MANUAL OF DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY OF THE ft HUMAN BODY, ILLUSTRATED BY TWO HUNDRED AND FORTY LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES ; BY JULES CLOQUET, M.D. ASSISTANT SURGEON TO THE HOSPITAL OF ST. LOUIS, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE OF PARIS, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, OF THE PHILOMA- THIC SOCIETY, OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW-YORK, OF THE MEDICAL S4jigETY OF LEXINGTON, KY. OF THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY OF BERLIN, &C. TRANSLATED BY JOHN D. GODMAN, M. D. PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN RUTGERS MEDICAL COLLEGE, NEW-YORK ; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW-YORK, LATE PRO- FESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY TO THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF PENNSYLVANIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF MARYLAND, PHILADELPHIA, LEXINGTON, OHIO, &C. ®a-l PUBLISHED BY W. &, J. PENDLETON, GRAPHIC COURT, BOSTON. C PRINTED AT THE RUTGERS PRESS, BY WILLIAM A. MERCEIN, NEW-YORK. 1827. MANUAL OF DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY, ILLUSTRATED BY TWO HUNDRED AND FORTY LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES ; BY JULES CLOQUET, M.D. ASSISTANT SURGEON TO THE HOSPITAL OF ST- LOUIS, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE OF PARIS, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, OF THE PHILOMA- THIC SOCIETY, OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW-YORK, OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF LEXINGTON, KY. OF THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY OF BERLIN, &C. TRANSLATED BY JOHN D. GODMAN, M.D. PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN RUTGERS MEDICAL COLLEGE, NEW-YORK J MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, OF THE LITERARY AWD PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW-YORK, LATE PRO- FESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY TO THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF PENNSYLVANIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF MARYLAND, PHILADELPHIA, LEXINGTON, OHIO, &C. PUBLISHED BY W. &> J. PENDLETON, GRAPHIC COURT, BOSTON. PRINTED AT THE RUTGERS PRESS, BY WILLIAM A. MERCEIN, NEW-YORK. 1827. Southern District of New-York, ss. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on tbe twenty-fifth day of May, A. 1>. 1827, in the fifty-first year of the independence of the United States of America. John 1). Godman, M D. of the said district, has deposited in this office tbe title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Proprietor, in tbe words following, to wit: " Manual ol Descriptive Anatomy of the Human Body, illustrated by two hundred and forty Lithographic plates; by Jules Cloquet, M D Assistant sur- geon to the Hospital of St Louis, Associate Professor of the faculty ofMedicine of Paris, Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine, of the Philoma- thic society, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia of the Lyceum of Natural History of New-York, of the Medical Society of Lexington Ky of ihe Medico-Chirurgical Society of Berlin, 4tc Translated by John D. Godman, M. D. Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in Rutgers Med- ical College, Nen-\ ork, Member of tbe American Philosophical Society, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of the Literary and Phi- losophical Society of New-York, late Piofessor of Natural History to tbe Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania, Honorary Member of the Medical Society of Maryland, Philadelphia, Lexington, Ohio. &c. In conformity to the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled "An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Chaits, and Books, o the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the time therein mentioned." And also to an Act, entitled an Act, sup- plementary to an Act entitled an Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and pro- prietors of such copies, during the timet therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching histori- cal and other prints." JAMES DILL, Clerk of the Southern District of New-York; MANUAL OF DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY. The object of human anatomy, is the exact knowledge of all tbe organs composing tbe body of man. The analytic method should invariably be employed in the study of this science, to separate, divide and insulate parts by dissection, in order to know them thoroughly, become able to embrace the whole at one view, and the connexions by which they are held together. In the human body, we must consider the fluids, solids, and phenomena of life, which have the most intimate relation with each other. The fluids during life are continually becoming solids, and the solids, in turn, revert to the fluid state. Both are only produced in living bodies, and life cannot exist except in beings formed at once of these organic elements. The fluids or humours, form the greatest part of the body, about eighteen twentieths ; they are of three kinds : 1st, the blood ; 2d, the fluids poured into and mingled with the blood, for its renewal: 3d, those which emanate from the blood, the uses of which are very different according to their nature. 