OBSERVATIONS 
ON THE 
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTICAL 
EFFECTS 
OF 
flf % %mpa%tk 
A. D. ROCKWELL, A.M., M.D., 
BY 
Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine ; Member of the New York County 
Medical Society; 
AND 
GEORGE M. BEARD, A.M., M.D., 
Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine; Member of the New York County 
Medical Society. 
• ' : * W 
NEW YORK: 
PRINTED BY THE NEW YORK PRINTING COMPANY, 
Nos. 81, 83, a>» 85 Centre Street. 
.1870. GALVANIZATION OF TIIE SYMPATHETIC* 
The attention of the profession was called to the therapeutical 
action of the galvanic current on the cervical ganglia of the sym- 
pathetic by Professor Remak, f of Berlin, who was the first to note 
the fact, now well recognized among electro-therapeutists, that 
contractions of the muscles of one or both of the upper extremities 
may be produced by placing the positive pole in the auriculo-max- 
illary fossa, just anterior to the ascending ramus of the lower jaw, 
and the negative by the side of the sixth cervical vertebra. The 
theory of Remak, that these contractions, to which he gave the 
name of “ diplegic,” were caused by irritation of the superior gan- 
glia of the sympathetic, was confirmed by Fieber,| by experiments 
on animals in whom the sympathetic was exposed, and subjected 
to the action of the electric current. 
Strong currents—from twenty to forty elements—are usually, 
though not always, necessary to produce these contractions. The 
contractions may be of various degrees, from mild drawing, with 
scarcely perceptible oscillations, to violent movements resembling 
chorea. They may appear in the interossei or in the muscles of 
the arm or forearm of one or both sides. They may also appear 
in other positions of the electrode than the one described. From 
one to five minutes are usually necessary to excite them, and they 
may continue for a few moments after the application has ceased. 
There are two obvious reasons why galvanization of the sym- 
pathetic in the living man should not have the same marked 
effect as on animals when the ganglia are exposed. 
* The greater portion of this essay appeared in the Psychological Journal 
for July, 1870. In its present form, with additional experiments and cases, 
it is extracted from our work on Medical and Surgical Electricity, now in 
press. 
f Application du courant constant au traitement des neuroses. Paris, 1865. 
X Die diplegischen Contractionen nach Versuchenan Menschenund Thieren. 
Berlin, 1866, pp. 21, 22, 23. 6 
Galvanization of the Sympathetic. 
First. The anatomical position of even the most accessible 
ganglia is such that the current can only be applied to them by 
first traversing other tissues. It is therefore impossible for them to 
feel the full power of either pole. 
Secondly. The sympathetic cannot be electrized without at 
the same time electrizing other important parts of the central 
or peripheral nervous system. Thus, in the first method (see 
fig. i), the upper portion of the spinal cord, and in the second 
method, the pneumogastric, is included in the circuit. In all the 
other methods either the braiaor spinal cord must be more or less 
affected. 
But although exclusive localization of the current in any of the 
sympathetic ganglia of the living map is impossible, yet the im- 
portant physiological and therapeutical results that arise from 
applying the current, especially the galvanic, through those parts 
in which the ganglia are most accessible, show conclusively and 
in a most interesting manner that these ganglia are directly 
affected, and that the difference in the effects of such applica- 
tions on the living and on the exposed animal are merely differ- 
ences of degree. 
In order to determine the physiological effects of galvanization 
of the cervical sympathetic, we have experimented considerably 
on ourselves and others in comparative health. The applications 
were made in the manner above described in figure i, usually 
with a modification of Stohrer’s battery, or with a number of 
Smee’s elements. The number of cells used ranged between ten 
and twenty-five, and the length of the seances was from two to five 
minutes. The effects experienced from these applications were 
as follows:— 
i. A slight feeling of drowsiness.—This sometimes began to 
be perceptible shortly after the electrodes were applied, increased 
up to a certain point, and continued for some little time after the 
seance was over. In many cases it is not observed until the lapse 
of five or ten minutes after the seance. The feeling, which was 
by no means constant, was usually so slight that it might not have 
been observed, had we not in our experiments kept closely on 
the watch for every sensation experienced during or just after the 
application. Ophthalmoscopic Examinations of the Retina. 
