3 hd?-- <^ [^) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE bital Statistits of % State of Network: BY LEMUEL SHATTUCK, Esq. OF BOSTON. V IV. Contributions to the Vital Statistics of the State of New- York. By Lemuel Shattuck Esq., of Boston. [Communicated by T. Romeyn Beck, M. D.] Boston, February 1, 1850. T. Romeyn Beck, M. D. My Dear Sir—The official returns of the State censuses of 1825, 1835 and 1845, contain facts which throw some light upon the vital statistics of the State—a subject which is just now, from its important sanitary connections, attracting considerable attention. The facts to which I allude are those relating to the population, and tp the births, marriages and deaths. To be available, however, for any practical pur- pose, it is necessary that they should be taken from the immense mass of figures which are piled up in the census volumes, and subjected to analysis, combination and deduction. Having occasion to examine them for a collateral purpose, it has occurred to me that the results of the examination might not be entirely without interest, as matters of reference at least, to the Medical Society; and if you deem them worthy of being presented, they are placed at your disposal. The returns of the population are supposed to be generally correct, as far as they go; but those relating to the births, marriages and deaths, must be received with more caution. One fact only is at hand to test the accuracy of these returns. I am not aware that pub- lic registers have been kept in any place, except in the city of New- York, and there only of the deaths. These are presumed to be very nearly correct. A comparison of the City Inspector's reports, and the returns of the State enumerations will shew the following results: In 1825. In 1835. In 1845. The City Inspector reports.......5,021 7,082 10,983 The State census returns........ 3,239 5,925 6,293 Showing differences of.......... 1,782 1,157 4,690 4 By this statement it appears that nearly twenty-five per cent, of the deaths at the first two periods, and more than that proportion in the last, escaped notice in the enumeration. Probably a similar defect was made in the returns of births and marriages. If so, twenty-five per cent, at least should be added to give their true numbers. It is presumed that less difficulty existed in the country towns, and that the returns from these are not so defective; yet they cannot be impli- citly relied upon, and must be taken wrth some allowance of error. The facts of the census are, however, deemed of sufficient impor- tance to merit careful examination. It is not my intention now to go into a discussion of the subjects here embraced or suggested, but merely to refer those interested to the tables themselves, for their own illustration. I. Population. Table I. exhibits, in parallel columns, the aggre- gate numbers of persons in each county, enumerated by th« State in 1825,1835 and 1845; and by the United States in 1820, 1830 and 1840. The former are taken from the official copies of the State census, and the latter from the official copies of the National census. This table will exhibit the comparative increase of the population, though the per centage of the increase has not been calculated. Se- veral changes have taken place in the area of the counties during this period, annexing parts of one to another; and these should be accu- rately cdnsidered before an exact account of the increase can be ascertained. It is presumed that the correctness of these enumerations can be relied upon, though it seems to be difficult to account for all the changes that appear, except on the supposition that some errors were committed either in the State or the National census. The