SEVENTY-ONE CASES OF CEREBRO-SPINAL meningitis BY FRANCIS H. WILLIAMS, M.D. REPRINTED FROM THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL REPORTS OF THE BOSTON CITY HOSPITAL, JANUARY, 1898 MUNICIPAL PRINTING OFFICE 1898 BOSTON SEVENTY-ONE CASES OF CEREBRO-SPINAL meningitis FRANCIS H. WILLIAMS, M.D. BY REPRINTED FROM THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL REPORTS OF THE BOSTON CITY HOSPITAL, JANUARY, 1898 BOSTON MUNICIPAL PRINTING OFFICE 1898 SEVENTY-ONE CASES OF CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. By Fbancis H. Williams, M.D. It is not my intention to consider here the various epidemics of cerebro-spinal meningitis that have occured since 1805 in the United States and other countries, nor the recognition in recent years of a diplococcus as a cause of this serious malady hut with the kind permission of the medical staff of the Bos- ton City Hospital, to give an outline of the cases that have entered their services, as well as my own, between January 1, 1897, and December, 1897, seventy-one in all. The records are in many instances incomplete for various rea- sons ; many patients do not speak English or they may be brought to the hospital in an unconscious condition and unaccompanied by friends. The tabulation by localities shows that one part of the city has not been markedly more affected than another. The patients have been youths and adults, as children have been sent to the Children’s Hospital. The mortality has been nearly 61 per cent.; forty-nine died; twenty-two recovered. The disease has been characterized by sudden onset; the most constant symptom has been headache, associated usually with some tenderness to pressure in the neck or pain on movement there or retraction of the neck. Delirium occurred in most of the cases, vomiting was a frequent symptom and strabismus, failure of the pupils to react, nystagmus, diplopia, or optic neuritis have been often noted. The temperature was very irregular, and this want of regularity is quite char- acteristic of the disease. The pulse in some cases was rapid, in others it was less than normal, and in still others it was slower than the symptoms present would lead one to expect. In nineteen cases there was herpes labialis. The leucocytes were counted in thirty-two cases, and in twelve of these there were at some period of the disease less than 4 10,000 ; this was true in four of the fatal cases, but a subse- quent count in three gave a great increase in numbers; in the fourth there was no subsequent count. If, therefore, the leucocyte count when used in the diagnosis of cerebro-spinal meningitis, gives no leucocytosis, a second count should be made. In thirteen cases, more than one count was made and the subsequent count or counts showed a marked increase in the leucocytes in the six fatal cases (three of these have been alluded to above) ; in the remaining seven that recovered there was a striking decrease in five, no change in one, and in the seventh the decrease was followed by an increase and this again was succeeded by a diminution. These cases indi- cate that the leucocyte count may sometimes assist in the prognosis. The serum test for typhoid fever was tried in ten cases and was positive in one only, that of a negro. Lumbar puncture was done in forty cases, and judging from these this puncture does no harm and it readily estab- lishes the diagnosis when fluid containing the organisms is found; it is sometimes very serviceable for