7 
On the accepted theory that a state of cerebral anaemia pre- 
disposes to sleep, we should reason, a priori, that electrization of 
the sympathetic ought to induce a feeling of drowsiness, since it 
unquestionably diminishes the current of blood in the brain, 
and experimentally we have found that it does thus induce a slight 
and temporary disposition to sleep, although this result is probably 
far less marked than it would be if, without injury to the living sub- 
ject, the application could be made directly to the ganglia. 
Dr. Hammond * has found that galvanization of the sympa- 
thetic caused contraction of the vessels of the brain, as may be 
demonstrated by examining the retina with the ophthalmoscope 
during the application. 
From observations that we have made at different times and by 
various methods of application, it would appear that anaemia of 
the retina is not a uniform or necessarily an immediate result of 
galvanization of the sympathetic, but that hyperaemia may some- 
times be temporarily produced; and in other cases no change in 
the vascular condition of the retina is observed, beyond a slight 
enlargement of the veins. 
In order to determine this question, we have instituted a num- 
ber of experiments on our own persons, with the aid of several 
ophthalmologists. 
The positive electrode, connected with a galvanic current of 
twenty Stohrer’s cells, was placed in the right auriculo-maxillary fos- 
sa, and the negative over the sixth and seventh cervical verte- 
brae. Dr. St. John Roosa examined the retina with the ophthalmo- 
scope just before, during, and about five minutes succeeding the 
applications. During the passing of the current, Dr. Roosa ob- 
served that the arteries of the retina mcreased in size, and that 
more vessels were brought into view. The applications were 
continued from two to five minutes. On examining the condition 
of the retina, about five minutes after the application had ceased, 
Dr. Roosa observed a marked decrease in the size and the num- 
ber of the arteries. It was evident that the secondary effect of 
the galvanization was to produce anaemia of the retina, since it 
presented fewer and smaller blood-vessels than before the appli- 
* Journal of Psychological Medicine, April, 1870, p. 249. Galvanization of the Sympathetic. 
cation. The experiment was repeated on both of us, and on both 
sides, and with substantially the same results. 
Dr. Roosa subsequently repeated his examinations at the Man- 
hattan Eye and Ear Infirmary, when a galvanic battery of smaller 
Smee’s elements was used, and the negative pole was placed in 
the aurieulo-maxillary fossa. He observed the same changes in the 
condition of the retina, though they were not fully as marked as in 
the preceding experiments. 
Dr. Loring, who examined the retina with the ophthalmoscope 
before, during, and after the passing of the current, observed a 
marked increase in the size of the veins, but no change in the size 
of the arteries. 
The same examination of the retina was afterwards made by 
Dr. Hackley, at our office. A feebler current was used than in 
the former experiments. He noticed a slighter enlargement of 
the veins, and also a slighter change in the arteries, but no decided 
anaemia after the application. 
When the positive electrode was placed in the aurieulo-maxillary 
fossa and the negative on the deltoid muscle of the opposite side, 
Dr. Hackley observed a very slight contraction of the arteries with- 
out any primary hyperaemia. 
We had supposed that the enlargement of the veins observed 
by Drs. Loring and Hackley might be due to simple pressure of the 
electrode on the jugular vein, but Dr. Hackley failed to discover 
any change in the appearance of the veins, while very firm pres- 
sure was made on the aurieulo-maxillary fossa by an electrode not 
connected with the battery. 
In order to determine whether the faradic current could pro- 
duce any effect on the vascular condition of the retina, we direct- 
ed as strong a faradic current as could be borne through the cervi- 
cal ganglia, in the manner described in Fig. i. Dr. Hackley 
examined the retina before, during, and after application. At first 
no change was observed. After the seance had been continued 
twice as long as is usual when the galvanic current was employed, 
slight congestion of the retina was observable, which soon disap- 
peared after the close of the application. 
This observation, taken in connection with the clinical fact that Effects on the Pulse. 
9 
general faradization is followed by the disposition to sleep and 
equalization of the circulation, as well as by changes in the pulse 
that are observed from galvanization of the sympathetic, shows 
pretty conclusively that the practical difference between the two 
currents is mainly one of degree. 
Our observations would seem to show that the effects of gal- 
vanization of the cervical sympathetic on the retina, like the thera- 
peutical effects, vary more or less with the strength of the cur- 
rent, the length of the application, and the position of the elec- 
trodes. 
The subject is worthy of diligent and systematic investigation. 