facts furnished by the State census are the only ones which have come un- der present examination, as they are the only ones which admit of the desired comparison. It is much to be regretted that the ages of the population were not taken in these enumerations, since they furnish a very important and an essential element of information in all mat- ters relating to vital statistics. It is now conceded that no compa- rison of the number of persons out of whom one may be born or die annually1 can be made, as a test of the sanitary condition of different places, without the ages of the living are known. If the population are of the same ages in the different places which are to be compared together, the principle is a sound one; but if their ages differ from each other, such a comparison will lead to error. Hence, the com- parisons in the accompanying table, if they are allowed to be correct in other respects, must not be taken as strictly accurate; for it is pre- sumed that there live in some counties a greater proportion of one age, than of the same age in another county. The returns, however, furnish one characteristic of the population, that of the sexes, which is proper to be noticed in this connection. The number and proportion of each sex at the different enumerations for the whole State are as follows: 1825. Males,..... 822,897, as 50.91; or as 100. ; or as 103.69 Females, ... 793,561 to 49.09 to 96.43 to 100. 1,616,458 100.00 1835. Males,.... 1,102,658; as50.71; or as 100. ; or as 102.87 Females,.. 1,071,859 to 49.29 to 97.11 to 100. 2,174,517 100.00 1845. Males,.... 1,311,342;as50.35; or as 100. ; or as 101.40 Females,.. 1,293,153 to 49.65 to 98.61 to 100. 2,604,495 100.00 The difference between the sexes was 1.82 per cent, in 1825-; 1.42 per cent, in 1835; and .70 per cent, in 1845; showing a nearer ap- proximation to equality in the last than in the first period. II. Density of the Population. Table H. gives the arta in square miles and square acres of each county, compiled from Holley's State Register; «and the population to the square mile calculated for each enumeration. This area is, however, for 1845, and an allowance should be made for previous dates in those counties where the area has been changed. It affords interesting results worthy of considera- tion. New-York, containing 16,873.7 persons to the square mile in 1845, is of course the most densely populated county in the State. Hamilton, containing 1.7 persons to the square mile, is the least so. It would be a valuable addition to this information, if the areas of the wards in cities were known, and the comparative density of the popu- 6 lation of such as were built upon exhibited. We should like to know the sanitary influence of such causes on the inhabitants of the most densely populated ward of the city of New-York. III. Births. Table III. exhibits, in parallel columns, for each county, the aggregate returns of the births for the year 1825, 1835 and 1845; and for the same periods, the number of persons living to one birth, and the births per cent., or in each 100 of the population. It appears that the greatest number of births in proportion to the po- pulation, returned in any one year, was in Cattaraugus county, for 1825, being one birth to 18 living, or 5.27 per cent, or in each 100. The least number returned was in Queens county, for 1835, being 1 birth to 37 living, 2.67 per cent., or in each 100. The average for the whole State is as follows: In 1825. In 1835. In 1845. Births in the whole State returned, 61,383 77,244 89,755 Persons living to one birth,...... 