THE B N A ARRANGED AS AN OUTLINE OF 
REGIONAL AND SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY THE B N A ARRANGED AS 
AN OUTLINE OF REGIONAL 
AND SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
By VICTOR E. EMMEL 
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN THE 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS 
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 
1921 University of California Syllabus Series No. 135 
COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY VICTOR, E. EMMEL PREFACE 
The Basle Anatomical Nomenclature (the B N A) has been pre- 
eminently successful in the simplification of anatomical terminology. 
From a total of 50,000 anatomical terms about 45,000 have been 
eliminated as unnecessary synonyms. As a consequence, anatomical 
terminology as represented by the B N A now consists of a list of 
some 5000 simple, unambiguous terms for the macroscopic structures 
of the human body. 
This list of terms, intended for common use in the medical schools, 
is arranged on the basis of systematic anatomy. Doubtless such an 
arrangement was best adapted to the purpose of bringing about a 
revision of terminology. On the other hand, it appears obvious that, 
from the standpoint of practical anatomy, a regional arrangement 
of these terms in conjunction with their systematic tabulation would 
greatly extend the usefulness of the B N A. In dissecting laboratories 
and surgical clinics, the structures represented by the B N A terms 
are encountered in the various regions of the body not as anatomical 
systems, but as segments of these systems grouped together in certain 
definite regional relationships. In attempting to correlate systematic 
text and cadaver, the one proves almost as difficult to dissect as the 
other. 
It appears important, therefore, that the present systematic B N A 
should be expanded to include a correlated regional arrangement of 
anatomical terms; an arrangement based upon the sequence in which 
the structures indicated by these terms may be exposed and demon- 
strated to the naked eye in actual dissection, thus securing a direct 
association of the term with the visualization of the structure to which 
it refers. The present work represents such an attempt and is the 
outgrowth of several years of laboratory experience in which a regional 
arrangement of B N A terms in mimeograph form has been given a 
thorough trial and its usefulness clearly demonstrated. 
The work is presented in two parts dealing with the B N A terms 
as arranged, first, on the basis of regional anatomy, and, second, on 
the basis of systematic anatomy, with numeral indices facilitating 
cross-references from the one to the other. The regional arrangement 
is given precedence since it is in their regional relations that anatom- 
ical structures are first encountered in practical study. The work also 
includes a complete series of figures for the surface anatomy and the 
surface projection of the skeleton for the various regions of the body. VI 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Part I constitutes a regional resume of anatomical structures. A 
tabulation for any given region necessarily involves only those struc- 
tures or segments of structures which are embraced within the con- 
fines of that region. Structures such as the larger nerves or vessels 
extending through two or more regions would be re-listed for each 
region in which they occur. In general the terms have been arranged 
with a view to greatest utility for student and clinical reference in 
practical work. In presenting the subject of human anatomy it is 
frequently difficult to steer a course between the Scylla of too great 
detail and the Charybdis of a paucity of subject matter, but in any 
event the present tabulation may serve as a basis from which devia- 
tion may be made in either direction as the requirements of the special 
case may dictate. In a few instances, in the interest of the student 
but subject to possible criticism on pedagogical grounds, the terms 
for structures such as some of the smaller rami of blood vessels or 
nerve plexuses which may be relatively of secondary importance or 
especially difficult to demonstrate, are indicated by affixed double 
asterisks. With the exception of such osteological elements as are 
encountered in surface anatomy, terms relative to skeletal structures 
have been largely omitted in Part I. In this connection, the figures 
showing the surface projection of the skeleton should prove of value 
for purposes of general reference and orientation. 
Concise statements are given for the more important or more 
difficult incisions and dissections involved in the demonstration of the 
structures as listed for each region. The order in which these regions 
and their component structures are dealt with is based primarily upon 
the sequence of dissection developed in Cunningham's Manual of 
Practical Anatomy, which may be regarded as representing a method 
of procedure prevalent in the majority of American and English 
anatomical laboratories. The sequence of primary subdivisions such 
as superior extremity, thorax, abdomen, etc., is obviously a more 
flexible matter readily adjusted to any given method of study. From 
the standpoint of systematic anatomy, it may not be a matter of such 
great importance what order may be followed in dissection so long 
as the structures in question are really exposed and observed. From 
the standpoint of regional anatomy, however, the subject presents 
quite a different aspect. In the latter case, the structures should be 
exposed in the sequence most favorable for the observation of those 
structural relationships which are of greatest practical significance. 
Toward this end, therefore, the methods of dissection in general should 
represent the culmination of the best available anatomical and sur- 
gical experience; and this finds perhaps its best expression at the 
present time in the work of the British and more especially of the PREFACE 
VII 
Edinburgh school of anatomists. Barkers' Laboratory Manual of 
Hitman Anatomy, 1904, which in method is in close agreement with 
that of the Edinburgh school, has also been a source of valuable 
suggestions, especially in the case of the brain and sense organs. 
Part II constitutes a systematic resume of anatomical structures 
and, with the exception of certain minor changes is based upon the 
systematic arrangement of the B N A terms, including text figures 
11 to 13 and plates 14 and 15, as originally published by His, Archiv 
filr Anatomie und Entwicklungsges chichi e, Supplemental Band, 1895. 
This arrangement, as emphasized by Dr. F. T. Lewis (Stohr's Text- 
book of Histology, ed. 6, p. vi), is such as to furnish "an excellent 
means by which students may review anatomy." 
In Part I some of the terms are in Latin while others are anglicized. 
In a few instances it has been necessary to employ a term not listed 
in the B N A, as, for example, in the case of the surgical triangles of 
the neck. Such terms can, however, always be recognized through the 
absence of cross-reference numerals. In Part II all the B N A terms 
have been retained in their original Latin form. In Part I, that form 
of the term has been used which appears most prevalent in the 
majority of the standard English and American anatomical texts and 
in the conversational language of the laboratory and clinic. Where 
this is not clear, the Latin term is given. In the event of differences 
in different texts regarding the terms which are anglicized, the cross- 
references to Part II facilitate a ready reference to the equivajent 
Latin form, as, for example, in the case of stomach and ventriculus, 
or spleen and lien. In this connection it must be recognized that as 
yet there is no authoritative list of English equivalents for the B N A 
and no unanimity of agreement as to the usage of Latin or anglicized 
forms-a problem toward the solution of which an authoritative 
decision by proper representatives from English-speaking countries 
would render an important contribution in the interests of medical 
science.* 
A thorough understanding and an adequate command of ana- 
tomical terms constitute an important objective in anatomical study. 
The same is equally true of dexterity in dissection, independence of 
observation, and the verification of textbook statements. In the last 
analysis, however, perhaps the matter of greatest importance is the 
student's own efforts toward the interpretation and organization of 
the facts and observations thus acquired. Instructors, cadavers, text- 
books, atlases, and laboratory manuals are only means to an end. 
If the student is lacking in this ability or fails to develop it, all 
these accessories will be of little avail. A mere memory of anatomical 
* Relative to this subject may be noted E. B. Jamieson's work on The Basle 
Anatomical Nomenclature (London, W. Green and Son, 1916). VIII 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
terms, and all the minutiae of structure, do not in themselves consti- 
tute a working knowledge. It is only as these data become organized 
in such a way that when confronted with the living body we can 
visualize the form, position, relations, and functions of its various 
structures as component parts of a living, working machine and at 
the same time have a ready command of the terms by which these 
structures are designated, that we can regard ourselves as having- 
made any great degree of progress toward a mastery of human 
anatomy. Toward the realization of this end the present work is 
necessarily only one of many factors. It has been undertaken with 
a keen appreciation of the almost discouraging character of some of 
the perplexing problems it involves and with the realization that at 
best it must represent a beginning which only the cumulative data 
acquired with more extended experience and criticism can bring to 
perfection. Its immediate purpose will, however, be attained if it 
proves to be of real utility in the establishment of a basis for a more 
direct correlation of anatomical terminology and structure in the 
practical study of the cadaver and in the presentation of a resume 
of regional and systematic anatomy for anatomical and clinical refer- 
ence which will materially facilitate the attainment of such a working 
knowledge of the human mechanism. 
The decision as to the final form of the present work has been 
materially facilitated by valuable suggestions from students and 
laboratory assistants. It is also a pleasure to acknowledge indebted- 
ness to Mr. W. C. Shepard, of the anatomical department of the 
University of Illinois, where the work was begun, for his careful 
delineation of the figures illustrating surface anatomy and surface 
projections of the skeleton. CONTENTS 
PART I. REGIONAL ANATOMY 
THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITY 
PAGE 
Structures of the back; with reference primarily to structures in relation to 
the superior extremity ; 1 
Surface anatomy , 1 
Regions of the back ...... 1 
£ Fascia, cutaneous nerves, and vessels 2 
Muscles, nerves, and vessels i 2 
Muscles: first layer 2 
Structures in relation to superior margin of scapula 2 
Muscles: second layer 2 
Nerves and vessels 3 
Anterior thoracic region and axillary fossa 3 
Surface anatomy 3 
Pectoral regions 3 
Anterior thoracic wall: superficial structures.... 5 
Superficial fascia, cutaneous nerves, and blood vessels 5 
Mamma 5 
Anterior thoracic wall: deep fascia and pectoralis major muscle 5 
Axillary fossa and structures subjacent to the pectoralis major muscle 5 
Structures in relation to base of axillary fossa 5 
Structures exposed by reflection of clavicular part of pectoralis major 
muscle 6 
Structures exposed by reflection of sternocostal part of pectoralis major 
muscle 6 
Contents of superior part of axillary fossa 6 
Contents of inferior part of axillary fossa 6 
Structures in relation to medial wall of axillary fossa 6 
Structures in relation to posterior wall of axillary fossa 6 
Axillary vessels 7 
Subclavius muscle 7 
Brachial plexus 7 
Serratus anterior muscle 7 
Superior extremity, general characteristics : 8 
Subdivisions 8 
Regions of the superior extremity 8 
Region of shoulder 8 
Fascia, cutaneous nerves, and cephalic vein 8 
Muscles, nerves, vessels, and ligaments of the shoulder 9 
Arm, and superficial structures of forearm, and dorsum of hand 10 
Surface anatomy of arm and forearm 10 
Arm (anterior aspect) and forearm: superficial structures 10 
Cutaneous nerves 10 
Veins and lymphatics 10 X 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Arm (anterior aspect): deep structures 10 
Deep fascia 10 
Arteries * 11 
Veins 11 
Nerves 11 
Muscles 11 
Cubital fossa 11 
Arm (posterior aspect) 11 
Dorsum of hand, superficial structures 12 
Forearm: volar aspect and ulnar margin 12 
Deep fascia and cutaneous nerves piercing it 12 
Radial artery and nerve 12 
Superficial muscles 12 
Ulnar vessels apd median nerve 13 
Deep structures on volar aspect of forearm 13 
Wrist and hand: volar aspect 13 
Surface anatomy 13 
Fascia and cutaneous nerves 14 
Muscles, nerves, vessels, and ligaments 14 
Nerves and vessels superficial to the muscles and flexor tendons of the palm 14 
Ligaments and mucous sheaths of flexor tendons 14 
Muscles 14 
Nerves and vessels internal to the flexor tendons and muscles of the palm 15 
Forearm: dorsal aspect and radial margin 15 
Fascia, muscles, nerves, and vessels 15 
Deep fascia 15 
Superficial muscles : 15 
Nerves and vessels 15 
Deep muscles 16 
Wrist and hand: dorsal aspect 16 
Muscles, nerves, and vessels 16 
Vessels ; 16 
Muscles, nerves, and ligaments 16 
Articulations of superior extremity 16 
Shoulder joint 16 
Elbow joint 16 
Joint of the hand 17 
Radiocarpal articulation 17 
Intercarpal articulation 17 
Pisiform articulation 17 
Radioulnar articulation 17 
Carpometacarpal articulations 17 
Intermetacarpal articulations 17 
Metacarpophalangeal articulations 17 
Articulations of the digits 17 
PAGE 
THORAX AND DEEP STRUCTURES OF THE BACK 
General characteristics 19 
Subdivisions of thorax and back 19 
Surface anatomy 19 
General osteological characteristics of the thorax 19 
Regions of thorax and back 19 CONTENTS 
XI 
Thoracic wall: anterior and lateral parts 19 
Intercostal muscles, ligaments, and nerves 19 
Blood vessels 20 
Thoracic cavity and viscera 20 
Pleura and pleural cavities 20 
Lungs 21 
Surface anatomy 21 
Internal structure of lung 21 
Root of lung and related structures 21 
Structures in relation to the right and left roots 21 
Structures within the pulmonary roots 22 
Phrenic nerve and nerves to the superficial part of the cardiac plexus 22 
Thymus 22 
Pericardium 22 
Great veins of the thorax and their tributaries 23 
Heart and aorta 23 
Surface anatomy 23 
Nerve and vascular supply 23 
Cavities of the heart. Pulmonary vessels 24 
Aorta and its branches 25 
Myocardium and fibrous rings of the heart 25 
Cardiac plexus 25 
Trachea and bronchi 26 
Posterior mediastinal cavity and structures within it 26 
Thoracic wall: posterior part 26 
Thoracic part of the sympathetic system 26 
Structures in relation to internal surface of posterior thoracic wall 27 
Deep structures of back 27 
Posterior serrati muscles and lumbodorsal fascia 27 
Intrinsic muscles of back 27 
Nerves and blood vessels 29 
Vertebral canal: blood vessels and meninges 29 
Spinal cord: nerves, blood vessels, and surface anatomy 30 
Spinal nerves 30 
Blood vessels 30 
Surface anatomy 30 
Spinal cord: internal structure 31 
Gray matter 31 
White matter 31 
Articulations of the thorax 31 
Sternocostal articulations 31 
Costovertebral articulations 31 
Synchondrosis sternalis 31 
Capitular articulations 31 
Costotransverse articulations 32 
Articulations of the vertebral column 32 
PAGE 
HEAD AND NECK 
Structures in relation to scalp and temporal region 35 
General characteristics of the cranium 35 
Subdivisions of the cranium 35 
Regions of the head 35 
Scalp and temporal regions: superficial blood vessels and nerves 35 XII 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Frontal region ; 35 
Temporal region 35 
Mastoid and occipital regions 35 
Scalp: deeper structures 37 
Muscles 37 
Lymphatics 37 
Auricle or external ear 37 
Intracranial structures in relation to brain and cranial wall 38 
Structures exposed by removal of calvaria 38 
Structures exposed by removal of brain 38 
Roots of cerebral nerves 38 
General structural characteristics of exposed base of cranium and re- 
lated dura mater 39 
Sinuses of the dura mater 39 
Arteries ' 39 
Hypophysis 40 
Structures in the lateral and anterior regions of neck 40 
Surface anatomy 40 
Regions of the neck 40 
Superficial fascia, platysma, veins, and cutaneous nerves 40 
Cervical fascia and sternocleidomastoid muscle 41 
Posterior triangle * 41 
Occipital triangle.... 41 
Supraclavicular triangle 42 
Supraclavicular part of brachial plexus 42 
Muscles in floor of posterior triangle 42 
Anterior triangle.. 42 
Submaxillary or digastric triangle 42 
Carotid triangle 43 
Muscular triangle 44 
Structures in relation to anterior median line of neck 44 
Suprahyoid region 44 
Infrahyoid region 44 
Muscles of neck: second and third layers 44 
Sternoclavicular articulation 44 
Root of neck 45 
Muscles 45 
Blood vessels and lymphatics . 45 
'Nerves 45 
Remaining structures at root of neck 46 
Cervical plexus and viscera of neck 46 
Back of head and neck 46 
Regions of back of head and neck 46 
Fascia, superficial nerves, and muscles 46 
Muscles in relation to back of neck 46 
Deeper blood vessels and nerves of back of neck 48 
Face and frontal region of head 48 
Surface anatomy 48 
Regions of face 49 
Fascia and parotid gland 49 
Superficial nerves of face 49 
Superficial blood vessels of face 50 
PAGE CONTENTS 
XIII 
Muscles of face and front of head 50 
Structures in relation to temporal and infratemporal fossae 51 
Fascia, muscles, and vessels 51 
Mandibular articulation 52 
Nerves 52- 
Mandibular canal • •••• 53 
Submaxillary region 53 
Superficial structures in submaxillary region 53 
Deeper structures in submaxillary region 53 
Structures in relation to deeper regions of neck and base of cranium 54 
Otic ganglion, tensor veli palatini, stylopharyngeus muscles 54 
Blood vessels , 54 
Nerves 55 
Sympathetic trunk 56 
Structures in relation to cervical part of vertebral column, and posterior part 
of base of skull 56 
Muscles, nerves, and blood vessels 56 
Articulations of cervical vertebrae III-VII 57 
Articulations of epistropheus, atlas, and occipital bone 57 
Cervical portion of vertebral canal and spinal cord 57 
Remaining structures in anterior part of head and neck 58 
Pharynx 58 
Muscles and fascia of pharynx 58 
Cavity of pharynx 58 
Mouth and fauces 59 
General characteristics of cavity of mouth 59 
Mucous membrane of mouth 59 
Glands of mouth 59 
Teeth.................................................................................................................... 60 
Tongue 60 
Fauces , 60 
Soft palate and related structures 60 
Muscles 60 
Arteries 61 
Nerves 61 
Auditory tube 61 
Nasal cavity 61 
Nasal septum 61 
Cavity and lateral walls of nose 62 
Paranasal sinuses 62 
Nerves and vessels in lateral wall of nasal cavity 62 
Nasal cartilages 63 
Larynx 63 
Cavity of larynx 63 
Laryngeal muscles, hyothyreoid, and elastic membrane 63 
Laryngeal nerves and vessels 64 
. Laryngeal cartilages and ligaments 64 
Tongue ........................................................ 65 
General characteristics and surface anatomy 65 
Muscles of tongue 66 
Nerves and vessels of the tongue 66 
Structures in middle cranial fossa . 66 
PAGE XIV 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Eyelids and lacrimal apparatus 67 
Eyelids 67 
Lacrimal apparatus 67 
Structures in relation to orbit 68 
Structures in superior part of orbit and fascia of eyeball 68 
Optic nerve, nasociliary nerve and ciliary ganglion 69 
Blood vessels of orbit 69 
Remaining structures of orbit 69 
Structures in carotid and infraorbital canals and pterygopalatine fossa 70 
Carotid canal 70 
Maxillary nerve and infraorbital canal 70 
Sphenopalatine ganglion 70 
Internal maxillary artery 71 
Auditory apparatus: external and middle ear 71 
Walls of tympanic cavity 71 
Auditory ossicles, articulations, ligaments and muscles 72 
External acoustic meatus 73 
Intraosseous course of facial, intermediate, and acoustic nerves 73 
Auditory apparatus: internal ear 73 
Osseous labyrinth 73 
Membranous labyrinth 74 
Vessels 75 
Brain: general characteristics, meninges, blood vessels, and cerebral nerves 76 
Larger subdivisions of brain 76 
Meninges and blood vessels of brain 76 
Meninges 76 
Blood vessels 77 
Base of brain and cerebral nerves 77 
Base of brain 77 
Cerebral nerves 78 
Brain: surface anatomy of rhombencephalon and mesencephalon 78 
Rhombencephalon 78 
Medulla oblongata 78 
Pons 79 
Isthmus of rhombencephalon 79 
Cerebellum 79 
Fourth ventricle 80 
Floor of fourth ventricle 80 
