STmcs: (Cfjtrago, juntas, iflan 8, I88J.-©uatjrupl SANITATION’S PLEA. soli where man dwells Is sacred, and it is sanitary sacrilege to pollute It. lie who fouls the air that he breathes himself, or the water that he drinks, or the food that he eats, is a barbarian who might learn wisdom from tlje wit or deceucy from any swine not demoralized by contact with man. He who fouls the a;r that another must breathe, .or the food that an- other must eat, Is a crimluavto be classed with those w.io malm and kill. There are more reasons for such care in the re- moval of organic wastes from inhabited places than appear on the surface. The chemistry and hygiene or putrefaction are complex, involving many prac- tical considerations. Wherever there is a collection of putrefying organic matter, whether on the ground, in the ground, within a faulty sewer, or under a hab- itation, there Is . . A TIRELESS FOE to health and life. Not only are putrescent collec- tions of garbage, decaying vegetables, manure, olfal, and human excreta harmful In themselves by rea- son of exhalations poisoning the air and leeching liquids polluting the earth, they are also deposito- ries and multipliers of disease germs. Such collec- tions may not produce infectious diseases do ncwo.but they lessen the vitality of people living In the neigh- borhood, and thereby lessen the power of resisting epidemics. It is a well-known pathological fact that nature struggles to eliminate disease by ex- cretory processes. Accumulations of filth contain- ing excreta may therefore harbor seeds of various communicable maladies. Sewer-gas, while It may not beget scarlatina, diphtheria, sraall-'pox, and other contagious diseases, easily becomes the ve- hicle of conveying them, through obscure and In- tricate channels. Nor Is this all. It is well known that a dung-heap will taae cholera, nold it for an Indefinite period, and convey It to human beings; that Is, cholera dejecta thrown upon a dung-heap will plant In it the germs of the disease, there to tatce root and multiply, and may communicatj themselves to man under favoring circumstances. A privy vault will take typhoid-fever, have It badly for a long time, and communicate the disease to human beings. It Is probable that a heap of putres- cent garbage may catch diphtheria In the same way, multiply its germs, and communicate them to un- suspecting children. There Is little doubt that every seething mass of organic matter Is affected with vel- lew fever in the midst of an epidemic oi thatdls- e;ue. It Is believed by many experienced physicians that yellow fever Is not communicated from person to person, but is always caught from surrounding objects. So great Is the Influence of filth In these various wavs that no epidemic can make any serious head- way in the midst of cleanliness. One frequented privy vault, down with typhoid fever, is more danger- ous thau a house full of human patients. A big trunk full of dirty elothes, sick with yellow fever, is more to be shunned than a small hospital full of human victims of the disease. A village dung-hill, planted with cholera, Is more perilous than a dozen cholera corpses. A loul sewer, swarming wlih scar- * ''•gtrms, may be more dangerous to a nelghbor- l kthan tin Infected school-house, it has been objected in relation to - - , SEPARATE SYSTEMS for drainage and the removal of sewage that (iron- pings of horses and other animals in the streets *a tlie raintall> will be a source ot po'lutioa seoaenti? 11 Purest-idle, and con- sec.ueutiy capable of #eiieratfng Tho simple and effective remedy is meaning the streets frequently and well. Most cities would thereby be * nilm.Pro.ve(1 • both in appearance and salubrity the verified bC®i“ objectea’lliat 111 quarters where rI#ea pip9 sewer system for the re- moval of sewage does not extend there the Inhabitants must throw the’ limiin wastes of household life upon the ground Nonsuch necessity exists. Even un Isolated habitation in seDarato^Trom'‘i® sewor-P‘Pes, and entirely separate from the drainage system to convey kitchen sloops, wash water and othef IS f >verd‘Vi° h,P 4?e of 8afetf- The reason why typhoid fever, diphtheria, and some other filth diseases arp so prevalent in country districts is that privy-vaulta so frequently seep Into wells, and animal excre a of pig-pens and stables are left to poison the earth ant! tire air. The ground about kltchens saturated with slops, very often become • ’ mrn/ ceniln the summer warmth, breeding disease which ignorance attributes to heaven* a may dispense with his parlor and Its ' ornaments, If necessary, but he can not afford to in vite upon himself and family disease and de-.io. hv nfl Sf!,ride the “eans ot keeping the site of b 8 habitatfon dry and clean. Labomttestorare to ldbor ib to prdy,M—sftld the wise old ninnif* and the most effective prayer for health is to snnniv asr»-« <» .,“5iurtber Objected that most of our cities are already sewered for the double purpose of removing storm water and sewage through the