/ / • A V 
No/L 
<W 
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pRI/AE 
ni it, W ¥-wK li 1 w *U u CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMES WASTING MONEY. (See page 123.) PATHFINDER PHYSIOLOGY No. 1 
CHILD'S 
HEALTH PRIMER 
FOR PRIMARY CLASSES 
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS 
STIMULANTS, AND NARCOTICS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM 
Copyright, 1885 
A. S. BARNES & COMPANY 
NEWYORK AND CHICAGO PATHFINDER SERIES 
OF TEXT BOOKS ON 
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE, 
Witli Special Reference to the Influence of Alcoholic 
Drinks and Narcotics on the Human System. 
I. 
THE CHILD’S HEALTH PRIMER. 
lamo. Cloth. 
POE PRIMARY GRADES. 
An introduction to the study of the science, suited to primary 
pupils who are ahle to read. 
Hull of lively description and embellished by many apt 
illustrations. 
11. 
POR INTERMEDIATE CLASSES. 
HYGIENE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. 
izmo. Cloth. Beautifully illustrated. 
Suited to pupils in advanced reader grade. 
An admirable elementary treatise upon the subject. 
The principles of the science more fully announced 
and illustrated. 
in. 
FOE, HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. 
HYGIENIC PHYSIOLOGY. • 
izmo. Beautifully illustrated. 
Prepared for the instruction of youth in the principles which 
underlie the preservation of health and the 
formation of correct physical habits. 
A MORE ELABORATE TREATISE.  
As this little book goes to press, Massachusetts, hy 
an act of its legislature, is made the fourteenth state 
in this country that requires the pupils In the primary, 
as well as in the higher grades of public schools, to 
he taught the effects of alcoholics and other narcotics 
upon the human system, in connection with other 
facts of physiology and hygiene. 
The object of all this legislation is, not that the 
future citizen may know the technical names of 
bones, nerves, and muscles, hut that he may have a 
timely and forewaruiny knowledge of the effects of 
alcohol and other popular poisons upon the human 
body, and therefore upon life and character. 
With every reason in favor of such educatioif,’ 
and the law requiring it, its practical tests in the 
school-room will result in failure, unless there shall 
be ready for teacher and scholar, a well-arranged, PREFACE. 
simple, and practical book, bringing these truths 
down to the capacity of the child. 
A few years hence, when the results of this study 
in our Normal Schools shall be realized in the 
preparation of the teacher, we can depend upon her 
adapting oral lessons from advanced works on this 
theme, but now, the average primary teacher brings 
to this study no experience, and limited previous 
study. 
To meet this need, this work has been prepared. 
Technical terms have been avoided, and only such 
facts of physiology developed as are necessary to the 
treatment of the effects of alcohol, tobacco, opium, 
and other truths of hygiene. 
To the children in the Primary Schools of this 
country, for whom it was prepared, this work is 
dedicated.  
CHAPTER PAGE 
F RONTISPIECE 2 
Title-page 3 
Preface 5 
Contexts 7 
I.—Joints and Boxes 9 
ll.—Muscles 19 
111.—Xerves 25 
TV.—What is Alcohol? ... 37 
A7.—Beer .... 43 
Vl.—Distilling 47 
VII.—Alcohol 50 
Vlll.—Tobacco 53 
IX.—Opium 59 
X.—What are Organs ? 61 CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER PAOE 
XL—What does the Body Need for Food? ... 71 
Xll.—How Food Becomes Part of the Body ... 79 
XIII.—Strength 85 
XlV.—The Heart 93 
XV.—The Lungs 97 
XVl.—The Skin 103 
XVII.—The Senses 109 
XVllL—Heat and Cold H5 
XlX.—Wasted Money 122 CHAPTER I. 
JOINTS AND BONES. 
SPITTLE girls like a jointed doll to play 
witli, becanse tliey can bend snob a doll 
in eigbt or ten places, make it stand or sit, 
or can even play that it is walking. 
Jointed dolls. 10 
JOINTS AND BONES. 
As you study your own bodies to-day, you 
will find tliat you eacli have better joints 
tban any dolls tliat can be bought at a toy 
sbop. 
HINGE-JOINTS. 
Some of your joints work like tbe binges 
of a door, and these are called hinge-joints. 
You can find them in your elbows, knees, 
fingers, and toes. 
How many binge-joints can you find? 
Think bow many binges must be used 
by tbe boy who takes off bis bat and makes 
a polite bow to bis teacher, when she meets 
him on tbe street. 
How many binges do you use in running 
up-stairs, opening tbe door, buttoning your 
coat or your boots, playing ball or digging 
in your garden ? 
You see that we use these binges nearly 
all tbe time. We could not do without 
them. 
All onr joints are not binge-joints. 
Your shoulder lias a joint tbat lets your 
BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS, 
11 
arm swing round and round, as well as move 
up and down. 
Tour hip has another that lets your leg 
move in much the same way. 
The hip-joint. 
This kind of joint is the round end or hall 
of a long hone, which moves in a hole, called 
a socket. 
Tour joints do not creak or get out of or- 
der, as those of doors and gates sometimes 
do. A soft, smooth fluid, much like the white 
of an egg, keeps them moist and makes them 
work easily. 12 
JOINTS AND BONES. 
BONES. 
What parts of our bodies are jointed to- 
gether so nicely ? Our bones. 
How many bones have we ? 
If you should count all your bones, you 
would find that each of you has about two 
hundred. 
There are long bones in your legs and 
arms, and many short ones in your fingers 
and toes. The backbone is called the spine. 
Some are large ; and some, very small 
Backbone of a fish. 
If you look at the backbone of a fish, you 
can see that it is made up of many little 
bones. Tour own spine is formed in much 
the same way, of twenty-four small bones. 
An elastic cushion of gristle (grls'i) fits nicely 
in between each little bone and the next. 
When you bend, these cushions are pressed 
together on one side and stretched on the BOKES. 
13 
other. They settle hack into their first shape, 
as soon as you stand straight again. 
If you ever rode in a wheelbarrow, or a 
cart without springs, you know what a jolt- 
ing it gave you. These little spring cushions 
keep you from being shaken even more se- 
verely every time you move. 
Twenty-four ribs, twelve on each side, 
curve around from the spine to the front, or 
breast, bone. (See page 38.) 
They are so covered with flesh that per- 
haps you can not feel and count them; but 
they are there. 
Then you have two fiat shoulder-blades, 
and two collar-bones that almost meet in 
front, just where your collar fastens. 
Of what are the bones made P 
Take two little bones, such as those from 
the legs or wings of a chicken, put one of 
them into the fire, when it is not very hot, 
and leave it there two or three hours. Soak 
the other bone in some weak muriatic 
(mu ri at'lk) acid. This acid can be bought of 
any druggist. 
You will have to be careful in taking the 14 
JOINTS AND BONES. 
bone out of tlie lire, for it is all ready to 
break. If you strike it a quick blow, it will 
firumble to dust. This dust we call lime, and 
it is very muck like tlie lime from wkick tkc 
mason makes mortar. 
Bone tied in a knot. 
The acid has taken the lime from the 
other bone, so only the part which is not 
lime is left. You will be surprised to see 
how easily it will bend. You can twist it 
and tie it into a knot; but it will not easily 
break. 
You have seen gristle in meat. This soft 
part of the bone is gristle. CARE OF THE SPINE. 
15 
Children’s bones have more gristle than 
those of older people; so children’s bones bend 
easily. 
I know a lady who has one leg shorter 
than the other. This makes her lame, and 
she has to wear a boot with iron supports 
three or four inches high, in order to walk 
at all. 
“I remember,” she said, “when I was be- 
tween three and four years old, sitting one 
day in my high chair at the table, and twist- 
ing one foot under the little step of the chair. 
The next morning I felt lame; but nobody 
could tell what was the matter. At last, the 
doctors found out that the trouble all came 
from that twist. It had gone too far to be 
cured. Before I had this boot, I could only 
walk with a crutch.” 
One day she told me how she became lame. 
CARE OF THE SPINE. 
Because the spine is made of little bones 
with cushions between them, it bends easily, 
and children sometimes bend it more than 
they ought. 16 
JOINTS AND BONES. 
If you lean over your book or your writ- 
ing' or any otber work, tlic elastic cusbions 
may get so pressed on tbo inner edge tlrat 
they do not easily spring back into shape. 
In this way, you may grow round-shouldered 
or hump-backed. 
This bending over, also crampis the lungs, 
so that they do not have all the room they 
need for breathing. While you are young, 
your bones are easily bent. One shoulder or 
one hip gets higher than the other, if you 
stand unevenly. This is more serious, because 
you are growing, and you may grow crooked 
before you know it. 
Now that you know how soft your bones 
are, and how easily they bend, you will 
surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do 
not twist your legs, or arms, or shoulders; 
for 3'ou want to grow into straight and grace- 
ful men and women, instead of being round- 
shouldered, or hump-backed, or lame, all your 
lives. 
When people are old, their bones contain 
more lime, and, therefore, break more easily. 
You should be kindly helpful to old peo- OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? 
17 
pie, so tliat tliey may not fall, and possibly 
break tbeir bones. 
CARE OF THE FEET, 
Healthy children are always out-growing 
their shoes, and sometimes faster than they 
wear them out. Tight shoes cause corns and 
in-growing nails and other sore places on the 
feet. All of these are very hard to get rid of. 
Ho one should wear a shoe that pinches or 
hurts the foot. 
OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? 
Perhaps some boy will say: “ Grown peo- 
ple are always telling us, ‘ this will do for 
men, but it is not good for boys.’” 
Tobacco is not good for men; but there 
is a very good reason why it is worse for 
boys. 
If you were going to build a house, would 
it be wise for you to put into the stone-work 
of the cellar, something that would make it 
less strong ? 
Something into the brick-work or the 
mortar, the wood-work or the nails, the 18 
JOINTS AND BONES. 
walls or tlie chimneys, that would make 
them weak and tottering, instead of strong 
and steady ? 
It would he had enough if you should 
repair your house with poor materials; hut 
surely it must be built in the first place 
with the best you can get. 
You will soon learn that hoys and girls 
are building their bodies, day after day, until 
at last they reach full size. 
Afterward, they must be repaired as fast 
as they wear out. 
It would be foolish to build any part in 
a way to make it weaker than need be. 
Wise doctors have said that the boy who 
uses tobacco while he is growing, makes 
every part of his body less strong than it 
otherwise would be. Even his bones will 
not grow so well. 
Boys who smoke can not become such 
large, fine-looking men as they would if 
they did not smoke. 
Cigarettes are small, but they are very 
poisonous. Chewing tobacco is a worse and 
more filthy habit even than smoking. The OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? 
19 
frequent spitting- it causes is disgusting to 
others and hurts the health of the chewer. 
Tobacco in any form is a great enemy to 
youth. It stunts the growth, hurts they 
mind, and cripples in every way the hoy 01 
girl who uses it. 
Not that it does all this to every youth 
who smokes, hut it is always true that no 
hoy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke 
or chew and have so fine a body and mind 
when he is twenty-one old as he would 
have had if he had never used tobacco. If 
you want to be strong and well men and 
women, do not use tobacco in any form. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. What two kinds of joints have you? 
2. Describe each kind. 
3. Find as many of each kind as you can. 
4. How are the joints kept moist? 
5. How many bones are there in your whole body? 
6. Count the hones in your hand. 
7. Of how many hones is your spine made ? 
8. Why could you not use it so well if it were all in one piece? 
9. What is the use of the little cushions between the hones of the 
spine ? 
