. * \ ' tV.1 '.,H- » * M . 'V' v \i&'V Vfl \-'■', ) HG qM993p 1875 60440090R NLI1 05D12enc1 3 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE ARMY MEDICAL LIBRARY WASHINGTON Founded 1836 Section Number lojru r « 3—10543 Form 113c, W. D., S. G. O. (Revised June 13, 1936) NLM050129993 HG ,rW3f WIS Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New-York, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS Mutual Life Insurance Company of New-York. DECEMBER 31, 1875. RICHARD A. McCURDY, Vice-President, FREDERICK S. WINSTON, President, BROADWAY, CORNER OF LLBERTY STREET. Frederick S. Winston, John V. L. Pruyn, Robert H. McCurdy, William Betts, Samuel M. Cornell, S.. ,;uel E. Sproulls, Lucius Robinson, William H. Popham, Samuel D. Babcock, Wm. Smith Brown, I Ienry A. Smythe, BOARD OF TRUSTEES. William E. Dodge George S. Coe, William M. Vermilye, John E. Develin, Martin Bates, William A. Haines, Seymour L. Hlisted, Oliver H. Palmer, Henry E. Davies, Richard A. McCurdy, Francis Skiddy, James C. Holden, Herman C. Von Post, George C. Richardson, Alexander H. Rice, William F. Babcock, F. Ratchford Starr, Frederick H. Cossitt, Lewis May, Oliver Harriman, Thomas Dickson, Henry W. Smith, John H. Sherwood. WILLIAM H. C. BARTLETT, LL.D., Actuary. LEWIS C. LAV/TON, ■)„.,,,, • ERASTUS C. BENEDICT, ( instant Actuartes. FREDERIC SCHROEDER, Assistant Secretary. JOHN M. STUART, Secretary. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. GUSTAVUS S. WINSTON, M.D., WALTER R. GILLETTE, M.D., ELIAS J. MARSH, M.D. DEPARTMENT OF LAW. WILLIAM G. DAVIES, Assistant. OLIVER H. PALMER, Solicitor. WILLIAM BETTS, LL.D., \ LUCIUS ROBINSON, ■ Of Counsel. HENRY E. DAVIES, 1 ISAAC F. LLOYD, Auditor. JOHN A. FONDA, Cashier. MEDICAL STATISTICS. PRELIMINARY REPORT MORTALITY EXPERIENCE The Mutual Life 'I V INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK. From 1843 to 1874. By G. S. WINSTON, M. D., and E. J. MARSH, M. D., 0/ the Medical Department. '-70s /£ $'evu ¥ot;h: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 1875. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by Mutual Life Insurance Company of New-York, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. To the Policyholders of The Mutual Life Insurance Company of Arcu York, and the Public : The present report of the experience of this Company, is the continuance of a design begun eighteen years ago. We then printed a volume compiled from our own experience and arranged by James Wynne, M. D., with some other matter bearing upon this subject. In 1859 we published the experience of the Company for the first fifteen years of its history, from the records of the actuarial department. The present publication is from the Medical department of the Company, and covers its entire mortality experience from 1843 to 1874- Great professional tact and skill have been displayed by the Medical gentlemen whose names are signed to this report, in the arrangement and scientific classification of this mass of valuable material; and the results of their labors are most satisfactory to, and duly appreciated by, the Board of Trustees. These gentlemen have not only achieved results which are highly creditable to them- selves, but which cannot fail to be serviceable to the Company in its future business. Their labors cover a period of an entire human generation, and embrace over 100,000 insured lives, with family his- tories, habits, occupations and other interesting points of vital statis- tics ; all of which must have a special interest for persons engaged in life assurance. The value of such full analyses and classifications of the results of experience must be apparent to all life insurance companies. 3 Life assurance, though largely developed, is yet but an experi- mental business in this country, in consequence, not only of the magnitude of the area over which policies are issued, the variety of climate, of occupations an-d habits of the people, but especially of the comparatively short period since 1843, when it began its active career. Our actuary, Professor Bartlett, is engaged, with his staff, in preparing a reliable report of the experience of the Company from the records of his department, which will be published as soon as completed. The two reports, that now printed by the Medical department, and • the one from the Actuarial department, when published, will embody facts of the most important character for the attention and guidance of the Company in its future operations. The following information, furnished by the Actuary, is very valuable, as showing the extent of the field in which the facts reported upon by the medical department transpired. Experience from Beginning—1st February 1843, to the 31st December 1873 — 30 YEARS AND I I MONTHS. Number of lives insured.............................................. 101,967 Number who have died............................................. 5»38S Number living in the Company at end of 1873.......................... 68,688 Number of years of life lived in the Company in the interval.............. 578,112^ Average age at entrance of those now living............................ 35fn F. S. WINSTON, President. 4 "\ PRELIMINARY REPORT. F. S. Winston, Esq., President of The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. Sir:—Having been instructed by you to collate the mortality statistics and records of deaths that have occurred among those in- sured in The Mutual Life Insurance Company since its foundation. and to arrange them in tabular form for convenience of reference, and to deduce such lessons as this experience of the past might teach for future guidance, we now submit some general tables and observations upon them. The total number of assured lives to the end of 1873 is 101,967. There have died during the same period 5385, or five thousand two hundred and twenty-four males, and one hundred and sixty-one females. The cases of females are given in the first table' while the subsequent ones include the males only. The females will be considered on a future occasion. We have omitted them in the general tables because they are few in number; and yet might, to some extent, if included, change the proportional mor- tality from different diseases, as they occur among males. Table I. gives a list of causes of death, and numbers dying from each cause. The total numbers are subdivided into series of one thousand cases each in chronological sequence. This division was employed at first under the idea that errors could thus be more 5 easily avoided or discovered, and also that this chronological arrange- ment might show what, if any, difference existed between the expe- rience of the first and last thousand losses of the company. By this subdivision some facts in the history of the company are promi- nently shown. For example : the numerous deaths from yellow fever, in the earlier years, when more insurances were taken in the Southern States; the epidemics of cholera; the losses from this disease, dysentery, and by casualty at the time of the first California emigration; the deaths from war casualties, diarrhoeas and dysen- teries, contracted in the army, as shown in the second series; and in the more recent series, the late epidemics of smallpox and cerebro- spinal fever. The most important lesson, however, to be learned is the fallacy of basing conclusions on too small numbers, as is evi- denced in the extreme variations in the occurrence of the common diseases; as, cholera morbus occasioning ten deaths in one series, and two in the next; erysipelas giving ten deaths in one series, and nineteen in the next; and similarly of many others. In arranging the list of diseases, the classification is nearly the same as that known as Dr. Farr's, and used in the mortality statistics of the Board of Health of New York City, Brooklyn, and many other cities. The classification of the London College of Physicians was followed in the reports of the last United States Census, but is not yet generally adopted. It is very similar to Dr. Farr's, and could be easily substituted if desirable. 6 Table I. TABLE OF DEATHS occurring in the Mutual Life Insurance Company, from- 1843 t° 1<&7?>i inclusive, showing Causes of Deaths and Number Dying of each Cause, arranged in Chronological Series of 1,000 Cases. DISEASES. Total. >• I. II. i843~'73 ! i843~'62 1862-'^ III. ' IV. V. , VI. ! I 368- 70 ! 1870- 71 1871- 73 1 1873 Total....................] 5,224 1,000 ,1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Smallpox........................ Measles.......................... Scarlet fever...................... Diphtheria and malignant sore throat Typhus fever.................... Typhoid fever................... Erysipelas....................... Pyaemia 38 1 10 12 30 304 78 u Cerebro-spinal fever..............| 22 27 72 4 37 3 28 12 1 81 53 67 22 1 1 1 3 3i Yellow fever. -Remittent fever........ Intermittent fever...... Congestive fever....... Typho-malarial fever... Fever................. Carbuncle............. Influenza.............. Dysentery............ Diarrhoea............. •Cholera.............. Cholera morbus........ Goitre.............. Malignant pustule...... Glanders.............. Purpura haemorrhagica. Alcoholism............ Anaemia........... Cancer............... Dropsy............. Gout............... Rheumatism......... Gangrene............ Tubercular meningitis. Lumbar abscess...... 4 1 4 2 12 35 15 18 21 2 7 12 1 34 18 43 4 2 3 9 59 20 3 3 8 2 11 3 4 4 19 19 16 5 Total Zymotic Diseases...... 950 242 200 2 1 3 72 13 2 2 17 4 4 1 8 5 5 10 1 4 3 60 10 4 1 •5 4 4 7 2 4 9i 7 20 17 82 r9 21 12 7 2 1 1 20 4 2 3 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 16 '7 58 19 5 '5 7 4 4 1 7 7 1 3 167 135 156 1 27 11 2 3 1 1 1 224 1 20 1 3 4 4 50 Females. l6l 25 Table I.—{Continued.} DISEASES. Scrofula........... Tabes Mesenterica. Morbus Coxag..... Consumption...... Total Constitutional Diseases. Apoplexy................... Congestion of brain.......... —Softening of brain............ —7 Paralysis.................... «= Disease of brain............ Convulsions and epilepsy...... Insanity. ■................... Anxiety..................... Fright...................... -^-Encephalitis............... Cerebro-spinal sclerosis....... Cerebral embolism.......... Anasmia of brain............. Effusion on brain........... Neuralgia.................. Progressive muscular atrophy Tetanus..................... Inflammation of spinal cord... Disease of spinal cord........ Congestion of spinal cord..... Total.: I. II. III. 1843-V3 1843-62 1862-68 1868-70 ' 1870-V1 1871-V3 l873 • 5 17 2 920 2 3 183 150 197 224 : 207 235 58 23 11 23 16 5 2 1 9 5o 19 10 22 19 12 2 58 16 12 26 13 6 10 1 19 231 57 26 17 33 21 6 3 13 -' Disease of heart............. Peri-and endo-carditis....... Hypertrophy of heart......... Valvular disease of heart...... Fatty degeneration of heart... Dropsy of heart............ Rheumatism of heart......... Atrophy of heart............ Paralysis of heart............ Abscess of heart............. Angina pectoris.............. Aneurism of aorta........... Rupture of aorta............ Embolus of pulmonary artery. Phlebitis.................... 201 26 22 5 17 5 12 13 8 9 2 1 17 17 , 4 6 1 4 2 38 4 5 5 2 3 4i 8 2 10 3 1 3" 1 3 2 3 2 Total Diseases of Circulatory System 325 5' 64 Epistaxis...... Disease of larynx Bronchitis....... Pleurisy......... 1 14 47 4i I 2 2 II 5 9 8 3 10 5 58 2 10 6 1 2 171 69 21 16 22 11 3 0 1 13 1 1 1 Total Diseases of Nervous System. 849 152 146 j 165 181 170 44 4 2 4 2 3 1 1 4 3 68 5 10 7 35 42 15 5 1 6 2 35 13 Females. 26 36 6 1 1 5 1 1 19 7 [6 Table I.—{Continued?) DISEASES. Congestion of lungs..... Inflammation of lungs... Abscess of lungs....... Hemorrhage of lungs... Disease of lungs...... Emphysema and asthma. Pulmonary apoplexy..... Gangrene of lungs...... OZdema of lungs........ Total Diseases of Respiratory System Inflammation of stomach.......... Ulceration of stomach............. Disease of stomach............... Hemorrhage of stomach.......... Congestion of stomach............ Tumor of stomach................ '"Inflammation of bowels............ Ulceration of bowels............. Hemorrhage of bowels............ Congestion of bowels............. Disease of bowels................. Obstruction of bowels........... Perforation of bowels.............. ■ Peritonitis........................ Gastro enteritis................... Disease of stomach and bowels..... Hemorrhage " ..... Strangulated hernia.............. Colic, Tympanites and Constipation. Dyspepsia........................ Gangrene of tongue.............. Stricture of oesophagus........... Fistula in ano.................... Diseases of spleen.............. Leucocythaemia.................. Ascites.......................... Abdominal tumor................. Undefined diseases, abdomin'l organs Jaundice........................ Inflammation of liver............. Cirrhosis of liver.................. Abscess of liver.................. Disease of liver................... Congestion of liver................ Hypertrophy of liver.............. Acute yellow atrophy of liver...... Fatty degeneration of liver........ Biliary calculus................... Obstruction of hepatic duct........ IV. . v. i VI. i870-'7i ' 1871-73 1873 57 15 2 1 5 7 3 1 1 2 4 2 10 2 7 10 3' 25 14 45 10 4 1 2 3 1 3 87 1 10 1 1 I 1 17 20 I 5 4 1 1 1 II 3 12 6 5 11 3 10 H5 3 1 153 6 1 1 1 2 1 16 4 3 17 Females. 6 15 9 Table f.—{Continued.) DISEASES. Total. I. II. i843~'73 l i843~'62 i862-'6 III. IV. V. 368-'7o i87Q-'7i i87i-'73 VI. '873 Rupture of gall bladder. Total Diseases of Digestive System Bright's disease................... Inflammation of kidneys........... Abscess of kidneys. Tumor of kidney........ Disease of kidneys......., Diabetes................ Addison's disease....... Inflammation of bladder.., Disease of bladder........ Hemorrhage of bladder... Rupture of bladder....... Urinary calculi........... Gravel.................. Disease of prostrate gland. Stricture of urethra....... Gangrene of scrotum...... 82 8 2 1 53 4c 1 8 6 1 1 2 2 7 3 1 89 Total Diseases of Urinary System! 218 19 Debility, Exhaustion and Prostration Abscess.......................... Hemorrhage...................... Tumors......................... Inflammation of joints............ Old age.......................... 61 21 5 7 2 13 Total. Accidents and Injuries. -Suicides............... 109 357 59 Total violent deaths............. 416 Cause unknown or ill-defined...... Childbirth and Puerperal Diseases. 61 9i 11 1 1 10 6 2 1 36 103 28 3 "<5 6 1 2 49 58 44 Females. 21 16 19 16 3 1 8 i 17 13 2 :' 12 9 I 8 16 11 12 11 3 5 4 5 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 3 6 4 15 23 20 24 21 6 60 90 74 70 5i 12 li 11 4 H 11 17 2 7i 94 88 81 68 14 26 10 3 7 15 2 17 In stating these causes of death, due allowance must be made for their probable and almost necessary inaccuracies. Carelessness in making out the certificates of death, ignorance on the part of many practicing physicians, and unavoidable doubts, owing to the inexactness of medical science, and changes in medical nomenclature and pathology, all tend to render any such mortality tables incorrect in many details. Still, as the same elements exist, and in probably the same proportions in all cases, they do not interfere with the comparison of reports gathered from various sources. The first general class—zymotic diseases—has been the cause of nine hundred and fifty deaths, and of these, the first series of 1,000 cases, viz.: from 1843 to 1862, gives by far the highest pro- portion, on account of the losses from yellow fever, cholera, and dysentery, which have prevailed subsequently to a very limited extent. Typhoid fever caused very few deaths in the first series, but afterwards rapidly increased; while malarial fevers have considerably diminished. There have been thirty-eight deaths from smallpox, half of which occurred during the recent epidemic of 1872 and 1873. The percent- age of this disease in the total mortality is small, but still we believe it could be almost entirely done away with by strict insistance on successful revaccination of applicants. Twenty-two deaths by cerebro-spinal fever are recorded, almost all during 1872 and 1873. This number will probably be increased by a further examination of cases, some deaths from this disease having been ascribed to meningitis. In the first and second series, 1843 t0 J868, there is quite a large number of deaths from diarrhoea and dysentery, which occurred chiefly among the California settlers, and the soldiers in the late war. Thirty-©ne deaths are recorded as caused by alcoholism, meaning • thereby its immediate effects, intemperance, or delirium tremens. It would be extremely desirable to ascertain how far it was a remote cause of premature death, if this were possible, but it certainly cannot be done by an examination of the certificates of death. As the use of alcoholic drinks is believed by many to be a most important factor in abridging the duration of life, it is a matter for serious considera- tion whether we can obtain any valuable statistics from the company's 11 records and experience, by comparing the length of life, and cause of death, arranged according to the habits of the individual at the time of application, or through life when known. The second class—constitutional diseases—caused one thousand one hundred and sixty deaths in all, with no special prevalence for any one series, though with some fluctuations. Consumption caused nine hundred and twenty deaths, cancer ninety-one, dropsy eighty-two, rheumatism twenty, and gout only seven deaths. Consumption has been the cause of far more deaths than any other disease, giving a percentage of 17.61 of the total mortality, while deaths recorded under other headings, but properly belonging to this, would swell the number to 20 per cent. This is a very large percentage, but still much smaller than that occurring in the popu- lation at large. In the report of the Board of Health of New York City, for 1871, the mortality from consumption is given as 13^ per cent of the total. But this is not a fair comparison for insur- ance purposes, for the reason that the large mortality of young chil- dren, from their peculiar diseases, makes the percentage of the diseases of adults comparatively small. A calculation of the deaths of adult males, taken from the above-mentioned report, gives consumption a percentage of 30.17 on the total mortality for this period of life. Our percentage of 17.61 seems to compare favorably with this. The deaths from cancer have been ninety-one, and those from dropsy eighty-two. Dropsy is properly only a symptom, though often given as the disease causing death; and whenever the real cause could be ascertained, the case has been referred to its proper head. The deaths from diseases of the nervous system were eight hun- dred and forty-nine, embraced principally under apoplexy, paralysis, and softening, congestion and disease of the brain. We believe these terms are used synonymously by many physicians, and should, therefore, be calculated together in our general tables. However, we 12 have as yet considered them apart in most cases. This class of diseases appears to have increased somewhat, though not materially, in number during the last few years, probably because more elderly persons are insured now than formerly. In twenty-eight cases, insanity is recorded as the cause of death, while in addition several other insane persons committed suicide, and their cases are recorded under this title. The prevalence of this disease appears, from the series, to be irregularly fluctuating. Three hundred and three deaths are attributed to some form of heart disease, and seventeen to thoracic aneurism. The number