diagnosis as often there is no history and the symptoms may be few. It should be borne in mind that the bacterial examination may give a negative result even in cerebro-spinal meningitis unless the test is made by those who have had much experi- ence. The operation for lumbar puncture, under strict anti- septic precautions, is readily done by using a small trocar to tap the sac surrounding the spinal cord and drawing off some of the fluid; the point of insertion is between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. I have usually chosen a point slightly lower than the lowest part of the spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra, and one inch outside of it, and inserted ti small sized trocar, somewhat downward and inward to a depth of rather more than two inches. I have always used a trocar instead of a needle, as the latter is liable to be bent or broken off, and is too small to allow the thick pus that is present in some cases to flow through it easily. The present treatment of the disease is wholly unsatisfac- tory ; but the fact that we have the means of making an early diagnosis in many cases, offers the hope that better treatment may be found. a © o§ fl sg © 2 © © E © CT1 © A 03 2 i bi) p 1 a p u o3 S i 1 ! > i p i co © S CO 00 C3 U CO fl © ft OQ © © © © P co ft | Lumbar puncture. 'd © E © > © © Remarks. 0 «i 3 1 © % > G 6 5! a G H j < 5 Ph 1897 + Jap. 2 Jos. P. 27 5 days + + 2-5th d. 9,000 Jan. 5 Feb. 8 49 lday 18 “ Alcoholic excess. Retrac. + + + Feb. 10 Feb. 17 10 40 Headache. + Retrac. + Right side. Paralysis day before death. Mar. 5 John F. 31 14 “ Alcoholic. Malaise. + Retrac. 18,800 March 13, dry tap. Apr. 10 mastoids. « 6 Mike M. 17 10 “ + Pain, + + Diplopia, ptosis, Mar. 8, March 15,' slightlv Mar. 21 Cephalic cry. retrac. left ear, second- 8,200 double Mar. 11, turbid, no optic ary to 16,000 Vlar. 15, pus, mono leucocytes. neuritis. mening. 22,000 « 9 C. H. 25 lday Found unconscious. +• Retrac. + Mar. 21 Muse, rig., struggling, slept after puncture. (( 10 Alfred B. 6 w’ks Headache, occip. and eery. + Slight retrac. : + Slight optic neuritis. March 10, 3 ij turbid, Apr. 10 Tenderness over spine. diplococci. «< 10 Richard S. 23 10 days 2 “ Headache. + + Yio-' lent. + Apr. 6 Mar. 16 Tuberculin, no reaction. 11 Sophie M. 17 Chill; headache. + Pain. Diplopia, strabismus, 4tli dy. 31,000 March 14, 3ij turbid, —1 ptosis. diplococci. << 11 Frank R. 23 j 2 “ Alcohol, stupid. + + Strabismus. Tongue to left. 7,490 M arch 20, 3 ij clr. sterile. Apr. 3 1 « 17 Celia McC. 25 4 “ Indef. pain, vomiting. + Tender. + ....i Nystag., diplopia. 2 dry taps. Apr. 2 Epistaxis. nerve. « 18 S. P. 33 18 “ + Stiff, + March 21, pus cells. Mar. 22 Headache. retrac. + ; + Strabismus, nystag. Purpuric spots on 19 Chas. K. 15 25 “ + March 20, gj turbid, Mar. 22 r. knee, wrist, forearm, elbows. Herpes diplococci. labialis. « 20 Porter, A. S. 37 7 “ Headache gen. pains. + + + Mar. 24, March 23, 3iv turbid. Mayl7 Well, except some mental symptoms. 14,000 (( 25 Jessie E. 17 4 “ Headache gen. pains. Pain, + + + Mar .26 retrac. „ 30 Martin C. 19 5 “ Headache. + Stiff, + + SI. optic neuritis. Deafness Herpes labialis. 9,350 Apr.19 Well. retrac. from mening. u 30 Thos. T. 27 8 “ Malaise, headache, deli- rium.. + Strabismus. Herpes labialis. April 1, 21,600 April 1, turbid. Apr. 2 retrac. Mertie K. 33 3 “ Vomiting, occip. head- ache + Stiff. .... + + Strabismus. April 3, no fluid, Apr. 5 ,< 5 15 1 day 2 dav« -4- t + + + + Apr. 5 Apr. 6 5 Mike M. 35 , Pain hack and legs; headache, delirium + Retrac. April 6, g ii purulent fluid. « 6 Alex. McC. V Nystag. 