10. How many ribs have you? 
11. Where are they? 
12. Where are the shoulder-blades? 
13. Where are the collar-bones? 20 
JOINTS AND BONES. 
14. What are hones made of? 
15. How can we show this? 
16. What is the difference between the hones of children and the 
hones of old people ? 
if. Why do children’s hones hend easily? 
18. Tell the story of the lame lady. 
19. What does this story teach you ? 
20. What happens if you lean over your desk or work? 
21. How will this position injure your lungs? 
22. What other hones may he injured hy wrong positions? 
23. Why do old people’s hones break easily ? 
24=. How should the feet he cared for ? 
25. How does tobacco affect the hones? 
26. What do doctors say of its use ? 
27. What is said about cigarettes ? 
28. What about chewing tobacco ? 
29. To whom is tobacco a great enemy? Why? 
30. What is always true of its use hy youth ? CHAPTER 11. 
MUSCLES. 
X®?7HAT makes the limbs move ? 
A/ You have to take hold of the door 
bo move it hack and forth; hut you need not 
take hold of your arm to move that. 
What makes it move ? 
Sometimes a door or gate is made to shut 
itself, if you leave it open. 
This can he done hy means of a wide 
rubber strap, one end of which is fastened 
to the frame of the door near the hinge, and 
the other end to the door, out near its edge. 
When we push open the door, the rubber 
strap is stretched; but as soon as we have 
passed through, the strap tightens, draws 
the door back, and shuts it. 
If you stretch out your right arm, and 
clasp the upper part tightly with your left 22 
MUSCLES. 
hand, then work the elbow joint strongly 
back and forth, yon can feel something under 
your hand draw up, and then lengthen out 
again, each time you bend the joint. 
What you feel, is a muscle (mUs'si), and it 
works your joints very much as the rubber 
strap works the hinge of the door. 
One end of the muscle is fastened to the 
bone just below the elbow joint; and the 
other end, higher up above the joint. 
When it tightens, or contracts, as we say, 
it bends the joint. When the arm is straight- 
ened, the muscle returns to its first shape. 
There is another muscle on the outside 
of the arm which stretches when this one 
shortens, and so helps the working of the 
joint. 
Every joint has two or more muscles of 
its own to work it. 
Think how many there must be in our 
fingers! 
If we should undertake to count all the 
muscles that move our whole bodies, it would 
need more counting than some of you could 
do. TENDONS. 
23 
TENDONS. 
Ton can see muscles on the dinner table; 
for they are only lean meat. 
They are fastened to the 
hones hy strong cords, called 
tendons (tSn'ddnz). These 
tendons can he seen in the 
leg of a chicken or turkey. 
They sometimes hold the 
meat so firmly that it is 
hard for you to get it off. 
When you next try to pick 
a “ drum-stick,” remember 
that you are eating the 
strong muscles hy which the 
chicken or turkey moved 
his legs as he walked about 
the yard. The parts that 
have the most work to do, 
need the strongest muscles. 
Did you ever see the 
swallows flying about the 
eaves of a barn ? 
Tendons of the hand. 
Do they have very stout legs ? No! They MUSCLES, 
have very small legs and feet, because they 
do not need to walk. They need to fly. 
The muscles that move the wings are 
fastened to the breast. These breast mnscles 
of the swallow mnst be large and strong. 
EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES. 
People who work hard with any part of 
the body make the muscles of that part very 
strong. 
The blacksmith has big, strong muscles 
in his arms because he uses them so much. 
You are using your muscles every day, 
and this helps them to grow. 
Once I saw a little girl who had been 
very sick. She had to lie in bed for many 
weeks. Before her sickness she had plenty 
of stout muscles in her arms and legs and 
was running about the house from morning 
till night, carrying her big doll in her arms. 
After her sickness, she could hardly walk 
ben steps, and would rather sit and look at 
her playthings than try to lift them. She 
had to make new muscles as fast as possible. 
Running, coasting, games of ball, and all WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES. 
brisk play and work, kelp to make strong 
muscles. 
Idle kabits make weak muscles. So idle- 
ness is an enemy to tke muscles. 
Tkere is anotker enemy to tke muscles 
about wkick I must tell you. 
WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES. 
Muscles are lean meat. Fat meat could 
not work your joints for you as tke muscles 
do. Alcokol often ckanges a part of tke 
muscles to fat, and so takes away a part of 
tkeir strengtk. In tins way, people often 
grow very flesky from drinking beer, because 
it contains alcohol, as you will soon learn. 
But tkey can not work any better on ac- 
count of kaving tkis fat. Tkey are not really 
any stronger for it. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. How are the joints moved? 
2. Where are the muscles In your arms, which help you to move 
your elbows ? 
3. Show why joints must have muscles. 
4. What do we call the muscles of the lower animals ? 
5. What fasten the muscles to the bones? MUSCLES. 
6. Why do chickens and turkeys need strong muscles in their legs? 
T. Why do swallows need strong breast muscles? 
8. What makes the muscles of the blacksmith’s arm so strong ? 
9. What will make your muscles strong? 
10. What will make them weak? 
11. What does alcohol often do to the muscles? 
12. Can fatty muscles work well ? 
13. Why does not drinking beer make one stronger? CHAPTER 111. 
NERVES. 
SOW do tlie muscles know when to move P 
Yon have all seen tlie telegraph 
wires, by which messages are sent from one 
town to another, all over the country. ■ 
You are too young to understand how 
this is done, hut you each have something 
inside of you, hy which you are sending 
messages almost every minute while you are 
awake. 
We will try to learn a little about its 
wonderful way of working. 
In your head is your brain. It is the 
part of you which thinks. 
As you would be very badly off if you 
could not think, the brain is your most 
precious part, and you have a strong box 
made of bone to keep it in. 28 
NERVES. 
Diagram of the nervous system NERVES. 
29 
We will call tlie brain tlie central tele- 
graph office. Little white cords, called nerves, 
connect the brain with the rest of the body. 
A large cord called the spinal cord, lies 
safely in a bony case made by the spine, and 
many nerves branch off from this. 
If yon put your finger on a hot stove, in 
an instant a message goes on the nerve tele- 
graph to the brain. It tells that wise think- 
ing part that yonr finger will burn, if it 
stays on the stove. 
In another instant, the brain sends back 
a message to the muscles that move that 
finger, saying: “ Contract quickly, bend the 
joint, and take that poor finger away so 
that it will not be burned.” 
You can hardly believe that there was 
time for all this sending of messages ; for as 
soon as you felt the hot stove, you pulled 
your finger away. But you really could not 
have pulled it away, unless the brain had 
sent word to the muscles to do it. 
Now, you know Avhat we mean when we 
say, “As quick as thought,” Surely noth- 
ing could be quicker. 30 
NERVES 
You see tliat the “brain lias a great deal 
of work to do, for it Iras to send so many or- 
ders. 
Tliere are some muscles which, are mov- 
ing quietly and steadily all the time, though 
we take no notice of the motion. 
You do not have to think about breath- 
ing, and yet the muscles work all the time, 
moving your chest. 
If we had to think about it every time 
we breathed, we should have no time to 
think of any thing else. 
There is one part of the brain that takes 
care of such work for us. It sends the- mes- 
sages about breathing, and keeps the breath- 
ing muscles and many other muscles faith- 
fully at work. It does all this without our 
needing to know or think about it at all. 
Do you begin to see that your body Is a 
busy work-shop, where many kinds of work 
are being done all day and all night ? 
Although we lie still and sleep in the 
night, the breathing must go on, and so must 
the work of those other organs that never 
stop until we die. OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES. 
31 
OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES. 
The little white nerve-threads lie smoothly 
side hy side, making small white cords. Each 
kind of message goes on its own thread, so 
that the messages need never get mixed or 
confused. 
These nerves are very delicate little mes- 
sengers. They do all the feeling for the whole 
body, and hy means of them we have many 
pains and many pleasures. 
If there was no nerve in your tooth it 
could not ache. But if there were no nerves 
in your mouth and tongue, you could not 
taste your food. 
If there were no nerves in your hands, 
you might cut them and feel no pain. But 
you could not feel your mother’s soft, warm 
hand, as she laid it on yours. 
One of your first duties is tlie care of your- 
selves. 
Children may say : “My father and mother 
take care of me,” But even while you are 
young, there are some ways in which no one 
can take care of you hut yourselves. The 32 
NERVES. 
older you grow, tire more tills care will be- 
long to you, and to no one else. 
Think of the work all the parts of the 
body do for us, and how they help us to be 
well and happy. Certainly the least we can 
do is to take care of them and keep them in 
good order. 
CARE OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES. 
As one part of the brain has to take care of 
all the rest of the body, and keep every organ 
at work, of course it can never go to sleep 
itself. If it did, the heart would stop pump- 
ing, the lungs would leave off breathing, all 
other work would stop, and the body would 
be dead. 
But there is another part of the brain 
which does the thinking, and this part needs 
rest. 
When you are asleep, you are not think- 
ing, but you are breathing and other work of 
the body is goihg on. 
If the thinking part of the brain does not 
have good quiet sleep, it will soon wear out. 
A worn-out brain is not easy to repair. ALCOHOL AND THE NERVES. 
33 
If well cared for, your 'brain will do the 
best of work for you for seventy or eighty 
years without complaining. 
The nerves are easily tired out, and they 
need much rest. They get tired if we do one 
thing too long at a time; they are rested by 
a change of work. 
IS ALCOHOL GOOD FOR THE NERVES AND THE BRAIN? 
Think of the wonderful work the brain is 
all the time doing for you! 
You ought to give it the best of food to 
keep it in good working order. Any drink 
that contains alcohol is not a food to make 
one strong ; hut is a poison to hurt, and at 
last to kill. 
It injures the brain and nerves so that 
they can not work well, and send their mes- 
sages properly. That is why the drunkard 
does not know what he is about. 
Newspapers often tell us about people set- 
ting houses on fire; about men who forgot to 
turn the switch, and so wrecked a railroad 
train; about men who lay down on the rail- 
road track and were run over by the cars. 34 
NERVES. 
Often tliese stories end with.: “ The person 
had heen drinking.” When the nerves are 
put to sleep hy alcohol, people become careless 
\and do not do their work faithfully; some- 
times, they can not even tell the difference 
between a railroad track and a place of 
safety. The brain receives no message, or the 
wrong one, and the person does not know 
what he is doing. 
Ton may say that all men who drink 
liquor do not do such terrible things. 
That is true. A little alcohol is not so 
bad as a great deal. But even a little makes 
the head ache, and hurts the brain and 
nerves. 
A body kept pure and strong is of great 
service to its owner. There are people who 
are not drunkards, but who often drink a 
little liquor. By this means, they slowly 
poison their bodies. 
When sickness comes upon them, they 
are less able to bear it, and less likely to get 
well again, than those who have never in- 
jured their bodies with alcohol. 
When a sick or wounded man is brought TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. 
35 
into the hospital, one of the first questions 
asked him by the doctor is : “Do you drink ?” 
If he answers “Yes!” the next questions 
are, “ What do you drink ? ” and “ How 
much ? ” 
The answers he gives to these questions, 
show the doctor what chance the man has 
of getting well. 
A man who never drinks liquor will get 
well, where a drinking man would surely 
die. 
.TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. 
Why does any one wish to use tobacco ? 
Because many men say that it helps them, 
and makes them feel better. 