Roof of fourth ventricle 80 
Mesencephalon 80 
Brain: surface anatomy of prosencephalon 80 
.General subdivisions of prosencephalon 80 
Telencephalon 81 
Pallium: general characteristics 81 
Lobes of cerebrum 81 
Medial surface of hemisphere 82 
Rhinencephalon 83 
Hypothalamus 83 
Corpus callosum 83 
Ventriculus lateralis 84 
Septum pellucidum, fornix, and tela chorioidea 85 
Thalamencephalon ; 85 
PAGE CONTENTS 
XV 
Thalamus 85 
Metathalamus 85 
Epithalamus 86 
Ventriculus tertius 86 
Brain: sections through brain 86 
Structures in sections of medulla oblongata 86 
Structures in sections of pons 86 
Structures in sections of cerebellum 86 
Structures in sections of rhombencephalic isthmus and mesencephalon 86 
Sections of isthmus rhombencephali 86 
Sections of pedunculus cerebri 86 
Sections of corpora quadrigemina 86 
Structures in sections through prosencephalon 87 
Sections of hypothalamus 87 
Sections of thalamencephalon 87 
Sections of telencephalon 87 
Organ of vision 87 
Optic nerve 87 
Bulbus oculi 87 
Tunica fibrosa oculi 88 
Sclera 88 
Cornea 88 
Tunica vasculosa oculi 88 
Chorioidea 88 
Corpus ciliare 88 
Iris 89 
Ciliary nerves and vessels 89 
Pigment layer 89 
Retina 89 
Vitreous body 90 
Zonula ciliaris 90 
Crystalline lens 90 
Chambers of eyeball 90 
PAGE 
ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
General characteristics 93 
Subdivisions of abdomen and pelvis 93 
Surface anatomy 93 
Regions 93 
Perineal region 94 
Surface anatomy 94 
Perineal region in general 94 
Pudendal region in the male 94 
Pudendal region in the female 94 
Urogenital region: structures external to urogenital diaphragm 95 
In the male 95 
In the female 95 
Urogenital diaphragm 97 
Inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm 97 
Structures in the urogenital diaphragm in the male 97 
Structures in the urogenital diaphragm in the female 97 
Anal region................................................................................................................ 98 XVI 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Anterior abdominal wall 98 
Fascia, cutaneous nerves, and vessels.. > 98 
Deeper structures of anterior abdominal wall 99 
Muscles and related structures 99 
Internal surface of anterior abdominal wall 100 
Inguinal canal, scrotum spermatic cord, and testis 100 
Inguinal canal ; 100 
Scrotum and spermatic cord 100 
Testis ; 100 
Abdominal cavity, peritoneum, and viscera 101 
Abdominal cavity and peritoneum 101 
General characteristics of abdominal cavity, viscera, and peritoneum 101 
Peritoneal folds and fossa in relation to small and large intestine 101 
Peritoneal ligaments in relation to liver, stomach, and spleen 102 
Omental bursa 102 
Relations of pelvic peritoneum 102 
Peritoneal relations in general 102 
Mesenteric blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics 102 
Mesenterial small intestine and the large intestine 103 
Mesenterial small intestine 103 
Large intestine : 104 
Structures in relation to the wall of the omental bursa 104 
Biliary ducts and vessels in the lesser omentum 104 
Remaining vessels in relation to walls of omental bursa 105 
Duodenum and pancreas 105 
Duodenum 105 
Pancreas 105 
Stomach and spleen 106 
Stomach 106 
Spleen 106 
Sympathethic plexuses in relation to coeliac ganglion and ceoliac plexus 106 
Liver 107 
Suprarenal gland, kidney, and ureter 108 
Suprarenal gland 108 
Vascular supply of the kidney and suprarenal gland 108 
Kidney 108 
Ureter 109 
Diaphragm 109 
Structures in relation to the posterior abdominal wall 109 
Blood vessels and lymphatics 109 
Arteries 109 
Veins and lymphatics 110 
Fascia and muscles of posterior abdominal wall 110 
Nerves of the posterior abdominal wall 110 
Pelvis Ill 
Osteology Ill 
Peritoneum and fascia in relation to the pelvis Ill 
Peritoneal folds in male pelvis Ill 
Peritoneum of female pelvis 112 
Fascia 112 
Pelvic viscera 112 
In the male pelvis 112 
PAGE CONTENTS 
XVII 
In the female pelvis 114 
Pelvic blood vessels (male and female) 115 
Arteries ; 115 
Veins 116 
Pelvic muscles and nerves 116 
Pelvic articulations 116 
PAGE 
THE INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
General characteristics of inferior extremity 121 
Subdivisions 121 
Regions 121 
Gluteal region 121 
Surface anatomy 121 
Fascia and cutaneous nerves 122 
Glutaeus maximus muscle 122 
Structures exposed by reflection of glutaeus maximus muscle 122 
Bursae in relation to the glutaeus maximus muscle 122 
Structures distal to the piriformis muscle 122 
Structures proximal and lateral to the piriformis muscle 123 
Structures exposed by reflection of glutaeus minimus muscle 123 
Popliteal space 123 
Surface anatomy 123 
Fascia, superficial nerves, and vessels . 123 
Popliteal space: large nerves and vessels 123 
Popliteal space: medial and lateral boundaries 125 
Contents of popliteal space 125 
Nerves 125 
Blood vessels and lymphatics 125 
Floor of popliteal space 125 
Posterior part of thigh 125 
Fascia and cutaneous nerves 125 
Muscles 125 
Nerves and blood vessels 126 
Anterior part of thigh . 126 
Surface anatomy . 126 
Regions in relation to anterior aspect of thigh 126 
Fascia, superficial vessels, lymphatics, and cutaneous nerves 126 
Superficial fascia, blood vessels, and lymphatics 126 
Fossa ovalis 127 
Cutaneous nerves, superficial praepatellar bursae 127 
Deep fascia and related ligaments 127 
Femoral sheath 127 
Femoral trigone and its contents 127 
Adductor canal and its contents 128 
Muscles of the front of thigh 128 
Medial side of thigh 129 
Muscles, nerves, and vessels 129 
Hip joint 130 
Structures in relation to hip joint 130 
Leg and foot 130 
General characteristics 130 
Subdivisions 130 XVIII 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Surface anatomy 130 
Regions . 131 
Anterior region of leg and dorsum of foot 131 
Superficial fascia, cutaneous nerves, and vessels 131 
Deep fascia 131 
Muscles in anterior region of leg 132 
Arteries 132 
Nerves 132 
Muscles of dorsum of foot 132 
Lateral or peroneal region of leg 133 
Deep fascia and muscles 133 
Nerves 133 
Medial region of leg 133 
Posterior region of leg and heel 133 
Fascia, superficial vessels, and cutaneous nerves 133 
Muscles: superficial group 134 
Muscles: deep group •. 134 
Arteries 134 
Nerves : 135 
Laciniate ligament 135 
Plantar region of foot 135 
Fascia and superficial veins 135 
Muscles: superficial layer 135 
Plantar arteries 135 
Plantar nerves 135 
Muscles: second layer of muscles and tendons 135 
Muscles: third layer 136 
Plantar arch and deep division of plantar nerve 136 
Interosseous muscles and deep tendons 136 
Articulations of leg and foot 136 
Knee joint 136 
Ankle joint 137 
Tibiofibular joints 137 
Intertarsal articulations 137 
Tarsometartarsal articulations 138 
Intermetatarsal articulations 138 
Metatarsophalangeal articulations 138 
Articulations of toes 138 
PAGE CONTENTS 
XIX 
PART II. SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
ANATOMICAL TERMS 
Terms indicating the position and direction of parts of the body 139 
Anatomical terms 140 
PAGE 
Head 142 
Cranium 142 
Face 142 
Eye 142 
Nose 142 
Mouth 142 
Neck 142 
Trunk 142 
Thorax 142 
Back 142 
Abdomen 142 
Pelvis 143 
Superior extremities 143 
Inferior extremities 143 
PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY 
Vertebral column, or spine 144 
Atlas 144 
Epistropheus 145 
Sacrum 145 
Coccyx 145 
Thorax 145 
Ribs 145 
Sternum 145 
Thorax (general characteristics) 145 
Bones of the cranium 145 
Basilar bone 145 
Occipital bone 145 
Sphenoid bone 146 
Temporal bone 146 
Parietal bone 147 
Frontal bone... 148 
Ethmoid bone 148 
Inferior nasal concha 148 
Lacrimal bone •. 148 
Nasal bone 148 
Vomer 148 
Bones of the face 148 
Maxilla 148 
Palate bone 149 
Zygomatic bone 149 
OSTEOLOGY SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
XX 
Mandible 149 
Hyoid bone 150 
Cranium 150 
Sutures of the cranium : 150 
Synchondroses of the cranium 151 
Bones of the superior extremity 151 
Shoulder girdle 151 
Scapula 151 
Clavicle 151 
Skeleton of free upper extremity 151 
Humerus • 151 
Radius 152 
Ulna 152 
Carpus 152 
Metacarpus 152 
Phalanges 152 
Bones of the inferior extremity 153 
Pelvic girdle 153 
Hip bone 153 
Ilium 153 
Ischium 153 
Pubis 153 
Pelvis 153 
Skeleton of free lower extremity 153 
Femur 153 
Tibia 154 
Fibula 154 
Patella 154 
Tarsus 154 
Talus154 
Calcaneus 155 
Navicular bone 155 
Cuneiform bones 155 
Cuboid bone 155 
Metatarsus 155 
Phalanges 155 
PAGE 
SYNDESMOLOGY 
Ligaments of the vertebral column and cranium 156 
Atlantooccipital articulation 157 
Atlantoepistrophic articulation 157 
Costovertebral articulations 157 
Capitular articulations 157 
Costotransverse articulations 157 
Sternocostal articulations 157 
Mandibular articulation 157 
Ligaments of the shoulder girdle 157 
Acromioclavicular articulation 157 
Sternoclavicular articulation 157 
Shoulder joint 157 
Elbow joint 157 
Distal radioulnar articulation . 158 
Articulation of the hand 158 CONTENTS 
XXI 
PAGE 
Articulation of the pisiform bone 158 
Carpometacarpal articulations 158 
Carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb 158 
Intermetacarpal articulations 158 
Metacarpophalangeal articulations 158 
Articulations of the fingers 158 
Ligaments of the pelvic girdle 158 
Sacro-iliac articulation '. 158 
Symphysis of pubic bones 158 
Hip joint 158 
Knee joint 159 
Tibiofibular articulation 159 
Tibiofibular syndesmosis 159 
Articulations of the foot 159 
Talocrural articulation (ankle joint) 159 
Intertarsal articulations 159 
Talocalcaneonavicular articulation 159 
Talocalcanean articulation 159 
Chopart's transverse articulation of the tarsus 159 
Talonavicular articulation 159 
Calcaneocuboid articulation .• 159 
Cuneonavicular articulation 159 
Interosseous ligaments of tarsus 159 
Dorsal ligaments of tarsus 159 
Plantar ligaments of tarsus 159 
Tarsometatarsal articulations 160 
Intermetatarsal articulations ; 160 
Metatarsophalangeal articulations 160 
Articulations of the toes 160 
MYOLOGY OR MUSCULATURE 
Muscles of back 161 
Muscles of the head 162 
Muscles of the hyoid bone 162 
Muscles of the neck 162 
Muscles of the thorax 162 
Muscles of the abdomen 163 
Coccygeal muscles..'. 163 
Muscles of the superior extremity 163 
Muscles of the inferior extremity 164 
Bursae and Mucous Sheaths ; 166 
BURSAE AND MUCOUS SHEATHS 
SPLANCHNOLOGY 
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 
Oral cavity 168 
Oral mucous membrane 168 
Oral glands 169 
Teeth 169 
Tongue 169 
Fauces 170 
Muscles of the palate and fauces 170 
Pharynx 170 
Digestive tube 170 XXII 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
Oesophagus 170 
Stomach 170 
Small intestine 171 
Large intestine 171 
Rectum 172 
Pancreas - 172 
Liver 172 
Spleen 173 
PAGE 
Nasal cavity 173 
External nose 173 
Larynx 174 
Laryngeal muscles 174 
Laryngeal cavity 175 
Trachea and bronchi 175 
Lung 175 
Thoracic cavity 176 
Thyreoid gland 176 
Glomus caroticum 176 
Thymus 176 
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 
Uropoietic organs 176 
Kidney 176 
Renal arteries 177 
Renal veins 177 
Ureter 177 
Urinary bladder 177 
Suprarenal gland 177 
Genital or reproductive organs 177 
Male genital organs 177 
Testis 177 
Seminal vesicle 178 
Spermatic cord and tunics of the testis and spermatic cord 178 
Prostrate 178 
Bulbo-urethral gland 178 
External genital structures 178 
Penis 178 
Male urethra 179 
Scrotum ; 179 
Female genital organs 179 
Ovary 179 
Uterine tube 179 
Uterus 179 
Vagina 180 
Epoophoron 180 
Paroophoron 180 
External genital parts 180 
Greater vestibular gland (of Bartholin) 180 
Clitoris 180 
Female urethra 180 
Perineum 181 
Peritoneum 181 
UROGENITAL SYSTEM CONTENTS 
XXIII 
ANGIOLOGY 
Heart 183 
Right atrium ,.... 184 
Right ventricle 184 
Left atrium 184 
Left ventricle 184 
Arteries 184 
Pulmonary artery 184 
Aorta 184 
Innominate artery 184 
Common carotid artery 184 
External carotid artery 184 
Superior thyreoid artery 184 
Ascending pharyngeal artery 185 
Lingual artery 185 
External maxillary artery 185 
Sternocleidomastoid artery 185 
Occipital artery 185 
Posterior auricular artery 185 
Superficial temporal artery 185 
Internal maxillary artery 185 
Internal carotid artery 185 
Opthalmic artery.................................................................................................. 185 
Cerebral arteries 186 
Subclavian artery 186 
Vertebral artery 186 
Basilar artery 186 
Internal mammary artery 186 
Thyreocervical trunk 186 
Inferior thyreoid artery 186 
Ascending cervical artery 186 
Transverse scapular artery 186 
Costocervical trunk 186 
Transverse cervical artery 186 
Axillary artery '. 186 
Highest thoracid artery 187 
Thoracoacrominal artery 187 
Lateral thoracic artery 187 
Subscapular artery 187 
Anterior circumflex humeral artery 187 
Posterior circumflex humeral artery 187 
Brachial artery 187 
Profunda brachii artery 187 
Superior ulnar collateral artery 187 
Inferior ulnar collateral artery 187 
Radial artery 187 
Ulnar artery 187 
Thoracic aorta 187 
Intercostal arteries 187 
Abdominal aorta 188 
Inferior phrenic artery 188 
Lumbar arteries 188 XXIV 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
Middle sacral artery 188 
Coeliac artery 188 
Superior mesenteric artery 188 
Inferior mesenteric artery 188 
Middle suprarenal artery 188 
Renal artery 188 
Internal spermatic artery . 188 
Testicular artery 188 
Ovarian artery 188 
Common iliac artery 188 
Hypogastric artery 188 
Iliolumbar artery 188 
Lateral sacral artery 188 
Obturator artery 188 
Superior gluteal artery 189 
Inferior gluteal artery 189 
Umbilical artery 189 
Inferior vesical artery 189 
Deferential artery 189 
Uterine artery 189 
Middle hemorrhoidal artery 189 
Internal pudendal artery 189 
External iliac artery 189 
Inferior epigastric artery 189 
Deep circumflex 189 
Femoral artery i 189 
Popliteal artery 189 
Anterior tibial artery 190 
Posterior tibial artery 190 
Veins , ; 190 
Pulmonary veins 190 
Cardiac veins 190 
Superior vena cava 190 
Right and left innominate veins 190 
Internal jugular vein 190 
Sinuses of the dura mater 191 
Cerebral veins 191 
Superior ophthalmic vein 191 
Common facial vein 191 
Anterior facial vein 191 
Posterior facial vein 192 
External jugular vein 192 
Subclavian vein 192 
Axillary vein 192 
Azygos vein 192 
Inferior vena cava 193 
Portal vein 193 
Common iliac vein 193 
Hypogastric vein 193 
External iliac veins 193 
Lymphatic system 194 
Lymphatic vessels 194 
PAGE CONTENTS 
XXV 
Thoracic duct 194 
Lymph glands 194 
Lymphatic plexuses 195 
PAGE 
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 
NEUROLOGY 
Spinal cord 196 
Sections of spinal cord 196 
Encephalon (brain) 197 
Rhombencephalon 197 
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) 197 
Sections of medulla oblongata 197 
Metencephalon (hind-brain) 198 
Pons 198 
Sections of pons 198 
Cerebellum ........................... 198 
Sections of cerebellum 199 
Isthmus of rhombencephalon 199 
Sections of isthmus 199 
Cerebrum 199 
Mesencephalon (mid-brain) ' 199 
Sections of cerebral peduncle 199 
Sections of quadrigeminal bodies 200 
Prosencephalon (fore-brain) 200 
Diencephalon (inter-brain) 200 
Hypothalamus 200 
Sections of hypothalamus 200 
Thalamencephalon 200 
Thalamus 200 
Metathalamus 200 
Epithalamus 200 
Sections of thalamencephalon 200 
Telencephalon (end-brain) 201 
Hemisphere 201 
Pallium 201 
Medial surface of hemisphere .■ 201 
Corpus callosum : 202 
Fornix 202 
Septum pellucidum 202 
Lateral ventricle 202 
Rhinencephalon 202 
Sections of telencephalon 202 
Meninges 203 
Cerebral nerves 204 
Olfactory nerves 204 
Optic nerves 204 
Oculomotor nerve 204 
Trochlear nerve 204 
Trigeminal nerve 204 
Opthalmic nerve 204 
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
XXVI 
Maxillary nerve 204 
Mandibular nerve 205 
Abducent nerve 205 
Facial nerve 205 
Acoustic nerve 205 
Glossopharyngeal nerve 206 
Vagus nerve 206 
Accessory nerve 206 
Hypoglossal nerve 206 
Spinal nerves 206 
Cervical nerves 207 
Brachial plexus 207 
Median nerve 207 
Ulnar nerve 207 
Radial nerve 207 
Thoracic nerves 207 
Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves 208 
Lumbosacral plexus 208 
Lumbar plexus 208 
Iliohypogastric nerve 208 
Ilioinguinal nerve 208 
Genitofemoral 208 
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve 208 
Obturator nerve 208 
Femoral nerve 208 
Sacral plexus 208 
Sciatic nerve 208 
Pudendal plexus 209 
Coccygeal nerve 209 
PAGE 
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 
Cephalic and cervical parts of the sympathetic system 209 
Thoracic part of the sympathetic system 210 
Abdominal and pelvic parts of the sympathetic system 210 
SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 
Organ of vision 211 
Eye 211 
Optic nerve 211 
Eyeball 211 
Fibrous tunic of eye 211 
Sclera 211 
Cornea 211 
Vascular coat of eye 211 
Chorioid 211 
Ciliary 211 
Iris 211 
Pigment layer. 212 
Retina 212 
Anterior chamber of the eye 212 
Posterior chamber of the eye 212 CONTENTS 
XXVII 
PAGE 
Vitreous body 212 
Crystalline 212 
Ciliary zonule 212 
Accessory organs of the eye 212 
Eye muscles, orbital fasciae 212 
Eyebrow 213 
Eyelids 213 
Conjunctiva 213 
Lacrimal apparatus 213 
Organ of hearing 213 
Internal ear 213 
Membranous labyrinth 213 
Osseous labyrinth 214 
Vestibule 214 
Cochlea 214 
Internal acoustic meatus 214 
Tympanic cavity 214 
Tympanic membrane 215 
Auditory ossicles 215 
Joints of the auditory ossicles 215 
Ligaments of the auditory ossicles 215 
Muscles of the auditory ossicles 215 
Tympanic mucous coat 216 
Auditory or Eustachian tube 216 
External acoustic meatus 216 
External ear 216 
Organ of smell 217 
Organ of taste 217 
Common integument 217 
Skin 217 
Epidermis 217 
Corium 217 
Subcutaneous tissue (tela subcutanea) 217 
Terminal corpuscles of nerves 217 
Hair 217 
Nails 217 
Glands of the skin 217 
Glomiform glands 217 
Sebaceous glands 218 
Breast 218 
REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 
Regions of the head 220 
Regions of the face ; 220 
Regions of the neck 220 
Regions of the breast 221 
Regions of the abdomen 221 
Regions of the back 221 
Regions of the superior extremity 221 
Regions of the inferior extremity 222 XXVIII 
PLATES 
LIST OP PLATES 
FACING PAGE 
I. Posterior aspect of superior extremity xxx 
II. Anterior aspect of superior extremity 4 
III. Anterior aspect of the trunk 18 
IV. Posterior aspect of the trunk 28 
V. Anterior aspect of the head and neck 34 
VI. Lateral aspect of the head and neck 36 
VII. Male perineum 92 
VIII. Female perineum 96 
IX. Posterior aspect of inferior extremity 120 
X. Anterior aspect of inferior extremity 124 
XI. Anterior aspect of regions of the human body 224 
XII. Posterior aspect of regions of the human body 226 PART I 
REGIONAL ANATOMY SUPERIOR EXTREMITY Plate I* 
Posterior aspect of the superior extremity showing surface anatomy and sur- 
face projection of the bones of the girdle and free extremity. 
* In plates I-IX only such structures are labeled as can be identified by 
inspection and palpation. 
XXXII [EMMEL] B N A 
PLATE I 
zAngulus medialis 
Spina scapulae 
Acromion 
-Caput humeri 
-Tuberculum maius humeri 
-Margo vertebralis scapulae 
-Margo axillaris scapulae 
■Angulus inferior scapulae 
Margo medialis humeri 
Epicondylus medialis hum 
-Margo lateralis humeri 
Epicondylus lateralis humeri 
Sulcus n. ulnaris 
Capitulum radii 
Olecranon 
Margo dorsalis ulnae 
Processus s+yloideus 
radii 
Processus styloideus ulnae 
05 naviculare 
manus 
Ossa metacarpalia I-V PART I. REGIONAL ANATOMY1 
SUPERIOR EXTREMITY 
I. Structures of the Back; with Reference Primarily to Structures 
in Relation to the Superior Extremity. 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 1, 4.) 
Structures which may be identified by inspection and palpation. 
Spinous processes-6 :37. 
Vertebra prominens-6:38. 
Medial angle of the scapula-13 :52. 
Inferior angle of the scapula-13 :50. 
Spine of the scapula-13 :42. 
Acromion-13 :45. 
Iliac crest-15 :18. 
For the osteolegy of the girdle of the superior extremity, see 13:36-65. 
2. REGIONS OF THE BACK. (Pl. 12.) 
Median region of the back-83 :24. 
Interscapular region-83 :25. 
Scapular region-83 :26. 
Suprascapular region-83 :27. 
Infrascapular region-83 :28. 
Lumbar region-83 :29. 
Region of the hip-83 :30. 
Sacral region-83:31. 
Gluteal region-83 :32. 
Perineal region-83 :33. 
i In conformity with the Basle Anatomical Nomenclature (B N A) all brackets 
relating to anatomical terms are used in the following sense: 
Oval brackets ( ) indicate variations (varietates anatomicae). 
Angular brackets [ ] contain explanatory additions, among which are included 
double names and personal names. 
One affixed asterisk* is used to indicate ontogenetic expressions (e.g. Membranae 
deciduae*-43:5, Vena umbilicalis*-55:34, etc.). 
Two affixed asterisks** are used to indicate structures which may be either 
especially difficult to demonstrate by ordinary methods of dissection or which 
appear to be relatively of secondary importance. 
