THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS SECOND EDITION Outlining a Minimum Course of Instruction OF Twelve Hundred Hours Revised and Published BY THE National Committee Representing The American Pharmaceutical Association The American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy COPYRIGHTED ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1913 2 NATIONAL COMMITTEE It is recommended that this syllabus be adopted by the schools of pharmacy to take effect July 31, 1914, and by the boards of pharmacy to take effect July 31, 1916. ©CI.A371474 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 3 THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE Executive Willis G. Gregory, Chairman Henry L. Taylor, Secretary Henry H. Rusby Ernst O. Engstrom James H. Beal Materia Medica Henry H. Rusby M.D., Chairman Dean of the New York College of Pharmacy George M. Beringer Ph.M. Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy Clarence O. Bigelow, Pharmacist President, New York State Board of Pharmacy John Culley Ph.G. Member, Utah State Board of Pharmacy William B. Day Ph.G. Acting Dean, School of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Clement B. Lowe M.D. Professor, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy William Mittelbach President, Missouri State Board of Pharmacy Chemistry Ernst O. Engstrom Ph.G., Chairman Member, Board of Trustees, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy William C. Anderson Phar.D. Dean, Brooklyn College of Pharmacy Theodore J. Bradley B.S. Ph.G. Dean, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy Charles W. Johnson Ph.C. Ph.D. Dean, College of Pharmacy, University of Washington Julius A. Koch Ph.D. Dean, Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy Turner A. Miller Secretarv, Virginia State Board of Pharmacy Henry L. Taylor Ph.D. In charge of foreign credentials, New York State Education Department Pharmacy James H. Beal Phar.D., Chairman Secretary, American Pharmaceutical Association Charles Caspari, jr, Phar.D. Dean, Department of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eugene G. Eberle Ph.G. Dean, Department of Pharmacy, Baylor University Charles Gietner Ph.G. Member, Missouri State Board of Pharmacy Willis G. Gregory M.D. Ph.G. Dean, Buffalo College of Pharmacy Harry B. Mason Ph.G. Editor, Bulletin of Pharmacy William H. Rudder Ph.G. Member, Indiana State Board of Pharmacy 4 NATIONAL COMMITTEE The committee arranged according to the associations the> represent, the years when their terms expire and their addresses AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION 1914 Harry B. Mason, Detroit, Mich., P. O. box 484 1915 George M. Beringer, Camden, N. J. 1916 William B. Day, Chicago, Ill., 74 East 12th st. 1917 Willis G. Gregory, Buffalo, N. Y., 344 Richmond av. 1918 Henry L. Taylor, Albany, N. Y., 2 Woodlawn av. 1919 Charles Caspari, jr, Baltimore, Md., University of Maryland 1920 Eugene G. Eberle, Dallas, Texas, P. O. box 1536 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BOARDS OF PHARMACY 1914 John Culley, Ogden, Utah, 2479 Washington av. 1915 Charles Gietner, St Louis, Mo., 203 South Broadway 1916 William Mittelbach, Booneville, Mo. 1917 Ernst O. Engstrom, Pittsfield, Mass. 1918 William H. Rudder, Salem, Ind. 1919 Clarence O. Bigelow, New York, N. Y., 106 Sixth av. 1920 Turner A. Miller, Richmond, Va., 519 E. Broad st. AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF PHARMACEUTICAL FACULTIES 1914 Julius A. Koch, Pittsburgh, Pa., Bluff and Pride st. 1915 Theodore J. Bradley, Boston, Mass., 70 St Botolph st. 1916 Henry H. Rusby, Newark, N. J., 776 De Graw av. 1917 James H. Beal, Scio, Ohio 1918 Charles W. Johnson, Seattle, Wash., College of Pharmacy, University of Washington 1919 Clement B. Lowe, Philadelphia, Pa., 6630 German- town av. 1920 William C. Anderson, Brooklyn, N. Y., 315 Greene av. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 7 5 CHAPTER I Preface 10 Aim. The aim of this work is to outline a minimum course of study that will be broad enough and sufficiently well balanced to be acceptable to our pharmacy schools as a basis for the instruction of their students, and at ^5 the same time to be satisfactory to our boards of phar- macy as a reasonably extended field in which to examine candidates for state-conferred rights and responsibilities. That any such effort must invite more or less of compromise is readily apparent. Quite possibly this is 20 not the syllabus that any individual member of a board of pharmacy or any one teacher in a college of pharmacy would write. However, as it is the well considered product of a group of the most earnest workers in phar- macy, doubtless it is better balanced and more acceptable 25 than the work of a single mind could be. It is believed that this volume will be recognized as a material improvement on its predecessor. Portions of the chapter on materia medica have been almost com- pletely rewritten. 30 The chapters on chemistry and on pharmacy have been rearranged and many minor changes have been made. The lists of reference works and of textbooks have been enlarged. 35 Second Edition. This volume is published for the three-fold purpose of presenting an improved course of study, of providing a syllabus for schools of pharmacy and of furnishing a standard for boards of pharmacy. It is recommended that it be adopted by the schools to 40 take effect July 31, 1914, and by the boards to take effect July 31, 1916. 8 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Changes. Doubtless the most important change in the book is the addition of subject matter for one hun- dred hours each to materia medica and to pharmacy. 5 This makes a twelve hundred hour minimum course and brings the syllabus into accord with the standards of the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties and the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. But a syllabus, like a living language, is necessarily in 10 process of constant change. It must not be used to dam the flow of increasing knowledge either of fact or prac- tice. Therefore it is not expected that this edition will be used for an indefinite period, but like our Pharma- copoeia, it shall be revised at intervals. In order to 15 give the schools time enough in which to pass a student through this course, it is planned to publish each edition at least two years in advance. Thus when thi.s period is reached the graduates of the schools shall have been pre- pared in the subject matter upon which the boards are 20 expected to examine them. Historical The Prerequisite Law. The " prerequisite require- 25 ment," which means that a candidate for examination by a board of pharmacy must have had a general pre- liminary education and be a graduate of a school of phar- macy, was made a law in New York state in 1904. The following words are included in the act " Registered by 30 the Regents of the University of the State of New York as legally incorporated and as maintaining a proper pharmacy standard, provided such pharmacy school, col- lege or department of a university shall require as a con- dition for entrance a satisfactory examination in subjects 35 designated by said Regents of not less than 12 Regents counts, or an educational equivalent acceptable to said Regents." These words applying to schools of pharmacy whose graduates would be eligible for examination in that state 40 created the problem of the registration of schools of pharmacy and necessitated the establishment of some THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 9 standard to be used for that purpose. No serious diffi- culties were experienced in formulating requirements for registration except in the matter of the course of study. Here the schools of the state were found to differ 5 materially, but it was also discovered that they did not vary to as great an extent as those of the country at' large. New York State Syllabus Committee. The idea of a reasonably uniform curriculum naturally suggested itself. Meantime the Regents had established a State jo Pharmacy Council consisting of the deans of the four schools of pharmacy. Under these conditions and at the suggestion of the Board of Pharmacy a conference was arranged between the Pharmacy Council, the Board of Pharmacy and representatives of the American Confer- 15 ence of Pharmaceutical Faculties. This meeting took place at Niagara Falls, June 27, 1906, when it voted unanimously: " That the outlining of a course for the schools of pharmacy and the syllabus to govern both registration 20 by the Education Department and examinations by the State Board of Pharmacy be referred to a committee of three representing the Board, the Council and the De- partment with power." Mr Rusby was appointed by the Council, Mr Gregory by the Board and Mr Taylor by 25 the Department. This committee, after several informal conferences was organized at Indianapolis, September 3, 1906, by the election of Mr Gregory as chairman and Mr Taylor as secretary. After full and careful consideration of the 30 question in all its bearings, the following was voted: " To give this work a national character the committee should be enlarged and an invitation should be extended to the National Association of State Boards of Pharmacy and the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Facul- 35 ties, each to elect a representative on the committee." National Syllabus Committee. The invitation of the State Syllabus Committee to enlarge the work and give it a national character was accepted, and formal reorganization was perfected at the Indianapolis meeting 40 of the American Pharmaceutical Association. NATIONAL COMMITTEE 10 Among the conspiring causes for the reorganization of the committee were the discussions of the joint meetings of the section on education and legislation of the Ameri- 5 can Pharmaceutical Association with the National As- sociation of Boards of Pharmacy under the chairmanship of Mr Oscar Oldberg. National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. At the regular meeting of this association held at Indianapolis, 10 September 5, 1906, the aims and objects of the Syllabus Committee and the bodies represented therein were pre- sented. Mr Wilhelm Bodemann was appointed to act as the representative of this body, and Mr Ernst Engstrom was 15 elected his successor at the meeting of the association in New York, September 19, 1907. American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties. At the regular meeting of this association held at Indian- apolis, September 5, 1906, a committee reporting on the 20 president's address recommended the appointment of a member of the conference to act on the Syllabus Com- mittee. On formal request the chairman of the com- mittee, Mr J. H. Beal, consented to represent the con- ference for the year and was elected its representative at 25 the meeting held in New York, September 1907. The Committee of Five. This committee was organ- ized September 6, 1906, with Mr Gregory as chairman and Mr Taylor as secretary. Four subcommittees were provided for, comprising five members each which with 30 the secretary, who was excused from subcommittee work, made a committee of twenty-one members. The Committee of Twenty-one. In 1907 the com- mittee decided to group its course of study in three grand subdivisions orbranches, (1) materia medica, (2) chemis- 35 try and (3) pharmacy, and in accordance with this action to assign seven members to each of these subjects. Definitions were adopted, the number of hours of instruction for each subject was agreed upon, and the subcommittees engaged in the preparation of the outlines 40 of each subdivision. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Annual Reports. Each year reports were made to the three national pharmaceutical organizations concern- ing the progress of the work and each year the com- mittee was greatly encouraged by the approval expressed 5 regarding the work accomplished. Publication. Copy for the entire work was finally in hand and the problem of publication confronted the committee. At this juncture the New York State Board of Phar- 10 macy offered to publish an edition of one thousand copies at its own expense. This generous offer was accepted and the first edition was not only published but also dis- tributed to the boards and schools of pharmacy in this country without cost to the recipients or the Syllabus 15 Committee. Reorganization. At this time it was seen clearly that to publish the syllabus on a permanent basis it must be in the hands of a definitely established and representa- 20 tive committee. To secure these conditions each of the three national pharmaceutical bodies was requested at the Richmond meetings in 1910, to make lasting provision for the appointment of seven members of the National Syllabus Committee. 25 American Pharmaceutical Association. In response to such request this organization on May 4, 1910, amended its by-laws to make permanent provision for such representation. American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties. 30 This body also arranged for permanent membership on the committee by amending its by-laws to that effect, May 4, 1910. National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. This society cooperated with the others by providing for com- 35 mittee membership in its by-laws. In this way the syllabus has become included as an in- tegral part of the structure of American pharmacy. The Second Edition. During 1911, after the appoint- 40 ment of the new committee provided for at Richmond and after the members had been assigned to subcom- 11 mittees, active preparations were made for a second edition. By the autumn of the next year material for revision was well in hand. 5 On December 27 and 28, 1912, a meeting of the com- mittee was held at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Thirteen members were present with three others as authorized proxies, making a total attendance of sixteen as follows: 10 Members William C. Anderson, Brooklyn, N. Y. James H. Beal, Scio, Ohio George M. Beringer, Camden, N. J. Theodore J. Bradley, Boston, Mass. Ernst O. Engstrom, Pittsfield, Mass. Charles Gietner, St Louis, Mo. Willis G. Gregory, Buffalo, N. Y. Samuel L. Hilton, Washington, D. C. Julius A. Koch, Pittsburgh, Pa. 20 Clement B. Lowe, Philadelphia, Pa. William H. Rudder, Salem, Ind. Henry H. Rusby, Newark, N. J. Henry L. Taylor, Albany, N. Y. Proxies 25 Claire A. Dye, Columbus, Ohio, representing Charles W. Johnson, Seattle, Wash. Louis Emanuel, Pittsburgh, Pa. representing John Culley, Ogden, Utah Louis Saalbach, Pittsburgh, Pa. 30 representing Eugene G. Eberle, Dallas, Texas The work progressed from this time so that a com- plete volume for proof reading was placed in the hands of each member of the National Committee in attend- 35 ance at the annual meetings of the three associations in Nashville, August, 1913. Publication was then author- ized as soon as thorough editing could be done. 12 NATIONAL COMMITTEE THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 15 CHAPTER II 5 Introductory, Preliminary and Explanatory Notes It is fitting at the outset of an undertaking to attempt a clear exposition of the plan and scope of the work. 10 From its inception the scope of this work has been the outlining of a minimum course of study and a syllabus for the guidance of pharmacy schools in their preparation of students for admission to the boards' licensing examina- tions. The plan unfolded in the historical sketch is an 15 example of an American trait of character - the adapta- tion of present means to a definite end. Given a new and obscure law in New York state and the untried relation of several possibly conflicting interests, what happens? Conference leads to confidence, concession to inspiration, 20 united effort to strong advance and local success to national influence. Syllabus. The meaning of the word " syllabus " as applied to this undertaking needs to be clearly understood. 25 The dictionaries make the word a synonym of com- pendium, abstract, epitome, brief. It is more than these. It is a concise statement of a scheme of lessons. Its Origin. The idea of a pharmaceutical syllabus is not a new one. During the period of the organization 30 of the American Pharmaceutical Association numerous interesting reports bearing upon pharmaceutical educa- tion were made. Among them is a report on textbooks suitable for the study of pharmacy (1856) and a syllabus (1858), the purpose of which is thus distinctly outlined 35 by its.author, Professor William Procter, Jr. " It often happens that the beginner does not enjoy the privilege of a friend at his side to explain difficulties as they arise, and employers are sometimes as ignorant in these regards as the apprentice himself. It is to point out to these 40 seekers after knowledge the route to obtain it that this syllabus has been prepared." 16 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Definition. The pharmaceutical syllabus is prepared to indicate the general scope and character of the in- struction to be given by the teacher and the work to be 5 done by the student. By this means it is expected that adequate attention will be given to the essentials of each subject, that approved principles of teaching will be observed and that embarrassment to students in state board examinations arising from defective instruction or 10 the use of different textbooks may be obviated. It is not designed, however, to interfere with such flexibility in courses of study and freedom in methods of instruction as ought to exist in pharmacy schools, but to indicate subjects of study, to present outlines of these subjects, 15 experiments for the laboratory, definitions of standard requirements and topical analyses. First Principle. This finds expression in the com- mittee's principle " In the selection of matter for this 20 necessarily restricted syllabus the primary object should not be the treatment of the subjects in the complete scientific manner governing the collegiate course, but rather the needs and convenience of the retail phar- macist." 25 Examinations. Examination questions are to be based upon the syllabus, but the instruction of the schools and the tests of the boards may fairly be expected to give recognition to important discoveries in pharmaceutical science and other significant changes. Special efforts 30 will be made to state examination questions clearly and not to assume a degree of knowledge or skill in statement that may not reasonably be expected from pharmaceutical students. On the other hand, the schools should con- tribute their share toward the success of the examination 35 set by the state boards by thoroughly covering the mini- mum course outlined and detailed by the syllabus. Second Principle. The committee is not unmindful of its own restrictions as appears from another of its 49 principles, " While considerable attention to detail is necessary in the syllabus to the end that the boards may be properly guided in their examination, such detailed THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 17 treatment should not go farther than is necessary to accomplish that purpose." Its National Character. A system of examinations adapted to the work of all the pharmacy schools of the 5 United States must of necessity be somewhat different from one intended for the students of a single school. The personality of the teacher, the local environment and the textbook used, all tend to vary the work done in the different schools. As a result the exact course studied 10 of any subject and the emphasis given to any part of it will not be precisely the same in any two pharmacy schools. This is as it should be, for were it not so the work would lack individuality and life. To provide for these conditions the pharmaceutical syllabus will give in 15 general terms very full outlines of the subjects in which examinations are held. The Outlines. These outlines should, in fact, be so full that it will be quite impossible for any one class in the time allotted to study exhaustively all the topics men- 20 tioned and no one textbook could furnish the material for such exhaustive study. It is here that the alternative or group system of questions may give relief. If a ques- tion paper has been properly prepared and the student has been properly instructed, he should find on the paper 25 questions that relate to matters which have not been taken up in detail in his study of the subject. If this is not the case, it is evidence either that the questions have not been properly distributed over the whole field, or that the in- struction ot study has been distributed over too much of 30 the field. If teachers and students will take this attitude toward the examinations, all the hampering effects will disappear, and it will be, as it is intended to be, stimulat- ing in the best sense. Third Principle. The committee emphasizes this in 35 another principle. " The syllabus is intended to allow the individual teacher or school the widest possible liberty as to order and grouping of these topics and method of presentation. Its object is to specify what topics are to be taught by the schools and expected by the board with- 40 18 NATIONAL COMMITTEE out concerning itself with the manner in which this result is reached by any school, teacher or book." 5 Short Definition. In short, the plan and scope of the work contemplates an outline and syllabus that shall serve as a rational ground for instruction in pharmacy schools of the United States, and that shall afford perma- nent and scientific tests for admission to the practice of 10 one of the most ancient and honorable branches of applied science - pharmacology. To the Schools of Pharmacy. All work performed upon the syllabus, that now is in progress and that con- 15 templated, should be regarded in the light of a progres- sive systematic study, the results of which are to prepare the way for such a degree of uniformity in the minimum requirements of the boards, and, therefore, in the mini- mum instruction of the schools, as shall seem practicable. 20 It is hoped that experience will show that this uniformity can be gradually increased. Criticism. The very fact that a syllabus provokes diverse criticism is evidence of the need of such study. The thorough analysis and discussion of the work must 25 therefore be regarded as an unmixed good, and such a discussion will result in showing how far it is possible to go in securing uniformity. Experience. Its approval, while not possessing any obligatory power over any member of either body that 30 did not approve it, resulted, as was expected, in deter- mining for the first syllabus period, by such as adopted it, the general policy of the boards in framing their examinations, and of the schools in fitting students to meet them. Without any compulsion or formal agree- 35 ment, this result could not fail to supervene as a result of the individual approval of the several members. As it is possible to take one or more additional steps, a similar influence may be expected to accrue, and the right and propriety of such a result can scarcely be called in ques- 40 tion, coming as it will from voluntary approval after care- ful consideration and full discussion. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 19 Discussion. The discussions have followed long and close individual study of the subjects submitted to the members. This study has included the local conditions under which the boards and schools labor in different 5 sections and the methods and policies which they sever- ally follow, as well as the principles on which correct and successful action should be based. Coerced as we are by the logic of the above considera- tions, it is most earnestly asked that the syllabus be 10 studied by the members on the basis above presented, and in the same spirit as that in which it is offered. Results of the First Edition. The hopes, the argu- ments, the criticisms and the discussions of the first edition more than met the expectations of the most 15 enthusiastic members of the National Committee. With- out any compulsion sixty-two of the eighty-three schools in the United States have formally adopted the syllabus and only the impossibility of obtaining copies of the first edition prevented such action by several other 20 schools. The additional steps hoped for above are now in process of realization. Advantages in a National Syllabus. A national syllabus has these advantages: It gives all the boards a uniform outline of the ground 25 to be covered by their examinations. It gives examinees definite knowledge of the prepara- tion expected by the boards. It gives the colleges a minimum outline of the ground to be covered in the preparation of their students for 30 board examinations. It leads to such uniformity in board examinations that the indorsement of licenses becomes possible when they are based on examinations in accord with the syllabus. Minimum Requirements for Schools of Pharmacy. 35 The term " college " includes universities and other insti- tutions of higher instruction authorized to confer degrees in arts and science. Professional and technical higher institutions are uniformly called schools whatever their corporate title. Hence the word " school " as used in this 40 work refers uniformly to colleges or schools of phar- NATIONAL COMMITTEE 20 macy, or to the pharmacy departments of universities. Of course this use of the word does not affect the cor- 5 porate title of the institution. National Requirements. The Syllabus Committee accepts and approves the requirements adopted by the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties and 10 by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy as constituting the minimum requirements for schools of pharmacy. The following statements of the requirements of these bodies are given suitably to inform the users of the syllabus. 15 American Conference of Pharmaceutical Facul- ties. The object of this conference is to promote the interests of pharmaceutical education. Membership. Schools that are not already members may, after recommendation by the Executive Committee, 20 be elected to membership by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the Conference. Meetings. The Conference holds one meeting an- nually at the same place as and coincident with the annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 25 the time to be arranged by the Executive Committee. Committee. The Committee on Pharmaceutical Sylla- bus consists of seven members elected by ballot; each vacancy occurring from the expiration of term is filled for a term of seven years; other vacancies are filled ati 30 the annual meetings of the association for the unexpired term. This committee is a member of the National Committee on Pharmaceutical Syllabus and reports to the conference annually or as occasion demands. Qualifications for Admission to Membership, (i) The 35 institution shall be incorporated as a college or school of pharmacy, or be a department of a regularly incorporated state educational institution, or a department of a state university, or conducted by an incorporated pharma- ceutical society. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS (2) The school or college shall have been in continuous operation in America for at least five years prior to the date of application for membership in the conference. (3) The institution shall include in its course of in- 5 struction oral lectures, personal laboratory work, recita- tions and reviews. This shall exclude work in absentia. (4) The institution shall require of each candidate for graduation not less than 1200 hours of instruction, of which at least 500 hours shall consist of lectures and 10 recitations. Such work to be given in a period of not less than fifty weeks occupying two full years, and at least two months should elapse between these two years. (5) The requirements for admission of students to the school or college as candidates for any degree shall 15 be: First. A minimum age of seventeen years, except when the candidate is a graduate of an accredited high school or an institution of equal grade, in which case no age limit shall be demanded. 20 Second. Evidence of the satisfactory completion of education beyond the eighth grade equivalent to 15 counts shall be required of each student. A count shall consist of one hour instruction per week for a school year of 36 weeks. These counts to be distributed among the follow- 25 ing subjects: English at least 4 counts required. The remaining counts to be distributed among the following subjects, language other than English, algebra, science, general history, commercial geography, bookkeeping. 30 National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. The purpose of this Association is to provide for interstate reciprocity in pharmaceutical licensure, based upon a uniform minimum standard of pharmaceutical education and uniform legislation. 35 Meetings. This association meets annually during the session of the American Pharmaceutical Association or at such time and place as the Executive Committee determines. Interchange of Certificates. The interchange of 40 certificates provided for under the constitution went into 21 22 NATIONAL COMMITTEE effect when ten states or territories had made application for membership. Committee. The Committee on the Pharmaceutical 5 Syllabus of the National Association of Boards of Phar- macy consists of seven members appointed by the presi- dent of the Association on the nomination of the Execu- tive Committee for a term of seven years and reports to the Association annually or as occasion demands. This 10 committee is a member of the National Committee on the Pharmaceutical Syllabus. American Pharmaceutical Association. Its aim is to unite the educated and reputable pharmacists and drug- gists of America for seven important purposes: 15 (i) To improve and regulate the drug market. (2) To encourage proper relations among druggists, pharmacists, physicians and the people at large. (3) To improve the science and art of pharmacy. (4) To regulate the system of apprenticeship and employment. (5) To suppress 20 empiricism. (6) To uphold standards of authority in the education, theory and practice of pharmacy. (7) To create and maintain a standard of professional honesty with a view to the highest good and greatest protection to the public. 25 Membership. All pharmacists and druggists of good moral and professional standing, teachers of pharmacy, chemistry and botany, also editors and publishers of pharmaceutical journals who have duly considered the objects of the association are eligible to membership. 30 Meetings. The meetings are held annually. To ex- pedite and to render more efficient the work of the Asso- ciation, the following sections have been formed at this date: On scientific papers; on commercial interests; on 35 practical pharmacy and dispensing; on pharmaceutical legislation and education; on historical pharmacy; on pharmacopoeias and formularies,and the women's section. Committee. The Committee on the Pharmaceutical Syllabus is appointed by the president of the Association; each vacancy occurring from expiration of term is filled THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 23 for a term of seven years. Other vacancies are filled at the annual meetings of the association for the unexpired terms. This committee reports to the Association 5 through the section on pharmaceutical legislation and education and is a member of the National Committee on the Pharmaceutical Syllabus. Definitions. The wide discrepancy in the use of pharmaceutical terms by the dictionaries, in the announce- 10 ments of schools and in the examinations set by state boards, made formal definitions necessary. These have received most careful consideration from experts and by the committee. They have been carefully revised and have already been incorporated in statute law. 15 The principle on which the definitions have been chosen is an old one: not to be the first to suggest an innovation nor the last to abandon the obsolete. For the sake of clearness and precision the general terms are defined in this chapter. The special terms are defined when first 20 they appear in the context of succeeding chapters. Pharmacology. This is the science that treats of drugs and medicines; their nature, preparation, administration and effect; including pharmacognosy, pharmaco-dynam- ics, therapy-dynamics, pharmaceutical chemistry and 25 pharmacy. Drugs. All substances used as medicines or in the preparation of medicines are drugs. Drugs that have not been changed by manufacture except by desiccation or comminution are crude drugs. 30 Medicine. A drug or preparation of drugs in suitable form for use as a curative or remedial substance is medicine. Hours. An hour is the measure of the work prepared for a weekly recitation, lecture or quiz in a school of 35 pharmacy. The hours shall as far as possible provide for classes in schools affording instruction to juniors or seniors three days a week, and for schools that afford instruction five days a week. Schools affording twenty hours a week, two days of seven hours and one of six, 40 24 NATIONAL COMMITTEE must provide a minimum year of thirty weeks to meet the six hundred hours required each year. Schools affording twenty-five hours a week, five days of five 5 hours each, must provide a minimum year of twenty-four weeks to meet the six hundred hours required each year. The minimum twelve hundred hours of the two year course shall be strictly professional work. Syllabus Year. Twenty-four weeks of twenty-five 10 hours each, or thirty weeks of twenty hours each, total six hundred hours, is the minimum required for a year's work as outlined below and developed in the syllabus. Although it is the specific duty of this committee to prepare a syllabus for a 1200-hour course of two years, 15 it is proper for us also to take into consideration sepa- rately the general' subject of a three-year course with a view to facilitating and expediting the preparation of such, a syllabus. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 25 General Outline. The following general outline of a minimum course of study for the guidance of schools of pharmacy in the preparation of their students for the examinations of the state boards of pharmacy, is the basis 5 for the syllabus detailed in succeeding chapters. Detailed Assignment of Hours by Branches, Subdivisions, Years and Hours 10 Branch I. Materia medica istyr 2d yr Total Subjects and hours, total 200 200 400 Physiology.. ... 50 .... 50 General principles of materia medica. 10 15 25 15 Pharmaceutical botany Vegetable histology 65 .... 65 Macroscopical 60 .... 60 Posology and toxicology 15 25 4° Pharmaco and therapy dynamics 70 7° 90 Pharmacognosy 90 90 Branch II. Chemistry istyr 2d yr Total Subjects and hours, total 200 200 400 Elementary physics 25 .... 25 25 General inorganic 75 •••■ 75 General organic 50 50 Qualitative 50 25 75 Manufacturing 50 25 75 Quantitative 5° 5° 30 Drug assaying 50 50 Branch HI. Pharmacy istyr 2d yr Total Subjects and hours, total 195 205 400 Pharmaceutical arithmetic 30 .... 3° 35 Pharmaceutical Latin 25 .... 25 ' Theory of pharmacy 60 .... 60 Laboratory practice 20 .... 20 Manufacturing pharmacy 60 60 120 Pharmaceutical jurisprudence 10 10 40 Dispensing pharmacy 60 60 Commercial pharmacy • 75 75 26 NATIONAL COMMITTEE The Minimum Two-year Course by Branches, Subjects, Years, Hours and Total Branches Subjects istyr 2d yr Total 5 I Materia medica 200 200 400 II Chemistry 200 200 400 III Pharmacy 195 205 400 Total 595 605 1200 10 Suggestions Concerning Note Books, (i) Indi- vidual note books should be insisted upon in all individual laboratory work. (2) Notes of experiments and of demonstration should appear together in the note books in the order in which they are performed. (3) The pur- 15 pose of each experiment should be clearly stated in a brief title. (4) A brief description usually accompanied by a drawing should show how the experiment is per- formed. Drawings should show the essential parts of the apparatus at the most significant part of the experiment. 20 They should aim at simple accuracy rather than at artistic finish. (5) Numerical data should be recorded in neat tabulations. (6) Descriptions, drawings, observa- tions and numerical data should be confined to the left hand pages of note books. (7) Statements of reasoning, 25 calculations and conclusions should be written on right hand pages. (8) Calculations should be written out in full. (9) Conclusions should refer directly to the ex- pressed purpose of the experiment and should follow from the data to reasoning as the conclusion of a propo- 30 sition in geometry follows from the given conditions and the proof. (10) The experiments are regarded as fundamental. Directions should be regarded as sugges- tive rather than mandatory. Progressive teachers will adapt methods to conditions obtaining in the school. 35 Suggestions Regarding Textbooks, (i) The Com- mittee does not recommend textbooks, but has prepared in the proper place a statement regarding standard text- books. (2) The courses outlined in the Syllabus should be based on the study of at least one standard textbook to 40 the end that the student may gain a comprehensive and connected view of th^ important facts, methods and laws. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 29 CHAPTER III 5 Branch I - Materia Medica Two hundred hours, first year; two hundred hours, second year; total, four hundred hours. Materia medica, 10 as understood in this syllabus, treats of the physical, chemical, physiological and therapeutical properties of medicines. Certain general facts, on which the entire course is based, should be borne in mind during the consideration of 15 the details. But 400 hours are allowed for lectures, recitations and laboratory work in botany, physiology, microscopy, phar- macognosy, pharmaco-dynamics, therapy-dynamics, posol- ogy and toxicology. We are obliged, therefore, to restrict 20 our syllabus to those portions of each of the subordinate subjects which are requisite for an understanding of the final teaching in pharmacognosy and materia medica. First Year The instruction of the first year includes physiology, 25 fifty hours; general principles of materia medica, ten hours; pharmaceutical botany, one hundred twenty-five hours, and posology, fifteen hours. Physiology. Fifty hours. Physiology treats of the organic functions in a state of health. 30 It is obvious that the introduction of the amount of physiology that is essential to an understanding of the above subjects will strain the possibilities of this part of the course to the utmost. This fact precludes the study of anatomy, as such, which subject is therefore presented 35 only in connection with, and as required for, the physiol- ogy teaching. Introduction and general considerations. It is scarcely practicable to prescribe the details of this portion of the subject, as each teacher is likely to have his own original 40 method of introduction. It is wise, however, to com- 30 NATIONAL COMMITTEE mence with a reference to the amoeba, describing its form and structure, and showing that it possesses all the essen- tial properties of a living being: sensation, voluntary mo- 5 tion, locomotion, digestion, assimilation, disassimilation, growth and reproduction. The cohesion of similar bodies, in masses or colonies, yet each vitally independent, follows; then similar masses with the individuals composing certain parts so modified as to perform certain parts of the work, 10 while losing other powers, which are specially delegated to other individuals of the mass. Each is thus no longer an animal, but a cell, forming a part of the animal body. This leads to the teaching of unicellular and multicellular animals, of tissues, organs and functions, anatomy, and 15 physiology and organic systems, and opens the way for the main subjects of human physiology, which follow. The Skeleton Functions of bones; supporting, determining form, inclosing cavities and protecting contents 20 Macroscopic structure of bones; periosteum; articu- lating extremities; function of hollow form; elasticity; color (Microscopic structure of bone; Haversian canals; lacunae; canaliculi; nucleated cells) 25 (Hygiene of the bones; importance of food, position of body, etc.) (Cartilaginous tissue; structure, texture and color; yields chondrin) (Temporary and permanent) 30 (Functions; supports, forms sockets, lessens friction and absorbs shock) (Bones of skeleton 200; head, 23; trunk, 52; upper limbs, 64; lower limbs, 62) (Peculiarities of human skeleton; erect posture; 35 curvature of spine; upper and lower limbs com- pared; instep and sole) (Structure and mechanism of joints) (Articulating extremities; cartilages; synovial membranes; ligaments) 40 Connective tissues Bone, fiber, cartilage, epithelium THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Bone: organic and inorganic portions Fiber (White, non-elastic; yellow, elastic; areolar) Cartilage 5 (Hyaline; white fibrous; yellow elastic) Epithelium: squamous, columnar, modified Serous tissue; structure and functions Muscular tissue (Sarcolemma, musculin, complex composition of) 10 Properties Tonicity; contractility; irritability, how excited Special sense of weight Changes in during contraction Myosinogen and myosin 15 Nature of fatigue in muscle Voluntary and involuntary; striated and non-striated Nerve tissue Necessity for and general functions of Central, peripheral and conducting elements 20 Nerve cells and nerve fibres The neuroglia; the neuron Nerve cells (Structure of; poles, dendrites, origin of fibre) Aggregation into centres or ganglia 25 Nerve fibres (Non-medullated; medullated; nodes and inter- nodes ; formation into nerves; division into fibrillae) Afferent and efferent; functions of each 30 Varieties of nerve endings Nervous system Cerebro-spinal and sympathetic divisions Cerebro-spinal division Its cerebral and spinal portions 35 Spinal portion The cord; the nerves Spinal nerves (Origin in cord; parts supplied by them; proof of motor and sensory fibres which are separated in 40 roots; the trophic ganglion) 31 Spinal cord Position; form, gross parts Proof of motor and sensory tracts; their location 5 Proof of motor and sensory centres Decussation of sensory fibres, not of motor Brains Principal ganglia Nerves 10 Medulla oblongata Location; decussation of motor fibres; the vital spot; pneumogastric nerves; (breaking of neck) Cerebellum Location; functions 15 Cerebrum General nature and importance (Relation of convolutions; localization of functions) Sympathetic division Location; general parts; plexuses; connection with 20 cord (Double service, active and inhibitory; control of pupil; control of arteries; control of intestines; control of glands) Blood 25 Necessity for General functions Supplying nutriment and oxygen; removing waste; regulating temperature; transport- ing medicines (produced by, or introduced 30 into body); supporting mechanically; im- parting color Properties of blood Amount; temperature; reaction; colors; odor; taste; specific gravity 35 Structure of blood Liquid and solid portions Solids Erythrocytes; leucocytes; placques; miscellaneous granular matter 40 Erythrocytes or red blood corpuscles Properties ; extent of surface Constituents; haemaglobin and oxyhaemaglobin Functions 32 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Blood THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Leucocytes or white blood corpuscles Compared with erythrocytes as to number, size, form and structure Action and functions 5 Like animalcules; independent movement and diapedesis; relation to pus cells; office as scavengers, soldiers and medicine makers; where produced and destroyed Placques 10 Number, form, function Blood plasma Constituents (Inorganic; organic saline; organic non-nitro- genized; organic nitrogenized, fibrinogen 15 fibrin; serum and globulins) Circulation Necessity; time required (Amount of mechanical labor performed by heart and auxiliary forces) 20 Heart Position; form; size Pericardium; endocardium; muscular structure Right and left hearts; septum; foramen ovale Auricles and ventricles; auriculo-ventricular valves; 25 ventriculo-arterial valves The course of the blood Diastole and systole Nervation of heart (Respective functions of vagus, sympathetic and 39 ganglia) Arteries Functions (Increased calibre on division) The three walls and characters of each 35 (Their changes in aneurism and on becoming smaller; special study of smallest) Vasomotor changes; blood pressure Capillaries Origin in arterioles 40 Structure and properties 33 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Osmosis or dialysis (How affected by vasomotor changes) Veins 5 Origin in capillaries Structure compared with that of arteries Presence of valves (Capacity compared with that of arteries; causes of blood flow; hemorrhage compared with that from 10 arteries) Respiration Necessity and objects Changes in blood and resulting color 15 Percentages of O and CO2 interchanged Effects on temperature Inhalation of medicines and poisons Cutaneous respiration; effects of water supply; proper way to breathe; importance of health of 20 nares Mechanism of inspiration Rib movements; diaphragm movements; pleura and pleural space and atmospheric pressure; action partly voluntary and partly automatic; ordinary 25 and forced inspiration, and muscles of Mechanism of expiration Weight of chest wall; relaxation of diaphragm and elasticity of abdominal wall; elasticity of air vesicles 30 A passive process Forced expiration and muscles of Portions of air Complementary, tidal, reserved and residual (Course of air to and from lungs 35 Nares, anterior and posterior; pharynx; larynx; glottis and epiglottis; rima glottidis; trachea; bronchi; air vescicles and mixing of air in them) Relation of blood to air in lungs Capillaries; osmosis 40 Cause of respiratory movements 34 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 35 Digestion Necessity for nutrition; nutrients and their presence in foods; digestion defined; assimilation defined Nutrients classified 5 Organic and inorganic Inorganic enumerated and explained Principal foods containing them Organic nutrients Similarity of animal and vegetable series 10 Ultimately from plants and produced by chlorophyll acting on sun's energy Nitrogenized and non-nitrogenized Nitrogenized nutrients Animal 15 Albumin, casein, musculin, fibrin and gelatin Foods containing them Vegetable Albumin, gluten and legumin Digestion by proteolytic enzymes 20 Non-nitrogenized nutrients Carbonaceous Carbohydrates and hydrocarbons Carbohydrates Sugars, starches, inulin and cellulose 25 Digested by amylolytic enzymes Sugars compared as to value and wholesomeness Hydrocarbons Fats and oils; glycerin Emulsification and saponification 30 (Storage of nitrogenized and non-nitrogenized products compared) Excitation of digestive functions (By smell, taste and sight of food) Digestive processes, mechanical and chemical 35 By mouth Origin of saliva; nature of glands, secretory and excretory The salivary glands named and described Nature and functions of saliva; ptyalin 40 (Exciting causes of salivary flow; absorption from mouth) 36 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Deglutition; voluntary and involuntary parts Peritoneum; its position and functions Digestive organs of abdomen 5 Stomach Position; form; cardiac and pyloric openings, coats Mucous coat Its loose attachment; velvety and pitted surface; mucous glands; peptic glands; alkaline coating 10 at rest; acid secretion (causes exciting secretion; collection for examination) Gastric juice Constituents Physiology of acids, pepsin and rennin 15 Action of gastric juice On starch, fat, glucose, cane sugar, egg albumin, ani- mal fibrin, casein, lean and fat meat, and milk (Inability to reach nutrients in plant cells; muscular movement and circuit of food in stomach; separation 20 of stomach into two pouches and work of each ; clos- ing and opening of orifices) Chyme - its transfer to intestine Absorption from stomach (Nervation of stomach; physiology of nerve elements) 25 Intestines Dimensions and location; coats; muscles and peri- staltic action Small and large intestine General functions of each 30 Ileocaecal valve; vermiform appendix Small intestine Three divisions; general functions of each Duodenum Location and size 35 Connections with liver and pancreas Three secretions from its mucous membrane (Ordinary mucous glands; intestinal follicles) Pancreas Location ; size; form; structure; openings; similarity 40 to salivary glands THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 37 Pancreas juice; composition Trypsin, amylopsin; steapsin and nature and func- tions of each (Causes exciting flow of pancreas juice) 5 Effects of duodenal digestion on the* more important foods Liver Position; form; size; general structure The liver as a digestive organ 10 Bile Its course to intestine; bile duct and bladder; diges- tive functions of the bile Completion of digestion in small intestine The chyle; its movement through intestine 15 Absorption Villi; capillaries; lacteals The liver as an excretory gland Origin and course of portal vein and hepatic artery Liver capillaries and cells; origin of bile ducts 20 Composition of blood in portal vein, hepatic artery and hepatic vein compared The liver as a sugar maker; glycogen Composition of bile; origin of excretory products Lymphatic system 25 Lymph spaces and capillaries Lymph ducts; their valves, nodes and plexuses Thoracic ducts Lymph Origin and amount; composition ; corpuscles 30 Kidneys Position, form, capsule, lobes, pyramids, cortex and columns Straight and convoluted tubes; Malpighian bulbs Capillaries about tubes and in bulbs 35 Excretion into tubes Transudation into bulbs Effects of general and local changes of blood pressure Properties and composition of urine (Nervation of kidney; causes of secretion) 40 38 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Vicarious excretion by skin, lungs, bowels and stomach Passage through ureter to bladder Suppression and retention 5 Origin of excretory constituents of urine Nutritive constituents abnormal Adrenal glands Their secretion and its properties and functions Thyroid glands 10 Their secretion and its properties and functions Skin Amount of surface (Anatomical and physiological relations to mucous membranes) 15 General functions Complex structure; epidermis and cutis vera Reticulate and papillary layers Reticulate layer; its tissues Papillary layer; its tissues, nerve endings, blood supply 20 and lymphatics Sebaceous glands Sweat glands and ducts Epidermis (Corneous and pigmented layers; pigment cells) 25 Hair and nail follicles Nutrition of hair and nails Corneous layer; functions protective Perspiration Amount, composition, normal and abnormal 30 (Glandular nerve supply; conditions exciting perspi- ration) The special senses. Sight, hearing, voice, taste and smell Sense of sight The eye-ball 35 Situation; shape ; size; coats, (1) the outer coat, sclerotic membrane and cornea; (2) the middle coat, choroid membrane terminating in the ciliary processes, iris and pupil Action of mydriatic and myotic drugs upon the 40 pupil THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 39 The inner coat, consisting of retina composed of ten coats Nervation of the eye Refracting media consisting of crystalline lens, aque- 5 ous humor and vitreous humor Necessity for " accommodation " Myopia or shortsightedness relieved by concave glasses Hypermetropia or long-sightedness and presbyopia 10 relieved by convex glasses Astigmatism relieved by specially ground glasses Accessory structure of eye Muscles; lachrymal glands, ducts and secretion Hygiene of the eyes 15 Sense of hearing The outer ear Pinna, its structure and functions Auditory canal; ear-drum, ceruminous glands and hairs 20 The middle ear or tympanum; its position Eustachian tube; its functions The inner ear or labyrinth Vestibule, cochlea and membranous canals Distribution of auditory nerve; reception of sound 25 Hygiene of the ears The voice The larynx; its location Thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages The glottis; its functions 30 The vocal cords; their structure and functions Causes of quality of voice The sense of taste defined The tongue; location and functions of its taste nerve endings 35 Conditions for exciting taste Subdivisions of taste located in tongue Relations between taste and smell Education of taste The sense of smell 40 The organ of smell; nasal cavities ; turbinated bones; nasal hairs 40 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Nerves of smell and their endings Conditions for exciting smell Functions of smell THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 41 General Principles of Materia Medica. Classi- fication of medicines, ten hours. In this introduction, the general facts and principles of materia medica are brought out and instruction given to cover the require- 5 ments of examination for licensed pharmacists. The whole spirit of professional pharmacy, its ultimate suc- cess and its moral and professional relation with medi- cine, render the practice of counter prescribing objection- able. There has been in pharmacy a great deal of sub- 10 scribing to this truth in form, while denying it in prac- tice. Similarly, there has been much instruction given in schools of pharmacy which could have had no other effect than to encourage students in the idea that they were being prepared for this objectionable work after 15 entering on the pursuit of their business. In arranging our syllabus, pur attitude toward this question should be very definite. We therefore draw the line in therapeutics between its principles and its practice, admitting the former to the extent of giving the student general ideas 20 of the fundamental principles of the subject, and exclud- ing the latter. This procedure allows to therapydynamics a very small amount of time as compared with pharmaco- dynamics. To enunciate this principle in concrete form, the 25 therapeutic teaching is limited to a classification of medi- cines on the basis of their action, defining and explain- ing the different classes, and then, in the discussion of the drugs, merely stating the class to which they belong, respectively, with perhaps a few words as to the position 30 of each in its class. This general instruction is best given in connection with that relating to the bodily functions, and as a part of the physiology course. It will then be found of great advantage to review these explanations and definitions, either in lecture or recitation, at the 35 beginning of the materia medica course of the second year. 42 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Disinfectants, extraneous and external Germicides; antiseptics; antizymotics Counter-irritants 5 Rubefacients (mustard) ; vesicants or epispastics (cantharis) ; caustics or escharotics (silver nitrate) Astringents and haemostatics (tannin and iron chloride) Muscular laxatives (chloroform) 10 Muscular stimulants (hydrastine) Muscular sedatives (coniine) Tonics (iron) Nervines Nutrients (phosphorus) ; stimulants (caffeine) ; 15 depressants (bromides) Active and inhibitory effects (Primary and secondary effects) Sympathetic class Mydriatics (atropine) ; myotics (physostig- 20 mine) ; intestinal laxatives (belladonna) ; pseudo-astringents (cajuput oil) ; vaso- motor stimulants or contractors (ergot) and depressors or dilators (alcohol) Cerebro-spinal class 25 Cerebral subclass Antispasmodics (valerian) ; anaesthetics, general (ether) and local (cocaine) ; analgesics (kava); delirifacients or narcotics (cannabis) ; somnifacients 30 or hypnotics (morphine) Spinal subclass Excitomotors (strychnine) Depressomotors or anodynes (calabar bean) Central and reflex actions; (antagonism between 35 central and peripheral effects) Blood medicines Diluents (water) ; antacids (sodium bicarbonate) ; oxygenizing agents (oxygen) ; haematinics (iron) ; leucocyte stimulants (camphor) and 40 depressants (quinine) Increasing (lime salts) or decreasing (mercury) coagulability THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 43 Cardiants Stimulants (digitalis) ; depressants (aconite) ; tonics (barium) Arterial stimulants and depressants, general and local 5 Dentifrices (chalk) Sialagogues (pellitory) Digestants, gastric Amylolytic and proteolytic Acids (effects of alkalies) 10 Gastric absorbents (charcoal) Gastric detergents (water) Stomachics Bitters (gentian) ; aromatics (peppermint) ; aro- matic bitters (bitter orange) ; alkalies (liquor 15 potassa) (Effects of acids) Gastric sedatives Nervine (cocaine) and mechanical (bismuth) Emetics 20 Central (apomorphine) ; direct (mustard) Antiemetics, central and direct Intestinal digestants Intestinal disinfectants Poisonous (phenol) ; non-poisonous (thymol) 25 Anthelmintics (" fuges " and " cides ") Taenicides (male fern) ; lumbricides (santonin) ; ascaridicides (quassia) Intestinal sedatives (bismuth) and stimulants (nux vomica) 30 Intestinal astringents (tannin) Carminatives (anise) Cathartics Laxatives (cascara sagrada) ; purgatives (Rochelle salt) ; hydragogues (castor oil) ; drastics (elater- 35 ium) ; cholagogues (dilute nitric acid) Nutritive medicines Deobstruents and resolvents (potassium iodide) Alteratives Antiperiodics (quinine) ; antipyretics (acetan- 40 ilide) ; antisyphilitics (mercury) NATIONAL COMMITTEE Diuretics Direct (buchu) and indirect (apocynum) Sedative (kava) 5 Antilithics (liquor ammonia) ; lithontriptics (Pichi) Cystic sedatives (triticum) and disinfectants (quinine) Antiblennorrhagics (copaiba) Diaphoretics and sudorifics Nauseating (antimony) ; their relation to emetics 10 Refrigerant (camphor) Simple (ammonium acetate) Mechanical (water) ; direct (pilocarpus) Anhidrotics (agaricin) 44 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 45 Pharmaceutical Botany. One hundred twenty-five hours. Botany treats of the structure, growth and classi- fication of plants. Pharmaceutical botany is that department of botany 5 which constitutes the basis of the study of pharmacognosy and materia medica. Work in this department, because of the different laboratory facilities required, falls naturally into two divisions, namely the study of the gross structures of the plant and that of its cellular con- 49 stitution and structure. So far as practicable, the study of the several organs should be pursued from both points of view contemporaneously. Vegetable Histology. Sixty-five hours. Vegetable histology treats of the cellular constitution and structure 15 of the plant, and is studied chiefly by the aid of the com- pound microscope. Because only a very few of the students entering our schools of pharmacy have had any experience in the use of this instrument, it becomes necessary, at the beginning of the course, to devote some 20 time to the study of its structure and use. Simple microscope Construction and use Compound microscope 25 Mechanical parts; optical parts; care Focusing Coarse and fine adjustments Microscopical measurements Ocular and stage micrometers 30 Microscopical drawing; methods Microscopical technic Hand sectioning; methods of procedure Microtomes and their use Fixing; embedding; sectioning 35 Chemical reagents and tests; staining Mounting, temporary and permanent The cell, its structure and contents Protoplasm ; cytoplasm; nucleus, vacuoles; plastids; cell wall 40 46 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Infiltrations of cell wall Cellulose; lignin; cutin; suberin; gum Cell contents 5 Organic Starch; inulin; sugar; aleurone; oils; alka- loids ; resin; tannin; mucilage Inorganic Calcium oxalate; types of crystals 10 Calcium carbonate; cystoliths Functions of cells Cell as an entire plant In bacteria (cocci, bacilli, spirilli) In algae (pleurococcus, diatoms, desmids) 15 In yeast Cell as a tissue element Protecting tissues Epiderm; hypoderm; cork; trichomes Assimilating tissues 20 Palisade; mesophyll; parenchyma Secreting tissues Glands; reservoirs Conducting tissues Leptome or sieve tubes; latex tubes; ducts; 25 tracheids, medullary rays Respiratory tissues Stomata; guard cells; lenticels Storage tissues Parenchyma of roots, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, 30 etc. Water storage tissue Mechanical tissues Sclerenchyma; collenchyma; stereome; libri- form; bast 35 Root structure (Position of growing point and exact region of elongation; root cap; piliferous layer; influence of gravity and moisture upon direction of growth) 40 Transverse, longitudinal, tangential and oblique sections compared THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 47 Epiderm; hypoderm; cortex; cork; phellogen; col- lenchyma ; sclerenchyma; endodermis Pericycle Parenchyma; stereome 5 Fibrovascular bundle Phloem; sieve tubes; cambium ; xylem; ducts; tracheids; stereome; wood-fibres; medullary rays Pith Difference between monocotyledons and dicotyledons 10 Stem structures Primary structure The stele or central cylinder Hedrom, xylem Leptome, phloem 15 Endodermis; cortex; epidermis Secondary structure (rarely seen in the monocoty- ledons) Cambium zone forming open collateral bundles, with secondary xylem and phloem 20 Medullary rays; transverse, longitudinal and tan- gential views compared Phellogen, producing tissues of the periderm Concentric bundles (Convallaria) Collateral bundles (Menispermum) 25 Bicollateral bundles (Gelsemium) Leaf structure General features of transverse section Epidermis; mesophyll; vascular bundle Epidermis 30 Cutinized cells; stomata; guard cells; neighbor cells (iris, tradescantia and carnation) ; trichomes Trichomes Unicellular, solitary and clustered 35 Multicellular; branched Mesophyll Palisade tissue Form, arrangement and contents of cells 48 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Spongy tissue Form, arrangement and contents of cells Vascular bundles 5 Special study of secretory and crystal-bearing cells Flower Diagnostic cell structure in perigone, stamen and pistil Perigone, of calyx and corolla 10 Epidermal cells and stomata; pigmental cells Stamen Pollen grains Extine ; intine; contents; various forms; germination 15 Pistil Stigmatic surface; style tissue Fruit Pericarp and seeds Pericarp 20 Epicarp; exocarp; mesocarp; endocarp Epicarp Epidermal cells, stoma, trichomes Mesocarp Parenchyma cells 25 Arrangement, layers, shape, size, markings and contents Sclerenchymatous cells Arrangement, layers, shape, size, markings and contents 30 Secretory cells and contents Fibrovascular bundle Endocarp Arrangement, layers, size, shape and markings of cells 35 Seed Seed coat । Outer epidermis; sclerenchymatous layers; pig- mental layers; parenchyma Perisperm and endosperm 40 Embryo Cotyledons ; hypocotyl; epicotyl; plumule THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 49 Types of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds, with and without endosperm Study of fixed oils, aleurones and starches (Plant physiology, demonstrations) 5 (1 Root pressure, using manometer) (2 Photosynthesis, detecting formation of starch by use of Ganong's leaf shield) (3 Photosynthesis, showing qualitatively carbon dioxide absorbed, and oxygen liberated, by use 10 of phytometer) (4 Transpiration, by use of potometer) (5 Geotropism of stems, contrasting growth of stems placed horizontally in clinostat with that of those standing horizontally in a stationary position) 15 (6 Geotropism of roots; similar contrast) (7 Heliotropism, using clinostat) (8 Evolution of CO2 in growth) (9 Region and rate of growth in stems) (10 (Effects of various constituents of soil, espe- Oq cially calcium, sodium and nitrogen, upon growth, as shown by growing seedlings in vari- ous solutions) (11 (Etching effects of excretion of roots on mar- ble surface, showing its acid character) 25 50 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Macroscopical or gross structure of plants. Sixty- hours. Although much instruction regarding the morph- ology and physiology of the organs studied may properly 5 be given here, the special purpose of this work is the teaching of descriptive botany, to the end that the student may be familiarized with the meaning and cor- rect use of the terms employed in describing both drugs and plants. It is of relatively little importance at what 10 point in the circle of germination, growth and seed production a beginning is made, except as the respective conditions of season, method of illustration and facilities for study may determine. Germination of the seed 15 Conditions and process Root and shoot Epicotyl and hypocotyl Cell division and growth and formation of tissue Meristem and its directions of development 20 Structure of root of dicotyledons Fundamental, primary and permanent tissues Fundamental tissues Dermatogen; periblem; plerome Dermatogen and structures developed from it 25 Root cap, piliferous layer, epidermis Functions Periblem and structures developed from it Hypoderm; endoderm; primary cortex Plerome and structures developed from it 30 Xylem and phloem Radical structure Secondary or permanent tissues Stele Completion of bundles 35 Origin of branches Elimination of pith Medullary rays Pericycle Development of cambium 40 Reproduction of these tissues Development of stem structure contrasted with that of root structure THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Pith; nodes; annual rings; alburnum ; duramen Bark development Phelloderm; phellogen; secondary cortex; cork; rhytidoma; periderm 5 Monocotyledonary and cryptogamic structure compared Polystelar stem Classification of roots Annual; biennial; perennial; fleshy and woody roots; primary; secondary; adventitious 10 Herbs; shrubs; trees Forms of roots Tubercles Classification of stems Subterranean and aerial 15 Annual; biennial; perennial Erect; ascending; reclining; decumbent; procumbent; creeping; twining; climbing Excurrent; deliquescent Monopodial and sympodial; bifurcating; flexuous 20 Rhizomes, varieties Tubers and bulbs, varieties Modified stems Prickles and thorns Leaf, development from the stem 25 Fibrous framework; epidermis; mesophyll Gross parts of leaf Pulvinus; petiole; stipules; lamina Suppression of one or more parts Forms of attachment to stem 30 Petioled, sessile, amplexicaul, perfoliate, adnate and sheathing Forms of attachment to petiole; the peltate leaf Forms of leaves Linear, lanceolate, ovate, oblong, oval, elliptical, 35 rotund, obovate, spatulate, oblanceolate, filiform, acerose and subulate Forms of base Tapering, decurrent, acute, obtuse, rounded, truncate, cordate, saggitate, hastate and auriculate 40 Forms of summit 51 52 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Attenuate, tapering, acuminate, abruptly acuminate, acute, obtuse, blunt, rounded, truncate, retuse, emarginate, obcordate, mucronate, cuspidate and 5 aristate Forms of margin Entire, serrate and serrulate, dentate and denticulate crenate, and crenulate, sinuate or repand, revolute, involute, pinnatifid and lobed 10 Forms of venation Parallel and netted