26 28 29 Births in each 100 persons living, 3.79 3.55 3.44 The number of births of each sex is specified in the census returns for each county. In these tables they are combined. The number of births of each sex, and the proportion of the sexes for each period, for the whole State, will appear from the following statement: 1825. Males,...... 31,514; as51.34; or as 100. ; or as 105.50 Females,.... 29,869 to 48.66 to 94.77 to 100. 61,383 100.00 1835. Males,...... 39,839; as51.57; or as 100. ; or as 106.50 Females,___ 37,405 to 48.43 to 93.89 to 100. 77,244 100.00 1845. Males,...... 46,817; as 52.16; or as 100. ; or as 109.03 Females,.... 42,938 to 47.84 to 91.71 to 100. 89,755 100.00 The difference in the per centage of the sexes was 2.68 in 1825, 3.14 in 1835, and 4.32 in 1845. 7 IV. Marriages. Table IV. exhibits, in parallel columns, the re- turns of the number of marriages in the several counties, for the years 1835 and 1845, and their relation to the population. No return for 1825 has been found. The heading of the returns for 1835 says, " Number of marriages where the female resided;" and it is presumed that the same rule was adopted in the other enumerations, though the heading in 1845 says, " Number of, marriages in the county during the year preceding." Strictly enforced, this rule would exclude many marriages between parties who go out of their place of residence to be married. If such were the construction, any comparison between these returns of marriages and those of other places, would be falla- cious. The greatest number of marriages returned in any one year, in proportion to the population, was in Westchester county,for 1845, being 1 marriage to 31 living,or 3.18 per cent., or to 100 living; the least number, in Queens county, for 1835, being 1 marriage to 251 living, or .39 per cent., or to 100 living. The enumerators were directed, in each census, to obtain the num- ber of married persons under 45 years of age, the number unmarried between 16 and 45 years, and the number unmarried under 16. This would include the whole female population under 45 years of age. The information thus solicited, if obtained correctly, would have been of importance. And it is presumed that it was designed to be a substitute for that obtained in other places, of the number of married, unmarried and widowed, at the different ages. How far the attempt was successful will appear from the following statement: Classification of Females. Number in each class. Per centage of popu'n. 1825. | 1835. | 1845. 1825. J 1835. | 1845. Married females under 45 years of age,.... Unmarried females be-tween ages 16 and 45, Unmarried females un-16 years of age,.... Marriages during pre- 200,481 135,391 361,624 11,553 283,230 195,499 456,224 15,535 230,216 161,334 490,709 27,783 12.40 8.37 22.28 .71 13.02 8.99 20.98 .71 8.83 6.19 18.84 1.06 fi- 8 It appears from this statement that the proportion of married fe- males under 45 years of age was 12.40 per cent in 1825, and 8.83 per cent in 1845 ; that the unmarried females between 16 and 45, were 8.37 per cent in 1825, and 6.19 per cent in 1845 ; that the un- married females under 16, were 22.32 per cent in 1825, and 18.84 per cent in 1845 ; and that the proportion of all the female persons un- der 45 years to the whole populationwas 43.05 per cent in 1825, and 33.86 per cent in 1845, showing a difference at the two periods, of 9.19 per cent. I have, however, shown from these returns that of the whole population, the proportion of females was greater in 1845 than in 1825, being as 100 to 96.43 in 1825, and as 100 to 98.61 in 1845. This is conclusive proof that the returns are inconsistent with each other, and cannot both be correct. V. Deaths. Table V exhibits, in parallel columns for each county, an abstract of the returns of the number of deaths for 1825, 1835, and 1845 ; and their relation to the population. The greatest num- ber of deaths returned in any one year in proportion to the popula- tion was in New-York county, in 1835, being 1 in 45 living, or 2.19 per cent, or to 100 living; and the least number in Rockland county in 1835, being 1 in 160 living, or 62 per cent, or to 100 living. The aggregates for the whole States were as follows : In 1835. In 1835. In 1845 Deaths in the whole State were,...... 