The numerals affixed to each term in the regional anatomy (Part I) cite the 
page (indicated by numeral at bottom of page) and number of the same term in 
its systematic position in the outline of systematic anatomy (Part II). In con- 
nection with these cross-references, it will be observed that the terms in Part I 
are anglicized in some instances and given in their Latin form in other instances, 
whereas in Part II the terms appear exclusively in Latin. In the latter ease, the 
term corresponds with the original BN A; in the former case the term has been 
used in the form which appears to coincide with the usage common to the majority 
of standard American and English anatomical texts, but it is to be recognized that 
as yet there is no authoritative English list based on the B N A and that for the 
present decisions upon this point are necessarily largely dependent upon the 
individual preferences of author and student. (See also Preface.) 2 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
3. FASCIA, CUTANEOUS NERVES, AND VESSELS. 
Skin incisions: (a) in the midline from the vertebra prominens to the tip 
of the coccyx; (6) from the tip of the coccyx to the posterior superior iliac 
spine, thence along the iliac crest to within about 25 cm. of the anterior 
superior iliac spine; (c) from the vertebra prominens to the medial margin 
of the acromion; (d) from the spinous process of the first lumbar vertebra 
to the lateral margin of the acromion. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Medial cutaneous rami of posterior rami of thoracic nerves- 
69 :77. 
Lateral cutaneous rami of posterior rami of thoracic nerves- 
69:76. 
Posterior rami of lateral cutaneous rami of intercostal nerves- 
70 :4. 
Medial rami of posterior rami of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal 
nerves-70 :13, 19. 
Lateral rami of posterior rami of lumbar nerves-70 :14. 
Medial cutaneous rami of posterior rami of intercostal arteries- 
49 :63. 
Dorsal rami of lumbar arteries-50 :10. 
Posterior rami of lateral cutaneous rami of anterior rami of 
intercostal arteries-49 :68. 
4. MUSCLES, NERVES, AND VESSELS. 
a. Muscles: first layer. 
Exposed by removing both superficial and deep layers of fascia. 
Trapezius muscle-23 :15. 
Latissimus dorsi muscle-23 :17. (Not including its inser- 
tion.) 
Trigonum lumbale-25 :48. 
b. Structures in relation to the superior margin of the scapula. 
May be demonstrated by detaching the thoracic part of the trapezius 
muscle at its origin, separating it from the cervical part of the 
muscle by a transverse incision at the level of the vertebra prominens, 
and reflecting the thoracic portion toward its insertion, exposing at 
the same time the external ramus of the accessory nerve-68:59, and 
the muscular rami from the third and fourth cervical nerves supply- 
ing it. 
Inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle-24:59. 
Suprascapular nerve-69 :31. 
Transverse scapular artery-48 :60. 
Superior transverse scapular ligament-19 :43. 
c. Muscles: second layer. 
Rhomboideus major muscle-23 :18. 
Rhomboideus minor muscle-23 :19. 
Levator scapulae muscle-23:20. (Insertion only.) 
The descending ramus of the transverse cervical artery-48:69 may 
be observed in the interval between the rhomboideus minor and the 
levator scapulae muscles. SVPEEIOE EXTREMITY 
3 
d. Nerves and vessels. 
The following nerves and artery may be exposed by detaching the 
levator scapulae muscle at its insertion and the rhomboid muscles 
at their origins, and reflecting the latter muscles toward their inser- 
tions. 
Dorsal scapular nerve-69 :27. 
Descending ramus of the transverse cervical artery-48 :69. 
The following structures may be demonstrated by detaching the 
latissimus dorsi muscle at its origin and reflecting the muscle toward 
its insertion. 
Thoracodorsal nerve-69:33. (Termination only.) 
Thoracodorsal artery-49:10. (Termination only.) 
II. Anterior Thoracic Region and Axillary Fossa. 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 2, 3.) 
Structures which may be identified by inspection and palpation. 
Clavicle-13 :59. 
Sternal extremity-.13 :60. 
Acromial extremity-13 :63. 
Sternum-7 :46. 
Manubrium-7 :47. 
Jugular notch-7 :54. 
Body of sternum-7 :50. 
Angle of sternum-7 :48. 
Xiphoid process-7 :52. 
Ribs I-XII-7 :28. 
Costal cartilages-7 :32. 
Coracoid process of the scapula-13 :58. 
Mamma-4:50, 80:5. 
Papilla mammae-80 :6. 
Corpus mammae-80 :7. 
Areola mammae-80 :14. 
Accessory mammae-80 :18. 
Axilla-5 :10. 
Anterior axillary fold--5 :11. 
Posterior axillary fold-5 :12. 
Humerus-13 :67. 
2. PECTORAL REGIONS-83 :2. (Pl. 11 and fig. 1.) 
Anterior pectoral region-83 :3. 
Sternal region-83 :4. 
Clavicular region-83:5. 
Infraclavicular region-83 :6. 
Deltoideopectoral triangle-83 :7. 
Mammary region-83 :8. 
Inframammary region-83 :9. 
Lateral pectoral region-83 :10. 
Axillary region-83 :11. 
Axillary fossa-83 :12. 
Lateral costal region-83 :13. Plate II 
Anterior aspect of the superior extremity showing surface anatomy and. surface 
projection of the bones of the girdle and free extremity. 
4 [ EMMEL] B N A 
PLATE II 
Clavicu la 
Acromion 
Caput humeri.- 
Tuberculum majus humeri 
Processus coracoideus 
Plica axillaris anterior 
Sulcus bicipitalis medialis 
Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis 
Epicondylus lateralis humeri 
'Margo medialis humeri 
Capitulum radii 
£picondylus medialis hum. 
Tossa cubitalis 
Processus 
styloideus radii 
Os naviculare 
manus 
Thenar 
-Os pisiforme 
Hypothenar 
Ossa metacarpalia I-V SUPERIOR EXTREMITY 
5 
3. ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL: SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES. 
a. Superficial fascia, cutaneous nerves and blood vessels. 
Skin incisions: (a) longitudinally from the jugular notch to the 
xiphoid process; (b) from the xiphoid process transversely around 
to the back; (c) from the jugular notch laterally, along the clavicle, 
to the tip of the acromion; (d) from the xiphoid process obliquely 
upward and laterally along the anterior axillary fold to the arm, 
encircling the areola mammae and leaving it in situ. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Platysma muscle-24:54. 
Supraclavicular nerves-69 :17. 
Anterior supraclavicular nerves-69 :18. 
Middle supraclavicular nerves-69 :19. 
Posterior supraclavicular nerves-69 :20. 
Anterior cutaneous rami of intercostal nerves-70 :8. 
Medial mammary rami-70:9. 
Anterior rami of lateral cutaneous rami of intercostal 
nerves IV to VI-70:5. 
Posterior rami of lateral cutaneous rami of intercostal 
nerves IV to VI-70 :4. 
Lateral mammary rami of lateral cutaneous rami of inter- 
costal nerves-70 :6. 
Perforating rami of internal mammary artery-48 :40-43. 
Lateral cutaneous rami of anterior rami of intercostal 
arteries IV to VI-49 :67. 
Tributaries of internal mammary vein. 
b. Mamma--80:5-18. 
4. ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL: DEEP FASCIA AND PECTORALIS 
MAJOR MUSCLES. 
Pectoralis fascia-25 :22. 
(Sternalis muscle)-24:73. 
Pectoral major muscle-24:74-77. (Not including its inser- 
tion. ) 
Exposed by removing the pectoral fascia but leaving intact the axillary 
fascia. 
5. AXILLARY FOSSA, AND STRUCTURES SUBJACENT TO THE PEC- 
TORALIS MAJOR MUSCLE. 
a. Structures in relation to the base of the axillary fossa. 
Axillary fascia-26 :40. 
Intercostobrachial nerves-70:7. 
Thoracodorsal nerve-69 :33. 
Thoracodorsal artery-49 :10. 
Lateral thoracic artery-49 :7. 
Long Thoracic nerve-69 :28. 
Axillary lymph glands-56 :45. 6 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
b. Structures exposed by the reflection of the clavicular part of 
the pectoralis major muscle. 
Demonstrated by detaching the clavicular part of the pectoralis 
major muscle at its origin and reflecting it toward its insertion. 
Coracoclavicular fascia-25 :23. 
Thoracoacromial artery-49 :2. 
Acromial ramus-49 :3. 
Acromial network-49 :4. 
Deltoid ramus-49 :5. 
Pectoral rami-49 :6. 
Thoracoacromial vein-54:27. 
Cephalic vein-54:37. 
Anterior thoracic nerves-69 :29. 
c. Structures exposed by the reflection of the sternocostal part of 
the pectoralis major muscle. 
Demonstrated by dividing the sternocostal part of the pectoralis 
major muscle midway between its origin and insertion and reflecting 
the two parts medially and laterally respectively. 
Coracoclavicular fascia-25 :23. 
Pectoralis minor muscle-24:78. 
d. Contents of the superior part of the axillary fossa. 
Exposed by removing the portion of the coracoclavicular fascia ex- 
tending between the clavicle and the superior margin of the pectoralis 
minor muscle. 
Axillary artery-48:70. (Its first part.) 
Axillary veins-54:29. 
Brachial plexus-69 :24. 
Medial cord-69 :39. 
Lateral cord-69 :38. 
Posterior cord-69 :40. 
Lymph glands. 
e. Contents of the inferior part of the axillary fossa. 
Exposed by removing the fascia and adipose tissue inferior to the 
pectoralis minor muscle. 
Axillary artery-48:70. (Its third part.) 
Median nerve-69 :48. 
Musculocutaneous nerve-69 :41. 
Medial antibrachial cutaneous nerve-69 :45. 
Axillary vein-54:29. 
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve-69 :44. 
Ulnar nerve-69 :55. 
f. Structures in relation to the medial wall of the axillary fossa. 
Intercostobrachial nerves-70:7. 
Long thoracic nerve-69 :28. 
Lateral thoracic artery-49 :7. 
Pectoral lymph glands-56 :47. 
g. Structures in relation to the posterior wall of the axillary 
fossa. 
Thoracodorsal nerve-69 :33. 
Subscapular artery-49 :9. 
Thoracodorsal artery-49 :10. 
Circumflex scapular artery-49:11. (Origin only.) SUPERIOR EXTREMITY 
7 
Subscapular nerves-69 :32. 
Subscapular lymph glands-56 :46. 
h. Axillary vessels. 
The exposure of the entire extent of these vessels may be completed 
by the reflection of the pectoralis minor muscle. 
Axillary artery-48:70. 
Highest thoracic artery-49 :1. 
Thoracoacromial artery-49 :2. 
Lateral thoracic artery-49 :7. 
External mammary rami-49 :8. 
Subscapular artery-49 :9. 
Thoracodorsal artery-49 :10. 
Circumflex scapular artery-49 :11. 
Anterior circumflex humeral artery-49 :12. 
Posterior circumflex humeral artery-49 :13. 
Axillary vein-54:29. 
Lateral thoracic vein-54:30. 
Thoracoepigastric veins-54:32. 
Costoaxillary veins-54:31. 
Cephalic vein-54:37. 
i. Subclavius muscle-24:79. 
J. Brachial plexus. 
Its exposure may be completed-i.e., so far as it is related to the 
axillary fossa-by detaching the subclavius muscle at its insertion, 
removing the middle third of the clavicle, and dividing the axillary 
artery and vein at the level of the clavicle and reflecting them dis- 
tally. 
Lateral cord-69 :38. 
Anterior thoracic nerve-69 :29. 
Musculocutaneous nerve-69 :41. 
Median nerve-69 :48. (Lateral head.) 
Medial cord-69 :39. 
Anterior thoracic nerve-69:29. 
Median nerve-69:48. (Medial head.) 
Ulnar nerve-69 :55. 
Medial antibrachial cutaneous nerve-69 :45. 
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve-69 :44. 
Posterior cord-69 :40. 
Subscapular nerves-69 :32. 
Thoracodorsal nerve-69 :33. 
Axillary nerve-69 :34. 
Radial nerve-69 :65. 
Subclavian nerve-69 :30. 
Long thoracic nerve-69 :28. 
k. Serratus anterior muscle-25 :1. 8 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
1. SUBDIVISIONS. 
Axilla-5:10. (Cf. Superior Extremity, 11:1.) 
Anterior and posterior axillary folds-5:11, 12. 
Acromion-5 :13. 
Arm-5 :14. 
Anterior and posterior surfaces-5 :15, 16. 
Lateral and medial surfaces-5 :17, 18. 
Lateral and medial bicipital sulci-5 :19, 20. 
Elbow-5 :21. 
Forearm-5 :22. 
Dorsal and volar surfaces-5 :23, 24. 
Radial and ulnar margins-5 :25, 26. 
Hand-5 :27. 
Carpus or wrist-5 :20. 
Metacarpus-5 :29. 
Dorsum of hand-5 :30. 
Palm or volar aspect of hand-5 :31. 
Thenar-5 :32. 
Hypothenar-5 :33. 
Digits of hand-5 :34. 
Thumb of pollex-5 :35. 
Index-5 :36. 
Middle digit-5 :37. 
Ring digit-5 :38. 
Smallest digit-5 :39. 
Dorsal and volar surfaces-5 :40, 41. 
Radial and ulnar margins-5 :42, 43. 
For the osteology of the free part of the superior extremity see 13:66-15:4. 
III. Superior Extremity: General Characteristics. 
2. REGIONS OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITY-83:37. (Pls. 11, 12.) 
Acromial region-83 :38. 
Deltoid region-83 :39. 
Lateral and medial regions of arm-83 :40, 41. 
Anterior and posterior regions of arm-83 :42, 43. 
Anterior region of elbow-83 :44. 
Cubital fossa-83 :45. 
Posterior region of elbow-84:1. 
Olecranon region-84:2. 
Lateral and medial regions of elbow-84:3, 4. 
Volar and dorsal regions of forearm-84:5, 6. 
Radial and ulnar margins of forearm-84:7, 8. 
Dorsal and volar regions of hand-84:9, 10. 
Digital regions of hand-84:11. 
Dorsal, unguicular and volar regions of digits-84:12-14. 
1. FASCIA, CUTANEOUS NERVES, AND CEPHALIC VEIN. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Exposed by reflecting the skin of the shoulder distally as far as the 
insertion of the deltoid muscle. 
Posterior supraclavicular nerves-69 :20. 
IV. Region of the Shoulder. SUPERIOR EXTREMITY 
9 
Lateral brachial cutaneous nerves-69 :36. 
Cephalic vein-54:37. 
Deep fascia. 
Subscapular fascia-26 :41. 
Supraspinous fascia-26 :42. 
Infraspinous fascia-26 :43. 
2. MUSCLES, NERVES, VESSELS, AND LIGAMENTS OF THE SHOULDER. 
Deltoid muscle-25 :63. 
Subcutaneous acromial bursa-28 :22. 
The subsequent structures are exposed by detaching the deltoid muscle at 
its origin and reflecting the muscle toward its insertion. 
Subdeltoid bursa-28:24. 
Subacromial bursa-28 :23. 
Anterior humeral circumflex artery-49 :12. 
Posterior humeral circumflex artery-49 :13. 
Axillary nerve-69 :34. 
Muscular rami-69 :35. 
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm-69 :36. 
Teres major muscle-25 :67. 
Bursa of the teres major muscle-28 :28. 
Pectoralis major muscle-24:74. (Insertion only.) 
Latissimus dorsi muscle-23:17. (Insertion only.) 
Bursa of the teres major muscle-28 :28. 
Coracoacromial ligament-19 :42. 
Acromioclavicular articulation-19 :45. 
Articular capsule-19 :46. 
Acromioclavicular ligament-19 :47. 
Articular disc-19 :48. 
Coracoclavicular ligament-19 :49. 
Trapezoid ligament-19 :50. 
Conoid ligament-19 :51. 
The following muscles may be exposed by sawing through the acromion at 
its junction with the spine of the scapula, dividing the fascia covering the 
teres, minor muscle and reflecting it medially, but guarding at the same 
time the circumflex artery of the scapula. 
Supraspinatous muscle-25 :64. 
Teres minor muscle-25 :66. 
Infraspinatous muscle-25 :65. 
Subscapularis muscle-25 :68. 
Bursa of the subscapularis muscle-28 :27. 
In demonstrating the following structures the infraspinatous and supra- 
spinatous muscles are divided near their insertions, and both muscles re- 
flected toward their origins. 
Bursa of the infraspinatous muscle-28 :26. 
Transverse scapular artery-48 :60. 
Acromial ramus-48 :61. 
Transverse scapular vein-54:25. 
Suprascapular nerve-69 :31. 
Circumflex scapular artery-49 :11. 
Superior transverse scapular ligament-19 :43. 
Inferior transverse scapular ligament-19:44. 10 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
V. Arm and Superficial Structures of the Forearm 
and Dorsum of the Hand. 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY OF ARM AND FOREARM. (Pls. 1, 2.) 
Lateral bicipital sulcus-5 :19. 
Medial bicipital sulcus-5 :20. 
Medial margin of the humerus-14:4. 
Medial epicondyle-14:11. 
Groove for the ulnar nerve-14:8. 
Lateral margin of the humerus-14:5. 
Lateral epicondyle-14:12. 
Olecranon-14:19. 
Styloid process of the radius-14:30. 
Dorsal margin of the ulna-14:44. 
Styloid process of the ulna-14 :49. 
2. ARM (ANTERIOR ASPECT) AND FOREARM: SUPERFICIAL STRUC- 
TURES. 
a. Cutaneous nerves. 
Skin incisions: (a) along the mid-line of the anterior surface of the 
arm and the volar surface of the forearm to the level of the radio- 
carpal articulation; (b) transversely around the forearm just prox- 
imal to the radiocarpal articulation. 
Intercostobrachial nerves-70:7. 
Medial antibrachial cutaneous nerve-69 :45. 
Ulnar ramus-69 :47. 
Volar ramus-69 :46. 
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve-69 :44. 
Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve-69 :66. 
Dorsal antibrachial cutaneous nerve-69 :68. 
Lateral antibrachial cutaneous nerve-69 :43. 
6. Veins and lymphatics. 
Basilic vein-54:38. 
Cephalic vein-54:37. 
Median vein of the elbow-54:40. 
In cases where the preceding vein is absent, the following veins may 
take its place: 
Median vein of the forearm-54:41. 
Median basilic vein--54:42. 
Median cephalic vein-54:43. 
Superficial lymph glands of the elbow-56 :49. 
3. ARM (ANTERIOR ASPECT) : DEEP STRUCTURES. 
a. Deep fascia. 
Brachial fascia-26 :44. 
Lacertus fibrosus-25 :73. 
The following fascial septa may be demonstrated by dividing the 
brachial fascia by a longitudinal incision along the median line of 
the front of the arm and reflecting the medial and lateral flaps of 
deep fascia, leaving intact, however, the lacertus fibrosus. 
Medial intermuscular septum-26 :45. 
Lateral intermuscular septum-26 :46. SUPERIOR EXTREMITY 
11 
1). Arteries. 
Brachial artery-49 :14. 
Deep brachial artery-49 :15. 
Superior ulnar collateral artery-49 :20. 
Inferior ulnar collateral artery-49 :21. 
c. Veins. 
Brachial veins-54:34. 
Basilic vein-54:39. 
Cephalic vein-54:37. 
d. Nerves. 
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve-69 :44. 
Medial antibrachial cutaneous nerve-69 :45. 
Median nerve-69 :48. 
Ulnar nerve-69 :55. 
Musculocutaneous nerve-69 :41. 
Muscular rami-69 :42. 
Lateral antibrachial cutaneous nerve-69 :43. 
e. Muscles. 
Biceps brachii muscle-25 :69. 
Long head-25:70. (Not including its origin.) 
. Short head-25 :72. 
Coracobrachialis muscle-25 :74. 
Brachialis muscle-25:75. 
4. CUBITAL FOSSA-83:45. 
The following structures are dealt with here only in so far as they are 
related to the cubital fossa. 
Lacertus fibrosus-25 :73. 
Brachial artery-49 :14. 
Radial artery-49 :22. 
Ulnar artery-49 :36. 
Tendon of biceps brachii muscle. 
Median nerve-69 :48. 
Brachialis muscle-25 :75. 
Pronator teres muscle-26 :3. 
Supinator muscle-26 :24. 
The following structures are exposed by dividing the lacertus fibrosus and 
widening the space between the pronator teres and brachioradialis muscles. 
Radial nerve-69 :65. 
Deep ramus-69 :69. 
Superficial ramus-60:71. 
Radial recurrent artery-49 :23. 
Inferior ulnar collateral artery-49 :21. 
Ulnar recurrent artery-49:47. (Volar.) 
5. ARM: POSTERIOR ASPECT. 
Triceps brachii muscle-25 :76. 
Long head-25 :77. 
Lateral head-25:78. 
Medial head-25:79. 
Radial nerve-69 :65. 
Exposed by dividing the lateral head of the triceps muscle along the 
course of the radial nerve. 12 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve-69 :66. 
Muscular rami-69 :67. 
Dorsal antibrachial cutaneous nerve-69 :68. 
Deep brachial artery-49 :15. 
Deltoid ramus-49 :17. 
Middle collateral artery-49 :18. 
Radial collateral artery-49 :19. 
Nutrient arteries of the humerus-49 :16. 
Ulnar nerve-69 :55. 
Superior ulnar collateral artery-49 :20. 
Inferior ulnar collateral artery-49 :21. 
Subtendinous bursa of the olecranon-28 :32. 
6. DORSUM OF THE HAND: SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES. 
Skin incisions: (a) along the radial and ulnar margins of the hand; (&) 
along the middle line of the dorsal aspect of each digit. 
Superficial ramus of the radial nerve-69 :71. 
Ulnar anastomotic ramus-69 :72. 
Dorsal digital nerves-69 :73. 
Dorsal ramus of the hand from the ulnar nerve-69 :57. 
Dorsal digital nerves-69 :58. 
Venous network of the back of the hand-54:44. 
Dorsal metacarpal veins-54 :49. 
Digital venous arch-54:52. 
Dorsal fascia of the hand-26 :50. 