of these has increased in frequency of late years, and probably for the same reason mentioned in diseases of the brain. In two- thirds of the cases, "disease of the heart" alone is stated, while in one-third the special form of disease is mentioned. Six hundred and forty-eight deaths are recorded from diseases of the respiratory organs; of these, three hundred and eighty-eight cases were from pneumonia, and forty-seven from bronchitis. It is most probable that those diseases are often confounded in diagnosis and death certificates. The number of deaths from pneumonia has constantly increased with almost every series, from thirty-six in the first, to one hundred and fifteen in the last. We are entirely unable to account satisfactorily for this increase. The deaths from abscess of lungs, hemorrhage of lungs, and disease of the lungs should, probably, all be included under consumption; but, for the present, we have placed them with diseases of the respiratory organs. Diseases of the digestive organs have caused four hundred and eighty-eight deaths. They are recorded under very many names, and different affections, the diagnosis of which must have been doubtful, so that, for any practical purpose, they must be collected in large groups. We find here an example of the change of nomenclature and pathology, viz.: " inflammation of the bowels," which is frequently recorded in the earlier series, while in the latter peritonitis takes 13 its place to a certain extent, both names evidently referring to the same affection. There were five deaths from hernia, in only one of which it is recorded that there existed a hernia at the time of insurance. Diseases of the urinary organs have caused two hundred and eighteen deaths. Eighty-two were from " Bright's disease," and fifty- three from " disease of kidneys." It is noteworthy that, in the first series, extending from 1843 to 1861, there is not a single case reported of death from " Bright's disease," and only five from " disease of the kidneys." This is not because the disease did not exist and cause death, but only that up to a very late period it was not generally recognized by physicians, and deaths now attributed to Bright's disease were formerly recorded as " dropsy," " convulsions," " conges- tion of brain," etc. The number of deaths from accidents and injuries was three hun- dred and fifty-seven, of which the second series, 1862 to 1868, gives the largest proportion—ninety; among these are included twenty-nine killed in battle. These accidental deaths should be still further sub- divided to show the kind of accident producing death, but we have not yet been able to make such a list, many of them being merely recorded as "accident" or "casualty." In the last two years the deaths from this cause have greatly fallen off in number. The total number of deaths from suicide has been fifty-nine. The last series gives the largest proportion, but this is probably an accidental oc- currence, as there is no regular or gradual increase with each series. There have been thirteen deaths from " old age," and all have occurred within a very few years. In examining a record of deaths occurring in an insurance com- pany, it will, of course, be remembered that this can give no idea of the actual mortality experience of the company compared to the total number insured. This proportion must be elsewhere ascertained. m We have to deal only with the dead, and those surviving are not taken into the calculation. We hope to learn from these records, however, at what age each disease is most to be ex- pected in each section of the country; what diseases are to be anti- cipated and guarded against; what, if any, may be the difference between natives and foreign-born in respect to longevity; how long the influence of the medical examination of applicants effects the mortality among assured lives. Furthermore, we can learn the effect of occupation, hereditary ten- dencies, and physical condition and configuration. The first portion of these enquiries we have attempted to elucidate, and have prepared tables showing the experience of the company in these respects. The results are not very marked in all cases, and, sometimes, of doubtful value on account of the small number of cases examined. In compiling these tables it has not been thought necessary to consider each disease by itself on account of the large number of diseases recorded, and often, the small number of cases of each one of them ; but the more important ones have been tabulated and the others consolidated into the nosological classes to which they belong. We have thus formed columns of thirty-seven diseases, or groups of dis- eases, and afterwards again consolidated these into fourteen groups, and considered these in four ways: ist, age at death; 2d, nativity; 3d, residence at death ; 4th, year of insurance at which death occurs. Beginning with the ist, we have formed three tables, marked II. III. IV. and one colored diagram, V. Table II. gives the causes of death, and the number of persons dying at each year of life ; Table III. grouped in decennial period's of life; Table IV. causes of death con- solidated and ages grouped in decennial periods; and the colored diagram illustrates the last table. The table of individual years is interesting, but when thus divided up, the figures are too few to lead to useful results. When consolidated into decennial periods they become far more regular in their course, 15 91 m On On osOn On ON to On 4* so h\OS(a h Oo oovj so OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO I [OtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOMM S M^ 0>SSffi M w O SO 00 VI ON0rt4*OO BmOOIS OS OsOn ON ONOn 10 M H < oovl On 00 O O 4*. so 00 ( M ONV0.On4-On (OK) w O SO OOOn M Ov) MO B^l K OO SO 00 m ■ On (0 • 10 On N 10 ^O_vo OOosOhvjoOO _ •_ H_On vj ■ 4* On 4* J»4* U 10^ H UUU H HU QssO O^ ON Oslo O ON 10 OS I MS) m vj to 00^10 to 4* V3 10 to tn» » KUOHfl I H MH. to *U B* H H KU H • | HHMHM Typhoid and Typhus Fevers. to M 00 JH 4* 4* OO to I0JH t0_ h_. to oo to to to_to_-_ - __ O^ B M H ■ OO 10 On ■ On 00 On 10 tO 00 On 4^ m • _ I 4* M !OO4*t0t0ONt0t0t00O to to to • to H to H to to OO M • H to Malarial Fevers. Erysipela Dysentery. m h I OJ Diarrhcea. Cholera. Alcoholism. QssO vj to vjoo 0n_4* Qs4* vj h oo QsvJ On MM^tnUlM to 4*. • to 4* so oov] On On 4=> On 4* ON I h O Other Zymotic Diseases. _o_l_____________________ oo I Dropsy. OnvO m to hoo 4*_00 M On to h OO m ■ mu4n m ■ 4* •__ to to H tooo to N> OO OO 00 ON_H ONOn O OH ^10 M M Q J__H H_H M (0 tO HUH 00 ONOn ih 000O 10 00 O 4* to • 4* 4*- "0. On 0000 OO 4* tOtOtOMH. 10 B H • •__ H w_0n JO 10^0 h_h_m_ I (0 H N) M r _ 00 VJ J» 10 00 (0 10 HJO H | 10 M Hjl I VJOO to On ■ U HOlU4> I OO tO MOO Consumption. Other Constitutional Dis- Apoplesy. m I Congestion of Brain. 004* so ! On OS m ONO 4* ON Os m OS I so OOLn ONOO OO 4* On 4* N H M ■ 10 H to oo to • 00 toI I 'to I KP''cPsy ani1 Convulsions. vo. to ON 1 to 004* 00 4* On Oo Os4* OO so On On I O- O so m to vj On oo to on On 4* On 4* 4* m 00 • tO_tO_l JO_H OO I OOVJ VJOO On vj 4* to JH 4* I H OO to • H • • • to ■ to • • I • • ■ Other Diseases of Nervous System. O I Diseases of the Heart. Other Diseases of the Cir- culatory System. O Os Os I so Os4* On O Os m oo O S l OO vj VJ On tO vj OOVJ Osl tO H 4* 00 N 4* N oo Pneumonia. h M ■ to- HHOOOolHtOMtOtOOO-OOtO I Congestion of Lungs. toootoontoto- oo lootoootooooo- oototo MOo4*OOHtoontOQOM I tQ4*t00n4*4*HOnoo0n I tototo • _■ HI M ■ ■ H H^j___( H ■ ■ ■ H tO M H M •__[ K) H W_ . 4* 4* 10 • tOHWtOOO Onvjcn l4*OSMtotovjco4-tOOs H to On to H to ■ to ■ to I ■ m • _j_ ■ I to 4* 00 oo Onvj ooOstOOn I 4* h 4* 00 to to H I 00 oo to oo • oo to Oo to Os I vj, oo on m oooo 4* Oo v] 4* I 4* to On On oo oo oo 10 • H tOHtOw- OONtOHtO HOi to OOOO • ■' H M 00 vj On HtOHHOOOOtOtO- OO : • Osvj to 4* 4* 00 h On Os to to ■ 10 H ■ ONV5 to 10 ■ • ::::„::::„ ■ H ■ OO • • 22 I Bronchitis and Pleurisy. h to to h _j_ to OO 4* • . H ■ m tO (J M h • On ■ • oo to w • 004* sO_ H tO tO On osso Q os to On oo oo to_ HOO tO H H M ■ H I00O H ■ W ■ tOMHH. H | » H ■_ • _H I H VJ so 00 OssQ OO so so vj I so ooso On OO OSJ3S to u> oo oo to on - oo ■ m m I.....to- ■ H I 10 K)4* H tO • tO M W K> Abscess, Hemorrhage, and Disease of Lungs. Other Diseases of the Res- piratory System. Diseases of Bowels. Other Diseases of the Di- gestive System. Diseases of Kidneys. Other Diseases of Urinary System. Abscess, Hemorrhage, Old Age, &c. Accidents and Injuries. Suicides. -I c o 3 00 p so oo M W 00 to v1vjvjvjvivjvivov]vj so OOV) ONOn-£. Oo to m O ONONONOnONOnONOsOsON sO Oovl ONOn 4*00 to h O On On On On On On On so oovj osOn 4* 00 1 , t to to M V) M H H M (0 tO Oovjvioovjonvj OOO O to 00 4* 4* OsOn OsOn OnsO 00ONO4* M0n4*4*sO O SO 00 oo oo to h to Oo oo to so 0 O so TOTAL. • H- • M ■ | H HO). tOtOHtOMOS OO OsOn Oo to 4* V) Typhoid and Typhus Fevers. ::*::::: | : : ........HH|. • H- UBH- »B to H H h on ■ to Malarial Fevers. -:-:~ _^j. . : : .... | . . . . • • ■ ■ | • H • W ■ ■ tO tO M 10 1 Erv.ipelas. 10 HOO 4* • OOOO 1 ' ' : h : h h : : 1 Dy-"»>- M--.. | H ■■. H •■•» . : w '■ M M • ■ | . . . . . Diarrhoea. ■ ' tOM|- • ■ M- MtOtOMMlMMM- MMtOI : : : : ........ .......... . . . to • to ■ • to to Cholera. .......... .......... Alcoholism. - '.""1..... i..... '. : i'".". . . . • ■ i..... I 1 Other Zymotic Diseases. ■ M-tOH-to-.- IOnOnHOOOnt04*l • • ■ • 1 Dropsy. . m - • [hmCom-OJM- IOCoI^N-CjOIOOJJOI 1 • ■ ■ | 1 Cancer. ■ ■ mm|. to- Htooo-0o4*0o!4*0nt00000000nl : : : : . • . M . ". ". .". . " ..... -y-rr • • ■ 10 M m m | Consumption. K)- MMM|- Mt0MM.0O4*On00lON0OOS OOSO M 00 1 MOOM. IMH- H- HMM- tO U hb h I to Oo 4* 4* Os4* 004* oo O | Other Constitutional Dis-m m m to to m h I eases. : : h h Apoplexv. H ONV] SO OO 00 00 | i • • • 1 • • ■ .... . Congestion of Brain. H ■ ■ ■ 1 ■ ' • H 1) • H ■ 1) ■ 1 ■ H huo) ' U 1 : 1 : : 1 H j H M | Paralysis, Softening and • H 1 ■ • MtOtOOOMtOMJ* 1 4* 4* On 00 to 4* OsOn 4* to 1 V) NO 00 O On tO 00 1 Disease of Drain. ' '. \ '.'.'.'..'.'. n '. '. | ! ! M ! M ! ! ! M ! |!!HM!M* | Epilepsy and Convulsions. . . | . . . . : : 1 : : : : « ■••• 1 • • H. ■ 1) HHUJ. 1 O H to OO H | On m ossO so OOSO OOOn so ; 1 Other Diseases of Nerv.us H to tO OO H ■ to 1 System. ■ • 1 • to to to ■ 0 h m Diseases of the Heart. 00 ON ONVJ. H4* so 1 : : | : : : : : .... 1 . ......| . . | Other Diseases of the Cir-• • • • | • h m - - . • h - ■ I-m-mmmmI dilatory System. • ■ i : 1 mm m „: : : | : : : : : OO HO) 4* • M • 10 to H h 4* On 4* OOOl O SO 1 OS 00 10 004* to Oo Pneumonia. Congestion o Lungs. • M- ■ HHtOH- • 1(04*. H tO 4* 10 : m 1 : : H : : m '■ h : \ '■ to '■ '■ '■ In'- '■ uh Lh' tooooo4*l Bronchitis and Pleurisy. - - 1..... • • i..... j . . . . . 1..... .1 Abscess, Hemorrhage, and ■ . . . Imh^.h-h^m- \ '...'.. n '. 1 Disease of Lungs. - . 1..... • ■ i..... ... |.........1 ■ • 1 Other Diseases of the Respi-• • • hi.....h-... |.-hhm-4*| piratory System. : m 1 : h : : ' _ 1 : H i : :ooHtOHHHto|MHM«4*tOM| Diseases of Stomach. ■ ■ i..... : : | : : : : : • ■ 1 1 '■ 1 Diseases of Bowels. • H-- |H.OOMOOt04*HMH|HMH.OnH|OI : : | : : : : : : h : : |:::::„»::»|h:::hhhI peritonitis. : : 1 : : : : : ■ • i..... '■ '. \ '. '■ Diseases of Liver. ■ • H- |HK)-HO0l0H.O04*IONK)OnONONH0ol • . 1..... ■ • i..... . . . . | ... 1 Other Diseases of the Di-'■ '■ '■ '■ | h B ^ '■ H^OOHHOOItOMH- ^ 4^ m | gestive System. • . 1..... • • i..... ...... . . . . • ■ Diabetes. tO--- 1 ■ • ■ H H • • U) • • | H • H ■ 10 ■ H | . . 1 . . . . . '. '. \ '■ '■ '■ tOMtOH- ■ H 1 HUtl) H Hl^HUtUsJ Diseases of Kidneys. O04* to ■ so On • I '. '. | ! ! ! I ! ! ! ! h • looH^^onMHto-to 1 Other Diseases of Urinary h H m ■ oo • • 1 System. WOOlHtOtOtO- H • H- h|m- mm- • • ■ mh|m- U h . • . Abscess, Hemorrhage, Old Ase. Ac. ;; I * : i ! ! h h h : : Ih^uu: ■ h»hh| b** » • m h Debility, Exhaustion and Prostration. ■ '■ | '. M '■ '■ M M H '■ '■ lloitO-MM-OOtO (0 OO 4* OO ONV) On Accidents and Injuries. : : | ::::::::: : HH......HOol- HW ■ • tooo! ^"'ciaes. to ! Causes unknown or ill-de- : : 1 ::::::::: : :::::.:... (0 m to tO • • • 1 h'ned. n a XT re -i n 00 O o vj O o ro rt SO rs vj 3 3 3 SO P 3 P ^< P v; 9q □rq tn ?5 V) Os _ »q 17! ^ H, 4^ _ H o H > v o Tl n L ^ o TJ 00 *C n n rc fl> n o o On ~t o -p* o o 0/0 n o to n ^O 3 so 3 SO 3 sO 3 t-1 "< s<: p P P P -< P urq L0 i/q en im t/) w in t/q > H 0 £ W O H - "_ oc to W on | vj U) ■P* to SO sO OO "^ 1 00 00 1 to • -P* T OTAL. to 5 ~ tO N. CC SO I *° O -W-----sO--- Typhoid & Typhus Fever. Malarial Fever. O O sO 4^ oo o 00 vj +. s) | U K) M3 oo On Oo OO +- On On to 00 vj ^ 0 0>o Cs SO to —©- - Erysiptlas. Dysentery. Diarrhoea. Cholera. Alcoholism. Os o Other Zymotic Dis- eases. Dropsy. Cancer. Consumption. Other Constitutional Diseases. Apoplexy. Congestion of Brain. Paralysis, Softening, and Diseases of the Brain. Epilepsy and Con- vulsions. Other Diseases of Nervous System. Diseases of Heart. Other Diseases of the Circulatory System. Table 111.—( Continued?) AGE AT DE<\TH. bi -a U Total ... 5,224 3881 61 Percentage ___ 7.43 1.17 1.68 i8to29yrs.j 4881 j 20J 4! 5 Percentage! 9.34 4.10 .82 1.02 30 to 39 yrs. 1,429 93 16 23 ■° Percentage 27.35 6.51 1.12 1.61 jroto.|9yrs. 1,509 116J 14 22 Percentage 28.89 7-69 .93 1.46 5oto 59 yrs.J 1.100 95! 18 24 Percentage 21.06 8.64 1.64 1 2.18 60 to 69 yrs.: 541 49! 6 10 Percentage 10.36 9.06 1.11:1.85 7ot079yrr,. 127 15J 3 3 I i Percentage 2.43 11.81 > 2.36 ' 2.36 80 to 89 yrs. 8 ........ 1 Percentage .15 ........12.50 Unknown . 22 .... ....... Percentage .42 .... ........ < i-55 3° 77 H4 .57 1.47 2.76 ■50 o 10 4 2 15 2.05 .82 • 41 3-07 35 7 •7 46 2.45 •49 1.19 3.22 25 8 •9 37 1.66 •53 1.26 2.45 6 9 24! 28 •5'5 .82 2.18 2.55 5 1 11 17 .92 .18 2.03 3.14 57 147; 1.09 2.81 9l i| 1.84 .20 [6; 27 63 79 2.36 .79 1 12.50 1.12 '7 '•*3 9 .82 5 •92 1 •79 1.89 61 4.04 40 3-64 '7 3 14 1 •79 4 .82 19 '•33 16 1.06 12 1.09 12 2.22 Qfr o 40 145 33 48 .77' 2^78i .63 .92 1 .20 6 .42 15 •99 7 64 5 .92 10 7.88 4 50.00 H,J= - X ^'C I 6 1 .20 1.23 .20 7 21 5 ■49 1.47 ■35 18 38 3 1.19 2.52 .20 7 43 8 .64 3-9i ■73 5 3° •5 611 357 59 1.17, 6.84' 1.13 4! 61 1.17 .82J 9.84 8 128 ■ 4i 22 56 8.961 1.54 13 II2 15 .86 22 7.42 5i 92 5-54 2.77 2 7 1 1 - 57; 55' -79 2.00 4.64 uj 14 2.03 2.59 3 2.36 4 3-i5 •99 H 1.27 6 1.11 •(aSy pig Suipnp -Ul) paUISSE'[DUfl so ^ ~ *** ^ N HI . CO " - N 3" $£ N CO NO CO^- HI * m ^- un N O «^l7n o ° ^ £ M . On ^ S- S# £^ 00 NO " So On <*(£ 5*. to tv2 tv " LO 00 tv CO M <* ON » On tV 2, N OS ^ ON LO ^ LO " 00 " O CO CO N tv LO H, O 00^ no To HI CNl " NO LO "* 00 CO ° lXOO CTn 2 §§ 2 o -JC o ** CO CO jo ^, CO 4 4 N 4 ?" tv 13 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 131415 161718 17 F" _____________ 18 1 19 i 20 >l. 21 > ■)•> J 23 21 2T> 26 i 27 28 6 ?Q... 4..... . *■*+« '^ 30 < 31 ^ 32 33 34 ! V^ 35 36 37 38 39 40 H—' ~~ 41 ! i 42 * - 43 44 45 - ■| "V. 7 1 / < 46 47 1 > / ' 48 49 ,—■ / 50 |_ 51 53 '■ 54 5,5 : , < 56" , ^ 37 38 r -•^ 59 60 _l_ 61 ~l^ 62 63 j 66 / r' / j / 70 < 71 Y 72 f / 73 k J u yj 79 / 1 ! 1 4-j i i ili 1 I 1 i ! i —! ~ ! 80 81,82 / i 91 / 1 . . The left hand figures represent the A<*es. The figures on top the number of deaths for Apoplexy & Typhoid Fever. Andforthe general Mortality" Mo the actual number. The Black Line indicates Typhoid Fever. Bine 55 >> Apoplexy. Red. " " The General Mortality. Sz 9>2$,.v ^ 03 . i_i P ~ ~ Hits ^*3 c c ~ u s 01 ui zcKS'SPTjocrwR r n "^- C £ = iS tg ^ ° " X^^^ii" - s- u k ^ 3 £: " " i n u « »r..-r ^ z m i ^ - ^, v I" ? 3 2 !2. J~ £ 3 S. < < = ~ P P o. 10 tO OO -p. CN N 10 Ui Ui m sji 10 MU OO) SO tO sjl i-i 00 so vj to o — " OCOo vj so VJ nr p - D 3. p r 2-2 H p ~ o en H p > ro c/> U> S^l SO to ri i—t to 0 VJ •f^ Total. ii i OO <-n to +■ O) OO >-c 4- Oj « Oo n s^i OO OO i-i OO i-i so OJ G\ to G\ • i-i hvjui i-i <-n to so vj so sun m m h o to +.W OM1U1+.WSO I O Typhoid and Typhus Fevers. Malarial Fevers. Erysipelas. Dysentery. Diarrhoea. Cholera. Alcoholism. Other Zymotic Dis- eases. Dropsy. Cancer. • •£> Os h msj w tom . 00 I vj I I Consumption. Other Constitutional Diseases. -i so vj « -vj « c*i -i W W+s OO OsOO OO <- to OO - — « oo I O Apoplexy. Congestion of Brain. Paralysis, Softening and Disease of Brain. Epilepsy and Convul- sions. Other Diseases of the Nervous System. to oo K) « « tO O to Os Osvj to J> 00 I oo I I I "- to • W hui I to Diseases of the Heart. Other Diseases of the Circulatory System. Table VII.—{Continued?) NATIVITY. Total...... 5,224 United States__ 3,917 Canada......... 59 England & Wales. 227 Scotland........ 93 Ireland......... 238 Germany........ 501 M France..... °" Switzerland. Italy....... Holland.... Denmark... Norway and Sweden.. Russia....... Poland........ Bohemia...... Hungary...... Turkey........ East Indies, Mauritius and Oceanica. .. . West Indies. .. SouthAmerica. At Sea....... Unknown..... 61 f.3 K g £5 (* . 1 s « 0 g B 0 " >> Cfl Jb 0 0 •5'S. .2 O P 30 77 144 57 , H7 ° S Q> 63 % 6 M M Jo 40 145 61 Lz a _c- b - 00 ^ n O vC — TOTAL. _ 00 1 O OO to l-J ~" +• Os VI Os Typhoid and Typhus _ Ol 00 oc M VI to n _ Oo l_ 00 OJ OO Fever. vj 4" O i to VJ Sjn to Os J> O O NC i Ol o sO +- _, CC OC Malarial Fever. — to SO ' tj to ON CC +• so to c - c; Ol — OO CI oi OO 4- <:• SO to SOI to Os to vj OC - to to - - - 1 Erysipelas. Os to cc C Ol ON 4- VI C ^> c, i 1-. Oo '-n to ■co to o <_Tl S^l Os •■* SO 00 to VI On to to - to - - Dysentery. 4- " ON 1 VI Ol ON oi 00 Os ^> +- to to Ol o-» to v 4- O SOI c OJ 00 to Ol ■1 _ CC ^ Os "~ ~* "" Diarrhoea. ,J ^, -^J 4^ OC C c: cc ~ 4^ b Ol -I ON I i OO I 00 i to OJ Cholera. 3 — to oo u. oo Js£___---. Alcoholism. N OO SQ ON V| Other Zymotic Dis- eases. Dropsy. OJ , „ Ol Os _ Os o^ SOI n Oo Son 00 0 — c 1 —. J> son to 4- Os tvl Os SO OO O n VI to /0 On \> IJ Cancer. Oo Ol ON c to OJ Ol son SO VJ to OJ sO 4^ CC 1 O Ol O Von SO VJ -i NO 4= ** VI -_ _ — to -, _ — to to VI vj oc Os 0 "~ Ol CC vj ^J SO Consumption. sr O J> SOI to t- oi VI O to i,j *■■ VI SO 4- SOI OO son VJ J> 00 i VJ On O SO —* o yi VI [ to to 1 - - Other Constitutional _ -v 4^ to *, l-J oc 4- , ■ 4^ to On Diseases. C\ SO 4-VI OC ^ Oo son to U VOl 4- to O vj OO 00 00 VI | ^ i -. c ^ to VI OJ 4> to 00 T to Ol Oo Apoplexy. SO to sO CC Ol +> +- CO O VI to S^J Ol 1 Os 00 OC OO Ol " 4- VI CC OO sO Ol 00 vj Congestion of Brain. Ol O OO OO OJ vj to OJ — Os00O4-so - I CO — I Paralysis, Softening and Disease of Brain. OO NO VI OO Epilepsy and Convul- sions. CC so so Other Diseases of Ner- vous System. to VI 1 4=- SJn to Ol VI oi ON Ol Ol to SOI OO VI VJ to to cv Ol K. VI to oc to O J Ol Ol Ol OO 4- J> Oo vj so to to ON NO On to 00 0 Oo 1 OO Os j 1 j - CC -' 00 _ « l| -t- OJ CC to OJ „ 4- to 1 tO V| CC vn 0 K to OO X- to 0 —. CC Ol (0 to 1 Diseases of Heart. Other Diseases of Cir- culatory System. ft ffq *v 2. 3 3 CO 3 P P p P IK! ft irq re ft C/J • 1 ft to V| on OJ 4* sb 4=> U n NO V| to VJ oo VJ von to VJ vi to to VI b n sb oo to On >^i +* oo Os o P 1 3" a. m Cn 3 ft *r c 3 3 O 2_ 3 c/i 8S tl o TJ £ Tl 2. t) ft £1, ft -I. ft P ft o t 2. »q 4=- no 4* r- to • v^i • so on Oo on O NO — On 00 NO — 00 VI 13 3 P ft -J > 2 > 2 On 'to to 4^ Total. On so 4^ 10 vj NO o sjn tO J> Oi ON Nin o> « ON NO - Oo « vi oo SO O "" vj ON 00 00 n - v? oo Pneumonia. Congestion of Lungs. Bronchitis and Pleu- risy. to b to oi b oo - Oo to OO to o Ol 8 On_ VJ Ol 00 Ol 4* On to to Ol Ol Ol vj 00 Oo O Abscess, Hemorrhage and Disease of Lungs 4* 4* 4* to NO 4* O Other Diseases of Res-piratory System. to ~ OO b oo 00 « 00 to OO VI oo 00 O 4=> 4* oo Ol 00 VJ VJ VI Diseases of Stomach. o 00 vi Os J> Os VI H 00 H so 4* 00 oo n NO OO 0 4* vj O SO Diseases of Bowels. Peritonitis. M J> 00 NO v| so O SOI oo vj „ _ON_ 00_NO_ J> oo - O 4^ oi so 00 cc to 00 4^ »s» On vj ^ vi -5 Vlon Ooi OsQO OsQ oo ~, On to VJ .£. 