22,544 32,766 36,284 Persons living to 1 death were,....... 71 66 71 Per centages, or to 100 living, were,... 1.39 1.50 1.39 The proportion of the sexes for the whole State, were as follows : 1825. Males,...... 12,525 ; as 55.56 ; as 100, as 125.01. Females,.... 10,019 to 44.44; to 79.99 to 100; J22,544 100.00 1835. Males,...... 17,486 ; as 53.37 ; as 100, as 114.43- Females,.... 15,280 to 46.63 ; to 87.38 to 100. 32,766 100.00 1845. Males,...... 18,722 ; as 51.60; as 100, as 106.60 .' Females,____ 17,562 to 48.40 ; to 93.80 to 100. 36,282 100.00 The difference between the sexes was 11.12 per cent in 1825 ; 6.74 per cent in 1835 ; and 3.20 per cent in 1845 ; showing a nearer ap- proximation to equality in the last than in the previous periods. VI. Cities. There are 9 incorporated cities in the State, and ta- ble VI gives the population ; and table VII gives the returns of the births, marriages, and deaths, on the same plan as tables before giv- en relating to the counties. If these returns had been correct they would have shown important results. As they are, they only show the utility of correct tables. VII. Conclusion. The result of this examination has led to the conclusion that these census returns are not reliable for accuracy. The design for obtaining them was excellent, but it was not carried out in truthfulness ; and the last attempt was the greatest failure. The same results have followed similar attempts elsewhere. My own knowledge in these matters, strengthed by this examina- tion, has led me to conclude that full and accurate returns of this kind cannot be obtained by personal inquiry, as these were obtained, after the expiration of a year. Owing to the locomotive habits of our people, causing frequent removals from one place to another, and from other causes, many births, marriages and deaths, will escape notice, and render the returns defective. The only effectual mode of preventing errors in matters of this kind is such a plan of public registra- tion as will secure the record of every birth, every marriage, and every death, with all the important facts in relation to each, at or near the time in which they occur. Such a system of registration should be the foundation of all sanitary laws. Without it no accurate information concerning the population, or its sanitary condition can be ascertained. I have been informed that this subject may come up for consideration in your State this season. If so, these tables may afford some useful suggestions. Some persons have desired that an attempt should be made, in the census of the United States for this year, to obtain the number of 2 • deaths. The results here presented will show the prolbable.value of " the information which might be obtained in this way. I have doubt- ed the expediency of such a measure for two reasons; one because the information when obtained could not be relied upon for accuracy ; and another because, if it could be accurately obtained for the year 1849, (that being a very sickly year) it would give an unfair exhibi- tion of the average sanitary condition of the country. A strong de- sire was, however, expressed by the Census board of Washington, that measures should be provided for obtaining the information ; and a separate schedule was prepared, at their