; . -f- < .■ . , ;■ The Pharmaceutical Syllabus FIRST EDITION I RECOMMENDED BY THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE REPRESENTING The Boards and Schools of Pharmacy OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE First Syllabus Period August 1, 1910 to July 31, 1915 Official Copy Number PUBLISHED BY THE NEW YORK STATE BOARD OF PHARMACY J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 1910 Copyright, 19io, By THE' NATIONAL COMMITTEE Willis G. Gbegoey, Chairman. EXECUTIVE Henby L. Taylob, Secretary. Henby H. Rusby. James H. Beat.. SUBCOMMITTEES. Ebnst O. Engstbom. H. H. Rusby, Chairman, 115 W. Sixty-eighth St., New York. C. 0. Bigelow, 106 Sixth Av., New York. T TTf'tttt'r 33 W. Tenth St., St. Paul, Minn. Materia Medica. C. B. Lowe, Ger. Av. & Phil-EUena St., Phila, Pa. J. 0. Schlotterbeck, Sch. of Phar., Ann Arbor, Mich. F. P. Tuthill, 1457 Union St., B'klyn, N. Y. Ernest Wende, 471 Delaware Av., Buffalo, N. Y. Pharmacy. J. H. Beal, Chairman, Scio, Ohio. Wm. C. Andebson, 265 Nostrand Av., B'klyn, N. Y. Theo. J. Beadley, Coll, of Phar., Albany, N. Y. Chables Gietneb, Office State Bd., St. Louis, Mo. W. G. Gregory, 319 Main St., Buffalo, N. Y. Samuel A. Grove, 127 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y. Oscar Oldberg, N'western Univ. Bldg., Chic., Ill. Chemistry. Ebnst 0. Engstbom, Chairman, Pittsfield, Mass. C. Lewis Diehl, 1346 E. B'way, Louisville, Ky. Geo. C. Diekman," 115 W. Sixty-eighth St., New York. S. L. Hilton, 22d & L. Sts., Washington, D. C. Julius A. Koch, Coll, of Phar., Pittsburgh, Pa. Charles B. Sears, 109 Genesee St., Auburn, N. Y. H. L. Taylor, Capitol, Albany, N. Y. OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE NEW YORK STATE BOARD OF PHARMACY 1909. WILLIAM MUIR, President. HERBERT M. GROVES, First Vice-President. JOHN HURLEY, Second Vice-President. WARREN L. BRADT, Secretary-Treasurer. Clabence 0. Bigelow, Chairman, 106 Sixth Av., New York. Geobge C. Diekman, 115 W. Sixty-eighth St., New York. Eastern Branch. Joseph Weinstein, Secretary, 115 W. Sixty-eighth St., New York. Frederic P. Tuthill, 1457 Union St., Brooklyn. William Muir, 1366 Broadway, Brooklyn. Middle Branch. Bybon M. Hyde, Chairman, 202 Main St. East, Rochester. Judson B. Todd, 114 North Aurora St., Ithaca. Waeben L. Bbadt, Secretary, Eagle and Howard Sts., Albany. Arthue S. Wardle, 1-3 Warren St., Hudson. John Hurley, Little Falls. John C. Kbeigee, Chairman, Salamanca. Samuel A. Geove, 127 Broadway, Buffalo. Geoege Reimann, Secretary, 405 Gei'em SU, Buffalo. Western Branch. James A. Lockie, 415 White Building, Buffalo. Hebbebt M. Gboves, Jamestown. THE PHARMACEUTICAL SYLLABUS (Subject to revision) RECOMMENDED BY THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE PRESENTED TO THE NEW YORK STATE BOARD OF PHARMACY Albany, N. Y., January 3, 1910. By Henry L. Taylor, Secretary Approved, Adopted, Ordered Printed and Distributed by the Board. TO THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE BOARDS OF PHARMACY. Los Angeles, Cal., August 16, 1909. By Ernst 0. Engstrom, Chairman Chemistry Branch. Approved, Representation Continued, and Recommended for Adoption at the Next Meeting of the Association. TO THE AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF PHARMACEUTICAL FACULTIES. Los Angeles, Cal., August 17, 1909. By J. H. Beal, Chairman Pharmacy Branch. Approved, Representation Continued, and Recommended for Adoption at the Next Conference. TO THE SECTION ON EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION OF THE AMER- ICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION. Los Angeles, Cal., August 18, 1909. By Henby H. Busby, Chairman Materia Medica Branch. Read by Title and Referred to the Chairman for Final Adoption at the Next Meeting of the Section. TO THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION. tTO BE REPORTED Richmond, Va., May 3-7, 1910. By Willis G. Geegoby, Chairman New York and National Syllabus Committees. 4 National Committee Explanation. This is a composite picture of the three graphics given on other pages of this report and. is reproduced to graphically illustrate the work of the Committee thus far outlined, and to indicate its farther task. The parts of this picture are called graphics for the want of a better title, for though the attempt is to make them graphical, their purpose is illustrative. How to illustrate so abstruse a work as a syllabus is the problem which these graphics are given to solve. Whether they prove a help or a. hindrance time alone can tell. This can be said of them, however, that they have grown with the growth of the work. They have repeatedly clarified complex questions of time allowances. They have justified contentions as to time limits, relevant subjects and illogical deductions. They are not planned for the unthinking nor for the uninterested, but it is confidently asserted that they will materially help the workers solving the problems of pharmaceutical education to a clearer notion of the scope and purposes of the syllabus. They have justified their existence in the experience of the Executive Committee which bespeaks their as- sistance in the elucidation of the text to the other members of the Committee and to all students of this subject. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 5 Illustration. The subjects of pharmacology, their relations and relative im- portance as outlined by the committee for a two years' course in the schools of pharmacy and for the examinations by the state boards of pharmacy. It is fitting at the outset of an undertaking to attempt a clear exposition of the plan and scope of the work. From its inception the scope of this work has been the outlining of a minimum course of study and a syllabus for the guid- ance of pharmacy schools in their preparation of students for admission to the boards' licensing examinations. The plan unfolded in the historical sketch is an example of an American trait of character-the adaptation of present means to a definite end. Given a new and obscure law in New York State and the un- tried relation of several possibly conflicting interests, what happens? Confer- ence leads to confidence, concession to inspiration, united effort to strong ad- vance and local success to national influence. Syllabus. The meaning of the word syllabus as applied to this undertaking needs to be clearly understood. The dictionaries make the word a synonym of compendium, abstract, epitome, brief. It is more than these. It is a concise statement of a scheme of lessons. The first suggestions of a syllabus for ele- mentary and secondary schools in the State of New York appear in Regents actions as early as 1828. In 1880 it is a " summary of requirements." The syllabus of 1891 affects 504 secondary schools of the State with 50,000 students, passes through ten editions and established the five-year syllabus period. Let us paraphrase its introductory notes. This pharmacy syllabus is prepared to indicate the general scope and char- acter of the instruction to be given by the teacher and the work to be done by the student. By this means it is expected that adequate attention will be given to the essentials of each subject, that approved principles of teaching will be observed and that embarrassment to students in state board examinations aris- ing from defective instruction or the use of different textbooks may be obviated. It is not designed, however, to interfere with such flexibility in courses of study and freedom in methods of instruction as ought to exist in pharmacy schools, but to indicate subjects of study, to present outlines of these subjects, experi- ments for the laboratory, definitions of standard requirements and topical analyses. Examination questions are to be based upon the syllabus, but the instruction of the schools and the tests of the boards may fairly be expected to give recog- nition to important discoveries in pharmaceutical science and other significant changes. The plea that particular textbooks are deficient will not be accepted in extenuation of inadequate knowledge. Special efforts will be made to state examination questions clearly and not to assume a degree of knowledge or skill in statement that may not reasonably be expected from pharmaceutical students. On the other hand, the schools should contribute their share toward the success of the examination set by the state boards by thoroughly covering the mini- mum course outlined and detailed by the syllabus. A system of examinations adapted to the work of all the pharmacy schools of the United States must of necessity be somewhat different from one intended for the students of a single school. The personality of the teacher, the local environment and the textbook used, all tend to vary the work done in the differ- ent schools. As a result the exact course studied of any subject and the em- phasis given to any part of it will not be precisely the same in any two phar- macy schools. This is as it should be, for were it not so the work would lack individuality and life. To provide for these conditions the pharmaceutical sylla- bus will give in general terms very full outlines of the subjects in which exami- nations are held. These outlines should, in fact, be so full that it will be quite impossible for any one class in the time allotted to study exhaustively all the topics mentioned and no one textbook could furnish the material for such ex- PREFACE. 7 8 National Committee haustive study. It is here that the alternative or group system of questions may give relief. If a question paper has been properly prepared and the student has been properly instructed, he should find on the paper questions that relate to matters which have not been taken up in detail in his study of the subject. If this is not the case, it is evidence either that the questions have not been properly distributed over the whole field, or that the instruction or study has been distributed over too much of the field. If teachers and students will take this attitude toward the examinations, all the hampering effects will disappear, and it will be, as it is intended to be, stimulating in the best sense. In short, the plan and scope of the work contemplates an outline and syllabus that shall serve as a rational ground for instruction in pharmacy schools of the United States, and that shall afford permanent and scientific tests for admission to the practice of one of the most ancient and honorable branches of applied science-pharmacology. To the Schools of Pharmacy.-All work performed upon the syllabus,, that now in progress and that contemplated, should be regarded in the light of a pro- gressive systematic study, the results of which are to prepare the way for such a degree of uniformity in the minimum requirements of the boards, and, therefore, in the minimum instruction of the schools, as shall seem practicable. It is hoped that experience will show that this uniformity can be gradually increased, changes being made at five-year intervals. The statement will doubtless be endorsed by every member of the Conference, that no results in such an important matter as this, which have not been at- tained by such systematic study, should be accepted, and that it is not likely that any advance toward uniformity can be expected except as the result of this painstaking method. It will also be recognized that the very fact that a tentative syllabus pro- vokes diverse criticism is evidence of the need of such study, and that this need is the greater in proportion to the strength and variety of such criticism. The thorough analysis and discussion of the work must therefore be regarded as an unmixed good, and such a discussion will result in showing how far it is possible to go in securing an initial basis of uniformity. Its approval, while not possessing any obligatory power over any member of either body which does not approve of it, may be expected to determine for the first syllabus period of five years, the general policy of the boards in framing their examinations, and of the schools in fitting students to meet them. With- out any compulsion or formal agreement, this result could not fail to supervene as a result of the individual approval of the several members. Should it be possible to take one or more additional steps, a similar influence might be ex- pected to accrue, and the right and propriety of such a result could scarcely be called in question, coming as it would, from voluntary approval after careful consideration and full discussion. The discussions have followed long and close individual study of the sub- jects submitted to the members. This study has included the local con- ditions under which the boards and schools labor in different sections and the methods and policies which they severally follow, as well as the principles on which correct and successful action should be based. Coerced as we are by the logic of the above considerations, it is most earn- estly asked that the syllabus be studied by the members on the basis above presented, and in the same spirit as that in which it is offered. Although the relations of New York to this work are generally understood, it is apparent that there are some whose understanding of this matter is not cor- Pharmaceutical Syllabus 9 rect. New York found itself compelled by existing conditions to take unitea effort. Recognizing the disadvantageous results which must follow action that was not acceptable to other states, it delayed such action pending that which united effort may recommend. The New York attitude therefore is that of ask- ing for a general decision on these subjects, to the end that it may conform as far as possible with the results so reached. In so far as any of its views may be adopted, after discussion, by others, this will mean merely that it chanced to be first compelled to reach such conclusions, and that these have been found acceptable to its associates. To the Boards of Pharmacy.-One of the principal functions of a board of pharmacy is to determine the fitness of applicants for the responsibilities of supplying the public with drugs and medicines. Nearly the sole function of a college of pharmacy is to fit its students to assume such responsibilities. The colleges were first in the field and for many years their decision as to the fit- ness of their students, evidenced by diplomas, was final. Then the states began to think that they themselves ought to decide as to the fitness of those per- mitted to furnish drugs and medicines. To do this boards of pharmacy were created, so there are now these two agencies-one to train pharmacists and the other to test such training. Both bodies are working with a single aim, to advance the interests of Ameri- can pharmacy; but while their aims are alike, there is too little practical co- operation. Think how advantageous it will be to have both of these powerful forces working in thorough accord, with a perfect .undertanding of each other's field and a cordial response to each other's suggestions. Up to the present time there appears to have been but two slight points of contact between the boards and colleges. First, to a very limited extent there is a common membership, that is to say, upon a few boards there are college professors. This condition has positive advantages, especially in securing co- operation between boards and colleges, but there is decided objection to the ar- rangement in many quarters so it cannot be depended upon as a national source of co-operation. Second, the annual meetings of the national organizations of these two bodies for several years have occurred at the same time and place, but as yet the point of contact is insignificant, so this means will scarcely bring about the close co- operation that is desirable. Where then shall we find the nexus to bind more closely together the boards and colleges? Is it not to be found in the syllabus?-a scheme of lessons that covers the ground which the boards believe should be included in a pharma- cist's education, which the colleges can accept as the minimum preparation of their students for examination by the boards. Surely board members ought to be interested in the preparation of their examinees and just as surely board members ought to have a voice as to the subjects in which such preparation shall be made and the relative amount of time to be given to each subject. The boards have never made a direct state- ment upon this matter. They have never worked in unison. Only by inferences drawn from their examination papers has it been possible to gather an idea of the subjects in which they expected their examinees to be prepared. How much time shall be given to botany as compared with pharmacy? How much time shall be given to microscopy as compared with chemistry? What proportion of time shall be given to practical subjects as compared with theo- retical? What new subjects shall be added? What old ones shall be dropped ot 10 National Committee reduced in time? These are the questions involved, and it is in the study of these and similar questions that the common sense and practical experience of the board members are needed. Doubtless the colleges have a tendency to become too scientific and the in- fluence of the boards is needed to secure the practical in the syllabi of the schools. Where then can a more effective measure of co-operation be found than in their effort to mutually engage in the preparation of a national sylla- bus that will give expression to the views of the boards as to the subjects and their relative importance in which examinees should be trained and will show the limits which the colleges believe should mark a minimum pharmaceutical education? There will necessarily be somewhat of compromise in such a sylla- bus, but that will make it stronger than if it were too theoretical or too quiz- like. A national syllabus then will have these advantages: 1. It will give all the boards a uniform outline of the ground to be covered by their examinations. 2. It will give examinees definite knowledge of the preparation expected by the boards. 3. It will give the colleges a minimum outline of the ground to be covered in the preparation of their students for board examinations. 4. It will lead to such uniformity in board examinations that the endorse- ment of licenses will become possible when they are based on examinations in accord with the syllabus. Historical Sketch. The New York State latvs of 1904, chapter 554, amended the laws of 1900, chapter 667, by inserting in section 194 (6) additional quali- fications for licensed pharmacist in the words " Until he shall have presented to the said Board the diploma of any pharmacy school, college or department of a university maintaining a two years' course in pharmacy, and upon the request or with the approval of said Board registered by the Regents of the University of the State of New York as legally incorporated and as maintaining a proper pharmacy stand- ard, provided such pharmacy school, college or department of a university shall require as a condition for entrance a satisfactory examination in sub- jects designated by said Regents of not less than 12 (15 new) Regents counts or an educational equivalent acceptable to said Regents." Commenting upon this amendment the President of the Board says in the re- port of 1905: " The educational requirements of the amendments to the pharmacy laws, which became operative January 1, 1905, marked the greatest advance for the betterment of pharmacy since the enactment of the laws governing the practice of pharmacy in the four sections of the State previous to the year 1884, which laws required only age, experience and passing a simple exami- nation before the various boards." This amendment brought into closer relations the pharmacy schools of the State, the Board of Pharmacy and the Education Department. But whether the Board or the Regents should initiate the registration of the schools seemed obscure. The schools of the State differed materially in their courses of instruc- tion and to a greater extent the schools of the United States. The Regents had never been called upon to determine what was the proper pharmacy standard for the schools, and the State Board had never attempted to outline or detail a syllabus covering its examinations. In the fall of 1904, before the law became Pharmaceutical Syllabus 11 operative, a conference of the various interests was held at Albany which re- sulted in the establishment by the Regents of a Council comprising the deans of the schools, and by the Board of an Ad Interim Committee (to act upon the applications for registration), thus affording official relations between the Schools, the Board and the Department. The result of this and subsequent conferences with the experience in the ad- ministration of the amended law is found crystallized in the Regents rules. The State Syllabus Committee. The New York statute having specifically determined the general preliminary education requirement for admission to registered schools and the Regents hav- ing adopted rules to govern incorporation and registration, it remained to de- termine what should be a proper pharmacy standard. Correspondence with the Council and with the representatives of certain national organizations revealed a hardship under which certain schools were suffering. The Department on advice of the Ad Interim Committee invited the Council and representatives of the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties to a formal conference at the same time and place with the Board's semi-annual meeting. As a result of the conference and on the recommendation of the Council and of the Committee, the Board at its meeting held June 27, 1906, at Niagara Falls, voted unani- mously: " That the outlining of a course for the schools of pharmacy and the syllabus to govern both registration by the Education Department and examinations by the State Board of Pharmacy be referred to a Committee of Three representing the Board, the Council and the Department, with power." Dr. Rusby was appointed by the Council, Dr. Gregory by the Board and Dr. Taylor by the Department. This Committee, after several informal conferences, was organized at Indian- apolis, September 3, 1906, by the election of Dr. Gregory as Chairman and Dr. Taylor as Secretary. After full and careful consideration of the questions in all their bearings, the following items were voted. Enlarged Committee. To give this work a national character the Com- mittee should be enlarged and an invitation should be extended to the National Association of State Boards of Pharmacy and the American Conference of Phar- maceutical Faculties, each to elect a representative on the Committee. Subcommittees. That the Syllabus Committee, after perfecting the gen- eral outline, should refer its details to four (later three) subcommittees for preparation, suggestion and report. Rules and Regulations. That based on the rules adopted by the State Board and Education Department, the outline and syllabus conform so far as practicable to the present examination requirements of the State Board and curriculums of the schools. General Outline. That the subjects now taught in the pharmacy schools, or examined by the State Board be grouped in four classes (later three) : Classi. Materia medica: Therapeutics; toxicology; posology; physiology. Class 2. Botany: Pharmacognosy, commercial, histologic; microscopy; bac- teriology. Class 3. Pharmacy: Theory; practice; dispensing; manufacturing; commer- cial; jurisprudence; pharmaceutic Latin; pharmaceutic arithmetic. Class If. Chemistry: General, inorganic, organic, analytic; pharmaceutic man- ufacturing; assaying; physics. 12 National Committee Outline by Hours. That as a tentative basis for the prosecution of the study, the 25 weeks of a term (total 500 hours) should be the minimum re- quired for a year's work, and that 600 hours (100 hours of which may be allowed to a year's experience in a drug store or a pharmacy) should be recom- mended. Note that the 100 hours experience that is to be allowed toward the 600 hour year has to be outlined and provided for in this syllabus and should not be overlooked by the Committee. See the graphic representation of this fact. Outline by Years. That in outlining the course by years, the first year should prepare students for the examination as licensed druggist, or licensed assistant, the second year for licensed pharmacist, and the third year for doctor of pharmacy. Druggist of the New York State law bears the same relation to pharmacist as assistant pharmacist or qualified assistant under the laws of other state boards. The annual reports of this Committee have received the unanimous approval of the Board which has borne its proportion of the expense, has continued the Committee with power and has published this report. National Syllabus Committee. National Association of State Boards of Pharmacy. At a regular meet- ing of this Association, held at Indianapolis, September 5, 1906, the aims and objects of the Syllabus Committee and the bodies represented therein were pre- sented. The idea of acting in conjunction with New York State was received with favor and the hope was expressed that the Committee might evolve a sylla- bus acceptable to all schools and boards of pharmacy. Mr. William Bodeman was appointed to act as the representative of this body, which has borne its proportion of the expense, and Mr. Ernst Engstrom was elected his successor at the meeting of the Association in New York, September 19, 1907. , J ; ; i American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties. At a regular meet- ing of this Association held at Indianapolis, September 5, 1906, the Committee reporting on the president's address recommended the appointment of a member of the Conference to act on the Syllabus Committee. On formal request the chairman of the Committee, who subsequently became the president of the Con- ference, consented to represent the Conference for the year and was elected its representative at a meeting held in New York, September, 1907. The Con- ference has borne its proportion of the expense. Section on Education and Legislation, A. Ph. A. At a joint meeting of the Conference and Boards held at Indianapolis, September 6, 1906, it was voted that a syllabus of pharmacy examinations should be prepared, which will indi- cate the subjects to be included in the boards' examinations as well as in the course of instruction in the pharmacy schools with the view to the attainment of a reasonably uniform standard of minimum requirements which may be adopted by all boards and schools. The joint meeting of these with the Com- mittee on Education, A. Ph. A., at its New York session adopted the Commit- tee's report and ordered it printed. The Committee of Five. This Committee was organized Thursday afternoon, September 6, 1906, with Dr. Gregory as president, and Dr. Taylor as secretary. The subjects outlined by the New York Committee were adopted as read except the subject of anatomy. The four (later three) subjects as outlined were to be Pharmaceutical Syllabus 13 referred to four (later three) subcommittees of five members each (later seven), comprising a chairman from the Committee of Five and four members named by the four chairmen and representing the schools and boards of New York State and the United States. After final discussion at the New York meeting this Committee became an Executive Committee to present all matters for discussion and for action to the larger committee. The Committee of Twenty-one. The organization of this Committee was perfected and the members assigned to four (later three) subcommittees of five members each (later seven) in accord with the general outline, the secretary being relieved from Committee assignment. Materia medica.-H. H. Busby, New York; C. 0. Bigelow, New York; F. P. Tuthill, New York; C. T. Heller, Minnesota; C. B. Love, Pennsylvania. Botany.-J. H. Beal, Ohio; Charles B. Sears, New York; Ernest Wende, New York; C. Lewis Diehl, Kentucky; J. 0. Schlotterbeck, Michigan. Pharmacy.--W. G. Gregory, New York; Samuel A. Grove, New York; William C. Anderson, New York; Charles Gietner, Missouri; Oscar Oldberg, Illinois. Chemistry.-William Bodeman, Illinois; George 0. Diekman, New York; T. J. Bradley, New York; S. L. Hilton, District of Columbia; Julius A. Koch, Pennsylvania. All the subjects found in the examinations of state boards and in the cur- riculums of the pharmacy schools were presented to the Committee, and by pro- cess of elimination were narrowed down to an outline for a minimum course of study. Early in the work it became apparent from the wide discrepancy in the use of pharmaceutical terms both in the dictionaries and in the announcements of schools that formal definitions as a working basis for the use of the Com- mittee were necessary. It also appeared that the four-fold division of the work was unsatisfactory. Moreover, a determination of the proportion of time to be given the several subdivisions of the curriculum in a minimum two-year course could not be made intelligently. Through correspondence, a discussion of these various items continued until a regular meeting of the Committee was held September 3, 1907, at Hotel Astor, New York city. Sixteen of the twenty-one members were present and after a full and exhaustive discussion of the defini- tions, they were amended for tentative use by the Committee and were pub- lished in the pharmaceutical journals of the country with a request for criti- cism, suggestions, corrections, or emendations. Formal reports were presented through the representatives to the National Association of State Boards, to the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties and to the Committee on Education and Legislation of the American Pharmaceutical Association at their meetings in New York, September, 1907. During the first year of the Committee's activity, 1906-1907, sixty dollars was expended for postage and stationery. This expense was met by twenty- dollar contributions each from the New York State Board of Pharmacy, Na- tional Association of State Boards and the American Conference of Pharma- ceutical Faculties. Reorganization, July, 1907. As a result of prolonged discussion the Con- mittee voted to reduce the four subcommittees to three of seven members each, viz. (1) materia medica; (2) pharmacy; (3) chemistry, and the chair ap- pointed the members of the Committee to the respective positions now held by them as printed on the second page. On formal motion it was voted to require the assignment of hours to the various subdivisions in detail. 