00 on On o> Os to On on On oo Oi o- Diseases of Liver. Other Diseases of Di- gestive System. Diabetes. Diseases of Kidneys. Other Diseases of Uri- nary System. to oo 00 ■^ to 00 O 4- .2? w NO Ol sO o> to ^b Abscess, Hemorrhage, Old Age, etc. to v| VI to to sn 00 cr. VI VI OO o VJ On o> On oo 4» O 00 ON On W - 4> « NO w Ooovi^q C\ w NOoi 4> 00 ON X to ON o O) o Debility. Prostration and Exhaustion. Accidents and Injuries. 0 oo - OJ tO oo On j> tO M A - U! O QN O z o -. s n - c "S E ~ E ^^ ""dp rr> — rr. -^ n ' ' fb i 5 '4 s ^ Crq Total. to to i 4- On' VI to ON Oi Typhoid and Typhus NM i _ OO OC OO Fevers. to Ol Os 4- 0 U SO "■ t^ 0 NO J> _ — _ _ _i O O 4* to SO - 4* - On Other Zymotic Dis- OC SO to VI VI Ol 0 Ol 4- 00 OJ ? OJ o NO 00 Ol O "S On On VJ SO On eases. _ „ to ». „ „ OO Os 0 Ol 00 VJ 4- - to 4- Ln [_ VI O Os to Consumption. 4- vn Oi V) 4> OO "" VI ON o NO 0 - ~ to to Oo " « On b Oo VI 00 0 Ol 0 Ol SO VI sO J> ~ to 4^ 4* Oi OO to to Other Constitutional 00 Oi 00 — Oo SO to NO oo 4- Diseases. to o syi ON sO 00 o Apoplexy. Os 00 Oo KJ1 ~ *• VI OO OJ SO son 00 VI _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 SO to 0 0 O 4=* O SJn Other Diseases of 00 to On VI to o to M SOI to O Oi J> Nervous System. SO 00 sC oo NO OC 4* 00 "" Os to oo to ON v| On VI >*n ON Os OO Diseases of Circula- O —i >J\ O — Ol —■ Oo to to 4> to to tory System. on V| Ol OO Ol s_r> SOI ON OC NO VI O OO to Ol VJ 0 VJ VJ _ Oo VI _ Ol _ '„ Ol to CC 4* Oo 00 Pneumonia. Os CC VI Ol OO Oi CN CC 00 "* to OO Oi 00 On *> Oo SOI 4^ SJ71 4^ Other Diseases of Os Ol Os 4> Oo O VI 4- NO VI to sC 4* On sO OO Ol NO sO to OJ 0 Oo NO VJ NO 00 NO On O 4- Respiratory System. SO Oo Diseases of Digestive —i VI to 8 Oo to M 4- Oi On O) OC System. >^n vj OO VI OC 4* sC OJ oo Os 4* On 4* 4^ 00 to 4* Ol to 4^ Diseases of Urinary 0 i— oo oo — VI sS — to Os i 1 System. Oo 0 0 VI 00 Ol Ol SO oo sC Ol NO VI 00 Oo VJ 00 4- oo Accidents and Sui- O oo to On ON to 4>- —■ n 4- 00 o NO Ol O OC SO to On OJ oo *» VI On On -— to Unclassified (in- cluding Old Age). > CO r X Of the entire mortality, those born in the United States give 75 percent; Germany, 9^ ; Ireland, 4^; England, 4K ; Scotland, i3/ per cent. Total, United States, 75 ; Foreign-born, 25 per cent. The circumstance of nativity seems, in the large majority of cases, to have very little influence on the cause of death, and it is remarkable how slight a variation from the seventy-five per cent, there is for most of the diseases. The following exceptions seem most noteworthy: In typhoid and malarial fevers, diarrhoea, cholera, and pneumonia, the percentage of the United States rises to or above eighty, and in cancer, alcoholism, dropsy and peritonitis it falls below seventy per cent. The deaths from alcoholism are chiefly among foreigners, and in the following order of nationality: England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany. Consumption varies considerably; it gives the largest proportional mortality among the natives of Ireland, and the smallest among the English. Apoplexy gives the largest percentage among the Scotch, and the smallest among the Irish, and the same holds good for diseases of the nervous system in general. The foreign-born give a much higher mortality from cancer than natives; 35.17 per cent, instead of the usual average of 25. Among foreigners, the Germans give the highest proportion and the Scotch the lowest. Heart diseases prevail almost uniformly among all nationalities. For diseases of the digestive organs, Ireland gives the largest percentage of diseases of the stomach, and the smallest for diseases of the bowels. Scotland gives the largest proportion of diseases of the kidneys. Accidental deaths occur equally among all nationalities. The na- tive born, the Gewnans, and the English give nearly the same propor- tion of suicides. The Irish and Scotch do not afford a single instance. The deaths among persons of other nationalities than those above 30 i£ ^N«Wk)HOO'"*"W-4>iO MQOW'O OU) 'ss) sO S UU) (, OJ mvOU^ m J> >0 Wvj _4«. CO 004" OJ 4>. vj 0\ OO 0\ O h v) u ^ m JNSO 1 Total. w m « 1 1 ! ! I Iojmomoj 1 £ Typhoid and Typhus (ovo*o^j<-«4»-ojm. . m. h< h mu * ^ • u^ o oooi o oj m » | 4»> Fever ' h* B Oln OHW i < MOM' • ' > W < m miOJiJAWmOn'-^m „ £? [ Dysentery. ' m w M i ■ N < - ' mi K>~N'OJmOJ"4>4*.OnWmOJ' M | to 1 Diarrhoea. ' Mi Wtn ' OOMOJi ' « ' ' i > N " m . Ol K> Ol ' I W • | i? I Cholera. ' MM. » OJ M........MM. ' ■ BMNOtO' t . 1 | •£ | Alcoholism. ; 1 1 ! 1 m m j> m 1 Other Zymotic Dis-' OJ m en O M OCOJ UlU (0 HUl H i > OJ ■ OJ < 0O0 CMOA MK M 0\ vO eaSCS. :: «w*Mosh: :»:-«:;„::: os*. "oomu,::- 1 S? 1 Dropsy. 1 ii. .i.i. K) mii IvOI Panrpr ~MM'MLniMliiiM.iiMMM\0*Ov|lOMMi.M 1 l-l 1 SydULCr. Mwu^i-.Ln wMva oscjn*. m vj m « I k> 1 Consumption. Osj MUSI 0OLO LO *. M Ln OsLn Oih HUiUi J> H^JOi M 00m OS M OSU) 1 O 1 ; 1 1 ! 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 on Other Constitutional m.--m.«.....m.....h, ummw*^-. u -o. Diseases. -mi i. . i»k>so-io . oi Apoplexy. U U^^ HO>u i MMi i Lo M ' Lo Ln M J> ■ OsLn O O vl OSLO Lo ' 1 vl 1 f f J ....... ,muj,.i si Congestion of Brain. ; ; I I m 1 m m oo m m I 1 oo 1 Paralysis, Softening, U.LONSOONOO, mmm, mm,, v,No.ooo ooooo*. mu, m | and Disease of Brain. ! I I I 1 I I I I ! I ! ! I ! ! 1 lo 1 Epilepsy and Convul-M i* ''»••' »......immm.*.»*.uii*mii » | sions. M 1 ! 1 1 1 ! 1 ! j* « ! « 1 Other Diseases of the mmmmujojO'-.......mmNmou,wmmmmm, | o Nervous System. » osvn o oov/i m > i mmmmmi ■ vn co j> ■ ^j m oo osw o m m m vo .Diseases of- rieart. ii! ! , i ! I I , ! , , 1 I I ! 1 ! ! ! m I1IMUIM.........M,M,,HOS> ,*.,,, K) Other Diseases of Cir-culatory System. mmmmm M m ! m " M H ° " " u °° Pneumonia. , , . , , . . , , N , , 1 OS , M. - LO M Ln ■ mi • > Mm. • • i M< M OS M > m LO M M ■ | M Congestion of Lungs. ! ! ! I I I I « i I ■ oo MMMM10M0O' i ■ MMmm, , mi H ' sj J> 00LO i SO i i M 00 Bronchitis and Pleu-risy. i ! •!!!!!' m • oo i*.m*m*.mmi Mi mmi i i > Lo • Ln v] .e. L0 ■ Mmmm M Abscess, Hemorrhage, and Disease of Lungs. Other Diseases of Res-piratory System. ■ l j "mi! 1 """ Diseases of Stomach. !j>OlOS0vnMMM! M I mm! M Lo m M 1 K> L^ M Ln m J. m I . 1 5 Diseases of Bowels. m I m m 0^ Lo M I i •..........VI LO LO ' LO M M I M 1 v. Peritonitis. I LO M Ol 004^ Do! U h mmi > m i LO M J> i£> OLO m Ln m LO m | -O. Diseases of Liver. 1 ! I I II 1 m 1 1 o, i M Lo ■ Lo m Ln m m i • MMMi ' mmmiLOLOOs-m. Mi mm lo Other Diseases of Di-gestive System. I I I.......... M I.I 1 J> • imMMiM...........M i Lo M LO J> m vl . . i | 0 Diabetes. .......M ON i K i i ■ 1 *■ M H m M *. M LO ■ mmi ' i Mi i MiLOi 00LO OsJ> • M • • < 1 Ln Diseases of Kidneys. 1 1 1 MMMMM 1 I t 1 I I '• < 1 Mi Mi M M M M 1 J> 1 I • a Other Diseases of Uri-nary System. I 1 I 1 ! 1 1 I II! I ! m I . ! * MIMIMIMIIII'MII.MMIIM 0*V] M M VI i - ■ 00 Abscess, Hemorrhage, Old Age, etc. !!! I I ! I! III! Imm< iii os , .imm.O^.im.iMiii.MM.-LOO".*-.11 | " Prostration, Exhaus-tion, and Debility. mmM IIIm I m m Ln LO w LO*.>OOLnMLnMOiMOsi M' • MLnMLn.vj*. oovl Ln ON m *. * | Oi Accidents, Injuries, etc. IjwM^MMmI'mIImIIImm.iLOMOOiiOsii I O | Suicides. o\ Cause unknown or ill-defined. z£ Sandwich Islands. . fapan___ _________ Oceanica........... At Sea____________...... Unknown________ . ______ Mexico ......______ Central America____....... Soutli America____ . _____ . West Indies and Bermudas___ ()regon......... ..... Washington Territory________ Idaho_______ . Western Lakes and Rivers____ Canada ___ Montana______ ........____ Colorado _. __........____ Utah .... California___ __ jr > > X MNMMOj^LoMLnM O\0^ HW^JUUlWS* 0 0 O* LO OS O. LO JS 00 iO M M Total. .....Mim......mOO'i'Mi-*. Typhoid and Typhus Fever. .....MIIMIIIMIIVJIIIIIK) oo m ! | Malarial Fevers. 1 1 m 1 Erysipelas. '■■iN'iMlvJ,..... I N) M 1 I IIIIIIIII^IIIII-mqmlo 1 Dysentery. I I I I I M 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 ,' 1 | 1 1 1 m 1 1 | Diarrhoea. •••••iiiMiMMlllvn!!!!!! ON M _, | Cholera. 1 ■' I I 1 M 1 1 1 I u 1 1 1 M m 1 I 1 1 1 1 | Alcoholism. 'MiiimiiimIiiii»Om!!!m! 1 Other Zymotic Dis-*> ^ <" eases. iiiIhIiiiImIiIm^::::;: mm! ] Dropsy. i i : : : h i : : : i : : : : * : : : : ; : M 1 M | Cancer. I m! I m£mm! !+.! I MMitl IluI m! ♦ *. o 1 Consumption. I I I I I 1 1 I I I ! 1 1 1 !!!!!! 1 1 Other Constitutional ' ' ' ' "........."°......mmim Diseases. I H! h! *! 1 1 1 +1 1 1 »ul I 1 1 1 ! ! 41, B I Apoplexy. IIIIImIIIImIIIImm-III-mloIm 1 Congestion of P>rain. •'illOOllllMIIMILOM......lOMOl Paralysis, Softening, and Disease of Brain. 1 1 *; 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 Epilepsy and Convul-.....m . . , , m.............ii | sions. 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 III! I I 1 Other Diseases of the .....H,,,,M....LnMiiiiwiLo,-fi. Nervous System. Illllos!'. IImIIIIooIImm!'. MLnMLo Diseases of Heart. M ' ' ' ' -*- ...... Ill 1 Other Diseases of Cir-' .' ' culatory System. .ii.mmIIIImIIIIosmIImI*. aJ>A | Pneumonia. ' m '............M...... o ! m 1 Congestion of Lungs. .....MiiiiMi.iiJ>m..... 1 1 1 Bronchitis and Pleu-H ' ' | risy. .....MII.,MM,i,Lnlll"MI 1 | Abscess, Hemorrhage, w ' H and Disease of Lungs. ,,,,iLOi,,t.....Mimiii, : : ; Other Diseases o f Res-piratory System. ' m........Miii'Loiiiiimm 0 M 0 M u | Diseases of Stomach. : B: i i „: : ; : : i : ; „„; i hi »« o | Diseases of Bowels. IIIIImIIIIIIIIIImIIImI »I_ | Peritonitis. .....LoiiiiMiii'OMii''- | Diseases of Liver. 'iii'M.........O^m..... 1 Other Diseases of Di-°J N " gestive System. I I '. 1 I M 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I H 1 ! 1 1 1 1 | Diabetes. • ■ ' ' • i • i i i M • i I i ,o ■ ■ • i ■ ■ M ! | Diseases of Kidneys. i i : : : m : : : : i ; ; : ! «; i : i : : M 1 j Other Diseases of Uri-| nary System. : : : ; : : «: : : ', : ; i : -: : : ; : ;, 1 1 Abscess, Hemorrhage, Old Age, etc. :::::: i i ::„;::: w i ;: i M i 1 1 1 Debility, Exhaustion, w ' ' and Prostration. , o '■ I I -' ■ M.-t.u! '. mOLOmmI^LO ML _ m 1 Accidents, Injuries, " " N etc. 1 M 1 1 1 M i i i l l I , I 1 o\ I I I I I I 1 1 Suicides. Si : : : - 1 I I 1 i ; i 1 Cause unknown or ill-defined. z r. '- £. - 2 ° %- ^ = 5- Lr o' y ^" *> rr~ rt 3 ^ X o n ° O 3 p 3 P c: s : H nT "n ^ n >£r> 3 p 2 ft%~ 2 - p 3 Oi P —o-C KS'S? ?c !—' a p re m ^ ft ho > r 3 p 3 3 — O — n X ~ >v ; 3 - 3 L- O : <* n p CO 3 t/1 re to ac. . o . ■ p O R= ■ k P . H !/> "1 : o c P 3 :n 3 rt rt tO -. — OO - on VI . 4k . OO W M NJ OO W On qk — -. On On On vi -3 vnUvn On - 4" •W J> _ NO -.von ' OpV — O 4k NO fcO — — tO — — ' vj tO 4k tO 4k — 00 _ vj tO Ji. - — ON Q Von yj^ tO Typhoid and Typhus Fever. Malarial Fever. Erysipelas. - — to Ol Oo — - _ — vj J> son Oo vO — Ol v© — O VJ 0 On 8 = s> ^ " 00 ^vi - 4" -" — O OsN" — ON4i. — W1 10 Oi 00 Ol — Dysentery. •-i Oo — — — ion 00 1- • • • VI . • \o to s2 -^ Oo to — O 0 "" vi IO W vn4> ooOOqoOnojOn O on -.00 Diarrhoea. - - — OO — 10 — — vi 4-vn Oo SO — VJ V^l OOOn 4^. so v8 4^ 0 *" On so O " Oo \£ Oo to VI y, VI u von qnOo to Os 00 vj On OO vo -Oi Cholera. vj • ■ vnU < o VI OO ■ • Ol Ol to — 4*. 4k On to tovj qx to •-, Oo -, NO 4* to Oo Os Oo Oo to Alcoholism. to to Oo 00 to Other Zymotic Dis- NO NO K) son 00 tO to to to — so vj — ONO O "* w w oo*J N+-^n to sjn NO 0\VJ O 00 to On - J> OsNO 4- O on 00 -vl 10 eases. vj to • • vj -, OOOn OOOo v2 -^ vo-«O0_O0"; 00 ^ on — v*» tOvO Os On O 4k vj vj oo Dropsy. — - — «* to — to - ion OO - • o> -Oi 4* OOOo OO vj Ol vQi- 4> " OOlo ON Os On <>oi 4- 00 4k vi c> to vjvo .£. -_ VI • NO On t^ - O Cancer. O) VI o> to J> OiOo ONVon b j> o >sj vjvon tO 00 vO vj ON NO vt O *svlw O to VI M4k ooOs — Os O— On004>OvO-O0 «N vo^n vjsO vo-f-ON4^- vi — oo — oo NO oo NO ooO OCVI Apoplexy. - J> OO Oo -• — to to — to +>• VJ (0 OOOO Oo — Os— oi 00 8 = vi — On vi to vnW to — vj - ,gvj -. O -vi -, O - O Congestion of Brain. on tO K) NO ONNO oo to On On 4*. — oo — OO 00 O ON 4* Os-4^vj Oo Os VSl Ol Ol O " to to o<-^ no oo ooJ> OlNO OnVI OOVI 00 00 — 00 Ol to OO 00 . po — Paralysis, Softening, and Disease of Brain. vj . . OiOo ■ • VAI \j^ to OO — 00^ Mk M-to to Qnoi - On >jj 4^ — 0 OsOo -. to Epilepsy and Convul-sions. — Ol U, so vj tO VI4k — to VI VJ 00O1 0NV1 -. M — — 10 — On oi-Oo^vO-NO-^nO-4^ Osvi OssO Os O-^ u>Oo 4k On to to — 0C*O Other Diseases of the Nervous System. 4* to ON NO oooo ooto Os OO 4--Np-Oo 00 4* O On O to — to 4^- 4^- On On On O to 4k i- v^i4* On'O 4kOn toon —NO u 00 OsOO —OJ Ol . Oo OoO _o^>__ Diseases of Heart. Ol OC- ■ • 004^ ■ ■ vj - 4>. *- - 4^ ^. 4^ ^ OCOO CslO 4k - — O 004k 4k to 10 N> Other Diseases of Cir-culatory System. Table XI.—{Continued?) RESIDENCE AT DEATH Total .... .. Percentage. Maine to Connecticut......... Percentage............... New York................... Percentage............... New Jersey and Pennsylvania.. . . Pel centime............... Delaware to Texas............ Percentage................ Ohio, Indiana and Illinois....... I 'ercentage. . . . ....... Michigan to Minnesota......... Percentage............... Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas................ Percentage................ California and Oregon.......... Percentage........ ...... Other West'n States & Territories. Percentage................. Foreign Countries and Unknown. Percentage............... 5.224 826 15.81 1.471 j8 .id 736 14.09 431 8.25 622 11 91 366 7.00 254 4 86 280 5-36 67 1.28 171 3-27 7-43 65 7.8(, 102 6-93 53 7.20 3' 7.19 62 9 97 30 8.19 17 6.69 16 5-7' 7 10.45 5 2.92 61 1.17 1.68 14 .69 28 90 11 49 8 .85 12 93 6 .04 4 1 - 57 j 39 2! 4 ■7>!' 43 . • 1 1 .49 i| 3 ■58|i-75 bo M CD G 03 3 SiJ e2 X rt 81 i-55 24 .63 12 ■63 9 .09 9 45 5 ■37 4 •57 5 78 2 98 2 17 rtoo Q 2 m rt (U M o 77 i-47 12 i-45 15 1.02 8 1.09 13 3-oi 8 1.20 8 2.19 6 2.36 3 1.07 1 1 49 3 ••75 144 1.76 11 1 33 32 2.17 27 57 1.09 o B ut/3 • - m •3 M O 147 63 2.8Pl .21 24 2.90 36 3-67.L36 15 ... 3-48' - 26 8 4 . 18 1.29 15; 3 4.JO, .82 I.562.45 IO 23 3.12 II 6 2.36 6 2.14I 31 4-48J: 3 20 3.21 11 3.00 40 ■77 145 ! ■ 78 E2 X - - M !« rt JSO few Q ™ 61 1.17 357 59 6.84 1.13 12 45 '3 ;-,8 4 5 6S2 1 23 i 4 26 >4| 66 49 21 85 7 62 9 4 51 5 du t •74M 3 41.1 3 •V 4 f'4 11 33>: 17 '5' 8 09 1 3 (»9 1 3 57 ■ <>o 96 51 6 1.97(2.36 91 4 3-2iji-43 2 3! 1 98 [4.48! 1.49 21 5 2 3 4 ,82'l 09I i 2 •55 I I 2 •••! -391 ■39 •79 11 9 •36|3-2i 1 2 •7i 1 .36 58 18 3-'.M' I -22| 31 .21 39 05 3 1.18 42 6.75 26 7.10 5 4, ')} 6 •/> 10 73 61 1.17 7 .84 12 .82 4 54 6 '•39 6 .96 [ .75H . 17I2.92 1.17 . 58 1 .17 31 ...: ... 12.201 ...; i. 3' 6] 3 1.07,1 1 .07 2.14I 1.07 1 15 ... ... ...; 1.4922.39 ... ... i| ii i| 27, 2] 23 58! .58I .58115.79'i-'7 13-45 RESIDENCE AT DEATH. Total...................... Percentage................. Maine to Connecticut......... Percentage................. New York.................... Percentage............*..... New Jersey and Pennsylvania... Percentage................ Delaware to Texas............. Percentage................. Ohio, Indiana and Illinois...... Percentage................. Michigan to Minnesota........ Percentage................ Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri and Arkansas............. Percentage................. California and Oregon......... I 'ercentnge................. Other West'n States & Territories Percentage................. Foreign Countries and Unknown Percentage.................. 5.224 826 15.81 i,47i 28.16 736 14.09 43i 8.25 622 11.91 366 7.00 254 4.86 280 5-36 67 1.28 171 3-27 Table XII. rt E O V X £ 6 0 5 £ '3 ■a _3 0 V u u u S 3 ■S& 53 u ■sl ■SB "S "~1 S 0 t?! rtt/3 L- >> T3. °h 'S 3 » g ° 1 Ch I °£ (/] VC T3 M C U « X 5° v ° 0 > Sw c • EO u " 0. U l-i rtiH1 1 Su- rt V, at ■§! £u s 0 e fO 0 0, ■Sfc .!£ 0 .2 a o'u £.5 U U 0 < 0 Q P* O '0 0 < £ 920 91 149 2.85 1°1 542 i% 388 260 1 488 218 416 170 I7.6l 1.74 5.88 10.38 7.43 4.98 9.34 4-17 7.96 3-25' 166 22 30 49 84 57 65 33 59 43 65 23 20.09 2.66 3-°3 5-93 10.17 6.90 7-87 3-99 7.14 5.21 7.87 2.78 262 2J 50 99 172 104 102 86 120 90 76 49 I7.8I 1.84 3-4Q o-73 II .69 7.07 6.93 5.84 8.16 6.12 5'7 3-33 142 18 20 5i 7l 49 53 36 74 29 36 26 I9.29 2.44 2.71 6-93 10.46 6.66 7 20 4.89 10.05 3-94 4.89 3-53 70 5 8 21 45 21 3i 25 5° 11 43 16 16.24 1.16 1.85 4.87 10.44 4.87 7 • 19 5 8° 11.60 2-55 9-97 3-7i 108 6 15 34 48 28 62 31 71 17 48 H 17-36 •9o 2.41 5.46 7.72 4 5° 9 97 4 98 111.41 2-73 7.72 2.25 71 5 8 15 9.I1 23 30 14 42 10 36 4 I9.4O '•37 2.19 4.10 6.28 8.19 13.83 11.47 2 73 9-9 3-54 9.84 •79 12.20 1.97 45 4 7 14 24 22 16 | 13 22 12 37 7 16.07 i-43 2.50 5.00 8.57 7.86 5.71 464 7-86 4.29 13.21 2.50 5 9 2 7 4 , 10 15 1 7.46 13-43 2.98 10.45 5 97 I1492 22.39 1.49 23 1 3 10 16 9 5 , 9 I 15 4 29 25 13-45 .58 1 75 5.85 9-36 5.26 2.92 5.26 8.77 2-34 16.96 14.62 mentioned have been too*few to form a basis for any calculations. In the list nearly every European country is represented, also the East and West Indies, Canada, and South America, in numbers varying from two (Hungary) to thirty-one (France). Tables X., XL, XII., show the causes of death, and residences at time of death. In the first table each state and territory and foreign country is enumerated, with the numbers dying of each disease, while in the second and third, they are consolidated. The states have been grouped according to geographical position and the number of cases they give, and the diseases consolidated into the same groups as pre- viously. The states are grouped as follows: ist. The New England States. 2d. New York. 3d. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 4th. Delaware to Texas, embracing all the Southern States except those mentioned in seventh group. 5th. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 6th. Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. 7th. Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas. 8th. California and Oregon. 9th. The remaining Western States and Territories. 10th. Foreign countries and unknown. The last group is too extensive and the cases too few in any one country, for any useful comparison, and therefore our remarks will refer solely to the others. Typhoid fever extends over all sections of the country with the least mortality in the Southern states, and with the greatest mortality in the Western, Northwestern and New England states. Malarial fevers least in New England and New York, and extensively in the Western states. Of both these diseases the Pacific states give an average per- centage of mortality. Of the other zymotic diseases, the New Eno-- 36 land states give a mortality a little under the average. The middle and Pacific states closely approximate it, and the Southern and West- ern states exceed it—probably owing to the deaths from cholera and yellow fever. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri and the Northwest- ern and Pacific states give by far the largest proportion of dysentery. Consumption averages nearly the same in all sections of the country, varying most where the figures are smallest and consequently least reliable. The percentage on the total mortality being 17.61, the extreme variations are 20.09 m tne New England states, and 7.46 in the extreme Western states and territories. Kentucky, "Tennessee and Missouri also give a comparatively small mortality from this disease. The deaths from apoplexy vary little according to the section of the country, being a little above the average in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and below it in the Southern and North- western states. The percentage on the total mortality is 5.88, for New Jersey and Pennsylvania 6.93, for the Northwestern states, 4.10. However, in the latter the proportion of deaths from congestion of the brain is above the average. For other diseases of the brain California gives a proportion a little above the average. The percentage for diseases of the heart and circulatory system being 6.22 of the total mortality, California gives the highest propor- tion, 7.86; New York 7.07, and Kentucky, etc., 3.94. Pneumonia gives a percentage on total mortality of 7.43, and as occurring locally with the following extremes: Western states and territories, 10.45; California and Oregon, 5.71. There is no evident reason for this extreme difference occur- ring under such similar circumstances, and it is most probably owing to the small number of cases from which the calculations are made. Of the other sections, New York gives a percentage below the average, and Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois above it. For diseases of the digestive organs, New England, New York and California give a proportion below the average, while the Southern, 37 s£ toiototoiototototo 7? «■ tr -r 3 Oovi Ossoj 4>w w m Oso oovi onoi 4^ oo to i- O NO CfvJ ONs-n 4* oo to ~ _ _, hi-h io w +\ J> vnvnvnvn W m 4^ O) vn vn 4. J> sj vn SO 00 OONO 0COJ tO VI vol 4* lO -n 00 Osoi CCO) -H ON 00 i-i NO to OOOo 4i. wso ONO O+Nvn oomM oooi VI to i-i OONO >-> O Oo 4- 5 2 to Z 0 C Q K * 1. >- > •< ^ 2! w K n > v. Total. to ■ i-i . -, . oo -. w to l- -. to i-i — OJi-i. w mwj>ui4.w Ono> vj no vi on On Oo to • OO- W tOWW4^MM msiw OOi-itOtOtOtOtOtOi-itOOOOOO-ltOOOOiON m h w . to>-Oo4i-oi«4:'tONO -, . 