request, for the purpose. It is hoped that this brief synopsis of the facts in your census ta- bles, relating to the vital statistics of your State, will afford you some gratification. There are many to picssuggested by the investigation, which it might be profitable to discuss at length ; but, as I have al- ready said, it has not been my design to enter into such a discussion at this time, but merely to state the facts in a simple connected form, that they may serve as matters of reference, whenever the subject should come up for discussion. For this purpose I hope you will not consider the labor as entirely useless. I am, with^much respect, Your obedient servant, LEMUEL SHATTUCK. ':' "" r ' ' ' :;: ■•:'■'. A <*' > <*.*)/ .*iy*?-. TABLE I. Exhibiting the number of Inhabitants in the several counties, enumerated in the National*censuses of 1820, 1830, and 1840 ; and in the State census of 1825, 1835, and 1845. COUNTIES. Albany, .. . Allegany, . Broome, .. . Cattaraugus, Cayuga, ... Chautauque, Chemung,. . Chenango, . Clinton, .. '. Columbia,. . Cortland, . . Delaware, . Dutchess, . . Erie,...... Essex, .... Franklin, . . Fulton,.... Genesee,... Greene, ... Hamilton,.. Incorporated. November 1, 1683 April 7, 1806, .. March 26, 1806, March 11, 1808, March 8,1799,.. March 11, 1808, March 15, 1798, March 7, 1788, April 4, 1786, .. April 8, 1808, .. March 10, 1797, November 1, 1683 April 2, 1821,.. March 1, 1799, . March 11, 1808, March 30, 1802, March 25, 1800, April 12, 1816, . 1820. 38,116 9,330 14,343 4,090 38,897 12,568 31,215 12,070 38,330 16,507 26,587 46,615 12,811 4,439 58j093 22,996 1,251 1825. 42,821 18,164 13,893 8,643 42,743 20,639 34,215 14,486 37,970 20,271 29,565 46,698 24,316 15,993 7,978 40,905 26,229 1830. 53,560 26,218 17,582 16,726 47,947 34,657 37,404 19,394 39,952 23,693 32,933 50,926 35,710 19,387 11,312 51,992 29,525 1,324 1835. 59,762] 35,2m1 20,190i 24,986 49,202 44,869 40,762 20,743 40,746 24,168 34,192 50,704 57,594 20,699 12,501 58*,588 30,173 1840. 68,593 40,975 22,338 28,872 50,338 47,975 20,732 40,785 28,157 43,252 28,557 35,396 52,397 62,465 23,634 16,518 18,049 59,587 30,446 1,907 1845. 77 40 25 30 49 46 23 39 31 41 25 36 55 78 25 18 18 28 31 1 ,268 ,084 ,808 ,169 ,663 ,548 ,689 ,900 ,278 ,976 ,081 ,990 ,124 ,635 ,102 ,692 ,579 ,845 ,957 ,882 12 Tjt05'--i00C0t-0»C0C0OC0iOiO'-i0>C0Oi00C0rHl>OC0C^^05 (MOiO>r-iOiGOOi^CMmt-t~OiCMT*T#OU3^COt--'rJ«C~COGOi>iOi> rt*CTC0'^t0'^0iC0C0 i^TjiooOMOOOiHTjiTtiowwioooonnwweort^N^wri COCOl>'-iCOOiiOC~ C~Oi00iOT*»OOTlOt-COOiOCOOi*i-iCOCN>Ortl CO nooMroNrtinaiOsooooootommooHOiO'-'towoooMMO O00iOO3Oi^C0iOC0Oi--iOl^-OiOiTt'C>Orti CO CO CM CO HHOOOOOtflt"OOiO(NOOO COTjt-CMu30ii0C0Tti>Ot-Ol>l>0000r-ir0r-iC0i0t^ OOiOiOOit-OOOiOiCTjHCOOi'-iCOt>i-iC01>C co © i> i> t~- co • O •COOOiOiCDCO'—i • CN • id t~ Oi Oi rt< CM CM •TfCOQOOiCOiOt-CN^-^OiC-Oi •t^iocor-nororoioooiO'-icooo •COOOWlOriHOOOOrHOOOJ i—• CM <—i Oi CO CO <-i •CM •bW(NOH00i-i •CO • CO CM CM lO rH 00 rf r—< • CM tH • r-l -^ n-oaooconcowcoH rHtMrJ< CO 1-1 CM CM "^ CM February 16, 1791, March 28, 1805, .. November 1, 1683, March 25, 1805, .. February 23, 1821, March 21, 1806, .. February 23, 1821, March 12, 1772, .. Novembei 1, 1683, March 11, 1808, .. March 35, 1798, .. March 5, 1794, ... January 27, 1789,. November 1, 1683, November 11,1824, March 1, 1816, ... February 16, 1791, June 12, 1812,___ November 1, 1683, February 7, 1791, . November 1, 1683, February-23, 1798, February 7, 1791, March 7,1809,.... April 6, 1795, .... March 24, 1804, .. March 3, 1802, ... March 18, 1796, .. a ° to O ~S Si - IS CO CO H ^ bD „ „ ~ ~ • -^co corO^MCu)2?rrhncO'-izi^ bp-s S «j « 2 £ SPS 2 ££-* 3 (li.H O — CO QJ co irt -r! w cv o u c Oi «~8 g WJ^SSSlz;!ziOOOOOOOPHQf«rttfcacaw^ww TABLE I.