Shall I tell you how it makes them fee] 
better ? 
If a man is cold, the tobacco deadens 
his nerves so that he does not feel the 
cold and does not take pains to make himself 
warmer. 
If a man is tired, or in trouble, tobacco 
will not really rest him or help him out of 
his trouble. NERVES. 
It only puts Ills nerves to sleep and lielps 
bim think that he is not tired, and that 
he does not need to overcome his troubles. 
It puts his nerves to sleep very much as 
alcohol does, and helps him to he contented 
with what ought not to content him. 
A boy who smokes or chews tobacco, is 
not so good a scholar as if he did not use 
the poison. He can not remember his lessons 
so well. 
Usually, too, he is not so polite, nor so 
good a boy as he otherwise would be. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. How do the muscles know when to move ? 
2. What part of you is it that thinks ? 
3. What are the nerves ? 
1. Where is the spinal cord? 
5. What message goes to the brain when you put your finger on 
a hot stove ? 
6. What message comes hack from the brain to the finger? 
7. What is meant by “As quick as thought”? 
8. Name some of the muscles which work without needing our 
thought. 
9. What keeps them at work? 
10. Why do not the nerve messages get mixed and confused? 
11. Why could you not feel, if you had no nerves ? 
12. State some ways in which the nerves give us pain. 
13. State some ways in which they give us pleasure. 
il. What part of us has the most work to do ? 37 
NERVES. 
15. How must we keep the brain strong and well ? 
16. What does alcohol do to the nerves and hrain ? 
17. Why does not a drunken man know what he is ahout ? 
18. What causes most of the accidents wo read of? 
19. Why could not the man who had been drinking tell the differ- 
ence between a railroad track and a place of safety? 
20. Hoav does the frequent drinking of a little liquor aifect the 
body ? 
21. How does sickness affect people who often drink these liquors? 
22. When a man is taken to the hospital, what questions does the 
doctor ask ? 
28. What depends upon his answers ? 
21. Why do many men use tobacco ? 
25. How does it make them feel better? 
26. Does it really help a person who uses it ? 
27. Does tobacco help a boy to be a good scholar? 
28. How does it affect his manners ? Bones of the human body. CHAPTER IT. 
WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 
WO IPE grapes are full of juice. 
This juice is mostly water, sweetened 
with a sugar of its own. It is flavored 
with something which makes us know, the 
moment we taste it, that it is grape-juice, 
and not cherry-juice or plum-juice. 
Apples also contain water, sugar, and apple 
flavor; and cherries contain water, sugar, and 
cherry flavor. The same is true of other 
fruits. They all, when ripe, have the water 
and the sugar; and each has a flavor of its 
own. 
Pipe grapes are sometimes gathered and 
put into great tuhs called vats. In these the 
juice is squeezed out. 
In some countries, this squeezing is done 
hy hare-footed men who jump into the vats 
and press the grapes with their feet. 40 
WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 
The grape-juice is then drawn off from the 
skins and seeds and left standing in a warm 
place. 
Bubbles soon begin to rise and cover the 
top of it with froth. The juice is all in mo- 
tion. 
Picking grapes and making wine. 
If the cook had wished to use this grape- 
juice to make jelly, she would say: “Now, I 
can not make my grape-jelly, for the grape- 
juice is spoiled.” WINE 
41 
WHAT IS THIS CHANGE IN THE GRAPE-JUICE ? 
The sugar in the grape-juice is changing 
into something else. It is turning into 
alcohol and a gas* that moves about in little 
huhhles in the liquid, and rising to the top, 
goes off into the air. The alcohol is a thin 
liquid which, mixed with the water, remains 
in the grape-juice. 
The sugar is gone ; alcohol and the huh- 
hles of gas are left in its place. 
This alcohol is a liquid poison. A little of 
it will harm any one who drinks it; much 
of it would kill the drinker. 
Ripe grapes are good food; hut grape-juice, 
when its sugar has turned to alcohol, is not a 
safe drink for any one. It is poisoned hy the 
alcohol. 
WINE. 
This changed grape-juice is called wine. 
It is partly water, partly alcohol, and it still 
has the grape flavor in it. 
• This gas is called car hon' ic acid gas. 42 
WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 
Wine 
is also 
made 
from currants, 
elderberries, and 
other fruits, in very 
much the same way as 
from grapes. 
neopie sometimes mate 
it at home from tire fruits 
tliat grow in tlieir own gar- 
dens, and tliink tliere is no 
alcohol in it, because they do 
not put any in. 
But you know tkat tke alcokol 
is made in tlie fruit-juice itself 
by tke ckange of tke sugar into 
alcokol and tke gas. 
It is tlie nature of alcohol to 
make tlie person who takes a little of 
it, in wine, or any other drink, want more 
and more alcoliol. When one goes on, thus 
taking more and more of the drinks that 
contain alcohol, he is called a drunkard. 
In this way wine has made many drunk- CIDER 
43 
ards. Alcoliol hurts ‘both, the body and mind. 
It changes the person who drinks it. It will 
make a good and kind person cruel and bad; 
and will make a bad person worse. 
Not every one who takes wine becomes a 
drunkard, but you are not sure that you will 
not, if you drink it. 
CIDER. 
Cider is made from apples. In a few hours 
after the juice is pressed out of the apples, 
if it is left open to the air the sugar begins 
to change. 
Like the sugar in the grape, it changes 
into alcohol and bubbles of gas. 
At first, there is but little alcohol in 
cider, but a little of this poison is dangerous. 
More alcohol is all the time forming until 
in ten cups of cider there may be one cup 
of alcohol. Cider often makes its drinkers 
ill-tempered and cross. 
Cider and wine will turn into vinegar if 
left in a warm place long enough. 44 
WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. What two things are in all fruit-juices? 
2. How can we tell the juice of grapes from that of plums ? 
3. How can we tell the juice of apples from that of cherries ? 
4. What is often done with ripe grapes ? 
5. What happens after the grape-juice has stood a short time. 
6. Why would the changed grape-juice not he good to use in mak- 
ing jelly? 
7. Into what is the sugar in the juice changed ? 
8. What becomes of the gas ? 
9. What becomes of the alcohol ? 
10. What is gone and what left? 
11. What is alcohol ? 
12. What does alcohol do to those who drink it ? 
13. When are grapes good food? 
14. When is grape-juice not a safe drink ? 
15. Why? 
16. What is this changed grape-juice called ? 
17. What is wine ? 
18. From what is wine made ? 
19. What do people sometimes think of home-made wines ? 
20. How can alcohol be there when none has been put into it ? 
21. What does alcohol make the person who takes it want ? 
22. What is such a one called? 
28. What has wine done to many persons ? 
24. What does alcohol hurt ? 
25. How does it change a person ? 
26. Are you sure you will not become a drunkard if you drink 
wine ? 
27. Why should you not drink it ? 
28. What is cider made from ? 
29. What soon happens to apple-juice ? 
30. How may vinegar be made ? CHAPTER Y. 
BEER. 
tLOOHOL is often made from grains as 
well as from fruit. Tire grain lias 
starclr instead of sugar. 
If tire starcli in your motlier’s starch-box 
at liome sliould lie clianged into sugar, you 
would think it a very strange thing. 
Every year, in the spring-time, many 
thousand pounds of starch are changed into 
sugar in a hidden, quiet way, so that most 
of us think nothing about it. 
STARCH AND SUGAR. 
All kinds of grain are full of starch. 
If you plant them in the ground, where 
they are kept moist and warm, they begin 
to sprout and grow, to send little roots down 
into the earth, and little stems up into the 
sunshine. 46 
BEER 
These little roots and stems must he fed 
with sugar; thus, in a wise way, which is too 
wonderful for you to understand, as soon 
as the seed begins to sprout, 
its starch begins to turn into 
sugar. 
If you should chew two 
grains of wheat, one before 
sprouting and one after, you 
could tell by the taste that 
this is true. 
Barley is a kind of grain 
from wbicb tire brewer 
makes beer. 
He mnst first turn 
its starch, into sugar, so 
be begins by sprouting 
bis grain. 
Of course be does not 
plant it in tbe ground, 
because it would need 
to be quickly dug up again. 
He keeps it warm and moist in a place 
where he can watch it, and stop the sprout- 
ing just in time to save the sugar, before it STARCH AND SUGAR. 
47 
is used to feed tlie root and stem. This 
sprouted grain is called malt. 
The brewer soaks it in plenty of water, 
because the grain has not water in itself, as 
the grape has. 
He puts in some yeast to help start the 
work of changing the sugar into gas* and 
alcohol. 
Sometimes hops are also put in, to give 
it a bitter taste. 
The brewer watches to see the bubbles 
of gas that tell, as plainly as words could, 
that sugar is going and alcohol is coming. 
When the work is finished, the barley has 
been made into beer. 
It might have been ground and made into 
barley-cakes, or into pearl barley to thicken 
our soups, and then it would have been good 
food. How, it is a drink containing alcohol, 
and alcohol is a poison. 
You should not drink beer, because there 
is alcohol in it. 
Two boys of the same age begin school 
• Car bon' 1c acid gas. 48 
BEER 
together. One of them drinks wine, cider, 
and heer. The other never allows these 
drinks to pass his lips. These hoys soon be- 
come very different from each other, because 
one is poisoning his body and mind with 
alcohol, and the other is not. 
A man wants a good, steady hoy to work 
for him. Which of these two do yon think 
he will select ? A few years later, a yonng 
man is wanted who can he trusted with the 
care of an engine or a hank. It is a good 
chance. Which of these young men will be 
more likely to get it ? 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. Is there sugar in grain ? 
2. "What is In the grain that can he turned into sugar? 
8. What can you do to a seed that will make its starch turn into 
sugar ? 
4. What does the brewer do to the barley to make its starch turn 
into sugar? 
5. What is malt? 
6. What does the brewer put into the malt to start the working? 
7. What gives the bitter taste to heer ? 
8. How does the brewer know when sugar begins to go and alco- 
hol to come ? 
9. Why does he want the starch turned to sugar? 
10. Is barley good for food ? 
11. Why is heer not good for food ? 
12. Why should you not drink it ? 
13. Why did the two hoys of the same age, at the same school, be- 
come so unlike ? 
14. Which will have the best chance in life ? CHAPTER VI. 
DISTILLING. 
S ISTILLHSTG (distnVing) may "be a new word 
to yon, "but you can easily learn its 
meaning. 
You Have all seen distilling going on in 
tlie kitcHen at Home, many a time. WHen 
tHe water in tHe tea-kettle is Hoiling, wHat 
comes out at tHe nose ? Steam. 
WHat is steam ? 
You can find out wHat it is Hy catcHing 
some of it on a cold plate, or tin cover. As 
soon as it toucHes any tHing cold, it turns 
into drops of water. 
WHen we Hoil water and turn it into 
steam, and tHen turn tHe steam Hack into 
water, we Have distilled tHe water. We say 
vapor instead of steam, wHen we talk about 
tHe Hoiling of alcoliol. 
It takes less Heat to turn alcoliol to vapor DISTILLING. 
than to turn water to steam; so, if we pnt 
over the fire some liquid that contains alco- 
hol, and begin to collect the vapor as it rises, 
we shall get alcohol first, and then water. 
But the alcohol will not he pnre alcohol; 
it will he part water, hecanse it is so ready 
to mix with water that it has to he distilled 
many times to he pnre. 
Bnt each time it is distilled, it will be- 
come stronger, hecanse there is a little more 
alcohol and a little less water. 
