A LABORATORY GUIDE 
- IN - 
MATERIA MEDIC A and PHARMACY 
- BY - 
HOWARD J. MILKS, D. V. M. 
Professor of Materia Medica'and Small Animal Clinic, 
New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University 
ITHACA, N. Y. 
ITHACA, N. Y. 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
NOVEMBER, 1916 Copyright, 1916 by H. J. Milks 
The use in this volume of certain por- 
tions of the text of the United States 
Pharmacopoeia is by virtue of permis- 
sion received from the Board of Trustees 
of the United States Pharmacopoeia! Con- 
vention. The said Board of Trustees is 
not responsible for any inaccuracy nor 
for any errors in the statement of quan- 
tities or percentage strengths. PREFACE 
This book represents in printed form, notes which have been 
used for several years in teaching Pharmacy and Materia Medica 
to Veterinary students. 
Since Veterinarians prepare and dispense a great many of 
their medicines, pharmacy is quite an important subject to them. 
It has seemed desirable to include discussions of the different great 
pharmaceutical groups followed by the actual preparation of one 
or more examples of each group. The author believes that instruc- 
tion in this subject can be better carried on in the laboratory than 
in the class room. 
The subject of Materia Medica is difficult to present more on 
account of deciding what to exclude than what to include. It is 
granted that there are many things in Materia Medica impossible 
and useless to memorize. On the other hand, students should have 
an opportunity to examine and become more or less familiar with 
the synonyms, origin and physical characteristics of the most used 
drugs, and laboratory work is believed to be the best means of learn- 
ing these things. 
The grouping of the drugs for studying Materia Medica is ar- 
ranged to correspond with the work in Pharmacology but other- 
wise is purely arbitrary. 
Finally the author desires little claim of originality for the con- 
tents of the book. He has drawn freely from other most excellent 
books on the subjects, such as Sollmann, A Text Book of Pharma- 
cology; Arny, Practice of Pharmacy; Edmunds and Cushny; Labora- 
tory Guide in Experimental Pharmacology. He would recommend 
these books to any who care for more extended information on the 
subjects. 
H. J. M. CONTENTS 
General Directions .• 1 
Chapter I. 
Pharmacy. Definitions, Pharmacopoeia. Dispensatories .... 2 
Chapter II. 
Metrology. Weights and Measures 3 
Chapter III. 
Source and Composition of Drugs. Gross Anatomy of Plants. 
Chemistry of Plants 9 
Chapter IV. 
Plant Constituents. Alkaloids, Glucosides. Resins. Volatile 
and Fixed Oils. Saponins and Sapotoxins. Gums. Tan- 
nins 10 
Chapter V. 
Incompatibility 15 
Chapter VI. 
Pharmaceutic Methods. Desiccation, Comminution. Tritura- 
tion. Separation. Distillation. Sublimation. Carboniza- 
tion. Solution. Maceration. Percolation, etc 20 
Chapter VII. 
Dispensing 26 
Chapter VIII. 
Pharmacy Proper. List of Preparations. Water. Solutions. 31 
Chapter IX. 
Mucilages. Syrups. Honeys. Emulsions. Mixtures. Mag- 
mas. Spirits. Elixirs. Glycerites. Coilodiums. Oleates. 41 
Chapter X. 
Infusions. Decoctions. Tinctures. Fluidextracts. Wines. 
Oleoresins. Vinegars. Extracts. Resins. Liniments. 
Powders. Triturations. Masses. Confections. Pills. 
Troches. Ointments. Suppositories. Cataplasms. Plasters. 
Papers 53 
Chapter XI. 
Unofficial Preparations. Tablets. Balls. Capsules. Drench. 
Electuary 80 
Chapter XII. 
Materia Medica 84 LABORATORY GUIDE TO MATERIA MEDICA 
AND PHARMACY 
The work in this course will consist of the examination of 
specimens, testing drugs and their more common incompatibilities, 
dispensing medicines, manufacturing pharmaceutical preparations, 
taking notes, occasional demonstrations and weekly quizes. 
In making tests use as small an amount of the drugs as is nec- 
essary unless otherwise directed as to quantity. Follow directions 
carefully and use the amounts specified. 
In case of specimens presented for examination note the form, 
color, taste (except poisons), weight, solubility and reaction. 
Form.-Liquid or solid, crystalline or amorphous, deliques- 
cent or effervescent. 
Color.-Light, dark, clear, cloudy. 
Odor.-Pleasant, aromatic, disagreeable, penetrating, etc. 
Taste.-Acid, salt, sweet, acrid, aromatic, pleasant, etc. 
Weight.-Comparatively heavy or light. 
Solubility.-Use a small amount of the substance in a test-tube 
and from ten to fifteen times its bulk of distilled water and shake 
thoroughly. If insoluble heat to the boiling point. Proceed the 
same with alcohol, acid, alkali, chloroform or ether. 
Caution.-Care, not to ignite the inflammable liquids. 
Reaction.-Dissolve a small amount of the substance in a little 
distilled water in a test-tube, heat gently and test the reaction with 
red or blue litmus paper. 
In the case of solutions, the darker should be added to the 
lighter, and the lighter to the heavier, at first only a few drops. 
Note any change that takes place before shaking. If there is no 
apparent result, shake the tube. If a precipitate forms, note 
whether it increases in amount or redissolves as more of the liquid 
is added. Note also, as far as possible, whether the results are due 
to physical or chemical changes. 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS 2 
Chapter I. 
PHARMACY 
Pharmacy is the science and art of preparing, compounding 
and dispensing drugs. The objects of pharmacy are so obvious that 
they need not be pointed out in this place. In order to have uni- 
formity in the preparations obtained from the different shops, prac- 
tically all civilized countries have standards, established by law, to 
which the drugs and their preparations must conform. 
Pharmacopoeia. The books in which these standards are 
given are usually called pharmacopoeias. The first pharmacopoeia 
of the United States was published in 1820 and is revised every ten 
years by a committee of physicians and pharmacists. The prepar- 
ations made according to this book are called official. The present 
Ninth Decennial, revision appeared in August and became official in 
September 1916. The pharmacopoeia gives, first, the Latin title 
of the drug, followed by the English name, official abbreviation and 
synonyms. A short concise definition of the drug is given. This 
is followed by the characteristics and tests by which the identity 
and purity of the drug may be recognized and finally in what 
doses (human) it may be administered. 
Since the pharmacopoeia is intended as a concise standard work 
of reference, it does not include all the material used in medicine nor 
does it go into detail concerning the drugs treated. Consequently 
in various countries other books have come into use, namely, dis- 
pensatories. 
Dispensatories are commentaries on the pharmacopoeia. 
They contain all that the pharmacopoeia states regarding official 
drugs and much added information. They also treat of other 
drugs not mentioned in the pharmacopoeia. There are three in 
the U. S.:-The National, United States and King's dispensatories. 
In addition to the above books, there is the National Formu- 
lary, which contains formulae not included in the pharmacopoeia, 
but 'of sufficient importance to render standardization desirable. 
It is published by the American Pharmaceutical Association. Prep- 
arations made according to this book are generally designated as, 
N.F. 3 
Chapter II. 
METROLOGY-WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
Metrology is the science of weights and measures. 
Weight is the sum of the attraction of gravity existing be- 
tween the earth and a body upon its surface, and in weighing we 
simply balance a substance against another known force. 
There are several standards of weights used in the United 
States, with which the physician, veterinarian and pharmacist 
must become familiar. Those most used are the Troy or Apothe- 
caries' weights and the Wine or Apothecaries' measures, besides 
which are the Avoirdupois weights, and Metric weights and meas- 
ures. 
Table of Avoirdupois Weights 
437.5 grains (gr.) = 1 ounce (oz.) 
16 oz. = 1 pound (lb.) = (7000 gr.) 
100 lbs. =1 hundredweight (cwt.) 
20 cwt. = 1 ton 
This table is never used in prescribing but is the one used al- 
most exclusively in buying and selling all solid and many liquid 
drugs. When we purchase a "pound" we get an Avoirdupois 
pound, or 7000 grains. If we order an "oz.", we receive an Avoir- 
dupois ounce or 437.5 grains as oz. stands for Avoirdupois ounce 
only. Many powerful drugs, like strychnine, morphine, etc., are 
usually handled in 1/8 oz. bottles, but these do not contain 1/8 
of an Apothecaries' ounce or 60 grains, but 1/8 of an Avoirdupois 
ounce or about 54.7 grains. 
Table of Apothecaries ' or Troy Weights 
20 grains (gr.) = 1 scruple (3) 
3 scruples = 1 drachm (5) = 60 gr. 
8 drachms = 1 ounce (§) = 480 gr. 
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb) = 5760 gr. 
The grain used in this system is the same as that of the Avoir- 
dupois, but the ounces contain 480 grains against 437.5 of the 
Avoirdupois, while the pound, lb. contains 12 ounces of 480 grains, 
or 5760 grains instead of the Avoirdupois pound of 16 ounces of 
437.5 each or 7000 grains. 4 
Of this table only the grains, drachms and ounces should be 
used in prescription writing. The scruple was used at one time 
but is largely in disuse at. the present time and is unnecessary. 
Furthermore the character is not easily made, and if made care- 
lessly or blurred may be mistaken for the drachm sign. 
Table of Apothecaries' (or Wine) Measure 
60 Minims (Tq) = 1 fluid drachm (f.5) 
8 Fluidrachms = 1 fluidounce (f.§) 480 ms. 
16 Fluidounces = 1 pint (O.) 7680 ms. 
8 pints = 1 gallon (Gong.) 61440 ms. 
To avoid confusion in the use 'of the Apothecary and Avoirdu- 
pois systems, the symbols, lb., §, 5, and 3 should be consistently 
used for the apothecary and the abbreviations, lb., oz„ gr., for the 
Avoirdupois. The abbreviation for the Troy pound is character- 
ized by the cross line drawn through the letters, lb., and should al- 
ways mean 12 ounces, while the Avoirdupois pound stands for six- 
teen ounces. The symbol § means an Apothecaries' ounce of 480 
grains, while the abbreviation means an Avoirdupois ounce of 
437.5 grains. The grain weight is the same for both systems and 
therefore, the abbreviation gr. will cause no confusion. The grain 
is, therefore, the unit for both systems and the term is derived 
from the old system of weighing, which required that there should 
be used a grain of wheat, well dried and from the middle of the 
ear. (head). 
The character f5 represents 60 minims, and fq is necessary to 
represent 480 minims. 
A minim of water weighs about one grain (0.95 gr.) but it 
should be remembered that a minim is not the equivalent of a grain. 
480 minims (1 f§) of water weighed at the standard temperature 
of 25°C. (77°F.) weighed 454.6 grains. The specific gravity of 
liquids also varies so that a pint of liquid is not necessarily a pound. 
In writing the apothecaries' weights and measures in prescrip- 
tions, the figures are written in the Roman system and placed after 
the symbol, as gr..XX not 20 grs. In printed matter the small 
letters are used, but in writing it is better to use the capital L, be- 
cause the small letter might easily be mistaken for an i. The ones 
should always be dotted and the last one may be written like a j; 
thus 3 iij. The fl. before the sign 5 or § is often omitted, but under 5 
no circumstances should the others be dotted, because in a hastily 
written or blurred prescription the pharmacist often depends upon 
the dots to differentiate an indistinct i from an 1 or a comma or 
period, or from an imperfectly formed v. Fractions are written 
as common fractions: gr. 1/10, not gr. 0.1. 
Table of Approximate or Popular Measures 
The popular measures are those usually found in the house- 
hold. They are very inexact, and should be replaced with measur- 
ing glasses or some other means of measure. A common method 
in veterinary medicine is to use homeopathic vials of certain ca- 
pacities, or syringes of known capacity. If spo'ons are used they 
should be filled so that the fluid stands level with the rim. 
The most common of these measures are: 
1 drop (gtt) ===== 1 minim 
1 teaspoonfull = 1 f5 
1 desertspoonful = 2 f3 
1 tablespoonful = 4 f3 (%o) 
1 wineglassful = 2 f§ 
1 teacupful == 4 f§ 
' 1 glassful = 8 f* 
It should be kept in mind that these equivalents are only approxi- 
mate. A drop is not a minim and varies greatly with the character 
of the fluid, and of the container from which dropped; there may 
be from 44 drops of syrup of acacia, to 250 drops of chloroform to 
the drachm. Teaspoons vary from 1/2 to 2 drachms, dessert spoons 
vary so greatly that they should not be used. Tablespoons, wine- 
glasses and tumblers also vary. 
It is usual in figuring prescriptions to figure from 6 to 8 tea- 
spo'onfuls to the ounce, a tablespoonful as one-half ounce and in 
writing these prescriptions these factors should always be taken 
into account so that the druggist will be able to use a bottle which 
will just hold the amount desired. Their bottles are 1/2 ounce, 
1 ounce, two, three, four, six, eight and sixteen 'ounces. 
Metric System 
This is based upon the decimal system. The unit of measure 
of distance of the metric system is the meter (M). (39.37 inches). 6 
The meter is divided into 10, 100 and 1000 parts, called respective- 
ly, decimeter, dm.; centimeter, cm.; and millimeter, mm. 
The unit of measure of capacity is the liter, 1. It is equal to 
the contents of a cube whose edges measure a decimeter and the 
thousandth part of this is a milliliter (mil) formerly called a cubic 
centimeter (c.cm. or c.c.). The unit of weight is the Gramme (fre- 
quently written gram) which is the weight of one milliliter of water 
at 4° Centigrade (39.2°F.) 
Greater or less quantities are designated by adding prefixes 
to the above. 
Table of Metric Weights 
1 milligram = 0.001 
10 milligrams = 1 centigram (eg.) 0.01 
10 centigrams = 1 decigram (dg.) 0.1 
10 decigrams = 1 gram (gm.) 1. 
10 grams = 1 Dekagram (Dg.) 10. 
10 Dekagrams = 1 Hectogram (Hg.) 100. 
10 Hectograms = 1 Kilogram (Kg.) 1000. 
Table of Metric Measures 
1 milliliter (mil ) = 0.001 
10 milliliters (mils ) = 1 Centiliter (cl.) 0.01 
10 centiliters = 1 deciliter (dl.) 0.1 
10 deciliters = 1 Liter (L.) 1. 
10 Liters = 1 Dekaliter (DL.) 10. 
10 Dekaliters = 1 Hectoliter (HL.) 100. 
10 Hectoliters = 1 Kiloliter (KL.) 1000. 
In the above tables of weights and measures, the kilogramme 
is used in commerce and is referred to as a Kilo. The gram, frac- 
tions of a gram and milligrams are used. In the measures of 
quantity the Liter and milliliter'and fractions of them are used. 
In prescription writing only two units, grams and milliliters 
are used, abbreviated Gm. and mil. In expressing the quantity of 
drug in a prescription in the metric system, the quantity is always 
denoted by the Arabic figure placed before the appellation. Frac- 
tional parts are always converted into decimal fractions. It is not 
necessary to write grams, or milliliters or their abbreviations in a 
prescription because it is understood that the former will be used 
as the unit of weight and the latter for the unit of measure. 7 
Table of Approximately equivalent Weights and Measures. 
1 milligram (mil) 0.001 = 1/64 grain 
1 centigram 0.01 = 1/6 grain 
1 decigram 0.1 = 1 1/2 grains 
1 gram 1. = 15 1/2 (15.432) grains 
4 grams ( 3.9) = 1 drachm 
31 grams ( 31.1) = 1 ounce 
500 grams (453.6) = 1 pound (av.) 
1 Kilogram = 2.2 pounds (av.) (2.2946) 
1/64 grain = .001 gram 
1/6 grain = .01 gram 
1 grain = 0.065 gram 
15 (15.432) grains = 1. gram 
1 drachm (apoth.) = 4. (3.9) grams 
1 ounce (apoth.) =31.1 grams 
1 minim = 0.61 mil 
16 minims (16.23) = 1. mil 
1 fluidrachm = 3.75 mils 
1 fluidounce = 30. (29.572) mils 
1 pint = 500. (.4731 L. or 473 mils 
The following table of approximate equivalents should be 
memorized: 
1 mil ir in • • 
j gram = lo-16 minims or grains 
4 mils 
zt = 1 fluidrachm or drachm 
vt gid111b 
30 mils n • i 
o-ramc = 1 fluidounce or ounce. 
OU gldlllb 
500 mils , n 
500 grams = 1 Pmt or P°und 
1 Liter = 1 quart 
1 Kgm. = 2.2 lbs. 
To convert grains into centigrams, multiply by 6.5. Thus 3 
grains multiplied by 6.5 equals 10.5 centigrams, or 10 grains equal 
65 centigrams or .65 grams. To convert centigrams into grains, 
divide by 6.5. Thus 26 centigrams divided by 6.5 equals 4 grains. 
Weighing 
In weighing a body we simply balance the force it exerts by 
its gravity against another known force. There are several types 
of balances or scales, spring, equal arm, unequal arm, and torsion. 8 
The first is not very exact but is handy for coarse weighing. In 
weighing small amounts delicate instruments should be used. A 
few simple rules should always be followed. 
1. Balance pans before starting weighing. 
2. Drugs should not be placed directly on scale pans. These 
should first be covered with pieces of paper. The opposite pan 
should be balanced by a piece of paper of equal weight. Un- 
less the pans are equally balanced in this manner, serious mistakes 
may occur in weighing small amounts. The object of the paper on 
the pans is two fold. It keeps the pan clean and insures freedom 
from contamination from some previously weighed drug. 
3. Balance accurately with material to be weighed. When a 
pointer is provided on the balance, it should swing an equal dis- 
tance each side of the center or zero. 
Always throw balance off center when through weighing. This 
stops the movements of the balance and consequently stops its 
wear. 
5. In weighing liquids, tare (weigh) or balance the container 
first. 
Measuring 
This is done in graduated vessels (graduates) graduated or 
measuring flasks and pipettes. The wider the vessel at the place of 
reading the greater is the liability to error. On this account 
greater accuracy can be obtained if the vessel is as narrow as pos- 
sible where the reading is taken. The minim graduate is not ac- 
curate for measuring small amounts, as a considerable amount of 
the measured liquid is retained in the vessel by capillarity. A 
minim pipette is to be preferred for this purpose and also for the 
fact that there is less error in pouring more or less than the re- 
quired amount into the graduate. 
The cylindrical graduate has the advantage that equal ac- 
curacy can be obtained throughout while the conical shaped gradu- 
ate has the advantage of greater accuracy for small amounts. A 
few rules for measuring should always be followed. 
1. Hold the graduate so that the top of the liquid is a hori- 
zontal plane perpendicular to the long axis of the graduate and have 
the top of the liquid on a level with the eye. 9 
2. On account of capillarity, the surface is always cupped, 
forming a meniscus. The reading should always be taken at the 
lozvest level of the meniscus. 
Chapter III. 
SOURCE AND COMPOSITION OF DRUGS 
Drugs are obtained from both organic and inorganic substances. 
The vegetable and biological preparations are obtained from the 
former, while the various metals and their salts, the composition of 
which is shown by their name and chemical formula, are obtained 
from the inorganic. The greater number, probably are derived 
from the vegetable kingdom or from plants. All the different 
parts of a plant may be used in medicine but the active principle 
to which their action is due is usually found more abundantly in 
certain parts than others. In such cases the part or parts contain- 
ing the largest amounts are used. The active principle may how- 
ever, be quite evenly diffused throughout, in which case the entire 
plant may be used. 
Gross Anatomy of Plants ' 
Underground Portions : These include the root, rhizome, 
tuber, bulb and corm. The root is that portion usually without 
chlorophyll and which does not have power to produce leaves. They 
sometimes possess a bark which is used separately, (Sassafras). 
Rhizomes are the underground portions capable of producing 
leaves, (Hydrastis). A tuber is a portion of the root greatly 
thickened which serves for the accumulation of reserve food ma- 
terials (Aconite). A bulb is an increase in size of the root leaves, 
(onion, squill) ; while a corm is the thickened lowest part of the 
stem (Colchicum). 
