  whatever
position we may be placed—head  over heels or heels
over head.

       FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE ESOPHAGUS.
  When any substance gets  fast in the throat, if it
cannot be thrown up  or pushed  down, with a long,
limber stick, with  a piece  of sponge tied to the end
of it, it must be cut out.  The gullet, called by physi-
cians the Esophagus, terminates in the stomach.

                   THE STOMACH.
  The Stomach is  a sack  lined with mucous  mem-
brane, which is full of little follicles or holes that pour
out the juices  of the stomach; it has  muscles  in its
walls that contract it  in  vomiting, assisted by the
abdominal muscles.  Vomiting consists in a reversed
action of the muscles of the esophagus, stomach and
first bowel; this is  the reason why bile is thrown up.
Bile is not in the stomach naturally, but it  is poured
into the first bowel.  When vomiting takes  place, the
bile is thrown from the first intestine into the stomach
and thence out at the mouth.  The stomach is more
likely to be deranged than any other organ. 
        DISEASES OF THE STOMACH—DYSPEPSIA.     83

            IRRITATION OF THE  STOMACH.
   In slight Irritation, attended with  nausea and want
of appetite, the best  cure  is to  miss  two or  three
meals, live light for a day or two, and use an injection
once  a day, exciting  the action of the  skin  by a
thorough washing.

           INFLAMMATION  OF THE STOMACH.
   Inflammation of the Stomach is characterized by a
burning, violent pain in  it, great thirst, a fever, and
generally costiveness.  Here you must bleed from the
arm,  if the patient  is  full of blood, and  cup freely
over the region of the  stomach.  Take nothing into
the stomach but Slippery-elm bark or Flax-seed water,
with ice in it; a little at a time ;  swallow small lumps
of ice; give injections, and if the system requires  nour-
ishment, it must be given by injections.
   Mustard plasters and Blisters must be put over the
stomach.  When the inflammatory action is somewhat
reduced, give one grain of Calomel and one-eighth of
a grain of Morphia every two hours,  until six or seven
doses are given.  Nothing but the most simple sub-
stances must be taken for two or three days after an
attack.
                    DYSPEPSIA.
   Dyspepsia is generally supposed  to be  a Chronic
inflammation of the  stomach; when the food is not
properly digested there is heart-burn and water-brash,
the bowels are sometimes costive and sometimes loose,
the person becomes weak and  poor, subject  to fits of
despondency.
   Dyspepsia is generally brought  on  by  excess in
eating and drinking.   The only  way in which it can
be cured is, by paying strict attention  to Diet, Clothing, 
84
DYSPEPSIA—DUODENUM.
and Exercise.   Simple diet, composed of coarse bread,
rice, weak broth and the like ; cold water or milk for
drink;  using  no grease;  eating  slowly; chewing
thoroughly, and partaking of but two or three kinds of
simple food at a meal; eating at regular times ; rising
early; using the flesh-brush, and exercising in the open
air every morning before  breakfast;  using the salt-bath
once a week; exercising  freely during  the day in  the
open air; keeping the mind at ease; wearing clean flan-
nel next the skin ;  in a word, living  temperately in
everything, taking nothing in the stomach but what it
can readily digest, and  avoiding exposure.  Two or
three grains of  Blue Pill, taken every night for a week
or more, may be of use to correct the secretions, excit-
ing the liver to action, and a little Rhubarb, or what is
better, an  injection once a day  so as to produce at
least  one passage a day, until the habit is established
at a certain time of the  day, which should never be
passed over unheeded.
   After the irritation  of the stomach  has been sub-
dued, a Tonic,  for instance, five  grains of Carbonate
of Iron, four grains of Rhubarb, eight grains  of Co-
lumbo, may be  of use taken twice a  day.   I have seen
the most inveterate cases of Dyspepsia cured by these
simple means.   If  the stomach  continues very irri-
table, even  when nothing but milk is taken into it,
one-eighth of a grain  of Morphia with one grain of
Calomel  should h^ given three times a day for a day
or two at a time.

                  The duodenum.
  The Duodenum, or first bowel, is often diseased with
acute and chronic inflammation. 
inflammation of the intestines.       85
         INFLAMMATION OF  THE INTESTINES.
  Acute Inflammation  of the Intestines is known by
great tenderness on pressing over the abdomen, thirst,
heat, vomiting of very offensive matter, and passing
of dark, offensive stools, small, wiry pulse, prostra-
tion of the strength, and  great anxiety of the person.
When the disease is violent and the patient is robust,
bleeding from the arm is necessary, and cupping over
the seat of the pain; if the bowels are costive, give a
dose of Castor Oil, mixed with a.few drops of Lauda-
num, assisting the operation with an injection.  While
the symptoms  are violent and  no indication of pros-
tration, for the first twenty-four hours generally give
nothing but the Oil and cold Slippery-elm water; after
the operation of the Oil, small  doses of Morphia and
Calomel, using hot Fomentations or even Blisters over
the abdomen.  After bleeding from the arm, the Warm
Bath should be used. For several  days after recovery,
the patient should use no irritating articles of food  or
drink.
   Chronic  Inflammation  of the Intestines should  be
treated  very much in the  same  manner as Dyspepsia,
using counter-irritation  over any painful part. 
               LECTURE  VI.

             LIVER  COMPLAINT.

  What is called  the Liver  complaint  should  be
treated also after the same manner.  Calomel or Blue
Pill should be used in Liver complaint, until a healthy
action  of  the liver  is  obtained.  The Mineral  acids
are useful  in this complaint, both to take internally
and  to use externally, bathing the bowels, and the
feet  and legs with  a water made slightly acid with
equal  parts  of Muriatic  and  Nitric  acids.   Nitric
Acid (called Aquafortis), when taken  internally  for
Liver complaint, should be diluted with nine times its
weight of Rain-water,  of this from ten to thirty drops
should be taken three times a day.

                    DYSENTERY.
  In Dysentery, which is an inflammation of the last
bowel, called the Rectum, there is great pain, and grip-
ing,  and a constant  desire to go to  stool;  it is often
called  the "Bloody Flux."  At the  onset of the dis-
ease, if the symptoms are violent, Bleed from the arm,
if not,  Cup freely over the lower part of the abdomen
or over the small of the back, give an active Purga-
tive  to clear out the bowels thoroughly, then inject
a teaspoonful of Laudanum in a  little Starch-water,
giving nothing by the mouth but mucilaginous drinks
of Slippery-elm water or Flax-seed tea, with perhaps
         (86; 
DYSENTERY—PILES.
87
one grain of Calomel with two of Dover Powder, every
two hours, until the symptoms abate.  After Bleeding
from the arm, the Warm-bath should be used.  Astrin-
gent substances should not be used at first, and when
they are used  afterward,  the Dysentery continuing,
they should not be taken by the mouth, but injected.
A decoction of Oak-bark  is perhaps  best, or a tea-
spoonful of  Sugar of  Lead put in a pint  of Water,
But three or four ounces of fluid should be injected at
a time, and this should be cold.  If these means  fail,
a large Blister should be put over the lower  part of the
bowels.
                      PILES.
   Piles are little round  tumors which  grow in and
near the opening of  the lower gut; they are produced
by sitting a great deal or riding on horseback.  They
occur oftener in persons who do not take much exer-
cise ; and they may be produced by a too frequent
use of Aloes or of the Patent Pills, nearly all of which
are  composed  of nothing but Aloes, Gamboge,  and
Compound Extract of Colocynth, with a few other in-
gredients to disguise their composition.
   Piles are very common in females when with child.
They are very apt to  bleed, and weaken  the  person.
 The  best way to avoid them is  to  use Coarse  and
 Simple  Food, so as  to  keep  the  passages  of  the
 bowels  soft,  be on the  feet as  much as possible,
 use Rhubarb or Oil, if necessary,  to keep  the bowels
 regular.
   Local Applications to the Piles.—Cold Water is
 excellent mixed, perhaps, with a  little Sugar of Lead
 or Oak-bark Tea or a Decoction of Nut-galls.  An oint-
 ment  made of Blue  Mercurial Ointment, Sugar of
 Lead  and  Extract  of Jamestown-weed, is excellent.
           22 
88             HERNIA—RHEUMATISM.

When the Piles hang out and are large, they should
be cut off or the neck of them should be tied and then
Buffered to rot off.
                     HERNIA.
  A Hernia or Burst is  the passage  of the intestine
through some hole in the walls of the abdomen;  it is
apt to occur in infancy from straining, crying, or from
injury.  Herniae  are generally at  the  navel, in the
groin, or in the bag of the testicles.  When they occur,
the intestine should be gently passed back and a com-
press put  over the hole, where the intestine came  out,
and kept  there until the hole grows up, which  will
soon take place in children; a truss is the best for this
purpose.
  We come now to speak of certain peculiar affections
that attack different parts of the body, and first of

                    RHEUMATISM.
  Rheumatism is of two kinds, the Acute and Chronic.
Rheumatism  may exist in the muscles or in the joints.
In the Acute there are all the symptoms  of fever, with
violent pain in the rheumatic parts; this species of
Rheumatism is treated by Bleeding, Mercurial purges,
Cupping over the part, the application of Cold Washes,
Compresses,  after which the internal administration
of Opium, Digitalis, or Hyoscyamus.
  Chronic Rheumatism is  attended with pain but no
fever; it  exists in the joints principally, shifting from
one to the other.  It is generally produced by strains
and injuries of  the joints.   Here the internal admin-
istration of Alterative Medicines, or such as alter the
whole system slowly without any visible  action, are
indicated, such as the Blue Pill,  the Hydriodate of
Potassa with  Sarsaparilla; keeping the general system 
RHEUMATISM—GOUT.
89
in an unirritated, calm state by the use of simple food.
In fact, there is no condition  of the system but what
a careful regulation of the diet, clothing, exercise, and
cleanliness,  using temperance and regularity in all
things, will aid the action of medicines, in many cases
effecting a cure without the use of medicines.
   Beside the Alteratives in Rheumatism  some other
medicines are valuable, such as  Indian  Hemp,  the
Tincture of Guaiacum taken internally, twelve or fif-
teen grains  of the Gum  taken  three  times  a  day,
or  from twenty  to thirty drops  of  the Tincture  of
Colchicum three times a day, unless it purges, too
severely, then lessen the dose; at  the same time wash-
ing the  part  twice  a day with  Tincture of  Iodine,
bandaging it afterward tightly with flannel bandages.
In bandaging, the bandage  should  be about three
inches wide, and rolled up tightly commencing at the
extremity of the  limb, and winding it upward evenly,
turning  the  bandage when the limb begins to grow
larger so as to have the compression equal from the
extremity upward.  Blisters  and Stimulating Lini-
ments are also good.
   Acute Rheumatism- sometimes goes from the mus-
cular structure of some limb to the muscular structure
of the heart, causing sudden  death.   When Rheuma-
tism leaves  one  part for another, it attacks the same
kind of a structure as it leaves; if it leaves a fleshy
part it goes to a fleshy part; if  it leaves the serous
membrane of a joint, it goes  to a serous membrane.

                         GOUT.
    The Gout is a disease similar to  rheumatism.   It
 differs from  it in the  suddenness of  its  attack, in its
 being confined to the smaller  joints, in the deposition, 
90
DROPSY.
in Gout, of chalky matter in the smaller joints, and in
its  almost invariably being produced by too high liv-
ing.  It is a very common disease among the wine-
drinking nobility of England.
  The Treatment is to correct  the general  system,
keep  the bowels  open,  giving Opium internally  and
bathing the  limb with  soothing  applications during
the violence of the attack.  A mixture of Laudanum,
Camphor, and Alcohol  is a good wash.   The use of
the Tincture  of   Colchicum,  as  in  rheumatism, is
highly  recommended.   During the  intervals  of  the
attack,  the  patient  should correct  his  intemperate
habits, so as to prevent a recurrence of the disease.

                      DROPSY,
  Dropsy is an accumulation of the serous part of the
blood in different parts of the system; sometimes in
the limbs, sometimes in the  abdomen, sometimes in
the chest, and about the  heart, and sometimes in the
head.  When it is recent, and attended with excite-
ment  of the  system with  fever,  depleting  remedies
should  be  used,  as general  Blood-letting, Cupping,
Active Cathartics, such  as Eleterium or wild Cucum-
ber ;  Jalap and Cream  Tartar;  from ten to fifteen
grains of Jalap,  four grains  of  Calomel, and three
drachms of Cream Tartar repeated every four or  five
hours, until free purging is effected, using light diet.
When the disease has existed  a long time, Squill, with
small doses  of Calomel  is very  useful,  keeping  the
skin in action by daily frictions and the Salt-bath.
If there is debility,  Tonics of Iron and  Bitters  are
good.  Try to ascertain  the  seat of the  disease,  and
remove  it.   Children  are frequently affected with
dropsy of the  head.  Keeping  the skin in action  by 
PALSY.
91
 frequent  Bathing, light diet, rubbing  the head  with
 Mercurial ointment and the use of Blisters, frequently
 removes it.  When there is a large collection of water
 in the abdomen, chest, or head, it should be drawn off
 by an experienced physician.   I have  seen two  large
 pailsful drawn from  the  abdomen of a patient at a
 time.  Compressing the dropsical parts with bandages,
 will sometimes cure it.  Some cases are reported to
 have been cured, by using Alder bark  in Wine.

                        PALSY.
    Palsy  consists of a loss of feeling or motion  in a
 part.   Sometimes there is a palsy of the whole of one
* side of the body;  in  this  case, the  cause is generally
 situated in the  opposite half  of the brain ; the brain
 being divided into two parts, the right and left hemi-
 spheres.  Sometimes  the legs and hips are palsied;
 the cause in this case is probably situated in the spinal
 marrow.  If you  cut off the spinal marrow in the
 small of the back, you paralyze all  the lower parts of
 the  body, which  derive their  nerves  from the  lower
 part of the spinal marrow.   If you cut off the spinal
 marrow above the chest, you destroy life instantly, by
 paralyzing the vital organs.  When the cause of palsy
 exists in the brain (which is generally the case), it
 may arise from some unnatural growth or collection
 inside the skull, a thickening  of the skull itself, or  a
 depression of the skull from an injury.  If it cannot
 be absorbed away by an  extremely light diet, the use
 of Blue Pill, Mercurial ointment, Hydriodate of Po-
 tass, Cupping along the back, or by a surgical opera-
 tion called Trepanning; there is but little  hope  of re-
  covery.   Rubbing the palsied part with irritating sub-
  stances,  such as  Mustard and  Pepper,  Hartshorn, 
92
CONVULSIONS OR  FITS.
Blisters, etc., is useful;  also, the passing of Electri-
city through the part, and the use of the Shower-bath
on it.  Where  palsy is  recent and sudden, without
any serious affection of the head, it is probably owing
to some derangement of the bowels, and is removed
by an active  Cathartic.

                CONVULSIONS OR FITS.
   Fits'whenproduced by worms, are prevented by the
use of Turpentine—a teaspoonful three times a-day ;
half a teaspoonful to a child, worked  off' with oil,  if
necessary; or Pink and Senna;  ten grains of Pink
root, and fifteen grains of  Senna,  steeped in boiling
water, given twice a-day, or a few drops of Worm-
Beed Oil, given four or five times a-day.   Children
using much common saltwith their victuals, seldom have
worms.  When fits are produced from other irritating
substances in the stomach or bowels, an Emetic, after-
ward an active Cathartic are indicated; give an Emetic
of twenty grains of Ipecac, and two of Tartar-emetic,
assisting its action  with Chamomile tea; afterward,
four  good-sized  Pills, pomposed  of equal parts of
Calomel, Rhubarb and Aloes; repeating two Pills every
two hours, until an operation from  the bowels is pro-
duced ; taking no food but thin Water-gruel, and no
drink but Cold Water.   This course, with the Warm-
bath, will not only remove fits, but a great many other
diseases and  bad feelings that are produced by an ac-
cumulation of irritating substances in the bowels.  If
the person's bowels  are very torpid, hard to be acted
upon, use the same number of Pills, composed of equal
parts of compound extract of Colocynth, Scammony,
and  Aloes.   Where  fits  become habitual, increasing
in frequency, and destroying the mind, notwithstand- 
EPILEPSY—APOPLEXY.              93
ing the foregoing efforts to  remove them, the cause is
probably situated in the brain;  and if it cannot be re-
moved by a surgical  operation, by the use of certain
mineral Tonics, as Nitrate of Silver, Bismuth, Carbon-
ate of Iron, and Blisters or Setons  along the back, it
may be considered  a  hopeless case.  This variety of
fits is  called Epilepsy.  During a  convulsion, cold
water should be poured on the head.
                     APOPLEXY.
  Apoplexy is caused by the rupture of a bloodvessel
in the brain, by which blood is poured out, compress-
ing the brain; or it is produced by the pouring out of
the serous part of the blood without the rupture of a
bloodvessel.
   The rupturing of bloodvessels is the most frequent
cause.   Persons  of a full habit,  fleshy,  with thick,
short necks,  are most  liable to  be attacked by it.
When a person is attacked  with  apoplexy,  which is
generally brought on by violent exercise of the body
or mind, the violent action of the  sun, he falls down,
breathes slow, afterward,  convulsively, snoring  and
foaming at the mouth; the eyes and face are flushed
and distorted, the pupils  dilated, the eye looks  dull
and fixed; sometimes blood bursts from the nose.   It is
often a  fatal disease; if he gets over it for a time, he
is apt to have it again, and generally is attacked with
Hemiplegia  (paralysis  of half of  the  body).    The
treatment must be of the most vigorous kind.  Recol-
lect, that the pressure of blood on the brain, is the
cause of the disease; the only hope we have to draw
away the accumulated blood, is by bleeding.  Open a
vein in each  arm;  make a large orifice, and bleed
largely and frequently until the symptoms are changed,
have the patient put in a cool place, where there is 
94
HYDROPHOBIA.
fresh air;  let his head be elevated ;  put his feet in hot
water, and put the coldest  water to his  head; pour
several bucketsful from a pitcher or a coffeepot, from a
height on  his head.  As soon as you use these means,
give active purges, Calomel and Jalap, and Colocynth;
if the patient cannot swallow, drop four or five drops
of Croton oil on the tongue.
  Persons of an apoplectic habit, should always be on
the guard against an attack ; if they become plethoric,
that is, full of blood, and feel an unnatural fullness in
the head,  they should ward off an attack by light diet,
saline  purgatives,  such  as Salts  and Magnesia,  or
Cream of Tartar; they should sleep with the head ele-
vated ; should avoid a full supper, and never have any
tight ligatures around the neck or body.

                   HYDROPHOBIA.
  Hydrophobia means literally, fear of water.  This
definition is  perhaps  questionable, inasmuch as dogs,
wfien first attacked, drink freely, and it is only when
their  throats swell, so that they cannot drink,  that
they make such spasmodic motions when they attempt
it.  This  disease originates  almost invariably, in  the
canine species; from what cause, we know not; their
bite communicates the disease to every animal; to all,
it is equally fatal, more particularly so to man.  The
poison may lie dormant in  the system, from ten days
to as many months.
  When a person is attacked he first feels  a  pain in
the part bitten, extending up along the nerves going
from the  part; he feels  a  drowsiness and fullness of
the head.  He soon becomes- excited, he is agitated
from the slightest causes, fearful, his eyes  become un-
naturally brilliant, he is sick at his  stomach ; after a 
HYDROPHOBIA.
95
 while  he becomes unable to swallow liquids, gasping
 like a drowning man every time he attempts it;  he
 raves ; in a few days death terminates the melancholy
 scene.
   When a person is  bitten  by a mad dog, he should
 wash the part constantly with  the nearest water  he
 can get—warm water if possible; pour it on the part
 from a height; inject it with a  syringe; tie a string
 tightly around the limb above the bite; suck out the
 wound with the mouth (there is no danger in taking
 it into the mouth),  or put  a cupping-glass over the
 wound ;  keep washing this way for fifteen or twenty
 minutes, then cut the edges  of the wound out with a
•sharp knife.   Where a tooth has gone into the flesh,
 take a sharp pointed stick, put it into the place made
 by the tooth, and then cut the part all round the end
 of the stick, so  as to take out a little cap of flesh  on
 the end of the stick; when  this is done,  cauterize the
 whole wound with Nitrate of Silver,  or Caustic Potash,
 or Ammonia; then put on a Bread-and-Milk Poultice
 on which is spread  an ounce of Mercurial ointment;
keep the sore  running for several  days.   When you
have got the wound dressed  give the patient a large
dose of Calomel  and Opium, three grains of Opium
and fifteen of Calomel, and let him go to bed and sleep
as long as he can ;  after eight  or  nine  hours, if the
bowels are not open, give a purgative.
  If, however, the disease attacks the person, medicine
knows of no certain remedy.  Trust not, I warn you,
to the trifling herbs which are said to have cured Hy-
drophobia ; they never did.  There  is but one means
I should have any confidence in after the  disease has
commenced — it is the means I should use if I were
attacked with Hydrophobia.   It is the remedy for the
    23 
96            HYDROPHOBIA--CANCER.

bite  of poisonous  snakes and  insects, and in every
case of this kind, has cured the patient.  I would say,
by the way, that the bite of a poisonous  reptile is to
be treated, at first, in the same manner as the bite of a
mad dog,
  If then a person is attacked  with the singular disease
arising from the bite of a venomous  serpent or insect,
or of a mad dog, or from a wound received in dissecting
a dead body, he should first cauterize the part wounded
with Caustic Potash, Nitrate of Silver,  or a red-hot
iron; then  commence drinking Spirits,  Whisky,  for
instance, drinking and walking until he can walk no
longer; keep him dead-drunk as long as there are any
active symptoms of the disease for thirty-six or forty-
eight hours.  If Spirits don't  do the business properly,
combine them with Opium.  This treatment will cure
the  bite of poisonous  snakes, and I don't see  why it
will not cure the bite of the mad dog. It is the remedy
I should use in my own case, and the only one I should
have any confidence in after the paroxysms have com-
menced. If the Spirits cannot be taken by the mouth,
they should be injected.  Chloroform might be used.