sm? conduits, and that we can noi afford tn on «'y vvork over again lt is ono ot tbY,f'des of progress that faulty methods must he followed by reconstruction. No works last forever- a 'vi*en we bulid anew we can do it better. In the ttnekn time, the faulty old sewers, with their dano-er «a8^eP0uchement into the neurest streams lakes' or ocean harbors, can bo wasiiBd out 9a“f“sed exclusively for supplementary system, with safeoutfail for the r-v moval of sewage alone, Is constructed with uronpr engineering skill under the direction of saffiv science, Phe cost of such & supplementary system 0aW“““” „Mnt, MANY OBSTACLES »“«■, Otherwise, they will continue to large influence with town authorities to Derslst in making costly fine sewers that are not and can not adapted to the Incompatible double purpose of re moving storm water and sewage; lust as architects persevere in constructing monuiuemal hosnlt ris in defiance of medical, surgical, and tn gienifrequire Oi the next place, the Inertia of popular ignorance conservative resistance of lnm> i the SIS1, be I?let anct conquered. At the outset leuchur aud Preacher is the sole reliant’ nJeaH«L^1C?K cau neve.r be dispensed with. Especial treatise*, the proceedings of sanitary assoeiirmiw and, above ali, the constant reiteration of hy'Hpnir* facts m the periodic press, aw pubflcoplnion which will be irresistible. The um S55ss«M»isfflfi!rtS In eo'wemfS’- ‘®,er 10 a,m “» M Hod _tpJI]fJ1thA!)abJIc sanitary conscience must be cre- tbeenactmcntand enforcement of wise sam- it as my deliberate o^ion!~ nVpr.i ii cr ”arie' that authority or punish- ment is the commencement of that state or mind recognized under the various names of conscimtcp the moral sense, the sentiment of obligation “he 01 every community adopt certain rules ol conduct necessary for the common preservation SterIVK ti°’ ’'he common well-being They h!‘a U not merely their interest, but the very condi- tion of their existence, to observe a certain number ot maxims of 'self-restraint and of respect another’s feelings on such points as oerson nrnn erty, and good name. Obedience S be’ spon- taneous on the part of the larger number or on i hnse g-mPi9 Preponderates In the society; as °e- bea-3” Wie reSt* compalsiou must be brought to I- 19 no’ Proposed that “those whose influence preponderates shall constrain the rest to adont a !?,ri,1hc“lar. sewerage system, but that they shall com* P?’ by wise and regular administration, the general ?.rflaa?e,°f saaltary laws for the common goit sDeoffnrhlSSh1 be brought to bear” to secure re- snS'A for health and life, as well as for prouertv a mi Koodiiam6. The recent experience of England and of certain cities in the United States oleariv dem'on- fitrrie/nt^ai enH"htened public opinion fully sustains the iudiclal enforcement of sanitary codes sustalus A Discussion of the Methods of Remov- ing Organic Refuse from Places of Habitation. New Evidence of the Dangers Attending Imperfect Sewerage and Defective House Drainage. I REMOVAL OF ORGANIC REFUSE. The paper on “ The Necessity and Means of Removing Organic Refuse from Inhabited Places,” by Dr. 0. W. Wight, commissioner of health in Mil- waukee, was as follows: Dr. Buchanan, in England, and Dr. Bowaitch, in the United States, simultaneously demonstrated that wetness of soil is at least the exciting cause of phthisis. Surface accumulations of water are not only inconvenient and unsightly, but also disagreea- ble and unhealthy. Sub-soil dampness makes the site of any habitation incompatible with comfort and duration of life. Therefore, the first care in the preparation of the abodes of man, and, it might be added of domestic animals, should be the drainage of the soil. Removal of water from beneath and around the house and outbuildings increases warmth, fertility, and wholesomeness. What is true in this respect of an isolated habitation, is also tine of collections of habitations in the village, and groups of villages constituting the city. Whatever engineering deviee is employed for draining the soil and removing rainfall should be used exclusively for the conveyance of water uncon- tamlnated with putrescible organic matter. Such water may then be safely discharged into any con- venient natural reservoir, or adjacent stream, where economy and security from flood may dictate. For removing storm water, surface water, and sub soil water from the isolated habitation, neatly constructed ditches, agricultural tiles properly laid, and occasion- al deep drains of porous brick will be sufficient. In villages, well-paved gutters, with more frequent and larger deep drains of porous brick will be Deeded. In cities, brick m.ains, adapted in size to the areas from which the water is to be removed, must be added. A suitable size for the site of an isolated habitation, with its out-buildings, in the country, may be regarded as about three hundred feet sauare. The annual rainfall on that area, at the fair esti- mate of thirty-six inches, would amount to 2711,0(10 cubic