If it shall be established by further experiments that anaemia of 
the retina follows galvanization of the cervical sympathetic, and if 
it be conceded that the vascular condition of the retina uniformly 
partakes of the vascular condition of the brain (a question that is 
not yet fully settled), then the slight tendency to sleep, sometimes 
observed after this method of treatment, is satisfactorily ex- 
plained. Since absolute and exclusive localization of the current 
in the sympathetic is impossible, the effects observed by ourselves 
are also not unlikely modified by the effect of the current on the 
upper portion of the spinal cord. 
The same remark will apply to the therapeutical effects of these 
applications. 
2. A feeling of warmth through the system.—This was not a 
constant symptom, though it was oftentimes very decided. A 
strong current may cause sensible perspiration. The extent to 
which this was felt was manifestly dependent on the strength 
of the current and the length of the application. It was usually 
felt but a short time after the seance was completed. We have 
observed this effect more frequently and more markedly in the 
susceptible and nervous than in the cold and phlegmatic, and 
most frequently in pathological cases. 
3. A marked effect on the pulse.—It was sometimes accelerated, 
but more frequently lowered, two, three, four or more beats. 
In order to determine the effects of electrization of the sympa- 
thetic on the pulse, we made the examinations immediately before 
and immediately after the applications. Every precaution was 10 
Galvanization of the Sympathetic. 
taken to avoid error, by allowing an interval of rest before the 
sitting, in order to give time for the subsidence of the pulse to its 
natural condition, from any excitement that it may have received 
from the exertion of walking or the labor of partially disrobing. 
In cases of doubt the whole minute was counted, in some instances 
several times in succession. A patient unaccustomed to the sen- 
sation produced by the electric current, or to the modus operandi 
of its employment, might experience an acceleration of the pulse 
from simple mental excitement, not only prior to or at the com- 
mencement of the sitting, but also during or after the appli- 
cation. Error from this cause was in our cases manifestly im- 
possible, and all the others on whom we experimented with a view 
to obtain physiological results were so well familiarized to the 
medical employment of electricity that they would receive any 
treatment proposed with cool indifference. In order still fur- 
ther to guard against error, and at the same time to observe the 
continuance or permanency of the effect of the experiments, we 
repeated, in some instances, our examinations of the pulse at 
intervals of fifteen minutes or half an hour after the sitting was 
over. 
A corroborative evidence that these changes in the pulse were 
due to the action of the current, and not to mental excitement, 
is found in the fact that, after an interval of five, ten, or fifteen 
minutes, the pulse returned to its original condition. 
These changes in the time of the pulse were also accompanied 
by perceptible changes in its character, which, if careful sphygmo- 
graphic observations had been made, might perhaps have been 
reduced to some general law. 
Eulenburg and Schmidt (quoted by Althaus) found that when 
the positive pole of from 20 to 40 of Daniells’ elements was placed 
at the manubrium sterni and the negative pole in the auriculo- 
maxillary fossa, the pupil of that side was at first slightly dilated 
and afterwards contracted. These changes in the pupil are not uni- 
form in their appearance. In some cases they appear at once 
after closing the circuit, and in others after the lapse of half a 
minute or minute, and in others still, after interruptions. Tiiese 
phenomena are liable to many variations, according to the strength, Pathological Cases. 
11 
length, and locality of the applications. If an electrode is placed 
in the auriculo-maxillary fossa of each side, the changes in the 
pupil occur on both sides, but are more marked on the side on 
which is the negative pole. The same application, continued for 
some time with a strong current, reduced the normal pulse from 
4 to 16 beats a minute, and the pathological pulse even more, 
diminished the tension in the carotid and vertebral arteries, and 
markedly altered their sphygmographic tracings. The same ob- 
servers found that galvanization of the spine also diminished the 
beats of the pulse. 
Paralysis of the inter-ossei of the left hand—Diplegic contractions on gal- 
vanization of the sympathetic—Some improvement. 
PATHOLOGICAL CASES. 
Case i.—Mr. P., afflicted with paralysis of the extensor muscles of all the 
fingers of the right hand, was directed to us by Dr. J. J. Crane. 
The patient had observed some slight loss of power in the affected members 
for more than a year previous, but was unable to ascribe any cause other than 
a violent wrench to the hand, that was followed by several bursae. A dozen 
applications of the galvanic current resulted in some very slight improvement 
in the condition of the paralyzed muscles. The so-called diplegic contractions 
in the diseased muscles were readily observed on galvanization of the cervical 
sympathetic. At first these contractions were induced only when a current of 
considerable intensity was used, but at each subsequent application less tension 
was required, until an exceedingly weak current was sufficient to produce the 
phenomenon. The patient somewhat improved under treatment. 