                      CANCER.
   Cancer is another of the diseases that too frequently,
like consumption,  diseases of the heart and of the ner-
vous system, baffles  all human skill.   It attacks many
parts of the  body, but generally the nose,  lips, eyelids,
breasts, uterus, and testicles.   It first appears as a
hard, bluish lump which can  be moved about with the
finger, and  from which  goes a darting pain.  Some
cases are  reported  to have been cured, when taken at
first, by compression and by the application of sub-
stances to stop at once the irritability of the part, as 
    AFFECTIONS OF THE  KIDNEYS—BLADDER—SKIN.  97

preparations  of Arsenic, or Corrosive Sublimate, or
the Iodide of Mercury.  Take ten grains of Corrosive
Sublimate, put them  in two ounces of Water, dip a
little rag in  it and lay it over the part once a day.
The only sure  remedy there is, and this is sometimes
not sure, is extirpation, cutting it out before the dis-
ease has time to affect any other part.  When it occurs
in the breast, for instance, cutting  it out before little
lumps appear in the direction of the  armpits  and in
the armpits.

     AFFECTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER.
  Active Inflammation of these parts is to be treated
by the general reducing plan spoken of in internal in-
flammation and by Cupping on the outside. Where there
is a long-continued disease of the Kidneys, an irrita-
tion should be kept up on the outside by Tartar-emetic
Ointment, Setons and Cupping, with the internal use
of Mucilaginous drinks and teas of Uva Ursi or Buchu
Leaves.
  When Stone exists in the  Bladder too large to b^
discharged by the Urethra, the only remedy is  an opc^
ration, either with instruments to crush the stone o*
to cut it out.

             EXCRESCENCES ON THE SKIN.
  Little hard growths on the skin, as Corns, Warts,
Moles, are cured by first moistening them an  honr or
more in warm  water and then paring  them  down till
the blood appears, then cauterizing them with Lunar
Caustic, Caustic Potash, or Aquafortis,  or  a  red-hot
Iron ; afterward put a little Cotton over them, and if
it is a Corn,  wear a loose Shoe for a few days. 
98        DROWNING—LIGHTNING--POISONS.

             ASPHYXIA FROM DROWNING.
  In cases of Drowning the subject should be stripped
and wrapped in a warm Blanket, the limbs, back and
body  should be rubbed well with  stimulating  sub-
stances, as  Mustard, Turpentine,  Ammonia.   Warm
Spirits should  be  passed into the stomach by a stom-
ach-tube.  Artificial respiration should be resorted to;
hold the nose  of the patient with one hand, and then
blow into the mouth with the mouth of the operator,
pressing on  the chest, after each time he blows, so as
to imitate the natural respiration ; if a pair of bellows
is used, hold the mouth and put  the muzzle into one
of the nostrils, holding the other nostril; don't blow
hard;  blow and press on  the chest  afterward about
twent}' times in a minute.

               SHOCKS FROM LIGHTNING.
  Persons that are struck by Lightning should be
dashed with cold water, stimulating  substances being
rubbed on the surface at the same time, to bring back
the spark  of life.  In fact,  the treatment for drowning
would, in the main, be appropriate  for those  strnck
with lightning  or for poisoning, with sedative, sleep-
producing substances, such as Opium, Poison, Hem-  -
lock, Henbane, Foxglove, Deadly Night-shade, James-
town Weed.
                     POISONS.
TREATMENT FOR POISONING FROM NARCOTICS FOR OPIUM AND THE ABOVE
                 MENTIONED  SUBSTANCES.
  After the  Stomach has been emptied (which should
be the first thing done  in poisoning  from any sub-
stance) with an active  Vomit, for instance,  twenty
grains  of  White Vitriol, dissolved in  a teacupful of 
POISONS—HYSTERIA.
99
water, or Ipecac, twenty grains, and Tartar-emetic two
grains, or with  the Stomach-pump,  Stimulants, such
as hot Coffee, should be given, using  friction continu-
ally  and keeping the  patient awake and in motion.
For poisoning from any of the preparations of Opium,
the% treatment would  be the same as from  the Gum
Opium  as from Laudanum, Morphia,  Paregoric, or
Black drops.
  Poisoning from Arsenic is remedied by the internal
use of the Hydrated  Peroxide  of Iron, a  bottle of
which should be kept constantly at hand when arsenic
is about; by taking it freely it changes arsenic  into a
harmless substance.   When Corrosive  Sublimate is
taken the whites of eggs should be given as  much aa
the stomach can hold.  When the Mineral acids, as
the Nitric, Sulphuric, or Muriatic are taken, weak ley
of Ashes, Magnesia  or Soap should  be taken freely.
When  Caustic'  Potash or Lime, or any other caustic
alkalie,  acids should  be taken,  as Vinegar, Diluted
Sulphuric or Nitric acids.   When an Emetic is  given
to throw up a poison, it is assisted by  a Poultice placed
over the stomach, of Tobacco steeped in vinegar.

                      HYSTERIA.
  Hysteria, commonly called "Hysterics," is a nervous
disease, caused by indolence, affections  of the  mind,
improper  food,  and  the like.   The Cold-bath will
most always  check an  attack; if there  is much full-
ness of the system, Bleeding is necessary, followed by
medicines to allay the  irritability of the nervous sys-
tem, as Valerian, called by some Nervine or Lady
Slipper  root, Assafcetida,  Camphor, and,  perhaps,
Opium. 
 100        DELIRIUM  TREMENS—WOUNDS.

                 DELIRIUM TREMENS.
   This is a disease of the Nervous system principally,
 in conjunction with much irritation of the Stomach,
 caused by an excessive use of spirituous liquors.  The
 patient is restless, sleepless, has trembling, the most
 horrid apparitions before his eyes continually; imagin-
 ing his life is to be taken by hobgoblins that surround
 him. The treatment of Delirium Tremens varies accord-
 ing to its occurring while the patient is drinking exces-
 sively, or, from a habitual drinker, being suddenly
 deprived of his cups.  In the former a Depletive and
 Sedative plan must be pursued; in the latter Stimulating
 and Sedative.   In the former stimulating injections
 must be given, so as to open the bowels thoroughly;
 give internally pills of Scammony, Compound Extract
 of Colocynth  and  Aloes; perhaps  Bleeding  will be
 necessary.  After the bowels are open give Laudanum,
 Camphor, and Assafcetida until the nervous system is
 quiet, until sleep  is produced.   Where Delirium Tre-
 mens occurs from depriving the patient of his accus-
 tomed drams to the above treatment, his accustomed
 quantity of spirits must  be given until he  recovers
 from the attack ; and then if he wishes to stop the use
 of them he can do it gradually.

                      WOUNDS.
  We now come to Wounds.  A  simple cut wound,
 called  an Incised wound, is the simplest; its edges
Bhould be brought together and be kept there by ban-
dages, strips  of  sticking-plaster  (that is, common
sticking-plaster, spread on  muslin, and then cut in
narrow strips),  the plaster on the strips being  melted,
they should be drawn across the wound; if a  muscle 
        PUNCTURED AND LACERATED WOUNDS.     101

is  cut across whose contractions would  tend to draw
the edges of the wound apart, stitches should be taken
every two or three inches.   Let each stitch be separate.
If a large bloodvessel is cut off, it must be tied, letting
the ends of the string hang out of the wound.   The
parts should be kept at rest, and  the dressing should
not be  removed  for four or  five days.  In what  is
called Punctured wounds, where an instrument pierces
the body, if  there are any foreign substances in the
wound that will produce irritation, they must be taken
out, bloodvessels tied if they bleed alarmingly, and the
parts must be held together by  bandages as much
as possible, and kept perfectly still; if there is fever-
ishness  in the system it  may be  necessary to  bleed,
and give saline cathartics.
   Lacerated  wounds  are  those produced by a blunt
instrument, by the kick of a horse, for instance; where
the  edges  of the wound  are jagged  and  the parts
bruised,  the  wound does  not heal  so  readily as  a
simple incised wound.  This kind of wound however,
bleeds  but  very little, from the fact that wherever a
vessel is bruised or twisted off it bleeds but little ; but
where  it is  cut smoothly  off it bleeds much  more.
Some surgeons twist  quite large vessels instead of
tying them  to stop their bleeding.  In lacerated or
torn wounds  the parts should  be washed clean, every
foreign  substance, such as dirt,  hair, and  the like,
should be carefully removed  from it,  and  the parts
brought  together by  strips of adhesive plaster,  and
moderately tight  bandages;  if the inflammation of
the part becomes  too violent, cold applications must
be applied: Cold Sugar of Lead-water is a good appli-
cation ;  at the same time  reducing the action  of the
system by light diet, salts, and bleeding, if necessary. 
102           RUPTURED BLOODVESSELS.

Large  bloodvessels are frequently cut off which it is
necessary to tie ; if the blood, on issuing from the ves-
sel, be dark, and runs in a continuous stream, it is  a
vein that is cut, and in tying it  you must tie the cut
end, that is, farthest from the heart, for you are aware
that tihe blood in the veins  runs from  the circumfer-
ence to  the centre of the body, to the heart. If the
blood, on issuing  from the wound, is of a bright-red
color, and comes out in jets, it is an artery that is cut,
and here the cut  end nearest the heart must be tied;
because the arteries  carry the blood from the centre to
the circumference  of the body or from  the heart. If
the artery is  a large one, it is  necessary to  tie  both
extremities, for there are no valves in the arteries as
in the veins,  to prevent the  blood  running in a back-
ward direction.
   The arteries are  not so  apt to be cut as the veins,
because they are more deeply seated.  If the vessel is
not too large, the bleeding can be  stopped simply by
scraping up some cotton, and putting it at the extrem-
ity of the vessel  and  then compressing it  slightly.
When a bloodvessel is cut  which passes over a bone,
as the vessels of the wrist or of the temples, a little
pyramid should be  made of pieces of muslin of dif-
ferent sizes, the smallest being put on first, and  then
a larger, and so on,  and then a tight bandage should
be drawn round the  part so  as to press directly on the
vessel.   A great many lives might have been saved in
cases of wounds, if  the by-standers had only known
how to compress the bloodvessels  until medical aid
could have been obtained. 
LECTURE  VII.
            WOUNDS OF THE ABDOMEN.

  Slight wounds of the Abdomen, not penetrating
the intestines, should be drawn together with strips of
Adhesive plaster, with, perhaps,  a few stitches, and
treated as a simple wound ; if the intestines protrude
they are to be carefully returned, and the part drawn
together — nothing  should be given to evacuate the
bowels,  and the lightest diet should be  prescribed.
If fever occurs, free bleeding should be resorted to.  If
the intestines are cut, blood is vomited and passed  by
the other passages , the patient rapidly sinks: there is
not much hope here in any treatment.
  Wounds  of the Neck are treated by tying the large
vessels that are cut, bringing the parts together with
separate stitches and by low diet.
  In wounds of the  Gullet, and in fact, in nearly all
severe wounds of the throat, the food shotald be intro-
duced into  the stomach by a Gum-elastic tube passed
into the stomach through the nose; the chin should
be fixed on the breast-bone until the wound heals.
  Slight wounds of the chest are to be treated as else-
where ;  when they penetrate into the lungs, indicated
by wind passing out of the orifice, the orifice should
be closed to prevent wind from entering it, and a ban-
dago  applied; if blood collects there, it must be  let
out of the wound, as also when it collects, in wounds
                                        ,103) 
/
104      GUNSHOT  WOUNDS, BRUISES, SPRAINS.

of the  abdomen.  The  patient should  avoid  talking
and coughing  as much as possible : low diet,  and de-
pleting remedies should be used.
  In gunshot  wounds, if the bone is much  shattered,
the limb  must be  taken off.  If the fleshy parts are
Wfcunded only, first take out the  foreign bodies,  such
as pieces of clothes; the ball, if it can be found, tying
large vessels if they bleed much and dress the wound
with lint, over which, put a piece of muslin, on which
is spread an ointment of equal parts of  Lard,  Tallow,
and Beeswax.   Gunshot wounds  generally bleed but
very little,  because the tearing of  the  vessels causes
the ends to contract.  But afterward when the ends of
the vessel slough off, bleeding is  apt  to recur  with
greater violence.  In a very violent wound,  where the
general system sympathizes, causing the person to be
restless, it is best to give a large dose of Opium,  so as
to put the system to sleep, and make it forget the in-
jury done to it, and not resent it by too excessive re-
action.
  In common  bruises  and sprains, apply cold  water to
the part;  keep a rag wet with cold water, around the
limb continually.  If inflammation  takes plaee, reduce
the general  system by light diet,  and purging. When
a person has received a shock so as to  render him in-
sensible, and  you cannot detect  a  pulse, don't bleed
immediately,  but  wait till  reaction takes place, and
you  can  tell  better whether bleeding  is necessary.
While the person is pulseless, rather use stimulants,
such  as Hartshorn or Camphor  until  he  revives.
When bleeding  occurs from  a vessel that you cannot
tie or compress, as in the. extraction of  a tooth, apply
some a&tringent, such  as Ice, Sugar of Lead, Alum,
Nut-gall,  or the Nitrate of Silver. 
        HEMORRHAGE--WOUNDS  OF THE HEAD.     105

  And here I will remark, that when hemorrhage or
bleeding occurs  from the stomach, lungs,- bowels, or
excessive bleeding from the uterus, and the person is
strong and  plethoric, open a vein, and  bleed  in the
sitting posture until fainting.  When  fainting occurs,
it seems to have a potent influence in arresting hemor-
rhage in any part of the body.  If, however, the bleed-
ing continues, give Ice-water and small doses of Sugar
of Lead, and apply cold applications over the surface.
If it be uterine hemorrhage, inject cold water into the
uterus,  or what  is better, Cold water with Sugar of
Lead, a pint of the former to a teaspoonful of the latter,
injecting a couple of ounces at a time.   If given in-
ternally, three or  four grains every two hours, until
the hemorrhage stops.  If Sugar of Lead is not at hand,
Alum-water, or  a decoction of  Oak- bark,  or Gall-
nuts wilt* answer.
   Hemorrhage from the nose may be  stopped by cold
applications to the face, head and genitals, or by blow-
ing Tannin  up the nostrils, or by plugging the nostrils
before and behind.
   Hemorrhage from the lungs should be  treated by
inhaling astringent  vapors; vapor from water satu-
rated with Tannin. Frequently hemorrhage is an effort
of Nature to relieve some congested organ, and should
not be interfered with, as where there is a stoppage of
the menses  or monthly discharge.
   Wounds of the head are always dangerous,  and if
there is any  probability of the skull being broken,
which is generally known by the person being stupefied,
appearing as though in a deep  sleep,  the brain  is evi-
dently compressed, either by a depression of the bone
or an effusion of blood inside the skull.  A  skillful
surgeon is here  absolutely necessary to elevate the 
 106       WOUNDS OF TENDONS—LOCKJAW.

 bone if it be depressed.   If the pulse is  full and the
 person comatose and snores, Bleeding and cold appli-
 cations to the head, as in apoplexy, is all that you can
 do.  When the tendons of muscles are cut off, as those
 of the Wrist or the Hamstrings, or  the tendon of the
 heel, the limb must be  flexetl, bringing the cut  ends
 of the tendons as near together as  possible, at the
 same time, bandaging along the course of the muscles,
 so as to keep the muscles at rest until the cut ends of
 the  tendons  unite.  From the  imperfect healing of
 wounds, as well as from exposure to  wet and cold and
 the taking of indigestible substances into the stomach,
 a peculiar and  dangerous condition of the  nervous
 system is sometimes  induced,  called Lockjaw.   It is
 most frequently produced by sticking forks or needles,
 thorns, or rusty nails into the hand  or foot.   It often
 occurs from  gunshot wounds,  when  part  of a nerve
 is divided, leaving the other part in an irritable con-
 dition.   The symptoms are a stiffness of the  back and
 neck, with an uneasy sensation at  the root of the
 tongue, difficulty in swallowing, a fixed state of the jaws ;
 the spasms recur every ten or fifteen minutes, increasing
 in frequency and severity, until the patient ia carried
 off, unless  relieved.   If  the patient  be of full habit,
 robust,  bleed  freely from the  arm;  then give  large
 doses of  Opium ; if it cannot.be given by the mouth,
 inject Laudanum and Starch water; don't give it by
 the dose, but by the  effect it  produces.  A person in
 this disease frequently requires  three or four  times as
 much as in ordinary cases.  If you  inject it, use two
 or three teaspoonfuls  of  Laudanum every two hours,
 until the spasms are  released.   The Warm-bath is re-
 commended, and also Douches  with Cold water.  If
it arises from a nerve  partly divided, the nerve must 
FRACTURES.
107
be cut off entirely;  the original wound must be opened
again with Caustic.
                    FRACTURES.
  The Fracture of a limb is simply the breaking of the
bone of the limb; it  may also  be attended  with a
wound  of the fleshy parts around the bone, and the
tearing off of large bloodvessels; the ends of the bone
may be pushed through the flesh.  Where there is a
simple fracture without other wounds, you can detect
it by rubbing the ends of the bones together, by which,
a grating is produced.   The Treatment  is, to put the
ends of the bones together, place the limb in its na-
tural position, noticing that it is as  long as the other
limb;  then winding the limb with a bandage;  then
putting thin cotton batting along where  you want to
apply the splints  of shingle or  pasteboard, and when
these are applied,  winding' the whole again with  a
bandage; the limb  must then be kept perfectly quiet
for several weeks, held in such a position that all the
muscles will be in a relaxed condition.   If there is a
flesh wound with the fractures, the large vessels that
are ruptured must be tied; foreign substances must be
removed ; the broken bones put in as natural a posi-
tion  as possible; the  External wound must then  be
dressed as a simple wound, and the whole done up in
bandages and splints.
  When the thigh-bone is broken,  some kind of an
apparatus is  necessary  to keep the limb  extended, so
that when  it unites  together, it will be as long as the
other limb.
  The best way of treating fractures of the thigh, is,
to let the patient  lie on a straw bed, with the leg ex-
tended ; then take  two pieces  of board, about three
or four feet  long, and eight or  ten inches wide; one 
108          STIFF-JOINT—DISLOCATIONS.

is  to  be placed on each side of the leg; the upper
end of the inner one is to be cushioned, which is to be
pressed  up against the groin; there is to be a cross-
piece  at the  bottom, to which the foot must be tied,
keeping it down, so as  to be of the same length as the
other leg; it  must be kept in this position until healed.
  When the  joint of a limb is affected,  and a  stiff
joint—Anchylosis—is threatened,  the limb must be
placed in that position, it would be most  convenient,
if stiff,  to perform the ordinary duties of life.  If the
fracture  is in the knee, the leg must be kept straight
by being bandaged in a box filled  in with cotton bat-
ting, so as to keep the leg in the same position.
  If the fracture is in the elbow, it must be bent to
a right  angle,  because if the joint becomes stiff, the
fore-arm would be more useful if at a right angle with
the arm.  In  fractures, as  dislocations of  all  other
bones, bandage and  splint them  in the right place,
and keep them so, till healed.