1st. The blood is the centre of all fluids, of those which renew it and of those for which it at all times furnishes the materials. It is a red, odorous, saline-tasted fluid, glutinous to the touch, slightly heavier than water. Its quantity has been differently estimated ; (from ten to a hundred pounds.) When recently drawn from a living man, it presents the following ap- pearances : it exhales an animal vapour, and afterbeing cooled some degrees, it forms a mass called clot or coagulum This successively contracts, and is soon surrounded by a yellowish whey like fluid, called serum, which separates from it by a sort of exudation. If the coagu- lum be washed, the water carries off the cruor or red colouring matter, and the residue is a fibrinous mass. The serum is formed in great part of water, albumen, some salts, and a smaH quantity of mucus. The cruor is composed of microscopic globules, surrounded by a colour- ing substance, of animal nature. The serum also contains globules, but much smaller than MANUAL. ,.. t. j • *h» fluidity of the blood was also fluid, consists those of the cruor. The fibrin, which during the fluidur ™ mQ that the o hose ot^eLod, excepting their colour. In passing through the small —es he chyme is changed in part into chyle a white opaque, inodorous sweet-tasted fluid, which coagu- lates when removed from the vessels, and whose coagulum, of a rose colour, contracts and is at length surrounded by a fluid somewhat analogous to the serum of blood. The globules of chyle are numerous and do not differ from those of the blood, except by their whiteness, or by a pale rose-coloured tint. The coagulum of chyle appears to be intermediate to fibrin and albumen. There is also a fatty matter in chyle. This fluid successively acquires the proper- ties of blood in the mesenteric glands, and especially in traversing the lungs, where it obtains the red colour at the same time that the venous blood undergoes a similar change. 3d. The blood, like a copious fountain, continually furnishes the materials of the secreted fluids, by means of the numerous canals which convey it to all parts. Some of these are rejected as excrementitious, such as urine, perspiration, &c. Sometimes they serve some purpose after their formation, as the milk, saliva, tears, bile, sperm, &c. The blood also con- veys the materials for the nutrition, and increase of all the organs. We might consider among the fluids, the gaseous substances found in certain cavities, as of the lungs, intestines, &c. The Solids, however numerous and various they appear, may be reduced to a certain num- ber of textures, which are themselves susceptible of reduction by mechanical analysis to micros- copic globules, united in series under the form of delicate filaments which are called fibres.— These fibres and globules form the base, or organic element of all our textures : they may be referred to certain primitive types of which the principal are, 1st. The albugineous fibre :— This is white, sometimes pearly and resplendent, linear, tenacious, elastic and slightly exten- sible : essentially formed of gelatin and albumen, it enters into the composition of the cellular and fibrous textures, &c. 2d. The muscular, moving orfleshy fibre. This is linear, flattened, soft, downy, white or red, according to the organs and animals During life it is endowed with the faculty of contracting or shortening itself. It is composed of a great quantity of fibrin and a small amount of albumen and gelatin. 2d. The nervous substance, which is a white or grayish pulp, soft, and inelastic, which takes different forms to constitute the nervous system. It is composed especially of two fatty matters, the one white, the other reddish, of osmazome, albumen, phosphorus, sulphur and some salts. 4th. The glandulous substance .-—This is gran- ulated, varying in colour, consistence and chemical composition, according to the glands' into whose structure it enters. The solids sometimes form cords, canals or vessels ; sometimes organized tissues which are called membranes, the texture and dispositions of which are as variable, as their uses. OF DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY. 5 The following are the principal textures or systems, which by their union compose the or- gans ; we merely indicate those to which we shall hereafter have occasion to return.* 1st. Cellular or Laminous System :—This is the most general in the animal economy. It is interposed to all other parts, and serves at once as a mean of union and separation ; through its intermediation a great number of our organs are susceptible of continual changes of form, relations, dimensions, and of the power of moving easily upon each other. It is through- out continuous, a species of net which penetrates every where : so that if we imagine all other parts removed, the body would still preserve its forms. Its continuity establishes communica- tions between the most distant regions of the body : of itself it composes a great number of or- gans, and enters as an essential element into the formation of all the rest. In different individuals and in different parts of the body, there are sufficiently marked varieties in its consistence and texture. The substance composing it is extensible, tenacious, and retractile ; it readily as- sumes when stretched, the appearance of very thin and diaphanous layers ; when inflated, that of vesicles or transparent cells, all communicating with each other. It serves as a mould to all other parts, the smallest integrant particles of which are plunged in its thickness ; it is a sort of atmosphere surrounding and penetrating them. During life it is continually moistened or bedewed with a serous vapour which is poured into its areola by capillary vessels ramifying thereupon, and this vapour is again taken up by absorbents originating from the same surfaces. Examined with the microscope, the cellular texture appears composed of rounded globules, united according to the researches of Edwards, in irregular series, which sometimes form straight, and sometimes waving or curved lines, disposed in layers ; the same author has deter- mined that all the globules of a layer of cellular substance are alike, and that their actual di- ameter is 3 ^th of a millimetre.f The chemical composition of the cellular texture, approach- es that of the serum of the blood : it is formed especially of albumen and gelatin. 