4_ April, 9, dry tap. Apr. 9 24 1 day Sore throat, headache. + + + mastoids. + Unconscious, restless. 17 Art. McK. Apr.17 Stiff. + Sterile. 17 John S. 24 3 days Headache. + + + Apr.23 1. elbow, buttocks. 18 Pat. O’B. 26 3 day Severe headache, vomiting;. + Stiff 4- 1 ~’tosis. . Small amount June 26 1 1." ‘' „ 18 Geo. K. 50 3 “ Delirum ■ + optic neu- ritis, strabis. April 16, diplococci. no reaction. « 21 Pet. McG. 29 4 “ Chill, headache, deli- + Retrac. + + April 22, giv turbid, rium. diplococci. «< 21 Chris. D. 19 3 “ Headache, chill. + Rigid. + + Pain over Herpes lab. Turbid fluid. June 8 mastoids. « 22 Emma N. 36 10 “ Chill, pain in back, + Stiff. + Herpes lab. Apr. 30, 24,500 Diplococci. June 5 headache. « 22 Daniel M. 28 4 “ Headache, pain in +' Stiff, + Apr. 27, 11,400 3 times, 1 puss cells. May 22 abdomen, delirum. retrac., opistho 2 diplococ., tonos. 3 sterile. « 26 Geo. W. 28 2 “ Headache, vomiting. -f Rigid, + + Conjuncti- vitis. + April 28, few drops Apr. 29 tender- over ness. whole bloody body marked. fluid. « 30 James W. 27 11 “ Sore throat, headache, + Retrac. .+ May 8 vomiting. rigidity. conjuncti- vitis. pus cells. May 4 James C. 16 3 “ Headache, vomiting, + Retrac. Herpes labialis. May 29 vertigo. ten der- ness neck and back. <• Andrew H. 27 4 “ Pain in legs, vomiting, + Stiff. + Ptosis. Compl r. -sid’d Herpes labialis. May 9, 60 cc. turb. May 29 nose bleed. paral. diplococci 12 Thomas D. 40 3 “ Headache, sore throat. + Pain, + External Deafn’s. May 13 and 19, dry taps. May 19 Reflexes absent. tender. strabis. r. labialis. « 14 Cassie McG 23 3 “ Headache,pain in neck. + Stiff, May 15, diplococci. May 15 pain. «< 17 John S. 27 Pain in neck and legs, + Pain, + + Herpes labialis. May 20, diplococci. June 3 headache. stiff. « 5 Thomas S. 35 5 “ Pain in back, head- + Stiff. + Herpes labialis. May 7, dry tap. May 22 ache, chills. « 17 Henry H. 58 3 “ Headache, vomiting, + Stiff, retrac. + Right leg. _L May 18, post mortem, dip. May 18 abd. pain. •< 21 Everett M. 26 14 “ Pain in back, headache. + Stiff. + Herpes labialis May 22, dry tap. It 22 Con’r O’B. 25 2 “ Headache,gen. pains. + Stiff. + Slight strabis. May 25, 32,000 + May 24, diplococci. May 25 <• 13 Julius E. 58 3 wks Drowsiness ; indef. Tend’r, + Ptosis, 4_ May 19 Hydrocephalus. hist. stiff. left pupil smaller, neither react. « 24 Jane O’C. 13 2 days Pain in back. Retrac. + + + + ■ May 26 May 31 „ 30 Win. B. 17 4 “ Frontal headache + Slight retrac. stiff. Internal May 31, diplococci. strabismus. X 30 John McC. 35 6 “ Pain in bones, chill. + Pain, + June 28 Chill on 27th; pulse and temp. rose. stiff. diplococci. it 31 Eugene L. 37 3 wks Vomiting, headache, pain in small of back + Stiff. + June 6 rigid. and legs. June 8 John L. 29 A week before entrance Stiffness Mild 3 days before 2nd day mark ed 2nd day, 12 cc.; cloudy July 4 drank to excess; 3 of neck, at en- actions. days before entrance pain in tr’ce. entrance herpes. serum. Pus delirious at night. back. suddenly and diplococci. deaf. „ :1 Tillian B. 30 Semi-conscious at en- Some re- 4th + After first week patient improved steadily. trance; no history. traction. day. small; no reaction. cloudy fluid. « 12 Martha M. 16 2 days ago headache, + Retrac- Normal. Herpes on lips, Knee-jerks diminished. yesterday vomiting tion. 15, left and retraction. Pain Tender- facial. ears and along whole spine. ness. / neck. « 