Dorsal carpal ligament-26 :51. 
7. FOREARM: VOLAR ASPECT AND ULNAR MARGIN. 
•a. Deep fascia and cutaneous nerves piercing it. 
For the superficial fascia and certain cutaneous nerves of the fore- 
arm, see Superior Extremity, V :2. 
Fascia of the forearm-26 :49. 
Palmar cutaneous ramus of the ulnar nerve-69 :56. 
Palmar ramus of the median nerve-69 :51. 
Superficial ramus of the radial nerve-69 :71. 
Volar carpal ligament-26:55. 
b. Radial artery and nerve. 
Exposed by turning aside the volar ramus of the medial cutaneous 
nerve of the forearm, the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm, the 
superficial veins, and removing the deep fascia of the forearm except 
where it gives origin to underlying muscles. 
Radial artery-49 :22. 
Radial recurrent artery-49 :23. 
Superficial volar ramus-49 :26. 
Muscular rami-49 :24. 
Volar carpal ramus-49 :25. 
Radial nerve-69 :65. 
Deep ramus-69 :69. (Origin only.) 
Superficial ramus-69 :71. 
c. Superficial mibscles. 
Brachioradialis muscle-26 :17. 
Palmaris longus muscle-26 :7. SUPERIOR EXTREMITY 
13 
Pronator teres muscle-26 :3. 
Humeral head-26 :4. 
Ulnar head-26 :5. 
Flexor carpi radialis muscle-26 :6. 
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle-26 :8. 
Humeral head-26 :9. 
Ulnar head-26 :10. 
Flexor digitorum sublimis-26 :11. 
Humeral head-26 :12. 
Ulnar head-26:13. 
d. Ulnar vessels and median nerve. 
Ulnar artery-49 :36. 
Recurrent ulnar arteries-49 :37. 
Common interosseous artery-49 :39. 
Volar interosseous artery-49:42. (Origin only.) 
Dorsal interosseous artery-49 :40. (Origin only.) 
Volar carpal ramus-49 :46. 
Dorsal carpal ramus-49 :45. 
Muscular rami-49 :44. 
Ulnar veins-54:36. 
Ulnar nerve-69 :55. 
Palmar cutaneous rami-69 :56. 
Dorsal ramus of the hand-69 :57. 
Volar ramus of the hand-69:59. (Origin only.) 
Muscular rami-60 :64. 
Median nerve'-69 :48. 
Exposed by reflecting the humeral head of the pronator teres 
muscle and the radial head of the flexor digitorum sublimis 
muscle. 
Muscular rami-69 :49. 
Volar interosseous nerve of the forearm-69 :50. 
(Origin only.) 
Palmar ramus of the median nerve-69:51. (Origin 
only.) 
e. Deep structures on the volar aspect of the forearm. 
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle-26 :14. 
Flexor pollicis longus muscle-26 :15. 
Pronator quadratus muscle-26 :16. 
Volar interosseous artery-49 :42. 
Median artery-49 :43. 
Muscular rami-49 :44. 
Volar interosseous nerve-69 :50. 
VI. Wrist and Hand: Volar Aspect. 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 1, 2.) 
Thenar eminence-5 :32. 
Hypothenar eminence-5 :33. 
Tubercule of the navicular bone-14:54. 
Tubercle of the greater multangular bone-14:59. 
Pisiform bone-14:57. 
Metacarpal bones-14:68. 
Phalanges-14:74. 14 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
2. FASCIA AND CUTANEOUS NERVES. 
Skin incisions: (a) longitudinally along the middle line of the palm; (&) 
transversely at the level of the proximal ends of the interdigital clefts from 
the radial to the ulnar margin of the hand; (c) longitudinally along the 
middle line of each digit. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Palmaris brevis muscle-26 :29. 
Palmar branch of the median nerve-69 :51. 
Palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve-69:56. 
Superficial branch of the radial nerve-69 :71. 
Palmar aponeurosis-26 :52. 
Transverse fasciculi-26 :53. 
Volar carpal ligament-26:55. 
3. MUSCLES, NERVES, VESSELS, AND LIGAMENTS. 
a. Nerves and vessels superficial to the muscles and flexor ten- 
dons of the palm. 
Exposed by dividing the proximal part of the palmar aponeurosis 
transversely, reflecting it distally and then removing the entire 
aponeurosis together with the palmaris brevis muscle and the volar 
carpal ligament. 
Superficial volar arch-49 :48. 
Superficial volar ramus of the radial artery-49 :26. 
Common volar digital arteries-49 :49. 
Proper volar digital arteries--49 :50. 
Median nerve-69 :48. 
Muscular rami-69 :49. 
Common volar digital nerves-69 :53. 
Proper volar digital nerves-69 :54. 
Volar ramus of the ulnar nerve in the hand-69 :59. 
Deep ramus-69:63. (Origin only.) 
Superficial ramus-69 :60. 
Common volar digital nerves-69 :61. 
Proper volar digital nerves-69 :62. 
1). Ligaments and mucous sheaths of the flexor tendons. 
Transverse carpal ligament-26 :54. 
Vagina tendinum mm. flexorum communium--28 :48. 
Vagina tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi-28 :49. 
Vaginal ligaments of the digits-26:59. 
Annular ligaments of the digits-26 :60. 
Cruciate ligaments of the digits-26 :61. 
Vinculum tendinum-26 :57. 
Carpal canal-20:24. 
Chiasma tendinum-26 :56. 
c. Muscles. 
Lumbricales muscles-26 :37. 
Exposed by dividing the superficial volar arch just distal to the 
deep ramus of the ulnar artery and also at its junction with the 
superficial volar ramus of the radial artery and reflecting the arch 
distally, dividing the median nerve at the level of the wrist and 
reflecting it distally, and dividing the flexor digitorum sublimis 
muscle at the middle of the forearm and reflecting the distal part 
toward its insertion. SUPERIOR EXTREMITY 
15 
The demonstration of the following structures may be completed by 
dividing the flexor digitorum profundus in the forearm and reflect- 
ing it and the lumbricales muscles toward their insertions, noting 
at the same time the muscular rami from the deep branch of the 
ulnar nerve to the two (ulnar) lumbrical muscles. 
Abductor pollicis brevis muscle-26 :30. 
Flexor pollicis brevis muscle-26 :3. 
Opponens pollicis muscle-26 :32. 
Adductor pollicis muscle-26 :33. 
Abductor pollicis muscle-26 :33. 
Flexor digiti quinti brevis muscle-26 :35. 
Opponens digiti quinti muscle-26 :36. 
d. Nerves and vessels, internal to the flexor tendons and muscles 
of the palm. 
Deep ramus of the ulnar nerve-69 :63. 
Muscular rami-69 :64. 
Deep volar arch-49 :33. 
Volar metacarpal arteries-49:34. 
Perforating rami-49 :35. 
Princeps pollicis artery-49 :31. 
Demonstrated by detaching the adductor pollicis muscle at its 
origin and reflecting it toward its insertion. 
Volar radial artery of the index digit-49:32. 
VII. Forearm: Dorsal Aspect and Radial Margin. 
1. FASCIA, MUSCLES, NERVES, AND VESSELS. 
a. Deep fascia of forearm. 
For the superficial fascia, cutaneous nerves and superficial vessels, 
see Superior Extremity, V: 2. 
Fascia of forearm-26 :49. 
Dorsal carpal ligament-26 :51. 
1). Superficial muscles. 
Exposed by removing the deep fascia from the dorsum of the fore- 
arm, except where it gives origin to subjacent muscles as in the region 
of the elbow (retaining intact, however, the dorsal carpal ligament). 
Brachioraclialis muscle-26 :17. 
Extensor carpi raclialis longus muscle-26 :18. 
Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle-26 :19. 
Vagina of the extensor carpi raclialis brevis muscle- 
28 :38. 
Extensor digitorum communis muscle-26 :20. 
Extensor digiti quinti proprius muscle-26 :22. 
Anconaeus muscle-26 :1. 
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle--26 :23. 
c. Nerves and vessels. 
Exposed by dividing the extensor digitorum communis and extensor 
digiti quinti muscles at the middle of the forearm, and reflecting the 
proximal and distal segments of the divided muscles toward their 
origin and insertion, respectively. 
Dorsal interosseous artery-49 :40. 
Recurrent interosseous artery-49 :41. 
Arterial network of the elbow-49 :38. 16 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Volar interosseous artery-49 :42. 
Deep ramus of the radial nerve-69 :69. 
Dorsal interosseous nerve-69 :70. 
d. Deep muscles. 
Abductor pollicis longus muscle-26 :25. 
Extensor pollicis brevis muscle-26 :26. 
Vagina tendinum mm. abductor longi et extensoris pollicis 
brevis-28 :37. 
Extensor pollicis longus muscle-26 :27. 
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris pollicis longi-28 :39. 
Extensor indicis proprius muscle-26 :28. 
Supinator muscle-26 :24. 
VIII. Wrist and Hand:Dorsal Aspect. 
1. MUSCLES, NERVES, AND VESSELS. 
a. Vessels. 
For the cutaneous nerves and superficial vessels see Superior Extrem- 
ity, V:6. 
Radial artery--49 :22. 
Dorsal carpal ramus-49:27. 
Dorsal carpal rete-49 :28. 
Dorsal metacarpal arteries-49 :29. 
Dorsal digital arteries-49 :30. 
Perforating rami-49 :35. 
6. Muscles, nerves, and ligaments. 
Dorsal carpal ligament-26 :51. 
Juncturae tendinum-26 :21. 
Dorsal interosseous nerve-69 :70. 
Transverse ligaments of the heads of the metacarpal bones 
-20 :41. 
Volar interosseous muscles-26 :39. 
Dorsal interosseous muscles-26 :38. 
Flexor pollicis brevis muscle-26:31. (Deep head.) 
Demonstrated by reflecting the radial head of the first dorsal 
interosseous muscle. 
IX. Articulations of the Superior Extremity. 
1. SHOULDER JOINT-19:58. 
Articular capsule-19 :59. 
Coracohumeral ligament-19 :61. 
Glenoid lip-19 :60. 
Long head of the biceps muscle-25 :70. 
Synovial membrane-18 :32. 
Intertubercular mucous sheath-25 :71. 
Bursa subscapularis-28 :28. 
2. ELBOW JOINT-19:62. 
Articular capsule-19 :66. 
Ulnar collateral ligament-19 :67. 
Radial collateral ligament-19 :68. 
Synovial membrane-18 :32. 
Humeroulnar articulation-19 :63. 
Humeroradial articulation-19 :64. SUPERIOR EXTREMITY 
17 
3. JOINT OF THE HAND-20:8. 
a. Radiocarpal articulation-20 :9. 
Articular capsule-20 :11. 
Dorsal radiocarpal ligament-20 :12. 
Volar radiocarpal ligament-20:13. 
Ulnar collateral carpal ligament-20:15. 
Radial collateral carpal ligament-20 :16. 
6. Intercarpal articulation-20:10. 
Articular capsule-20 :11. 
Radiate carpal ligament-20 :14. 
Dorsal intercarpal ligaments-20:17. 
Volar intercarpal ligaments-20 :18. 
Interosseous intercarpal ligaments-20:19. 
4. PISIFORM ARTICULATION-20:20. 
Articular capsule-20:21. 
Pisohamate ligament-20:22. 
Pisometacarpal ligament-20:23. 
Carpal canal-20 :24. 
5. RADIOULNAR ARTICULATIONS. 
Proximal radioulnar articulation-19 :65. 
Annular ligament of the radius-19 :69. 
Recessus sacciformis-20 :1. 
Distal radioulnar articulation-20 :4. 
Articular disc-20:6. 
Articular capsule-20 :5. 
Recessus sacciformis-20 :7. 
Interosseous membrane of forearm-20 :2. 
Oblique cord-20:3. 
6. CARPOMETACARPAL ARTICULATIONS-20:25. 
Articular capsules--20 :32. 
Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments-20 :27. 
Volar carpometacarpal ligaments-20 :28. 
Carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb-20:29. 
Articular capsule-20 :30. 
7. INTERMETACARP AL ARTICULATIONS-20 :31. 
Articular capsules-20:32. 
Dorsal basal ligaments-20 :33. 
Volar basal ligaments-20:34. 
Interosseous basal ligaments-20 :35. 
8. METACARPOPHALANGEAL ARTICULATIONS-20 :37. 
Articular capsules-20 :38. 
Collateral ligaments-20 :39. 
Volar accessory ligaments-20:40. 
Transverse ligaments of the heads of the metacarpal bones- 
20 :41. 
9. ARTICULATIONS OF THE DIGITS-20:42. 
Articular capsules-20 :43. 
Collateral ligaments-20:44. Plate III 
Anterior aspect of the trunk showing surface anatomy and. surface projection 
of the skeleton in relation to the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. 
18 [ EMMEL ] B N A 
PLATE III 
M. sternocleidomastoideus 
zlncisura jugularis 
Angulus sterni 
Clavicula 
Caput 
humeris 
Acromion. 
,Processus 
coracoideus 
Tuberculum 
majus 
Angulus 
infrasternalis 
Costa XI- 
'-Processus 
xiphoideus 
Crista iliaca 
-Umbilicus 
Spina iliaca 
anterior superior- 
5pina iliaca 
anterior inferior- 
Ligamentum 
inguinale 
■Symphysis 
ossium pubis 
-Tuberculum 
pubicum THORAX 
AND DEEP STRUCTURES OF THE BACK THORAX AND DEEP STRUCTURES OF THE BACK 
I. General Characteristics. 
1. SUBDIVISIONS OF THORAX AND BACK. 
Thorax-4:47. 
(For osteology of the thorax see 7:27-64.) 
Thoracic cavity-4:48. 
Breast-4:49. 
Mamma-4:50. 
Mammary papilla-4:51. 
Back-4:52. 
Vertebral column-4:53. 
Spinal canal-4:54. 
2. SURFACE ANATOMY. 
For the surface anatomy of the thorax and back see Superior Extremity, 
1:1, and 11:1. 
3. GENERAL OSTEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THORAX. 
Thoracic cavity-7 :58. 
Superior aperture of the thorax-7 :59. 
Inferior aperture of the thorax-7 :60. 
Costal arches-7 :61. 
Intercostal spaces-7 :62. 
Infrasternal angle-7 :63. 
4. REGIONS OF THORAX AND BACK. 
For regions of the thorax and back refer to Superior Extremity, 1:2 and 
11:2, and plates 11 and 12. 
II. Thoracic Wall: Anterior and Lateral Parts. 
1. INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES, LIGAMENTS, AND NERVES. 
For structures of the thoracic wall external to the costal arches and inter- 
costal muscles see Superior Extremity, II: 3, 4. 
External intercostal muscles-25 :5. 
External intercostal ligaments--19 :32. 
Internal intercostal muscles-25 :6. 
Exposed by dividing the external intercostal muscles and external inter- 
costal ligaments along the inferior margins of the intercostal spaces 
and reflecting the muscles and ligaments upward. 
Internal intercostal ligaments-19 :33. 
Anterior rami (intercostal nerves) of thoracic nerves-70 :1. 
Muscular rami-70:2. 
Lateral cutaneous rami-70 :3. 
Posterior and anterior rami-70 :4, 5. 
Lateral mammary rami-70:6. 
Intercostobrachial nerves-70 :7. 
Anterior cutaneous rami-70:8. 
Medial mammary rami--70 :9. 
19 20 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
2. BLOOD VESSELS. 
Highest intercostal artery-48 :63. 
Intercostal arteries-48 :59. 
Anterior rami-49 :65. 
Muscular rami-49 :66. 
Lateral cutaneous rami-49 :67. 
Posterior rami-49 :68. 
Anterior rami-50:1. 
Lateral mammary rami-50 :2. 
Anterior cutaneous rami-50 :3. 
Medial mammary rami-50:4. 
Posterior rami-49:60. (See also Superior Extremity, 1:3.) 
Intercostal veins-54:56. 
Internal mammary artery-48 :34. 
Exposed by removing the intercostal muscles and ligaments from the 
anterior ends of the intercostal spaces, guarding against injury to the 
pleura. 
Sternal rami-48 :39. 
Perforating rami--48 :40. 
Mammary rami-48 :41. 
Muscular rami--48 :42. 
Cutaneous rami-48 :43. 
Intercostal rami-44:45. 
Musculophrenic artery-44:46. 
Exposed by cutting away the medial end of the sixth costal car- 
tilage. 
Superior epigastric artery-44:47. (Its origin only.) 
Internal mammary vein-52:65. 
Transverse thoracic muscle-25 :8. 
III. Thoracic Cavity and Viscera 
1. PLEURA AND PLEURAL CAVITIES. 
The pleura may be exposed by removing the intercostal muscles, separating 
the pleura from the internal surfaces of the sternum and ribs, and with a 
saw and bone-forceps, removing the sternum and costal arches by the follow- 
ing incisions, but retaining the pleura intact: (a) transversely through the 
sternum at the level of the lower margin of the first costosternal junction; 
(b) transversely through the sternum at the level of the upper margin of 
the sixth costosternal junction; (c) dividing the second, third, fourth, and 
fifth ribs at the junction of the middle and posterior thirds of each. 
Endothoracic fascia-38 :2. 
The pericardium may be identified by inserting the finger between the lines 
of sternal reflection of the right and left pleurae and passing it through 
the areolar tissue of the anterior mediastinal cavity. 
Incisions through the pleura exposing the pleural cavity: (a) longitudinally 
through the costal pleura midway between the sternum and vertebral column 
extending from the first to the sixth rib; (&) transversely along the inferior 
margin of the first rib and along the superior margin of the sixth rib, ex- 
tending medially to within about 2 cm. of the line of sternal reflection of 
the pleura and laterally to the line of the cut ends of the second to fifth 
ribs. 
Pulmonary ligament-38 :16. 
Cupula of pleura-38 :5. 
Pulmonary pleura--38 :6. THORAX 
21 
Parietal pleura-38:7. 
Costal pleura-38 :11. 
Mediastinal pleura->38 :8. 
Mediastinal layers-38 :9. 
Pericardial pleura-38 :10. 
Diaphragmatic pleura-38 :12. 
Pleural sinuses-38 :13. 
Phrenicocostal sinus-38 :14. 
Costomediastinal sinus-38 :15. 
Adipose folds->38 :17. 
Pleural villi-38 :18. 
Mediastinal septum-38 :19. 
Anterior mediastinal cavity-38 :20. 
Posterior mediastinal cavity-38 :21. 
2. LUNGS. 
The lung may be removed by dividing its root close to the medial surface 
of the lung. 
a. Surface anatomy of lungs. 
Base of lung-37 :57. 
Apex of lung-37 :58. 
Costal surface-37 :60. 
Mediastinal surface-37 :61. 
Diaphragmatic surface-37 :62. 
Anterior margin-37 :63. 
Inferior margin-37 :64. 
Hilus of lung-37 :65. 
Root of lung-37 :66. 
Subclavian groove-37 :59. 
Interlobar incisure-37 :71. 
Superior lobe-37 :68. 
Middle lobe-37:69. 
Inferior lobe-37 :70. 
Cardiac notch-37 :67. 
b. Internal struct tire of lungs. 
Bronchi-37 :41. 
May be demonstrated by tearing and removing parts of the 
pulmonary tissue and following the bronchi and blood vessels and 
their subdivisions as far as possible into the substance of the 
lung. 
Bronchioles-37 -.74. 
Respiratory bronchioles-37 :75. 
Alveolar ductules-37 :76. 
Pulmonary alveoli-37 :77. 
Bronchial lymph glands-37 :78. 
Bronchial lymphatic nodules-37 :79. 
Pulmonary lymph glands-37 :80. 
3. ROOT OF LUNG AND RELATED STRUCTURES. 
a. Structures in relation to the right and left roots. 
Anterior: 
Anterior pulmonary plexus of the vagus nerve-68 :45. 
Phrenic nerve-69 :21, 
Pericardiacophrenic artery-48 :38. 22 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Posterior: 
Vagus nerve-68:22. 
Posterior pulmonary plexus of the vagus nerve-68 :46. 
Inferior: 
Pulmonary ligament-38 :16. 
In relation to the left root only: 
Azygos vein-54:53. 
Superior vena cava-52 :50. 
In relation to the left root only: 
Aortic arch-46 :49. 
Descending aorta-46 :51. 
b. Structures within the root of each lung. 
Bronchial arteries-49 :53. 
Pulmonary artery-46 :40. 
Right and left rami-46 :41, 42. 
Pulmonary veins-52 :37. 
Right and left pulmonary veins-52 :38, 39. 
Bronchus, right and left-37 :47. 
Bronchial rami-37 :48. 
Eparterial bronchial ramus-37 :49. 
Hyparterial bronchial rami-37 :50. 
Bronchial lymph glands-56 :52. 
4. PHRENIC NERVE AND NERVES TO THE SUPERFICIAL PART OF 
THE CARDIAC PLEXUS. 
Phrenic nerve--69 :21. 
Pericardiac ramus-69 :22. 
Phrenicoabdominal rami-69 :23. 
Nerves in relation to the superficial part of the cardiac plexus: 
Superior cardiac nerve-71:59. (From the cervical sympathetic.) 
Superior cardiac ramus-68:34. (Inferior cervical cardiac 
ramus. From the left vagus nerve.) 
Cardiac ganglion-72 :11. 
5. THYMUS-38:31. 
Usually in a condition of atrophy in the adult, but showing the following 
structures in the child: 
Right and left lobes-38 :32. 
Central tract->38 :33. 
Lobules of the thymus-38 :34. 
6. PERICARDIUM. 
Sternopericardial ligaments-45 :43. 
Incisions exposing the pericardial cavity: (a) longitudinally through the 
pericardium from the aorta to the diaphragm; (&) transversely from the 
middle of the right to the middle of the left root of the lung. 