2d. Adipose System :—This consists of membranous vesicles united in groups, varying in bulk, lodged most frequently in the areola of cellular texture, and containing in their cavity a yellowish fluid of a peculiar taste and smell, called fat. $ Adipose vesicles are generally round- ed, globulous, and often sustained by a vascular pedicle. Internally they present very delicate filaments, which traverse them, like incomplete partitions, and are furnished with capillary blood vessels. The adipose texture forms an even layer under the skin, which fills up the inequalities of other parts, and gives the graceful and rounded outline to the female and infant. Its quantity averages about the twentieth part of the entire weight of the body, hi youth it abounds principally under the skin ; in middle age it successively abandons this place, being concentrated in the cavities of the trunk : in old age, its quantity ordinarily diminishes, and the individuals emaciate. The marrow which fills the cavities of the bones is of the same nature as the fat of other parts. The fat which distends the adipose vesicles is semi-fluid at the ordi- nary temperature of the body: its consistence however, varies slightly in the different regions. 3d. Vascular System.—This is formed by the vessels or canals in which the fluids are contained and circulated. Some of these vessels contain the blood ; these are the arteiies and * PI. l,fig.2. f PL 1, fig-3. t PI. I, fig. 1,2. 2 6 MANUAL ,, l 1p • these .re the lymphatic or chyliferous vessels. reins: others contain the lymph and chyle, these are y V The vuculur sxstrm is composed of the three following secondary b^ A. AaT«uLSvBTr.M/ In man the arteries, two in number have « from the vehicles of the heart, and ramify, one (the ^te> *^^^an arborescent the other (the pulmonary artery) through the lungs alone. Each of theha, form, the trunks giving origin to secondary trunks, these to ^^^l^iczl. twigs to ramu.les still decreasing in size. Each division of the arteries » ^^ and Th walls of those vessels are formed by an intern* me.br ane, which is ^^Z^clv fragile; a ^dle membrane, which is thick and resisting, having: yellowish ^™™™ fibres ; and of a strong external membrane, having close felt-l.ke fibres analagous m nature o the ligamentous texture. Both of the great arteries are provided at their angin -" valves which permit the blood to pass from the heart into their cavity, and which oppose the retrograde courrc of that fluid : at their peripheral extremities they become of a capillary te- nuitv, and communicate, more or less, manifestly with the veins, according to the parts It appears also that they have exhale* extremities or porosities^ They conduct the blood by a sort of centrifugal movement from the heart to all parts of the body. 1). Venous System.—The wm* arise by a multitude of capillary roots in all the organs ofthebodv, and in the lungs. They terminate in the auricles of the heart:* those which come from all parts (vena cavaz) by two trunks, and those of the lungs (vence pulmonales) by four. Tiie veins are divided and subdivided much like the arteries ; their interior is provided with a great number of valvules, generally arranged in pairs, forming actual valves which per- mit the blood to pass from the branches into the trunks and prevent its reflux, in the opposite direction. The coats of the veins are much more delicate and softer than the arteries, being formed of two membranes. The veins are larger and more numerous than the arteries.— They bring back the blood from all part, whence the fluid circulates in them from the lungs to the branches, and from these to the trunks, manifesting a truly centripetal motion. C. Lymphatic System.||—The Lymphatic, or absorbent vessels generally distributed throughout the body, have very delicate and semi-transparent coats ; they are all internally provided with valvules, similar to those of the veins, and having the same uses. Thus, exter- nally vi?wed, they present strangulations at different intervals on a level with the valvules. Of these vessels, one set contains a limpid fluid called lymph ; the others are filled at certain lines with chyle, which they suck up from the internal surface of the intestines. The lymphatic vessels unite in several trunks which open into the veins to discharge their contained fluids and mingle them with the blood. But before entering the veins they all traverse, beino- first subdivided, organs called lymphatic ganglions. These are small reddish bodies, variable in size and volume, and of a texture still but little known. After having ramified in their thickness the lymphatic vessels come out to discharge themselves into the principal trunks. * PI. 1 fig. 4. t pi. 1, fig. C. % Pi 1. fig- 5, 7. || pi. V fig 8, OF DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY. i 4th Nervous System.—This is formed by a soft pulpy substance composed of white or grayish globules, disposed in various manners. This matter is either arranged in masses of variable size, of a determined form, as may be observed in the brain, cerebellum, and spinal marrow, or it is enclosed in very fine fibrous canals, fasciculated, to form the nerves,* or soft whitish cords, which divide into a great number of branches, and convey sensation and motion through all parts. These nerves in certain places unite together to form networks, to which the name of nervous plexus has been given. In other cases, the nervous substance is re-united by cellular texture into small grayish dense masses, into which a great number of nervous fila- ments enter, and others emanate therefrom. These little masses are called nervous gangdom, f The nervous substance is in some parts expanded in form of a soft diffluent membrane, as in the retina, &c. The different organs constituting the nervous substance, forms two distinct, principal sys- tems ; one belonging most especially to sense and motion, the other to the organs of nutritive life. 5. Serous System.