Portions Above Ground : If the entire plant above ground 
is used, it is termed herb {herba or species) and consists of the 
leaves, stems, and sometimes of the flowers and fruit. 
Stem. In herby plants it is termed stipes, in larger it is trans- 
formed into wood {lignum) and covered with a bark {Cortex). 
The leaves {folia) consists of a leaf stem {petiolus) and blade {la- 
mina). , There are also the flowers {flores), and fruit {fructus) or 10 
seed (semenis). Besides the above, certain drugs consist of the 
juices of plants and are without definite structure (opium, aloes') 
Chemistry of Plants 
The chief elements found in plants are Carbon, Hydrogen, 
Oxygen and Nitrogen. These elements usually 'occur in combina- 
tions as fats, carbohydrates, tannins, resins, alkaloids, glucosides, 
acids, terpenes, etc., together with inorganic salts. 
Chapter IV. 
PLANT CONSTITUENTS 
Alkaloids. Many of the most important and active plant 
constituents are alkaloids. They exist in almost all parts of a plant 
but are in largest proportions in the seeds and roots. They repre- 
sent, in the greater number of cases, the active principle of the 
plant from which obtained and many of them are classed with the 
most powerful poisons. 
They may be defined as natural nitrogenous organic bases form- 
ing salts with acids, i. e., they are organic substances contain- 
ing nitrogen, of basic character, uniting with acids without the 
eliminationi of hydrogen, forming well defined and usually crystal- 
line salts. The alkaloidal salts of the halogens are called hydro- 
bromides, hydrochlorides, etc., and not the bromides, chlorides, etc. 
They contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and most of them oxygen. 
Those containing oxygen are solids and comparatively nonvolatile, 
(cocaine) while those which do not contain oxygen are liquid and 
volatile (nicotine). 
All alkaloids have certain common characteristics. Bitter 
taste, alkaline reaction to litmus, strong physiological action, and 
leave no post-mortem changes. The alkaloids differ from their 
salts in solubility. The former being freely soluble in chloroform, 
ether, and oils, less so in alcohol and almost insoluble in water, 
while the latter behave almost exactly opposite, being soluble in 
water and alcohol and almost insoluble in chloroform, ether and oils. 
Experiments:-Solubility of alkaloids and their salts. 
1. Test solubility of quinine and quinine sulphate (alkaloidal 
salt) in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform. 11 
2. Add 0.2 gm. quinine to 100 mils of water in a flask. Shake 
flask. Note that only a small amount is dissolved, if any. 
Why? Test reaction with litmus and explain results. To 
above mixture add 1 mil of dilute sulphuric acid. Re- 
sults. Why ? 
Use above solution for the following experiments: 
3. To 5 mils of the above solution in a test tube slowly add 
a solution of potassium carbonate until alkaline. Results. 
Why? Acidify with dilute sulphuric acid. Results. 
Why? 
Explanatory :-Alkaloidal salts are feeble bases and are thrown 
out of solution by the addition of fixed alkalies and their carbonates 
which unite with the acid of the alkaloidal salt. The above pre- 
cipitate was, therefore, the freed alkaloid which is. insoluble in 
water. By the addition of the acid the soluble suplhate or bisul- 
phate was again formed. 
4. To 5 mils of solution from No. 2 add a solution of potas- 
sium hydrate until alkaline. Add excess of distilled water, 
shake. Results. Explain. 
5. Place 5 mils of the solution from No. 2 in each of 5 test- 
tubes and add slowly one of the following reagents to 
each. Note the formation of a precipitate in each. Test 
the solubility of the precipitates in an excess of water as 
in 4, and note results. Tabulate results. 
Reagent Color of Precipitate Solubility in Water 
Tannic Acid 
Iodine in potassium iodide 
Picric acid 
Mercuric Pot. Iodide (Mayer's Reagent) 
Phosphotungstic acid 
6. To 10 mils of the solution from No. 2 add solution of po- 
- tassium hydrate until alkaline, then add 10 mils of ether, 
shake, allow ether to rise to the top. Draw off ether and 
save. Add a few more mils of ether and proceed as be- 
fore. Acidify a small amount of the remaining aqueous 12 
solution with dilute sulphuric acid and test with mercuric 
potassium iodide. 
Explain your results. 
Shake the etheral solution with a little of the dilute sul- 
phuric acid, and test the acid solution (at bottom of tube) 
with the above reagent. Explain results. 
Draw conclusions from the above experiments. 
7. Boil 10 mils of quinine solution for a few minutes with 1 
mil of sulphuric acid. Neutralize with solution of so- 
dium hydrate, and apply Fehling's test for reducing 
sugars. 
Glucosides 
Definition:-Glucosides are those plant principles which when 
treated with dilute acids or submitted to the action of ferments split 
up and yield glucose as one of the decomposition products. Many 
but all do not contain nitrogen. A few are alkaloidal but most are 
neutral. 
Experiments: 
1. Test a 1% solution of glucoside (Use Salicin) with Fehling's 
solution. 
2. Add 1/5 of volume of dilute sulphuric acid to another por- 
tion, boil 10 minutes in a water bath. Render alkaline 
with solution of sodium hydrate and apply Fehling's 
test. 
3. To a third portion of the solution add a little saliva and 
heat at 40°C. for one-half hour. Apply Fehling's test. 
4. Apply previous reagents for the precipitation of alkaloids. 
Tabulate results. 
Resins 
These are solid plant substances, usually of an acid nature, in- 
soluble in water, soluble in an alkali and water and in alcohol. The 
definition of the pharmaceutic class "resins" is those plant pro- 
ducts soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water, obtained either as a 
residue from the distillation of an oleoresin or by pouring a concen- 
trated alcoholic extract into water or acidulated water. If they 
occur mixed with a volatile oil they are termed oleoresins, if mixed 13 
with a gum, gum resins, and if mixed with benzoic or cinnamic acid, 
balsams. 
Experiments: Use commercial rosin. (Resin). 
1. Test solubility in alcohol, water, turpentine, and boiling 
sodium hydrate solution. Explain your results. 
Volatile and Fixed Oils 
Oils exist as fixed and volatile, or essential. An oil is a sub- 
stance that greases, which leaves a stain when dropped on cloth that 
water will not wash off, a stain which renders paper translucent. 
They are termed fixed or volatile according to the permanency of 
this stain on warming, characters clearly defined by the name given 
to the two groups. Volatile oils are odorous principles, physically 
resembling the fixed oils but differing from them in being volatile 
and by being soluble in alcohol. To this group is due the odor of 
plants. They are called essential oils from the fact that they pos- 
sess in a concentrated state the properties of the plants from which 
they are obtained. 
Experiments-. Use oil of turpentine for volatile and cot- 
ton seed oil for fixed oil. 
1. Prepare 2 series of test tubes of 5 each. To series A, add 
1 mil of oil of turpentine and to series B, 1 mil of cotton 
seed oil. 
To No. 1 of each series add 5 mils of water. 
To No. 2, 5 mils of alcohol, No. 3, 5 mils of chloroform, 
No. 4, 5 mils of ether, and to No. 4, series A, 5 mils of 
cotton seed oil and tb No. 5, series B, 5 mils of oil of tur- 
pentine. Shake all and note solubility. Tabulate results. 
2. Put a drop of oil of turpentine on glazed paper. Results. 
Heat high over a flame for a few minutes. Results. 
Repeat the experiment using cotton seed oil instead of 
oil of turpentine. 
3. Rotate a glass stopper in the neck of a bottle of fixed oil, 
water, volatile oil. Note any differences. Which one 
greases the stopper? These bottles will be supplied. 14 
Saponins and Sapotoxins 
These are neutral nitrogenous bodies characterized by foam- 
ing with water, emulsifying fats and laking blood corpuscles. A 
few are glucosides. The term saponin is given to the least poison- 
ous of the group and sapotoxin to the most poisonous. 
Experiments: Use Tincture of Soap Bark. 
1. Shake a few drops of the above tincture with a few mils of 
water. Note results. 
2. Place about 5 mils, of cotton seed oil in a test-tube. Add 25 
drops of tincture of soap bark. Shake and note results. 
Add a little alcohol. Results. Is the emulsion perma- 
nent? 
3. To a test-tube add 5 mils of a 0.9% solution of sodium chlor- 
ide with 1/10% solution of saponin, then add two or three 
drops of defibrinated blood. Note results. 
4. Repeat the experiment without using the saponin solution. 
Gums 
Gums are amorphous transparent substances belonging to the 
group of carbohydrates. Some dissolve in water and others only 
swell up and form a jelly. All are insoluble in alcohol. 
Experiment: 
1. Test solubility of acacia and tragacanth in water and alco- 
hol. 
Tannins 
Tannins are the astringent properties of many plants. They 
exist chiefly as tannic and gallic acids. 
Experiments: Use 1% solution of tannic acid. 
1. To a few mils of tannic acid solution add a drop of ferric 
chloride solution. Note a green blue black color. Dilute 
until transparent. Add a few drops of sodium hydrate 
solution. Garnet color. 
2. Add a little solution of lead acetate to a solution of tannic 
acid. Results. 
3. Add a little solution of sodium hydrate to a solution of tan- 
nic acid. Results. 15 
4. To a solution of quinine sulphate add some tannic acid solu- 
tion. Results. 
5. Add a solution of tannic acid to an albumen solution. Re- 
sults. 
6. Add a little tincture of iron to compound tincture of cin- 
chona. 
Note :-Tannins occurring naturally in plants give a greenish 
color with iron, while pathological tannins (Nutgalls) give a bluish 
color. 
Chapter V. 
INCOMPATIBILITY 
Incompatibility means lack of agreement. It may be defined 
as that condition where two or more agents when brought together 
result in chemical decomposition, physical disassociation, or thera- 
peutic opposition. In some cases the change may be desirable, 
(White Lotion, Black Wash), make little if any difference or may 
be undesirable. The change may result in precipitating or destroy- 
ing certain drugs of the mixture, changing color only, forming new 
compounds without visible change or the ingredients may neutral- 
ize each other. 
Incompatibility is usually classified as chemical, physical. 
(Pharmaceutic) and physiological or therapeutic. 
Chemical Incompatibility occurs when a new chemical com- 
pound results (chemical change). It may, in general, be recog- 
nized in three ways. 1. Precipitation in which an insoluble pre- 
cipitate is formed. 2. Effervescence or explosion-evolution of gas,- 
and 3. Change in color. In addition a new compound may be 
formed without any apparent change in the appearance of the 
liquid with possible disastrous results. 
In order to avoid this form of incompatibility some knowledge 
of the chemistry of the agents must be understood. A good working 
basis is that substances are incompatible if used as tests for each 
other, or if they are antidotes. 
Physical or Pharmaceutic Incompatibility results in the 
production of mixtures of unsightly appearance due to physical 
changes. This is largely a question of solubility and often occurs 16 
when solids or liquids are added to solutions, thereby changing their 
densities. It occurs when there is a combination of such substances 
as are physically incapable of mixing. The most common physical 
incompatibilities result from mixing alcoholic solutions of resinous 
substances with water, (fluid extracts, tinctures, spirits, etc., ginger, 
Indian hemp, camphor), but may not in any way effect the action of 
the drugs. 
Physiologic or Therapeutic Incompatibility is where two or 
more drugs are prescribed which are antagonistic or contra-acting 
to each other in which case they may almost exactly neutralize each 
other or one may weaken the action of the other. Arecoline and 
atropine are good examples, yet no two drugs exactly oppose each 
other throughout their entire range of action and some latitude is 
always permitted. 
Incompatibility is a subject very much overdrawn and unneces- 
sary stress is placed upon it. Although it is possible to find a large 
number of incompatibilities for any active chemical, but few of 
these are ever likely to be encountered in prescription writing; and 
according to Bastedo, .of these few, the result not infrequently 
makes no practical change in the medicinal value or is deliberate- 
ly desired. According to the same author, the following are those 
most likely to be encountered in the practical use of drugs: 
I. Incompatibility Depending on Change of Solvent 
A. Precipitate when added to Aqueous Liquids. Substances 
in alcoholic solution and insoluble in water; as in spirits, fluid ex- 
tracts, and tinctures, especially resinous ones, like tincture of can- 
nabis, benzoin, myrrh. 
B. Precipitation tvhen added to Alcoholic Liquids. Sub- 
stances in aqueous solution and insoluble in alcohol; as solutions 
of many salts (sodium sulphate, ammonium chloride) and muci- 
lage of acacia. Mere insolubility as of oils or bismuth subnitrate 
in water, makes these really incompatible with the solvent. 
II. Chemical Incompatibilities 
Rule 1. Acids and salts of acid reaction are incompatible 
with alkalies and salts of alkaline reaction and the halogen salts. 
Rule 2. Highly oxidized substances, like chromium triox- 17 
ide (chromic acid), potassium permanganate, and potassium chlor- 
ate are decomposed by organic matter. Potassium permanganate 
in solution turns brown; dry potassium permanganate or chromic 
acid may take fire or explode. Potassium chlorate, when rubbed 
with sulphur, hypophosphites, ammonium chloride, tannic acid or 
other organic substance, will explode violently. 
Rule 3. Silver nitrate is incompatible with organic material 
and turns to black oxide or black metallic silver. With chlorides 
or hydrochloric acid it forms insoluble silver chloride. 
Rule 4. (Mild mercurous chloride) calomel is incompatible 
with sodium carbonate and lime water. With the latter it makes 
a black precipitate of mercurous hydroxide, and forms "black 
wash", sometimes employed as an application to venereal sores. 
Calomel is insoluble in water or alcohol, comparatively inert 
chemically, and bland to tissues. 
Rule 5. Corrosive mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) is 
incompatible with iodides, many metallic salts, alkaloidal salts, 
tannic acid, lime water, and albumen. 
With excess of lime water it forms a yellow precipitate of mer- 
curic oxide, and forms "yellow wash", employed as an applica- 
tion to venereal sores. When the mercury salt is in excess, the 
precipitate is red oxychloride. 
With soap, as on the surgeons hands, its antiseptic power is 
destroyed. 
With potassium iodide it forms mercuric biniodide. The iodide 
is of a brilliant scarlet color and dissolves in excess of potassium 
iodide. These two salts are often prescribed together to form bin- 
iodide. 
In albumen, as in white of egg or milk, we have the antidote 
when the drug is swallowed. 
Rule 6. Lead acetate decomposes alum and other sulphates 
and the iodides, and tends to precipitate many organic substances, 
e. g., glucosides, from their solutions. 
The admixture with alum makes Burow's solution. The pre- 
cipitate of lead sulphate should be filtered out. The precipitate 
with the iodide is lead iodide of a brilliant yellow. 18 
Rule 7. Ferric salts-(a) Make "ink" with tannic acid; (b) 
make blue to reddish or purple colors with compounds of the phenol 
group, siich as phenol, resorcin, salicylates, etc.; (c) make red color 
with acetates, and (d) form a dirty brown precipitate with alkalies 
or alkaline salts. 
Rule 8. Tannic acid is incompatible with alkaloidal salts, dry 
potassium chlorate (explodes), metallic salts, gelatine, and albumen. 
With ferric salts it makes "ink". For salts of alkaloids and anti- 
mony it is the local antidote. \ 
It occurs in many vegetable drugs, and preparations of these 
may not only precipitate alkaloidal salts, but may change the gelatin 
coating of a pill or gelatin capsule to a tough leathery insoluble sub- 
stance. Alcohol may prevent the precipitation, of alkaloidal salts 
by tannic acid, as in tinctures. 
Rule 9. Chloral hydrate decomposes to chloroform under the 
influence of strpng alkalies; and when mixed with camphor, men- 
thol, thymol, and similar substances, undergoes a physical change to 
a liquid. 
Rule 10. Alkaloidal salts are incompatible with-(a) Alka- 
lies-the precipitate is the pure alkaloid, (b) Tannic acid-the 
precipitate is the insoluble tannate, (c) Iodine, iodides, and bro- 
mides-precipitate is the iodide or bromide, (d) Mercuric bichlor- 
ide-the precipitate is the insoluble double salt. 
Quinine in addition is especially precipitated by salicylates and 
benzoates. 
All these precipitates are more soluble in alcohol than water, so 
may not show in tinctures and other alcoholic liquids. 
Rule 11. Glucosides are incompatible for the most part with 
lead acetate and tannic acid, and are decomposed by the mineral 
acids. 
Experiments: 
Directions:-1Tabulate results and so far as possible give kind 
of incompatibility and reason for same. 
1. Demonstration :-Rub a little potassium chlorate and tannin 
in a mortar. Students will not perform this experiment. 
2. Add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to a few mils 
of water in a test tube. Note any change. 19 
3. Add a few drops of a 10% solution of magnesium sulphate 
to a few mils of the following solutions: sodium hydro- 
oxide, sodium carbonate. 
4. Add a few drops of mucilage of acacia to a few mils of 
alcohol. 
5. Add a few drops of a solution of ferric chloride to 5 mils 
of each of the following solutions: sodium carbonate, al- 
bumen, acacia, sodium salicylate. 
6. Add a few drops of a solution of ferrous sulphate to each of 
the following solutions: sodium hydrate, potassium hy- 
drate, sodium carbonate, tannic acid, phenol, salicylate of 
soda, acetate of lead, albumen, potassium oxalate, sodium 
borate. Allow the last two to stand a few minutes before 
reading results. 
7. Repeat the previous experiment using a solution of copper 
sulphate instead of ferrous sulphate. 
8. Add a few drops of lead acetate solution to each of the fol- 
lowing solutions: sodium chloride, albumen, sodium sul- 
phate, potassium bromide.. 
9. Add equal parts of 5% solutions of lead acetate and zinc sul- 
phate. 
10. Add a few drops of a solution of mercuric chloride to each 
of the following solutions: zinc sulphate, quinine sul- 
phate, albumen, lime water, ferrous sulphate plus heat, 
potassium iodide, then add excess of potassium iodide. 
11. Recall experiments with tannin and mention incompati- 
bilities. 
12. Add a few drops of tincture of ginger to water, alcohol. 
13. Repeat the above experiment using spirits of camphor in- 
stead of tincture of ginger. 
14. Add a few drops of silver nitrate solution to each of the 
following: distilled water, tap water, solution of sodium 
chloride, albumen, potassium bromide. Allow the tube 
of distilled water and silver nitrate to stand in daylight 
for several days. Results. 20 
15. Add 5 mils of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride to 
an equal amount of alcohol. Then add an excess of water. 
Explain your results. 
Chapter VI. 
PHARMACEUTIC METHODS 
There are several processes in the manufacture of pharmaceutic 
preparations, and these vary with the nature of the crude drug and 
the character of the desired product. These processes are: 
Desiccation or Drying:-This is usually the first step in the 
preparation of crude drugs. It has three advantages, reduces bulk, 
assists preservation, and facilitates comminution. Drying was 
formerly done by storing in a dry, airy loft, but now most of it is 
done in special ovens. The degree of heat must not be high enough 
to destroy any of the desired or unstable ingredients. The next 
step is that of comminution. 
Comminution :-This is the reduction of the drug to smaller 
fragments. This process is now mainly done by machinery, quite 
similar to that used in grist or flouring mills. On a small scale the 
drug mill, which is similar in action to the coffee mill, may be used. 
The grinding has to be repeated several times in case of some drugs 
to get the powder fine enough. The mortar and pestle are used for 
friable substances. These are made of glass, wedgewood, porcelain 
and iron. 
Trituration :-Trituration is employed where a finer powder 
is desired than can be obtained with a mill. It consists of rubbing 
with a rotary motion, not pounding, the substance in a mortar with 
a pestle. Some substances will not powder alone but will if mixed 
with another substance (pulverization by intervention) sugar of 
milk. Sometimes the substance requires moistening, as camphor 
with alcohol. 
Certain drugs percolate better if used in a certain degree of 
fineness. They are, therefore, sifted and classified accordingly. 
If a very fine powder is desired of an insoluble substance, it may be 
mixed into a thick paste with water or alcohol and rubbed between 
two polished slabs, (Levigation) or placed on a marble slab, moist- 21 
ened with alcohol or water and rubbed with a muller. In rubbing, 
a circular or figure eight motion should be used. 