17 Frank T. 25 3 days ago, chill, fol- + Stiffness. + Post-mortem, 5cc.; fluid June 18 June 18, no indication of lowed by vomiting, Pain on almost continuous rotation. containing delirious. Uncomfort- diplococci able on account of pain headache, stiff ness neck and back, sore- ness of limbs. Yes- terday delirious. * intracell. in back and limbs. Sud- denly the patient be- came cyanosed and died in a few minutes. II 20 Ernest L. W. 27 1 week ago a chill last- + Pain on N ormal. Herpes, labialis, June 17. Disch. Aug. 11 No serum reaction. June 28, patient much im- ing about 1 hour, fol- lowed by headache move- mentor 21, 15,800; and nausea; next day pres- June intense headache, de- lirious that night. Stiffness of neck and sure. 26, 9,800. rium; July 26, patient up for short time; J uly 30. nain in right knee, back; soreness in some effusion, subsided limbs. in about three months. II 28 Peter M. 24 7 days Chill and vomiting 7 + Slight stiffness. Normal. Reflexes normal at en- trance. Incontinence days ago; 2 chills 29, since; severe occipi- tal headache pain ex- tending down spine. Delirious 3 days be- fore entrance. 11,200; July 9, 14,200. urine July 5. Head constantly turned to left. ,< 29 James G. 25 3J w’ks Weakness, headache, + Stiffness; July 3, 7000 Dis- charge vomiting. pain on Flexion. July 15 July 5 Laurence H. 38 Delirious. Normal. Normal. Herpes July 8, July 18, 6cc.; + Pulse rapid, temperature at en- 15,600 cloudy fluid, irregular. Discharged trance. Pure culture diplococci, ! intra cell. Aug". 31, still not clear mentally. « 6 George E. F. 26 2 days Vomiting and severe headache. + 12, d. slight int. strabis Herpes labialis July 7, 16.400 Aug.17 13.400 + From July 18-24, coma- tose, high temperature; weak, death expected hourly. July 26, temp, dropped to normal; patient improved. Aug. 7, delirious. From Aug. 22, improved steadily, mentally and physi- cally. Nov. 27, well ex- cept bed-sores on heefs. << 6 Jennie T. E. 27 3 days before entrance Pain. July 7, Divergent July 7, 29,400 + July 9-14, continued steady improvement. patient lost child 6 whitish cloudy years old of cerebro- strabis. Julv 9, fluid, shows Discharged Aug. 11, spinal meningitis after illness of 12 hours. Patient deli- 14,(300 July 19, 9,400 diplococci. well. rious, pain in back of neck, vomiting since death of child. Did not know she had lost her child until re- covery. „ 6 Blanche L. 18 Sick for 2 weeks, deliri- ous most of time. -f Stiff, pain on Taste im- 15,700 strabis. Pain in top of head. move- Double pared. ment. optic neuritis. „ 7 Wm. B. R. 52 Sick one week, deliri- ous at entrance. Stiff, + + July 8, 7,000 + July 14 Delirious, July 11. % tender- ness. July 11, 18,400 u 9 Salvatore M. 16 15 days ago, chills, headache, fever; 10 + Retrac. + July 10, 12,000 July 12, 10 cc. clear July 14" pain on days ago severe pain in back of neck, re- flexion. fluid, small am’t gray traction, delirious, ttocculent unconscious. sediment. li 12 Mary C. 46 10 days ago nausea and vomiting, occipi- tal headache, pain in + Diplopia + July 25 Knee-jerks absent. July 18,facial paralysis almost gone. July 20, patient tender- ness. facial. 