Pericardium-45 :41. 
Epicardium-45 :45. 
Pericardial fluid-45:42. 
Transverse sinus of the pericardium-45 :44. T HOE AX 
23 
7. GREAT VEINS OF THE THORAX AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. 
Superior vena cava-52 :50. 
Right and left innominate veins-52:51. 
Inferior thyreoid veins-52:52. (Termination only.) 
Thyreoidea ima vein-52 :53. 
The first five of the following tributaries are small and usually 
difficult to demonstrate: 
Thymic veins-52 ;56. 
Pericardiac veins-52:57. 
Superior phrenic veins-52:58. 
Anterior mediastinal veins-52 :59. 
Anterior bronchial veins-52 :60. 
Vertebral vein-52:63. (Termination only.) 
Internal mammary vein-52 :65. 
Highest intercostal vein-52 :68. 
Azygos vein-54:53. 
Inferior vena cava-55 :3. 
8. HEART AND AORTA. 
a. Surface anatomy. 
Apex of heart-45 :36. 
Sternocostal surface--45 :34. 
Diaphragmatic surface-45:35. 
Right atrium-46 :1. 
Right auricle-46 :7. 
Left atrium-46 :26. 
Left auricle-46 :27. 
Right ventricle-46 :13. 
Left ventricle-46 :29. 
Coronary sulcus-45 :40. 
Anterior longitudinal sulcus-45 :38. 
Posterior longitudinal sulcus-45 :39. 
Notch at apex of heart-45 :37. 
b. Nerve and vascular supply. 
Right coronary artery of the heart-46:52. 
Posterior descending ramus-46 :53. 
Left coronary artery of the heart-46 :54. 
Circumflex ramus-46 :55. 
Anterior descending ramus-46 :56. 
Coronary sinus-52:41. 
Its exposure may sometimes be facilitated by severing the in- 
ferior vena cava at its termination. 
Great cardiac vein-52 :42. 
Posterior vein of left ventricle--52:43. 
Oblique vein of left atrium-52 :44. 
Middle cardiac vein-52:46. 
Small cardiac vein-52 :47. 
Anterior veins of the heart-52 :48. 
Smallest veins of the heart-52 :49. 
Anterior coronary plexus-72 :10. 
Posterior coronary plexus-72 :12. 24 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
c. Cavities of the heart. Pulmonary vessels. 
Right atrium-46 :1. 
Incisions exposing the cavity of the right atrium: (a) longi- 
tudinally from a point just anterior to the superior vena cava, 
downward and backward to the inferior vena cava; (b) from the 
middle point of the preceding incision obliquely upward to the 
tip of the right auricle. 
Epicardium-45 :45. 
Myocardium-45 :46. 
Endocardium-45 :47. 
Sulcus terminalis of right atrium-46 :3. 
Crista terminalis-46 :4. 
Sinus venarum [cavarum]-46:5. 
Pectinate muscles-46 :2. 
Intervenous tubercle-46 :8. 
Septum of the atria-45 :54. 
Membranous part-45 :55. 
Fossa ovalis-46 :10. 
Limbus fossae ovalis-46 :6. 
Valve of the inferior vena cava-46 :9. 
Valve of the coronary sinus-46:11. 
Venous orifice-45 :56. 
Foramina of the smallest cardiac veins-46 :12. 
Right ventricle-46 :13. 
Incisions exposing the cavity of the right ventricle: (a) from the 
diaphragmatic surface of the heart upward % cm. to the right 
of and parallel with the anterior longitudinal sulcus to the origin 
of the pulmonary artery; (b) from the upper end of the pre- 
ceding incision transversely to the right, parallel with and 1 cm. 
inferior to the coronary sulcus. 
Conus arteriosus-46 :19. 
Supraventricular crest-46 :18. 
Venous orifice--45 :56. 
Tricuspid valve-46 :14. 
Anterior cusp-46 :15. 
Posterior cusp-46 :16. 
Medial cusp-46 :17. 
Papillary muscles-45 :60. 
Chordae tendinae-45 :61. 
Trabeculae carneae-45 :58. 
Pulmonary artery-46 :40. 
Right and left ramus-46 :41, 42. 
Ligamentum arteriosum-46 :44. 
Ductus arteriosus*-46 :43. 
Arterial orifice [of right ventricle]-45:57. 
Semilunar valves of pulmonary artery-46 :20. 
Anterior, right, and left semilunar valves- 
46 :21, 23. 
Nodules of the semilunar valves--46 :24. 
Lunulae of the semilunar valves-46 :25. 
Left atrium-46 :26. 
The cavity and vascular communications of the left atrium may 
be exposed by dividing the inferior vena cava, turning the heart THOU AX 
25 
upward and making an incision through the left atrial wall ex- 
tending from the middle of its posterior margin forward to the 
tip of the left auricle. 
Valve of the foramen ovalis-46 :28. 
Left ventricle-46 :29. 
Incisions exposing the cavity of the left ventricle: (a) beginning 
near the coronary sulcus anteriorly and extending parallel and 
1 cm. to the left of the anterior longitudinal sulcus to the apex 
of the heart; (6) beginning posteriorly near the coronary sulcus 
and extending parallel and 1 cm. to the left of the posterior 
longitudinal sulcus and joining the end of the first incision at 
the apex of the heart. 
Trabeculae carneae-45 :58. 
Papillary muscles-45 :60. 
Chordae tendineae-45 :61. 
Venous orifice-45:56. 
Arterial orifice-45 :57. 
Bicuspid valve-46 :30. 
Anterior and posterior cusps-46 :31, 32. 
Ventricular septum-45 :49. 
Muscular septum of ventricle-45 :50. 
Membranous septum of ventricle-45:51. 
d. Aorta and its branches. 
Ascending aorta-46 :46. 
Bulb of aorta-46 :47. 
Sinus of aorta-46 :48. 
Right and left coronary arteries-46 :52, 54. 
Aortic arch-46 :49. 
Isthmus of aorta-46 :50. 
Innominate artery-46 :57. 
(Thyreoidea ima artery)-46:58. 
Common carotid artery [left]-46:59. 
Subclavian artery [left]-48 :20. 
Descending aorta [thoracic portion]-46:51. (Origin 
only.) 
Semilunar valves of aorta-46 :33. 
Right, left and posterior semilunar valves-46 :34-36. 
Nodules and lunulae of the semilunar valves-46 :37, 38. 
e. Myocardium and fibrous rings of the heart. 
The subsequent structures are exposed to better advantage after 
the great blood vessels have been divided near their juncture with 
the heart and the heart removed. 
Atrioventricular bundle of His. 
Demonstrated more favorably in a sheep or ox heart. 
Fibrous rings-45 :63. 
Exposed by removing the atria of the heart. 
Fibrous trigones-45 -.62. 
f. Cardiac plexus. 
For the superficial part of the cardiac plexus, see III: 4. 
The following nerves entering into the formation of the deep part 
of the cardiac plexus may be exposed by dividing the aortic arch at 
its junction ■with the descending aorta and turning aside the aortic 
arch. 26 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Middle cardiac nerve of sympathetic system-71:61. 
Inferior cardiac nerve of sympathetic system-71:64. 
Superior cardiac nerves of vagus-68 :34. 
(Depressor nerve)•-68:35. 
Inferior cardiac rami of the recurrent nerve-68 :37. 
Cardiac plexus-72 :9. 
9. TRACHEA AND BRONCHI. 
Bronchial lymph glands-56 :52. 
Trachea-37 :41. 
Bifurcation of the trachea-37 :46. 
Right and left bronchi-37 :47. 
Bronchooesophageal muscle**-32 :72. 
10. POSTERIOR MEDIASTINAL CAVITY AND STRUCTURES WITHIN IT. 
Posterior mediastinal cavity-38 :21. 
The following structures may be exposed, so far as they are in relation to 
the posterior mediastinal cavity, by making a longitudinal incision through 
the posterior wall of the pericardial cavity and reflecting the pericardium. 
Vagus nerve-68 :22. 
Recurrent nerve'-68 :36. 
Anterior and posterior bronchial rami-68 :43, 44. 
Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses-68 :45, 46. 
Cf. Thorax, III:3. 
Oesophageal rami-68 :47. 
Anterior and posterior oesophageal plexuses-68 :48, 49. 
Thoracic part of oesophagus-32 :68. 
Thoracic aorta-59 :51. 
Visceral rami-49 :52. 
Bronchial arteries-49 :53. 
Oesophageal arteries-49 :54. 
Pericardiac rami-49 :55. 
Parietal rami-49 :56. 
Mediastinal rami-49 :57. 
Superior phrenic arteries-49 :58. 
Intercostal arteries-49 :59. 
Thoracic duct-56 :25. 
Posterior mediastinal lymph glands-56 :54. 
IV. Thoracic Wall: Posterior Part. 
1. THORACIC PART OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
Exposed by removing the parietal pleura from the posterior part of the 
thoracic 'wall. 
Sympathetic trunk--71:30. 
Thoracic ganglia-72:2. 
Rami communicantes-68 :72. 
Great splanchnic nerve-72 :3. 
Splanchnic ganglion-72:4. 
Small splanchnic nerve-72:5. 
(Lowest splanchnic nerve)-72:7. THORAX 
27 
2. STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO THE INTERNAL SURFACE OF THE 
POSTERIOR THORACIC WALL. 
Subcostal muscles-25 :7. (Not constant in degree of develop- 
ment. ) 
Internal intercostal muscles-25 :6. 
Intercostal arteries-49 :59. 
Highest intercostal artery-48 :63. 
Intercostal nerves-70 :1. 
Intercostal veins-54:56. 
Azygos vein-54:53. 
Hemiazygos vein-54 :54. 
The following veins are variable in their relationship and degree of 
development: 
Accessory hemiazygos vein-54:55. 
Oesophageal veins--54:59. 
Posterior bronchial veins-54:60. 
V. Deep Structures of the Back. 
1. POSTERIOR SERRATI MUSCLES AND THE LUMBODORSAL FASCIA. 
For the muscles and related structures external to the posterior serrati 
muscles, see Superior Extremity, 1:3, 4. 
For the structures of the back of the neck, see Head and Neck, IV :2-4. 
Serratus posterior superior muscle-23 :22. 
Serratus posterior inferior muscle-23 :21. 
Lumbodorsal fascia-24:5. 
A longitudinal incision through its posterior layer and a medial dis- 
placement of the subjacent sacrospinalis muscle exposes its anterior 
layer. A longitudinal incision through this anterior (designated middle 
by some authors) layer close to its attachment to the tips of the trans- 
verse processes and a medial displacement of the lateral margin of the 
subjacent quadratus lumborum muscle exposes the transversalis fascia. 
2. INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE BACK. 2 
For the corresponding muscles of the neck see Head and Neck, IV: 3. 
Sacrospinalis muscle-23 :25. 
Iliocostalis muscle-23 :26. 
Demonstrated by successive lateral eversions of its inferior, middle 
and superior subdivisions, guarding the nerves and vessels emerging 
between the iliocostalis and the longissimus dorsi muscles. 
Iliocostalis lumborum muscle-23 :27. 
Iliocostalis dorsi muscle-23 :28. 
Iliocostalis cervicis muscle-23:29, (Origin only.) 
Longissimus muscle-23 :30. 
Longissimus dorsi muscle-23 :31. 
Longissimus cervicis muscle-23:32. (Origin only.) 
Longissimus capitis muscle-23:44. (Thoracic origin 
only.) 
Spinalis muscle-23 :45. 
Spinalis dorsi muscle-23 :46. 
2 Many of the structures indicated in sections 2 to 6 may also be demonstrated 
as exposed in a cross-section of the posterior thoracic wall made at about the level 
of the fourth thoracic vertebra. Plate IV 
Posterior aspect of the trunk showing surface anatomy and surface projection 
of the skeleton in relation to the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. 
28 [ EMMEL j B N A 
PLATE IV 
Vertebra prominens 
.Angulus medialis scapulae 
Margo axillaris 
scapulae. 
Spina scapulae. 
/Margo vertebralis scap 
/Acromion 
Plica axillaris 
posterior 
Tuberculum 
majus hum 
Processus spinosus 
[Vertebra thoracalisXII] 
'Angulus 
inferior scapulae 
■Crista iliaca 
Spina iliaca 
posterior superior- 
Os sacrum 
Os coccygis 
■Trochanter majus 
■Tuber ischiadicum 
Sulcus glutoeus THORAX 
29 
Semispinalis muscle-23 :49. 
Exposed by removing the spinalis dorsi muscle and reflecting the longis- 
simus dorsi muscle laterally. 
Semispinalis dorsi muscle-23 :50. 
Semispinalis cervicis muscle-23 :51. (Thoracic portion 
only.) 
Multifidus muscle-23 :53. 
Demonstrated by detaching the semispinalis muscle at its insertion and 
reflecting it laterally. 
Rotatores muscle-23 :54. 
Exposed by removing the multifidus muscle, guarding against injury 
to thoracic and lumbar nerves and vessels. 
Rotatores longi muscle-23 :55. 
Rotatores breves muscle-23 :56. 
The following muscles are not so well developed in the back as in the neck: 
Interspinalis muscles-23 :57. 
Intertransversarii muscles-23 :58. 
Intertransversarii mediales muscles-23 :60. 
Intertransversarii laterales muscles-23 :59. 
3. NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS. 
Posterior rami of thoracic nerves-69:75. 
Lateral cutaneous rami-69:76. 
Medial cutaneous rami-69 :77. 
Posterior rami of lumbar nerves-70 :12. 
Medial ramus-70 :13. 
Lateral ramus-70 :14. 
Posterior rami of sacral and coccygeal nerves-70 :18. 
Posterior rami of intercostal arteries-49 :60. 
Muscular rami-49 :62. 
Medial cutaneous rami-49 :63. 
Lateral cutaneous rami-49 :64. 
Dorsal rami of the highest intercostal artery-48 :64. 
Dorsal ramus of lumbar arteries-50 :10. 
Dorsal ramus of intercostal veins-54:57. 
The lumbar veins also have dorsal tributaries from the back comparable to 
the dorsal rami of the lumbar arteries. 
4. VERTEBRAL CANAL: BLOOD VESSELS AND MENINGES. 
The contents of the vertebral canal may be exposed, by cutting through the 
laminae of the vertebral arches close to the articular processes, dividing the 
ligamentum flava and removing the posterior wall of the vertebral canal. 
Ligamenta flava-18 :40. 
Supraspinous ligament-18 :44. 
Interspinous ligaments-18 :43. 
Arteries supplying the vertebral column: 
Spinal ramus of posterior rami of intercostal arteries-49 :61. 
Spinal ramus of lumbar arteries-50:11. 
Cavum epidurale-65 :42. 
Dura mater spinalis-65:40. 
Filum durae matris spinalis-*65 :41. 30 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
The following structures may be exposed by makiug a median incision 
through the dura, guarding against injury to the subjacent arachnoidea. 
Cavum subdurale-65 :43. 
Pia mater spinalis-65 :54. 
Arachnoidea spinalis-65 :44. 
Cavum subarachnoideale-65 :46. 
Ligamentum denticulatum-65 :55. 
5. SPINAL CORD: NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS, AND SURFACE ANATOMY. 
For the cervical part of the spinal cord see Head and Neck, IX :4. 
a. Spinal nerves. 
Thoracic nerves-69 :74. 
Lumbar nerves-70:10. 
Sacral nerves--70:17. 
Coccygeal nerves-70:17. 
Cauda equina-68 :74. 
Anterior root-68 :67. 
Posterior root-68 :68. 
Filia radicularia-68 :66. 
Spinal ganglion-68 :69. 
Anterior ramus-68 :70. 
Posterior ramus-68 :71. 
Ramus meningeus-68 :73. (Difficult to demonstrate.) 
In demonstrating the remaining structures of the spinal cord, the 
spinal nerve trunks may be cut, the cord divided transversely at 
about the level of the first thoracic vertebra, and the cord, and its 
membranes removed from the vertebral canal. 
5. Blood vessels of the spinal cord. (Usually difficult to demon- 
strate.) 
Spinal rami of posterior rami of intercostal arteries-49 :61. 
Spinal rami of lumbar arteries-50 :11. 
Spinal ramus of iliolumbar artery-50 -.60. 
Spinal rami of lateral sacral artery-50 :63. 
Internal spinal veins-55:2. 
Posterior external spinal veins-55 :1. 
Anterior external spinal veins-54:70. 
Intervertebral veins-54:69. 
c. Surface anatomy of the spinal cord. 
Thoracic part-58 :23. 
Lumbar part-58 :24. 
Lumbar enlargement-58 :25. 
Medullary cone-58 :26. 
Ventriculus terminalis-58:28. 
Filum terminale-58 :27. 
Anterior median fissure-58 :29. 
Posterior median sulcus--58 :30. 
Anterior lateral culcus-58 :31. 
Posterior lateral sulcus-58 :32. 
Posterior intermediate sulcus-58 :33. 
(Anterior intermediate sulcus)-58:34. THORAX 
31 
Funiculi of the spinal cord-58 :45. 
Anterior funiculus-58 :36. 
Lateral funiculus-58:37. 
Posterior funiculus-58 :38. 
6. SPINAL CORD: INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 
Demonstrated by making transverse sections through the spinal cord 
at various levels, and in some instances requiring the aid of a hand 
lens. 
a. Gray matter. 
Central canal-58 :40. 
Central gray matter-58 :41. 
Anterior gray commissure-58 :43. 
Posterior commissure-58 :44. 
Gray columns-58 :45. 
Anterior column-48 :46. 
Lateral column-58 :47. 
Reticular formation-58 :53. 
Posterior column-58 :48. 
Neck of posterior column-58 :49. 
Apex of posterior column-58 :50. 
Gelatinous substance-58 :51. 
1). White matter. 
Anterior white commissure-58 :42. 
Anterior funiculus-58 :54. 
Anterior cerebrospinal or pyramidal fasciculus-58 :55. 
Lateral funiculus-59 :2. 
Lateral cerebrospinal or pyramidal fasciculus-59 :3. 
Cerebellospinal fasciculus-59 :4. 
Posterior funiculus-59 :7. 
Fasiculus gracilis-59 :8. 
Fasiculus cuneatus-59 :9. 
VI. Articulations of the Thorax. 
1. STERNOCOSTAL ARTICULATIONS-19:25. 
Articular capsule-19 :26. 
Interarticular sternocostal ligament-19 :27. 
Radiate sternocostal ligaments-19 :28. 
Membrane of sternum-19 :29. 
Costoxiphoid ligaments-19 :30. 
Interchondral articulations-19 :34. 
2. SYNCHONDROSIS STERN ALIS-7:49. 
3. COSTOVERTEBRAL ARTICULATIONS-19:12. 
a. Capitular articulations-19 :13. 
Articular capsules-19 :14. 
Radiate ligament of head of rib-19 :15. 
Interarticular ligament of head of rib-19 :16. 32 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
b. Costotransverse articulations-19 :17. 
Articular capsules-19 :18. 
Ligament of neck of rib-19 :20. 
Anterior costotransverse ligament-19 :21. 
Posterior costotransverse ligament-19 :22. 
Lumbocostal ligament-19 :23. 
Costotransverse foramen-19 :24. 
4. ARTICULATIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. 
For the ligaments in relation to the vertebral arches, see Thorax, V: 4. 
Anterior longitudinal ligament-18 :46. 
Posterior longitudinal ligament-18 :47. 
Intervertebral fibrocartilages-18 :37. 
The following structures may be demonstrated by dividing the thorax at 
about the level of the fourth thoracic intervertebral disc, and making in- 
cisions through the disc: 
Annulus fibrosus-18 :38. 
Nucleus puplosus-18 :39. 
t HEAD AND NECK Anterior aspect of the head, and neck showing surface anatomy and surface 
projection of the bones of the cranium and. cervical vertebrae. 
Plate V 
34 [ EMMEL] SNA 
PLATE V 
Glabella 
Incisura 
supraorbitalis 
Os zygomaticum 
•Foramen 
infraorbitale 
Famus mandibulae 
-Foramen mentale 
Juberculum 
caroticum 
Incisura 
jugularis HEAD AND NECK 
I. Structures in Relation to the Scalp and Temporal Region. 
1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRANIUM. 
a. Subdivisions of cranium. 
Cranium-4:7. 
For bones of the cranium see 7:65, 12:14. 
Vertex--4:8. 
Sinciput-4:9. 
Forehead-4:10. 
Occiput-4:11. 
Temples-4:12. 
Ear-4:13. 
Auricles-4:14. 
b. Regions of head-82:1. (Fig. 1 and pls. 11, 12.) 
Frontal region-82 :2. 
Supraorbital region-82 :3. 
Parietal region-82 :4. 
Occipital region-82:5. 
Temporal region-82:6. 
Auricular region-82 :7. 
Mastoid region-82 :8. 
2. SCALP AND TEMPORAL REGIONS: SUPERFICIAL BLOOD VESSELS 
AND NERVES. 
a. Frontal region. 
Incisions for skin reflection: (a) median longitudinal from the 
glabella to the external occipital protuberance; (&) frontal over 
the vertex from the right to the left mastoid processes; (c) from a 
point on the latter incision just above the ear, downward and slightly 
anteriorly to the root of the zygomatic arch. 
Supratrochlear nerve-66 :22. 
Supraorbital nerve-66 :20. 
Frontal artery-48 :12. 
Supraorbital artery-48 :5. 
Angular vein-53 :71. 
5. Temporal region. 
Temporal branches of facial nerve--67 :58. 
Auriculotemporal nerve-67 :16. 
Zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve-66 :41. 
Superficial temporal artery-47 :36. 
Frontal ramus-47 :42. 
Parietal ramus-47 :43. 