—The serous membranes constituting this system are species of sacs without opening, placed wherever great movements occur. They appear to be nothing more than a particular form of cellular texture. They are found under the skin, where that membrane covers very moveable bones, as in front of the knee, elbow, &c. around or at the sides of the tendons and aponeuroses of the muscles which produce great movements ; between the articulations of moveable bones; in short, through all the cavities of the trunk. They have everywhere the appearance of closed sacs attached by one surface to the moveable part, and by the other to those against which they move. They are folded upon themselves to furnish more or less complete sheaths to the vessels, nerves, and other parts, which traverse them, so that the organs are not within their cavity, as at first sight they appear to be. Their internal sur- faces are smooth, polished and free. They are formed of condensed cellular texture, and traversed by a great number of lymphatics and blood vessels.* They are furnished with fringed processes which pour out internally an albuminous, limpid, unctuous, cohesive fluid, which facilitates the sliding of contiguous parts on each other, and consequently that of the organs to w iich they are attached. This fluid is incessantly discharged from the extremities of the ex- halent arteries, and taken up again by the absorbent vessels. The serous membranes, thus represent great reservoirs intermediate to the exhalent and absorbent vessels, in which the se- rous fluids, in coming out of one set, are for some time delayed before passing into the other. 6. Mucous System.— The mucous membranes composing this system, have been thus named on account of the viscous liquid which habitually lubricates their free surfaces They line the ducts, cavities, and hollow organs which communicate with the exterior by the na- tural openings by which the skin is pierced, and are continuous with the integuments adjoining the circumference of these openings. They consequently present an external or adherent sur- face, and a free internal surface. These membranes may be referred to two great divisions ; • Pi. l, fig li. t «• i. fig- ™- t Pi- '. fig- 9- II «• J» %• io- iS MANUAL one called gastro-pulmonary, lines the interior of the organs of ^^^^^^ other called genito-urinary, clothes the interior of the organs of generation and ex- urine These membranes, in general, are every where in contact with substances foreign to the bodv : they represent an internal skin, and have striking resemblances of organization functions and vital properties to the cutaneous texture. They are composed ot a cnono or fibrous web, forming the principal part-of papill*, and in the vicinity of external openings of an epidermis which protects them. The last is replaced by an abundant mucous in deep seated organs They receive numerous blood-vessels, lymphatics and nerves, and m almost all parts they are studded with small rounded grayish glands, which are called mucous follicles^ These have in their centre a cavity which opens by a narrow orifice on the free surface of the membrane to pour out the transparent viscous, tenacious, fluid, designated by the term mucus. 7. Ligamentous System. This is composed of slightly extensible albuginous fibres which form by their union cords, bands, or species of whitish, shining satin-like tissues. The ligamentous texture, especially remarkable by its degree of cohesiveness and resistance of rup- ture, appears to differ from the cellular texture solely by its condensation ; like the latter tex- ture, it is gelatinous and albuminous. It forms 1st the ligaments which attach the bones to each other* : 2d, the tendons or fibrous cords attached to the bones, through which the mus- cles, whose fleshy fibres are received at their extremities, cause the motions of the bones ; 3d. the aponeuroses or membranes surrounding the muscles, and serving as points of attachment to their fibres, and are often themselves but mere expansions of tendons ;f lth. many other membranes, which envelope different organs, enter into their composition, as the dura mater periosteum sclerotica, &c. The ligamentous texture is almost entirely com- posed of gelatine. 8. Elastic System. The fibres forming this system are distinguished from the preceding texture, by less resistance, much more elasticity, and a peculiar yellowish colour. In chemi- cal character it differs, in being of an albuminous and fibrinous nature. This texture is employ- ed by nature in antagonizing gravitation and muscular contraction. In large quadrupeds, it constitutes an elastic ligament, which sustains the head without the aid of muscular action. — The arteries have in their thickness an elastic membrane of this texture, which compresses the blood that the contraction of the heart has sent into the vessels and thus aids in continuing the circulation. We find the elastic tissue, also, in many of the vessels ; in certain ligaments of the vertebral column, the air-tubes of the lungs, &c- 9. Cartilaginous System. Cartilages are parts of an opaline, milky whiteness. They are flexible, compressible, very elastic, resisting—softer, however, and lighter than the bones The disposition of their fibres is not seen without much difficulty on account of their compact ness, which gives them the appearance of being homogeneous, like the coagulated white of e?S. Cellular substance appears to enter, but in very small quantity into their organization In the ordinary condition their vessels contain only colourless fluids ; neither nerves* nor lym- • PI..1, 6,. W. t PL 2, fig. 3. J pi. i fig.,. || Pl. 2, fig. 7. J pl.i, fi8. 