4^ . to - - to (0WW4- Os Typhoid and Ty- phus Fevers. Malarial Fevers. Erysipelas. Dysentery. Diarrhoea: Cholera. 45.4^00004^ mU4> t04^ Os On vi so vi voi tO-n-OOtO- -OOtOOOtO-OotOi-iOOOO OOOO vn VI OO OO Ossoi OO vj Alcoholism. Other Zymotic Dis- eases. Dropsy. Cancer. _, i_ MHW(JO)WVnvns00WN04' m m m mW mWU W OOOi OsM4NSp O OCOi +s O "OJ OS 000> 4^ tO tO OO Consumption. ; \ on I NDther Constitution- al • 00 00 to 4^ to • vj4^vo Onvj vj to vj al Diseases. i-ito- tow H+sW m m m N4s m ONNO sD4^ 00O4" M H M (04 to m m N mui MW4> N i-|- N-ii-MMtoWMMN4iMtoww4NsOOs04NNMtJ , Apoplexy. Congestion of Brain. -1 oo- « N - M to - w . _4i. Paralysis, Softening, and Disease of Brain. Epilepsy and Con- vulsions. Other Diseases of Nervous System. Diseases of Heart. Other Diseases of Circulatory System. M — oo OO tO 10 tO tO tO 10 to to tO tO — — — — — — — — — — — — O NO CCVI Cns^i 4-00 10 1-1 CC OCVI a>vn4- W to — O sO OCVI ONO-i 4 OJ tO — ~ (/) r-f r» .— — — r~ r~ ■ ;--(/) .— -.,— —.r-^r-i-*—-i-l-^-—-r— — I— .-rr- |-> n IT ;/: ■? r r > •< —: o* W I n l" IT. " h m m to U 4> 4> vn Sn Ui vn to tO 10 M4_OJvnln4-4'NJVnsD CC 0CNO OCOO tO VI vol 4^- tO i-i CC OSvn 0COJ 10 TnTil 10 to hi ON 00 i-i so to 0COJ 4- —NO QsO 04^v^i OCVI vj ocoi vt to — CCNO ~ OW4> 4^ ' to • 4 to Os Onoi 4^ 004^ son ON C>Oo J> OnJlhvJ^sO — vi cnnO i-i vi | OC £..,,-, ^^Vi^.-fe^-fef, 25 Pneumonia. — tO OO tO • HHU4>NH|04>Ln4iuivnN!00 tO— O0+>- — tOVJVJtOO ONOi NO VJ — to • OJ to 4^ ONOJ oi Cn O 4- CC to — Congestion of Lungs. „ Bronchitis arffi oo I Pleurisy. Abscess, Hemor- 00 rhage, and Dis- *" ease of Lungs. to • Oo — Osv^i Oo I O I Other Diseases of Oo Respiratory Sys- M N h . — — tO-OotOtO — — • — Onoi 4 OsVI so Oo VI to-., —-oo- tOtOOosOoitooivj Diseases of Stomach. Diseases of Bowel Oo to — to to — oj Oo to OJ Oi 4^ 41- VI oooi I OJ Oo Oi oo oi Oo oo Oo to 0 -i- Oo — to — Oo to to • 4^4-sjiOi4^4-Oo4:'4-vjvjso Oooi O CCsoi vj ^] — tsJ OJ to to to to 10 n (0 m (0O)4> — tO — — totototo—Ol— OJVJ4»tO — Peritonitis. Diseases of Liver. — to- —I-. to- to to — • — OO- -OOOO CC4- OJ — 00 ONVI — Other Diseases of Digestive System. Diabetes. Diseases of Kid- neys. Other Diseases of Urinary System. Abscess, Hemor- rhage, Old Age, etc. Debility, Prostra- tion, and Ex- haustion. °i I Accidents and In- to — • — — to oo Oo soi — Onoi oj -,_. __,. _, oo — oo Oo OJ Osoo oi oo 4 I — Cause unknown or or ill-defined. Table XIV. DEATHS DURING YEAR OF INSURANCE. x > H TOTAL.......... 5.224 334 1 Percentage......... 6.39 ist Year.........| 534 1 63 Percentage___110.22 11.80 2d Year......... 583 62 Percentage . ..jn.16 10.63 2d to 5th Year. . . 1,600 96 Percentage.... J30.62 6.00 ■50 o Il6 78 8l 53 67 31 I9O 82 J 91 ! 920 1 I I 2.22 I .49 I .55 I. Oil. 281 .59 J3.64 I.57 I.74 I7.6l 67 18 6 13 6 19 6 30 5 7 3.37 1.122.431.123.561.12 5.62 .93 1.31 22 6 17 5 12 4 29 71 3 1 ! 3.771.032.92 ^862.06 .68 S4.97 1.20 .51 1.2* 28 23 25 10 20 8 1.75 1.4411.56' .62 1.25 .50, 59 22 14 3.69 1.37 .87 41 19 36 43 8.05 102 17-501 36o| 1 2 •37 7 .20 5th to 10th Year. 1,313 75 26 22 14 11 10 Percentage___25.13 5.71 1.98 1.67 1.07 .84 .76 .46 3.12 1.45 2.74 Above 10 Years.. 1,172 38 22 21 12 21 67 31 29 31 Percentage___b2.43 3.241.881.79 1.02 1.79 .51 .60 12.64 2.47 2.64 22 •37 17 ■29 '9 3°7 5-1 35 6.55 20 3-43 sic , .S'rt '3 Sm C 0 0 O W V T3 rt - V C rt >> . £0 "rtT3 jrj-c — 0 M C D." a, w '£> 6 a 0 LO ^e it O 2 no 281 2.II k.38 32 119 .6l 2.28 22.50 268 20.41 jl . H7J 12.541.62 ^.85 5-37 74 5-63 92 H 13 2.62 2.43 10 25 1.71 4.29 31 76 i-94 ^-75 32 ; 73 2.44 ,5.56 23 94 1.96 8.02 2 II .37 2.o6 4 12 .68 2.06 10 38 .62 2.37 7 32 • 53 2.44 9 I 26 .77 2.22 303 22 5.80 .42 17 4 3-i8 -75 22 3-77 -17 77 3 4.81 .19 83 8 6.32 .61 104 6 8.88 .51 r a islk XIV.—( Continued.) DEATHS DURING YEAR OF INSURANCE. 3 bisM rt c OJ 0= o= 3 o|j rt tJ E= Ol o C E £ " >! rt X . X rt in'O 5| o °'m 5a rt - > S<*J rt >s c • X P.-J 8 ■5 M OJ 03 rt OJ rt CLO - >> ■£ c •S rt C p P O < P Total......... 5,224 388 61 88 81 I 30 77 j 144 57 147 63 40 145 33 , 48 j 61 357 59 6l Percentage......... 7.43 1.17 1.68 1.55 .57 1.47 |2.76 1.09 2.81 1.21 .77 2.78 .63 .92 1.17 6.84I1.13 1.17 ist Year........ 534 47 j 8 7 j 11 3 7 j 24 7 10 5 2 7 j 1 1 1 62 13 4 Percentage---10.228.80,1.50 1.31 2.06 .56 1.31 4.49 1.31 1.87 .93 .3711.31 .19 .19 .19.11.61,2.43 .75 2d Year........ 583 4i | 7 , 9 12 5 13 '9 5 ,2 8 3 7 2 27 53 5 3 Percentage... 11.16)7.03 1.20 1.54 2.06 .86 2.23:3.26 .86 2.06 1.37 .51 1.20 .34 .34 1.20 9.09I .86 .51 33 14 15 22 14 2d to 5th Year... i,6ooj| 122 14 31 | 22 10 22 50 26 52 15 Percentage___30.62! 7.62 .87 1.94 1.37 .62*1.37 3.12 1.62 3.25 .94 5th to 10th Year. 1,313 | 96 14 19 24 3 16 27 10 36 13 Percentage---25.13 7.31 1.07 1.45 1.83 .23 1.22 2.06 .76 2.74 .99 .99 3.50 .61 .84 1.60 6.02 .76 .99 Above 10 Years.. 1,172! 82 , 18 22 12 9 19 24 9 37 22 11 52 14 20 \ 17 52; 9 5 Percentage___22.43 7.00 1.54 '-88 1.02 .77 1.62 2.05 .77 3.16 1.88 .94 4.44 1.19 1.71 1.45 4.44 .77 .43 Unknown............................................................. ... ... 22 .69 2.06 .50 .87 .94 6.941.37 .87 13 46 8 11 21 79 10 13 >4 I .60 6.02 Table XV. YEAR OF INSURANCE, Total.............. 5,224 Percentage ...... ist Year.............. 534 Percentage.........1 10.22 2d Year............... 583 Percentage....... 2d to 5th Year...... 11.16 1,600 3 X O. H -a 3 0 0 rt c .2 3 0 Circula-:m. ses of Res-ystem. Digestive — - Urinary "3 C/3 -a c be .5 -3 _3 "u c c rt 3 e E 0 O. B 3 d G « X .15 >s O m >> 8« rt 'S 0 «co 0 . O w w C c • ID V VC M M 0) ° rt V V c ■so ■3. 0 p. -c 1 rt b 80 E 3 V ■5*3. °i >> .2W jjO ."H-a 0 VJ J5 T3 Us H O O O 0 < C p fc O 0 P < p 334 6l6 920 91 149 3°7 542 325 388 260 488 2l8 416 170 6 39 11.79 I7.6l i-74 2.85 5.88 IO.38 6.22 7-43 4.98 9-34 4-17 7.96 3-25 63 98 43 7 7 11.80 18.35 8.05 1.31J 1.31 62 95 102 j 3 14 10.631 16.29 17.50 .51 2.40 96 173 360 14 44 Percentage......... 30.62 j 6.00 10.81 22.501 .87 2.75 i ' 5th to 10th Year.......j 1,313 75 130 268 36 36 Percentage.......... 25.13 5.71 9.90 20.41 2.74 2.74 Above 10 Years........ 1,172 38 120 147 31 48 Percentage.......... 22.43! 3.24 10.24 I2.54 2°4 4°9 Unknown.................. . |.................. 35 6.55 20 3-43 40 7-49 5i 8-75i 86 | 155 5-371 9-69 74 144 5.63, 10.97 92 152 7-85j 12.97 21 3-93 23 3-94 80 5.00 9i 6.93 no 9 39 47 8.80 4i 7-03 29 5 43 33 5.66 53 IO 9-93| T 87 12 2.06 122 77 7.62 4.81 96 60 7-3' 4-57 82 61 7.00 5.20 57 9.78 165 52 10.31| 3.25 102 67 7-77-, 5-io in 77 9-47! 6.57 75 6 14.04 1.12 58 12 9.951 2.06 133 43 8.31j 2.69 89 45 6.78 3-43 61 42 5.20 3.58 rD" Us fe fe 'siS 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ v. ^1 &■ & fc ^ > ^1 *v ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ No ST1 £ ^ Svo ^ $ *3 fe2 fe & fc ^ _«_ 2.40 ^ %: & ^ ^ Cro ^ fc Typhoid Fever. Oilier Zymotic Diseases. Consumption. imm Cancer. 1 Other Constitutional ^ ,i Diseases. ^ J Apoplexy fe fc otlier Diseases of Nervous System.. Diseases of Heart. Pneumonia. Respiratory System. Digestive System. Urinary System.. Accidents and Suicides. U Unclassified fincluLlmg Old Age.] Western, and Northwestern States give a proportion much above it. The reverse is the case with diseases of the kidneys, in which the first mentioned States run above the average, while the Western States fall below it. Of deaths from accidents and injuries the proportion on the total mortality is 6.83 per cent, and of this class of causes of death New York gives the smallest proportion, 3.94, and the extreme Western States and Territories the largest, 22.39 per cent. California and Oregon give 11.07, an947 Remaining ... 60,662 The percentage of those retiring and remaining at the end of the obser- vations does not differ much in all of these cases, but the deaths are much smaller in the Mutual Life than in the others, probably because it has had fewer exposures at the later ages of life and at the older ages of insurance. The English offices have divided their risks into healthy and diseased lives, and into male and female, and the Scotch offices have made other subdivisions. But as this Company insures only select, healthy lives, and the female risks were only about three per cent of the whole number, all the exposures and deaths have been included in one general result. It has sometimes happened, doubtless, that through oversight, care- lessness, or fraud, some inferior and defective risks have been taken, but as the aim has been steady and uniform to insure none but sound and healthy applicants, whose habits of life are good, it is proper to designate all entrants in this Company as healthy lives. The average age of the British companies, with which comparison is made, is considerably greater than that of this Company, and they have not made so rapid a growth ; consequently recent insurances form a larger part of our experience than of theirs. But the difference is not New Actuaries', Males. Combined Experience. Mutual Life of N. Y. I3°,243 62,537 101,967 35,024 Near a third. 27,764 20,521 Near a sixth. 5,515 74,698 Above half. 68,688 4 so great as this statement would lead one to expect. The average dura- tion of the combined Scottish policies on healthy lives was 8.54 years; of the twenty English offices, 9.12 years; of the fifteen British offices, less than 5^ years, or, including the Amicable and Equitable, the two oldest offices existing, less than 8^ years, while that of the Mutual Life is 5.64 years, or about two thirds of each of the others. This Company had been doing business nearly thirty-one years. The oldest of the ten Scotch companies had existed forty-eight years, but as the observations of the remaining nine must enter into the general average duration, it may be said that our history embraced nearly as large a variety of seasons, and of healthy and sickly years, as the combined Scotch offices. The new Actuaries' and Combined Experience tables are based on a longer period of observation, the latter going back to the seventeenth century* But it may be doubted whether any thing is gained by this extension of the experience, as there is reason to believe that human vitality has somewhat improved in the present century, and our history has been sufficiently protracted to give a fair average for years of high and low mortality. When it is added that the observations of this Company are principally on American lives, and the others on a population in a different country, the value of the present contribution to the vital statistics of the United States must be apparent. METHOD OF TREATMENT. The essential particulars of each policy were written on separate cards, all of the • same size. These were then alphabetically arranged, so as to bring together two or more cards referring to the same person. As the repetition of a policy on the same life had been regularly noted on the registers and transferred to the cards, there were two methods of de- tecting duplicate or triplicate policies. The two were compared, and •every discrepancy noted and corrected. * See " Annuities," by Jenkins Jones, page iv. 5 These repetitions were scrutinized to learn if the risk had been con- tinuous, and if so, all such were counted as one risk. If any interval was found between any of the insurances, during which there had been no risk, the several distinct periods of exposure were regarded separately. In this way the 152,149 policies were reduced to 101,967 persons, and the observations reduced so as to be on lives and not on policies. The old Actuaries' Table has been disparaged because it was founded on policies and not on lives* This objection has been wisely obviated in the recent treatment of the combined experiences of the English and Scotch offices. For some purposes, the use of policies will often give a very close approximation to the true hazard on lives, but when subdivisions of the risks are made to find the mortality for different years of insurance, or for other limited classes of lives, the results may vary largely from the truth. When the number of cards had been thus reduced, they were all rearranged, so as to bring -together all those relat- ing to entrants at the same age, which was taken at the nearest birthday. In the subsequent work the method adopted by the British Actuaries was carefully pursued. All the facts which were needed to find the number of years of exposure and the deaths for each age and each year of insur- ance were thus secured, and the results are to be found in Table I., at the end of this report. The figures near the top of the page in this table, under the heading " Number of Entrants," represent the number of persons who were insured at the ages under them. The table can be read in three differ- ent ways, and in each it tells different facts. If read horizontally, or across the page, it tells the total number of years which were lived by a different set of persons at different ages, in the same year of insurance. If read vertically, or down the page, it tells 'the total years lived by different persons in different years, but of the same age. If read diagonally, beginning at the left and passing to the * See Massachusetts Insurance Department Reports fpr 1859 to 1865, page 89. 6 right and downwards, it tells the years lived at different ages in different years by the same persons. From the number of entrants given in Table I., the average age of the insured was found to be 34.95. In the twenty English offices it was 34.96, and in the ten Scotch offices it was 35.59. The number of entrants of the Mutual Life was greatest at the age of thirty, then decreased, slowly at first and more rapidly afterwards, but always steadily with increasing age. The office age in the twenty English companies had also its max- imum of entrants at thirty, and thenceforward decreased with great regu- larity. These facts in the history of the age of insurants in different countries is a striking illustration of the law of human intentions, of which Quetelet has furnished so many instances. TABLE OF MORTALITY. By adding the vertical columns of the exposures and deaths in Table I., and finding the ratios, the rates of mortality for every age of life from ten to ninety-two were obtained, and will be found in Table IV. In this table are also given the ratios between the actual deaths and the numbers predicted by the American and New Actuaries' Tables. In obtaining the deaths for the New Actuaries' Table, the HMF table, or the one for healthy male and female lives, was used; and this table was used subsequently for the experience of the twenty English offices wherever the deaths of the two experiences are com- pared. As the risks of this Company are chiefly males, the comparison with the HM table would perhaps have been the fairest, but the differ- ence ' is too small to affect any of the inferences drawn. When the observations of the two experiences are compared for successive years of insurance, the HM table, or the experience for healthy male lives, was used. By examining this table, it will be seen 'that the mortality of the Company at every age, where the observations were sufficient to inspire 7 confidence, has been lower than that of the other tables, and that the total mortality for all ages is twenty per cent below the American, and twenty-four per cent below the New Actuaries' Table. This comparison presents satisfactory results, because the American is the table by which the Company's premiums have been computed. The facts in this table indicate that the risks of this Company have been carefully selected, and that the mortality of American lives, such as have been here insured, is lower than that in the English offices. As vital statistics of a reliable character have been very limited in this country, some doubt has hitherto existed on this question. And it may be objected that this doubt is not completely set at rest by the large percentage* here shown in our favor. A large proportion of the Com- pany's risks have been of recent origin. When the duration of the risks shall equal that of the English companies, the rate of mortality may be quite as great. And thus the question arises, How far may the past his- tory of this Company be relied upon as a guide for the future ? The favorable influence of selection has been very great on our risks. So also has it been on the English. If it has been greater on ours, its effect will be seen at that period of life wherein the entrants are most nu- merous and the rate of mortality, which constitutes our experience for those ages, is most affected by new and recent insurances. If Table IV. be examined for the purpose of discovering this differ- ence, it will be seen that the irregularities at the several ages are so considerable that no satisfactory conclusion on this subject can be formed. To meet this difficulty, Table V. is presented, which is formed by a com- bination of the facts as presented in Table IV. for each five consecutive ages. By examining this table, it will be found that the average ratio of actual to predicted mortality at all ages is under eighty per cent.. whether the American or New Actuaries' Table be used in the com- parison. Also that at trie five-year combinations under age 45, this is true in five out of seven of the cases for the American, and four out of 8 seven for the New Actuaries'. After age 45, seven out of ten are above eighty per cent by the American, and five out of ten by the New Actu- aries'. The largest number of entrants in this Company at any particular age is found at age 30. The majority entered at ages under 45. The table therefore establishes the fact that the mortality has been below that of the English or American Tables, by a larger percentage at the younger than at the older periods of life, taking forty-five as the divid- ing age. But many irregularities are still apparent. The standards of com- parison were graduated tables, and to make the comparison under similar circumstances, our experience was also graduated, and will be found in Table VI. This is derived from Table IV. in the following manner: The radix was assumed to be 100,000 persons living at the age of ten, and their successive survivors were obtained according to the rates of mortality in Table IV. The numbers thus found were adjusted by the method of Mr. Woolhouse, which was used by the English actuaries for the experience of the twenty English offices. Our observations being few under eighteen and over eighty-three, the numbers below and above these two limits were not considered, and therefore the table begins at age twenty-five and ends at seventy-six. To this adjusted table we have annexed the rates of mortality, and are thus enabled to compare it with the New Actuaries' Table. It will