veined, reticulate, costa reticulate, palmate, pinnate and flabellate Forms of surface Glabrous, rugose, scabrous, hispid, strigose, pilose, 15 hirsute, pubescent, puberulent, sericeous, can- escent, tomentose and floccose Consistency Fleshy; membranaceous; coriaceous Compound leaves 20 Rachis; pinnate, palmate, runcinate, lyrate, inter- ruptedly pinnate, decompound; ternate, quintate etc. Modified leaves Etiolated; scales; sheaths; bud scales; thorns; blad- 25 ders; leaf tendrils; suckers Varieties and modifications of stipules Tendrils, hooks and spines Phyllotaxy; verticillate, opposite, alternate and scattered Duration of leaves: evergreen, persistent and deciduous 30 Leafless plants Frond Bud, an undeveloped branch Leaf bud, naked and scaly Flower bud, its position 35 Mixed buds Anthotaxy: inflorescence Indeterminate, ascending or centripetal Determinate, descending or centrifugal Indeterminate forms 40 Raceme; spike; catkin or ament; head; spadix Determinate forms Cyme; scorpioid raceme; glomerule; fascicle THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Compound inflorescences; panicle Mixed inflorescences; thyrsus Floral bracts; spadix; involucre Receptacle ' 5 Anthodium: discoid, radiate and liguliflorate Flower stems: peduncle, scape and pedicel Flower, general nature and homology Parts: torus, calyx, corolla, androecium and gynae- cium 1Q Epicalyx Suppression of parts Duplication of parts Abortion Metamorphosis 15 Alternation and anteposition of parts Imperfect, hermaphrodite and perfect Complete and incomplete Regular and irregular Symmetrical and asymmetrical Appendaging Adnation and connation; freedom and distinction of parts Hypogynous, perigynous and epigynous parts Perigone or floral envelopes; sepals and petals; calyx lobes and corolla lobes 25 Choripetalous and gamopetalous Tube; throat; limb; margin Unguiculate petal and corona; papilionaceous corolla Appendages of perigone: auricle, sac, spur, horn, cauda, 30 awn, palate, hood, crest and keel Gamopetalous forms: rotate, crateriform, hypocrateri- form, cupulate, turbinate, campanulate, urceolate, infundibular, cylindraceous, prismatic, ovoid, globu- lar, gibbous, saccate, spurred, bilabiate, ringent, per- 35 sonate and ligulate Duration of perigone Caducous, fugacious, deciduous and persistent Praefloration Open: valvate (induplicate and reduplicate); imbri-' 49 cate; plicate; convolute; crumpled 53 54 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Androecium Two sets of stamens Effects of duplication by chorisis; by metamorphosis 5 Effects of connation At different points Monadelphism, diadelphism etc. Effects of adnation; gynandry Stamen 10 Filament; connective; anther; thecae; locelli Dehiscence of anthers: sutures, pores and valves Introrse and extrorse Attachment of anther: innate, adnate, incumbent, versatile, sagittate, semicircular and horizontal 15 The one-celled anther Appendages to different parts of stamen Development of pollen grains Pollinia and pollinaria Staminodia; as glands 20 Gynaecium Of separate pistils (apocarpous) Each of one carpel Effects of suppression Of a syncarpous pistil 25 Effects of adhesion; inferior ovary Forms of ovary, style and stigma Ovaries with central placentae; free central placenta Ovaries with parietal placentae Extension of placenta with additional series of ovules 30 Suppression of walls of ovules Position of ovules: erect, ascending, horizontal, pendulous and suspended False ovarian walls and chambers Pistils in gymnosperms 35 Torus Elongation and production of phores Carpophore Shortening, with resulting adhesion o* parts Hollow torus; disk; forms of fleshy torus 40 Pollination defined General principles of pollination THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Pollen grain a microspore Must germinate on stigma (gymnosperms) Self-pollination (cleistogamy) Cross-pollination 5 Anemophilous and entomophilous flowers Pollination by birds; pollination by water currents Adaptations for anemophily in stamen, pollen, stigma and habit of plants Adaptations for entomophily 10 Attraction of insects by color, form, odor and food supply Utilization of visit of insect by dichogamy, dimorph- ism and trimorphism Provisions to prevent self-pollination 15 Mechanical distribution of pollen Fertilization Structure of microspore; fixation on stigma; germ- ination Descent of pollen tube (prothallium) 20 Gametophyte and gametes Development and structure of ovule Funiculus; coats; nucellus; chalaza; foramen; raphe Forms of ovules Atropous, anatropous, amphitropous and campylo- 25 tropous Structure of nucellus Macrospore Development of female gametophyte and gamete Effect of fertilization; formation of embryo (return to 30 seed) Fruit and fructification Objects of fructification Nourishment, protection and distribution of seed Product includes pericarp and seeds 35 Pericarp of ovary and perhaps anthocarp or pseudocarp Exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp, epicarp and putamen Dehiscence of fruits; loculididal, marginicidal, septicidal, circumscissile, and partial Valves 40 Rupturing fruits 55 NATIONAL COMMITTEE 56 Dehiscent fruits Capsule, legume, cochlea, loment, follicle, silicle and pyxis 5 Indehiscent fruits, dry and fleshy Dry indehiscent fruits, mostly one-seeded Provisions for distribution Plume; wing; barb or hook; glutinous hairs on surface 10 Classification of fruits Samara; utricle; akene; caryopsis ; silicle ; divi- sion of loment; nutlet (schizocarp) Fleshy fruits Drupaceous fruits; drupe, druplet, pyrene and pome 15 Baccate fruits Berry, hesperidium and pepo Aggregate and simple fruits Multiple fruits Strobile, galbulus and syconium 20 Seed Nucellus or kernel and coats Nucellus Embryo and endosperm Albuminous and exalbuminous seeds 25 Endosperm, forms and varieties: oily; starchy or mealy; fleshy; corneous; osseous Composition Embryo Caulicle; node; cotyledons; plumule; mono-, di-, 30 poly-cotyledons Axile, excentric, peripheral Form: curved, straight, spiral, circinate, crumpled, incumbent, accumbent Scutellum 35 Seed coats Testa or exopleura and tegmen or endopleura Positions and functions Testa Hilum, chalaza, raphe and micropyle 40 Markings and consistency Aril and arillode Strophiole and caruncle THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 57 (Classification of plants and systematic botany, chemi- cal and medicinal constituents of plants and proximate principles should follow as the school is able to find time for further elaboration of the subject.) 58 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Posology. Fifteen hours. The most important object of this short course is to familiarize the first year student with the dosage of potent drugs, that he may be able to 5 avoid such dangers of accidents by poisoning as are inci- dent to the duties of an assistant in the pharmacy. The following general facts must be kept in mind: The medicinal dose of a substance varies widely accord- ing to the disease for which it is given, the person to 10 whom it is administered and his condition at the time, his age, weight, habits, temperament, idiosyncrasy, and many other factors. For these reasons, the Pharmaco- poeia gives the average medicinal dose for an adult. These average doses should be learned, but it should be 15 remembered that the average doses can often be very greatly exceeded, even for medicinal purposes, and that in other cases much smaller doses properly may be pre- scribed. The poisonous dose varies to an even greater extent. 20 Of a certain poison, 3 grains may kill in some cases, while in others 25 times the amount may be taken and recovery ensue. In studying a poison, therefore, one should learn the smallest dose that has ever been known to cause death, and the largest amount that recovery has followed, 25 but such study is beyond the present course. The object of this course is to learn what doses are to be regarded as dangerous or injurious and to be treated with caution. Remember, in most cases, to look with suspicion upon the amount of a poisonous substance two or three times in 30 excess of the average medicinal dose. The more highly poisonous the substance, the narrower the margin, usually, between the medicinal and the poisonous dose. Abbreviations used in the following tables are dil., dilutum; Cc., cubic centimeter; Gm., grammes; gr., 35 grains; min., minims; fldr., fluidrachms. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 59 Table of Average Doses of Official Acids Title acidum Aceticum dil Cc. 30 min. Benzoicum •5 Gm. 7^ gr. 5 Boricum •5 Gm. 7^ gr. Camphoricum i. Gm. 15 gr- Citricum •5 Gm. 7% gr- Gallicum i. Gm. 15 gr- Hydriodicum dil •5 Cc. 8 min. 10 Hydrobromicum dil 4- Cc. 1 fldr. Hydrochloricum dil i. Cc. i5 min. Hydrocyanicum dil . i Cc. 1% min. Hypophosphorosum dil •5 Cc. 8 min. Lacticum 2. Cc. 30 min. 15 Nitricum dil 2. Cc. 30 min. Nitrohydrochloricum dil I . Cc. i5 min. Phosphoricum dil 2. Cc. 30 min. Salicylicum •5 Gm. 7/2 gr- Sulphuricum Aromaticum ... . i. Cc. i5 min. 20 Sulphuricum dil 2. Cc. 30 min. Sulphurosum 2. Cc. 30 min. Tannicum •5 Gm. 7% gr- Tartaricum •5 Gm. 7% gr- Summary. Dilute hydrobromic acid is given in fluid 25 drachm (4 Cc.) doses. Dilute hydrocyanic acid in 1% minim (.1 Cc.) doses. Sulphurous, lactic, dilute acetic, nitric, phosphoric, sulphuric, 30 minim (2 Cc.) doses. Aromatic sulphuric, camphoric, dilute hydrochloric, 30 dilute nitrohydrochloric and gallic, 15 minim (1 Cc.) or 15 grain (1 Gm.) doses. Benzoic, boric, citric, salicylic, tannic, tartaric, dilute hypophosphorous, hydriodic, 8 minims (.5 Cc.) or 7)4 grains (.5 Gm.) doses. 35 Table of Doses of Official Salts of the Alkalies Title Ammonii Gm. gr. Lithii Gm. gr. Potassii Gm. gr. Sodii Gm. gr. Chloridum .. • 5 7/4 Valeras • 5 7^ 40 Carbonas .... ■ 25 4 • 5 7% 1. 15 60 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Title Ammonii Gm. gr. Lithii Gm. gr. Potassii Gm. gr. Sodii Gm. gr. Benzoas Bromidum .... I i • 15 • 15 I. I. i5 i5 i. 15 1. 1. 15 15 5 lodidum Salicylas Citras • 25 •25 4 4 I. • 5 i5 7^ • 5 i. 7^ 15 • 5 1. 1. 7% 15 15 Acetas 2. 30 1. 15 Bicarbonas .... o 30 1. 15 10 Chloras ....*. •25 4 • 25 4 Hypophosphis... • 5 7^ 1. 15 Nitras ■ 5 172 1. 15 Bitartras 30 Cyanidum .01 7 Dichromas .... .01 1/^ 15 Ferrocyanidum.. • 5 172 Permanganas . . .065 I Sulphas 0 30 Arsenas .005 1/10 Arsenas Exsic- catus .003 1/20 Bisulphis • 5 7% 20 Boras • 5 7% Carbonas Mono- hydratus • 25 4 Nitris .065 1 Phenolsulphonas .25 4 Phosphas 2. 30 25 Phosphas Exsic- catus 1. 15 Pyrophosphas... 2. 30 Sulphis 1. 15 Thiosulphas ... 1. 15 20 Table of Doses of Official Metallic Salts, etc. Title Argenti Nitras .01 Gm. i/5 gr. Argenti Oxidum . 065 Gm. 1 gr- Arseni lodidum . 005 Gm. 1/10 gr. Arseni Trioxidum .002 Gm. 1/30 gr. 35 Bismuthi Citras .125 Gm. 2 gr. Bismuthi et Ammonii Citras .125 Gm. 2 gr. Bismuthi Subcarbonas .5 Gm. 7% gr. Bismuthi Subgallas .25 Gm. 4 gr. Bismuthi Subnitras .5 Gm. 7% gr. Bismuthi Subsalicylas .25 Gm. 4 gr. 40 Calcii Bromidum 1. Gm. 15 gr. Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus 1. Gm. 15 gr. Calcii Chloridum .5 Gm. 7% gr. Calcii Hypophosphis .5 Gm. 7% gr. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 61 Calcii Phosphas Praecip 1. Gm. 15 gr. Calx Chlorinata • 25 Gm. 4 gr. Calx Sulphurata .065 Gm. 1 gr. Cupri Sulphas (emetic 4 gr.) .01 Gm. i/5 gr- Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus • 25 Gm. 4 gr. 5 Ferri Chloridum .065 Gm. 1 gr. Ferri Citras • 25 Gm. 4 gr. Ferri et Ammonii Citras • 25 Gm. 4 gr- Ferri et Ammonii Sulphas • 5 Gm. 7^ gr. Ferri et Ammonii Tartras • 25 Gm. 4 gr. Ferri et Potassii Tartras • 25 Gm. 4 gr. 10 Ferri et Quininae Citras • 25 Gm. 4 gr. Ferri et Quininae Citras Solubilis.... • 25 Gm. 4 gr. Ferri et Strychninae Citras • 125 Gm. 0 gr. Ferri Hydroxidum cum Magnesii Oxido (Arsenic Antidote) 120. Cc. 4 floz. Ferri Hypophosphis • 25 Gm. 4 gr. 15 Ferri Phosphas Solubilis .25 Gm. 4 gr. Ferri Pryophosphas .25 Gm. 4 gr. Ferri Pyrophosphas Solubilis • 25 Gm. 4 gr. Ferri Sulphas .2 Gm. 3 gr. Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus .125 Gm. 2 gr. Ferrum Reductum .065 Gm. 1 gr. 9n Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum.. .003 Gm. 1/20 gr. Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite ■ 125 Gm. 2 gr. Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum .01 Gm. i/5 gr. Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum .003 Gm. 1/20 gr. Hydrargyri cum Creta •25 Gm. 4 gr. Mangani Dioxidum Praecip .25 Gm. 4 gr- 9 r Mangani Hypophosphis Gm. 3 gr. Mangani Sulphas • 25 Gm. 4 gr. Plumbi Acetas .065 Gm. 1 gr. Strontii Bromidum 1. Gm. 15 gr- Strontii lodidum ■ 5 Gm. 7^2 gr. Strontii Salicylas 1. Gm. 15 gr. Zinci Acetas • 125 Gm. 2 gr. 30 Zinci Bromidum .125 Gm. 0 gr. Zinci lodidum .065 Gm. I gr. Zinci Phenolsulphonas • 125 Gm. 0 gr. Zinci Sulphas (emetic) 1. Gm. 15 gr. Zinci Valeras • 125 Gm. 2 gr. 35 Drugs and fluidextracts. In the manufacture of fluid- extracts, the activity of each gramme of drug is contained in i cubic centimeter of the fluidextract. The dose of the drug, therefore, will be as many grammes as cubic centimeters of the fluidextract. In the following table, 40 therefore, the doses of the drugs are not given. 62 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Table of Doses of Fluidextracts Potent Cc. Min. Belladonnae Radix.. .05 I 5 Buchu 2. 30 Cannabis Indica 05 1 Aconitum 05 1 Apocynum I. 15 Capsicum 05 1 Coca 2. 30 1 n Colchicum 2 3 Conium 2 3 Convallaria 5 8 Digitalis 05 1 Ergota 2. 30 Gelsemium 05 1 , Granatum 2. 30 10 Guarana 2. 30 Hydrastis 2. 30 Hyoscyamus 2 3 Ipecacuanha (emetic 15 min.) .05 1 Lobelia 5 8 20 Lupulinum 5 8 Mezereum 05 1 Nux Vomica 05 1 Phytolacca (emetic 15 min.) .1 1.5 Pilocarpus 2. 30 25 Podophyllum 5 8 Quassia 5 8 Quillaja 2 3 Sabina 3 5 Sanguinaria 1 1.5 Scilla 1 1-5 30 Scopola 05 1 Senega 1. 15 Spigelia 4. 60 Staphisagria 05 1 Stramonium 05 1 Veratrum 1 1.5 35 Xanthoxylum 2. 30 Zingiber I. 15 40 Nonpotent Cc. Min. Aromaticum i. 15 Aurantii Amari Corr. I. 15 Aurantii Dulcis Cort. 1. 15 Berberis 2. 30 Calamus 1. 15 Calumba 2. 30 Chimaphila 2. 30 Chirata 1. 15 Cimicifuga 1. 15 Cinchona 1. 15 Cubeba 1. 15 Cypripedium 1. 15 Eriodictyon 1. 15 Eucalyptus 2. 30 Euonymus 5 8 Eupatorium 2. 30 Frangula I. 15 Gentiana 1. 15 Geranium 1. 15 Glycyrrhiza 2. 30 Grindelia 2. 30 Hamamelis 2. 30 Krameria 1. 15 Lappa 2. 15 Leptandra 1. 15 Matico 4. 60 Pareira 2. 30 Prunus Virginiana.. 2. 30 Quercus 1. 15 Rhamnus Purshiana. I. 15 Rhamnus Purshiana Arom. 1. 15 Rheum 1. 15 Rhus Glabra 1. 15 Rosa 2. 30 Rubus 1. 15 Sarsaparilla 2. 30 Sarsaparilla Comp... 2. 30 Scutellaria 1. 15 Senna 2. 30 Serpentaria 1. 15 Stillingia 2. 30 Sumbul 2. 30 Taraxacum 8. 120 Triticum 8. 120 Uva Ursi 2. 30 Valeriana 2. 30 Viburnum Opulus... 2. 30 Viburnum Prunifo- lium. 2. 30 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 63 Summary. Most fluidextracts are given in doses of 15 or 30 minims (1 or 2 Cc.), a few in larger doses. Of those given in larger doses, none are potent except spigelia. ... 5 Of those given in 30 minim doses, the only potent ones are coca, ergot, granatum, guarana, hydrastis, pilocarpus and xanthoxylum. Of those given in 15 minim doses, the potent ones are apocynum, cimicifuga, cubeb, ipecac, leptandra, zingiber. 10 All given in doses of less than 15 minims are potent. The following are given in 8 minim doses; convallaria, euonymus, lobelia, lupulin, podophyllum, quassia. Savin is given in 5 minim doses. The following are given in 3 minim doses: colchicum, 15 conium, henbane, hyoscyamus quillaja. The following are given in 1 minim doses; aconite, belladonna, digitalis, gelsemium, ipecac, mezereum, nux vomica, scopola, stavesacre, stramonium. The following are given in 1% minim doses: phyto- 20 vomica, scopola, staphisagria stavesacre, stramonium. Extracts. There is no fixed relation between a drug and the amount of extract that it yields. Table of Doses of Extracts 25 Potent Aloe • 125 Gm. 2 gr. Belladonnae Folia .01 Gm. i/5 gr. Cannabis Indica .01 Gm. i/5 gr. Colchici Cormus .065 Gm. 1 gr- Colocynthis •03 Gm. 1/2 gr. 30 Digitalis .01 Gm. i/5 gr. Ergota .25 Gm. 4 gr. Hyoscyamus . ........ .065 Gm. 1 gr. • Nux Vomica .015 Gm. 1/4 gr. Opium .03 Gm. 1/2 gr. Physostigma .008 Gm. 1/8 gr. 35 Quassia .165 Gm. 1 gr. Scopola .01 Gm. i/5 gr. Stramonium Nonpotent .01 Gm. i/5 gr. Cimicifuga .25 Gm. 4 gr. Colocynthis Comp. ... • 5 Gm. 7% gr. 40 Euonymus • 125 Gm. 2 gr. Gentiana •25 Gm. 4 gr. NATIONAL COMMITTEE 64 Glycyrrhiza i. Gm. 15 gr. Haematoxylon i. Gm. 15 gr. Krameria 5 Gm. 7^ gr. Leptandra 25 Gm. 4 5 Maltum 16. Gm. 4 dr. Rhamnus Purshiana 25 Gm. 4 gr. Rheum 25 Gm. A Sumbul 25 Gm. 4 gr. Taraxacum 1. Gm. 15 gr. 10 Summary. All the narcotic extracts except opium fy2 gr.) and henbane (1 gr.) are given in % grain doses, namely: belladonna, cannabis indica, digitalis, scopola, stramonium. Other extracts given in doses of less than a grain are 15 those of colocynth, nux vomica and physostigma. Table of Doses of Tinctures The nonpotent tinctures, not here named, are given in doses of 30 to 60 minims or more. Cc. 1 \Iin. Cc. Min. 20 Aconitum Aloe • -6S 10 Ipecacuanha et 30 Opium. • 5 8 Arnica . I. 15 Lactucarium 2. 30 Asafoetida Belladonnae Folia.. . i. • -5 15 Lobelia (Emetic 60 8 min.) 1. 15 Benzoinum . i. 15 Nux Vomica • 65 IO 25 Cantharis • • -3 5 Opium • 5 8 Cannabis Indica ... Capsicum . .65 • -5 10 Opium (Camphor- 8 ated) 8. 2 fldr Cimicifuga • 4- 60 Phyiostigma 1. 15 Colchici Seminis .. .. 2. 30 Quassia 2. 30 Digitalis . 1. 15 Sanguinaria 1. 15 3q Ferri Chloridum... Gelsemium • -5 8 Scilla 1. 15 ■ -5 8 Stramonium • 5 8 Hyoscyamus 30 Strophanthus • 5 8 Hydrastis ■ 4- 60 Veratrum 1. 15 Zingiber 2. 30 35 It might be assumed, theoretically, that the dose of a tincture would be as many times as great as the dose of the drug or fluid extract as the latter is greater in strength than the tincture. For example, 100 grammes of cinna- mon make 500 cubic centimeters of the tincture, so that 4q cinnamon and its fluidextract are five times as strong as the tinctures and it might be supposed that the dose of the tincture would, therefore, be five times as great. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 65 Although this is often true, there are many reasons why it is not always so, and it can not be taken as a rule. A dose is fixed partly by reason of the quickness with which the article is absorbed into the system. Drugs in 5 the powdered form may lie for some time in the stomach, giving up their activity slowly, whereas a tincture is very quickly absorbed. In many cases, also, the alcohol of the tincture adds to the strength of the substance contained in it, while at other times it acts antagonistically, so that 10 the dose must be decreased or increased, as the case may be. Table of Doses of the M'ore Important Alkaloids and Other Active Constitzients Aconitina .00015 Gm. i/aoo ur. 15 Aloinum .065 Gm. 1 gr. Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum (emetic) .005 Gm. 1/10 gr. (expectorant) .002 Gm. 1/30 gr- Atropina (and Salts) .0004 Gm. 1/160 gr- Benzaldehydum • 03 Cc. 1/2 min. 20 Caffeina ,n6q Gm. 1 gr. Caffeina Citrata •125 Gm. 2 gr. Caffeina Citrata Effervescens 4 Gm. 60 gr. Camphora •125 Gm. 2 gr. Cirschonidinae Sulphas •25 Gm. 4 gr. 25 Cinnaldehydum ■05 Cc. 1 min. Cocaina (and Salts) •03 Gm. 1/2 gr. Codeina (and Salts) ■03 Gm. 1/2 gr. Colchicina .0005 Gm. 1/128 Coniina .0005 Gm. 1/128 30 Digitalinum .0006 Gm. 1/100 gr. Digitoxinum .coo6 Gm. 1/100 gr. Elaterinum .005 Gm. 1/10 Emetina (Expectorant) .C006 Gm. 1/100 (Emetic) .005 Gm. 1/10 gr. 35 Eucalyptol • 3 Cc. 5 min. Eugenol .2 Cc. 3 min. Gelsemina .005 Gm. 1/120 gr. Guaiacol .5 Cc. 8 min. Guaiacol Carbonas 1 Gm. i5 gr. 40 Homatropinae Hydrobromidum .0005 Gm. 1/120 gr. Hydrastina .01 Gm. i/5 gr. Hydrastininae Hydrochloridum •03 Gm. 1/2 gr. Hyoscinae Hydrobromidum .0005 Gm. 1/128 gr. Hyoscyamina (and Salts) .0005 Gm. 1/128 gr. 45 Menthol .065 Gm. 1 gr. NATIONAL COMMITTEE 66 Morphina 01 Gm i/5 Morphina, Salts of 015 Gm. 1/4 gr. Pelletierinae Tannas 25 Gm. 4 gr. Physostigmina (Salts of) 001 Gm. 1/64 gr. 5 Pilocarpina (Salts of) 01 Gm. i/5 gr. Piperina 2 Gm. 3 ST. Quinina (and Salts) 25 Gm. 4 gr. Salicinum I. Gm. 15 pt. Sanguinarina 005 Gm. 1/10 gr. 10 Santoninum 065 Gm. I gr. Sparteinac Sulphas 01 Gm. 1/5 gr. Strophanthinum 0003 Gm. 1/200 gr. Strychnina (and salts) OOI Gm. 1/64 gr. Thymol 125 Gm. 2 gr. ]5 Veratrina 002 Gm. l/30 gr. Table of Doses of Volatile Oils Title Oleum Cc. Min. Amygdalae Amarae .. .03 % Anisi .2 3 20 Betulae ... 1. 15 Cajuputi • 5 8 Cari .2 3 Caryophylli .2 3 Chenopodii .2 3 25 Cinnamomi ... .05 1 Copaibae ... .5 8 Coriandri .2 3 Cubebae i ... .5 8 Erigeronitis 1. 15 30 Eucalypti • 5 8 Foeniculi .2 3 Gaultheriae ... 1. 15 Hedeomae .2 3 Juniperi .2 3 35 Lavandulae Florum .2 3 Limonis ... .2 3 Menthae Piperitae ... .2 3 Menthae Viridis .2 3 Myristicae .2 3 40 Picis Liquidae .2 3 Pimentae .2 3 Rosmarini ... .2 3 Sabinae . 05 1 Santali .5" 8 45 Sassafras .2 3 Sinapis Volatile .008 % Terebinthinae Rectificatum 1. 15 Thymi .2 3 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 67 Volatile oils are usually given in 3 minim doses. Those given in 15 minim doses are betula, gaultheria, erigeron, turpentine. Those given in 8 minim doses are cajuput, copaiba, 5 cubeb, eucalyptus, santal. Those given in 1 minim doses are cinnamon and savin. Bitter almond oil is given in y2 minim dose. Doses of Preparations not Presented in Separate Tables Acetum Opii • 5 Cc. 8 min. 10 Acetum Scillae i. Cc. 15 min. Aqua Ammoniae i. Cc. 15 min. Aqua Amygdalae Atnarae 4- Cc. i fldr. Aqua Anisi 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Aqua Aurantii Florum 16. Cc. 4 fidr. 15 Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior.... 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Aqua Camphorae 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Aqua Chloroformi 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Aqua Cinnamoni 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Aqua Creosoti 8. Cc. 2 fldr. 20 Aqua Foeniculi 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Aqua Hamamelidis 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi 4- Cc. I fldr. Aqua Menthae Piperitae... 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Aqua Menthae Viridis 16. Cc. 4 fldr. 25 Aqua Rosae i(5. Cc. 4 fldr. Aqua Rosae Fortior 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Confectio Sennae 4- Gm. 6o gr. Elixir Ferri, Quininae et Strych- ninae Phosphatum 4- Cc. I fldr. 30 Emulsum Amygdalae 120. Cc. 4 floz. Emulsum Asafoetidae 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Emulsum Chloroformi 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Emulsum Olei Morrhuae 4- Cc. I fldr. Emulsum Olei Morrhuae cum Hypo- 35 phosphitibus 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Emulsum Olei Terebinthinae 4- Cc. I fldr. Glyceritum Acidi Tannici 2. Cc. 30 min. Glyceritum Ferri, Quininae et Strychninae Phosphatum I . Cc. IS min. 40 Glyceritum Hydrastis 2. Cc. 30 min. Glyceritum Phenolis • 3 Cc. 5 min. Liquor Acidi Arsenosi .2 Cc. 3 min. Liquor Ammonii Acetatis 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Liquor Antisepticus 4- Cc. I fldr. 45 Liquor Arseni Hydrargyri lodidi... . i Cc. i^ min. Liquor Calcis 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Liquor Chlori Compositus 4- Cc. I fldr. 68 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Liquor Ferri Chloridi . 1 Cc. 1% min. Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis. 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis .2 Cc. 7 5 Liquor lodi Compositus .2 Cc. 3 min. Liquor Magnesii Citratis 360. Cc. 12 floz. Liquor Potassii Arsenitis .2 Cc. 3 min. Liquor Potassii Citratis l6. Cc. 4 fldr. Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi I . Cc. 15 min. 10 Liquor Sodae Chlorinatae I . Cc. 15 min. Liquor Sodii Arsenatis .2 Cc. 3 min. Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi I. Cc. 15 min. Liquor Sodii Phosphatis Compositus 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Massa Ferri Carbonatis • 25 Gm. 4 gr. 15 Massa Hydrargyri • 25 Gm. 4 gr. Mistura Ferri Composita 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita... 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Mistura Rhei et Sodae 4- Cc. 1 fldr. Mucilago Acaciae 16. Cc. 4 fldr. 20 Mucilago Sassafras Medullae 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Mucilago Tragacanthae 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Mucilago Ulmi 16. Cc. 4 fldr. OleoresinaAspidii 2. Gm. 30 gr. Oleoresina Capsici •03 Gm. gr. 25 Oleoresina Cubebae •5 Gm. 7% gr. Oleoresina Lupulini .2 Gm. 3 gr. Oleoresina Piperis ■03 Gm. % gr. Oleoresina Zingiberis •03 Gm. gr. Pilulae Aloes 2 p Ils 30 Pilulae Aloes et Ferri 2 pills Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches 2 pills Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae 2 pills Pilulae Asafoetidae 2 pills Pilulae Catharticae Compositae.... 2 pills 35 Pilulae Catharticae Vegetabiles .... 2 pills Pilulae Ferri Carbonatis 2 pills Pilulae Ferri lodidi 2 pills Pilulae Laxativae Composite 2 pills Pilulae Opii 1 pill 40 Pilulae Phosphori 1 pill Pilulae Podophylli Belladonnas et Capsici 1 pill Pilulae Rhei Composite 2 pills Pulvis Acetanilidi Compositus • 5 Gm. 7% gr. 45 Pulvis Aromaticus 1. Gm. 15 gr. Pulvis Cretae Compositus 2. Gm. 30 gr. Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus ... 4- Gm. 60 gr. Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii • 5 Gm. 7% gr. Pulvis Jalapae Compositus 2. Gm. 30 gr. 50 Pulvis Morphinae Compositus • 5 Gm. 7^ gr. Pulvis Rhei Compositus 2. Gm. 30 gr. Resina .25 Gm. 4 gr. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 69 Resina Jalapae ■ 125 Gm. 2 gr. Resina Podophylii .015 Gm. % gr. Resina Scammonii .2 Gm. 3 gr- Spiritus Aetheris 4- Cc. 60 min. 5 Spiritus Aetheris Compositus 4- Cc. 60 min. Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi 2. Cc. 30 min. Spiritus Ammoniae 1. Cc. 15 min. Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus.... 2. Cc. 30 min. Spiritus Amygdalae Amarae • 5 Cc. 8 min. 10 Spiritus Anisi 4- Cc. 1 fldr. Spiritus Camphorae 1. Cc. 15 min. Spiritus Chloroformi 2. Cc. 30 min. Spiritus Cinnamomi 2. Cc. 30 min. Spiritus Gaultheriae 2. Cc. 30 min. 15 Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis • 05 Cc. 1 min. Spiritus Juniperi 2. Cc. 30 min. Spiritus Juniperi Compositus 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Spiritus Lavandulae 2. Cc. 30 min. Spiritus Menthae Piperitae 2. Cc. 30 min. 20 Spiritus Menthae Viridis 2. Cc. 30 min. Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici 4- Cc. 1 fldr. Syrupus Amygdalae 4- Cc. 1 fldr. Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis.... 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Syrupus Calcis 2. Cc. 30 min. 25 Syrupus Ferri lodidi 1. Cc. 15 min. Syrupus Ferri, Quininae et Strych- ninae Phosphatum 4- Cc. 1 ffdr. Syrupus Hypophosphitum 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Syrupus Hypophosphitum Compos- 30 itus 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Syrupus Ipecacuanhae 1. Cc. 15 min. Syrupus Krameriae 4. Cc. 1 fldr. Syrupus Lactucarii 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Syrupus Picis Liquidae 4- Cc. 1 fldr. 35 Syrupus Pruni Virginianae 4- Cc. 1 fldr. Syrupus Rhei 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus 8. Cc. 0 flflr. Syrupus Rubi 4- Cc. I fldr. Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus.. 16. Cc. 4 fldr. 40 Syrupus Scillae 2. Cc. 30 min. Syrupus Scillae Compositus 2. Cc. 30 min. Syrupus Senegae . 4- Cc. 1 fldr. Syrupus Sennae 4. Cc. I fldr. Syrupus Tolutanus 16. Cc. 4 fldr. 45 Syrupus Zingiberis 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Trituratio Elaterini •03 Gm. ¥2 gr. Vinum Antimonii I. Cc. 15 min. Vinum Ergotae 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Vinum Cocae 16. Cc. 4 fldr. 50 Vinum Colchici Seminis 2. Cc. 30 min. 70 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Vinum Ferri 8. Cc. 2 fldr. Vinum Ferri Amarum 8. Cc. 2 fldr. , Vinum Ipecacuanhae i. Cc. 15 min. 5 Vinum Opii 5 Cc. 8 min. Acetanilidum Acetphenetidinum . Aether •25 •5 i. Gm. Gm. Cc. 4 7% 15 gr. gr. min. IQ Aether Aceticus i. Cc. 15 min. Aethylis Carbamas i. Gm. 15 gr. Alcohol (Variable) Alumen . ■ 5 Gm. 7% gr. Amylis Nitris .2 Cc. 3 min. 15 Antipyrina •25 Gm. 4 gr. Benzosulphinidum .2 Gm. 3 gr. Betanaphtol .25 Gm. 4 gr. Chloralformamidum I. Gm. 15 gr. ♦Chloralum Hydratum I. Gm. IS gr. 20 Chloroformum • 3 Cc. 5 min. Chrysarobinum ' .03 Gm. % gr. Creosotum .2 Cc. 3 min. Cresol • 05 Cc. 1 min. Glandulae Suprarenales Siccae .... •25 Gm. 4 gr. 25 Glandulae Thyroideae Siccae .25 Gm. 4 gr. Glycerinum 4- Cc. 1 fldr. Hexamethylenamina •25 Gm. 4 gr. lodoformum •25 Gm. 4 gr. lodolum •25 Gm. 4 gr. 30 lodum .005 Gm. 1/10 gr. Methylis Salicylas i. Cc. IS min. Methylthioninae Hydrochloridum.. .25 Gm. 4 gr. Naphthalenum .125 Gm. 2 gr. Paraldehydum 2. Cc. 30 min. 35 Oleum Ricini 16. Cc. 4 fldr. Oleum Tiglii .065 Cc. 1 min. Phenol .065 Gm. I gr. Phenylis Salicylas • 5 Gm. 7% gr. Phosphorus .0005 Gm. 1/128 gr. 40 Resorcinol .125 Gm. 2 gr. Safrolum • 3 Cc. 5 min. Sulphonethylmethanum 1. Gm. 15 gr. Sulphomethanum 1. Gm. 15 gr. Terebenum • 5 Gm. 8 gr. 45 Terpini Hydras .125 Gm. 2 gr. Table of Miscellaneous Drugs THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 71 Second Year The instruction in this department during the second year includes the general principles of materia medica reviewed fifteen hours, toxicology-posology continued 5 twenty-five hours, pharmacognosy ninety hours, phar- maco- and therapy-dynamics seventy hours. Materia Medica, Pharmaco- and Therapy-Dynam- ics. Eighty-five hours. Pharmaco-dynamics treats of the action of medicines on healthy organs. Therapy-dynamics 10 treats of the action of medicines on diseased organs. In the following list, the drugs are enumerated in their botanical sequence, by which means the systematic rela- tions of medicinal plants are displayed. Some teachers prefer to group the drugs, in their lecture course, in 15 accordance with a therapeutical classification and it is to be understood that each is free to exercise his own choice in this matter. Order of topics. General remarks on economics of families of plants, especially as to the general nature of 20 their medicinal constituents and their medicinal proper- ties Enumeration of drugs pertaining to family Study of each drug Official or unofficial 25 Official titles; synonyms; names liable to be con- fused Definition explained as to meaning and reasons therefor Principal cautions regarding quality, etc., in- 30 eluding standardization, if employed Character of plant, range, habit, collection or cultivation, and preparation of drug Constituents. Physiological and therapeutical properties 35 Uses and preparations Thallophytes Algae (green, brown, and red) ; laminaria, fucus, agar-agar, chondrus, helminthochorton Fungi (phycomycetes, eumycetes, schizomycetes) ; 40 yeast, keffir, ergot, agaric, aspergillus 72 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Lichenes Pulmonaria, cetraria Byrophytes 5 Musci Hair-cap-moss Pteridophytes Filices Aspidium, adiantum 10 Equisetaceae Equisetum Lycopodiaceae Lycopdium Spermophytes 15 Gymnosperms Coniferae Juniperus, sabina, thuja, pinus, terebinthina, terebene, resina, related turpentines and resins, pix burgundica, pix cana- 20 densis, pix liquida, pix navalis, naph- thalinum and napthol, phenol, resor- cinol, oleum cadinum (Refer similarly to coal, coal tar and its products, similar to those of the conif- 25 erae) Angiosperms Monocotyledons Gramineae Triticum, zea, amylum, maltum, diastase, 30 saccharum Alcohol and its official and other forms (Wood alcohol and other alcohols and drugs acting like alcohol; ether, chloroform, the nitrites) 35 Palmae. Areca, sabal, oleum cocois, oleum palmae, resina draconis Araceae. Calamus, arum, dracontium Bromeliaceae. Ananas Liliaceae (including subfamilies) ; sarsaparilla, 40 aloes, allium, scilla, convallaria, colchicum, veratrum, sabadilla, veratrina, helonias, trillium Dioscoriaceae. Dioscorea Iridaceae. Crocus, iris, iris versicolor THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 73 Zingiberaceae. Cardamom, zingiber, curcuma, gal- angal, zedoary Orchidaceae. Vanilla, salep, cypripedium Dicotyledons 5 Piperaceae. Cubeba, piper nigrum and piper album, matico, Kava-kava Salicaceae. Salix and salicinum, methylis salicylis, balsam poplar Betulaceae. Oleum betulae, birch-wood tar and its 10 products, acidum salicylicum Fagaceae. Creosote and its derivatives, quercus, galla, acidum tannici, acidum gallici, pyrogallol, castanea Urticaceae (including subfamilies). Ulmus, humu- 15 lus, lupulinum, cannabis indica, ficus Santalaceae. Oleum santali Aristolochiaceae. Serpentaria, asarum Polygonaceae. Rheum, rumex Chenopodiaceae. Oleum chenopodii 20 Phytolaccaceae. Phytolacca Magnoliaceae. Magnolia, liriodendron, drimys, illi- cium and its oil Myristicaceae. Myristica, macis Ranunculaceae. Pulsatilla, adonis, hydrastis, sta- 25 phisagria, delphinium, aconitum, cimicifuga, hepatica, helleborus, clematis, ranunculus, xan- thorrhiza, coptis Berberidaceae. Berberis, caulophyllum, podophyllum Menispermaceae. Calumba, menispermum, pareira, coc- 30 cuius indicus and picrotoxinum Monimiaceae. Boldus Lauraceae. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, cinnamomum saigonicum, cinnamomum cassia, camphora, Sassafras, sassafras medulla, nectandra, coto and 35 paracota, laurus Papaveraceae. Opium and its products, papaveris fructus, papaveris semen, oleum papaveris seminis, rhoeados petala, sanguinaria, cheli- donium, corydalis 40 Cruciferae. Sinapis alba, sinapis nigra Droseraceae. Drosera NATIONAL COMMITTEE Hamamelidaceae. Hamamelis, styrax Rosaceae (including subfamilies). Rosa gallica, oleum rosae, caninae fructus, primus virginiana, prunum, 5 amygdala amara, amygdala dulcis, acidum hydro- cyanicum, quillaja, rubus, cusso Leguminosae (including subfamilies). Scoparius, bap- tisia, galega, tragacantha, acacia, glycyrrhiza, meli- lotus, trifolium, physostigma, chrysarobinum, kino, 10 santalum rub rum, piscidia, balsamum tolutanum, balsamum peruvianum, abrus, haematoxylon, cassia fistula, senna, tamarindus, copaiba Geraniaceae. Geranium Erthroxylaceae. Coca 15 Linaceae. Linum Zygophyllaceae. Guaiacum Rutaceae. Ruta, buchu, xanthoxylum, pilocarpus, the citrus group Simarubaceae. Simaruba, quassia, semen cedronis 20 Burseraceae. Myrrha, olibanum, elemi Euohorbiaceae. Cascarilla, oleum ricini, oleum tiglii, curcas, euphorbium, euphorbia pilulifera, kamala, stillingia, elastica Polygalaceae. Senega 25 Krameriaceae. Krameria Meliaceae. Azedarach, Cocillana Anacardiaceae. Rhus glabra, rhus toxicodendron (toxi- cology specially treated), mastiche, pistacia Celastraceae. Celastrus, euonymus 30 Sapindaceae. Guarana Rhamnaceae. Frangula, rhamnus purshiana, rhamnus cathartica, ceanothus Malvaceae. Althaea, gossypii cortex, gossypium purifi- catum, pyroxylinum, collodion, oleum gossypii 35 seminis Sterculiaceae. Cacao, oleum theobromatis, cola Hypericaceae. Cambogia Cistaceae. Helianthemum Canellaceae. Canella alba 40 Violaceae. Viola tricolor Passifloraceae. Passiflora 74 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 75 Caricaceae. Papaw juice Cactaceae. Cactus grandiflorus, anhalonium Thymelaeaceae. Mezereum Punicaceae. Granatum 5 Myrtaceae. Eucalyptus, eucalyptus gum, oleum caju- puti, oleum myrciae, caryophyllus, pimenta, chequen Araliaceae. Aralia Umbelliferae. Conium, carum, anisum, foeniculum, sumbul, asafcetida, ammoniacum, coriander, gal- 10 banum, ajowan, apium, petroselinum, angelica, levisticum, cuminum, anethum, phellandrium Cornaceae. Cornus Ericaceae. Uva ursi, chimaphila, gaultheria Sapotaceae. Chicle, gutta percha 15 Styraceae. Benzoinum Oleaceae. Manna, oleum olivae, fraxinus Loganiaceae. Nux vomica, ignatia, gelsemium, spigelia Gentianaceae. Gentiana, chiretta, centaurea Apocynaceae. Apocynum, strophanthus, aspidosperma 20 Asclepiadaceae. Asclepias, condurango Convolvulaceae. Jalapa, scammonium (" Mex. scam- mony ") Hydrophyllaceae. Eriodictyon Verbenaceae. Verbena 25 Labiatae. Lavandula, mentha piperita, mentha viridis, thymus, serpyllum, hedeoma, marrubium, salvia, rosmarinus, Scutellaria, origanum, majorana, melissa Solanaceae Capsicum, belladonna, scopola, hyoscyamus, stramon- 30 ium, tabacum, duboisia, fabiana, dulcamara, solanum carolinense Scrophulariaceae. Digitalis, leptandra, verbascum Rubiaceae. Caffea and caffeina, gambir, ipecacuanha, cinchona and alkaloids 35 Caprifoliaceae. Sambucus, viburnum opulus, viburnum prunifolium Valerianaceae. Valeriana Cucurbitaceae. Colocynthis, pepo, elaterium, bryonia Campanulaceae. Lobelia 40 Compositae. Calendula, carthamus, erigeron, anthemis, senecio, matricaria, tanacetum, absinthium, eupa- 76 NATIONAL COMMITTEE torium, lappa, taraxacum, cichorium, santonica, inula, pyrethrum, echinacea, arnica, lactucarium, grindelia 5 Animal drugs. Antitoxins and vaccins, thyroid extract, adrenalin, pepsinum, pancreatinum, adeps, adeps lanae, sevum, cetaceum, oleum morrhuae, ichthyo- colla, glycerinum, moschus, fel bovis, saccharum lactis, acidum lacticum, coccus, cantharis, mylabris, 10 mel. cera Inorganic materia medica. Halogens. Chlorine, bro- mine, iodine Chlorine preparations Bromine and bromides 15 Iodine and iodides, preparations of Oxygen, water, distilled water, dioxide of hydrogen Sulphur, sublimed, precipitated, washed Sulphurated lime, iodide of sulphur, disulphide of carbon Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony 20 Phosphorus and preparations of. Hypophosphites Hypophosphorus acid Arsenic, arsenic trioxide, preparations of Sodium arsenate, preparations of. Arsenic iodide Antimony. Antimony and potassium tartrate. Prepara- 25 tions of Carbon. Animal charcoal and purified A. C., wood char- coal Petrolatum. Petrolatum, petrolatum album, petrolatum liquidum, benzinum, paraffin 30 Acids. I Mineral acids. II Vegetable acids Metals. Alkali metals: potassium, sodium, lithium, am- monium Potassium. Potassium hydroxide, carbonate, bicar- bonate, acetate, citrate, sulphate, bitartrate and 35 chlorate Potassium ferrocyanide and cyanide Sodium. Hydroxide, monohydrated carbonate, bi- carbonate, sulphate, phosphate, potassium and sodium tartrate, citrate and chloride. 40 Sulphite, bisulphite and thiosulphate Nitrate, acetate and pyrophosphate Lithium. Carbonate and citrate THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 77 Ammonium. Stronger ammonia water, ammonia water Ammonium carbonate, chloride, acetate and salicylate Alkaline earths. Calcium, strontium, barium Calcium. Prepared chalk and preparations, precipitated 5 calcium Calcium chloride, dried sulphate and phosphate Strontium. Lactate Barium dioxide Magnesium, zinc, mercury 19 Magnesium sulphate, carbonate, oxide, talcum Zinc chloride, sulphate, precipitated carbonate, oxide and acetate Hydargyrum. Preparations of Red mercuric oxide, yellow mercuric oxide, corrosive 15 mercuric chloride, mild mercurous chloride, red mercuric iodide, yellow mercurous iodide, solu- tion mercuric nitrate, ointment of mercuric nitrate, ammoniated mercury, yellow mercuric subsulphate 2 0 Copper, silver and gold Copper sulphate, nitrate, oxide, cyanide. Gold and silver chloride Earth metals. Aluminum, cerium Aluminum, alumen, aluminum hydroxide, sul- 25 phate, kaolin Cerium, cerium oxalate Lead, bismuth, chromium, manganese Lead. Lead oxide, acetate, nitrate, iodide and carbonate 3 0 Bismuth. Bismuth subcarbonate, subnitrate, citrate, subgallate, subsalicylate Chromium. Chromium trioxide, dichromate Manganum. Precipitated manganese dioxide, sul- phate, precipitated permanganate 35 Ferrum. Reduced iron, ferrous salts, ferric salts, salts of vegetable acids Alcohols. Alcohol, ether, chloroform Alcohols, denatured alcohol, wood alcohol, wines Ether, acetic ether, amyl nitrite, spirit of nitro- 40 glycerin, sodium nitrite, sweet spirit of NATIONAL COMMITTEE 78 nitre, ethyl carbamate, ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, methyl chloride Aldehydes. Chloroform and preparations 5 Chloral hydrate, trichloracetic acid, paraldehydum, bromoform, iodoform, acetone, chloralforma- mide, sulphonmethane Sulphonethylmethane, hexamethylenamina, methylthio- nine hydrochloride, solution of formaldehyde 10 Anilines. Acetanilide, antipyrine, acetphenetidine Phenols. Phenol, sodium phenolsulphonate, zinc phenol- sulphonate. Cresol, resorcinol, thymol iodide, iod- olum Napthols. Napthalene, beta napthol 15 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 79 Toxicology. Twenty-five hours. Toxicology treats of poisons, their recognition, effects and antidotes. The physiological classes of poisons conform very closely with the physiological classes of medicines and may be taught 5 at the same time, as some prefer. But because the direc- tion of poisoning by a drug is often exactly opposite to that of the intended medicinal effect, it seems better to present an outline of the principles of poisoning, and a general classification of poisons, with the characteristic 10 effects of each class, at the beginning of the course; then take up the toxicology of the individual drug in connec- tion with its materia medica. A very great amount of time in repetition, which is necessitated by any other arrangement, is thus saved. 15 Poison defined. Local and systemic poisoning Local poisoning Corrosive Forms of death Inflammatory 20 Order and progress of effects Modes of death Irritation, inflammation, pustulation, abscess, ulceration, gangrene, blood poisoning Shock 25 Nature and effects Classification of local poisons Corrosive Acids, organic and inorganic Principal inorganic; principal organic 30 Characteristic action Phenol group Characteristic action Alkalies Enumerate chief 35 Characteristic action Inflammatory Preceding classes when diluted Acids Alkalies and salts 40 Metallic salts 80 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Phosphorus Halogens Irritant gases 5 Specific vegetable irritants Specific animal irritants Treatment of corrosive and irritant poisons Chemical antidotes Guard against injury from violent reaction 10 Also from excessive amount Stomach pump; lavage tube and emetics Purgation Conditions determining their use Demulcents and sedatives 15 Mechanical and nervine Stimulation and support Systemic poisoning Modes of occurrence Modes of entering system 20 General nature of effects Primary and secondary; exhaustion Classification of systemic poisons General motor paralyzants Of voluntary or involuntary system 25 Syncopants Special motor paralyzants Respiratory Circulatory; primary and secondary General motor irritants (convulsants) 30 Acute and chronic Death from convulsions Death from exhaustion Special motor irritants Acute and chronic 35 Of circulation Of respiration Abortifacients Sensory irritants During circulation 40 During excretion Sensory paralyzants Somnifacients THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 81 Anaesthetics Cerebral stimulants Equable (as caffeine) Non-equable or narcotic 5 (Death from acts to self or others under influence) Treatment of systemic poisoning Depends upon stage. The three stages and their treatment 10 Poisons to nutrition : phosphorus etc. Poisons destructive to blood structure or functions 82 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Pharmacognosy. Ninety hours. Pharmacognosy is the art of identifying, selecting and valuing drugs. Its practice involves both macroscopic and microscopic ex- 5 aminations, which are based directly upon the practice secured during the first year in these respective methods. Some teachers will prefer to perform both kinds of work during the same laboratory exercise, while others will assign them to different hours. The instruction concern- 10 ing each drug should include its identification, variety, quality - depending upon its season of collection, and manner of preparation and preservation - its packing, storing and freshness, freedom from impurity and the study of the impurities to which it is specially liable. 15 Economic conditions should be studied so far as to instruct the pharmacist in his commercial operations with drugs. Roots. Sarsaparilla (Mexican, Jamaican and Hon- duras), senega, gentian, dandelion, chicory, pellitory 20 (German and Roman), echinacea, elecampane, burdock, dogbane, stillingia, aralia, angelica (European and American), parsley, sumbul, pleurisy root, pokeroot, marshmallow, belladonna, baptisia, bryony, calumba, curly and yellow dock, rhubarb, licorice (Spanish and 25 Russian), hydrangea, kava, ipecac (Rio and Carthagena), gelsemium, pareira, krameria Rhizomes. Male fern, ginger (Jamaican, East Indian and African), turmeric (Madras and Java), calamus (peeled and crude), doggrass, veratrum (white and 30 green), unicorn root, helonias, trillium, blue flag, lady's slipper, lily-of-the-valley, dioscorea, bloodroot, geranium, mandrake, valerian, arnica root, Virginia and Canada snakeroot, pink-root, golden-seal, blue cohosh, cimicifuga, helleborus, leptandra, moonseed, barberry, yellow root, 35 gold-thread Tubers and bulbs. Jalap, aconite, colchicum, squill, corydalis Woods. Quassia (Jamaican and Surinam), logwood, sandalwood, red saunders, guaiac ' 40 Barks. Cinchona (red, yellow and pale) ; cascarilla, tulip tree, wild cherry, blackhaw (of root and stem), THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 83 cramp bark, witch hazel, willow, barberry, bayberry, white oak, blackberry, pomegranate, simaruba, con- durango, buckthorn, cascara sagrada, quebracho, para- coto, prickly ash, mezereum, cotton root, soap bark, pinus, 5 elm, sassafras, cinnamon (Ceylon, Saigon and Cassia), canella alba Herbs and flowers. Levant wormseed, cloves, poplar, lavendar, elderberry, mullein, calendula, safflower, arnica, chamomile (Roman and German), insect flowers (Persian jo and Dalmatian, cusso, lily-of-the-valley, Irish moss, Ice- land moss, cannabis, clover, pulsatilla, adonis, broom, galega, melilot, eupatorium, grindelia, tansy, wormwood, mugwort, lobelia, peppermint, spearmint, marjoram, thyme, American pennyroyal, horehound, catnip, skull- 15 cap, chiretta, centaury, helianthemum, euphorbia piluli- fera, drosera, verbena Leaves and leaflets. Rosemary, boldo, jaborandi, bay, eucalyptus, bearberry, senna (Alexandria and India), coca (Bolivian and Truxillo), belladonna, stramonium, 20 henbane, digitalis, matico, sage, witch hazel, colts-foot, chestnut, yerba santa, damiana, chimaphila, althaea, win- tergreen, buchu (long and short), aconite, hepatica, menyanthes, conium Fruits. Juniper, hops, black and white pepper, cubeb, 25 allspice, buckthorn, fish-berries, sumac berries, horse- nettle, capsicum, poppy capsules, colocynth, cassia fistula, American wormseed, prickly ash, star anise, cardamom, orange peel, lemon peel, mace, coriander, conium, anise, parsley, celery, caraway, angelica, fennel (Roman and 30 German), cummin, dill, saw palmetto Seeds. Calabar bean, sweet and bitter almond, pump- kin, tonka, cacao, cola, fenugreek, white and black mustard, flaxseed, nux vomica, larkspur, stavesacre, 35 castor oil, croton, stramonium, henbane, poppy (white and blue), strophanthus, sabadilla, colchicum, cardamon, areca, lobelia Miscellaneozis. Guarana, lactucarium, aloes (Socotrine, Curasao and Cape), catechu, gambir, kino, eucalyptus, 40 84 NATIONAL COMMITTEE sugar of milk, gum arabic, tragacanth, turpentine, mastic, rosin, guaiac (native and strained), dragon's blood, ben- zoin (Siam and Sumatra), gamboge, ammoniac, scam- 5mony, myrrh, ergot (Spanish and Russian), sassafras pith, galls (Aleppo and Chinese), cantharis, mylabris, kamala, lupulin, lycopodium, saffron, corn silk, starch (corn, wheat, rye and potato) THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 87 CHAPTER IV Branch II -• Chemistry Two hundred hours, first year; two hundred hours, sec- ond year; total, 400 hours. Chemistry is the science of 5 the composition of material things and the art of deter- mining such composition. (As a branch of pharmacology it treats of the chemical materials of medicine.-) First Year The instruction the first year includes elementary 10 physics twenty-five hours, general inorganic chemistry seventy-five hours, which should be given in the main by lecture, acquired for recitation and tested by quiz; qualitative fifty hours and manufacturing chemistry fifty hours, which should employ the laboratory method 15 in imparting instruction. Elementary Physics. Twenty-five hours. Physics is the science of the properties of matter and the forces governing the same. Common illustrations of physical laws and their applica- 20 tion to pharmacy Volume, mass, weight, density States of matter - kinetic theory Properties of matter - tenacity, surface tension, capillarity 25 Hydrostatics Gravity pressure Varying depth, density of liquids, direction, shape of container Specific gravity 30 of solids of liquids ■ ' Specific volume Pneumatics Gas pressure due to (1) gravity,. (2) moleculai 35 motion Atmospheric pressure - evidences of, how measured 88 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Boyle's law- Pumps and siphon General laws of gravitation 5 Mechanics - advantage, efficiency Levers, pulleys, pendulum Construction of scales, balances and weights Heat Its transmission or diffusion, conduction, convection, 10 radiation Effects of heat Expansion of solids, liquids and gases Change of state - fusion, vaporization Measurement of temperature 15 Thermometers C., F. and R., metallic, liquid, air, and their limitations Boiling, melting and congealing point Ignition - fusion Light 20 Luminous, illuminated, transparent, translucent and opaque bodies Reflection - law,-mirrors Refraction - law, lenses, instruments Polarization. 25 Magnetism and electricity Units of measure Miscellaneous Vacuum apparatus, baths, other items applying to pharmacy may be added -with due consideration 30 to the time allowance If the above instruction can be given in fifteen hours, the following laboratory work may occupy the remaining ten hours. Experiments not performed by the students should be performed by; the teacher as demonstration 35 exercises. Notes of experiments and of demonstration should appear together in the notebooks in the order in which they are done. Laboratory syllabus in physics 40 Exercise I Mass of unit volume of a solid THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 89 Exercise 2 Arrange a balance for weighing, demon- strating accuracy, gravitating force and counterpoise Exercise 3 Specific gravity of liquids 5 Exercise 4 Specific gravity of solids Exercise 5 Test the fixed points of a thermometer Exercise 6 Specific heat of a solid Exercise 7 Heat of fusion of ice and vaporization of water 10 Exercise 8 Boiling and melting points of different substances Exercise 9 Magnifying power of a lens Exercise 10 The single fluid cell and two fluid ceil NATIONAL COMMITTEE 90 General Inorganic Chemistry. Seventy-five hours. General chemistry treats of the principles of chemistry and their application. Inorganic chemistry treats of 5 those substances that do not contain carbon in a com- bustible form. This subject gives a comprehensive and connected view of the more important facts and laws of elementary chemistry, including the study of the offi- cial salts of the metals and other official inorganic com- 10 pounds. Throughout the course especial attention should be paid to the application of chemical facts and principles to pharmaceutical processes. The course should be based on the study of at least one standard textbook. 15 The underlying truths or general principles pertaining to chemistry found in any given lesson should be brought out, whether time permits of a discussion of the entire contents of the lesson or not. Chemical notation, nomen- clature and equation writing should be thoroughly 20 taught and recent views of the Ionic and other theories should be included. A detailed description should be given of each import- ant substance studied; including its occurrence, sources, methods of manufacture, properties, official require- 25 ments, and tests for identity and purity. Commercial methods of manufacture should be described as fully as time permits and visits should be made to chemical in- dustries of interest to pharmacists, as often as possible. The instruction should be coordinated with the practical 30 work of manufacturing chemistry and should be so adjusted that the lectures shall precede by a short interval the practical work in the laboratory. The order in which the elements are taken up in the following arrangement is modified from the periodic 35 system to meet pedagogic needs, and it is often advisable to change this order to agree with the arrangement of the textbook used. The compounds mentioned under each element are for special study. Many others may be very properly included in the course. Besides the import- 40 ant elements included in this outline, other rarer elements should be included as time permits. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Preliminary theory Matter Physical changes Chemical changes 5. Conservation of matter and energy Kinds of chemical changes Definition of chemistry Structure of matter: masses, molecules, atoms Composition of matter: mixtures, compounds, 10 elements Valence Symbols, formulas, equations Other topics of theoretical chemistry are best taken up at appropriate times as the descriptive matter is 15 studied. Hydrogen: occurrence; preparation - electrolysis of water, displacement from water by metals, displace- ment from acids by metals; physical and chemical properties; uses 20 Chlorine: occurrence; preparation; physical and chemi- cal properties; uses Hydrochloric acid: formula; preparation; composition ; properties; uses Bromine: occurrence; preparation; properties; uses; 25 hydrobromic acid Iodine: occurrence; preparation; properties; uses; hydriodic acid Fluorine: occurrence; properties; hydrofluoric acid Halogen group: comparison of physical and chemical 30' properties Oxygen: occurrence; preparation; physical and chemical properties; uses, including its part in respiration of plants and animals Water: occurrence; composition; properties; uses; water 35 of crystallization; natural waters - impurities, puri- fication Hydrogen dioxide: preparation; properties; uses Acids; bases; salts; nomenclature Atomic theory: development from laws of definite and 40 multiple proportions Avogadro's law 91 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Sulphur: occurrence; preparation; allotropic forms; properties; uses; commercial forms - stick, sub- limed, washed, precipitated 5 Hydrogen sulphide: preparation; properties; uses Sulphur dioxide: preparation; properties ; uses Sulphur trioxide: preparation; properties Sulphuric acid: preparation; physical and chemical properties; illustrations of wide industrial use 10 Nitrogen: occurrence; preparation; physical and chemical properties The atmosphere: a mixture, varying in composition; con- stituents, with uses of each; liquefaction Ammonia: general mode of formation; preparation; 15 properties; uses Oxides of nitrogen, briefly considered Nitric acid: preparation; properties; uses; aqua regia; nitrates; explosives Phosphorus: occurrence; preparation ; properties ; allo- 20 tropic forms; compounds; hydrogen phosphide, oxides and acids Carbon: distribution in nature and allotropic forms; preparation of commercial forms, charcoal, coke, boneblack, lampblack, gas carbon; properties; uses 25 Carbon dioxide: natural formation and occurrence; preparation ; properties; uses Carbon monoxide: preparations ; properties ; uses Silicon: occurrence; silicon dioxide and the silicates Boron: boric acids and the borates 30 Classification of elements. The periodic system Potassium : occurrence ; preparation ; properties; com- pounds - acetate, bicarbonate, bitartrate, bromide, carbonate, chlorate, citrate, cyanide, dichromate, ferrocyanide, hydroxide, hypophosphite, iodide, 35 nitrate, permanganate, sulphate Sodium: occurrence; preparation; properties; com- pounds - acetate, arsenate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulphite, borate, bromide, carbonate, chlorate, chloride, citrate, hydroxide, hypophosphite, iodide, 40 nitrate, nitrite, phenolsulphonate, phosphate, pyro- phosphate, salicylate, sulphate, sulphite, thiosulphate, potassium and sodium tartrate 92 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 93 Lithium : occurrence; compounds -• benzoate, bromide, carbonate, citrate, salicylate Ammonium: compounds - acetate, benzoate, bromide, carbonate, chloride, hydroxide, iodide, salicylate, 5 valerate Copper: occurrence; metallurgy; properties; uses ; com- pounds -■ sulphate Silver: occurrence;■ metallurgy; properties; uses ; com- pounds-'bromide, chloride, iodide, nitrate, oxide 10 Gold: occurrence; metallurgy; properties; uses; com- pounds Calcium : occurrence; compounds - oxide, bromide, car- bonate, chloride, hypophosphite, hydroxide, phos- phate, sulphate, sulphurated lime, chlorinated lime 15 Strontium: occurrence ; compounds - bromide, iodide, nitrate, salicylate Barium : occurrence; compounds -• carbonate, chloride, dioxide, hydroxide, nitrate Magnesium: occurrence; preparation; properties; uses; 20 compounds - carbonate, citrate, oxide, sulphate Zinc: occurrence ; metallurgy ; properties ; uses ; com- pounds - acetate, bromide, carbonate, chloride, iodide, oxide, phenolsulphonate, stearate, sulphate, valerate 25 Mercury: occurrence; preparation ; properties; uses; compounds - corrosive chloride, mild chloride, iodides, oxides, ammoniated mercury Aluminum: occurrence; metallurgy; properties ; uses ; compounds - alums, hydroxide, sulphate 30 Tin : occurrence; metallurgy; properties; uses; com- pounds Lead : occurrence ; metallurgy; properties; uses; com- pounds - acetate and subacetate, carbonate, iodide, nitrate, oxide 35 Arsenic: occurrence; properties; compounds - iodide, oxide. Detection Antimony: occurrence; properties; compounds - anti- mony and potassium tartrate Bismuth: occurrence; properties; compounds - citrate, 40 subcarbonate, subgallate, subnitrate, subsalicylate 94 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Chromium : occurrence; compounds - trioxide, potass- ium chromate, potassium dichromate Manganese: occurrence; compounds - dioxide, hypo- h phosphite, sulphate, potassium permanganate Iron : occurrence; metallurgy; varieties - cast, wrought steel, reduced; properties; uses; compounds - chloride, hydroxide, hydroxide with magnesia, hypophosphite, phosphate soluble, pyrophosphate, 10 sulphates, iron and ammonium sulphate Nickel: occurrence; metallurgy; properties; uses; com- pounds Cobalt: occurrence; compounds Platinum : occurrence; metallurgy; properties; uses; com- 15 pounds THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Qualitative Chemistry. Fifty hours. Qualitative chemistry determines the chemical constituents of a sub- stance. The following outline contemplates a continua- tion of the course in general inorganic chemistry and 5 looks forward to the subject of general organic chemistry to be followed by quantitative chemistry. Sufficient time should be given to lectures describing the action of re- agents upon solutions of inorganic salts, of bases and of acids, but the outline contemplates individual laboratory 10 methods. Hence a laboratory should be supplied with the re-agents, apparatus and materials sufficient to enable the student to become practically proficient in the analysis by the wet and dry processes of typical unknown inorganic substances. 15 Individual notebooks should be insisted upon. The courses should be based on the study of at least one standard textbook to the end that the student may gain a comprehensive and connected view of the important facts, methods and laws of qualitative chemistry. 20 Utensils and re-agents. A session should be devoted to the essential and helpful utensils required for the work outlined, to the use and to the care of the same. If it is undesirable to furnish individuals with a com- plete set of the re-agents called for, those of the follow- 25 ing list preceded by an asterisk (*) will include the re- agents that are used in considerable quantities. 1 ^Hydrochloric acid (concentrated) 2 Hydrochloric acid (pure) 3 ^Hydrochloric acid (dilute) 30 4 *Nitric acid (concentrated) 5 Nitric acid (pure) 6 *Nitric acid (dilute) 7 Nitro-hydrochloric acid 8 ^Sulphuric acid (concentrated) 35 9 Sulphuric acid (pure) 10 * Sulphuric acid (dilute) 11 Sulphurous acid 12 Oxalic acid 13 * Acetic acid 40 14 Tartaric acid 95 96 NATIONAL COMMITTEE 15 ^Hydrogen sulphide generator 16 Hydrogen sulphide solution 17 * Ammonia water 5 18 Ammonium sulphide 19 Ammonium carbonate 20 * Ammonium chloride 21 * Ammonium oxalate 22 * Ammonium molybdate 10 23 *Sodium hydroxide 24 *Sodium sulphide 25 *Sodium carbonate 26 *Sodium biborate (borax) 27 Sodium phosphate 15 28 Sodium acetate 29 Sodium nitrate 30 Sodium bisulphate 31 Potassium sulphate 32 Potassium chromate 20 33 Potassium dichromate 34 Potassium ferrocyanide 35 Potassium ferricyanide 36 Potassium cyanide 37 Potassium nitrate 25 38 Potassium nitrite 39 Potassium iodide and starch papers 40 Silver nitrate 41 Calcium hydroxide 42 *Lime water 30 43 Calcium chloride 44 *Barium chloride 45 Barium nitrate 46 *Lead acetate 47 Lead paper 35 48 Magnesium chloride and ammonium chloride (magnesia mixture) 49 Ferric chloride 50 Cobalt nitrate 51 Copper sulphate 40 52 Stannous chloride 53 Manganese dioxide 54 Red mercuric oxide THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 97 55 Mercuric chloride 56 Platinic chloride 57 Zinc ... . . . k 58 Solution of indigo (sulphindigotic acid) $ 59 Litmus paper 60 Starch paste 61 Alcohol 62 Water 63 Sodium hypochlorite 64 Sodium bisulphide 65 Chlorine water The implements required by the student are few and simple. Besides the bottles for the re-agents enumerated above and a few small carriers for the preservation of samples there will be needed: A dozen test tubes; a wooden test tube rack; a test tube brush; a nest of small beakers; two or three glass stirring rods; a small thistle, or funnel tube; a large thistle tube for the gas generator; one stick of no. 7 glass tubing; two or three sticks of no. 20 5 glass tubing; three small glass funnels; a small glass flask; a small platinum crucible is also very desirable; a few packages of cut filters, or a quire of filter paper; a wash bottle; two small evaporating dishes; a porcelain crucible; one triangle of iron wire; an iron ring stand; a 25 filter stand; a lamp; a gas bottle for generating sul- phuretted hydrogen; a common jeweler's blowpipe; a pair of small iron pincers, jeweler's tweezers; a piece of platinum foil; a bit of platinum wire; a few corks or caoutchouc stoppers; a piece of blue cobalt glass. 30 Instruction should be given in the use of special apparatus as each becomes necessary. It is assumed that the student acquired a general knowledge of water and sand baths, the manipulation of glass and the construction of simple apparatus in his 35 experiments of elementary physics and chemistry. The seven classes of the metallic elements - didac- tic Definition of the term class Experiments to illustrate the definition and the 40 classes: 98 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Class i Precipitated as chlorides Ag, Pb, Hg Class 2 Precipitated as sulphides insoluble in dilute acids, and not redissolved by akaline 5 fluids Pb, Hg, Bi, Cd, Cu Class 3 Precipitated as sulphides insoluble in dilute acids but redissolved by alkaline fluids As, Sb, Sn, Au, Pt Class 4 Precipitated by ammonia water, usually as 10 hydroxides Fe, Al, Cr, together with cer- tain salts which require an acid solvent Class 5 Precipitated as sulphides insoluble in alka- line fluids Zn, Mn, Ni, Co Class 6 Precipitated as carbonates Ca, Ba, Sr 15 Class 7 Remaining elements. Distinguished by special tests. Mg, Na, K Table for the separation of the seven classes of the metallic elements. Separate each group before testing the next. 20 Add an excess of FIC1 to the solution to be examined A precipitate indicates Pb, Ag, Hg Tests for Pb, for Ag, for Fig Saturate with H2S the filtrate, which should be hot and but slightly acid with HC1 25 Boil the precipitate with NH4HS, or Na2S A residue indicates Hg, Pb, Bi, Cd, Cu The alkaline filtrate is tested for As, Sb, Sn, Au, Pt Boil the filtrate to expel H2S, and add HNO3, to 30 oxidize Fe Then add NH4C1 and a slight excess of NH4OH A precipitate indicates Fe, Cr, Al, Ca3 (PO4)2, etc. 35 To the filtrate add a drop of (NH4) 2S. A precipitate indicates Co, Ni, Mn, Zn To filtrate add a drop of (NH4) 2CO3 A precipitate indicates Ba, Sr, Ca Evaporate the residual liquor to a 40 small bulk and test a portion of it for Mg THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Evaporate the rest of the solution to dryness; ignite and test for Na and K General test for nonmetallic elements 5 The marked difference in the analysis of the metallic and the nonmetallic in the wet way The barium test - illustrations The calcium test -• illustrations The silver test - illustrations 10 Nitrates, chlorates, acetates Special tests for the non-metallic elements Effervesence and odor Carbonates, cyanides, sulphides, sulphites, hyposul- phites, chromates, arsenites, and arsenates, sul- 15 phates, phosphates, oxalates, tartrates, borates, silicates, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, nitrates, chlorates, acetates, oxides, and hy- droxides The analysis of substances of unknown composition 20 Order of procedure - salt, mineral or other non- metallic solid Preliminary examination - dry process Closed tube test Substance blackens 25 Other changes in color Substance is not carbonized Aqueous vapor Oxygen Sulphurous acid gas 30 Carbonic acid gas Cyanogen Hydrogen sulphide Acetone Ammonia 3 5 Colored gases or vapors are set free Nitrogen peroxide. Bromine Iodine Sublimate forms 40 Ammonium salts Antimony trioxide 99 100 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Oxalic acid Metallic mercury Arsenic and some of its compounds 5 Sulphur Reduction test - blowpipe - oxidizing and re- ducing flames Gold, copper, tin, lead, silver, bismuth, anti- mony, cadmium 10 Flame tests Destruction of the organic matter Dissolving a salt, mineral or other nonmetallic solid free from organic matter by water, by acids, by other methods 15 Table of solubilities Treatment of the solution An aqueous solution Neutral, acid, alkaline An acid solution 20 Examination for non-metallic elements Treatment of insoluble substances Fluxes and fusions Treatment of fused mass Decomposition by calcium carbonate and ammonium 25 chloride Fusion with sodium bisulphate Deflagration Treatment of a pure metal or alloy Action of nitric acid on the metals 3 0 Complete solution Residue undissolved Test for gold - purple of Cassius Test for platinum Treatment of liquids 35 Evaporation test Litmus test Testing for ammonia THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 101 Manufacturing Chemistry. Fifty hours. The pro- duction of chemical substances. Laboratory exercises to be given in the manufacture of the following substances that can be manufactured in a drug store. 