5,6, 8. OF DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY. 9 phatics have yet been demonstrated in cartilage. The cartilaginous system is composed of albumen, water, and phosphate of lime. Some cartilages form the parenchyma of bones, before the entire developement of ossification, and have been called temporary, or cartilages of ossification ;* others cover the articular extremities of bones, and have been named incrust- ing cartilages ; those which serve to elongate certain bones, as the ribs, have been styled car- tilages of prolongation, &c. These organs perform very important functions in the animal economy, on account of their consistence and perfect elasticity. 10, Fibro-cartilaginous System. This is formed by the fibro-cartilages. Organs are thus named which have a texture intermediate to the fibrous and cartilaginous textures.f Be- clard has distinguished them as, 1st. Temporary fibro-cartilages, or of ossification ; such as in the foetus form the patella and other sesamoid bones , 2d. Incrusting fibro-cartilages; these exist wherever there is a considerable friction of a bone, or of a tendon against the periosteum, as is seen in the sheaths giving passage to the tendons : 3d. Interarticular fibro-cartilages, found between the articular surfaces of bones. 11. Osseous System. The bones are the most solid, and hardest organs of the body which they sustain, of which they determine the principal forms and divisions. J 12. Muscular System.|| This is formed by the muscles. Organs very variable in size and figure, ordinarily of a red colour, capable of shortening or contracting to produce motions and forming what is commonly called the flesh of animals. Muscles communicate motion by being inserted into bones and other parts, most commonly by means of cords or membranous fibres. Sometimes they contract under the influence of the will; sometimes their shortening- occurs independently of this act of the understanding. 13. Erectile or cavernous system.—This is a texture of a peculiar spongy nature, composed of small filaments which cross, unite and separate in all directions, forming a vast number of areolae communicating with each other, and ordinarily filled with or soaked in blood. § The cavernous texture appears to be essentially nervous and muscular. It enlarges, becomes distended, reddened, and erected under the stimulus of different agents, thus causing movements, in consequence of the active dilatation of which it becomes the seat. It is found in the penis, clitoris, nipple, &c. 14. Glandulous system.**—This is constituted by the glands; organs which are very dif- ferent in size and figure, having, in general a soft globulous, granular texture, in which we find a great number of vessels, nerves, and a peculiar tissue. The intimate nature of the glan- dulous texture is still unknown ; it appears to differ in each gland. Some have thought with Malpighi, that it results from an agglomeration of small solid masses cal'ed glandular grains, in which the blood-vessels and nerves terminate, and whence arise the excretory ducts. Others have believed with Ruysch, that the glandulous texture is entirely vascular : finally, some have imagined that the glandulous grains of Malpighi, were nothing but species of little sacs or fol- licles in which fluids were delayed to acquire peculiar characters during their stay. A multi- tude of small ducts come out of the glands which unite to form trunks of different sizes, * PI 2, fig. 5, 6, 3. t ,1. 2, fig. 9. X PL 2- fiS- 4> 5. 6. || pi. 2. fig, 1. j PI. 2 fig. 10. *# pi. 2, fig. 2. 3 10 MANUAL givin- origin to one or more excretory ducts, to carry off the secreted fluids. The glands, in fact, such as the liver, pancreas. kicii,e5s, breast, testicles, &c. are destined to draw from the ve^cls the molecules necessary to the formation of numerous fluids, as the bile, pancieatic fluid, urine, milk, sperm, cVc elaborated in their texture under the influence oi the vital forces. Manv oi these glands have in the course of their excretory ducts, particular reservoirs, in which the secreted fluids are amassed, and undergo different modifications before they are finally evacuated. 15. Cor.nkous System.—This comprises parts, in the interior of which the presence ot ves- sels and nerves cannot be demonstrated , which are insensible, capable of re-production when they have been destroyed or spontaneously removed, and appear to result from the concretion of a matter secreted by the organs upon which they are found * This system comprises the epidermis, nails, hair—and in animals, the horns, scales, feathers, &c. The textures form, alone, or differently combined with each other, all the organs of the bo- dy. These, connected with each other to discharge the functions of life, of which they are but the material instruments, are united in different groupes, more or less complicated, desig- nated by the name of apparatus. These groupes have been divided according to the functions they perforin. Thus, by following in the study of anatomy, this physiological order, the only one that should be adopted, we see that the apparatuses may be referred to three principal clas- ses, according as they have for object, 1st, to place the individual in relation with external objects ; 2d, to contribute to nutrition, support and growth ; and 3d, to serve for the propa- gation and generation of the species. In conformity with this order, and not to separate too far from the ancient method, still fol- lowed by a considerable number of anatomists, we divide our work into seven great parts, viz : 1st. osteology, or of the bones and their means of union , 2d. myology, or of muscles and their dependencies ; 3d. of the organs of sense ; 4th. neurology, or of the nerves , 5th. an°-e- iology, or of the vessels ; 6th splanchnology, or of the viscera , 7th, embryology, or of the foetus and its dependencies. To study the organs and determine their general positions and