Attacks of nausea and, vomiting—Recovery under galvanization of the sym- 
pathetic, after failure of general faradization. 
Case 2.—Mr. S., aged 40, had complained of frequent attacks of nausea, 
that occasionally were accompanied by vomiting. The patient was of slight 
build, and of a thoroughly nervous organization. There were no evi- 
dences of organic disease either in the history of the case or in the special 
character of the symptoms. The attacks came on usually in business 
hours, and could not unfrequently be referred to mental anxiety. A strong 
evidence that the disease was mainly functional in its character was that on 
Sabbath days, when the patient did not go to the office, and was free from 
business cares, he was also free from the attacks. 
Ordinary treatment, both by medication and by electricity, carefully and 
perseveringly employed by the usual methods, had failed to give substantial relief. 
As a last resort, we resolved to experiment with applications localized in 12 
Galvanization o'f the Sympathetic. 
the cervical sympathetic. The results were immediate and favorable ; from 
the first application he began to improve, and in three weeks he regarded him- 
self as cured. 
This experiment was eminently a fair one, since it was tried 
alone, unaided and unimpeded by other remedies, immediately 
after other treatment, even that by electrization, had failed. 
Myelitis— Tenderness over the superior cervical ganglion, and unusual sensi- 
tiveness to the faradic current—Disappearance of sensitiveness tinder gen- 
eral faradization. 
Case 3.—A lady of sixty years of age had suffered for three years with para- 
plegia, resulting from myelitis; was found to be extremely sensitive even to 
the faradic current when applied over the superior cervical ganglion. This 
sensitiveness was transmitted to the side of the sixth cervical vertebra, even 
though the other pole (which is usually applied to this place) was at some 
distant and indifferent point. This sensitiveness amounted to absolute 
pain when a current even of moderate strength was employed, and would proba- 
bly have been still more marked under the influence of galvanization. This phe- 
nomenon, which we have never before observed in any case either of health or of 
disease, is probably to be explained by a peculiar and abnormal sensitive condi- 
tion of the sympathetic. This probability is enforced by the results of the 
treatment and the subsequent history of the case : in the course of three ap- 
plications this peculiar manifestation of sensitiveness entirely disappeared, so 
that it could not be evoked even under the influence of a current of consider- 
able strength. At the same time the patient rapidly improved, both in her 
ability to walk and in her general condition, under the combined influence of 
central and peripheral applications. 
The interesting point in the case is, that with the manifestation 
of improvement there was a diminution, and finally a disappear- 
ance, of the peculiar sensitiveness of the sympathetic. That in 
many and diverse cases of disease the cervical sympathetic may 
be positively and even painfully sensitive to pressure on the appli- 
cation of the electric current, and that this sensitiveness may dis- 
appear with the improvement of the patient, we have observed in 
a number of instances. Benedikt * has observed tenderness in 
the region of the cervical sympathetic in a variety of morbid 
conditions. 
In that* very frequent and obstinate malady, “ sick-headache,” 
* See Elektrotherapie, passim. Pathological Cases. 
for we have observed in a number of instances that 
on the affected side the cervical sympathetic is markedly sensi- 
tive to pressure, and that this sensitiveness persists during the 
attack and disappears with the subsidence of the pain. This 
phenomenon, which, we believe, has not before been pointed out, 
can sometimes be readily verified by making firm pressure in the 
direction of the superior cervical ganglion during the height of an 
attack of hemicrania. 
Hemiplegia—Relief of injection of conjunctiva by galvanization of sympathetic. 
Case 4.—The efficacy of galvanization of the cervical sympathetic, in 
reducing injection of the conjunctiva, was well illustrated in the case of 
a gentleman of 60 years, who was suffering from hemiplegia of the left 
side. He was attacked six months before we saw him, and for three months 
subsequently had been able to walk only with difficulty. His face had been 
somewhat distorted and there had been slight ptosis. In the affected eye 
there was a feeling of roughness, as though a grain of sand were beneath the 
lid, owing to a decided and persistent injection of the conjunctiva. Under 
various methods of applying electricity the patient slowly but manifestly pro- 
gressed, but the injection of the conjunctiva with the harassing sensation of 
roughness yet remained. We now resorted to galvanization of the cervical 
sympathetic. This treatment, faithfully carried out, resulted in some general 
improvement, but the effect chiefly observed was a diminution, and ultimately 
an approximate cure, of the chronic injection of the conjunctiva, and the dis- 
tressing sensation that accompanied it was entirely removed. 