In this way, brandy, rnm, whiskey, and 
gin are distilled, from wine, cider, and the 
liqnors which have been made from corn, 
rye, or barley. 
The cider, wine, and beer had bnt little 
alcohol in them. The brandy, rnm, whiskey, 
and gin are nearly one-half alcohol. 
A glass of strong liqnor which has been 
made by distilling, will injnre any one more, 
and qnicker, than a glass of cider, wine, or 
beer. 
Bnt a cider, wine, or beer-drinker often 
drinks so much more of the weaker liqnor, 
that he gets a great deal of alcohol. People DISTILLING. 
51 
are often made drunkards by drinking cider 
or beer. Tbe more poison, tbe more danger. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. Where have you ever seen distilling going on ? 
2. How can you distill water? 
3. How can men separate alcohol from wine or from any other 
liquor that contains it ? 
4. Why will not this he pure alcohol ? 
5. How is a liquor made stronger ? 
6. Name some of the distilled liquors. 
7. How are they made ? 
8. How much of them is alcohol ? 
9. Which is the most harmful—the distilled liquor, or heer, wine, or 
cider ? 
10. Why does the wine, cider, or heer-drinker often get as much 
alcohol ? CHAPTER Til. 
ALCOHOL. 
*LOOHOL looks like water, but it is not 
at all like water. 
Alcoliol will take fire, and burn if a lighted 
match is held near it; but you know that 
water will not burn. 
When alcohol burns, the color of the flame 
is blue. It does not give much light: it makes 
no smoke or soot; but it does give a great 
deal of heat. 
A little dead tree-toad was once put into 
a bottle of alcohol. It was years ago, but 
the tree-toad is there still, looking just as it 
did the first day it was put in. What has 
kept it so ? 
It is the alcohol. The tree-toad would 
have soon decayed if it had been put into 
water. So you see that alcohol keeps dead 
bodies from decaying. ALCOHOL. 
53 
Pure alcoliol is not often used as a drink. 
People who take beer, wine, and cider get 
a little alcoliol with, each drink. Those who 
drink brandy, rum, whiskey, or gin, get more 
alcohol, because those liquors are nearly one 
half alcohol. 
You may wonder that people wish to use 
such poisonous drinks at all. But alcohol is 
a deceiver. It often cheats the man who 
takes a little, into thinking it will be good 
for him to take more. 
Sometimes the appetite which begs so 
hard for the poison, is formed in childhood. 
If you eat wine-jelly, or wine-sauce, you may 
learn to like the taste of alcohol and thus 
easily begin to drink some weak liquor. 
The more the drinker takes, the more he 
often wants, and thus he goes on from drink- 
ing cider, wine, or beer, to drinking whiskey, 
brandy, or rum. Thus drunkards are made. 
People who are in the habit of taking 
drinks which contain alcohol, often care more 
for them than for any thing else, even when 
they know they are being ruined by them. ALCOHOL. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. How does alcohol look ? 
2. How does alcohol burn ? 
3. What will alcohol do to a dead hody ? 
i. What drinks contain a little alcohol ? 
5. What drinks are ahont one half alcohol.'? 
6. How does alcohol cheat people ? 
7. When is the appetite sometimes formed ? 
8. Why should you not eat wine-sauce or wine-jelly ? 
9. How are drunkards made ? CHAPTER VIII. 
TOBACCO. 
* FARMER who had been in tbe habit of 
planting his fields with corn, wheat, 
and potatoes, once made np his mind to plant 
tobacco instead. 
Let ns see whether he did any good to the 
world by the change. 
The tobacco plants grew np as tall as a 
little boy or girl, and spread ont broad, green 
leaves. 
By and by he pnlled the stalks, and dried 
the leaves. Some of them he pressed into 
cakes of tobacco; some he rolled into cigars; 
and some he gronnd into snnff. 
If yon ask what tobacco is good for, the 
best answer will be, to tell yon what it will 
do to a man or boy who nses it, and then let 
yon answer the question for yonrselves. 
Tobacco contains something called nico- 56 
TOBACCO. 
tine (nik'o tin). This is a strong poison. One 
drop of it is enough to kill a dog. In one 
cigar there is enough, if taken pure, to kill 
two men. 
Even to work upon 
tobacco, makes people 
pale and sickly. Once 
I went into a snuff mill, and the man who 
had the care of it showed me how the work 
was done. TOBACCO. 
57 
The mill stood in a pretty place, beside a 
little stream which turned the mill-wheel. 
Tall trees bent over it, and a fresh breeze was 
blowing through the open windows. Yet the 
smell of the tobacco was so strong that I had 
to go to the door many times, for a breath of 
pure air. 
I ashed the man if it did not make him 
sick to work there. 
He said: “It made me very sick for the 
first few weeks. Then I began to get used 
to it, and now I don’t mind it.” 
He was like the boys who try to learn to 
smoke. It almost always makes them sick at 
first; but they think it will be manly to keep 
on. At last, they get used to it. 
The sickness is really the way in which 
the boy’s body is trying to say to him: 
“There is danger here; you are playing with 
poison. Let me stop you before great harm 
is done.” 
Perhaps you will say: “ I have seen men 
smoke cigars, even four or five in a day, and 
it didn’t kill them.” 
It did not kill them, because they did 58 
TOBACCO. 
not swallow the nicotine. They only drew 
in a little with the hreath. But taking- a 
little poison in this way, day after day, can 
not he safe, or really helpful to any one. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
I. What did the farmer plant instead of corn, wheat, and pota- 
toes ? 
2. What was done with the tobacco leaves? 
B. What is the name of the poison which is in tobacco? 
4. How much of it is needed to kill a dog? 
5. What harm can the nicotine in one cigar do, if taken pure? 
6. Tell the story of the visit to the snuff mill. 
7. Why are boys made sick by their first use of tobacco ? 
8. Why does not smoking a cigar kill a man ? 
0. What is said about a little poison ? CHAPTER IX. 
OPIUM. 
tLCOHOL and tobacco are called narcotics 
(nar kdt/iks). This means tliat they liave 
tbe power of putting tire nerves to sleep. 
Opinm (o'pi tim) is anotlier narcotic. 
It is a poison made from tbe jnice of pop- 
pies, and is used in medicines. 
Opium is put into sootbing-syrups (sir'ups), 
and these are sometimes given to babies to 
keep them from crying. They do this by 
injuring tbe tender nerves and poisoning tbe 
little body. 
How can any one give a baby opium to 
save taking patient care of it P 
Surely tbe mothers would not do it, if 
they knew that this sootbing-syrup that ap- 
pears like a friend, coming to quiet and com- 
fort tbe baby, is really an enemy. 
Sometimes, a child no older than some of 60 
OPIUM 
you are, is left at tome with the care of a 
hahy brother or sister; so it is best that you 
Don't give soothing syrup to children. 
should know about this dangerous enemy, 
and never be tempted to quiet the baby by 
giving him a poison, instead of taking your 
best and kindest care of him. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. "What is a narcotic? 
2. Name three narcotics ? 
3. From what is opium made ? 
4. For what is it used? 
5. Why is soothing-syrup dan- 
gerous ? CHAPTER X. 
WHAT ARE ORGANS? 
»N organ is a part of tbe body wbicb bas 
some special work to do. Tbe eye is tbe 
organ of sight. Tbe stomacb (stum'ak) is an 
organ wbicb takes care of tbe food we eat. 
THE TEETH. 
Your teetb do not look alike, since tbey 
Different hinds of teeth. 62 
WHAT ARE ORGANS? 
must do different kinds of work. Tire front 
ones cut, tire back ones grind. 
Tbey are made of a kind of bone covered 
ydtb a bard smooth enamel (Sn am'ei). If tbe 
tnamel is broken, tbe teetb soon decay and 
acbe, for eacb tootb is furnished with a nerve 
that very quickly feels pain. 
CARE OF THE TEETH. 
Cracking nuts with tbe teeth, or even 
biting thread, is apt to break tbe enamel; and 
when once broken, you will wish in vain to 
have it mended. Tbe dentist can fill a bole 
in tbe tootb; but be can not cover tbe tootb 
with new enamel. 
Bits of food should be carefully picked 
from between tbe teetb with a tootb-pick of 
quill or wood, never with a pin or other bard 
and sharp thing which might break tbe 
enamel. 
Tbe teetb must also be well 
Nothing but perfect cleanliness will keep 
them in good order. Always brush them 
before breakfast. Tour breakfast will taste 
all tbe better for it. Brush them at night THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN. 
63 
before you go to bed, lest some food should 
be decaying in your mouth during the night. 
Take care of these cutters and grinders, 
that they may not decay, and so be unable 
to do their work well. 
THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN. 
You have learned about the twenty-four 
little bones in the spine, and the ribs that 
curve around from the spine to the front, or 
breast-bone. 
These bones, with the shoulder-blades 
and the collar-bones, form a bony case or 
box. 
In it are some of the most useful organs 
of the body. 
This box is divided across the middle by 
a strong muscle, so that we may say it is 
two stories high. 
The upper room is called the chest; the 
lower one, the abdomen (abdo'mSn). 
In the chest, are the heart and the lungs. 
In the abdomen, are the stomach, the 
liver, and some other organs. 64 
WHAT ARE ORGANS? 
THE STOMACH. 
The stomach is a strong- hag, as wonderful 
a hag as could he made, you will say, when 
I tell you what it can do. 
The outside is made of muscles; the lining 
prepares a juice called gastric (gas'trik) juice, 
and keeps it always ready for use. 
Now, what would you think if a man 
could put into a hag, heef, and apples, and 
potatoes, and bread and milk, and sugar, and 
salt, tie up the hag and lay it away on a 
shelf for a few hours, and then show you that 
the heef had disappeared, so had the apples, 
so had the potatoes, the bread and milk, su- 
gar, and salt, and the hag was filled only 
with a thin, grayish fluid ? Would you not 
call it a magical hag ? 
Now, your stomach and mine are just such 
magical hags. 
We put in our breakfasts, dinners, and 
suppers; and, after a few hours, they are 
changed. The gastric juice has been mixed 
with them. The strong muscles that form 
the outside of the stomach have been squeez- WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED CHANGING? 
65 
ing tlie food, rolling it about, and mixing it 
together, until it has all been changed to a 
thin, grayish fluid. 
HOW DOES ANYBODY KNOW THIS? 
A soldier was once shot in the side in such 
a way that when the wound healed, it left 
an opening with a piece of loose skin over it, 
like a little door leading into his stomach. 
A doctor who wished to learn about the 
stomach, hired him for a servant and used 
to study him every day. 
He would push aside the little flap of skin 
and put into the stomach any kind of food 
that he pleased, and then watch to see what 
happened to it. 
In this way, he learned a great deal and 
wrote it down, so that other people might 
know, too. In other ways, also, which it 
would take too long to tell you here, doctors 
have learned how these magical food-bags 
take care of our food. 
WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED TO BE CHANGED? 
Tour mamma tells you sometimes at 
breakfast that you must eat oat-meal and 66 
WHAT ARE ORGANS? 
milk to make you grow into a big man or 
woman. 
Did you ever wonder what part of you is 
made of oat-meal, or wliat part of milk ? 
That stout little arm does not look like 
oat-meal; those rosy cheeks do not look like 
milk. 
If our food is to make stout arms and 
rosy cheeks, strong bodies and husy brains, 
it must first be changed into a form in 
which it can get to each part and feed it. 