respective relations, we sup- pose the man erect, in a perfectly vertical situation, the arms pendant from the sides of the trunk, and the palms of the hands directed forwards. We draw an imaginary line, which pas- sing from the summit of the head, falls vertically between the feet, and makes of all partsa ri°ht angle with the ground ; this is called the median line of the body. v\ e employ this line in assigning the names of region to organs , and according as they appear in relation to this axis of the body, they are anterior or posterior, internal or external, superior or inferior, miadle or lateral, &c. * PI. 2, fig-, n. FIRST PAHT. OSTEOLOGY, That part of anatomy is thus named, which treats of the bones, and their dependencies, or the organs which serve for their articulations. OF BONES IN GENERAL. The bones form the most solid and resisting part of the body, of which they constitute the frame work. They are inflexible and break easily, with a snap. Their colour is red- dish when they are recent, and perfectly white when they have been prepared by maceration. Externally they are covered by a membrane called periosteum. They contain in their cavi- ties and texture a fluid fat, called marrow. The periosteum is a very dense, semi-transparent fibrous membrane, which immediately envelopes the bones throughout the greatest part of their extent. It does not exist at the level of their articular surfaces, and is manifestly continuous with the fibrous organs which are inserted into it. It contains a great number of blood vessels which run into, and nourish, the substance of the bone. A fibrous membrane, similar to the periosteum, is also remarked upon certain cartilages ; it has received the name of perichondrium. The marrow belongs to the adipose system , it is a fat, yellowish, somewhat solid, granu- lated substance formed of small vesicles. It fills the central canals of long bones. In the ex- tremities of these bones, and in the short bones, it is reddish, more fluid, and has been named meelullay or oily juice. The marrow is comaine ! in a special membrane, which is cellulous and vascular, lining the medullary cavity of long bones, and sending very fine expansions into the cellules of the spongy texture, where it manifestly exists. The central artery of long bones divides into two principal branches, one of which ascends and the ether descends upon the parietes of the medullary canal to distribute their numerous ramifications upon its mem- brane.* This membrane represents a sort of internal periosteum, and nourishes the deepest seated laminae of the bone, at the same time that it secretes the marrow. The bones are nourished by the blood carried into them by the arteries, the residue of which is brought back by the accompanying veins. Lymphatic vessels have not yet been discovered in them. They recei' e nervous filaments from the great symphathetic, or gangli- onic system. They are essentially formed of two substances, one is gelatinous organized par- renchyma ; the other a calcareous salt, which fills tne areolae of the parenchyma, and imparts to it solidity. * PI. 2, fig. 5,6. 12 MANUAL We prove the existence of these two principal elements in bone, 1st, by soaking them for some time in diluted hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, which takes up the calcareous salt, and leaves exposed a soft gelatinous, flexible parenchyma, having exactly the same form as that of the bone ; 2d, by boiling bones in Papin's digester, we obtain an inverse result; the paren- chyma is dissolved and remains in the fluid, and we obtain their skeleton, or calcareous sub- stance, rendered very friable by parting with the gelatine. If bones be calcined, the gelatin- ous part is destroyed, and nothing but the earthy salts remain. Gelatin and fat make up about half of the weight of bones, the other half is formed of inor- ganic substances, which according to the most recent analysis, are the phosphate of lime, com- posing the largest part, the carbonate of lime, the phosphate of magnesia, phosphate of am- monia ; oxydes of iron and manganese, united probably with the phosphoric acid , some traces of alumine, silex and soda. The osseous texture is composed of very solid fibres, identical in all the bones ; differently disposed in different regions : sometimes they have the appearance of layers varying in densi- ty, which surround the bones and line the openings they present ; frequently they are dispo- sed in filaments, in numerous very delicate and areolar lamellae running in a thousand different directions, and leave between them cellules of variable form and size, which all freely com- municate with each other. This arrangement of osseous fibres has received the name of spon- gy, cellular or reticular texture* This spongy texture is especially observed in the interior of bones, and the compact texture on their exterior. In relation to their Form, bones have been divided into long, flat, and short, according as the dimension in length or breadth predominates, or that these are equal to the thickness. The Long bones are found in the limbs. They are larger and less numerous in proportion as they are near to the trunk. Their extremities are dilated as if swelled, their middle part, or boiy, is contracted, generally rounded or triangular, and often twisted upon ilself—it has a central cavity which contains the marrow, and this is called the medullary canal. This canal renders the bone lighter and stronger, without augmenting the quantity of the substance which composes it ; the cavity enlarges with the age of the bone.f The bodies of long bones are formed of a layer of compact texture, which is very thick in the middle, and gradually thinner towards the extremities, to envelope the spongy texture which is there so abundant. The flat or broad bones, commonly by their union, form the walls of certain cavities, as the skull and pelvis. They have two layers of compact texture, frequently with radiated fibres + containing between them a variable quantity of spongy texture ; this last has received in the bones of the cranium the name of diploe.