14 National Committee The Report of Progress, 1907-1908. The Executive Committee, after pro- longed correspondence, assembled in a connected whole all rules, definitions, principles and assignments of hours and in July, 1908, referred these items to the full Committee for suggestions, corrections, and ratification. Principles. (Adopted by 19 affirmative votes.) (1) The hours shall be, so far as possible, multiples of 1, 2, 3, 5, 20, and 25, providing for classes affording instruction to the junior or senior classes three days a week and for those affording instruction five days a week; providing for twenty periods a week (two days of seven hours and one of six) and for twenty- five hours a week (five days of five hours each) ; providing for years of twenty- five weeks or twenty-six, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, etc. (2) The syllabus shall be issued proof under revision for a certain definite time to be designated, The First Syllabus Period. On the experience of the first syllabus period it shall be revised and become effective for a second syllabus period, etc. (3) The minimum 1,000 hours of the course shall be strictly professional work. A minimum two-year course by hours. (Adopted by 19 votes.) Branches. 1st yr. 2d yr. Total. I. Materia medica 160 140 300 II. Chemistry 200 200 400 III. Pharmacy 140 160 300 Total 500 500 1,000 Detailed tentative assignment of hours. (Adopted by 16 votes.) 1. Materia Medica. 1st yr., 160. 2d yr., 140. Total, 300. Physiology 30 .... 30 Botany . . . . 45 45 Microscopy 40 40 Pharmacognosy . . . . 20 20 General facts and. principles. . .... 10 15 25 Toxicology-posology . . . . 15 20 35 Histological pharmacognosy . 35 35 Pharmaco- and therapy-dynamics. .... 35 35 Commercial pharmacognosy . 35 35 II. Chemistry. 1st yr., 200. 2d yr., 200. Total, 400. Elementary physics 25 25 Elementary chemistry 25 25 General inorganic 25 25 Pharmaceutical inorganic . . 25 organic 25 50 Qualitative 50 25 75 Manufacturing ..... 50 25 75 General organic 25 25 Drug assaying 50 50 Quantitative 50 50 Pharmaceutical Syllabus 15 III. Phabmacy. 1st yr., 140. 2d yr., 160. Total, 300. Pharmaceutical arithmetic .. . 20 20 Pharmaceutical Latin 20 20 Theory of pharmacy 25 25 Practice of pharmacy 25 40 65 Commercial pharmacy 25 25 50 Manufacturing pharmacy . ... 25 40 65 Dispensing pharmacy 50 50 Pharmaceutical jurisprudence 5 5 Twenty voted affirmatively to rise and report progress. The Secretary re- ported to the New York State Board of Pharmacy, at Catskill, N. Y., June 22, 1908. That board ordered the Report printed and distributed for the use of the Committee and for the general information of the members of the several State boards of pharmacy, the faculties of all the schools of pharmacy, and the phar- maceutical press. The report was printed September 15, 1908, and at once dis- tributed at the Board's expense and with its compliments. It was presented to the National Association of State Boards at the Hot Springs (Ark.) meeting, September 8, by Ernst 0. Engstrom, the Board's rep- resentative, approved, new matter ordered printed, and $20 voted for expenses. It was presented to the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties, at Hot Springs, Ark., September 8, by Dr. Gregory. Duplicates of page 19 of the report, the assignment of hours, were distributed the tenth and a spirited discussion ensued at the Conference, relating both to hours and to definitions. It was recommended that the word drug be placed before assaying in the chemistry outline: That pharmacology be defined as the science that treats of drugs and medi- cines; their nature, preparation, administration and effect, including pharma- cognosy, pharmacy, pharmaco-dynamics, and therapy-dynamics; That medicine be defined as a drug or preparation of drugs in suitable form for use as a remedial substance; That pharmacognosy be defined to read " Pharmacognosy treats of the identification and selection of vegetable and animal drugs." It was voted to favor a tentative distribution of the hours of instruction into three great divisions to be styled Botany and Materia Medica, Physics and Chemistry, Theory and Practice of Pharmacy, stating the relative proportion of hours that might be assigned to each department, the subjects understood to be included in each department to be referred to only in a general way. Thus amended, the report was accepted for publication, the representation of the Conference continued, and twenty dollars ($20) voted for its share of the expense. It was presented to the section on Education and Legislation, A. Ph. A, by Chairman Gregory, on September 10, received and referred for publication. During the second year the expenses of the Committee for postage, stationery, etc., were $40, which was met by the contributions from the boards and Con- ference, and the New York State Board printed the report. The Executive Committees' Activity, 1908-1909. On formal call this Com- mittee met at Albany, N. Y., January 4, 1909. After reports were made on the Hot Springs meetings and a full discussion of the work, it was formally voted to proceed at once with the preparation of the syllabus in detail and to continue the campaign of education. Dr. Rusby was instructed to address a letter to the 16 National Committee schools and Dr. Gregory to the boards. (See preface.) The chairmen of the subcommittees were to enter at once on the preparation of copy for submission to their members for revision, correction and suggestion. The Chairman's re- vise of copy was to be submitted to the Executive Committee for revision and reference to the Committee of Twenty-one. If sufficient progress was made in the preparation of copy, a formal call of the Committee of Twenty-one was to be made for June or August. This work was sufficiently advanced to warrant the call, and on information that a majority of the Committee could be present at Richfield Springs, N. Y., but not at Los Angeles, Cal., the meeting was held June 28. The eight mem- bers went into committee of the whole, discussed the report of Chairman Eng- strom and referred it back to the Committee for amendments and submission to the Committee of Twenty-one. The New York State Board was requested to publish the syllabus as jts report, to afford the Committee the same facilities accorded its Report of Progress, but not to issue or distribute the syllabus till final revisions were completed and the syllabus adopted by the Committee. On the New York State Board's adoption of this recommendation, the Execu- tive Committee by formal votes accepted: Chairman Engstrom's revise copy for the Chemistry Branch; ordered it printed, paged and numbered; and submitted to the Committee of Twenty-one for revision, corrections, suggestions, amendments and formal action; also Chairman Rusby's copy and notes for the Materia Medica Branch; and Chairman Beal's for the Pharmacy Branch. Galley proof of so much of the syllabus as could be perfected was placed in the hands of its delegates to the Los Angeles meetings. The Executive Committee was in session at Los Angeles and voted to recommend the modifications suggested by the Conference at Hot Springs as to assaying, pharmacology, pharmacognosy. It deemed a modification of the definition of medicine unnecessary and voted it inexpedient to reopen the question of the tentative assignment of hours. The chairman of the chemistry branch reported to the Association of State Boards, and the chairman of the pharmacy branch reported to the Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties, which accepted the reports, continued their relations and contributed $20 each to the expenses of the year, the New York State Board again incurring the expense of publication as its contribution. The chairman of the materia medica branch reported it to the section on education and legislation of the American Pharmaceutical Association. It was read by title and referred to the chairman of the section for final adoption at the Richmond meeting. The Committee by an affirmative vote of 16 adopted the recommendations of the Executive Committee regarding assaying, pharmacology and pharmacognosy. The continued activity of the committee enabled the New York committee to report the practical completion of the Syllabus, proof subject to corrections, January 3, 1910. The New York State Board of Pharmacy on that date approved it for the first syllabus period, ordered it printed on copyright by the National committee, provided for its distribution to the members of all boards of pharmacy and to the principal chairs in the pharmacy schools of the United States. The committee by a unanimous vote applied for copyright, published and distributed it February 1, 1910, and continues active work on its re- vision for report to the A. Ph. A. at its Richmond 1910, meeting. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 17 General Outline and Syllabus Recommended by the Committee. The National Syllabus Committee representing boards and colleges of pharmacy respectfully recommends for adoption this general outline and syllabus as a minimum course of study for the guidance of pharmacy schools in the preparation of students for the examinations of the state boards of pharmacy, based on the syllabus, during the first syllabus period, August 1, 1910, to July 31, 1915. (Subject to revision.) Definitions. The wide discrepancy in the use of pharmaceutical terms by the dictionaries, in the announcements of schools and in the examinations set by state boards makes formal definitions necessary. The definitions used in this outline have received most careful consideration from experts and by the Committee. They are submitted for careful revision, that from the study may spring proper definitions and a logical modern vocabulary for use in the syllabus. Hours and Years. The twenty-five weeks of a year (total, 500 hours) are the minimum required for a year's work, and 600 hours are recommended, fqr 100 (laboratory) hours of which a year's experience in a drug store or a pharmacy may be allowed. In outlining the course by years, it is contemplated that the first year shall prepare students for the examinations as licensed druggists, or licensed assistants, and the second year as licensed pharmacists. General Terms. The principle on which the definitions have been chosen is an old one " In words as fashions the same rule will hold, Alike fantastic if too new or. old. Be not the first by whom the new is tried, Nor yet the last to lay the old aside." For clearness and precision the general terms are first defined and the special terms when first they appear in the context. a College and School. The term college includes universities and other insti- tutions of higher instruction, authorized to confer degrees in arts and science. Professional and technical higher institutions are uniformly called schools, whatever their corporate title, hence the word school as used in this work refers uniformly to colleges or schools of pharmacy, or to the pharmacy departments of universities. (Of course this use of the word does not affect the corporate title of the institution.) b Pharmacology. The science that treats of drugs and medicines; their nature, preparation, administration and effect; including pharmacognosy, phar- macy, pharmaco-dynamics and therapy-dynamics. c Drugs. All substances used as medicines or in the preparation of medi- cines. Drugs that have not been changed by manufacture except by dessicca- tion or comminution are crude drugs. d Medicine. A drug or preparation of drugs in suitable form for use as a curative or remedial substance. 18 National Committee Explanation. The circle as a target is the aim of all would-be licensed drug- gists or licensed assistants and licensed pharmacists. The radius of the smaller circle being 10, the radius of the larger circle is 11.5. The approximate area of the inscribed triangle is 125 square units; the area of the inscribed hexagon 250 square units and the area of the circle 315 square units. The inner circle is the aim of the Committee's activity -the sum of scien- tific knowledge concerning drugs and medicine. The time assigned the three branches of pharmacology is represented by an equilateral triangle for the first year, which is one-half the area of the regular hexagon inscribed in the same circle; and by the remaining portion of the hexa- gon for the second year. Hence the hexagon as a whole represents a two years' course. The segment of the larger hexagon indicates that chemistry has a greater proportion of time when compared with materia medica or pharmacy - 400 to 300. The segments of the circle without the hexagon indicate that graduate work has not been lost sight of and that advanced courses of the subject are available for articulation with other circles of applied sciences, e. g., medicine. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 19 Graphic A. The three branches of pharmacology and the approximate time assigned each for a two years' course leading to graduation in pharmacy (Ph. G.). Pharmaceutical Syllabus 21 BRANCH I.-MATERIA MEDICA. One hundred and sixty hours, first year; 140 hours, second year; total, 300 hours. Materia medica is the branch of pharmacology that treats of the physical, physiological and therapeutical properties of medicines. Certain general propositions on which the entire course is based should be borne in mind during the consideration of the details. 1. Three hundred hours are allowed for lectures, recitations and laboratory work in botany, physiology, microscopy, pharmacognosy, pharmaco-dynamics, therapy-dynamics, toxicology and posology. A good elementary course in physiology, of five hours weekly for thirty weeks, and a similar elementary course in botany, would consume all this allotted time. It is therefore clear that an attempt to satisfy educational ideals cannot be made in this course. There must be a selection so close as to make the result really fragmentary. No topics except those that are absolutely necessary can be admitted, and most of the Committee will doubtless hold the opinion that many necessary topics are excluded. 2. It follows from the first proposition that we must study the bearing and importance of each individual topic upon the objective result, in order to de- termine the advisability of its admission. 3. It follows from the second proposition that the objects of the course must be studied before its component parts; that is, that we must begin at the end, or top, of the course and work backward or downward. 4. We will therefore begin by analyzing the general subject materia med- ica, and endeavor to determine what relative importance attaches to each of its several divisions. FIRST YEAR. Materia Medica. General facts and principles. 10 hours. In the introduc- tion the general facts and principles of materia medica are brought out and instruction given to cover the requirements of examinations for licensed drug- gists. This theoretical instruction is co-ordinated with the practical under Pharmacognosy. The whole spirit of professional pharmacy, its ultimate success and its moral and professional relation with medicine, render the prac- tice of counter prescribing revolting. There has been in pharmacy a great deal of subscribing to this truth in form, while denying it in practice. Similarly, there has been much instruction given in schools of pharmacy which could have had no other effect than to encourage students in the idea that they were being prepared for this objectionable work after entering upon the pursuit of their business. In arranging our syllabus, our attitude toward this question should be very definite. Let us draw the line in therapeutics between its principles and its practice, admitting the former to the extent of giving the student gen- eral ideas of the fundamental principles of the subject, and excluding the latter. If this is approved, it will allow to therapy-dynamics a very small amount of time as compared with pharmaco-dynamics. To enunciate this principle in concrete form, it is proposed to limit the therapeutic teaching to a classification of medicines on the basis of their action, defining and explaining the different classes, and then, in the discussion of the drugs, merely stating the class to which they belong, respectively, with perhaps a few words as to their position in such class. Even here, it will be necessary to limit such terms and definitions to a general outline, and not to go into the finer subdivisions. 22 National Committee Classifications of Medicine. This has been modified to suit the necessities and limitations of a pharmacy course from Wood's " Therapeutics, Its Principles and Practice." Disinfectants Germicides Antiseptics Antizymotics Counterirritants Rubefacients Vesicants Caustics Astringents Haemostatics Muscular laxatives Muscular stimulants Muscular sedatives Tonics Nervines Nutrients Stimulants Depressants Active and inhibitory effects Primary and secondary effects Effect of size and dose upon Sympathetic class Mydriatics and myoties Intestinal laxatives and pseudo-astringents Vaso-motor stimulants, and depressants or paralyzants Cerebro-spinal class Cerebral sub-class Antispasmodics Anaesthetics Local anaesthetics Analgaesics Delirifacients Narcotics Somnifacients Hypnotics Spinal sub-class Excito-motors Depresso-motors Association and interaction of cerebro-spinal and sympathetic Central and reflex effects Central and peripheral effects, antagonism between Blood medicines Diluents Antacids Direct and indirect Pharmaceutical Syllabus 23 Oxygenizing agents Haematinics Leucocyte stimulants and depressants Increasing or diminishing coagulability Antitoxins and vaccines Cardiants Stimulants, depressants and tonics Arterial depressants and stimulants General and local Dentifrices Sialogogues Digestants, gastric Amylolytic and proteolytic Acids Effect of alkalies Pepsin Diastase Antacids Absorbents Detergents Stomachics Bitters Aromatics Aromatic-bitters Alkalies Effects of acids Gastric sedatives Nervine and mechanical Emetics Central Direct Antemetics Central Direct Intestinal medicines Digestants Classified as were the gastric Disinfectants Poisonous and non-poisonous Anthelmintics " Fuges " and " cides " Taenicides Lumbricides Ascaridicides Stimulants and sedatives Astringents Direct and pseudo or nervine Carminatives 24 National Committee Cathartics Laxatives Purgatives Hydragogues Drastics Chologogues Direct and indirect Nutrition medicines Deobstruents and resolvents Alteratives Antiperiodics Antipyretics Antisyphilitics Diuretics Exact and loose uses of term Direct and indirect Sedative Antilithics Lithontriptics Cystic sedatives and disinfectants Antiblennorrhagics Diaphoretics and sudorifics Nauseating Relation to emetics Refrigerant Simple Mechanical Direct Anhidrotics The above therapeutical classification should be explained and taught in the junior year, in connection with the physiology course, this being the " General therapeutics " or " General materia medica " of the first year. Each therapeutical group should be taken up in connection with the organs ox- functions with which it is most intimately connected. The proper understanding of the subjects covered in the above classification of medicines constitutes the chief requirement for human physiology teaching in the pharmacy course, and the following outline of topics in this subject is arranged on that basis. Physiology. 30 hours. Physiology treats of the organic functions in a state of health. It is obvious that the introduction of the amount of physiology that is essential to an understanding of the above subjects will strain the possibilities of this part of the course to the utmost. This fact precludes the study of anatomy as such, which subject is therefore presented only in connection with, and as required for, the physiology teaching. Introduction and General Considerations. It is scarcely practicable to pre- scribe the details of this portion of the subject as each teacher is likely to have his own original method of introduction. It may be wise, however, to commence with a reference to the amoeba, describing its form and structure, and showing that it possesses all the essential properties of a living being, Pharmaceutical Syllabus 25 sensation, voluntary motion, locomotion, digestion, assimilation, disassimila- tion, growth and reproduction. The cohesion of similar bodies, in masses or colonies, yet each vitally inde- pendent, follows; then similar masses with the individuals composing cer- tain parts so modified as to perform certain parts of the work, while losing other powers, which are specially delegated to other individuals of the mass. Each is thus no longer an animal, but a cell, forming a part of the animal body. This leads to the teaching of unicellular and multicellular ani- jnals, of tissues, organs, and functions, anatomy and physiology, organic systems, and opens the way for the main subjects of human physiology, which follow. Connective tissue Bone - Fiber - Cartilage - Epithelium Bone Organic portion Inorganic portion Fiber White, non-elastic Yellow, elastic Areolar Cartilage Hyaline White fibrous type Yellow elastic type Epithelium Squamous Columnar Modified Serous tissue Structure Function Serous sacs Muscular tissue A muscle separated into its fascicles and fibres The sarcolemma The musculin Complex composition of Properties of Tonicity - Contractibility - Irritability (how excited) Special senses of weight Changes in during contraction Myosinogen and myosin Nature of fatigue in muscle Voluntary and involuntary - Striated and non-striated Nerve tissue Necessity for and general function of Analyze the chain of effects from a bee-sting in foot to the removal of the foot from its position What nerve elements must there be to perform these acts Central, peripheral and conducting elements Nerve cells and nerve fibres The neuroglia - The neuron 26 National Committee Nerve cells Structure of Poles - Dendrites - Origin of fibre Formation of centers or ganglia Nerve fibers Non-medullated Change to medullated Nodes and internodes Formation into nerves Division into fibrillae Afferent and efferent Functions of each Varieties of nerve endings The nervous system Cerebro-spinal division Sympathetic division The cerebro-spinal division Spinal portion Cerebral portion The spinal portion The cord The nerves The spinal nerves Origin from cord Parts supplied by them Proof of motor and sensory fibres Separation of these in roots The trophic ganglion The spinal cord Position Form and gross parts Proof of motor and sensory tracts Their location Proof of motor and sensory centers Decussation of sensory fibres Not of motor The encephalon Its principal ganglia Its nerves The medulla oblongata Location Decussation of motor fibres The vital spot The pneumogastric nerve " Breaking of neck " The cerebellum Location Functions Pharmaceutical Syllabus 27 Ilie cerebrum General nature and importance Relation of convolutions Localization of functions Relation of blood supply to activity of brain Sleep Sympathetic division Location General parts The plexuses Connection with cord Double service Active and inhibitory Control of pupil Control of arteries Control of intestines Control of glands The blood Necessity for General functions of Supplying nutriment Removing waste Regulating temperature Transporting medicines Produced by body Introduced into body Mechanical support Imparting color Properties of blood Amount - Temperature -• Re-action - Colors - Odor - Taste - Specific gravity Structure of blood Liquid and solids Solids Erythrocytes - Leucocytes - Placques - Miscellaneous granular matter The erythrocytes Properties Extent of surface Constituents Haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin Functions The Leucocytes Compare with erythrocytes as to number, size, form and structure Act like animalcules Independent movement Locomotion and diapedesis Relation to pus-cells Office as scavengers Office as soldiers Office as medicine makers Where produced and destroyed 28 National Committee Placques Number - Form - Function The blood plasma Constituents Inorganic Organic saline Organic non-nitrogenized Organic nitrogenized Fibrinogen and fibrin Serum and globulins Circulation Necessity for Time required Estimate of mechanical labor performed by heart and various auxiliary forms The heart Position - Form - Size The pericardium The endocardium The muscular structure Right and left hearts Septum - Foramen ovale Auricles and ventricles The auriculo-ventricular valves The ventriculo-arterial valves The course of the blood Diastole and systole Nervation of heart Function of vagus Function of sympathetic Function of ganglia Origin of action in muscular irritability Beating of heart after removal from body The arteries Their function Increased caliber on division The three walls and characters of each Aneurism Change in walls from larger to smaller Special study of smallest Vaso-motor changes Importance of Blood pressure The capillaries Origin in arteriole Structure and properties Osmosis or dialysis How affected by vaso-motor changes Pharmaceutical Syllabus 29 The veins Origin in capillaries Structure of veins compared with arteries Presence of valves Capacity compared with arteries Causes of blood-flow through Nature of hemorrhage as compared with arteries Respiration Necessity and objects Changes in blood color seen under microscope Percentage of 0 and Co2 interchanged Effects of on temperature Inhalation of medicines and poisons Cutaneous respiration Effects of water supply upon Proper way to breathe Importance of health of nares Mechanism of inspiration Rib movements Diaphragm movements Pleura and pleural space and atmospheric pressure Action partly voluntary and partly automatic Ordinary and forced inspiration, and muscles Mechanism of expiration Weight of chest-wall Relaxation of diaphragm and elasticity of abdominal wall Elasticity of air vesicles A passive process Forced expiration and muscles of Portions of air Complementary - Tidal - Reserved - Residual Course of air to and from lungs - The air passages - Nares (ant. & post.) Pharynx - Larynx - Glottis ond epiglottis - Rima glottidis - Trachea -- Bronchi - Air vesicles - Mixing of air in vesicles Relations of blood to air in vesicles Capillaries Osmosis Cause of respiratory movements Digestion Necessity for nutrition Nutrients Presence in foods Digestion defined Assimilation defined Nutrients classified Organic and inorganic Inorganic enumerated and explained Principal foods containing them Known as bone-formers 30 National Committee Organic nutrients Similarity of animal and vegetable series Ultimately from plants and produced by chlorophyll acting on sun's energy Nitrogenized and non-nitrogenized Nitrogenized nutrients Animal Albumin - Casein - Musculin - Fibrin - Gelatin Foods containing them Vegetable Albumin - Glutin - Legumin, etc. Digested by proteolytic enzyms Called " flesh-formers " Non-nitrogenized nutrients Carbonaceous or " respiratory " Carbo-hydrates and hydro-carbons Carbo-hydrates Sugars - Starches - Inulin - Cellulose, etc. Digested by amylytic enzyms Sugars compared as to wholesomeness and value Hydro-carbons Fats and oils Glycerin Emulsion Saponification Free storage of products of digestion of carbonaceous, but little of nitrogenized Excitation of digestive functions by odors and flavors, also by visual appearance of food Digestive processes Mechanical and chemical Chemical digestion by mouth Mechanical digestion by mouth Origin of saliva Describe glands in general Secretory and excretory Enumerate and describe salivary glands Functions of saliva Ptyalin Exciting causes of salivary flow Absorption from mouth Physiology of swallowing Voluntary and involuntary parts Digestive organs of abdomen Peritoneum described Movable and fixed portions Organs covered wholly Organs covered on one side only 31 Pharmaceutical Syllabus The stomach Position Discomfort taken for heart trouble Cardiac and pyloric openings Form Size Difference when full and empty The coats of stomach Physiology of peritoneal coat Physiology of muscular coat Physiology of mucous coat Its loose attachment and folds Velvety and pitted surface Mucous glands Peptic glands Alkaline coating at rest Acid secretion Causes exciting flow Collection for experiment Constituents of gastric juice Physiology of the acid Physiology of the pepsin Physiology of the rennin Effects of gastric juice On starch On fat On glucose On cane sugar On egg-albumen On animal fibrin On animal casein On lean meat On fat meat On milk Inability to get at vegetable nutrients if still in plant cells Muscular movement and circuit of food in stomach Separation of stomach into two pouches, and work in each Closing and opening of two orifices as occasion requires The chyme Its transfer to intestine Absorption from stomach Nervation of stomach Physiology of nerve elements The intestines Dimensions Location 32 National Committee The three coats Muscles and peristaltic action Small and large intestine General functions of each Ileo-csecal valve Vermiform appendix The small intestine Its three divisions General functions of each The duodenum Location Size Connection with liver and pancreas and openings from them The three secretions from its mucous membrane Ordinary mucous glands Intestinal follicles The pancreas Location Form Structure Openings Similarity to salivary glands Pancreas juice Composition of How collected for examination Trypsin - Nature and functions Amylopsin - Nature and functions Steapsin - Nature and functions Causes exciting flow of pancreas juice Effects of duodenal digestion on each of the more important foods The liver as a digestive organ Position Form Size General structure The bile Its course to intestine The bile duct and bladder Digestive functions of bile Completion of digestion in small intestine The chyle Its movement through intestine Absorption The villi The capillaries The lacteals Pharmaceutical Syllabus 33 The liver as an excretory gland. Origin and course of portal vein Course of hepatic artery Liver capillaries Liver cells Origin of bile ducts Composition of blood in portal vein, hepatic artery and hepatic vein com- pared Liver as a sugar maker Glycogen Composition of bile Origin of excretory products The lymphatic system Lymph spaces Lymph capillaries Lymph ducts Their valves Their nodes Their plexuses Thoracic ducts Origin of lymph Composition of lymph Lymph corpuscles The kidneys Position Form Capsule Lobes Pyramids Cortex and columns Straight and convoluted tubes Malpighian bulbs Capillaries Around tubes In Malpighian bulb Excretion into tube Water into bulbs Effects of changes in blood pressure, general and local Properties and composition of urine Nervation of kidney Causes of secretion Vicarious secretion by skin, lungs, bowels and stomach Passage through ureter to bladder Suppression and retention 34 Kational Committee Origin of excretory substances of urine Nutritive substances in urine abnormal The adrenal glands Their secretion and its properties and action The thyroid glands Their secretion and its properties and action The skin Amount of surface Connection, anatomical and physiological, with mucous membrane General functions Complex structure Epidermis and cutis vera Reticulate and papillary layers Reticulate layer Its tissues Papillary layer Its tissues Its nerve endings Its blood supply Its lymphatics Its sebaceous glands The sweat glands and ducts Epidermis Corneous and Malpighian layers Pigment cells Hair and nail follicles Hair follicles Relations of sebaceous secretion to Nutrition of hair and nails Corneous layer Functions protective Perspiration Amount Composition Normal and abnormal Glandular nerve supply Conditions exciting perspiration This instruction in physiology and the classification of medicines will pre- pare the student for most of his general instruction in the materia medica lec- tures, especially that part relating to the principles of therapeutics. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 35 Toxicology-Posology. 15 hours. Toxicology treats of poisons, their recogni- tion, effects and antidotes. Posology treats of the doses of medicines. In order to relieve, as much as possible, the senior year, which is very much overcrowded in every school of pharmacy, the study of posology is taken up in the first year. Average doses of all U. S. P. drugs and preparations, and of all the more important unofficial ones also, are arranged in tabular form and committed to memory, there being a brief weekly recitation in this sub- ject. This memorizing course should be preceded by a single lecture in which the principles of the subject are explained as follows: Minimum adult dose Maximum adult dose Average adult dose Largest dose taken with recovery Smallest recorded fatally toxic dose Infantile and juvenile doses The age rule for estimating doses The weight rule for estimating doses Method of determining the dose by weight, by animal experimentation Special conditions influencing the dose Modes of introduction to system Existence of poisoning at the time Influence of special diseases Exceptional conditions of patient Temperament Habit Idiosyncrasy Interference by other drugs Antagonistic Synergistic TABLES OF DOSES, CHIEFLY OF POISONOUS ARTICLES. Toxicology treats of poisons, their recognition, effects and antidotes. Posology is the study of doses. The study of the nature and identification of poisons calls for a knowledge of physics and chemistry; that of their effects requires a knowledge o physiology. The study of doses calls for a knowledge of physiology, materia medica and therapeutics. The immediate object of this short course is to familiarize the first year student with the dosage of poisons, that he may be able to avoid such dangers of poisoning accidents as are incident to the duties of an assistant in the pharmacy. The following general facts must be kept in mind. The medical dose of a substance varies widely according to the disease for which it is given, the person to whom it is administered and his condition at the time, his age, weight, habits, and many other factors. For these reasons, the Pharmacopoeia gives the average medicinal doses for an adult. These average doses should be learned but it should be remembered that the average doses can often be very greatly exceeded, even for medicinal purposes, and that in other cases much smaller doses properly may be prescribed. 36 National Committee The poisonous dose varies to an even greater extent. Of a certain poison, 3 grains may kill in some cases, while in others, 25 times the amount may be taken and recovery result. In studying a poison, therefore, one should learn the smallest dose that has ever been known to cause death, and the largest amount that recovery has followed, but such study is beyond the present course. The object of this course is to learn what doses are to be regarded as dangerous and to be treated with caution. Remember, in most cases, to look with suspicion upon the amount of a poisonous substance two or three times in excess of the average medicinal dose. The more highly poisonous the substance the narrower the margin, usually, between the medicinal and the poison- ous dose. | Abbreviations used in the following tables are, dil. dilutum; Cc. cubic centimeter; Gm. grammes; grs. grains; min. minims; fldr. fluidrachms. TABLE OF AVERAGE DOSES OF POISONOUS OFFICIAL ACIDS. Title. Acidum Sys. metric. Common. Aceticum dil... 2 Cc.. 30 min. Benzoicum .5 Gm. 7 1/2 grs. Boricum .5 Gm. 7 1/2 grs. Camphoricum. . . . . . . 1 Gm. 15 grs. Citricum . 5 Gm. 7 1/2 grs. Hydriodicum dil . 5Cc„ 8 min. Hydrobromicum dil.. 4 Cc.. 1 fldr. Hydrochloricum dil. . 1 Cc.. 15 min. Hydrocyanicum dil.. 1/10 Co.. 1 1/2 min. Hypophosphorosum dil .5 Cc.. 8 min. Lacticum 2 Cc.. 30 min. Title. Acidum Sys. metric. Common. 30 min. Nitricum dil Nitrohydrochloricum 2 Cc. dil 1 Cc.. 15 mln. Phosphoricum dil.. . . 2 Cc.. 30 min. Salicylicum Sulphuricum Aromati 5 Gm. 7 1/2 grs. cum 1. Cc.. 15 mln. Sulphuricum dil 2 Cc.. 30 min. Sulphurosum 2 Cc.. 30 min. Tartarlcum 5 Gm. 7 1/2 grs. Summary: Dilute hydrobromic acid is given in fluid drachm (4 Cc.) doses. Dilute hydrocyanic acid in 1 1/2 minim doses. Sulphurous, Lactic, Dilute Acetic, Nitric, Phosphoric, Sulphuric, 30 minim (2 Cc.) doses. Aromatic Sulphuric, Camphoric. Dilute Hydrochloric, Nitrohydrochloric, 15 minim 1 (Cc.) or 15 grain (1 gramme) doses. Benzoic, Boric, Citric, Salicylic, Tartaric, Dilute Hypophosphorus, Hydriodic, 8 minim (.5 Cc.) or 7 1/2 grains (.5 gramme) doses. TABLE OF DOSES OF OFFICIAL ALKALI SALTS, ETC. Title. Amonium. Lithium. Potassium Sodium. Chloride 7 1/2 grs. Valerate 7 1/2 grs. Carbonate 4 grs. 7 1/2 grs. 15 grs. 15 grs. 15 grs. 15 grs. Bromide 15 grs. 15 grs. 15 grs. 15 grs. 4 grs. 7 1/2 grs. 7 1/2 grs Salicylate 4 grs. 15 grs. 15 grs. Citrate 7 1/2 grs. 15 grs. 15 grs A retate 30 grs. 15 grs Bicarbonate 30 grs. 15 grs' Title. Sodium. Arsenate 1/10 gr. Dried arsenate 1/20 gr. Bisulphite .. 7 1/2 grs. Borate . . 7 1/2 grs. Monohydrated carbonate.. . . . 4 grs. Nitrite . . 1 gr. Phenolsulphonate . . 4 grs. Phosphate . . 30 grs. Dried phosphate . . 15 grs. Pyrophosphate . . 30 grs. Sulphite .. 15 grs. Thiosulphite .. 15 grs. Title. Potassium. S odium. Chlorate . ... 4 grs. 4 grs. Hypophosphite. .. .... 7 1/2 grs. 15 grs. Nitrate Bitartrate Cyanide Dichromate Ferrocyanide Permanganate.... Sulphate .... 7 1/2 grs. .... 30 grs. .... 1/5 grs. .. .. 1/5 grs. .. .. 7 1/2 grs. .... 1 grs. .... 30 grs. 15 grs. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 37 Title. Sodium. Argenti nitras 1/5 gr. Argenti oxidum 1 gr. Arseni iodidum 1/10 gr. Arseni trioxidum (arsenic).... 1/30 gr. Bismuthi citras 2 grs. Bismuthi et ammonii citras... 2 grs. Bismuthi subcarbonas 7 1/2 grs. Bismuthi subgallas 4 grs. grs. Bismuthi subnitras 7 1/2 Bismuthi subsalicylas 4 grs. Calcii bromidum 15 grs. Calcii carbonas praecip 15 grs. Calcii chloridum 7 1/2 grs. Calcii hypophosphis 7 1/2 grs. Calcii phosphas praecip Calx chlorinata 15 4 grs. grs. Calx sulphurata 1 gr. Cupri sulphas (emetic 4 grs.).. 1/5 gr. Ferri carbonas saccharatus. . . 4 grs. Ferri chloridum 1 gr. Ferri citras 4 grs. Ferri et ammonii citras 4 grs. Ferri et ammonii sulphas 7 1/2 grs. Ferri et ammonii tartras 4 grs. Ferri et potassii tartras 4 grs. Ferri et quininae citras 4 grs. TABLE OF DOSES OF OFFICIAL METALLIC SALTS, ETC. Title. Sodium. Ferri et strychninae citras... . 2 grs. Ferri hypop hosphis . 3 grs. Ferri phosphas solubilis . 4 grs. Ferri pyrophosphas . 4 grs. Ferri sulphas . 3 grs. Ferri sulph. exsiccatus . 2 grs. Ferri reductum 1 gr. Hydrar. chloridum corros. . . 1/20 gr. Hydrar. chloridum mite . 2 grs. Hydrar. iodidum flavum. . . . 1/5 gr. Hydrar. iodidum rub rum.... 1/20 gr. Hydrar. cum creta . 4 grs. Mangam dioxidum praecip . . . 4 grs. Mangani hypophosphis . 3 grs. Mangani sulphas . 4 grs. Plumbi acetas . 1 gr. Strontii bromidum . 15 grs. Strontii iodidum 7 1/2 grs. Strontii salicylas grs. Zinci acetas . 2 grs. Zinci bromidum . 2 grs. Zinci iodidum . 1 gr. Zinci phenolsulphonas . 2 grs. Zinci sulphas . 15 grs. Zinci valeras . 2 grs. Drugs and Fluid extracts. In the manufacture of fluid extracts, the activity of each gramme of drug is contained in 1 Cc. of the fluid extract, or of each grain of drug in 1 minim of fluid extract. The dose of the drug, therefore, will be as many grammes or grains as cubic centimeters or minims of the fluid extract. In this table, therefore, the doses of the drugs are not given. In the poisonous column are included a number of articles, which, though not deadly, are markedly injurious in overdoses. Aconite 1 minim Apocynum 15 minims Aromatic 15 minims Belladonna root 1 minim Cannabis indica 1 minim Capsicum 1 minim Cimicifuga 15 minims Coca 30 minims Colchicum 3 minims Conium 3 minims Convallaria 8 minims Cubeb 15 minims Digitalis 1 minim Ergot 30 minims Euonymus 8 minims Gelsemium 1 minim Granatum 30 minims Guarana 30 minims Henbane 3 minims Hydrastis 30 minims Ipecac 1 (or 15) minims Leptandra 15 minims Lobelia 8 minims Lupulin 8 minims Mezereum 1 minim Nux vomica 1 minim Phytolacca 1.5 (or 15) minims Pilocarpus 30 minims Podophyllum 8 minims Quassia 8 minims Quillaja 3 minims Savin 5 minims Sanguinaria 1.5 minims Scilla 1.5 minims Scopola 1 minim Spigelia 60 minims Stavesacre 1 minim Stramonium 1 minim Veratrum 1.5 minims Xanthoxylum 30 minims Zingiber 15 minims POISONOUS. Bitter orange 15 minims Barberry 30 minims Buchu 30 minims Calamus 15 minims Calumba 30 minims Chimaphila 30 minims Chirata 15 minims Cinchona 15 minims Cypripedium 15 minims Eriodictyon 15 minims Eucalyptus 30 minims Eupatorium 30 minims Frangula 15 minims Gentiana 15 minims Geranium 15 minims Glycyrrhiza 30 minims Grindelia 30 minims Hamamelis 30 minims Krameria 15 minims Lappa 30 minims- Matico 60 minims Pareira 30 minims Prunus virginiana 30 minims Quercus 15 minims Rhamnus purshiana 15 minims Rheum 15 minims Rhus glabra 15 minims Rosa 30 minims Rubus 15 minims Sarsaparilla 30 minims Scutellaria 15 m nims Senega 15 minims Senna 30 minims Serpentaria 15 minims Stillingia 30 minims Sumbul 30 minims Taraxacum 120 minims Triticum 120 minims Uva ursi 30 minims Valerian 30 minims Viburnum opulus 30 minims Viburnum prunifolium 30 minims NOV-POISONOUS. 38 National Committee Summary: Most fluid extracts are given in doses of 15 or 30 minims (1 or 2 Cc.), a few in larger doses. 11 Of those given in larger doses, none are poisonous except spigelia. Of those given in 30 minim doses, the only poisonous ones are coca, ergot, granatum, guarana, hydrastis, pilocarpus, xanthoxylum. Of those given in 15 minim doses, the poisonous ones are apocynum, aromatic, cimicifuga, cubeb, ipecac, leptandra, zingiber. All given in doses of less than 15 minims are poisonous. The following are given in 8 minim doses: Convallaria, euonymus, lobelia, lupulin, podophyllum, quassia. Savin is given in 5 minim dose. The following are given in 3 minim doses: Colchicum, conium, henbane, quillaja. The following are given in 1 minim doses: Aconite, belladonna, digitalis, gelsemium, ipecac, mezereum, nux vomica, scopola, stavesacre, stramonium. In 1 1/2 minim doses: Phytolacca, sanguinaria, scilla, veratrum. All official poisonous fluid extracts are named above. Extracts: There is no fixed relation between a drug and the amount of extract that it yields. POISONOUS. POISONOUS. Aloes 2 grs. Belladonna leaf 1/5 gr. Cannabis indica 1/5 gr. Cimicifuga 4 grs. Colchicum root 1 gr. Colocynth 1/2 gr. Colocynth compound 7 1/2 grs. Digitalis 1/5 gr. Ergot 4 grs. Euonymus 2 grs. Henbane 1 gr. Leptandra 4 grs. Nux vomica 1/4 gr. Op um 1/2 gr. Physostigma 1/8 . Quassia 1 grs. Scopola ... 1/5 gr. Stramonium 1/5 gr. NON-POISONOUS. Krameria 7 1/2 grs. Licorice 15 grs. Logwood.... 15 grs. Malt 4 drachms Rhamnus purshiana 4 grs. Rheum 4 grs. Sumbul 4 grs. Taraxacum 15 grs. Summary: Most extracts are given in 2 to 4 grain doses. Ail the narcotic extracts, except opium (1/2 grain) are given in 1/5 grain doses, namely: Belladonna, cannabis indica, digitalis, scopola, stramonium. Unofficial extracts of narcotic drugs are given in the same dose. Other drugs given in doses of less than a grain are colocynth, nux vomica and physo- sbgma. Poisonous tinctures: The non-poisonous tinctures., not here named, are given in doses of 30 to 60 minims or more. A number of articles are included, which, though not deadly, are seriously injurious in overdoses. Aconite 10 min. Aloes 30 min. Arnica 15 min. Asafoetida 15 min. Belladonna leaf 8 min. Cannabis indica 10 min. Cantharides 5 min. Capsicum 8 min. Ci nicifuga 60 mln. Colchicum seed 30 min. Digitalis 15 min. Ferric chloride 8 min. Gelsemium 8 min. Henbane 30 min. Hydrastis 60 min. Iodine 1 1/2 mn. Ipecac and opium 8 min. Lactucarium 30 min. Lobelia 15 (or 6)) min. Nux vomica 10 min. Opium 8 min. Opium (camphorated) 2 fldrs. Physostigma 15 min. Quassia 30 min. Sanguinaria 15 min. Scilla 15 min. Stramonium 8 min. Strophanthus 8 min. Veratrum 15 min. Zingiber 30 mm. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 39 It might be assumed, theoretically, that the dose of a tincture would be as many times as great as the dose of the drug or fluidextract as the latter is greater in strength than the tincture. For example, 100 grammes of cinnamon make 500 Cc. of the tincture, so that cinnamon and its fluidextract are five times as strong as the tincture, and it might be supposed that the dose of the tincture would, therefore, be five times as great. Although this is often true, there are many reasons why it is not always so, and it cannot be taken as a rule. A dose is fixed partly by reason of the quickness with which the article is absorbed into the system. Drugs in the powdered form may lie for some time in the stomach, giving up their activity slowly, whereas a tincture is very quickly absorbed. In many cases, also, the alcohol of the tincture adds to the strength of the substance contained in it, while at other times it acts antagonistically, so that the dose must be either decreased or increased, as the case may be. TABLE OF DOSES OF THE MORE IMPORTANT ALKALOIDS AND OTHER ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS. Aconitine 1/400 gr. Aloin 1 gr. Apomorphine and salts.... 1/30 gr. " (emetic). (1/10 gr.) Atropine and its salts 1/160 gr. Benzaldehyde 1/2 min. Caffeine 1 gr. Caffeine citrated 2 grs. Caffeine effervescent citrate. 60 grs. Camphor 2 grs. Cinchonine (variable) 1 gr. Cinnaldehyde 1 min. Cocaine and its salts 1/2 gr Codeine and its salts 1/2 gr. Colchicine 1/120 gr. Coniine 1/120 gr. Digitalin 1/100 gr. Digitoxin 1/100 gr. Elaterin 1/10 gr. .Emetine 1/100 gr. Eucalyptol 5 min. Eugenol 3 min. Gelsemine 1/20 gr. Guaiacol 8 min. Guaiacol carbonate 15 grs. Homatropine 1/120 gr. Hydrastine 1/5 gr. Hydrastinine 1/2 gr. Hyoscine hydrobromide.... 1/120 gr. Hyoscyamine and its salts.. 1/120 gr. Menthol 1 gr. Morphine 1/5 gr. Pelletierine tannate 4 grs. Physostigmine, salts of 1/60 gr. Pilocarpine 1/5 gr. Piperine 3 grs. Quinine and its salts very variable. Salicin 15 grs. Sanguinarine 1/10 gr. Santonin. 1 gr. Scopolamine 1/120 gr. Strophanthin 1/200 gr. Strychnine and its salts.... 1/60 gr. Thymol 2 grs. Veratrin 1/80 gr. TABLE OF DOSES OF DRUGS AND THEIR ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS Drug. Extract. Tincture. Constituent. Aconite 1 gr. 1/5 gr. 10 min. Aconitine 1/400 gr. Aloe 4 grs. 2 grs. 30 min Aloin 1 gr. Apocynum 15 grs Arnica 15 grs 15 min. Aspidium 60 grs Oleoresin 30 grs Belladonna leaf.. . 1 gr. 1/5 gr. 8 min. Atropine 1/160 gr. Belladonna root. . 3/4 gr. Cannabis indica.. 1 gr. 1/5 gr. 10 min. Cantharis 1/2 gr. 5 min. Capsicum 1 gr. 8 min Oleoresin 1/2 gr. Ciihicifuga 15 grs. 4 grs. Coca 30 grs Cocaine 1/2 gr. Colchicum, corm.. 4 grs. 1 gr. Colchicum seed... 3 grs 30 min. Colchicine 1/120 gr. Colocynth 1 gr' 1/2 gr. Conium 3 grs. 1/2 gr. Coniine 1/20 gr. Convallaria 7 1/2 grs Digitalis 1 gr. 1/5 gr. 15 min. Digitalin 1/100 gr. Digitoxin 1/103 gr. Elaterium 1/2 er. Elaterin 1/10 gr. Ergota 30 grs. 4 grs. Gelsemium 1 gr. 8 min. Gelsemine .... 1/20 gr. Hydrastis 30 grs Hydrastine 1/5 gr. Hyoscyamus 4 grs. 1 gr. 30 min. Hyoscine 1/120 gr. Hyoscyamine.... Extracts and Tinctures. 40 National Committee Drugs. Extracts. Tinctures. Constituent. Ipecac 1 gr. 8 min. Emetine 1 /1OQ gr Jalap 15 grs. Resin 2 grs Lactucarium. . . . 15 grs. Lobelia 7 1/2 grs. 15 min. Mezereum 7 1/2 grs. Myristica 7 1/2 grs. Nux vomica.... 1 gr. 1/4 gr. 10 min. Strychnine 1/60 gr. Opium ' Morphine 1 . /c I Other Alkaloids. . J 1/5 gr' Physostigma. ... 1 1/2 grs. 1/8 gr. 15 min. Physostigmine. . . 1/60 gr Phytolacca 2 grs. Pilocarpus 30 grs. Pilocarpine 1 /5 gr Piper 7 1/2 grs. Quassia 7 1/2 grs. Savin 7 1/2 grs. Sanguinaria 2 grs. Sanguinarine 1/10 gr Scammony 4 grs. Resin 3 grg Scilla 2 grs. Scopola 3/4 gr. 1/5 gr. Spigelia 60 grs. Staphisagria. . .. 1 gr. Stramonium. . . . 1 gr. 1/5 gr. 8 min. Strophanthus. . . 1 gr. Strophanthin 1/120 gr Veratrum 2 grs. Zinbiger 15 grs. Title-Oleum. System, common. Amygdalae amarae (Bitter al- mond) 1/2 min. Anisi 3 min. Aurantii corticis (Orange peel) 3 min. Betulae (Birch) 15 min. Cajuputi 8 min. Carvi (Caraway) 3 min. Caryophyllus (Cloves) 3 min. Chenopodii (Am. wormseed).. 3 min. Cinnamomi (Cinnamon) 1 min. Copaibae 8 min. Coriandri 3 min. Cubebae 8 min. Erigeronoltis (Fleabane) 15 min. Eucalypti 8 min. Foeniculi (Fennel) 3 min. Gaultheriae (Wintergreen). . . 15 min. Hedeomae (Am. pennyroyal). 3 min. Juniperi 3 min. TABLE OF DOSES OF VOLATILE OILS. Title-Oleum. System, common. Lavandulae florum (Lavender flowers) 3 min. Limonis (Lemon) 3 min. Menthae piperitae (Pepper- mint) 3 min. Menthae viridis (Spearmint) 3 min. Myristicae (Nutmeg) 3 min. Macis 3 min. Picis liquidae (Tar) 3 min. Pimentae (Allspice) 3 min. Ricini (Castor oil) 4 fldr. Rosmarini 3 min. Sabinae (Savin) 1 min. Santali (Sandal wood) 8 min. Sassafras 3 min. Terebinthinae rectificatum (Purified oil of turpentine) 15 min Thymi 3 min' Tiglii (croton) 1 min' Volatile oils are usually given in 3 minim doses. Those given in 15 minim doses are betula, gaultheria, erigeron, turpentine. Those given in 8 minim doses are cajuput, copaiba, sandal wood, cubeb, eucalyptus. Those given in 1 minim doses are cinnamon, savin, tiglium. Bitter almond oil is given in 1/2 minim dose. DOSES OF PREPARATIONS NOT PRESENTED IN SEPARATE TABLES. Acetum opii 10 min. Acetum scillae 15 min. Aqua ammonii 15 min. Aqua amygdalae amarae.... 1 fldr. Aqui camphorae 2 fldr. Aqua chloroformi 4 fldr. Aqua creosoti 2 fldr. Aqua hydrogenii dioxidi.... 2 fldr. Confections are non-poison- ous Elixir ferri, quininae et strychninae phosphatum.. 1 fldr. Emulsum chloroformi 2 fldr. Glyceritum ferri, quininae et strych. phosphatum 15 min. Liquor acidi arsenosi 3 min. Liquor arseni hydrargyri io- didi 1 1/2 min. Liquor chlori compositus... 1 min. Liquor ferri chloridi 1 1/2 min. Liquor ferri subsulphatis... 3 min. Liquor iodi compositus.... 3 min. I.iquor potassii arsenitis.... 3 min. Liquor potassii hydroxidi... 15 min. Liquor sodae chlorinatae... 15 min. Liquor sodii arsenatis 3 min. Liquor sodii hydroxidi 15 min. Massa hydrargyri 4 grs. Oleoresina aspidii 30 grs. Oleoresina capsici 1/2 gr. Oleoresina lupulini 3 grs. Oleoresina piperis 1/2 gr. Oleoresina zingiber 1/2 gr. Pilulae catharticae composi- tae 2 pills Pilulae catharticae vegeta- bilis 2 pills Pilulae ferri iodidi 2 pills Pilulae laxativae compositae. 2 pills Pilulae opii 1 pin Pilulae phosphori 1 pill Pilulae podophylli, bella- donnae et capsici 1 pill Pulvis acetanilidi composi- tus 7 1/2 grs. Pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii. 7 1/2 grs. Pulvis jalapae compositus.. 30 grs. Pulvis morphinae composi- tus 7 1/2 grs. Resinae jalapae 2 grs. Resinae podophylli 1/4 gr. Resinae scammonii 3 grs. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 41 Spiritus aetheris 1 fldr. Spiritus aetheris compositus. 1 fldr. Spiritus aetheris nitrosi 30 min. Spiritus ammoniae 15 min. Spiritus ammoniae aromati- cus 30 min. Spiritus amygdalae amarae. 8 min. Spiritus camphorae 15 min. Spiritus chloroformi 30 min. Spiritus glycerylis nitratis.. 1 min. Spiritus juniperi 30 min. Syrupus acidi hydriodici.... 1 fldr. Syrupus ferri iodidi 15 min. Syrupus ipecacuanhae 15 min. Syrupus picis liquidae 1 fldr.. Syrupus scillae 30 min. Trituratio elaterini........ 1/2 gr. Vinum antimonii 15 min. Vinum cocae 4 fldr. Vinum colchici seminis.... 30 min. Vinum ergotae 2 fldr. Vinum ipecacuanhae 15 min. Vinum opiF 8 min. TABLE OF MISCELLANEOUS POISONS. Acetanilid 4 grs. Acetphenetidin 7 1/2 grs. Aether 15 min. Aether aceticus 15 min. Aethylis carbamas 15 grs. Alcohol (variable) Alumen 7 1/2 grs. Amylis nitris 3 min. Antipyrin 4 grs. Arnica 15 grs. Benzosulphinidum 3 grs. Betanaphtol 4 grs. Chloralformamidum 15 grs. Chloralum hydratum 15 grs. Chloroformum 5 min. Chrysarobin 1/2 gr. Creosote 3 min. Cresol 1 min. Glandulae suprarenalis sic- cae 4 grs. Glandulae thyroldae siccae. 4 grs. Glycerinum 1 fl dr. Hexamethylamine 4 grs. Iodoform 4 grs. Iodol 4 grs. Iodine 1/10 gr. Methyl salicylate 15 min. Methylthioninae hydro- chloridum 4 gs. Naphthalin 2 grs. Paraldehyde 30 min. Phenol 1 gr. Phenylas salicylas 7 1/2 gr. Phosphorus 1/120 gr. Resorcinol 2 grs. Safrol 5 min. Sulphonethylmethanum.... 15 grs. Sulphonethanum 15 gr . Terebene 8 gr . Terpini hydras 2 grs. Botany. 45 hours. Botany treat? of the structure, growth and classification of plants. It now remains to consider that division of materia medica which is dependent upon the subject of botany, namely, the drug considered physically. Here, as at the outset of our therapeutical study, it became necessary to first establish the final objective result of the course. This is to prepare the student for the identification, estimation and selection of drugs; in other words, for the practice of pharmacognosy. This work is aided by an elementary knowledge of systematic botany, because of community of structure among the members of a group. The same knowledge aids in the therapeutical classification, because of a general community of composition and activity among the individuals com- posing a botanical group. 42 National Committee The structure of the vegetable body thus becomes the basis of study. There is, however, some necessity for a knowledge of the. physiology of the parts; this including of course their chemistry. It will be observed that the relations of the two sub-divisions of this division of materia medica are the exact con- verse of those of the division first considered. The basis of the former was the human body as affected by the medicine. Physiology thus becomes the key, and anatomy is merely incidental. In the second division, the plant body be- comes the basis and its structure, or anatomy, is the key, its physiology becom- ing incidental or supplementary. This corresponds exactly with the difference between the practice of medicine and the practice of pharmacology. The atten- tion of the physician is primarily given to the human body, in order to deter- mine its condition and therapeutical requirements, and he depends upon the pharmacist to supply what is needed to meet the requirements. The knowledge of these subjects required by the pharmacist, however, is theoretical and incidental. On the other hand, the attention of the pharmacist is given to the drug, in order to possess so thorough a knowledge of it that he can supply the needs of the physician, who is relied upon to determine what is required. But the physi- cian's knowledge of the materials themselves is theoretical and incidental. We come then to a consideration of what knowledge of the plant is essential in pharmacognosy, and how much of the less essential, however important, sub- ject of plant physiology can be introduced within the allotted time. The following outline of topics for lecture and recitation will of necessity be treated chiefly from the standpoint of plant description, since it is to constitute a preparation for the course in pharmacognosy. At the same time, however, the opportunity will be utilized for teaching the special physiology of the several organs. The order of topics is suggestive and probably accords with the views of the majority. The teacher will begin at any point he chooses. The seed. Nucellus or kernel and coats Nucellus Embryo and endosperm Albuminous and exalbuminous seeds Endosperm, forms and varieties of Oily - Starchy or mealy - Fleshy - Corneous - Osseous Composition of Embryo Caulicle - Node - Cotyledons - Plumule - Mono-, Di-, Poly-cotyledons Axile - Excentric - Peripheral Form of - Curved, straight, spiral, circinate, crumpled,- incumbent, ac- bent The scutellum Pharmaceutical Syllabus 43 The seed coats Testa or exopleura and tegmen or endopleura Positions and functions The testa Hilum - Chalaza - Raphe - Micropyle Markings and consistency of Aril and arillode * Strophiole and caruncle Germination Conditions and process The root and shoot Epicotyl and hypocotyl Cell division and growth and formation of tissue Meristem, and its directions of development Structure of root of dicotyledons Fundamental, primary and permanent tissues Fundamental tissues Dermatogen - Periblem - Plerom Dermatogen and structures developed from it Root cap - Piliferous layer - Epidermis Their functions Periblem and structures developed from it Hypoderm - Endoderm •- Primary cortex Plerom and structures developed from it Xylem and phloem bundles Vascular bundles Ducts and sieve tubes Fibro-vascular bundles Wood and bast fibres Radial structure Secondary or permanent tissues The stele Completion of bundles Origin of branches Elimination of pith Medullary rays Pericycle Development of cambium Reproduction of their tissues Development of stem structure contrasted with that of root structure The pith The nodes Annual rings Alburnum and duramen Bark development Phelloderm-Phellogen-Secondary cortex-Cork - Rhytidoma - Peridern Pharmacognostical characters of barks and terms used in description 44 National Committee Monocotyledonary and cryptogamic structure compared The polystellar stem Classification of roots Annual, biennial, perennial Monocarpical and polycarpical Fleshy and woody roots • Primary, secondary, adventitious Forms of roots Tubercles Classification of stems Subterranean and aerial Rhizomes, varieties of Tubers and bulbs Their varieties Annual, biennial, perennial Herbs-Shrubs--Trees Erect, ascending, reclining, decumbent, procumbent, creeping, twining, climbing Excurrent, deliquescent Monopodial and sympodial Bifurcating, flexuous Modified stems Trichomes, prickles, thorns The leaf, its development from stem Fibrous framework Epidermis Mesophyll Gross parts of leaf Pulvinus - Petiole - Stipules - Blade Suppression of one or more parts Forms of attachment to stem Petioled, sessile, amplexicaul, perfoliate, adnate, sheathing Forms of attachment to petiole The peltate leaf Forms of leaves Linear, lanceolate, ovate, oblong, oval, elliptical, rotund, obovate, spatu- late, oblanceolate, filiform, accrose, subulate Forms of base Tapering, decurrent, acute, obtuse, rounded, truncate, cordate, sagittade, hastate, auriculate Forms of summit Attenuate, tapering, acuminate, abruptly acuminate, acute, obtuse, blunt, rounded, truncate, retuse, emarginate, obcordate, mucronate, cuspidate, aristate Forms of margin Entire, serrate and serrulate, dentate and denticulate, crenate and crenu- late, sinuate or repand, revolute, involute, pinnatifid, palmatifid, lobed Forms of venation Parallel and net veined, reticulate, palmate, pinnate, flabellate Pharmaceutical Syllabus 45 Forms of surface Glabrous, rugose, lepidote, scabrous, hispid, strigose, pilose, hirsute, pubes- cent, puberulent, sericeous, canescent, tomentose, floccose Consistency Fleshy, membranaceous, coriaceous Compound leaves Rachis, pinnate and palmate, runcinate, lyrate, interruptedly pinnate, decompound Ternate, quinate, etc. Modified leaves Etiolated, scales, sheaths, pitchers, bud-scales, thorns, bladders, leaf ten- drils and suckers Varieties and modifications of stipules Tendrils, hooks and spines Phyllotaxy Verticillate, opposite, alternate, scattered Duration of leaves Evergreen, persistent, deciduous Leafless plants The frond The bud, an undeveloped branch The leaf-bud Naked and scaly The flower-bud Its position Mixed buds Anthotaxy - The inflorescence Indeterminate, ascending or centripetal Determinate, descending or centrifugal Indeterminate forms Raceme Spike Catkin or ament Head Spadix Determinate forms. Cyme Scorpioid raceme Glomerule Fasicle Compound inflorescences - The panicle Mixed inflorescences - The thyrsus Floral bracts Spadix Involucre Receptacle Anthodium Discoid, radiate, liguliflorate 46 National Committee Flower stems The peduncle - Scape - Pedicel The flower Its general nature and homology Its parts Torus - Calyx - Corolla - Androecium - Gynsecium The epicalyx Suppression of parts Duplication of parts Abortion Metamorphosis Alternation and anteposition of parts Imperfect, hermaphrodite and perfect Complete and incomplete Regular and irregular Symmetrical and asymmetrical Appendaging Adnation and connation, freedom and distinction of parts Hypogynous, perigynous and epigynous parts The perigone Sepals and petals, calyx-lobes and corolla-lobes Choripetalous and gamopetalous Tube - Throat - Limb - Margin The unguiculate petal The corona The papilionaceous1 corolla Appendages of perigone Auricle - Sac - Spur- Horn - Cauda - Awn - Palate - Hood - Crest - Keel Gamopetalous forms Rotate, crateriform, hypocrateriform, cupulate, turbinate, campanulate, urceolate, infundibular, cylindraceous, prismatic, ovoid, globular, ven- tricose, gibbous, saccate, spurred, declined, oblique, bilabiate, ringent, personate, fornicate, ligulate Duration of perigone Caducous, fugacious, deciduous, marcescent, persistent Preefloration Open, valvate (induplicate and reduplicate), imbricate, plicate, convolute, crumpled The androecium Its two sets of stamens Effects of duplication By chorisis By metamorphosis Pharmaceutical Syllabus 47 Effects of connation At different points Monadelphism, diadelphism, etc. Effects of adnation Gynandry The stamen Filament - Connective - Anther - Thecae - Locelli Dehiscence of anthers Sutures - Pores - Valves Introrse and extrorse Attachment of anther Innate, adnate, incumbent, versatile, sagittate, semicircular, hori- zontal The one-celled anther Appendages to different parts of stamen Development of pollen-grains Pollinia and pollinaria Staminodia As glands The gynaecium Of separate pistils (apocarpous) Each of one carpal Effects of suppression Of a syncarpous pistil Effects of adhesion The inferior ovary Forms of ovary, style and stigma Ovaries with central placentae Free central placenta Ovaries with parietal placentae Extension of placenta with additional series of ovules Suppression of walls Suppression of ovules Position of ovules Erect, ascending, horizontal, pendulous, suspended False ovarian walls and chambers Pistils in gymnosperms The torus Elongation and production of phores Anthophore, gonophore, gynophore, thecaphore, carpophore Shortening, with resulting adhesion of parts The hollow torus The disk Forms of Fleshy torus 48 National Committee Pollination defined General principles of pollination The pollen grain a microspore Must germinate on stigma (gymnosperms) Self-pollination (cleistogamy) Cross pollination Anemophilous and entomophilous flowers Pollination by birds Pollination by water currents Adaptations for anemophily In stamen In pollen In stigma In habit of plants Adaptations for entomophily Attraction of insects By color, form, odor, food supply Utilization of visit of insect By dicoghamy By dimorphism and trimorphism Provisions to prevent self-pollination Mechanical distribution of pollen Fertilization Structure of microspore Fixation on stigma Germination Descent of pollen-tube (prothallium) The gametophyte and gametes Development and structure of ovule Funiculus - Coats - Nucellus -• Chalaza - Foramen - Raphe Forms of ovules Atropous, anatropous, amphitropous, campylotropous Structure of nucellus The macrospore Development of female gametophyte and gamete Effect of fertilization, formation of embryo (Return to seed) The fruit and fructification Objects of fructification Nourishment, protection and distribution of seed Parts of flower involved May be only a part of ovary May include any part except stigma Product includes pericarp and seeds Pharmaceutical Syllabus 49 Pericarp of ovary and perhaps anthocarp or pseudocarp Exocarp - Mesocarp - Endocarp - Epicarp and putamen Dehiscence of fruits The valves Loculicidal dehiscence Marginicidal dehiscence Circumscissile dehiscence Septicidal dehiscence Partial dehiscence Rupturing fruits Indehiscent fruits Dehiscent fruits Capsules Legume Cochlea Loment Follicle Silicle Pyxis Indehiscent fruits Dry and fleshy Dry and indehiscent fruits Mostly one-seeded Provisions for distribution The plume The wing The barb or hook Glutinous hairs on surface Classification of Samara - Utricle - Akene - Caryopsis - Silicle - Division of lo- ment- Nutlet (Schizocarp) Fleshy Fruits Drupaceous and baccate Drupaceous fruits Drupe - Drupelet - Pyrene - Pome Baccate fruits Berry - Hesperidium - Pepo Aggregate and simple fruits Multiple fruits Strobile - Cone - Galbulus - Aeterio - Syconium Classification of plants and systemic botany, chemical and medicinal con- stituents of plants and proximate principles, should follow as the school is able to find time for further elaboration of the subject. 50 National Committee Pharmacognosy. 20 hours. Pharmacognosy treats of the identification and selection of vegetable and animal drugs; and, Microscopy, 40 hours. The art of examining objects with a microscope. The manner in which the drug is to be physically studied must be based upon the form or condition in which the pharmacist is to encounter it. This is in most cases the form of the powder, so that the ultimate object is the study of powdered drugs. It is evident, however, that more or less study of the drug as a whole must precede that of its disintegrated tissues, and here we are strongly reminded of the inadequacy of the 1,000 hour course. It is not possible to supplement the above suggested general study of the whole drug by its histological study, and the study of its powder, in more than a relatively small number of cases. It seems best, therefore, to provide the student with a good, fundamental knowledge of the methods involved in histological study, and leave him to utilize this knowledge in his farther studies and practice as he may find the opportunity, either in a graduate course or in his subsequent professional work. This consideration brings us to the subject of " Junior Pharmacognosy," that is, of laboratory study of structural botany. It is assumed that the first part of the course will involve illustrations, studied with the naked eye and a simple lens, of the botanical topics already presented. The latter part will involve manipulation of the compound microscope and the study of the vegetable tissues and their ele- ments as follows: The simple microscope Its construction Its uses The compound microscope Its mechanical parts Its optical parts Care of the microscope Use of the microscope Focusing Coarse and fine adjustments Microscopical measurements Ocular and stage micrometers Microscropical drawing Method of sketching Hand sectioning Methods of procedure Microtomes and microchemical technique Fixing Embedding Sectioning Staining Mounting Temporary- Permanent Pharmaceutical Syllabus 51 The cell; its structure and parts Protoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuoles Plastids Cell wall Infiltrations of cell wall Cellulose Lignin Cutin and suberin Cell contents Organic Starch Aleurone Oils Alkaloids Resin Inorganic Calcium oxalate Types of crystals Calcium carbonate Cystoliths Functions of cells The cell as an entire plant As a tissue element Protection Cork .Trichomes, etc. Synthesis ? Mesophyll Parenchyma Collenchyma Transportation ( Sieve tubes Ducts Tracheids Storage Parenchyma of roots, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, etc. Support Stereome Collenchyma The root Transverse, longitudinal, tangential and oblique sections compared Transverse section x Epidermis > Cortex Cork Phellogen u Collenchyma 52 National Committee Parenchyma Sclerids Endodermis Pericycle Parenchyma Stereome Fibro-vascular bundle Phloem Sieve-tubes Cambium Xylem Ducts Tracheids Stereome Wood fibres Medullary rays Pith Rhizomes Compared with roots as to above characters Stem Bark and wood Cork (outer bark), cortex (middle bark), phloem (inner bark) Cork Form and size of cells The wall Thickness Composition Reaction ' Lenticels Phellogen Cortex Collenchyma Parenchyma Stone cells Cell contents Phloem Sieve tissue Fibres Parenchyma and medullary rays Cell contents Wood Definition Elements of wood or xylem Vessels Tracheids Cell contents General features of wood Duramen and alburnum Annual rings Comparison of the three sections Compare herbaceous stems as to the above features Pharmaceutical Syllabus 53 The leaf Transverse section General features Epidermis, mesophyll, vascular bundle, veins Epidermis Character of cells - Cutinization Stoma Guard cells Neighbor cells Trichomes Unicellular Solitary Clustered Multicellular Branched Mesophyll Palisade Form and arrangement Cell contents Spongy Form and arrangement of cells Cell contents Vascular bundle Xylem and phloem Stereome Special study of secretory cells Resin cells Latex cells Oil glands Special study of mineral storing cells Calcium oxalate Crystals Calcium carbonate Cystoliths The flower Diagnostic cell structures in perigone, stamen and pistil Perigone Calyx Epidermal cells Cell contents Character of stoma Corolla Epidermal cells Color of cells Stamen Pollen grain Extine - Intine - Contents Various forms of Germination of 54 National Committee Pistil Stigmatic surface Style tissue The fruit The more important parts in the composition of fruits. Pericarp - Epicarp - Exocarp - Mesocarp - Endocarp Epicarp Structure of epidermal cell Hairs Stoma Mesocarp ' ; Parenchyma cells Arrangement, layers, shape, size, markings of cells Cell contents Schlerenchymatic cells Arrangement, layers, shape, size, markings of cells Cell contents Secretory cells > ; i- Fibro-vascular bundle i "A Endocarp Arrangement, layers, shape, size, markings of cells fhe seed Testa . | Epidermis Character of cells Modifications of cells Trichomes, gelatinous, mucilagenous and schlerenchymatous Perisperm General structure and arrangement of subepidermal cells Arrangement, layers, shape and size of cells Cell contents Starch ; H Aleurone Oil or fats I • ' : i . Endosperm Arrangement, layers, shape and size of cells Cell contents Starch Aleurone Oil Crystals Embryo Cotyledons, plumule and caulicle Arrangement, layers, shape and size of cells Cell contents Starch Aleurone f Oil ' A/ Pharmaceutical Syllabus 55 The instruction in this branch during the second year includes the general principles of materia medica reviewed, toxicology-posology continued; histo- logical pharmacognosy; pharmaco- and therapy-dynamics, and commercial pharmacognosy. SECOND YEAR. Materia Medica. 15 hours. General introduction. Pharmaco- and Therapy-Dynamics. 35 hours. Pharmaco-dynamics treats of the action of medicines on healthy organs. Therapy-dynamics treats of the action of medicines on diseased organs. Some teachers prefer a therapeutical classification of the drugs in the didac- tic or lecture course, but this violates the introductory principles which have been submitted. Since the purpose of the physician is the selection and administration of medicines, it is natural and proper that he should study his drugs more as medicines than as drugs and should therefore lay stress upon their therapeutical classification. Since the pharmacist studies them as drugs and not as medicines, his classification should be rather physical, at least in so far as to group them according to their natural position as objects in nature. Order of topics General remarks on economics of families of plants, especially as to the general nature of their medicinal constituents and their medicinal properties Enumeration of drugs pertaining to family Study of each drug Official and unofficial Official titles - synonyms - names liable to be confused Definition explained as to meaning and reasons therefor Principal cautions regarding quality, etc., including standardization, if employed Character of plant, range, habitat, collection or .cultivation, and prepa- ration Constituents Physiological and therapeutical properties Uses and preparations List of Drugs. Cryptogams Fungi . Ergota - Ustilago - Agaricus - Taka-diastase - Fermentum I Algae (or Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Chondrus - Agar Agar - Fucus - Lamanaria Lichenes Cetraria ; Filices Aspidium Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium 56 National Committee Gymnosperms Coniferae Juniperus - Sabina - Thuja - Terebinthina - Terebene - Resina - Related turpentines and resins - Pix Burgundica - Pix Cana- densis - Pix liquida - Pix navalis - Naphthalinum and naphthol - Phenol - Resorcinol - Oleum cadinum (Refer similarly to coal, coal-tar and its products, similar to those of the coniferae) Monocotyledons Gramineae Triticum - Zea - Amylum - Maltum - Diastase - Saccharum - Alcohol and its official and other forms (Wood alcohol and other alcohols and drugs acting like alcohol; ether, chloroform, the nitrates) Palmae Areca Sabal - Oleum cocois - Oleum Palmae - Resina draconis Araceae Calamus - Arum - Dracontium Bromeliaceae Ananas Liliaeeae (including sub-families) Sarsaparilla - Aloes - Allium - Scilla - Convallaria - Colchicum - Veratrum - Sabadilla - Veratrina Iridaceae Iris - Crocus - Iris versicolor Zingiberaceae Cardamom - Zingiber - Curcuma Orchidaceae Vanilla - Salep - Cypripedium Dicotyledons Piperaceae Cubeba - Piper nigrum and piper album - Matico - Methysticum Salicaceae Salix and salicinum - Methylis salicylas Betulaceae Oleum betulae - Birch-wood tar and its products - Acidum salicy- licum Fagaceae - Creosote and its derivatives Quercus - Galla - Tannic and gallic acids - Pyrogallol - Castanea Urtieaeeae (including sub-families) Ulmus - Humulus - Lupulinum - Cannabis indica - Ficus Santalaceae Oleum santali Aristolochiaceae Serpentaria - Asarum Polygonaceae Rheum -• Rumex Chenopodiaceae Oleum chenopodii Phytolaccaceae , PkytolMM . . .1 A- * . ' * Pharmaceutical Syllabus 57 Magnoliaceae Magnolia - Liriodendron - Drimys - Illicium and its oil Myristicaceae Myristica - Macis Ranunculacese Pulsatilla - Adonis - Hydrastis - Staphisagria - Delphinium - Ac- onitum - Cimieifuga - Hepatica - Helleborus - Clematis - Ra- nunculus - Xanthorrhiza - Coptis Berberidaceae Berberis - Caulophyllum - Podophyllum Menispermaceae Calumba - Menispermum - Pareira - Cocculus indicus and picrotoxinum Monimiaceae Boldus Lauraceae Cinnamomum zeylanicum - C. saigonicum - C. cassia - Camphora - Sas- safras medulla-'Nectandra - Coto and paracoto - Laurus Papaveraceae Opium and its products - Papaveris fructus - Papaveris semen - Oleum papaveris seminis - Rhoeados petala - Sanguinaria - Chelidonium Cruciferae Sinapis alba - Sinapis nigra Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis - Styrax Rosaceae (including sub-families) Rosa gallica - Oleum rosae - Rosa caninae fructus - Prunus Virginiana -• Prunum - Amygdala amara - Amyzdala dulcis - Acidum hydrocy- anicum - Quillaja - Rubus - Cusso Leguminosae (including sub-families) Scoparius - Tragacantha and acacia - Glyyrrhiza - Physostigma -• Chrysarobinum - Kino - Santalum rubrum - Piscidia - Balsamum tolutanum - Balsamum peruvianum - Abrus - Haematoxylon - Cas- sia fistula - Senna - Tamarindus - Copaiba Geraniaceae Geranium Erythroxylaceae Coca Linaceae Linum Zygophyllaceae Guaiacum Rutaceae Ruta - Buchu - Xanthoxylum - Pilocarpus - The citrus group Simarubaceae Simaruba -• Quassia -■ Semen cedronis Burseraceae Myrrha - Olibanum - Elemi Euphorbiaceae Cascarilla - Oleum ricini - Oleum tiglii - Curcas - Euphorbium - Kamala - Stillingia - Elastica 58 National Committee Polygalaceae Senega Krameriaceae Krameria Meliaceae Azedarach Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra - Rhus toxicodendron (toxicology specially treated)-Mas- tiche - Pistacia Celastraceae Celastrus - Euonymus Sapindaceae Guarana Rhamnaceae Frangula - Rhamnus purshiana - Rhamnus cathartica - Ceanothus Malvaceae Althaea- Gossypii cortex - Gossypium purificatum pyroxylinum- Col- lodion- Oleum gossypii seminis Sterculiaceae Cacao - Oleum theobromatis - Cola Hypericaceae Cambogia Violaceae Viola tricolor Caricaceae Pap aw juice Cactaceae Cactus grandiflorus, anhalonium Thymelaeaceae Mezereum Punicaceae Granatum Myrtaceae Eucalyptus - Oleum cajuputi - Oleum myrciae - Caryophyllus - Pi- menta - Chequen Umbelliferae Conium - Carum -■ Anisum - Foeniculum - Sumbul - Asafoetida -Am- moniacum - Coriandrum - Galbanum - Ajowan - Apium - Petrose - linum - Angelica - Levisticum - Cuminum - Anethum - Phellan- drium Cornaceae Cornus Ericaceae Uva ursi - Chimaphila - Gaultheria Sapotaceae Chicle - Gutta percha Styraceae Benzoinum Oleaceae Manna - Oleum olivae - Fraxinus Loganiaceae Nux vomica - Ignatia - Gelsemium - Spigelia Pharmaceutical Syllabus 59 Gentianaceae Gentiana - Chiretta Apocynaceae Apocynum - Strophanthus - Aspidcsperma Asclepiadaceae Asclepias - Condurango Convolvulaceae Jalapa - Scammonium (" Mex. Scammony ") Hydrophyllaceae Eriodictyon Labiatae Lavandula - Mentha piperita - Mentha irridis - Thymus - Serpyllum - Hedeoma - Marrubium - Salvia - Rosmarinus - Scutellaria - Origanum - Majorana - Melissa Solanaceae Capsicum - Belladonna - Scopola - Hyoscyamus - Stramonium - Tabacum - Duboisia - Fabiana - Dulcamara Scrophulariaceae Digitalis - Leptandra Rubiaceae Caffea and caffeina - Gambir - Ipecacuanha - Cinchona and alkaloids Caprifoliaceae Sambucus - Viburnum opulus - Viburnum prunifolium Valerianaceae Valeriana Cucurbitaceae Colocynthis - Pepo - Elaterium - Bryonia Campanulaceae Lobelia Compositae Calendula - Carthamus - Erigeron - Anthemis - Matricaria - Tana- cetum - Absinthium - Eupatorium - Lappa - Taraxacum - Cichorium - Santonica - Inula - Pyrethrum - Arnica - Lac- tucarium - Grindelia Animal Drugs. Antitoxins and Vaccins - Thyroid extract-Adrenalin - Pepsinum- Pan- creatinum - Adeps - Adeps lanae - Sevum - Cetaceum - Oleum mor- rhuse - Ichthyocolla - Glycerinuni - Moschus - Pel bovis - Saceharum lactis - Acidum lacticum - Coccus - Cantharis - Mylabris - Mel - Cera To this list will be added the inorganic drugs and the artificial organics, according to the method employed by the individual teacher, and according to the division between the three branches made by the particular school. They may be inserted among those above enumerated, where they seem most closely related. The above scheme covers the entire field of the materia medica work de- pendent upon the physiology teaching. It includes, moreover, that relating to the chemical foundation, as to inorganic drugs, since the same principles apply in therapeutics and toxicology. 60 National Committee Toxicology-Posology. 20 hours. Concluded from the first year. Toxicology treats of poisons, their recognition, effects and antidotes. The physiological classes of poisons conform very closely with the physiological classes of medicines and may be taught at the same time, as some prefer. But because the direction of poisoning by a drug is often exactly opposite to that of the intended medicinal effect it seems better to present an outline of the princi- ples of poisoning, and a general classification of poisons, with the characteristic effects of each class, at the beginning of the course; then take up the toxicology of the individual drug in connection with its materia medica. A very great amount of time in repetition, which is necessitated by any other arrange- ment, is thus saved. Poison defined Local and systemic poisoning Local poisoning Corrosive Forms of death Inflammatory Order and progress of effects Modes of death Irritation, inflammation, pustulation, abscess, ulceration, gangrene, blood poisoning Shock Nature and effects of Classification of local poisons Corrosive Acids - Organic and inorganic Principal inorganic Principal organic Characteristic action Phenol group Characteristic action Alkalies Enumerate chief Characteristic action Metallic salts Enumerate chief Characteristic action Inflammatory Preceding classes when diluted Acids Alkalies and salts Metallic salts Phosphorus and halogens Irritant gases Specific vegetable irritants Specific animal irritant's Treatment of corrosive and irritant poisons Chemical antidotes Guard against injury from violent reaction Also from excessive amount Pharmaceutical Syllabus 61 Stomach pump - Lavage tube and emetics Purgation Conditions determining their use Demulcents and sedatives Mechanical and nervine Stimulation and support Systemic poisoning Modes of occurrence Modes of entering system General nature of effects Primary and secondary Exhaustion Classification of systemic poisons- General motor paralyzants Of voluntary or involuntary system Syncopants Special motor paralyzants Respiratory Circulatory Primary Secondary General motor irritants (Convulsants) Acute and chronic Death from convulsions Death from exhaustion Special motor irritants Acute and chronic Of circulation Of respiration Abortifacients Sensory irritants During circulation During excretion Sensory paralyzants Somnifacients Anaesthetics Cerebral stimulants Equable (as caffeine) Non-equable or narcotic (Death from acts to self or others under influence) Treatment of systemic poisoning Depends upon stage The three stages and their treatment Poisons to nutrition Phosphorus, etc. Poisons destructive to blood structure or functions 62 National Committee Commercial pharmacognosy, 35 hours. Commercial pharmacognosy treats of the trade and commerce in drugs. Beginning again at the end, and work- ing backward, we note that the number of drugs which the pharmacist should study is to be determined on totally different grounds from that of those which the physician should know. The physician will do his own selecting, and the omission from his curriculum of a large majority of the vegetable drugs is conducive to his excellence as a practitioner. The pharmacist, on the other hand, does no selecting, but supplies what is called for, not only by the better class of physicians, but by the much larger class of ignorant ones, by quacks, and even by the public who have no knowledge whatever of medicine. It is as much a part of his business to be accurate in his supply of a host of worthless articles as in that of the more valuable ones. His study of drugs must therefore be broad and extensive. The following list is none too extensive. Roots. Sarsaparilla (Mexican, Jamaica and Honduras)-Senega - Sapon- aria - Gentiana - Frasera - Symphytum - Taraxacum - Cichorium - Pyrethrum (Roman and German) - Inula - Lappa - Apocynum - Stil- lingia- Angelica (European and American) - Levisticum - iSumbul - As- clep'as - Phytolacca - Althaea - Belladonnae Radix - Bryonia - Calumba - Rumex - Rheum - Glycyrrhiza (Spanish and Russian) - Hydrangea ■- Methysticum - Ipecacuanha (Rio and Carthagena) - Gelsemium - Pareira - Krameria (Peruvian, Brazilian and Savanilla). Rhizomes. Aspidium - Zingiber (Jamaica, East Indian and African) - Curcuma (Madras and Java) - Calamus (peeled and unpeeled) - Triticum - Veratrum (Album and Viride) -Dracontium -Aletris - Iris versicolor - Cypripedium - Convallaria - Polygonatum - Sanguinaria - Geranium - Podophyllum - Valeriana - Arnicse Radix - Serpentaria •- Spigelia -'Hy- drastis - Caulophyllum - Cimicifuga helleboius - Asarum - Leptandra - Menispermum - Berberis - Xanthorrhiza. Tubers and bulbs. Jalapa - Aconitum - Colchici copmus - Arum - Scilla. Woods. Quassia (Jamaica and Surinam) - Hsematoxylon - Santalum rubrum and album. Barks. Cinchona (Rubra, flava and pallida) -Magnolia - Prunus Vir- giniana - Viburnum prunifolium (of root and stem) -V. opulus - Hama- melidis cortex - Salix - Cornus - Berberidis cortex - Quercus - Rubus - Granatum - Simaruba - Condurango - Frangula - Rhamnus purshiana - Quebracho - Coto -■ Juglans - Xanthoxylum - Mezereum - Gossypii cortex - Enonymus (of root and stem)- Quillaja - Ulmus - Sassafras -• Cinnamomum zeylanicun - C. saigonicum - C. cassia - Wintera. Herbs and flowers. Santonica - Caryophyllus - Lavandula -■ Sambucus - Calendula - Carthamus - Arnica - Matricaria - Anthemis - Pyrethri flores (Dalmation and Persian) - Cusso - Chondr us - Cetraria - Canna- bis Indica - Pulsatilla - Scoparius - Eupatorium - Erigeron - Grindelia - Tanacetum - Absinthium - Lobelia - Mentha piperita - Mentha viridis - Majoranum - Origanum - Thymus - Ser py Hum - Hedeoma - Mar- rubium - Cataria - Scutellaria - Plantago - Chiretta. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 63 Leaves and leaflets. Rosmarinus - Boldus - Pilocarpus - Laurus - Myr- cia - Eucalyptus - Uva-ursi - Senna (Alexandria and India) - Coca (Bolivian and Truxillo)- Belladonnae folia - Stramonium - Hyoscyamus - Digitalis - Matico - Salvia - Hamamelidis folia - Tussilago - Castanea - Eriodictyon - Chimaphila - Gaultheria - Bucliu (long and short) - Aconitum - Hepatica - Menyanthes - Ruta - Conii folia. Fruits. Juniperus - Humulus - Piper nigrum and album longum - Cubeba - Pimenta - Rhamnus cathartica - Cocculus - Rhus glabra - Cap- sicum - Colocynthis - 'Cassia fistula - Chenopodium - Xanthoxyli fructus - Illicium - Cardamomum - Lappa - Cannabis fructus - Granati fructus cortex - Aurantii cortex - Limoni cortex - Coriandrum - Conium - AnL sum - Ajowan - Petroselinum - Carum - Foeniculum (Roman and Ger- man) - Phellandrium - Cuminum - Anethum - Sabal. Seeds. Physostigma - Amygdala amara - A. dulcis - Pepo - Dip- teryx (English and Dutch) - Theobroma - Cola - Abrus - Foenum gracum - Rapa - Sinapis Alba - S. Nigra - Linum - Nux vomica ignota - Del- phinium - Staphisagria - Ricinus - Tiglium - Stramonium - Hyoscyami semen - Papaver is semen (white and blue) - Strophanthus - Sabadilla - Colchici semen - Cardamomum - Granum paradisi - Areca - Lobelia. Miscellaneous. Guarana - Lactucarium- Aloe (socotrina, barbadensis and capensis,- Catechu - Gambir - Kino - Saccharum lactis - Acacia - Tragacantha - Terebenthina - Mastiche - Sandaraca - Colophonium - Dammar - Copal - Guaiacum (native and strained) - Draconis - Ben- zoinum (Sumatra, and Siam) -? Cambcgia - Galbanum - Ammoniacum - Scammonium - Myrrha-Ergota (Spanish and German) -Sassafras me- dulla - Galla (aleppo and chinensis) - Cantharis - Mylabris - Kamala - Lupulinum - Lycopodium - Crocus - Zea - Amylum (wheat, corn, maranta and potato). Each of these drugs should be studied as to its identification, variety, quality, depending upon time of collection, manner of preparation and preservation, its packing, storage and freshness, freedom from adulterant or impurity, and the study of the adulterants employed. The economic conditions should be studied so far as to instruct the pharmacist in his commercial operations with drugs. Whereas in the therapeutical teaching, the inorganic drugs must be added, this is not necessary in the present division, because the physical and chemical properties of the inorganics are taught in the departments of chemistry and pharmacy. Histological Pharmacognosy. 35 hours. Histological pharmacognosy treats of the recognition, identification and selection of drugs by well-known methods and appliances, including the microscope. In this way the teacher will select as many of the above drugs for study as possible his selection depending largely upon his own facilities and prefer- ences. 64 National Committee Explanation. The three branches of pharmacology are still represented by the three sides of the equilateral triangle, which are the culmination of the first year's work and the bases of the second. The base of the triangle properly rep- resents pharmacy and the sides the two great sources of pharmaceutical ma- terial and information. The subjects of each branch are grouped, so far as practicable, with theory to the left and practice to the right of perpendiculars to the sides. The subjects proceed from the center outward in the logical order of development from the general to the special and from the elementary to the higher. The assignment of space is approximate only, which does not materially de- tract from the illustration. The dimensions are the same as in Graphic A. It is not contemplated that this year's work will be required of all applicants for admission to the druggists' examinations. It is outlined to afford instruction by the schools that shall prepare the student for the Board's examinations of licensed druggists or licensed assistant, but the real purpose is to determine a scientific outline of the year's work with a view to its continuation for at least a second year. The colors emphasize the incomplete outline of pharmacy and materia medica. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 65 Graphic B. The subjects of pharmacology outlined for the first or junior year and the hours assigned to each, also the approximate time assigned the three branches of pharmacology for the second year. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 67 Two hundred hours, first year; 200 hours, second year; total, 400 hours. Chemistry is the science of the composition of material things and the art of determining such composition. (As a branch of pharmacology it treats of the chemical materials of medicine.) BRANCH II -CHEMISTRY. The instruction the first year includes elementary physics, elementary chem- istry, general and pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry, which should be given in the main by lecture, acquired for recitation and tested by quiz; qualitative and manufacturing chemistry, which should employ the laboratory method in imparting instruction. Elementary Physics. 