Superficial temporal veins-54:7. 
c. Mastoid and occipital regions. 
Posterior auricular nerve-67 :52. 
Occipital ramus**-67 :33, 
Posterior ramus of great auricula.r nerve**-69 :12. 
Lesser occipital nerve-69 :10. 
35 Plate VI 
Lateral aspect of the head and neck showing surface anatomy and surface 
projections of the bones of the cranium, cervical vertebrae, and girdle of the 
superior extremity. 
36 [ EMMEL] B* N A 
PLATE VI 
■Glabella 
Arcus 
zygomaticus 
Protuberant! a 
occipitalis 
externa 
Processus 
mastoideus' 
Foramen mentale 
Tuberculum caroticum 
Vertebra 
prominens 
Acromion 
Clavicula HEAD AND NECK 
37 
Great occipital nerve-69 :6. 
Posterior auricular artery-47 :29. 
Occipital artery-47 -.22. 
Posterior auricular vein-54:21. 
Occipital vein-54:20. 
3. SCALP: DEEPER STRUCTURES. 
a. Muscles. 
Epicranius muscle-24:8. 
Frontal muscle-24:9. 
Procerus muscle-24:11. 
Occipitalis muscle-24:10. 
Auricularis anterior muscle-24:20. 
Auricularis superior muscle-24:21. 
Auricularis posterior muscle-24:22. 
Galea aponeurotiea-24:42. 
Pericranium-12:16. 
Exposed by dividing the galea aponeurotiea by two incisions, 
about 4 cm. in length, intersecting each other at right angles at 
the vertex and reflecting the flaps, identifying at the same time 
the loose areolar connective tissue external to it. 
&. Lymphatics. 
Occipital lymph glands-56 :35. 
Posterior auricular glands-56 :36. 
Anterior auricular glands-56 :37. 
4. AURICLE OR EXTERNAL EAR. 
Lobule of the auricle-78:33. 
Tragus-78 :46. 
Incisura intertragica-78:49. 
Incisura anterior-78:45. 
Concha of auricle-78 :43. 
Cymba of concha-78:44. 
Cavity of concha-78:45. 
Helix-78 :35. 
Crus helicis**-78 :36. 
Spina helicis**-78:37. 
Cauda Helicis**-78:38. 
Anthelix-78 :39. 
Crura anthelicis**-78:41. 
Fossa triangularis**-78:40. 
(Tuberculum auriculae)**-78:50. 
Fossa anthelix**-78:59. 
Eminentia conchae**-78 :60. 
Eminentia scaphae**-78 :61. 
Eminentia fossae triangularis**-78:62. 
The muscles and ligaments of the external ear-78:67-74-may be exposed 
by removing the skin from the auricle. 38 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
II. Intracranial Structures in Relation to the Brain 
and Cranial Wall 
1. STRUCTURES EXPOSED BY THE REMOVAL OF THE CALVARIA. 
The calvaria may be removed by: (a) making a median longitudinal incision 
through the galea aponeurotica and pericranium, extending from the glabella 
to the external occipital protuberance, and reflecting the two flaps laterally 
to the level of the temporal lines; (h) detaching the temporal muscle and 
temporal fascia from the bone and completing the reflection of the galea 
aponeurotica, pericranium, temporal fascia, and muscle downward to the 
level of the ears; (c) with a saw making a cut along the largest horizontal 
circumference of the cranium passing just superior to the glabella anteriorly 
and a little above the external occipital protuberance posteriorly, sawing 
through the outer table of the skull only; (d) with a mallet and chisel 
splitting the inner table of the bone along the line of the preceding cut, 
inserting a hook or other instrument into the cut in front and forcibly 
wrenching off the skull cap. 
Dura mater of the brain-65 :33. 
Middle meningeal artery-47 :50. 
Arachnoideal granulations-65:53. 
The following structures may be exposed: (a) by making two sagittal 
incisions through the dura mater, one on each side of the superior sagittal 
sinus, along its entire length anteriorly and posteriorly; (b) from the 
middle of each of the preceding incisions, cutting lateralward through the 
dura mater down to the cut margins of the skull and reflecting the four 
flaps of the dura mater. 
Subdural cave-65 :43. 
Arachnoid of the brain-65 :45. 
Pia mater of the brain-65 :67. 
Venae cerebri-53 :41. 
Superior sagittal sinus-53 :19. 
Its interior may be exposed by an incision extending throughout its 
entire length. 
Falx cerebri-65 :34. 
2. STRUCTURES EXPOSED BY THE REMOVAL OF THE BRAIN. 
a. Roots of cerebral nerves. 
As preliminary to the removal of the brains the roots of the cerebral 
nerves may be exposed by: («) detaching the falx cerebri from the 
crista galli and pulling it backward; (&) raising the frontal lobes 
of the brain from the floor of the cranium (facilitated by letting 
the head hang backward over a head block) and detaching the 
olfactory bulbs from the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone and 
thus at the same time severing the olfactory nerves; (c) dividing 
(preferably with a scissors) the optic nerves, internal carotid arteries, 
infundibulum oculomoter nerves and the trochlear nerves (the latter 
being found in relation to the free margin of the tentorium cere- 
belli); (d) exposing the tentorium from the middle cranial fossae, 
dividing the tentorium along its attachment to the superior angle 
of the temporal bone on each side; and (e) identifying and dividing 
in succession the following cerebral nerves: 
Trigeminal nerve-66 :11. 
Abducent nerve-67 :46. 
3 A second method for the removal of the brain which may be adopted at stage 
(d) in the above procedure is to displace the temporal lobes of the cerebrum, divid- 
ing the mid-brain, removing the cerebrum and studying the structures thus exposed 
within the base of the cranium. Next divide the tentorium along its attached 
border, study the exposed surface of the cerebellum and then proceed as in stages 
(e) and (/). The former method is the one usually adopted in an autopsy; the 
latter method is perhaps more instructive, although it does not leave the brain 
intact. HEAD AND NECK 
39 
Facial nerve-67 :47. 
Acoustic nerve-67 :65. 
Glossopharyngeal nerve-68 :8. 
Vagus nerve-68:22. 
Accessory nerve-68 :57. 
Hypoglossal nerve-68 :60. 
(/) The detachment of the brain may then be completed by divid- 
ing the vertebral arteries and spinal cord just below the level of the 
foramen magnum and removing the organ. 
b. General structural characteristics of the exposed base of the 
cranium and related dura mater. 
The following structures may be identified by inspection: 
Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae-12 :29-31. 
Crista galli-10 :38. 
Small wing of the sphenoid bone-8:41. 
Anterior clinoid process-8 :44. 
Opthalmic artery-47 :70. 
Posterior clinoid process-8 :31. 
Diaphragm sellae-65 :37. 
Cisterna interpeduncularis-65 :51. 
Falx cerebellum-65 :36. 
Great cerebral veins-53 :48. 
Basal vein-53:51. 
The foramina transmitting the cerebral nerves may be demonstrated 
in a skeletal preparation of the skull. 
c. Sinuses of the dura mater-53:13. 
In opening and demonstrating the following sinuses, the dura should 
be left in situ in the floor of the cranium. 
Transverse sinus-53 :14. 
Confluence of the sinuses-53 :15. 
Occipital sinus-53 :17. 
Superior sagittal sinus-53 :19. 
Inferior sagittal sinus-53 :20. 
Straight sinus-53 :21. 
Inferior petrosal sinus-53 :22. 
Superior petrosal sinus-53 :23. 
Cavernosus sinus-53:24. (Its walls and contents should 
be left intact.) 
Anterior and posterior intercavernosus sinuses-53 :25-26. 
Circular sinus-53 :28. 
Sphenoparietal sinus-53 :28. 
Basilar plexus-53 :18. 
Diploic veins-53 :29-33. 
Emissary veins-53 :34-37. 
d. Arteries. 
The cut ends of the following arteries may be identified by inspec- 
tion of the floor of the cranium and the base of the brain, and 
their osseous relations in the cranium demonstrated in a skeletal 
preparation of the skull. 
Internal carotid artery-47 :68. 
Vertebral artery-48:21. 
Middle meningeal artery-47 :50. 40 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
e. Hypophysis-62 :30. 
May be isolated for study by detaching the diaphragma sellae 
and removing the hypophysis from the sella turcica. 
Anterior and posterior lobes-62:31, 32. 
The relations of its lobes may be further examined by dividing 
the hypophysis in the sagittal plane. 
To retain the structure in the floor of the cranium for later study the 
cranial cavity may be filled with tow or gauze soaked with preserva- 
tive fluid, the calvarium replaced and the scalp flaps stitched in 
position over it. 
III. Structures in the Lateral and Anterior Regions of the Neck. 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 5, 6.) 
Hyoid bone-12:10. 
Greater cornua-12 :13. 
Laryngeal prominence-36 :19. 
Thyreoid cartilage-36 :21. 
Cricoid cartilage-36 :35. 
Trachea-37 :41. 
Carotid tubercle of the 6th cervical vertebra-6 :42. 
Jugular notch-7 :54. 
Clavicle-13 :59. 
Mandible-11:60. (Its inferior margin.) 
Mastoid process-8 :78. 
Sternocleidomastoid muscle-24:55. 
2. REGIONS OF THE NECK. (Fig. 1 and pls. 11, 12.) 
Anterior regions of the neck-82:24. 
Submental region-82 :25. 
Hyoid region-82 :26. 
Subhyoid region-82 :27. 
Laryngeal region-82 :28. 
Thyreoid region-82 :29. 
Suprasternal region-82 :30. 
Jugular fossa-82:31. 
Submaxillary region-82:32. 
Carotid fossa-82 :33. 
Sternocleidomastoid region-82 :34. 
Lesser supraclavicular fossa-82 :35. 
Lateral regions of the neck-82 :36. 
Larger supraclavicular fossa-82 :37. 
Omoclavicular triangle-82 :38. 
Posterior regions of the neck-82 :39. 
Nuchal region-82 :40. 
3. SUPERFICIAL FASCIA, PLATYSMA, VEINS, AND CUTANEOUS 
NERVES. 
Incisions for skin reflection: (a) in the middle line from the chin to the 
manubrium; (&) from the middle of the superior margin of the manubrium 
obliquely upward and backward along the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the 
mastoid process; (c) from the middle of the superior margin of the 
manubrium laterally along the clavicle to the acromion. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Platysma muscle-24:54. HEAD AND NECK 
41 
The following structures may be exposed by reflecting the platysma up- 
ward, confining the dissection only to the superficial region of the neck and 
thus guarding against disturbance of the deeper structures listed in the 
following sections. 
External jugular vein-54:19. 
Posterior auricular vein-54:21. 
Anterior jugular vein-54:22. 
Superficial cervical lymph glands-56 :41. 
Lesser occipital nerve-69 :10. 
Great auricular nerve-69 :11. 
Cutaneous nerve of the neck-69 :14. 
Superior rami-69 :15. 
Inferior rami-69 :16. 
Supraclavicular nerves-69 :17. 
Anterior supraclavicular nerves-69 :18. 
Middle supraclavicular nerves-69 :19. 
Posterior supraclavicular nerves-69 :20. 
Cervical branch of the facial nerve-67 :62. 
4. CERVICAL FASCIA AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE. 
Cervical fascia-24:70. 
The various subdivisions and certain deeper relations of the fascia can 
as yet not be completely exposed. In the region of the sternum the 
superficial or investing layer of the cervical fascia divides into two 
layers and encloses a suprasternal space (sometimes called the space 
of Burns) which may be exposed by making a transverse incision 
through the fascia immediately above the sternum and a second incision 
about 2 cm. in length along the anterior border of each sternocleido- 
mastoid muscle, reflecting the fascial flap upwards and demonstrating 
the areolar tissue, content of the space and the lower parts of the 
anterior jugular veins and their anastomoses. 
Sternocleidomastoid muscle-24:55. 
5. POSTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK. 
The following contents of the posterior triangle of the neck may be 
exposed by carefully removing the cervical fascia, noting its relations 
to the omohyoid muscle and the chain of deep cervical lymph glands 
along the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and con- 
fining the dissection to the triangle and its two subdivisions. All nerves 
and vessels must be carefully noted and guarded during the progress 
of the dissection of this complex region. 
a. Occipital triangle. 
Occipital artery-47 :22. 
Transverse cervical artery-48 :67. 
Occipital vein-54:20. 
Transverse cervical veins-54:28. 
Supraclavicular nerves-69 :17-20. 
Accessory nerve-68 :57. 
Muscular rami of the cervical nerves to the trapezius and 
levator scapulae muscles. 
Superior deep cervical lymph glands-56 :42. 42 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
b. Supraclavicular triangle. 
This triangle has also been designated the subclavius triangle. Cf. 
omoclavicular trigone-82:38. 
Inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle-24:59. 
Prevertebral fascia-24:71. 
The following structures are exposed by removing the prevertebral 
fascia. 
Transverse cervical artery-48 :67. 
Transverse scapular artery-48 :60. 
Slightly inferior to the level of the triangle, strictly speaking. 
Subclavian artery-48:20. (Its third part.) 
External jugular vein-54:19. 
Anterior jugular vein-54:22. 
Transverse cervical veins-54:28. 
Transverse scapular vein-54:25. 
Subclavian vein-54:26. 
Slightly inferior to the level of the triangle, strictly speaking. 
Inferior deep cervical lymph glands--56 :43. 
c. Supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus-69 :25. 
Posterior thoracic nerves-69 :26. 
Dorsal scapular nerve-69 :27. 
Long thoracic nerve-69 :28. 
Anterior thoracic nerves-69 :29. 
Subclavian nerve-69 :30. 
Suprascapular nerve-69 :31. 
Thoracodorsal nerve-69 :33. 
Axillary nerve-69 :34. 
d. Muscles in floor of posterior triangle. 
Splenius capitis muscle-23 :24. 
Levator scapulae muscle-23 :20. 
Scalenus medius muscle-24:67. 
Scalenus posterior muscle-24:68. 
6. ANTERIOR TRIANGLE. 
The following structures should be dissected with reference to both 
their continuity throughout the anterior triangle as a whole as well 
as their relations to its three subdivisions (the submaxillary, carotid, 
and muscular triangles), removing at the same time the cervical 
fascia but guarding against injury to nerves. 
a. Submaxillary or digastric triangle. 
The following structures may be identified with very little if any 
dissection: 
Submaxillary lymph glands-56 :38. 
Submaxillary gland-31:11. 
External maxillary artery-47 :13. 
Submental artery**-47 :16. 
Mylohyoid ramus of the internal maxillary artery**-■ 
47 :48. 
Anterior facial vein-53 :70. 
Lingual vein**-53 :6. HEAD AND NECK 
43 
Hypoglossal nerve-68 :60. 
Mylohyoid nerve-67 :32. 
Mylohyoid muscle-24:51. 
Hyoglossus muscle-32:3. 
By making a short vertical slit in the hyoglossus muscle between 
the hypoglossal nerve and the tendon of the digastric muscle, the 
lingual artery may be exposed at a point where it is frequently 
ligated. 
b. Carotid triangle. 
Common carotid artery-46 :59. 
In determining the relations of the carotid artery to the carotid 
sheath of the cervical fascia it will be observed that throughout the 
greater part of their course the structures within the carotid sheath 
together with the cervical part of the sympathetic nerve trunk are 
strictly speaking internal to the sternocleidomastoid muscle rather 
than within the carotid triangle, and that their exposure consequently 
involves a lateral retraction of this muscle. 
External carotid artery-46 :60. 
Superior thyreoid artery-46 :61. 
Hyoid ramus-46 :62. 
Sternocleidomastoid ramus-46 :63. 
Superior laryngeal artery-46 :64. 
Lingual artery-47 :8. 
External maxillary artery-47 :13. 
Sternocleidomastoid artery-47 :21. 
Occipital artery-47 :22. 
Ascending pharyngeal artery-47 :4. 
Internal carotid artery-47 :68. 
Internal jugular vein-52:69. 
Lingual vein-53 :6. 
(Superior thyreoid veins)-53:10. 
Common facial vein-53 :69. 
Anterior facial vein-53 :70. 
Posterior facial vein-54:6. 
Hypoglossal nerve-68 :60. 
Descending ramus-68 :61. 
Ansa hypoglossi-68 :62. 
Thyreohyoid ramus-68 :63. 
Accessory nerve-68:57. (Its external ramus-68:59.) 
Vagus nerve-68 :22. 
Superior laryngeal nerve-68 :30. 
External ramus-68 :31. 
Internal ramus-68 :32. 
Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk-71:34. 
Superior cervical ganglion-71:35. 
External carotid nerves-71:45. 
External carotid plexus-71:46. 
Superior deep cervical lymph glands-56 :42. 
Larynx-36:18. (Identified without dissection.) 
Pharynx-32:99. (Identified without dissection.) 
Glomus caroticum-38 :30. 44 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
c. Muscular triangle. 
Sternohyoid muscle-24:56. 
Sternothreoid muscle-24:60. 
Nerves to the sternothyreoid and sternohyoid muscles. 
External ramus of the superior laryngeal nerve-68 :31. 
Inferior laryngeal nerve-68 :40. 
The following structures should be identified without dissection: 
Larynx-36 :18. 
Trachea-37 :41. 
Thyreoid gland-38 :22. 
Oesophagus-32 :66. 
7. STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO THE ANTERIOR MEDIAN LINE OF 
THE NECK. 
The relations of the following structures should be observed with 
very little, if any, dissection: 
a. Suprahyoid region. 
Platysma muscle-24:54. (Already exposed, 111:3.) 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Anterior bellies of the digastric muscles-24:48. 
The submental triangle and its contents are situated between 
them. 
Mylohyoid muscles-24:51. (Separated by a raphe.) 
b. Infrahyoid region. 
Hyothyreoid membrane-36 :34. 
Thyreoid cartilage-36 :21. 
Cricothyreoid ligament-36 :45. 
Cricoid cartilage-36 :35. 
Cricothyreoid muscles-36:78. 
Trachea-37 :41. 
Isthmus of thyreoid gland-38':23. 
(Pyramidal lobe of thyreoid gland)-38:24. 
Inferior thyreoid veins-52 :52. 
8. MUSCLES OF THE NECK: SECOND AND THIRD LAYERS. 
Digastric muscle-24:47. 
Stylohyoid muscle-24:50. 
Omohyoid muscle-24:57. 
Sternohyoid muscle-24:56. 
Sternothyreoid muscle-24:60. 
Thyreohyoid muscle-24:61. 
9. STERNOCLAVICULAR ARTICULATION-19:52. 
May be exposed by dividing the sternal and clavicular heads of the sterno- 
cleidomastoid muscle and reflecting the muscle toward its insertion. 
Sternoclavicular ligament-19 :55. 
Inter clavicular ligament-19 :57. 
Costoclavicular ligament-19 :56. 
Articular capsule-19 :53. 
Articular disc-19 :54. HEAD AND NECK 
45 
10. ROOT OF THE NECK. 
a. Muscles. 
The exposure of the scalene muscles may be gradually completed as 
the following nerves and vessels are demonstrated. 
Anterior scalene muscle-24:66. 
Middle scalene muscle-24:67. 
Posterior scalene muscle-24:68. 
I). Blood vessels and lymphatics. 
Many of the following structures have already been partly exposed 
in preceding dissections and are here re-listed with more especial 
reference to their relations to the root of the neck. 
Subclavian artery-48 :20. 
In demonstrating the following blood vessels care should be taken 
to g-uard against injury to the cervical nerves and sympathetic 
trunk listed under subhead c. 
Vertebral artery-48:21. 
Internal mammary artery-48 :34. 
Thyreocervical trunk-48 :48. 
Inferior thyreoid artery-49 :49. 
Ascending cervical artery-48 :55. 
Superficial cervical artery-48 :59. 
Transverse scapular artery-48 :60. 
Costocervical trunk-48 :62. 
Highest intercostal artery-48 :63. 
Deep cervical artery-48 :66. 
Transverse cervical artery-48 :67. 
Right and left innominate veins-52:51. 
Inferior thyreoid veins-52 :52. 
Inferior laryngeal vein**-52 :55. 
Lowest thyreoid vein-52 :53. 
Unpaired thyreoid plexus**-52 :54. 
Vertebral vein-52:63. 
Deep cervical vein**-52:64. 
Internal jugular vein-52:69. 
Inferior bulb of the jugular vein-52:70. 
Subclavian vein-54:26. 
Thoracoacromial vein-54:27. 
Transverse cervical veins-54:28. 
Thoracic duct-56 :25. 
Right lymphatic duct-56 :24. 
c. Nerves. 
Phrenic nerve-69 :21. 
Vagus nerve-68:22. 
Cervical sympathetic trunk-71:34. (Its inferior part.) 
Middle cervical ganglion-71:60. 
Inferior cervical ganglion-71:62. 
Superior cardiac nerve-71:59. 
Middle cardiac nerve-71:61. 
Inferior cardiac nerve-71:64. 
Ansa subclavia-71:63. 46 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
d. Remaining structures at the root of the neck. 
Structures identified without dissection. 
Summit of pleura-38 :5. 
Trachea-37 :41. 
Oesophagus-32:66. 
11. CERVICAL PLEXUS AND VISCERA OF THE NECK. 
Cervical plexus-69 :9. 
The following organs should be left in situ for later reference: 
Thyreoid gland-38:22. 
Isthmus-38 :23. 
(Pyramidal lobe)-38:24. 
Right and left lobes-38 :25. 
(Accessory thyreoid glands)-38 :28. (Also designated para- 
thyreoid glands.) 
Trachea-37 :41. 
Tracheal cartilages-37 :42. 
Membranous wall-37 :44. 
Cervical part of oesophagus-32:67. 
IV. Back of the Head and Neck. 
1. REGIONS OF THE BACK OF THE HEAD AND NECK. (Pl. 12.) 
Parietal region-82 :4. 