                   DISLOCATIONS.
  In a Dislocation, or when a limb is put out of joint,
it should be returned to its place as soon as possible;
and if a surgeon cannot be soon  had, it is better for
others to attempt it, than  to  wait until swelling and
inflammation take place, when it  will be much  more
difficult to put if in place.   You can tell when a bone
is out of place, by the limb being of unequal length
with the corresponding one;  by the end of the bone
being out  of its accustomed  place; by pain, and by
an inability to move the limb.  When the large limbs
are out  of joint, as the thigh, leg or arm, put a roll
of muslin between the legs or under the arm, as the
case may be, which is to be held by assistants behind 
DISLOCATIONS.
109
the patient, or which may be tied to a post, in order
to hold the patient when  the  limb is pulled;  then
wind another wide strip of muslin  around the limb,
with which  other  assistants  are to draw the  limb
lengthwise—yourself pull the end  of  the dislocated
bone a little out from the end of the other, and it will
generally slip in its place readily.   The shoulder can
generally be put in its place in this manner.  Let the
patient  lie down, and  put your foot in his  armpit;
grasp with both hands  his wrist and fore-arm; get
him to tell you  all about the accident, and while he is
off his guard, draw the arm suddenly, and the end of
the bone will slip in ;  the arm should afterward be
bandaged to the  breast for some time; in fact, after
all dislocations, the limbs should  be  kept quiet for
some time afterward, until the ligaments which held the
ends of bones in their joints contract and recover from
the great tension  to which they have been subjected.
   In dislocations of the smaller joints, as the wrist,
fingers, or collar-bone, the same principles of exten-
sion and  counter-extension  will  apply, drawing the
ends of the bones slightly from one  another,  until
they come in place, and then keeping them in place
by splints and bandages for sometime afterward. The
jaw is sometimes dislocated in gaping; here put on a
pair of thick gloves, put your thumbs on the teeth,
and your fingers below the jaw;  press  down  with
your thumbs ; draw up and forward with your fingers,
slipping your thumbs between the jaws and lips when
it goes in joint, or else they will be bitten. In fracture
of the lower jaw, the jaw should be tightly bound to
the upper  one; a little pasteboard splint should  be
bandaged over the broken part, the bandage going
over the head ;  nourishment should be sucked  through 
110
AMPUTATION.
the teeth or injected.  If the limbs cannot be returned
to their places in this  manner, bleed, use the Warm-
&ath, and nauseating doses  of Tartar-emetic  until the
muscles relax, or use Chloroform.

                    AMPUTATION.
   In case of a  limb being  torn to  pieces, where it is
necessary that it should immediately be taken off, and
a surgeon cannot be obtained, the limb can be taken
off very easily  and safely by very simple instruments,
and by any person who has a little courage.  Provide
yourself with a straight Carving-knife, very  sharp, a
very sharp Penknife, a few waxed linen or silk Strings,
a Needle, a pair of small Pinchers, a piece of Muslin
two feet long, torn in the middle, a long Bandage rolled
up,  a piece of old Muslin spread with  Lard, or Oint-
ment  made  of Lard, Tallow, and Beeswax,  and a
carpenter's Back-saw,  or  Saw with a piece of iron on
the  back to keep it stiff;  give the patient sixty drops
of Laudanum ; then above  the part to be cut off, tie a
handkerchief, and twist it round with a stick, so as to
compress the arteries of the limb, and  prevent exces-
sive bleeding;  now  make an incision around the limb
through the skin, so as to form one large  flap of skin
that will cover the end of the amputated limb, or two
flaps, which, meeting in  the middle of the end of the
limb, will cover it that way ; dissect the flaps up, and
let them be held by  an assistant; then with  the large
knife cut  the fleshy part  of the limb around down to
the bone ;  put the piece of slit Muslin so that one slit
shall be on each side of the bone, and lot  an assistant
hold the cut parts of the limb up with  the muslin,
while you saw off the bone, smoothing off the  edges
of the bone afterward;  then  tie the bloodvessels, 
CHOLERA.
Ill
letting the strings hang out of the wound ; draw the
flape together; put a  few separate stitches through
them;  then draw them together with strips of adhe-
sive plaster, over which, put the ointed Muslin;  then
roll the whole up snugly with the bandage.

                     CHOLERA.
  The  Cholera is one  of the greatest scourges that
ever afflicted mankind.  The  Hindoos have a tradi-
tion of its having existed  many hundred years ago.
The first authentic accounts however, that we have of
it was  in India, in 1787.
  It continued to prevail more or less in India, excit-
ing no great fear in other nations, for it was supposed
to be peculiar only, to that country, as we suppose the
Yellow fever to be peculiar to  the southern seaboard,
until   1817,  when  the epidemic became  alarming,
spreading over a large portion of India.   It attacked
the English army, then engaged in subduing India,
five thousand men of  which  were cut  down  in five
days.  In 1818  it became nearly extinct.  The next
year,  however, it revived, and  in  1820 and  1821 it
spread over a great part of Asia, Java,  and the East
India  islands, and westward through Persia and Asi-
atic Turkey.  In 1823 it first appeared in Europe, in
Russia.   It seemed to slumber  again during the six
following years.   In 1829 it broke out with fresh vio-
lence  in Persia.  In 1830 it became extinct  again.
The following summer it re-appeared on the frontiers
of Persia and Georgia; it extended northward to the
Arctic Ocean, and westward through the western divi-
sions of Russia and Poland, committing most fearful
ravages, increasing in power as it  progressed.  In
1831 it extended over the most of Europe.
    24 
112
CHOLERA.
  Its  ravages were  not so dreadful in Europe as in
Asia.   In 1832 it first broke out in Montreal; thence
it rapidly spread over the United States.  It did not
seem to be influenced by locality ; the high, the low,
the dry, the wet, the cold, the warm places seemed to
be attacked  indiscriminately.   It was  not contagious,
for  physicians and  nurses, who were among it con-
stantly, seemed to  be more exempt than  any others.
Some physicians, for an experiment, wore the clothes
in which patients  had died;  they inoculated  them-
selves with the matter of their bodies ; they eat some
of the excretions of the Cholera patient  without  any
bad effect.
  The reason why it prevailed worse in cities than in
the country was, that the air, water, and  food in cities
are not so  healthful as in the country.  The constitu-
tions  of city people, from excesses of various  kinds,
are much wreaker and not so capable of withstanding
disease as those of country people; this is the  reason
why epidemics of all  kinds, as well  as  the Cholera,
are more fatal in cities than in the country.
  The cause of the  disease seemed to be in the atmo-
sphere. It seemed to prevail more when the east wind
blew.  Many places to which no human being, or ani-
mal,  or  article  of  any kind had arrived from  an
affected  district  were suddenly  desolated  by  this
scourge.   Its  singularity, in spreading  itself, seemed
to justify the  theory of  many celebrated physicians,
that the disease was carried. by  insects through the
atmosphere. In many places the disease was preceded
by an unusual number of insects  in  the air, and  by
great  changes in the atmosphere.
  But what  is the Cholera ? We know what the symp-
toms  are, but we  do  not know  the  cause.  Nearly 
CHOLERA.
113
every one has seen a case of cholera-morbus, that is, a
violent fit of vomiting and purging attended with a
clammy, cold sweat and great prostration.  Epidemic,
or as it is more  generally called Asiatic Cholera, re-
sembles  cholera-morbus  very closely, the  Asiatic
Cholera being much more  violent.
  Symptoms of  Cholera. — In a great  majority  of
cases, the patient  is taken a few hours before the
attack, with  a diarrhea;  at first  the  discharges are
small, they are bilious, attended  with  some griping;
they afterward become thin and watery with but little
odor, and attended with but  little pain.  These are
the only unpleasant symptoms the patient feels in the
first stage; he does not notice  them; and  here is the
fatal  error.  If  these  first symptoms  were properly
attended to, in nine cases out often, the disease would
be  checked.  If,  however, these premonitory symp-
toms are  unheeded, the second,  or  sinking  stage
supervenes.
  Now commence  the  horrid  symptoms of Cholera;
violent vomiting and purging of a thin substance re-
sembling  rice-water; cramps  of the limbs and stom-
ach ; in a few hours great  prostration  ensues;  a cold,
clammy  sweat covers  the  surface;  the pulse  can
hardly be felt; the skin  and  fingers turn blue; the
features sink ; the  eye is dull; the voice and hearing
are lost;  the stomach is  so insensible that the most
violent  stimulants  have  no  more effect than  they
would have on a leather  pouch;  the suffering stops,
except a great oppression in the chest and at  the pit
of the stomach;  the eye  is turned up and very much
bloodshot;  the spark  of  life  seems almost  to  have
fled, and  indeed  in many cases it does depart in this
stage. 
114
CHOLERA.
  This stage of sinking or collapse lasts from twelve to
forty-eight hours—the patient being all the while of an
icy  coldness; if he revives at all, he first  complains
of a pain in the head, a sense of giddiness,  and a low
fever, resembling typhoid fever, sets in, almost as dan-
gerous  as the collapse  itself.   The  teeth  become
covered with a brown sordes; the tongue is  covered
with a black coat; the eyes more bloodshot; the intel-
lect more torpid ; the discharges from the bowels more
dark.  This stage lasts from  a week to ten days ; its
termination, in  a majority of cases, is fatal.  Even
when the patient gets over this stage and is  recover-
ing, he is very liable  to a return of the disease  from
the  slightest  improprieties.   The more  violent  the
sinking  stage or stage of collapse, the more violent
will be this stage of reaction.  In fact, the  danger of
the  disease is in proportion to the violence of the
collapse.
  The appearances  on  dissection are principally  a
great congestion  of blood in  the  internal organs, the
brain, the lungs, the liver,  and  the contents of the
abdomen generally.
  How to prevent the Cholera.—The means I should
adopt to prevent the Cholera in my own case, would
be  these:—and  from the practical testimony of  hun-
dreds, I  should  place  great  confidence  in them.  I
should be temperate and regular in all things—in eat-
ing, in  drinking,  in  clothing, in labor of body and
mind, and in sleeping.  I should endeavor  by simple
diet, by cleanliness, exercise in the open air, and  free-
dom from care, to get my body in as^ healthy  a condi-
tion as possible.  As  soon as I heard of the  Cholera
being in my own  neighborhood,  I  should dispense
with fear as much as possible.   I should  not go to 
CHOLERA.
115
taking medicine and living too lightly, nor confining
myself to the house ;  but I would live just as if nothing
was a-going to happen, and as though  I expected to
live to a  green old  age.   The intemperate,  the un-
cleanly and the fearful, are the first and most hopeless
victims of Cholera ; recollect this, and act accordingly.
When the Cholera  approached  near  me, I  should
purify my house and clothing twice a day with Chlo-
rine gas.  I should  do  this regularly until the pesti-
lence  passed away, which is generally within a month.
  The virtue  of Chlorine gas as  a preventative, has
been proved by hundreds of experiments.  The use of
it in this case was suggested by its purifying power in
other cases.   Chlorine  gas is produced  by  mixing
three parts of common table  salt in a glass vessel
with one part of the  black Oxide of Manganese ; then
pouring two parts  of Sulphuric  Acid  (oil of vitriol)
mixed with an equal part of water; a green  gas will
escape, which is Chlorine.  Hang your clothes over
the gas that it may go through them ;  and let the gas
go through  every room of the house.   The  common
bleaching  powder (chloride of lime),  or  the liquid
solution  of chloride of soda will answer as a substi-
tute,  if the materials for forming chlorine gas cannot
be obtained.
  We come now to the treatment of  Cholera, which
should be known to  every individual; because the dis-
ease  is  so  sudden  that,  in many cases, a physician
cannot be  obtained in  time to do any  good.   The
treatment varies in the first, second, and third stages.
In  times  of its prevalence, when  each individual is
liable to an attack, if he is taken with  a diarrhea, or
looseness of the  bowels,  he had  better go to bed at
once; keep the surface warm ; take a Warm or Steam- 
116                  CHOLERA.
bath iuto the water  of which some stimulating thing
may be infused, such as Mustard, Cayenne pepper or
salt; the skin should afterward be rubbed thoroughly
with a coarse tow towel, and the person should go to
bed; then, perhaps, it would be best to take a dose of
ten grains of Calomel and fifteen of Rhubarb to clear
the bowels out.   In the second stage, Mustard plasters
should be applied  over  the abdomen,  frictions with
mustard should be used on the limbs, with hot appli-
cations, bottles of hot water or hot bricks.  The person
should be in  a bed of warm flannels, while you are
applying them ;  bags of hot Bran or Ashes, should be
put to the extremities ; the object being  to prevent the
congestion of blood in the internal organs by drawing
it outward with external irritations: for it is a princi-
ple in medicine  that, wherever the greatest irritation
is, there will be the greater flow of blood. Give one
quarter of a grain of Morphia, two or three grains of
Cayenne pepper, and two grains  of Calomel, every
hour,  or  more  frequently, if necessary; until  the
spasms cease ; then decrease the quantity of morphia ;
should the weakness be excessive, Brandy toddy should
be  used; if the  discharges  from  the bowels  should
grow more healthy, the Calomel should be stopped, or
given in smaller doses.   When the system re-acts again
from the  sinking stage and the febrile  stage comes
on, if there  is much oppression of the brain, Cupping
and Blistering on the back of the neck will be useful;
give two  or three  grains  of Calomel, every  two or
three hours,  until bilious stools are produced.   If there
is a loose,  watery  diarrhea, combine  your  Calomel
with Opium in grain doses ; try and keep the heat of
the body equable; if one part becomes cold, put warm
applications to it, and rub it. 
CHOLERA.
117
  The patient must be very careful when recovering
from  the  cholera, that he lives  very temperately in
every respect; in  fact, through the whole  of the dis-
ease,  nothing but  the most  simple articles of diet
should be taken; at first, nothing but mucilaginous
drinks  of Slippery-elm or Flax-seed; afterward,  of
Chicken-broth or Beef-tea. 
LECTURE   VIII.
  ORGANS AND DISEASES PECULIAR TO THE MALE.

  For the increase of the species, and for a due har-
mony between the sexes, they are created, each with
its peculiarities ; which peculiarities would be useless
or injurious to the  individual, if they were not neu-
tralized by the peculiarities of the individual of the
opposite sex, with which the individual is connected.
Thus man is created larger, stronger, with an inherent
desire of governing in his heart; his  nature is such
as to be equally powerful at all times; whereas woman
is created smaller,  weaker,  more  timid, and with  a
yielding principle in  her breast.  In a physical and
mental point of view,  she herself is conscious of being
inferior to her male partner;  hence she willingly sub-
jects herself to him, and looks to him for  protection ;
beside, she has periods in lief life when she is much
weaker than at others, less capable of being indepen-
dent of the  assistance of others.   The peculiarities of
man, as distinguished  from those of woman or she-
man (as the word literally means), are the largeness
of his size, a greater muscularity of his flesh, having
less  of fat,  and more of muscle, the  narrowness of
his hips, his beard, his voice, and his organs of gen-
eration.
   The male organs  of  generation consist of the  Penis,
Testicles, the parts connecting the two and muscles for
the movement of those parts.  The penis is composed
        (118) 
           MALE ORGANS OF  GENERATION.        119

of a head called the Glans penis, and the body, com-
posed  of three  bodies  lying parallel to  each other,
of a loose, spongy texture, full of cells.  When the
Penis is  not under excitement, it is small and flabby;
but when the venereal passion is  excited, the nerves
going to  a set of muscles connected with the penis are
excited;  these  muscles contract,  by which  blood  is
injected  into the spongy structure of the penis, and
enlarges  it, rendering it capable  of being introduced
into the  female  organs of generation, by which the
semen or seed of the male is thrown into the vagina
and womb of the female:  this semen is a white fluid,
formed by the  testicles.   There  are two little  bags
called Vesiculse Seminales, between the testicles and
the penis in which the  semen is collected as fast as it
is secreted by the testicles.   Around  these little bags
are small muscles, which when they become sufficiently
irritated by the  friction of the penis against  the  sides
of the female organs of generation, contract with such
force  as  to throw the  semen  some  distance out of the
penis.  It is the presence of  the semen in these little
bags,  in connection  with  the venereal passion, that
excites the penis to becorife erect:  for when these little
bass  are emptied of their contents, the penis will not
become  erect until more semen has been poured into  *
them from the  testicles.
   The diseases to which the male organs are subjected,
are, Inflammation of the Testicles from injuries and
from  measles ;  Hydrocele or  an accumulation of water
in  the testicles; a hardening of the  testicles, and the
two Venereal diseases vulgarly call the Clap and the
Pox; the former, called by physicians Gonorrhea, is
a running of matter from the Penis, producing Stric-
tures or difficulty of voiding urine, ulcerations, impo-
          25 
120
VENEREAL DISEASES.
tence, and other bad consequences;  the latter, called
Syphilis, is distinguished by sores, resembling small-
pox sores, coming on the Penis, rapidly enlarging, and
if not cured, the  glands in  the groin ulcerating, and
afterward the glands  of the throat, and the nose be-
coming eaten away.  Both these diseases  are caused
by having connection with a female who  has them.
The matter of the specific disease only can communi-
cate the same disease.   Whichever disease the female
has, the male will take; if she  has both, the male
may take both.   In the same  manner, the male can
communicate the disease to the female.  It seems to
be a punishment  instituted by Nature, to prevent the
indiscriminate mixture of the sexes of the human spe-
cies , for these loathsome diseases are seldom, if ever
known, where the  bonds of matrimony are duly ob-
served.   And here, do we find a law of God  most
fearfully verified ; for  literally are the sins of the pa-
rents visited  on their children, to the third  and fourth
generation.
  When a person is taken with Gonorrhea  or  Clap, a
running of matter from the Penis, he should immedi-
ately go to bed and keep still; take an active dose of
Salts;  live on the lightest diet; take  no drink but
Cold water.  He  should keep on the Penis a wet Rag,
so as to keep it cool.    In a couple  of days, if it has
not passed away, inject into the  Penis, pressing one
finger on the root of the Penis, so that the injection
will not go into the bladder, a solution  of  Nitrate of
Silver, two grains to  an ounce of Rain water; give
internally a  tablespoonful of the powder of Cubebs,
and twenty-five drops of the Balsam of Copaiva three
times a-day.  If Strictures occur after Gonorrhea,
attended with a difficulty of passing water, they must 
VENEREAL DISEASES.
121
be enlarged, by passing gradually in the Penis, Bougies
or straight sticks of slippery Elm bark, made very
smooth, (moistened first in water), of the size to pass
through  the stricture;  let it remain in the Urethra
half an hour every day; make  the  Bougie  a little
larger, until it is the size of the opening in  the un-
strictured  part of the Penis.  No violence must be
used in introducing it.
  Manner of introducing the Bougie.—Take hold of
the Penis with the thumb and finger of the left hand,
draw it out, and let the Bougie gently pass  in, until
it meets with a resistance, then hold the Penis down,
and the Bougie will pass into the bladder.  This is the
way—a small, elastic, hollow tube, called a Catheter,
is introduced into the bladder, when the mouth of  the
bladder is contracted, so that the water cannot pass out,
or where the mouth is obstructed by a stone in  the
bladder, in order to draw the urine off.
  Syphilis or Pox is characterized by contagious sores,
first occurring on the Penis, resembing very much the
sores of the  small-pox,  coming like Gonorrhea, a few
days after having had connection with a person having
the disease.
  When the sores first appear on the Penis, generally
on the head of the Penis, they should be cauterized
with  a stick of  Lunar Caustic, washing the  pits
thoroughly with Warm water; then take a little Lint
'dipped in  Wine, and put on the head  of the Penis;
draw the foreskin over it; change the Lint and wash
the part four or five times a-day.   This Treatment, if
taken in time, will almost invariably  cure the disease
at once, as 1 have seen tested  in a number of instances.
  When hard lumps,  called Buboes,  occur  in  the
groins, cold applications and compression by bandages 
122
IMPOTENCE.
  passed around the body with a hard cushion over the
  swelling, should be  used, together with repeated  in-
  unction  with Mercurial ointment.  If it is not bene-
  fited by this, Blisters should be used over the swellings.
  These swellings in the groins, indicate that  the vene-
  real poison has been absorbed, and taken to the glands
  situated in the groins.  But when the disease gets
  into the general system, which  is indicated by little
  swellings  in the back of the neck,  soreness of the
  throat, or an eruption of the skin, Mercury should
  be used immediately ; give one  grain  of the Proto-
  chloride of Mercury three times a-day, until the gums
  become a little sore; use Sarsaparilla freely, at the
  same time;  anoint the swollen parts  with blue  Mer-
  curial ointment;  if  hard lumps  come on the bones,
  the shin bones  for instance, use  Mercurial ointment,
  and bandage the leg from the toe upward.  When the
k disease  has been in the system  for a long time, and
  ugly sores appear in  various parts of the body, let the
  diet  be light;  dress  the sores  with  blue Mercurial
  ointment, and take twice daily three tablespoonfuls  of
  the following Syrup : Make a strong tea of Sarsapar-
  illa, mix it with molasses, to make it palatable, put in
  a pint of this, a drachm of the Hydriodate of Potassa,
  or two grains of Corrosive Sublimate; use  the Sul-
  phur-bath,  and  afterward, the Salt-bath once a-week.

      IMPOTENCE  OR WEAKNESS OF THE  ORGANS OF
                      GENERATION.
    Get the general system into as healthy and rugged
  a condition as possible, by simple diet, exercise in the
  open air, and a proper regime in every respect. Then
  use stimulating  frictions about the lower part of the
  abdomen frequently; perhaps small blisters of Flies; 
          FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION.       123

take  from ten  to  twenty drops of the Tincture of
Spanish  Flies  internally, three times a-day.  Relax
from the sterner studies and duties of life, and  attend
more to  the  softer ones.  The propriety  of reading
loose novels,  attending balls and theatres for this weak-
ness, is very  questionable. A man is seldom afflicted
with impotence, if he lives temperately in  all things,
from his  youth upward.   Too great excess in Venery,
and particularly that bad  habit of self-pollution, called
Onanism or Masturbation, brings on impotence of the
generative and mental powers oftener than  any other
cause.
  Hydrocele  is a collection of water in the  testicle; if
it cannot be  removed by  compressing the testicle, by
drawing strips of adhesive plaster tightly around it;
it  should be  punctured with an instrument called a
Trochar,  and  some stimulating substance  injected
with a Syringe, as diluted wine; in children, simply
pressing  up the fluid into the abdomen, and using a
compress, or, at most, letting the fluid out, will cure
it.  The testicle is sometimes  the  seat of cancer,  in
which case, extirpation is  necessary.

          FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
  The Female Organs of  Generation  are divided into
the external  and internal organs.  The external are
found in  and  around the external opening, called the
Vulva.   They  are the Mons Veneris,  the greater and
lesser lips of  the Vulva, the Clitoris, and the Hymen.
The Mons Veneris  is a cushion-like  protuberance  at
the upper part, covering the  Os Pubis.  The greater
lips  form the outer sides of the Vulva.   The  Mona
Veneris and greater lips are covered with hair  after
puberty,  to prevent chafing of the parts.   The  lesser 
124      FEMALE  ORGANS OF GENERATION.

or  inner lips  are  concealed by the outer lips in the
Virgin.  The Clitoris is a small teat suspended from
the upper  part  of the Vulva, less than an  inch in
length.   The Hymen exists sometimes in the Virgin,
but not always; its absence is not positive evidence
of a loss of virginity.  It consists of a delicate mem-
brane drawn  across the lower part of the  external
opening of the Vagina.
  The internal Organs of Generation in* the female,
consist  of the Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian tubes, and
the  Ovaria.   The Vagina is  the passage from  the
Vulva to the Uterus; it is about an inch in diameter,
and from three to  five  inches in length in the virgin.
  The Uterus  or womb is  a muscular pouch in  the
shape^bf a flattened pear, the smaU end opening down-
ward into the Vagina, and its large end suspended in
the cavity  of the  pelvis, by two ligaments  on each
side.  From the inner and upper part of the Uterus
go two little tubes, one from each  side, the Fallopian
tubes; they are from four  to'five inches in length,
and about the size  of a goose-quill; they are open and
fringe-like  at  the  outer extremity.   One  of these
fringes is fastened  to an oval-shaped body, about  the
size and shape of an almond, called the Ovarium ; and
the two, one on each side of the Uterus, are called the
Ovaria or receptacles of eggs.  Each Ovarium contains
from fifteen to twenty minute vesicles, the germs of
future  human beings.    When  impregnation takes
place, the Semen goes up the Uterus, up the Fallopian
tube, and excites one of these  little vesicles to germi-
nate jbr to  commence being developed into a human
being.   When a vesicle is excited in this way, it en-
larges, and leaves  the Ovarium or body to which it is
attached, and goes down the  little tube, called  the 
IMPREGNATION, OR FORMATION OF THE CHILD.  125
Fallopian  tube, into  the womb, becoming enveloped
as it  goes  down, with  membranes  which become
attached to the inside of the womb, forming the con-
nection between the mother and child.
  The child increases in size, also the womb and the
membranes that  connect  the  child with the womb.
The  Menses or  monthly  discharges from the womb
resembling blood, cease.   When the woman is preg-
nant she has many curious  symptoms, such as Morning
Sickness, Toothache, singular tastes and diseases.
  The child continues in the  sack  of  the membrane,
surrounded with water, and connected with the thicker
parts  of the membrane (which is glued fast as it were
to the inside of the womb,) by the umbilical or Navel
Cord.  The membranes on the  inside of the womb
become changed  into a thick, spongy matter, called
the Placenta or Afterbirth. This is full of blood which
comes from the mother, and which goes through a ves-
sel in the navel cord to nourish the child.
   Recollect, that the blood goes from this Placenta or
afterbirth, fastened to the inside of the womb to the
child, through a vessel in  the umbilical or navel cord.
The  blood goes  through  to the heart of  the child,
which contracts and sends it through' the whole body
to nourish it, and then  it is returned again to the
Placenta  by two vessels,  also in the  umbilical cord,
to be purified.  For you must know that the blood of
the child  cannot be purified in its lungs, as after birth,
because it does not breathe in the womb.  At the end
of nine months the bag of waters  is  broken, and the
child is expelled, when it breathes  for the first time,
and the circulation of blood between the child and the
placenta, and through this to the mother, ceases.  A
4 
126
CHILDBIRTH.
few minutes after the child is  expelled, this spongy
substance, the Placenta, is expelled also; the child and
the  placenta are expelled by the contractions of  the
womb itself, which continues contracting until it  be-
comes a  small, round ball, felt by pressing on  the
abdomen.
  When the Womb does  not properly  contract after
delivery, there  is danger  of fatal  bleeding; in which
case the woman may die in  a few hours.   Under such
circumstances cold applications  should  be placed  on
the abdomen and injected  up the vagina, to produce a
proper  contraction of the womb.  In a  majority of
cases, if a woman is left entirely to nature, she will
get through  as well as with the assistance of a midwife
or physician.  I believe that more harm  is done by the
officiousness of physicians,  and  particularly by inex-
perienced mid wives, than  good.
  It is well  for  the physician to  see that the bowels
and bladder are  emptied at the commencement  of
labor; and when the Cutting-pains, as they are called,
come on, it is  well  for  him, by passing his finger
gently up the vagina, to see that the  right part of  the
child is coming down first—that is, the  head—and in
the right position, and that the  parts of the  mother
are of the proper size, and  the soft  parts sufficiently
dilated.   In most cases nothing else is-necessary to be
done but to  support the parts just behind the external
opening of  the vagina with a towel, when the head
of the child comes into the world,  to  prevent them
from being torn.  By all means do not hurry the mat-
ter ; let nature take its course.
  If by stimulants and the  unnecessary exertions  of
the  mother  the child is hurried into the world, and
f 
DISEASES OF  WOMEN.
127
the Afterbirth is forcibly taken away, the parts, not
having had time to  dilate, will  be much more likely
to be bruised and torn.
   After delivery, if the Uterus does not contract so as
to feel like a hard ball under the hand, violent hemor-
rhage or flooding is apt to ensue.   An  effort must be
made to stimulate it to  contract by grasping it with
the hand over the lower part of the abdomen, and by
putting cold  cloths suddenly over the region of the
uterus; if this fail, and the bleeding continue, the
vagina must be plugged with soft cotton rags.
   Childbed Fever is to be dreaded after delivery; treat
it as an Inflammatory fever ; keep flannels wrung out
of hot  water  over the,bowels.   If the woman  be
plethoric, frequent Cupping over the lower part of the
abdomen and small of  the back may be necessary.
   After birth, when you can feel the pulsations  of the
Cord no longer, tie it in two places, about three inches
from the child, and cut the cord off between the knots;
dress  the child without much washing, and put it to
the breast within five  hours.   The woman seldom
requires stimulating drinks, unless she is very weakly
and has been in labor more than eighteen or twenty
hours.  Women are subject to more diseases pertain-
ing to the organs of generation, than men.  They are
subject  to the  venereal diseases, Syphilis, and Gonor-
rhea,  and diseases of the Urinary organs, the Bladder
and  Kidneys, all of which are to receive the same
general treatment as in men.

DERANGEMENTS OF THE  UTERINE  SYSTEM  OR OF  THE
              FUNCTIONS  OF THE WOMB.
   At the age of from fourteen to eighteen the Monthly
discharges from the Womb generally commence in this
^ 
128         SUPPRESSION  OF THE MENSES.

country.   The age at which these Monthly flows com-
mence, differs in different climates.  In cold climates
it does not commence till near the twentieth year ; in
warm  climates  it  not  unfrequently commences  at
twelve and thirteen.   If  these Monthly discharges  do
not commence at the ordinary  period of life, the
mother is apt to be  alarmed /or the welfare  of her
daughter, and resorts  to stimulating medicines to force
on the flow: this is wrong.  If the girl is otherwise
healthy, let her alone; nature will attend to it in due
time.   If, however, the girl is sickly, and her sickness
is probably produced  by the non-appearance of the
Menses,  she should  change  her manner of living:
for this  state is  most  always produced by  impro-
prieties in living, too stimulating food, and too little
exercise.
  The girl should live in the country ; exercise a great
deal  in the open air,  especially  on horseback; live
temperately; if her  bowels are deranged,  she might
take  three or four pills  a day of  Aloes,  Slackened
Copperas, and Gum Myrrh.   Where the girl has had
her Monthly flows, and  they stop suddenly—for in-
stance, from exposing herself to wet and cold  at the
monthly period—she should, in the morning, take  an
active purge  of  Aloes,  and Compound Extract  of
Golocynth, living very light through the day ; at night
she should steam the lower part of her body and hips
over a pan of hot water, in which might be put some
stimulating herbs, as Mustard,  Snake-root,  or Smart-
weed ; at the same  time,  drinking a tea  of Senega
Snake-root, then go to bed, and it will probably have
the desired effect.
  If her  Menses have been stopped for a long time,
and she has become much weakened;  in short, if she 
           GREEN SICKNESS—LEUCORRHEA.        129

has what is called Green  sickness (too great confine-
ment in warm  rooms is  most frequently the cause)
the  best  remedies are a mild  but nutritious diet,
exercise on horseback,  and Pills composed of equal
parts of Aloes, Slacked Copperas (or Sulphate of Iron,
as physicians call it), and  Gum Myrrh ; take from two
to four pills of these three  times a day. The Salt-bath
should be used once a week, and frictions with  coarse
flannels,  every  morning,  about  the region  of  the
womb.
  Instead of a stoppage of the monthly flow, there is
sometimes  too great a flow.  At the first stage  of the
flow, as it is generally owing to too great an excite-
ment of the system,  Cup freely over the abdomen and
give Salts; then  apply cold applications, cloths dipped
in cold water over the womb.   If the flow still conti-
nues to be  much more than natural, inject a weak cold
solution of Sugar of  Lead—a teaspoonful of Lead to a
pint of Rain water—or a weak solution of Alum ; give
two or three grains of Sugar of Lead, with one-fourth
of a grain of Opium,  every two hours, till the  dis-
charge is lessened.
                    LEUCORRHEA.
  Leucorrhea, vulgarly called Whites, is a discharge
of thin mucous matter from the vagina.  If the patient
be robust and healthy it will  be  necessary to reduce
her system; but if she be debilitated, give her tonics
of Iron ;  from ten to fifteen grains of the Carbonate
of Iron, three  times  a day,  or  from twenty to thirty
drops of the Muriated Tincture of Iron, using at the
same time Injections of  Cold Water or Sugar of Lead
water, and  perhaps a small Blister over the lower part
of the abdomen.
  Some women have much pain at the  time of their 
   130  FALLING OF  THE WOMB—MORBID GROWTHS.

   monthly flow; the best preventative of this is, in the
   intervals  of the  periods, to  take  mild purges  and
   plenty of exercise  in the open air.   Guaiacum, Dover
   Powder, and the Hip-bath will  allay the pain at the
   time.
     Sometimes  the  womb falls down into the vagina,
   and even passes out of it,between the thighs; this is
   often produced by the cruel  officiousness of the igno-
   rant midwife  or physician, who draws away the after-
   birth too forcibly and with it the womb.  When it falls
#  down in  this manner, it must be carefully returned;
   the woman must lie still on  her back for several days,
   and live very light.  When  a woman has been subject
   to it for sometime, she  must live light, be careful to
   keep her  bowels  regularly  open, and perhaps it  will
   be necessary to pass up a  piece of sponge  and let it
   remain in the womb at its mouth ;  inject, once a day,
   into the womb, at the same time,  a  cold, weak solu-
   tion of Sugar of Lead, Alum, or ooze of Oak-bark.
     Morbid growths, such as Tumors or Polypi, are not
   unfrequently found in the Uterus.   If cold astringent
   Injections will not remove them, an operation may be
   necessary.
     The Uterus may be^the seat of cancer; it has been
   extirpated successfully for this disease. 
MAT E RIA  MEDICA.
               LECTURE  IX.

  I shall include under this head all that  pertains to
eating, drinking, clothing, exercise, cleanliness, and
other minutiss  for preserving the body in a healthy
condition.
  The food, in  a healthy condition of the body, should
be  of  a  simple, nutritive  character; varying, as to
quantity, in proportion to the size and exertion of the
individual.  But one kind of meat, one kind of bread,
and one kind of the common vegetables  of the table
should be used  at a meal.  Preserves, stimulating con-
diments, pickles, and desserts are not only useless, but
hio-hly injurious to the  stomach of a healthy person;
and they cannot be indulged in long without serious  "
injury to the system.
  The food should  not be eaten hot.  It should be
well chewed and moistened with the saliva or juice of
the mouth, and  not  washed   down with  copious
draughts of hot tea and coffee, as it generally is.  The
best drink, the  only drink that man should use, is cool
water  or  milk. A  marked  freshness  and  healthfnl-
ness shows itself in the countenances of those using no
other beverage. 
132    FOOD—DRINK—EXERCISE—CLEANLINESS.

  Hot stimulating food,  as  hot stimulating  drinks,
only borrow strength from the latent resources of the
body to be repaid with interest, five or six hours after
date ; leaving the body finally weaker than if unstimu-
lating food had  been  used.   The  natural appetite  is
destroyed by substituting these  stimulants for it, and
disease is more  likely to be generated.  I  have not
room to  dwell on these points, so essential to good
health, I have only to  say, try the simple course of
diet  here recommended, for  a term of three  or four
weeks, and you will become convinced of its utility.
  A natural and pleasant degree of warmth should be
maintained by sufficient clothing, and more particu-
larly by active exercise, which is a better generator of
warmth  than  too  much clothing or fire.  Nothing is
more fruitful  of  rheumatic diseases  than standing
round idly on a  cold, damp day; it is  much better  to
stir  about  and keep the  system in a  glow.   Sudden
changes  from  a cold  to a hot temperature, or from a
hot to a cold one should be avoided.   A free  circula-
tion  of fresh air is also absolutely necessary to our
physical  and mental well-being.  Exercise of the body
and  mind should be temperate and regular, alternated
with a due proportion of rest and sleep.
  Cleanliness  of the surface of the body, as  well  as
of the clothing,  is not  only necessary for good  looks
and  comfort,  but  also  for good health.  The entire
surface of  the body should be washed regularly once
a week, at least.
  The bowels should be regularly evacuated.   Times
for their  evacuation should be attended to as regularly
as meal-times.   Equanimity or evenness of the  mind
has a great power in producing a corresponding  regu-
larity in  the body.  All the bad and unnatural habits 
REGBIE FOR THE SICK.
133
of the day should  be carefully avoided, such as the
use of ardent spirits,  gambling, smoking,  chewing,
snuffing, masturbation, adultery, the use of tea and
coffee, tight clothing and the thousand other follies of
modern times, that interfere in various ways with the
natural and healthy action of the body.
  When a person is  sick, a  proper  diet and regimen
are the most  potent means  for bringing about a reco-
very.   In  fact, I believe that these alone, if used in
time, would prevent and cure one-half of our ailments.
When you have  a fever use no food or that of the most
simple kind,  such as  toast-water, rice-water, or thin
gruel  made of Indian meal  and water, until the fever
subsides.  In  fever, where there is irritation or inflam-
mation  of the stomach, your accustomed food  would
prove a great  source of harm.  In inflammatory affec-
tions  of the bowels, lungs, or urinary organs, mucila-
ginous drinks alone should  be  taken at first, such as
Slippery-elm  water  or Flax-seed water.   In  violent
inflammation  of any part, a light diet should be used.
Cool  drinks may be given  in every case where there
is a fever, with the tepid bath.  When a person  is
recovering  from sickness, broths made of chicken or
beef,  with light  bread, may  be used.
  Persons  afflicted with  a  chronic  or long standing
disease, must live as light as their strength will  allow.
Dyspeptics, in particular, should use simple and  coarse
food  plenty of exercise in the open air and frictions
of the skin either with the salt-bath, flesh-brush, or
coarse towel.   Consumptive patients should  use  a
more  nutritious  diet.  They should clothe themselves
with  flannel  next  the  skin,  and  ride much  on  horse-
back  when the disease is in  its first stage.  Removal
to a warm climate, when the symptoms of consumption 
134  MEANS FOR QUICKLY REDUCING THE  SYSTEM.

first appear,  will  frequently  ward  off this dread
disease.

     MEANS FOR QUICKLY REDUCING THE  SYSTEM.
                   BLOOD-LETTING.
  Where  there is  a violent  fever in a strong, robust
person, or where congestion of blood  in  some internal
organ, as  the brain, lungs, or bowels, is  likely to take
place,  Blood-letting is necessary, and  more  particu-
larly if the locality in which the  person lives, is  a
healthy one; such  locality always indicating the ab-
straction of blood  more than  a  locality where fever
and ague and bilious fevers  prevail.   Blood-letting
under  such circumstances, shortens fever, terminates
inflammation most favorably, and prevents congestion.
  When the disease first sets  in, bleeding should be
performed from a vein at the bend of the elbow; the
vein being  rendered full and turgid by a narrow ban-
dage being  drawn  tightly around the arm above the
elbow.  A common thumb-lancet is  the best instru-
ment for this purpose.  The person being bled should
be in a sitting or standing posture, and should be bled
until a faintness is  produced ; then untie the bandage
quickly, bind a compress over the orifice, and let the
person lie down with the head full as low as the body.
The compress is  made by folding -a  piece of muslin
six or eight double.  From half a pint to a quart is
generally  sufficient  to  be taken from a grown person.
If the  person should faint  after being laid down,
sprinkle cold water in his face and apply Camphor or
Hartshorn to the  nose.   It  is frequently necessary,
where  one bleeding does  not  subdue the fever or in-
flammation, to repeat it in the course of twenty-four
or forty-eight hours. 
CUPPING—DISEASES INDICATING BLOOD-LETTING.  135
  Where the symptoms of the patient are not so vio-
lent, where the patient is weakly, where the disease
has existed for some  time, or where the system has
been reduced by a previous bleeding, and more parti-
cularly  where there is pain or oppression  in some
internal organ, Cups  or Leeches are the better means
of abstracting blood.  You can cup  very well  with
common tumblers and a sharp razor.  Hold the tum-
bler in your left hand, set fire to a piece of newspaper
with your right; when the  newspaper  is in a blaze,
throw it in the tumbler and immediately clap the  tum-
bler on the  part to be cupped, so that no air will get
under  the edge of  the tumbler.  When the tumbler
has drawn ten or fifteen minutes, take it off, cut three
or  four gashes with  the razor, and put  the cup  on
again  until it has drawn all it will.  An instrument,
called  the Scarificator, is better for making the gashes
with than the razor.  Leeches are the best means  for
drawing blood from young children.
   The  following diseases generally require large ab-
stractions of blood from the arm: Apoplexy, Violent
fever,  Child-bed fever,  Inflammation of the brain,
Pleurisy, Inflammation of the Peritoneum  or mem-
brane covering the bowels, Active Inflammation of  the
lungs,  liver, and  kidneys.  The following diseases
require a less abstraction of blood, and in most cases
can be cured without any bleeding at all.   The  com-
mencement of mild Intermittent and Remittent fevers,
or fevers attended with an eruption, as Measles,  Scar-
let fever, Small-pox,  and Chicken-pox.
   It is sometimes  necessary to bleed  in Rheumatism,
 Bronchitis, Inflammation of  the stomach and bowels.
 In many of these affections, especially if some internal
 organ  is affected,  cupping  will  answer  the purpose
          26 
136     DISEASES—INDICATIONS—BLOOD-LETTING

best.  Cupping on the nape of  the neck, and between
the shoulders will frequently relieve disorders  of the
head and breast, when other means fail.
  When a large limb, as the arm or leg, has been out
of joint for  some time,  and the muscles have become
contracted so as to render it difficult to set the limb,
by bleeding the person,  while sitting in  a Warm-bath,
till he faints, the muscles will become so relaxed as to
admit of the limb being reduced.
  In  Spasmodic  colic, where the muscles of  the
bowels are so contracted as to prevent an evacuation,
bleeding will sometimes open the bowels  after the
most drastic purgatives  have been used to no purpose.
  I well recollect the case  of  Mr. B., of Cincinnati,
who was attacked most  violently with this species of
colic; the most powerful physic had no effect; mor-
tification threatened.  No sooner was he bled to faint-
ing, than he had a passage from the bowels,  and was
immediately relieved.
  When the Febrile or inflammatory symptoms are
not very violent, Blood-letting should give way  to
other  reducing remedies, such as Emetics, Cathartics,
the Warm-bath, and in some instances, where there is
a good deal of nervous  irritability, Opium.  During
a practice  of eight years in a bilious district,  where
the  system  becomes debilitated  by  the poisonous
miasms, I have seldom  found  it necessary to use the
Lancet.   But I have used Cups more frequently.