25 hours. Physics is the science of the properties and forces of matter. Common illustrations of physical laws and their application to pharmacy Volume, mass, weight, density States of matter - Kinetic theory Properties of matter -■ Tenacity, surface tension, capillarity Hydrostatics Gravity pressure Varying depth, density of liquids, direction, shape of container Specific gravity of solids of liquids ; Specific volume Pneumatics Gas pressure due to (1) gravity (2) molecular motion Atmospheric pressure - Evidences of, how measured Boyle's law Pumps and siphon General laws of gravitation ' ■ Mechanics - Advantage, efficiency Levers, pulleys, pendulum Construction of scales, balances and weights ! Heat Its transmission or diffusion, conduction, convection, radiation Effects of heat Expansion of solids, liquids and gases ' Change of state - Fusion, vaporization Measurement of temperature Thermometers C., F. and R., metallic, liquid, air, and their limitations Boiling, melting and congealing point Ignition - Fusion Light Luminous, illuminated, transparent, translucent and opaque bodies Reflection - Law, mirrors Refraction - Law, lenses, instruments Magnetism and electricity r ; Units of measure Miscellaneous Vacuum apparatus, baths, other items applying to pharmacy may be added with due consideration to the time allowance If the above instructions can be given in fifteen hours, the following labora- FIRST YEAR. 68 National Committee tory work may occupy the remaining ten hours. Experiments not performed by the students should be performed by the teacher as demonstration exercises. Notes of experiments and of demonstration should appear together in the notebooks in the order in which they are done. Laboratory syllabus in physics. Notebooks (suggestions) 1. The purpose of each experiment should be clearly stated in a brief title. 2. A brief'description, usually accompanied by a drawing, should show how the experiment was done. Drawings should show the essential parts of the apparatus at the most significant part of the experiment. They should aim at simple accuracy rather than at artistic finish. 3. Numerical data should be recorded in neat tabulations. 4. Descriptions, drawings, observations and numerical data should be con- fined to left-hand pages of notebooks. Statements of reasoning, calculations and conclusions should be written on right-hand pages. Calculations should be written out in full. Conclusions should refer directly to the expressed pur- pose of the experiment and should follow from the data and reasoning as the conclusion of a proposition in geometry follows from the given conditions and the proof. 5. The experiments are regarded as fundamental. Directions should be re- garded as suggestive rather than mandatory. Progressive teachers will adapt methods to conditions obtaining in the school. Each exercise is planned to require a double period of work, or two hours. Exercise .1. Mass of unit volume of a solid. Weigh several solids whose volumes have been found, and thus determine their masses. From their masses and volumes find their several densities. Archimedes' principle. Find the loss of weight in water of some sinking solid, and with the aid of an overflow can find the weight of the water displaced. What relation between the two results? Exercise 2. Specific gravity of heavy solids. Weigh at least three different solids in air and in water. Find the specific gravity of each. Specific gravity of light solids. Weigh some light solid, such as wood, in air. Weigh a suitable sinker in water, and then weigh the light body and the sinker in water. Calculate the specific gravity of the light solid. Exercise 3. Testing the fixed points of a thermometer. Completely cover the bulb of a thermometer with cracked ice contained in a funnel, and record the thermometer reading. Place the thermometer in the steam over a flask of boiling water and note the reading. From the barometer reading at the time of the experiment calculate the true temperature of steam. What is the freezing point error of your thermometer? What is its boiling point error? Exercise 4. Specific heat of a solid. Wind a strip of copper, lead or zinc, about three centimeters wide and long enough to make a coil weighing 400 or 500 grams, into a compact coil. Sus- pend the coil in free steam for about five minutes and then plunge it into a known mass (100 to 150 grams) of cold water at a known temperature, and note the resulting temperature. How much heat is lost by one gram of the metal while its temperature falls one degree? Exercise 5. Heat of fusion of ice. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 69 Put about 100 grams of dry ice in small lumps into about 200 grams of hot water (about 50 degrees C.) of known temperature, and note the resulting temperature. Weigh again to find the exact weight of the ice used. How much heat was used to melt one gram of ice? Heat of vaporization of water. Pass dry steam into a known mass of cold water, whose known temperature is about ten degrees lower than the temperature of the room, till the resulting temperature is about ten degrees higher than that of the room. Weigh again to find the mass of the steam introduced. By calculation find how much heat is given out by a gram of steam in changing from vapor to boiling water. Exercise 6. Light. Place a paper screen, with an oiled or paraffined spot in its center, between a candle on one side and a group of four similar candles on the other. Move the screen back and forth until a position is found at which it is equally illumi- nated from both sides. Note the distance from the screen to each source of light. Repeat with two or three candles on one side of the screen and one on the other. What relation between the two distances and the quantity of light sent from each source? The path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism. Place a glass prism (a plate of glass about five centimeters square is best) on a horizontal sheet of paper and by sighting with pins as markers find the path of a ray of light by which some object is seen through the glass. In what direction is a ray of light deflected in passing from a rarer to a denser medium? In passing from a denser to a rarer medium? At what angle of incidence would there be no deflection? Exercise 7. The study of a simple cell. Stand a strip of copper and a strip of zinc, each with a few inches of copper wire attached, in the opposite sides of a tumbler two-thirds full of very dilute sulphuric acid. Note what seems to happen about the strips both before and after the connecting wires are brought together. Repeat the experiment after amal- gamating the zinc. Place the end of one wire above and the other below the tip of the tongue. Connect the wires with a galvaniscope. Reverse the connection of the wires and note the result. What is the effect of amalgamating the zinc? What does the galvaniscope show in regard to the effect of the direction of the current? Exercise 8. Study of a two fluid cell. Construct a cell having an amalgamated zinc strip in dilute sulphuric acid and a strip of copper in a solution of copper sulphate, using a porous cup to separate the liquids. Weigh both strips of metal; replace them in the cell; connect with a gal- vanometer; and take readings at five-minute intervals for twenty minutes. Weigh the strips again and account for changes. Did any gas rise from either strip of metal? Why? What condition of the current is accounted for by this? Exercise 9. Scales. Construct a balance for weighing, using a lever of the first class; weigh an article in one pan, then in the other. Does it weigh the same in each? Compute its true weight. Counterpoise it with shot or sand. Remove it and weigh the counterpoise. What is the true weight? How does it compare with its computed weight? Exercise 10. Applications of heat. Wet a block of wood and place a watch crystal upon it. What may be seen under the central part of the glass? Half 70 National Committee fill the crystal with sulphuric ether, and evaporate it rapidly by blowing over its surface a stream of air from a small bellows. What result? Why? Pour 100 c. c. of water into a flask and then dissolve in it 10 g. of salt. Distill the solution, keeping the first 10 g. of the distillate in one beaker, the second in another, etc. Test each distillate for salt by tasting. Pour out the solution left in the flask. Wash the flask thoroughly and redistill the first 10 g. in which you can taste the salt. What is the effect of redistilling? Elementary Chemistry. 25 hours. General chemistry treats of the principles of chemistry and their application. This subject gives a comprehensive and connected view of the more important facts and laws of elementary chemistry. The following topical syllabus for elementary chemistry contemplates fifteen hours given to instruction, with demonstration, and ten double hours of labora- tory work are outlined in exercises to complete the minimum 25 hours. The course should be based on the study of at least one standard textbook, to the end that the student may gain a comprehensive and connected view of the more important facts and laws of chemistry. Throughout the course especial attention should be paid to the common illus- trations of chemical laws and to their pharmaceutical application. The underlying truths or general principles pertaining to chemistry found in any given lesson should be brought out, whether time permits of a discussion of the entire contents of the lesson or not. Moreover, the definitions of terms used and the laws of chemical combinations found in any given lesson should be mastered, e. g., constant and multiple proportions, gaseous volumes, val- ence, atomic and molecular weight. Chemical notation should be thoroughly fixed, formulas and correct rules for the formation and naming of acids and basic salts should be learned; also recent views of the Ionic and other theories should be noted. Introductory work. It is recommended that the introductory work conform to the historical development of the subject, i. e., heating of metals in air, with an examination before and after heating. This examination should include weighing to show gain in weight and a determination of the nature of the substances taken from the air. Oxygen. Element Preparation by the decomposition of Mercuric oxid Potassium chlorate Properties Physical; color, odor, solubility in water, weight relative to air Chemical; tendency to form oxids, terms oxidation and combustion explained Necessity to life Hydrogen. Element Preparation Electrolysis of water Action of certain metals (e. g. sodium) on water Replacement in acids by metals Properties Physical (see Oxygen) Chemical, burns in air Uses Oxy-hydrogen light and blast lamp Pharmaceutical Syllabus 71 Compounds Water Synthesis by weight and by volume Law of definite proportions Combining weights Solution Terms - Water of crystallization, efflorescent substance and deli- quescent substance defined Hydrogen peroxid Uses Law of multiple proportions Atomic hypothesis Development from laws of definite and multiple proportions Chlorin. Element Preparation Electrolysis of brine (demonstration) Oxidation of hydrochloric acid (e. g. by manganese dioxid) Properties Physical (see Oxygen) Chemical, direct combination with other elements to form chlorids; action with water Uses Bleaching action Compounds Hydrochloric acid Preparation - A chloric and sulphuric acid Properties Physical (see Oxygen) Chemical, a typical acid, e. g. action on litmus and on metals Uses Digestive, preparation of chlorin Composition by volume (determination with sodium amalgam, demonstration) Avogadro's hypothesis Development of reason for belief that the hydrogen molecule contains two atoms Determination of the density of gases Calculation of molecular weights from density Introduction of formulas and writing of equations already studied With emphasis on atomic and molecular weight relations Sodium and potassium. Elements Preparation Electrolysis of fused sodium hydroxid Properties Physical - Color, luster, hardness, power to conduct heat and elec- tricity Chemical - Action with water; (evaporation of solution) ; study of hydroxid as a typical case, viz. action with litmus, action with acids (neutralization) Solution Electrolytes (acids, bases, salts) Nonelectrolytes (sugar, alcohol, glycerin, distilled water) 72 National Committee Ionization hypothesis Atom and ion distinguished Terms acid and base defined Neutralization Sodium and potassium compounds Hydroxids , Commercial preparation and uses Chlorids Occurrence, purification and uses Carbonates Production Solvay process Uses Washing and cooking Nitrates Occurrence and uses Sulphur. Element Occurrence Preparation Allotropic forms Rhombic, prismatic, amorphous Crystalline form dependent upon temperature Properties Chemical, direct combination with copper, zinc, iron Uses Matches, vulcanizing, gunpowder Compounds Occurrence Plydrogen sulphid Preparation, ferrous sulphid and dilute acid Properties Physical Chemical, combustion, action on metals, formation of sulphids by precipitation Sulphur dioxid (sulphurous anhydrid) Preparation, burning of sulphur; reduction of sulphuric acid; action of an acid upon sulphites Properties Physical Chemical, action with water, reducing action Uses, disinfectant, bleaching, manufacture of sulphuric acid Sulphur trioxid (sulphuric anhydrid) Preparation, " contact " process Sulphuric acid Preparation, sulphur trioxid with water (contact process) Properties Physical, specific gravity and boiling point Chemical, action on metals Uses, dehydrating agent; preparation of other acids, with reason for same; illustrations of wide industrial use Pharmaceutical Syllabus 73 Laboratory syllabus in chemistry. The general directions in the laboratory syllabus in physics apply also to the syllabus in chemistry. Detailed directions for common experiments are omitted in most cases. The questions indicate the lines of thought to be developed from the experimental work. Exercise 1. Heating of metals in air. Examine a bright piece of copper, of magnesium, and of zinc, noting in each case the color, luster and tenacity of metal. Hold the piece of copper in the outer flame of burner till red hot. Remove from flame and examine carefully. In what respects does the surface material differ from the original copper? Repeat W'ith magnesium. Results? Place about half a gram of zinc dust in a layer on the asbestos square. Direct on it from above the flame of a Bunsen burner. Results ? To show change in weight over counterpoise, qualitatively, upon heating one of the above metals. 1. Zinc dust in open crucible. 2. Magnesium ribbon in ignition tube. 3. Fine copper wire or gauze in open crucible. Has there been a loss or gain in weight? What explanation can be made fot the change in weight? Exercise 2. Decomposition of a compound formed by heating mercury in air. Heat a little of the red powder in an ignition tube. What substance collects on the cooler portion of the tube, a short distance from the powder? What is the difference between the behavior of a glowing splinter in air and a glowing splinter held in the test tube? What is the state of the substance that produces the effect? Of what is the red powder composed? What did each of these substances come from when the red powder was made? Determination of percentage of oxygen in air (volumetric). Volume of air enclosed by graduate clamped with mouth downward and under water; oxygen absorbed by very small piece of phosphorous supported by a copper w'ire. What percentage of oxygen do you find in the air? Exercise 3. Preparation of oxygen by the decomposition of potassium chlorate mixed with manganese dioxid. Heat a mixture of potassium chlorate and manganese dioxid in a test tube and collect the resulting gas over water. Small portion of gas tested with a splinter and remainder collected for exercise 8. Treat black residue with hot water, filter, and add silver nitrate to filtrate. Result ? Then test solution of potassium chlorate with silver nitrate. Examine residue on filter paper. Which of the original substances seems unchanged? What proof have you of change in one of them? Where do you think the oxygen came from? Formation of oxids. Burn carbon, sulphur, magnesium, red phosphorous and iron in oxygen. In each case note intensity of action presence or absence of flame, color of flame, character of product formed, and effect of solution of product on red and blue litmus. Also compare tenacity of iron with that of its products. 74 National Committee Exercise 4. Electrolysis of water. Pass the current from two or three cells through acidulated water in the usual apparatus for electrolysis. What is the direction of the current ? Which electrode is positive? What negative? Apply terms anode and cathode. What does the splinter test show about the gas that collects at the anode? Is the same gas liberated at the cathode? How does the amount of gas liberated at the anode compare with the amount at the cathode? Decomposition of water by sodium. Fold a piece of sodium as large as an apple seed in dry filter paper and thrust quickly upward into a test tube of water inverted in water. A pair of iron forceps should be used to handle the paper and sodium. What gas collects in the test tube? Where does this gas come from? Exercise 5. Preparation of hydrogen by replacement in an acid by a metal. Zinc or iron with hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid. What advantage has this method over the previous method for preparing hydrogen? From what material does the hydrogen probably come? Is there anything dissolved in the liquid, and, if so, what does it probably contain? Properties of hydrogen. How do you determine the relative weight of hydro- gen and air? Does it burn? Does it support combustion? Why must the joints of the apparatus be tight? Why do you discard the first portion of the gas collected? What is the effect of passing hydrogen over heated copper oxid? What becomes of the oxygen? A material which acts toward an oxid in this way is called a reducing agent. Exercise 6. Preparation of chlorin by oxidation of hydrochloric acid. Heat hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxid in a flask. From which of the original materials is the chlorin derived? With what does the oxygen of the manganese dioxid combine ? Properties of chlorin. Into jars of chlorin gas plunge a lighted taper, and wet and dry colored cloths. Why do you not collect chlorin as you did hydro- gen? Does chlorin support combustion? The taper is composed of carbon and hydrogen; what is the evidence that one of these elements is liberated? Which one combines with the chlorin? Sum up your evidence as to the tendency of chlorin to combine with hydrogen. Explain the difference in behavior of chlorin toward the wet and dry cloths. What is your conclusion as to the activity of chlorin? Pharmaceutical Syllabus 75 Exercise 7. Preparation, of hydrochloric acid with sodium chlorid and sul- phuric acid. Heat common salt and sulphuric acid in a flask. Collect the resulting gas by dry displacement. Of what elements is hydrochloric acid composed? Where does the hydrogen come from? The chlorin? Why was sulphuric acid selected? Properties of hydrochloric acid. How do you determine the relative weight of hydrochloric acid and air? Explain why the gas is not collected over water. Hydrochloric acid is a typical acid. What properties, then, characterize acids? How can silver nitrate be used as a test for hydrochloric acid and other soluble chlorids? Exercise 8. Determine the weight of a liter of oxygen. Heat about nine grams of dry potassium chlorate and six grams thoroughly dried manganese dioxid in a dry test tube, with a loose plug of glass wool or dry asbestos wool above the powder. The gas is to be collected in a bottle of about two liters capacity. Weigh to a centigram the test tube containing the mixture and the upper part of the delivery tube before (and after) the heating. Measure volume of gas evolved. From this volume and its observed temperature and barometric pressure corrected for water vapor tension calculate the volume at 0 degree and 760 millimeters. Using the weight of oxygen as found, calculate the weight of a liter under standard conditions. Sodium hydroxid as a typical base. Action on litmus, neutralization with hydrochloric acid and crystallization of product. What is the evidence that the characteristic properties of the acid and of the base have been destroyed? Is there any evidence of chemical change? Base your answer on temperature effect, crystalline form and taste of product. Exercise 9. Solvay process. Preparation of sodium bicarbonate by the action of carbon dioxid upon saturated ammoniacal brine. Dissolve ten grams ammonium carbonate in 100 cubic centimeters ammonium hydroxid. Saturate this solution with sodium chlorid by shaking with fine salt. Pour off the clear liquid and through it pass carbon dioxid to saturation. Filter off deposit, dry between filter paper and examine. Exercise 10. Study of sulphur. Slowly heat roll brimstone in a beaker till it fuses and boils. Pour a part into cold W'ater and let the rest cool till crusted over. Then break the crust and pour out the melted sulphur beneath it. Study changes of sulphur while being heated to the boiling point. Preparation of allotropic forms, rhombic, prismatic and amorphous. Upon what does the form that sulphur assumes depend? What is the stable form at ordinary temperature? 76 National Committee General Inorganic Chemistry. 25 hours. Inorganic chemistry treats of those substances that do not contain carbon in a combustible form. A general de- scription of the elements and their relations to each other in the formation of inorganic compounds is the purpose of this division of the subject. While the student acquires a general knowledge of inorganic chemistry, nothing precludes him from approaching the subject with special reference to its pharmaceutical importance. Hence, commercial methods of manufacture should be described as time permits, and, whenever practicable, visits should be made to chemical industries of special interest to pharmacists. But the detailed work of phar- maceutical chemistry is given separately so that no item of importance may be overlooked. Shall the outline of these three divisions, elementary chemistry, general in- organic, and pharmaceutical be brought into one complete whole or remain separate? This outline of general inorganic chemistry calls for a review of certain sub- jects given under elementary chemistry in order to present the subject in natural groups according to suggestions of the periodic system. Nitrogen - Element Occurrence - Preparation, from air Properties -• Physical, chemical The atmosphere - A mixture, varying in composition, liquefaction Other constituents, relation of carbon dioxid to plant and animal life; inert gases, aqueous vapor Compounds Ammonia, occurrence, decomposition product Preparation, by product of gas works, action of ammonia salt with strong base Properties - Physical, chemical Uses - Refrigeration, deturgent Oxids briefly considered Nitric acid, preparation; nitrates with sulphuric acid Properties chemical, reaction with metals Oxidizing action Uses; aqua regia, industrial application Nitrates - Nitrification, explosives Halogen group - Review chlorin, its preparation, uses and compounds Pluorin, bromin, iodin and manganese, their properties, uses and com- pounds Preparation of bromin and iodin Comparison of physical properties Heat of formation - Relative replacement Natural groups, the periodic law The first group - Monads Review of sodium, potassium and ammonium with their preparation, uses and compounds As full discussion as time allows of lithium, rubidium, caesium The second group - Dyads Calcium family - Calcium Physical and chemical properties Its compounds - Carbonates Occurrence, properties, uses Pharmaceutical Syllabus 77 Calcium oxid and calcium hydroxid Preparation and uses Calcium sulphate - Preparation and uses Gypsum and plaster of paris Calcium phosphates - Preparation and uses Fertilizers Bleaching powder - Uses Other members of the family as time permits Beryllium, strontium, berium, erbium, radium Zinc family - Magnesium Physical and chemical properties Oxid and salts Zinc, source, preparation, properties and compounds Mercury, source, preparation, properties Amalgams, oxids, sulphid, salts Cadmium The third group - Triads Boron family - Boron Physical and chemical properties Boric acids, borax Rare elements as time permits Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, ytterbium Aluminum family - Aluminum Source, preparation, properties, uses Oxid, hydroxid, alums, other compounds Rare elements as time permits Gallium, indium, thallium The fourth group - Tetrads Carbon - Element Distribution in nature and allotropic forms Preparation of commercial forms Charcoal, coke, boneblack, lampblack, gas carbon Properties Physical Chemical: reducing action, formation of carbids, e. g. calcium carbid and carborundum; relation to organic matter Uses Fuel, ore reducer, absorbent, decolorizer Compounds Carbon dioxid Natural formation and occurrence Preparation: carbonates with acids Properties Physical Chemical: nonsupporter of combustion, formation of hard waters Uses: mineral waters, bread-making, fire extinguishers Carbon monoxid Preparation: reduction of carbon dioxid by carbon Properties: Physical; chemical - Combustibility, action on red corpuscles of the blood Uses - Water gas 78 National Committee Rare elements of this family as time permits Titanium, zirconium, cerium, thorium Silicon family - Properties Silica, silicic acid silicates - Natural and artificial Tin - Source, preparation, properties and uses Lead - Source, preparation, properties and uses Rare element - Germanium The fifth group - Pentads - Nitrogen (review, or advance if not given, as above) Nitrogen family - Rare elements as time permits Phosphorous family - Phosphorous Physical and chemical properties Preparation and uses - Allotropic forms Arsenic - Properties and uses Marsh's test । Antimony - Properties and uses Compounds Bismuth - Properties, uses and alloys The sixth group - Hexads Oxygen - Review Chromium family - Chromium Physical and chemical properties Oxids, acids and salts Other rare elements as time permits Molybdenum, neodymium, tungsten, uranium Sulphur family - Sulphur- review Rare elements as time permits Selenium, tallurium The seventh group - Heptads - The five elements of this group are given as the Halogen group above (Should the Halogen group he given here or above?) The eighth group - Octads Iron family - Iron Occurrence, metallurgy Blast furnace process (cast iron) Puddling (wrought iron) Bessemer process (Bessemer iron) Open hearth process (steel) Comparison of cast iron, wrought iron and steel Composition, fusibility, malleability and tenacity, magnetic perme- ability, tempering Common uses of cast iron, wrought iron, Bessemer iron, steel Protective coatings to prevent corrosion Compounds Oxids Ferric oxid as paint base and rouge Pyrite Ferrous and ferric chlorids illustrative of change in valence (oxidation and reduction) Nickel and cobalt Sources and properties Copper, sources, properties and uses Oxids and salts Pharmaceutical Syllabus 79 Silver family - Silver, sources and properties Compounds, photography Rare elements as time permits Ruthenium, palladium and rhodium Platinum family - Platinum, sources and properties Uses Rare elements as time permits Osmium, irridium Gold - Occurrence, preparation, properties, uses Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry. 25 hours. First year. This subject treats of the chemistry of remedial and curative substances. The constituents have been treated in a general way in elementary chemistry. The inorganic chemicals of the Pharmacopoeia should now be taken up and the properties of the substances of interest should be treated in detail. The instruction should be co-ordinated with the practical work of manu facturing chemistry and should be so adjusted that the lectures should pre- cede by a short interval the practical work of the laboratory. A system of grouping should be adopted following to some extent the methods pursued in the elementary and general chemistry divisions treating the simplest combinations of the most common elements, following with a grouping according to physical and chemical properties. The subject of pharmaceutical chemistry overlaps the subject of the phar- macy branch. Many substances could be treated and properly so from either branch. A few such substances may be included under this division which should be transferred to the division of pharmacy. A detailed description should be made of each substance under discussion when such substance is of sufficient importance, giving its sources, occurrence, methods of manufacture, properties, official salts, and their production, their properties, tests for identity and purity and official preparations. Demonstration when practical. Blackboard demonstration of formulas and equations. Water Composition Properties Impurities - Inorganic - Organic Purification Uses Hydrogen dioxid - Water of Preparation Properties Tests for identity and purity Uses Acids Hydracide Hydrochloric Hydrobromic Hydriodic Oxacids - Non-metallic Nitric Nitrohydrochloric Sulphuric 80 National Committee Sulphurous Hypophosphorous Boric Anhydrids Arsenious Chromic Chlorin Bromin lodin Sulphur Sublimed Washed Precipitated Phosphorous Carbon Animal Wood Disulphid Alkalies Potassium Acetate Bicarbonate Bitartrate Bromid Carbonate Chlorate Citrate Cyanid Bichromate and sodium tartrate Ferrocyanid Hydroxid Hypophosphite lodid Nitrate Permanganate Sulphate Sodium Acetate Arsenate Arsenate exsiccated Benzoate Bicarbonate Bisulphite Borate Bromid Carbonate monohydrate Chlorate Chlorid Citrate Hydroxid Hypophosphite Pharmaceutical Syllabus 81 lodid Nitrate Nitrite Phenolsulphonate Phosphate Phosphate exsiccated Pyrophosphate Salicylate Sulphate Sulphite Thiosulphate Lithium Benzoate Bromid Carbonate Citrate Salicylate Ammonium Acetate Hydroxid aqua stronger Benzoate Bromid Carbonate Chlorid lodid Salicylate Valerate Alkaline earths Calcium Oxid Bromid Carbonate precipitated Chlorid Hypophosphite Hydroxid Phosphate precipitated Sulphate exsiccated Sulphurated Magnesium Carbonate Citrate Oxid Oxid heavy Sulphate Strontium Bromid lodid Salicylate 82 National Committee Barium used in test solutions Carbonate Chlorid Hydroxid Nitrate Alum Aluminum Hydroxid Sulphate Aluminum and potassium sulphate Exsiccated The alums are so interesting that a digression from official salts into the unofficial ferric alum and chrome alum would be worth while. Cerium Oxalate Zinc Acetate Bromid Carbonate Chlorid lodid Oxid Phenolsulphonate Stearate 'Sulphate Valerianate Iron Metallic Reduced Chlorid Hydroxid Hydroxid with magnesia Hypophosphite Phosphate soluble Pyrophosphate Sulphate Sulphate granulated Sulphate exsiccated And ammonium sulphate Manganese Dioxid Hypophosphate Sulphate Silver Nitrate Fused Mitigated Oxid Pharmaceutical Syllabus 83 Mercury Chlorid corrosive Chlorid mild lodid yellow lodid red Ammoniated Lead Acetate Solution subacetate lodid Nitrate Oxid Copper Sulphate Bismuth Citrate and ammonia citrate Subcarbonate Subgallate Subnitrate Subsalicylate Arsenic iodid Antimony and potassium tartrate Gold and sodium chlorid Qualitative Inorganic Chemistry. 