When the food in the stomach is mixed 
and prepared, it is ready to be sent through 
the body; some is carried to the bones, some 
to the muscles, some to the nerves and brain, 
some to the skin, and some even to the finger 
nails, the hair, and the eyes. Each part needs 
to be fed in order to grow. 
WHY DO PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT GROWING 
NEED FOOD? 
Children need each day to make larger 
and larger bones, larger muscles, and a larger 
skin to cover the larger body. 
Every day, each part is also wearing out ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH. 
67 
a little, and needing- to be mended "by some 
new food. People wlio have grown np, need 
tlieir food for this work of mending. 
CARE OF THE STOMACH. 
One way to take care of the stomach is 
to give it only its own work to do. The 
teeth must first do their work faithfully. 
The stomach must have rest, too. I have 
seen some children who want to make their 
poor stomachs work all the time. They are 
always eating apples, or candy, or something, 
so that their stomachs have no chance to 
rest. If the stomach does not rest, it will 
wear out the same as a machine would. 
The stomach can not work well, unless 
it is quite warm. If a person pours ice-water 
into his stomach as he eats, just as the food 
is beginning to change into the gray fluid 
of which you have learned, the work stops 
until the stomach gets warm again. 
ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH. 
Ton remember about the man who had 
the little door to his stomach. Sometimes, 68 
WHAT ARE ORGANS? 
the doctor put in wine, cider, brandy, or 
some drink that contained alcohol, to see 
wliat it would do. It was carried away very 
quickly; but during- tlie little time it stayed, 
it did nothing but harm. 
It injured the gastric juice, so that it 
could not mix with the food. 
If the doctor had put in more alcohol, 
day after day, as one does who drinks liquor, 
sores would perhaps have come on the deli- 
cate lining of the stomach. Sometimes the 
stomach is so hurt by alcohol, that the 
drinker dies. If the stomach can not do its 
work well, the whole body must suffer from 
want of the good food it needs.* 
TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. 
The saliva in the mouth helps to prepare 
the food, before it goes into the stomach. To- 
bacco makes the mouth very dry, and more 
saliva has to flow out to moisten it. 
But tobacco juice is mixed with the sa- 
liva, and that must not be swallowed. It 
* The food Is partly prepared by the liver and some other 
organs. TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. 
69 
must be spit out, and with, it is sent the 
saliva that was needed to help prepare the 
food. 
Tobacco discolors the teeth, makes bad 
sores in the mouth, and often causes a disease 
of the throat. 
You can tell where some people have 
been, by the neatness and comfort they leave 
after them. 
You can tell where the tobacco-user has 
been, by the dirty floor, and street, and the 
air made unfit to breathe, because of the 
smoke and strong, bad smell of old tobacco 
from his pipe and cigar and from his breath 
and clothes. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. "What are organs? 
2. What work do the front teeth do ? the hack teeth ? 
3. What are the teeth made of? 
4. What causes the toothache? 
5. How is the enamel often broken? 
6. Why should a tooth-pick he used? 
7. Why should the teeth he well brushed? 
8. When should they he brushed? 
9. What hones form a case or box ? 
10. What is the upper room of this box called ? the lower room ? 70 
WHAT ARE ORGANS? 
11. "What organs are in the chest? the abdomen? 
12. "What is the stomach ? 
13. What does its lining do ? 
14. What do the stomach and the gastric juice do to the food we 
have eaten ? 
15. How did anybody find ont what the stomach could do ? 
16. Why must all the food we eat he changed? 
17. Why do you need food? 
18. Why do people who are not growing need food? 
19. What does alcohol do to the gastric juice? to the stomach? 
20. What is the use of the saliva? 
21. How does the habit of spitting injure a person ? 
22. How does tobacco affect the teeth? the mouth? 
23. How does the tohacco-user annoy other people? CHAPTER XI. 
WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 
fiT0¥ that you know liow the body is led, 
Ip you must next learn what to feed it 
with; and what each part needs to make it 
grow and to keep it strong- and well. 
WATER. 
A large p)art of your body is made of 
water. So you need, of course, to drink 
water, and to have it used in preparing 
your food. 
Water comes from the clouds, and is 
stored uxd in cisterns or in springs in the 
ground. From these phiDes are laid to lead 
the water to our houses. 
Sometimes, men dig down until they reach 
a spring, and so make a well from which 
they can pump the water, or dip it out with 
a bucket. 72 
WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 
Water tliat lias been standing- in lead pipes, 
may have some of tlie lead mixed with. it. 
Snob water wonld be very likely to poison 
yon, if yon drank it. 
Impnrities are almost snre to soak into a 
well if it is near a drain or a stable. 
If yon drink tbe water from snob a well, 
yon may be made very sick by it. It is bet- 
ter to go tbirsty, nntil yon can get good 
water. 
A sufficient quantity of pure water to 
drink is just as important for ns, as good 
food to eat. 
We could not drink all tbe water tbat onr 
bodies need. We take a large part of it in onr 
food, in fruits and vegetables, and even in 
beefsteak and bread. 
LIME. 
Bones need lime. Yon remember tbe bone 
tbat was nothing but crumbling lime after 
it bad been in tbe fire. 
Where shall we get lime for onr bones ? 
We can not eat lime; but tbe grass and 
tbe grains take it out of tbe earth. Then LIME 
73 
tlie cows eat the grass and turn it into milk, 
and in tire milk we drink, we get some of the 
lime to feed our hones. 
lAme being prepared for cur use. 
In the same way, the grain growing in 
the held takes up lime and other things that 
we need, hut could not eat for ourselves. The 
lime that thus becomes a part of the grain, 
we get in our bread, oat-meal porridge, and 
other foods. 74 
WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 
SALT. 
Animals need salt, as children who live 
in the country know very well. They have 
seen how eagerly the cows and the sheep lick 
up the salt that the farmer gives them. 
Even wild cattle and buffaloes seek out 
places where there are salt springs, and go in 
great herds to get the salt. 
We, too, need some salt mixed with our 
food. If we did not put it in, either when 
cooking, or afterward, we should still get a 
little in the food itself. 
FLESH-MAKING FOODS. 
Muscles are lean meat, that is flesh; so 
muscles need flesh-making foods. These are 
milk, and grains like wheat, corn and oats; 
also, meat and eggs. Most of these foods 
really come to us out of the ground. Meat 
and eggs are made from the grain, grass, and 
other vegetables that the cattle and hens eat. 
FAT-MAKING FOODS. 
We need cushions and wrappings of fat, 
here and there in our bodies, to keep us FAT- MAKING FOODS. 
75 
warm and make ns comfortable. So we must 
have certain kinds of food tbat will make 
fat. 
Esquimaux catching walrus. 
There are right places and wrong x^o63 
for fat, as well as for other things in this 
world. When alcohol x>nts fat into the mus- 
cles, that is fat badly made, and in the wrong 
place. 
The good fat made for the parts of the 76 
WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 
body which need it, comes from fat-making 
foods. 
In cold weather, we need more fatty food 
than we do in summer, just as in cold coun- 
tries people need such food all the time. 
The Esquimaux, who live in the lands ot 
snow and ice, catch a great many walrus and 
seal, and eat a great deal of fat meat. You 
would not he well unless you ate some fat or 
butter or oil. 
WHAT WILL MAKE FAT? 
Sugar will make fat, and so will starch, 
cream, rice, butter, and fat meat. As milk 
will make muscle and fat and bones, it is 
the best kind of food. Here, again, it is the 
earth that sends us our food. Fat meat comes 
from animals well fed on grain and grass; 
sugar, from sugar-cane, maple-trees, or beets; 
oil, from olive-trees; butter, from cream; and 
starch, from potatoes, and from corn, rice, and 
other grains. 
Green apples and other unripe fruits are 
not yet ready to be eaten. The starch which 
we take for food has to be changed into sugar, CANDY 
77 
before it can mix with the hloocl and help 
feed the body. As the sun ripens fruit, it 
changes its starch to sugar. You can tell 
this by the difference in the taste of ripe and 
unripe apples. 
CANDY. 
Most children like candy so well, that they 
are in danger of eating more sugar than is 
good for them. You would starve if fed only 
on sugar. 
We would not need to be quite so much 
afraid of a little candy if it were not for the 
poison with which it is often colored. 
Even what is called pure, white candy is 
sometimes not really such. There is a simple 
way by which you can find this out for 
yourselves. 
If you put a spoonful of sugar into a 
tumbler of water, it will all dissolve and 
disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a 
tumbler of water; and, if it is made of pure 
sugar only, it will dissolve and disappear. 
If it is nob, you will find at the bottom 
of the tumbler some white earth. This is not 78 
WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 
good food for anybody. Candy-makers often 
pnt it into candy in place of sugar, because 
it is cheaper than sugar. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. Why do we need food ? 
2. How do people get water to drink ? 
3. Why is it not safe to drink water that has been standing in lead 
pipes ? 
4. Why is the water of a well that is near a drain or a stable, not 
lit to drink ? 
5. What food do the bones need? 
C. How do we get lime for our bones ? 
7. What is said about salt ? 
8. What food do the muscles need? 
9. Name some flesh-making foods. 
10. Why do we need fat in our bodies ? 
11. What is said of the fat made by alcohol ? 
12, What kinds of food will make good fat ? 
13. What do the Esquimaux eat ? 
14. How does the sun change unripe fruits? 
15. Why is colored candy often poisonous? 
16. What is sometimes put into white candy? Why? 
17. How could you show this ? CHAPTER XII. 
HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE 
BODY. 
HIT ERE. at last, is tlie bill of fare for our 
dinner: 
Boast beef, 
Potatoes, 
Tomatoes, 
Squash, 
Bread, 
Butter, 
Salt, 
“Water, 
Peaches, 
Bananas, 
Oranges, 
Grapes. 
What must be done first, with, tbe dif- 
ferent kinds of food tliat are to make up tbis 
dinner P 
Tbe meat, vegetables, and bread must be 
cooked. Cooking prepares them to be easily 
worked upon by tbe mouth and stomach. If 
they were not cooked, tbis work would be 
very bard. Instead of going on quietly and 
without letting us know any thing about it, 
there would be pains and aches in the over- 
worked stomach. 80 
HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY. 
The fruit is not cooked hy a fire; hut we 
might almost say the sun had cooked it, for 
the sun has ripened and sweetened it. 
When you are older, some of you may 
have charge of the cooking in your homes. 
You must then remember that food well 
cooked is worth twice as much as food poorly 
cooked. 
“A good cook has more to do with the 
health of the family, than a good doctor.” 
THE SALIVA. 
Next to the cooking comes the eating. 
As soon as we begin to chew our food, a 
juice in the mouth, called saliva (saii'va), 
moistens and mixes with it. 
Saliva has the wonderful power of turn- 
ing starch into sugar; and the starch in our 
food needs to be turned into sugar, before it 
can be taken into the blood. 
You can prove for yourselves that saliva 
can turn starch into sugar. Chew slowly a 
piece of dry cracker. The cracker is made 
mostly of starch, because wheat is full of 
starch. At first, the cracker is dry and SWALLOWING. 
81 
tasteless. Soon, however, yon find it tastes 
sweet; the saliva is changing- the starch into 
sugar. 
All your food should he eaten slowly and 
chewed well, so that the saliva may he ahle 
to mix with it. Otherwise, the starch may 
not he changed; and if one part of your body 
neglects its work, another part will have 
more than its share to do. That is hardly 
fair. 