                     EMETICS.
  Emetics are those medicines that  excite vomiting.
They  are useful, where there is some indigestible sub-
stance lying in the stomach, producing an uneasy sen-
sation there, or  sick headache, or other unpleasant 
    EMETICS IN FEVER, LUNG COMPLAINTS,  CROUP.  137

feelings in the general system.  Emetics would do
good in the beginning of most febrile diseases.
  The best emetic in this case, is two  grains of Tar-
tar-emetic, mixed with twenty grains of Ipecac.   Put
this powder in six tablespoonfuls of Warm water, and
give one tablespoonful every five or ten minutes, until
(vomiting is produced ; then give copious draughts of
Warm  water,  so  as to thoroughly cleanse out the
stomach.  Emetics are useful where poisons have been
taken  into the stomach.   Here, you  want a speedy
emetic, and none answers the purpose better than the
Sulphate  of Zinc, commonly called White Vitriol;
a dose, is twenty grains, dissolved in  a teacupful of
Warm water.   In  affections of the  chest,  particularly
in Asthma, an emetic of Lobelia or Squills is best.
A dose of powdered  Lobelia, is fifteen grains, of the
Tincture,  one  teaspoonful.    The dose for Squills, is
about the same.
  The best emetic for  children,  is  Ipecac, given in
doses of from two to ten grains.   In  Croup, emetics
are the sheet anchor of hope ; keep the child  nause-
ated constantly until the croup goes away.  A plaster
of snuff kept  around the neck, will assist the  nause-
ants in this disease.
  In consumption, where there is a difficulty in throw-
ing up the matter, an emetic of three grains  of the
Sulphate of Copper or Blue Stone, dissolved in a tea-
cupful of  water, is highly recommended.
  In  the  beginning  of fever,  particularly where the
liver is inactive, which  is known by a yellowness of
the skin and tongue, with a bitter taste in the  mouth,
and a high-colored urine, an emetic of six grains of
Tartar-emetic dissolved in six tablespoonfuls of  Warm
water should be given, using a tablespoonful every ten 
138        RULE FOR DOSES OF  MEDICINE.

minutes  till it operates.  Tobacco,  Mustard, Blood-
root, and common Salt are sometimes used as emetics.
Mustard in the dose of a tablespoonful, ground, in  a
cup of  Warm water, is very good, just before a chill
of the  fever  and  ague  is expected.  A  drachm  of
Tabacco, dissolved in a pint of water, may be injected
into the bowels, where great prostration is  required,
as in obstinate  colic, and in the reduction of  limbs
long out of joint.  A plaster of Tobacco laid over the
stomach will  assist  the  operation of an emetic very
much.
   The doses of medicines here given, are intended for
grown persons, unless children are specified.  Chil-
dren about ten  years old, should have  half the dose
of a grown person.  Children five years old, a quarter.
Children two years old and under, an eighth of a dose
for an adult.  Some strong, robust persons may require
more than the quantities here  mentioned ; and some
older persons  of weak constitution  may require less.
This general rule should be borne in  mind, in the ad-
ministration of all other medicines, as well as emetics.
   Emetics are very potent remedies, used in doses not
large enough to vomit, but just large enough to keep
the patient sick at the stomach; most  every case of
mild fever can be subdued by this course alone.  For
this purpose,  dissolve six grains of Tartar-emetic in
half a pint of Warm water; give a tablespoonful, or
more, or less, as the case may require, every hour, so as
to keep the patient slightly sick at the stomacfe, until
there is a moisture on the skin, and  the fever is broke.
Nauseants supersede the necessity of blood-letting in
nearly all mild  cases of fever.  What are called Ni-
trous Powders, are almost a certain  cure for the mild
bilious fever;  tney are composed  of ten  grains of 
CATHARTICS.
139
Nitre  (Saltpetre), two grains of  Calomel  and  an
eighth of a  grain  of Tartar-emetic; one to be given
in a little honey or thick cream every two hours,  till
the  fever goes  off.  For nauseating children, Ipecac.
is the  best; it is very  useful in  whooping-cough,
croup, bad colds, and where there is fever from almost
any  cause.
                     CATHARTICS.
  Cathartics are those medicines that produce increased
discharges from the bowels.  The action of the differ-
ent  medicines  used  as  cathartics,  is very different,
both as to the  severity of their action, and as to  the
nature of the discharges they produce.
  Cathartics are  indicated where  there is a costive
state of the bowels, where the discharges are unhealthy,
where we want to reduce the system, and where  there
is an inflammation in some other  part, and we  want
to draw the irritation from the inflamed part to  the
bowels.
   Cathartics   are  indicated  in  a greater  number
of diseases than any other class of medicines.  A  too
long use of them, however, will do injury, producing
inflammation and  ulceration  of the  bowels.  Cathar-
tics  should  be  used with the greatest caution, where
there is inflammation of the  stomach or  bowels;
which can be detected by a burning pain in the belly,
increased by pressing on it with the hand.  Injectious
are  the  best means  for opening the  bowels,  where
there is inflammation of the stomach or upper bowels.
If there is inflammation of the lower bowel, produc-
ing the disease  called Dysentery, the bowels should be
once  thoroughly opened  by some mild  cathartic, and
then  no other  purge should be given for some  time,
but rather inject,  in small quantities, some  soothing 
140        MILD AND ACTIVE CATHARTICS.

substance up the anus, half a teacupful of Starch water,
mixed with forty drops of Laudanum.

                 MILD CATHARTICS.
  Where a simple operation of the bowels is required,
give two tablespoonsful of Castor oil with a teaspoon-
ful  of Turpentine;  or two  tablespoonsful  of Epsom
Salts with about the same quantity of Senna leaves,
steeped in  half a pint of boiling water.  Pills made
of equal parts  of Aloes,  Rhubarb, and  Castile Soap,
mixed up with an extract made by boiling  the inner
bark of White Walnut (Butternut)  down to a jelly,
make a good cathartic.  May apple-root, Sulphur and
Sugar-house Molasses and Mustard, are mild laxatives.
Rhubarb root, chewed constantly, is good to counter-
act habitual costiveness.

              MORE  ACTrVE  CATHARTICS.
   Aloes, Colocynth, and  Gamboge, of  each, three
parts,  Cayenne pepper one part,  make it  into pills
with Molasses, first having pulverized and mixed them
thoroughly.  Take  of these  four  every four hours
until they operate.   The following is used as a com-
mon cathartic pill at the Commercial  Hospital, Cin-
cinnati : Aloes, Colocynth, and Scammony, of each,
three parts, Red  pepper  one part, made into pills and
taken as the above.
   In Dropsy, where a watery discharge  is  required,
Cream of Tartar one hundred grains,  with Jalap
twenty grains, given two or three times a day.   The
following is the composition of  " Brandreth's Pills :"
Colocynth  four ounces,  Aloes  two pounds, Castile
Soap half a pound. Oil  of Peppermint two  drachms, 
BRANDRETn's, MORRISON'S, AND OTHER PH.LS.  141
Oil of Anise one drachm, the whole to be ground up
very fine and made into pills with syrup or paste.
  The following is the composition of " Morrison's
Pills," No. 2: Aloes three parts, Colocynth one part,
Gamboge one and  a half parts, Cream of Tartar half a
part, Ginger half a part, made into pills.
  Morrison's No.  1 Pills: Gamboge half a part, Aloes
three quarters of a part, Cream of Tartar three quar-
ters of a part, made up as the above.
  Where the Liver  is  inactive, cathartics with some
peparation of mercury  are best,  to excite again the
secretion of Bile,  which is the natural purgative of
the system.  A mild purgative of this  kind is com-
posed  of equal parts  of Aloes, Rhubarb, and Blue
Mass, made  into  pills; five  or six of which may be
taken  every four hours until  they operate.   If the
patient is hard to  be operated  on, substitute Calomel
for the Blue Mass.  In Colic, the  Oil of Peppermint,
or Cinnamon, or Turpentine, should be combined with
the cathartic   Where there are  Spasms  or violent
Griping, combined with Assafcetida, Soap, Extract of
Hyoscyamus  or a few drops of Laudanum.   Where
there  is  acidity  of the  stomach,  with  Carbonate of
 Soda.
   The  following is a tonic or strengthening cathartic,
 good for costive persons, who are  weakly:  Aloes two
 drachms, Gum Myrrh  one drachm, Cayenne Pepper
 one scruple, Quinine one scruple, made into pills and
 taken  two or  three times a day so as to  keep the
 bowels regular.
   The following  pills are  very  useful to girls and
 women who are weakly and irregular in their monthly
 courses: Aloes and Myrrh two parts of each, one part 
 142  DRASTIC CATHARICS—CATHARTIC INJECTIONS.

 of the Sulphate of Iron  (copperas) made into pills:
 take five or six a day.

         DRASTIC OR POWERFUL  CATHARTICS.
  Croton oil, given in obstinate costiveness, on sugar.
 In Apoplexy, by dropping on the tongue.  Dose from
 two to eight drops.   Eleterium or wild Cucumber,
 given  in Dropsy.  Dose  from half a grain  to two
 grains of  the  powder.  Scammony,  Colocynth, and
 Gamboge are Drastic purgatives.  This class of cathar-
 tics are useful in the obstinate costiveness that some-
 time occurs in  Delirium  Tremens, Insanity, and Ob-
 stinate Torpor of the Bowels.

               CATHARTIC INJECTIONS.
  In  order to  assist the operation of  cathartics given
 by  the mouth, or where  it is inadvisable  to  give
 them by the mouth on account of there  being irrita-
 tion or inflammation of the stomach or upper  bowels,
 or where it is impossible to get the medicines down
 the throat from spasm or swelling of the  parts, Injec-
 tions are invaluable remedies".  The injection of a pint
 or more of warm water, mixed with a little common
 salt, will generally be  sufficient, or  it may be mixed
 with some Soft soap.  A  Stimulating injection can
 be made by beating up a tablespoonful of Turpentine
 with the yelk of an egg, and then mixing this with  a
 pint of warm water.  Simply putting a piece of hard
 soap up the anus will produce an operation.

             CATHARTICS FOR INFANTS.
  Molasses or Brown sugar, Rhubarb and Magnesia,
from two to  five grains of each mixed together and 
       CATHARTICS FOR INFANTS—DIAPHORETICS.   143

given in a tablespoonful of molasses.  Castor oil  a
teaspoonful, Sweet oil two teaspoonsful.  If there is
Wind  collected  in  the  Bowels, a little Peppermint
Essence  should be added.   Injections ca?t be  given
also with care.  Where a syringe is  not r,t hand, an
injection can be given with a bladder, to the month ol
which is fastened a small tube or goos> quill.

                   DIAPHORETICS.
  Diaphoretics are such means as produce an increased
action of the Skin, in  other wordo, sweating.  Now
the pores of the  skin can be closed up by filth, fever,
cold, and a congestion of blood within.
  The system  must be got into  a certain healthy con-
dition before the secretions of the Skin (the sweat) or
of the glands  of the body, will  be properly poured
forth.   Hence  the best diaphoretic, when there is fever
and a dryness  of the skin, is something to  reduce the
excessive action of  the  heart, when  the  sweat will
break out of  itself.  Blood-letting  can be used  to
accomplish this, if the case be urgent;  nauseants of
Tartar-emetic  and  Ipecac,  dissolved  in water,  and
given in sufficient quantity to keep the patient sick  at
the stomach.   Putting the patient in a Warm-bath or
Steaming  him, or wrapping him up  in a  wet Sheet,
will greatly  assist the  other means  for starting the
perspiration.   Where all these means have been used
without effect,  and the patient is restless, nervous, and
sleepless, a large dose of Opium will frequently have
the most desirable effect.  The  best form of giving it
in this case  is to give it in the form of Dover's Pow-
ders, from ten  to twenty grains.
27 
144        perspiration ;  how produced.

                 Dover's  powders
Are  composed of Opium  one part, Ipecac one part,
Sulphate of Potassa  eight  parts, ground finely to-
gether.  The Sassafras root, used as  a tea, makes  a
good diaphoretic; also, the sweet Spirits of Nitre, in
doses of from twenty to thirty drops, repeated every two
hours.
  Where the perspiration is suppressed by a sudden
cold, producing an oppression of the lungs, a  Steam-
bath is indicated.  You can give a person  a steaming,
by simply  setting him on a chair, and wrapping  a
blanket around him, and then put a dish of hot water
under  the  chair, and raise  a steam by putting hot
irons or bricks in the  water.   When the febrile symp-
toms have subsided, and a gentle moisture is  desired
to be kept  up on the skin, give a  teaspoonful of the
Spirits of Mendereri every hour.
  The Spirits of Mendereri  is made by  putting the
Carbonate of Ammonia in Vinegar, and letting it dis-
solve, until foaming has ceased.   When a  person is in
a high fever, Cold, Acidulated water as a drink, with
col 1  sponging of the  face, neck, hands, and arms are
not only very agreeable, but useful. One thickness of
thin  muslin can be kept  wet constantly on the fore-
head.   The old rule of  abstaining from the use of
cold  water  while taking Calomel, is perfectly  absurd.
The  hot teas usually  given  to produce sweating, are
of doubtful utility, frequently increasing,  rather than
decreasing  the fever;  the Warm-bath and the  free use
of Cold water is much better.

                  expectorants.
  Expectorants increase, and aid in  discharging the
Becretions of the lungs. In diseases of the lungs, where 
EXPECTORANTS--COUGH MEDICINES       145
there is fever or inflammation, the same reducing re-
medies should be used, spoken  of under the head of
Diaphoretics,  such as  Blood-letting,  Tartar-emetic,
Ipecac, and the Warm-bath.  The  local application
of wet cloths over the breast is a very valuable means.
In more chronic or long standing cases,  where there
is a tough  mucus  secreted, and  thrown  up  with
difficulty, the Honey of Squills with Vinegar is very
beneficial;  likewise, the Balsam of Tolu, Fir, and Co-
paiva, Bloodroot, and Licorice-root.' Warren's Cough
Mixture, containing Lobelia, Bloodroot, and Morphia,
is a good  preparation;  also,  the  following:  Gum
Arabic one ounce, Licorice half  an ounce, Saltpetre
one drachm,  Tartar-emetic two  grains, Water one
pint, of which use  a tablespoonful  every two hours.
Inhaling the  vapor of Warm water, is good to loosen
the  mucus  in the air tubes; by mixing  tar or other
 indicated medicines with the water,  it is said to have
 a still better effect.
   Where a person has  the  consumption, with a great
 difficulty of  throwing  up  the matter, an  occasional
 vomit will  assist the expectoration much.   Many me-
 dicines may be applied directly to the lungs, by boil-
 ino- them,  and inhaling the steam, such as Vinegar,
 Gum Ammoniac, Chlorine, Iodine,  Comfrey, Elecam-
 pane,  Stramonium  (Jamestown  Weed),  Tar,  To-
 bacco, Senega Snake-root, etc
   The following are  good  preparations for coughs
  in  children:  tincture  of Opium and Camphor one
  ounce- Wine of Antimony, half an ounce; Extract
  of Licorice, tlnve drachms ; Gum Arabic, two drachms;
  Boilin- water, six ounces; give of  this, a teaspoonful
  every Two  or three hours, until the  child  gets better.
    The following, is a good preparation in Whooping- 
146     DIURETICS—PRESCRIPTION FOR DROPSY.

cough: Ipecac, three grains ; Pulverized Gum Arabic,
half a drachm ; Carbonate of Magnesia, half a drachm;
White Sugar, one drachm.  Make it into twelve pow-
ders, and give one every two hours.
  The following, is  the composition  of  Coxe's Hive
Syrup:  Senega Snake-root, one ounce;  Squills,  one
ounce;  Tartar-emetic,  twelve grains;   Water,  one
quart; boil  down to a pint;  strain, and add half a
pint of Honey; dose,  from twenty drops to a  tea-
spoonful.
                    DIURETICS.
  Diuretics increase the flow of Urine.   They are in-
dicated, where there is a suppression of this flow,  and
in nearly all  diseases of the bladder and kidneys.
The following,  are the  principal diuretics: Juniper-
berries, dose from a drachm to two drachms ; Buchu-
leaves,  dose, from half a drachm to a  drachm, made
into a  tea; Digitalis, dose, from  ten to  twenty drops
of the Tincture; Meadow Saffron or Colchicum, dose,
from two to ten grains, or from twenty to thirty drops
of the  Vinous Tincture; Oil of Turpentine,  dose,
from  five to  thirty  drops; Cream Tartar, give an
ounce in twenty-four hours ; Squill, dose, from one to
four grains.
  The following, is an active preparation for Dropsy:
the Deuto-chloride of Mercury (or Corrosive Sublim-
ate), one grain ; Sweet Spirits of Nitre,  two ounces ;
Tinct. Camphor, half an ounce; Syrup of Squills,  one
ounce; Tinct. Digitalis, one drachm; dose, a teaspoon-
ful every three hours. 
LECTURE  X.
                  EMMENAGOGUES.

  Emmenagogues  assist  the  womb to  secrete the
Monthly courses, and  are useful where the  monthly
courses are irregular.   Depletive  remedies  and the
Warm-bath are indicated where the patient is strong
and  robust, and where there  are febrile  symptoms.
Pennyroyal is a mild  emmenagogue.   Black Helle-
bore, dose, from ten to twenty grains;  Oil of Rose-
mary, dose, from three to six drops;  Madder, dose
from twenty to thirty grains;  Savine, dose, from fif-
teen to twenty grains ;  Spurred Rye, dose from ten to
twenty grains ; Senega Snake-root,  dose from ten to
thirty  grains; Tansy,  dose, from  thirty grains to a
drachm.

                  ANTHELMINTICS.
  Anthelmintics are those medicines used to remove
worms from  the intestinal canal.   Turpentine,  from
half a  teaspoonful to two teaspoonfuls;  Wormseed
oil, from four to eight drops;  Cowhage, from one to
two teaspoonfuls;  Dipple's Animal oil, from five to
twenty drops; Common Salt, from  half an ounce to
an ounce; Pinkroot and Senna, twenty grains of each,
given two or three times a-day, is a very good  com-
bination. 
148     TONICS OR  STRENGTHENING MEDICINES.

                      TONICS.
  Tonics are strengthening medicines. They are indi-
cated where a patient is recovering from an attack  of
Bickness.   Where  an  exhausting  disease  exists,  as
where there is a running abscess, or where the system
has  become  debilitated  from any  cause  whatever;
good,  plain,  substantial food,  gentle exercise in the
open air, with cleanliness and friction over the surface,
are simple but powerful tonics.
  The preparations of Iron  stand first  among tonic
medicines ; they are oftener  indicated than any other
class of tonic medicines because, in debilitated cases,
the blood is  oftener deficient in iorn that in any other
constituent.  The coloring-matter of the  blood is iron,
and  every one has noticed the light color of the blood,
and  consequently,  of  the complexion of debilitated
persons.  By giving some preparation of iron, it gives
the blood a richer color, and  the complexion a ruddier
hue.   The Precipitated  Carbonate  of Iron, given in
doses of from ten to twelve  grains three times a day,
is as good a preparation of iron  as is  used.   If the
bowels are irregular, combine each dose of iron with
four or five grains of Rhubarb.
  The Sulphate of  Iron (Copperas) four grains, mixed
with Myrrh  four grains, and Aloes two  grains, given
three times a day, is good in  debilitated females; also
the  Muriated Tincture of Iron is  good  in the same
cases.  A home-made preparation of iron can be made
by putting a quantity of rusty nails in some sour
cider, and letting it stand for a few days.
  The  Bitter  tonics stand next in importance.   They
are invaluable in the cure and prevention of intermit-
tent  fevers.  Under this head come Columbo-root,
Gentian, Quassia,  Peruvian-bark, Wild Cherry-tree 
TONIC PREPARATIONS.
149
bark, Dogwood bark, Wa-a-hoo, Poplar bark.   The
dose of these is from  ten to thirty grains, three times
a day.  Quinine is the most powerful bitter tonic we
have, given in doses of from one to four grains, three
times a day.  The following is an excellent combina-
tion in Dyspepsia, where there is a want of action  in
the stomach: Infusion of Quassia a wineglassful, Tinc-
ture of  Columbo one fluidrachm, Tincture of* the  Mu-
riate of Iron ten drops ; to be taken one hour before
a meal.
  The Acid3 are also tonics.  Nitric, particularly  in
diseases of the  liver.   Mix one ounce of Nitric acid
with nine ounces of  Distilled water:  Give of this
from ten to twenty drops at a dose, three times a  day.
Bathing the body with water acidulated with equal
parts of Nitric and Muriatic  acids is  used for liver
complaints.  The best method of using Sulphuric acid
(Oil of Vitriol) is, in the  form of Elixir of Vitriol;
dose, from ten to twenty drops.  Common Vinegar is
sometimes useful as a  tonic, used both  internally and
externally.   Pure  Wines  are indicated sometimes
where they do not produce  too much excitement; what
is still better is good Ale.  The Cold-bath, taken every
morning, followed by a thorough rubbing with a coarse
towel, is a means that every invalid, unless he be too
weak, should attend to regularly.