feet. The annual rainfall on a square mile, the average size of a village, would be nearly 84,00V 000 cubic feet. On ten square miles, area of a considerable city, the rainfall would be more than On a city H 8«”MS $Wl0l.atMT&SW’.SSf K mo"tohawSd ss'isSiM usrs well as adapter! to the desired end. betent y’it0 tbe e,n"lneer> but he should know .xactly what he is required to accomplish- his J.iSla”tSV° °‘eil"S “ "" ''I ./tb'Ku’srffi oust be removed from inhabited places •rocess of putrefaction begins. The excrements n? am,rin^llnr(IreSt,C anl¥Is’ actuiing processes, garbage, offal, wash-water !hethprSu°m?i’it,eeaylu(* vegetable or animal matter, mUSt carried to so™ mo.. NOT contaminate the air ''tt’Sg Ta? tiKS '? * follows that the annual product of the i s kind in achy of oue huiidred thouyLnHnhah ants is about torty thousand tons. The hiirhe-- fh« gaulzation of the animal the more poisonous are io excreta in a state of putrefaction Domestic am mis contribute u vdryiug Qimntitv a4* a «»• ss number of them 4rerequ“red ’ for luxuryor in rstrlal use, according to the pursuits and habits of e people In different localities. The waste of second in importance to the excreta human beings and the domestic animals. Distii- les, breweries, tanneries, slaughter-houses gas- works, various factories, produce more or less lion id o/johd organic matter in different cities. The pu tresclole matter of street-sweepings really belongs in the category or animal excreta eKm»s ln Now. R te very evident that all solid organic re garbage, offal, and manure, must to removed by cartage. No system of water-carriage can be devised which will answer the purpose Pogr tions of garbage, offal, etc., It prooerUmanaged' may bo economically fed to ducks geese ehioirff,*’ flsbes or swine. The7 rest Elbe retoiiS & land for fertilization, except in places like New Or teans, where there Is no land and a great river may saiely receive all that is given mu Where there is neither land nor mtehtv stream, a perpetual fire must swiltly do the sanharr work of oxidation. Here, again, details musf be left to the engineer, supplemented by the practical cbP engineer and the economist must S,°t at all interfere with sanitary ends The S difficult problem of all is to get safely rid of limdd organic refuse, that is, of water pmres cible matter n solution or suspension. Knee™ who are quacks in sanitation, and sanitarians who are Quacks in engineering, have practiced running it sy.stem? of inhabited Pla™sn8i,5 fai.t, this has been the plan generally adODfed mi CPire;5#rvu t l,e Purity of the water, no exhalations I ous1 toiife!r°m U deleterlous t0 health and danger- GOOD SEWERAGE AND DRATNiriTr }a not Ple Place to describe in detail tlie sepa- I rare sewer systems for the removal of linuid onranie I wastes from inhabited places. The en- coniorm to the requirements of sanitary scl^ice iSSTa!lWle!tnep7i1Ult7wblch Ss «ewaIe to ♦Ji,f8Ly ai a *’ cuber in its scource, on its ioumev human, “bodes, orln its outfalL The plumber be sklllfeurnyn^0^materia1’ h,s w°raman3htp must or s-m n n,, in c^,us adaP* an to tne ends A11 soR-Ptoes must be of Iron lead- ia.aDea, andnot only Imperious to water, but alsote gas. should be carried up through the I raof, with undlmimshad caliber, and be onen at the end. Poot-vcntilatlon never should be I o>a^p3 8b(>uId be as near perfect as known median- I leal contrivances can make them. No pains should be spared to veutflate all waste pipes Prmfrien r “ranted- and plumber should be helti coniolntteral sponsible for sewer-gas ln or arouud any habitation I Common sewer-pipes In the public streets fhould be impervious to botn water and gas Endnf«i4 a,7d contractors, as well as the antliwities ordcrin^iIt S-3h,°Vld be b8ld responsible for the quality of fPo material used and for the skill and honesty of I construction. Too muciipulns can not iw ! make the sewer system of a town as near faifltles? as possible. The outtall is a mattw i f V™ * er^t^i?iayMe’ ex8ePtlonally, into a as at or Memohis. Generally it will be best to ritoa?lo8nV,a!vht^h,e land for, R'slnfectlon andler tiiization. \\ hetber surface irrigation, orintemih tent downwtua filtration, or a combination ofK methods, will bo best in a given instant mentmiDed &y S°UUd englnoerlng and sanitary judg m Uedtothe sewerage system for^wate^areE' Zf® should not be tolerated in any civii- fia,e,ghb0.r,l00d- Wbere there Is no sewer system some form of earth closet ought to be used aim the stents frequently removed. The liquid ’portion of the excreta of horses and other domestic animals Should be constantly removed by the sewer system Irtie solid portion should not be thrown mum h»q rU!*S?d bleacbed by rain, but be kept undercSvor d^-,aiid pquenOy carted away. In fact, no ormnie matter should be thrown on the ground nor (terms ItedlDfhe ground near humimghabltettens. The Local Sanitary Matters. §urpn licucral’s Office, OFFICIAL BUSINESS. 'SAVCI K3X npojAV paaaAjjap }oa ji ‘j£auv "g •/! ‘p«.ianaQ noa8.mg am o| a.uiie'jj