If you swallow your food in a hurry and 
do not let the saliva do its work, the stomach 
will have extra work. But it will find it 
hard to do more than its own part, and, 
perhaps, will complain. 
It can not speak in words; hut will 
by aching, and that is almost as plain as 
words. 
SWALLOWING. 
Next to the chewing, comes the swallow- 
ing. Is there any thing wonderful about 
that ? 
We have two passages leading down our 
throats. One is to the lungs, for breath- 82 
HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY. 
ing; tlie other, to tlie stomach., for swal- 
lowing. 
Do yon wonder why tire food does not 
sometimes go down tlie wrong way ? 
Tlie windpipe leading to tlie lungs is in 
front of tire otlier tnlie. It lias at its top a 
little trap-door. This opens when we breathe 
and shuts when we swallow, so that the food 
slips over it safely into the passage behind, 
which leads to the stomach. 
If you try to speak while you have food 
in your mouth, this little door has to open, 
and some bit of food may slip in. The 
windpipe will not pass it to the lungs, 
but tries to force it back. Then we say the 
food chokes us. If the windpipe can not 
succeed in forcing back the food, the person 
will die. 
HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED THROUGH THE 
BODY. 
But we will suppose that the food of our 
dinner has gone safely down into the stomach. 
There the stomach works it over, and mixes 
in gastric juice, until it is all a gray fluid. HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED, ETC. 
83 
Now It is reauy to go Into tlie intestines,— 
a long, coiled tube which leads out of tlie 
stomacli,— from which, the prepared food is 
taken into the hlood. 
The hlood carries it to the heart. The 
heart pumps it out with the hlood into the 
lungs, and then all through the hody, to 
make hone, and muscle, and skin, and hair, 
and eyes, and hrain. 
Besides feeding all these parts, this dinner 
can help to mend any parts that may he 
broken. 
Suppose a hoy should break one of the 
hones of his arm, how could it he mended ? 
If you should hind together the two parts 
of a broken stick and leave them a while, do 
you think they would grow together? 
But the doctor could carefully hind to- 
gether the ends of the broken hone in the 
hoy’s arm and leave it for awhile, and the 
hlood would bring it hone food every day, 
until it had grown together again. 
No, indeed! 
So a dinner can both make and mend the 
different parts of the hody. 84 
HOW FOOD BECOMES BART OF THE BODY. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. What shall we have for dinner? 
2. What is the first thing to do to our food? 
8. Why do we cook meat and vegetables? 
4. Why do not ripe fruits need cooking? 
5. What is said about a good cook? 
6. What is the first thing to do after taking the food into your 
mouth ? 
7. Why must you chew it ? 
8. What does the saliva do to the food? 
10. What happens if the food is not chewed and mixed with the 
saliva ? 
9. How can you prove that saliva turns starch into sugar? 
11. What comes next to the chewing? 
12. What is there wonderful about swallowing? 
13. What must you be careful about, when you are swallowing? 
14. What happens to the food after it is swallowed? 
15. How is it changed in the stomach? 
16. What carries the food to every part of the body? 
17. How can food mend a bone? CHAPTER XIII. 
STRENGTH. 
SERE are the names of some of the dif- 
ferent kinds of food. If yon write them 
on the blackboard or on your slates, it will 
help you to remember them. 
Water. Salt. Lime. 
Meat, 
Milk, 
Eggs, 
Wheat, 
Corn, 
Oats, 
Sugar, 
Starch, 
Fat, 
Cream, 
Oil, 
for fat and heat. 
for muscles. 
Perhaps some of you noticed that we had 
no wine, beer, nor any drink that had alcohol 
in it, on our bill of fare for dinner. We had 
no cigars, either, to be smoked after dinner. 
If these are good things, we ought to have 
had them. Why did we leave them out ? 
We should eat in order to grow strong and keep 
strong. 86 
STRENGTH, 
STRENGTH OF BODY. 
If you wanted to measure your strength., 
one way of doing so would he to fasten a 
heavy weight to one end of a rope and pass 
the rope over a pulley. Then you might take 
hold at the other end of the rope and pull as 
hard and steadily as you could, marking the 
place to which you raised the weight. By 
trying this once a week, or once a month, 
you could tell hy the marks, whether you 
were gaining strength. 
But how can we gain strength ? 
must exercise in the open air, and 
take pure air into our lungs to help purify 
our hlood, and plenty of exercise to make 
our muscles grow. 
We must eat good and simple food, that 
the hlood may have supplies to take to every 
part of the Body. 
ALCOHOL AND STRENGTH 
People used to think that alcohol made 
them strong. 
Can alcohol make good muscles, or hone, 
or nerve, or hrain ? BEER AND CIDER. 
87 
You have already answered “No!” to each 
of these questions. 
If it can not make muscles, nor hone, nor 
nerve, nor hrain, it can not give you any 
strength. 
BEER. 
Some people may tell you that drinking 
beer will make you strong. 
The grain from which the beer is made, 
would have given you strength. If you 
should measure your strength before and 
after drinking beer, you would find that you 
had not gained any. Most of the food part of 
the grain has been turned into alcohol. 
CIDER. 
The juice of crushed apples, you know, is 
called cider. As soon as the cider begins to 
turn sour, or “hard,” as people say, alcohol 
begins to form in it. 
Pure water is good, and apples are good. 
But the apple-juice begins to be a poison as 
soon as there is the least drop of alcohol in it. 
In cider-making, the alcohol forms in the 88 
STRENGTH. 
juice, you know, in a few liours after it is 
pressed out of the apples. 
None of tlie drinks in winch, there is alco- 
hol, can give you real strength. 
Then why do people think they can ? 
Because alcohol puts the nerves to sleep, 
they can not, truly, tell the hrain how hard 
the work is, or how heavy the weight to he 
lifted. 
The alcohol has in this way cheated men 
into thinking they can do more than they 
really can. This false feeling of strength lasts 
only a little while. When it has passed, men 
feel weaker than before. 
A story which shows that alcohol does not 
give strength, was told me hy the captain of 
a ship, who sailed to China and other distant 
places. 
Many years ago, when people thought a 
little alcohol was good, it was the custom to 
carr3r in every ship, a great deal of rum. This 
liquor is distilled from molasses and contains 
about one half alcohol. This rum was given 
to the sailors every day to drink; and, if 
there was a great storm, and they had very STRENGTH 
89 90 
STRENGTH, 
hard work to do, it was the custom to give 
them twice as much rum as usual. 
The captain watched his men and saw 
that they were really made no stronger hy 
drinking the rum; hut that, after a little 
while, they felt weaker. So he determined to 
go to sea with no rum in his ship. Once 
out on the ocean, of course the men could 
not get any. 
At first, they did not like it; hut the 
captain was very careful to have their food 
good and plentiful; and, when a storm came, 
and they were wet and cold and tired, he 
gave them hot coffee to drink. By the time 
they had crossed the ocean, the men said: 
‘‘The captain is right. We have worked Bet- 
ter, and we feel stronger, for going without 
the rum.” 
STRENGTH OF MIND. 
We have Been talking about the strength 
of muscles; But the very Best kind of strength 
we have is Brain strength, or strength of 
mind. 
Alcohol makes the head ache and deadens STRENGTH OF MIND. 
91 
tlie nerves, so that they can not carry their 
messages correctly. Then the brain can not 
think well. Alcohol does not strengthen the 
mind. 
Some people have little or no money, and 
no houses or lands; hut every person ought 
to own a body and a mind that can work for 
him, and make him useful and happy. 
Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, 
hands that are well-trained to work, and a 
clear, thinking brain to be master of the whole. 
Would you be willing to change places with a 
man whose body and mind had been poisoned 
by alcohol, tobacco, and opium, even though 
he lived in a palace, and had a million of 
dollars ? 
If you want a mind that can study, under- 
stand, and think well, do not let alcohol and 
tobacco have a chance to reach it. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. "What things were left out of our bill of fare? 
2. How could you measure your strength? 
3. How can you gain strength? 
4. Why does drinking beer not make you strong? 92 
STRENGTH. 
5. Show why drinking wine or any other alcoholic drink will not 
make you strong. 
6. Why do people imagine that they feel strong after taking these 
drinks ? 
7. Tell the story which shows that alcohol does not help sailors 
do their work. 
8. What is the best kind of strength to have? 
9. How does alcohol affect the strength of the mind? OHAPTEE XIY 
THE HEART. 
SHE Heart is in tlie chest, the upper part 
of the strong box which the rihs, spine, 
shoulder-blades, and collar-hones make for 
each of ns. 
It is made of very thick, strong muscles, 
as you can see hy looking at a beef’s heart, 
which is much like a man’s, hut larger. 
HOW THE HEART WORKS. 
Prohahly some of you have seen a fire- 
engine throwing a stream of water through 
a hose upon a burning building. 
As the engine forces the water through 
the hose, so the heart, by the working of its 
strong muscles, pumps the blood through 
tubes, shaped like hose, which lead by thou- 
sands of little branches all through the body. 
These tubes are called arteries (ar'tsr iz). 94 
THE HEART. 
Those tubes which bring the blood bach 
again to the heart, are called veins (vanz). You 
can see some of the smaller veins in your 
wrist. 
If you press your finger upon an artery in 
your wrist, you can feel the steady heating of 
the pulse. This tells just how fast the heart 
is pumping and the blood flowing. 
The doctor feels your pulse when you are 
sick, to find out whether the heart is working 
too fast, or too slowly, or just right. 
Some way is needed to send the gray fluid 
that is made from the food we eat and 
drink, to every part of the body. 
To send the food with the blood is a sure 
way of making it reach every part. 
So, Avhen the stomach has prepared the 
food, the blood takes it up and carries it to 
every part of the body. It then leaves with 
each part, just what it needs. 
THE BLOOD AND THE BRAIN. 
As the brain has so much work to attend 
to, it must have very pure, good blood sent 
to it, to keep it strong. Good blood is made DOES ALCOHOL PO ANY HARM? 
95 
from good food. It can not be good if it lias 
been poisoned witb alcobol or tobacco. 
We must also remember tbat tbe brain 
needs a great deal of blood. If we take alco- 
bol into our blood, mucb of it goes to tbe 
brain. There it affects tbe nerves, and makes 
a man lose control over bis actions. 
EXERCISE. 
Wben you run, you can feel your beart 
beating. It gets an instant of rest between 
tbe beats. 
Good exercise in tbe fresb air makes tbe 
beart work well and warms tbe body better 
tban a fire could do. 
DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE HEART? 
Tour beart is made of muscle. You know 
wbat barm alcobol does to tbe muscles. 
Could a fatty beart work as well as a mus- 
cular beart? No more tban a fatty arm could 
do tbe work of a muscular arm. Besides, alco- 
bol makes tbe beart beat' too fast, and so it 
gets too tired. THE HEART. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. Where is the heart placed? 
2. Of what is it made ? 
8. What work does it do ? 
4. What are arteries and veins ? 
5. What does the pnlse tell us? 
6. How does the food we eat reach all parts of the body? 
7. How does alcohol in the blood affect the brain? 
8. When does the heart rest? 
9. How does exercise in the fresh air help the heart? 
10. What harm does alcohol do to the heart? CHAPTER XY. 
THE LUNGS. 
3£HE blood flows all through tlie body, car- 
rying good food to every part. It also 
gathers up from every part tlie worn-out 
matter that can no longer be used. By tlie 
time it is ready to be sent back by the veins, 
tlie blood is no longer pure and red. It is 
dull and bluish in color, because it is full of 
impurities. 