          TONICS FOR  DEBILITATED INFANTS.
  The Tartrate of Iron ; dose,  from five to ten grains.
Where  medicines will not be retained in the stomach
and it is necessary to give  a tonic,  use  half an ounce
of Peruvian-bark, mixed in half a pint of water, in
the  form of an injection.   The following is a good
tonic preparation for children, and especially for those 
150
ASTRINGENTS.
that are  subject to the fever and ague.   Quinine two
grains, Elixir Vitriol sixteen drops, Syrup  of Cloves
half an ounce,  Water an ounce and a half.  Give a
teaspoonful three times a day.  Where a slight stimu-
lus is required,  put an ounce and a half of White wine
with a pint and a half of boiled Milk.  Bathing  child-
ren regularly is another tonic means that should  never
be forgotten.
                    ASTRINGENTS.
   Astringents  contract or pucker up the animal  struc-
tures. They are used in long-continued Diarrheas, in
Hemorrhages (bleedings),  in excessive  secretions of
Mucus and Serum, in  Sore Eyes, Piles, and  long-
standing Sores of most every kind.  The following are
the principal Astringents:  Alum ten to thirty grains.
Dried Alum, five to ten grains.  Elixir Vitriol from
ten to thirty drops.  Catechu ten grains to half a
drachm.  Kino ten to  thirty grains.  Rhatany twenty
to  thirty grains.   Sugar  of Lead one  grain to ten.
White and Black Oak bark.  Blackberry-root.   Creo-
sote.  Chalk — Alum  and  Sulphate of Zinc (White
Vitriol), each half an ounce, mixed with boiling water,
a quart,  makes an excellent astringent wash for sores
of  most  any kind.  A good prescription for ordinary
Summer Complaint is two grains  of Dover Powder,
one grain of Calomel, ten grains  of Prepared Chalk,
given every two hours  until the patient is better; using
no nourishment but Slippery-elm water or Flax-seed
water.   If  the disease continues  after  using several
doses of this,  then use some  of  the more powerful
astringents, such as Kino, Rhatany, Tannin,  or the
Sugar of Lead.
   I would here say that  I  have of late used  scarcely
any other astringent internally but Tannin.   It is the 
PRESCRIPTIONS  FOR BOWEL COMPLAINTS.    151
active  principle of all vegetable astringents, and it
accomplishes the object with more certainty, with less
irritation, and in less  quantity than any other astrin-
gent I ever used.  I use it a good deal in the prepara-
tion of Ointments for sores of different kinds.   The
dose is from two to five grains.   For a wash it should
be used in the proportion of from four to eight grains
to the ounce of water.
  The  following preparations are recommended in ob-
stinate diarrhea: Extract  of Rhatany and Sugar of
Lead, each, five grains, Opium half a grain, given  two
or three  hours until  the symptoms  abate.  Or  the
following: Kino three drachms,  Gum Arabic  one
drachm,  Cinnamon  Water two ounces.   Take a  tea-
spoonful  every three hours.
  The  following is a good combination in the Diarrhea
of infants:  Prepared Chalk  half an  ounce,-Almond
Soap and pulverized  Rhubarb, each, a drachm, Hy-
drargyrum cum Creta twenty  grains, Oil of Fennel
eight drops,  White Sugar two drachms.  Give from
six grains to twenty,  three times a day.  A Syrup of
Blackberry-root is valuable.
  Where the child is low use  the following:  Black-
berry syrup two quarts, Nutmeg half an ounce, Cin-
namon and Allspice half an ounce of each, best Brandy
one pint; sweeten with Loaf sugar, and give two  tea-
spoonsful three or four times  a day.   In Dysentery
(which is an  inflammation of the lower gut) an  injec-
tion of Starch water, about four tablespoonsful, mixed
with about a teaspoonful of Laudanum and five grains
of Tannin after the bowels have been  once thoroughly
evacuated, is the best  remedy that I ever saw used for
that complaint.  The  injection  may be repeated every
two or three  hours until relief is obtained. 
152
ASTRINGENT WASHES.
               A WASH FOR SORE MOUTH.
    Fill a four ounce vial two-thirds  full of Water, put
  in as much Alum  as will dissolve, and then fill the
  bottle up with Laudanum ;  rinse the mouth with this
  five or six times a day.

                A WASH FOR SORE EYES.
    Put four or five  grains of the Sulphate of Copper
  (Bluestone), or the same quantity of the Nitrate of Sil-
  ver, in an ounce of Rain  water, and wash  the  eyes
  with it  once  or twice a  day.   Or, put ten or fifteen
  grains of Sulphate of Zinc (White Vitriol) in  an ounce
  of Rain water.
    In violent  bleeding from the Womb,  put a small
  teaspoonful of the Sugar of Lead in a pint of  Cold
  Rain water and inject into the womb, at the same time
  giving internally five grains of Sugar of Lead and  a
  quarter of a grain of Opium, every two or three hours
  until the bleeding stops.
    In bleeding  from the  Lungs, Stomach, or Bowels,
  the internal use of Sugar of Lead  or Opium is  indi-
  cated ;  not,  however, till  the  patient  is somewhat
  reduced.
    In all these internal  affections, where astringents
  have been recommended,  the  external use  of some
• stimulating applications,  as Cloths wrung out  of Hot
  water, Mustard plasters, Liniments, or where there is
  much internal inflammation, Blisters will assist  their
  action very much.
                      SEDATIVES.
    Medicines producing Sleep, quieting Spasm, lower-
  ing the action of the Heart, easing Pain,  and allaying
  general Nervous Irritability.  Useful  in  all  Nervous
  diseases, and  often in Inflammatory and Febrile dis- 
SLEEP-PRODUCING MEDICINES.        153
eases where the nervous  system is much  excited.
They are  useful in Spasmodic diseases, as in  Colic,
and where there is too great an action of the involun-
tary  muscles,  as in Diarrhea and palpitation  of the
Heart.
  Opium  and  its preparations are the safest and surest
of Sedatives.  In small doses, say from a fourth to hah01
a grain, it stimulates; but in larger doses, from two
to five grains,  it acts as a direct sedative.
  Laudanum is the Tincture of Opium.  The dose is
from fifteen  to sixty drops.
  Morph'a is  the active principle of Opium, and the
form  in  which  I generally prefer exhibiting  opium.
The  dose  is  from an eighth to half a grain.
  Paregoric is a weak Tincture  of Opium  ; generally
given  to  children.   Dose  for children,  from five  to
twenty drops ; for adults, from twenty drops to a tea-
spoonful.
  Hyoscyamus (Henbane) is a Sedative.   Dose from
four  to ten grains of the Extract.
  Digitalis (Foxglove).   Dose from one to three grains.
  Conium (Hemlock).  Dose from three to  five grains.
  Belladonna  (Deadly Nightshade).  Dose from one to
two grains of  the Extract.
  Aconite (Wolfs-bane).  Dose from four to  eight
grains.
  Ether.  Dose from one to two drachms.
  Tobacco.  This should be used in the form of an
injection.   Dissolve a drachm in a pint of water, half
of which should be used at a time.  Tobacco will pro-
duce its Sedative effect if used in the form of a plaster
laid  over the  bowels.  Tobacco is never used inter-
nally except where great relaxation of the muscular 
154           SEDATTVES—CHLOROFORM.

system is required immediately, as in violent Spas-
modic  Colic;  here  it  will  frequently afford  relief
when all other means fail.  When boiled with Lard it
makes a good  ointment for irritable ulcers.
  Stramonium (Jamestown  weed) is another  most
valuable sedative as an external application.  An oint-
ment made  by boiling  Stramonium  leaves in Lard,
is  one  of the  best for painful sores and  piles.   The
leaves  of Stramonium smoked, afford  much relief in
Asthma.
  Blood-letting is a powerful sedative, where the cir-
culation of the blood is too  active.   The application
of Cold water, especially to the head,  has a very seda-
tive influence: for  this purpose a bladder of ice should
be kept  on the head, or a  single thickness of thin
muslin should be kept wet on the forehead.
  Chloroform, used as an  inhalation, is a quick, pow-
erful, and certain  sedative.   Chloroform  should be
used where an insensibility to pain is desired, as in
Burgical operations; or, it may be used in a high nervous
excitement from any cause, as in Convulsions, or in a
Fever kept up by nervous  irritation.   It is a powerful
remedy and should be used with  great  caution.  I
have used it and seen it used in many cases, always
with perfect satisfaction.   I would as soon be deprived
of any other remedy  in my  practice as Chloroform.
It is  a boon to suffering humanity whose place cannot
be supplied by any other agent.   Its administration
is simple.  Pour about a drachm at a time on a hand-
kerchief, held  in the  hand, and  breathe through the
handkerchief  until the desired  effect  is  produced;
quietness is to be observed in the room ; the Stomach
should be empty, else vomiting will be excited.  In 
ANODYNE PREPARATIONS.
155
urificult parturition (child bearing) no physician should
withhold this from his patient.

             SEDATIVES FOR CHILDREN.
  Lemonade, one ounce; Black drop or Laudanum,
two drops; shake well and the  dose  will be a tea-
spoonful for every year of its age.   A  child three
months old may take half  a drop of Laudanum; six
months old, one drop ; one year old, two drops.
  Prescription.—Rain water, one ounce; Mucilage
of Gum Arabic, half an  ounce; Simple Syrup, half
an  ounce ;  Laudanum, one drop.  Dose, a teaspoonful
every half  hour until rest is produced.  If the child be
over a month old, double this quantity may be given.

                   ANTISPASMODICS.
   Sometimes there is  an  irritability  of the  nervous
 system that can  be overcome without the use of the
 more powerful sedatives ; as in Hysteria, the peculiar
 nervousness of persons recovering from a Fever, Deli-
 rium Tremens, Windy Colic, and the like.  Here Anti-
 spasmodics  are indicated.  Ether, from  one to  two
 drachms;  Assafcetida,  five to thirty grains; Skunk-
 cabbage, ten to twenty grains ; Valerian (Lady-dipper
 or nervine) half a drachm to a drachm and a halt.

               FOR CHILDREN IN  SPASMS.
    Assafcetida six  grains,  infusion  of  Chamomile one
 ounce,  with a  little  Gum Arabic,  to  be  injected.
 Another:  warm  milk, one  ounce;  Peppermint Es-
 Bence,  half an ounce; Tincture of Assafcetida, one
 drachm,  to be injected in convulsions.  Chloroform
 inhaled, is the most powerful of Antispasmodics.
    Douches of cold water are good in Spasms. 
156
STIMULATING MEDICINES.
             EXCITANTS OR STIMULANTS.
  This class of medicines is used where an  increased
circulation of blood is required, either in a part or the
whole  system;  as  where there is .great prostration
of the system;  or where the bowels are so torpid, as
not to be act^ed on properly by other medicines,  excit-
ants being given here to assist the action of other me-
dicines.
  Excitants are used in every case where the spark of
life has nearly expired, as in the restoration of drowned
persons;  those  having  received  a violent blow  or
shock; those  struck  by lightning; those in the last
stages  of fever or disease of any kind. They are used
locally, to drive away congestions of bloodvessels in
the part, as in the first stage of inflammatory  swell-
ings.  They are used in indolent sores, where there
is not enough life to heal.   Spirits, such as Brandy,
Wine, Whisky, Rum,  etc.,  are powerful stimulants,
when taken internally, and externally, if the wet sur-
face is kept covered to prevent its evaporating.
   Carbonate of Ammonia is a  very powerful stimu-
lant ; this is the Smelling Salts that ladies fill their
smelling-bottles with ; if taken  internally, the dose is
from five to ten grains;  Ether, one to two drachms;
Camphor, five to fifteen grains; Cayenne Pepper, five
to ten  grains ;  Cinnamon, ten to^twenty grains.  The
essential oils, such  as Cinnamon, Peppermint, Cloves,
in doses of from five to fifteen  drops; Nux Vomica,
four to six grains; Strychnine (the active principle
of Nux Vomica), from one-sixteenth to one sixth of a
grain.
   Heat,  as hot drinks  or  heat  applied  externally.
Friction is an  excitant; all external applications are
rendered  more potent by being  used with a gentle 
MEDICINES THAT CHARGE THE WHOLE SYSTEM. 157
  friction.  Electricity  is perhaps  the most  powerful
  excitant we have; it  seems to  be similar to  the life-
  exciting principle itself, and it will sometimes restore
  life to  the paralyzed  limb or system when all other
  means  fail.
            ALTERATIVES AND SORBEFACIENTS.
    Those medicines  that   act  imperceptibly  on   the
^ whole system, producing  a general change in it with-
  out any violent action.  They act slowly but power-
  fully, eradicating diseased conditions of the body that
  have been of long standing ; removing morbid growths,
  and restoring  the whole system to a  healthy  con-
  dition.
     Mercury stands at the  head of this class  of medi-
  cines.   Blue Pill (which is a preparation of Mercury),
  is almost a certain  cure  for mild attacks of sickness
  depending on a want of action of the liver, as costive-
  ness, temporary Dyspepsia, Jaundice, and the numer-
  ous catalogue of real Liver complaints.
     Take about  six grains for four or five nights in suc-
  cession, seeing that there is  an  operation  from the
  bowels every morning ;  then  discontinue a week and
  repeat again in the same manner, until the difficulty
  is removed.   If the gums,look redder than natural, or
  become tender, discontinue for  a while, or salivation
   will be induced.  It will  be necessary also,  to attend
   strictly to diet, exercise, bathing and the like, so as  to
   assist the medicine.
      A more  active form of Mercury is Calomel.  This
   acts as an alterative  most effectually, when  given  in
   small  doses,  from  two  to three  grains every  three
   hours, until yellow discharges are produced   Y^ow-
   „e\s of the  discharges from the bowels, and less yel-
   lowness  in the  urine  and skin is an indication  of 
 158        ALTERATIVES AND  ABSORBENTS.

_ mercury  taking effect,  and  it should  not be used
 longer.  Where the liver is Inactive, and the bowels
 loose, as  in  Cholera Morbus  and watery Diarrhea,
 the Calomel  should be  given  combined  with Opium;
 two grains  of Calomel  with  a fourth  of a grain  of
 Opium, or  an  eighth  of a grain  of Morphia every
 two hours, until the symptoms subside.
   The Proto-iodide of Mercury is a still more power-
 ful alterative, and should be used where some danger-
 ous disease threatens to get into the general system,
 and you want to get this introduced first, as  in  the
 second stage of Venereal disease (Pox), or  where
 some ulceration is extending rapidly, as ulceration of
 the liver, or  where false membranes are being formed,
 as in inflammation in the windpipe,  called Croup, or
 in Pleurisy.
   Corrosive  Sublimate is another very powerful altera-
 tive and sorbefacient, stimulating to increased  action
 every gland  and absorbent vessel in the system.   It
 is very useful for the removal  of enlargements of  the
 bones and   flash, occurring from  Venereal disease.
 Two grains mixed with a pint of the Syrup  of Sar-
 saparilla, is a good mode for its administration.  Give
 of this two or three tablespoonfuls three times a-day.
   I am aware that there is a popular prejudice against
 the use of these rank  poisons,  as they are  called.
 But this very power that they possess, is what  makes
 them useful,  and there is no possible danger in using
 them in the  manner here recommended.   By mixing
 Corrosive Sublimate twenty grains, with Lime-water
 a  pint, you  form an excellent wash for old  sores,
 known under the name of Yellow-wash.
   Blue Mercurial Ointment (Unguentum) is an excel-
lent ointment for sores, and especially if combined with 
              PLASTERS AND LINTMENTS.          159

some astringent, as Alum, Sugar of Lead or Tannin.
It is sure death to lice of all descriptions.
  Hydriodate of  Potassa is another medicine of this
class, valuable in most all chronic diseases;  mix a
drachm with a pint of the Syrup of Sarsaparilla, and
give two or three tablespoonfuls three times  a-day.  ^*i
Sarsaparilla alone, is said to have an alterative effect.

              EXTERNAL  APPLICATIONS.
   1st. Stimulating: to draw the irritation from some
internal and vital part to the  skin;  the inflammation
of which, is not so serious as  that of the part from
which you wish to draw it.   Stimulating applications
are used to drive away congestions of blood in a part,
producing swelling which would otherwise terminate
in inflammation and suppuration (formation of matter).
This is commonly called " Scattering the swelling."
   Stimulating applications  are also  used to  excite
action in parts too indolent or lifeless, as in  Paralysis
and Old sores without much feeling.  Blister plaster
stands first in this class of external applications. This
is made by pounding up a pound  of Spanish  flies or
 of Common potato flies, and  mixing them with White
 wax,  Resin, and Olive  oil,  half  a pound  of  each,
 melted.  Mustard  plasters,  made of Ground  Mus-
 tard, mixed up with  Vinegar and  Flour, having the
 proportion of mustard in proportion to the age of the
 person and  to the  urgency of the case; it is an excel-
 lent application  in  painful affections  of the Stomach
 and Bowels, and in violent Chest complaints.
   The following liniment is  one that will accomplish
 all  that  the patent liniment's, such as -Opodeldoc,"
 "Nerve and Bone Liniment," " Chinese Liniment,   or
 all  the " Pain Killers," can do.  Take equal parts  of
         28 
 160      LrNIMENTS, OINTMENTS, POULTICES.

 Laudanum, Sweet oil, Aqua Ammonia, and Spirits
 of  Camphor.   Shake the mixture up anoTrub  it on
 the  part where you wish  to produce  the irritation.
 The irritation  will*be much greater if the part be
 covered up with a flannel  cloth after  it  is rubbed.
 The following  is the composition  of  "  Granville's
 Lotion:"
  1st.  The Milder:  Liquor  Ammonia one ounce,
 Spirit  of Rosemary six drachms, Tinct. of Camphor
 two drachms.
  2d. The Stronger:  Liquor Ammonia  ten drachms,
 Spirit of Rosemary half an ounce, Tincture of  Cam-
 phor two drachms.  By wetting the  surface with the
 stronger lotion and covering it up, you can draw a
 Blister.
  For indolent  sores the following are good  ointments:
 The Citrine, the Basilicon ointment (made  by melting
 one  ounce  of Beeswax, one ounce of Resin, and one
 and  a  half ounces  of Lard together).   The Yellow-
 wash, made by  mixing one drachm of Corrosive  Sub-
 limate with a pint of Lime-water.

        COOLING AND  SEDATIVE  APPLICATIONS.
  Useful where there is much heat or pain.   Cold
 water, applied with a Sponge, or keeping a cloth con-
 stantly Wet over the  part.  In  inflammation of the
 Brain a bladder of Ice should be kept alternately on
 different parts of  the head.
  For painful inflammations and swellings, Poultices
of Tobacco, or Stramonium, or Poppy leaves, are ad-
mirable.
  For painful sores, Ointments made  from  the above-
named  plants, boiled down to an extract and mixed
with Mutton tallow. 
OINTMENTS AND CAUSTIC8.
161
  For the Itch, Sulphur ointment is a sure cure.  Oint-
ment of Bed Precipitate and Yellow Dock is also used
for this purpose.
  The following is an excellent ointment for  the cure
of Venereal and  Scrofulous  sores:  Deuto-Iodide of
Mercury four grains, Morphia four grains, Ointment
(made of lard, wax, and resin) one ounce, mixed.
  A good ointment for simple sores is made by mixing
six ounces of Lard and one drachm of the Sugar of
Lead.
  Tartar-emetic ointment, is used to raise a crop of
little sores on the skin, in order to relieve some inter-
nal  difficulty.  It is made by mixing a"drachm of Tar-
tar-emetic with six drachms of Lard.
   Where there is inflammation, and matter is likely to
be formed, the sooner it is brought to a head the better;
for  this purpose keep a Bread and Milk poultice on  it
constantly ; if there be  much pain, mix the poultice
 with Poppy leaves, Jamestown weed, or Tobacco.
   Where  there is Proud flesh in  a sore, and it be
 very sensitive to the touch, cauterize it with Blue-
' stone, Lunar Caustic, Burnt Alum or Caustic potash.
   Sores resembling Cancers, have been cured by oint-
 ments  containing Arsenic.  The following prepara-
 tion is recommended in such cases: Six grains oT the
 Chloruret  of Gold, dissolved in an ounce  of flitro-
 muriatic acid.                                   ,
   The  following is a  good  preparation to kill the
 aerve of a tooth: Arsenic one-fourth of a grain, Mor-
 phia a fourth of a grain and one drop of Creosote;
 Lke into a pill and  confine  it in the  cavity of the
 Tooth by Wax   Let it be in  about a day, or touch the
  xposed nerve with Lunar Caustic   Where Mor.fica-
  ion   about to take place in  a part, or where it smells 
  162        TOOTH-POWDERS*—HAIR  DYES.

  very bad,  a Carrot poultice, or  a  poultice made of
  finely pulverized Charcoal and  Peruvian-bark should
  be used.

       A  TOOTH-POWDER TO  CLEAN  THE TEETH.
    Peruvian-bark two ounces, Gum Myrrh two ounces,
  Chalk one ounce, Armenian bole  one ounce, Orris root
  one ounce; all to be pulverized  together very finely.