—(Continued.) COUNTIES. Suffolk, .... Sullivan, . .. Tioga,..... Tompkins, . Ulster,..... Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westchester, Wyoming, .. Yates,...... Total, .. Incorporated. November 1, 1683, March 27, 1809, .. February 16, 1794, April 7, 1817, .. November 1, 1683, March 12, 1813, .. March 12, 1772, .. April 11. 1823,___ November 1, 1683, February 5, 1823,. 24,272 8,900 16,971 20,681 30,934 9,453 38,831 32,638 1825. 23,695 10,373 19,951 32,908 32,015 10,806 39,280 26,761 33,131 17,455 1830. 26,780 12,372 27,704 36,545 3.6,551 11,796 42,635 33,555 36,456 19,019 1835. 28,274 13,755 33,999 3S,008 39,960 12,034 39,326 37,788 38,790 19,796 2,174,517 1840. 32,469 15,629 20,527 37,948 45,822 13,422 41,080 42,057 48,686 20,444 2,604,495 TABLE II. Exhibiting the Area of each county in square miles and square acres; and the number of Inhabitants to the square mile in 1825, 1835, and 1845. COUNTIES. Albany, .. . Allegany, . Broome,.. . Cattaraugus, Cayuga,... Chautauque, Chemung, . Chenango, . Clinton, ... Columbia, . Cortland, .. Delaware, . Dutchess, . . Erie, ..... Essex, Franklin, . . Fulton, ... Genesee, . . Greene, ... Area. 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CITIES. Albany, Brooklyn,... Buffalo,___ Hudson, New-York, . Rochester, .. Schenectady, Troy,...... Utica,...... Incorporated. 1686,........... April 8, 1834,___ April 20, 1832, . .. 1785, ........... November 1, 1683, April 28, 1834, ... March 26, 1798, .. April 12, 1816, . .. February 13, 1832, 1820. 12,630 7,175 2,095 5,310 123,706 3,939 5,264 2,972 1825. 15,971 10,790 5,141 5,004 166,086 4,068 7,859 5,040 1830. 24,238 15,295 8,668 5,392 202,589 9,269 4,268 11,556 8,323 1835. 28,109 24,310 15,661 5,531 270,089 14,404 6,272 16,959 10,183 1840. 33,721 36,223 18,213 5,672 312,710 20,191 6,748 19,334 12,782 1845. 41,139 59,566 29,773 5,657 371,223 25,265 6,555 21,709 12,190 to © TABLE VII Exhibiting the number of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, returned in the State census of 1825, 1835, and 1845 ; and their relation to the population in the several Cities of the State. CITIES. Births. Albany,....... Brooklyn,...... Buffalo, ....... Hudson, ...... New-York,..... Rochester,....., Schenectady, Troy,......... Utica,......... Marriages. Albany,......^ Brooklyn,...... Buffalo,....... Hudson, ...... New-York, .... Births, Marriages, and Deaths. 1825. 545 338 '117 4,529 111 288 184 1835. 1,130 818 * 478 158 8,960 523 225 672 403 186 141 114 21 1,990 1845. 1,521 2,516 1,124 174 13,234 926 194 924 444 329 517 283 23 2,556 Living to one Birth, Marriage or Death. 1825. 29 31 42 36 35 27 27 1835. 24 29 32 35 30 27 27 25 25 151 172 128 263 135 1845. 27 23 26 32 28 27 33 23 27 125 115 105 205 145 Births, Marriages or Deaths to 100 living. 1825. 1835. 1845. 3.41 4.02 3.69 3.15 3.36 4.22 .... 3.05 3.70 2.38 2.85 3.07 2.72 3.31 3.56 .... 3.63 3.64 2.72 3.58 2.9S 3.66 3.96 1 4.25 3.65 3^95 3.64 ... .66 .79 .... .58 .86 .... .72 .95 .... .37 .40 .... .73 .68 to -4 28 TjtlO © '•S' - © CO n © ©C0F-€0©r1©-J<© ©OO^TflfCOriTHf- n cMnnnnrHCMnn t-© © cm cm © © *o © r^ J> 25 55 t-r .© ?- oo co rvy © «-• .© »> o © CM H ' CM CM CM CM CM mvo »CO}Q. -00 ^ © ^J» t- • CM © • © t- CO CM © iO •<* t~ © © tHOO riTl»00©00iOiO©C0 lOiOiO©"^^"^^^ 00 n © n CM © CO CM cot-co^io©©^©© THTl © ** m • t- m «©mt- 00©©© iOTjncOC0rJtrfi00 CO © iO CO ©©CO00©CO,«*-i© C$ n n r- ©^ CM^CO n CO CM ri © CM CM © "*}» COOHOCOiOOtHCOO ri © CO 00 iO © © «0 CM © t- iO ri r- ri © iO CM © CM ri CO CM iO~ ri © »CO © ©,oo • © co CO ri • CM CO • tH © © • ^ CO © In «° -*- o CO cu _a C 2T* CJ — __i O •—' a CO .-5 »T -."3 c0 —• o S t>4 «o tf 09 I OCR'S r5 C5 s 2 3 3 ® o « n *- pq pet Hi» C- w H & r-»g O .5