5 The laboratory work should be supplemented by lectures on the manufacture of the chemical substances named and also on those that require special apparatus. Solution: Simple, involving chemical reaction Solution of mercuric nitrate 10 Solution of potassium arsenite Solution of lead subacetate Solution of zinc chloride Solution and oxidation Solution of ferric chloride 15 Solution of ferric sulphate Solution: Precipitation process Diluted hydrobromic acid Diluted hydriodic acid Diluted hydrocyanic acid 20 Solution: Containing a gas obtained by distillation Sulphurous acid Aqua chlori (U. S. P. 1890) Diluted hydrobromic acid, distillation process Double decomposition 25 Soft soap Zinc stearate Lead plaster Direct union of elements Sulphur iodide 30 Saturation and granulation Ammonium salicylate Sodium salicylate Potassium acetate Precipitation 35 Bismuth citrate Lead iodide Silver oxide Yellow mercurous iodide Red mercuric iodide 40 Yellow mercuric oxide Ammoniated mercury 102 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Second Year The instruction in this branch during the second year includes general organic chemistry fifty hours, qualita- 5 tive chemistry twenty-five hours, manufacturing chemis- try twenty-five hours, quantitave analysis fifty hours, and drug assaying fifty hours. General Organic Chemistry. Fifty hours. Organic chemistry treats of compounds containing carbon in a 10 combustible form, or it is the chemistry of the hydro- carbons and their derivatives. The outline submitted herewith requires considerably more than the allotted time for its proper presentation, but one does not see how the subject can be properly 15 presented in a more abridged form. Organic chemistry Historical development Definitions, the chemistry of the hydrocarbons and their derivatives 20 Characteristics of organic compounds Analysis, qualitative, quantitative, ultimate, proxi- mate Calculation from ultimate analysis Empirical formula 25 Molecular formula, molecular weight determination Rational, constitutional, and graphic formulas Radicals in organic chemistry Methane Occurrence in nature, formation 30 Preparation, properties, uses Substitution products Halogen derivatives, methyl and methylen chlorides, bromides and iodides Chloroform, manufacture, properties, purity etc. 35 Bromoform Iodoform Carbon tetrachloride Chain compounds Marsh gas series of hydrocarbons 40 General considerations, isomerism, nomenclature, homologues THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 103 Unsaturated hydrocarbons The olefins Addition compounds Acetylene series 5 Acetylene Other series of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Iso- logues Sources of hydrocarbons Destructive distillation of organic matter 10 Natural formation, coal, petroleum etc. Petroleum products, illuminating oils, lubricants, benzin, petrolatum, paraffin Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons other than methane, ethyl chloride, bromide, iodide etc. 15 Introduction of oxygen into hydrocarbons Alcohols: general properties, atomicity, general for- mation Methyl alcohol, destructive distillation of wood Properties, detection 20 Ethyl alcohol, fermentation, malt diastase Fermentation products, alcoholic beverages Whiskey, brandy, rum, wines, beers etc. Proof spirit, denatured alcohol, properties, de- tection 25 Alcohol, U. S. P., description, properties, uses Physiological action Other alcohols: amylic alcohol, cetylic etc. Secondary and tertiary alcohols Diatomic alcohols, glycols 30 Triatomic alcohols, glycerol Ethers: general methods of preparation, general proper- ties Diethyl ether, manufacture, properties Other ethers 35 Further oxidation of hydrocarbons Aldehydes: general methods of preparation, general properties Formaldehyde: manufacture, properties, uses, detec- tion 40 Polymerism NATIONAL COMMITTEE Acetaldehyde: aldehyde ammonia Paraldehyde Trichloraldehyde, chloral hydrate 5 Butyl chloral hydrate, other aldehydes Ketones or acetones: general properties and methods- of production Acetone, properties, uses, detection Sulphur derivatives of hydrocarbons 10 Thioalcohols or mercaptans Sulphonic acids, sulphons Condensation products Of alcohols and mercaptans with aldehydes and ketones 15 Sulphonal, trional Organic acids: occurrence, general properties and methods of formation Formic acid Acetic acid, manufacture, properties 20 Acetates, K, Na, Zn, Ferric, Pb, Cu, Al, basic acetates Trichloracetic acid, acetic anhydride Valeric acid and valerates Stearic and other acids of the series 25 Second series of acids, oleic acid Oleates, normal and official Polybasic acids: oxalic acid, succinic acid Oxy-acids, atomicity, basicity Lactic acid, stereoisomerism, asymmetric carbon 3 0 atom Lactates Malic acid Tartaric acid, tartrates, baking powders, scale salts Citric acid, citrates, effervescing salts 35 Esters: general characteristics and methods of prepara- tion, saponification Ethyl acetate Ethyl nitrite, manufacture, assay Ethyl sulphates, ethereal oil 40 Amyl esters, acetate, nitrite Glyceryl esters: fats and oils, waxes Drying and non-drying oils 104 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 105 Analytical reactions, saponification number, iodine number etc. Industries of the fats Soap making, soluble and insoluble soaps, hard and 5 soft soaps Official soaps Stearic acid candle manufacture Manufacture of artificial butter Manufacture of glycerin, nitroglycerin and explo- 1() sives Glyceryl nitrate Glycero-phosphoric acid and its salts Wool-fat, Hydrous wool-fat Carbohydrates: chemical nature and classification, 15 properties Monosaccharids, dextrose, levulose Disaccharids, sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharids, dextrins, starches, cellulose etc. Nitrogen in organic compounds 20 Derivatives of ammonia, amines, quarternary am- monium bases Occurrence, formation, properties, ptomaines, leuco- maines Hexamethylenamine 25 Amids, formamid, chloralformamid, ethyl carbamate Urea Amido-acids Uric acid, xanthine bases, caffeine Cyanogen compounds 3 0 Cyanogen, dicyanogen, hydrocyanic acid, cyan- ides Isocyanides, tautomerism Cyanic acid, thiocyanides, isothiocyanides Ferrocyanides, ferricyanides 35 Nitro compounds Cyclic compounds: isocyclic and heterocyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons, general properties, source Benzene series, coal tar Benzene, toluene, xylenes, ortho, meta, and 40 para Hydroaromatic compounds, terpenes, camphenes NATIONAL COMMITTEE 106 Volatile oils General properties, preservation, adulteration Methods of production 5 By expression: oils of lemon, orange, bergamot By distillation: oils of peppermint, thyme, anise, cinnamon, sassafras, cloves, eucalyptus, betula, gaultheria, bitter almond, mustard, santal, rose, etc. 10 Synthetic products Eugenol Safrol Camphor: monobromated camphor, camphoric acid Menthol 15 Thymol: thymol iodide Resins General properties Elastica Guaiac 20 Benzoin Oleoresins Copaiba Turpentine, oil of turpentine, rosin, terebene, terpin hydrate 25 Gum resins Asafoetida Myrrh Balsams Tolu, Peru, Styrax etc. 30 Phenols, general characteristics Phenol: preparation, properties, uses, antidotes, crude carbolic acid, cresol, commercial products Polyatomic phenols Diatomic phenols, resorcinol, hydrochinone 35 Triatomic phenols, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol Phenol ethers, creosote, guaiacol, guaiacol carbonate Aromatic alcohols, benzyl alcohol Aromatic aldehydes, benzaldehyde, amygdalin, glucosides Cinnamic aldehyde 40 Aromatic oxy-alcohols, aldehydes, ethers etc., vanillin Aromatic acids Benzoic acid and benzoates THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Salicylic acid and salicylates, methyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate Phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, phenolphthalein Gallic acid, tannic acid, tannins, vegetable astringents 5 Naphthalin, anthracene Naphthol, alpha and beta Nitrogen derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons Nitro compounds, nitrobenzene, trinitrophenol Amido derivatives, aniline 10 Anilids, acetanilide, acetphenetidine Diazo compounds, dyestuffs, methylene blue Anthracene derivatives, anthraquinone, alizarin, emodin etc. Sulphonic acids, sodium phenolsulphonate 15 Saccharin Pentacyclic compounds, pyrrol, thiophen, antipyrine Pyridine series, pyridine, quinoline Alkaloids, chemical nature, general characteristics, solubilities 20 Alkaloidal re-agents Alkaloids, glucosides and neutral principals Alkaloids Aconitine Atropine, sulphate, oleate 25 Cocaine, hydrochloride, oleate Codeine, phosphate, sulphate Colchicine Homatropine hydrobromide Hydrastine, hydrochloride 30 Hyoscine hydrobromide Hyoscyamine hydrobromide, sulphate Morphine, acetate, hydrochloride, sulphate, apomor- phine hydrochloride diacetylmorphine hydro- chloride 35 Pelletierine tannate Physostigmine salicylate, sulphate Pilocarpine hydrochloride, nitrate Quinine, disulphate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, oleate, salicylate, sulphate 40 Scopolamine hydrochloride Sparteine sulphate 107 NATIONAL COMMITTEE 108 Strychnine, nitrate, sulphate Veratrine, oleate Glucosides 5 Salicin Aloin Santonin Chrysarobin Strophanthin 10 Proteins, general characteristics and classification Enzymes, general characteristics, solubility, mode of action etc. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 109 Qualitative Chemistry. Twenty-five hours. Con- tinued from the first year. General description, prepara- tion and uses of U. S. P. re-agents. Test solutions and indicators - pages 518-544 U. S. P. $ Examination of a few typical U. S. P. chemicals for impurities: Examples Acetic acid - for hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and heavy metals 10 Benzoic acid - for chlorine, cinnamic acid, organic impurities Citric acid -• for tartaric and oxalic acids, calcium and iron salts Hydrochloric acid - for bromine, iodine, arsenic, sul- 15 phurous and sulphuric acids, heavy metals Sulphuric acid-for lead, arsenic, nitric, nitrous and hydrochloric acids Tannic acid-for gallic acid Wool-fat - for alkalies, free fatty acids, chlorides 20 and organic impurities Alcohol-for methyl alcohol, aldehyde, fusel oil Ether - undue amount of alcohol, water or aldehyde Alum - for ammonium alum, zinc and iron Ammonium bromide - for iodide, bromates, iron 25 and barium Ammonium chloride - for heavy metals, sulphates, calcium, empyreumatic substances Balsam Peru - for rosin, turpentine, styrax, copaiba, fatty oils 30 Bismuth subgallate-• for gallic acid, nitrates and arsenic Calcium chloride-for iron, aluminum, phosphates, magnesium, alkalies Copper sulphate- for iron, aluminum and arsenic 35 Glycerin - for sugar, arsenic, heavy metals Calomel -• for mercuric chloride, ammoniated mer- cury Iodine - for cyanogen, chlorine and bromine Olive oil - for cotton seed and other seed oils 40 Phenol - for creosote and cresol 110 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Potassium acetate - for carbonates, heavy metals, iron and arsenic Potassium bicarbonate - for limit of carbonate 5 Potassium permanganate - for chlorides and nitrates. Lead oxide - for moisture, carbonates, free lead, silicates, barium sulphate, copper and iron Quinine sulphate - for other alkaloids of cinchona and organic impurities 10 Sugar of milk -• for cane sugar and starch Soap - for animal fats, alkalinity Borax - for bicarbonates, phosphates, nitrates Sodium thiosulphate - for sulphides, caustic alkalies- and carbonates 15 Zinc sulphate - for arsenic, lead, copper, chlorides, free acid Tincture vanilla - for vanillin Qualitative examination of fixed oils, saponification number and iodine value 20 Qualitative examination of volatile oils through polarising apparatus Identification of alkaloids, glucosides etc. For alkaloids A If precipitate obtained by Mayer's re-agent is- 25 colorless i Add to the substance strong nitric acid Purple red color. Apomorphine verify by ferric chloride sodium bicarbonate and chloro- 30 form Blood red color. Brucine verify by stannous chloride Orange red color. Morphine verify by ferric chloride 35 Orange red color. Codeine verify by sul- phuric acid, ferric chloride Dirty red color. Veratrine verify by strong hydrochloric acid THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 2 To another portion add strong sulphuric acid Red or brown on plate / Deep red if warmed in tube) ' eiatnne Bluish tinge Coniine 5 Blood red color. . .Salicin (glucoside) verify by oxidation 3 If not identified by preceding sections, heat a little in a dry tube - red vapor indicates cin- chona alkaloids - confirm by other tests 10 4 If not found by the aid of preceding sections test specially for the following: Aconitine, atropine, homatropine, caffeine, cocaine, physostigmine, pilocarpine B If precipitate obtained by Mayer's re-agent is 15 colored, berberine, very bitter; sodium hy- droxide gives yellow precipitate soluble in ether C If not an alkaloid i Aloin Sulphuric and nitric acid 9q diluted with water and ammonia in excess 2 Chrysarobin Alkalies fine red color; strong sulphuric acid, brown color 25 3 Podophyllin Solution in alcohol pre- cipitated by water, solution in ammonia precipitated by acid 4 Santonin Yellow after exposure to air ferric chloride sulphuric acid D Other new reactions for the detection of certain compounds i Chloral hydrate - sulphuric acid and heat 35 2 Paraldehyde - sulphuric acid and heat 3 Furfurol - sulphuric acid and heat 4 Orthonitrophenyl - propionic acid and sulphuric acid Qualitative analysis of ordinary scale salts 40 Dissolve a portion in water and add ammonia cautiously 111 112 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Precipitate alkaloids (except strychnine) and sometimes ferric hydroxide, add ether; agitate the mixture and separate the 5 etherial solution, aqueous solution and insoluble precipitate Etherial solution should be tested for quinine, quinidine Aqueous solution should be tested for 10 strychnine Insoluble precipitate should be tested for cinchonine, cinchonidine, ferric hy- droxide Apply tests for pyrophosphoric, hypophos- 15 phoric, sulphuric, tartaric, citric, hy- drochloric acids and ammonia Identification tests should also be introduced for the more common organic bodies like starch, albumin, sugar, gelatin, pepsin, pancreatin, bile THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 113 Manufacturing Chemistry. Twenty-five hours. A continuation of the course from the first year. A more advanced course than that given the first year. It in- cludes instruction in the manufacture of more difficult 5 chemicals used in pharmacy. The course should be supplemented by lectures giving the general details of the work as outlined and of those chemicals that require special apparatus and of those also that can only be successfully prepared on a large scale. 10 Solution and scaling Soluble iron and quinine citrate Soluble ferric phosphate Precipitation Bismuth subgallate 15 Precipitated manganese dioxide Iodoform - acetone process Extraction and crystallization Piperin Crystallization or granulation 20 Ammonium iodide Potassium bromide Potassium citrate Potassium iodide Red mercuric oxide 25 Sodium citrate Terpin hydrate Distillation Ethyl nitrite and spirit of nitrous ether Methyl salicylate 30 Chloroform - alcohol and acetone process NATIONAL COMMITTEE General Quantitative Chemistry. Fifty hours. Quantitative chemistry determines the amount of the constituents of a substance. Laboratory work forty 5 hours, supplemented with ten lectures on the theory of gravimetric and volumetric analysis. Lectures Quantitative analysis, general principles Differentiation, gravimetric and volumetric methods 10 Gravimetric analysis Volumetric analysis - normal solutions, empirical solutions, apparatus and manipulation, indi- cators, oxidimetry, indirect and residual filtra- tion 15 Gasometric analysis First. Gravimetric analysis illustrating the different methods of washing, drying or weighing precipitates, also the methods followed in making separations. Laboratory work 20 I Estimation of water of crystallization a Sodium carbonate b Ferrous sulphate 2 Ash determination 3 Determination of iron in ferric citrate by ignition 25 4 Determination of iron in solution ferric chloride by precipitation as hydroxide 5 Estimation of sulphuric acid in K2SO4 as BaSO4 6 Estimation of chlorine in sodium chloride as AgCl 7 Estimation of arsenic as sulphide 30 8 Estimaton of mercury as sulphide 9 Estimation of zinc and of aluminum as oxides io Analysis of limestone, Ca, Fe, Si, Al, and Mg Second. Volumetric analysis. Grouping and standard- izing volumetric solutions, the proper selection and use of 35 indicators and practical demonstration by the students that they may be able to determine the actual amount present of a large number of selected chemicals, either in simple solution or mixed with others. Preparation of normal oxalic acid solution 40 Estimation of sodium hydroxide Preparation of normal sodium hydroxide solution Preparation of normal sulphuric acid 114 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 115 Estimation of sodium carbonate, phenolphthalein as indicator Estimation of sodium carbonate, methyl orange as indicator 5 Determination of strength of ammonia water, rosolic acid as indicator Titration of sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric and acetic acids Valuation of potassium bitartrate by ignition and 10 titration Valuation of lead subacetate solution Control by drying and weighing the lead sulphate Preparation of decinormal silver nitrate Titration of a chloride, bromide and iodide 15 Preparation of decinormal potassium permanganate Estimation of ferrous sulphate Determination of ferric iron after reduction to ferr- ous iron Valuation of hydrogen dioxide solution 20 Estimation of sodium carbonate, phenolphthalein as Estimation of ferrous sulphate by tenth-normal potassium dichromate Preparation of tenth-normal iodine and tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate 25 Spirit of nitrous ether Valuation of tincture of iron Valuation of chlorinated lime Valuation of sulphurous acid Valuation of sodium sulphite 30 Iodometric estimation of ferric iron Estimation of arsenous acid in Fowler's solution Valuation of phenol Third. Gasometric processes to determine the strength of certain U. S. P. preparations. 35 Solution of hydrogen dioxide Spirit of nitrous ether Temperature and pressure corrections NATIONAL COMMITTEE 116 Drug Assaying. Fifty hours. Drug assaying deter- mines the amount of the valuable constituents of phar- maceutical substances. Laboratory and lecture courses 5 to enable the student to master the fundamental principles and to understand the modifications necessary for dif- ferent U. S. P. substances and preparations in accordance with the directions of the U. S. P. modified by later experience. 10 A course of ten lectures on the theory and practice of drug assaying, paralleled by forty hours of laboratory practice therein. The work should include the making of standard volumetric solutions, estimation of acids, alkalies, iron, 15 hydrogen dioxide, silver etc., assay of opium, extract of mix vomica etc. Each topic considered in the lectures should be exemplified by practice on it in the laboratory during the same week, or combined lectures and labora- tory exercises should be given. 20 Full explanation should be given of the different pro- cesses used and the reasons why and how figures and results are obtained so the students may be able to intelli- gently carry out the laboratory work and understand the stoichiometrical calculations. 25 The students should be required to make careful notes in detail of each step in the procedure of the assay processes. Typical examples of each process Assaying by simple separation of the valuable con- 30 stituent through mechanical means, without the aid of chemicals Example, mercury in mercurial ointment Assaying digestive enzymes by their power to digest known quantities of certain substances 35 Examples, pepsin estimated by its power to digest albumen pancreatin estimated by its power to digest starch THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 117 Separating the active constituent by means of chemi- cals or test solutions and estimating the amount as cineol in oil of cajuput 5 as cineol in oil of eucalyptus Estimating the amount of active constituents by the residue, after having destroyed the active constituents Examples, eugenol in oil of cloves 10 cinnamic aldehyde in oil of cinna- mon Estimating the amount of active constituent by volumetric solutions, the amount used being determined bv proper indicators on test solutions 15 The U. S. P., pages 569-75, inclusive, gives a full list of volumetric assays directed, and the student should perform at least ten experiments found in that list dur- ing this course. 20 Example Iron in the iron scale salts Iodine in tincture of iodine Ammonia in ammonia water H2O2 in solution of hydrogen dioxide 25 Phenol in phenol Citral in oil of lemon Hydrocyanic acid in oil of bitter almond Menthol in oil of peppermint Santalol in oil of sandalwood 30 Borneol in oil of rosemary Gasometric assay, by determining the volume of gas given off during a definite reaction U. S. P., pages 576-77, should be thor- oughly explained and students be required 35 in the laboratory to assay sweet spirit of nitre for ethyl nitrite Alkaloidal assay by immiscible solvents, as outlined on pages 578-79 U. S. P., should be carefully explained and the assay of a few typical drugs, selected from the fol- 40 lowing list should be made in the laboratory. Estimation of % alkaloids in fluidextract of cinchona % alkaloids in ipecac 5 % morphine in tincture of opium % alkaloids in tincture of stramonium % strychnine in extract of nux vomica % alkaloids in fluidextract of guarana . % mydriatic alkaloids in belladonna 10 % quinine in citrate of iron and quinine 118 NATIONAL COMMITTEE THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 121 CHAPTER V Branch III -■ Pharmacy One hundred and ninety-five hours, first year; two hundred and five hours, second year; total, four hundred 5 hours. Pharmacy as a branch of pharmacology is the science and art of preparing, preserving, compounding and dispensing medicine. The outline assigns definite hours to definite subdivi- sions for the specific purpose of keeping in mind the 10 maximum of information to be imparted in the minimum possible time, so that each branch of the whole subject of pharmacology shall receive its adequate and its proper consideration. Nor is it contemplated that some subjects are minor subjects that can be taken away from other 15 subjects considered as major. If figurative language is permissible, the general out- line and the detailed assignment of hours by branches, subdivisions, years and hours is framework to be used as the building is constructed, or to be retained as a 20 portion of the building as decided by the board of archi- tects-'the Committee of Twenty-one. Meanwhile, the architects drawing the plans and specifications have not been permitted to lose sight of the original purpose of the building - "a pharmacy syllabus prepared to indicate 25 the general scope and character of the instruction to be given by the teacher and the work to be done by the student * * * that embarrassment to students in state board examinations, arising from defective instruc- tion or the use of different textbooks, may be obviated.'' 30 NATIONAL COMMITTEE First Year The instruction of the first year includes pharmaceuti- cal arithmetic, thirty hours; pharmaceutical Latin, twenty-five hours; theory of pharmacy, sixty hours; laboratory practice, twenty hours, and manufacturing pharmacy, sixty hours, which should be given in the main by lecture, acquired by the student for recitation and tested by daily quizzes. Pharmaceutical Arithmetic. Thirty hours. The arithmetic pertaining to the science and art of pharmacy. The aim of this course is to teach the student to use easily and accurately the various current weights and measures. Since the Pharmacopoeia is based on the metric 15 system, and since this system of weights and measures is used in scientific laboratories, special effort should be made to master it in all its practical details. At the same time it should be remembered that the student has had little practical experience in the system of weights and 20 measures in common use. Review of common fractions Review of decimal fractions Metric system of weights and measures 25 Thermometer scales English system of weights and measures Computation of dosage Relationship of English and metric systems of weights and measures 30 Ratio and proportion Calculations of strength and proportions of pharmaceuti- cal preparations Specific gravity and specific volume Weights of given volumes and volumes of given weights 35 Percentage solutions, dilutions and concentrations Alligation Alternate Medial Chemical problems 122 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS ' 123 Pharmaceutical Latin. Twenty-five hours. The Latin pertaining to the science and art of pharmacy. In a Latin course of but twenty-five hours, it is evident that all ordinary methods of treating the subject must be 5 set aside. Only such essentials of inflection and syntax can be taught as will serve the practical purpose of en- abling the student to read prescriptions with ease and intelligence. With this end in view, the following spe- cific recommendations are made: 10 Pronunciation. Time should not be spent on any fine points. Preference should be given to the English method because it is easier and more in accord with the prevailing pronunciation of American pharmacists. Declension. Teach the simpler uses of only four cases, 15 viz, nominative, genitive, accusative, ablative. Omit the declension of pronouns. Conjugation. The essential forms of the verb are: Active imperative present, second singular Active subjunctive present, third singular and 20 plural Passive subjunctive present, third singular and plural Present and perfect participles and the gerundive These forms should be given for the four regular con- 25 jugations, together with the verbs in -io and the irregular verbs sum and fio. Comparison. A brief statement of the Latin method of comparison of adjectives will comprise all that is needed. 30 Numerals. Thorough drill should be given on the cardinals from unus to mille, together with the declension of unus, duo, tres and mille. The ordinals from primus to centesimus are also important. Vocabularies. Every lesson should include a Latin 35 vocabulary of at least twenty pharmaceutical words. The student should be required to write these correctly when the English equivalents are given. Mistakes in spelling often have serious results in prescription writing. It is important therefore that frequent exercises in correcting 40 such errors should be given. 124 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Abbreviations. These should not be grouped in a single chapter, as they are difficult to memorize and very elusive. A certain number of them with their full form 5 and meaning should be given in each lesson and be fre- quently reviewed. Latin exercises. The exercises should include many pharmacopoeial titles and parts of prescriptions as well as illustrative sentences. The occasional translation of 10 English prescriptions into Latin will be found to be a most useful exercise. Prescriptions. The reading of prescriptions should be begun as early in the course as possible. Ultimately the student should be able to write in Latin the full form of 15 any prescription in every detail of the title and quantity of the drugs, as well as the abbreviations, and give a correct English translation of the same. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 125 Theory of Pharmacy, or Pharmaceutical Tech- nique. Sixty hours. The exposition of the principles upon which pharmaceutical operations are based. Under this subdivision the committee has endeavored 5 to present the essentials of a course of didactic lectures and laboratory instruction in the more important features of operative pharmacy. In interpreting the title, theory and practice, it has been considered practically synonymous with the terms 10 pharmaceutical technique and operative pharmacy re- spectively employed by many teachers of pharmacy, thereby excluding many things which can be more profit- ably considered under other subdivisions of the pharma- ceutical curriculum. 15 It will be noted that the subject of metrology, including the determination of specific gravities, has been retained under this head instead of relegating it to the department of pharmaceutical arithmetic, which will have probably the approval of the most of those who give instruction 20 in this branch. No attempt has been made to apportion the hours among the several subdivisions of the subject, a function which should be left largely to the instructor. 25 Didactic course - divisions of the subject General considerations Subject-matter of pharmacy Literature of pharmacy Pharmacopoeias, commentaries etc. 30 Metrology Including specific gravity etc. Pharmaceutical technique Operative pharmacy General considerations 35 Subject-matter of pharmacy Definitions of National Syllabus Committee Pharmacology Botany Pharmacognosy 40 Microscopy Materia medica 126 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Toxicology-posology Chemistry Pharmacy 5 Theory and practice Physiology etc. Pharmacy The science and art of preparing, preserving, com- pounding and dispensing medicines 10 Historical account Literature of pharmacy Pharmacopoeias and formularies Foreign pharmacopoeias United States Pharmacopoeia 15 National Formulary Commentaries Dispensatories Progress of pharmacy Pharmaceutical journals 20 Association proceedings State associations American Pharmaceutical Association American Chemical Society etc. Metrology 25 Measurement (in general)-•comparison of thing measured with selected standard units Kinds of measurement Quantities of matter Quantities of force 30 Quantities of energy Measurement of matter Measure of extension One direction - linear measure Two directions - square measure 35 Three directions - cubic or volume measure Measure of weight or of gravitative force Ancient arbitrary standards of weight and measure Cubit, span, foot, grain, karat etc. Scientific system 40 Should be based on a natural invariable standard THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 127 Primary units should be easily comparable with each other Orders of units should increase and decrease in a simple ratio 5 Names of units should indicate their magnitude and kind of measure Common systems of weights and measures In common use by English-speaking nations Weights 10 Imperial or avoirdupois Used in the United States for commercial purposes only, and in British Empire for both commercial purposes and pharmaceutical compounding Historical account 15 Table of units and symbols Notation, or methods of writing avoirdupois quan- tities Apothecaries weight Commonly employed in writing prescriptions (United 20 States) Historical account Table of units and symbols Notation, or methods of writing quantities in apothe- caries system 25 Troy weight Relation to apothecaries weight Comparison of apothecaries and avoirdupois weights Difference in units, symbols etc. Liquid 'volume or cubic measure 30 Imperial liquid measure Historical account Used in prescriptions for compounding and com- mercial purposes (British Empire) Relation to imperial or avoirdupois weight 35 Table of imperial measure Notation, or methods of expressing quantities in imperial measure United States wine or apothecaries liquid measure Used in United States for commercial purposes and 40 mainly in compounding prescriptions Historical account 128 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Table of apothecaries measure Notation, or method of expressing quantities in apothecaries measure 5 Comparison of Imperial and United States wine measure Difference in volume of units having the same names, difference in notation etc. Common domestic measures 10 Drop, teaspoonful, dessertspoonful, tablespoonful, wineglassful, teacupful Metric system of weights and measures Historical account Derivation of fundamental and primary units 15 Derivation of unit names and numeral prefixes Tables of metric weights and measures Notation, or methods of expressing quantities in terms of metric weight and measure Equivalents of metric units in terms of the common 20 systems Weighing machines Historical account of weighing machines, including description of ancient forms Modern forms 25 Scales and balances Classification of balances Spring and lever Law of the balance Classification of lever balances 30 Simple and compound Equal and unequal arms Torsion balances Styles of balances for commercial purposes Counter scales 35 Platform scales etc. Styles of perscription balances Pans below beam Pans above beam The analytical balance 40 Construction and material Bearings Rules for use and care etc. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 129 Requisites of accurate prescription and analytical balances Equal length of arms Location of center of gravity 5 Parallelism of knife edges Agate bearings etc. Care and use of balance Location etc. Methods of weighing 10 Direct By reversal By substitution Gross weight Net weight 15 Tare Forms of zvcights Materials Iron Brass 20 Platinum Aluminum etc. Common styles Pyramid weights Block weights 25 Cup weights Prescription and analytical Coin weights Block weights Sheet brass, aluminum, and platinum 30 Wire weights Riders Vessels used in measuring liquids Materials employed in measuring vessels Glass, metals etc. 35 Methods of graduation To contain or deliver Single volume and divided volume measures Styles of measuring vessels " Graduates " 40 Flasks Cylinders, stoppered and open 130 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Burettes Pipettes etc. Certification and calibration of graduated glass 5 vessels Specific gravity Density, absolute and relative, with definitions and illustrations of specific gravity Standards of density 10 Solids and liquids Gases and vapors Data required for specific gravity calculations Weight and volume of substance Weight of equal volume of standard 15 Practical methods with illustrations-liquids By pycnometer, or specific gravity bottle Improvised pycnometer Other styles of pycnometer, Squibb's etc: By loss of weight in immersed body 20 Gannal's method Variations of Gannal's method Mohr-Westphal's specific gravity balance Construction and use Hydrometers 25 Styles of Arbitrary scales Specific gravity scale Solids From loss of weight in water 30 Solids heavier than water Solids lighter than water From volume of water displaced Illustrations By use of pycnometer 35 Illustrations Specific gravity of solids soluble in water Illustrations Specific volume Definition 40 Relation to specific gravity Methods of determination and calculation Pharmaceutical applications THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 131 Heat and its pharmaceutical applications Nature of heat Ancient and modern theories Sources of heat 5 Natural Electrical Combustion of fuel Thermometry Temperature or heat intensity 10 Thermometers Historical account Fixed points Thermometer scales - Fahrenheit, Centigrade, Reaumur 15 Comparison and conversion of thermometric scales Styles of thermometers, and applications in pharm- acy Calorimetry Measurement of quantity of heat 20 Heat unit or calorie Calorimeter, and application Combustion Nature Combustible elements of fuels 25 Conditions of combustion Igniting point of fuels Supply of oxygen Removal of products of combustion Test of perfect combustion 30 Calorific value of fuels How estimated Application Solid fuels Coal, coke, wood, charcoal 35 Appliances for burning solid fuels Liquid fuels Petroleum, gasoline Lamps and stoves Alcohol - methyl, ethyl, and denatured 40 Lamps and burners 132 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Gaseous fuels Natural, coal, and water gases Gas burners, stoves, and appliances 5 Blowpipe - simple, compound, oxyhydrogen Regulation and application of heat Desiccation and exsiccation Uses Appliances 10 Torrefaction and carbonization Uses and appliances Ignition, incineration and calcination Pharmaceutical uses and appliances Use of baths 15 Water, saline, oil, glycerin, sand, steam Constant level water baths Uses of superheated steam Appliances Evaporation below boiling point 20 Conditions Evaporation by boiling (ebullition) Theory Vapor pressure Evaporation under diminished pressure (vacuum 25 evaporation) (See Vacuum distillation) Evaporating dishes and appliances Materials Styles 30 Sterilization Objects Methods Can also be considered under dispensing pharmacy Distillation (simple) 3 5 Definition Historical account Alembic and retort stills Dome stills and worm condenser Flask still and Liebig condenser 40 Special pharmaceutical stills - Remington etc. Alcohol stills, rectifying columns etc. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 133 Distillation under diminished pressure (vacuum dis- tillation) Theory- Purpose 5 Appliances Fractional distillation Theory Influence of vapor tension Appliances 10 Sublimation Cake sublimates Powder sublimates Appliances Destructive distillation 15 Theory Wood : acetic acid, methyl alcohol Coal: illuminating gas, tar etc. Bone and animal matter: bone oil, bone-black etc. Appliances 20 Refrigeration Theory Freezing mixtures Evaporation of volatile liquids etc. Applications in pharmacy 25 Comminution Theory and purpose Cutting or slicing Object Appliances 30 Contusion or bruising Mortars and pestles - materials, kinds, shapes etc. Methods for facilitating contusion Rasping and filing Methods and appliances 35 Grinding. Drug mills Simple hand mills Construction and rules for operation Power mills Disintegrators 4 0 Chaser mills 134 NATIONAL COMMITTEE v Buhr-stone mills. Ball mills etc. Trituration 5 Methods Styles of mortar and pestle Levigation or porphyrization Methods and purpose Comminution by use of volatile solvents 10 Camphor etc. Comminution of metals Methods Comminution by precipitation Methods 15 Degrees of comminution Methods of designating Impalpable or dusted powders Sifting Common forms of sieves 20 Sifting media Methods of sifting Mechanical sifters E.rpression Hand expression 25 Twist-press Single screw press Special forms Methods of operation Fruit presses 30 Methods of using Hydraulic or hydrostatic press Principle of operation Styles used in fixed oil industries Expression with heat 35 Methods of application Solution Theory of solution Solute and solvent Simple and chemical solution 40 Distinction THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 135 Degrees of saturation Subsaturated Saturated Supersaturated 5 Effect of heat Rate of solution Solubility Law of solvents Chemical relationship of solute and solvent 10 Simple solvents Water, alcohol, glycerin, ether etc. Compound solvents Effect of solution on Density 15 Boiling point Freezing Chemical activity Eutexia Theory and examples 20 Solution of gases Law of Henry & Dalton Application in pharmacy Liquefaction of gases Theory 25 " Critical point " Handling and storage in the pharmacy Separation of liquids from solids Centrifugal separations Theory of centrifugal action 30 Centrifugal machines Use in microscopy and urinalysis Use on manufacturing scale Colation or straining Forms of strainers 35 Strainer cloths Strainer supports " Hippocrates' sleeve " Sieve strainers "Colanders" 40 Filtration Definition, distinction from eolation Mass filters - sand, glass-wool, asbestos, char- 5 coal etc. Felted cloth Paper Folded filters Plain 10 Fluted etc. Unbaked porcelain Pasteur and Chamberlain filters etc. Pressure filtration Filter pumps 15 Mechanical filters Funnels Material Angle of sides Buchner funnel 20 Ribbed or fluted funnels Hot filtration Objects Methods Appliances and application in pharmacy 25 Funnel supports Wooden supports Metal supports Ring stands Movable 30 Fixed Osmose General principles Crystalloids and colloids Dialysis 35 Construction of dialyzer Diffusate and dialysate Conditions for efficient dialysis Pharmaceutical applications Precipitation 40 Chemical precipitation Change in molecular aggregation, e. g. coagulation of albumin 136 NATIONAL COMMITTEE THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 137 Through slow oxidation, e. g. in fluidextracts Double decomposition (most chemical precipitates) e. g. ferric hydroxide Influence of heat and concentration 5 Precipitating jars Physical precipitation By change of solvents, e. g. adding alcohol to aqueous solutions of sulphates, acacia etc. Washing of precipitates - lotion 10 Washing precipitates on filter Methods Spritz bottle Guiding rod Washing by decantation 15 Theory Vessels Use of the siphon Theory Methods 20 Elutriation Methods Pharmaceutical applications Clarification and decoloration Clarification 25 Theory Materials and methods Paper-pulp Egg albumin etc. Decoloration 30 Theory Materials and methods Charcoal - vegetable, animal Fuller's earth Alumina cream etc. 35 Separation of immiscible liquids Effect of gravity on mutually insoluble liquors Formation of emulsions Destruction of emulsions Separators 40 Centrifugal separators Spritz bottle style of separator 138 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Improvised separating funnel Separators with glass stop-cocks Patterns 5 Extraction of drugs by solvents Character of drugs requiring extraction Lixiviation Definition, methods, illustrations Pharmaceutical applications 10 Maceration Definition, methods Pharmaceutical applications Circulatory solution (or circulatory displacement) Definition, method 15 Applications in pharmacy Digestion At gentle heat At boiling temperature Use of reflux or return condenser 20 Percolation (or displacement) Historical account Theory Official percolators Conical 25 Cylindrical Narrow cylindrical Fitting of percolators Cotton and sand Cork and control tube 30 Sprinkler-top control Process of percolation Moistening the powder Method and object Saturation and preliminary maceration 35 Method and object Packing Filter-paper cover, and weight Percolating jars Conditions of perfect percolation 40 Fineness of powder Firmness of packing Character of menstruum THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 139 Shape of percolator Rate of flow, use of control tube, etc. Conditions which determine choice of menstruum Oily and resinous drugs 5 Astringent drugs Alkaloidal drugs, etc. Tests for complete extraction Color and taste of percolate Special methods of percolation 10 Squibb or well-tube percolator Theory and construction Siphon control tube Pressure percolation Theory 15 Anderson's pressure percolator Other styles Repercolation or fractional percolation Theory and method Application to fluid extracts 20 Percolation with volatile menstrua Method Application in pharmacy Continuous percolation Theory 25 Improvised apparatus Soxhlet's apparatus Extraction tubes Crystallization and crystallography Crystallization 30 Theory Amorphous bodies Description of crystalline forms Face, edge, angle, axes Prismatic, tabular, acicular, laminar etc. 35 Isomorphous, dimorphous, polymorphous etc. Production of crystals Fusion and cooling Sublimation From supersaturated solutions 40 Mother liquor Precipitation 140 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Crystallizing vessels Glass, earthenware, wood Conditions which affect crystallization 5 Rest and agitation Cooling Presence of nuclei Water of crystallization Distinction from interstitial water 10 Efflorescence, exsiccation Deliquescence, hygroscopic crystals Crystallography Crystal systems Monometric or regular 15 Examples Dimetric or quadratic Examples Trimetric or rhombic Examples 20 Hexagonal or rhombohedric Examples Monoclinic or oblique-prismatic Examples Triclinic or double-oblique 2.5 Examples THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 141 Laboratory Practice. Twenty hours. The selection of the particular line of experiments to accompany a course of lectures upon pharmaceutical technique must necessarily be left largely to the judgment of the in- 5 structor, the choice of the latter naturally depending upon his opinion of the portions of the subject which need the emphasis of laboratory work. The character of the experiments which may appro- priately be given as a part of this course will also depend 10 in large measure upon the line of work in the galenical laboratory, since the latter when fairly comprehensive may include all or nearly all the processes and methods commonly considered under the head of operative phar- macy. 15 The above considerations have led to the indication of what might properly be denominated an elementary course of experiments to be pursued as an. introduction to galeni- cal work, leaving the dictation of details to the discretion of the instructor. 20 Practice in weights and measures . Comparison of metric and common, linear and square measures Measure laboratory, tables, height of student etc. by 25 means of meterstick and footrule Draw diagrams of laboratory and furniture on scale of 2 centimeter to meter, and % inch to foot, for comparison Ascertain approximate values of the inch, foot and 30 yard in centimeters Comparison of metric and apothecaries liquid measures Ascertain approximate value of fluidounce and fluid- rachm in cubic centimeters Ascertain approximate value of cubic centimeter in 35 minims Ascertain capacity of common I ounce, 2 ounce and 4 ounce vials in cubic centimeters and in fluid- rachms Comparison of metric and common weights 40 Determine the value of the gram in grains Value of drachms in grams NATIONAL COMMITTEE Value of the avoirdupois ounce and apothecaries- ounce in grams Weighing, wrapping and tying of packages 5 Practice in weighing out, wrapping, tying and label- ing common drugs, organic or inorganic List of drugs, and quantities to be specified by in- structor Specific gravity determinations - liquids 10 Improvised pycknometer Students required to calibrate ordinary ounce vial,, and with the same to determine the specific grav- ity of liquids submitted by the instructor Temperature conditions should be made to conform 15 to U. S. P. Gannal's method Determination of specific gravity of several liquids by weighing glass stopper successively in water and in the liquid to be determined 20 Solids Heavier than water and insoluble Determine specific gravity of several insoluble, solid bodies, using the method of loss of weight in water 25 Lighter than water, insoluble By same method, determine specific gravity of in- soluble bodies lighter than water Solids soluble in water Determine specific gravity of several bodies soluble in 30 water, e. g. blue vitriol, alum etc. by using benzin or turpentine, then determine specific gravity of liquid employed and calculate true specific gravity of the body Solids in powder form 35 Select powder heavier than and insoluble in water,, and take specific gravity by use of pycknometer Use of hydrometers Use instruments for liquids lighter and liquids heavier than water, and determine specific gravity of 40 several U. S. P. liquid preparations 142 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 143 Heat and regulation of temperature Comparison of thermometers Take temperature of a liquid, e. g. water, at differ- ent times, while over a source of heat, using 5 both Centigrade and Fahrenheit instruments, and compare results Absorption of heat by evaporation Cause volatile liquid, e. g. alcohol, ether etc. to evaporate rapidly by current of air, and note 10 fall of temperature Absorption of heat by solution Dissolve certain salts, e.. g. ammonium nitrate or chloride, in water, using thermometer as stirring rod, and note fall in temperature 15 Evolution of heat by solution Dissolve commercial caustic soda in water, using thermometer as stirring rod, and note rise in temperature Sublimation of solids 20 Student to improvise sublimation apparatus, and make sublimation of one or more volatile bodies Melting points Determination of melting points of various sub- stances submitted by the instructor 25 Boiling points Determination of boiling points of liquids selected by the instructor Simple distillation Recovery of alcohol from a galenical, e. g. an old 30 fluidextract, using flask still with Liebig con- denser- ascertain alcoholic strength of distil- late by specific gravity, and U. S. P. alcohol table Percolation Equipping percolator with cork and control tube, 35 and extraction of a selected drug, following U. S. P. method for extract of colchicum corm, omitting evaporation if desired 144 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Manufacturing or Galenical Pharmacy. Sixty- hours. The preparation of pharmaceutical substances. Prepare the following official preparations, and such 5 additional U. S. P. and N. F. preparations as the time will permit, selecting the additional preparations from those which require skill and careful manipulation. Exsiccated salts Exsiccate alum and sulphate of iron 10 Granulated salts Prepare granulated sulphate of iron Effervescent salts Prepare effervescent sulphate of magnesium Waters 15 Prepare camphor water and hamamelis water Infusions Prepare infusion of digitalis and compound infusion of senna Decoctions 20 Prepare decoctions from common drugs using the general formula Mucilages Prepare mucilage of acacia and mucilage of elm Syrups 25 Prepare syrup of iodide of iron, syrup of lactophos- phate of calcium, and compound syrup of squill Elixirs Prepare aromatic elixir and elixir of iron, quinine and strychnine phosphate 30 Tinctures Prepare tincture of deodorized opium, and at least one tincture made by percolation, one by macera- tion, and one by simple solution Fluid extracts 35 Prepare two or more simple fluid extracts, such as taraxacum, gentian and glycyrrhiza Spirits Prepare aromatic spirit of ammonia and spirit of nitrous ether 40 Ole or esins Prepare oleoresin of aspidium THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 145 Troches Make troches of ammonium chloride, or troches of potassium chlorate Resins $ Prepare resin of podophyllum Iron salts Prepare saccharated ferrous carbonate, or ferric hydroxide with magnesium oxide Mercury salts Prepare red mercuric iodide, or yellow mercuric oxide po 146 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Second Year The instruction in this branch during the second year includes manufacturing or galenical pharmacy, sixty 5 hours; pharmaceutical jurisprudence, ten hours; dis- pensing pharmacy, sixty hours, and commercial phar- macy, seventy-five hours. Manufacturing or Galenical Pharmacy (con- tinued from the first year). Sixty hours. 10 Prepare the following official preparations and such additional U. S. P. or N. F. preparations as the time will permit, as far as possible selecting such additional preparation from those which especially require skill and careful manipulation. 15 Mixtures Prepare compound iron mixture, and compound mixture of glycyrrhiza Emulsions 20 Prepare emulsion of almond or emulsion of asafetida, emulsion of cod liver oil and emulsion of oil of turpentine Gly cerites Prepare glycerite of tannic acid, glycerite of starch 25 and glycerite of boroglycerin Honeys Prepare clarified honey Liquors Prepare compound solution of chlorine, compound 30 solution of cresol, solution of ferric chloride, solution of ferric sulphate, solution of potassium arsenite and solution of chlorinated soda Wines Prepare wine of antimony and wine of opium 35 Acids Prepare diluted hydriodic acid, diluted hydrocyanic acid and sulphurous acid Vinegars Prepare vinegar of squill 40 Liniments Prepare camphor liniment and turpentine liniment Mixtures THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 147 Collodions Prepare collodion and styptic collodion Oleates Prepare oleate of mercury 5 Ointments Prepare ointment, ointment of rose-water, ointment of mercuric nitrate and iodine ointment Cerates Prepare cerate and compound rosin cerate 10 Plasters Prepare adhesive plaster or lead plaster. Spread plasters of ordinary dimensions, and for the ear Suppositories Make glycerin suppositories, and rectal, urethral and 15 vaginal suppositories with oil of theobroma Extracts Prepare extract of gentian, extract of hyoscyamus and extract of cascara sagrada Fluid extracts 20 Prepare two or more fluidextracts requiring assay for completion, as belladona and nux vomica Masses Prepare mass of ferrous carbonate or mass of mercury 25 Confections Prepare confection of rose Pills Make compound cathartic pills and pills of ferrous carbonate or pills of ferrous iodide. 30 Powders Prepare aromatic powder, or compound powder of rhubarb 148 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence. Ten hours. The relations of law and pharmacy to each other. The law relating to the commercial transactions of the 5 pharmacist is given consideration under commercial pharmacy in connection with bookkeeping and bank- ing, and with business practice. Jurisprudence - its philosophy and scope Right and wrong 10 Universal law Statutory law - Federal and State Common law and equity Brief historical consideration Modification by statute law 15 Statutory regulations of the practice of pharmacy History of pharmacy legislation. Analysis of sub- ject matter covered by state pharmacy acts. General provisions regarding examination and registration. 20 Federal and State Food and Drug Laws. General provisions of Relation of Federal and State Food and Drug Laws Liability of pharmacists Dual nature 25 For error in dispensing For negligence For act of clerk For not labeling poisons properly For attempting to practise medicine 30 Not excused for negligence of physician As manufacturer NATIONAL COMMITTEE THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 149 Dispensing Pharmacy. Sixty hours. The extempore preparation or compounding of medicine. The time allotted for dispensing pharmacy should be arranged to give a liberal number of hours for actual 5 work in the compounding of prescriptions. Dispensing room Location and arrangement Economy of space Utensils 10 Prescription Prescription Latin Abbreviations, use and danger Symbols or signs Receiving 15 Careful reading before compounding Labeling Checking Filing Dispensing finished product 20 Incompatibility Physical, chemical and therapeutical Physical incompatibility Different forms How to overcome them 25 When physician should be consulted Use of shake labels Chemical incompatibility Intentional Harmful 30 When not to be dispensed Use of shake labels Therapeutical incompatibility Extemporaneous dispensing Solutions 35 Simple Chemical Order to be followed in adding ingredients When to use heat When to be filtered 40 Mixtures Aids to hold insoluble substance in suspension 150 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Condition of insoluble substance before adding to liquid Emulsions 5 Emulsifiers Natural emulsions Manufactured emulsions Gum emulsions Egg emulsions 10 Volatile oil emulsions Pills Order in which ingredients should be mixed Excipients to be used with reference to character of ingredients in the mass 15 Firmness and plasticity of pill mass Making pill mass containing volatile oil, nitrate silver, potassium permanganate etc. Dividing mass by hand and by machine Pill finishers 20 Coating of pills, gelatin, sugar, tolu, keratin and salol Advantages and disadvantages Capsules Method and material used in making hard and soft capsules 25 Hard capsules How to fill in a cleanly manner When to mass ingredients When to dispense in dry form Advantages over pills or powder form of ad- 30 ministering medicine Soft capsules Use - how to fill and seal them Powders Order in which ingredients should be mixed 35 Methods for dividing powders Methods for folding powders How to dispense volatile, effervescent, efflorescent, deliquescent substances Cachets 40 Method and material used for making Method of filling by machine, by hand THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 151 Advantages of use for dispensing large doses of nauseous medicines Tablets Compressed tablets 5 Tablet triturates Methods for cutting the mass Troches Excipients for making the mass Methods for cutting the mass 10 Ointments Ointment bases Manner of incorporation of water, extracts, crystal- line and powdered substances Use of steel, horn and rubber spatulas 15 Use of ointment slab and of mortars in making ointments Carefulness in seeing that ointment is thoroughly smooth before dispensing Methods of dispensing ointments 20 Plasters Methods for preparing and spreading Methods for preparing and spreading blistering plasters Suppositories 25 Sizes and kinds Bases used in making Manner of incorporating the medicinal substances Hot and cold processes, with description of these methods 30 Dispensing And such additional topics or exercises as the time allotted to the subject will permit. 152 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Commercial Pharmacy. Seventy-five hours. Trade or commerce in pharmaceutical products. It includes bookkeeping, business correspondence, commercial and 5 business law, and business practice. Bookkeeping Necessity of proper books of account Special forms for drug business Theory of bookkeeping: single and double entry 10 Practical bookkeeping: ledger, cash book, journal, supplementary book Illustration in bookkeeping Business correspondence Business letter writing 15 System Commercial and Business Lazu Contracts Definitions - nature and requisite of contracts in general 20 Essentials of contract Parties Offer and acceptance Consideration Interpretation of contracts 25 Discharge of contracts Banking Commercial banks Savings banks Deposits 30 Withdrawals Loans Presentment Agency - a contractual relation Principal and agent 35 Form of authority Ratification Rights and liabilities of principal and agent Rights and liabilities as to third persons Partnership 40 Common law partnership Formation of partnership THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 153 Rights and liabilities of partners Dissolution of partnership Limited partnership Corporations 5 Formation Capital stock Rights and obligations of stockholders Comparison of partnership and corporations Property 10 Property Personalty Title in property Brief references to Bailments 15 Common carriers Insurance Nature of the contract of insurance Insurable interest The contract 20 Property covered by policy Written portion of policy Kinds of policies Warranty, representation and concealment Premium 25 Special provisions Surrender Subrogation Powers of general agents Limitation upon agent's authority contained in policy 30 Waiver by agent Commercial paper and negotiable instruments Definition Surety's contract Joint makers 35 Statute of frauds Essentials Non-essentials Acceptance Effect of acceptance 40 154 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Negotiability By delivery By indorsement 5 Kinds of indorsement Indorsers, guarantors, and sureties Liabilities distinguished Accommodation paper Effect of affixing the word " surety " 10 Discharge of guarantors and sureties Illegality, fraud, duress and failure of consideration Bona fide holders Requisites Purchase before maturity 15 Valuable consideration Usual course of business Good faith Presentment for payment Days of grace 20 Place of presentment Manner of presentment , Protest Notice of dishonor Checks 25 Certification Negotiability Bankruptcy Who may become bankrupts Rights and duties of bankrupts 30 Rights of creditors Preferences Distribution of assets Discharge from bankruptcy Professional and business ethics 35 Business Practice Commencing business Location of the store New stand Established business 40 Necessary capital Size of room and arrangement ot space Selection of store fixtures and furniture THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 155 Prescription case, arrangement and furniture Poison cabinet Equipment of the laboratory Selection of shelfware and containers 5 Stock Purchasing stock Forms for ordering stock Cancelation of orders Card index with record of goods bought 10 Value of cooperative buying of goods Purchasing of goods on time Value of discounting bills Methods of keeping up stock Checking and pricing of pharmaceuticals and sup- 15 plies Inventory or stock taking Labeling of goods Selling goods System of recording sales 20 How to acquire salesmanship Department sales Marking the cost and selling prices Profits on goods Expense of selling goods 25 Selling for cash Selling on credit Methods of collecting accounts Prevention of dishonesty Advertising methods 30 Importance of window displays Displaying goods in store When to use newspapers and circulars Giving out samples, novelties etc. How to meet competition 35 Handling of side lines Manufacturing Your own specialties Having them manufactured by others What pharmaceuticals should be made by the drug- 4 q gists The equipment necessary to manufacture such prep- arations as are practical to the average druggist THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 159 CHAPTER VI Reference Works In this chapter the attempt is made to compile a list of reference works suitable for the nucleus of a modern 5 working library for a school of pharmacy and of a refer- ence library for a board of pharmacy. The list is grouped under general works, including dictionaries, medical dictionaries and encyclopedias, and the three branches, materia medica, chemistry and pharmacy. 10 Not only is it difficult at times to know where certain titles should be placed, but it is equally difficult at times to determine the important word in the compound title. Cross references and the index afford some relief. No formal attempt is made in this edition to fix the 15 minimum limits for such libraries, either in the number of volumes or the total cost. The works enumerated were either recommended by the subcommittees, found in the First Edition of the Syllabus or reported as being in common use in representative schools or institutes of 20 Europe and the United States. The list is arranged by title and author, with the added information of publisher and address. The citation of edition and of price has been purposely omitted. It is hoped that expert editing shall give the next edition an 25 intelligent and an authoritative list of the best reference works classified under the several subdivisions - general materia medica, chemistry and pharmacy. General Atlases 30 Anatomic Atlas - Vogl, August von Carl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna Anatomic Atlas - Pharmaceutic Appliances - Berg R. Gartner, Berlin Anatomic Atlas of Vegetable Powders - Greenish, H. 35 G., and Collin, E. J. & A. Churchill, London 160 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Anatomisches Atlas der Pharmakognosie und Nahrungs mittelkunde - Tschirch, A., & Oesterle, O. Chr. Herm. Tauchnitz, Leipzig 5 Atlas Manuel de L'Histologie des Drogues Simples - Godfrin, J., & Noel, Ch. Librairie F. Savy, Paris Atlas of Medicinal Plants - Berg & Schmidt Meyer & Schumann, Leipzig 10 Atlas of Medicinal Plants---Koehler von Zezschnitz, Gera Atlas of Medicinal Plants - Meyer & Schumann A. Felix, Leipzig Atlas of Photomicrography of Medicinal Plants - 15 Broemer, L., & Suis, A. Vigot, Paris Atlas Native Plants- Zippel, H. O. Leiner, Leipzig Atlas of Pharmacognosy --- Koch 20 Gbr. Borntrager, Leipzig Clinical Microscopy, Atlas of -- Beyer, Alexander D. Appleton & Co., New York Foreign Cultivated Plants (Atlas)-Zippel, H. O. Leiner, Berlin & Leipzig 2 5 Pharmakognostischer Atlas-Moeller, J. Julius Springer, Berlin Dictionaries Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - Whitney, Wm. D. Century, New York 30 v. 9, Cyclopedia of Names - Smith, Benj. E., Editor v. io, Atlas - Smith, Benj. E., Editor Dictionary of Chemistry - Watts, H. Longmans, Green & Co., London 35 Glossary of Botanic Ferns - Jackson, B. D. Duckworth & Co., London International Dictionary - Harris, Wm. T. Merriam, Springfield, Mass. Standard Dictionary-Funk, Isaac K. 40 Funk & Wagnalls, New York American Illustrated Medical Dictionary - Dorland Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Dictionary of Medical Science - Dunglison Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. Dictionary of Medicine - Gould Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. 5 Lexikon der Kohlenstofr-Verbindungen - Richter, M. M. Leopold Voss, Leipzig & Hamburg Manual and Dictionary of Flowering Plants and Ferns - Willis, J. C. Cambridge Univ. Press 10 National Medical Dictionary - Billings, John S. Lea Brotehrs & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. New Medical Dictionary - Catwell, W. H. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia Pocket Medical Dictionary - Gould, George M. 15 P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Dictionary of Applied Chemistry - Thorpe Longmans & Green, New York Dictionnaire de Botanique - Baillon, H. Hachette, Paris 20 Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities - Comey, A. M. Macmillan & Co., London Dictionary of Solubilities of Chemical Substances - Storer, F. Sever & Francis, Cambridge 25 Hand Dictionary, Pharmacognosy of Plants - Wittstein Edward Trewendt, Breslau Handworterbuch der Chemie - Ladenburg, A. Edward Trewendt, Breslau Illustrated Dictionary of Medical, Biology & Allied Sci- 30 ences - Gould, Geo. M. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Illustrated Hand Dictionary of Botany - Schneider, C. K., & Porsch, O. W. Engelmann, Leipzig 35 Lexicon of Carbon Compounds - Richter, M. M. Leopold Voss, Leipzig & Hamburg New Hand Dictionary of Chemistry - Fehling F. Vieweg, Brunswick New Dictionary of Medicinal Plants - Heraud 40 Balliere & Sons, Paris 161 162 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Pharmaceutisches Lexikon- Max von Waldheim A. Hartleben, Vienna Students' Dictionary of Medical and Allied Sciences - 5 Duane, Alexander Lea Bros. & Co., Philadelphia Technological and Scientific Dictionary - Goodchild & Tw'eeney Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia 10 Technical Dictionary of Pharmacy - Schlickum, O. E. Gunther, Leipzig Pronouncing Dictionary - Thomas Lippincott, Philadelphia, Pa. Watt's Dictionary of Chemistry - Morley & Muir 15 Longmans, Green & Co., London Dispensatories American Dispensatory - King Ohio Valley Co., Cincinnati, O. Dispensatories - Felter & Lloyd 20 Ohio Valley Co., Cincinnati, O. Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice - Fischer I. Hartruck Supplement - Lenz & Arends Julius Springer, Berlin 25 Hager's Technical Manual of Pharmacy - Arnold & Wobbe E. Gunther, Leipzig Indian Pharmacography - Dymarck, Warden, Flooper Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trtibner & Co. Ltd., London 30 Indian Pharmacognosis - Dymarck, Warden & Hooper Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trtibner & Co. Ltd., Hamburg National Dispensatory - Hare Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. National Dispensatory-Stille & Maisch 35 Lea Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. Pharmacographia - Fluckiger & Flanbury Macmillan & Co., London United States Dispensatory - Wood & Bache, etc. Lippincott, Philadelphia, Pa. 40 Encyclopedias American Encyclopedia -• Scientific American, New York THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Encyclopaedia Britannica - University Press, New York Nelson's Encyclopedia - Thomas Nelson's Sons, New York 5 New International Encyclopedia - Dodd, Mead & Co., New York Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine and Surgery - Gould & Pyle P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia 10 Cyclopedia of Useful Arts - Tomlinson, Chas. G. Virtue, New York Encyclopoedia of Practical Receipts and Processes - Dick, W. B. Claxton, Philadelphia 15 Encyclopoedia of the Industrial Arts - Spon Spon, London Practical Encyclopoedia of General Pharmacy-Moeller & Thoms Urban & Schwarzenbach, Berlin, Vienna 20 Scientific American Cyclopedia of Receipts - Hopkins, A. H., editor Munn, New York Technical Encyclopedia of General Pharmacy-Geissler, E., & Moller, J. 25 Urban & Schwarzenbach, Vienna Pharmacop o eias Austrian Pharmacopoeia - State Printer, Vienna Belgic Pharmacopoeia- 30 Weissentouch, Brussels British Pharmaceutical Codex - Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 17 Blooms- bury Sq., London Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia- Squire 35 J. & A. Churchill, London Danish Pharmacopoeia - State Printer, Copenhagen Era Formulary - Pharmaceutical Era Haynes, New York 40 163 164 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Die offizinellen Drogen und ihre Praparate - Rabow, S., & Wilczck, E. Ludolf Beust, Strassburg 5 Die offizinellen Pflanzen und Drogen - Mitlacher, Wil- helm Carl Fromme, Vienna-Leipzig Digests and Comments of the United States Pharma- copoeia- Motter & Wiebert 10 G. P. O., Washington English Pharmacopoeia--• / Martindale Spottiswoode, London Lewis, London Formulary of New Medicines - Bocquillan & Limousin 15 Bailliere, Paris French - Codex Gubler A - Lablec Masson, Paris , Deutscher Arzneibuch - R. v. Decker, Berlin 20 American Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia - Boericke, Philadelphia, Pa. Hungarian Pharmacopoeia - L. Toldi, Budapest Italian Official Pharmacopoeia - 25 Hoepli, Milan L'Officine Repertoire Gen. de Pharm. - Dorvault, F. L. M. Anselin & Houzeau, Paris The Medicinal Plants of the German Pharmacopoeia - 30 Kohl, F. G. Engelmann, Leipzig National Formulary - American Pharmaceutical Asso- ciation Chicago Medical Book Co., Chicago, Ill., Baltimore 35 Pharmacopedia - White and Humphrey Simpkin, Marshall & Co., London Pharmacopoeia Londonensis - Churchill, London Pharmacopoeia of Japan - 40 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, Tokyo THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 165 Pharmacopoeia of Netherlands - J. de Bussy, Amsterdam Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia of the Netherlands - Commissie v/hie Dep. Rotterdam der Ned Mij. 5 t. bev. d. Pharmacie von Cleeff, 's-Gravenhage Pharmaceutic Code - Masson, Paris Pharmaceutical Formulas - McEwan, Peter 10 The Chemist & Druggist, London New Non-official Remedies - American Pharmaceutical Association American Medical Association, Chicago New Pharmaceutical Manual - Dieterich, E. 15 Julius Springer, Berlin Russian Pharmacopoeia - State Printer, St. Petersburg Spanish Official Pharmacopoeia - Romero, Madrid 20 Standard Formulary - Ebert & Hiss Engelhard, Chicago Swedish Pharmacopoeia - Norstedt, Stockholm Swiss Pharmacopoeia (Helvetica)- 25 Neukomm & Zimmermann, Bern United States Pharmacopoeia - Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. 166 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Materia Medica Anatomic Characteristics of Medicinal Leaves & Herbs - Meyer, Adf. 5 Niemeyer, Halle Anatomy and Physiology - Kimber, D. C. Macmillan, New York Anatomy of Barks of Trees - Moller Julius Springer, Berlin 10 Angewandte Pflanzen Anatomic - A. Tschirch Urban & Schwarzenberg, Vienna-Leipzig Animal Anatomy & Physiology - Belzung, E. Felix Alcan, Paris Animal Anatomy and Physiology - Retterer. 15 Hachette, Paris Animal Parasites of Man and Our Domestic Animals - Sluiter, G. P. Mart. Nijhoff, The Hague Animal Parasitology - Neven-Lemaire, M. 20 de Rudeval, Paris Arzneidrogen - Zornig, Heinrich Werner Klinkhardt, Leipzig Bacteriology - Abbott, A. C. Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. 25 Bacteriology and Sterilization etc. - Stich, C., & Wulff, C. Springer, Berlin Biochemistry of Plants - Czapek, F. G. Fischer, Jena 30 The Botanic Garden - Guinard, L. Maloine, Paris Botanical Microtechnic - Zimmerman Mohr & Sohn, Tubingen Botanical Microtechnique - Zimmerman, A. 35 Holt & Co., New York Botanist's Pocketbook - Haywood, W. R. G. Bell & Sons, London British Flora - Benthan & Hooker Lovell, Reeve & Co.. London 40 Codex Alimentarius - Comite von deskundigen Noordhoff, Groningen THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 167 Colloids and the Ultra-Microscope - Zsymondy, Richard J. Wiley & Sons, New York Common Objects of the Microscope - Wood, J. G. Geo. Routledge & Sons, London 5 Comp. Anat. Organs of the Phanerogams - de Barry, H. A. Clarendon Press, Oxford Comp. Morphol. and Biol. Fungi Mycetozoa - de Barry, H. A. " 10 Clarendon Press, Oxford Cultivated Plants - Ecfoing, H. ? Helsingfors Cultivated Plants of the German Colonies & Their Pro- ducts- Sadebeck, R. 15 G. Fischer, Jena Description and Illustration of Plants Useful in Medical Science - Hayne ? * Leipzig Detection of Poisons - Antewrieth 20 Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Die Arzneimittel der organischen Chemie - H. Thoms Julius Springer, Berlin Die Grundlagen und die Methoden fiir die Mikro- skopische Untersuchung von Pflanzen pulvern -• 25 Meyer, Arthur Gustav Fischer, Jena Die Lerus, Bacterientoxin und Organ Priiparate - Max v Waldheim A. Hartleben, Vienna 30 Drugs and Medicines of N. America - Lloyd, J. U., & Lloyd, C. G. Cincinnati, Ohio Einfuhrung in die Mikroskopische Analyse der Drogen- pulver - Koch, Ludwig 35 Gebriider Borntraeger, Leipzig Elementary Treatise on Physiology - Gley, E. Bailliere, Paris Elementary Treatise on Therapeutics - Manquat, A. Bailliere, Paris 40 Elements of Vegetab1e Histology - Base, Daniel University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 168 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Elements of Water Bacteriology - Prescott, S. C., & Winslow, C. E. A. John Wiley & Sons, New York 5 The Enzymes and Their Uses - Effront, J. Naud, Paris Examination and Testing of Water - Tieman, Gartner F. Vieweg, Brunswick Exam, of Water (Chern. & Bact.)-Mason, Wm. P. 10 John Wiley & Sons, New York Fermentations - Bourquelot, E. Society of Scientific Editions, Paris First Practical Handbook - Meyer, A. Fischer, Jena 15 Fissure Fungi - Zopf, W. Treuendt, Breslau Flora of the British W. Indian Islands - Grisebach,. A. H. R. Lovell, Reeve & Co., London 20 Flora of the Southern United States - Chapman, A. W. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., New York Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz - Karsten, Hermann Fr. Eugen Kohler, Gera-Unternshaus (Reus) 25 Flowers of the Field - Johns, C. A. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London Foods and Drugs - Greenish J. & A. Churchill, London Foods of Mankind - Hartwick, C. 30 Tauchnitz, Leipzig Forensic Medicine and Toxicology - Mann, J. Dixon Charles Griffin & Co., London The Fungi - Gueguen, T. Joanin & Co., Paris 35 Garden of the Herbalist - Carrevon, H. Carrevon, H., Paris General Botany - Kraerskon Hagerup, Copenhagen Guide to Determination of Poisons - Otto 40 F. Vieweg, Brunswick Guide to Microscopic Invest, of Vegetable Foods - Schimper, A. F. W. G. Fischer, Jena THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 169 Handbook of Bacteriological Diagnosis - W. D'Este Emery P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia Handbook of Botanic Micrography - Moll 5- Wolters, J. B., Groningen Handbook of Pharmacognosy of the Vegetable & Animal Kingdoms-'Oudemans, C. A. J. A. Tjeenk Willink & Zoon, Haarlem Handbook of Physiology (m. m.)-Kirkes 10' Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Handbook of Physiology - Kirkes Wood, New York Handbook of Spermatology-Nobbe, F. Wiegandt, Hempel & Baren, Berlin 15 Handbook of Systematic Botany - Warming, E. Mobius, Berlin Handbook of Systematic Botany - Trans, by Potter, Warming, E. Sonnenschein, London 20- Handbook of Systematic Botany - Wettstein, R. F. Deutiche, Vienna Handbuch der Pharmakognosie - Tschirch Chr. Herm. Tauchnitz, Leipzig How to Use the Microscope - Phim, John 25 Industrial Publishing Co., New York Human Anatomy and Physiology-Pizon, A. Doin, Paris Human Body, The- (m. m.) -Martin, Henry N. Holt, New York 30 Ulus. Flora of the Northern United States, Canada & British Possessions-Britton, N. L. & Brown, A. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York Important Aspects of General Plant Geography - Solms- Laubach, H. 35 A. Felix, Leipzig Interne Annual - Friendly Assoc, of Internes in Pharmacy, Paris Legal Chern. Determination of Poisons - Dragendorff Vandenhock & Rupprecht, Gottingen 40' 170 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Legal Medicine and Toxicology-Peterson & Hains Saunders, Philadelphia Leitfaden zu Mikroskopisch Pharmakognostischen 5 Uebungen - Moeller, Jos. Alfred Holder, Vienna Lichens, The - Zopf, W. G. Fischer, Jena Manipulations in Botany - Girod, P. . 10 Bailliere, Paris Manipulations in Medical Botany - Herail, J. & Bon- net, V. Bailliere, Paris Manual of Bacteriology - Muir & Ritchie 15 Macmillan, New York Manual of Bacteriology - Richard T. Flewlett P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia J. & A. Churchill, London Manual of Bacteriology - Sternberg 20 Wood, Wm. & Co., New York Manual of Botany - Rusby, H. H. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia Manual of Botany of Northern United States - Fray, Asa 25 American Book Co., New York Manual of Clinical Diagnosis - Simon, Charles E. Lea, Philadelphia Manual of Determinative Bacteriology - Cj ester, F. D. Macmillan & Co., New York 30 Manual of Materia Medica - Ruddiman, E. A. Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. Manual of Medical Jurisprudence - Taylor, Alfred S. Lea Bros. & Co., Philadelphia Manual of Microscopic Technology- Friedlaender, Carl 35 (trans. Howell, S. Y.) G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York Manual of Pharmacology - Dixon, W. E. E. Arnold, London Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics - Brunten, 40 T. L. (American Ed.) Lea Bros. & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 171 Manual of the Botany of the Rocky Mt. Region - Coul- ter, John M. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., New York Manual of the Exam, for Probation - Jacob H. 5 Gen. Society of French Pharmacists, Paris Manual of Toxicology - Brundage, A. H. Henry Harrison Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. Materia Medica - Greenish, H. G. I. & A. Churchill, London 10 Materia Medica - Potter, Samuel L. Blakiston, Philadelphia Materia Medica and Pharmacology - Culbreth, David M. R. Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. 15 Materia Medica and Pharmacy-Humphrey, J. H. Kimpton, London Materia Medica, Pharmacology, etc.- White, W. A. P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia J. & A. Churchill, London 20 Medicinal Drugs - Zornig, H. Dr. W. Klinkhardt, Leipzig Medical Flora - Chaumston, Chamberet & Poiret Tovls, Paris Medical Vegetable Drugs of the Finnish Pharmaco- 25 poeia -• Lauren Medical Vegetable Drugs of the Finnish Pharmaco- poeia- (in the Swedish language) ? Helsingfors Medicinal and Useful Plants of India and Their Culture 30 -• Tschirch, A. Heyfelder, Berlin Medicinal Plants - Bentley & Trimen Lindsay & Blakinston, Philadelphia Medicinal Plants - Kohler 35 Pabst, Gera Medicinal Plants and Drugs - Mitlacher, W. Carl Fromme, Vienna & Leipzig Medicinal Plants of Various Peoples, etc.- Dragen- dorff, G. 40 Enke - Stuttgart Medico-Pharmaceutic Botany, at the same time a Hand- book of Systematic Botany - Luerssen, Chr. Haessel, Leipzig 5 Memoranda of Poisons - Tanner, Thos. H. Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Memory Aid for Exam, of Validation of Probation - Feltz, Leon Bailliere, Paris 10 Memory Aid in Experiments and Prescriptions - Jaun- ner, Ludovic Bailliere, Paris Microbiologic Technic and Sero-therapy-Besson, A. Bailliere, Paris 15 Micro-Chemistry of Poisons - Wormley Lippincott, Philadelphia, Pa. Micro Organisms - Griffiths, A. B. Bailliere, Paris Tindall & Cox, London 20 The Microscope - Dippel F. Vieweg, Brunswick The Microscope - Hogg, Jabez George Routledge & Sons, London The Microscope and Histology - Gage, S. H. 25 James W. Queen & Co., Philadelphia The Microscope and How To Use It - Charles White Sutton, London The Microscope and Its Revelations - Carpenter, Wm. & B. (later ed. Dallinger, W. H.) 30 P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia Microscopic Analysis of Powdered Drugs - Koch, L. Gbr. Borntraeger, Leipzig Microscopic Exam, of Vegetable Fiber - Tabler, G. F. ? Berlin 35 Mikroskopisches Drogen Praktikum- Bonecke, Wil- helm Gustav Fischer - Jena The Microscopist - Wythe, J. H. P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 40 Microscopy of Drinking Water - Whipple John Wiley & Sons, New York 172 NATIONAL COMMITTEE THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS The Microscopy of Fibrous Substances in Technical Use - Hohnel, F. A. Hartleben, Vienna Microscopy of Foods - J. Moeller 5 J. Springer, Berlin The Microscopy of Tech. Products - Hanausek, T. F. (Trans. Winton, A. L.) John Wiley & Sons, New York Microscopy of Vegetable Foods - Winton, A. L., & 10 Moellis John Wiley & Sons, New York Modern Materia Medica - Helbind, H. Lewis, H. K., London Modern Microscopy - Cross, M. J. & Cole, M. J. 15 Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, London Morphology and Histology of Plants - Rusby, H. H. & ' Jelliffe Rusby, New York Morphology of Spermatophytes - Coulter, T. M. & 20 Chamberlain, Chas. Appleton & Co., London The Most Important Vegetable Foods - Vogl, A. E. Carl Gerold's Son, Berlin and Vienna Natural History of Living Creatures - Aubert, E. 25 Andre Guedon, Paris Natural History of Simple Drugs - Guibourt G. Planchon, Paris The Natural Plant Families - Engler, A., & Prantl, K. Gebr. Borntrager, Leipzig 30 Neue Arzneimittel und Spezialitaten - Arenda, G. Julius Springer, Berlin New Manual of Botany - Gray, Asa American Book Co., New York New Med. Drugs from the Vegetable Kingdom - Hart- 35 wich, C. J. Springer, Berlin Notes on Pharmacognosy - Wall, Otto A. Gast, St. Louis, Mo. Nutmeg, The, Its History, Botany, Culture, Market and 40 Value - Warburg, O. W. Engelmann, Leipzig 173 174 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Organic Materia Medica - Maisch Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. Organic Materia Medica - Southall 5 J. & A. Churchill, London Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy - Sayrer L. E. Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Outline of Medical Science - Schmiedeberg, Oswald 10 F. C. W. Vogel, Leipzig Pharmaceutic Preparations for Experiments - Biochele J. Springer, Berlin Pharmacognosie - Vogl, A. von Gerolds Sohn, Vienna 15 Pharmacognosy of Plants - Fliickiger R. Gaertner, Berlin Pharmacognosy (receipts) -Goester, L. E. J. B. Wolters, Groningen Physiologic Plant Anatomy - Haberlandt, G. 20 W. Engelmann, Leipzig The Physiology of Plants, Trans, by Ewart-Pfeffer, W.. ? Oxford Plant Analysis - Dragendorff, Georg Vail Co., New York 25 Plant Anatomy-Stevens, W. C. Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Plant Anatomy and Physiology-Belzung, E. Alean, Paris Plant Anatomy and Physiology - Pizon, A. 30 Doin, Paris Plant Physiology - Pfeffer, W. Engelmann, Leipzig Plants and Botanic Drugs of Toxicologic & Forensic Im- portance with Special Reference to Their 35 Microscopic Condition - Mitlacher, W. Urban & Schwarzenburg, Vienna Poisons in Relation to Medicine and Medical Juris- prudence- Taylor, A. S. Lea Bros. & Co., Philadelphia 40 Poisons, Their Effect and Detection - Blythe, A. W. Chas. Griggin & Co., London THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 175 Powdered Drugs - Schneider, Albert Midland Publishing Co., Columbus, O. Practical Handbook in Microscopic Botany - Kienitz, Gerloff 5 Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig Practical Materia Medica and Therapeutica - Shoe- maker, J. V. Davis & Co., Philadelphia Practical Points in Physiology - Brundage, Albert H. 10 Henry Harrison Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. Practical Treatise on Bacteriology - Mace, E. Bailliere, Paris Precis of Hematology and Cytology- Rieux, J. Doin, Paris. 15 Precis of Human Parasitology - Neven-Lemaire Rudeval, Paris Precis of Materia Medica-Collin, E. Doin, Paris. Precis of Materia Medica - Planchon, L. 20 Storck, Lyons Precis of Parasitology - Guiart, J. Bailliere, Paris Precis of Pharmaceutic Botany - Beille, L. Maloine, Paris 25 Precis of Physiology - Arthur, M. Masson, Paris Precis of Physiology - Hedon, H. Doin, Paris Precis of Practical Bacteriology - Courmont, J. 30 Doin, Paris Precis of Therapeutics and of Pharmacology - Richard, A. Masson, Paris Precis of Toxicology-Chapnis, A. 35 Bailliere, Paris Precis of Toxicology -• Tourzes-Diacon Maloine, Paris Precis on Microbes and Bacterioscopic Technic - Roux, G. & Rochain, A. 40 Maloine, Paris 176 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Ptomains, Leucomains, Toxins and Antitoxins - Victor C. Vaughan & Fredk. G. Novy Lea Bros & Co., Phila. 5 Raw Materials of the Vegetable Kingdom - Weisner, J. Engelmann, Leipzig Resins and Resin Containers - Tschirch, A. J. Springer, Berlin Scientific Knowledge of Drugs - Meyer, Arth. 10 R. Gaetner, Berlin Silva of North America- Sargent, C. S. Houghton & Mifflin, Boston Simple Drugs of Vegetable Origin - Planchon, G. & Collin, E. 15 Doin, Paris The Soluble Ferments - Bourquelot, E. Society of Scientific Editions, Paris. Spices of Antiquity - Sigismund, R. C. F. Winter, Leipzig 20 Structural Botany - Gray American Book Co., New York Syllabus of Plant Families-'Engler, A. J. Springer, Berlin Syllabus of Plant Families - Engler, Gilz 25 Gebr. Borntrager, Leipzig Synopt. Flora of North America - Gray, Asa Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., New York System of Legal Medicine, Hamilton, Allan McC. E. B. Treat & Co., New York 30 Systematic Anatomy of Dicotyledons - Solereder, H. Enke, Stuttgart Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Translated by Boovls, Fritsch & Scott - Solereder, H. Clarendon Press, Oxford 35 Tannins, The - Trimble Lippincott, Philadelphia Therapeutics - Its Principles and Practice, Wood, Horatio C. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 40 Toxicology - Dwight, Edwin W. Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 177 Treatise on Botany - Courchet, L. Bailliere, Paris Treatise on Botany - Van Tieghem Savy, Paris 5 Treatise on Materia Medica Pharmacography - Herail, J. Bailliere, Paris Treatise on Medical and Agricultural Zoology - Raillet, A. 10 Asslin & Hauzeau, Paris Treatise on Med. Cryptogamic Botany - Baillon, H. Doin, Paris Treatise on Med. Phenogamic Botany - Baillon, PI. Doin, Paris 15 Treatise on Microbiology - Duclaux, E. Masson, Paris Treatise on Pure and Applied Bacteriology - Miguel P. & Gambier, R. Naud, Paris 20 Treatise on Zoology - Clauss, C. Savy, Paris Tropical Plants of Extensive Culture - Wildeman, E. de ? Brussels Urine, Common Poisons and Milk - Holland, James W. 25 Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Vegetable Alkaloids - Bruhl, Hielt & Aschan F. Vieweg & Son, Brunswick Vegetable Foods - Hanausek, T. F. Fischer, Kassel 30 Vegetable Matter - Wehmer, C. Fischer, Jena Vegetable Matter in Reference to Chemistry, Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology - Husemann & Hilger 35 J. Springer, Berlin Zoologic Materia Medica - Beauregard, H. C. Naud, Paris 178 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Chemistry Abstract of Organic Chemistry - Gotterman Macmillan, New York 5 Adulteration of Foods - Villiers A. & Collin E. & Tayolle, M. Doin, Paris Alkaloids - Dupey, B. Rongier & Co., Brussels 10 Alkaloids - Pictet & Wolfenstein J. Springer, Berlin Alkaloids - Winterstein & Trier J. Springer, Berlin Alloys and Their Indus. Application - Law, E. F. 15 Griffin, London Alterations and Adulterations of Foods - Villiers, A. & Collin E. Doin, Paris Analysis of Fats and Waxes- Benedict, Uelzer 20 Julius Springer, Berlin Analysis of Food Substances - Girard, Ch. Dunod, Paris Analysis of Urine - Hofman & Ultzmann D. Appleton & Co., New York 25 Analysis of Urine - Neubauer & Vogel C. W. Kreidel, Wiesbaden Analytic Chemistry--Classen, A. Enke, Stuttgart Analytical Chemistry-Long, John E. 30 Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Analytical Chemistry -- Muter, John Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Analytical Chemistry--Treadwell & Hall Wiley, New York 35 Arith. Logarith Tables for the Chemist - Kiister Dehl & Co., Leipzig Botanic Micro-Chemistry - Paulsen, V. A. Solomonsen - Copenhagen Boter en Margarine-Antusch, G., Schenk, G. H., v. d. 40 Wal R. Feenstra, Sneek THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 179 Brief Guide to Legal Analysis - Medicus, L. Mohr & Sohn, Tubingen Calorimetric and Quan. Spectral Analysis - Kriiss Voss, Hamburg & Leipzig 5 Carbon Compounds - Richter Kegan Paul & Co., London Causes and Effects of Plant Chemistry -- Euler, J. C. F. Vieweg, Brunswick Chemical Analysis - Jaguarx, R. 10 Baudry, Paris Chemical Diagnosis - Techinzen Erven Boom, Haarlem Chemical Jurisprudence - Baumert F. Vieweg & Son, Brunswick 15 Chemical Medicaments - Bruiner, L. Masson, Paris Chemical Technology, Fats, Oils - Lewkowitsch, J. Macmillan & Co., London Chemisch- Technische Untersuchung Methoden- 20 Lunge, G. J. Springer, Berlin Chemistry - C. L. Bloxam J. & D. Churchill, London Chemistry - Roscoe H. & Schorlemmer • 25 Macmillan, New York Chemistry of Sugars - Edmund & Lippmann F. Vieweg & Son, Brunswick Chemistry of Albuminoids-Cohaheim, O. F. Vieweg & Son, Brunswick 30 Chemistry of Essential Oils and Artificial Perfumes - Perry, Ernest J. Scott, Greenwood & Son, London Chemistry of Foods of Mankind - Konig, T. J. Springer, Berlin 35 Chemistry of the Higher Fungi - Zellner, J. W. Engelmann, Leipzig Chemistry of the Proteids - Mann, Gustave Macmillan & Co., London Chemistry of Urine - Allen, Alfred H. 40 P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 180 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Chemists' Calendar - Biedermann, R. J. Springer, Berlin Chemistry, Descript-Newell, Lyman C. 5 Heath, New York Clinical Examination of Urine - Faber, K. Gyldendal, Copenhagen Commentary on Chemical Tests of the Danish Pharm- acopoeia - Christensen, A. 10 Hagerup, Copenhagen Commercial Organic Analysis - Allen, Alfred H. Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Construction and Synthesis of Vegetable Alkaloids - Schmidt, J. 15 F. Enke, Stuttgart Crystallography - Bruhne, W. Goschen'sche Verlag, Leipzig Determinative Mineralogy - Brush & Penfield J. Wiley & Sons, New York 20 Die Arzneimittel, Hire Herseellung, Engenschaften und Verwendung - Gosling, W. Janecke, Hannover Die Arzneimittel, Synthesis - Frankel J. Springer, Berlin 25 Die Atherischemdel - Semmler, F. W. Veit & Co., Leipzig Die Direkte Einfuhrung von Substituten, etc. - Halle- man, A. F. Veit & Co., Leipzig 30 Die Terpene und Campherarten - Bartelt, Konrad Carl Winter, Heidelberg Eduction of Organic Preparations - Lewy & Bistrzyski F. Enke, Stuttgart Electro Analysis -• Smith, E. F. 35 Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia Elementary Treatise on Chemistry - Trovst, L., & Pechard, Ed. Masson, Paris Elementary Treatise on Organic Chemistry - Berthelot, 40 M., & Jungfleisch, E. Dunod, Paris THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 181 Elementary Treatise on Qualitative Analysis - Ditte, A. Dunocl, Paris Engineering Chemistry - Stillman, T, B. Chern. Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 5 Food Inspection and Analysis - Leach, Albert E. John Wiley & Sons, New York Foods -■ Blyth Van Nostrand, New York Foods, and Their Adulteration - Wiley, H. W. 10 P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Foods, Select Methods of Analysis - Leffman & Beam P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Foods, Their Composition and Analysis - Blythe, A. W. Chas. Griffin & Co., London 15 The Gases of the Atmosphere by Max Huth - Ramsay, Wm. Knapp, Halle General and Physiologic Chemistry of Fats - Ulzer, F., & Klimont, J. 20 J. Springer, Berlin Glycols - Van Rijn, J. L. Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin Guide to Analysis - Volhard, J. M. Rieger, Munich 25 Guide to Anal. Chern. Exp. in Pharma, and Toxicol. - Schaer & Zermetti R. Gartner, Berlin Guide to Chern. Anal, of Organic Substances - Vort- mann, G. 30 F. Deuticke, Leipzig Guide to Chern. Invest, of Water - Linde & Peters v. d. Floeck & Ruprecht, Gottingen Guide to Eduction of Chern. Prep. - Erdmann ? Frankfort-on-the-Main 35 Guide to Eduction of Inorganic Preparation - Rust F. F. Enke, Stuttgart Guide to Eduction of Organic Preparations - Fischer, Emil Fr. Vieweg, Brunswick 40 182 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Guide to Exhibit of Organic Chemical Specimens - Bender & Bergmann Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 5 Guide to Experimentation - Herrman, K. Fr. Vieweg, Brunswick Guide to Quantitative Determination of Organic Atom Groups - Meyer, Hans Julius Springer, Berlin 10 Guide to the Practical Examination of Urine - Tyson, J. P. Blackinston's Son & Co., Philadelphia Flandbook of Chemistry, Earlier and Latest Editions - Gmelin-Kraut Carl Winter, Heidelberg 15 Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry - Abegg, R., & Auer- bach, F. Hirzel, Leipzig Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry - A. Dammer F. Enke, Stuttgart 20 Handbuch der Organischen Chemie - Beilstein, F. Leopold Voss, Flamburg & Leipzig Industrial Organic Chemistry - Sadtler, Samuel P. Lippincott, Philadelphia, Pa. Inorganic Chemistry - Oldberg 25 Chicago Medical Book Co., Chicago, Ill. Chemistry, Inorganic - Richter, Victor Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Inorganic Chemistry - Sommer, R. E. W. Author, Milwaukee, Wis. 30 Introduction to Chemical Theory-Scott, A. A. A. C. Black, London Introduction to Physical Chemistry - Walker, J. Macmillan & Co., London Investigation of Foods and Drinks - Mansfeld 35 Deuticke, Leipzig & Vienna Investigation of Urine - Spaeth, E. Investigation of Water - Ohlmuller & Spitta J. Springer, Berlin De Koolstofenhare Verbindingen - Franchimont, A. 40 P. N. E. J. Brill, Leiden THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 183 The Law of Poisons and Pharmacy - Jones (W. S. Glyn) Butterworth & Co., London List of Tests -• Wilder H. 5 P. W. Bedford, New York Manipulations in Chemistry - Jungfleisch, E. Bailliere, Paris Manipulations of Chemical Prep, of Analysis - de Koninck, L. L. 10 Ch. Beranger, Liege Manual of Analysis of Urine - Yron, P. & Michel, Ch. Doin, Paris Manual of Chemical Analysis - Fleurent, E. Naud, Paris 15 Manual of Chemical Analysis-■ Newth, G. S. Longmans, Green & Co., London Manual of Organic Chemistry - Lassar-Cohn Macmillan & Co., Ltd., New York Med. Chemistry and Toxicology - Holland, Jas. W. 20 Saunders, Phila. Medicines in Organic Chemistry - Thoms, H. J. Springer, Berlin Memory Aid in Hydrology, Minerology & Geology - Jaunnes, Ludovic 25 Bailliere, Paris Methods for Identification of Pure Organic Compounds -• Mulliken John Wiley & Sons, New York Methods in Volumetric Analysis - Beckurts 30 F. Vieweg & Son, Brunswick » Methods of Chemical and Microscopic Diagnosis - Steensma, F. A. Scheltima & Holkema, Amsterdam Methods of Iron Analysis - Phillips, W. B. 35 Chemical Publishing Co., Easton Methods of Quantitative Analysis - Petersen, H. Gjellerup, Copenhagen Microchemical Analysis - Behrens L. Voss, Hamburg & Leipzig 40 Microchemical Analysis - Schoorl, N. Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie ? NATIONAL COMMITTEE 184 Microscopy of Butter and Oleomargarine - Ingemann, D. D. B. Centen, Amsterdam 5 Mineralogy - Brauns, R. Goschen, Leipzig Mineralogy - Hussak J. J. Weber, Leipzig Notes on Qualitative Analysis-Sommer, R. E. W. 10 Hayward, Milwaukee Official and Provisional Methods of Analysis - Wiley,. R. W. Gov. Printing Office, Washington Organic Analysis - Schoorl, N. 15 D. B. Centen, Amsterdam Organic Chemistry - Hjelt Longmans, New York Organic Chemistry - Jorgensen, S. M. Gad, Copenhagen 20 Organic Chemistry - Krafft F. Deuticke, Vienna Organic Chemistry - Leffman, Henry, & LaWall, Chas. H. Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. 25 Organic Chemistry - Noyes, William A. Holt, New York Organic Chemistry - Perkin, Wm., & Kipping Lippincott, Philadelphia Organic Chemistry - Victor Richter 30 Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. Outlines of Industrial Chemistry - Thorp, F. H. Macmillan & Co., New York Outlines of Pharmaco-Chemistry - Oesterle, O. A. Gebr. Borntrager, Berlin 35 Overzichten en tabellen ten gebrucke bij Chemische Analyse - Schoorl, N. D. B. Centen, Amsterdam Petroleum - Sir Boverton Redwood Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia 40 Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Ekecrantz ? Stockholm THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 185 Pharmaceutic Chemistry - Fliickiger R. Gartner, Berlin Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry - Coblentz, Virgil 5 Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Physiologic Chemical Analysis - Hoppe-Seyler J. Springer, Berlin Physiological and Pathological Chemistry - G. Bunge P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia 10 Physiological and Chemical Methods of Quan. Det. - Vaupel, W. J. Springer, Berlin Plant Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative - Dragen- dorff 15 Bailliere, Tindale & Cox, London Poisons (Ch.)-Blyth Van Nostrand, New York Practical and Analytical Chemistry - Muter, John Blakiston, Philadelphia 20 Practical Chemistry - Hawk, P. B. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia Practical Exam, of Urine - Tyson Blakiston, ? Practical Guide for the Expert Chemist in the Matter of 25 Foods - Pellerin, G. Maloine, Paris Practical Guide to Adulteration and Alteration of Foods -• Breteau, P. Bailliere, Paris 30 Practical Guide to the Testing of Chemical Medicaments - Gaupil, P., & Broquin, L. Bailliere, Paris Practical Handbook of Electro-Chemistry - Lorenz, Richard 35 Vanderhock & Ruprecht, Gottingen Practical Methods of Organic Chemistry - Gatterman Macmillan & Co., New York Practical Organic Chemistry - Cohen, J. B. Macmillan & Co., London 40 Practical Treatise on Renal Diseases - Porter, Wm. H. William Wood & Co., New York Maloine, Paris 186 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Practical Urinalysis - Ruraly, Charles W. F. A. Davis & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Practice of Commercial Assaying (mineral substance)- 5 Halphen, G. Bailliere, Paris Practice of Com'l Assaying (org. Subst.)