50 hours. Qualitative chemistry deter- mines the chemical constituents of a substance. The following outline contem- plates a continuation of the course in general inorganic chemistry and looks forward to the subject of general organic chemistry to be followed by quanti- tative chemistry. Sufficient time should be given to lectures describing the action of re-agents upon solutions of inorganic salts, of bases and of acids, but the outline contemplates individual laboratory methods. Hence a laboratory should be supplied with the re-agents, apparatus and materials sufficient to en- able the student to become practically proficient in the analysis by the wet and dry process of typical unknown inorganic substances. Individual notebooks should be insisted upon. (Should not the recommen- dation of a suitable form receive the consideration of the committee?) The courses should be based on the study of at least one standard textbook to the end that the student may gain a comprehensive and connected view of the important facts, methods and laws of qualitative chemistry. Utensils and re-agents. A session should be devoted to the essential and helpful utensils required for the work outlined, to the use and to the care of the same. 84 National Committee If it is undesirable to furnish individuals with a complete set of the re- agents called for, those of the following list preceded by an asterisk (*) will include the re-agents that are used in considerable quantities. 1. "Hydrochloric acid (concentrated) 2. Hydrochloric acid (pure) 3. "Hydrochloric acid (dilute) 4. "Nitric acid (concentrated) 5. Nitric acid (pure) 6. "Nitric acid (dilute) 7. Aqua regia 8. "Sulphuric acid (concentrated) 9. Sulphuric acid (pure) 10. "Sulphuric acid (dilute) 11. Sulphuric acid (dilute) 12. Oxalic acid 13. "Acetic acid 14. Tartaric acid 15. "Sulphuretted hydrogen gas (sulphydric acid) 16. Sulphuretted hydrogen water 17. "Ammonia-water 18. "Ammonium sulphid 19. "Ammonium carbonate 20. "Ammonium chlorid 21. "Ammonium oxalate 22. "Ammonium molybdate 23. "Sodium hydrate 24. "Sodium sulphid 25. "Sodium carbonate 26. "Sodium biborate (borax) 27. Sodium phosphate 28. Sodium acetate 29. Sodium nitrate 30. Sodium acid sulphate 31. Potassium sulphate 32. Potassium chromate 33. Potassium bichromate 34. Potassium ferrocyanid 35. Potassium ferricyanid 36. Potassium cyanid 37. Potassium nitrate 38. Potassium nitrite 39. Potassium iodid and starch papers 40. Silver nitrate 41. Slaked lime 42. *Lime-water 43. Calcium ch Iori d 44. Barium chlorid 45. Barium nitrate 46. "Plumbium acetate. 47. Lead paper 48. Magnesium chlorid and ammo- nium chlorid (magnesium solu- tion) 49. Ferric chlorid 50. Cobalt nitrate 51. Copper sulphate 52. Stannous chlorid 53. Manganese dioxide 54. Mercuric oxide 55. Mercuric chlorid 56. Platinie chlorid 57. Zinc 58. Solution of indigo (sulphin- digotic acid) 59. Litmus paper 60. Starch paste 61. Alcohol 62. Water 63. Sodium hypochlorite 64. Carbon bisulphid 65. Chlorin water The implements required by the student are few and simple. Besides the bottles for the re-agents enumerated above and a few small carriers for the preservation of samples there will be needed: A dozen test tubes; a wooden test-tube rack; a test-tube brush; a nest of small beakers; two or three glass stirring rods; a small thistle - or funnel-tube; a large thistle-tube for the gas generator; one stick of No. 7 glass tubing; two or three sticks of No. 5 glass tubing; three small glass funnels; a small glass flask; a small platinum crucible is also very desirable; a few packages of cut filters, or a quire of filter paper; a wash-bottle; two small evaporating dishes; a porcelain crucible; one triangle of iron wire; an iron ring-stand; a filter stand; a lamp; a gas-bottle for generating sulphuretted hydrogen; a common jeweler's blowpipe; a pair of small iron pincers (jeweler's tweezers) ; a piece of platinum foil; a bit of platinum wire; a few corks or caoutchouc stoppers; a piece of blue cobalt glass. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 85 Instruction should be given in the use of special apparatus as each becomes necessary. It is assumed that the student acquired a general knowledge of water and sand baths, the manipulation of glass and the construction of simple apparatus in his experiments of elementary physics and chemistry. The seven classes of the metallic elements - Didactic Definition of the term class Experiments to illustrate the definition, and the classes: Class 1. Precipitated as chlorids Ag, Pb, Hg. 'Class 2. Percipitated as sulphids insoluble in dilute acids, and not re- dissolved by akaline fluids Pb, Hg, Bi, Cd, Cu. Class 3. Precipitated as sulphids insoluble in dilute acids but redissolved by alkaline fluids As, Sb, Sn, An, Pt. Class 4. Precipitated by ammonia water, usually as hydrates Fe, Al, Cr, together with certain salts which require an acid solvent. Class 5. Precipitated as sulphids insoluble in alkaline fluids, Zn, Mn, Ni, Co. Class 6. Precipitated as carbonates Ca, Ba, Sr. Class 7. Remaining elements. Distinguished by special tests. Mg, Na, K. Table for the separation of the seven classes of the metallic elements (Sepa- rate each group before testing the next.) Add an excess of HC1 to the solution to be examined. A precipitate indicates Pb, Ag, Hg. Tests for Pb, for Ag, for Hg. Saturate with H2S the filtrate, which should be hot and but slightly acid with HC1. Boil the precipitate with Na2S. A residue indicates Hg, Pb, Bi, Cd, Cu. The alkaline filtrate is tested for As, Sb, Sn, Au, Pt. Boil the filtrate to expel H2S, and add HNO3, to oxidize Fe. Then add NH4C1 and a slight excess of NH4HO. A precipitate indicates Fe, Cr, Al, Ca3P20s, etc. To the filtrate add a drop of (NH4) 2S. A precipitate indicates CO, Ni, Mn, Zn. To filtrate add a drop of (NH4) 2CO3. A precipitate indicates Ba, Sr, Ca. Evaporate the residual liquor to a small bulk and test a portion of it for Mg. Evaporate the rest of the solution to dryness; ignite and test for Na and K. General test for non-metallic elements The marked difference in the analysis of the metallic and the non-metallic in the wet way The barium test - Illustrations The calcium test - Illustrations The silver test - Illustrations Nitrates, chlorates, acetates Special tests for the non-metallic elements Effervescence and odor 86 National Committee Carbonate, cyanids, sulphids, sulphites, hyposulphites, chromates, ar- senites, and arsenates, sulphates, phosphates, oxalates, tartrates, borates, silicates, fluorids, chlorids, bromids, iodids, nitrates, chlorates, acetates, oxids, and hydrates The analysis of substances of unknown composition Order of procedure - Salt, mineral or other non-metallic solid Preliminary examination - Dry process Closed tube test The substance blackens Other changes in color The substance is not carbonized Aqueous vapor Oxygen Sulphurous acid gas Carbonic acid gas Cyanogen Sulphuretted hydrogen Acetone Ammonia Colored gases or vapors are set free Nitrogen peroxid Bromin lodin Sublimate forms Ammonium salts Antimony trioxid Oxalic acid Metallic mercury Arsenic and some of its compounds Sulphur Reduction test - Blow pipe - Oxidizing and reducing flames Gold, copper, tin, lead, silver, bismuth, antimony, cadmium • Flame tests Destruction of the organic matter Dissolving a salt, mineral or other non-metallic solid free from organic matter by water, by acids, by other methods Table of solubilities Treatment of the solution An aqueous solution Neutral, acid, alkaline An acid solution Examination for non-metallic elements Treatment of insoluble substances Fluxes and fusions Treatment of fused mass Decomposition by calcium carbonate and ammonium chlorid Fusion with acid sulphate of sodium Deflagration Treatment of a pure metal or alloy Action of nitric acid on the metals Complete solution Residue undissolved Pharmaceutical Syllabus 87 Test for gold - Purple of Cassius Test for platinum Treatment of liquids Evaporation test Litmus test Testing for ammonia Manufacturing Chemistry. 50 hours. The production of chemical sub- stances. Laboratory exercises to be given in the manufacture of the follow- ing substances that can be manufactured in a drug store. The laboratory work should be supplemented by lectures on the manufacture of the chemical substances named and also on those that require special apparatus. Solution: (simple, involving chemical reaction) Liquor hydrargyri nitrates Liquor potassii arsenites Liquor plumbi subacetatis Liquor zinci chloridi Solution and oxidation Liquor ferri chloridi Liquor ferri tersulphatis Solution: (precipitation process) Acidium hydrobromium dilutum Acidium hydriodicum dilutum Acidium hydrocyanicum dilutum Solution: (containing a gas obtained by distillation) Acidium sulphurosum Aqua chlori (U. S. P. 1890) Acidium hydrobromicum dilutum (distillation process) Double decomposition Sapo mollis Zinci steras Emplastrum plumbi Direct union of elements Sulphuris lodidum Saturation and granulation Ammonii salicylas Sodii salicylas Potatsii acetas Precipitation Bismuthi citras Plumbi iodidum Argenti oxidum Hydrargyri iodidum flavum Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum Hydrargyri oxidum flavum Hydrargyrum ammoniatum National Committee 88 SECOND YEAR. The instruction in this branch during the second year includes general or- ganic, pharmaceutical organic and manufacturing chemistry, qualitative and quantitative analysis and drug assaying. General Organic Chemistry. 25 hours. Organic chemistry treats of com- pounds containing carbon in a combustible form. Alcohols, aldehydes, estus, ethers, hydro-carbons, carbo-hydrates and other organic substances classified and described. Graphic formulas and their construction should be explained. Introduction. The compounds of carbon omitted from general inorganic chemistry should introduce the following outline: Compounds of carbon Sources Destructive distillation of wood Gas, wood alcohol, acetic acid, charcoal Destructive distillation of coal Gas, ammonia, coal tar, coke Distillation of petroleum Natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, paraffin Hydrocarbons Marsh gas Occurrence; natural gas and "fire damp" Properties Substitution products Chloroform and iodoform Alcohols Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Preparation, fermentation Uses, solvent, in beverages, preparation of ether Aldehydes Preparation, oxidation of methyl alcohol General organic. The outline submitted herewith requires considerably more than the allotted time for its proper presentation, but one does not see how the subject can be properly presented in a more abridged form. Organic chemistry Historical development Definitions - The chemistry of the hydrocarbons and their derivatives Characteristics of organic compounds Analysis, qualitative, quantitative, elementary, proximate Calculation of elementary analysis Empirical formula Molecular formula - Molecular weight determination Rational - Constitutional, and graphic formulas Radicals in organic chemistry Glyceral esters - Fats and oils, waxes Drying and non-drying oils Analytical reactions, saponification number, iodin number Industries of the fats Soap making, soluble and insoluble soaps, hard and soft soaps Official soaps Pharmaceutical Syllabus 89 Stearic acid candle manufacture Manufacture of artificial butter Manufacture of glycerin, nitroglycerin and explosives Glyceral nitrate Glycero-phosphoric acid and its salts Wool-fat, hydros wool-fat rhe carbohydrates - Chemical nature and classification - Properties Monosaccharids, dextrose, levulose Dissacharids, sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharids, dextrins, starches, cellulose, etc. Nitrogen in organic compounds Derivatives of ammonia - Amins - Quaternary ammonium bases Occurrence - Formation - Properties - Ptomains - Leucomaines Hexamethylenamin Amids - Formamid - Chloralformamid - Ethyl carbamate Urea Amido-acids Uric acid - Xanthin bases - Caffeine Cyanogen compounds Cyanogen - Dioyanogen - Hydrocyanic acid - Cyanids Isocyanids - Tautomerism Cyanic acid -• Thiocyanids - Isothiocyanids Ferrocyanids - Ferricyanids Nitro-compounds The proteins - General characteristics and classification Characteristics of enzymes- Solubility - Mode of action Cycilic compounds - Isocycilic and heterocycilic Aromatic hydrocarbons - General properties - Source Benzene series - Coal tar Hydroaromatic compounds - Terpenes - Volatile oils - Resins Camphor - Monobromated camphor - Camphoric acid Menthol - Terpin hydrate Phenols - General characteristics Phenol - Crude carbolic acid - Cresol - Commercial products Polyatomic phenols Secondary and tertiary alcohols Diatomic alcohols - Triatomic alcohols - Glycerol Ethers - General methods of preparation - General properties Diathyl ether - Manufacture - Properties Other ethers Further oxidation of hydrocarbons Aldehydes - General methods of preparation - General properties Formaldehyde - Manufacture, properties, uses, detection Polymerism Acetaldehyde - Aldehyde - Ammonia Paraldehyde Trichloraldehyde - Chloral hydrate Butyl chloral hydrate - Other aldehydes Ketones or acetones - General properties and methods of production Acetone Sulphur derivatives of hydrocarbons Thioalcohols or mercaptans Sulphonic acids - Sulphons 90 National Committee Condensation products of alcoholic and mercaptans with aldehydes and ketones Sulphonal - Trional Organic acids - Occurrence - General properties and methods of formation Formic acid Acetic acid, manufacture, properties Acetates, K, Na, Zu, Ferric, Pb, Cu, Al - Basic acetates Trichloracetic acid - Acetic anhydrid Valerianic acid, and valerianates Stearic and other acids of the series Second series of acids - Oleic acid Oleates, normal and official Polybasic acids - Oxalic acid - Succin acid Oxy-acids - Atomicity - Basicity Lactic acid, stereoisomerism, asymmetric carbon atom Lactates Malic acid Tartaric acid - Tartrates - Baking powders--Scale salts. Citric acid - Citrates - Effervescing salts Esters - General characteristics and methods of preparation - Saponification Ethyl acetate Ethyl nitrite - Manufacture, assay Ethyl sulphates - Ethereal oil Amyl esters - Acetate nitrite Methane Occurrence in nature - Formation Preparation, properties, uses Halogen derivatives, methyl and methylen chlorids, bromids and iodids Chloroform, manufacture, properties, purity, etc. Bromoform Iodoform Carbon tetrachlorid Chain compounds The marsh gas series of hydrocarbons General considerations - Isomerism •- Homologues Unsaturated hydrocarbons The olefins Addition compounds The acetylene series Acetylene Other series of unsaturated hydrocarbons, isologues Pharmaceutical Syllabus 91 Sources of hydrocarbons Destructive distillation of organic matter Natural formation, coal, petroleum, etc. Petroleum products, benzin, petrolatum, paraffin Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons other than methane, ethyl chlorid, etc. The introduction of oxygen into hydrocarbons The alcohols - General properties - Atomicity - General formation Methyl alcohol - Destructive distillation of wood Properties, detection Ethyl alcohol - Fermentation - Malt diastase - Alcoholic beverages Proof spirit - Denatured alcohol - Properties - Detection Physiological action Other alcohols - Amylic alcohol, etc. Diatomic phenols - Resorcin Triatomic phenols - Pyrogalliol Phenol ethers - Creosote - Guaiacol - Guaiacol carbonate Aromatic alcohols - Benzyl alcohol Aromatic aldehydes - Benzaldehyde - Amygdalin - Glucosids Cinnamic aldehyde Aromatic oxy-alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, etc.- Vanillin Aromatic acids Benzoic acid and benzoates Salicylic acid and salicylates - Methyl salicylate - Phenyl salicylate Phthalic acid - Phthalic anhydrid - Phenolphthalein Gallic acid - Tannic acid - Tannins-Vegetable astringents Naphthalin, Anthraceme Naphthol, alpha and beta Nitrogen derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons Nitro-compounds - Nitrobenzene - Trinitrophenol Amido derivatives - Anilin Anilids - Acetanilid - Acetphenetidin Diazo compounds - Dyestuffs - Methylene blue Anthracene derivatives - Anthraquinone - Alizarin - Emodin, etc. Sulphonic acids - Sodium phenolsulphonate Saccharin Pentacyclic compounds - Pyrrol - Thiophen - Antipyridin Pyridin series - Pyridin - Quinolin Alkaloids -• Chemical nature, general characteristics, solubilities Alkaloidal re-agents 92 National Committee Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry. 25 hours. Practical work in the labora- tories co-ordinated with the theoretical work of organic chemistry. This classification of chemistry pertains to those substances of the carbon compounds included in the Pharmacopoeia or pertaining thereto. Carbon Cotton - Cellulose Charcoal - Lignin Coal Cotton Purified Pyroxylin Collodion Lignin by chemical action Oxalic acid Lignin - Destructive distillation Charcoal Acetic acid Glecial Acetone Methyl alcohol Formaldehyde solution Hexamethylenamin Tar Oil cade Oil tar Creosote Guaiacol Guaiacol carbonate Acid tannic Acid gallic Acid pyrogallic Coal derivatives Benzole Cresol Phenol Naphthalin Betanaphthol Acid salicylic Salol Metyl salicylate Sodium salicylate Phenacetin Antipyridin Saccharin Acetanylid Resorcin Methylene blue • - ' Ethereal oil * Pharmaceutical Syllabus 93 Starch Sugars Cane Milk Grape Honey Malt Fermentation products, alcoholic From starch Alcohol Whiskey Alcohol derivatives Ether Nitros ether Ethyl acetate Ethyl carbonate Ethyl chlorid Other alcoholic liquids Rum Gin Wines Brandy Beers Ales Chloral hydrate Paraldehyde Chloroformamid Trichloracetic acid Chloroform Iodoform Owing to similarity in construction these should Bromoform j be considered at the same time as chloroform. Nitroglycerin (spirit of) Trional Sulfonal Wine derivatives Cream tartar Acid tartaric Rochelle salts Acid citric Acid lactic Acid benzoic Acid hydrocyanic Petroleum derivatives Liquid petrolatum Petrolatum Petrolatum white Benzin Paraffin 94 National Committee Oils - fixed and volatile Fixed oils Olein Stearin Palmitin Liquid Solid Drying Intermediate Non-drying Soaps soluble Insoluble Soft Hard Lead plaster Stearate zinc Glycerin Oleic acid Stearic acid Citrin ointment Volatile oils Oxygenated Nitrogenated Sulphurated Terpenes Turpentine Rosin Oil turpentine Terebene Terpin hydrate Camphor Camphoric acid Monobromated camphor Menthol Thymol Thymol iodid Liquid principals - Synthetic Benzoldehyde Cinnamic aldehyde Engenol Methyl salicylate Safrol Pharmaceutical Syllabus 95 Alkaloids, glucosids and neutral principals Alkaloids Aconotine Atropine Oleate Sulphate Cocaine Hydrochloride Oleate Codeine Phosphate Sulphate Colchicine Homatropine hydobromide Hydrastine Hydrochloride Hyoscine hydrobromide Hyoscyamine hydrobromide Hyoscyamine sulphate Morphine Acetate Hydrochloride Sulphate Apomorphine hydrochloride Pelleterium tannate Physostigmine salicylate Sulphate Pilocarpine hydrochloride Nitrate Quinine Bisulphate Hydrobromide Hydrochloride Oleate Salicylate Sulphate Scopolmine hydrochloride Sparteine sulphate Strophanthin Strychnine Nitrate Sulphate Veratrine Oleate Glucoside Salicin Aloin Santonin Caffein Chrysarobin 96 National Committee Qualitative Chemistry. 25 hours. Continued from the first year. General description, preparation and uses of U. S. P. re-agents. Test solutions and indicators.- Pages 518-544 U. S. P. Examination of a few typical U. S. P. chemicals for impurities: Example Acetic acid - For hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and heavy metals Benzoic acid - For chlorin, cinnamic acid, organic impurities Citric acid - For tartaric and oxalic acids, calcium and iron salts Hydrochloric acid - For bromin, iodin, arsenic, sulphurous sulphuric acid, heavy metals Sulphuric acid - For lead, arsenic, nitric and nitrous and hydrochloric acids Tannic acid - For gallic acid Adeps lanse - For alkalies, free fatty acids, chlorids and organic im- purities Alcohol - For methyl alcohol, aldehyde, fusel oil Ether - Undue amount of alcohol, water or aldehyde Alumen - For ammonium, alum, zinc and iron Ammonium bromid - For iodin, bromates, iron and barium Ammonium chlorid - For heavy metals, sulphates, calcium, empyreu- matic substances Balsam Peru - For rosin, turpentine, styrax, copaiba, fatty oils Bismuth subgallate - For gallic acid, nitrates and arsenic Calcium chlorid - For iron, aluminum, phosphates, magnesium, alkalies Copper sulphate - For iron, aluminum and arsenic Glycerin - For sugar, arsenic, heavy metals Calomel - For mercuric chlorid, ammoniated mercury lodin - For cyanogen, chlorin and bromin Olive oil - For cotton seed and other seed oils Phenol -For creosote and cresol Potassium acetate - For carbonates, heavy metals, iron and arsenic Potassium bicarbonate - For limit of carbonate Potassium permanganate - For chlorids and nitrates Lead oxid- For moisture, carbonates, free lead, silicates, barium sul- phate, copper and iron Quinine sulphate - For other alkaloids of cinchona and organic impurities Saccharum lactis - For cane sugar and starch Soap - For animal fats, alkalinity Borax - For bicarbonates, phosphates, nitrates Sodium thiosulphate - For sulphids, caustic alkalies and carbonates Zinc sulphate - For arsenic, lead, copper, chlorids, free acid Tincture vanilla - For vanillin Qualitative examination of fixed oils, saponification number and iodin value Qualitative examination of volatile oils through polarising apparatus Pharmaceutical Syllabus 97 Identification of alkaloids, glucosids, etc. For alkaloids (1) If precipitate obtained by Mayer's re-agent is colorless 1. Add to the substance strong nitric acid Purple red color. Apomorphine verify by ferric chlorid, sodium bicarbonate and chloroform Brucine verify by stannous chlorid Morphine verify by ferric chlorid Codeine verify by sulphuric acid, ferric chlorid Veratrum verify by strong hydrochloric acid Blood red color. Orange red color. Orange red color. Dirty red color. 2. To another portion add strong sulphuric acid Red or brown on plate Deep red if warmed in tube Veratrum Bluish tinge Conium Blood red color Salicin (glucosid) verify by oxidation 3. If not identified by preceding sections, heat a little in a dry tube - red vapor indicates cinchona alkaloids - confirm by other tests 4. If not found by the aid of preceding sections test specially for the following: Aconitine atropine, homatropine, caffeine, co- caine, physostigmine, pilocarpine (2) If precipitate obtained by Mayer's re-agent is colored, Berberine, very bitter; soda gives yellow precipitate soluble in ether (3) If not an alkaloid 1. Aloin Sulphuric and nitric acid diluted with water and ammonium in excess Alkalies fine red color; strong sulphuric acid, brown color Solution in alcohol precipitated by water, solution in ammo- nia precipitated by acid Yellow after exposure to air ferric chlorid sulphuric acid 2. Chrysarobin 3. Podophyllin 4. Santonin (4) Other new reactions for the detection of some alkaloids 1. Chloral hydrate - Sulphuric acid and heat 2. Paraldehyde - Sulphuric acid and heat 3. Furfurol - Sulphuric acid and heat 4. Orthonitrophenyl - Propiotic acid and sulphuric acid 98 National Committee Qualitative analysis of ordinary scale salts Dissolve a portion in water and add ammonia cautiously Precipitate alkaloids (except strychnine) and sometimes ferric hy- droxid; add ether; agitate the mixture and separate the etherial solution, aqueous solution and insoluble precipitate Etherial solution should be tested for quinine, quinidine Aqueous solution should be tested for strychnine Insoluble precipitate should be tested for cinchona, cinchonidine ferric hydroxid Apply tests for pyrophosphoric, hypophosphoric, sulphuric, tar- taric, citric, hydrochloric acids and ammonia Identification tests should also be introduced for the more common organic bodies like starch, albumin, sugar, gelatin, pepsin, pancreatin, bile Manufacturing Chemistry. 25 hours. A continuation of the course from the first year. A more advanced course than that given the first year. It includes instruction in the manufacture of more difficult chemicals used in pharmacy. The course should be supplemented by lectures giving the general details of the work as outlined and of those chemicals that require special apparatus and of those also that can only be successfully prepared on a large scale. Solution and scaling Ferri et quinime citras solubilis Ferri phosphas solubilis Precipitation Bismuthi subgallas Mangani dioxidum praecipitatum Iodoform (acetone process) Extraction and crystallization Piperina Crystallization or granulation Ammonii iodidum Potassii bromidum Potassii citras Potassii iodidum Hydrargyri oxidum rubrum Sodii citras Terpini hydras Distillation Ethyl nitrite and spiritus aetheris nitrosi Methylis salicyl as Chloroformum (alcohol and acetone process) Pharmaceutical Syllabus 99 General Quantitative Chemistry. 50 hours. Quantitative chemistry deter- mines the amount of the constituents of a substance. Laboratory work forty hours, supplemented with ten lectures on the theory of gravimetric and volu- metric analysis. Lectures 1. Quantitative analysis, general principles 2. Differentiation, gravimetric and volumetric methods 3. Gravimetric analysis 4. Volumetric analysis - Normal solutions 5. Volumetric analysis - Empirical solutions 6. Volumetric analysis - Apparatus and manipulation 7. Volumetric analysis - Indicators 8. Volumetric analysis - Oxidimetry 9. Volumetric analysis - Indirect and residual titration 10. Gasometric analysis First. Gravimetric analysis illustrating the different methods of washing, drying or weighing precipitates, also the methods followed in making sep- arations. \ Laboratory work 1. Estimation of water of crystallization (a) Sodium carbonate (b) Ferrous sulphate 2. Ash determination 3. Determination of iron in ferric citrate by ignition 4. Determination of iron in solution ferric chlorid by precipitation as hy- droxid 5. Estimation of sulphuric acid in K2SO4 in BaS04 6. Estimation of chlorin in sodium chlorid as AgCl 7. Estimation of arsenic as sulphid 8. Estimation of mercury as sulphid 9. Estimation of zinc and of aluminium as oxids 10. Analysis of limestone, Ga, Fe, Si, Al, and Mg Second. Volumetric analysis. Grouping and standardizing volumetric solu- tion, the proper selection and use of indicators and practical demonstration by the students that they may be able to determine the actual amount present of a large number of selected chemicals, either in simple solution or mixed with others. Preparation of normal oxalic acid solution Estimation of sodium hydroxid Preparation of normal sodium hydroxid solution Preparation of normal sulphuric acid 100 National Committee Estimation of sodium carbonate, phenolphtalein as indicator Estimation of sodium carbonate, methyl orange as indicator Determination of st. of ammonia water, rosolic acid as indicator Titration of acids, H2, SO4, HC1, HNOS, and acetic acid Valuation of potassium bitartrate by ignition and titration Valuation of lead subacetate solution Control by drying and weighing the lead sulphate Preparation of decinormal silver nitrate Titration of a chlorid, bromid and iodid Preparation of decinormal potassium permanganate Estimation of ferrous sulphate Determination of ferric iron after reduction to ferrous iron Valuation of hydrogen dioxid solution Estimation of ferrous sulphate by N10 pot. dichromate Preparation of N10 iodin and N10 sodium thiosulphate Valuation of tincture of iodin Valuation of chlorinated lime Valuation of sulphurous acid Valuation of sodium sulphite Iodometric estimation of ferric iron Estimation of arsenous acid in Fowler's solution Valuation of phenol Third. Gasometric processes to determine the strength of certain U. S. P. preparations. Solution of hydrogen dioxid Spirits of nitrous ether Temperature and pressure corrections Drug assaying. 