If you look at tlie veins in your wrist, you 
will see that they look blue. 
If all this bad blood goes back to tlie 
heart, will the heart have to pump out bad 
blood next time? No, for the heart has neigh- 
bors very near at hand, ready to change the 
bad blood to pure, red blood again. 
THE LUNGS. 
These neighbors are the lungs. They are 98 
THE LUNGS. 
in the chest on each side of the heart. When 
you breathe, their little air-cells swell out, or 
expand, to take in the air. Then they con- 
The lungs, heart, and air-passages. 
tract again, and the air passes out through 
your mouth or nose. The lungs must have 
plenty of fresh air, and plenty of room to 
work in. 
If your clothes are too tight and the lungs 
do not have room to expand, they can not 
take in so much air as they should. Then CARE OF THE LUNGS. 
99 
the "blood can not be made pure, and the 
whole body will suffer. 
For every good breath of fresh air, the 
lungs take in, they send out one of impure? 
air. 
In this way, by taking out what is bad, 
they prepare the blood to go back to the heart 
pure and red, and to be pumped out through 
the body again. 
How the lungs can use the fresh air for 
doing this good work, you can not yet under- 
stand. By and when you are older, you 
will learn more about it. 
CARE OF THE LUNGS. 
Do the lungs ever rest ? 
You never stop breathing, not even in the 
night. But if you watch your own breath- 
ing you will notice a little pause between 
the breaths. Each pause is a rest. But the 
lungs are very steady workers, both by night 
and by day. The least we can do for them, 
is to give them fresh air and plenty of room 
to work in. 
You may say: “We can’t give them more 100 
THE LUNGS. 
room than they have. They are shut up in 
our chests.” 
I have seen people who wore such tight 
clothes that their lungs did not have room 
to take a full breath. If any part of the 
lungs can not expand, it will become useless. 
If your lungs can not take in air enough to 
purify the blood, you can not be so well 
and strong as God intended, and your life 
will be shortened. 
If some one was sewing for you, you would 
not think of shutting her up in a little place 
where she could not move her hands freely. 
The lungs are breathing for you, and need 
room enough to do their work. 
THE AIR. 
The lungs breathe out the waste matter 
that they have taken from the blood. This 
waste matter poisons the air. If we should 
close all the doors and windows, and the fire- 
place or opening into the chimney, and leave 
not even a crack by which the fresh air could 
come in, we would die simply from staying in 
such a room. The lungs could not do their THE AIR. 
101 
work for the blood, and the blood conld not 
do its work for the body. 
Impure air will poison yon. Yon should 
not breathe it. If yonr head aches, and yon' 
feel dull and sleepy from being- in a close 
room, a ran in the fresh air will make yon 
feel better. 
The good, pnre air makes yonr blood pure; 
and the blood then hows qnickly through 
yonr whole body and refreshes every part. 
We must be careful 'not to stay in close 
rooms in the day-time, nor sleep in close 
rooms at night. We must not keep out the 
fresh air that onr bodies so much need. 
It is better to breathe through the nose 
than through the month. Ton can soon 
learn to do so, if yon try to keep yonr month 
shut when walking or running. 
If yon keep the month shut and breathe 
through the nose, the little hairs on the in- 
side of the nose will catch the dust or other 
impurities that are floating in the air, and so 
save their going to the lungs. Yon will get 
out of breath less qnickly when running if 
yon keep yonr month shut. 102 
THE LUNGS. 
DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS? 
Tire little air-cells of tlie lungs liave very 
delicate muscular (mUs'ku lar) Avails. Every 
time we "breathe, these walls have to move. 
The muscles of the chest must also move, as 
you can all notice in yourselves, as you breathe. 
All this muscular work, as well as that of 
the stomach and heart, is directed by the 
nerves. 
You have learned already what alcohol 
will do to muscles and nerves, so you are 
ready to ansAver for stomach, for heart, and 
for lungs. Is alcohol a help to them ? 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. Besides carrying food all over tlie body, what other work does 
the blood do ? 
2. AVhy does the blood in the veins look blue? 
8. Where is the blood made pure and red again? 
4. Where is it sent, from the lungs? 
5. What must the lungs have in order to do this work ? 
6. When do the lungs rest? 
7. Why should we not wear tight clothes? 
8. How does the air in a room become spoiled? 
10. How should we breathe ? 
9. How can we keep it fresh and pure? 
11. Why is it better to breathe through the nose than through the 
mouth ? 
12. Why is alcohol not good for the lungs ? CHAPTER XT I. 
THE SKIN. 
SITERE is another part of your Body car- 
rying’ away waste matter all the time— 
it is the skin. 
The body is covered with skin. It is also 
lined with a more delicate kind of skin. You 
can see where the outside skin and the lining 
skin meet at your lips. 
There is a thin outside layer of skin 
which we can pull off without hurting 
ourselves; hut I advise you not to do so. 
Because under the outside skin is the true 
skin, which is so full of little nerves that it 
will feel the least touch as pain. When the 
outer skin, which protects it, is torn away, 
we must cover the true skin to keep it from 
harm. 
In hot weather, or when any one has Been 
working or playing hard, the face, and some- 104 
THE SKIN. 
times the whole body, Is covered with little 
drops of water. We call these drops perspi- 
ration (per spl ra'shtin). 
Where does it come 
from P It comes through 
many tiny holes in the 
skin, called pores (porz). 
Every pore is the month 
of a tiny tnhe which is car- 
rying off waste matter and 
water from your body. If 
you could piece together 
all these little perspiration 
tubes that are in the skin 
of one person, they would 
make a line more than 
three miles long. 
Sometimes, 3mu can not 
see tlie perspiration, be- 
canse tliere is not enough 
of it to form drops. But it is always coming 
out through your shin, both in winter and 
summer. Tour body is kept healthy by hav- 
ing its worn-out matter carried off in this 
way, as well as in other ways. 
Fet spiralory tube. CARE OF THE SKIN. 
105 
THE NAILS. 
The nails grow from tlie skin. 
The finger nails are little shields to pro- 
tect the ends of yonr fingers from getting 
hurt. These finger ends are full of tiny 
nerves, and would he hadly off without such 
shields. No one likes to see nails that have 
been bitten. 
CARE OF THE SKIN. 
Waste matter is all the time passing out 
through the perspiration tubes in the skin. 
This waste matter must not be left to clog up 
the little openings of the tubes. It should be 
washed off with soap and water. 
When children have been playing out-of- 
doors, they often have very dirty hands and 
faces. Any one can see, then, that they need 
to be washed. But even if they had been in 
the cleanest place all day and had not 
touched any thing dirty, they would still 
need the washing; for the waste matter that 
comes from the inside of the body is just as 
hurtful as the mud or dust of the street. You 106 
THE SKIN. 
do not see it so plainly, because it comes out 
very little at a time. Wash it off well, and 
your skin will he fresh and healthy, and able 
to do its work. If the skin could not do its 
work, you would die. 
Do not keep on your rubber boots or 
shoes all through school-time. Rubber will 
not let the perspiration pass off, so the little 
pores get clogged and your feet begin to feel 
uncomfortable, or your head may ache. No 
part can fail to do its work without causing 
trouble to the rest of the body. But you 
should always wear rubbers out-of-doors 
when the ground is wet. Certainly, they 
are very useful then. 
When you are out in the fresh air, you are 
giving the other parts of your body such a 
good chance to perspire, that your feet can 
bear a little shutting up. But as soon as you 
come into the house, take the rubbers off. 
Now that you know what the skin is do- 
ing all the time, you will understand that 
the clothes worn next to your skin are full 
of little worn-out particles, brought out by 
the perspiration. When these clothes are WORK OF THE BODY. 
107 
taken off at night, they should he so spread 
out, that they will air well before morn- 
ing'. Never wear any of the clothes through 
the night, that you have worn during the 
day. 
Do not roll up your night-dress in the 
morning and put it under your pillow. Give 
it first a good airing at the window and then 
hang it where the air can reach it all day. 
By so doing, you will have sweeter sleep at 
night. 
You are old enough to throw the bed- 
clothes off from the bed, before leaving your 
rooms in the morning. In this way, the bed 
and bed-clothes may have a good airing. Be 
sure to give them time enough for this. 
WORK OF THE BODY. 
You have now learned about four impor- 
tant kinds of work 
Ist. The stomach the food for the 
blood to take. 
2d. The blood is pumped out of the heart 
to carry food to every part of the body, and 
to take away worn-out matter. 108 
THE SKIN. 
3d. The lung's use fresh air in making the 
dark, impure "blood, bright and pure again. 
4th. The skin carries away waste matter 
through the little perspiration tubes. 
All this work goes on, day and night, 
without our needing to think about it at all; 
for messages are sent to the muscles by the 
nerves which keep them faithfully at work, 
whether we know it or not. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. What covers the body? 
2. What lines the body? 
3. Where are the nerves of the shin ? 
4. What Is perspiration? What is the common name for it? 
5. What are the pores of the shin? 
6. How does the perspiration help to heep you well? 
7. Of what use are the nails? 
8. How should they be hept? 
9. What care should be tahen of the shin ? 
10. Why should, you not wear rubber boots or overshoes In the 
house ? 
11. Why should you change under-clothing night and morning ? 
12. Where should the night-dress be placed in the morning? 
13. What should be done with the bed-clothes ? Why ? 
14. Name the four hinds of worh about which you have learned. 
15. How are the organs of the body hept at worh? CHAPTER XVII. 
THE SENSES. 
'X®?7E have five ways of learning- about all 
TEr things around us. We can see them, 
touch them, taste them, smell them, or hear 
them. Sight, touch, taste, smell, and hear- 
ing, are called the five senses. 
You already know something about them, 
for you are using them all the time. 
In this lesson, you will learn a little more 
about seeing and hearing. 
THE EYES. 
In the middle of your eye is a round, 
black spot, called the pupil. This pupil is 
only a hole with a muscle around it. When 
you are in the light, the muscle draws up, 
and makes the pupil small, because you can 
get all the light you need through a small 
opening. When you are in the dark, the 110 
THE SENSES. 
muscle stre belies, and opens the pupil wide to 
let in more light. 
Tlie pupils of tlie cat’s eyes are very large 
in tlie dark. Tliey 
want all tlie liglit 
tliey can get, to see 
if tliere are any mice 
about. 
The pupil of the 
eye opens into a 
little, round room 
where the nerve of 
sight is. This is a 
safe place for this delicate nerve, which can 
not hear too much light. It carries to the 
hrain an account of every thing we see. 
We might say the eye is taking pictures 
for us all day long, and that the nerve of 
sight is describing these pictures to the hrain. 
The eyelashes and the tear-glands. 
CARE OF THE EYES. 
The nerves of sight need great care, for 
they are very delicate. 
Do not face a bright light when you are 
reading or studying. While writing, you CARE OF THE EYES. 
should sit so tliat the light will come from 
the left side; then the shadow of your hand 
will not fall upon your work. 
One or two true stories may help you to 
remember that you must take good care of 
your eyes. 
The nerve of sight can not bear too bright 
a light. It asks to have the pupil made 
small, and even the eyelid curtains put down, 
when the light is too strong. 
Once, there was a boy who said boastfully 
to his playmates: “Let us see which of us 
can look straight at the sun for the longest 
time.” 
Then they foolishly began to look at the 
sun. The delicate nerves of sight felt a sharp 
pain, and begged to have the pupils made as 
small as possible and the eyelid curtains put 
down. 