Separation.--This is usually the next step in the preparation 
of drugs. Its purpose is to separate the desired ingredients from 
the inert or undesired. It may be accomplished in three ways. If 
the desired ingredients are volatile, they may be driven off by heat. 
That is by distillation and sublimation. If the substances are not 
volatile, the separation is usually done by exposing the crude drugs 
to the action of some solvent in which the desired ingredients are 
soluble and the undesirable, so far as possible, insoluble. The 
third method is by mechanical means as in the case of fixed oils 
where the separation is done by pressure. 
Separation by Heat.-This method can be used whenever the 
substances to be separated have different boiling points, and are not 
destroyed by the necessary degree of heat. This process differs as 
to whether the fixed or volatile portion is desired and if the latter, ac- 
cording as to whether it is a solid or liquid. The different processes 
of using heat are; distillation, sublimation, carbonization, igni- 
tion, desiccation and torrefaction. 
Distillation.-This is the process of converting a liquid into a 
gas and condensing the gas back again into a liquid. The apparatus 
necessary is some receptacle for heating the liquid, conducting off 
and condensing the gas. The ordinary worm still is a good ex- 
ample. Its purpose is to separate volatile from non-volatile agents 
and for purifying volatile substances. It may be divided into frac- 
tional, which means a separation of a mixture of liquids, and destruc- 
tive where the substances are heated so strongly that they decompose 
and the volatile products which arise from the decomposition are 
saved. (Organic bodies as tar). 
Sublimation is a process exactly similar to distillation with the 
exception that solids are used instead of liquids. Usually the air 
is sufficient to cool and condense the vapors. (Benzoic acid, cam- 
phor, iodine.) 
Desiccation.-The object of desiccation is to drive off some 
undesired volatile substance from a solid. The fixed residue being 
the portion d'esired. If the heat is not sufficient to change the chemi- 
cal composition, the process is termed desiccation. It simply means 
drying. 22 
Carbonization.-This is the process of heating organic sub- 
stances under the exclusion of air. Its object is to change the 
chemical composition without oxidation. (Charcoal). 
Ignition.-This is the process of strongly heating a substance, 
usually in a crucible, with full access to air, so as to complete oxida- 
tion. Nothing but ashes is left. 
Torrefaction.-This means roasting. The object is to employ 
sufficient heat to alter some of the constituents without affecting 
others. Coffee, peanuts. 
Evaporation.-This consists in vaporizing a solvent from a 
solution. The object is concentration of the desired dissolved sub- 
stance. 
Solution.-This may be defined as the process of incorporat- 
ing a solid into a liquid state of molecular subdivision, the result be- 
ing a clear homogeneous fluid. In this case the molecules of the 
solid are diffused throughout the liquid, and are so widely sepa- 
rated that no solid particles are in any way discernable. In other 
words, the solid is liquified, and its molecules intermingle with 
those of the liquid, (solvent). Solutions may be classified as 
simple, chemical, unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated. A 
simple solution is one occurring as described above. No chemical 
change is made. A chemical solution where chemical action takes 
place. Unsaturated where the solvent contains less of the 
substance than it will dissolve. Saturated when it contains all 
that it will dissolve, and supersaturated when Some means is em- 
ployed to make the liquid dissolve more of the substance than the 
usual amount of the solid. Example, heat in most cases, or hydro- 
chloric acid with corrosive sublimate. 
The process of solution is applied to most organic drugs for the 
purpose of separating the active ingredients from the insoluble 
inert. The object is to dissolve the greatest amount of solid with 
the least possible liquid, (menstruum). It accomplishes two pur- 
poses. 1. It gives a strong extract and (2) wastes no menstruum. 
Solution may be employed in various ways. All are combinations 
of two extremes, maceration and percolation, usually in the United 
States of both. 23 
Maceration.-This is simpler than percolation. It consists in 
simply leaving the drug in contact with the menstruum under suit- 
able conditions, for a certain, or sufficient length of time. If macer- 
ation alone is used, a definite amount of the drug is placed in a con- 
tainer with a definite amount or portion of the menstruum and left 
a certain time, in many cases two weeks. The liquid is then strained 
off, the residue (marc) expressed and the mixed extract filtered. 
The piocess is influenced by (1) degree of comminution. The 
finer the drug the less time is required. (2) The higher the tem- 
perature the quicker the solution. Different terms are given to 
the process according to the degree of temperature employed. 
Maceration is at room temperature, Digestion at 30°-40°C., Decoc- 
tion at boiling temperature. The application of heat is objection- 
able in certain cases because it injures some of the desired constit- 
uents or on account of the evaporation of either the constituent 
or solvent. (3) Time. Usually the longer the better. (4) Men- 
struum. This must in each case be adapted to the particular drug. 
Percolation.-Percolation or displacement, is the process 
whereby a powder contained in a suitable vessel is deprived of its 
soluble constituents by the descent of a solvent through it. (Rem- 
ington). 
The solvent, which is poured on the top of the powder, in pass- 
ing downward exercises its solvent power on the successive layers 
of the powder until saturated, and is impelled downward by the 
combined force of its own gravity and that of the column of liquid 
above it, minus the capillary force with which the powder tends 
to retain it. A percolator is a vessel with a porous diaphragm be- 
low, into which the drug, in the form of a powder is introduced, 
and its soluble portions extracted by the descent of the solvent 
through it. The menstruum or solvent is the liquid poured on top 
of the powder. The liquid coming from the percolator, impreg- 
nated with the soluble constituents of the drug is the percolate. 
The first portion of the percolate is always more dense, more 
highly colored and contains the largest proportion of the soluble 
principles, because the first proportion of the menstruum, in its de- 
scent through the powder, has the first opportunity to come in contact 
with the largest proportion of the soluble principles which are to be 24 
found in the finer dust scattered through the powder, and in the 
thoroughly disintegrated particles, which offer but slight resistance 
to the passage of the menstruum. When successfully conducted, 
the first portion of the percolate will be^nearly saturated with the 
soluble constituents of the substance treated; if the quantity of 
the menstrum be sufficient for its exhaustion, the last portion of 
the percolate will be destitute of color, odor and taste, other than 
that possessed by the menstruum itself. 
The general rule in percolation is to moisten the powder. The 
reason for this is that most drugs are vegetable substances which 
in their natural state were moist. The process of desiccation has 
hardened and dried the tissues, so that they do not absorb mois- 
ture quickly, and when compressed, as they are when packed in a 
percolator, the resistance is still greater. If a dry powder is tight- 
ly packed in a glass percolator and water poured upon it, the water 
will penetrate the powder but a short distance. Its further passage 
is prevented by the particles which are immediately in contact with 
the water, which have 'become swollen to such a degree that they 
press tightly against the sides of the percolator, and thus entirely 
overcome the gravitating force and penetrating power of the 
water. If, on the other hand, the powder is moistened with suffi- 
cient water to satisfy its tendency to swell, before it is packed in 
the percolator, the addition of water is followed by its slow eolation 
through the mass without stoppage. A moist powder like a moist 
sponge greedily absorbes moisture, but a dry . powder like a dry 
sponge, repels attempts to moisten it. 
Care should be used in preparing and packing a percolator, 
because upon this process largely depends the success of the opera- 
tion. The powder should be packed firmly or moderately as directed. 
If packed too firmly the menstruum will not pass through readily, 
if not packed firmly enough the menstruum will pass through too 
quickly and the full strength of the drug will not be obtained; if 
packed unevenly, the menstruum will pass readily through one side 
of the mass and not come in contact with the other at all. The 
menstruum should descend uniformly and slowly through the drug. 25 
Directions for Percolation 
1. Moisten the powder and allow to macerate the specified 
length of time. 
2. Place a small tuft of purified cotton in the neck of the per- 
colator and moisten it with a few drops of the menstruum. * 
3. Transfer powder to a sheet of thick paper and pour the whole 
quantity from the paper to the percolator at one time. 
4. Shake or jar the percolator gently until the powder is level 
and leave for from 15 minutes to several hours according to di- 
rections. 
5. Pack the powder more or less firmly according to directions 
and the character of the substance and menstrum. In general the 
coarser the substance and the more alcoholic the menstruum, the 
greater the force may be employed. 
6. Adjust cork with tube in the neck of the percolator. 
7. Place a sheet of filter paper on top of the powder and hold 
it in place with a glass stopper or other glass weight. 
8. Pour on menstruum through a funnel reaching nearly to 
the surface of the paper. 
If the above conditions are observed, the menstruum will pene- 
trate the powder until it has reached the cork. 
When the liquid has reached the neck of the percolator, close 
the clamp which controls the flow of the percolate, and cover the 
percolator to prevent evaporation. Then allow to macerate as 
directed. 
To begin percolation, loosen the clamp sufficiently to allow the 
liquid to drop very slowly. 
Rate of Flow :-The Pharmacopoeia directs that in making 
fluidextracts, the rate of flow where 1000 grams of the drug are 
used should not exceed more than ten drops a minute: for official 
tinctures and other fluids of about the same strength, twenty drops 
per minute and the word slowly means a rate of flow corresponding 
to this. With the amounts of powdered drugs used in this course 
the rate of flow for fluidextracts should be about 2 drops per min- 
ute and for tinctures a.bout 3 to 4 drops per minute. 
Expression. This is the process of separating a liquid from 
a solid by pressure. It is especially used in pharmacy for the 
purpose of separating a liquid from a drug residue (marc) left 26 
after percolating or in separating fixed oils. The ordinary tinc- 
ture or fruit press may be taken as an example. 
Colation, or straining. This is the process of separating 
solid, coarse particles from a liquid by pouring through a cloth or 
strainer. * 
Filtration is the process of separating fine or course, solid 
particles from a liquid by pouring it through a finely porous ma- 
terial, such as a filter paper. 
Decantation.-This means simply carefully pouring off most 
of the liquid portion, leaving the rest in the vessel. By repeating 
the process several times and adding more solvent each time, prac- 
tically all the soluble material may be removed from the precipitate. 
Clarification.-This is the process of rendering turbid ma- 
terials clear and transparent by removing the suspended solid 
bodies. Often when the solid particles cannot be removed by the 
filter, they may be removed by agitating them with some insoluble 
powder, or by adding egg albumen, shredded filter paper and by 
boiling or by centrifuge. 
Chapter VII. 
In dispensing medicines, every attention should be given to 
have the package neat and attractive. While any bottle or paper 
will serve in an emergency, we should so far as possible provide 
good, clean,unlabeled bottles, not old beer bottles, whiskey flasks, 
or patent medicine bottles, and dispense them wrapped in clean, 
new paper. Powders should always be placed in uniform paper 
and folded evenly, then wrapped in a neat package, or better still, 
dispensed in boxes of suitable size. These in turn should be neatly 
wrapped. 
Powders-Chartae.-These are preparations of solid drugs in 
a fine state of division for external or internal use. Usually they 
are combinations of two or more drugs, and frequently one of the 
drugs only serves as a diluent or base. The drugs are usually 
mixed by triturating with a mortar and pestle although there are 
machines for this purpose. In mixing the materials, care should 
DISPENSING 27 
be taken to get the ingredients thoroughly and uniformly mixed. 
The mixing should be done by placing the smallest amount of the 
mixture in a mortar, triturating it with the next drug, then tritu- 
rate after the addition of each drug. When individual powders 
are to be dispensed, the required number of papers, previously 
creased should be placed upon the table and the mixture trans- 
ferred to them with a spatula. After all the mixture has been 
transferred to the papers, the amount in each should be equalized, 
so far as possible by the eye. This method of division at best is only 
approximate and for exact work, each powder should be weighed. 
Another very good method to divide the powder is to arrange it 
upon a smooth surface in the form of an elongated rectangle, and 
then divide this mass into equal portions with a spatula and trans- 
fer each portion to a paper. 
To fold powders.-This is learned very quickly and easily with 
a little practice. It consists of first laying the required number of 
papers upon a table or other smooth surface. Each paper should 
be provided with a fold at the top of equal size. After the powders 
have been placed upon the papers, the next step is to bring the bot- 
tom of the paper up to the crease already made. The flap of the 
crease is then bent down. Another fold is then made at the flap. 
Finally all that remains is to fold and crease the ends so that each 
powder is equal in length. They may be. equalized in length by 
breaking over the edge of a box or powder folder or the ends may 
be made to meet in each case. Papers may be folded upon either 
their long or short axis. Most people prefer to fold them upon 
their long axis although some prefer the other way for large 
powders. The chief advantages of the latter method is that a 
smaller paper is required and that the powder will be much flatter 
and consequently more easily wrapped. The following figures 
represent the various steps folding both on the long and short axis 
of the paper. Fig. I. 
After the powders have all been folded and smoothed down, 
they should be packed with the flaps alternating. This method 
of stacking saves a considerable amount of bulging and springing 
out of the powders under pressure. 28 
Fig. I. Folding powders. 
Pills and tablets should be dispensed in small envelopes, or if 
in boxes a small amount of absorbent cotton should be placed 
upon them in the box to prevent rattling. The boxes should be 
wrapped neatly. 
To wrap round boxes.-Fig. 2. Place box on paper, bring 
two opposite ends together, fold and make a crease about one-half 
inch in width. Then make a second fold on the first crease. This 
should bring the paper firmly around the edge of the box. Fold 
paper around the rest of the box and tie. 
Oblong and square boxes.-Fig. 3, are folded in much the 
same way. The first two steps are identical, except the ends are 
to be folded in tightly against the ends of the box. A string is 
then passed two ways around the box and tied. 29 
Packages.-Fig. 4. In folding packages, first bring up two 
opposite sides and crease evenly as in wrapping boxes. Fold 
this crease over on itself. Then temporarily close one end. Stand 
package on this end and carefully crease and fold the opposite end 
away from the flap. The package is then reversed, the other end 
reopened and closed the same as the first one. Tie around both 
Fig. II. Wrapping round boxes (after Arny) 
Fig. III. Wrapping oblong boxes (after Arny). 30 
Fig. IV. Folding packages (after Arny) 
ways. This is similar to folding powders, and is used by some for 
that purpose, although a uniform size cannot be so easily obtained 
as where the papers are creased. 
Bottles.-Fig. 5. To wrap bottles. Make the first two folds 
as in case of wrapping a box. The open edge at the base is then 
folded in flaps. The paper around the neck should be creased and 
folded in flaps. Tie around both ways. 
i 
Labelling.-Write labels plainly and neatly. 
Fig. V. Wrapping bottle (after Arny). 31 
Exercise.-- uispens.e all packages neatly wrapped and tied. 
R. Tonic for horse. 
Arseni Trioxidi grs. xxx 
Potassii Nitratis ® iij 
Ferri Sulphatis ex. 0 iij 
Nucis Vomicae 0 jss 
Misce. Fiant Chartae No. 24. 
Sig. One powder morning and night. 
Solution. 
R. Collyrium. 
Acidi Borici 5 jss 
Aquae Destillatae q. s. ad. 0 iv 
Misce. et fiat Sdlutio. 
Sig. A few drops in the eye every 6 hours. 
Capsules. 
Amyli grs. xxx 
Carbo ligni grs. xx 
Misce. Fiant Capsulae No. 10. 
Sig. Ad libitum. 
Laxative Pills for dog. 
R Pilulae Aloes No. 12. 
Sig. One in the evening or early morning. 
Chapter VIII. 
PHARMACY PROPER 
The United States Pharmacopoeia divides its preparations into 
certain groups which have been established by long usage. They 
may be tabulated as follows: 
Liquid Preparations. 
1. Solutions of volatile substances. 
Aqueous Aquae (waters) 
Alcoholic Spiritus (spirits) 32 
2. Solutions of non-volatile substances. 
a. Simple solutions 
Aqueous Liquores (solutions) 
Aqueous (Viscid) 
Mucilagines) Mucilages 
Aqueous Saccharine Syrupi (syrups) 
Mellifluous Mellatae (Honeys) 
Alcoholic Tinctures except tincture of 
Iodine 
Alcoholic Saccharine Elixirs 
Glycerinic Glycerites 
Etheral Collodia 
Oleaginous Oleates 
b. Made by maceration or percolation. 
Aqueous Infusions and decoctions 
Alcoholic Tinctures and fluidextracts 
Vinous Wines 
Ethereal Oleoresins 
Acetous Vinegars 
3. Liquids containing undissolved matter. 
a. Internal use. 
Aqueous with neither oil nor resin-Mixtures 
Aqueous with either oil or resin-Emulsions 
b. External use 
Oleaginous Liniments 
Solid Preparations 
1. Made by maceration or percolation 
A. Evaporation Extracta (extracts) 
B. Precipitation Resinae (resins) 
2. Made without maceration or percolation 
a. For administration by mouth in undivided portions 
Pulverised Chartae or powders 
Semisolid masses Massae or masses 
Semisolid (sweet) Confections 
b. Individual doses 
Globular masses Pilulae or pills 
Disk like doses Troches 
c. By rectum Suppositories 33 
d. For external use 
Greasy masses used as 
Plaster Cerates 
By inunction Unguenta (Ointment) 
Moist masses Cataplasma (Poultices) 
Sticky masses Plasters 
Spread on or absorbed by paper Chartae 
Tabellae-Tablets, 
Tablet-Triturates 
Tablets-Hypodermic 
Tablets-Dispensing 
Tablets-Compressed 
Tablets-Coated. 
Boli-Balls-(Sing. Bolus) 
Haustus-Drench 
Electuaria-Electuary. 
AQUAE 
Waters are aqueous solutions of volatile substances. They 
differ from spirits, which are alcoholic solutions, and from liquores, 
which are aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. There are 
twenty official waters and a general formula for aromatic waters in 
the Pharmacopoeia of 1910. 
They are divided into three classes according to their method of 
preparation: 1, Simple solution. 2, Filtration through an absorb 
ent powder. 3, Distillation. The following table mentions the of- 
ficial waters and designates the manner of preparation of each. 
Simple solution or dilution 
Aqua Amygdalae Amarae-Bitter almond 
' ' Aurantii Florum-Orange flowers 
'1 Chloroform!-Chloroform 
' ' Creosoti-Creosote 
' ' Rosae-Rose 34 
Filtration 
Aqua Anisi-Anise 
4 4 Camphorae-Camphor 
4 4 Cinnamomi-Cinnamon 
4 4 Foeniculi-Fennel 
44 Menthae Piperitae-Peppermint 
44 Menthae Viridis-Spearmint 
Distillation 
Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior-Stronger Rose Water. 
44 Destillata-Distilled Water 
44 Destillata Sterilisata-Sterile distilled water 
4 4 Hamamelidis-Witchhazel 
44 Rosae Fortior-Stronger Rose Water. 
Gaseous Solution 
Aqua Ammoniae--Ammonia Water 
44 Ammoniae Fortior-Stronger Ammonia Water. 
The process of simple dilution or solution consists of adding 
the drug to a sufficient amount of water and agitating. In case of 
a gaseous solution, the gas must first be generated in a suitable ap- 
paratus, washed and passed into a cylinder containing water. 
Filtration through an absorbent powder. Excepting in the 
case of camphor water, this process is employed to obtain a satu- 
rated solution of volatile oil. Since these oils are but slightly solu- 
ble in water, they are triturated with an insoluble absorbent powder 
to separate them into finely divided form. After trituration with the 
powder, the water is gradually added. The result is that the finely 
divided drug is better brought into solution. Several powders have 
been recommended for use but all were more or less soluble and the 
Pharmacopoeia specifies purified talcum. This is the method speci-. 
fied in the general formula for aromatic waters. 
Distillation: In this case the product is put into a still with 
water and heat applied. The vapors arising from the still carry 
with them the volatile aromatic principles of the plant. 
Waters are usually employed as pleasant vehicles for solution 
of various salts. 35 
First class-Solution. 
Aqua Chloroformi-Chloroform Water. 
Chloroform • 
Distilled Water, recently boiled, each a sufficient quan- 
tity. 
To a convenient quantity of recently boiled distilled water 
(about 100 mils) contained in a dark amber colored bottle, add 
enough chloroform (1-2 mils) to maintain a slight excess of the 
chloroform after the contents have been repeatedly and thoroughly 
shaken. Preserve in a cool, dark place. 