50 hours. Drug assaying determines the amounts of the valuable constituents of pharmaceutical substances. Laboratory and lecture courses to enable the student to master the fundamental principles and to understand the modifications necessary for different U. S. P. substances and preparation in accordance with the directions of the U. S. P. modified by later experience. A course of ten lectures on the theory and practice of drug assaying, paral- leled by forty hours of laboratory practice therein. The work should include the making of standard volumetric solutions, esti- mation of acids, alkalies, iron, hydrogen dioxid, silver, etc., assay of opium, extract of nux vomica, etc., etc. Each topic considered in the lectures should be exemplified by practice on it in the laboratory during the same week, or combined lectures and laboratory exercises should be given. Full explanation should be given of the different processes used and the reasons why and how figures and results are obtained so the students may be able to intelligently carry out the laboratory work and understand the stoichiometrical calculations. The students should be required to make careful notes in detail of each step in the procedure of the assay processes. Typical examples of each process. Assaying by simple separation of the valuable constituent through me- chanical means, without the aid of chemicals Example, mercury in mercurial ointment Pharmaceutical Syllabus 101 Assaying digestive enzymes by their power to digest known quantities of certain substances Examples, pepsin estimated by its power to digest albumen pancreatin estimated by its power to digest starch Separating the active constituent by means of chemicals or test solu- tions and estimating the amount, as cineol in oil of cajuput as cineol in oil of eucalyptus Estimating the amount of active constituents by the residue, after hav- ing destroyed the active constituents Examples, eugenol in oil of cloves cinnamic aldechyde in oil of cinnamon Estimating the amount of active constituent by volumetric solutions, the amount used being determined by proper indicators on test solutions The U. S. P., pages 569-575, inclusive, gives a full list of volu- metric assays directed, and the student should perform at least ten experiments found in that list during this course. Example Iron in the iron scale salts lodin in tincture of iodin Ammonia in ammonia water H202 in solution of hydrogen dioxi d Phenol in phenol Citral in oil of lemon Hydrocyanic acid in oil o'f bitter almond Menthol in oil of peppermint Santalol in oil of sandalwood Boneol in oil of rosemary Gasometric assay, by determining the volume of gas given off during a definite reaction U. S. P., pages 576-577, should be thoroughly explained and students be required in the laboratory to assay sweet spirits of nitre for ethyl nitrite. Alkaloidal assay by immiscible solvents as outlined, pages 578-579 U. S. P., should be carefully explained and a few typical drugs as well as pharmacopical preparations should serve as examples in this laboratory course, Estimation of: % Alkaloids in ipecac % Resin in jalap % Morphine in tincture of opium % Alkaloids in tincture of stramonium % Strychnine in extract of nux vomica % Mydiate alkaloid in extract of scopola Alkaloids in fluid extract of guarana % Alkaloids in fluid extract of coca % Mydriatic alkaloids in belladonna plaster % Quinine in citrate of iron and quinine 102 National Committee Explanation. The sides of the equilateral triangle form the bases of three segments of an equilateral hexagon; the area of the segments is the same as the area of the triangle. The subjects of each branch are grouped, so far as practicable, with theory to the left and practice to the right of perpendiculars to the sides of the triangle. The subjects progress from the center outward in the logical order of development from the general to the special and from the elementary to the higher. The assignment of space is approximate only, which does not materially detract from the illustration. The dimensions are the same in each graphic. The real purpose of this study is to determine a practicable and scientific outline for the second year's work continuing the first, and culminating with the state boards' examinations for licensed pharmacist. This graphic also illustrates the increase of time required for the minimum course aftei' 1910, 100 hours of which may logically be increased by outlining subjects to be pursued in the school or to be attained by two years' experience in a retail pharmacy. The additional 100 hours (subsequent to 1910) increase in the curriculum for the second year is normally made in the branch of materia mediea. The revised syllabus should complete the hexagon and give a tentative outline of graduate work. P11A R M A C E U TIC A L SYLLABUS 103 . Graphic C. The subject of pharmacology outlined for the second or senior year and the hours assigned to each, also the approximate time available for graduate work. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 105 BRANCH III -PHARMACY. One hundred and forty hours, first year; 160 hours, second year; total, 300 hours. Pharmacy as a branch of pharmacology is the science and art of pre- paring, preserving, compounding and dispensing medicine. It is not assumed for a moment that the practice of pharmacy should be separated from the theory of pharmacy, nor that commercial pharmacy is to be considered wholly apart from manufacturing pharmacy. The outline assigns definite hours to definite subdivisions for the specific purpose of keeping in mind the maximum of information to be imparted in the minimum possible time, so that each branch of the whole subject of pharmacology shall receive its adequate and its proper consideration. Nor is it contemplated that some subjects are minor subjects that can be taken away from other subjects con- sidered as major. If figurative language is permissible, the tentative outline and assignment of hours is scaffolding to be removed when the building is constructed, or to be retained as a portion of the building as decided by the board of architects - the Committee of Twenty-one. Meanwhile, the architects drawing the plans and specifications must not be permitted to lose sight of the original purpose of the building - "a pharmacy syllabus prepared to indicate the general scope and character of the instruction to be given by the teacher and the work to be done by the student * * * that embarrassment to students in state board examinations, arising from defective instruction or the use of different text- books may be obviated." The instruction the first year includes pharmaceutical arithmetic, pharma- ceutical Latin, theory of pharmacy, practice of pharmacy, commercial phar- macy and manufacturing pharmacy, which should be given in the main by lecture, acquired by the student for recitation and tested by frequent quizzes. FIRST YEAR. 106 National Committee Pharmaceutical Arithmetic. 20 hours. The arithmetic pertaining to the science and art of pharmacy. The aim of this course is to teach the student to use easily and accurately the various current weights and measures. Since the pharmacopoeia is based on the metric system, and since this system of weights and measures is used in scientific laboratories, special effort should be made to master it in all its practical details. At the same time it should be remembered that the student has had little practical experience in the system of weights and measures in common use. Didactic. The following general outline of the didactic work contemplates fifteen hours' instruction, to be supplemented by at least five hours' experi- mental work in the laboratory: Review of decimal fractions Metric system of weights and measures Review of common fractions Thermometer scales English system of weights and measures Relationship of English and metric systems of weights and measures Ratio and proportion Calculations of strength and proportions of pharmaceutical preparations Specific gravity and specific volume Weights of given volumes and volumes of given weights Percentage Solutions, dilutions and concentrations Alligation Chemical problems Computation of dosage Bookkeeping Single entry Double entry r Commercial forms Experimental work in the laboratory. Practical experiments of weighing and measuring, using the metric system of weights and measures. Methods of testing and verifying instruments of weights and measures, both of the metric and the English systems. Practical pharmaceutical experiments in alligation. Alternate. Medial. The preparation of a blotter and ledger, with a typical page of each. The preparation of a prescription book and a poison register, with a typical page of each. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 107 Pharmaceutical Latin. 20 hours. The Latin pertaining to the science and art of pharmacy. In a Latin course of but twenty hours, it is evident that all ordinary methods of treating the subject must be set aside. Only such essentials of inflection and syntax can be taught as will serve the practical purpose of enabling the student to read prescriptions with ease and intelligence. With this end in view, the following specific recommendations are made: Pronunciation. Time should not be spent on any fine points. Preference should be given to the English method because it is easier and more in ac- cord with the prevailing pronunciation of American pharmacists. It may be wiser, however, to retain the Roman method, if a large percentage of the class has already become familiar with it. Declension. Teach the simpler uses of only four cases, viz., nominative, genitive, accusative, ablative. Omit the declension of pronouns. Conjugation. The essential forms of the verb are: Active imperative present, second singular. Active subjunctive present, third singular- and plural. Passive subjunctive present, third singular and plural. Present and perfect participles and the gerundive. These forms should be given for the four regular conjugations, together with the verbs in -io and the irregular verbs sum and fio. Comparison. A brief statement of the Latin method of comparison of adjectives will comprise all that is needed'. Numerals. Thorough drill should be given on the cardinals from units to mille, together with the declension of units, duo, tres and mille. The ordinals from primus to centesimus are also important. Vocabularies. Every lesson should include a Latin vocabulary of at least twenty pharmaceutical words. The student should be required to write these correctly when the English equivalents are given. Mistakes in spelling often have serious results in prescription writing. It is important therefore that frequent exercises in correcting such errors should be given. Abbreviations. These should not be grouped in a single chapter, as they are difficult to memorize and very elusive. A certain number of them with their full form and meaning should be given in each lesson and be frequently reviewed. Latin exercises. The exercises should include many pharmacopoeial titles and parts of prescriptions as well as illustrative sentences. The occasional translation of English prescriptions into Latin will be found to be a most useful exercise. Prescriptions. The reading of prescriptions should be begun as early in the course as possible. Ultimately the student should be able to write in Latin the full form of any prescription in every detail of the title and quantity of the drugs, as well as the abbreviations, and give a correct English translation of the same. 108 National Committee Theory of Pharmacy. 25 hours. The exposition of the principles upon w hich pharmacy operations are based; and practice of pharmacy, 25 hours first year and 40 hours second year. Systematic exercises of general pharmaceuti- cal operations. (Pharmaceutical Technique.) The time allotted to the above subject by the general committee is 90 hours into which there has been an endeavor to com- press the essentials of a course of didactic lectures and laboratory instruction in the more important features of operative pharmacy. In interpreting the title, theory and practice, it has been considered practi- cally synonymous with the terms pharmaceutical technique and operative phar- macy employed by many teachers of pharmacy, thereby excluding many things which can be more profitably considered under other subdivisions of the pharmaceutical curriculum. It will be noted that the subject of metrology, including the determination of specific gravities, has been retained under this head instead of relegating it to the department of pharmaceutical arithmetic, which will have probably the approval of the most of those who give instruction in this branch. No attempt has been made to apportion the hours among the several sub- divisions of the subject, a function which should belong exclusively to the instructor. DIDACTIC COURSE - DIVISIONS OF THE SUBJECT General Considerations. Subject - Matter of pharmacy Literature of pharmacy Pharmacopoeias, commentaries, etc. Metrology 1 Including specific gravity, etc. Pharmaceutical Technique Operative pharmacy GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Subject-matter of Pharmacy Definitions of National Syllabus Committee Pharmacology Botany Pharmacognosy Microscopy Materia medica Toxicology-posology Chemistry Pharmacy Theory and practice Physiology, etc. Pharmacy The science and art of preparing, preserving, compounding and dis- pensing medicines Historical Account Pharmaceutical Syllabus 109 Literature of Pharmacy Pharmacopoeias and formularies Foreign pharmacopoeias United States pharmacopoeia National formulary Commentaries Dispensatories Progress of pharmacy Pharmaceutical journals Association proceedings State associations American pharmaceutical association American chemical society, etc. METROLOGY Measurement (in general)-Comparison of thing measured with selected standard units Kinds of Measurement . Quantities of matter Quantities of force Quantities of energy Measurement of Matter Measure of extension One direction - Linear measure Two directions - Square measure Three directions - Cubic or volume measure Measure of weight or of gravitative force Ancient Arbitrary Standards of Weight and Measure Cubit, span, foot, grain, karat, etc. Scientific System Should be based on a natural invariable standard Primary units should be easily comparable with each other Orders of units should increase and decrease in a simple ratio Names of units should indicate their magnitude and kind of measure COMMON SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES In common use by English-speaking nations WEIGHTS Imperial or Avoirdupois Used in the United States for commercial purposes only, and in British Empire for both commercial purposes and pharmaceutical compounding Historical account Table of units and symbols Notation, or methods of writing avoirdupois quantities Apothecaries' Weight Commonly employed in writing prescriptions (United States) Historical account Table of units and symbols Notation, or methods of writing quantities in apothecaries' system Troy Weight Relation to apothecaries' weight Comparison of Apothecaries' and Avoirdupois Weights Difference in units, symbols, «tc. 110 National Committee LIQUID VOLUME OB CUBIC MEASUBE Imperial Liquid Measure Historical account Used in prescriptions for compounding and commercial purposes Relation to imperial or avoirdupois weight Table of imperial measure Notation, or methods of expressing quantities in imperial measure United States Wine or Apothecaries' Liquid Measure Used in United States for commercial purposes and mainly in compounding prescriptions Historical account Table of apothecaries' measure Notation, or method of expressing quantities in apothecaries' measure Comparison of Imperial and United States Wine Measure Difference in volume of units having the same names, difference in no- tation, etc. Common Domestic Measures 'Drop, teaspoonful, dessertspoonful, tablespoonful, wineglassful, teacupful Metric System of Weights and Measures Historical account Derivation of fundamental and primary units Derivation of unit names and numeral prefixes Tables of metric weights and measures Notation, or methods of expressing quantities in terms of metric weight and measure Equivalents of metric units in terms of the common systems WEIGHING MACHINES Historical Account of Weighing Machines, including description of ancient forms Modern Forms Seales and balances . Classification of Balances Spring and lever Law of the balance Classification of Lever Balances Simple and compound Equal and unequal arms Torsion balances Styles of Balances for Commercial Purposes Counter scales Platform scales, etc. Styles of Prescription Balances Pans below beam Pans above beam The Analytical Balance Bearings Rules, etc. Requisites of Accurate Prescription and Analytical Balances Equal length of arms Location of center of gravity Parallelism of knife edges Agate bearings, etc. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 111 Care and Use of Balance Location, etc. Methods of Weighing Direct * Reversal Substitution Gross weight Net weight Tare FORMS OF WEIGHTS Materials Iron Brass Platinum Aluminum, etc. Common Styles Pyramid weights Block weights Cup weights Prescription and Analytical Coin weights Block weights Sheet brass, aluminum, and platinum Wire weights Riders VESSELS USED IN MEASURING LIQUIDS Materials Employed in Measuring Vessels Glass, metals, etc. Methods of Graduation To contain or deliver Single volume and divided volume measures Styles of Measuring Vessels " Graduates " Flasks Cylinders, stoppered and open Burettes Pipettes, etc., Certification and calibration of graduated glass vessels SPECIFIC GRAVITY Density, absolute and relative, with definitions and illustrations of specific gravity Standards of Density Solids ffand liquids Gases and vapors Data Required for Specific Gravity Calculations Weight and volume of substance Weight of equal volume of standard 112 National Committee PRACTICAL METHODS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS - LIQUIDS By Pycknometer, or Specific Gravity Bottle Improvised pycknometer Other styles of pycknometer, Squibb's etc. By Loss of Weight in Immersed Body Gannal's method Variations of Gannal's method Mohr's or Westphal's Specific Gravity Balance Construction and use Hydrometers Styles of Arbitrary scales Specific gravity scale solids From Loss of Weight in Water Solids heavier than water Solids lighter than water From Volume of Water Displaced Illustrations By Use of Pycknometer Illustrations Specific Gravity of Solids Soluble in Water Illustrations Specific Volume Definition Relation to specific gravity Methods of determination and calculation Pharmaceutical applications HEAT AND ITS PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS Nature of Heat Ancient and modern theories Sources of Heat Natural Electrical Combustion of fuel Thermometry Temperature or heat intensity Thermometers Historical account Fixed points Thermometer scales - Fahrenheit, Centigrade, Reaumur Comparison and conversion of thermometric scales Styles of thermometers, and applications in pharmacy Calorimetry Measurement of quantity of heat Heat unit or calorie Calorimeter, and application Pharmaceutical Syllabus 113 Combustion Nature of Combustible elements of fuels Conditions of Combustion Igniting point of fuels Supply of oxygen Removal of products of combustion Test of perfect combustion Calorific Value of Fuels How estimated Application Solid Fuels Coal, coke, wood, charcoal Appliances for burning solid fuels Liquid Fuels Petroleum, gasoline Lamps and stoves Alcohol - Wood, ethyl, and denatured Lamps and burners Caseous Fuels Natural, coal, and water gases Gas burners, stoves, and appliances Blow-pipe -■ Simple, compound, oxyhydrogen regulation and application of heat Desiccation and Exsiccation Uses of Appliances Torrefaction and Carbonization Uses of and appliances Ignition, Incineration and Calcination Pharmaceutical uses and appliances Use of Baths Water, saline, oil, glycerin, sand, steam, paraffin Constant level water-bath Uses of Superheated Steam Appliances Evaporation, Below Boiling Point Conditions Evaporation by Boiling (Ebullition) Theory of Vapor pressure Evaporation Under Diminished Pressure (Vacuum Evaporation) Purposes Application in pharmacy Evaporating Dishes and Appliances Materials Styles Sterilization Object Methods. 114 National Committee Distillation, (Simple) Definition Historical account Alembic and retired stills Dome stills and worm condenser Flask still and Liebig condenser Special pharmaceutical stills - Remington, ete. Alcohol stills, rectifying columns, etc. Distillation under Diminished Pressure (Vacuum Distillation) Theory of Purpose Appliances Fractional Distillation Theory of Influence of vapor tension Appliances Sublimation Cake sublimates Powder sublimates Appliances Destructive Distillation Theory of Wood: Acetic acid, methyl alcohol Coal: Illuminating gas, tar, etc., Bone and animal matter: Bone oil, bone-black, etc. Appliances Refrigeration Theory of Freezing mixtures Evaporation of volatile liquors, etc. Applications in pharmacy COMMINUTION Theory and Purpose Cutting or Slicing Object Appliances Contusion or Bruising Mortars and pestles - materials, kinds, shapes, ete., Methods for facilitating contusion Rasping and Filing Methods and appliances Grinding. Drug Mills Simple hand mills Construction and rules for operation Power mills Disintegrators Chaser mills Buhr-Stone mills Ball mills, etc. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 115 Trituration Methods of Styles of mortar and pestle Levigation or porphyrization Methods and purpose Comminution by Use of Volatile Solvents Camphor, etc. Comminution of Metals Methods Comminution by Precipitation Methods, Degrees of Comminution Methods of designating Impalpable or dusted powders Sifting Common forms of sieves Sifting media Methods of sifting Mechanical sifters EXPRESSION Hand Expression Twist-press Single Screw Press Special forms Methods of operation Fruit Presses Methods of using Hydraulic or Hydrostatic Press Principle of operation Styles used in fixed oil industries Expression with Heat Methods of application SOLUTION Theory of Solution Solute, and solvent Simple and Chemical Solution Distinction Degrees of Saturation Subsaturated Saturated Supersaturated 116 National Committee Effect of Heat on Rate of solution Solubility- Law of Solvents Chemical relationship of solute and solvent Simple solvents Water, alcohol, glycerin, ether, etc. Compound solvents Effect of Solution on Density Boiling point Freezing . Chemical activity Eutexia Theory and examples Solution of Gases Law of Henry & Dalton Application in pharmacy Liquefaction of Gases Theory of " Critical point " Handling and storage in the pharmacy SEPARATION OF LIQUIDS FROM SOLIDS Centrifugal Separations Theory of centrifugal action Centrifugal machines. Use in microscopy and urinalysis Use on manufacturing scale Colation or Straining Forms of strainers Strainer cloths Strainer supports " Hippocrates' sleeve " Sieve strainers " Colanders " Cotton Filtration Definition, distinction from colation Mass filters - Sand, glass-wool, asbestos, charcoal, etc. Felted cloth Paper Folded filters Plain Fluted, etc. Unbaked porcelain Pasteur and Chamberlain filters, etc. Pharmaceutical Syllabus 117 Pressure Filtration Filter-pumps Mechanical filters Funnels Material Angle of sides Buchner funnel Ribbed or fluted funnels Hot Filtration Objects. Methods Appliances and application in pharmacy Funnel Supports Wooden supports Metal supports Ring stands Movable Fixed dialysis Osmose General principles Crystalloids and colloids Dialysis Construction of dialyzer Diffusate and dialysate Conditions for efficient dialysis Pharmaceutical applications precipitation Chemical Precipitation Change in molecular aggregation, e. g., coagulation of albumin Through slow oxidation, e. g., in fluid extracts Double decomposition, (most chemical precipitates) e. g., ferric hydroxid Influence of heat and concentration Precipitating jars Physical Precipitation By change of solvents, e. g., adding alcohol to aqueous solutions of sul- phates, acacia, etc. WASHING OF PRECIPITATES (LOTION) Washing Precipitates on Filter Methods Spritz-bottle Guiding-rod 118 National Committee Washing by Decantation Theory of Vessels for Use of the Siphon Theory of Methods Elutriation Methods Pharmaceutical applications CLARIFICATION AND DECOLORATION Clarification Theory of Materials and methods Paper-pulp Egg albumin, etc. Fermentation Decoloration Theory of Materials and methods Charcoal - vegetable, animal Fuller's earth Alumina cream, etc. SEPARATION OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS Effect of Gravity on Mutually Insoluble Liquors Formation of emulsions Destruction of emulsions Separators Centrifugal separators Spritz-bottle style of separator Improvised separating funnel Separators with glass stop-cocks Patterns of EXTRACTION OF DRUGS BY SOLVENTS Character of Drugs Requiring Extraction Lixiviation Definition, methods, illustrations Pharmaceutical applications Maceration Definition, methods Pharmaceutical applications Circulatory Solution, (or Circulatory Displacement) Definition, method Applications in pharmacy Pharmaceutical Syllabus 119 Digestion At gentle heat At boiling temperature Use of reflux or return condenser Percolation, (or Displacement) Historical account Theory of Official Percolators Conical Cylindrical Narrow cylindrical Fitting of Percolators Cotton and sand Cork and control tube Sprinkler-top control Process of Percolation Moistening the powder Method and object Saturation and preliminary maceration, Method and object Packing, Filter-paper cover, and weight Percolating jars Conditions of Perfect Percolation Fineness of powder Firmness of packing Character of menstruum, Shape of percolator Rate of flow, use of control tube, etc. Conditions which Determine Choice of Menstruum Oily and resinous drugs Astringent drugs Alkaloidal drugs, etc. Tests for Complete Extraction Color and taste of percolate SPECIAL METHODS OF PERCOLATION Squibb or Well-Tube Percolator Theory and construction Siphon control tube Pressure Percolation Theory of Anderson's pressure percolator Other styles 120 National Committee liepercolation or Fractional Percolation Theory and method Application to fluid extracts Percolation zvith Volatile Menstrua Method Application in pharmacy Continuous Percolation Theory of Improvised apparatus Soxhlet's apparatus Extraction tubes CRYSTALLIZATION AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Crystallization Theory of Amorphous bodies Description of Crystalline Forms Face, edge, angle, axes Prismatic, tabular, acicular, laminar, etc. Isomorphous, dimorphous, polymorphous, etc. Production of Crystals Fusion and Cooling Sublimation From supersaturated solutions Mother liquor Precipitation Crystallizing Vessels Glass, earthenware, wood Conditions Which Affect Crystallize (ion Rest and agitation Cooling Presence of nuclei Water of Crystallization Distinction from interstitial water Efflorescence, exsiccation Deliquescence, hygroscopic crystals CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Crystal Systems Monoclinic or regular Examples Dimetric or quadratic Examples Tri metric or rhombic Examples Hexagonal or rhombohedric Examples Monoclinic or oblique - Prismatic Examples Triclinic or double - Oblique Examples Pharmaceutical Syllabus 121 Laboratory Instruction. The selection of the particular line of experi- ments to accompany a course of lectures upon pharmaceutical technique must necessarily be left largely to the judgment of the instructor, the choice of the latter naturally depending upon his opinion of the portions of the subject which need the emphasis of laboratory work The character of the experiments which may appropriately be given as a part of this course will also depend in large measure upon the line of work in the galenical laboratory, since the latter when fairly comprehensive may in- clude all or nearly all of the processes and methods commonly considered under the head of operative pharmacy The above considerations have led to the indication of what might properly be denominated an elementary course of experiments to be pursued as an in- troduction to galenical work, leaving the dictation of details to the discretion of the instructor PRACTICE IN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Comparison of Metric and Common Linear and Square Measures Measure laboratory, tables, height of student, etc., by means of meter- stick and foot-rule Draw diagrams of laboratory and furniture on scale of 2 cm to meter and % inch to foot, for comparison Ascertain approximate values of the inch, foot and yard in cm. Comparison of Metric and Apothecaries' Liquid Measures Ascertain approximate value of fluidounce and fluidrachm in cc Ascertain approximate value of cc in minims Ascertain capacity of common 1 ounce, 2 ounce and 4 ounce vials in cc and in fluidrachms Comparison of Metric and Common Weights Determine the value of the gram in grains The value of drachms in grams The value of the avoirdupois ounce and apothecaries' ounce in grams Weighing, Wrapping and Tying of Packages Practice in weighing out, wrapping, tying and labeling of common drugs organic and inorganic List of drugs, and quantities to be specified by instructor SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS LIQUIDS Improvised Pycknometer Student required to calibrate ordinary ounce vial, and with the same to determine the specific gravity of liquids submitted by the instructor Temperature conditions should be made to conform to U. S. P. Gannal's Method Determination of specific gravity of several liquids by weighing glass stopper successively in water and in the liquid to be determined 122 National Committee SOLIDS Heavier than Water and Insoluble Determine specific gravity of several insoluble, solid bodies, using the method of loss of weight in water Lighter than Water, Insoluble By same method, determine specific gravity of insoluble bodies lighter than water Solids Soluble in Water Determine specific gravity of several bodies soluble in water, e. g., blue vitriol, alum, etc., by using benzin or turpentine, then determine specific gravity of liquid employed and calculate true specific gravity of the body Solids in Powder Form Select powder heavier than and insoluble in water, and take specific grav- ity by use of pycknometer Use of Hydrometers Use instruments for liquids lighter and liquids heavier than water, and determine specific gravity of several U. S. P. liquid preparations HEAT AND REGULATION OE TEMPERATURE Comparison of Thermometers Take temperature of a liquid, e. g., water, at different times, while over a source of heat, using both Centigrade and Fahrenheit instruments, and compare results Absorption of Heat by Evaporation Cause volatile liquid, e. g., alcohol, ether, etc., to evaporate rapidly by current of air, and note fall of temperature Absorption of Heat by Solution Dissolve certain salts, e. g., ammonium nitrate or chlorid, in water, using thermometer as stirring rod, and note fall in temperature. Evolution of Heat by Solution Dissolve commercial caustic soda in water, using thermometer as stirring rod, and note rise in temperature Sublimation of Solids Student to improvise sublimation apparatus, and make sublimation of one or more volatile bodies Melting Points Determination of melting points of various substances submitted by the instructor Boiling Points Determination or boiling points of liquids selected by the instructor Simple Distillation Recovery of alcohol from a galenical, e. g., an old fluid extract, using flask still with Liebig condenser - Ascertain alcoholic strength of dis- tillate by specific gravity, and U. S. P. alcohol table Percolation Equipping percolator with cork and control tube, and extraction of a selected drug, following U. S. P. method for Extract of Colchicum Corm, omitting evaporation if desired Pharmaceutical Syllabus 123 Commercial Pharmacy. 