be seen that between the ages of 27 and 63 not a single one of our rates is above eighty per cent of the English; but above 63, all show a higher ratio to the English experience. It is therefore inferred that selection had a greater influence in reducing the average mortality than it had in the English offices. In order to obtain more satisfactory evi- dence of this, a new. element of comparison, the expectation of life, was then introduced. This accumulates all the annual differences for a long series of years, and thus brings to view what might otherwise escape attention because of its minuteness or irregularity. Before, however, 9 obtaining these expectations, a more accurate adjustment was made of the experience by means of a mathematical formula which has been found to represent the different mortality tables so well, that it is generally received among actuaries as a close approximation to the true law of human mortality. This adjustment is to be found in Table VU. The formula used in its construction was in which x denotes the age and lx the number of living at that age; the quantities ky a, g and q being constants to be found from experience in the special community where the law is applied. In applying this formula, the ages for the determination of the constants were so selected as to embrace the greatest range of the Company's active business, and, at the same time, make the correspond- ing Life Table the best approximation to the actual experience. After many trials, the ages 25, 42, 59 and 76, giving intervals of seventeen years were adopted, with the following results for the con- stants, viz.: Log^= .0489315 L°g<^=— .000067515 Log a = .0026012 Log k = 5.0262203 The column —, in Table VII., was not obtained from the numbers of tX the living and the dying in the two preceding columns, but from the general formula, which gave the results due to a larger radix than 100,000 for the number of the living at age ten. The expectations for the New Actuaries' Table, here given, are for male lives. These expectations tell the history of the living from their seve- ral ages to the end of life, and afford the means of comparison between this new Mortality Table and the American and New Actuaries' for the 10 after lifetime of each separate age, and disclose the relative influence of selection as it affects the different tables. For the younger ages, the expectations deduced from the experi- ence of this Company are considerably greater than those of either of the tables. At twenty the excess is nearly three years. As age in- creases, the difference decreases, until at age 75 they become about equal. After that age the expectation by the English Table is a little higher than for this Company. The result of these comparisons leaves but little doubt that the experience of this Company has been more affected by selection than that of the English. The low rates of mortality in the early years of insurance have reduced the general average to an extent greater than the Company ought to expect hereafter, because it is improbable that recently selected risks shall so greatly outnumber those of older date as in the past. A still closer comparison of the influence exerted by selec- tion in this Company and the English, can be made by comparing the experience of the two in those parts of their history when the circum- stances were identical. If new risks be compared with new risks, recent with recent and old with old, the comparison will be made under like circumstances. For this purpose, Table VIM. was prepared as follows: The exposures and deaths were found by summing up the observa- tions of the HM table of the twenty English offices for each year of insurance. From these the rate of mortality was found and inserted in the fourth column. Precisely the same collection was made of the exposures and deaths of the observations of the Mutual Life, (see Table XIII.,) and the rate of mortality inserted in the fifth column. The last column gives the ratios between the rates of mortality in this Company and in the twenty English offices, all ages combined. It will be observed that in the first year of insurance the difference is quite small, and in favor of the English experience. But in the succeeding 11 thirty years of insurance the rates for this Company are all below the English. Three only of the ratios exceed eighty per cent, and thirteen only exceed seventy. What was the probable cause of so great a differ- ence in favor of American assured lives ? First. Since there is no material difference in the first year of insurance, it may be assumed that it is not to be found in any superi- ority of American over English vitality in the whole population. Second. Nor can it be.imputed to adverse selection, since the with- drawals from the Mutual Life exceeded those from the English compa- nies (see Table III.). Third. Nor can it be traced to any material difference in the ave- rage ages at entry, since, as already shown, they were almost identical. The only explanation which suggests itself is, that the care here exercised in the selection of risks has been greater than in the English offices, and that its effects were not manifested in the first year of insu- rance, when the deaths were mainly due to accidents, and to the sudden and irresistible attacks of disease ; but subsequently they became more and more apparent, when the strong constitutions, correct habits of life, and a favorable family history, presented a higher vitality to resist the several forces which destroy human life. The comparisons may be further extended by resolving the whole of life into four periods, denominated young, middle-aged, elderly, and old; the average age of the first being 29, that of the second 40, of the third 49, and of the fourth 59. For this purpose, Tables IX., X., XI., and XII. were prepared. These tables were formed as follows, namely : Begin with the middle-aged and Table IX., which is made by collecting the exposures and deaths of the males in the twenty English offices, from the age 37 to f:he age 43 inclusive, for each successive year of insurance. This table gives the history of the same set of persons who entered at an average age of forty, which age begins the first column, and are forty-one years old in the second year of insurance, 12 forty-two in the third, and seventy in the last year of the observations. The rates in the fourth column are obtained by dividing the ex- posures of each year of life into the deaths. These rates being irregular, were adjusted by the method of Mr. Woolhouse. The first and last seven, which are not given by his general formula, were obtained by the ordinary method of differences. The first year's rate for the Mutual Life was obtained by a careful adjustment of the first year's observations, and is to be found in Table XVII. This first year's rate was used for that of the twenty offices, as the average of the two was almost exactly the same, and no appreciable error is introduced by making them equal. Tables X., XL, and XII. were constructed in a manner similar to Table IX., but refer to different ages. Table X. includes the entrants at all ages under 37, the average age being 29. This introduction of all the observations under t,j produced no material change in the rates, and it was concluded to make these comparisons embrace the total experience of the twentv English offices and of the Mutual Life for these ages. Table XI. includes entrants between the ages 44 and 54, the ave- rage being 49. Table XII. includes the entrants between ages 55 and 75. As the observations above age 65 were so few that they would not make a separate class, and as they could not produce much effect on the general averages, they were only included to make the comparisons complete. The average age of this class was 59. The sixth column in each table was obtained by dividing the ad- justed rates of the twenty offices into the adjusted rates of the Mutual Life, and the ratios afford a fair comparison of the rates of the two expe- riences, from which all the differences in the history, progress, and dura- tion of the two are entirely eliminated. From these four tables is deduced the following synopsis: 13 AVERAGE AGES AT ENTRY. Year of Insurance. 29 40 49 59 ist year 1.00 1 00 1.00 1.00 2d " ■93 86 .82 .80 3d " .90 81 •73 •71 4th" " .89 • 77 .69 •67 5th " .87 •75 .69 ,66 10th " .82 .82 •77 ■73 15th « .72 •73 .64 •71 20th " .68 •77 .91 .69 25th " .92 79 .87 ■85 30th " •49 66 .19 ■63 These percentages exhibit the ratios of the mortality in this Com- pany to that of the twenty English offices, at the different ages at entry in the four periods of life, for the different years of insurance, and show, that while the American mortality equals that of the English in the first year, it rapidly declines through the next four insurance years, and after that remains, on an average, about twenty-four per cent lower through each succeeding year. Another comparison between the risks of the English offices and those of the Mutual Life is afforded by Table XIII., wherein the deaths predicted by the New Actuaries' and the American Tables are given for the new and old risks of the Mutual Life, embracing every year of insurance from the first to the thirty-first. By comparing these, it will be seen that the first year's actual deaths are only half the num- ber expected by these two tables. In the second year they are less than two thirds; in the third, less than three fourths, and in the fourth, less than four fifths. In the fifth and subsequent years, they continue below the English for every year, except two, when they are one or two per cent higher ; but if periods of three successive years be combin- ed, the Company's experience is always below the English, showing that its worst risks are better for every continuous period of three years than the average of the twenty English offices. If compared with the Ameri- 14 can, its worst risks give a higher rate for four of the thirty-one years of insurance than that table ; but the average of all the rates after the fifth, tenth, or any year of insurance, is below it. In the later years, the deaths and exposures are not indeed very nu- merous ; but in the last five, the number of deaths is only sixty-four against ninety, and in the last ten, three hundred and thirty-five against three hundred and sixty-three. This table furnishes a striking proof of the great value of selection in the early years of insurance, and of its steady decrease with the age of the policy. In further elucidation of this subject, Tables XV. and XVI. are given, in which the experience is divided into groups of five consecutive ages. The first of these contains the ratios of the actual to the expect- ed mortality by the American Table for entrants during each succes- sive five years of life following the year of entrance, while the second, by means of like ratios, exhibits the increase in the force of mortality among persons of the same age who have been insured for different periods of time. For example, the first contains the ratios for each quinquennium of insurance for the entrants from forty to forty-four, and the second for those who have died between forty and forty-four. In examining these tables, it is found that for all the ages of life taken together, there was a steady advance in the ratios for each quinquennium of insurance excepting the last, where the observations were so few that the anomaly did not seem important; the ratio of the actual deaths to the expected being.71 in the first five years, .88 in the second, .89 in the third, .93 in the fourth,.95 in the fifth, and falling to .75 in the sixth. For some of the classes this advance was maintained for several of the quinquenniums, though not for all; and in some the ratio rose above unity, so that for these, the actual deaths exceeded the number pre- dicted by the American table. This result shows that the inference drawn before from Table XIII., that the Company's worst risks did not '5 show a higher rate of mortality than the American and the New Actu- aries' tables, except in three or four years of insurance, was only true for all the ages of life taken together, and was not correct for every sepa- rate quinquennium of life. VALUE OF SELECTION. When a company is young, or has had a constant accession of new vitality, sufficiently large to keep the average mortality lower than the limit which it is probably destined to reach, it would be unsafe to regu- late its business by its own experience without proper qualifications. Obligations contracted without such qualifications would embarrass and endanger a Company, when the yearly infusion of new vitality should diminish or cease. The influence of selection deserves, therefore, the most careful attention. This influence is evidently at its maximum in the first year of insurance. Before the policy is issued, the closest examination is made of the health, constitution, and habits of life of every insurant. But after the contract is completed, this scrutiny can seldom be repeated, and therefore the health and habits of many, out of the whole number in- sured, will become more or less impaired, and this natural and inevi- table deterioration will be increased by the adverse selection of those who withdraw. The vitality of the insured and the advantages of selection will diminish with the duration of the policy. If the selection had been made carefully, a larger or smaller part of the advantage which it gives would probably remain to the end of life. But if it had been made carelessly, or if the adverse selection made by those who withdrew had been accele- rated by evil reports against the company, or other causes, it might hap- pen that all the advantages of the favorable selection at entrance might be neutralized, and the mortality rise above that of the whole population. To measure the advantages of selection in any class of insured lives, it is necessary to compare its mortality with that of the whole popula- tion ; for if compared with any other rates that have been made up from 16 an experience among insured persons, in which the exact amount of advantage due to selection is unknown, it will be impossible to discover it The mortality in this Company has been lower than that in the twenty English offices for the whole, and, as a rule, for each separate class, as to age and duration of insurance, into which they may be divided, and it is generally below the table on which the Company's premiums have been computed, but neither comparison measures the absolute advan- tages of selection. Table XVII. gives the exposures, deaths, and rates of mortality in the first year of insurance. These rates were first adjusted, and the re- sults properly tested. If, now, the mortality rates for the whole American population were known, the absolute effect of selection could easily be ascertained. But these rates are not known, and resort was had to Farr's English Table, No. 3, Males, for the population of England and Wales. This gives a low rate of mortality for that population, but whether the rate for the United States is below or above thii, there are no means to determine. Comparing the Company's rate for the first year of insurance with this standard, it is found that under the age of forty, the former is only forty per cent of Dr. Farr's ; from ages forty to sixty this percentage advances slowly, and at the latter age reaches fifty. A similar table was constructed for the experience of the twenty English offices, and showed, when compared with the same table, nearly the same result for the young- er ages, but a lower percentage than forty for the higher. As the observations were few at the older ages, it would seem pro- bable that the rate at all ages of life will ultimately be brought down to forty per cent of the English table of Dr. Farr, and that this may be con- sidered the measure of careful selection in the first year of insurance. EFFECTS OF SELECTION IX YOUNG, MIDDLE, ELDERLY, AND OLD AGES. To examine the waning effect of selection in the subsequent years of insurance, resume the four classes, designated as tne young under 17 thirty-seven, middle-aged from thirty-seven to forty-three, elderly from forty-three to fifty-four, and the oldest from fifty-five to seventy-five. The exposures, deaths, and rates of mortality for these several periods of life are in Tables XVIII., XIX., XX., and XXI. In each of them will be found, also, the rates of mortality for the first year of insurance, when se- lection is at its maximum, and the ratios between these and the adjusted rates for every age for the successive years of insurance in each of these four periods of life. From these it will be 'seen that among the younger insurants, whose average age is twenty-nine, this ratio, beginning at unity in the first year, advances to 1.40 in the second, to 1.69 in the third, and 1.90 in the fourth year, showing that the rate has nearly doubled, and instead of being forty per cent of the standard English, has already become nearly eighty per cent of that table. In the fifth year this advance is still greater, and in the sixth the maxi- mum impairment is reached, and the greater part of the advantages of selection disappear. When the ratios for middle life are examined, the progressive decline of selection is found to be slower. In the second year, the ratio is 1.15 ; in the third, 1.29; in the fourth, 1.36, and in the fifth, 1.42, and at no age does it exceed 1.65 ; and it is inferred from this that a considerable portion of the influence of selection has remained among this class of lives through every subsequent year of insurance. If the experience at the older and the oldest age's be" examined, this progres- sive advance in the rate of mortality with the year of insurance is still slower, and the ratios between the rates experienced and those for the first year of insurance are smaller than at the earlier ages of life, showing that the decrease of the influence of selection is less rapid than in early life, and that a much larger portion of it remains through the succeeding years of insurance. The conclusions therefore are: first, that the advantage of selection diminishes at all ages with the duration of the policy ; second, that it de- creases very rapidly among those who insure at the younger periods of life ; 18 and, third, that it decreases more slowly at middle life and among older insurants, and probably never entirely disappears. This will be found to be confirmed on an examination of the observations of the twenty Eng- lish offices, and also in the experience of the ten Scotch offices in these four periods of life. So that it would seem to be fully established that these three propositions are true laws of the mortality of insured lives. Their bearing on some of the practical questions of insurance is of importance. In determining the proper charges to be made for insurance, they indicate that the premium may be lower than is required by the average table deduced from the whole experience, because the receipts will be larger and the discount on future payment for losses by death greater, than if these peculiarities of insured lives were not considered. Their effect on the distributive share of profits which belongs to the several members of a Mutual Company deserves a further examination, as it seems to change more or less all the elements on which the contribu- tions to surplus are founded. This is important, as this Company is dividing millions every year of its history, and the just distribution of these savings is demanded by the interests of its policy-holders, and desired by its officers. Turn now to the history of entrants between ages twenty and twenty-four. In Table XV. these show