SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE IN SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA, BY PROF. J. W. BAILEY, OF THE U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY, WEST POINT. r SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERYATIONS SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA AND FLORIDA BY , yi.Lliy- ■ /a J. W. BAILEY, PROF. CHEMISTRY, ETC., U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY, WEST POINT, ACCEPTED FOB PUBLICATION BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, December 1st, 1850. VOL. II ART. 8 £ COMMISSION TO WHICH THIS PAPER HAS BEEN REFERRED. Prof. Wm. B. Rogers, Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. PRINTED BY EDWARD O. JENKINS, 114 Nassau street, New York. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERYATIONS MADE IN SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA. The observations here recorded were made during the winter and spring of the years 1849—50, while on a tour as an invalid through the Southern States. Although my researches were pursued under many disadvantages, and amount to scarcely more than a reconnoisance of the places visited, yet some facts of considerable interest were determined; and as the microscopic productions of these regions have never before been studied, some value must attach to even the most imperfect examinations. With this feeling, I offer the following notes, hoping that if they have no other interest, they may serve to point out to Southern naturalists, and the numerous intelligent invalids who hybernate in the South, how rich a field of amusement and instruction surrounds them even in midwinter. Among the most interesting results obtained were—1st. The discovery of an extensive stratum of fossil Infusoria near Tampa Bay, (see page 19). 2d. The existence of vast quantities of infusorial remains in the rice fields and salt marsh formations of the South, (see pages 5, 11, 12, 13 and 20). 3d. The dis- covery of many new species of microscopic plants and animals, (see page 36). 4th. The demonstration of the cosmopolite character of many minute beings hitherto only known as European species, (see tables, pages 28, 31 and 33). For the convenience of those microscopists who may hereafter visit any of the regions which I examined, I will state in detail the circumstances of time and place under which each observation was made, and give for each locality a list of the species, and then combine these into a general table, to illustrate the dis- tribution of species. 4 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. SULLIVAN S ISLAND, S. C. Dec. ilth, 1849.—On the logs and stones of the-breakwater, in front of Moultrieville, I found the following forms : Diatomacejs. Achnanthes longipes ? Ag., forming very long bands, containing 50 to 100 frustules, mounted on a long footstalk. (See fig. 1, pi. 2.) Amphora Lybica, Ehr. Ceratoneis fasciola, Ehr. Ceratoneis closterium, Ehr. Coscinodiscus lineatus, Ehr. Grammatophora oceanica.Ehr. Gallionella sulcata, Ehr. Navicula sigma, Ehr. Licmophora radians, Kg. CHARLESTON NECK. Dec. 19M, 1849.—In company with Prof. Gibbes, of Charleston College, I col- lected the following forms in a fresh-water ditch near " the Lines," viz : Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr. Synedra valens, Ehr. Closterium acerosum, Schrank. Cosmarium undulatum, Corda. " cucumis, Corda. " margaritiferum, Turp. Euastrum ampullaceum, Ralfs. Penium digitus, Ehr. Scenedesmus obliquus, Turp. Docidium nodulosum, Br6b. Amblyophis viridis, Ehr. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. Euglena viridis, Ehr. " pleuronectes, Ehr. Stentor polymorphus, Ehr. MUD OF CHARLESTON HARBOR. In mud collected from the logs of wharves, and from other situations in Charleston Harbor, the following species of Diatomaceae were noticed. Actiniscus sirius, Ehr. ~- Actinocyclus bioctonarius, Ehr. Actinoptychus senarius, Ehr. Biddulphia pulchella, Gray. Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr. Coscinodiscus excentricus, Ehr. Dictyocha fibula, Ehr. Eupodiscus Rogersii, Ehr. *Eupodiscus radiatus, B. Gallionella sulcata, Ehr. Navicula sigma, Ebr. Pinnularia interrupta, Kg. " didyma, Ehr. " lyra, Ehr. Rhaphoneis rhombus, Ehr. Stauroptera aspera, Ehr. *Surirella circumsuta, B. Terpsinoe musica, Ehr. Triceratium favus, Ehr. " alternans, B. Species marked with a star are believed to be new, and are described at page 36. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 5 CEDAR HILL, ASHLEY RIVER. Dec. ]5th, 1849.—At Mr. Dwight's plantation, (Cedar Hill,) I found growing abundantly on stems of grasses in the river, Bostrichia scorpioides and Deles- seria Leprieurii Mont., two species of Algae which I have found in all our estuaries from the Hudson to Tampa Bay. In company with them in the Ashley River, I found— Achnanthes brevipes, Ag. Meloseira nummuloides, Kg. Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr. In fresh water ditches, at the same place, I found the following Algae, viz: Vaucheria cespitosa, Ag. Spirogyra decimina, Kg. with the following Diatomacerc, viz : Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr. Pinnularia viridis, Ehr, Diatoma Ehrenbergii, Kg. Surirella splendida, Ehr, Himantidium arcus, Ehr. iHIDDLETON PLACE, ASHLEY RIVER. Dec. l§th, 1849.—In an artificial pond or reservoir at this locality, I found a great variety of interesting objects, among which were the following— Desmidie^e. Desmidie.e. A nkistrodesmus falcatus, Corda. Staurastrum gracile, Ralfs. Arthrodesmus convergens, Ehr. " muticum, Breb. " incus, Breb. Xanthidium cristatum, Breb. Cosmarium margariferum, Menegh. — Docidium verrucosum, B. Infusoria. Euastrum elegans, Breb. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. Pediastrum ellipticum, Hass. " dentata, Ehr. " heptactis, Menegh. Lepadella ovalis, Ehr. " Napoleonis, Menegh. Monostyla lunaris, Ehr. Scenedesmus quadricauda, Breb. Peridinium cinctum, Ehr. Sphaerozosma excavatum, Ralfs. Rotifer vulgaris, Schrank. * " serratum, B. Squamella oblonga, Ehr. SAVANNAH, GA. December, 1849.—I had long entertained the belief that the earth of rice fields, from its frequent submergence, must contain a considerable quantity of infusorial remains; and on visiting Savannah, I gladly availed myself of the op- portunity to determine the truth of this supposition. The amount of infusorial remains which I detected far exceeded my expectations, but to my surprise I found that a large portion of the remains were of forms which only inhabit salt or brackish waters. Many of these forms are large enough to be seen by means of a pocket Coddington lens, and indeed it was thus that I first detected the infusorial character of the earths referred to. The large triangular Triceratium favus, Ehr., and the circular discs of Coscinodiscus subtilis, Ehr., may thus be seen in considerable numbers on the surface of every fresh fracture of the earth thnwn from the rice-field ditches. 6 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. It is not merely the superficial layers which contain these remains, but earth thrown out from the depth of fifteen to twenty feet, as at the excavations for foundations and ditches at Fort Pulaski and Fort Johnson, abound in the same fossils, among which, besides Spongiolites and Phytolitharia, the following Dia- tomaceae were noticed: Actinocyclus, several species. Pinnularia placentula, Kg. Actinoptychus senarius, Ehr. " elliptica, Kg. " denarius, Ehr. Rhaphoneis rhombus, Ehr. Coscinodiscus radiatus, Ehr. Surirella splendida, Ehr. " subtilis, Ehr. Triceratium favus, Ehr. Cocconema cymbiforme, Ehr. " alternans, B. *Eupodiscus radiatus, B. Terpsinoe musica, Ehr. Gallionella sulcata, Ehr. Zygoceros rhombus, Ehr. " varians, Ehr. It will be noticed that all these forrps are such as are now common in estu- aries along the Atlantic coast. In a fresh water ditch, about a mile below the city of Savannah, and commu- nicating directly with the river, I found the following Diatomaceae in a living state. Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr. Pinnularia viridis, Ehr. Coscinodiscus subtilis, Ehr. *Odontella Mobilensis, B., with spicules of sponge Meloseira arenaria, Moore. In another fresh water ditch, in the same vicinity, I noticed among Drapar- naldia glomerata, Ag., and Spirogyra quinina, Kg., the following forms, viz : Closterium lunula, Ehr. Naunema, undetermined, with long slender frustules. Coscinodiscus excentricus, Ehr., dead. Synedra vitrea, Ehr. Navicula hippocampus, Ehr. Surirella splendida, Ehr. SWAMP ON THE ROAD TO BONAVENTURE, NEAR SAVANNAH. • On the 24th of December, I collected Hydrocharis spongiosa, or "Coltsfoot," from' a small swamp near the roadside, about a mile from Savannah; and on examining it with a microscope, I found that the small hairs which cover its aquatic roots give an admirable display of the phenomena of the circulation of the sap. These hairs are as transparent as glass, and in each one a turbid fluid may be seen in rapid motion, along the walls of the cells. Slowly revolving c t oblasts were also noticed in some of the hairs. Entangled among the roots of this plant I noticed specimens of Hydatina senta, Ehr., and frustules of Eunotia diodon, Ehr. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 7 Near the same locality I found Botrydium argillaceum, Wall ? and Vaucheria racemosa, Lyngb. POND BY THE SIDE OF THE RAIL-ROAD, NEAR SAVANNAH. Dec. 21th, 1850.—The bottom of this pond was covered with beautiful, waving, plume-like masses of Myriophyllum, among the leaves of which the following species were found :— Alg.«. Bulbochaete setigera, Ag. Tolypothrix distorta, Kg. Desmidie.e. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Corda. Aptogonum Baileyi, Ralfs. Closterium setaceum, Ehr. CosDjarium Broomeii, Thwaites. " cucumis, Corda. " pyramidatum, Breb. Desmidium Swartzii, Ag. Didymoprium Grevillii, Ralfs. Docidium baculum, Breb. " verrucosum, B. " constrictum, B. Euastrum crassum, Breb. Desmidie^e. E«astrum didelta, Ralfs. " elegans, Breb. " muricatum, B. " rostratum, Ralfs. Micrasterias Americana, Ralfs. " rotata, Ralfs. Penium digitus, Breb. *Triploceras verticillatum, B. * " gracile, B. Sphaerozosma excavatum, Ralfs. * " serratum, B. Xanthidium cristatum, Ehr. Infusoria. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. Peridinium cinctum, Ehr. DITCHES NEAR THE CANAL OF SAVANNAH. On the road to the steam saw-mill, above Savannah and near the canal, the following species were seen in ditches, viz: Alg^e. Chaetophora pisiformis, Ag. Nostoc, sp. undetermined. Spirillum, sp. do. moving actively. Spirogyra decimina, Kg. Desmidie^e. Closterium acerosum, Schrank. Diatomace^e. Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr., abundant and active. Gallionella aurichalcea, Ehr. Diatomace^e. Naunema, sp. undetermined, with long slender frustules. with lanceolate frustules. Navicula amphirhynchus, Ehr. Synedra vitrea, Kg. Infusoria. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. Euglena viridis, Ehr. Rotifer vulgaris, Schrank. Synura uvella, Ehr. 8 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. VICINITY OF GRAHAMVILLE, BEAUFORT DISTRICT, S. C. January, 1850.—In the ditches and " Backwater" of Dr. Bolen's rice field, near Grahamville, S. C, I detected the following species on the 1st of Janua- ry, 1850. Desmidie^e. Desmidie^e. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Corda. Micrasterias fimbriata, Ralfs. Aptogonum Baileyi, Ralfs. " Americana, Ralfs. Arthrodesmus convergens, Ehr. *Sphaerozosma serratum, B. Closterium acerosum, Schrank. Staurastrum margaritaceum, Ehr. " setaceum, Ehr. — Cosmarium ovale, Ralfs. Infusoria. Desmidium Swartzii, Ag. Actinophrys viridis, Ehr. Didymocladon furcigerus, Ralfs. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. Didymoprium Borveri, Ralfs. Megalotrocha alboflavicans, Ehr. Docidium clavatum, Breb. Ophrydium versatile, Ehr. minutum, Ralfs. *Peridinium Carolinianum, B. nodulosum, Breb. t Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. Hyalotheca dissiliens, Breb. Stentor polymorphus, Ehr. Micrasterias furcata, Ag. Vorticella chlorostigma, Ehr. " Baileyi, Ralfs. — Hydra viridis. , This locality is chiefly remarkable for the great abundance of the curious and novel form Peridinium Carolinianum. See p. 41. grahamville, s c.—continued. In a small ditch by the side of the road leading from Grahamville to Savannah, and about a mile from Grahamville, the following forms were seen, viz : Desmidie.e. DeSMIDIE/E. Cosmarium margaritiferum, Menegh., abundant. Tetmemorus Brebissonii, Ralfs., abundant. Euastrum crassum, Breb. " granulatus, Ralfs. " insigne, Hass. — Micrasterias crenaja, Breb. Diatomace^e. " denticulata, Breb., abundant. Eunotia tetraodon, Ehr. grahamville, s. c.—continued. In pools near the dam of a " Backwater," on the road to Savannah, about two and a half miles from Grahamviile, great numbers of the following species were found, viz: Desmidie^e. Desmidie^e. Closterium lunula, Ehr. Micrasterias denticulata, Breb. Desmidium Swartzii, Ag. Penium closteroides, Ralfs. Didymoprium Borreri, Ralfs. (in immense numbers.) Docidium Ehrenbergii, Ralfs. Spirotaenia condensata, Bre"b. " minutum, Ralfs. — " nodulosum, Breb. . Infusoria. Euastrum ansatum, Ehr. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. affine, Ralfs. " hyalina, Ehr. " didelta, Ralfs. Difflugia proteaeformis. Micrasterias crenata, Breb. * " spiralis, B. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. grahamville, s. c.—continued. In a ditch by the roadside, near Gopher Hill, I found— Micrasterias pinnatifida, Ralfs. Xanthidium armatum, Ralfs. Pinnularia amphigompha, Ehr. " iridis, Ehr. grahamville, s. c.—continued. Near the village, by the side of the road to " Hap Hazard," I found among the roots of Utricularia verticillata, the following species, viz : DESMIDIE.E. Aptogonum desmidium, Ehr. Closterium acerosum, Schr. Desmidium Swartzii, Ag. Didymoprium Grevillii, Ralfs. Euastrum affine, Ralfs. Penium interruptum, Breb. Spirotaenia condensata, Breb. Xanthidium cristatum, Breb. " fasciculatum, Ehr. Diatom ace.e, Himantidium bidens, Ehr. Diatoma stellata, B. Infusoria. Amoeba princeps, Ehr. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. " hyalina, Ehr. Dinobryon sertularia, Ehr. Hydatina senta, Ehr. *Peridinium carolinianum, B. Pterodina patina, Ehr. grahamville, s. c.—continued. A ditch by an old saw-mill near the village furnished these "species, viz Desmidie^e. Euastrum ansatum, Ehr., abundant. Hyalotheca dissiliens, Breb. Micrasterias rotata, Ralfs. Penium closteroides, Ralfs. " interruptum, Breb. Spirotaenia condensata, Breb. Diatomace^e. Naunema, undetermined. Surirella splendida, Ehr. Algje. Tetraspora lubrica, Ag. Vaucheria cespitosa, Ag., with a parasitic Rotifer in its branche- GRAHAMVILLE, S. C. continued. The mill-pond at " Hap Hazard" furnished the following species, viz : Desmidie^e. Closterium acerosum, Schr. " lunula, Ehr. Didymoprium Borreri, Ralfs. Docidium nodulosum, Breb. Euastrum verrucosum, B. Micrasterias incisa, Kg. Micrasterias denticulata, Breb. Penium digitus, Breb. Scenedesmus obliquus, Kg. *Spha3iozosma serratum, B Spirotaenia condensata, Breb. Staurastrum margaritaceum, Ehr. 10 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. Infusoria. Amoeba princeps, Ehr. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. " dentata, Ehr. Epistylis anastatica, Ehr. Hydatina senta, Ehr. Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. Scaridium longicaudum, Ehr. Stentor polymorpha, Ehr. HAZARD S BACK CREEK, NEAR GRAHAMVILLE, S. C. In the floating scum of this salt water creek, at Mr. Bolen's Landing, the fol- lowing Diatomaceae were detected :— Amphiprora alata, Ehr. Amphora libyca, Ehr. Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr. Coscinodiscus subtilis, Ehr. Navicula Baltica, Ehr. Pinnularia internipta, Ehr. The following Algae were also found at the same place, viz : Delesseria Leprieurii, Mont. Ectocarpus littoralis, Lyngb. BRYAN COUNTY, GA. January and February, 1850.—In ditches by the side of the Ogeechee Cause- way, on the road from Savannah to Darien, I noticed the following species among the roots of IJtricularia verticillata, which grows here in great profusion. DesmidiEjE. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Corda. Arthrodesmus convergens, Ehr. Closterium acerosum, Schr. " Ehrembergii, Menegh, " Leiblenii, Kg. " setaceum, Ehr. Didymoprium Borreri, Ralfs. Docidium Ehrenbergii, Ralfs. " nodulosum, Breb. Euastrum rostratum, Ralfs. Micrasterias americana, Ralfs. " denticulata, Breb. " incisa, Kg. " rotata, Ralfs. Diatomaceae. Himantidium arcus, Ehr. Tabellaria flocculosa, Ehr. Infusoria. Arcella dentata, Ehr. " vulgaris, Ehr. Euglena pleuronectes, Ehr. Euplotes charon, Ehr. Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. " macrurus, Ehr. Stentor polymorpha, Ehr. Synura uvella, Ehr. Alg^e. *Aporea ambigua, B. (PI. 3, fig. 3.) Bulbochaete setigera, Ag. Coleochaete scutata, Breb. At the same locality, Hydrocharis spongiosa, Riccia fluitans, and a species of Azolla, occur abundantly. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 11 bryan co., ga.—continued. RICE FIELD MUDS. The mud from the rice fields on the Ogeechee was collected at the embank- ments by the side of the canals and ditches on the following estates, viz: Cherry Hill, belonging to R. J. Arnold, Esq. Strother Hall, " Col. McAllister. A new plantation," Judge Langdon Cheves. These muds all agreed in character with those examined near Savannah, and furnished the following species, viz : Actinoptychus denarius, Ehr. " senarius, Ehr, Coscinodiscus excentricus, Ehr. " subtilis, Ehr. Dictyocha fibula, Ehr. Gallionella sulcata, Ehr. Pinnularia interrupta, Kg. " viridis, Ehr, Rhaphoneis rhombus, Ehr. Surirella splendida, Ehr. Terpsinoe musica, Ehr, Triceratium favus, Ehr. " alternans, B. " reticulum, Ehr. Zygoceros rhombus, Ehr. Pollen pini. Phytolitharia, &c. bryan CO., ga.—continued. WHITE HALL, THE RESIDENCE OF R. J. ARNOLD, ESQ. In a ditch of an old rice field, and at some distance from the river, the follow- ing species were found among the leaves of Utricularia verticillata, viz: Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr, Gallionella aurichalcea, Ehr. Himantidium arcus, Ehr. Synedra spectabilis, Ehr. " vitrea, Ehr. Closterium acerosum, Schr. Arcella dentata, Ehr, Vaginicola erystallina, Ehr. DITCH NEAR THE CHURCH IN THE VICINITY OF WHITE HALL. This furnished the following: Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Corda. Aptogonum desmidium, Ehr. Arthrodesmus convergens, Ehr. " incus, Breb. Didymoprium Borreri, Ralfs. Docidium verrucosum, B. Euastrum affine, Ralfs. Desmidie.e. Micrasterias crenata, Breb. Pediastrum heptactis, Menegh. Penium digitus, Breb. Scenedesmus obliquus, Kg. Staurastrum dejectum, Breb. " gracile, Ralfs. Xanthidium aculeatum, Ehr, 12 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. Diatomace^e. Infusoria. Pinnularia amphigompha, Ehr. Dinobryon sertularia, Ehr. Diatoma stellaris, B. Euglena longicauda, Ehr. Peridinium cinctum, Ehr. Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. Stentor polymorpha, Ehr. GLYNN COUNTY, GA. HOPETON, ON THE ALTAMAHA, RESIDENCE OF J. HAMILTON COUPER, ESQ. About the time when I arrived at Mr. Couper's hospitable mansion, there had been several severe frosts, and some days of cold rains. Under these circum- stances, the opportunities to collect the microscopic forms were much less favor- able than at the preceding localities. The rice-field muds at this locality proved to be quite rich in remains of diatomaceous shells, agreeing with those noticed on the Savannah and Ogeechee, and furnishing abundance of the following forms, viz : Antinocyclus, several species. Pinnularia interrupta, Kg. Actinoptychus denarius, Ehr. " viridis, Ehr. " senarius, Ehr. Rhaphoneis rhombus, Ehr. *Campylodiscus argus, B. Terpsinoe musica, Ehr. Eupodiscus Rogersii, Ehr. Triceratium favus, Ehr. * " radiatus, B. " reticulum, Ehr. Gallionella sulcata, Ehr. Zygoceros rhombus, Ehr. Pinnularia amphyoxys, Ehr. In a rice-field ditch, remote from the river, I found the following species in a living state, viz: Desmidie^e. Diatomaceje. Closterium lanceolatum, Kg. Surirella splendida, Ehr. Desmidium Swartzii, Ag. Synedra vitrea, Kg. Micrasterias crenata, Breb. — Scenedesmus obliquus, Kg. Infusoria. — Gonium pectorale, Ehr. Diatomace^e. Hydatina senta, Ehr. Cocconema cymbiforme, Ehr. Lacinularia socialis, Ehr. Eunotia gibba, Ehr. Synura uvella, Ehr. " librile, Ehr. Vaginicola crystallina, Ehr. " amphyoxys, Ehr. — Fragillaria pectinalis, Ehr., in large masses. Alg^e, &c. Gallionella aurichalcea, Ehr. *Aporea ambigua, B. Gomphonema constrictum, Ehr. Coleochaete scutata, Breb. Navicula hippocampus, Ehr. Mougeotia genuflexa, Ag. Nauncma. undet., frustules slender. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 13 hopeton.—continued. In a ditch leading from a small artesian well in the rice fields at Hopeton, the following forms were noticed, viz : Closterium lunula, Ehr. Synedra vitrea, Kg. " lanceolatum, Kg. Arcella dentata, Ehr. Eunotia gibba, Ehr. Euglena viridis, Ehr. Surirella splendida, Ehr. Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. In a ditch behind the Negro Hospital at Hopeton, I found the following, viz : Closterium Diante, Ehr. Dinobryon vulgaris, Ehr. " moniliferum, Ehr. Peridinium cinctum, Ehr. Docidium clavatum, Kg. Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. Himantidium arcus, Ehr. and several species of Cyclops, Daphniaand Gam- Syncdra vitrea, Kg. marus. glynn co., ga.—continued. st. simon's island. In the salt marsh mud from the " Cut-off"" at the north end of St. Simon's Island, the following species were found, either alive or evidently in a very re- cent condition, viz: *Campylodiscus argus, B. Gallionella sulcata, Ehr. Coscinodiscus oculis iridis, Ehr. Rhaphoneis rhombus, Ehr. " radiatus, Ehr. Terpsinoe musica, Ehr. " subtilis, Ehr. Triceratium favus, Ehr. *Eupodiscus radiatus,B. Zygoceros rhombus, Ehr. The same forms were noticed in mud from the " Inland Passage" from Darien to Jacksonville, Fa. The resemblance of these marsh muds to those thrown out in digging the canals of the rice fields, and the identity of the forms contained in them, serve to show that the rice fields were once salt marshes, and have been cut off from the influence of the ocean either by elevations of the coast, or changes in the course of the rivers. It should be borne in mind, however, that marine forms occur in estuaries far above where the surface water is brackish. 14 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. FLORIDA Feb. 20th, 1850.—In sphagnous swamps, near the village of Pilatka, Florida, I found the species named below. Desmidie^e. Closterium acerosum, Schr. " Dianas, Ehr. *Cosmarium depressa, B. Didymoprium Borreri, Ralfs. Didymocladon furcigerus, Ralfs. Docidium minutum, Ralfs. Euastrum elegans, Breb. " sublobatum, Breb. Micrasterias truncata, Breb. Penium digitus, Breb. Staurastrum gracile, Ralfs. " tricorne, Breb. " polymorphum, Breb, Xanthidium armatmn, Ehr. " fasciculatum, Ehr. Diatomace^e. Himantidium diodon, Ehr. Pinnularia viridis, Ehr. Infusoria. Actinophrys viridis, Ehr. Amoeba princeps, Ehr. Arcella dentata, Ehr. " vulgaris, Ehr. Metopidia lepadella, Ehr. Monostyla lunaris, Ehr. Noteus quadricornis, Ehr. Pterodina patina, Ehr. Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. Stylonychia mytilus, Ehr. Cothurnia imberbis, Ehr. pilatka.—continued. The following species were found in a living state, attached to a log in the St. John's River, at Pilatka, viz ; Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr. *Campylodiscus argus, B. Odontella polymorpha, Kg. pilatka.—continued. In a ditch by the roadside, three miles from Pilatka, I found these species, Desmidie.e, Didymoprium Borreri, Ralfs. (in conjugation.) " Grevillii, Ralfs. Euastrum ampullaceum, Ralfs, Hyalotheca dissiliens, Breb. Tetmemorus Brebissonii, Ralfs. Diatomace.*. Eunotia tetraodon, Ehr. Infusoria. Colurus tricuspidatus, Ehr. Dinobryon sertularia, Ehr, Pterodina patina, Ehr. Stentor polymorphus, Ehr. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 15 PONDS NEAR PILATKA. In the " First Pond," about five miles west of Pilatka, the following species were collected, viz : Desmidie.e. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Corda. Cosmarium amoenum, Breb. " pyramidatum, Breb. Didymoprium Borreri, Ralfs. Docidium Ehrenbergii, Ralfs. Euastrum elegans, Breb. Micrasterias truncata, Breb, Spirotaenia condensata, Breb. Sphaerozosma excavatum, Ralfs. * " serratum, B. Staurastrum dejectum, Breb. Tetmemorus Brebissonii, Ralfs. Desmidie.e. Xanthidium fasciculaturfl. Infusoria. Arcella angulata, Ehr. Euglena longicauda, Ehr. Megalotrocha alboflavicans, Ehr. Monostyla lunaris, Ehr. *Peridinium carolinianum, B. Alg^e. *Aporea ambigua, B. Bulbochaete setigera, Ag. In the " Second Pond," near the above locality, were found— *Cosmarium depressum, B. *Didymocladon cerberus, B. *Micrasterias arcuata, B. * " expansa, B. Micrasterias furcata, Ehr. " radiosa, Ehr. Penium digitus, Ralfs. Xanthidium fasciculatum, Ehr. pilatka.—continued. In a deep ravine south of Pilatka, I found large brown masses of Diatoma Ehrenbergii, Kg., attached to twigs, etc., in a small stream. SHELL BANKS OF PILATKA* While at Pilatka, I carefully examined the immense deposit of fluviatile shells upon which the town is built, and which is chiefly made up of Paludina vivipara, Ampullaria depressa, several small Helices, Melaniae, etc., with valves of an unj determined Unio. I could detect no trace of microscopical organisms in any of the earthy matter accompanying them. 16 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. PILES' " NEW PLACE," FA. At " Piles'," about forty miles west of Pilatka, on the road to Tampa, I exa- mined the rock recently excavated in forming a well. It proved to be the White Orbitulite limestone, containing large masses of flint. Both the limestone and flint abound in microscopical Polythalamia, which may be detected in the flint by mounting thin fragments in Canada balsam. Rock of similar character was seen at numerous places between Pilatka and Tampa, and it even forms exten- sive ridges, of the height of three or four hundred feet, giving an appearance to the interior of Florida very different from the flat monotonous aspect which it is generally supposed to present. OCALA, FA. Feb. 26th, 1850.—In a " Lime-sink" near Ocala, on the road to Tampa, I found the following forms among the roots of Lemna minor, which covered the surface of the. water, viz : Docidium nodulosum, Breb. Cosmarium Thwaitesii, Ralfs. " margaritaceum, Menegh. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. Euglena pleuronectes, Ehr. Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. Salpina mucronata, Ehr. *Aporea ambigua, B. Coleochaete scutata, Breb. Tyndaridea cruciata, Harv. Spirogyra quinina, Kg. DADE S BATTLE GROUND, FA. At the pond near Dade's Battle Ground, I found the following forms, viz Desmidie^e. Arthrodesmus convergens, Ehr. " incus, Breb. *Cosmarium depressum, B. " connatum, Breb. " margaritiferum, Menegh. " ornatum, Ralfs. Docidium minutum, Ralfs. Euastrum binale, Ralfs. " elegans, Breb. Micrasterias crenata, Breb. " incisa, Kg. " pinnatifida, Kg. " radiosa, Ag. Desmidie^e. * Micrasterias ringens, B. Pediastrum Boryanum, Menegh. " heptactis, Menegh. *Sphaerozosma serratum, B. Xanthidium cristatum, Breb. Infusoria, Arcella dentata, Ehr. *Diffiugia spiralis, B. Gonium glaucum, Ehr. Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. Salpina mucronata, Ehr. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 17 DITCH BY ROADSIDE, THIRTY MILES EAST OF TAMPA. At this locality I collected the following : Cosmarium pyraraidatum, Breb. Docidium minutum, Ralfs. Euastrum sublobatum, Breb. Micrasterias pinnatifida/Kg. " truncata, Breb. Penium digitus, Breb. Pterodina patina, Ehr. [Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. Stentor polymorpha, Ehr. " WARM SPRING" ON THE ROAD TO TAMPA. This spring furnished the following species, viz : Closterium Ehrenbergii, Menegh. " turgidum, Ehr Docidium nodulosum, Breb. Cocconema cymbiforme, Ehr. Eunotia gibba, Ehr. " librile, Ehr. Gallionella aurichalcea, Ehr. Himantidium arcus, Ehr. The surface of the spring was covered with a green mucous mass, composed of Nostoc-like filaments, mingled with Mougeotia genuflexa, Ag., and Spirogyra decimina, Kg. LITTLE HILLSBOROUGH RIVER, ON THE ROAD FROM PILATKA TO TAMPA. This river furnished the following, viz: DESMIDIEiE. Closterium Dianae, Ehr. Ehrenbergii, Menegh. Diatomace^e, &c. Cocconeis pediculus, Ehr. Cocconema cymbiforme, Ehr. *Peridinium carolinianum, B. Pinnularia viridis, Ehr. Synedra vitrea, Kg. WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER, ON THE ROAD TO TAMPA. March 1st, 1850.—In this river I found, among the roots of Pistia stratiotes, the following species, viz : Desmidie.e. Closterium Dianas, Ehr. *' Ehrenbergii, Menegh. " setaceum, Ehr. Micrasterias americana, Ralfs. Diatomace^e, 50.—In fresh-water ponds, near Mr. Duval's boarding house at Enterprise, I found a most abundant supplyof interesting microscopical forms, among which the following were identified: DESMIDIE.E. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Corda. Aptogonum Baileyi, Ralfs. " desmidium, Ehr. *Cosmarium depressum, B. PI. 1, fig- 1 " pyramidatum, Breb. Closterium lunula, Ehr. " setaceum, Ehr. Didymocladon furcigerus, Ralfs. * " cerberus, B. PI. 1, figs. * " longispinum, B. PI. 1,1 Didymoprium Grevillii, Ralfs. '' Borreri, Ralfs. *Docidium hirsutum, B. PI. 1, fig. 8. " minutum, Ralfs. PI. 1, undulatum, B. PI. 1, fig. 2. Euastrum ampullaceum, Ralfs. " elegans, Breb. " insigne, Hass. " rostratum, Ralfs. " sublobatum, Breb. " verrucosum, Ehr. Hyalotheca dissiliens, Breb. Micrasterias Baileyi, Ralfs. * " arcuata, B. PI. 1, fig. 6. denticulata. Breb. 15, 16 iff. 17. fig. 3. * Micrasterias expansa, B. PI. 1, fig. 7. " fimbriata, Ralfs. " pinnatifida, Kg. * " quadrata, B. PI. 1, fig. 5. " rotata, Ralfs. truncata, Breb. PI. 1, fig. 20. Penium Jenneri, Ralfs. " margaritaceum, Breb. Sphaerozosma excavatum, Ralfs. " serratum, B. " pulchrum, B. Spirotaenia condensata, Breb. Staurastrum aristiferum, Ralfs. " gracile, Ralfs. " margaritaceum, Ehr. " tricome, Breb. Triploceras verticillatum, Breb. PI. 1, fig. gracile, B. PI. 1, fig. 10. Tetmemorus Brebissonii, Ralfs. Xanthidium armatum, Breb. " fasciculatum, Ehr. octocorne, Ralfs. "Aporea ambigua, B. PI. 3, fig. 3. MICROSCOPICAL O R S E R V A TI O N S . 25 ponds at enterprise.—continued. Infusjkia. Arcella aculcata, Ehr. Philodina vestita, B. PI. 3, figs. 9 and 14, Conochilus volvox, Ehr. PI. 3, fig. 'I. Rotifer macrourus, Ehr. Dinobryon sertularia, Ehr. " pannosus, B. PI. 3, figs. 6, 7. Gonium glaucum, Ehr. " vulgaris, Schr. Hydatina senta, Ehr. Spirostomum ambiguum, Ehr. Lacinularia socialis, Ehr. Stephanoceros Eichhornii, Ehr. •Melicerta nuda, B. PI. 3, figs. 8, 10. — ringens, Schrank. *Diatom.i stellaris, B. *Peridinium carolinianum, B. PI. 3, figs. 4, 5. Tabellaria fenestratum, Ehr. Philodina aculeata, Ehr. SULPHUR SPRINGS NEAR ENTERPRISE, ETC., FA. The enormous sulphur springs of Florida are among the most remarkable of the features of this interesting region. They are often from fifty to one hundred feet in diameter, and as many in depth, and pour out bold streams of sulphuret- ted water of such magnitude that large boats may proceed up them directly into the basins of the springs. The sulphur springs at Orange Spring, (Pear- son's), the Blue Spring on the St. John's, and the Green Spring at Enterprise, are the most remarkable which I saw. In all of these 1 noticed immense quan- tities of an Oscillatoria which, I believe, is the O. terebriformis of Agardh, with the description of which in Kiitzing's Species Algarum, p. 239, it agrees perfect- ly. Its very active vermiform and spiral motions I observed very frequently while at Enterprise. It is accompanied at the springs by a white plant, gene- rally more or less coated with sulphur, which appears to be the Beggiatora raineriana of Meneghini. (See Kiitzing, 1. c. p. 237.) In my notes 1 have re- corded the following forms as found in Demaster's Sulphur Spring, " close to the Boil." Closterium acerosum, Schr. Navicula elongata, (?) — Pinnularia viridis, Ehr. *Amphiprora pulchra, B. Beggiatora raineriana, Menegh. Eunotia gibba, Ehr. Oscillatoria terebriformis, Ag Navicula cuspidata, Kg. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS IN GEORGIA. On my return from Florida, I visited the interior of Georgia, hoping to have an opportunity of comparing the inland microscopical forms with those of the coast which I had previously studied. 1 was disappointed, however, by the almost constant rains, which in the hilly or mountainous regions produced freshets which swept away everything living in the streams, or buried them in mud. I have, therefore, only to record the species noticed at two localities. 4 26 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. >IACON, GA. May 6th, 1850—In a mill-pond on the road to Brown's Mount, near Macon, G£, I found the following species, viz: Desmidie^. Arthrodesmus convergens, Ehr. Closterium -moniliferum, Ehr. Cosmarium margaritiferum, Menegh. " ovale, Ralfs. " pyramidatum, Breb. Desmidium quadrangulatum, Ralfs. Didymocladon furcigerus, Ehr. Euastrum elegans, Breb. " rostratum, Ralfs. " sublobatum, Breb. " verrucosum, Ehr. Micrasterias denticulata, Breb. " furcata, Ag. " truncata, Breb. Pediastrum boryanum, Menegh. " heptactis, Menegh. ellipticum, Hassall. Desmidiea;. Pediastrum tetras, Ralfs Penium digitus, Breb. *Sphaerozosma serratum, B. Staurastrum cyrtocerum, Breb. " gracile, Ralfs. InFI SORIA, ETC Arcella dentata, Ehr. Dinobryon sertularia, Ehr. Euglena pluuronectes, Ehr. Pterodina patina, Ehr. Rotifer vulgaris, Schr. Algm. *Aporea ambigua, B. Bulbochaete setigera, Ag. ATHENS, GA. The following species were collected on the 20th of May, near Athens, Ga. DESMIDIE.E. Closterium lnnnla, Ehr. " moniliforme, Ehr. " turgidum, Ehr. Desmidium Swartzii, Ag. Didymocladon furcigerus, Ralfs. Docidium clavatum, Kiitz. Euastrum oblongum, Balfs. " verrucosum, Ehr. Micrasterias papillifera, Breb. " pinnatifida, Ehr. Penium digitus, Ehr. Staurastrum orbiculare, Ehr. Desmidie.e. Staurastrum muticum, Breb. Spirotaenia condensata, Breb. Infusoria, etc Amoeba princeps. Arcella angulata. Cocconema cymbiforme. Difilugia proteiformis. * " spiralis, B. Pinnularia viridis, Ehr. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 27 NORTHERN LOCALITY, NEAR PROVIDENCE, R. I. For the sake of comparison with the above lists of Southern forms, I give here the names of the species noticed by me in Wainskut Pond, near Providence, R. I., on the 18th of July, 1850. Desmidie.*:. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Corda. Artluodesmus convergens, Ehr. Cosmarium ovale, Ralfs. undulatum, Corda. Closterium Dianae, Ehr. • " angustatum, Kg. " lineatum, Ehr. Jenneri, Rilfs. moniliferum, Ehr. Docidium nodulosum, Breb. Desmidium Swartzii, Ag. quadrangulatum, Ralfs. Didymoprium Borreri, Ralfs. Euastrum ansatum, Ehr. circulare, Hass. " didelta, Ralfs. elegans, Breb. " gemmatum, Kg. oblongum, Ralfs. " rostratum, Ralfs. verrucosum, Ehr. Hyalotheca dissiliens, Breb. Micrasterias pinnatifida, Kg. " truncata, Breb. " denticulata, Breb. " rotata, Ralfs. Penium digitus, Breb. " margaritaceum, Bre"b. Pediastrum pertusum, Kg. " boryanum, Menegh. " ellipticum, Hass. heptactis, Menegh. " tetras, Ralfs. " selenaea, Kg. Desmidie^. Scenedesmus obliquus, Kg. obtusus, Meyen. " quadricauda, Bre"b. Sphaerozosma excavatum, Ralfs. Staurastrum alternans, Breb. " gracile, Ralfs. " hirsutum, Ehr. Spirotaenia condensata, Breb. Tetmemorus Brebissonii, Ralfs. Xanthidium fasciculatum, Ehr. Diatomace.*. *Diatoma stellaris, B. Eunotia serra, Ehr. Himantidium arcus, Ehr. Gomphonema acuminata, Ehr. Tabellaria flocculosa, Ehr. " fenestrate, Ehr. Infusoria. Arcella vulgaris, Ehr. Brachionus Bakeri, Ehr. Coleps hirtus, Ehr. Difflugia proteiformis, Ehr. " spiralis, B. Dinobryon sertularia, Ehr. Euglena viridis, Ehr. " pleuronectes, Ehr. Floscularia ornata, Ehr. Melicerta ringens, Schr. Peridinium cinctum, Ehr. Rotifer macrourus, Ehr. " vulgaris, Ehr. Stentor polymorphus, Ehr. See also in the Appendix a list of forms found near Salem, Mass., by Thomas Cole, Esq. By consulting the above lists, the species found at each locality will be seen. The following tables will show the same in a more condensed form, and will also exhibit the geographical distribution of species. 28 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS TABLE A SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF DESMIDIE^E IN- CLUDED IN THE PRECEDING LISTS. THEIR OCCURRENCE AT ANV LOCALITY IS INDICATED BY +. NAMES OF SPECIES. Species marked with * are believed to be new, and are described at page 36. Localities. ■3.1 '3E o! > = >1 ' >] Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Corda.............. Aptogonum Baileyi, Ralfs................... " desmidium, Ehr................. Arthrodesmus convergens, Ehr.............. " incus, Breb................... Closterium acerosum, Schr................. " amblyonema, Ehr.............. " angustatum, Kg................ " Diana?, Ehr.................., " Ehrenbergii, Menegh..........., " Jenneri, Ralfs................. " lanceolatum, Kg..............., " Leiblenii, Kg.................. " lunula, Ehr................... " moniliferum, Ehr.............. " setaceum, Ehr................. " turgidum, Ehr................ Cosmarium amoenum, Breb................ " Broomeii, Thwaites,............ " connatum, Breb........,...... " cucumis, Corda,............... * " depressa, B. PI. 1, fig. 1...... margaritiferum, Menegh........ " ornatum, Ralfs................ " ovale, Ralfs.................. " pyramidatum, Breb............ " Thwaitesii, Ralfs............... " undulatum, Corda............. Desmidium Swartzii, Ag.................. " quadrangulatum, Ralfs......... Didymocladon furcigerus, Ralfs............. * " cerberus, B. PI. 1, figs. 15, 16,. * " longispinus, B. PI. 1, fig. 17,... Didymoprium Borreri, Ralfs............... " Grevillii, Ralfs................ Docidium baculum, Breb.................. " clavatum, Kg................. " constrictum, B................ " Ehrenbergii, Ralfs............. * " hirsutum, B. PI. 1, fig. 8,..... " minutum, Ralfs. PI. 1, fig. 3, " nodosum, B. PI. 1, fig. 4,..... " nodulosum, Breb.............. * " undulatum, B. PI. 1, fig. 2,___ " verrucosum, B................ Euastrum affine, Ralfs.................... " ampullaceum, Ralfs............ " ansatum, Ehr................. " binale, Ehr................... + + + + + + + i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ■ -.! + + + ...j + + + + : + + ! + ...; + + ... + + + + + + MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. • Table A.—Continued. NAMES OF SPECIES. Localities. vl 7,. Euastrum circulare, Hass....... " crassum, Breb...... didelta, Ralfs........ " elegans, Breb........ " gemmatum, Kg...... " insigne, Hass........ " muricatum, B......., " oblongum, Ralfs..... " rostratum, Ralfs .... " sublobatum, Breb.... , " verrucosum, Ehr..... Hyalotheca dissiliens, Breb..... 'Micrasterias arcuata, B. PI. 1, " americana, Ralfs..... " Baileyi, Ralfs........ " crenata, Breb......., " denticulata, Breb..... * " expansa, B. PI. 1, fig " fimbriata, Ralfs..... " furcata, Ag................. " incisa, Kg. PI. 1, fig. 13,...... " oscitans, Ralfs. PI. 1, fig. 19,.. " papillifera, Breb............. pinnatifida, Kg. PI. 1, fig. 12,. * " quadrata, B. PI. 1, fig. 5,___ " radiosa, Ag................. * " ringens, B. PI. 1, fig. 11,.. .. " rotata, Ralfs................ truncata, Breb. PI. 1, fig. 20, Pediastrum boryanum, Menegh.......... " ellipticum, Hass............. " heptactis, Menegh........... " napoleonis, Menegh........... " pertusum, Kg............... " sclenaea, Kg................. " tetras, Raits................. Penium Brebissonii, Ralfs............... " • closteroides, Ralfs............ " digitus, Ralfs................ " interruptum, Ralfs... .;....... " Jenneri, Ralfs............... " margaritaceum, Breb......... Scenedesmus acutus, Meyen,............ " obliquus, Kg................ " obtusus, Meyen,............. " quadricauda, Breb........... Sphaerozosma excavatum, Ralfs.......... " pulchrum, B................ * " serratum, B. PI. 1, fig. 14, .. Spirottenia condensata, Breb............ Staurastrum alternans, Breb............ " aristiferum, Ralfs............ " cyrtocerum, Breb............ + + i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 29 + + + ...' + .... + + + + + + .... + ■ + ....■ + + .... 30 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS Table A.—Continued. Localities. NAMES OF SPECIES. b ©CO | | 5 a o n 5 + < 11 + -.1 > E oBS + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .+ + + + + + + + + + + + * " gracile B PI 1 fif*. 10,............ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Full descriptions and accurate figures of all these except the new ones marked with *, may be found in Ralfs' beautiful volume, the " British Desmidiese." MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 31 TABLE B . SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF DIATOMAC'E/E INCLUDED IN THE PRECEDING LISTS. NAMES OF srECIES. N. B. The species in the columns marked F were found in fresh water having no communication with the ocean; those in the columns marked M were either found in salt water, or in localities having a connection more or less remote with the ocean. O ori - '- ■- E a > < ' > > M. f.'m. f. m. f. m f.m. f. m. f. I m. f. m.f. -M. f. •Aehmmth, t arenicola, B. See PI. 2, fig. 19,......... brevipes, Ag.......................I. . -\- " longipes? Ag. S<"> pl v.. fig. l.......i • ■ "r Actiniscus sirius, Ehr............................. . -|- Actinocyclus bioctonarius, Ehr....................'. . -j- Actinoptychus senarius, Ehr...................... . -j- denarius, Ehr....................... duodenarius, Ehr.................... Amphiprora alata, Ehr. See PI. 2, figs. 5, 6, 7....... " constrieta, Ehr. PI. 2, figs. 8, 9, 10,...... * " ornata, B. PI. 2, figs. 15 and 23.........■ ■ * " pulchra, B. PI. 2, figs. 16 and 18.....1. . * " quadrifasciata, B. PI. 2, figs. 2, 3, 4,... . •Amphora amphyoxys, B. PI. 2, figs. 20, 21, 22, libyca, Ehr. PI. 2, fig. 12,........'. Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr...................... Biddulphia pulchella, Oray.................... *(_'ampylodiscus argus, B. PI. 2, figs. 24, 25,... , " elypeus, Ehr.........................I. .1- • *Cerataulus turgidus, Ehr. PI. 2, figs. 26, 27,...... Ceratoneis closterium, Ehr. PI. 2, fig. 17,..........I. J. • " fasciola, Ehr........................ . . -f- Cocconeis pediculus, Ehr.........................I. . " scutellum, Ehr....................... • + Cocconema cymbiforme, Ehr.....................I. . Coscinodiscus excentrieus, Ehr....................• ■ "t" " lineatus, Ehr..........................-j- " oculis-iridis, Ehr....................I. . " radiatus, Ehr.......................... subtilis, Ehr.........................'. . ■ ■'. . Denticella? tridentata, Ehr.(=Zygoceros Tiioimvi I i Bailey,)...................................". . . .|..|.. Diatoma Ehrenbergii ? See PI. 2, figs. 30, 31.......+ • • stellata, B.............................. . + Dictyocha fibula, Ehr.............................-\- ■ ■ Eunotia amphioxys, Ehr............................... " gibba, Ehr............................... . . . |.. " librile, Ehr. . .*. . " nodosa, Kg...... " tetraodon, Ehr.. Eupodiscus Baileyi, Ehr.. " Rogersii, Ehr. * " radiatus, B. . Fragillaria pectinalis, Ehr. tvt +, i- + . + ;+!■ i i. + +' .i.i.i + + . t + + + + + +'■ t + frallionella aurichalcea, Ehr............tf.. " sulcata, Ehr.................... " varians, Ehr. (M. arenaria, Moore,).....]•■'•• Romphonema acuminatum, Ehr..................•. I. . " constrictum, Ehr...................... ■ flrammatophora marina, Ehr..........................-f" Himantidium arcus..............................H" ■ • bidens, Ehr + Licmophora radians, Kg....... Xaunema, undetermined....... Navicula amphigompha, Ehr.. . " amphirhynchus, Ehr. " baltica.............. + * r + i + + X + + + + %:: + • + + i + ■'+. + + +i-+ + ■x ■■■ + 32 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS Table B.—Continued. NAMES OF SPECIE: F. |M. i F. : M.I V. ' M. F. Navicula cuspidate ? PI. 2, figs. 29 and 37,........|...... I....'......i. " elongata, (of the English,)...............I. .i. .'..]. .'......I. .1. " hippocampus, Ehr.......................i......!. .'-J- . . -4- . J. " sigma, Ehr..............................I _|_ . . . .............'. .1. J..'...'......-j- Odontella polymorpha, Kg........................I ......'. . ..:..!........!....'.. . . 4- . . -j- Pinnularia amphigompha, Ehr.....................■. . . . 4-...... F. M. F. M. F. JM. F. M. F. I M., F. M. + + ::s+i:: + : + >-.+ +■•• + . amphioxvs, Ehr * " Couperi,"B. PI. 2, fig. 33.......... " didyina, Ehr...................... " elliptica, Kg..........'............ " iridis, Ehr........................ " interrupts, Kg.................... " lyra, Ehr......................... * " permagna, B. PI. 2, figs. 28 and 38, placentula, Ehr......................... " viridis, Ehr..........................._L *Pyxidicula ? compressa, B........................ Rhabdonema adriatieum, Kg........................ Rhaphoneis rhombus, Ehr..........................-\- . . Rhipidophora crystallina, Kg.....................I ■ • i ■ • Schizonema quadripunctata. Ag..................... .. |.. *atauroneis maculata, B. PI. 2, fig. 32,...........|. . I. • Stauroptera aspera, Ehr............................'-J- . . •Surirella circumsuta, B. PI. 2, fig. 36,..............4" • • " ovalis, Ehr............................'.. I. . " s]>lendida, Ehr.........................-(-..-(- Synedra scalaris, Ehr............................|.. . • " spectabilis, Ehr............................ " valens, Ehr...........................|-|- . .'. . " vitrea, Kg...... Tabellaria flocculosa, Ehr.. " fenestratum, Ehr Terpsinoe musica, Ehr..... Triceratium favus, Ehr. . . . " alternans, B. . . . " obtusum, Ehr,. . " reticulum, Ehr.........................!. . . .]. . . .r ... .1. . -|- *Zygoeeros(Denticella?) Mobileusis, B. PI. 2, figs.1 34 and 35,................................I..........+ ■ . Zygoceros rhombus, Ehr............................+ • • ■••• + •• ■ + .+ • + + + •■ + + + ■•+ + ■1+ +'••+ + + + + + + + ■ '+-t ,+ ■ .. + .. + ■+' i+ + ■■ + + ■'++.■ + •■ + ■■ + '.... + ..■...... + Such of the above species as are not indicated as new, will be found described in Ehrenberg's " Verbreitung und Einfluss des mik, Lebens in S. und N. Ame- rica," and in Kiitzing's " Bacillarien, oder Diatomeen." For a description of the new species, see page 38. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS 33 TABLE C. SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE INFUSORIA INCLUDED IN THE PRECEDING LISTS. ■*. 72 ■iOCALITIFS. The names here adopted are those given in Pritchard's Infusoria. They are mostly on the authority of Ehreuberg. 6 o ° 1 1 > a a. a 5 < ■ E .T_S. • i- 6. o * 1 + ! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Br;ichionus urceolaris. PI. 3, fig. 17,. . + + + polyacanthus. PI. 3, f. 20, 21, 1 + + + Cothurnia Havniensis. PL 3, fig. 18,.. + + + » " maritima. PI. 3, figs. 11, 15, + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + * « nuda.B. PI. 3, figs. 8 and 10, + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + *Peridinium carolinianum, B. PL 3, f. 4,5, + + + + + + + + + + vestita, B. PL 3, figs. 9, 11,. + + + * " magna, B. PL 3, fig. 19,. . . + + + 4- 34 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. Table C.—Continued. 6 LOCALITIES. NAMES OF SPECIES. d > | d ■_ CO u 3 < s «£ = £ > < ■z 4 > 4- 'i5 15 o ** Rotifer vulgaris,.................... + + + + + + + + i.... + + * " pannosus, B. PL 3, figs. 6, 7,.. Salpina mucronata,................. + + ...J.... + + 1 Squamella oblonsra.................. + I Stentor polymorphus, .............. + + + + i + ! + + i + Stephanoceros Eichhornii. PI. 3, fig. 13, ______|.... + i Synura uvella,..........:.......... + + + + ""I""- + + + *b i Descriptions of most of the above species, with figures and copious lists of synonyms, may be found in Ehrenberg's splendid volumes, " Die Infusion- thierchen," and accounts abridged from the same wftk are given in Pritchard's " Infusoria, Living and Fossil." The latter work was the one I had with me in my Southern tour. Note. In the preceding tables I have separated the Desmidiese and Diatomaceae from the Infusoria, and I have done so because many distinguished observers now consider these groups as decidedly belong- ing to the vegetable kingdom. While I believe that no accurate line of separation can be drawn between vegetables and animals, I am yet disposed to consider the Desmidieae, from the sum of all their characters, as most nearly allied to admitted vegetables, while the Diatomaceae, notwithstanding Thwaites' interest- ing observations on their conjugation, still seem to me, as they have always done, to be true animals. There is such apparent volition in their movements, such an abundance of nitrogen in the composition of their soft parts, and such resemblances between the stipitate Gomphonematae, and some of the Vor- ticellae, that 1 should still be disposed to class them as animals, even if Ehrenberg's observations of the retractile threads and snail-like feet of some cf the Naviculae should not be confirmed. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 35 TABLE D. LIST OF ALG.E REFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING PAGES, WITH LOCALITIES. Aporea ambigua, B Occurs everywhere in the lakes and ditches of the Southern States. Bangia fusco-purpurea, Dillw. Tampa, Fa. Batrachospermum moniliforme, Roth. Big Hillsborough River, Fa. Botrydium argillaceum, Wall. Near Savannah, Ga. Bulboehaefce si>tigera, Ag. Common throughout the United States. Ceramium clavulatum, Ag. Tampa. Chaetophora pisiformis, Ag. Common. Coleochaete scutata, Breb. In lakes, &c, from Massachusetts to Florida. Very abundant in a pond on Anastasia Island, near St. Augustine. Delesseria hypoglossum. Near Wilmington, N. C, Charleston, S. C, and St. Augustine, Fa. " Leprieurii, Mont. An estuary species found first in Cayenne, South America, afterwards in the Hudson River, at West Point, N. Y., and on this tour in the Ashley, Savannah, Ogeechee, Alta- maha, St. Sebastian, and Hillsborough rivers, usually accompanied by a large species of Bostrichia. Ectocarpus littoralis, L. Common. Gelidium corneum, Huds. St. Augustine. Gracilaria multipartita, Clem. St. Augustine and Tampa. Laurencia dasyphylla, Woodw. St. Augustine. Mougeotia genuflexa, Ag. Hopeton, Ga., Warm Springs and St. Augustine, Fa. Oscillatoria terebriformis, Ag. Abounds in the sulphur springs of Florida, and in the streams issuing from them. The motion of the filaments is very active. Polysiphonia Olneyi ? Harv. Tampa. Porphyra vulgaris, Ag. Charleston, S. C, St. Augustine, Fa. Rhabdonia Baileyi, Harv. Very large specimens are common at St. Augustine. Sargassum vulgare, Ag. Tampa. Spirogyra, (Zygnema, Ag.) quinina, Kg. ) Common everywhere. " decimina, Kg. ) Spiridia filamentosa, Wulf. Tetraspora lubrica, Ag. Grahamville, S. C. Vaucheria cespitosa, D. C. Common. " racemosa. Near Savannah, Ga. Ulva latissima, L. 36 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW SPECIES, REFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING LISTS. DESMIDIEiE. I. Cosmarium depress! m, B. PI. 1, fig. 1. Elliptical, binate, division in the plane of the longest axis. Segments entire, nearly twice as long as broad, rounded above, very much flattened at base. Hab. Lakes in Florida. This species resembles C. bioculatum, Breb., but the segments are much closer together, and are angular, not rounded at the basal extremities. 2. Didymocladon? cerberus, B. PI. 1, fig. 15 and 16. Small, deeply con- stricted, segments three-lobed, lobes with four teeth, two of which project upwards and two downwards at each truncated angle. Hab. Lakes in Florida. 3. Didymocladon? longispinum, B. PI. 1, fig. 17. Large, smooth, triangular, with two long spines at each angle. Hab. Lakes in Florida. The two last species are not very nearly allied to each other, nor to the typi- cal D. furcigerus, yet they agree better with the verbal characters of the genus than with those of any other known to me; I therefore refer them here provi- sionally. 4. Docidium hirsutum, B. PI. 1, fig. 8. Segments many times longer than broad, slightly inflated at base, surface hirsute. A small species resembling D. Ehrenbergii in form, but strongly hirsute on its outer surface. Hab. Lakes in Florida, at Enterprise. 5. Docidium undi latum, B. PI. 1, fig. 2. Segments eight to ten times longer than broad, constricted six to eight times at regular intervals throughout their entire length, with the base and ends crenate. Smaller than D. nodulosum, Breb., with more frequent and deeper constric- tions. The same characters distinguish it from D. nodosum and D. con- strictum, B. MICROSCOPICAL OBSER NATIONS. 37 6. Mick vsterias arcuat v,B. PI. I, fig. 6. Quadrangular,segments three-lobed, the basal lobes long and arcuate, subtended by the transverse projections trom the ends of the slightly notched terminal lobes. An interesting and very distinct species, which can be confounded with no other except the following. Hab. Lakes in Florida. • 7. Micrasterias expansa, B. PI. I, fig. 7. Segments three-lobed, basal lobes long, sub-conical, acute ; terminal lobes slender, forked at the end, with the divi- sions much shorter than the basal lobes. This somewhat resembles the preceding species, with which it occurs, but I have seen no intermediate forms, out of many hundreds of each, and the cha- racters above given appear sufficient to separate them. Hab. Lakes in Florida, at Pilatka and Enterprise. 8. Micrasterias quadrata, B. PI. 1, fig. 5. Large, quadrangular, three-lobed, basal lobes elongated, slightly curved, bidentate ; terminal lobes with two slen- der transverse bidentate projections. Its larger size and distinctly bidentate projections sufficiently distinguish it from the two preceding species. Hab. Lakes in Florida. 9. Micrasterias ringens, B. PI. 1, fig. 11. Oblimg, segments three-lobed, coarsely granulated near the edge; basal lobes subdivided by a deep notch into two rather broad and obtuse or slightly bidentate projections; terminal lobes exserted, emarginate ; extremities bidentate or obtuse. Resembles M. Baileyi, Ralfs, but is larger, its divisions less slender, and with the granulations differently placed. Lakes in Florida, near Dade's Battle Ground. 10. Spilerozosma serratum, B. PI. I, fig. 14. Joints broader than long, deeply notched or divided into two transverse portions with acute projecting ends, which give a serrated outline to the chain. Common in fresh water in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Triploceras, now gen. Frond binate; segments straight, much elongated, with numerous whorls of knot-like projections; ends of the segments three-lobed ; lobes bidentate. A genus closely allied to Docidium, but differing in the three-parted ends of the segments. PI. 1, fig. 9. 11. Triploceras verticillatum, (Bailey in lit. cum icone IH47, v. Brit. Desmid. p. 219 ) Robust, with whorls of emarginate projections. Syn. Docidium verti- cillatum, Ralfs. 1. c. p. 219, PI. 35, fig. 9 a, b, d, e. Hab. same as next species. 38 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 12. Triploceras gracile, B. PI. 1, fig. 10. Slender, with whorls of rounded projections. Ralfs, 1. c. Fig. 9, c. I discovered these forms in Rhode Island, in 1847, and sent sketches of them to Ralfs, who has published an account of them in his British Desmidieae, p. 219. I then included both forms under the same name, but as I have now seen great numbers of each kind, I Udnk them sufficiently distinct to be separated. Hab. Worden's Pond, R. I., Princeton, N. J., Georgia and Florida Abun- dant in lakes near Enterprise, Fa. DIATOMACE51. 1. Achnanthes ? arenicola, B. PI. 2, fig. 19. Frustules minute, rectangular, or slightly curved ; end view lanceolate, striate. Small plates, composed of two or three frustules, supported by a short pedicel, were found abundantly on grains of the beach sand, below high-water mark, at Fort Brooke, Tampa. It is possibly a species of Hyaloseira, but requires further study. 2. Amphiprora pulchra, B. PI. 2, figs 16 and 18. Large, deeply constricted, ends rounded, sides compressed, carinate, distinctly striate, and near the margin punctate. Central portiofli narrow, sigmoid, with a few fine longitudinal lines. Often contorted so as to bring one half into a plane at right angles to the other. Hab. Beach at Rockaway, Long Island; Hudson River, at Washington's Valley, near West Point, and in great abundance and of large size at Enterprise, Fa. The figures were drawn from Florida specimens collected in the mud of a small creek near Mr. Duval's boarding-house, at Enterprise. 3. Amphiprora ornata, B. PI. 2, figs. 15 and 23. Small, deeply constricted, ends truncated and rounded, sides marked with a longitudinal row of undula- tions or pinnulae, as in Surirella. Often contorted. The ruffle-like rows of pinnulae distinguish this species from all others. It probably Has minute striae also, but I did not have an opportunity to examine with high powers. Hab. Withlacoochee River, where it is crossed by the road from Pilatka to Tampa, Fa. 4. Amphiprora quadrifasciata, B. PI. 2, figs. 2, 3, 4. Small, moderately constricted, ends truncate or slightly rounded, sides compressed or carinate, lanceolate, with the apices produced and rostellate. When living, each specimen was marked by four transverse yellow bands. A high power shows the surface to be very minutely striate. No contorted specimens were seen. Hab. Tampa, and St. Augustine, Fa. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 39 5. Amphora amphioxys, B. PI. 2, figs. 20, 21, 22. Ventral side rectangular, with slightly rounded ends, and two arcuate bands of stria-, which are broadest near the centre. Back convex, minutely striate. Sides convex above, minutely striate, concave below, strongly striate. Ends produced and rostellate. The side view of this species bears a striking resemblance to Eunotia amphioxys, Ehr. Hab. St. Anastasia Island, near St. Augustine, Fa. 6. Campa lodiscus argus, B. PI. 2, figs. 24, 25. Large, circular, and saddle- shaped, surface marked with rows of conspicuous dots ; margin smooth, with a row of pinnula* placed at a short distance from its edge. A fine, large, and very distinct species, which appears to be widely diffused in the estuaries of the United States. I first found it, several years ago, in the mud of the Hudson River, at West P,pint, and in mud from the harbor of New Haven, Conn. In Florida I found it at St. Augustine, Tampa, and quite abundant at Enterprise. I also noticed it at Hopeton, on the Altamaha, in Georgia, and the mud from near New Orleans. 7. Cerataulus turgidus, Ehr. PI. 2, figs. 26, 27. Frustules globular, or slightly compressed, with two large rounded prominences at each end, cohering by alternate angles, forming zigzag chains. Between the two rounded processes, and in a plane at right angles to that containing them, are placed two long horn- like processes. Two frustules are often connected by an external decussately punctate cell, as in Isthmia and Biddulphia. I first noticed this species at Rockaway, N. J., in the year 1843, and sent it to Ehrenberg, who informed me that he had named it Cerataulus turgidus. I am not aware that any description of it has heretofore been published. I found it at Tampa; and it also occurs in the Hudsou River, at West Point. 