The- result in this case was of special interest and peculiarly 
suggestive, since it seemed to confirm the deductions of physio- 
logical experiments, on the effect of electrization of the cervical 
sympathetic in causing contraction of the blood-vessels of the 
cerebrum. 
Complicated case of nervous and uterine disease—Overpowering drowsiness, 
caused temporarily by short galvanization of the superior cervical ganglia. 
Case 5.—A lady past middle age (sent to us by Dr. Wey), who had been nearly 
all her life an invalid, suffering at first from uterine displacements with complica- 
tions, and latterly from neuralgia of the head of the right thigh, was treated for 
more than two months by powerful faradic currents, variously applied to the spine 
and to the affected limb, without at any time experiencing any unpleasant or 
peculiar effects aside from a general weariness for a short period after each appli- 
cation. She had indeed become so thoroughly accustomed to the ordinary electri- 
cal applications as to be above the need of special caution or watchfulness in 
treating her. On one occasion, when she was in about her usual condition, we 14 
Galvanization of the Sympathetic. 
galvanized the cervical sympathetic with a current of moderate strength from 
fifteen elements. In four minutes from the beginning of the seanc£ she 
began to feel a sensation of drowsiness that was overpowering, amounting 
almost to faintness. Somewhat alarmed by the suddenness and violence of the 
symptom, we cut short the application. The drowsiness was not only so 
extreme as to be disagreeable, but was accompanied by a sensation of nausea 
and vertigo. The patient was allowed to rest, and in half an hour the 
unpleasant symptoms departed, leavingbehind only a sense of extreme weari- 
ness. Cases of such exceeding susceptibility of the ceryical sympathetic are, 
we believe, exceptional; and, with becoming caution, these temporarily disa- 
greeable results can always be avoided by making the first tentative applica- 
tions with a very moderate current, and of short duration. It is probable that 
if other cases had been treated as long as in the present instance, similar sen- 
sations might have been experienced. 
Progressive muscular atrophy in muscles of left hand—Rapid and extraordi- 
nary acceleration of the pulse after galvanization of the sy??ipathetic—Sub- 
sequent iniprovement under the same treatment. 
Case 6.—A lady of 20 years of age, affected with muscular atrophy of the left 
hand, that was gradually extending to the left finger of the right hand. The at- 
rophy of the inter-ossei muscles was so complete that the hand had become a 
typical illustration of the so-called claw-hand, as described by Duchenne. The 
electro-muscular contractility and sensibility of the affected muscles was com- 
pletely destroyed, and even the adductors of the thumb reacted only to a very 
powerful current. The hand was always exceedingly cold. The general health 
of the patient was apparently good, and the nutrition was quite well preserved. 
After the patient had been for some time treated by peripheral faradization, 
we resorted to galvanization of the superior cervical ganglion of the right side. 
Although muscular atrophy is one of the conditions in which diplegic contrac- 
tions have been frequently observed, yet in this case they did not appear. The 
pulse, taken just before the seance, was found to be 92. The application lasted 
between two and three minutes, and, while the electrodes were in position, no 
special effect was observed. Two minutes after the application the pulse, 
which before was 92, was found to be 130, and the hand, which was before 
cold, was found to be hot, and the face was flushed. 
The patient soon left the office, and on her next visit reported that the 
febrile condition excited by the current was of but short duration. 
In this case the sympathetic must have been in a condition of 
abnormal irritability or of actual disease, since in health such ef- 
fects on the pulse are not produced even by prolonged applications. 
This case is of value, as tending to confirm the theory that pro- 
gressive muscular atrophy is in some way dependent on, or asso- 
ciated with, disease of the sympathetic, An Aid in Diagnosis. 
15 
Ancemia with great debility—Paretic condition of muscles of hand—Imme- 
diate effect of galvanization of sympathetic. 