great peculiarities, and to ex- hibit them in all their force, Tables XXII. and XXIII. were prepared from the observations of this Company, and of the twenty English offi- ces. They comprise a large number of exposures, especially in the earlier years of insurance, so that the experience is large enough to pre- sent results worthy of confidence. By examining the ratios of the Company's mortality to that of the English, which are to be found in the last column of Table XXII., it will be seen that the former is always below the latter, after the first year of insurance, and that the percentage decreases very slowly at first, and rapidly afterwards, so as to average seventy-two per cent of the 19 Eno-fish after the fifth year of insurance; which result accords very closely with what had been found to be true for all the younger lives under the age of thirty-seven. By referring in Table XXIII. to the rates of mortality for the Com- panv's experience for ages twenty to twenty-four in the second, third, and subsequent years of insurance, it will be seen that the advance is ex- tremely rapid : fifty per cent in the second year, ninety in the third, one hundred and twenty in the fourth, and in the twelfth year the rate be- comes more than three times that of the first. The increase in the Eng- lish experience is still more rapid, rising to more than four times the first year's rate in the fifteenth year of insurance. The advance in the rate of mortality in our experience for this class of entrants carries the rate higher than the American table at the sixth year of insurance, and thenceforward, with one or two exceptions, it continues above, to the twenty-sixth year, after which our exposures were too few to warrant an inference entitled to any confidence. The benefits of selection for these entrance ages decrease also very rapidly, measuring them by the standard of Dr. Farr's table. In the first year they are sixty per cent; in the third, thirty ; in the fifth, fifteen ; in the thirteenth and fourteenth only five, but this is the minimum ; so that some of the benefits of selection always remain among the young en- trants. In the English experience, the mortality of this same class ad- vances so rapidly that it rises above the rate of the whole population, and so continues from the twelfth to the twentieth year of insurance. SURRENDER CHARGES. TheTacts, as regards insured lives at entrance ages under twenty-five, require further comment. The impairment is so large that some other cause is operating besides the natural and normal forces which are at work on the general population. Such a cause is known to exist; for it is at this period of life that the withdrawals are at their maximum, as 20 shown in Table II., and the selection against the Company most power- ful and efficient. The ratios in this table are found by dividing the number of re- tirants by the number of years of exposure in each five years of life, and each five years of insurance. These retirants include those who have terminated their policies by lapse, surrender, or expiration, but are mainly of the first two classes, as for many years no term risks have been taken, except for endowments, and the terminations of the last had been very few at the close of 1873. From this it appears that the number of withdrawals is at its maximum in the first five years of insurance, and decreases with the age of the policy, and that this dispo- sition to retire is greatest with the young, and lessens continually with advancing years. Of the 9866 entrants at ages 20 to 24 inclusive, 3045 retired within the first five years, or more than thirty per cent of the whole number, and this percentage is much greater than at the older ages. Among these retirants the larger number were, doubtless, sound lives, and, if so, their departure reduced the vitality of those who remained below the limit to which it would otherwise have fallen. The very great number of withdrawals at these early ages makes the increase of mortality more marked than at other periods of life ; and although it would be impossible to give its exact measure, it is pro- bably a considerable part of the whole cause at these younger ages. It is an evident consequence of these facts, that those who retire should not be permitted to take with them their contributions to the tabu- lar reserve. This reserve was computed upon the assumption of a con- tinuous average vitality for all, not less than that predicted in the Mor- tality Table from which it was derived. Its function is to eke out the deficiencies in premiums which will occur in the later years of insurance. If by the withdrawals of good and the forced retention of impaired lives, these deficiencies are aggravated, those who cause the mischief must repair it. It is, therefore, proper that a surrender charge be made against those who, being in sound health and having the promise of long life, voluntarily withdraw from the Company, to enable it to make a read- justment of the reserve fund. The amount of this charge should vary with the ao-e at entrance and duration of the policy. But the large depreci- ation of vitality which has been found among those who have been a long time insured, and the expenditures which have been incurred in procuring and examining the entrants, and charged to the whole body of insurers, make it evident that this charge should often be no insignificant part of the tabular reserve. The rule which has been adopted by the Company for this purpose is founded on these prin- ciples, and the facts which have been developed in this investigation, in reference to the impairment of insured lives, have furnished new evidence of its propriety and justice. Certain it is, that the impairment of insured life which has been ob- served in the experience of this Company and of all others, is a proof that some charge ought to be made, and that the theory that all the com- puted reserve is the individual property of the*insured, to be demanded and received at will, is unsound and unsafe. Such a theory seems to make no account of the distinction, so well known to mathematicians, between what are called mathematical and moral values. Wherever there are business risks there must be corre- sponding cautionary measures, and the relation between these must deter- mine the moral value of business capital. A manufacturer of gun- powder who should put all his materials and operatives in a single build- ing might be ruined by a single explosion, whereas if they were distri- buted in detached parcels, so as to be independent of one another, a sin- gle accident of this kind might do him but little harm. In the former case the moral value of his capital would be small, in the latter compara- tively large, while the mathematical value, in both cases, might remain unchanged. And so it is with life insurance. It is a common remark, and as true as common, that nothing is more uncertain than human life in the individual, and nothing more certain in a large community, and a company having but few insured lives might have a greater ratio, mathe- matically, of assets to liabilities than another having more numerous risks; but the moral values in the latter case might more than offset any difference in their mathematical values. While the assets of a company might not justify a risk upon a single or a few lives, they might be more than ample to insure a large number of the same vital force, but suffi- ciently numerous to secure the benefit of a general average vitality. Moral solvency, in this case, would result from the multiplication of risks. Other things being equal, an increase in the number of assured lives increases the mathematical and moral values of a company's assets, but the latter more rapidly than the former; and, conversely, a decrease of the number of assured lives diminishes both of these values, but the moral more than the mathematical. Retiring members, therefore, not only impair a company's vitality by what is called adverse selection, but they also inflict an injury upon its assets; and while the company can not control the wills of its policy- holders, but must let them go when they please, it may and must take care that the harm from these sources be compensated by a money equivalent. The moral value of the assets will then be kept in proper relation to the altered condition of the company, and the requisite means secured to satisfy the future claims as they mature. Those who retire should leave the company no worse off than if they remained. The conditions of the problem are these: The company can not compel the policy- holder to continue the payments of his premium. The contract gives him no prescriptive right to a cash surrender value. But the company ought to give him paid-up insurance, and can base it upon his contribu- tions to the reserve fund, because so long as he -remains a member, he is entitled to consideration as a risk no better and no worse than the ave- rage. This being done, the policy-holder has received the full value of his payments, in the commodity in which the company deals. 2 3 But if he choose to retire altogether, another question arises: Will the company purchase one of its own obligations not yet matured? In this it must be governed by the equities due to persistent members. If it decide to purchase, the new paid-up policy should be the basis for the determination of a price, and the member who proposes to retire must be considered a risk quite as good as any in the company. i. What is the company's interest in this policy? Obviously, the present value of the sums which it would contribute, from'year to year, if it remained, towards the payment of death-claims on other policies. 2. What is the interest of the assured, or his heirs, in this policy ? It is the present value of the sum which they would receive at the death of the assured, and this is the present reserve. The difference between the two present values is the sum which the retiring member may claim, and which can be paid without injury to the interests of those who remain. ANOTHER TABLE OF MORTALITY. The very low rates of mortality in the early years of insurance in this Company, have suggested a table of mortality in which the experi- ence of these years is omitted. It has been repeatedly noticed, in the past discussions, that the rate of mortality increases rapidly during the first five years of insurance and slowly afterwards. The observations of these five years have, therefore, been excluded, and the result is Table XXIV., which was adjusted by the method of Mr. Woolhouse, and by the same mathematical formula which was used in the general table, thus forming Tables XXVI. and XXVII. Although Table XXVII. is based upon the limited experience which remains after rejecting that of the first five years, and upon a law of mortality which is, perhaps, not wholly free from doubt, and will, there- fore, need confirmation by future observations, it is, nevertheless, believed 24 to be a nearer approximation to the true law of vitality of assured male lives in the United States than any hitherto constructed from purely American experience. PRICES OF INSURANCE. The material facts of the Company's vital statistics having been made apparent, it only remains to show the modifying influences these facts would have had upon the prices of insurance, had the latter been regulated by them. Taking the graduated Table VII., constructed from the whole experience, and six and a half per cent interest for money, which is a trifle under the general average realized, the corresponding net annual premiums for ten thousand dollars of insurance, payable at death, have been computed and placed in column (2) of Table XXVIII. The Company's present net premiums, or premiums without load- ings, for this insurance, are placed in column (3), and the difference of these two sets of premiums, taken at the respective ages, in column (4). Had the Company charged only its present net rates—that is, rates without loading—the numbers in column (4) would have been the annual amounts available for incidental expenses, and for bringing the new reserves up to the present basis. These, according to the past history of the Company, would have been more than sufficient for the purpose. The same would have been true for other forms of insurance. So that the Company had, during the period usually allotted to a human generation, not only secured and safely invested its ample re- serves, computed upon a basis of four per cent^ interest for money and the American table, but also paid all its death claims and business expenses from its present net premiums. In other words, it had returned to its policy-holders, as over-payments, more than all the marginal load- ings charged for current expenses of business. This is a most striking proof of the economy and prudence with which the Company has been managed, and of the safety and wisdom of the recent recommendation 25 to the Board of Trustees to reduce its premium rates, action on which was suspended for extraneous reasons. At my request and by your sanction, this report was submitted to the scrutiny and judgment of Prof. C. F. McCay, LL.D., of Baltimore, a gentleman distinguished for his familiarity with vital statistics. He kind- ly undertook and performed the requisite labor to form an intelligent opinion, and to him the Company is indebted for many valuable sug- gestions, which were adopted and are a part of this letter. In closing this report, it becomes my duty, as it is my pleasure, to say to you, that much is due to the assistants in the Actuarial Depart- ment, for the zealous and intelligent aid they have given in its prepara- tion, and for which I tender to them my hearty acknowledgments. Respectfully submitted, W. H. C. BARTLETT, Actuary. Table I. Number exposed to risk, and number who died at the same age in different years of Insurance. NUMBER OF ENTRANTS. Years of Insur- ance. 2 | 47 | 3° 15 18 13 AGES AT EXPOSURE. O I 2 3 4 5 ^SDied- Exposed to Risk. Died. Exposed to Risk. Died. KxP?5f Died. to Risk. 1 ^xlOStd Died. to Risk. . Exposed D- , to Risk. , uiea- I O 23 2 0 0 J5 38 2 O O O 7-5 26 3i-5 i-5 0 0 0 0 9 0 14 0 22.5 0 25 O I | 0 | 6-5 17 12 2O.5 *9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 NUMBER OF ENTRANTS. 9 " 1 » 1 9 1 9 AGES AT EXPOSURE. y of Insur- 6 7 8 9 IO ance. Exposed to Risk. Died. Exposed to Risk. Died. Exposed to Risk. Died. Exposed to Risk. Died. 0 Exposed to Risk. Died. I 4-5 0 8 O 2-5 0 4-5 4-5 O 2 10.5 0 8-5 O 15 O 5 O 9 O 3 16 0 9 O 7-5 O I2-5 I 5 O 4 11 0 16 O 7-5 7 O 9 O 5 • *5-5 0 8-5 O 13 O 6 O 7 O 6 16 0 i3-5 I 8 O 12 O 5 O 7 1 0 12 O 8-5 O 7 O 10.5 O 8 1 O 9-5 O 5 O 6 O 9 1 O 4-5 O 4 0 10 1 O 4 0 11 • 1 0 ' ^ 3 ^ M M M M 3 5 0 S Oo to hh O vO Oovr OnOi 4^. Oo to m ? w to Oo to 0 X h 4^ oi 4i Oo vi On O VO Oi £o Ol Ol Ol Ol W Ui M Ol On to 0 • • • oooooooooo IT) O. z w to oo 4^ 4^ ° X . • ■ Oo 4- Oo Oo OnOi O^^J O 2o Ol Ol Ol Ol oo v» > 1-1 . 0 m • • • oooooooooo ft p. > . . h Oo 4^ V vO SE? H rt m to ii i-i OnOi 00 i-i i-i Oo Oo Ol Ol So in v 00 X rt o C M VO OC 0 rt • • OOOOOOOOOOh ft L-lJ b p- ►, M ° X m Oo Oo On OnvO — — — h Oi 4^ in O vi oi tovo Sfg oi oi oi oi ?r rt 4^ • & VO to 4^ 0 ■ OOOOOOOOmmOOo rt p. m Oo Oo o" i-i K> Oo OnOo 4^ 00 M M M w Oo 4^ Oo OOOi O vO M Oo Sfg • • Ol Ol Ol *-n> 00 • & • 0 d o Ol OOOOOOi-iOOiHto4^i-t ft Q. 4^. Oo to m O VO Oovt OnOi 4^. Oo to m Years of Insur-ance. • Oo m Oi VO Oo Onvi Oi CO OOOo Ol Ol Ol Exposed to Died. Risk. i i 1 M *4 ] > O W w > H W X rt o C X VI • • • ooooooooooo M l-l to 00 to On On4^. VI vi fjNOl Ol Ol Exposed to Risk. to M M • • oooooooooooo Died. m m m On to 4*. 4^ 4^- <-" OnOi o 4^ Ol Ol Ol Exposed to Risk. Oo VO • o o ooooooooooo Died. m OOo m Oo Oo 4^. Oi Oi *4- OcOOto o-. Ol Ol Exposed to Risk. 4* to On • ooooooooooooo Died. to to Ol Ol Ol Exposed to Risk. Ol 4^ Oo oooooooooooooo 2 rt' p. C 2 ffl > w bd rt r w o 1—1 rt 1 w v^ Z vi H rt 8 > «N Z ^ H w Table I.—Continued. NUMBER OF ENTRANTS. 142 * 2003 2588 | 3045 ES AT EXPOSURE. 385i Years AG of Insur- ance. 21 22 Died. 23 24 25 Exposed to Risk. Died. Exposed to Risk. Exposed i Died. to Risk. Exposed to Risk. Died. Exposed to Risk. Died. I 681 4 947-5 3 1240.5 2 1470 5 1856 8 2 658 6 "53-5 3 1602 12 2II2.5 15 2492.5 17 3 284 3 522 5 918 11 1299 14 1731 14 4 122 0 242 1 440 1 753 4 1080 6 5 56-5 2 114 1 215 1 369-5 3 622.5 6 6 32-5 0 5J-5 0 105.5 1 187.5 0 3«2.5 4 7 23-5 0 26.5 1 37-5 1 83 0 T34 1 8 9-5 O i9-5 0 20 0 25-5 0 46.5 2 9 2.5 0 7 0 13-5 0 !5-5 0 21 0 io 3 0 2 0 6 ! 1 10 0 M 0 n 1 0 2 0 1 i 0 1 • 5 0 8 0 12 1 0 1 0 1 2 | 0 1 0 5 0 *3 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 14 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 *5 1 0 i 1 0 1 0 1 0 16 1 ° 1 0 1 o* 17 t 1 0 0 0 18 1 0 Table I.—Continued. NUMBER OF ENTRANTS. 382 8 412 8 434 2 434 1 47i 7 AGES AT EXPOSURE. Years • of Insur- 26 27 28 29 3° ance. Exposed Exposed Exposed Exposed Exposed to Died. to Died. to Died. to Died. to Die Risk. Risk. Risk. Risk. Risk. I 1847 7 1990 7 2114 12 2H3-5 4 2291 6 2 3*71 x3 3157-5 21 3428.5 23 3637-5 20 3^59 !5 3 2054-5 12 2601 18 2621 18 2858.5 14 3094 23 4 1476 8 1778.5 17 2237 10 2271.5 14 2485 22 5 926.5 3 I259-5 8 *S*9 4 1920.5 15 1974 25 6 500 5 756 5 1026 12 I257-5 14 1570.5 9 7 225 1 387 3 583-5 4 774 5 972 4 8 74-5 3 J39 1 253 2 393 3 554 5 9 30.5 0 46.5 0 86 0 J72-5 3 284 1 IO 20 0 23-5 0 40.5 0 65 1 *35-5 1 n II 0 17 0 20 0 38 0 46.5 1 12 8 0 11 0 17 0 19 0 32.5 0 J3 5 1 8 0 8-5 0 16 0 14-5 0 H 1 0 4 0 8 0 6 0 x3-5 0 15 i.5 0 1 0 4 0 7-5 0 6 0 •16 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 7 0 17 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2« 0 18 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 J9 •• 1 0 1 0 I 0 20 ' •• 1 0 O 0 21 •• I 0 TABLE I.—Continued. NUMBER OF ENTRANTS. 4394 1 4353 4387 J 434 4 | 423 6 AGES AT EXPOSURE. Years --- of Insur- 3 [ 3< 33 3-1 35 Exposed Exposed Exposed Exposed Exposed to Died. to Died. to Died. to Died. to Died. Risk. Risk. Risk. Risk. Risk. I 2142 11 2121 4 2135-5 6 2122.5 J5 2069 9 2 4029 r9 3707.5 25 3766-5 26 3767-5 14 3754-5 22 3 3I°3 16 3473 29 3190 14 3242-5 20 3277-5 21 4 2688.5 16 2740.5 r5 3I02.5 20 2839-5 r9 2871 5 12 5 2126 20 2368.5 17 2418.5 12 2732.5 r5 2509-5 21 6 1657-5 12 1784.5 JS 2024.5 l6 2056.5 24 2320.5 21 7 1216.5 12 1325 12 1385.5 IO 1623 12 1663 l8 8 692 7 896 3 983-5 16 1002.5 11 1209 II 9 395 6 487-5 1 640 7 681 5 7i4 5 IO 220.5 1 308.5 3 367 3 494 6 548 4 ii 108.5 0 184 1 261.5 2 307-5 2 407.5 4 12 39-5 0 99-5 0 159 1 224 5 253.5 1 13 25-5 0 33 0 89 3 l39 1 200 3 14 14 0 23 2 31 0 81.5 1 I29-5 2 15 12 0 14 0 16 1 0 30 0 67-5 0 16 6 0 11 0 9 0 14 0 26 0 r7 7 0 5-5 0 9 0 7 0 11 0 18 , 2 0 6 0 4 0 9 0 6 0 r9 0 0 2 0 5 0 3 0 9 0 20 1 0 0 0 2 0 •+ 0 2 0 21 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 22 1 ° 0 0 •• 2 0 23 .. 