Occipital region-82 :5. 
Posterior region of the neck-82:39. 
Nuchal region-82 :40. 
Fovea nuchae-83 :1. 
2. FASCIA, SUPERFICIAL NERVES AND VESSELS. 
Incisions for skin reflection: (a) from the external occipital protuberance 
to the spine of the vertebra prominens; (&) from the spine of the vertebra 
prominens laterally on each side to the medial border of the acromion; 
(c) from the external occipital protuberance laterally on each side for 
about 6 cm. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Great occipital nerve-69 :6. 
Small occipital nerve-69 :10. 
Occipital vein-54:20. 
(Third occipital nerve)-69 :7. 
Posterior rami of cervical nerves IV-VIII-69 :2. 
Posterior ramus of great auricular nerve-69 :12. 
For the relation of the first cervical nerve and vertebral artery to the sub- 
occipital space see end of following section. 
3. MUSCLES IN RELATION TO THE BACK OF THE NECK. 
Trapezius muscle-23:15. (Its cervical part only.) 
Levator scapulae muscle-23 :20. 
May be exposed by dividing the trapezius muscle at its origin from the 
superior nuchal line and external occipital protuberance, and cutting 
through the muscle about 1 cm. from the cervical vertebral spines and 
reflecting the cervical part of the muscle laterally, guarding against 
injury to underlying structures. HEAD AND NECK 
47 
The following structures are either internal to the levator scapulae 
muscle or in relation to the superior margin of the scapula. 
Descending ramus of the transverse cervical artery-48 :69. 
Dorsal scapular nerve-69 :27. 
Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle-24:59. 
Transverse scapular artery-48 :60. 
Suprascapular nerve-69 :31. 
Rhomboideus minor muscle-23:19. (Its origin only.) 
In demonstrating the following structures the rhomboideus minor muscle 
should be detached at its origin and reflected laterally. 
Fascia nuchae-24:6. 
Ligamentum nuchae-18 :45. 
Serratus posterior superior muscle-23 :22. 
In demonstrating the following two muscles, the serratus posterior superior 
muscle should be detached at its origin and reflected laterally. 
Splenius capitis muscle-23 :24. 
Splenius cervicis muscle-23 :23. 
The following muscles are exposed by dividing the attachments of the 
splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles close to the spines of the 
vertebrae and reflecting the muscles. 
Tliocostalis cervicis muscle-23 :29. 
Longissimus capitis muscle-23 :44. 
Spinalis cervicis muscle-23 :47. 
Spinalis capitis muscle-23 :48. 
In demonstrating the following two muscles the longissimus capitis should 
be detached at its origin and reflected toward its insertion. 
Semispinalis cervicis muscle-23 :51. 
Semispinalis capitis muscle-23 :52. 
Multifidus muscle-23:53. 
May be exposed by detaching the semispinalis capitis muscle from the 
transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and reflecting the muscle 
toward its insertion. Guard the vessels and nerves internal to the 
muscle. 
Rotatores muscles-23 :54. 
May be exposed by removing the multifidus muscle. 
Rotatores longi muscles-23 :56. 
Rotatores breves muscles-23 :57. 
Interspinales muscles-23 :58. 
Rectus capitis posterior major muscle-23 :64. 
Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle-24:1. 
Obliquus capitis superior muscle-24:3. 
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle-24:4. 
The following structures are in relation to the suboccipital space or triangle 
formed by rectus capitis posterior major and the oblique capitis superior and 
inferior muscles. 
Suboccipital nerve-69:5. (Ite posterior ramus.) 
Vertebral artery-48:21. (Its third part only.) 
Posterior arch of atlas-6 :59. 48 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
4. DEEPER BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES OF THE BACK OF THE 
NECK. 
For the more superficial vessels and nerves see 1:2c. 
Occipital artery-47 :22. 
Muscular rami**-47 :25. 
Ramus descendens**-47 :26. 
Mastoid ramus**-47 :23. 
Auricular ramus**-47 :24. 
Occipital rami**-47 :28. 
Ascending cervical artery-48 :55. 
Deep cervical artery-48 :66. 
Occipital vein-54:20. 
Mastoid emissary vein-53 :35. 
Deep cervical vein-52 :64. 
Posterior rami of cervical nerves-69 :2. 
Medial rami-69 :3. 
Lateral rami-69 4. 
V. Face and Frontal Region of the Head. 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 5, 6.) 
Glabella-10:21. 
Supraorbital margin of frontal bone-10:9. 
Infraorbital margin of maxillary bone-10:74. 
Zygomatic arch-12 40. 
Temporal fossa-12 :39. 
Ramus of the mandible-11:72. 
Body of the mandible-11:61. 
Fossa retromandibularis-82 :22. 
Nose-4:23. 
Dorsum-4:24. 
Apex-4:25. 
Ala-4:26. 
Septum-35 :39. 
Nares-35 :37. 
Mouth-4:27. 
Superior and inferior lips-4:30, 31. 
Rima oris-4:32. 
Angle of the mouth-30:38. 
Nasolabial sulcus-4:28. 
Cheek-4:36. 
Chin-4:38. 
Mentolabial sulcus-4:37. 
Eye-4:16. 
Superior and inferior eyelids-4:17, 18; 75:12, 13. 
Rima palpebrarum-4:19, 75:16. 
Medial and lateral palpebral commissures-75:17, 18. 
Angulus oculi medialis and lateralis-7 ': 19, 20. 
Bulbus oculi-4:20. 
Infrapalpebral sulcus-4:22. 
Supercilium-4:21. 
Anterior and posterior palpebral surfaces-75:14, 15. HEAD AND NECK 
49 
Anterior and posterior palpebral margins-75:21, 22. 
Tarsal glands-75:27. (Their openings only.) 
Sebum palpebrale-75:28. 
Tunica conjunctive palpebrarum-75:35. 
Tunica conjunctive oculi-75:34. 
Fornix conjunctive superior and inferior-75:36, 37. 
Lacus lacrimalis-75:47. 
Caruncula lacrimalis-75:33. 
Plica semilunares conjunctivae-75:32. 
Papilla lacrimalis-75:50. 
Puncta lacrimalia-75 :48. 
Ductus lacrimales-75:49. 
2. REGIONS OF THE FACE-82:9-21. (Fig. 1 and pl. 11.) 
Nasal region-82 :10. 
Oral region-82:11. 
Superior and inferior labial regions-82:16, 17. 
Mental region-82:14. 
Orbital region-82:15. 
Superior and inferior palpebral regions-82:16, 17. 
Infraorbital region-82 :18. 
Infraorbital region-82 :20. 
Buccal region-82 :19. 
Zygomatic region-82 :20. 
Parotideomasseteric region-82:21. 
Retromandibular fossa-82 :22. 
3. FASCIA AND PAROTID GLAND. 
Incisions for skin reflection: (a) median longitudinal from the forehead to 
the tip of the chin; (b) from the anterior median line transversely at the 
level of the rima palpebrarum, encircling the eye, and extending posteriorly 
to the ear; (c) transversely from the angle of the mouth to the posterior 
border of the ramus of the mandible. 
Parotid gland-31:13. 
May be exposed by removing the parotideomasseteric fascia, but guard- 
ing all nerves from injury. 
Retromandibular process-31:14. 
Accessory parotid gland-31:15. 
Parotid duct-31:16. 
4. SUPERFICIAL NERVES OF THE FACE. 
Anterior ramus of the great auricular nerve**-69 :13. 
Branches of the Facial Nerve: 
Exposed by carefully removing the parotid gland, a part at a time. 
The exit of the facial nerve from the stylomastoid foramen may be 
exposed by cutting away (with saw and chisel) the free projecting part 
of the mastoid process, guarding against injury to the posterior auricu- 
lar nerve. 
Parotid plexus-67 :57. 
Temporal rami-67 :58. 
Zygomatic rami-67 :59. 
Buccal rami-67 :60. 
Marginal mandibular ramus-67 :61. 
Digastric ramus-67 :54. 
Stylohyoid ramus-67 :55. 50 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Branches of the Ophthalmic Division of the Trigeminal Nerve: 
Supraorbital nerve-66 :20. 
Frontal ramus-66:21. (Of the frontal nerve.) 
Supratrochlear nerve-66 :22. 
Anterior nasal rami of the nasociliary nerve**-66 :28. 
Superior and inferior palpebral rami of the infratrochlear 
nerve**-66 :34, 35. 
Branches of the Maxillary Division of the Trigeminal Nerve: 
Zygomaticotemporal ramus of the zygomatic nerve-66 :41. 
Zygomaticofacial ramus of the zygomatic nerve-66 :42. 
Inferior palpebral rami of the infraorbital nerve-66 :52. 
External nasal rami of the infraorbital nerve-66 :53. 
Superior labial rami of the infraorbital nerve-66 :55. 
Branches of the Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal Nerve: 
Buccinator nerve--67 :13. 
May be identified at this stage of the dissection through its anasto- 
moses with the facial nerve. 
Auriculotemporal nerve-67 :16. 
Mental nerve-67 :33. 
5. SUPERFICIAL BLOOD VESSELS OF THE FACE. 
Branches of the External Carotid Artery: 
Superficial temporal artery-47 :36. 
Parotid rami-47 :37. 
Transverse artery of face-47 :38. 
Anterior auricular rami-47 :39. 
Zygomaticoorbital artery-47 :40. 
Middle temporal artery-47 :41. 
Internal maxillary artery-47 :44. (Its origin only.) 
External maxillary artery--47 :13. 
Inferior labial artery-47 :18. 
Superior labial artery-47 :19. 
Angular artery-47 :20. 
Posterior facial vein and its tributaries-54:6-9, 13, 14. 
Anterior facial vein and its tributaries-53:70-77, 54:1-5. 
6. MUSCLES OF THE FACE AND FRONT OF HEAD. 
Platysma muscle-24:54. 
Frontalis muscle-24:9. 
Procerus muscle-24:11. 
Orbicularis oculi muscle-24:16. 
Pars palpebralis-24:17. 
Pars orbitalis-24:18. 
Pars lacrimalis-24:19. 
Nasalis muscle-24:12. 
Pars transversa-24:13. 
Pars alaris-24:14. 
Depressor septi nasi muscle-24:15. 
Orbicularis oris muscle-24:23. 
Quadratus labii superioris muscle-24:28. 
Caput zygomaticum-24:29. 
Caput infraorbitale-24:30. 
Caput angulare-24:31. HEAD AND NECK 
51 
Zygomatic muscle-24:27. 
Risorius muscle-24:26. 
Triangularis muscle-24:24. 
Quadratus labii inferioris muscle-24:32. 
Caninus muscle-24:33. 
Buccinator muscle-24:34. 
Buccopharyngeal fascia-24:43. 
Ineisivi labii superioris and inferioris muscles-24:35, 36. 
VI. Structures in Relation to the Temporal 
and Infratemporal Fossae. 
1. FASCIA, MUSCLES, AND VESSELS. 
Temporal fascia-24:45. 
Zygomatic and temporal rami of the facial nerve-67 :59, 58. 
Zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal rami of the zygomatic 
nerve-66 :42, 41. 
Middle temporal artery-47 :41. 
Masseter muscle-24:38. 
The following nerve and artery may be exposed as they pass through the 
mandibular notch by detaching the temporal fascia from the zygomatie 
arch, with a saw and bone forceps dividing the zygomatie arch immediately 
anterior and posterior to the origin of the masseter muscle (the anterior 
saw-cut being made obliquely downward and anteriorly connecting the an- 
terior ends of the superior and inferior margins of the arch), and carefully 
reflecting the detached segment of the zygomatic arch and masseter muscle 
(the dissection may be complicated by a union of the masseter and temporal 
muscles). 
Masseter nerve-67 :9. 
Masseteric artery-47 :54. 
Temporal muscle-24:39. 
Exposed by dividing the masseteric nerve and artery and completing 
the reflection of the masseter muscle toward its insertion. 
The deeper structures of the temporal fossa are demonstrated by removing 
the coronoid process of the mandible by a cut extending from the middle 
of the incisura mandibulae downward and anteriorly to the junction of the 
anterior margins of the coronoid process and ramus of the mandible (mak- 
ing the incision partially with a saw and completing the division with a 
bone forceps), reflecting the coronoid process and the attached temporal 
muscle upward (guarding at the same time against cutting the buccinator 
nerve), and with the handle of a scalpel detaching the deeper portion of 
the temporal muscle at its origin. 
Anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves-67 :11, 12. 
Anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries**-47 :56, 55. 
Median temporal artery-47 :41. 
Zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve**-66 :41. 
The following structures in the infratemporal fossa may be more fully ex- 
posed by removing a segment of the ramus of the mandible. To this end 
two incisions may be made, one through the neck of the condyloid process 
of the mandible and a second transversely through the ramus of the 
mandible immediately superior to the level of the mandibular foramen 
(locating the level of the foramen by inserting the handle of a scalpel 
between the ramus and the subjacent structures and carrying it downwards 
until its progress is arrested by the vessels and nerves entering the fora- 
men). In the case of both incisions the cut should be made through the 
lateral table of the bone with a saw and the incision completed with a bone 52 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
forceps; the isolated segment of the mandicular ramus is removed and the 
subjacent nerves, vessels and muscles exposed. 
External pterygoid muscle-24:40. 
Internal pterygoid muscle-24:41. 
Buccinator muscle-24:34. 
Buccopharyngeal fascia-24:43. 
Pterygomandibular raphe-32 :52. 
Internal maxillary artery-47 :44. (Its first and second parts.) 
Deep auricular artery**--47 :45. (Its origin only.) 
Anterior tympanic artery**-47:46. (Its origin only.) 
Inferior alveolar artery-47 :47. 
Mylohyoid ramus-47 :48. 
Middle meningeal artery-47 :50. 
(Accessory menigeal ramus)-47 :51. 
Masseteric artery-47 :54. 
Posterior and anterior deep temporal artery-47 :55, 56. 
Pterygoid rami**-47 :57. 
Buccinator artery**-47 :58. 
Posterior superior alveolar artery-47 :59. 
The following tributaries of the posterior fascial vein are seldom well 
enough preserved to be satisfactorily demonstrated by dissection: 
Articular mandibular veins**-54:10. 
Stylomastoid vein**-54:12. 
Pterygoid plexus-54:13. 
Transverse facial vein**-54:13. 
2. MANDIBULAR ARTICULATION-19:35. 
Articular capsule-19 :36. 
Temporomandibular ligament-19 :38. 
Sphenomandibular ligament-19 :39. 
Stylomandibular ligament-19 :40. 
Articular disc-19 :37. 
Exposed by removing the temporomandibular ligament. 
3. NERVES. 
The demonstration of the following nerves may be completed by disarticu- 
lating the condyloid process and reflecting it together with the external 
pterygoid muscle anteriorly, guarding at the same time against cutting the 
auriculotemporal nerve. 
Mandibular nerve--67 :6. 
Spinosus nerve-67 :7. 
Masticator nerve-67 :8. 
Masseteric nerve-67 :8. 
Anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves-67 :11, 12. 
Buccinator nerve-67 :13. 
External pterygoid nerve-67 :14. 
Internal pterygoid nerve-67 :15. 
Auriculotemporal nerve-67 :16. 
Nerve of the external auditory meatus**-67 :17. 
Ramus to the tympanic membrane**-67 :8. 
Lingual nerve-67 :23. 
Inferior alveolar nerve-67 :32. 
Mylohyoid nerve-67 :32. 
Chorda tympani-67 :64. HEAD AND NECK 
53 
4. MANDIBULAR CANAL^12:3. 
May be exposed by removing (by means of a saw, chisel, and bone forceps) 
the outer compact layer of the mandible. 
Inferior alveolar artery-47 :47. 
Mylohyoid ramus--47 :48. 
Mental artery-47 :49. 
Inferior alveolar nerve-67 :28. 
Inferior dental plexus-67 :29. 
Inferior dental rami-67 :29. 
Inferior gingival rami--67 :31. 
Mylohyoid nerve-67 :32. 
Mental nerve-67 :33. 
. Mental rami-67 :33. 
Mental rami-67 :34. 
Inferior labial rami-67 :35. 
VII. Submaxillary Region. 
1. SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES IN THE SUBMAXILLARY REGION. 
With the exception of the following structures the more superficial struc- 
tures in this region have already been listed in connection with the sub- 
maxillary or digastric triangle, III: Ga. 
Digastric muscle-24:47-49. 
Stylohyoid muscle-24:50. 
Submaxillary gland-31:11. (Its superficial part only.) 
2. DEEPER STRUCTURES IN THE SUBMAXILLARY REGION. 
Mylohyoid muscle-24:51. 
Exposed by dividing the anterior belly of the digastric muscle near its 
attachment to the mandible, sawing through the mandible slightly 
lateral to the median plane on each side (so as to leave intact the 
attachments of the geniohyoid and genioglossus muscles), and everting 
the inferior border of the lateral part of the mandible. 
Lingual nerve-67 :23. 
May be exposed by dividing the mylohyoid muscle slightly below its 
origin from the mylohyoid line of the mandible and along the median 
raphe, and reflecting the muscle downward over the hyoid bone, guard- 
ing at the same time against cutting the mucous membrane of the 
mouth. 
Sublingual nerve**-67 :26. 
Lingual rami**-67 :27. 
Hypoglossal nerve-68 :60. 
Lingual rami**-68 :64. 
Submaxillary ganglion-67 :43. 
Rami communicating with the lingual nerve-67 :44. 
Submaxillary rami-67 :45. 
Glossopharyngeal nerve-68 :8. 
Submaxillary gland-31:11. (Its deep part.) 
Submaxillary duct-31:12. 
Sublingual gland-31:8. 
Major and minor sublingual ducts-31:9, 10. 
Hyoglossus muscle-32 :3. 
Styloglossus muscle-32:5. 
Chondroglossus muscle**-32 :4. 54 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Genioglossus muscle-32:2. 
Geniohyoid muscle-24:52. 
Lingual artery-47 :8. 
Exposed by detaching the hyoglossus muscle from the hyoid bone and 
reflecting it upward. 
Dorsal rami of the tongue**-47 :11. 
Sublingual artery**-47 :10. 
Deep artery of the tongue**-47 :12. 
Lingual vein-53 :6. . 
Stylohyoid ligament-18 :54. 
VIII. Structures in Relation to the Deeper Regions of the Neck 
and Base of the Cranium. 
1. OTIC GANGLION, TENSOR VELI PALATINI, STYLOPHARYNGEUS 
MUSCLES. 
Otic ganglion-67 :36. 
Exposed by dividing the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves immediately 
inferior to their origins and carefully displacing the mandibular nerve. 
Roots: 
A short root from the mandibular nerve:** 
A long root, the lesser superficial petrosal nerve**-67 :37. 
A sympathetic root from the plexus of the middle menin- 
geal artery.** 
Branches of Distribution: 
Tensor veli palatini nerve**-67 :38. 
Tensor tympani nerve**-67 :39. 
Communicating Rami: 
Anastomotic ramus with the spinous nerve**-67 :40. 
Anastomotic ramus with the auriculotemporal nerve**- 
67 :41. 
Anastomotic ramus with the chorda tympani**-67 :42. 
Tensor veli palatini muscle-32:25. 
May be exposed by detaching the internal pterygoid muscle from the 
posterior border of the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process-8:61. 
Stylopharyngeus muscle-32 :32. 
May be exposed by dividing the posterior belly of the digastric muscle 
near its origin and reflecting it toward its attachment to the hyoid bone, 
cutting through the external carotid artery just inferior to its termina- 
tion, dividing the posterior auricular and occipital arteries at their 
origins and displacing the external carotid artery anteriorly (guarding 
against injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve). 
2. BLOOD VESSELS. 
Internal carotid artery-47 :68. 
In completing its exposure the base of the styloid process may .be divided 
(with a bone forceps) and the styloid process together with the attached 
muscles reflected downward and anteriorly. The correlation of the 
structures at the base of the cranium with the structures previously ex- 
posed in the floor of the cranium may be facilitated by removing the 
calvarium (guarding, however, against drying of the cranial floor). 
In demonstrating the superior portion of the cervical part of the internal 
carotid artery, the pharyngeal rami of the vagus nerve should first be HEAD AND NECK 
55 
secured and the following four nerves identified in the interval between 
the internal jugular vein, namely, the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory 
and hypoglossal nerves. 
Ascending pharyngeal artery**-47 :4. 
Ascending palatine artery**-47 :14. 
Tonsillar ramus of the external maxillary artery**-47 :15. 
Internal jugular vein-52 :69. 
Superior bulb of the jugular vein-52:70. 
Lingual vein-53 :6. 
(Superior thyreoid veins)-53:10. 
Common facial vein-53 :69. 
By slitting open the inferior part of the internal jugular vein the 
valve situated near the termination of the vein may be demonstrated. 
3. NERVES. 
Glossopharyngeal nerve-68 :8. 
Lingual rami**-68:21. (Their origin only.) 
Tonsillar rami**-68 :20. 
Stylopharyngeal ramus**-68 :19. 
Pharyngeal rami**-68 :18. 
Superior ganglion-68 :9. 
Petrous ganglion-68 :10. 
Tympanic nerve-68 :11. 
The following nerve, in the middle cranial fossa, is in relation- 
ship with the tympanic nerve: 
Lesser superficial petrosal nerve-67 :37. 
Vagus nerve-68:22. 
Ganglion jugulare-68 :23. 
Ganglion nodosum-68 :24, 
The following rami cannot be satisfactorily demonstrated in an ordi- 
nary dissection. 
Meningeal ramus**-68 :25. 
Auricular ramus**-68 :26. 
Anastomotic ramus with the glossopharyngeal nerve**- 
68 :27. 
In review the following rami may be noted: 
Pharyngeal rami-68 :28. 