              TO COLOR THE  HAIR  BLACK.
    Take equal parts of Vinegar and Lemon-juice, say
  two ounces of each, two ounces of Litharge; boil  for
  half an hour over a slow fire:  wet the hair with this
  decoction and in a short time it will turn black.  Or,
  take  of bruised Gall-nuts one pound; boil  them in
  Qlive oil until  they become soft; then  dry them and
  reduce them to a fine powder, which is to be  incorpo-
  rated with equal parts of the Charcoal of willow and
  Common salt pulverized;  add a small quantity of
^fc.emon and Orange peel, dried and reduced to powder;
  boil the whole in twelve pounds of water till the sedi-
  ment at the bottom of the vessel is of the  consistence
  of salve.   The Hair is to be anointed with these pre-
  parations, covering it with a cap  till dry.  It should
  be applied  at least once  a week.

            POISONS AND THEEB  ANTIDOTES.
   When Poisons have been  swallowed,  the first thing
  to be  done, is to remove  them from the stomach, either
  by a Stomach pump, by Emetics, or by both.  The best
  emetic for this purpose is White vitriol, twenty grains
 dissolved in a teacupful of Warm water; assist  its
  operation by tickling the throat with a feather  dipped
 in oil, and  by a Tobacco poultice over the stomach. 
POISONS AND THErR  ANTTDOTE8.       163
The next thing to be d_4_e, which, indeed, can be done
at the same time yotProe producing vomiting, is to
give something to change, chemically, the  nature of
the poison, converting it into  an innoxious or harmless
substance.  If the poison be  a corrosive or burning
poison, you must give some Mucilaginous or oily sub-
stance to protect the coats of the stomach, such as the
Whites of  eggs, Slippery-elm or  Flax-seed  water,
Sweet oil or Linseed oil, or Butter, or Lard.

      ANTIDOTES FOR ALKALIES  AND THEIR SALTS.
   Liquor of Ammonia and Sal Ammonia, are neutral-
ized by Lemon-juice, Olive oil, and Flax-seed oil. %*
   For  Potash, and  Pearlash,  and Lye, the antidotes
are  the same as  the above, some oily or greasy sub-
stance, which forms Soap  with  the Alkalies. , The
antidote  for  Saltpetre is Mucilaginous drinks.  For
Liver of Sulphur, Common salt.
   The antidote for Arsenic is the  Hydrated Peroxide
of Iron ;  in the absence  of this, iron rust; afterward
 Mucilaginous drinks.
   For Tartar-emetic,  the infusion  of  Oak bark, of
 Gall-nuts, or  of Peruvian-bark.  A strong decoction of
 Common tea  is good also in  poisoning from  Tartar-
 emetic
   For Carbonate of Barytes, Epsom or Glauber salts.
 For poisoning from Blue Vitriol, Verdigris, " Scheele's
 Green," food cooked in dirty copper vessels, or pickles
 made green  hJ Copper, give the Whites of eggs in
 hu-ov quantity.  For  Spanish-flies,  Linseed  oil;  tor
 Muriate  of Gold,  give Sulphate  of Iron  (Copperas).
 For  the  preparations  of Opium,  such as  the Gum
 Laudanum, Morphia,  Paregoric, use  an emetic and
 stomach-pump, a*  in  every other case of  poisoning, 
164        POISONS AND THEIR  ANTIDOTES.

then use strong hot coffee, leaping the person moving
all the time and  dashing hrlrwith  cold water.  For
Lead  and  its various preparations, such as  White
Lead, Red Lead, and Sugar of Lead, use Epsom Salts
and water acidulated with Sulphuric acid.
  Mercury and. its different combinations, such as Cor-
rosive Sublimate and the Iodide of Mercury : the anti-
dotes are Milk, the Whites  of eggs beaten  up with
water, Wheat flour, similarly prepared.   The antidote
for Oxalic acid is Chalk and water.
  Prussic acid: for this, give a few drops of the Spirits
of Ammonia, frequently repeated, and  the cold dash
shqiuld be used.   For Nitrate of ^Silver, use  common
Salt.   For the Muriate of Tin, Dyer's Solution, Putty,   •
Gunpowder, give  Whites of eggs.   For Sulphate of
Zinc (White Vitriol), Oxide  of Zinc, and Acetate of
Zinc, give Milk and the Carbonate of Soda.
  The antidote for Muriatic acid is common Pearlash,
or Carbonate of Magnesia, Carbonate of Soda, Chalk,
or Soap  in solution, to be accompanied with copious
draughts of warm Flax-seed  tea, Milk,  or some muci-
laginous  or oily fluid.
  The antidote  for Nitric acid is  the  Carbonate of
Magnesia, Chalk, with warm Flax-seed  tea.  For Sul-
phuric acid (Oil of Vitriol), give the same as for Nitric
acid.

  TREATMENT OF  THE BITES OF MAD DQGS, VENOMOUS
                SNAKES AND INSECTS."
  Where the teeth have  made a wound in  a fleshy
part, sharpen a stick so as to fit the hole, and  then,
with a sharp blade, cut the part out  around the stick
so as to take out an entire cap of flesh on the point
of the stick.   First of all, however, tie a band around 
BITES OF MAD DOGS— FAMILY MEDICINES.     165
the limb,  above  the wound, tightly,  to prevent  the
poison  being absorbed into the system.   After you
have  cut out the wounded parts, or even before, if you
cannot get them cut out immediately, suck the wound
with  all  your  might, draw out  all  the  blood  you
possibly can, or put on a  Cupping-glass and draw it.
When  this is done, wash the wound with  a solution
of  Potash or Ammonia;  then give  the  patient  two
grains  of  Opium and  ten  grains of Calomel, and let
him  go to bed;  after  a few hours, give him a Cathar-
tic to  open  his bowels.   If  symptoms  of the  dis-
ease  occur, keep the patient  insensible  with large
potations  of ardent Spirits and Opium or inhalations
of Chloroform.
Medicines that should be kept in a family living at
a distance from a drug-store.
 Epsom Salts.
 Senna.
 Castor Oil.
 Sweet Oil.
 Calomel.
 Rhubarb.
 Jalap.
 Aloes. '
 Magnesia.
 Pink-root.
 Turpentine.
 Where Arsenic
of Iron.
     Aqua Ammonia.
     Creosote.
     Hydrarg. cum Creta.
     Quinine.
     Blue  Mass.
     Tannin.
     Nitrate of Silver.
     Ipecac.
     Hive  Syrup.
     Laudanum.
     Paregoric.
is used about the house, the Hydrated Peroxid*
Dover's Powders:
Spirits of Camphor
Volatile Liniment
Mustard.
Cayenne Pepper.
Chloroform.
Blister-plaster.
Adhesive-plaster.
Mercurial Ointment.
Stramonium Oint.
  It would be well also to keep a large metallic, and a
small  glass  Syringe, a Catheter for drawing off the
urine, a Lancet, a pair of small Forceps  and a Pro-
bang for removing substances from the throat. 
166    WEIGHTS AND MEASURES FOR  MEDICINES.
     APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

           FLUID MEASURES AND THEIR SIGNS.
60 Minims    (sign itj. ) make  one  fluid drachm.
 8 Fluid drachms  ( 3)    "   "    "   ounce.
16   "   ounces   (3)    "   "   "   pint.
 8   "   pints     (O)    "   "    "   gallon.
   APOTHECARrES' MEASURES AND THEIR SIGNS.

20 Grains    (sign
 3 Scruples
 8 Drachms
12 Ounces
gr.) make one  scruple.
(B)   "    "   drachm.
(3)   "    "   ounce.
(3)   "    "  pound (ft).
  The ordinary  measures  by which medicines are
administered:

  A teaspoonful  is supposed to contain about  one  nuidrachm.
  A coffee or dessert-spoouful       "     "   three   "
  A tablespoonful               "     "   four    "
  A wiueglassful                "     "   two  ounces.
  A cup or glassful              "     "   four   " 
ADVICE TO THE READER.          167
A PARTING  WORD  OF ADVICE TO THE  READER  HOW  TO
  BE HEALTHY,  HAPPY, HANDSOME,  AND LONG-LIVED.
  First:  Live  in a healthy climate.  However tem-
perate and  well-regulated your life may be, you cannot
expect to have good health, as long as you are breath-
ing a poisoned air.
  Second:   Engage  in  a healthy occupation;  one
that exercises the whole  body much in the open air.
Avoid  inactive confinement in ill-ventilated rooms.
Have an occupation of some  kind, no difference what
your pecuniary circumstances may  be;  you cannot
enjoy life without occupation.
  Third :  Observe regularity in everything; in eating,
in drinking, in  labor, in rest, in recreation, in intellect-
ual and  physical exercises, in washing and  bathing,
in sleep and in the natural evacuations of the body. Let
every duty have its regular hour,  and every' hour its
regular duty.
  Fourth:    Let  your food  and  drink  be  proper,
simple in quality, and not taken in excess.       ^
  Fifth:   Be  cleanly in every part of your  person.
  Sixth:   Be  chaste.  Have one companion  of  the
opposite sex, and but one, whom you purely and sin-
cerely love.
  Seventh:  Avoid all bad and unnatural habits, such
as  the use of  artificial  stimulants:  tea,  coffee,  to-
bacco,  opium,  and  spirituous liquors, as also excesses
of all kinds ; any practice that stimulates or depresses
unnaturally the powers of life.
  'Eighth:  Be honest, industrious, and economical, and
thereby  acquire a  competency and an independence.
  Ninth:  Be  religious.  Trust  implicitly in  a Su-
preme Being.  Love his works.  Serve and adore him. 
 
A
          SUPPLEMENTARY  LECTURE

                       ON


    ORGANIC   GENERATION.



  Our subject for this evening's lecture, gentlemen, is
the Generative Organs—that apparatus by which our
species is propagated or increased.
  It is a fixed principle through all organized  nature,
that the germ, from which an organized body springs,
must come in contact with  the sperm  of the opposite
sex before an organization commences.  This principle
not only belongs to the animal  kingdom, but also to
the vegetable kingdom. Neither an apple, nor an ear
of corn, nor a head of wheat comes to perfection until
two germs of opposite  sexes come together, and thusv
in some mysterious, incomprehensible manner, origi-."**
nates the organization of the fruit or the grain.  This
mixing of the germs of vegetables, or their impregna-
tion, takes place while the vegetable is in bloom.  This
is the  use of blossoms, to mix the semen  of the two
sexes  together.   That  fine  powder covering the inner
structure  of the  flower, is  the semen  or germinating
principle  of plants,  which becoming  separated from
the male blossom or male part of the blossom of the
vegetable, and  on coming  in contact with the female
blossom or female part of the blossom, impregnates it,
       29                          (167 ) 
 168        A SUPPLEMENTARY LECTURE  ON

 and  thus originates the fruit or grain,  or whatever
 production the'plant brings forth.  With  some plants
 the two sexes are found on the same stalk  ; with others
 they are found on different stalks.
   The necessity of the flowers of vegetables becoming
impregnated by the seminal dust of the  opposite sex
 is illustrated in a cornfield, where a severe hail-storm
 comes  on,  when the coi^n  is silking  out.   The hail
 knocking  the  delicate  dust off from the silk, which
 dust is the fecundating or germinating  principle, pre-
 vents the ears of corn from becoming fully developed.
 This is the reason that different kinds of corn, planted
 in the same field, become mixed.   The semen or dust
 of one kind of corn comes in contact with  and impreg-
 nates the germ of another kind of corn, and, as a con-
 sequence,  the children or ears of corn  resulting from
 this mixed impregnation, partake of the  peculiarities
 of both parents.  The vegetable kingdom, at this time
 of the  communication of the sexes, or this running
 time of the vegetables, is arrayed in all its glory,
 putting on  its most beautiful apparel,  as if to entice
 the sexes toward each other.  When impregnation has
^been effected it throws off its allurements and goes to
 work in a sober and maternal manner  to the rearing
 and 'bringing to perfection of  its offspring.
   On the same principle of the mixing of the semen
 of the two  sexes, all orders and species of animals are
 propagated, from the zoophyte, which can scarcely be
 distinguished from the rock to which it is fastened, up
 to man, the most  perfect of all  organized animals.
 The  manner in which this seminal fluid of the  two
 sexes is brought in contact differs in different animals.
 In the lowest orders of animals, as the zoophyte and
 oyster, the genital organs  of both sexes  exist in the 
               ORGANIC GENERATION.            169

same individual,  being what are called  hermaphro-
dites.  In some insects the  genital  organs are in the
front part of the body.
  Other animals, such as the frog  and toad, have an-
other way of mixing the seminal fluid.  The male lies
on the top of the female for days together, hanging on
by a peculiar structure made for  the  purpose  in the
fore-feefc, or hands;  he does  not introduce the semen
by penetrating her with a penis, but simply pours out
his fluid over her external organs of generation, she,
at the same time, pouring out her  seminal fluid, they
become mixed and  the spawn becomes impregnated.
Some kinds of fishes.impregnate  their spawn in the
same manner, while others,  as the whale, have con-
nection  with one  another like  human  beings, the
female whale turning over on her back, and the male
gliding on to her.   The leech has  the organs  of both
sexes in the same individual.
  The testicles  or stones of different animals are situ-
ated in different parts of the body; some  in the front
part, some in the back part,  while some hang pendu-
lous, as those of the bull and ram.   Birds have their
testicles inside of the body:  their generative  organs,
and  urinary organs, and digestive organs all  empty
into the  same  pouch, called the Cloacus.
  In having connection with one another the different
animals have an instinctive knowledge how  to ope-
rate.  The male cat, whose  penis is short, hangs  on
with his teeth and claws.  The male elephant, whose
thick body prevents its bringing its genital organs in
contact with those of the female while standing on the
same level, digs a hole in the ground, in which the
female stands while he has connection  with her.
  The  time that different animals occupy in  copula- 
  170       A SUPPLEMENTARY LECTURE  ON

  tiori, differs greatly.   The bull and ram and the male
  of most kinds of birds occupy but a short time, while
  others, as the dog and boar, are tedious in copulation.
  The lower animals differ from man in having particu-
  lar seasons for venereal desire.   When  that  desire
  is satisfied by impregnation, it does not return until
  the female has been  delivered of her progeny and
  has reared them so as not  to  require  her attention
  Whereas  in the human  species  the  venereal  desirt
  may he excited  under most all circumstances.
   We come now to speak of the genital organs  of the
  human species.   First then of the  male.  The genital
 organs of the male consist of the Penis, Urethra (which
 is common to the genital and  urinary organs), Vesi-
 cular Seminales, Vasa Deferentia, and Testicles.  The
 Penis and Testicles are the external organs of genera-
 tion in the male, and the Urethra, Vesiculse Semina-
 les, and  Vasa  Deferentia,  the internal organs.  To
 commence then with the Penis.
   The body of the Penis  is composed mainly of three
 bodies of loose  cellular substance,  two  of them  lying
 side by side,  called  the Corpora Cavernosa, and the
 third body, lying under these two, called the Corpus
* Spongiosum.   At the end  of  the penis this  lower
 body, or Corpus Spongiosum, becomes enlarged into
 the Glans  penis, or head of the  penis.  'Through this
 corpus spongiosum goes the Urethra, which opens ex-
 ternally through the glans penis,  and internally into
 the bladder. Through this urethra pass  the urine from
 the bladder and the seminal fluid  of the male.   The
 end of the  urethra that connects with the bladder is
 surrounded with muscular  fibre,  whose contraction
 prevents  the urine flowing  out continually.  Some-
 times the integrity of this muscle is destroyed, which 
ORGANIC GENERATION.
171
prevents the person, so afflicted, from  retaining the
urine.
  I knew an actress who had to wear a sponge during
her performance  on the stage, from a  defect of this
kind.  When we wish  to  evacuate the bladder, that
is, to force  out the urine (that is  brought there from
the kidneys  by two little ducts called the ureters) this
little sphincter muscle, that surrounds  the mouth  of
the bladder and commencement of the urethra, relaxes,
and the muscular fibres that compose one of the coats
of the bladder contract, and also the muscles covering
the abdomen, which  forces the urine out through the
urethra.
  There are little valves at the openings of the ureters
or ducts, that bring the urine from the kidneys, which
are open when the bladder is relaxed, but which shut
up the openings of the ureters when the bladder con-
tracts, to expel urine, so as to prevent the urine being
forced  back to  the kidneys.   When the bladder be-
comes properly emptied, the muscular coat of the blad-
der relaxes,  and  the  muscle that surrounds the mouth
of the  bladder and the commencement of the urethra
contracts again, so as to prevent the urine from contin-
ually dribbling  away from the bladder, as in inconti-
nence of the urine, of which I just spoke.   After the
bladder relaxes and the  mouth of the bladder is shut,
thus cutting off  the  stream of urine  suddenly, the
urethra, from the bladder out to its termination, is full
of urine.  How is this evacuated ?  Surrounding the
urethra are  two sets  of small  muscles, one set called
the Acceleratores Urinse  vel Ejaculatores Seminis—
which  means the Hurriers  of the Urine or the Throwers
out of the Semen. The other set compose the compres-
sor Urethral  These little muscles, by their contrac- 
172          SUPPLEMENTARY LECTURE  ON
tion, suddenly close the passage of the urethra, and
consequently force out in a jet whatever happens to be
in the urethra, whether it be urine  or semen.   These
little muscles contract suddenly in emptying the ure-
thra ; hence the  reason why the last drops of urine
are forced  out  in jets, just  as these muscles contract.
And this is the way the Semen is  forced out  by the
contraction of these same muscles, forcing it   out in
a jet.
   The three bodies that compose the body of the Penis,
the two Corpora Cavernosa  and the Corpus Spongio-
sum, are very loose in their structure, and capable of
being injected with blood, which renders  them  much
fuller, longer and harder, in a condition for penetrating
the female organs  of  generation.  The  stimuli  that
cause the blood to flow to the  Penis and thus  inject
it, are  lascivious desires or thoughts, certain  sub-
stances  taken  into  the stomach,  and friction or rub-
bing of the penis.   I knew a steamboat captain at
St. Louis, that had  been dissipating quite extensively
on his way up from New Orleans, and who had a wife
in St.   Louis,  that  took largely  of a stimulant that
causes injection of  the penis.   His  penis became so
injected with blood, that the injection would  not go
down ;  and it was  just as much  as a skillful surgeon
could do, by the application of  Ice and other powerful
remedies, to save his penis for him.
   In the dog there  is a muscle, going across the penis,
that contracts when the penis becomes erected, and
chokes  it, keeping it swelled, so that the  dog   cannot
reduce the enlargement at will.
   The same sort of an arrangement exists in the bitch,
so that when they  are copulating, the  genital   organs 
ORGANIC GENERATION.
173
become mutually swelled together, and remain so until
the semen of the dog is discharged.
  The Penis is held in an erect position by a ligament
going from its upper side and fastened into the bones
of the pelvis.  It is erected also by a couple of muscles,
one fastened to each side of the penis, the other ends
of which are fastened to the bones of the pelvis.
  Now I have told you how the penis is made, how it
is erected and held in its position, and how the Semen,
after it gets into the Urethra, is forced out in jets.
The next thing to be  considered  is, how does the
Semen get in the Urethra, how is it formed, and what
is its nature.  Opening into the upper portion  of the
Urethra, near its commencement at the  bladder,, are
two little  tubes going  to  a couple of little  bodies
called Vesicular Seminales.
  These Vesiculae Seminales are composed of a minute
tube  or tubes,  twisting  around in  every  direction,
through which the semen passes,  or in  which it is
contained as  a reservoir, until it is forced out by the
contraction  of the little muscles  that surround the
urethra, of which  I spoke  before—the Aceleratores
Urinse or Ejaculatores Seminales, and the compressor
Urethrse muscle.  When the penis is erected, and
stimulated by friction, or by being introduced into the
female organs of generation a  sufficient length  of
time, it stimulates these little muscles to contract sud-
denly, causing the semen to flow from these Vesicular
Seminales into the urethra and to be forced out, as the
last drops of urine  are, in jets.  This is  the manner
in which the semen is injected into the organs of the
female.  The presence  of the semen in  the vesiculae
seminales  has some mysterious  influence in causing 
 174        A SUPPLEMENTARY LECTURE ON

 venereal desires; for as soon as it is thrown  out the
 venereal desire passes away.
   One contraction of these muscles does not force all
 the semen from the vesicular  seminales ;  because after
 a little rest  other discharges of semen can be produced
 in like manner.  Some of the lower animals, as the
 rooster and  the ram, can have connection with the op-
 posite sex every few minutes all day.   A story is told
 of a ram that got over to an  island one night, where
 there were two hundred  ewes, and impregnated them
 all before morning.   There is a historical fact in con-
 nection with the celebrated siege of ancient Troy, that
 the Grecians being  so  long from  home (the siege
 lasting several years), were afraid their country would
 become depopulated by their long absence from their
 wives; so they sent home  a few of their best men,
 who soon impregnated  the whole female part of the
 nation.   My memory does not enable me to give you
 the figures of their  exploits, and for fear of being ac-
 cused of exaggeration,  I will  not endeavor  to call
 them to mind.
  The next  question  is, how does the semen get into
 these vesiculae seminales or reservoirs  of the  semen?
 It gets there, through two ducts called the Vasa De-
 ferentia, which go from the vesicular seminales to the
 testicles.
  The testicles  hang behind and  under the  penis,
 between the legs.  They are contained in a bag, con-
 sisting of two coverings, the integument or skin, and
 a sort of  contractile covering beneath the skin, which
gives the bag and its contents that peculiar worm-like
 motion that  is observed in it.  The object of this mo-
 tion is probably to have some effect in stimulating the
testicle to the secretion of the semen, or to assist in 
ORGANIC GENERATION.
175
 the  passage of the  semen from the  testicle.   The
 proper coverings of the testicle itself, the coverings that
 form the walls of the testicle, are two; an  external
 serous membrane, and an internal  fibrous or harder
 covering, which gives the form to  the testicle.  The
 testicle is an ovoid  gland, composed principally of a
 great number of little ducts  that commence  from  its
 back part and go in convolutions or twistings toward
 the  circumference of the testicle.   These little tubes
 are called Tubuli Seminiferi,  or semen-carrying  tubes.
 Here,  in these  minute tubes, is where the semen is
 separated from the blood, by some glandular peculiar-
 ity which we cannot explain.  When  the semen be-
 comes separated from the blood in  these little  tubuli
 seminiferi, it is carried along  their course to the back
 part of the  testicle,  where these little tubes become
 straight, and are  called Vasa  Recti;  farther along,
 they are  called Vasa Efferentia; farther along still,
 after all the tubes  leave the body of the testicle  at the
 upper  part, and turn going down behind it, they take
 a  zigzag  or twisted direction, forming  a  projection
 which  can  be  felt on  the back part of the  testicle,
 called  the  Epididymis.   At  the lower part of the
 epididymis  all these  tubes become  merged into one,
 the vas deferens, which goes up into  the  abdomen,
 and  comes  down on the side of the bladder and
 becomes connected  with the ducts of the  vesicula
 seminalis.
   So you can see at a glance,  the origin and course of
 the semen.  It is first formed  in the tubuli seminiferi,
 in  the  body of  the testicle;  it goes  thence, along the
little tubes,  the continuations  of the tubuli seminiferi,
along the back  part  of the body of  the testicle  to its
upper part;  there it goes along the little tubes,  striking 
176         SUPPLEMENTARY LECTURE ON

out from the body of the testicle forming the  epididy-
mis, and descending  it becomes collected into one
tube at  the bottom of the epididymis, the  vas de-
ferens ;  it then ascends through the vas deferens into
the abdomen, and passes into  the vesicular seminales
or reservoirs of the semen ; from these it is forced out
by the contraction of the little muscles I have  before
spoken of, when these muscles are excited to contrac-
tion by the influence of the venereal  passion.
  Of the composition, nature, and use of the semen,
we  shall speak hereafter, when treating of the union
of the sexes, or copulation.

          FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
  They  are divided  into  the external and  internal
organs.
  The  external  organs of  generation  are  the  Mons
Veneris; the Labia  Majora  or  greater lips of the
Vulva ;  the labia Minora or Nymphar, or lesser lips;
the Clitoris and the Hymen.  The  Mons Veneris or
mountain of Venus, is a prominence  situated at the
upper part  of the external  organs of generation and
covering the prominence  of bone  called the Symphy-
sis Pubis.   The  Mons Veneris is composed  princi-
pally  of cellular  tissue and  fat, and covered  after
puberty with hair.   Its use  is probably to  afford  a
cushion  over  the bone, to prevent too  much  bruising
during coition.   The Labia Externa or Labia  Majora,
resemble in structure very much, the  Mons Veneris,
being composed principally of loose cellular tissue and
fat, and  are covered after puberty with hair.  Their
inner surface  is  lined with a  very  delicate mucous
membrane, more delicate than that  lining the mouth.
The slit  or cavity that the external  lips surround, is   * 
ORGANIC GENERATION.           177
 called by physicians the Vulva—by the unprofessional,
 it is called something else.  The Labia Minora or La-
 bia Interna, or lesser  or  internal  lips, are two folds
 of the  lining  of the  Vulva, and lie inside  of the
 greater lips.  In the virgin, they are concealed by the
 outer lips entirely,  and when the outer lips are pretty
 well  covered with hair, nothing can be  seen of the
 female  organs of generation  except a little black  or
 sandy spot between the  legs.  As the woman has
 children however, these inner lips  increase in size,  so
 that they can be seen between the outer lips.  Among
 some nations, the Hottentots for example, these inner
 lips grow to an inconvenient size, so that they have to
 be cut off.  Hanging in the upper  part of the Vulva,
 is a small pendulons teat, called the Clitoris, less than
 an inch in length.  It can be seen by opening the ex-
 ternal lips; it resembles  the male penis, and is cap-
 able of being erected under the influence of the ven-
 ereal desire.  It has been  known to grow  four or five
 inches  long,  giving the  organ  the appearance of a
 genuine penis.  This  unnatural enlargement of the
 Clitoris, has given  rise to the erroneous  idea of the
 existence of hermaphrodites, or persons having both
 the sexes  combined in the same individual.   The
 Clitoris is supposed to  be  the seat of the venereal de-
 sires.   About an inch below the Clitoris, is the opening
 of the vagina.  In some virgins, who have never had con-
 nection with the opposite  sex, there is  a very delicate
 membrane drawn across the lower part of the opening
 of the vagina;  this  is called the  Hymen, or, in vulgar
language, the maidenhead.  It  becomes ruptured ih
coition.  It is not a sure test of virginity,  for many
virtuous maidens have this  hymen ruptured before
they have  connection  with the opposite  sex.   And 
178         SUPPLEMENTARY LECTURE ON

here, I will give a word of advice to those young
gentlemen who intend to get married shortly, that if
they do not find, on the consummation of their nup-
tials, a formidable  barrier there,  requiring all  their
strength to overcome—I  say, if they find  this barrier
entirely absent, and  they are  enabled to  cohabit on
their first night with the utmost facility, they need not
become alarmed  and jealous,  as  to  the  chastity of
their wives; for there  is not one maiden in ten,  who,
at the age of eighteen, will offer much  resistance (so
far as the hymen  or maidenhead is concerned), to the
entrance of the penis.  Above the opening of the Va-
gina, between that  and  the  Clitoris, is  the Meatus
Urinarius or  opening  of the Urethra, the tube going
to the bladder for the passage of the urine.
  The internal organs of generation of the female, are
the Vagina, the Uterus or womb, the Ovaria, and the
Fallopian tubes.   The Vagina is the duct or passage
leading from the Vulva to the Uterus ; it is the sheath
into  which the penis passes in  coition ;  and it is the
track the child follows in coming from  the uterus to
the external world.  In the virgin,  the vagina is about
an inch in diameter, and  from three to five inches in
length.  It is lined with mucous membrane, and con-
tains a number of little follicles that secrete arid pour
out into the  vagina a thin  fluid  during  the act of
coition and during childbirth.  These little  follicles are
stimulated  to  increased action also, by the venereal
desires  of the female.  Surrounding the  opening of
the vagina, are  a few muscular  fibres that have  a
tendency to contract this opening; the contraction  is
not sufficient  however to offer  an  impediment to the
entrance of the penis.
  The  vagina as well  as  the external   organs of 
                ORGANIC GENERATION.            179

generation of the female are  susceptible of great  ex-
pansion  at  childbirth,  to  prevent a rupture of  the
parts.   These parts, after childbirth, never become as
small as before.  Opening into the  upper end of  the
vagina, is the neck of the  uterus.  The vagina at its
upper  end, surrounds  the  neck of the womb, and is
firmly  attached to it.   The uterus or womb  is a mus-
cular pouch,  having the shape of a flattened pear.  In
the virgin, the uterus is about three jnches  long, and
about  two inches broad.  It is held in its place by
strong ligaments.  The uterus is the receptacle of the
child, the place where the child grows until it becomes
sufficiently developed to live in the external world.
Theifterus enlarges as the child grows, and its  mus-
cular structure becomes  stronger, until it is  able, at
the end  of nine  months, to  expel the child from its
cavity  by the contraction of its muscular fibres.   The
opening  of the womb through  the  neck, which pro-
jects into the vagina, is a  mere slit or crevice in  the
virgin  uterus, and  a very small, round hole in  the
uterus  that has been delivered of children, scarcely
large enough to admit the point of the  finger.   But
just before delivery, it becomes enlarged  sufficiently,
to admit of the passage of the  child without being
ruptured.  Opening into the upper part of the uterus,
on each side, is a little duct about the size of a goose-
quill, from four to five inches  long ;-its outer extrem-
ity is open and terminates by a little fringe into wjiat is
called the cavity of  the Peritoneum (the serous mem-
brane covering the  bowels, uterus, and the  other  or-
gans of the abdomen).  One of the  slits, forming  the
fringe  of the Fallopian  tube, is fastened to a small
glandular-looking body,  about the size of an almond.
This little body is  called the Ovarium, and the two 
 180        SUPPLEMENTARY  LECTURE ON

 taken together, one on each side of the uterus, are called
 the Ovaria, meaning literally, the receptacles of eggs.
 Inside of these little Ovaria,  are a  number of minute
 vesicles, filled  with a clear  fluid,  in which  may be
 seen a flocculus or flake-like substance floating.  There
 are from ten to twenty of these little  vesicles  in each
 Ovarium.   This vesicle is the germ  or egg from which
 the  human being starts.   This   little  insignificant
 blister of clear fluid is the beginning of man.   When
 one  of these little vesicles becomes impregnated  by
 the semen coming in  contact with  it, the vesicle en-
 larges—leaves  the Ovarium—the little  fringes of the
 Fallopian tube  clasp it, and it descends down the tube
 into the uterus,  where it becomes surrounded with
 membranes, that  commence growing for the purpose;
 it becomes nourished with blood by a growth on the
 inside of the uterus, called the Placenta or  afterbirth,
 and thus it continues to grow and  assume more and
 more the shape of a  human  being, until  finally, at
 about seven months from the time the vesicle  became
 impregnated, the being becomes so far organized as to
 be able to live in  the  external world.   Nine months,
 however, is the  natural period for the full development
 of the child, before it is expelled from the uterus.
  We  have described  to  you the different organs of
generation of the male and  female; we will now de-
scribe,  in connected detail, the process of propagation.
In order that the human species might increase, our
Creator placed  in its mental  organization a desire for
sexual  intercourse—a desire sometimes almost incon-
trollable.  This mutual desire brings the  two sexes
together; it renders the generative organs in a proper
condition to become united together.
  When the penis of the male is introduced into the 
ORGANIC GENERATION.            181
vagina of the female, after a certain  lapse  of  time,
varying in different individuals  and under  different
circumstances according to the exertion and energies
of the individuals, the  little muscles surrounding the
urethra and vesicular seminales are stimulated to con-
tract, which  contraction forces  the semen  into  the
vagina of the female.  The discharge of  the setlien
satisfies, for the time, the venereal desires of  the male
and female.
  The semen, after  it is discharged into the vagina,
goes up into 'the  uterus, and from  the  uterus up the
Fallopian  tubes, and finally comes in contact with the
little  vesicles  in  the ovaria  and stimulates  them to
germinate, thus  producing  impregnation.   Immedi-
ately  the new being commences  forming.  The loose
fringe of the Fallopian tube grasps the detached vesi-
cle and conveys  it  to the uterus.   Here it  becomes
developed gradually until, at the expiration  of about
seven months, it has acquired all  the necessary7 organi-
zation to enable it to live in the external world ;  it is
not expelled,  however, until two  months afterward, it
being then more perfectly developed and better able to
resist the influences  of the external world.
   While in the womb the being does not breathe nor
is it nourished by food introduced into the  stomach,
as in the external  world, but it is nourished  by the
blood  of  the mother  introduced  into  the  child by
bloodvessels  in the  umbilical or navel cord.  Cover-
ing a great portion of the inside  of the uterus during
pregnancy, is a growth,  called the  Placenta  or After-
birth, which  receives blood  from the mother through
the uterus, and conveys it to the  child, for its nourish-
ment, through the umbilical cord.
   The blood  is  circulated through the body of the 
182        A SUPPLEMENTARY LECTURE ON
   foetus by its heart, but it  does not go  through its
   lungs, there being an opening between the two cavities
   bf the  heart, which lets  the blood go from the right
   side, as it is  returned from  the system, into the left
^sid^&hose contraction forces it through the system.
Ir^A^irrth the lungs are first expanded, and the blood,
   in|Ptesing through the heart,  changes its direction;
   instead  of  going from  the  right  side  of the  heart
   directly into  the left side, it goes  from the right side
   through the lungs,  and from the  lungs into the left
   side of thif heart.  The  hole between the two cavities
   of the hrpirt closes up.  The  umbilical circulation lasts
   until the child commences breathing, and then it stops.
   There is always a necessity,  while  the child is passing
   through what are called the Straits  of the pelvis, for
   the umbilical cord to be free from pressure  until the
   head is born and the circulation through the  lungs is
   established.   Pressure of  the umbilical cord,  before
   birth, is as fatal to the child  as strangulation would be
   after birth.
     The  circumstances necessary for the impregnation
   of woman are; that the semen of the male be intro-
   duced into the vagina, and that  the vagina have a free
   communication with the uterus, and that the  uterus
   have a free  communication, through the Fallopian
   tubes, with the vesicles of the ovaria. It is not neces-
   sary that the semen be introduced far up  into the
   vagina. Women have been surprised at finding them-
   selves impregnated from the semen being discharged
   between the outer lips of the vulva.  Possibly barren-
   ness, in a majority of cases,  is owing to some obstruc-
   tion of the Fallopian tubes,  which  prevents the semen
   coming in contact with the ovarian vesicles.   Barren-
   ness can be produced, where there  is a necessity for it, 
               ORGANIC GENERATION.            183

on account  of the narrowness  of the pelvis or other
constitutional defects, by interrupting the communica-
tion between the uterus and ovaria by a section of the
Fallopian tubes.
  A willingness of the parties is not necessary for th^e
induction of impregnation.  The female may be  en-
tirely unconscious of the  act.  A story is told  of a
priest who had connection with a young lady whom
he supposed to be dead, but who revived and became
pregnant not knowing how she became so.  A case is
related also of a servant-girl who  was impregnated
while lying before the fire asleep.
  There  is  a  peculiarity  of  the  female system  that
seems intimately connected with her generative pow-
ers;  this peculiarity is the  Catamenial discharge—
the Menses or  monthly courses, as they are generally
called.   The Menses is a  discharge from the uterus,
resembling blood somewhat, which takes place, under
favorable circumstances, once a  month. The discharge
varies in  quantity from  two to six ounces, and generally
continues from three to six days.
  This Periodical discharge commences at  what is
called  the age of puberty.  The  age at which  the
sexes take on their sexual  peculiarities, the  male be-
coming capable of impregnating and  the  female of
being impregnated.  During the period of  impregna-
tion, and during a few  months afterward, while  nurs-
ing the child, this secretion of  menses  is suspended.
When the menses return the female becomes suscepti-
ble of being impregnated again.  At the age of about
forty-five the menses become entirely suspended, from
which time the woman  is barren.
  The age of puberty  differs under different circum-
stances.   In cold climates it comes on late—in females
         30 
184        A SUPPLEMENTARY I.ECTURE ON
from  the  age of eighteen to twenty-one.  In warm
climates, from twelve to sixteen.  Much depends on
education, however,  as  to  the early  development of
puberty.  If the associations of the girl are such as to
cause her thoughts  to run much in this channel, pu-
berty will be much earlier with her than if her thoughts
have a different direction.
  The Generative power of both sexes may be greatly
injured  and weakened  by an  excessive  exercise of
them.   The design  of these  organs  is  to perpetuate
the species, and  to  this end should they be used, and
not merely for the gratification of the animal passions.
It is  a  wise provision  for the  virility of man,  that
among enlightened nations it is lawful to have but one
wife.  Where there is but one female for the man to
cohabit  with,  there  is not that danger of excessive
venery as where there are a variety of females for the
male to bestow his favors on.
  There is an  abuse  of the generative organs that is
pretty generally  practiced, much worse in  its conse-
quences than  excessive venery.   It  is  Onanism or
self-pollution;  by which the  semen is  discharged
without having connection  with  the  opposite  sex.
No practice will sooner destroy man's  virility  and
even  his mind, than this.  This practice finally gets
the generative organs into such a condition as to pro-
duce  involuntary emissions of semen.   A  lascivious
dream, or even a lascivious thought, producing a dis-
charge of semen.  This^constant drain on the nervous
energy soon destroys it and leaves the subject a pitia-
ble  idiot.
  The Generative organs are  subject to diseases of the
most disagreeable and disgusting nature, brought on
in the first place, by the promiscuous intercourse of 
               ORGANIC GENERATION.            185

the sexes.   A virtuous young man marrying a virtuous
young woman, neither of* them, so long as they remain
constant, will have the venereal disease.   But if he or
she have intercourse promiscuously with many persons
of the opposite sex, venereal disease will probably  be
induced.  These venereal diseases .are communicable
from one person to another while cohabiting.
  The two most common venereal diseases are Gon-
orrhea and Syphilis, or " Clap " and " Pox."  Gonor-
rhea or clap consists in a peculiar inflammation of the
mucous  membrane, lining the urethra or tube going
to the bladder.  In coition  it communicates the same
disease to the opposite sex.   If suffered to continue it
finally almost obliterates the urinary passage, causing
the most  extreme pain  when the urine is voided, or
when the  parts are in a  state of erection.
  Syphilis or pox commences with a sore  called a
Chancre, on the mucous membrane lining the exter-
nal organs of generation.  The  matter of these chan-
cres  communicates the  same disease  to  the opposite
sex during coition.   Sometimes the same person has
both of  these diseases at the same time, and can com-  *
municate them  both to an individual  of  the opposite  ■
sex.   If the sores of syphilis are suffered to remain
four or five days, the matter is taken up by the absorb-
ents  and taken into  the general system.  The  Lym-
phatic glands of the groins, through which the matter
passes, first become affected, swelling and sometimes
suppurating; these enlarged glands, are called Buboes.
The  disease extends gradually through  the  system,
showing itself in cutaneous  eruptions, sore throat, and
glandular  enlargements. - It finally  extends"  to  the
bones, producing enlargements and caries  of this struc-
ture.  I have seen holes eaten through the skull, so as 
   186        A SUPPLEMENTARY LECTURE  ON

   to expose the brain, by this dread disease.   I have seen
  4he bones of the nose entirely eaten away by the same
   cause.  Perhaps  no criminal  indulgence  brings more
   horrid  punishment  than that of the sexual organs.
   When the disease once gets diffused through the sys-
   tem, its direful effects never become wholly eradicated.
   Parents,  thus constitutionally affected, communicate
   to their offspring a vitiated constitution.  If they do
   not, in reality, communicate the real venereal disease,
   they do, nevertheless, give to their offspring a consti-
   tutional condition, the most favorable for being affected
   by most  every disease'  that  flesh  is heir to.   Some
   writers contend that Scrofula is but degenerated Syph-
   ilis ;  certain it is that children inherit, indirectly, the
   sins of their parents, in this respect, to the third and
   fourth generation.
     My advice  to you then,  young gentlemen, is, that
   you obey  that  commandment, which says, " Thou
   shalt not commit adultery;" for the violation of no di-
   vine commandment brings so speedy and severe pun-
   ishment as this.
     If you  could but witness the direful effeffcs of the
*  violation  of this law as exhibited in the diseased sys-
   tems of those miserable beings, who  present  them-
   selves at our hospitals for relief, it would convince you
   of the truthfulness  of this advice.
     It would seem as  though our Creator had appended
   to this law a penalty that admitted of no abatement;
   a  penalty that must punish  to the death, and even
   after death, must leave its taint on the victim's pos-
   terity.
     The moral effects of promiscuous  intercourse  are
   fully as destructive  to  the  character as the physical
   effects are to the^ body; they destroy  all of the finer 
                         «
                ORGANIC  GENERATION.           187

feelings of our nature; they produce a skepticism  as
to the existence of virtue;  the}7  paralyze  the mind
against the exercise  of pure thoughts;  they fill the
heart with corrupt desires ; in a word, they  annihilate
everything that is good and praiseworthy in  human-
ity, and make their victim a loathing to himself, and
an  object  of  contempt and commiseration   to his
fellows.
  It is Nature's design that you use your procreative
organs, but in a lawful way.   When you have arrived
at the proper age, and other  circumstances  are favor-
able,  if you can find one of the opposite sex that you
really and purely love, and that pure love  is reci-
procated,  join  yourself to her in  the holy  bonds  of
wedlock.   If you love her  merely  for  her personal
charms,  and  in anticipation of sexual gratification
only, that love will be of  short duration; surfeit, and
perhaps disgust will ensue.   Your love should be of a
purer  aqd. holier origin.   You should be, in truth,
bone  of one bone, and  flesh of one flesh.   Your souls,
as well as your hands should be united in wedlock.
Your connubial love for one another should  be shared
by no other being.  Actuated by such love, the exer-
cise of the procreative organs will be a holy pleasure,
not  dissipated  when  the sensual  gratification has
passed. And when the charms and freshness of youth
have  become  faded, your love for  one  another  will
glow  with  a brighter  and more heavenly flame, and
your souls will leave this existence in joyous anticipa-
tion of their happy re-union hereafter. 
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