1 1 0 .. .. tOtOtOtOtOtOMMMMMMM Oi 4*. Oo to i-i Ovo Oovi ONOi4i.oo « Ovo OOVt On Oi 4^. Oo to m M to Ol O VO Oo vo to Oo 4^ 4^ oi oo to to oo Oo 00 to On -£- VO Oo Oi Oi OnvO 00 VO vo O"4^oi « 42. ooi M Ol vo Ol tOOO MVJOl 00 OO O ONtO Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol to to to to to to 4^ Oo to 4^ Oo vj 0 0 oo On M M M H H to to to Oo Oo M Oo Oo 4^ vi oo Oo VI M Ol vo to Ol oo M VO Ol <) 00 oo M On 4^ M to Oo Oo oo 4^ vo vi VI to 4^ M to vj H 4^ o Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol O i-i i-i Oo Oo O Oo W M I-I M OO 00 O On to On O M OO M Ol OO M H to Oo Oo Ol On M 4^ vl to VI vn Ol VO oo 00 to M oo Ol On o Oo to M On to to to Oo Oo — Ol VO o to Ol vn o On to O o 0 4* 0 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol OOOO Oo vj Oo Oo 00 M M to to to to Oo M K M H to Oo Oo Ol Ol oo VO Oo vl to Ol vj oo O On X M Oo On I-I Ol 4*. to 4^ ON M -^ M 4^ J> VI Oo vn to •a M 4^ Oo 4^ to M Ol H On On to Ol hH 00 Ol to Ol to 4^ Ol Oo VO Ol VI Ol Ol Ol Ol On to fr p n Oo VO M M to to to to 1—1 d 0 0 0 0 O O O to 0 to ** 0 On Ol to O On Oo Ol M 00 Ol VO Oo M p. M _ to to to to to M W I-I to to Oo 4* 4^ On vj VO to VI M 4^ 4^ vl DC vl X to +> VO Oo M VO M Ol VI vj 4^ On oo vn VO to vo o vn O r+ T3 M +>. Oo 4*. vO to VO to Ol o Ol to O Ol VO Ol vj 00 M Ol vl Ol Ol vj Ol Ol On Oo On Ol Ol O Ol Ol *• o re P. 4^ 0 d M M to to to M o o O 0 O O M On H Oo Oo Oo to ON 00 Ol VJ 4^ Ol M 4^ NO to On Ol p Oo 4^ 00 O > r w S s ^ to to to to to to to 3» >< ocvj OnOi 4- Oo to m O vO oc —I OnOi +> Oo to M O vo Oovi OnOi 4- Oo to i n M to tO to to Oo W 1 H to to 4- 4^ Ol On vj vo Oo vi O to 4^ Oi o 4^ ii Oo vl () vl Oo vj to vl to *>. M M OOVI I-I 0 Oi Oo IJ to Oo vo OnOi to Oi VO Ol VO VO VI VO O Oo Ol On Onvo Ol Ol Ol Oi OnOi Ol Ol Ol O vo O Ol 4^ £° o re P- 4* M to oo oo d tO HH M M M tO O 0 O 0 O O H 0 Oo 0 Oo h" to On OnOi Oo VO OO tO HH Oo vi o Oo p. M W M 10 to to to M W 5~4j — to to Oo Oo Ol Ol Onvj vo Oo OnvO h to OnOi Oo M to OnvO -^ O 4^ --i vn () Oo w Oo O to vj NJ OO vl ON O Oo 1 to - vj Ol 00 O 0 vO to ON 0 O M to Ol Ol o i OCOl vl hi Onvj o *-° ° Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol ft p 4- vl • • o o o o 0 0 O 0 H M tO M HH M M Oi Oo Oo O Oo 004^. Oo Oovo O to Oo vj oi Oi Ol Died. M tO m to 0 vi 4^ Oi Ol Vj M Oo OnvO Ol Ol vj o Ol MWMIOtOtOtOM toOoOo4i.4i.OiOivivo to Oi Co O 4» toOo w to to 4^ Onvi Oo vo O Oo On OnOi O O to OnvO to OnvO OvjOovjoiOi oom OnOi OnOo Oi 00 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Exposed to Died. Risk. 1 4^ Oo • O O O O n 0 M M to 0 M H M M tO I-I tO Oo Oo Oi 4^. to Oo 4^. vi Oi h4> o 00h to 0 00 h to 4. to O Oo to Oo to M On 0 to to Ol H Oo VO Ol vO vl Ol l-l M M tO M tO 10 toOo4^4^4^t-nOivi oomOivi hvq O m OOO OOo 00mv04^4^Oi moo tovo OOOo Oo OnOi On to On On4^ viOoOi OvOOi to m Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol O vn Ol W rt * £-° o re p 4^ *4^ 0 O 0 O ih o o M o 0 to M M I-I M M M M m 4*. 4^. OOOi 00 to On Oovo Oovi vo Oovj Oo 00 2 re' P. to Oo Ol m 0 Oo vo m oooi Ol M 00 M Ol VO M tO OnOi On to Ol 11 M M M H M M 10 Oo Oo 4^ 4^ Oi On On 00 n Oo Oovi OO Oovo CN ON OOU 4^ toOoOiOoOo 00 "4^ OOvj vj Oi to to Oo On O O OOvi OnOo to Oo 4*. 4*. O O OlOlOl Ol Ol OlOlOl 0 to vj Exposed to Risk. 4^ Ol 0 O 0 O O to m O 0 to HH M M n n H M 4^ OnOi Oo to 4^ On4*. vo Oi Oo vj oo vj vi o 00 d re' a ■ z c § rt rt 70 O rt W z H 70 > Z H w > W rt Ootototototototo O vo OOvi OnOi 4>. Oo »t»on • i u * to ii O vo Oovi OnOi 4^ Oo to m o vo OOvi OnOi 4*. 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M M M M M t04i ONMV04iO0Ol ON4i- 4- vo vo Oo to 4^- O O 00 Ol Ol Ol Ol MMtotototototototoOoOo4i Onvi 00 Onvj OOVO m Oo 4i OnOo OnOi OOmOivioi m O 4n to ONtoOovj toOoOi mvo to4-4i 0001 O 4i- O m OlOlOlOlOl Ol Ol Ol OnOo 4i Oo Oo Oi Ol £°o y in ft a Ol 4* OOOtOMOtotooitoto M M OiOiOo4i4i ONtooi OnOO Onvi 4^ OnOo 00 to O0O1 to d re' P- M M M M HU+. 00vi to m 4i On Oo vt vo vi +, o OnOi 4i On m oi oi MMt0t0t0t0Nt0t0t0t0O04iOl OnOi OnOi oi to Os 00 O M to OOo toOoOiOi to ON4i OOOi to Ol OOOi Ol to 4i VO Onvj vtoi OnOOm OVOOiOivivo OOO 00 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol W 70 x T?° ° re P. Ol Ol OOMMOiOMtototoOiootoOoOitoOoOi OnOi vo 4i Oi 4i Oi O toOi m OOOo d re' a OlU IONMHIOHKHMNhhhhhhh m O vo Oovi ONOi 4i Oo to m O vo Oovi OnOi 4* Oo m O VO OOvi OnOi 4i. Oo to m o n to to m toOoOoOi4iOi O MVO tO MVI 1 Ol Ol On OnOo O vi m Oi vi 4* Ol Ol Ol 4i oi 4i 00 M Ol Vl ONVJ to to Ol Ol Exposed to Risk. 01 On Oo O toOoOiOi m ooo4i Oi Onvo 00 to m o O Ol Ol Ol 4i Onvj oovo vt 0 O to m Oo Onvj vj Oo Oo Ol Ol Ol 0 0 mOmOm4-Om to to 4^ M 00 M O M Oo 4i 4i Oo 00 On 00 OnOi vo 004i M d re' p. ' 4^ Oo Oo Ol VO VO tO OO M Ol 00 vO Ol rt 70 * |oo rt Ol vl 4- to to Oo 4^ OOOOmOoOo m vo Oo OOOi 4i M 0 Ol Ol 4i 4* Oo O" On OnOi OOvj 00 O to vj 0 4i Oo Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 00 ON ON M OO Ol 4i. ONto vO to vo Onvo vo Oi Oo O Ol Ol Ol > m O 0mmm04^oiOi M Ol Oo Oo M to ON O 4i. m to to 4i. vj 4x OnOo vo 00 42. to d re' p. O rt Ui > Oo Oo Oo 4i Oi Oo 00 to to Ol Ol vl Ol w re P. Ol 00 Oo 4i Ol to to On OnvO m m to Oi vi Oi Oi On OOOo Oo Ol Ol Ol to Oo to Ol 01 Oo Oo ON4i On ON4i Oo 4i. vt to 4i ON Onvo 4i4i m ONto OOOOivt OOivt 11 Oo Oo OlOlOlOl Ol OlOl Ol K X rt O Ui 0 o OmiomOmOOo M OO Oo m Oo On to to M 4i m to Oo On On ON4i Oo Onvi 4i to d 0' p C Ti W Oo to Oo m vo O O Oo to Ol £ w 70 x £.0 0 rt a Ol vo Oo to to4i4i-vioOMOMM O to On m O Oo 4> OOOo m Ol Ol Ol Ol m Oo to 4i 4i to 00 On ON4i OnOi Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol to Oo 4i Oi 4i OnvO Oo O M 04iVIt0OlM OOM Ol Ol Ol Ol o 0 OOOMOoto4iH M tO Ol to Oo Ol to to to to4i. to to OnOnOOi OnOi Oo M d re' P. +> O Oo tooivtvo O vo O O O O 004^ 00 to m on to O O Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol M M tO OO M O H+NO0 to 0 00 Ol Ol m to Oo M vt OOOi Ol VI tooo OOovtvo4iVi4i Ol Ol Ol to to m Ol vj vo to to vo Ol Ol vo vo Ol 1 Exposed | to Died. Risk. On O 0 0 O OOo h 4. oi toot 10 4- Oo to OnOo 4i 0 M h 4. 4. 00 tooo to Ol 0 On to Oo 4i 5 w o n MM |_||_|M MMMtOtOtOtOMi to to Oo Onvi 00 00 00 00 Oovo NOOMVOvOOOOvOlOtovoOtOMOovioivt Oo O 4- 00 O Oo oovj 00 OnOi m Oi vi Oi 4i m ii vo vO O O vO 4> m vi 4. \o to VO Oo rt M X tn O 0 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 0 O to m m OnOo to to Oo Oo to Oo 4. to m mOo m 4- Oi Oo O vOOiOj 4. OnOo On to H MMMMtOMMM n to Oo Oi Onvi oovi vi vj vj vo O 00 OO Oovo vOvjvo 00to4i On 00 O 4i Oo to On oivi OoOnmvOvi to Oo to MvO 4> to to On4^- VOVO4-VIO0 to OvJOlVOV04iVO m 70 * Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol OOMwOoMOoOtotjO-t^toOoOtoOM^OoOototoOoOo On4* Oi to O m Oo M tO 4- Oo 00 VI Ol Ol Oi vi On Onvi On 00 OOVI vi vj vjvtto tO-fi MVO O 01 to o> to Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 00 VO 00 On 00 Onvi 00 m Oo 4i vi 0 Oo OnOi 4i Oi Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol vj to On to Ol Ol VJ to vo Oo O OOVO Ol Exposed to Risk. On Oo O O M to MOOtO O to Oo M m toOoto to M M to 01 to to 00 Oo to 4i to Oo tO M to d re' p On hi to M Ol Ol 4-to 4i. Oi Oi Oi On On On OnOi OnOi vi 4* 004> OiOo Oi OOVOA Onvi vO Ol Ol Ol vj to Ol On OnOi On Onvi vo to O O 0 Oi Oi to to vo On OnOo 0 Ol Ol Ol O 00 OnOo OOOi Ol 0 Ol W £-° ° rr yi re p. On 4^> 0 0 0 - tOMtoiM4iMOOioioi4i to m 0 O Oo to Oo OnOo Ol 00 4i to to M 2 re' p. to M tO OOVO Oo to 4i4i.4iOioi ONON4i.oi4i onOiOi Oi 4i. On OOOi m 4i On Onvo vi vo m Ol Ol Ol Ol OnOi Oi 4i Oi On OOvj O to Oo 4i. Oo OvOOo Ol Ol Ol Ol OOVO O Oo Ol vl VO OnOi 0 M to 0 W 70 x re P On Ol 0 0 M 0 tOMMtOtOOOMMOoOO ONOO 0 QMMMO0O0M4i Oo 4i 4i On to M d re" p. c a K 70 O rt w H 70 > z mJ > rt r1 rt D m u vy uov, onui^Oo to m o vo OOv, OnOi 4i Oo to m o vo Oovi OnOi -i> Oo to ret; 1 t/ m to toOoOoOi4^4iOi4i4i4iOiOi4iOi4i4i.OoOoOo On-U onvj oa a t , onv, to vj m 01 00 onvo vooioo 0 m o-r-oovl ^bv, on'SnoYvj c^ol moom ^n on ^ <-" ^^ 01010101010101 W wo g SN If) re P. ON On > O w Ui > H H X rt O C/J C 73 W M 4i to O M M M O On OMMOMOOitototototoOo4^totoOMMOOototoooto4i4iMtoOO 2 re' p m to to toooOo-fiOi4iOoOo4i4iOo4i4i4iOo to to 4* to a oi 01 a a 00 m VQh t0NM4>4>4>»0O00OO0UJ ONVO to A Oo 00 OnOo 00 m OO M Si M Ui Jo vo 01 01 01 oi 01 oi 01 01 01 01 oioi 01 01 oi 01 Exposed j to Died. Risk. On vj MOMOMtOtOOlMMM4^MtOtOtOMOOtOMMM4il100000MOO r „ £ Jv.N,K>,K>0J-fe.Cii,0j Ml^>^> N>4iO0O0 to tO tOOo M NO0 AO0O0O0 M M Oi4i ONtoOoOi m On OnOi tooivtvo O VO VO VO Oo Oo m Ov4i Oo m 01 vo to to OOOi Ol Ol OlOlOl OlOl OlOl OlOl W 70 £ WO 0 ?? UI re p On 00 OtOMOMMMOOOOtOMtOOOOOOMMtOOoOOOOMMOMOOMMOO Died. MMtOtOOOtOOOtOOOtOtOOoOOOOtOMtOtOMMtOtOtOOOOOMIIII OOVI On On to Ovo OOO M O OOOO M tOOl A VO M t04i 03H A 00M O M OOMOl Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol W £.0 0 p ON VO OOOMOM^tOtOMMOOOtOMOOMtOOMOOOMOMMOOO d re' p. MMMOOtOtOtOtOtOMtOtOOOtOMMtOMMMMMtOtOMMM to 00 O OOOo O 4^ vi O MA OnOi vi m 00 ONVO O to Ov4i OovOOi OoOvj 0 VO OJ '-n Ol Ol Ol W « 0 0 ?r y) re P VI O OMOMOOoOMOMOOMtOMMtOMtOOMQMOOtOOtOOOOO d re' p m o vo Oovi OnOi 4^ Oo to m O vo OOvi OnOi aoo m h ovo 00vi OnOi au to m Years of Insur-ance. MMtOMtOMtOMwtOtOtOtOMMMMMW MWtO M Oi Oo Oo O OVO a OOOi 014^ to4i OOO to OnOOO O mvo aoi O 00 OnvO Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol no On to Ol rt >->• i-»-*U £.0 o n> P. VI M > O w UI > H rt X rt o Ui C 73 W Ol M OOMOOOMOtOMOtOMOOOOOMMOOOMOOMOtOOO OOO d re' p. MMMMtOMMMtOtOMMMMM MM 11 0 On On 00 to OOOi 04^4i OOO to 4i m to 4i O OnvO vi 00 to Oo Oi 4i oovo Ol Ol Ol OnOi Ol 73 x £° 8 re p. VI to OOOOMOONMtOMtotoOOoMOOMOMOOtoOOMOO MOO d re' p MMMMMMMtO M M 4i to to 00 On Onvi to Oo 4i. 4*. h vO NO vO to 004i vt vi 004i OOOo to OOVO Oi Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol M M W 70 x K'o o ** 8 rt P. VI Oo to M M 0 m o d re' P. M MM M M M t-4 h AOo 04iOo OVO m m onvo vj on m OnOo vj 4* 4i O a O Oi a OOOo Oi Ol Ol Ol Ol O to Ol W rt X £°° r* ui re P. VI 4>. OOOMOMMOOtOMtOMOOOOMOOOOMOMOOOM OOO Died. M MM M to to Oi Oo O OOOi 00 O Oo vt vi OnOOi to Ov4i 4^- O to O 4nOo vioo A o Ol M M Ol Ol *> £ £* ° rt P. VJ Ol OOOOmOOOmminoOmOOOmOmOOOOmmmmO OOO Died. OOOOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOMMIIMMMMMIIII m O vo Oovj ONOi 4i Oo to m O vo OOvi CNOi 4>Oo to h OvO OOvt OnOi A Oo t) h £ a < m A to on OnOi Onvo m Oo Ov4i. voOimOi^nnON OOo m to mOo O m m m OMOOMwOMtoOOOMtooOMOOOOOMOOOOOOO to m 01 Oi to Oo vt 0000 oi4^v!OoMOiooMOtoOtoOOOOoOMiiii OOOOOtoOoMOMMtoOOMMOOOOOOOOOOOOO MOoOotOMOoOiOo4^toOiOOMOotOMOtoOtoOOOOoOMwi OOOOmOmOOmOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO K 73 * WO p ,o o W WO p_ 0 0 OOOOOOmOOO O m o 0 0 0 0 M o o o o 0 OOO- • • Died. m to Ol to mOoOoOoOo mOiOo m Ol Ol to to m o to 0 " 0 0 0 0 o M O M '• '• • '• K 0 w X n o re P. VI VO z C £ hrl H W > 70 rt rt n rt 1 K i ^ vv H V. ^. rt V > V 2 ?v H 73 L Ol w SS43 w O o 7. Ui re a OOOOmOOOmOOOOOOmOOOOOOOmQm..... d re' P Table I.—Continued. NUMBER OF ENTRANTS 0 Years of __ Insur-ance. 81 Exposed to Risk. 15 16 I O 17 18 1 O r9 I 20 2 21 2 22 I 23 2 24 3 25 26 1 1 27 28 2 0 29 0 3° 1 3i 0 AGES AT EXPOSURE. NUMBER OF ENTRANTS. 0 1 • 1 • OOO AGES AT EXPOSURE. 87 Exposed TV , to Risk. UK'"' 1 88 Exposed 1 to Kibk. 89 90 91 92 Exposed to Risk. Died. Exposed to Risk. Died. Exposed to Risk. Died. O Exposed to Risk. Died. I O ° O 0 O I O O I 0 0 0 I O O O 0 O I O 0 0 0 I O O O O O I O O I O O O 0' 0 I O • • I I O O O O O I O O O O •• Table II. Comparison between the rates of retiring in different years of Insurance. Age Ratio of Withdrawals to Exposures DURING THE at Entrance. ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th Five Years. Five Years. Five Years. Five Years. Five Years. Five Years. 20 to 24 .103 .038 .018 .015 .009 .006 25 to 29 .078 ■032 .017 .014 .Oil .005 3° to 34 .062 •030 .018 .014 .OI2 .008 35 to 39 .058 .028 .021 .014 .013 .006 40 to 44 •053 .028 .021 .014 .014 .006 45 to 49 .050 •025 .021 .OIO .Oil .012 5° to 54 .047 •023 .Ol8 .016 .014 .051 55 to 59 •047 .014 .Ol6 .009 .025 60 to 64 •033 •033 •032 OoOotototototototo m O VO OOvi onOi 4. Oo OOVI ONOl 4- Oo to M O VO OOvJ ONOl AU 10 H h to 4> Onvo O 4- Oi On On O On On HHMtotOIOOlAAOl Onvi oovo O inMiitoOo4i.Oi Onvi 004i ~ to Oi vo OOVO vo 00 0\4i Onvo O to vj o Oo OnvO 4^ h\o vjuoiOi ASOi tovo Ov4i On tow VO vo On Onvo Oomaoo Onvj 004-00 oomvj M H a 00 OnOo O O vi to Oo n 4^ M M OONOlOlvlOJMA ONOVOAO. O To VO 00 ONVO vO -O 4> VO VO ^ OlOlOlOlOlOlOlOl m to to Oo Oo M M M tOOOOlOOtO OOONtOMOONON ~ ~ ^ w »o Oo Oo Oo Oo Oi ONOO OOOi Cn OOO to A vO VO A ii m 00 ONVO vi m Oi to Osvo On m oo to Oo Ov4i A vo VO vO Oi m m vo Oo mOiA to OOtovo Onvi kj 0000000000000000000000 OtOOOOOOMMMMWMMMIItOMMtOMtO vo m Avfj vQOi ON4i 4^-00 to O Oo A Ov4i m vo vo O 00 to OOOOOOOMO to Oo to Oo Oo A OnOOi O 00 OnOo Oo Oo 00 O A MMMMMI1t0t0t0O0O0O04i.4iOlOl Onvi vi oovo O i ON Oo 4i Oi On Onvi vo O to Oo Oi Onvo m 4i. vi o A vi tovi tovioo O Ov4i Oo A M A 004i to OVOVO to On O Oi mvoOo OnOo m Oi O vo to to Oo Onvj o ON4i OnOo On to .OO h Oo A vo vo Oo OOoOivo to p 4. A A en vo 0\ O A ooto 00 00 h oNhvja Onvo On OOOo vq vi to Oo 4^ MOiOi 41 A Onvi O Onvo AOovjvOOiAOimOoOi Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol M to M to tOOOOlOOi MMMMMtOtOOOOOOl Onvi 00 O Oo vt to OOVO to 4i. vi m m to to AOiOi Onvo O m Oo Onvo OtvO mvo A ON h to Oovo Oi OUOivO vOOi Oo oovt 4^ m 00 Onvo to m OOOo VtoiOivO O vO Oi OOovo Onvi m vt m oovi Oi O OOOOOOO OOOOOOO _ Oo 4i Oi 4i Onvj On On OOVI qo OOVO \D O h to to A ONOl Onvo OOOi VO 4. to m to vl OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0000000MMHMHMMMIlO0t0t0O04i.OlVlt0 Table IV. Mortality Experience of the Mutual Life, from 1843 to 1873, inclusive. Age. Years of Life Exposed. Actual Deaths. 0 to IO 648 2 II i 59-5 0 12 56 0 !3 53-5 0 M 58.5 0 15 79-5 0 16 116 0 17 167 0 18 273 1 l9 523 5 20 1011.5 9 21 1876.5 J5 22 309J-5 M 23 4605 3° 24 6337-5 4i 25 8319 58 26 io353-5 53 27 12182.5 80 28 13970 85 29 15556 93 3° 17144 112 31 18486.5 120 32 I9591 127 33 20599 136 34 21382.5 15° 35 22054.5 i54 36 22558 i73 37 22615.5 167 38 22466.5 172 39 22284.5 192 40 21951 181 41 21444.5 138 42 20684.5 144 43 19958.5 155 44 19032.5 179 45 18151 149 46 i7i59 172 47 15943 172 48 14809.5 161 49 13773 140 5° 1 12734 136 Ratio of Actual Deaths to Exposed. .003663 .009560 .008898 .007994 .004529 .006515 .006469 .006972 .005119 .006567 .006084 .005978 •006533 .006491 .006483 .006602 .007015 .006983 .007669 .007384 .007656 .008616 .008246 .006435 .006962 .007766 .009405 .008209 .010024 .010788 .010871 .010165 .010680 Probable Deaths. American. 474 231 140 018 573 819 Probable Deaths. New Actuaries' •675 L583 I.370 1.177 .654 •938 •93° 865 •996 630 . 722 801 .896 736 .802 716 • 763 775 .810 763 •79° 753 •775 757 .772 794 .801 781 •776 844 .822 800 •763 814 .766 899 .839 842 .785 643 .602 679 .638 738 .689 869 .802 735 .666 867 •77o .899 .786 .869 •754 •776 •673 •775 .677 Age. o to IO II 12 i3 14 15 16 17 18 l9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3° 3i 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 H o VOVOVO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOvj vjvjvtvjvjvivjvjvi OnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOn OnOi OiOiOiOiOiOiOiOi to m O vo OOvt OnOi aoj to m OVO OOvt OnOi A Oo N H o vO Oovi OnOi 4i Oo to m O vo Oovj OnOi a Oo to m m 11 m 11 to to Oo Oo A Oi Oi Onvi oovo O m m m m to Oo AOi OnOoOOo Onvo Oo OOOo vo Oi to vo 00 00 Oovi Onvi m MOoOoOivt O 4» Oovi 4i.4i.O100 Onvi Oo Oi 00 00 OnvO A Oi O OvONto to 00 OOOo to Oo Oo Oi Onvo 4i OoOvO to Oi Oo Oo to O Oovo 00 On O Oo Oo Oo 004i Oi to OnOo OnOi m vi vo to vi 00 M II to 10 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol MOMOOOOMQMtOtOOlOoOOtO MMMMtOtOtOt04i-4i.OlONONON On VO VO OOVO vo vO'Oo Oo to Oo Oo m to ON OOOi Oo OnOi h 41 Oi Oo VO OOo OOovioo O On OnOi Oi 004i 00 ■ 0 o • vO • On OOvj hOi 4. A O OOvO OOVO vt vt OnvO OOVO VO 00 On On 00 Oovi vj ONON OOvt Onvi on 00 • Oo Oi 4i 00 OOvj O O Oi vi m vt On OnOi m 4i. O O OOVO O1O1 to m h 4i Oo 4. OOVO 4*. vo vi . 00 OOOi to vt to 4i- vO Oo 4i OnOi ON4i m OnOo 00 O m OOoOi O OnOO Onvi m On 00 On m VOVOVO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Oovi vtvjvivivivtvtvtvt OnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOn OnOi OiOiOiOiOiOiOiOi to m 0 VO OOvj OnOi 4> Ui 10 h O vO OOvt OnOi A Oo N h O vO OOvt OnOi AOo to m 0« OOvt OnOi A Oo to h >< K rt -1 •d 0 0 p-r d > cr M O 01 to M M M O O M M O O O O O OOO O O 0 0 O OOOO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 w X O 0 0 1 OO 1 Onvi Ol Ol O 00 00 Onvi Oi 4^00 j> 4i 4i Oo Oo to to to to M M X) 5 O • 0 • ■ . . 0 • M VJ 1 Oo Ol vl 00 OnOo vi On m m On Onvi M M 00 4i Ol m OnOo vo vl Oi Oo vl t n M O ■ 0 • ■ . . 0 • 1 vo H vO VQ M VO vt On OnOi 00 to Ui A ON O to M VJ 1 vo Oi Ol M 00 O vo f/0 4i. re H O • 0 • • . . 0 • m 00 M U 4^4> Ji. vo to vi 4i. 00 to VO A A O 4i O O On 00 to On O ON OOVO vl vn VI 11 p. O • 0 • • . ■ 0 • M M 4i VO Oo 0 ON4i. m 00 vo Oi Ol OO VI vi Ol M O Oo OnvO Ol 00 to 00 to Ol O OOOo On O > M 1 M M M > 3 d3 rt 0 O H > r Ol . 11 . . • • 00 • Ol vj vj HOl A 4i O 00 O OOVO vj vt Onvo oovo VO vo vl vl vO OOVI vl vl VJ vn OOvj OOVI 2 po a" d 00 • 0 • • . . 4i . OOVO 0 OO VI vj Oo 4i 00 O Oo vt 01 Ol 4i M Ov4i oi 4i 4i O M OOVI VI 0 0 00 vj OOOo 00 » w o- •z en re H 3 >^*o O >rV3 ?£.£. H > w rt w < $ 8 Table V. Synopsis of Table IV., in groups of five ages. Years of Life exposed. Actual Deaths. Probabli : Deaths. Ratio of Actual to Probable. Age. American. New Actuaries'. American. New Actuaries'. o to 14 875-5 ' 2 6-57 4.18 -3°4 ' -478 15 to 19 "58-5 6 8-95 6.28 .670 •955 20 to 24 16922 109 134-49 116.78 .810 •933 25 to 29 60381 369 496.38 448.87 •743 .822 30 to 34 97203 645 838.83 817.53 .769 .789 35 to 39 111979 858 1036.18 1081.19 .828 •794 40 to 44 103071 797 1057.69 H33-72 •754 •703 45 to 49 79835-5 794 958.10 1087.66 .829 -73° 5° to 54 , 53771 668 824.01 93o.73 .811 .718 55 to 59 3°4I3 502 641.03 702.82 •783 .714 60 to 64 14577-5 375 447-25 480.40 .838 .781 65 to 69 5606.5 228 259-45 265.99 .879 .857 70 to 74 1808 108 128.20 128.16 .842 •843 75 to 79 414 4i 44.01 44.98 •932 .912 80 to 84 78 10 12.78 11.94 .782 .838 . 85 to 89 i5 1 4-37 3-37 . 229 •297 90 to 92 4 2 55*5 1 2.07 1.16 .966 1.724 578112.5 6900.36 7265.76 ■799 •759 Oi 4i O vo 4n 4^ a A K K 00 VI ONOl A Jo ■^•fe^^^^^^oOoOoOooo m Ovo OOvt On Oi 4i Oo to mo to to to to to VO 00 vi On Oi 00000000000000 00 000000000000VOV0V0VOVOVOVOVOVOV0 00 VO O vi oi 4i. to O to 00 m to m A Oo vO vO vO IO U A ^ 4i m 00 4i vt vj 4i o 4i O vi oo O 00 vl On On vj m vi 4;. O On 4i O Oo to 00 00 VO M VI 4i m On m m vo Oo O M M On to OO 4. 4i Oo m O vo vi vi Oi Oo OJ A A Ol Ol M vj OO VI 4i M m to Oo vj oo 00 00 00 op vi vj OO Oi Oo m vO Oi 00 VO On O O m OnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOi On Oi 4> Ot Onvi ON Oi a to w vo 00 00 00 vt vj vj vo Onvj ootooovovo 00 A vj Ovo 00 O 4i m h a q, OOOO m O O o O vo vo vo Oo vo On 0 00 vO vo vi Oo VI O 4i On to to Oo m O O o o o 00 vj 4i vo On m OOO O O O VI VJ ^J vj Ol Ol 4i oo vi 00 4^- Oo On vi Oi 4i On vo to Ol Oo OnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOn to vo vi oi 4i O On to On O Oo A vO A Oo oo 0 0 O On On Ol Ol O Oo tO M M 4* Oo Oo 4i vj o tO H M A VO A M vj vl Ol M O O o to VO Os Ol vl M CO o 0 o 0 0 o 0 o o o O n O n n M o o o o o o o o O O O n n u VO VO oo oo oo 00 oo oo vj vt vj o On Oo NO v| Ol Oo to o OC Ol Oo n n u VI to VO Ol Ol ON to On Oo 00 Oo vn n o vj On Os Ol 4i 00 o 4i Oo On Oo Ol to 8 fo v, to Mi 8 a. v. fA 8 H > 03 rt M < On Oi 4i Oo vivt OnOnOnOnOnOnOnCnOnOnOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOi m Qvo Oovi ONOi4i.Oo to m Ovo OOvt ON Oi A OJ to M Oo Oo Oo 4i 4^ 4i 4i vj O Oo Ol to -m Ol 4i to VJ O Ol Ol VI Ol VI VO to Oo -£> Oo to 4i Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol ONOsONONONONVt OOO t04i.vtvo MOo4i ON vi vO O M4i. 