8. Diatoma stellaris, B. Frustules rectangular, many times longer than broad, usually in groups of five or six individuals, cohering by the adjacent (not alter- nate) angles, so as to produce a stellate arrangement. These stellate groups of minute frustules are so common from Rhode Island to Florida, that I am inclined to believe them a distinct species of Diatoma, and have accordingly referred to them by the name of D. stellaris in the preceding pages. 9. Eupodiscus radiatus, B. In form, size, and reticulation resembling the Coscinodiscus radiatus of Ehrenberg, but having four (or more ?) foot-like pro- jections near the margin. A common form in the Southern States. 10. Pinnularia Couperii, B. PI. 2, fig. 33. Large, slightly constricted in the middle, with two marginal and two intermediate punctato-striate bands, the latter interrupted at the centre. 40 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. The outline is like that of P. paradoxa, Ehr., and the markings somewhat resemble those of P. lyra. Hab. St. Augustine. I take great pleasure in dedicating it to James Hamilton Couper, Esq., of Hopeton, whose scientific attainments and generous hospitality are well known to naturalists. 11. Pinnularia permagna, B. PL 2, figs. 28 and 38. Large, lanceolate on the ventral faces, with punctato-striate marginal bands, and a broad, smooth central stripe ; ends slightly rounded. Abundant in the Hudson River, at West Point, and occurs, of a smaller size, and much less abundantly, in Lake Monroe, at Enterprise, Fa. 12. Pyxidicila? compressa, B. PI. 2, figs. 13 and 14. Elliptical, bivalve; valves separated by a plane passing through the longer axis; slightly convex, and with transverse rows of dots. Hab. St. Augustine. 13. Stauroneis macilata, B. PI. 2, fig. 32. Lanceolate or elliptical, end slightly produced and rounded; surface punctato-striate, with a large smooth central space. Resembles S. punctata of Kiitzing's Bacillarien, PI. 21, fig. 9, but is larger, and has the ends not so much produced. Hab. Enterprise, Florida, where it is common in Lake Monroe, and in several of the smaller creeks near Mr. Duval's. 14. Surirella circumsuta, B. PI. 2, fig. 36. Outline nearly elliptical, with a scarcely perceptible constriction at the middle. Surface with very minute granulations, and a faint longitudinal line through the middle. Edges with a continuous row of nearly obsolete pinnulae. Hab. Hudson River, West Point; St. Augustine and Enterprise, Florida. 15. Triceratium alternans, B. Small, reticulated, triangular; surface marked with three lines, which, with the portions cut off from the sides, form a hexagonal figure. Common everywhere along the Atlantic coast and in estuaries; also abundant in the fossil state, in the Infusorial strata of Virginia, and in the rice fields of Georgia and Carolina. 16. Zygozeros (Denticella?) mobiliensis, B. PI. 2, figs. 3 I and 35. Frustules quadrangular, compressed, thin, delicately decussatedly-punctate; lateral pro- cesses slender; intermediate ones (two at each end) long and slender. Color yellowish. # MICROSCOPICAL O B S E R VATIONS. 41 I first detected this species in IS 18, in soundings from Mobile Bay, and subse- quently I have found it at Savannah, Ga , and St. Augustine, Florida. It is a curious and interesting form, with the shape of a Zygoceros, and the spines of a Denticella. INFUSORIA. I. Difflugi v spirvlis, B. Lorica subglobose, minutely granulated; upper surface with a spiral suture of two or three turns Pseudopodia long, numerous, constantly changing position. Very common throughout the United States. M. Le Clerc mentions spiral corrugations as occurring on the D. Proteiformis, Ehr. His remark, doubtless, alludes to the D. spiralis, which, I think, should be distinguished from the other form. 2. Melicerta nuda, B. PI. 3, figs. 8, 10. This is, possibly, only a condition of M. ringens; but no allusion is made, in the works to which I have access, to any state of that species in which the granules are not present upon the case. Numerous specimens were seen at Enterprise which were evidently full grown, and which contained eggs, and yet the case was perfectly free from granulations, being clear and transparent as glass. I have referred to such specimens by the name of M. nuda. 3. Peridinium carolinianum, B. PI. 3, figs. 4, 5. Large, processes three ; two on one side, and one on the other of the middle groove. Proboscis in the sinus between two processes. Surface coarsely granulate. Color, yellowish brown. The proboscis moves very rapidly, sometimes in irregular*undulations, and sometimes revolving so rapidly as to produce the appearance of a cone, as represented in the fig. of Peridinium fusus, Ehr., given in Pritchard's Infusoria. PI. 4, figs. 2, 23. An appearance of an orifice is obscurely seen on the under side, near the insertion of the proboscis. When mounted in Canada balsam, the shell becomes nearly invisible. The motions of the living animal are very active. I could detect no trace of phosphorescence on agitating in the dark a phial which contained myriads of the living animals. This fine species occurs in vast quantities among the roots of Lemna in the " Back-waters" of rice fields, Grahamville, S. C. I also found it near Savannah and in the lakes of Florida, at Enterprise, Pilatka, &c. 4. Rotifer vestitus, B. PI. 3, figs. 9 and 14. Body largft, elliptical, com- pletely covered by a transparent, jelly-like case, which does not become wrinkled during the'motions of the animal. Hab. Enterprise, Fa. 6 42 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATION'S. # 5. Pterodina magna, B. On St. Anastasia Island, in^a small fresh-water pond, I collected a species of Pterodina with a carapace nearly twice as large as any specimens of P. patina which I have ever seen, and differing somewhat in the undulations of its frontal margin. Although it has not yet been sufficiently studied to be accurately described, I give its outline in PI. 3, fig 19, and have referred to it by the name of P. magna. 6. Philodina pannosa, B. PI. 3, figs. 6, 7. Body large, covered with irregular wedge-shaped projections, arranged in several longitudinal and transverse rows. Hab. Enterprise, Fa. ALGiE. 1. Aporea ambigua, B. PI. 3, fig. 3. Frond (?) microscopical, thin, flat, much divided in a dichotomous manner, surface with irregular longitudinal markings; color, brown. Merely to avoid circumlocution, I have referred by the above name to this constantly occurring form. I know nothing of its real nature ; and it is almost as probable that it is the compound support of some of the stipitate infusoria, as that it belongs to the vegetable kingdom. I have never seen either spores or infusoria in connection with it. It occurs everywhere in fresh water in Georgia and Florida. GENERAL REMARKS. I. It will be seen by the preceding pages, that 275 species of Desmidiese, Diatomaceae, and Infusoria have been positively determined as occurring in regions where not one of them was previously known by direct observation to exist. Of these^pecies, thirty-one, or about one-ninth, are believed to be new, and the others are already known to occur in the Northern States, or in Europe. 2. The identity of many of the northern species of Desmidieae, &c, with those of Europe, has been known for several years, and we now have evidence that the same is true with regard to the greater number of the forms occurring in Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. We have thus another illustration of the fact, that the microscopical organisms in fresh water are less affected by differences of climate than almost any other portion of the organic world. 3. Almost every locality examined, whether in fresh or salt water, is shown to have been teeming with organic life even in mid-winter. 4. With.regard to the degree of reliance to be placed upon my determinations, I may state, that no one could have criticised each observation more rigidly than 1 have done, and that I was anxious to admit no species into my lists which I could not be perfectly certain was identical with the European Qr Northern form whose name I might attach to it, while I was equally desirous to record all forms which appeared novel, and which presented characters sufficiently marked to enable other observers to recognize them by my description and figures. I MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 4;] have, therefore, omitted many forms which I could not determine satisfactorily. My guides in studying these bodies, while on the journey, were Ralfs' British Desmidtea?, a work whose elaborate descriptions and exquisite figures enable the student to determine the species with perfect certainty; Kiitzing's Diatomaceen oder Bacillarien, which contains many figures of the Diatomacea?, both by Ehrenberg and Kiitzing ; and " Pritchard's History of Infusoria, Recent and Fossil," which contains abridged descriptions and reduced figures, taken from Ehrenberg's great work, " Die Infusionsthierchen." 5. The existence of vast quantities of infusorial remains in the earth of the rice fields in the Southern States is, perhaps, connected with their wonderful fertility. The fact that the species found are chiefly marine, and such as now abound in the salt marshes of the coast, indicates the former presence of salt water much farther up the rivers than it now extends. 6. Although the species found in the rice fields are such as are still living in estuaries or along the coast, those excavated in digging the deep canals of the rice fields, and the ditches of the forts near Savannah, must have been deposited many hundreds, if not thousands of years ago, and they are, therefore, fully entitled to the name of fossils, and should, I think, be referred to the Post Pleiocene epoch. 