But the foolish boys said “No.” They Avere 
trying to see which would bear it the longest. 
Great harm was done to the brains as well 
as eyes of both these boys. The one who 
looked longest at • the sun died in conse- 
quence of his foolish act. 112 
THE SENSES. 
The second story is about a little boy who 
tried to turn his eyes to imitate a school- 
mate who was cross-eyed. He turned them; 
but he could not turn them back again. 
Although he is now a gentleman more than 
fifty years old and has had much painful 
work done upon his eyes, the doctors have 
never been able to set them quite right. 
You see from the first story, that you 
must be careful not to give your eyes too 
much light. But you must also be sure to 
give them light enough. 
When one tries to read in the twilight, 
the little nerve of sight says: “Give me more 
light; I am hurt, by trying to see in the 
dark.” 
If you should kill these delicate nerves, no 
others would ever grow in place of them, and 
you would never be able to see again. 
What you call your ears are only pieces of 
gristle, so curved as to catch the sounds and 
pass them along to the true ears. These are 
deeper in the head, where the nerve of hear- 
THE EARS. CARE OF THE EARS. 
113 
ing Is waiting to send an account of each, 
sound to the hrain. 
CARE OF THE EARS. 
The ear nerve is in less danger than that 
of the eye. Careless children sometimes put 
pins into their ears and so break the “drum.” 
That is a very bad thing to do. Use only a 
soft towel in washing your ears. You should 
never put any thing hard or sharp into them. 
I must tell you a short ear story, about 
my father, when he was a small boy. 
One day, when playing on the floor, he 
laid his ear to the crack of the door, to feel 
the wind blow into it. He was so young that 
he did not know it was wrong; but the next 
day he had the earache severely. Although 
he lived to be an old man, he often had 
the earache. He thought it began from the 
time when the wind blew into his ear from 
under that door. 
ALCOHOL AND THE SENSES. 
All this fine work of touching, tasting, see- 
ing, smelling, and hearing, is nerve work. 114 
THE SENSES. 
The man who is in the habit of using alco- 
holic drinks can not touch, taste, see, smell, 
or hear so well as he ought. His hands 
tremble, his speech is sometimes thick, and 
often he can not walk straight. Sometimes, 
he thinks he sees things when he does not, 
because his poor nerves are so confused by 
alcohol that they can not do their work. 
Answer now for your taste, smell, and 
touch, and also for your sight and hearing; 
should their beautiful work be spoiled by 
alcohol ? 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. Name the five senses. 
2. "What Is the pupil of the eye ? 
3. How Is it made larger or smaller? 
4. Why does it change in size? 
5. What can a cat’s eyes do? 
6. Where is the nerve of the eye? 
7. What •work does it do? 
8. Why mnst one he careful of his eyes ? 
9. Where should the light he for reading or studying ? 
10. Tell the story of the hoys who looked at the sun. 
11. Tell the story of the hoy who made himself cross-eyed. 
12. Why should you not read in the twilight ? 
13. What would he the result, if you should kill the nerves of sight ? 
14. Where are the true ears ? 
35. How may the nerves of hearing he injured? 
16. Tell the story of the hoy who injured his ear. 
17. How is the work of the senses affected hy drinking liquor? CHAPTER XYIII. 
HEAT AND COLD. 
WHAT MAKES US WARM? 
“ Y thick, warm clothes make me warm,’1' 
WA -u-i i 
says some child. 
No! Your thick, warm clothes keep you 
warm. They do not make you warm. 
Take a brisk run, and your hlood will flow 
faster and you will he warm very quickly. 
On a cold day, the teamster claps his 
hands and swings his arms to make his hlood 
flow quickly and warm him. 
Every child knows that he is warm inside; 
for if his fingers are cold, he puts them into 
his mouth to warm them. 
If you should put a little thermometer 
into your mouth, or under your tongue, the 
mercury (mer'kupj) would rise as high as it 
does out of doors on a hot, summer day. 116 
HEAT AND COLD. 
This would he the same in summer or 
winter, in a warm country or a cold one, if 
you were well and the work of your hody was 
going- on steadily. 
WHERE DOES THIS HEAT COME FROM? 
Some of the work which is all the time 
going on inside your hody, makes this heat. 
The hlood is thus warmed, and then it 
carries the heat to every part of the hody. 
The faster the hlood hows, the more heat it 
brings, and the warmer we feel. 
In children, the heart pumps from eighty 
to ninety times a minute. 
This is faster than it works in old people, 
and this is one reason why children are gen- 
erally much warmer than old people. 
But we are losing heat all the time. 
You may breathe in cold air; hut that 
which you breathe out is warm. A great deal 
of heat from your warm hody is all the time 
passing off through your skin, into the cooler 
air about you. For this reason, a room full 
of people is much warmer than the same 
room when empty. CLOTHING. 
117 
CLOTHING. 
We put on clothes to keep in the heat 
which we already have, and to prevent the 
cold air from reaching- our skins and carry- 
ing- off too much heat in that wajL 
Most of yon children are too yonng- to 
choose what clothes yon will Avear. Others 
decide for yon. Yon know, however, that 
woolen nnder-g-arments keep yon warm in 
winter, and that thick hoots and stocking-s 
should he worn in cold Aveather. Thin dresses 
or hoots may look pretty; hnt they are not 
safe for winter even at a party. 
A healthy, happy child, dressed in clothes 
which are suitable for the season, is pleas- 
anter to look at than one Avhose dress, though 
rich and handsome, is not Avarm enough for 
health or comfort. 
When yon feel cold, take exercise, if pos- 
sible. This will make the hot blood flow all 
through your body and warm it. If yon can 
not, yon should put on more clothes, go to 
a warm room, in some Avay get warm and 
keep Avarm, or the cold Avill make yon sick. 118 
HEAT AND COLD. 
TAKING COLD. 
If your skin is chilled, the tiny mouths 
of the perspiration tubes are sometimes closed 
and can not throw out the waste matter. 
Then, if one part fails to do its work, other 
parts must suffer. Perhaps the inside skin 
becomes inflamed, or the throat and lungs, 
and you have a cold, or a cough. 
ALCOHOL AND COLD. 
People used to think that nothing would 
warm one so well on a cold day, as a glass 
of whiskey, or other alcoholic drink. 
It is true that, if a person drinks a little 
alcohol, he will feel a burning in the throat, 
and presently a glowing heat on the skin. 
The alcohol has made the hot blood rush 
into the tiny tubes near the skin, and he 
thinks it has warmed him. 
But if all this heat comes to the skin, the 
cold air has a chance to carry away more 
than usual. In a very little time, the 
drinker will be colder than before. Perhaps 
he will not know it; for the cheating alcohol ALCOHOL AND COLD. 
119 
will have deadened Ills nerves so that they 
send no message to the hrain. Then he may 
not have sense enough to pnt on more cloth- 
ing and may freeze. He may even, if it is 
very cold, freeze to death. 
People, who have not heen drinking ale©' 
hoi are sometimes frozen; hut they would 
have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it. 
Horse - car drivers and omnibus drivers 
have a hard time on a cold winter day. They 
are often cheated into thinking that alcohol 
will keep them warm; hut doctors have 
learned that it is the water-drinkers who 
hold out hest against the cold. Alcohol can 
not really keep a person warm. 
All children are interested in stories about 
Arctic explorers, whose ships get frozen into 
great ice-fields, who travel on sledges drawn 
hy dogs, and sometimes live in Esquimau 
huts, and drink oil, and eat walrus meat. 
These men tell us that alcohol will not 
keep them warm, and you know why. 
The hunters and trappers in the snowy 
regions of the Pocky Mountains say the same 
thing. Alcohol not only can not keep them 120 
HEAT AND COLD. 
warm; but it lessens their power to resist 
cold. 
Scene in the Arctic regions. 
Many of yon have heard ahont the Greely 
party who were hronght home from the Arctic 
seas, after they had heen starving and freez- 
ing for many months. ALCOHOL AND COLD. 
121 
There were twenty-six men in all. Of 
these, nineteen died. Seven were fonnd alive 
hy their rescuers; one of these died soon 
afterward. The first man Avho died, Avas the 
only one of the party who had ever been a 
drunkard. 
Of the nineteen who died, all hut one used 
tobacco. Of the six noAv living,— four never 
used tobacco at all; and the other two, very 
seldom. 
The tobacco Avas no real help to them in 
time of trouble. It had probably weakened 
their stomachs, so that they could not make 
the best use of such poor food as they had. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. Why do you wear thick clothes in cold weather? 
2. How can you prove that you are warm inside? 
3. AVhat makes this heat? 
4. AVhat carries this heat through your hody? 
5. How rapidly does your heart heat ? 
6. How are you losing heat all the time? 
7. How can you warm yourself without going to the fire? 
8. AVill alcohol make you warmer, or colder? 
9. How does it cheat you into thinking that you will he warmer 
for drinking it? 
10. AVhat do the people who travel in very cold countries, tell us 
about the use of alcohol? 
11. How did tobacco affect the men who went to the Arctic seas 
with Lieutenant Qreely ? OHAPTEE XIX. 
WASTED MONEY. 
COST OF ALCOHOL. 
SOW that you have learned about your 
bodies, and what alcohol will do to 
them, you ought also to know that alcohol 
costs a great deal of money. Money spent for 
that which will do no good, but only harm, 
is certainly wasted, and worse than wasted. 
If a boy or a girl save ten cents a week, 
it will take ten weeks to save a dollar. 
You can all think of many good and pleas- 
ant ways to spend a dollar. What would the 
beer-drinker do with it ? If he takes two 
mugs of beer a day, the dollar will be used 
up in ten days. But we ought not to say 
used, because that word will make us think 
it was spent usefully. We will say, instead, 
the dollar will be wasted, in ten days. COST OF TOBACCO. 
123 
If lie spends it for wine or whiskey, it will 
go sooner, as tliese cost more. If no money 
was spent for liquor in this country, people 
would not so often Tie sick, or poor, or "bad, 
or wretched. We should not need so many 
policemen, and jails, and prisons, as we have 
now. If no liquor was drunk, men, women, 
and children would he better and happier. 
COST OF TOBACCO. 
Most of you have a little money of your 
own. Perhaps you earned a part, or the 
whole of it, yourselves. You are planning 
what to do with it, and that is a very pleasant 
kind of planning. 
Do you think it would he wise to make 
a dollar hill into a tight little roll, light one 
end of it with a match, and then let it 
slowly hum up ? That would he wasting it, 
you say! {See Frontispiece.) 
Yes! it would he wasted, if thus burned. 
It would he worse than wasted, if, while burn- 
ing, it should also hurt the person who held 
it. If you should buy cigars or tobacco with 
your dollar, and smoke them, you could soon 124 
WASTED MONEY. 
burn up tbe dollar and hurt yourselves 
besides. 
Can you count a million ? Can you count 
a hundred millions ? Try some day to do this 
counting. Then, when you begin to have 
some idea how much six hundred millions is, 
remember that six hundred million dollars 
are spent in this country every year for to- 
bacco—burned up—wasted—worse than wasted. 
Do you think the farmer who planted to- 
bacco instead of corn, did any good to the 
world by the change ? 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
1. How may one waste money ? 
2. Name some good ways for spending money. 
3. How does tile liquor-drinker spend Inis money ? 
4. What could we do, if no money was spent for liquor ? 
5. Tell two ways in which you could hum up a dollar hill. 
6. Which would he the safer way ? 
7. How much money is spent for-tobacco, yearly, in this country?