When required for use, pour off the needed quantity, refill the 
bottle with recently boiled distilled water and saturate by thorough 
agitation, taking care that there is always an excess of chloroform 
present. 
Second class 
Aqua Camphorae-Camphor Water. 
Camphor 0.8 Gm. 
Alcohol 0.8 mils 
Purified Talc 1.5 Gm. 
Distilled Water, recently boiled a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 mils 
Triturate the camphor with the alcohol in a mortar, add the 
purified talc, continue the trituration until the alcohol has evapo- 
rated and add the recently boiled distilled water. Filter and pass 
through the filter until clear. 
Remarks. This is the only water made by triturating with talc 
in which the base is not a volatile oil. 
Aqua Cinnamomi-Cinnamon Water 
Oil of Cinnamon 0.2 mil (3 drops) 
Purified Talc 1.5 Gm. 
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient 
quantity to make 100.0 mils 36 
Triturate the oil of cinnamon with the purified talc, then grad- 
ually add the water under constant trituration, filter and continue 
to pass through the filter until clear. 
Remarks:-This is practically the formula for aromatic waters, 
Aqua Aromatica. 
LIQUORES-LIQUORS-SOLUTIONS 
Liquors are aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. There 
are 25 official solutions in the Pharmacopoeia. They may be di- 
vided into two classes according to the method of preparation. That 
is (1) Simple solution (Liquor Acidi Arsenosi) and (2) solution 
through chemical change (Liquor Ammonii Acetatis). The follow- 
ing table of official liquors indicates their method of preparation. 
Simple Solution 
1. Liquor Acidi Arsenosi-Solution of Arsenous Acid. 
2. '1 Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi-Solution of Arsenous 
and Mercuric Iodides 
3. " Formaldehydi-Solution of Formaldehyde. 
4. " Hypophysis-Solution of the Pituitary Body. 
5. " lodi Compositus-Comp. Sol. of Iodine, Lugol's 
Solution. 
6. " Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus.-Dil. Sol. of Lead Sub- 
acetate 
7. ' ' Potassi Hydroxidi-Solution of Potassium Hydrox- 
ide 
8 " Sodii Arsenatis-Solution of Sodium Arsenate. 
9. " Sodii Chloridi Physiologicus-Physiological Salt 
Solution 
10. " Sodii Glycerophosphatis-Sol. of Glycerophos- 
phates 
11 " Sodii Hydroxidi-Sol. of Sodium Hydroxide. 
Chemical Action 
1. Liquor Ammonii Acetatis-Sol. of Ammonium Acetate. 
2. ' ' Calcis-Lime water 
3. li Cresolis Compositus-Compound Solution of Cresol 
4. " Ferri Chloridi-Sol. of Iron Chloride 37 
5. " Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis-Sol. of Iron and Am- 
mon. Acet. 
6. " Ferri Subsulphatis-Sol. of Ferric Subsulphate. 
7. " Ferri Tersulphatis-Sol. of Ferric Sulphate 
8. " Hydrogenii Dioxidi-Sol. of Peroxide of Hydrogen 
9. " Magnesii Citratis-Sol. of Magnesium Citrate 
10. " Plumbi Subacetatis-Sol, of Lead Subacetate 
11. " Potassii Arsenitis-Sol. of Potassium Arsenite 
12. " Potassii Citratis-Sol. of Potassium Citrate 
13. " Sodii Chlorinatae-Sol. of Chlorinated Soda 
14. " Zinci Chloridi-Sol. of Zinc Chloride. 
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi 
This is an aqueous solution which should contain not less 
than 0.975 per cent, nor more than 1.025 per cent, of arsenous acid, 
corresponding to approximately 1 per cent. 
Arsenic Trioxide 0.5 Gm. 
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 2.5 Gm. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 50. Gms. 
Mix the diluted hydrochloric acid with 12.5 grams of distilled 
water in a tared (weighed) flask, add the arsenic trioxide, and boil 
the mixture until the arsenic trioxide is completely dissolved. Then 
allow it to cool, add enough distilled water to make the product 
weigh 50.0 grams, and filter. 
Remarks. A clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having an acidu- 
lous taste and acid reaction. This preparation is employed in those 
prescriptions in which Fowler's solution would be incompatible. 
Liquor Calcis. Lime Water 
This is a saturated aqueous solution, which should contain not 
less than 0.14% of Pure Calcium Hydroxide. (Ca(OH)2. 
The percentage of Calcium Hydroxide varies with the tempera- 
ture at which the solution is prepared, and diminishes as the tem- 38 
perature rises. That is, Calcium Hydroxide is more soluble in cold 
than in hot water. 
Lime 5.0 Gm. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity. 
Slake the lime by the very gradual addition of 100 mils of Dis- 
tilled Water, and agitate occasionally during half an hour. Allow 
the suspended particles to subside, decant the supernatent liquid and 
reject it. 
Transfer the magma of calcium hydroxide to a filter and wash 
it repeatedly with boiling distilled water, until the washings, after 
acidulation with nitric acid show not more than a faint cloudiness 
with silver nitrate (T. S.) Return the magma to a suitable con- 
tainer, add 500 mils of distilled water, agitate it thoroughly, let the 
mixture stand for 24 hours, agitate again, and when the coarser par- 
ticles of solid matter have subsided, pour the liquid containing the 
undissolved calcium hydroxide in suspension into a tightly stoppered 
bottle, so as to keep the solution saturated. Pour off the clear solu- 
tion when required for use. From time to time shake the bottle to 
insure a saturated solution. 
Description :-A clear, colorless liquid without odor and having 
an alkaline taste. The object of slaking the lime with a small 
amount of water which is rejected is because most commercial lime 
contains calcium chloride which is irritant. This is easily soluble. 
Consequently, by macerating and washing the lime with water, 
practically all the calcium chloride will be removed. Since the cal- 
cium hydroxide is but sparingly soluble in water, only a small 
amount will be thrown away with the first water. 
Use:-Antacid. 
Liquor Cresolis Compositus-Compound solution of cresol 
Cresol 100.0 Gm. 
Linseed Oil 60.0 Gm. 
Potassium Hydroxide 16.0 Gm. 
Alcohol 6.0 mils 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 200.0 Gm. 39 
Heat the linseed oil in a tared vessel of a capacity equal to 
about four times the bulk of the ingredients, on a water bath to a 
temperature of 70°C. Dissolve the potassium hydroxide in 10 mils 
of water and warm to 70° C., add it to the linseed oil and mix 
thoroughly. Then incorporate the alcohol and continue to heat the 
mixture without stirring until a small portion is found to be solu- 
bile in boiling water without the separation of oily drops. While 
yet warm add the cresol and mix thoroughly, maintaining the tem- 
perature at about 70°C., until a clear solution is produced. Finally 
add sufficient water to make the finished product weigh 200 grams. 
NoteThe Pharmacopoeia directs that 10.8 Gm. of sodium 
hydroxide may be substituted for the 16 Gm. of potassium hydroxide 
Remarks:-The above solution is a 50 per cent, solution of 
cresol in an alkaline linseed oil soap. It is similar to many popular 
and "trade-named antiseptics" such as Lysol, Creolin, etc. The 
commercial cresol used in this preparation is a mixture of cresols. 
It is commonly called "Cresylic Acid." 
Liquor Potassii Arsenitis-Solution of Potassium Arsenite. 
This is an aqueous solution which should contain Potassium 
Arsenite corresponding in amount to not less than 0.975 per cent, 
nor more that 1.025 per cent, of arsenic trioxide. For practical pur- 
poses it is a 1 per cent, solution. 
Arsenic Trioxide 1.0 Gm. 
Potassium Bicarbonate 2.0 Gm. 
Compound Tincture of Lavender 3.0 Gm. 
Distilled Wafer, a sufficient quantity 
to make . 100.0 Gms. 
Boil the potassium bicarbonate and arsenic trioxide, in a fared 
dish, with 10 gms. of distilled water, until a solution has been ef- 
fected. Then add enough distilled water to make the solution weigh 
97 gms.; then add the Compound Tincture of Lavender. Filter 
through paper. 
Remarks:-This preparation is commonly called ' ' Fowler's 
Solution." It contains 1% of Arsenic Trioxide colored with Com- 
pound Tincture of Lavender. 40 
Liquor Iodi Compositus-Compound Solution of Iodine 
Iodine 2.5 Gm. 
Potassium Iodide 5.0 Gm. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 50.0 Gms. 
Dissolve the iodine and potassium iodide in a sufficient quantity 
of distilled water to make the product weigh 50.0 grams. Keep the 
solution in a glass stoppered bottle. 
Remarks-.-This solution is commonly called "Lugol's Solu- 
tion". It contains five per cent, of Iodine dissolved in water by 
means of ten per cent, of Potassium Iodide. This shows the inter- 
esting fact that while iodine is sparingly soluble in water, it is 
freely so in solutions of potassium iodide. 
Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis--Solution of Lead subacetate 
An aqueous solution which should contain in solution not less 
than 18 per cent, of lead. 
Lead Acetate 18.0 Gm. 
Lead Oxide 11.0 Gm. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 Gms. 
Dissolve the lead acetate in 70 mils of boiling distilled water 
and add this solution slowly and in portions to the lead oxide, which 
has previously been rubbed to a smooth paste with 10 mils of dis- 
tilled water, and place in a porcelain dish of about 100 mils ca- 
pacity. Boil this mixture during half an hour with occasional 
stirring, adding distilled water as required to maintain about the 
original volume. Finally when cool, filter the solution, protect- 
ing it as much as possible from the air, and add sufficient distilled 
water, which has previously been boiled and cooled, to make the 
finished product weigh 100 grams. Keep the solution in well stop- 
pered bottles. 
Remarks-.-The above solution is known as Goulard's Extract. 
It is used externally as a sedative astringent wash in minor skin 41 
diseases, such as bruises, etc. The dilute water is to be preferred 
for use. 
Liquor PlumbI Subacetatis Dilutus. Diluted solution of lead 
acetate. 
Solution of Lead Subacetate 4.0 Gm. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 Gms. 
Mix the solution of lead subacetate with enough distilled water, 
previously boiled and cooled, to make the product weigh 100.0 grams. 
Keep in well stoppered bottles. 
Liquor Ammonii Acetatis-Solution of Ammonium Acetate 
An aqueous solution which should contain not less than seven 
per cent of Ammonium Acetate, with small amounts of Acetic and 
Carbonic Acids. 
Ammonium Carbonate 2.5 Gms. 
Diluted Acetic Acid 50.0 mils 
Add the ammonium carbonate, which should be in hard trans- 
lucent pieces, gradually to the cold dilute acetic acid, and stir 
until dissolved. It should be freshly prepared when wanted. 
Remarks:-1This preparation is frequently called "Spirits of 
Mindererus". It is a refreshing refrigerant. 
Chapter IX. 
MUCILAGINES-MUCILAGES 
Mucilages are aqueous adhesive liquors or jelly-like prepara- 
tions containing a viscid substance (gum or starch) either in solu- 
tion or suspension. All mucilages are prone to decomposition and 
on this account should be freshly prepared for internal use. The 
following are official: 
Mucilago Acaciae Mucilage of Acacia. 
Mucilago Tragacanthae Mucilage of Tragacanth, 42 
Mucilago Acaciae 
Acacia, in small fragments 17.5 Gms. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity 
x 
to make 50.0 Gms. 
Place the acacia in a fared bottle or flask having a capacity not 
exceeding 50 mils, wash the drug with cold water, allow it to drain, 
and add enough warm distilled water to make the mixture weigh 50 
grams. Securely stopper the container and agitate it from time to 
time until the acacia is dissolved. Strain the Mucilage and preserve 
it in small, well-filled bottles in a refrigerator or in a cool place. 
• NoteMucilage of acacia should be frequently prepared and 
must not be dispensed if sour or mouldy. 
Remarks:-The U. S. P. directs that the mucilage of acacia 
be prepared from small pieces, not powdered acacia. For general 
prescription purposes, however, the powder is often used, since its 
solution can be more readily obtained. 
Mucilage of acacia is used principally to hold insoluble parti- 
cles in suspension and as an excipient for pills. 
SYRUPI-SYRUPS 
Syrups are concentrated solutions of sugar in water usually 
medicated or flavored. A concentrated aqueous solution of sugar in 
water is called "syrup" or "simple syrup." If the substance added 
to the simple syrup is a pleasant fruit or aromatic, the product is 
termed a "flavored syrup", while if the material added is of a medi- 
cinal nature, the product is a "medicated syrup". There are 22 
official syrups. Many of these are of but little importance so a list 
will not be given. According to the method used in manufacture, 
syrups may be classified as follows: 1. Solution with heat, e. g. 
Syrups Calcis. 2. Agitation of sugar with medicated liquids or 
simple admixtures without heat, e. g., Syrups Pruni Virgianae. 
3. Simple addition of medicated liquids to syrup, e. g., Syrups Zin- 
giberis. 4. Maceration or digestion, e. g., Syrupus Picis Liquidae. 43 
Syrupus-Simple syrup. 
Sugar, in dry crystalline granules 85.0 Gms. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 mils 
Dissolve the sugar with the aid of heat in 45 mils of distilled 
water, raise the temperature to the boiling point, strain the liquid, 
and pass enough distilled water through the strainer to make the 
product, when cold, measure 100.0 mils. Mix thoroughly. 
Syrup may also be prepared in the following manner: Place 
down into the neck of a suitable percolator, a small tuft of purified 
cotton about one-half inch in thickness, well fitted to the sides of 
the percolator and moisten it with a few drops of distilled water; 
introduce-the sugar into the percolator, make its surface level with- 
out jarring or shaking, then carefully pour upon it 45 mils of dis- 
tilled water, and regulate the flow, if necessary, so that the liquid 
will pass out in rapid drops. Return the first portions of the perco- 
late, until it runs through clear, and when all the liquid has passed, 
follow it by distilled water, added in portions, so that all the sugar 
may be dissolved, and the product measure 100.00 mils. Mix 
thoroughly.' 
Either method produces a saturated solution of sugar. If more 
sugar is used in the hot process, it will crystalize, and if less is used 
it will not keep well. 
Syrups Acidi Citrici-Syrup of Citric Acid 
Citric Acid 0.5 Gm. 
Distilled Water 0.5 mil 
Tincture of Fresh Lemon Peel 0.5 mil 
Syrup, a sufficient quantity 
to make 50.0 mils 
Dissolve the citric acid in the distilled water, and add the solu- 
tion to 47.5 mils of syrup, mixing it well, then add the tincture of 
fresh lemon peel, shake the mixture and add enough syrup to make 
the finished product measure 50 mils. 44 
RemarksThis is used for flavor only. It is similar to lemon 
flavor at soda fountains. 
Syrups ZingIberis-Syrup of Ginger 
Fluidextract of Ginger 3.00 mils 
Alcohol 2.00 mils 
Magnesium Carbonate 1.00 Gm. 
Sugar 82.00 Gm. 
V , 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 mils 
Mix the fluidextract of ginger with the alcohol, then triturate 
the liquid in a mortar with the magnesium carbonate and six grams 
of the sugar. Then gradually add 43 mils of water, with constant 
trituration, and filter. Dissolve the remainder of the sugar in the 
clear filtrate, with the aid of gentle heat, strain the syrup while hot, 
and add a sufficient quantity of water to make the product measure 
100 mils. 
Honeys are thick liquid preparations containing medical agents 
blended with honey. In the early days of medicine they represented 
the most popular class of medical preparations, but have now been 
almost entirely replaced by the elixirs and syrups. The U. S. P. 
recognizes 3 official honeys. 
Mel Honey 
Mel Depuratum Clarified honey. 
Mel Rosae Honey of Rose. 
Mel Rosae-Honey of Rose. 
. Fluid Extract of Rose 3.00 mils 
Clarified Honey, a sufficient quantity 
to make 25.00 Gms. 
Mix the fluidextract of rose in a fared vessel with enough clari- 
fied honey to make the product weigh 25 grams. 
Remarks-.-Used principally in the preparation of Massa Hy- 
drargyri. 
MELLITA-HONEYS 45 
EMULSA-EMULSIONS 
Emulsions are aqueous preparations for internal use, in which 
resinous or fatty substances are suspended by means of mucilage or 
other viscid material. Acacia, Tragacanth and Yolk of Egg are 
often used for this purpose. (Emulsifiers). In some instances, as 
in the case of emulsions of gum resins, the gum needed to form the 
emulsion is found present with the resin. The seeds of some plants 
also contain an albuminous substance, which serves as an emulsi- 
fier for the oil also present in the seed, rendering the addition of 
gums necessary. The emulsions are all quite unstable and accord- 
ingly should be freshly prepared for use. 
In making emulsions of fixed oils, in which case Emulsion of 
Cod Liver Oil serves as the best example, either of two processes 
may be employed: the English and the Continental. The latter 
is usually the more satisfactory. With this method a nucleus or 
primary emulsion is prepared first with certain proportions of the 
ingredients, and this can be further diluted with water or flavor 
without fear of splitting, (Separation). The proportion by weight 
is: oil 4, water 2, and gum 1, or in other words use twice as much 
oil as water, and twice as much water as gum. The nucleus is then 
diluted with water or flavor to the desired amount. 
TLe following are official: 
Emulsum Amygdalae 
'1 Asaf oetidae 
11 Olei Morrhuae 
" Olei Terebinthinae 
Emulsum Olei Mqrrhuae 
Cod Liver Oil 25.0 mils 
Acacia, in fine powder 6.25 Gm. 
Syrup 5.0 mils 
Methyl Salicylate 0.2 mil 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 50.0 mils 
Thoroughly mix the acacia with the cod liver oil in a dry 
mortar or other suitable vessel, then add at once 12.5 mils of water 46 
and triturate lightly and gently until a thick homogeneous emulsion 
is produced; to this add the Methyl Salicylate and the syrup with 
enough water to make the product measure 50.0 mils and mix 
thoroughly. 
MISTURAE-MIXTURES 
Mixtures are aqueous preparations for internal use containing 
in suspension insoluble, non-fatty substances. They are not perma- 
nent as a rule and should be freshly prepared. They should be dis- 
pensed with a shake label. Two are official, Mistura Cretae and 
Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita. 
Mistura Cretae-Chalk Mixture 
Compound Chalk Powder 10.0 Gm. 
Cinnamon Water 20.0 mils 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 50.0 mils 
Gradually add the cinnamon water and about 20 mils of water 
to the compound chalk powder in a mortar, triturating until the 
mixture is uniform; transfer this to a graduated vessel, rinse the 
mortar with enough water to make the product measure 50 mils. 
Mix the whole thoroughly. This substance should be freshly pre- 
pared before use. 
Used for diarrhea in young animals. 
Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita-Compound glycyrrhiza mix- 
ture, Brown Mixture. 
$ 
Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza 3.0 Gm. 
Syrup 3.0 mils 
Acacia, granulated 3.0 Gm. 
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate 0.024 Gm. 
Camphorated Tincture of Opium 12.0 mils 
Spirit of Nitrous Ether 3.0 mils 
Water, sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 mils 47 
Rub the pure extract of glycyrrhiza and acacia in a mortar with 
50 mils'of warm water, until they are dissolved. Allow the solution 
to cool. Transfer the solution to a graduated vessel, add the anti- 
mony and potassium tartrate dissolved in 1.2 mils (18 drops) of hot 
water, then the other ingredients and rinse the mortar with enough 
water to make the product measure 100.0 mils. Mix the whole 
thoroughly. 
MAGMA 
Magmae are aqueous preparations containing thick, tenaceous 
precipitates. Two are official. Magma Bismuthi and Magma Mag- 
nesiae. 
Magma Magnesiae-Magma of Magnesia, Milk of Magnesia. 
Magnesia Magma yields not less than 6.5 per cent, nor more 
than 7.5 per cent, of Mg(OH)2. 
Magnesium Carbonate, in fine powder 12.5 Gm. 
Sodium Hydroxide 8.0 Gm. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 mils. 