Case 7.—A gentleman, aged 45, became so exhausted by protracted disease 
that he was scarcely able to raise his arms to his head without assistance, and 
could not entirely close his fingers. The paretic condition of the muscles was 
evidently functional rather than organic. After other methods of employing 
electricity—central and peripheral, with both galvanic and faradic currents— 
had accomplished for him all that was possible, and the patient, though much 
benefited, had ceased to make progress under their influence, we began to lo- 
calize the galvanic current in the cervical sympathetic. The immediate effect 
was to enable him to close his hand, and the seance was also followed by a sense 
of exhilaration that other forms of application had failed to produce. The fa- 
radic current, experimentally employed in precisely the same way, failed to ex- 
hibit any such effects. The relief, however, was mostly temporary; on the day 
following the applications he usually relapsed pretty nearly to his original con- 
dition. The treatment, continued for six weeks, caused decided amelioration 
that gave every hope of permanency ; but, as is so frequently the case, the im- 
provement stopped short at a certain point, beyond which it refused to be urged. 
The application of electricity to prominent cervical ganglia is 
an interesting and suggestive, though not yet a well-defined aux- 
iliary to diagnosis. The very decided tenderness that is revealed 
on electrization of the cervical ganglia, and occasionally of the so- 
lar plexus, indicates some disease either of the sympathetic or of 
some other portion of the system, but does not declare the pre- 
cise nature or locality of the morbid condition. This tenderness 
—which is sometimes felt under any form of external pressure— 
has been observed in nervous dyspepsia, rheumatic gout, locomo- 
tor ataxy, muscular atrophy, neuralgia, myelitis, and during attacks 
of sick headache. The diminution of this morbid tenderness 
under treatment is usually accompanied t>y improvement in the 
condition of the patient The relation of the so-called “diplegic 
contractions ” to pathology or therapeutics is not yet determined. 
The effects of faradization of the cervical sympathetic are not as 
decided as those of galvanization. That general faradization, how- 
ever, does affect the sympathetic to a certain extent, seems to be 
pretty well established both by clinical experience and by its ob- 
served effects on the pulse. 
To lay down precise and exhaustive indications for the use of 
galvanization of the sympathetic is, in the present state of our Galvanization of the Sympathetic. 
16 
knowledge of the physiology and pathology of this system, obvious- 
ly impossible; the best guide to these indications is experience. 
The general indications for the use of this method of treatment to 
which experience would seem to point are these :— 
1. Cases in which the sympathetic is itself diseased. Paralysis 
of the sympathetic, though not a frequent affection, is neverthe- 
less one that is believed to occur, and to be quite amenable to gal- 
vanization. The sympathetic has also been found diseased in pro- 
gressive muscular atrophy. 
2. Cases in which the sympathetic is in a condition of abnormal 
irritability, a condition which is revealed- by the effects of galvani- 
zation, and especially by the diplegic contractions. This con- 
dition is most frequently found in hysteria, locomotor ataxy, mus- 
cular atrophy, lead poisoning, and spinal irritation. In all of these 
diseases, galvanization of the sympathetic proves to be of essential 
service. * 
3. Cerebral hyperaemia. This condition is associated with and 
is a part of a large variety of diseases. Insomnia, hemiplegia, tic 
douloureux, many diseases of the eye and ear, as neuro-retinitis, 
nervous deafness and tinnitus aurium, are all more or less associat- 
ed with cerebral hyperaemia, and all have been successfully treated 
by galvanization of the sympathetic. 
4. Disorders of the vasa-motor nerves. Under this head may be 
included some cases of deficient circulation, cutaneous hyperaesthe- 
sia, and certain diseases of the skin. 
5. Functional diseases of the digestive and genital apparatus. 
Galvanization of the sympathetic in these conditions seems to 
work, partly at least, by reflex action, and partly, also, by the in- 
fluence which the spinal cord and pneumogastric receive during 
the applications. 
It is scarcely necessary to remark that the exclusive use of gal- 
vanization of the sympathetic is indicated only in exceptional 
cases. It is to be employed in connection or alternation with 
general electrization and galvanization of the brain, spinal cord, 
and periphery. A noteworthy advantage of this method of treat- 
ment in those cases for which it is of service is the comparatively 
short time required for its employment. Fig. i. 
Galvanization of the Sympathetic. 
Fig. 2. 
Galvanization of the Sympathetic, including the Pneumogastric. 
(Besides these, there are a number of other positions of the electrodes by which 
the Sympathetic can be demonstrably affected.)