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On Oi OJ m 00 VI m On vi 4i 0 O On to to m 4i Oo Ol On 00 vO 4i 00 O m to 00 Oo On vo Oo O 00 vi Ol VO O 00 ON Oo 00 vo 00 Oo 4i 4i 00 On Oo vo 00 A A vO Oo VO to On to vi vl 00 Ol 00 OO 00 0 vl 00 00 VO vn vo o O O M M M vj M Os o 4i oo to Ol VO to ON VO to 00 to 4i Ol 4a M vl Oo VI O Oo 00 VO VO VO OO M Os 00 O to Ol O M 4i to vn Ol oo 4i vo 4i to Oo Os 4i to vj vj Ol Ol vO Oo vj On On vj 4i4iOiOiOiOiOi OnOnOnOnCnOnOnOnvi On 00 m Ol 00 VO vo vi 4i o Oo Oi On vj n vi vj On 00 O . m 00 On Oo VO ON Ol A A to 00 vo O 4i Os vj oo VO 4i 00 m 4i On vi vj Oj A M Oj m Oo vo 00 00 vt O Oo Oo Oo vlvjvjvjvjvlvlvl M N Oo 4^ Ol OnOnvi OOvj ON Ol OJ mvOvj OOivi4i OOOOOnm MVOOOVt4i.VOOl4i. Vtvjvt 0000000000 00VOVO 0 m m to Oo 4i.M0o4iMvi4i.o {> A Oo vO Ol vO U 4i 04^ O VO U A A A to to M 4i Oo to m o OO vl Ol Oo to vj m 4i On O vi on Oi 4i 4i Oo to vO so vo vo m to Oi On m m 00 O vo Oo m m O 00 to ON Oo O O O vo vo 00 00 O Ol M vj OO 00 00 4i 4i vi to O On 4i On On On On On On 00 ON Oi A Oj to Os vo 4i m O O OOO Ol A |s Oo OO A 00 00 Oo 4i oi vj 0 m to O 0 Oo Oo to to to to oo oi oo m 0 On Os VI M VO M 4i 00 to O oi 00 vt ON A A OJ Oi to O vo O m OO A Ol 00 to VI to M ii O O 4i vt m oi 0 O to m On vj On Oo to Oi vi O 0 O O VO vo On to 4i oi O O 00 00 00 00 vl vl vj NO Ol OJ O 00 m M VO M O » Os A OS Oo A tO VO M 10 to to to to to to to to to to to to Oo OC vn vn o i ** to to Oo 4i -fi Ol ON vl VI 00 vn vn o M to to Oo 4i Ol On Os vj oo VO VO O 00 OJ vn 4i o vl Oo vn Os to VO On Oo o VI Ol to vn vj 4i to vo vj Ol to O 00 ON Oo M vo VI 0 Ol vn oo o to Os to 00 On Ol Ol On 00 M 4i oo Oo 00 Oo vo On to VO Os Oo M 00 Ol Oo 0 to to to to to to to to to to to to to Oc oo vn o o M l~ to to Oo 4i 4i Ol Os On vl CO oo VO o O M to Oo Oo 4i Ol On ON vj 00 OC O vt 4i VO vo vo to vo O M On Oo O 00 Oi Oo On 00 m 4i v.L 8, > w r < 8 8' 8 ?v 00 CO VO NO O M M Oi vo 4i. vO 4i 0 00 00 00 vn Ol 11 oi o toOoOo4iOiOi OnOnvi OS 00 vO tototototototototototo O m to Oo Oo 4i. 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Oi to 00 m to m to oi to 4i 0 On no oi Oo M M 10 vj to 00 vj 4i O 4i O VO Ol Ol M Oo Oi OnOOOOoOi oom vimviOnvim OnOom VOOlvIOl OOtO ON A A vo ON 00 NO A vO Oj Oovo to to to oj Oj Oj A a 4i Onvo to Oi Oomoj OvooovioN4iOON to 4^ OnOsm Ovo 00 OsOovjvjvo OOivo . 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Average for whole time. at Entrance. ist Five Years. 2d Five Years. 3d Five Years. 20 to 24 •775 I.003 1-143 I .066 1 I .229 ■45° .879 25 to 29 .714 .983 .787 .848 1-055 I .000 .812 30 to 34 .716 .911 •93i .917 .806 ■731 .806 35 to 39 .694 .843 1.000 .860 -938 .969 •797 40 to 44 •723 .896 .880 •977 •936 •532 .811 45 to 49 .674 .801 •73o 1.126 .916 .516 .758 50 to 54 •73° •753 •74i .870 I .264 .871 •774 • 55 to 59 •633 .833 .869 .902 I. 189 .862 •747 60 to 75 .806 .781 1-105 .582 . 172 .833 .789 Table XVI. The influence of duration of Insurance on the ratios of actual to probable mortality, by the American Table. Age at Death. Ratios of Actual to Probable Mortality among Persons who had been Insured. 5 years or less. 6 to 10 years. 11 to 15 years. 16 to 20 years. 21 to 25 years. 26 to 31 years. 20 to 24 25 to 29 3° to 34 35 to 39 40 to 44 45 to 49 5° to 54 55 to 59 60 to 64 65 to 69 70 to 74 75 to 79 80 to 84 .810 .690 .689 •754 .662 .769 •673 .690 -75° .926 .651 .602 .861 i-i35 .984 •965 .807 .867 •837 .817 •757 •79° .782 1.124 •529 I.088 ■9°7 •930 ■877 I .017 .805 •799 •599 .921 1.096 .762 I.005 .917 .820 .911 I-OI5 I . 127 .831 •954 •347 1.098 .875 1.018 .803 .911 1.045 1-136 I .067 .742 .... •935 •957 .708 .980 .681 •5*9 .663 •763 Total Experience. •7J3 .877 .885 •927 •947 •75i OjOoOoOjOjOjOjOo Oj to O vo Co vi Os Oi Oo 4s vj Oo m O O 4- Ol to Ol M tO M M VO VO M M VO tO M M M M M 00 00 4- to vn 4s Ol vj 4s 4s On O O vl Ol OJ Ol M vo oi on 4s m ^ OOOOO OOOOO Oj to to Os 4s vi m vo vi o On to Oo 00 m Ol Ol Ol On OJ m vo oo oo OJ 4s Oj 4s Oo m 0 Oi 4s 00 VO 00 00 m 00 00 4s to Oo Oo Oo Oo O O Oo OS Ol 00 to Ol O O Oj On Oi VO OS 00 OS 4s NO 0 O Oo 4s On On On 4s Oo m oo OOO OOO Oo Oo Oo to M M Oo oi o Oo to M M tO tO 00 Ol M > re re g 3-3 ft £ 8 ft On, a rt rt X < VO to 00 OJ ON 00 00 Ol m ON Ol vi vo 4i to 00 00 M Ol to 00 Ol O On Oo m ON Ol A to Os Os Oi 4s Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 00 vl ON Ol 4s Oo to Ol Ol M O 4s 00 4s 4s OS Ol oo o Oo Os vj VO M Oo M M M tO VO M vj 00 tO vo 4s Oi 00 Oi 00 Ol Ol Ol OO Ol On vl vl VO 0 0 M 4s 4s On M to VO VO vl Ol 4- Oo vl Ol 00 M M tO OlOlOl OsONVOOl 000000 00 00 4i Oo vi On Ol 4s Oj 00 Ol 4s Oo Oj -n vo Oo On vo M O Os vo 00 OJ o o o o n o o o o o o o o 0 o o o o o o VO VO oo 00 vj vl OS ON On Ol Os o Ol o Ol M 00 4s M 00 to Ol to Oo VO VO M VJ vj 00 o o o 0 0 O o o o o o o o o o O 0 O o o o O o 70 p _n Oo Ol M to 4s o H M o M o o M M O o o M o o o o O Oo o On vj O oo M o 4i M Ol Ol () O vl .vo 00 M Ol VI vj On o Oo On Oo 4i tj vl 4i Ol 4s Os VO OJ VO Ol 00 to o VI 4s vj Oo Os 0 Oo Oo VO 0 0 vl Oo Ol Oo Oo vl Oj VO VI vj vl Ol VI vj VO M vt > > w rt K X 8 ft. 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Oo to O M 4 O mOi Ovt Onm to Oj OsOo 4s HOiOivtvO 4 to j?re mj 2. p -i p S-g. %y p ft'vS ui *-> ST Oi 4s 4s 4^4s4s4-4s4»4-4sOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOo to to to to to to to to to to m m m m m m m m _ iM OnOi 4s Oo to m Q vo OOM osoi 4s Oo to m O vo OOM OnOi 4 Oo to m O vo OOM OnoI £ £> £ " > trt) ft v. 01. 8- ft H tN > w ^ rt rt X X ?v < VOVOVO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Oovi vtvjvjvjvjvjvjvivj OsOsOsOsOsOsOsOsOs OsOi OiOiOiOiOiOiOiOi to m o vo oovt OsOi 4s oo to m O vo Oovt osOi 4s Oo to m O vo OOvi OnOi aoj to h OvO oovt OsOi 4s Oo to m m m m to Oo 4s Oi Onvj vo m Oo m mOoOoOivi OOo -oa m o O mOiOo toOi MMtototOOoOoOl OnvO 4s OO O OOO to O ONtovOvo Osvt m Oo O On O Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol m m to to toOo Oo 4 40101 Os Osvj ONOOMOi OOto Onm Osto OsmOi O O 00 OOOo 4s Oo 'O m to 4s OOOo Oo vo O MOo 4 VO to Oi vO mOi Os 00 O 4 Ol Ol Ol p* rt MOMOOOOMOMtOtOOlOOOOtO m m m m to to to 10O0 4 4 4010101 Os ON Os Os OS Onvo m H0i0i40o 4O0 OsO 00 Osvi O m vo Oovi m vo vo vi mmmmoOmmOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO m Oj m Osvj 01 os m 00 00 Onvi Oi4sOJ4s4i4sOJOotototototOMMMMMMMM mvi mOjvivOOi O ON OOi osvi vj vj oj to 4s Oi OsOo vj oo O Os Os4s Oovt 4s Oo to mvo mvOvo4sOi OOi to m to Osto Osvt O Os O Os4s Oo to OOvj V0vtv04s0i O 4 m to OoOisO 4 vt m to ONtovo ONOj OnOo to Oi Oo so OOmvj 10 -QtOOOOOMtOOtOVlM ONOO 00 O Oss© OOi O mOovi mvo mOi 0> > rt rt rt X X M-l S 00- Oivjvj hOi4 4 O OOOvt O Oovi onvo vo vo OOVO vj vj vo 00 Oovt vt vt vo O 00 00 00 4s ■ oovo O Oo so vO SO M Oi OOi tooo ONOnm O vt 4 O\004 4 ^O Oo Oo OOOi vo m Oi vi Oo OO14S to O OviooOovOOoOivo ON O M Oo 4s vo OOOi m on m 00 ON4s 0 M M Ol 3C3 re n ° ™ p a- p w 2. VO • Os OOVt m Os4s 4i O OOVO vt O COM Osvo Oovo Oovo vt on 00 Oovt onvi on Oovo v» vt vi 00 • OlOl 4 00 OvO ON4- to OsOo to 4s vi vi m OOOo O O tovovioovt oom OOVO O Onvi Oo vi . 00 OOOi to to m to O to OOvt m vt on to 004s OOOi 01 ON4s vj m ONO OsOOi4sOi 004s > a re 7 2 Ui *— ~. VOVOVO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOvj vjvjvtvjvjvjvjvjvt OsOnOnOsOsOnOsOsOs CnOi Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi Ol Ol to m O vo OOvt ONOl 4s 00 to m O vO OOvt osOi 4s Oo to m O vo OOvt OsOi 4s Oo to m O vo OOM OnOi 4s Oo to m > erq • Table XXV. Synopsis of Table XXIV., in groups of five years. Probable Deaths. 1 l Ratio of Actual to Probable. Age. Years of Life Exposed. Actual Deaths. American. 1 2.15 New Actuaries'. American. New ' Actuaries'. o to 14 227.5 I i-4S •465 1 .690 15 to 19 IOO 0 -76 •5i .OOO .OOO 20 to 24 763 5 6.07 5-42 .824 • 923 25 to 29 7616.5 70 62.85 57-6i I . 114 1-215 3° to 34 25883.5 221 223.86 218.78 .987 I .OIO 35 to 39 42646.5 375 395-32 413-42 •949 .907 40 to 44 48689.5 428 500.43 536-75 •855 •797 45 to 49 44329-5 467 533 605.54 .876 .771 5° to 54 33042.5 455 507.46 573-33 ■897 •794 55 to 59 20823 363 439-77 482.31 .825 •753 60 to 64 H053.5 295 34o.6i 366.06 .866 .806 65 to 69 4771 i93 221.57 227.27 .871 .849 70 to 74 1654 IOI 117.42 117.66 .860 .858 75 to 79 398 40 42-33 43-52 •945 .919 80 to 84 78 IO 12.78 11.94 .782 • .838 85 to 89 15 I 4-37 3-37 .229 .297 90 to 92 4 2 2 .07 3412.82 1.16 .966 1.724 Totals, 242095 3027 3666.10 .887 .826 Ol 4s +s- 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s Oj Oj Oo Oo OJ Oo Oj Oo C/J C/J to to to to to > 0 vo 00 vl ONOl 4s Oo to M O so OOVI ONOl 4s Oj to M O vO OOvi OsOi re VI VI vj vl Vt 00 00 00 oo oo oo 00 oo oo oo 00 oo oo OOVO vn vo SO vn NT) VO Ol ON vl oovo o o M to to Oo 4s Ol Ol Osvj oovo vo f) to Oj 4s Ol OOvj ON 4s to 0 VI 4s M oo ONOo M 00 On 4s to o vl 4s to vn vj Ol 4s Oo Ol Ol to Ol Os4i vl OONO VO M Ol O vl Ol 4- Oo O Oo 00 M 4s 4s 00 o o to Oo M M VI o Ol Ol Oovo Ol Oo 00 Ol NO oo O M 4s 4s 4s vn Ol vj 4s VO VO 00 00 OOVt vjvlvjvtvtvtvlvlvjvlvlvjvtvjvtvlvt 00 OOVO Oo O OsOo mvioo m m O mOoOi ONOOOO 00M OJ Oi Oj Oj vo 4s m 0 O m 00 O OsOo Oi O Oo m on OOOi vt 4 so to m OJ O OOi Os w 4 Oo o o o o O o o o o o O o o o o o o O O o o O O o n o M M M H M O o 0 0 o o o o o o () o o o o 0 o O o o O to M M o o vn VO 00 oo oo oo oc oo oovo VO oo oo 00 00 OOVI oo oo OOVO -H^ to vl M Ol to On o vl ON 4s Ol vl oovo o o 00 OS M to o NO Ol VO ON4N- OsOo 00 oovo Ol SO M vt Ol On 4s VI Oo 4s to On OS Os 00 o NO oovo to VI sO Oo O 4i OOVO Oo 4- OnOo VO to vl Oo Oj Oj NO vn Oo 4s OJ vj OJ Ol VI vt VI vt VI VI VI Os On Os On Os On Os On On OnOi Ol Oi Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol > OnOi 4s Oo to M o NO OOVI OnOi 4s Oo to M O vn OOvj OnOi 4s- OJ to M re to Oo vo to 4s Oi 4s M M 0 Oo Ol 4s Oo M Oo 4s 4s 4i 00 O Oo Oi M oo to Ol vo Oi vt vo 4 O ONCC 4s oi M O 00 o 4s Oo M OS Ol Ol to 4s. M tO OWO 00 4s Ol Ol Ol OS Os Os OOVO m Oo Oo m vO Os m O vo OOOi vi to vo OO Oo ON ON Os 4s Oi ONNO O Ol to 4s On On Onvi vt vt vj vt oovo O m to Oo to 4s Onvi OONO vo m to O 4s Oi to Ol Ol to to ON M OOvj VI 4s NO to to iT*1 to OO vo O 00 ON to Oo to VO to H to to to to vt Os4s Oo OsOi to to Oo Os Os to to to tO M 4s so OO Ol to M Oo to M O OOVI ONOl to O vo OOVI to ON oovt 4s O Oo 4s Oo to Ol On to to to OS 0 M VJ M M M 004s O O 4s oi 0 o vt to vt so SO ON Ol H^ M O O vo M 4s OOOOO OOVI ONOl Ol to to Oi os O O O 4s 4s OsOo O 4s O O Oo VO OOOOO Oo Oo to to to oi to vo vi 4s O O to to to O O 0 OOVt OOOOO M M M M M Os OsOi 4s oo 0 M to *M^ to to 4 Oo O Ovo 000000m OsOi vi o m o 4s Osh 4 4 mOi to OOOs OsOi OsVO 4s 00 O vi vo vi vt to m OOVO Oo 4 CO OOVI Ol Ol to vl vl oo VO vj osvo m oo vt vn On 4s Oi vi vi Os m m m 4s O vo OOOo 8 ft o^, I 8 V> ft. ^ is.* K, O-VS X X Oo Oo Oo Oo Oo OJ Oj Oo Oo to to to to to to to to to to > OOVI ONOl 4s OJ to O vn OOVI ONOl 4> Oo to M o VO OOvi OsOi 4s OJ to M 0 Crq ft 444s4>4»44i4i4'4s44i4s^4'4s4444s44s444s4440n OOVO vovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovo O vo O O O m m to to toOoOoOo4s4sOiOiOiONON Osvt vt vt 00 OO Oovo vo O 00 to Osvo Oovi m4s 00 to Oi vo Oj OsOOjvi o 4 OOmOi oo to Oi so to OsO 4s Oo m vo vi 4, m OOOi to 004s O Os to 004s VO Oi m on to vi oo OOOo vo 4s O ON4s vi vt 4s vi vo OOOi O 4s- Osvt vi OnOi tovo Os to vi tovj mOivOOo OsO Oi m On4- Ovio O OOo mOiOn Ocvn Oo vO vo Oo m ON OsOo Osvj Os to vj O toOo h 4 40 00 0) vi Onm Ovo m vo 4s Oi m O OO h 4 tovo 004s vt to O M vj vi 00 oo oo 00 oo 00 OO 00 oo oo 00 oo 00 oovo vn vn NO NO vo so vf) NO sT) NO vn 0 vo vo U M M to Oo 4> 4- Ol ON ONVI oovo vo o M to to Oo 4s Ol On ONVI OOVO o M 00 Ol to SO ON 4s M oooi to NO vl 4s M vn ON 4s ^H SO ON 4s to n v| Cn Oo M o Ol Owl vl oovo O HH Oo 4s On CO M 4s oo M ON M OS to 00 Ol Oo M vn 00 oo vn o Oj to U 00 ONOl Ol ON O vl ONNO ON ON o VO Oo -M Oo OsOi 0 o Os 00 ON 0 o vivlvjvlvlvtvtvjvlvjvjvjvlvtvtvtvtvjvjvtvlvjvtvjvlvtvj 0000 MOOOOOMMWMMtotoOoOJOo4»4sOiOiON ONM 00 Oono vo O m to vo 00 00 OOSO O m4.vjvoOom O 4VO A OOOJ vo Oj vo Oi O ON to 004s O o O O OOOO OOOO O OOOO O o o o o O o o o o o o o M 1 u O 0 OOOO OOOO O OOOO O o o O O o o n n n n n 0 00 oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo 00 oo oo oo oo oo oo 00 00 00 oo 00 OO sO OOvj vl ONOl Ol Oi 4s Oo OJ OJ to to to to to M M >H+ sO OOVO O Oo On m ON m vj 4s M OOOi Oo M O OOVI OsOi -A. Oo to to M M o 0 to 00 4s vo to O ON Os m o to 00 Onvi 0 OsOo to 4s vj 0 Ol o Ol to OJ Oo Oo Oj Oo Oo Oo Oj Oj Oo Oo Oj Oj OJ 4s 4s 4> 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s 4s u M to Oj -M Ol Osvj vl oovo vo O M M to Oo Oo 4s Ol Ol ON Onvi oo OOVO OOOi to NO ONOJ o vl 4s M oooi to oooi to oooi M 00 4s o vj f^o NT) Cn M vt Oo o 4s Ol VI vt Oovi v| ONOl OJ O 00 4s M OS to VI M Ol oo 4- Ol vl OOVO VO OoOoOjOjOoOjOoOoOo to OOvj onoi 4s Oo to m o vo tototototototototo OOvi ONOl 4- Oo to m o vo OOvi CNOi 4- Oo to m O s? v> 'N ft, 8 ft. *•> to ok OS H ^ ot 8- > ro r^ w ^ rt V a rt V. ft 8- 8 "^ 8 ft. OnOnOnOsOsONOsOs OsOi 010101010101010101444444444400 OOvt OsOi 4s Oo to m O NO OOvi OsOi 4s Oo to m O vo OOvi OsOi 4s Oo to m O vo 4i4^4i4^4i4s4^4i4^4s4i.4i4i4i4^4i4^4i4i4>.4^4s4s4s4i-4i.4i.4s4i.4i on onvi vivtvivivtvivivj oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo V VO O to Oo -O Oi Osvt oonO O O m to to Oo 4 40i0i ON 0\ Osvi vt oo OOsO vo to O Os m 4s On 00 Oovt OnOi to vo OsOo vOOi OOi OOi OOivOOo OOto Os O 4 Oo mOo O 4 vt OOovo MO vtvO vi m to OOi OOVO OOOi m ONVO to 4s Oi Oi Oi O 40jOi vt4 O vt4 ooioivt Osvj 4sto4sto004s4sto OOOi to Oo Os4s to vo Cs4s Osvo VO m m vo OOVO Oi Oo Oo vj ON to 00VO vO VO vr h4 OVO mvj to VO OstOVO Ovim ONto 00 Os4s 0000m OnmsoOo m m m OOOi vj m to VO m Ol 4 4 Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi ONOnOnOsOsOsOsOs Onvi vtvtvtvivivjvtvjvjvjvi vi oo O to 4s Oi vi oovo m to Oo 4s Oi ONM OOVO O O m to Oo 4 4 Oi Onvi vt 00 0 vO 00 On to OO to Osvo to Oo 4 0i0i0i40o to mvOvjoiOo O OOOi to O vt 4s to vo Oi O On m 00 Osvj o Oovo Osvt oivovovj h 4 A OJ O OnmOi OoO to 4s tooioi OoOOi h 4 m OOto 00 to VO 4 m oi O OOOo OOOi vi Os4s Oo Oo vt On m tOMMMMMMMMMMMMM 0 VO OOVt ONOl 4 Oo Oo to M M O O VO SO SO OOOOOO OOvt vtvjvjvjvjvivivj 00—l OsOiOiOi ONOO OOo vt m Osmvioo O vJ4 to O OOM Oi 4s Oo OJ to m m OOOo O Oo to Oi OsOo vt vi 4s On4s vi Oi vi 4s Oi OOOi Oi vi to vo OOvo O 4s vo Oi ^ > w rt w X X < OOOOO 4 4 Oo Oo Oo 4s O OsOo O 4s to Oi Oo 4s O On 00 to Oo M M Ol OO M OOO to to to vt Oi Oo M OOOi Ol vj Osvo vi vo OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOO m o o o o o o Oovt ONOl 4 Oo Oo to to m m O O Ovovovososovo OOOi 4 Oi ONOOto ONO ONto OOOi to vo vi 01 4s to m MVtvJ o Oi so m to so Oo H Oi Oo 4 VO VI v! 04s M Os to 004s 4 4 Oi^O OOO Ovi to ONMVOOiOo 00 OsOo vi to 00 to VO O O m to MMMMMMMMMMMtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOOO to Oj 4s 4s Oi ON Onvi ooso VO O m m to Oo 4 4 Oi Onvj vi OOVO O ONto 004s mvj4s h vi4 m OOONOo Ovtoi toso vi 4 mvo ON4s m OOOnOj O vi Onvi vo tOMOo OVO OOOOOOO to 4 vt O 4 vl mOivOOovi mOi oomOivi OnOsOsOsOsOsOnOs OsOi 0i0i0t0i0i0i0i0i0i444444444^0o COM OsOi 4s Oo to m O vo OOvj ONOl 4s Oo to m O no OOvt ONOl 4s 00 to m O vo > ttq NOVOVOVOVOVOSO>0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOvj vtvjvjvjvjvjvtvjvj ON vl ONOl 4s Oo to M o SO OOvj ONOl 4s OJ to M o SO OOvi ONOl 4s OJ to M o NO 0 O m m to to to toOoOoOoOoOoOoo>44444444444444 to OOto Os O Oo Os 00 O to 401 vi Oovo O m to to0o0o440i0i0i OnOsCn SO O Os OS to Oo m osvi vi4 vO OoOiOiOiOo mviOo OOOo vt m 4s vi O Oo Oi OOOJ vt m oovi vO ON OOOi vO vo On O to 00 to m Os O O On OnOi vO 4s Oi 4s vi oi ON OsOo vo to OsOOO OOivj mviOovj to 4 4 Oo OsO 4 VO 4O0 O mvo O 00 OOto to Oo 4 ON O 4 so ONON Os4s O 4s Oi 00 to Oj oi vi Oj 4s O O no 4s 4s m o 4s 0014s mvOOjOivj ON4sOo to MSOvt4sviviOi 4s OOi mvj m tovtoo Os-fs O vi vi OOOo 004s no no 4s vo m so to Oo to OOOo ON 00 to vo M M to to to 00 oj Oo Oo 4s 4s 4i to Oo Ol vj so Oo On 00 M 4s VI 0 to Ol vl O to 4s M to 4- VJ to OOVI vo 4s M O Oo v| to NO vj Ol Oo n O04s NO 4s vl NO M 4i O M M to 0 vj 00 ON O to vO O M 00 ONOO to to vn 0 Oj vl n Oo Oj 00 ONOl ON M ON to OONO O Ol ONOl Oo 00 0 SO 00 Os ON OC Onvo 0 4- M M M tO to to to to to to to to to to to to to M M Oo 4s Osvo M 4- vi vo to 4s Oi Osvj vj vj vj vl ONOl 4s Oo to ^ M tO Ol M so M VI VI M vl 4s m vi 0 O Os 00 Osvo vn ON m Oo 00 00 to 0 to OOVO M 01 Ol ON OS M Oi ONOl vo 00 oovi to vo VO 00 O to OOOo 4s vl ON Os OsOi Ol 4s 4s Oo Oo Oo to O 0 0 O O n O Oj vo 4s O Ol M v| Oo so Oi to VO ON4s m vo vl Ol 4s to M 0 vn OOvi 4s 1 OsOj OOOo vo Ol 00 Oj Ol VO ONOl VI M VJ Ol Ol Vj M Vj 4S to 4s On O 4s vo v t> NO to Ol OS to vl OOvi Osvo Os vi 10 O m OO Osvi Os m O 4s vn ON to 00 to CsO 0 >M+ oooi Os Os O vi M O VO vi 4s to m 4. Oo Os m Oi Oo to vo ON M vl O Os I- 00 to 4s to vi vo 4s so vi OOOi OsOi O Oo 00 OOvi M OnOo 4s M SO Oo to to to toOoOoOo4s4s4sOiOi Os Os Osvi 00 OCVO vt OOVO O to Oo 4s csvi vo mOo ON CO h 4 vi 04svj m OsOOiso 4 OOi m Oo OOOOOOO to Osmvi osOi vi ooioo toOo ONtovovo O 4 O 000004- O VOVOVOVOVOVOVOVO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOVI vl v! vl v) vl vl vt vl v) OS vt OsOi 4s Oo to M o VO OOvi ONOl 4s Oo to M o vo OOvi ONOl 4s 00 to m 0 VO 4>44»4s440o0o0ooo0o0o0o0o0o0o to to to to to Ol 4s oo to M O VO OOVt ONOl 4s Oo to M O NO OOVI ONOl > trq NO Ol OOVt OS ONOl 4s4sOoOototOMM Osvt VO tOOlOOtOVIM osto 004s m O O O vO vo 0 OsOo O vt 4s VO to s Actual Experience. > Oo Oo to Osvt to 0 00 to vo Oo OOOOmvOvOOo O O Osvo 4s VO M vj ONOl to to vt 4s Oo 4s vj Os4s 4s vi vo vo to CO n n 0 w c to vj M to to to to OsOi 4s Oo O O O m 00s American Table. 0 tO M O O VO 00 OOvt vj O0O1 00 h 4 ootovt M ON OsOi 01 4. 4s Os to vt oo so Oi 4s to H 0 to to 4s Oo oovo 4s 00 4s to Ol ON to tO ON4s Ol O VI 4s Os4s 4s 4s to 01 0 On 00 m On4> 4s VJ 0 M vt os 00 O M H U vl vi vl vl ON On On On ON ON ON OsOi Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 4s r? Ol 4s. to M NO CO OnOi 4s to M 0 OOVI OnOi 4s Oj M 0 vo 4i ►1 re 3 0 oc to ON M Os M m 4-> O VI 4s M NO vt 01 oj to O vo vn 00 VO 4-> Ol to Oo OOVt 0 Ol OO Ol VO Ol 4s 4s vt oj vo vo M 00 re ON On ON ON On OSOI Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 01 4s 4s 4i 4i _s > era re Ol 4s Oo to M O NO OOvj OsOi 4s Oj 10 M 0 vo OOvi ON w' ONOl O1O1444O0OOO0O0OO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO 10 to 004s O vt 4 to VO M Oi Oo MVO 00 ONOl Oo to m O O O Oo so Oovo to vt 4 to 104s ONOOl M 00 ONOl Ol m Oi OOSO OiOlOiOiOo OO 00 to SO 00 OOVO VO 00 On m 4 to 00 oovo OOiOiOi m o m to 4s 0001 oovo Oo Oo vj Os Os Osoi O1O14444400O0O0O0O0O0 to to Oo so Ol m OOOi to vo vt 4s to O 00 ONOl OJ to O VO 00 to M Oo OOOi 4s 01 OOOo VOVtvtvJVO to ONto 004s to 4s 00 004s Oo Oi Onvj 01 vo VO to vo 00 OOVO O O vo vi OOOOi-fsvO to 00 to Oo M to O0-ts 4s vt vj vt vo vo Oo TJ > ft 3 3 > H3 p re 9 2 m m O O O O O Ovovovovovo 00 00 OO 00 OOVt vt to m vo 00 ONOl Oo MSOVJOlOO mvo OsOi Oo m vo vi O0t0VO4s00OMMMMMO 4s Oovt ONO to Oo vj OOOstovj O VO O O to Oo Os 0 vo to vo O Os O I. COMPARISON OF THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF DEATHS, AT EACH AGE WITH THE COMPUTED NUMBER BY THE AMERICAN TABLE. 220 200 ISO 100 HO 220 Ayr 10 1.1 6 0 65 70 7 5 80 85 90 1)5 AU' devHituw.s TV. COMPARISON OF ACTUAL NUMBER OF DEATHS IN GROUPS OF FIVE AGES, WITH COMPUTED NUMBER ACCORDING TO THE NEW ACTUARIES TABLE OF MORTALITY. Favoret/>/*'. (Fv^it^'fL',- cfl/vr// blue,. \ RATIO OF THE ACTUAL MORTALITY TO THAT PREDICTED BY THE AMERICAN TABLE FOR EACH YEAR OF INSURANCE Percent American Table. LY reeii! Year I 2 'A -1 5 0 7 8 0 10 11 12 13 1-1 15 If, 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2(> 27 28 29 30 31 Year 77,'< bjvknt //'//<' ;r/>/Y\s-e///,s- //v r/o r ■vol 30 ; - ----- -V- — ■ — 20 '• ---- -- ----- 10 L____ i i i ! 1 I 1 Per cent 100 90 80 70 00 50 40 30 20 10 Year 1 2 'A 4 5 0 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1G 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Year ///<■ broken !/.//<' re/nrsen/s Y/a o/rY///// wo/Y,/ T>ir(«-..|.!iic<'uN> ✓ MIL. COMPARISON OF THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF DEATHS,AT EACH AGE, REJECTING THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF INSURANCE,WITH THE COMPUTED NUMBER ACCORDING TO THE NEW ACTUARIES TABLE OF MORTALITY. Firo/o/>Y< (te\74i/,'o//s C(,Yor<(Y blt/o . ?}, ■■■*&■■■. IX. COMPARISON OF ACTUAL NUMBER OF DEATHS, IN GROUPS OF FIYE AGES, AND EXCLUDING THE FIRST FIYE YEARS OF INSURANCE . WITH COMPUTED NUMBER BY THE AMERICAN TABLE. r>50, :>ooi 450 400 3501 ;{()() 2 50 200 150 100 lu/vora/Ye >/ T}»-.mp|lir<.,NY •/: HG qM993p 1875 60440090R NLM DSDIETTT 3 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE - .v • *-r*t *.. ..^jiffa^* n i- . ,r,.'' ,l.?'J; /. ;:■><# Jiv •'« *,* .■. - ■■ ^ £t V. '*•' P***. .. .,■... ,,,... rv ,,. "'.V'V-.l'' ;', [;.;•;»•:!.'.:. *j; wo. -;.,.'!■ ,ir; NLM050129993