Mix the magnesium carbonate with enough distilled water 
(about 50 mils) and make a smooth mixture. Dissolve the sodium 
hydroxide in 40 mils of distilled water, add the solution to the mag- 
nesia mixture with constant stirring, and agitate it frequently dur- 
ing 15 minutes. Wash the resulting magma by decantation, using 
200 mils of distilled water each time, until the red color produced 
in 50 mils of the washings by 3 drops of phenolphthalein (T. S.) 
is discharged by the addition of 1 drop of diluted sulphuric acid. 
Then allow the precipitate to subside until it measures 100.0 mils, 
decant the supernatant liquid, transfer the product to wide-mouthed 
bottles, and tightly stopper with corks which have been dipped in 
melted paraffin. 
Note:-The distilled water in this preparation may be re- 
placed by water which has been heated to the boiling point with 
powdered magnesium carbonate (5 Gm. in each 1000 mils) and 
then filtered. One drop of oil of peppermint or a sufficient quantity 
of oil of anise or other flavor may be added is desired. 48 
SPIRITUS-SPIRITS 
Spirits are alcoholic solutions of volatile substances. As in 
case of waters, the volatile substance may be solid or liquid. Spirits 
containing some aromatic flavoring principles are frequently 
called "essences". They may be prepared in the following ways: 
1. Dilution or solution. 2. Solution by macreation. 3. Solu- 
tion by chemical action. Fifteen are official. 
The following table of official spirits indicates the method by 
which prepared: 
Simple Solution 
Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 
" Amygdali Amarae Spirit of Bitter Almond 
' ' Anisi " " Anise 
" Aetheris " " Ether 
'1 Aurantii Compositus Compound Spirits of Orange 
" Camphorae Spirit of Camphor 
" Chloroformi " 11 Chloroform 
" Cinnamomi 11 " Cinnamon 
" Glycerylis Nitratis " " Nitroglycerin 
" Juniperi " 11 Juniper 
11 Juniperi Compositus Compound Spirits of Juniper 
" Lavandulae Spirit of Lavender 
Solution by Maceration 
Spiritus Menthae Piperitae Spirit of Peppermint 
" Menthae Virdis " " Spearmint 
Chemical Action 
" Aetheris Nitrosi Sweet Spirits of Niter 
Spirit of Nitrous Ether 
Spiritus Camphorae-Spirits of Camphor 
Camphor 5.00 Gm. 
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity 
to make 50.00 mils 
Dissolve the camphor in 40 mils of alcohol, filter through paper, 
and pass enough alcohol through the filter to make the product 
measure 50 mils. 49 
RemarksValuable carminative in colic and other intestinal 
disturbances, antipyretic. Externally rubifacient for sprains, 
bruises, etc. 
Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus-Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia. 
Ammonium Carbonate, in translucent pieces 3.4 Gm. 
Ammonia Water 9.0 mils 
Oil of Lemon 1.0 mil 
Oil of Lavender Flowers 0.1 mil 
Oil of Myristica (nutmeg) 0.1 mil 
Alcohol 70.0 mils 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 mils 
To the ammonia water, contained in a flask, add fourteen (14) 
mils of distilled water, and afterwards the ammonium carbonate re- 
duced to a moderately fine powder. Close the flask and agitate the 
contents until the ammonium carbonate is dissolved and allow it to 
stand for twelve hours. Introduce the alcohol into a graduated 
bottle of suitable capacity, add first the oils, then gradually the so- 
lution of ammonium carbonate, and afterwards enough distilled 
water to make the product measure 100 mils. Set the liquid aside 
during 24 hours in a cool place, occasionally agitating it, then 
filter through paper, in a well covered funnel. Keep the product in 
glass stoppered bottles in a cool place. 
Remarks:-When first prepared, this preparation is colorless, 
but soon assumes an amber hue on standing. It is a valuable heart 
and respiratory stimulant in collapse, dyspnea, and pulmonary con- 
gestion. It serves as an antacid and carminative in various diges- 
tive disorders. It should be given in capsule or well diluted (1-10) 
in water or oil. 
ELIXIRIA-ELIXIRS 
Elixirs are hydro-alcoholic solutions of an aromatic substance 
and sugar. They contain from 20 to 25% of alcohol. The follow- 
ing are official: 
Elixir Aromaticum Aromatic Elixir 
Elixir Glycyrrhizae Elixir Glycyrrhiza (Licorice) 50 
Aromatic elixir is used as a base for most elixirs while the elixir 
of glycyrrhiza is used almost entirely as a flavor. 
ELIXIR AROMATICUM 
Compound Spirit of Orange 1.2 mils 
Syrup 37.5 mils 
Purified Talc 3.0 Gm. 
Alcohol 
Distilled Water, each a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.00 mils 
To the compound spirit of orange, add enough alcohol to make 
25 mils. To this solution, add the syrup in several portions, agi- 
tating after each addition, and afterwards add, in the same man- 
ner, 37.5 mils of distilled water. Mix the purified talc intimately 
with the liquid, and then filter through a wetted filter, returning 
the first portion of the filtrate until a transparent liquid is obtained. 
Lastly, wash the filter with a mixture of 1 volume of alcohol and 
three volumes of distilled water, until the product measures 100 mils. 
GLYCERITA-GLYCERITES 
■These are solutions or mixtures of drugs in glycerin. Most 
of them are solutions, but one, Glyceritum Amyli is a semi-solid 
mass. They are nice preparations, and are usually employed ex- 
ternally. The following five are official: 
Glyceritum Acidi Tannici- Glycerite of Tannic Acid 
' ' Amyli " " Starch 
" Boroglycerini " " Boroglycerin 
Hydrastis " " Hydrastis 
" Phenolis " " Phenol. 
Tannic Acid 5.0 Gm. 
Glycerine 20.0 Gm. 
to make 25.0 Gm. 
Glyceritum Acidi Tannici 51 
Weigh the glycerin into a tared, wide-mouthed bottle with a 
capacity of about 60.0 mils. Place the bottle and contents in a 
water bath, heat the water until it boils, and continue to heat for a 
few minutes; add the tannic acid to the hot glycerin in small suc- 
cessive portions, agitate the mixture until the tannic acid is dis- 
solved and strain the solution while warm through purified cotton. 
Remarks-.-This is a 20% solution of tannic acid in glycerin. 
It is used externally as an astringent protective. 
Glyceritum Phenolis 
Liquified Phenol 5.0 mils 
Glycerin 20.0 mils 
. to make 25.0 mils 
Add the Liquified Phenol to the Glycerin and thoroughly mix. 
RemarksThis is a 20% solution of Phenol in Glycerin, but is 
too strong for ordinary use. 
COLLODIA-COLLODIONS 
These are preparations for external use. Simple collodion is a 
solution of Pyroxylin in Ether and Alcohol. The others have 
simple collodion as their base. When applied, the solvent evapo- 
rates very rapidly, leaving a film of Gun Cotton which is a good 
protective. Three are official: 
Coilodium Collodion 
Cantharidatum Cantharidal Collodion 
Flexile Flexible Collodion 
Collodium 
Pyroxylin 2.0 Gm. 
Ether 37.5 mils 
Alcohol 12.5 mils 
to make about 50.0 mils. 
Add the alcohol to the pyroxylin contained in a suitable bottle, 
shake the mixture thoroughly, then introduce the ether, and again 
shake the mixture until the pyroxylin is dissolved. Cork the bottle 52 
well and set it aside until the liquid becomes clear. Finally decant 
the clear portion from any sediment which may have deposited and 
transfer it to containers which must be well closed. Keep the collo- 
dion in a cool place remote from fires. 
Collodium Flexile-Flexible Collodion. 
Collodion 19.0 Gm. 
Camphor 0.4 Gm. 
Castor Oil 0.6 Gm. 
to make 20.0 Gm. 
Weigh the ingredients successively, into a tared bottle, and 
shake the mixture until the camphor is dissolved. Keep the product 
as in case of collodion. 
Remarks:-This is the preparation mostly used because coilo- 
dium is brittle and the film is liable to crack when applied to joints 
or other movable parts. 
OLEATA-OLEATES 
These were formerly defined as solutions of oxides or alkaloids 
in oleic acid but in the revision of the Pharmacopoeia of 1910 but 
one is official, "Oleatum Hydrargyri"-so that oleate would be 
defined as a solution of an oxide in oleic acid. Oleates are applied 
by inunction and depend upon absorption from the skin for their 
physiological action. As stated above they are prepared by dissolv- 
ing an oxide or an alkaloid in oleic acid. An excess of heat should 
be avoided in making metallic oleates, as the acid easily reduces the 
metals, especially when heated. 
Oleatum Hydrargyri-Oleate of Mercury. 
Yellow Mercuric Oxide, in very fine powder 5.0 Gm. 
Alcohol 4.0 mils 
Oleic Acid, a quantity sufficient 
to make 20 Gm. 
Mix the yellow mercuric oxide with the alcohol in a tared 
mortar; add 15 grams of oleic acid, warm the mixture to a tempera- 53 
ture, not to exceed 50° C., stir constantly for 5 minutes, and then 
continue to heat, stirring frequently, until the alcohol is expelled 
and the mercuric oxide is dissolved, now add sufficient oleic acid to 
make the product weigh 20.0 grams and mix thoroughly. Avoid 
contact with metallic instruments; preserve the oleate in tightly 
stoppered bottles. 
Remarks :-This is the only official oleate of the Pharmacopoeia. 
The others were dropped at the last revision. 
Chapter X. 
INFUSA-INFUSIONS 
These are preparations of vegetable drugs made by maceration 
or percolation. In the one official infusion, Infusum Digitalis,, and 
the general formula for making infusions, the water is poured on 
while boiling hot. Cold water should be used for those drugs whose 
active principle would be driven off or its formation prevented by 
boiling water. 
The following general formula is given for the preparation of 
infusions: 
Infusum-Infusion 
The substance coarsely comminuted 50.0 Gm. 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 1000.0 mils 
Put the substance into a suitable vessel provided with a cover. 
Pour upon it 1000 mils of boiling water, cover tightly and let steam 
one-half hour in a warm place. Then strain with expression and 
pass enough water through to make the infusion measure 1000 mils. 
Infusum Digitalis-Infusion of Digitalis 
Digitalis, bruised 1.5 Gm. 
Cinnamon Water 15.0 mils 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 mils 54 
Pour 50 mils of boiling water upon the digitalis contained in a 
suitable vessel and allow it to macerate for one hour. Then strain; 
add the cinnamon water to the strained liquid and pass enough 
water through the residue on the strainer to make the product meas- 
ure 100.0 mils. Mix well. 
Infusion of digitalis must be freshly prepared from the leaves. 
DECOCTA-DECOCTIONS 
Decoctions are liquids made by boiling the drug in closed vessels 
for fifteen minutes. They are then allowed to cool, strained and 
water added to make up the required amount. There are no of- 
ficial decoctions but the Pharmacopoeia includes a general formula 
for their preparation. Decoctions and infusions do not keep well 
and should be freshly prepared for use. 
Decoction 
The substance coarsely comminuted 50. Gms. 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 1000. mils 
Put the substance in a suitable container provided with a cover. 
Pour upon it 1000 mils of cold water, cover it well and boil for 15 
minutes. Then let cool to about 40°C., express, strain the expressed 
liquid and pass enough cold water through the strainer to make the 
product measure 1000.0 mils. 
Decoctum Cetraria 
Cetraria 5.0 Gm. 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 mils 
Cover the cetraria in a suitable vessel with 40 mils of cold water, 
express after an hour and throw the liquid away. Then boil the 
cetraria with 100.0 mils of water for half an hour, strain and pass 
enough cold water through the strainer to make the product meas- 
ure 100.0 mils. 55 
TINCTURAE-TINCTURES 
Tinctures are alcoholic solutions of non-volatile substances ob- 
tained by the extraction of drugs. Tincture of iodine is an excep- 
tion to the rule of non-volatile substances, while both tincture of 
iodine and tincture of the chloride of iron are made by solution. 
They differ from spirits in that, with the exception of tincture of 
iodine, the substances from which they are prepared are non-vola- 
tile. They differ from fluidextracts in respect to strength. They 
are weaker than fluidextracts and not uniform in strength, except 
that the potent tinctures are ten per cent, strength of the drug. 
Tinctures may be prepared by maceration, percolation, and solu- 
tion or dilution. 
The Pharmacopoeia states that unless otherwise directed in the 
text, tinctures shall be made by one of two processes-Type P, Per- 
colation and Type M, Maceration. 
Type Processes for Tinctures 
Type Process P-Percolation 
Moisten the powdered drug or mixed drugs as designated in 
the formula with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed menstruum 
to render it evenly and distinctly damp, transfer it to a percolator, 
and, without pressing the powder, allow it to stand well covered 
for six hours ■ then pack it firmly, unless otherwise directed, and 
pour on enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave 
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the per- 
colator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the per- 
colator, macerate for twenty-four hours. Then allow the percola- 
tion to proceed slowly, gradually adding sufficient of the men- 
struum to make one thousand mils of the finished tincture. 
Type Process M-Maceration, 
Macerate the drug or mixed drug's designated in the formula 
in a stoppered container, in a moderately warm place, with seven 
hundred and fifty mils of the prescribed solvent (unless a differ- 
ent amount is specified in the formula). Continue the maceration 
with frequent agitation during three days or until the drug is 
practically extracted, transfer the mixture to a filter and, when the 
liquid has drained off completely, gradually wash the residue on 56 
the filter with enough of the solvent to make one thousand mils of 
finished tincture. 
There are 54 official tinctures. The following table gives a 
list of official tinctures together with method of preparation and 
menstruum employed: 
By Solution or Dilution 
Preparation 
Tinctura Ferri Chloridi 
Tinctura lodi 
Solvent 
Alcohol 650 mils 
Sol. of Ferric Chloride 350 mils 
Alcohol 950, Water 50 
Maceration Type M. 
Menstruum 
Alcohol, U. S. P. 
Alcohol 750 mils, Water 250 mils 
Diluted Alcohol 
Boiling water 500 
Alcohol 500 mils 
Glycerin 50 mils 
Diluted Alcohol 950 mils 
Glycerin 40 mils, Diluted 
Alcohol 950 mils 
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 
Preparation 
Tinctura Asafoetidae 
' ' Aurantii Dulcis 
' ' Benzoini 
" Benzoini Composita 
' ' Guaiaci 
" Limonis Corticis 
' ' Myrrhae 
' ' Tolutana 
i " Lhvendulae Composita 
' ' Scillae 
' ' Aloes 
" Gambir Composita 
" Moschi 
'1 Kino 
' ' Cardamomi Composita 
" Opii Camphorata 
' ' Guaiaci Ammoniata 
Of the above, squill is made by maceration and expression. 57 
Made by Percolation Type P. 
Menstruum 
Alcohol, U. S. P. 
Alcohol 950 mils, Water 50 mils 
Alcohol 750 mils, Water 250 mils 
Alcohol 700 mils, Water 300 mils 
Alcohol 650 mils, Water 350 mils 
Alcohol 666 mils, Water 333 mils 
Alcohol 600 mils, Water 400 mils 
Glycerin 100 mils, Alcohol 
500 mils, Water 400 mils 
Diluted Alcohol 
Alcohol 333 mils, Water 666 mils 
Alcohol 200 mils, Water 800 mils 
Glycerin 75 mils, Alcohol 
675 mils, Water 250 mils 
Glycerin 250 mils, Alcohol 
500 mils, Water 250 mils 
Glycerin 100 mils, Alcohol 
500 mils, Water 400 mils 
Hydrochloric acid 10 mils, Al- 
cohol 600 mils, Water 400 mils 
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 
Preparation 
Tinctura Cannabis 
" Cantharidis 
'1 Physostigmatis 
' ' Pyrethri 
' ' Strophanthi 
" Veratri Viridis 
' ' Zingiberis 
" Capsiei 
" Nucis Vomicae 
" Valerianae 
' ' Digitalis 
' ' Aconiti 
" Gelsemii 
' ' Hydratis 
" Aurantii Amari 
" Calumbae 
" Colchici Seminis 
" Gentianae Composita 
' ' Arnicae 
" Belladonnae Foliorum 
' ' Cardamomi 
' ' Hyoscyami 
" Lobeliae 
" Opii 
" Stramonii 
' ' Quassiae 
■" Opii Deodorata 
" Cinchonae 
11 Cinchonae Composita 
" Cinnamomi 
" Lactucarii 
' ' Rhei 
" Rhei Aromatica 
' ' Sanguinariae 
" Valerinanae Ammoniata 58 
Iodine 3.5 Gm. 
Potassium Iodide 2.5 Gm. 
Distilled water 3.5 mils 
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity 
to make 50.0 mils 
Tinctura Iodi-Solution 
Dissolve the potassium iodide in the distilled water contained 
in a bottle graduated to 100.0 mils; add the iodine and agitate the 
mixture until solution is affected. Then add sufficient alcohol to 
make 50 mils of Tincture and mix thoroughly. 
Tinctura Aloes-Maceration 
Purified Aloes, in No. 40 powder 10.0 Gm. 
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 40 powder 20.0 Gm. 
to make 100.0 mils 
Prepare a tincture by the Type Process M, using diluted alcohol 
as a solvent. 
Tinctura Zingiberis-Tincture of Ginger 
Jamaica Ginger, in No. 30 powder 20.0 Gm. 
to make 100.0 mils 
Prepare a tincture by the Type Process P, using alcohol as the 
menstruum. 
FLUIDEXTRACTA-FLUIDEXTRACTS 
Fluidextracts are concentrated liquid preparations of vege- 
table drugs, containing alcohol either as a solvent or preservative 
and bearing a uniform relation to the drug used so that one mil of 
the fluidextract closely represents the activity of one gram of the 
air dried powdered drug of standard quality. They possess the 
following advantages over tinctures: 1. They have a definite 
strength, representing 100% of the activity of the crude drug, con- 
sequently the dose is the same as for the crude drug and need not 59 
be especially remembered. 2. They are so concentrated that less is 
required for action, and 3. They keep better than tinctures and some 
improve with age. 
With few exceptions, the fluidextracts of the Pharmacopoeia 
may be classified according to the menstrua used in the extraction 
of the drugs and the process of manufacture employed, but there 
are several drugs which require special manipulation to make satis- 
factory preparations and for them definite formulas have been de- 
vised and are printed in full in the text. The formulas for the other 
fluidextracts correspond to one of the following types: 
Type Process A. In this class are included those fluidextracts 
that are made with a menstruum of alcohol or a mixture of alcohol 
and water by the usual process of percolation. 
Type Process B. In this group are included those fluidextracts 
in which glycerin or an acid is used in the extraction and two men- 
strua are successively employed. The first menstruum contains the 
acid or glycerin in definite proportion to the amount of drug while 
the second consists of a mixture of alcohol and water intended for 
completing the exhaustion of the drug. 
Type Process C. This is the process of fractional or divided 
percolation (repercolation). It is especially recommended for 
drugs containing volatile ingredients, or constituents injured by 
heat, but may be used as an alternative process in the formulas in 
which Type Process A. is directed. 
Type Process D. In this class are included those fluidextracts 
in which extraction is effected by infusion and percolation with boil- 
ing water, alcohol being added to the concentrated liquid as a pre- 
servative. 
In the preparation of fluidextracts by either process, A, B, or 
C the rate of percolation must be perfectly controlled and, for the 
quantities directed in the formulas of the Pharmacopoeia, (1000.0 
Gms.) the rate of flow should not exceed ten drops per minute, 
until the reserved percolate is collected and twenty drops per min- 
ute thereafter. 
Directions for the different Type Processes. 
Type Process A. Moisten required amount of the powdered 
drug with a sufficient amount of the prescribed menstruum to ren- 60 
der it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so, after macer- 
ating for six hours in a tightly covered container. Then pack it in 
a cylindrical percolator and add enough of the menstruum to satu- 
rate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid 
begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, hav- 
ing closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. 
Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding 
more menstruum until the drug is exhausted. Reserve the first 
eight hundred and fifty mils of the percolate (unless otherwise speci- 
fied in the formula) ; recover the alcohol from the remainder and 
concentrate the residue to a soft extract at a temperature not ex- 
ceeding 60°C.; dissolve this in the reserved portion, mix thoroughly, 
and finally add a sufficient quantity of the menstruum to obtain one 
thousand mils or the volume determined by calculation or di- 
rections. 
Type Process B. Moisten one thousand grams of the powdered 
drug directed with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed Menstruum 
I, to render it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so 
after maceration for six hours in a tightly covered container. Then 
pack it in a cylindrical percolator, add the remainder of Menstruum 
I, and when this has just disappeared from the surface, gradually 
add Menstruum II, constantly maintaining a stratum of liquid 
above the drug. 
When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the 
lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate 
for forty-eight hours, and then allow the percolation to proceed 
slowly, gradually adding Menstruum II until the drug is exhausted. 
Reserve the first eight hundred and fifty mils of the percolate (un- 
less otherwise directed in the formula) : recover the alcohol from 
the remainder and concentrate the residue to a soft extract at a 
temperature not exceeding 60°C.; dissolve this in the reserved 
portion, mix thoroughly, and finally add a sufficient quantity of 
Menstruum II to obtain one thousand mils, or the volume deter- 
mined by calculation from assay. 
Type Process C. Divide one thousand grams of the powdered 
drug directed into three portions of five hundred grams, three 
hundred grams, and two hundred grams, respectively. Moisten 
the first portion of the drug (500 Gms.) with a sufficient quantity 61 
of the prescribed menstruum to render it evenly and distinctly 
damp and to maintain it so after maceration for six hours in a 
tightly-covered container. Then pack it in a cylindrical perco- 
lator and add enough menstruum to saturate the powder and leave 
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the per- 
colator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the per- 
colator, macerate for forty-eight hours and then allow the percola- 
tion to proceed slowly, gradually adding more menstruum. Re- 
serve the first two hundred mils of the percolate and continue the 
process until the additional percolate measures fifteen hundred 
mils, the latter being collected in successive portions of three hun- 
dred mils each. 
Moisten the second portion of the powdered drug (300 Gm.) 
with a sufficient quantity of the percolate collected in the pre- 
ceding operation immediately after the reserved portion, to render 
it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so after macerat- 
ing for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it in 
a cylindrical percolator and macerate and percolate as directed for 
the first part of the drug, using as menstruum the several portions 
of percolate from the preceding operation in the order in which 
they have been collected, and, if this be insufficient, follow with 
some of the original menstruum. Reserve the first three hundred 
mils of percolate and continue the process until the additional perco- 
late measures eight hundred mils, collecting the weaker percolate 
in successive portions of two hundred mils each. 
Moisten the third portion of the powdered drug (200 Gm.) 
with a sufficient quantity of the percolate collected in the preced- 
ing operation immediately after the reserved portion, to render it 
evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so after macerating 
for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it in a 
cylindrical percolator and macerate and percolate as before, using 
as menstruum the several portions of the percolate from the preced- 
ing operation in the order in which they have been collected, and, 
if this be insufficient, follow with more of the original menstruum. 
Collect five hundred mils of percolate and mix this with the two 
portions previously reserved so as to make one thousand mils of 
finished fluidextract. 62 
When Type Process 0 is directed for fluidextracts which are 
adjusted by assay to a definite alkaloidal standard, collect only four 
hundred and twenty mils of percolate from the third portion of 
the drug instead of the five hundred mils as directed above. Mix 
this percolate with the two portions previously reserved, assay a 
portion of the mixture and then adjust its volume, by the addi- 
tion of the menstruum directed, so that each one hundred mils of 
finished fluidextract will contain the prescribed amount of alkaloid. 
Type Process D. To one thousand grams of the ground drug 
add five thousand mils of boiling water, mix thoroughly and allow 
it to macerate in a covered container for two hours in a warm place. 
Then transfer the moist drug to a tinned or enameled metallic 
percolator and allow percolation to proceed, gradually adding boil- 
ing water until the drug is exhausted. Evaporate the percolate 
on a water bath or steam bath to the volume specified, and when 
cold add the alcohol directed and mix thoroughly. 
In making the following fluidextracts, calculate for 100.0 
grams instead of 1000.0 grams. 
Jamaica Ginger, in No. 40 powder 100.0 Gm. 
Prepare a fluidextract by Type Process A, using alcohol as the 
menstruum. 
Fluidextractum Zingiberis 
Taraxacum, in No. 30 powder 100.0 Gm. 
Prepare a fluidextract by Type Process B, using a mixture of 
ten mils of glycerin, fifty mils of alcohol and forty mils of water as 
Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as Menstruum II. 
Fluidextractum Taraxaci 
Gentian, in No. 30 powder 100.0 Gm. 
Prepare a fluidextract by Type Process A, using diluted alco- 
hol as the Menstruum. 
Fluidextractum Gentianae 
VINI-WINES 
Wines are liquid preparations containing the soluble prin- 
ciples of medicine substances, dissolved in wine. They may be pre- 
pared by solution or maceration, and differ from tinctures only in 63 
the solvent employed, i. e., wine instead of alcohol in various 
strengths. Ten were official in the Pharmacopoeia of 1900 but 
they were all dropped from the last revision. 
VtNUM COLCHIGI SEMINIS 
Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed 5.0 mils 
Alcohol 5.5 mils 
White Wine 35.5 mils 
to make 50.0 c.c. 
Mix them. Set the mixture aside for two days; then filter 
through paper in a well covered funnel. 
OLEORESINAE-OLEORESINS 
The pharmaceutic oleoresins are liquid preparations consist- 
ing principally of volatile oils and resins, obtained by the extrac- 
tion from vegetable drugs by percolation with ether or alcohol and 
subsequent distillation or evaporation of the solvent from the dis- 
solved portions. There are two groups of oleoresins, the natural 
and the pharmaceutic. The former are mixtures of volatile oils 
and resins which exude from plants. (Turpentine, Copaiba). 
They are quite different from the pharmaceutic class described 
above. Oleoresins are the most concentrated of all liquid prepara- 
tions of drugs. Their strength varies, however, but usually runs 
from 5 to 10 times the strength of the crude drug. 
Preparation-. With slight differences they are prepared in a 
manner similar to fluidextracts. They are placed in a percolator 
without moistening, the menstruum is usually different, and a spe- 
cial percolator for volatile liquids should be used for the best re- 
sults. The following 6 are official: 
Solvent 
Ether 
Oleoresina Aspiclii Oleoresin of Aspidium 
Capsici " " Capsicum 
Petroselini " " Parsley Fruit 
Piperis " " Pepper 
Zingiberis " " Ginger 
Solvent 
Alcohol 
Cubebae " " Cubebs 64 
Oleoresina Aspidii 
Aspidium, recently reduced to No. 40 powder. 50.0 Gm. 
Ether, a sufficient quantity. 
Place the aspidium in a cylindrical glass percolator provided 
with a stop-cock, and arranged with a cover and a receptacle suit- 
able for volatile liquids. Pack the powder firmly, and percolate 
slowly with ether, added in successive portions, until the aspidium 
is exhausted. Recover the greater part of the ether from the perco- 
late by distillation on a water bath, and having transferred the resi- 
due to a dish, allow the remaining ether to evaporate spontaneously 
in a warm place. Keep the oleoresin in well stoppered bottles. 
Note : The Oleoresin of Aspidium usually deposits on standing, 
a granular crystalline substance. This should be thoroughly mixed 
with the fluid portion before use. 
ACETA-VINEGARS 
These are liquid preparations of the active principles of drugs, 
prepared by extraction with Diluted Acetic Acid. They resemble 
tinctures except for the solvent used. The Acetic Acid is a good 
solvent for many of the active ingredients of plants and serves as a 
preservative. It also produces soluble salts with the alkaloidal 
principles of plants. But one is official. 
Acetum Scillae, Vinegar of Squill 
This is prepared with Diluted Acetic Acid (6% by weight of 
absolute Acetic Acid), and is made by maceration. It represents 
10 per cent, of the active drug. 
Acetum Scillae 
G 
Squill, in No. 20 powder 5.0 Gm. 
Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity 
to make 50.0 mils 
Macerate the squill with 45 mils of diluted acetic acid during 
seven days, with frequent agitation; then strain through muslin 
and wash the mass on the strainer with enough diluted acetic acid 
to make the strained liquid measure nearly 50 mils. Heat this 
liquid to boiling, filter while hot, and when cold, add sufficient 
diluted acetic acid to make the product measure fifty mils. 65 
EXTRACTA-EXTRACTS 
Extracts are solid or semi-solid preparations of the active con- 
stituents of drugs prepared by the percolation of the crude drug 
with the proper menstruum and evaporation of the percolate. The 
menstruum may be water, alcohol, or various proportions of water 
and alcohol, or ammonia and extracts made from such a percolate 
are termed respectively, aqueous, alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic, or am- 
moniated extracts. Besides the above the juices of fresh plants, ex- 
tracted by contusion and expression are often evaporated and known 
as ''inspissated juices". These are popular in England but none 
are official in this country. There are 25 official extracts. As a rule 
the extracts are not so satisfactory as the fluidextracts or tinctures 
because they vary in strength, the dose is exceedingly small and the 
soft ones are difficult to manipulate. 
Table of Extracts 
Extractum Aconiti Powdered 
" Belladonnae Foliorum Powdered and Pilular 
" Cannabis Pilular 
" Cascarae Powdered 
" Cimicifugae Powdered 
" Colchici Cormi Powdered 
Colocynthidis Powdered 
" Colocynthidis com- Powdered 
positum 
" Ergotae Pilular 
" Fellis Bovis Powdered 
" Gelsemii Powdered 
' ' Gentianae Pilular 
" Glycyrrhizae Brittle 
" Glycyrrhizae Purum Pilular 
Hydrastis Powdered 
' ' Hyoseyami Pilular 
" Malti Thin Liquid 
" Nucis Vomicae Powdered 
" Opii Powdered 
" Physostigmatis Powdered 
" Rhei Powdered 
" Stramonii Powdered and Pilular 
" Sumbul Pilular 
' ' Taraxaci Pilular 
Viburni Prunifolii Powdered 66 
Make Extractum Gentianae-Extract of Gentian 
Gentian in No. 20 powder 50.0 Gm. 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
Moisten the powder with sufficient water and allow it to stand 
(macerate) for 24 hours. Then pack it in a cylindrical percolator 
and gradually pour water upon it until the drug is exhausted. Re- 
duce the liquid to three-fourths of its bulk by boiling and strain; 
then by means of a water bath, evaporate to a pilular consistency. 
Extractum Rhei-Extract of Rhubarb 
Rhubarb, in No. 40 Powder 100.0 Gm. 
Magnesium Oxide 5.0 Gm. 
Starch, dried at 100°C. 
Alcohol, 
Water, each, a sufficient quantity 
to make 50.0 Gm. 
Moisten the drug with sufficient of a mixture of four volumes 
of alcohol to one volume of water, pack it in a cylindrical percolator 
and add enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave 
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the per- 
colator close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the perco- 
lator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation 
to proceed slowly, gradually adding menstruum of the same propor- 
tion of alcohol and water as before until the drug is exhausted. 
Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation at as low a 
temperature as practicable, and continue distillation until a resi- 
due of syrupy consistency remains in the still. Transfer this to a 
shallow dish, rinse the still with a little warm menstruum, add the 
rinsings to the residue in the dish, and evaporate the mixture to 
dryness, with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 
70°C. Weigh the dry extract and add the magnesium oxide and 
sufficient of the dried starch to make the product weigh fifty grams. 
Reduce the mixture to a fine powder, mix thoroughly, pass the 
extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bot- 
tles and stopper them tightly. 67 
RESINAE-RESINS 
Resins are chemically solid plant substances or exudations us- 
ually acid in character, insoluble in water but soluble in water and 
an alkali. However, the pharmaceutic class-resins-are those 
plant substances insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, obtained 
either as a residue left after the distillation of an oleoresin or by 
precipitating them by pouring a concentrated alcoholic extract of 
the drug into water or acidulated water. All official resins except 
rosin are obtained in this way. Four are official: 
Resina Rosin 
Resina Jalapae Resin of Jalap 
" Podophylli " " Podophyllum 
" Scammoniae 11 " Scammony 
Resina Jalapae-Jalap 
G 
Jalap, in No. 60 powder 50.0 Gm. 
Alcohol 
Water, each, a sufficient quantity 
Moisten the powder with 25 mils of alcohol and pack it firmly 
in a cylindrical percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate 
the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins 
to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having 
closely covered the percolator, macerate for 48 hours. Then allow 
the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding alcohol, (until 
250 mils of percolate are obtained) or until the percolate 
ceases to produce more than a slight turbidity when dropped 
into water. Distil off the alcohol, by means of a water-bath, until 
the percolate is reduced by weight to 12.5 grams, and add the latter 
slowly, with constant stirring, to 150 mils of water. When the pre- 
cipitate has subsided, decant the supernatent liquid, and wash the 
precipitate twice, by decantation with fresh portions of hot water. 
After having drained off the liquid, transfer the Resin to a por- 
celain dish and heat it to dryness on a water-bath. 
Description :-Yellow to brown masses or fragments, breaking 
with a resinous, glossy fracture, translucent at the edge, or a yel- 
lowish-brown powder, having a slight peculiar odor, and a some- 
what acrid taste. 68 
LINIMENTA-LINIMENTS 
Liniments are liquid preparations for external use to be ap- 
plied by friction. They are usually solutions or mixtures of oily 
or alcoholic substances containing fatty oils. Some official lini- 
ments are solid or semisolid preparations. Eight liniments are 
official. Three have a fixed oil as a base, three alcohol, one turpen- 
tine, and one a fluidextract. The following table indicates the 
base in each: 
Alcoholic-Basis Alcohol Linimentum Saponis, Soap Liniment 
" " " " Mollis 
Soap Liniment " Chloroformi 
Fluidextract ' ' Belladonnae 
Oleaginous-Basis Cotton Seed Oil ' ' Camphorae 
'' Linseed Oil " Calcis 
Sesame Oil " Ammoniae 
Turpentine Oil " Terebinthinae 
Linimentum Saponis-Soap Liniment. liquid Opodeldoc 
Soap, dried and granulated or powdered 6.0 Gm. 
Camphor, in small pieces 4.5 Gm. 
Oil of Rosmary 1.0 mil 
Alcohol 70.0 mils 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 100.0 mils 
Dissolve the camphor and the oil of rosmary in the alcohol, 
add the soap and sufficient water to make the product measure 100.0 
mils. Agitate the mixture until the soap is dissolved. Set it 
aside in a cool place for 24 hours, then filter. 
Linimentum Chloroformi 
Chloroform 15.0 mils 
Soap Liniment 35.0 mils 
to make 50.0 mils 
Mix them by agitation. 69 
Linimentum Ammoniae 
Ammonia Water 25.0 mils 
Sesame Oil 75.0 mils 
to make 100.0 mils 
Agitate the ammonia water with the sesame oil until a uniform 
mixture is obtained. 
Linimentum Camphorae 
Camphor, in course powder 5.0 Gm. 
Cotton Seed Oil 20.0 mils 
to make 25.0 mils 
Introduce the cotton seed oil into a suitable flask and heat it 
on a water bath. Introduce the camphor, and stopper the con- 
tainer securely. Dissolve the camphor by agitation without the 
further application of heat. 
Linimentum Calcis-Carron oil. 
Lime water 25.0 mils 
Linseed oil 25.0 mils 
to make 50.0 mils 
Mix them by agitation. 
PULVERES-POWDERS 
These are preparations of, or combinations of, solid drugs in a 
fine state of division, for external or internal use. See pp. 26. 
The pulverization is done to facilitate solution of the ingredients. 
Seven are official: 
Pulvis Aromaticus Aromatic powder 
' ' Cretae Compositus Compound chalk powder 
" Effervescens Compositus " Effervescing Powder 
" Glycyrrhizae Compositus " Licorice powder 
" Ipecacuanhae et Opii Dover's powder 
" Jalapae Compositus Compound powder of jalap 
" Rhei " Compound powder of rhubarb 70 
Pulvis Cretae Compositus 
Prepared Chalk 6.0 Gm. 
Acacia, in fine powder 4.0 Gm. 
Sugar, in fine powder 10.0 Gm. 
Mix the powder thoroughly by trituration and pass the product 
through a No. 60 sieve. 
Pulvis Effervescens Compositus-Seidlitz Powder 
Sodium Bicarbonate, dried and in fine powder 2.5 Gm. 
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate in fine powder 7.5 Gm. 
Tartaric Acid, in fine powder 2.3 Gm. 
Mix the sodium bicarbonate intimately with the potassium and 
sodium tartrate, and wrap in a blue paper. 
Wrap the tartaric acid in a separate white paper. 
Keep the powders well closed, in a dry place. 
These powders as commonly called "Seidlitz Powders". They 
are of much use in human practice as a purgative. The two powders 
are to be dissolved in a glass of water and drunk while the gas is be- 
ing evolved. The tartaric acid acting upon the sodium bicarb- 
onate liberates carbonic acid gas and causes the effervescence. 
TRITURATIONES-TRITURATIONS 
These preparations were suggested by similar preparations used 
in homeopathy. The general formula for triturations as directed 
by the Pharmacopoeia is, 
Substance 10.0 Gm. 
Sugar of Milk 90.0 Gm. 
Weigh the substance and the sugar of milk separately; then 
place the substance, previously reduced if necessary to a moderately 
fine powder, in a mortar; add about an equal measure of sugar of 
milk, mix well by means of a spatula and triturate the powders 
thoroughly together. Then add fresh portions of sugar of milk, 
from time to time, until the whole is added, and continue the trit- 
uration after each addition until the substance is intimately mixed 
with the sugar of milk and reduced to a fine powder. 71 
Trituratio Elaterini 
Elaterin 1.0 Gm. 
Sugar of Milk 9.0 Gm. 
Mix them thoroughly by trituration. (See above). 
MASSA-MASSES 
These are combinations of medical substances, incorporated 
with enough liquid to make a consistency for pills. Two are official. 
Massa Ferri Carbonatis Vallet's Mass 
Massa Hydrargyri Blue Mass 
Mercury 16.5 Gm. 
Oleate of Mercury 0.5 Gm. 
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 60 powder 5.0 Gm. 
Althasa, in No. 60 powder 7.5 Gm. 
Glycerin 4.5 Gm. 
Honey of Rose 16.0 Gm. 
, to make 50.0 Gm. 
Massa Hydrargyri-Blue Mass 
Triturate the oleate of mercury in a warm mortar, gradually 
add the mercury, then introduce a small amount of honey of rose 
and triturate the mixture until globules of mercury are no longer 
visible under a lens magnifying ten diameters. Now incorporate 
the remainder of the honey of rose and the glycerin, then gradually 
add the glycyrrhiza and the althaea and continue the trituration un- 
til the mass is homogeneous. 
Remarks:-The above is known as ' ' Blue Mass ' '. Its manufac- 
ture requires skill and labor as the mercury tends to run together 
and form globules. This is prevented by triturating with honey 
of rose, so as to coat each small globule, and then adding the other 
ingredients. It should be finished in one-half hour. 
CONFECTIONS 
Confections are soft, solid saccharine preparations in which 
the medicinal agent is combined with saccharine substances, as 
jellies, pulp of fruit or honey. They are also called conserves or 72 
electuaries. In the early days of medicines they served as a useful 
means of administering medicine because at that time most drugs 
were disagreeable if not nauseating. They were used a great deal 
in ancient times. One of them which gained considerable fame was 
the "Confection of Damocratis" which contained 40 or 50 ingre- 
dients. Confections are rarely used in Veterinary Medicine as 
such but as electuaries which will be discussed at greater length 
under the head of unofficial preparations. There are no official 
confections. 
Confection Rosae 
Red Rose, in No. 60 powder 4.0 Gms. 
Sugar, in fine powder 32.0 Gms. 
Clarified Honey 6.0 Gms. 
Stronger Rose Water 8.0 mils 
Rub the Red Rose with the Stronger Rose Water, previously 
heated to 65°C. Then gradually add the Clarified Honey and the 
sugar and beat the whole together until a uniform mass results. 