\\ The short bones are commonly very irregular, not voluminous, and collected in «reat num ersin the regions they occupy. They are externally composed of a thin layer tf compact" texture, and internally of spongy substan _ j. v On examining their surfaces the bones present a great number of eminences and cavities to which various names have been given. cavities to * PI. 2, fig 5,6. t pi. 2 fig. 5, 6. | PI 2. fig. 4. || pi. 3, fi,. ,, ;• C-F DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY. 13 The eminences are termed apophyses. When they are separated from the principal part of the bone by a layer of cartilage, and their ossification is not completed, they are called epiphy- ses.* The apophyses are divided into such as do, and such as do not serve for articulations. 1 st. The articular apophyses, are called heads, when they are spheroidal; condyles when they are broader in one direction than another ; and the contracted part which sustains them commonly receives the name of neck. When they serve for immoveable articulations, they are called dentations, roots, &c. 2d. The inarticular apophyses are for the most part destined for the insertion of fibrous or- gans, ligaments, tendons and aponeuroses : to the reflexions of some tendons, &c. They have been distinguished— A. According to their general form—as lines ; unequal eminences, slightly salient and extended in length : crests ; projections similar to lines, but smooth and more marked : processes ; rounded, large and smooth apophyses ; protuberances and tuberosities, rounded and rugous eminences. B. According to the bodies with which they are compared—as spinous styloid, coracoid, odontoid, mastoid, apophyses, &c. as they resemble a thorn, style, crows-beak, tooth or nip- ple. C. According to their uses ; trochanters, or eminences serving for rotation : orbitar apophy- ses, pertaining to the orbit, &c. D. According to their direction and situation ; hence transverse, ascending, vertical superior, apophyses, &c. The cavities of bones, like their apophyses, are divided into arliculxr and inarticular. The articular cavities are called cotyloid when they are hemispherical and deep ; glenoid, when large and slightly concave ; facettes when nearly plane ; alveoles, when deep and coni- cal. The inarticular cavities are variously named, according to their form, uses, &c. fosssa, cavi- ties whose entry is larger than the base : sinus ; cavities whose entrance is narrower than the base—depressions, broad shallow, rugous cavities,—fissures, narrow, deep and long cavities ;— grooves narrow and long cavities lodging the arteries ;~ gutters, elongated cavities, commonly receiving the veins ,—hollows, excavations made upon the edges of bones ; holes or foramina ; cavities which traverse different parts of thin bones:—canals which pass for some extent along the course of a bone. Bones have numerous opening upon their sufaces, through which the vessels that nourish them pass. The long bones have in their body one principal nutritious canal, and at their extremities a multitude of other secondary foramina. The compact texture itself is riddled by pores which give passage to very delicate vessels. The broad and short bones have only the two last sorts of cavities of nutrition. * Pi.i, fig. 6. 4 14 MANUAL DEVELOPEMENT OF BONES. The bones are far from exhibiting the same structure at different periods of life. At the earliest, or immediately after conception, they are mucous, like all the other organs ; they soon become cartilaginous ; vessels are distributed in these cartilages which are at first white, then yellow, and finally red, when they receive the blood. It is only when the ossification properly so called commences, that the temporary cartilage of the bone disappears, to give place to the gelatinous parenchyma, and to the phosphate of lime Certain bones are devel- oped from but one point of ossification ;* others by a great numberf which are at first separate, and finally coalesce with each other at variable epochs, in each bone. J OF THE SKELETON. The bones by their union constitute the skeleton, a sort of solid frame work to which the hoft parts are attached and suspended. This aggregation of the osseous system serves for the support of other organs, determines the general form of the body, and the proportion of its different parts : It represents a series of levers, articulated and set in motion by muscles ; or forms cavities destined to contain the organs most essential to life, and protect them from the action of external agents. Where the bones are held together by the ligaments, their natural connexions, the skeleton is called natural; when on the contrary the bones are joined by foreign bodies, such as cords, wires, &c the skeleton is artificial. The skeleton presents differences, according as it pertains to a foetus, child, adult, or old man ; a male or female. The bones of the skeleton vary in number, because many of them, as the sesamoid bones and those called w irmian or triquetral, are not constant in their existence. However in the adult, generally, the number of bones amount to two hundred and forty. § The skeleton is divided into several parts, which are the trunk and members. The trunk is divided into one middle part and two extremities. The superior extremity of the trunk, is formed by the head itself, divided into two parts, the cranium and face. The cranium is composed of the eight following bones : the frontal, (or coronal,) two parepitals ; the occipital, two temporal; the sphenoid and ethmoid bones. To these some anatomists add the bones belonging to the organ of hearing contained in the temporal bones, and the sphenoid d cornua. [It has been clearly established by Wist ar, that these cor- uua belong to the ethmoid bone, and they are now distinguished by the name of Wutar's Pyr- amids.] See his anatomy, vol. 1, p. 31, ed. 3d.] The face is divided into upper and lower jaw. ...... , *pl-2,fiP4 + pi. 3, fig. 6. Pl. 4, fig. 7. 