25 hours. Trade or commerce in pharmaceutical products including business practice Commencing business Location of the store New stand Established business Necessary capital Size of room and arrangement of space Selection of store fixtures and furniture Prescription case, arrangement and furniture Poison cabinet Equipment of the laboratory Selection of shelfware and containers Stock Purchasing stock Forms for ordering stock Cancelation of orders Card index with record of goods bought Value of co-operative buying of goods Purchasing of goods on time । Value of discounting bills Methods of keeping up stock Checking and pricing of pharmaceuticals and supplies Inventory or stock taking Labeling of goods Selling goods System of recording sales ' j How to acquire salesmanship Department sales Marking the cost and selling prices Profits on goods Expense of selling goods Selling for cash Selling on credit Methods of collecting accounts Prevention of dishonesty Advertising methods The importance of window displays Displaying good's in store ; ' • When to use newspapers and circulars Giving out samples, novelties, etc. How to meet competition Handling of side lines Manufacturing Your own specialties Having them manufactured by others What pharmaceuticals should be made by the druggists The equipment necessary to manufacture such preparations as are prac- tical to the average druggist 124 National Committee Manufacturing Pharmacy. 25 hours. The preparation of pharmaceutical substances. Prepare one or more of each class of official preparations, using the U. S. P. process in each instance. Exsiccated salts Exsiccate alum and sulphate of iron Granulated salts Prepare granulated sulphate of iron Effervescent salts Prepare effervescent sulphate of magnesium Waters Prepare camphor water and hamamelis water Infusions Prepare infusion of digitalis and compound infusion of senna Decoctions Prepare decoctions from common drugs using the general formula Mucilages Prepare mucilage of acacia and mucilage of elm Syrups Prepare syrup of iodid of iron, syrup of lactophosphate of calcium, and compound syrup of squill Elixirs Prepare aromatic elixir and elixir of iron, quinine and strychnine phos- phate Tinctures Prepare tincture of deodorized opium, and at least one tincture made by percolation, one by maceration, and one by simple solution Troches Make troches of ammonium chlorid, or troches of potassium chlorate Honeys Prepare clarified honey Wines Prepare wine of antimony, and wine of opium Vinegars Prepare vinegar of opium Liniments Prepare camphor liniment, and turpentine liniment Confections Prepare confection of rose Powders Prepare aromatic powder, or compound powder of rhubarb Pharmaceutical Syllabus 125 The instruction in this branch during the second year includes the prac- tice of pharmacy, 40 hours, as outlined in the first year, laboratory method; a. continuation of commercial pharmacy 25 hours; manufacturing pharmacy, 40 hours, continued from the first year; pharmaceutical jurisprudence at least five hours, and dispensing pharmacy, 50 hours. SECOND YEAR Commercial Pharmacy. (Continued) 25 hours. Bookkeeping Necessity of proper books of account Special forms for drug business Theory of bookkeeping Practical bookkeeping: Ledger, cash book, journal, supplementary book Illustration in bookkeeping Business correspondence Business letter writing System Insurance Fire insurance Importance of adequate insurance Form of policy Written portion of policy Property covered by policy Limitations of policy Obligation on part of insured Transfer and removal of insured property Life and liability insurance Negotiable instruments What constitutes negotiability Notes Drafts Law of negotiable instruments Banking Commercial banks Deposits Withdrawals Loans Savings banks Remittances Partnership Forming of partnership Legal standing of partnership Rights of parties Obligation of partners Dissolution of partnership 126 National Committee Corporations Formation Legal standing Capital stock Rights of stockholders Obligation of stockholders Duties of officers Comparison of partnership and corporation Bankruptcy laws History Who may become bankrupts Rights to duties of bankrupt Rights of creditors Preferences Distribution of assets Discharge Professional and business ethics Manufacturing Pharmacy. (Continued) 40 hours. Mixtures Prepare compound iron mixture, and compound mixture of glycyrrhiza Emulsions Prepare emulsion of almond or emulsion of asafetida, emulsion of cod liver oil and emulsion of oil of turpentine Glycerites Prepare glycerite of tannic acid, glycerite of starch and glycerite of boroglycerin Liquors Prepare compound solution of chlorin, compound solution of cresol, solu- tion of ferric chlorid, solution of ferric sulphate, solution of potassium arsenite and solution of chlorinated soda Acids Prepare diluted hydriodic acid, diluted hydrocyanic acid, and sulphurous acid Collodions Prepare collodion, and styptic collodion Fluid extracts Prepare a simple fluid extract, such as taraxacum, and one requiring an assay for completion, such as belladonna Spirits Prepare aromatic spirit of ammonia and spirit of nitrous ether Oleoresins Prepare oleoresin of aspidium Resins Prepare resin of podophyllum Pharmaceutical Syllabus 127 Iron salts Prepare saccharated ferrous carbonate, or ferric hydroxid with mag- nesium oxid Mercury salts Prepare red mercuric iodid, or yellow mercuric oxid Oleates Prepare oleate of mercury Ointments Prepare ointment, ointment of rose-water, ointment of mercuric nitrate, and iodin ointment Cerates Prepare cerate, and compound rosin cerate Plasters Prepare adhesive plaster or lead plaster. Spread plasters of ordinary dimensions, and for the ear Suppositories Make glycerin suppositories, and rectal, urethral, and vaginal supposi- tories, with oil of theobroma Extracts Prepare extract of gentian, extract of hyoscyamus, and extract of cas- cara sagrada Masses Prepare mass of ferrous carbonate, or mass of mercury Pills Make compound cathartic pills, and pills of ferrous carbonate, or pills of ferrous iodid 128 National Committee Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence. Five hours. The relations of law and pharmacy to each other. The subject of pharmaceutical jurisprudence is condensed into five divi- sions: 1, Jurisprudence; 2, Contracts; 3, Commercial paper and banking; 4, Agency, partnership, property, insurance; 5, Statutory regulations of the practice of pharmacy. It will not be an easy matter for a lecturer to cover the subjects of each division in one hour but he can devote an hour to the sub- jects of each division. While the syllabus in this subject seems lengthy it has been condensed considerably and by the omission of court decisions can be still more compressed. It is retained in its entirety for future use when the revision of the syllabus may permit of greater time for this most important subject. Jurisprudence - Its philosophy and scope Right and wrong Universal law Statutory law - Federal and state Common law and equity Brief historical consideration Modification by statute law Contracts Definitions - nature and requisite of contract in general Classification of contracts Contracts under seal Contracts of record Agreements Obligation Concurrence of obligation and agreement Unenforceable agreements Essentials of contract Parties Offer and acceptance Consideration Parties Capacities of parties Infants or minors Contracts for necessaries Ratification and avoidance Effect of ratification and avoidance Insane persons Ratification and avoidance Drunken persons Married women Corporations Offer and acceptance The offer Revocation of offer Lapse of offer Offers to the public generally Acceptance Necessities for acceptance Effect of acceptance Character, mode, place and time of acceptance Pharmaceutical Syllabus 129 Consideration Consideration defined Necessity of consideration Adequacy of consideration Legality of consideration Failure of consideration Operation of contracts Limit of contractual relation Assignment of contracts Joint and several contracts Interpretation of contracts Rules relating to evidence Rules of construction Discharge of contracts By agreement By performance By breach By impossibility of performance By operation of law Remedies on breach of contract Commercial paper and banking Definition Essentials Unconditional promise Signature, in general What constitutes a signature Position of signature Imperative order Specific promise Payable in money Specific sum Payee ascertainable Time of payment certain Delivery Non-essentials Date Expression of consideration Acceptance Necessary to charge drawee Stranger cannot accept Acceptance supra protest Presentment, to whom and by whom Presentment of sight bills Drawee's rights upon presentment Promise to accept Oral acceptance Statutory requirement of written acceptance Implied acceptance Unconditional acceptance Effect of acceptance 130 National Committee Negotiability Definition and indicia Effect of seal Transfer By delivery Bearer paper Paper indorsed in blank Liability of the transferrer Genuineness and title Competency of parties Solvency of parties By indorsement Order paper Indorser's contract Liabilities of indorser Warranties of indorser Genuineness Competency of parties Title and right to convey By whom made Kinds of indorsement Indorsement in full Indorsement without words of negotiability Indorsement in blank Indorser's right to fill up blank indorsement Restrictive indorsement Indorsement without resource Indorsement by joint payees Contribution among joint indorsers Successive indorsers Indorsers, guarantors, and sureties Their liabilities distinguished Indorser in general Indorser's contract Guarantor's contract Contemporaneous - Subsequent Statute of frauds Surety's contract Joint makers Effect of subsequent indorsement over signature Contribution among sureties Accommodation paper Effect of affixing the word " surety " Discharge of guarantors and sureties Fraud, misrepresentation and duress Material alterations Impairment of security Illegality, fraud, duress and failure of consideration Pharmaceutical Syllabus 131 Bona fide holders Equitable defenses not available Requisites Purchaser before maturity Modification Exception Demand paper Valuable consideration Usual course of business Good faith Presentment for payment Must be made at maturity Parties charged without presentment Who may present Notary public To whom made Time of presentment Days of grace Time of day Time for presentment at residence Place of presentment Presumption where none is indicated Manner of presentment Protest What paper requires protest By whom made Noting Notice of dishonor Time of sending notice Parties living in same town Presentment, protest and notice excused Checks Distinctions from bills of exchange Certification Negotiability Presentment Time of presentment When holder resides in place of payment When holder does not reside in place of payment Agency - A contractual relation Creation of the relation Principal and agent Capacity of parties How the relation may arise Form of authority Agency by estoppel Ratification 132 National Committee Effect of relation Rights and liabilities of principal and agent Rights and liabilities as to third persons Disclosed principal Principal undisclosed Form of agent Determination of the relation Partnership Common law partnership Agreement of parties Partnership property- Powers and obligation of parties Dissolution of partnership Limited partnership Brief reference to Joint-stock companies Corporations Property Realty, the two forms Personalty, the two forms Title in property How acquired How conveyed Brief references to Bailments Common carriers Bankruptcy and insolvency Insurance Nature of the contract of insurance Insurable interest In property In life Interest of assignee Creditor's interest Cessation of interest The contract May be oral Presumption as to terms Issuance of policy may be compelled Or written Prior negotiations merged Delivery Kinds of policies Open Valued Warranty, representation and concealment Warranty, a condition precedent Presumption Representation Oral promissory representation Materiality Concealment Pharmaceutical Syllabus 133 Premium Ordinarily payable in cash Forfeiture for non-payment Excuses for non-payment Waiver of payment, ad' diem Special provisions Alienation Increase of risk Other insurance Vacancy Incumbrances Surrender • Subrogation Agents Powers of general agents Knowledge of agent is knowledge of company Company's agent acting for assured Limitation upon agent's authority contained in policy Waiver by agent The statutory regulations of the practice of pharmacy An analysis of the state pharmacy act Liability of pharmacists Dual nature of For error in dispensing For negligence For act of clerk For not labeling poisons properly For attempting to practice medicine Not excused for negligence of physician As manufacturer Dispensing pharmacy. Fifty hours. The extempore preparation or compound- ing of medicine. The time allotted for dispensing pharmacy should be arranged to give a liberal number of hours for actual work in the compounding of prescriptions. The dispensing room Location and arrangement Economy of space Utensils The prescription Prescription Latin Abbreviations, use and danger Symbols or signs Receiving Careful reading before compounding Labeling Checking Filing Dispensing finished predust 134 National Committee Incompatibility Physical, chemical and therapeutical Physical incompatibility Different forms How to overcome them When physician should be consulted Use of shake labels Chemical incompatibility Intentional Harmful When not to be dispensed Use of shake labels Therapeutical incompatibility Extemporaneous dispensing Solutions Simple Chemical Order to be followed in adding ingredients When to use heat When to be filtered Mixtures Aids to hold insoluble substance in suspension Condition of insoluble substance before adding to liquid Emulsions Emulsifiers Natural emulsions Manufactured emulsions Gum emulsions Egg emulsions Volatile oil emulsions Pills Order in which ingredients should be mixed Excipients to be used with reference to character of ingredients in the mass Firmness and plasticity of pill mass Making pill mass containing volatile oil, nitrate silver, potassium perman- ganate, etc. Dividing mass by hand and by machine Pill finishers Coating of pills, gelatin, sugar, tolu, keratin and salol Advantages and disadvantages Pharmaceutical Syllabus 135 Capsules Method and material used in making hard and soft capsules Hard capsules How to fill in a cleanly manner When to mass ingredients When to dispense in dry form Advantages over pills or powder form of administering medicines Soft capsules Use - How to fill and seal them ! Powders Order in which ingredients should be mixed Methods for dividing powders Methods for folding powders How to dispense volatile, effervescent, efflorescent, diliquescent substances Cachets Method and material used for making Method of filling by machine, by hand Advantages of use for dispensing large doses of nauseous medicines Tablets Compressed tablets Tablets triturates Methods of preparation Troches > . ' Excipients for making the mass Methods for cutting the mass Ointments Ointment bases Manner of incorporation of water, extracts, crystalline and powdered substances Use of steel, horn and rubber spatulas Use of ointment slab and of mortars in making ointments Carefulness in seeing that ointment is thoroughly smooth before dispensing Methods of dispensing ointments Plasters Methods for preparing and spreading Methods for preparing and spreading blistering plasters Suppositories Sizes and kinds Bases used in making Manner of incorporating the medicinal substances Hot and cold processes, with description of these methods Dispensing 1 . National Committee Pharmaceutical Syllabus Grouped Under General Works Including Dictionaries, Materia Medica, Medical Dictionaries and Encyclopedias, and Three Branches, Chemistry, Pharmacy IOO REFERENCE WORKS AND PHARMACY TEXT BOOKS TITLE. Edition. Author. Publisher. Address. Price. Dictionaries-General. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia .. v. 9, Cyclopedia of Names; 1906. 10 v ditto Whitney, Wm. D., Ed. in ch. Smith, Benj. E., Ed. Century New York $80 00 ditto ditto.. ........ . .. ditto ditto 10 00 1910 Harris, Wm. T. , ditto ditto 10 00 1 v. edition, 1901.. Ed. in ch Funk, Isaac K., Ed. in ch. Merriam Funk & Wagnails Springfield, Mass. .. . New York 10 12 00 00 Medical. Dorland Dunglison Gould American Illustrated Medical Dictionary of Medical Science Dictionary of Medicine 5th, 1909 1903 5th, 1900. There is a Saunders Co Lea Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia, Pa 4 8 50 00 1905 supplement of 571 pages at 85. Thomas Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa 10 00 Pronouncing 3d, 1901, 2v Lippincott Philadelphia, Pa 15 GO Encyclopedias. 1905 Scientific American New7 York 00 Loose leaf 80 New International 1908 Thos. Nelson's Sons Dodd. Mead A Co . New York New7 York 56 80 00 75 Pharmacopoeias. „ , ( British English | jfartindale 1898 10th , 1904 Lablec Spottiswoode London 10.6 French-Gubler, A 5th, 1896 ed. by Lewis London VC, German-Arzneibuch fur das deutsche Reich. 4th, 1900. Paris Berlin m 3 65 Homeopathic National Formulary 8th, 1906 1906 A. Ph. A Boericke Philadelphia, Pa 2 50 United States 8th rev. 1905 Chicago Medical Book Co Chicago, Ill 1 00 Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa 2 50 Dispensatories. American v. 1, 1898, 3d rev... . v. 2, 1900, 3rd rev.. King King Ohio Valley Co Cincinnati, 0 4 50 1907 Hare Oluo \ alley Co Cincinnati, O 4 50 United States 19th, 1907 Wood & Bache.... Lea Philadelphia, Pa 7 25 Lippincott Philadelphia, Pa 7 CO Materia Medica. Kimber, D. C Abbott, A. C Anatomy and Physiology Bacteriology 3d,1909 7th, 1905 Macmillan New York 2 50 Bacteriology, Manual of 4th. 1907 Muir & Ritchie.... I^ea Philadelphia, Pa 2 75 Botany and Pharmacognosy 3d, 1908 Kraemer, Henry.. . Macmillan New York 3 75 College Botany Detection of Poisons 1889 . 1905 Bastin Autenrieth Lippincott Engelhard Philadelphia, Pa Chicago, Ill 5 2 00 50 Elements of Vegetable Histology . 2d, 1905 Base, Daniel Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa 1 50 Handbook of Physiology . 21st Lond. rev. b; y Kirkes Univ, of Maryland Baltimore, Md 1 25 Halliburton, 1908. y Kirkes Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa 3 00 Handbook of Physiology . 19th Lond. rev. b Busch, 1904. Wood New7 York 3 00 National Committee Pharmaceutical Syllabus IOO REFERENCE WORKS AND ===== PHARMACY TEXTBOOKS- (Continu'd). TITLE. Edition. Author. Publisher. Address. Price. Human Body, The 8 th, 1909 Martin, Henry N. . Peterson & Hains.. Ruddiman, E. A... Brundage, A. H... Potter, Sam'l O. L. Hatcher & Soilman Holt 2 v 1 QOS 04 New York $2 50 ea., 5 00 2 25 2 00 1907 Saunders • Philadelphia, Pa fi+h 1008 Lea Philadelphia, Pa. . 10th 1906 Henry Harrison Co Brooklyn, N. Y.. .. Materia Medica, Textbook of ' ' 1904'. 7th Blakiston Saunders Philadelphia, Pa 5 00 2 00 2 50 4th, 1906 Culbreth, David M. R. Tanner, Thos. H. . Lea Philadelphia, Pa Lea Philadelphia. Pa Memoranda of Poisons 9th, 1903 Blakiston 4 75 Microchemistrv of Pnipons Philadelphia, Pa 75 Microscope: An introduction to mi- croscopic methods. Microscopy, Outline of Microscopy of Vegetable Foods 10th, 1908 Gage, Simon H... . Lippincott Philadelphia, Pa Comstock Ithaca N Y 1906 Dorr Winton, A. L. & Moeller, J. Rusby, H. H. & Jelliffe.. Sayre, L. E 2 00 Wilev New York 7 50 Morphology and Histology of Plants. .. . 1900 Rusby New York Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia, Pa Organic Materia Medica and Pharma- 3d, 1905 Blakiston 3 00 cognosy. Pharmacognosy, An Introduction to... . Pharmacognosy, Notes on Pharmacology Physiology, Outlines of 1904 2d,1902 3d,1903 2d,1908 Jelliffe Wall, Otto A Cushny, A. R Jones, Edward G. & Stephens, R. G. . Stevens, W. C Schneider, Albert.. Brundage, AlbertH. Gray Gray Dwight, Edwin W. Wood, Horatio C. . Saunders 5 00 2 50 3 00 Gast Lea Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia, Pa Columbus, 0 Blakiston 3 75 1 50 2 00 2 00 1 00 1 80 2 00 1 00 5 00 1 00 Plant Anatomy Powdered Drugs Practical Points in Physiology School and Field Botany Structural Botany Toxicology Therapeutics-Its Principlesand Prac- tice. Urine, Common Poisons, and Milk 1907 1902 2d,1904 190-? 1907 1904 14th, 1908 Blakiston Midland Pub. Co Henry Harrison Co Brooklyn, N. Y.. . . American Book Co New York American Book Co New York Lea Philadelphia, Pa Lippincott Co Philadelphia, Pa 8th, 1909 Holland, James W. Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry 3d, 1906 3d, from 9th British, 1903. 2 v Long, John H Muter, John Treadwell & Hall.. Bloxam Roscoe, H. E. & Schorlemmer. Blakiston | Blakiston Wiley Philadelphia, Pa J New York 1 25 1 25 Chemistry Chemistry 9th, 1903 K7 / v. 1, 1905 1 ^ew[v. 2, 1908 / Blakiston Macmillan Philadelphia, Pa New York 6 00 J 5 00 Chemistry, Descriptive Chemistry, General Medical and Phar- maceutical including The Chemistry of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia Chemistry, Organic Rev., 1909 Newell, Lyman C.. Heath New York. . t 8 00 1 20 2 50 Lea.... , Philadelphia, Pa.. . . 1904 Leffman, Henry & La Wall, Chas. H Richter, Victor.... Blakiston Philadelphia. Pa 1 00 6 00 1 75 Chemistry, Organic 3d Am. from 8th Ger., 1900. 5th Am. from 10th Ger., 1909. Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa Chemistry, Inorganic । Richter, Victor... . Blakiston i Philadelphia, Pa National Committee Pharmaceutical Syllabus TITLE. Edition. Author. Publishers. Address. Price. College Chemistrv 1908 Smith Alexander.. Century New York. $2 15 Commercial Organic Analysis Allen, Alfred H.... Blakiston Philadelphia. Pa Commercial Organic Analysis v. 2, pt. 1&2.. Allen, Alfred H.. . . Blakiston Philadelphia Pa v.2, pt. I,2,ea3 50 v 4 4 50 Commercial Organic Analysis Commercial Organic Analysis Commercial Organic Analysis v. 2, pt. 3, 3d, 190". . v. 3, pt. 1, 2. 3 f 2d v. 4 ) Allen, Alfred H.. . . Blakiston Philadelphia Pa Allen, Alfred H.... Allen, Alfred H.... Blvth Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa . .... v. 2, pt. 3, 5 00 v. 3, pt. 1,2, 3, 4 50 7 50 5 00 Blakiston Philadelphia Pa Foods 5 th, 1903 Van Nostrand . . New York Industrial Organic Chemistry 3d, 1901 Sa'dtler, Sam'l P.. . Lippincott Philadelphia Pa Inorganic Chemistry 1901.2 v Oldberg Chicago Medical Book Co Chicago HI J v. 1, 3 00 Inorganic Chemistry 1906 Sommer. R. E. W.. McGill. J. T Author Milwaukee Wis \ v. 2, 4 00 2 50 Laboratory Experiments in General Chemistry. Manual of Chemistry 9th, 1909 Simon, Wm. and Dan'I Base. Bartley, Elias H... Holland, Jas. W-... Lyon Lea 3 00 Medical Chemistry 6th, 1905 Blakiston 3 00 Medical Chemistry and Toxicology Organic Analysis? 2d, 1908 Saunders Philadelphia, Pa.. .-. 3 00 Organic Chemistry 1903 Noyes, Wm. A.... Perkin. Wm. and Holt New York Philadelphia, Pa New York 1 50 Organic Chemistrv 1898 Lippincott 2 00 Organic Chemistry Kipping. Holleman Wiley &■ Sons Organic Chemistry Beruthsen Organic Chemistry: Introduction to the Study of the Compounds of Carbon. Pharmaceutical Chemistrv 4th, 1903 Remsen. Ira Heath New York . 1 20 4th, 2 v., 1906 Sadtler, Sam'l P. & Lippincott Philadelphia, Pa v. 1, 3 50 v. 2, 2 50 1 50 7 50 Practical and Analytical Chemistry Poisons 4th, 1906 4th, 1907 Coblentz. Muter, John Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa Blvth Van Nostrand New York Qualitative Analysis? Dudley & Hollins- head. Elliott, A. H., & Ferguson. Schimpf, Henry W. Clowes, F., & Cole- Qualitative Analysis 3d,1899 Peck New York 1 50 Qualitative Analvsis 1905 AViley New York 1 25 Qualitative Analvsis 6th Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa ATilwankee .... 3 50 Qualitative Analvsis. Notes on man. Sommer, R. E. AV. Moerk, Frank X.. . Prescott, A. B., & Johnson. Elliott & Ferguson. Qlsen Hayward Qualitative Chemical Analysis Qualitative Chemical Analysis Qualitative Analysis 1905 Author Philadelphia, Pa New Arork 1 50 1905 Van Nostrand 3 50 Quantitative Analvsis 1904 Van Nostrand New York 4 00 School Chem'stry 1904 Avery, Elroy M. . . Cohen, Julius B.... American Book Co New York 1 20 Theoretical Organic Chemistry 1903 Macmillan New York 1 50 Theoretical Chemistry 5th Remsen, Ira Lea Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia, Pa New7 York 2 00 Volumetric Analvsis 1901 Coblentz, Virgil. . . Schimpf, Henry W. Sutton Blakiston 1 25 Volumetric Analysis 5th, 1909 Wiley 5 00 Volumetric Analvsis 9th 1904 Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa New York 5 00 Pharmacy. Arithmetic of Pharmacy The 1905 Stevens, Alviso B.. Merck 75 Art of Compounding 3d,1904 Scoville, W. L Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa London 2 50 Art of Dispensing . MacEwan, Peter... Beal, James H. ... Chemist and Druggist Chemical and Pharmaceutical Arith- 1904 Midland Pub. Co. Columbus O 1 00 metic. IOO REFERENCE WORKS AND PHARMACY TEXTBOOKS-(Continued). Natioal Committee Pharmaceutical Syllabus 100 REFERENCE WORKS AND PHARMACY TEXTBOOKS-(Concluded). TITLE. Edition. Author. Publisher. Address. Price. Chemist & Druggist London Equative Writing 3d 1904 Beal, James H. .. . Lyons, Albert B... Midland Publishing Co Columbus, O Handbook of Practical Assaying of Drugs. Incompatibilities Manual of Pharmacy 1899 Nelson . . Detroit $0 75 3d, 1908 2d 1895 . Wilev . . . New York 2 00 Coblentz, Virgil... Coblentz, Virgil.. . Sturmer, J. W. . . . Blakiston Philadelphia, Pa 3 50 Newer Remedies 4th 1908 Apothecary Pub. Co Boston, Mass 1 00 Pharmaceutical Arithmetic 1903 Author Terre Haute, Ind 1 50 Pharmaceutical Problems and Ever- 4th 1907 Chicago Med Pub Co Chicago, Ill 3 00 cises. Pharmacopoeia and The National Formulary 2d 1908 Hallberg (Carl) and Salisbury. Stevens, Alviso B.. Remington, Joseph P., and Cook. Arny, Henry V.. . . Wall O A American Medical Association.... Chicago, Ill 40 Pharmacy and Dispensing. . ... 1909 Lea & Febiger Philadelphia, Pa 2 50 Practice of Pharmacy Lippincott Philadelphia, Pa . 6 00 Principles of Pharmacy Saunders Co Philadelphia, Pa 5 00 Prescription, The 3d 1898 Gast Litho Co St Louis, Mo 1 50 Prescription Practice and General Dis- pensing. Treatise on Pharmacy 1908 Beal, J. H Author Scio, Ohio 1 50 3d,1906 Caspari, Charles.. . Lea - Philadelphia, Pa 4 25 PHARMACEUTICAL PUBLICATIONS TITLE. Publisher. Address. Price. American Druggist 62 West Broadway, New York $1 50 American Journal . Philadelphia College of Pharmacv 3 00 Apothecary The N E. Druggist Publishing Co Boston, Mass 1 00 "Bulletin of Pharmacy . . E G Swift Detroit, Mich 1 00 Druggists' Circular Wm 0 Allison 100 William street, New York 1 50 Merck's Deport .. Merck & Co 13 University place, New York 2 00 Meyer Bros. Druggist 222 S. Broadway, St. Louis, Mo 1 00 Midland Druggist Columbus, Ohio 1 00 Pharmaceutical Era .. Haynes & Co DO 90 William street, New York 3 00 Southern Pharmaceutical Journal Dallas, Texas 1 00 Spatula Sudbury building, Boston, Mass 1 00 Western Druggist Chicago, Ill 1 25 INDEX. Alkali salts, table of doses, 36. Alkaloids, table of doses, 39. Animal drugs, 59. Arithmetic, pharmaceutical, 106. Botany, 41-49. Chemistry, 67-101; first year, 67-87; second year, 88-101; elementary, 70-72; general inorganic, 76-79; general organic, 88-91; general quantitative. 99-100; laboratory syllabus in, 73-75; manufacturing, 87; manufacturing, advanced course, 98; pharmaceutical inorganic, 79-83; pharmaceutical or- ganic, 92-95; qualitative, 96-98; qualitative inorganic, 83-86; textbooks, 136-43. College, defined, 17. Commercial pharmacognosy, 62-63. Commercial pharmacy, 123, 125-26. Definitions, 17. Dictionaries, 136. Dispensatories, 136. Dispensing pharmacy, 133-35. Doses of medicines, 35; tables, 35-41. Drug assaying, 100-1. Drugs, defined, 17; pharmaco- and therapy-dynamics, 55; and fluid extracts, 37; animal, 59; list of, 55-59; table of doses, 35. Encyclopedias, 136. Extracts, 38; table of doses, 38. First year chemistry, 67-87. First year materia medica, 21-54. First year pharmacy, 105-24. Fluid extracts, 37. Histological pharmacognosy, 63. Historical sketch, 10-11. Jurisprudence, pharmaceutical, 128-33. Latin, pharmaceutical, 107. Manufacturing chemistry, 87; advanced course, 98. Manufacturing pharmacy, 124, 126-27. 145 146 National Committee Materia mediea, 21-63; first year, 21-54; second year, 55-63; textbooks, 136. Medical dictionaries, 136. Medicine defined, 17; classification of, 22-24. Metallic salts, table of doses, 37. Microscopy, 50-54. National syllabus committee, 12-17; members of. Pharmaceutical arithmetic, 106. Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry, 79-83. Pharmaceutical jurisprudence, 128-33. Pharmaceutical Latin, 107. Pharmaceutical organic chemistry, 92-95. Pharmaceutical publications, 142-43. Pharmaceutical technique, 108-22. Pharmaco-dynamics, 55. Pharmacognosy. 50-54; commercial, 62-63; histological, 63. Pharmacology, defined, 17. Pharmacopoeias, 136. Pharmacy, 105-35; first year, 105-24; second year, 125-35; commercial, 123, 125-26; dispensing, 133-35; manufacturing, 124, 126-27; practice of, 10'8-22, 125; textbooks, 136-43; theory of, 108-22. Physics, elementary, 67; laboratory syllabus in, 68-69. Physiology, 24-34. Poisonous articles, tables of doses, 35. Poisonous tinctures, 38. Poisons, 35, 60 ; miscellaneous, table, 41. Posology, 35, 60; suggested memorizing course, 35. Practice of pharmacy, 108-22, 125. Qualitative chemistry, 96-98. Qualitative inorganic chemistry, 83-86. Quantitative chemistry, 99-100. Reference works, 136-43. School, defined, 17. Second year chemistry, 88-101. Second year materia mediea, 55-63. Second year pharmacy, 125-35. State syllabus committee, 11-12. Tables of doses, 35-41. Textbooks, 136-43. Theory of pharmacy, 108-22. Therapy-dynamics, 55. Tinctures, table of doses, 38. Toxicology - Posology, 35, 60; suggested memorizing course, 35. Volatile oils, table of doses, 40.