PILULAE-PILLS 
Pills are small globules, spherical or lenticular in shape, con- 
taining one dose of medicinal substance and intended to be swal- 
lowed whole. Since they are so easily made by machinery, but few 
are now made by hand. There are three steps in the manufacture 
of pills. 
1. Making the mass, 
2. Dividing the mass, 
3. Rolling the pills. 
After they are rolled, they may be coated with gelatin, sugar, 
chocolate, keratin, etc. 
Seven are official: 
Pilulae Aloes- Aloes Pills 
" Asafoetidae Asafoetida Pills 
" Catharticae Compositae Compound Cathartic Pills 
11 Ferri Carbonatis Bland's Pills 
" Ferri lodidi Iodide of Iron Pills 
" Phosphori Phosphorus Pills 
" Rhei Compositae Compound Rhubarb Pills 73 
Pilulae Aloes 
3 
Aloes, in fine powder 1.3 Gm. 
Soap, in fine powder 1.3 Gm. 
Water, sufficient quantity 
to make 10 pills 
Mix the powders intimately, then incorporate sufficient water 
to make a mass, and divide into ten pills. 
PlLULAE RHEI COMPOSITAE 
V 
Rhubarb, in No. 80 powder 1.3 Gms. 
Aloes, in fine powder 1.0 Gm. 
Myrrh, in fine powder 0.6 Gm.s 
Oil of Peppermint 0.05 mils (about 1 drop) 
Water, a sufficient quantity 
to make 10 pills 
Mix the Oil of Peppermint intimately with the powders, then 
incorporate sufficient water to form a mass; divide it into 10 pills. 
TROCHISCI-TROCHES 
These are disc-like masses of medicinal substances, consisting 
chiefly of medical powders, sugar and mucilage, intended to be 
slowly dissolved in the mouth. Powerful or disagreeable drugs 
should not be given in this manner, and it is needless to say that 
they cannot be used in veterinary medicine. They may be manufac- 
tured by massing or compression. In the former case the medi- 
cine is combined with some mucilaginous substance with sufficient 
water to make a mass, and then worked in a mortar to a mass. This 
is rolled out and then cut wflth a lozenge cutter. 
By compression:-The manufacture of troches by compression 
differs from that of tablets only by the size of the mold. Five are 
official; 74 
Trochisci Acidi Tannici Troches Tannic Acid 
" Ammonii Chloridi " Ammonium Chloride 
' ' Cubebae 1 ' Cubebs 
" Potassii Chloratis " Potassium Chlorate 
" Sodii Bicarbonatis " Sodium Bicarbonate 
Trochisci Potassii Chloratis 
Potassium Chlorate, in fine powder 1.5 Gm. 
Sugar, in fine powder 6.0 Gm. 
Tragacanth, in fine powder 0.3 Gm. 
Water, a sufficient quality 
to make 10.0 troches 
Mix the sugar with the tragacanth by trituration in a mortar; 
then transfer the mixture to a sheet of paper, and by means of a 
bone or wooden spatula mix it with the potassium chlorate, being 
careful to avoid unnecessary trituration or pressure which might 
cause the mixture to ignite or explode. Lastly with water, form a 
mass, to be divided into ten (10) troches. 
UNGUENTA-OINTMENTS 
Ointments are semisolid preparations in which the medical sub- 
stances are blended with fatty substances, lard, petrolatum, etc., 
and soft enough to be applied to the skin by inunction. They are 
always softer than cerates, which see. They may be prepared by 
incorporation or fusion. When made by the former method, the 
medical substance is rubbed with the solid fatty matter in a mortar 
or upon an ointment slab with a spatula. When made by fu- 
sion the fatty base is liquified by gentle heat and the medicine in- 
corporated while liquid or after solidification. Twenty are official. 
Unguentum, A base for other ointments 
Unguentum Acidi Borici 
" Acidi Tannici 
" Aquae Rosae 
' ' Belladonnae 
Chrysarobini (Chrysarobin) 
Diachylon 75 
" Gallae (Nutgalls) 
11 Hydrargyri 
11 Hydrargyri Ammoniati 
Hydrargyri Dilutum (Blue ointment) 
Hydrargyri Nitratis 
11 Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi 
11 lodi 
'1 lodof ormi 
' ' Phenolis 
' ' Picis Liquidae 
11 Stramonii 
11 Sulphuris 
" Zinci Oxidi 
Adeps Benzoinatus-Benzoinated Lard 
Lard 100.0 Gm. 
Siam Benzoin 1.0 Gm. 
Add the benzoin to the lard and mix thoroughly; then melt 
the mixture by means of a water bath, and, stirring frequently, 
continue the heat for two hours, covering the vessel and not allow- 
ing the temperature to rise about '60°C. (140°F.) Lastly strain 
the liquid through muslin and stir occasionally while it cools. Pre- 
serve it in a cool place in well closed containers which are imper- 
vious to fat. 
/ 
Unguentum Hydrargyri Iodidi Rubri et Cantharides 
Red Iodide of Mercury 10.0 Gm. 
Cantharides, in fine powder 10.0 Gm. 
Benzoinated Lard 50.0 Gm. 
Triturate the red iodide of mercury in a mortar until all lumps 
are reduced to a fine powder, add the cantharides, a little at a time 
and mix the two substances thoroughly. Finally add the benzoin- 
ated lard and rub in the mortar until completely mixed. 
Remarks-.-This is a very popular blister for spavins, etc. 76 
Unguentum Sulphuris Alkalinum N. F. 
Washed Sulphur 10.0 Gm. 
Potassium Carbonate 5.0 Gm. 
Water 2.5 mils 
Benzoinated Lard 32.5 Gm. 
Rub the sulphur with the potassium carbonate and water. 
Gradually add the benzoinated lard and mix thoroughly. 
Zinc Oxide, in fine powder 20.0 Gm. 
Benzoinated Lard 80.0 Gm. 
Unguentum Zinci Oxidi 
Rub the zinc oxide; which must be free from gritty particles, 
with about one fourth of the melted benzoinated lard, in a previous- 
ly warmed container and with this incorporate the remainder of 
the benzoinated lard, previously melted. If necessary, strain the 
ointment while warm, and stir until it congeals. 
Sublimed Sulphur 15.0 Gm. 
Benzoinated Lard 85.0 Gm. 
to make 100.0 Gm. 
Unguentum Sulphuris 
Rub the sublimed sulphur with the benzoinated lard, gradually 
added, until they are thoroughly mixed. 
Unguentum Iodi 
Iodine 4.0 Gm. 
Potassium Iodide 4.0 Gm. 
Glycerin 12.0 Gm. 
Benzoinated Lard 80.0 Gm. 
to make 100.0 Gm. 
Triturate the iodine and potassium iodide in a glass mortar 
with the glycerin until dissolved, then gradually incorporate the 
benzoinated lard and mix thoroughly. All contact with metallic 
utensils must be avoided. 
This ointment must not be dispensed unless it has been recent- 
ly prepared. 77 
CERATA-CERATES 
These are preparations of medical substances with fats and 
waxes of such a consistency as to be soft enough to spread upon 
muslin or other material and not soft enough to liquify when ap- 
plied to the skin. They are called Cerates because they contain 
wax or cera. They may be prepared by fusion or incorporation but 
all the official ones are directed to be made by the former method, 
Three are official: 
Ceratum Cerate. Used only as a base 
Ceratum Resinae Resin or Rosin Cerate 
Ceratum Cantharidis Cantharides Cerate 
Ceratum Resinae 
Rosin 3.5 Gm. 
Yellow Wax 1.5 Gm. 
Lard 5.0 Gm. 
to make 10.0 Gm. 
Melt the rosin, add the yellow wax and lard and continue the 
heat until liquified. Then strain through muslin. Allow it to con- 
geal with occasional stirring. 
In cold weather 5.3 Gm. of lard and 1.2 Gm. of wax may ge used. 
SUPPOSITORIA-SUPPOSITORIES 
Suppositories are solid bodies of various shapes and weights, 
adapted for the introduction into various orifices of the body, and 
melting or softening at body temperature. The vehicles usually 
employed are oil of theobroma, glycerinated gelatin and sodium 
stearate. The ideal suppository consists of a medicine blended with 
some inert base which will not liquify at ordinary temperatures but 
will melt at the body temperature. They may be prepared, by three 
processes, rolling, molding and compression. The first method con- 
sists of making a mass, rolling it into a cylinder, cutting the cylin- 
der and shaping with the hands. In case of those made by molds, 
the mass is liquified and poured into thoroughly chilled molds. By 
compression the medical substance is mixed with finely grated oil 
of theobroma and compressed with a lever. 78 
There is one official suppository-Suppositoria Glycerini, be- 
sides which the Pharmacopoeia contains general formulas for those 
made with oil of theobroma and glycerinated gelatin. 
SUPPOSITORIA GLYCERINI 
Glycerin 15.0 Gm. 
Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate 0.25 Gm. 
Stearic Acid 1.0 Gm. 
Water 2.5 mils 
Dissolve the monohydrated sodium carbonate in the water and 
add it to the glycerin, contained in a suitable vessel placed on a water 
bath in such a way that the vessel is well down in the boiling water 
and its contents protected as much as possible from the steam of the 
bath. Add the stearic acid, and heat the mixture for 15 minutes 
or until carbon dioxide ceases to be evolved, and the liquid is clear. 
Then pour the melted mass into suitable molds, remove the supposi- 
tories when they are completely cold, and preserve them«in a tight- 
ly stoppered glass vessel in a cool place. 
CATAPLASMA-CATAPLASMS-POULTICES 
These are wet masses of solid matter applied to the skin for the 
purpose of reducing inflammation, or in other cases to act as counter- 
irritants. The solid matter as the base is chosen with a view to its 
capacity for absorbing water. Thus the base of the one former offi- 
cial cataplasma is clay, while mucilaginous drugs, such as flaxseed, 
are valuable for poultice bases. 
If the poultice is intended to reduce inflammation, the proper 
base is one devoid of medical action, and the poultice wet with cold 
water or liquid acts similarly to a cold compress. If intended to 
act as a counterirritant, the poultice is either applied hot or is made 
of some drug which has rubifacient properties, (mustard poultice). 
Cataplasma Kaolini belongs to the class of mechanical non-medi- 
cinal poultices used for allaying inflammation. It was official in 
the Pharmacopoeia of 1905. 79 
Cataplasma Kaolini or Cataplasma of Kaolin 
Koalin, in very fine powder 577.0 Gms. 
Boric Acid, in very fine powder 45.0 Gms. 
Thymol 0.5 Gms. 
Methyl Salicylate 2.0 Gms. 
Oil of Peppermint 0.5 Gms. 
Glycerin 375.0 Gms. 
to make 1000.0 Gms. 
Heat the kaolin in a suitable vessel at 100°C., with occasional 
stirring, for one hour, mix it intimately with the boric acid, and 
then incorporate the mixture thoroughly with the glycerin; finally 
add the thymol, which has been dissolved in the methyl salicylate 
and the oil of peppermint, and make a homogeneous mass. It should 
be kept in an air tight container. 
Remarks:-This preparation is similar to various proprietary 
preparations which are often prescribed for applications to a large 
number of'inflammatory conditions. 
EMPLASTRA-PLASTERS 
Plasters are solid preparations containing medicinal substances 
intended to be applied to the skin, and of sufficient adhesiveness to 
adhere firmly. They differ from cerates in being free from fats 
and also from the fact that cerates, when spread on cloth and ap- 
plied are not of sufficient adhesiveness to stick firmly to the skin. 
The bases of plasters consist of gum resins, lead plaster, resin 
plaster, burgundy pitch, isinglass, and India rubber. In former 
times the first named bases were often used, but the machine made 
plasters with a rubber base have largely replaced them. 
The following are official: 
Emplastrum Belladonnae-Belladonna Plaster 
Cantharidis Cantharides Plaster 
" Capsici Capsicum Plaster 
Elasticum Rubber Plaster 
' ' Plumbi Lead Plaster 
Resinae Resin or Rosin Plaster 
" Sinipis Mustard Plaster 80 
Emplastrum Plumbi-Lead Plaster 
Lead Oxide 25.0 Gm. 
Olive Oil 25.0 Gm. 
Lard 25.0 Gm. 
Boiling water, a sufficient quantity. 
Heat the olive oil and the lard by gentle heat until liquified 
in a bright copper or other suitable vessel of a capacity not less than 
four times the bulk of the ingredients, sift the lead oxide, through a 
No. 80 sieve, upon the surface of the hot liquid and mix thoroughly. 
Then gradually add 9 mils of boiling water, and boil the mixture, 
constantly stirring, with a wooden spatula, and adding sufficient 
boiling water, from time to time, to replace that lost by evapora- 
tion, until the mass is homogeneous and a small portion removed and 
dipped into cold water is found to be pliable and tenaceous. Then 
remove it from the fire and wash several times with warm water to 
remove the glycerin. Finally knead the mass until it is free from 
water, roll it into cylinders of suitable size, and wrap them in paper. 
CHARTAE-PAPERS. Unofficial. 
These are a class of preparations in which the medicine is 
spread upon paper or absorbed by it. But one is official, Charta 
Sinipis, Mustard Paper. In the U. S. P. of 1890 Charta Potassi 
Nitratis was also official. 
Ch art a Potassic Nitratis. 
Potassium Nitrate 1.0 Gm. 
Distilled Water 4.0 mils 
Dissolve the Potassium Nitrate in the water. Soak strips of 
unsized white paper in the solution and then dry them. The paper 
should be kept in well closed bottles. This paper was formerly 
used in asthma by burning it and inhaling the fumes. 
UNOFFICIAL PREPARATIONS 
Chapter XI. 
Many unofficial preparations are in so common use that it 
seems best to include a few of them. The most common are:- 
Tabellae-Tablets 
Tablet triturates 
Compressed tablets • 
Hypodermic tablets 81 
Boli-Bolus, Ball 
Capsules 
Haustus 
Electuary 
Tablets are small disc-shaped bodies containing medicinal 
agents. With the exception of Toxitabellae Hydrargyri Chloridi 
Corrosivi they are unofficial but nevertheless largely employed. 
There are several varieties; tablet triturates, compressed tablets, 
coated tablets, hypodermic tablets and dispensing tablets. 
Tablet triturates are prepared by triturating the medicament 
with finely powdered sugar of milk if powerful agents are used, or 
if the substance requires no dilution, triturating it to a very fine 
powder, moistening the powder with sufficient alcohol or other vola- 
tile substance to make a paste. The moistened powder is then 
pressed into molds consisting of a plate perforated with holes and 
then pressing out the tablets by fitting this perforated plate over 
another plate upon which are stituated pegs that accurately fit the 
perforations. The liquid is evaporated very quickly, after which 
the tablets retain their shape and are ready for use. They possess 
advantages over any other method of administering solids in 
human and small animal animal practice as they are more conven- 
iently administered than powders and are more soluble than pills, 
compressed tablets or capsules. Well made triturates disintegrate 
almost immediately on being placed in water. 
Hypodermic tablets are made by the same process. The selec- 
tion of the diluent is an important question because rapid solu- 
bility is desired. Dried neutral sodium sulphate has been largely 
employed and frequently they contain in addition some substance 
which produces chemical change when added to water and causes a 
rapid disintegration of the mass. 
Tablet Triturates of Calomel, (each contain 1/10 gr.; 0.006 
Calomel 0.6 Gm. 
Sugar of milk, a sufficient quantity 
to make 10.0 Gm. 
Tabellae-Tablets. 82 
Clean mold and wipe each hole separately to avoid dirty tab- 
lets. Triturate the calomel with 1 gram of sugar of milk. Then 
add the rest of the sugar of milk in small portions, triturating 
thoroughly after each addition. Moisten the powder with a few 
drops of alcohol and with a spatula quickly press into the molds 
placed upon a pill tile. Then remove and allow to dry. 
Compressed tablets are made from dried, granulated materials 
by compression in a suitable machine. They are less soluble than 
tablet triturates. Compressed tablets of insoluble material should 
not be used. 
Coated tablets are compressed tablets covered with sugar, choc- 
olate, etc. 
Dispensing tablets are those which contain a relatively large 
amount of the active drug like strychnine 1 gr.. or gr. They 
are used by pharmacists and those who dispense their own reme- 
dies in order to avoid the necessity of weighing small amounts of 
powerful drugs in filling prescriptions. 
Bolus Boli-Ball 
A bolus may be defined as a large pill. The term literally 
means mass or lump. Its use is restricted to veterinary medicine. 
They are made very similarly to pills. The ingredients are finely 
powdered and thoroughly mixed, after which an excipient, such 
as soap, syrup, glycerin, or molasses is added to make a mass of 
proper consistency. The mass is then divided into the proper 
number of doses and each portion is molded into the form of a 
cylinder with rounded ends. They may be wrapped in thin paper 
or placed in capsules. 
Very few practitioners make their own balls on account of the 
cheapness at which they may be purchased. 
Aloes 5 viij 30.0 Gm. 
Calomel gr. xxx 2.0 Gm. 
Ginger 5 j 4.0 Gm. 
Nux Vomica gr. xxx 2.0 Gm. 
Glycerin 
Simple syrup aa. 3 j 4.0 mils 
Bolus Aloes 83 
Heat the aloes, glycerin and syrup on a water bath at a tem- 
perature not to exceed 120°F., until the aloes is melted, add the 
ginger and nux vomica and mix thoroughly. Then add about 15 
drops of alcohol. Mix and pour upon a plate covered with lyco- 
podium. After the mass has cooled sufficiently mold into shape 
and wrap in thin paper. 
or 
Aloes 3 viij 
Calomel gr. xxx 
Ginger 3 j 
Nux Vomica gr. xxx 
Glycerin 
Simple syrup aa q. s. 
Mix the aloes, ginger, nux vomica and calomel and then add 
enough of equal parts of simple syrup and glycerin to make a mass. 
Mold into shape and wrap in thin paper. 
Capsules are ovoid or cylindrical shells of gelatin used for the 
administration of various forms of medicines, powders, masses or 
liquids. They are termed hard or soft according to the amount of 
glycerin contained in the mass from which they are made. Hard 
capsules consist of a shell and cap or cover. They are a fairly 
popular means of administering medicines in veterinary practice. 
They may be filled with powders by placing the powder upon a 
clean piece of paper and gently pressing the shell into the mixture 
when it will gradually fill. In order to get the exact amount in 
each capsule they should be weighed. This may be easily done by 
having the weight plus an empty capsule on one scale pan and 
throwing the filled capsule upon the other pan. If not sufficiently 
filled a little more pressure will bring the desired amount and if it 
is already over-filled a slight tapping upon the inverted capsule 
will throw out the excess. In case of very large capsules the powder 
may be poured directly into the capsule and cap. Liquids may 
also be poured into the shell of the larger capsules or dropped into 
the smaller ones by means of a pipette or burette. It is needless 
Capsulae-Capsules 84 
to say that liquids which dissolve gelatin must not be placed in 
capsules unless they are to be given at once. 
Haustus-Drench 
A haustus or drench may be defined as an extemporary liquid 
preparation intended to be given immediately in one dose. 
Electuarium-Electuary 
Electuaries are medicinal pastes to be smeared on the teeth 
of animals where they melt at body temperature and are absorbed 
or are free to act locally upon the tissues of the mouth and throat. 
Usually a specified quantity is dispensed as a sample dose or one 
of the common domestic measures may be used. 
Chapter XII. 
MATERIA MEDICA 
The following lists contain the more important drugs arranged 
for convenience of study. 
Students should keep a separate note-book ruled according to 
the following scheme, in which to tabulate the characteristics. 
Explanatory-The official name, synonym, dose, origin may 
be taken from some standard text but the form, color, taste, and 
odor should be taken directly from the specimen. 
The dose should be given in both the Apothecaries and Metric 
systems. 
Those preparations printed in italics should be studied so 
that they may be recognized by their physical characteristics, while 
the others should be sufficiently studied to know whether they may 
or may not be certain drugs. For instance, whether a brown 
powder might be calomel or mix vomica, or a colorless preparation 
tincture of digitalis, iron, etc. Official Name 
Synonym 
Abbrev. 