-Halphen, G. Bailliere, Paris Practice of Chemistry - Elsner, F. 10 Leopold Voss, Leipzig Practice of the Organic Chemist - Gattermann Viet, Leipzig Practicum of the Methods of Clinical Microscopic In- vestigation - Klopstock-Kowarsky 15 Urban & Schwarzenborg, Berlin-Vienna Precis of Analytic Chemistry - Deurges, G. Storck, Lyons Precis of Biochemistry - Lambling, E. Masson, Paris 20 Precis of Chemical Technic - Morel, A. Doin, Paris Precis of Hydrology and Minerology - Jadin, F. Storck, Lyons Precis of Organic Chemistry - Guibert, H. 25 Maloine, Paris Precis of Physiology and Pathological Chemistry - Hu- gouneng, L. Doin, Paris Precis of Quantitative Analysis - Vilbers, A. 30 Doin, Paris Preferred Methods in Analytic Chemistry - Classen, A. Vieweg, Brunswick Principals of Electro-Deposition - Field, Samuel Longmans, Green & Co., London 35 Qualitative Analysis - Clowes, F., & Coleman Blakiston, Philadelphia Qualitative Analysis - Elliott, A. H., & Ferguson Peck, New York Qualitative Analysis - Schimpf, Henry W. 40 John Wiley & Sons, New York Qualitative Chemical Analysis - Fresenius, C. R. John Wiley & Sons, New York THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Qualitative Chemical Analysis - Hanbury, Dan'l J. Wiley & Sons, New York Qualitative Chemical Analysis --Moerk, Frank X. Author, Philadelphia 5 Qualitative Chemical Analysis - Perkin, F. M. Longmans, Green & Co. Quantitative Analysis - Koelfoed, E. Gyldendal, Copenhagen Quantitative Analysis - Olsen 10 Van Nostrand, New York Quantitative Analysis - Autenrieth Mohr, T. Uhingen Quantitative Chemical Analysis - Clowes and Coleman J. & A. Churchill, London 15 Quantitative Chemical Analysis - Fresenius, C. R. John Wiley & Sons, New York Vieweg & Son, Brunswick Radiochemistry -• Cameron, A. T. J. M. Dent & Sons, London 20 Reactions - Fluckiger, F. A. Geo. S. Davis, Detroit Science of Preparations - Bender & Erdmann F. Enke, Stuttgart ' - The Scientific Foundation of Analytical Chemistry- 25 Ostwald, W. Engelmann, Leipzig Swiss Book of Foods - Schweiz. Verein Analitischer Chemiker Naukommen & Zimmerman, Bern 30 Tables of Qualitative Analysis of Salts - Vielliers, A. Doin, Paris Technic of Chemical Analysis - Tarbouricah, J. Maloine, Paris Technical Methods of Ore Analysis - Low, A. H. 35 J. Wiley & Sons, New York Techno-Chemical Receipts - Brannt & Wahl Low, London Terpene und Campher - Wallach, Otto Veit & Co., Leipzig 40 Testing of Chemical Reagents for Purity - Krauch, C. McLaren & Sons, London 187 NATIONAL COMMITTEE 188 Theoretical Organic Chemistry - Cohen, Julius B. Macmillan, New York Theory & Practice of Volumetric Analysis - Classen, A. 5 Academic Pub. Co., Leipzig Titrate Analysis (Handbook) - Sundvik, Ernest Edlund, Helsingfors Titrate Methods in Analytic Chemistry by Dr. A. Classen - Mohr, F. 10 Vieweg, Brunswick Treatise on Chemical Analysis - Bourrey, G., & Mar- quet, E. Doin, Paris Treatise on Manuf. of Sulphuric Acid - Lunge, George 15 Guerney & Jackson, London Treatise on Mineral Chemistry - Moissase, H. Masson, Paris Treatise on Organic Chemistry - Behel, A., & Valeur, A. Doin, Paris 20 Treatise on Pharmaceutic Chemistry - Gilkinet, A. Vigot, Paris Treatise on Quantitative Analysis - Fresenius, R. Masson, Paris Treatise on Toxicologic Chemistry - Ogier, J. 25 Doin, Paris U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, Bulletins and Circulars, especially Nos. 107, 109. G. P. O., Washington, D. C. U. S. Dept. Commerce and Labor - Bureau of Manu- 30 factures - Special Agents Series G. P. O., Washington, D. C. The Urine and Other Secretions and Fluids of the Body - Neuberg, C. J. Springer, Berlin 35 Urine and the Common Poisons - Holland, J. W. P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia Vereinbarungen zur einh. Unters von Nahrungs und Genuss Mittel - Kaiserliches Gesundheits Amt. J. Springer, Berlin 40 Volatile Oils - Gildermeister & Busse J. Springer, Berlin THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 189 Volatile Oils, The - Gildemeister & Hoffman J. Wiley & Sons, New York Volumetric Analysis - Coblentz, Virgil Blakiston, Philadelphia 5 Volumetric Analysis - Hampshire, C. H. J. & C. Churchill, London Volumetric Analysis - Sutton Blakiston, Philadelphia Physics 10 Brief Course in Physics - Milliken & Gale Ginn & Co., New York Ele. Treatise on Physics - Branby, E. Gauthier-Villars, Paris Ele. Treatise on Physics - Ganot, A. 15 Hachette, Paris Manipulations in Physics - Binquet, H. Bailliere, Paris Manual of Hydrology - Fleury, E. Fritsch, Paris 20 ? ? Nature Study - Julius Ervin F. Bohn, Haarlem Optical Rotating Power - Landolt, Hans & Others Chemical Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 25 Physical Wall Charts - Menzal Precis of Physics - Sigales, C. Maloine, Paris Treatise on Elementary Physics - Drion, Ch., & Ternet, E. 30 Masson, Paris 190 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Pharmacy Abstract of Galenic Pharmacy - Gerard, E. Maloine, Paris 5 Arithmetic of Pharmacy, The-Stevens, Alviso B. Merck, New York Art of Compounding - Scoville, W. L. Blakiston, Philadelphia Art of Dispensing-MacEwan, Peter 1 0 Chemist & Druggist, London Chemical and Pharmaceutical Arithmetic - Beal, James H. Midland Publishing Co., Columbus, O. Chronicles of Pharmacy - Wootton, A. C. 15 Macmillan & Co., London Commentary on the 5th Edition of the German Pharma- copoeia - Anselmino & Gilg J. Springer, Berlin Commentary on the Swiss Pharmaco.- Beiitner 20 Orell & Fusoli, Zurich Elem. Dispensing Pract.- Inch, Joseph Chemist & Druggist, London Equation Writing-Beal, James H. Midland Publishing Co., Columbus, O. 25 Guide to Instruction in Prescriptions-Schroder, M. J.r & Zaaijer J. B. Wolters, Groningen Handbook of Practical Assaying of Drugs - Lyons, . Albert B. 30 Nelson, Detroit Handbook of Therapeutics - Ringer, S., & Sainsbury H. V. Lewis, London History of Pharmacy - Schelenz, H. J. Springer, Berlin 35 Incompatible Medicines - Sleeswij, K. J. A. Sleeswijk, Bussum Incompatibilities - Ruddiman, E. A. J. Wiley & Sons, New York Kommentar zur achten Ausgabe der Ostereichischen 40 Pharm.- Vogl, A. von Karl Gerolds Sohn, Vienna THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 191 Manual of Pharmacy - Coblentz, Virgil Blakiston, Philadelphia Memory Aid in Pharmacy - Ferrand, Euseke Bailliere, Paris 5 New Elements of Pharmacy - Audonard, A. Bailliere, Paris Newer Remedies - Coblentz, Virgil Apothecary Publ. Co., Boston Opwyrda's Art of Prescription - Van Itallie, L. 10 D. B. Centen, Amsterdam Pharmacopoeia and The National Formulary - Hallberg (Carl) & Salisbury American Medical Association, Chicago Pharmaco-Therapeutic Guide-Pinkhof, H., & v. d. 15 Wielen, P. D. B. Centen, Amsterdam Pharmaceutic Manual - Dieterich, E. J. Springer, Berlin Pharmacy and Dispensing- Stevens, Alviso B. 20 Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia Pharmacy, Materia Medica and Therapeutics - Whitla, W. Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, London Practical Guide to Pharmacy - Duliere 25 G. Seglin, Chailero Practical Pharmacy - E. W. Lucas J. & A. Churchill, London Practical Prescribing and Dispensing - Kirkby, W. University Press, Manchester 30 Practice of Pharmacy - Remington, Joseph P., & Cook Lippincott, Philadelphia Practicum for Pharmacists - Medicus, L. Laupp, Tubingen Precis of Diagnostics - Guiart, J., & Grimbert, L. 35 Lamarre, Paris Precis on Chemical Pharmacy- Crolan, F., & Moreau, B. Maloine, Paris Prescription, The - Wall, O. A. Gast. Litho. Co., St. Louis, Mo. 4 0 Prescription Practice and Gen. Dispensing- Beal, James H. Author, Scio, Ohio 192 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Principles of Pharmacy - Arny, Henry V. Saunders Co., Philadelphia Program of Course in the School of Pharmacy - 5 Vigot, Paris Science and Art of Dispensing - J. Humphrey The Pharmaceutical Press, London Tablet Manufacture - Wood, Joseph R. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia 10 Treatise on Pharmacy-Caspari, Charles Lea, Philadelphia THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 195 CHAPTER VII Textbooks and Pharmaceutical Periodicals Textbooks No attempt is made to present a complete list of text- 5 books suitable for class room instruction in schools of pharmacy; nor is any opinion expressed regarding those found in the list. For the present it is thought advisable to compile the list and to leave recommendations to a future edition. iq The textbooks have been grouped from their titles which often proves arbitrary or misleading. Materia Me die a Botanic Wall Charts - Kny Hempel & Parcy, Berlin 15 Botanical notebook - Holmes, E. M. (out of print), London Botanische-Microskopisches Practicum fiir Anfanger - Mobus, Martin Gebriider Borntraeger, Berlin 20 Botany and Pharmacognosy - Kraemer, Henry Lippincott, Philadelphia Botany for Elementary Schools - Almquist ? ? College Botany - Bastin 25 Engelhart, Chicago, Ill. Course in Botany - Bonnier - Leclerc du Sabbon Library of General Education, Paris Das Botanische Practicum - Strasburger, Edward, Traus, Hillhouse 30 Gustav Fischer, Jena Elementary Botany - Edmonds, H. Longmans, Green & Co., London Elementary Course in Botany - Dagiullon, A. & Ma- truchot, L. 35 Belin, Paris 196 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Elementary Course in Zoology, Perrur, Renug Masson, Paris Elementary Microscope - Scales 5 Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, London Elements of Botany - Ducharte, P. Bailliere & Sons, Paris Elements of Human Physiology - Frederica, L., & Nuel, J. P. 10 Masson, Paris Elements of Medical Botany - Moquin-Tandon, A. Bailliere & Sons, Paris Elements of Zoology, First Year - Perrier, E. Hachette, Paris 15 Essentials of Bacteriology - M. V. Ball W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia General Bacteriology, Textbook - Jordan, E. O. Saunders, Philadelphia Microscope - An Intro, to Microscopic Methods - 20 Gage, Simon, H. Comstock, Ithaca, N. Y. An Introduction to Pharmacognosy - Jelliffe Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa. Introduction to Structural Botany - A. Scott 25 A. & C. Black, London Laboratory Exercises in Botany - Bastin, E. S. W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia Laboratory Work in Bacteriology - Nouy, F. G. Wahr, Ann Arbor 30 Lectures in Plant Physiology - Jost, L. Fischer, Jena Lectures on Plant Physiology - Trans, by Gibson, R. J. H.-L. Jost H. Frowde, London 35 Lehrbuch der Pharmakognosie des Pflanzenreiches - Karsten, George Gustav Fischer, Jena Lessons in Elementary Botany - Oliver, D. Macmillan & Co., London 40 Manual of Botany - Green, J. R. J. & A. Churchill, London THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 197 Manual of British Botany - Babington, C. C. Gurney & Jackson, London Materia Medica, Textbook of - Hatches & Soliman Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa. 5 New Elements of Botany-Crie, L. Doin, Paris Ordinary Uses of the Microscope - Peltrisot, C. Vigot, Paris Outline of Chemical Investigation of Plants - Rosen- 10 thaler, L. J. Springer, Berlin Outline of Pharmacognosy - Fliickiger R. Gartner, Berlin Outlines of Classification and Special Morphology of 15 Plants - Goebel, K. Engelmann, Leipzig Outlines of Physiology - Jones, Edward G., & Stephens, R. G. Blakiston, Philadelphia, Pa. 20 Pharmacology - Cushny, A. R. Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. Physiological Botany (Gray's)-Goodale, G. L. American Book Co., New York Practical Botany - Cavers, F. 25 University Tutorial Press, London Practical Botany for Beginners - Bower, F. O. Macmillan & Co., London Practical Introduction to the Study of Botany - Farmer, J. B. 30 Longmans, Green & Co., London Practicum of Pharmacognosy - Koch & Gilg G. Borntraeger, Berlin Prantl's Lehrbuch der Botanik-Pax, Ferdinand Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 35 Principles of Botany - Chodat, R. ? Geneva-Paris Principles of Pharmacognosy - Fluckiger, F. A., & Tschirch, Alex (trans, by Power, F. B.) Wm. Wood & Co., New York 40 School and Field Botany - Gray American Book Co., New York 198 NATIONAL COMMITTEE School Flora -• Henkels, H. P. Noordhoff, Groningen Student's Textbook of Botany - Vines, S. H. 5 Macmillan & Co., New York Syllabus of Lectures in Special and Medico-Pharmaceutic Botany - Eichler, A. W. Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin Synopsis of Botany, Leunis, S. 1 3 Hahn, Hanover Textbook in Botany, Zachs Engelmann, Leipzig Textbook in General Botany - Warming & Johannsen Gyldendal, Copenhagen 15 Textbook in Pharmacognosy - Wigand Hirschwald, Berlin Textbook of Bacteriology - Carl Fraenkel Wm. Wood & Co., New York Textbook of Botany - Coulter, T. M. 20 Appleton, New York. Textbook of Botany - Frank, A. B. Engelmann, Leipzig Textbook of Botany-Giesenhagen, K. F. Grub, Stuttgart 25 Textbook of Botany - Lowson, J. M. W. B. Clive, London Textbook of Botany - Sachs, Julius Clarendon Press, London Textbook of Botany-Strasburger, Jost, Schenck & 30 Karsten Gustav Fischer, Jena Macmillan & C®., London Textbook of General Botany - Warming, E., & Johannsen, W. 35 Meinecke, Berlin Textbook of Pharmacognosy-Gilg, E. Springer, Berlin Textbook of Pharmacognosy - Karsten & Oltmans Fischer, Jena 40 Textbook of Pharmacognosy - Moeller Alfred Holder -• Vienna THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 199 Textbook of Pharmacology - Soilman, T. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia Textbook Pharmacognosy - Rosendoke ? ? 5 Textbook of Physiology - Howell B. W. Saunders & Co., London. Textbook of Plant Physiology - de Vries & Vers- chaffelt Tjeenk Willink, Haarlem 10 Textbook of Zoology - Hertwig, R. G. Fischer, Jena Textbook of Zoology - Vosmer Sijthoff, Leiden Trans, of Goebel's Outlines of Classification and Speci. 15 Mophol. of Plants - Garnsey & Balfour Henry Frowde, London Zoologic Practicum - Kiikenthal, W. G. Fischer, Jena 200 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Chemistry Brief Textbook in Chemistry, Med. and Pharm. - Par- theil $ Georgi, Bonn. Brief Textbook of Analytic Chemistry - Treadwell, F. P. Deuticke, Leipzig Brief Textbook of Chemistry - Krafft 10 • ? . Leipzig Brief Textbook of Organic Chemistry - Schmidt, Julius F. Vieweg & Son, Brunswick Brief Textbook in Toxicology - von Wyss II, ? Leipzig, Vienna 15 Chemistry, Gen. Med. and Phar. incl. Ch. of U. S. Pharmacopoeia - Attfield, John Lea, Philadelphia Chemistry of Foods - Rottger Joh. Ambrosius Bart, Leipzig College Chemistry - Smith, Alexander Century, New York Complete Textbook of Pharmaceutic Chemistry-- Schmidt, H. Vieweg, Brunswick 9r Course in Mineralogy - de Lappareut, A. Masson, Paris Course in Organic Chemistry-Gautier, A., & Dele- pine, M. Masson, Paris 20 Elementary Course in Chemistry - Joannis, A. Beranger, Paris Elements of Chemistry - Jorgensen, S. M. Gad, Copenhagen Elements of Mineralogy - Naumann, C. F., & Tirkel, F. 25 Engelmann, Leipzig Fundamental Elements of Organic Chemistry - Mouren, Ch. Gauthier - Villars, Paris Grundztige der Pharmazeutischen Chemie - Beckurts, H. 40 S. Hirzel, Leipzig Guide to Chemical Toxicology, Poisons - Gadamer, J. Vandenhoeck & Ruprechts, Gottingen THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 201 History of Chemistry - Armitage, F. P. Longmans, Green & Co., London History of Chemistry - Meyer, E. Macmillan & Co., London 5 Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry - Cohen & V. Rom- burgh Engelmann, Leipzig Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry - Smith, A. George Bell & Sons, London 10 Introduction to Practical Chemistry of Foods - Thoms & Gilg S. Hirzel, Leipzig Introduction to Study of Organic Chemistry - Remsen, Ira 15 Heath, New York Introduction to the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds - F romm H. Laupp, Tubingen Laboratory Experiments in General Chemistry - McGill, 20 J- T- Publishing House, Southern M. E. Church, Nash- ville, Tenn. Laboratory Manual for Students in Chemistry - Moerk, F. X. 25 F. X. Moerk, Philadelphia Lectures on Carbon - LeChatelier, H. Dunrod & Hermann, Paris Lessons in Chemistry - Gautier, FL, & Charpy, G. Gauthier-Villars, Paris 30 Manual of Chemistry - Simon, Wm., & Dan'l Base Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. Medical Chemistry - Bartley, Elias, H. Blakiston, Philadelphia Methods of Wax Analysis - Prollius, F. 35 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gottingen Organic Chemistry - Bernthsen Blackie & Son, London Organic Chemistry - Holleman J. Wiley & Sons, New York 40 Organic Chemistry for Advanced Students - Cohen, J. B. E. Arnold London 202 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Outline of General Chemistry - Ostwald W. Engleman, Leipzig Wolter, Groningen 5 Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Sadtler, Sam'l P., & Coblentz Lippincott, Philadelphia Physiological Chemistry - Hammersten, Olaf J. Wiley & Sons, New York 10 Physiological Chemistry - J. H. Long Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia Practical Exercises in Organic Chemistry - Holle- mann, A. Wolter, Groningen 15 Qualitative Chemical Analysis - Prescott, A. B. & John- son Van Nostrand, New York School Chemistry - Avery, Elroy M. American Book Co., New York 20 Textbook in Analytic Chemistry - Harfoed, C. T. Gyldendal, Copenhagen Textbook in Inorganic Chemistry-Erdmann F. Vieweg, Brunswick Textbook, Inorganic and Organic Chemistry - Holle- 25 mann John Wiley & Sons, New York Textbook in Pharmaceutic Chemistry - Scholtz, M. Carl Winter, Heidelberg Textbook of Applied Chemistry - Jorissen, W. P. 30 DeBoer, Helder Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology - Luff, A. P. Longmans, New York Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry - Holleman, A. 35 W. B. Wolter, Groningen Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry-Newth, G. S. Longmans, Green & Co., London Textbook of Microchemistry - Ernich Bergmann, Wiesbaden 40 Textbook of Mineralogy - Dana Chapman & Hall, London THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Textbook of Physiolog. and Patholog. Chemistry (Trans, by F. A. & E. H. Starling)- Bunge, G. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Theoretical Chemistry - Remsen, Ira 5 Lea, Philadelphia Volumetric Analysis - Schimpf, Henry W. J. Wiley & Sons, New York 203 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Physics Beginnings o£ Nature Study - Lorentz, H. A. E. J. Brill, Leiden 0 Brief Textbook in Electricity - Barmwater, F. Gad, Copenhagen Brief Textbook in Mechanics - Barmwater, F. Gad, Copenhagen Classbook of Physics.- Gregory & Hadley 0 Macmillan & Co., London Course in Physics - Jamin, M., & Banty, M. Gauthier-Villers, Paris Electricity and Magnetism - Glazebrook, R. T. - r Cambridge University Press J Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism - Thompson, S. P. Macmillan & Co., London Elementary Textbook of Physics - Everett, J. D. Black & Son, London 20 Elements of Optics in Physics for Students of Pharmacy - Barmwater, F. Gad, Copenhagen Aamodt, Copenhagen Heat - Glazebrook, R. T. 2° Cambridge University Press Heat for Advanced Students - Edser, E. Macmillan & Co., London Light for Students - Edser, E. Macmillan & Co., London a 0 Light - Glazebrook, R. T. Cambridge University Press Mechanics and Hydrostatics - Lovey, S. L. Cambridge University Press Physical Experiments for Students of Pharmacy - Barmwater, F. Aamodt, Copenhagen Physics - Mellberg ? 7 . Physics Practicum - Wiedemann & Ebert Vieweg & Son, Brunswick 204 THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 205 Textbook in Optics - Barmwater, F. Gyldendal, Copenhagen Textbook of Physics - Watson, W. Longmans, Green & Co., London 5 Textbook of Practical Physics - Watson, W. Longmans, Green & Co., London Textbook on Heat (Varme) -Barmwater, F. Gyldendal, Copenhagen Textbook of Natural History and of Its Principal Appli- jq cations - Boscha, J., and Sinsingh, B. A. W. Sijthoff, Leiden 206 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Pharmacy Course in Pharmacy - Dupuy, E. Maloine, Paris 5 Latin Grammar of Pharmacy - Ince, J. Bailliere, Tindall & Co., London Lectures on Practical Pharmacy - Proctor, B. S. J. & A. Churchill, London Medical and Pharmaceutical Latin - Bennett, R. R. 10 J. & A. Churchill, London Pharmaceutical Arithmetic - Sturmer, J. W. Matthews & Co., St. Louis, Mo. Pharmaceutic Latin - Sturmer, J. W. Sturmer, La Fayette, Ind. 15 Pharmaceutical Problems and Exercises - Oldberg, O. Chicago Medical Publishing Co., Chicago, Ill. Textbook for Candidates in Pharmacy- Schiffner, V. C. Fromme, Vienna THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS Pharmaceutical Periodicals Periodicals are given extensively from America as the Syllabus is intended primarily for American schools and students; but a representative publication is included 5 from other countries that they may not be lost sight of in future revisions. Many reports are purposely omitted that might be classed with periodicals and that are known to contain most valuable information for the students of pharmacy. 10 So far as possible, the permanent editor or publisrer and his address is given indented under the title of the periodical. Argentina. Organ of the National Pharmaceuitcal So- ciety. 15 Revista Farmaceutica A. Cogliatti et al. 66 Calle Alsina, Buenos-Ayres Austria. Organ of the Austrian Pharmaceutical Society. Pharmazeutische Post. Twice a week Dr. Hans Heger, 6 Pestalozzigasse, Vienna 20 Belgium. Organ of the Belgian General Pharmaceutical Association. Bulletin. Periodically A. Martin & L. Gosset, 152 Avenue de la Cour- roune, Brussels 25 Brazil. Boletim Pharmaceutico. J. E. da Silvo Araujo, 11 Rua 10 de Marco, Rio de Janeiro Bulgaria. 30 Pharmacien. D. Yourdanoff & Iv. Kouvtantinoff, Sofia Canada. Canadian Druggist. Monthly. Editor Toronto, Ont. 35 Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal. Monthly. Editor C. E. Gibhard Toronto, Ont. Chile. Organ of the National Pharmaceutical Society. Revista Farmaceutica Chilena. Santiago 40 207 208 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Columbia. Revista Central de Farmacia. Twice a month Auguste Capelead, 509 Carrera 7 mo. Bogota 5 Denmark. Organ of the Danish Union of Pharmacists. Archiv for Pharmacie og Chemie. N. Permin, 11 Holbergsgade, Copenhagen Egypt. Journal de Sante. 1 Rue Clot Bey, Cairo 10 France. Organ of the General Association. Bulletin de L'Association General des Syndicats Pharmaceutics. Monthly E. Collard, 5 Rue des Grands Augustin, Paris Germany. Organ of the German Apothekaries Union. 15 Apotheker-Zeitung. Twice a week Deutscher Apotheker-Verein, Berlin Great Britain and Ireland. Organ of the Pharma- ceutical Society. The Pharmaceutical Journal and Pharmacist 20 John Humphrey, 72 Great Russell St., London Hungary. Organ of the Hungarian Pharmaceutical So- ciety. Gyogyszereszi Folyoivat. Twice a month The Society, Budapest, VIII Kev. 25 Ireland. Organ of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ire- land et al. The Chemist and Druggist. Weekly Peter MacEwan, 42 Cannon St., London, E. C. Italy. Organ of the Turin Pharmaceutical Society. 30 Giornale di Farmacia di Chemiea e di Scienza affini di Torino Eug. Martinotti et al, 23 Via Maria Vittoria, Turin Japan. Organ of the Japanese Pharmaceutical Society. 35 ' Yakugakuzasshi. 8. Shimo Ushigomeku, Tokyo Mexico. Organ of the Mexican Pharmaceutical Society. La Farmacia. 23 Ex-mercado del Volador, Mexico Nicaragua. Juventud Medica y pharmaceutica. Leon 40 Netherlands. Organ of the Netherland Society for fur- thering Pharmacy THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 209 Pharmaceutisch Weekblad. Weekly H. Wefers Bettink et al, 209 Willemsparkweg, Amsterdam Norway. Organ of the Norwegian Apothecaries Union. 5 Den Norske Apoteker-forenings Tidsskrift. Monthly A. W. Broggers, Christiania Portugal. Organ of the Pharmaceutical Society of Lisbon Jornal da Sociedade Pharmaccutica Lusitania. 10 Monthly Antonio Carvalho da Fonseca, 24 R. do Esprito Santo, Lisbon Roumania. Organ of the Roumanian Pharmaceutical Society. 15 Revista Farmaciei. 49 Bulevardul Elizabeta, Bucarest Russia. Organ of the St. Petersburg Pharmaceutical Society. Pharmagewtitchesky Journal. Weekly 20 Edward Swivlowsky, 31 Wosnessenski Pros- pekt, St. Petersburg Servia. Apothekarski Glasnik. M. Protie, Belgrade ' 25 Spain. La Farmacia Espanola J. Marin y Sancho, 49 Calle de Silva, Madrid Sweden. Organ of the Pharmaceutical Society of Sweden. 30 Svenske Farmaceutisk Tidskrift. Three times a month P. R. Westling, C. Farmaceutiska Instituta, Stockholm Switzerland. Organ of the Swiss Pharmaceutical So- 35 ciety. Journal Suisse de Chimie et Pharmacie. Weekly J. Thomann, Berne Turkey. Organ of the professional and scientific in- terests. 40 Reone Mcdico-pharmaceutique. Twice a month Pierre Apery, 18 Rue Voi voda, Galata- Constantinople 210 NATIONAL COMMITTEE Uruguay. Organ of the Pharmaceutical Society of Uru- guay. Revista del Centro Farmaceutico Uruquayo. 5 Monthly Carlos Baciga Lupi et al. 41 Rue Ejido, Monte- video Venezuela. Centro Farmaceutico Venezulana. 10 V. M. Ovalles, 60 Piesto al Vicieta, Caracas United States. Organ of the American Pharmaceutical Association. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Associa- tion. Monthly 15 James H. Beal, 79 N. Third St., Columbus, Ohio American Druggist and Pharmaceutical Record. Monthly. Editor Caswell A. Mayo American Druggist Publishing Co., 62 West Broadway, New York 20 American Journal of Pharmacy. Monthly. Editor Henry Kraemer Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 145 N. 10th St., Philadelphia, Pa. The Apothecary. Monthly. Editor J. C. Hagar 25 New England Druggist Publishing Co., 145 High St., Boston, Mass. The Bulletin of Pharmacy. Monthly. Editor Harry B. Mason E. G. Swift, Box 484, Detroit, Michigan 30 Deutsch-Amerikanische Ap'otheker Zeitung. Monthly Editor Hugo Kantrowitz German Apothecaries Pub. Co., 104 John St., New York, N. Y. The Drug Clerks Journal. Monthly. Editor A. E. 35 O'Neill Pacific Bldg., 4th & Market Sts., San Francisco, Cal. The Druggists Cirmilar. Monthly. Editor F. B. Hays The Druggists Circular, 100 Williams St., New 40 York, N. Y. The Journal of the National Association Retail Druggists. Editor Hugh Craip- 122 S. Michigan Blvd., Chicago, Ill. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS 211 The Midland Druggist and Pharmaceutical Review. Monthly. Edward Kremers The Midland Publishing Co., Columbus, Ohio Merck's Report. Monthly. Editor Alfred I. Cohn 5 Merck & Co., 45 Park Place, New York, N. Y. Meyer Brothers Druggist. Monthly. Editor H. M. Whelpley 222 S. Broadway, St. Louis, Mo. The National Druggist. Monthly. Editor 10 914 Century Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. Northwestern Druggist. Monthly The Bruce-Hall Co., 5 North Third St., Minne- apolis, Minn. Pacific Drug Review. Monthly. 15 Guy T. Ketcheson 511 Stock Exchange, Portland, Ore. The Pacific Pharmacist. Monthly. Editor Albert Schneider Galen Publishing Company, 723 Pacific Bldg., 20 San Francisco, Cal. Practical Druggist and Pharmaceutical Review of Reviews. Monthly. Editor Otto Rauben- heimer Romaine Pierson, 108 Fulton St., New York, 25 N. Y. The Pharmaceutical Era. Monthly. Editor E. J. Kennedy D. O. Haynes & Co., 3 Park Place, New York, N. Y. 30 The Southern Pharmaceutical Journal. Monthly. Editor E. G. Eberle The Southern Pharm. Journal Pub. Co., 1804 Jackson St., Dallas, Texas The Spatula. Monthly. Editor Irving P. Fox 35 Boston, Mass. The Western Druggist. Monthly. Editor E. D. Irvine G. P. Engelhard Co., 537 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. INDEX 215 INDEX Acids, 59, 146. Aim, 7. Alkali salts, table of doses, 59. Alkaloids, table of doses, 65-66. American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties, 20; Com- mittee assignment, 10; meetings, 20; membership, 20; qualifi- cations for membership, 20; representatives, 4; reorganiza- tion, 11. American Pharmaceutical Association, 22; in joint meeting, 4; committee assignment, 3; education and legislation, 10; meetings, 22; membership, 22; reorganization, 11; represen- tatives, 4. Animal drugs, 76. Annual reports, 11. Arithmetic, pharmaceutical, 25, 122; definition, 122. Atlases, 159, 160. Barks, 82. Blood, 32. Bookkeeping, 152. Botany, pharmaceutical, 45-57. Branches, 25. Bulbs, 82. Business correspondence, 152. Business practice, 154. Byrophytes, 72. Cachets, 150. Capsules, 150. Cell, its structure and contents, 45. Cerates, 147. Changes, 8. Chemistry, 25, 87-118; first year, 87-101; second year, 102-118; general inorganic, 25, 90-94; definitions, 90; general organic, 25, 102-108; quantitative, 25, 114, 115; manufacturing, 25, 101, 113; qualitative, 25, 95, 109-112; text books, 200-203; committee, 3; definition, 87; preliminary theory, 91; refer- ence works, 159. Circulation, 33. Collodions, 147. Commercial and Business Law, 152. Commercial pharmacy, 25; definition, 152. 216 INDEX Committees, Chemistry, 3; Executive, 3; Five, 10; Twenty-one, 10; Materia Medica, 3; Pharmacy, 3. Confections, 147. Criticisms, 18. Decoctions, 144. Definitions, 16; short, 18; general, 23. Dictionaries, 160-162. Digestion, 35. Discussions, 19. Dispensatories, 162. Dispensing pharmacy, 25; definition, 149. Dispensing room, 149. Doses, official acids, 59; official salts of alkalis, 59; official metallic salts, 60; fluidextracts, 62; extracts, 63; tinctures, 64; im- portant alkaloids, 65; other active constituents, 65; volatile oils, 66; preparations, 67; miscellaneous, 70. Doses of medicines, 58-70. Drug assaying, 25, 116; definition, 116. Drugs, defined, 23, and fluidextracts, 61, 64; animal, 76; list of, 71-78; table of doses, 58. Edition, First, results of, 194 Second, 7, 11. Effervescent salts, 144. Elixirs, 144. Emulsions, 146, 150. Encyclopedias, 162, 163. Examinations, 16; national character, 17. Executive Committee, 3. Experience, 18. Exsiccated salts, 144. Extemporaneous dispensing, 149. Extracts, 63, 147; doses of, 63. First year chemistry, 87-101. F'rst year materia medica, 29-70. First year pharmacy, 122-145. Fluidextracts, 61, 144, 147; doses of, 62. Flower, 48, 83. Fruit, 48, 83. Galenical pharmacy, 144, 146. General principles of Materia Medica, 25, 41; definition, 41. Glycerites, 146. Granulated salts, 144. Gross structure of plants, 50. Herbs, 83. Historical, 8-12. Honeys, 146. Hours, defined, 23, 25. INDEX 217 Incompatibility, 149. Infusions, 144. Inorganic Materia Medica, 76. Iron salts, 145. Jurisprudence, pharmaceutical, 148. Kidneys, 37. Latin, pharmaceutical, 25; definition, 123; comparison, conjuga- tion, declension, numerals, pronunciation, vocabularies, 123; abbreviations, exercises, prescriptions, 124. Leaf, 83; leaflets, 83; leaf structure, 47. Liniments, 146. Liquors, 146. Liver, 37. Lymphatic system, 37. Macroscopical botany, 25; structure of plants, 50. Manufacturing chemistry, 25, 101, 113; definition, 101. Manufacturing pharmacy, 23, 144, 146; definition, 144. Masses, 147. Materia Medica, 25, 29-84; first year, 29-70; second year, 71-84; order of topics, 71; inorganic, 76; general principles of, 25, 41; definition, 29; reference works, 166; text books, 195-199; Committee, 3. Materia Medica, general principles of, 41. Medical dictionaries, 160-162. Medicine defined, 23; classification of, 41-44. Mercury sMts, 145. Metallic salts, table of doses, 60. Microscope, 45. Miscellaneous, 83; drugs, table of, 70. Mixtures, 146, 149. Mucilages, 144. Nashville meeting, publication authorized, 12. National Association Boards of Pharmacy, 21; Committee as- signments, 3, 22; interchange of certificates, 21; meetings, 21; representatives, 4; reorganization, 11. National Committee, members of, 3, 4; by associations, 4; organ- ized, 9. Nervous system, 31. Notebooks, 26. Official acids, 59. Official salts of alkalis, 59. Ointments, 147, 151. Oleates, 147. Oleoresins, 144. Outlines, 17, 25. 218 INDEX Pharmaceutical arithmetic, 25, 122; definition, 122. Pharmaceutical botany, 25, 45. Pharmaceutical jurisprudence, 25, 148; definition, 148. Pharmaceutical Latin, 25; definition, 123. Pharmaceutical periodicals, 207-211. Pharmaceutical technique, 125-140. Pharmaco-dynamics, 25, 71. Pharmacognosy, 25, 82-84; definition, 82. Pharmacology, defined, 23. Pharmacopoeias, 163-165. Pharmacy, 25, 121-155; first year, 122-145; second year, 146-155; commercial, 25, 152-155; dispensing, 25, 149-151; manufac- turing, 25, 144-147; laboratory practice, 25, 141-143; refer- ence books, 190; text books, 206; theory of, 25, 125-140; Committee, 3; definition, 125; technique, 125. Physics, elementary, 25, 87-89; laboratory syllabus in, 88-89; definition, 87. Physiology, 25, 29^40; definition, 29; introduction and general considerations, 29. Pills, 147, 150. Pittsburg meeting, members present, 12. Plant physiology, 49. Plasters, 147, 151. Poisonous articles, tables of doses, 58. Poisons, 58, 79; miscellaneous, table, 70. Posology, 58. Powders, 147, 150. Practice of pharmacy, 25, 141; definition, 141; heat and regula- tion of temperature, 143; solids, 142; specific gravity deter- minations, 142; weights and measures, 141. Preface, 1. Principles, first, 16; second, 16; third, 17. Preparations not presented in separate tables, doses of, 67-70. Prerequisite law, 8. Prescription, 149. Property, 153. Pteridophytes, 72. Publication, II, 12. Qualitative chemistry, 95-112; definition, 95; utensils and re- agents, 95. Quantitative chemistry, 25, 114, 115; definition, 114; lectures of, 114; laboratory work of, 114. Reference Works, 159; atlases, 159; chemistry, 178; dictionaries, 160; dispensatories, 162; encyclopedias, 162; materia medica, 166; pharmacopoeias, 163; pharmacy, 190. Reorganization, 11. Representatives, American Pharmaceutical Association, 4; Na- tional Association of Boards of Pharmacy, 4; American Con- ference of Pharmaceutical Faculties, 4. INDEX 219 Requirements, minimum, 19; national, 20. Resi ,s, 145. Respiration, 34. Rhizomes, 82. Roots, 82; root structure, 46. Salts, of alkalies, 59; metallic, 60. Schools of pharmacy, 18; minimum course, 15, 26; minimum re- quirements of, 19. Second year chemistry, 102-118. Second year materia medica, 71-84. Second year pharmacy, 146-155. Seed, 48, 83. Skeleton, 30. Skin, 38. Solutions, 149. Special senses, 38. Spermophytes, 72. Spirits, 144. State syllabus committee, New York, 9. Statutory regulations, 148. Stem structure, 47. Subdivisions, 25. Suppositories, 147, 151. Syllabus, advantages in a National, 17, 19 ; defined, 16; in effect by schools, 2; in effect by boards, 2; origin, 15; year, 24. Syrups, 144. Tablets and tablet triturates, 151. Tables of doses, 58-70. Technique, pharmaceutical, 125; definition, 125. Textbooks, 26, 195; chemistry, 200; materia medica, 195; phar- macy, 206; physics, 204. Thallophytes, 71. Theory of pharmacy, 25, 125; clarification, 137; comminution, 133; common system of weights and measures, 127; crystalliza- tion, 139; crystallography, 140; definition, 125; didactic course, 125; divisions of the subject, 125; extraction of drugs by solvents, 138; expression, 134; forms of weights, 129; general considerations, 125; heat and its pharmaceutical applications, 131; liquid volume or cubic measure, 127; me- trology, 126; practical methods with illustration, liquids, 130; precipitation, 136; regulation and application of heat, 132; separation of immiscible liquids, 137; solids, 130; separation of liquids from solids, 135; sohvion, 134; special methods of percolation, 139; specific gravity, 130; vessels used in meas- uring liquids, 129; washing of precipitates, 137; weighing machines. 128; weights, 127. Therapy-dynamics, 25, 71. Thyroid glands, 38. 220 INDEX Tinctures, 144; table of doses, 64. Toxicology, 79^81; definition, 79. Troches, 145. Tubers, 82. Vegetable histology, 25, 45. Vinegars, 146. Volatile oils, table of doses, 66. Waters, 144. Wines, 146. Woods, 82. Years, 25; syllabus year, 24.