19,600 back of neck; weak, Rota- much improved. July 24, in bed a few days, tion and patient weaker, rational. then up; took to bed 5 days ago, pains have increased. flexian; painful. II 24 Josephine H. 32 Vomiting and severe -f Herpes labialis. July 25 13,800 Disch. well, August 14. headache since Julv 2». Julv 29 7,400 << 26 Edward P. 32 July 4, frontal head- ache. Semi-consci- + J uly 30, almost -f 11,500 -f- July 30 Pulse 55 at entrance, temp. 100°. Serum reac- ous at entrance, opistho- tion positive (negro). slight stiffness neck. tonos. II 30 Lottie A. M. 32 7 days 7 days ago severe pain in" left side. Diar- + Pain. Diplopia slight; Aug. 1, + Patient improved steadily 13,200 Aug. 7, 13,300 after admission. Dis- rhoea for three days. ptosis both charged, August 11, well. 5 days ago severe pain in back of neck sides. and back then severe headache. Vomited several times before entrance. Aug 2 Thomas R. 36 lday. Well till yesterday evening' suddenly Right pupil smaller Slight ptosis Aug. 4, 13,000 Aug. 7 Knee-jerks, cremasteric and abdominal reflexes pus drawn dropped back in chair, unconscious, frothed • at mouth, than left. both eyes. out. absent. cyanotic, this lasted fifteen minutes. Re- mained unconscious till entrance. Mary T. 17 Well till this morning. Head drawn to right. + Sept. 15 Resist- + Sep. 15, 12,500 Postmortem, few pus cells. Sept. 15 No tenderness of ance to Culture ster- spine, unconscious move- ile. since admission. ment. <( 17 Charlie J. 21 3 days ago severe chill, frontal headache. + Oct. 3 Aug. 18, Herpes Sep. 17, 11,500 Oct. 1 Aug. 19, tenderness over mastoids. Aug. 18, knee- tion; Right 2 days ago, chill vomit- tender- hemi- labialis Sen. 18, jerks now absent, have ing, stiffness of neck. ness. plegia. 15,200 Sep. 20, been present till to-day. Sept. 28, several chills'. 12,000 Oct. 1, 17,500 18 Edward B. 25 Divergent strabismus. Slight right -J- 19th 15 cc. cloudy fluid, Sept. 19 ■ Sept. 18, considerable loss of power of right arm 16th, sick during derness, night, unconcious in pain on facial. pus cells con- and right leg. mornin g and brought turning. * taining dip- Until lumbar puncture to hospital. , lococci. was made the diagnosis was uncertain. Oct. 13 John M. 34 Pain in back of head, neck and along spine + Rigidity Mild Oct. 13, -j- Oct 25, patient decidedly worse. Nov. 2, still 16,200 for two weeks; great Oct. 23, worse mentally. Nov. tenderness to pres- ■ 16,700 Nov. 4, 6, much better. Nov. sure. 19, severe pain in * 7,200 back of neck, less ri- gidity. Delusions. • Nov. 25, up a short time; reads newspa- pers intelligently. « 23 Pat. M. 19 5 days + + Mild Normal Herpes labialis Oct. 24, No fluid Nov. 8 Reflexes normal of neck. Vomited ness. 6,600 ' once. Head slightly Rigid. Oct. 28, retracted. 14,500 Oct. 29, 14,500 « 26 Joe S. 23 11 days Began with chill head- a c h e, then severe + Mild Normal Oct. 27, + Temperature irregular. Severe chill daily for ness. 11,000 ’ Cultures nega- headache and pain Rigid. Oct. 28, tive. 20 days since Nov. 3 along spine in cervi- 9,800 followed by rise of cal and lumbar re- Nov. 5, temp., 103 to 105; no gion. Considerable 16,450 plasmodia found. swelling and effu- Nov. 11, Quinine without ef- sion in left knee. 10,500 feet; Dec. 5, recover- ing. II 29 John W. 40 Found unconscious. Oct. 29 * ness. Smears show Retrac- abundant pus tion. cells and lan- ceolate d i p- lococci; cul- tures show pneu mococ- cus. Nov. 14 Jos De G. 35 2 days Two days ago, severe headache, fever, + + + Nov. 30 Nov. 26, Patient improv- ing. Nov. 29, not so traction para- 14,400 ' bid fluid. Dip- vomited several and rig- y si s Nov.21, lococci found. well. Nov. 30, uncon- times. Chill and se- idity. right 18,600 scious. vere occipital head- arm Nov.27, ache. Delirious, semi-conscious. and leg 17,600 Note, -f- = yes.