7. The vast salt marsh formations of the coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida abound in silicious Diatomaceae, whose shells are daily becoming imbedded in mud; so that we have here, in the process of formation, deposits similar in character to the infusorial strata of Virginia and Maryland, and quite as extensive, although usually rather more sandy in their character. 8. It will be seen by table B, that certain species of Diatomaceae which occur in the ocean itself, may also live at great distances from the ocean, in estuaries and rivers far above where the surface water is fresh ; yet these same species have never been found in lakes or pools of fresh water, not having a direct com- munication, however remote, with the sea. Among the species of this character are Amphiprora pulchra, B., Amphiprora constricta, Ehr., Amphora libyca, Ehr., Bacillaria paradoxa, Ehr., Ceratoneis closterium, Ehr., Ceratoneis fasciola, Ehr., Coscinodiscus subtilis, Ehr., Cerataulus turgidus, Ehr., Navicula elongata, Odontella polymorpha, Kg., and Terpsinoe musica, Ehr. 9. The beautiful Terpsinoe musica, Ehr., is an interesting addition to our native species of Diatomacea;. It was first received by Ehrenberg from Mexico, and he lias recently proved its existence in the rivers of Texas, (see Monats- # bericht der Preuss. Akad. zu Berlin, Feb., 1849, p. 88 ;) but it was not known to exist in the older States until, by the observations recorded in this memoir, I determined its existence in all our Southern rivers. I have also specimens of it from Jamaica, West Indies, and portions of a closely allied, if not identical form, from Mindanao, in the Phillipine Islands. 14 MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS. 10. The observations above recorded will serve to show how abundant a store of organic beings await the researches of naturalists in the Southern States,— forms which, independent of their being among the most delicate and beautiful of all the displays of creative power, are also of the greatest interest, from the important relations which Ehrenberg has proved to exist between them and wide-spread cosmical phenomena. 11. The waters in which I detected the species above recorded, also abounded in many other forms of microscopic life ; as, Entomostraca, Tardigradi, An- guilluli, &c, &c. Of these I have made no record, as I did not possess sufficient knowledge concerning them. They will well reward the attention of Southern naturalists. APPENDIX. MICROSCOPICAL FORMS FOUND NEAR SALEM, MASS., BY T. COLE, ESQ. For the following interesting list of microscopical forms found near Salem, Mass., I am indebted to Thomas Cole, Esq., of that place, who has for several year.s examined these forms with great zeal, and who, I believe, was the first person to make a systematic study of the American soft skinned Infusoria. This *st will be useful for the purpose of comparing the forms of the Northern and Southern States. The names employed by Mr. Cole are those used by Ehren- berg, in his large work Die Infusionsthierchen, with the descriptions and figures of which each form was compared. Volvox sphaerosira. " Globator. Pandorina Morum. Synura Uvella. Closterium striolatum. " lineatum. " turgidum. " setaceum. " Trabecula. " Lunula. Amblyophis viridis. Docidium nodosum. " nodulosum. Euglena acus. " longicauda. *' Pyrum. " pleuronectes. " triquetra. " spirogyra. " Deses. Chlorogonium euchlorum. Distigma Proteus. Dinobryon Sertularia. Amoeba princeps. " radiosa. Difflugia proteiformis. Arcella vulgaris. Naunema simplex. Desmidium Swartzii. " quadrangulatum. " aculeatum. Staurastrum dilatum. Xanthidium ramosum. aculeatum. hirsutum. fasciculatum. Arthrodesmus convergens. quadricaudatus. Odontella Desmidium. " filiformis. *Micrasterias heptactis. " hexactis. " Boryana. " tricyclia. *Euastrum rota. " Crux Melitensis. " verrucosum. " Pecten. " margaritiferum. Gallionella moniliformis. Navicula striatula. " viridis. sigmoidea. splendida. Baltica. diagonalis, (=N. angulata ?) 40 A P I1 END1 X Eunotia tetraodon. " pentodon. " serra. Synedra ulna. " capitata. " lunaris. Podo.splienia gracilis. Gomphonema acuminatum. Cyclidium glaucoma. Peridinium fuscum. Glenodinium apiculatum. Stentor Mulleri. Vorticella nebulifera. " Campanula. " Convallaria. Carchesium polypinum. Epistylis Galea. " anastatica. Cothurnia imberbis. Actinophrys Sol. " viridis. Lacrymaria Proteus. Coleps hirtus. Spirostomum ambiguum. Chilodon Cuculus *? Trachelocerca Olor. Amphileptas Anser. Amphileptas monilifer. margari titer. " fasciolus 1 Paramecium aurelia. Uroleptus Filum. " Piscis. Oxytricha caudata. Urostyla grandis. Stylonychia mytilus. Trachelius Ovum. " trichophorus. Oxytricha caudata. Chaetonotus maximus. " Larus. Floscularia proboscidea. " ornata. Notommata longiseta. " copeus. Scaridium longicaudum. Lepadella emarginata. Dinocharis pocillum, Stephanops lamellaris. Rotifer vulgaris. Philodina aculeata. Urocentrum Turbo. Euplotes Charon. " patella. I have not thought it necessary to change any of the above names to correspond with those which I-have adopted. It is necessary, however, to mention that the genus Micrasterias of Ehrenberg is Pediastrum of Meyen, Ralfs, &c, and of my lists, while the Euastrum of Ehrenberg is in part equiva- lent to the Micrasterias of Agardh, Ralfs, &c, whose names I have used. J. W. B. Since this Memoir was in type I have received from Dr. W. C. Daniell, of Savannah, Ga., several specimens of soil from his rice fields, ten miles above Savannah. These prove to be exceedingly rich in the same species of marine silicious Diatomaceae which occur in the soil of the plantations opposite Savannah. One of Dr. Daniell's specimens appears to be almost entirely made up of perfect shells of Coscinodiscus subtilis, Ehr. \ iiitiittnu of plnte. Thk figures on these Plates are little more than memorandum sketches, few or none of the details of relief, sculpturing, striation, tVc, being given. They are, however, accurate as far as they go, being all, except where otherwise stated, drawn by means of the camera-lueida, from living specimens. They may serve, therefore, to identify the forms referred to in the descriptions. I. Cosmarium depressum, B. 2. Docidium undulatum, B. minutum, Ralfs nodosum, B. 5. Micrasterias quadrata, B. 6. " arcuata, 13. 7. " expansa, B. 8. Docidium hirsutum, B. 9. Triploceras verticillatum, B. 10. " gracile, B. 11. Micrasterias ringens. 12. " pinnatifida, Kg. 13. " incisa, Kg. 14. Sphaerozosma serratum, B. PLATE I. Fio. 15. Didymocladon cerberus, B., side view. 16. " cerberus, B., end view. 17. " longispinum, B. 18. Staurastrum enorme, Ralfs. 19. Micrasterias oscitans, Ralfs, with abnormal teeth at a and b. 20. Micrasterias denticulata, Ralfs. It has broad and slightly hirsute ends, which I have not seen mentioned as occurring in the Brit- ish specimens. 21. Scale for all the figures in this Plate, being T(n(7iths of an inch, magnified equally with the sketches. PLATE II. Fig. 1 2. 3. 4. 10. Achnanthes longipes ? Ag. Charleston. Fi Amphiprora quadrifasciata, B. Tampa. " " seen obliquely. " " side view. " constricta, Ehr. Tampa. " " side view. Tampa. " " Ehr, large specimen. Tampa. 9 Amphiprora alata, Ehr. St. Augustine. '• " " a contorted speci- men, seen edgewise. Achnanthes, a single frustule, species un- determined. Volusia. Amphora libyca, Ehr. Pyxidicula compressa, 15. St Augustine. " " cross section of one valve. Amphiprora oinata, B. Withlacoochee R. " " " a contorted specimen. " pulchra, B., side view. " " " larger specimen, front view. Enterprise. 17. Ceratoneis closterium, Ehr. St. Augustine. 19. Achnanthes? arenicola, B. Tampa. 20. Amphora amphioxys, B., ventral surface. St. Augustine. 21. " " oblique view. 22. " " side view. 24, 25. Campylodiscus argus, B. Hudson River. 26. Cerataulus turgidus, Ehr. Hudson River, horns absent. 27. Cerataulus turgidus, Ehr., with the horns. 28, 38. Pinnularia permagna, B. Hudson River. 29. Navicula cuspidata ? Ehr. Pilatka. 30. Diatoma Ehrenbergii, Kg. Pilatka. 32. Stauroneis maculata, B. Enterprise. 33. Pinnularia Couperii, B. 34, 35. Zygoceros (Denticella ?) mobilensis, B. 36. Surirella circumsuta, B. 37. Scale for all the figures on this Plate, being yj^ths of an inch, magnified equally with the drawings. 48 EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE III. Fig. 1. Biforine, from Pistia stratiotes, discharging its raphides. 2. Conochilus vol vox, Ehr., "without the case. Enterprise. 3. Aporea ambigua, B. See p. 42. 4, 5. Peridinium carolinianum, B. Graham- ville, S. Ca. 6, 7. Philodina pannosa, B. No. 6, by the ca- mera ; No. 7, by the eye. 8, 10. Melicerta nuda, B. See p. 41. Enter- prise. 11. Cothurnia maritima, Ehr. Tampa. 12. Notommata longiseta, Ehr. Enterprise. 13. Portion of arm of Stephanoceros Eichhornii ? from Enterprise ; showing lateral, not ver- ticillate cilia. In other respects the Ameri- can specimens agree with Ehrenberg's figures. Fig. 9, 14. Rotifer xestitus B. Enterprise. See p. 41, fig. 9, extended, and drawn by the eye; fig. 11, contracted, and drawn by the camera lucida. 15. Cothurnia maritima ? Ehr. Tampa. 16. Acineta Lyngbyii ? E'ir. St. Augustine. .17. Brachionus urceolaris, Ehr. St. Augustine. 18. Cothurnia havniensis, Ehr. Tampa. 19. Pterodina magna, B. Anastasia Island, Fa. This is drawn to the scale of tig. 25. 20, 21. Brachionus polyacanthus, Ehr. Enter- prise, Fa. 22. Acineta mystacina. Pilatka. 23. Cothurnia imberbis, Ehr. Pilatka. 24. Scale A, for figs. 1,3,4,5, 11, 12, 17, and 21, being y^jths of an inch, magnified equally with these figures. 25. Scale B, for figs. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, and 23, being y^^ths of an inch, magnified equally with the drawings. Plate 1. S*c>£cAe£ if S If BaiU MEMIMEJEo • Plate 2. SketcKtai lySW Bailey. Art* tfSarony <& ^jfyr, JJ^ IT BMTOMACML Plate 3. iSAnr.'nd tyS.M? 8<* £irh. a£'Saswty & ^fPfx;:j■-, ~/iCJf. INFlLTSOMA«&c. / V •\