Dose 
H-Horse 
D-Dog 
• Origin 
Parts used 
Active 
Principles 
Appearance 
Form, Color 
Taste, Odor 
Solubility 
Ale. 
Water 
• 86 
LESSON I 
Circulatory Stimulants 
Digitalis Group 
Digitalis 
*D. N. T. 
Fluidextractum Digitalis 
D. N. T. 
Tinctura Digitalis 
C. 
Strophanthus 
D. N. T. 
Tinctura Strophanthi 
C. 
Scilla 
c. 
Fluidextractum Scillae 
D. N. T. 
Syrupus Scillae 
H. 
Ingredients 
Circulatory Sedatives 
Aconitum 
C. 
Fluidextractum Aconiti 
D. N. T. 
Tinctura Aconiti 
C. 
Veratrum Viride 
D. N. T. 
Very irritant to nasal 
Fluidextractum Veratri Viridis 
mucous membrane. 
LESSON II 
Vasoconstrictors and Vasodilators 
Adrenalin Solution 
D. N. T. Proprietary 
Liquor Hypophysis 
D. N. T. 
Amylis Nitris 
D. N. T. 
Sodii Nitris 
C. 
Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis 
D. N. T. 
Antipyretics 
Cinchona 
H. 
Cinchona Rubra 
H. 
Tinctura Cinchonae 
H. 
Tinctura Cinchonae Composita 
H. 
Fluidextractum Cinchonae 
H. 
Quinina 
C. 
Quininae Sulphas 
c. 
'1 Bisulphas 
c. 
' ' Hydrochloridum 
c. 
' ' Hydrobromidum 
c. 
Cinchonidinae Sulphas 
c. 
Coal Tar Antipyretics 
Acetanilidum 
c. 
Antipyrina 
c. 
Acetphenetidinum 
c. 
* D. N. T. means do not taste; C, taste cautiously; H, harmless. 87 
Salicylate Antipyretics 
Aciduni Salicylicum 
C. 
Sodii Salicylas 
C. 
Phenyl Salicylas 
c. 
Acidum Acetylsalicylicum 
c. 
Proprietary 
Methylis Salicylas 
c. 
LESSON III 
Atropine Group 
Belladonnae Radix 
C. 
Belladomiae Folia 
c. 
Tinctura Belladonnae 
c. 
Fluidextractum Belladonnae 
c. 
Linimentum Belladonnae 
c. 
Atropinae Sulphas 
D. N. T. 
Hyoscyamus 
D. N. T. 
Fluidextractum Hyoscyami 
C. 
Tinctura Hyoscyami 
C. 
Hyoscina 
. D.N. T. 
Stramonium 
D. N. T. 
Extractum Stramonii 
D. N. T. 
Cerebral Depressants 
Opium 
C. 
Tinctura Opii 
C.. 
Per cent, of Morphine 
Tinctura Opii Camphoratae 
C. 
Per cent, of Morphine 
Extractum Opii 
C. 
Pulv. Extractum Opii 
C. 
Opii Deodoratum 
C. 
Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii 
C. 
Ingredients 
Tinct. Ipecacuanhae et Opii 
c. 
Morphina 
D. N. T. 
Morphinae Sulphas 
C. 
Morphinae Hydrochloridum 
C. 
Codeina 
C. 
Codeinae Sulphas 
C. 
Diacetylmorphina 
D. N. T. 
Cannabis 
C. 
Fluidextractum Cannabis 
c. 
Tinctura Cannabis 
c. 
Chloralum Hydratum 
c. 
Paraldehydum 
c. 
Sulphonmenthanum 
D. N. T, 
LESSON IV 88 
LESSON V 
Anesthetics 
Chlor oformivm 
C. 
Linimentum Chloroformi 
D. N. T. 
Spiritus Chloroformi 
C. 
AEther 
c. 
Ethylis Chloridum 
D. N. T. 
Alcohol 
C. 
Bromides 
Potassii Bromidum 
c. 
Sodii 
c. 
Lithii " 
c. 
Strontii 
c. 
Ammonii " 
c. 
Acidum Hydrobromicum 
D. N. T. 
LESSON VI 
Strychnine Group 
Nux Vomica 
C. 
Per cent, of strychnine 
Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae 
c. 
Per cent, of strychnine 
Extractum Nucis Vomicae 
d 
Tinctura Nucis Vomicae 
D. N. T. 
Strychnina 
D. N. T. 
Strychninae Sulphas 
D. N. T. 
Strychninae Hydrochloridum 
D. N. T. 
Hydrastis 
C. 
Tinctura Hydrastis 
C. 
Glyceritum Hydrastis 
c. 
Hydrastininae Hydrochloridum 
D. N. T. 
Physostigmine Group 
Physostigma 
D. N. T. 
Extractum Physostigmatis 
D. N. T. 
Tinctura Physistigmatis 
C. 
Physostigminae Salicylas 
D. N. T. 
Pilocarpus 
D. N. T. 
Fluidextractum Pilocarpi 
D. N. T. 
Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum 
D. N. T. 
Nux Areca 
C. 
Arecolinae Hydrobromatum 
D. N. T. 
Local Anesthetics 
Coca 
D. N. T. 
Where grown? 
Cocainae Hydrochloridum 
D. N. T. 
Mention other mem- 
Alypinum 
D. N. T. 
bers of the group. 
Novocain 
D. N. T. 89 
LESSON VII 
Emetics 
Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum 
D. N. T. 
Ipecacuanha 
C. 
Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae 
D. N. T. 
Syrupus Ipecacuanhae 
C. 
Bitters 
Gentiana 
H. 
Fluidextractum Gentianae 
H. 
Mention other bitters 
Tinctura Gentianae 
H. 
Quassia 
H. 
Fluidextractum Quassiae 
H. 
Gastric Antacids 
Modii Bicarbonas 
H. 
Liquor Calcis 
H. 
Magnesii Oxidum 
H. 
Magnesii Carbonas 
H. 
Calcii Carbonas 
H. 
Carminatives 
Capsicum 
C. 
Fluidextractum Capsici 
C. 
Tinctura Capsici 
c 
Mention other car- 
Zingiber 
c. 
minatives 
Fluidextractum Zingiberis 
c. 
Tinctura Zingiberis 
c. 
LESSON VIII 
Purgatives 
Oleum Ricini 
H. 
Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae 
H. 
Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae 
H. 
Aromaticum 
Aloe 
H. 
Tinctura Aloes 
H. 
Aloinum 
H. 
Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae 
H. 
Rheum 
H. 
Mention Preparations 
Senna 
C. 
Preparations 
Oleum Tiglii 
D. N. T. 
Elaterinum 
D. N. T. 
Cambogia 
D. N. T. 
Jalapa 
D. N. T. 90 
Oleoresina Jalapae 
D. N. T. 
Podophyllum 
C. 
Oleoresina Podophylli 
D. N. T. 
Colocynthis 
D. N. T. 
Extractum Colocynthidis 
D. N. T. 
Scammoniae Radix 
I). N. T. 
Salines 
Magnesii Sulphas 
C. 
Sodii Sulphas 
C. 
Potassii et Sodii Tartras 
H. 
Vermicides 
Aspidium 
C. 
Oleoresina Aspidii 
D. N. T. 
Granatum 
C. 
Kamala 
c. 
Pepo 
H. 
Santoninum 
C. 
Chenopodium 
c. 
Oleum Chenopodii 
D. N. T. 
Spigelia 
C. 
Fluidextractum Spigeliae 
C. 
Thymol 
c. 
Betanaphthol 
c. 
LESSON IX 
Diuretics 
Digitalis Group 
Caffeina 
Apocynum 
Potassii Acetas 
Potassii Citras 
Potassii Bitartras 
Potassii Nitras 
Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi 
Recall characteristics 
C. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
H. 
Volatile Oils 
Oleum Anisi 
' ' Corinandri 
" Lavandulae Florurn 
" Limonis Corticis 
" Menthae Piperitae 
' ' Carui 
' ' Cinnamomi 
' ' Eucalyptoli 
' ' Foeniculi 
' ' Pimentae 
C. Flavors 
C. 
C. 
C. 
C. Carminatives 
C. 
C. 
C. 
D. N. T. 91 
Oleum Valerianae 
D. N. T. 
Malodorous 
Asafoetida 
C. 
Copaiba 
D. N. T. 
Genitro Urinary Stim- 
Oleoresina Copaibae 
C. 
ulants 
Cubeba 
C. 
Oleoresina Cubebae 
D. N. T. 
Oleum Santali 
D. N. T. 
J uniperum 
C. 
Diuretics 
Oleum Juniperi 
c. 
Spiritus Juniperi 
c. 
Buchu 
c. 
Preparations 
Uva Ursi 
c. 
Preparations 
Terebinthina 
c. 
Skin irritants 
Oleum T erebinthinae 
c. 
' ' Lavandulae 
D. N. T. 
' ' Rosmarini 
D. N. T. 
' ' Piels Liquidae 
D. N. T. 
" Cajaputi 
D. N. T. 
Sinapis Alba 
D. N. T. 
Sinapis Nigra 
D. N. T. 
Oleum Sinapis Volatile 
D. N. T. 
Smell very cautiously 
Thiosinimin 
D. N. T. 
Cantharis 
D. N. T. 
Tinctura Cantharidis 
D. N. T. 
Eupatorium 
D. N. T. 
Chrysarobinum 
D. N. T. 
Epicarin 
D. N. T. 
Oleum Cadinum 
C. 
Balsamum Peruvianum 
D. N. T. 
LESSON X 
Terpini Hydras 
C. 
Used in respiratory 
Terebenum 
diseases 
Balsamum Tolutanum 
H. 
Syrupus Tolutanus 
H. 
Oleum Savinae 
D. N. T. 
Toxic and Ecbolic 
'' Tanaceti 
D. N. T. 
' ' Rutae 
D. N. T. 
' ' Hedeomae 
D. N. T. 
Oleum Caryophylli 
C. 
Used in Dentistry 
11 Cinnamomi 
C. 
1 ' Sassafras 
C. 
' ' Gaultheriae 
C. 
Pyrethrum 
D. N.T. 
Insecticide 92 
Uterine Stimulants 
Ergota 
C. 
Fluidextractum Ergotae 
D. N. T. 
Uterine Sedatives 
Viburnum Prunifolium 
C. 
Fluidextractum Viburni Prun. 
C. 
Vegetable Astringents 
Acidum Tannicum 
C. 
Acidum Gallicum 
C. 
Galla 
C. 
Kino 
c 
Preparations of these 
Krameria 
c. 
drugs 
Gambir 
c. 
Hamamelidis 
c. 
Salts of Potash 
Potassii Bromidum 
C. 
' ' Bitartras 
H. 
' ' Citras 
H. 
' ' Acetas 
H. 
'' Bichromas 
D. N. T. 
' ' Nit r as 
H. 
11 Hydroxidum 
D. N. T. 
'1 Sulphas 
H. 
'1 Bicarbonas 
H. 
' ' Carbonas 
C. 
' ' Chloras 
C. 
'1 lodidum 
C. 
' ' Permanganas 
D. N. T. 
Potassa cum Calce 
D. N. T. 
Pctassii Oleatum 
D. N. T. 
Sodium Salts 
Sodii Hydroxidum 
D. N. T. 
' ' Bicarbonas 
H. 
' ' Carbonas 
C. * 
'1 Chloridum 
H. 
' ' Sulphas 
H. 
li Sulphis Phosphas 
H. 
' ' Bisulphis 
H. 
' ' Thiosulphas 
H. 
LESSON XI 93 
LESSON XII 
Ammonium Preparations 
Aqua Ammoniae 
D. N. T. 
Smell Cautiously 
Aqua Ammoniae Fortior 
D. N. T. 
Smell Cautiously 
Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus 
C. 
Linimentum Ammoniae 
D. N. T. 
Ammonii Carbonas 
C. 
Ammonii Chloridum 
C. 
Liquor Ammonii Acetatis 
H. 
Lithium Salts 
Lithii Citras 
H. 
" Carbonas 
H. 
Calcium Salts 
Creta Preparata 
H. 
Official preparation 
Mistura Cretae 
H. 
Ingredients 
Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus 
H. 
Calx 
D. N. T. 
Liquor Calcis 
H. 
Calcii Chloridum 
C. 
Calcii Sulphas Exsiccatus 
D. N. T. 
Use ? 
Barium 
Barii Chloridum 
D. N. T. 
Magnesium 
Magnesii Carbonas 
H. 
'1 Oxidum 
H. 
4 ' Oxidum Ponderosum 
H. 
' ' Sulphas 
H. 
LESSON XIII 
Acids 
Acidum Hychloricum 
D. N. T. 
Preparations 
c c 
Nitricum 
D. N. T. 
c c 
Nitr ohy dr ochl oricum 
D. N. T. 
Ingredients 
C i 
Phosphoricum 
D. N. T. 
c ( 
Sulphurictim 
D. N. T. 
ct 
Sulphuricum Aromaticum 
D. N. T. 
c c 
Chromicum 
D. N. T. 
c c 
Aceticum 
D. N. T. 
C ( 
Aceticum Glaciate 
D. N. T. 
c c 
Stearicum 
D. N. T. 
c c 
Oxalicum 
I). N. T. 
(( 
Lacticum 
D. N. T. 94 
6 C 
Citricum 
C. 
C C 
Tartaricum 
C. 
c c 
Oleicum 
D. N. T. 
c c 
Boricum 
C. 
c c 
Picricum 
* D. N. T. 
LESSON XIV 
Halogens 
lodum 
D. N. T. 
Tinctura lodi 
D. N. T. 
Liquor lodi Compositus 
D. N. T. Ingredients 
Unguentum lodi 
D. N. T. 
lodopin 
D. N. T. 
Sulphuris lodidum 
D. N. T. 
Sodii lodidum 
C. 
Potassii lodidum 
C. 
Iodo formum 
D. N. T. 
lodoformin 
D. N. T. 
lodolum 
D. N. T. 
Thymolis lodidum 
D. N. T. 
Bromoformum 
D. N. T. See Bromides 
Chlorum 
Calx Chlorinata 
D. N. T. 
Salts of Heavy Metals 
Arseni Trioxidum 
I). N. T. 
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi 
C. 
Per cent, of Arsenic 
Liquor Potassii Arsenitis 
C. 
Ingredients 
Liquor Sodii Arsenatis 
C. 
Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi 
H. 
Ingredients 
Sodii Arsenas 
D. N. T. 
Arseni lodidum 
D.N.T. 
Atoxyol 
D. N. T. 
Sodii Cacodylas 
D. N. T. 
Cupri Arsenas 
D. N. T. 
Antimony 
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras 
D. N. T. 
Antimonii Sulphis 
D. N. T. 
Bismuth 
Bismuthi Subnitras 
H. 
'1 Subcarbonas 
H. 
' ' Subgallas 
H. 
' ' Subsalicylas 
H. 
LESSON XV 95 
Betanaphtholas II. 
et Ammonii Citras H. 
Magma Bismuthi H. 
Iron 
Ferrum 
H. 
Ferrum Reductum 
H. 
Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus 
H. 
Massa Ferri Carbonatis 
C. 
Ferri Chloridum 
D. N. T. 
Tinctura Ferri Chloridi 
C. 
Liquor Ferri Chloridi 
I). N. T. 
What is this used for ? 
Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis 
Ferri Hydroxidum cum Magnesii 
C. 
C. 
For what used? 
Oxido 
Ferri Sulphas 
C. 
" Sulphas Exsiccatus 
H. 
" Subsulplias 
D. N. T. 
Use? 
Liquor Ferri Subsulphas 
D. N. T. 
Scale Preparations 
.Why so named? 
Ferri et Ammonii Citras 
C. 
" et Quininae Citras 
C. 
" et Strychninae Citras 
D.N. T. 
Copper and Zinc 
Cupri Sulphas 
D. N. T. 
Zinci Chloridum 
D. N. T. 
1 ' Acetas 
C. 
'' Carbonas Praecipitatus 
D. N. T. 
'1 Oxidum 
C. 
' ' Sulphas 
c. 
Silver 
Argenti Nitras 
D. N. T. 
Argenti Nitras Fusus 
D. N. T. 
Argenti Nitras Mitigatus 
D. N. T. 
Ingredients 
Protargol 
D. N. T. 
Argyrol 
D. N. T. 
Argentamin 
D. N. T. 
Argentum Solubile 
D. N. T. 
LESSON XVI 96 
LESSON XVII 
Lead 
Plumbi Acetas 
D. N. T. 
Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis 
D. N. T. 
Ingredients 
Plumbi lodidum 
D. N. T. 
Plumbi Oxidum 
D. N. T. 
Emplastrum Plumbi 
D. N. T. 
Mercury 
D. N. T. 
Hydrargyrum 
D. N. T. 
Massa Hydrargyri 
D. N. T. 
Unguentum Hydrargyri 
D.N. T. 
Hydrargyrum cum Creta 
D. N. T. 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosiv- 
um 
D. N. T. 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite 
C. 
Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum 
D. N. T. 
Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum 
D. N. T. 
Hydrargyri Nitras 
D. N. T. 
Unguentum Hydr. Nit. 
D.N. T. 
Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum 
D. N. T. 
Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum 
D. N. T. 
Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum 
Manganese 
D. N. T. 
Mangani Dioxidum Praecipitatum 
D. N. T. 
Potassii Permanganas 
D. N. T. 
Aluminum 
j 
Alumen 
H. 
Alumen Exsiccatum 
Cerium 
C. 
Cerii Oxalas 
Phosphorus 
H. 
Phosphorus 
D. N. T. 
Do not remove from 
Zinci Subphidum 
D. N. T. 
bottle 
Calcium Glycerophosphas 
Sulphur Compounds 
C. 
Sulphur Sublimatum 
H. 
Sulphur Lotum 
H. 
Sulphur Praecipitatum 
H. 
Sulphuris lodidum 
D. N. T, 97 
Calcii Sulphidum Crudum 
C. 
Potassii Sulphurata 
D. N. T. 
Ichthyol 
D. N. T. 
Ichthalbin 
D. N. T. 
Ichthoform 
D. N. T. 
Thiol 
D. N. T. 
LESSON XVIII 
Germicides 
Phenol 
D. N. T. 
Phenol Liquefactum ■ 
D. N. T. How made? 
Unguentum Phenolis 
D. N. T. 
Sodii Phenolsulphonas 
C. 
Creosotum 
I). N. T. 
Creosoti Carbonas 
D.N. T. 
Guaiacol 
D. N. T. 
Guaiacolis Carbonas 
I). N. T. 
Pix Liquida 
C. 
Cresol 
D. N. T. 
Liquor Cresolis Compositus 
D. N. T. 
Resorcinol 
D. N. T. 
Naphthalinum 
C. 
Beta Naphthol 
C. 
Liquor Formaldehydum 
T). N. T. 
Paraformaldehydum 
D. N. T. 
Hexamethylenamina 
C. 
Methyl Blue 
D. N. T. 
Methylthioninae Chloridum 
D. N. T. 
Liquor Hydrogenii Dioxidi 
C. 
LESSON XIX 
Camphor Group 
C amphora 
C. 
Aqua Camphorae 
H. 
Linimentum Camphorae 
D. N. T. 
Ingredients 
Ceratum Camphorae 
D. N. T. 
Ingredients 
Spirit us Camphorae 
C. 
Linimentum Saponis 
D. N. T. 
Ingredients 
Camphora Monobromata 
C. 
Menthol' 
C. 98 
Protectives 
Althaea 
H. 
Amylum 
H. 
Adeps 
H. 
. ' ' Benzoinatus 
H. 
' ' Lanae 
D. N. T. 
Preparation 
Oleum Lini 
H. 
Raw or boiled and 
Cetaceum 
H. 
Why? 
Petrolatum 
H. 
Petrolatum Album 
H. 
Petrolatum Liquidum 
H. 
Glycerinum 
H. 
Cera Alba 
H. 
Cera Flava 
H. 
Talcum Purificatum 
H. 
Kaolinum 
H. 
For what used ?