9 Wl the bones placed upon tie mpdiai. line of she skt'-toi. a™ v,W/* ™o, " j ■be^oio,,,,,,. Th,.,„„,„al,,;ra,,tj,, ™: "i«t;,;:; -"^^»-'><-•"*-,.>«;„„.,„>:„„„, MANUAL OF DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY, ILLUSTRATED BY TWO HUNDRED AND FORTY LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES ; BY JULES CLOQUET, M.D. ASSISTANT SURGEON TO THE HOSPITAL OF ST. LOUIS, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE OF PARIS, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, OF THE PHILOMA- THIC SOCIETY, OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW-YORK, OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF LEXINGTON, KY. OF THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY OF BERLIN, &C, TRANSLATED BY JOHN D. GODMAN, M.D. PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY ANC PHYSIOLOGY IN RUTGERS MEDICAL COLLEGE, NEW-YORK J MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW-YORK, LATE PRO- FESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY TO THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF PENNSYLVANIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF MARYLAND, PHILADELPHIA, LEXINGTON, OHIO, &C PUBLISHED BY W. & J. PENDLETON, GRAPHIC COURT, BOSTON. PRINTED AT THE RUTGERS PRESS, BY WILLIAM A. MERCEIN, NEW-YORK. 1827. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. MANUAL OF DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE 1.* Fig. 1. Subcutaneous cellular and adipose texture, from the inguinal region of a young girl. No. 1, 1. Section of the skin.—External surface of the skin, and hairs with which it is covered. 3, 3. Filaments and lamella of extreme tenuity, which cross each other in every way, leaving between them areolae, constituting the cellvlj,r or laminous texture. The adipose vesicles which filled these areolae, have been remo- ved to expose the cellulous filaments. 4. The lamella or cellular texture, continu- ous with the deepest layers of the skin. 5r 5. Adipose texture formed by vesicles filled with fat, and plunged amidst the filaments of the laminous texture. Fig. 2. Adipose vesicles separated and sustained by filaments of cellular texture uniting them. No. 1, 1. Adipose vesicles.—2. Cellular filaments. Fig. 3. Cellular texture seen through a microscope, enlarged three hundred times in diame- ter. According to Edwards, the apparent diameter of a globule is ^|7th of a millimetre, f Fig. 4. Arterial System.—The internal iliac artery, with the principal divisions and subdi- visions insulated from the parts to which it is distributed. No. 1. Trunk of the artery. 2. Branches arising from the trunk. 3. re-en- tering angle formed between the two preceding branches in separating.— 4, 4, 4. Twigs,—5, 5, 5. Arterial Ramuscles —6, 6. Capillary divisions, or ul-, timate branches of the arteries. 7,7, 7. Arrows, indicating, by their direction the course of the blood in the arteries in passing from the trunks to the branches, from these to the twigs, ramuscles and capillary texture. * The greatest part of the plates in this wotk are drawn from anatomical preparations made by Mr. Pailloux, under the di- rection of Professor Cloqtut. t The Metre is , ] ► . %■■;>> IBWRftBffiS H®®a®&JL ©©i»ii®@m William J. Macneven, M. Valentine Mott, M. D. John W. Francis, M. D. John D. Godman, M. D. John Griscom, L. u. D. The course commences on the first Monday in November, and is continued until the first of March. David Hosack, M. D. F. R. S. Institutes and Practice of Physic and Clinical Medicine* D. Therapeutics and Materia Medica. Surgery. Obstetrics and Forensic Medicine. Anatomy and Physiology. Chemistry. " The department of Practical anatomy is immediately superintended by the professor of anatomy, who teaches in his public lectures, according to the method first introduced by himself, that of making the dissections in the presence of the class, at the time of lecturing. Solicitous to excite a taste for this important study, and to diffuse its advantages moregeneTSHy among the profession, Dr. Godman has determined to devote himself exclusively to the im- provement of his class. Aided by qualified friends, he expects always to be able to prevent students from losing their time in ill-directed experiment, or from acquiring a dislike to the science for want of a competent director. "_* In addition'to the course of Instruction on the Institutes, Practice of Physic, and Clinical Medicine, Professor Hosack, delivers to his class at a separate hour, but without additional expense, a course of Lectures on Botany, exhibiting by means of diagrams and living plants an outline of the Linnsean System. NEW-YORK MEDICAL INSTITUTE. Principles of Surgery by Valentine Mott, M. D. Principles and practice of Obstetrics, by James. M. Pendleton, M. D. General Anatomy as the basis of Physiology, Pathology and Practical Medicine, by John D. Godman, M. D. The Lectures of the Institute commence on the 15th of April, and are continued (intermitting the month of August,) until the 15th of October, one Lecture being delivered daily. The cabinet for the illustration of the Lectures and the use of the pupils is large and highly interesting. The Infirmary of the Institute, which is very conveniently situated, is at- tended daily by one of the Lecturers, for the purpose of prescibing for patients and affording opportunities to pupils of witnessing Medical and ourgical practice. W. & J, PENDLETON, LITHOGRAPHERS, GRAPHIC COURT, BOSTON. WILLIAM A. MERCEIN, PRINTER, 13 BURLING-SLIP, CORNER OF WATER-STREET, NEW-YORK. 4 •^