Superior laryngeal nerve and its rami-68 :30-33. 
Superior cardiac rami-68 :34. 
(Depressor nerve)-68:35. 
Recurrent nerve-68 :36. 
Accessory nerve--68 :57. 
Internal ramus**-68 :58. 
External ramus-68 :59. 
Hypoglossal nerve-68 :60. 
The demonstration of its exit from the hypoglossal canal is facilitated 
by dividing the internal jugular vein 5 cm. below the base of the skull 
and reflecting it upward. 
The following rami have already been exposed in preceding dissections: 
Ramus descendens-68 :61. 
Ansa hypoglossi-68 :62. 
Thyreohyoid ramus-68 :63. 
Lingual rami-68 :64. 56 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
4. SYMPATHETIC TRUNK. 
Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk-71:34. 
Superior cervical ganglion-71:35. 
Jugular nerve**-71:36. 
Internal carotid nerve**-71:38. 
Internal carotid plexus**-71:38. 
External carotid nerves**-71:45. 
External carotid plexus**-71:46. 
Laryngopharyngeal rami**-71:57. 
Superior cardiac nerve-71:59. 
Middle cervical ganglion-71:60. 
Inferior cervical ganglion-71:62. 
The remaining rami and plexuses of the cervical part of the sympa- 
thetic system are indicated in -71-47-54, 56, 58, 65-68. 
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle**-24:2. 
IX. Structures in Relation to the Cervical Part of the Vertebral 
Column and the Posterior Part of the Base of the Skull. 
The head and neck may be divided into anterior and posterior parts by: 
(a) forcibly displacing the nerves and vessels of the neck together with the 
oesophagus and trachea anteriorly, away from the cervical vertebrae, and 
exposing the periosteum investing the base of the skull between the pharynx 
and prevertebral muscles; (h) with a chisel and mallet making a transverse 
incision through the pars basilaris of the occipital bone (directing the chisel 
as nearly as possible at right angles to the plane of the bone; (c) making 
two saw-cuts through the skull, one on each side, beginning at a point 2 cm. 
posterior to the mastoid process and extending obliquely anteromedially to 
a point immediately posterior to the jugular foramen; (d) with a chisel 
completing the division of the base of the skull by an incision on each side 
uniting the end of the preceding chisel-cut (h) with the adjacent end of 
the saw-cut (the incision in each case passing medialward between the 
jugular foramen and the hypoglossal canal); (e) dividing any remaining 
intervening soft parts and completing the separation of the anterior and 
posterior parts of the head and neck. The hypoglossal nerve will be divided 
close to the base of the skull and superior to the ganglion nodosum of the 
vagus nerve, but all other cerebral nerves should remain intact and be 
carried away with the anterior part of the skull. 
1. MUSCLES, NERVES, AND BLOOD VESSELS. 
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle**-24:2. (Previously listed in 
Section VIII :4.) 
Rectus capitis anterior muscle**-24:65. 
Longus capitis muscle**-24:64. 
Longus colli muscle**-24:63. 
Anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles-24:66-68. 
(Their attachments only.) 
Anterior and posterior intertransverse muscles**-23 :62, 63. 
Cervical nerves, I-VIII-69 :1. 
May be exposed by removing the prevertebral and scalene muscles. 
Anterior rami-69 :8. 
Posterior rami-69 :2. 
Vertebral artery-48 :21. 
May be exposed by removing the intertransverse muscles, the rectus 
capitis lateralis, the obliquus capitis superior and the obliquus capitis 
inferior muscles, and with a bone forceps cutting away the anterior 
tubercles and costal portions of the transverse processes of the third 
to sixth cervical vertebral. 
Spinal rami**-48 :22. 
Vertebral vein-52:63. HEAD AND NECK 
57 
2. ARTICULATIONS OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE III-VII. 
Intervertebral fibrocartilages-18 :37. 
Fibrous ring-18 :38. 
Nucleus pulposus-18 :38. 
Ligamehta flava-18 :40. 
Articular capsules-18 :41. 
Intertransverse ligaments**-18 :42. (Not well developed in the 
neck.) 
Intersp inous ligaments-18 :43. 
Ligamentum nuchae-18 :45. 
Anterior longitudinal ligament-18 :46. 
Posterior longitudinal ligament-18 :47. 
3. ARTICULATIONS OF THE EPISTROPHEUS, ATLAS, AND OCCIPITAL 
BONE. 
Atlantooccipital articulation-19 :1. 
Articular capsule-19 :2. 
Anterior atlantooccipital membrane-19 :3. 
Posterior atlantooccipital membrane-19 :4. 
Atlantoepistropheal articulation-19 :5. 
Articular capsule-19 :6. 
Tectorial membrane-19 :11. 
Demonstrated by removing (with a bone forceps) the posterior arches 
of the atlas and epistropheus, making a saw-cut on each side of the 
occipital bone, extending from just posterior to the jugular process and 
occipital condyle to the foramen magnum, detaching the squamous por- 
tion of the occipital bone and removing the exposed portion of the dura 
mater. 
Cruciate ligament of atlas-19 :10. 
Exposed by detaching the tectorial membrane from the epistropheus and 
reflecting it upward. 
Transverse ligament of the atlqs-19 :9. 
Alar ligaments-19 :7. 
Demonstrated by detaching the vertical part of the cruciate ligament 
at its superior attachment to the occipital bone and reflecting it down- 
ward. 
Apical ligament of the dens-19 :8. 
4. CERVICAL PORTION OF THE VERTEBRAL CANAL AND SPINAL 
CORD. 
The contents of the cervical portion of the vertebral canal may be exposed 
by cutting away all the muscles still, remaining attached to the spinous 
processes and arches of the cervical vertebrae and removing the laminae 
of the vertebral arches. For the meninges and related structures, see 
Thorax, V:4. 
Cervical nerves-69 :1. 
Anterior roots-68 :67. 
Posterior roots-68 :68. 
Spinal ganglia-68 :69. 
Anterior rami-68 :70. 
Posterior rami--68 :71. 
Spinal rami of the vertebral artery-48 :22. 
Posterior spinal artery-48 :23. 
Anterior spinal artery-48 :24. 58 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Cervical part of spinal cord-58 :21. 
Cervical enlargement-58 :22. 
For surface anatomy and internal structure of the spinal cord see 
Thorax, V :5. 
X. Remaining Structures in the Anterior Part 
of the Head and Neck. 
For division of the head and neck into anterior and posterior parts see Sec- 
tion IX. 
1. PHARYNX-32:29, 4:43. 
a. Muscles and fascia of the pharynx. 
Buccopharyngeal fascia-24 -.43. 
Pterygomandibular raphe-32 :52. 
Tunica muscularis of the pharynx-32 :50. 
Constrictor pharyngeus inferior muscle-32 :62-64. 
Constrictor pharyngeus medius muscle'-32 :59-61. 
Constrictor pharyngeus superior muscle-32 :53-57. 
Exposed by dividing the pterygoideus internus muscle trans- 
versely at its middle and reflecting the two ends toward their 
origin and insertion, guarding against cutting the tensor 
veli palatini muscle. 
Fascia pharyngobasilaris-32 :44. 
b. Cavity of the pharynx-32 :30. 
May be exposed by making the following incisions: (a) longitudin- 
ally in the middle line throughout the entire extent of the posterior 
wall of the pharynx; (&) from the superior extremity of the pre- 
ceding incision, transversely through the fascia pharyngobasilaris, 
close to the base of the cranium and extending laterally as far as the 
cartilage of the Eustachian tube. 
The following structures may be identified by inspection: 
Pars nasalis-32:22. 
Fornix pharyngis-32:31. 
Pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube-32:35. 
Anterior lip-32 :36. 
Posterior lip-32:37. 
Torus tubarius-32 :38. 
Salpingopharyngeal fold-32 :39. 
Pharyngeal recess--32 :40. 
Pharyngeal tonsil-32 :47. 
Tonsillar crypts-32 :48. 
(Pharyngeal bursa)-32:41. 
Soft palate-30 :41. 
Uvula-32 :13. 
Pars oralis-32:33. 
Glossopalatine arch-32:15. 
Pharyngopalatine arch-32 :16. 
Lateral glossoepiglottic fold-37 :27. 
Median glossoepiglottic fold-37 :26. 
Epiglottic vallecula-37 :12. 
Pars laryngis-32 :34. 
Aryepiglottic fold-37 :28. 
Aditus laryngis-37 :13. 
Piriform recess-32 :42. 
Fold of the laryngeal nerve-37 :29. ELEAD AND NECK 
59 
Looking anteriorly from the nasal part of the pharynx the following 
are visible in relation to the posterior part of the nasal cavity: 
Nasal septum-35 :39. 
Nasopharyngeal meatus-35 :59. 
Inferior nasal meatus-35 :57. 
Middle nasal meatus-35 :55. 
Inferior nasal concha-35 :48. 
Middle nasal concha-35 :47. 
2. MOUTH AND FAUCES. 
To facilitate the demonstration of the following structures the 
anterior part of the head and neck may be divided into two lateral 
halves by making the following incisions: (a) with a knife dividing 
the uvula and soft palate in the median sagittal plane; (b) in a 
similar manner dividing the cartilaginous part of the nose as far 
as the nasal bone as nearly as possible in the mid-sagittal plane, 
(before making this incision it should be ascertained whether the 
nasal septum deviates to either the right or left of the mid-plane, 
and if so, making the cut through the cartilage close to the concave 
side of the septum, thus guarding against cutting the septum itself) ; 
(c) with a saw cutting through the floor of the anterior part of 
the skull, beginning posteriorly and sawing forward, making the cut 
pass through the hard palate and root of the nose just lateral to 
the nasal septum and, in line with preceding incision, through the 
cartilaginous part of the nose; (d) with a knife dividing the tongue 
and soft structures in the floor of the mouth, the pharynx, larynx, 
trachea, and any other remaining soft structures in the median 
sagittal plane; (e) completing the division by sawing through the 
anterior part of the mandible in the same plane. 
a. General characteristics of the oral cavity. 
Cheek-30 :29. 
Fat body of the cheek**-30 :30. 
Vestibule of the mouth-30 :31. 
Mouth cavity proper-30:32. 
Oral fissure-30 :33. 
Lips-30 :34-36. 
Labial commissure-30 :37. 
Angles of the mouth-30 :38. 
Palate-30 :39. 
Hard palate-30 :40. 
Soft palate-30:41. 
Raphe of the palate-30:42. 
b. Mucous membrane of the mouth-30 :43. 
Frenulum of the upper and lower lips-30 :44, 45. 
Gum-30 :46.. 
Sublingual caruncle--30:47. 
Sublingual fold-30 :48. 
Transverse palatine folds-30 :49. 
Incisor papilla-30 :50. 
c. Glands of the mouth-31:1. 
Only the openings of the ducts of the following glands can be demon- 
strated at this stage of the dissection. 
Sublingual gland-31:8. 
Major and minor ducts-31:9, 10. 60 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Submaxillary gland-31:11. 
Submaxillary duct-31:12. 
Parotid gland-31:13-15. 
Parotid duct-31:16. 
The following structures are usually difficult to demonstrate in an 
ordinary dissection: 
Labial glands-31:2. 
Buccal glands-31:3. 
Molar glands-31:4. 
Palatine glands-31:5. 
Lingual glands-31:6. 
Anterior lingual gland-31:7. 
d. Teeth-31:18. 
Superior and inferior dental arches-31:45, 46. 
Incisor teeth-31:47. 
Canine teeth--31:48. 
Premolar teeth-31:49. 
Molar teeth-31:50. 
Dens serotinus-31:51. 
Permanent and deciduous teeth-31:52, 53. 
e. Tongue-31:54. 
Dorsum of the tongue-31:55. 
Root of the tongue-31:56. 
Body of the tongue-31:57. 
Inferior surface-31:58, 59. 
Lateral margin-31:60. 
Apex-31:61. 
Mucous membrane-31:62. 
For the muscles and papillae of the tongue see X: 7. 
/. Fauces-32:10. 
Isthmus of the fauces-32:11. 
Velum palatinum-32:12. 
Uvula-32:13. 
Palatine arches-32 :12. 
Glossopalatine arches-32 :15. 
Pharyngopalatine arches-32 :16. 
Salpingopalatine fold**-32 :17. 
Palatine tonsil-32 :18. 
Tonsillar crypts-32 :19. 
Tonsillar sinus-32 :20. 
Plica triangularis-32 :21. 
Supratonsillar fossa-32 :22. 
3. SOFT PALATE AND RELATED STRUCTURES. 
A satisfactory dissection of the soft palate is made with difficulty 
in the ordinary cadaver material; in demonstrating its structures the 
soft palate should be made tense by means of a hook and the mucous 
membrane removed from its oral and pharyngeal surfaces and from 
the surface of the glossopalatine and pharyngopalatine arches. 
a. Muscles. 
Glossopalatine muscle**-32 :27. 
Pharyngopalatine muscle**-32 :28. HEAD AND NECK 
61 
Salpingopharyngeus muscle**-32 :58. 
Uvulae muscle**-32 :26. 
Levator veli palatini muscle**-32:24. 
May be exposed by removing the wall of the pharynx between 
the auditory tube superiorly and the upper margin of the superior 
pharyngeal constrictor muscle inferiorly. 
Tensor veli palatini muscle-32 :25. 
b. Arteries. 
Ascending palatine artery**-47 :14. 
Pharyngeal rami of the ascending pharyngeal artery**- 
47:6. 
Descending palatine from the internal maxillary artery** 
-47 :62. 
c. Nerves. 
Pharyngeal rami of the vagus nerve**-68 :28. 
Component fibres of these rami are derivatives of the accessory 
nerve. 
Nerve of the tensor veli palatini**-67 :38. 
Posterior palatine nerve**-67 :5. 
Middle palatine nerve**-67 :4. 
4. AUDITORY TUBE-78:11. 
Osseous part of the auditory tube-78:13. 
Cartilaginous part of the auditory tube-78:16. 
Cartilage of the auditory tube-78:17. 
Medial cartilaginous lamina-78:18. 
Lateral cartilaginous lamina-78:19. 
Membranous lamina-78:20. 
Tunica mucosa-78:21-23. 
Pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube-78:24. 
5. NASAL CAVITY. 
a. Nasal septum-35 :39. 
Cartilaginous septum-35 :40. 
May be exposed by removing the mucous membrane from the 
septum. 
Membranous septum-35 :41. 
The following structures may be demonstrated by carefully removing 
the cartilage and thin bony part of the septum (a small piece at 
a time), but retaining intact the mucous membrane of the opposite 
side. 
Olfactory nerves-66 :3. 
Medial superior posterior nasal rami-66 :62. 
Nasopalatine nerve-66 :63. 
Medial nasal rami of the internal branch of the anterior 
ethmoidal nerve--66 :31. 
Posterior nasal arteries of the septum-47 :67. 
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries-48 :6, 7. 
Difficult to demonstrate in ordinary material. 62 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
b. Cavity and lateral walls of the nose. 
Nares-35 :37. 
Choanae-35 :38. 
Vestibule of the nose-35 :42. 
Vibrissae-79 :34. 
Limen nasi-35 :43. 
Olfactory sulcus-35 :44. 
Superior nasal concha-35 :46. 
Middle nasal concha-35 :47. 
Inferior nasal concha-35 :48. 
(Concha suprema)-35:45. 
Mucous membrane-35 :49. 
Cavernous plexus of the concha-35 :50. 
Agger nasi-35 :51. 
Sphenoethmoidal recess-35 :52. 
Meatuses of the nose-35 :53. 
Superior meatus-35 :54. 
Middle meatus-35 :55. 
Atrium of the middle meatus-35 :56. 
Inferior meatus-35 :57. 
Common meatus-35 :58. 
Nasopharyngeal meatus-35 :59. 
Respiratory region-35 :60. 
Olfactory region-35 :61. 
Olfactory glands-35 :62. 
Nasal glands-35 :71. 
Ethmoidal infundibulum-35 :68. 
Exposed by forcing the middle concha upwards. 
Hiatus semilunaris-35 :70. 
Bulla ethmoidalis-35 :68. 
Nasolacrimal duct-75:54. (Its inferior opening only.) 
Ethmoidal cells-35:67. (Only their openings are ex- 
posed.) 
c. Paranasal sinuses-35 :63. 
Maxillary sinus-35 :64. 
Its cavity may be exposed by sawing upwards through the base 
of the zygomatic process of the maxilla and removing its lateral 
wall. 
Sphenoidal sinus-35 :65. 
Frontal sinus-35 :66. 
d. Nerves and vessels in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. 
Olfactory nerves-66 :3. 
Lateral nasal rami of the internal branch of the anterior 
ethmoidal nerve-66 :30. 
Branches from the sphenopalatine ganglion: 
Lateral superior posterior nasal rami-66 :61. 
Difficult to demonstrate in an ordinary dissection. 
[Lateral] inferior posterior nasal rami-67 :1. 
Sphenopalatine artery-47 :66. 
The descending palatine branch of the internal maxillary artery- 
47:62, and the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries-48:6, 7, 
also contribute small twigs to the nasal muco-periosteum. HEAD AND NECK 
63 
e. Nasal cartilages-36 :6. 
Lateral nasal cartilage-36 :9. 
Cartilage of the nasal septum-36:7. (See also X:5a.) 
Greater alar cartilages-36 :10. 
Lateral crus-36 :12. 
Medial crus-31:12. 
Lesser alar cartilages-36:13. 
6. LARYNX-36:18. 
a. Cavity of the larynx-37 -.11. 
The laryngeal cartilages constituting the ground plan of the larynx 
are listed under subhead 6d. 
Aperture of the larynx-37 :13. 
Aryepiglottic fold-37 :28. 
Cuneiform tubercle-36 :74. 
Corniculate tubercle-36:75. 
Interarytenoid notch-37 :35. 
Median glossoepiglottic fold-37 :26. 
Lateral glossoepiglottic fold-37 :27. 
Epiglottic vallecula-37 :12. 
Vestibule of the larynx-37 :14. 
Rima vestibuli-37 :15. 
Ventricular folds-37 :30. 
Superior aperture of the glottis-37 :34. 
Laryngeal ventricle-37 :21. 
Appendix of the laryngeal ventricle-37 :22. 
Vocal fold-37 :31. 
Macula flava-37 :32. 
The vocal and ventricular folds subdivide the laryngeal cavity 
into three subdivisions: a superior, or the vestibule; a middle sub- 
division, corresponding to the ventricles; and an inferior sub- 
division, inferior to the level of the vocal cords. 
Vocal lip-37 :16. 
Glottis-37 :17. 
Rima glottidis-37 :18. 
Intermembranous part-37 :19. 
Intercartilaginous part-37 :20. 
Inferior aperture of the glottis-37 :33. 
Laryngeal mucous membrane-37 :23. 
Laryngeal glands-37 :36-39. 
Lymphatic nodules of the larynx-37 :40. 
5. Laryngeal muscles, hyothyreoid and elastic membranes. 
Having examined the relations of the thryeoid gland, the following 
structures may be exposed by removing this organ together with the 
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyreoid, thyreohyoid, and inferior 
pharyngeal constrictor muscles, guarding against injury to the in- 
ternal and external rami of the superior laryngeal nerve, the inferior 
laryngeal nerve, and the superior and inferior laryngeal arteries. 
Hyothyreoid membrane-36 :34. 
Middle hyothyreoid ligament-36 :33. 
Lateral hyothyreoid ligament-36 :31. 
Triticeous cartilage-36 :32. 
Cricothyreoid muscle-36 :78. 64 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Straight part-36 :79. 
Oblique part-37 :1. 
Posterior cricoarytaenoid muscle-37 :2. 
Exposed by removing the tunica mucosa from the posterior aspect 
of the cricoid and arytaenoid cartilages, retaining intact, how- 
ever, the superior and laryngeal artery and nerve. 
Oblique arytaenoid muscle-37 :9. 
Aryepiglottic muscle-36 :77. 
Transverse arytaenoid muscle-37 :10. 
It is preferable to demonstrate the following muscles and the elastic 
membrane in only one half of the larynx, reserving the other half 
for the demonstration of nerves and vessels. 
Lateral cricoarytaenoid muscle-37 :4. 
Exposed by removing the cricothyreoid muscle, making an in- 
cision through the lamina of the thyreoid cartilage parallel to 
and a little to the right of the anterior median line, dividing the 
right lateral hyothyreoid ligament, disarticulating the right in- 
ferior cornu of the thyreoid cartilage and completing the removal 
of the lamina. 
Thyreoarytaenoid muscle-37 :8. 
Vocal muscle-37 :6. 
May be exposed by carefully removing the lateral cricoarytaenoid 
muscle. 
Thyreoepiglottic muscle-37 :7. 
Ventricular muscle-37 :5. 
Difficult to demonstrate in an ordinary dissection. 
Elastic membrane of the larynx-37 :24. 
Exposed by removing the vocal muscle. 
Elastic cone-37 :25. 
Vocal ligament-36 :63. 
(Sesamoid cartilage)-36:64. 
Ventricular ligament-36:62. 
c. Laryngeal nerves and vessels. 
The following structures may be detnonstrated in the remaining half 
of the larynx: 
Internal ramus of the superior laryngeal nerve-68 :32. 
Its position in the piriform sinus may be determined by pro- 
ducing a traction on the nerve external to the hyothyreoid mem- 
brane and demonstrating the fold of the laryngeal nerve-37:29. 
Anastomotic ramus with the inferior laryngeal nerve- 
68:33. 
Inferior laryngeal nerve-68 :40. 
Anterior ramus-68 :41. 
Posterior ramus--68 :42. 
Superior laryngeal artery-46 :64. 
Inferior laryngeal artery-48 :50. 
d. Laryngeal cartilages and ligaments. 
Epiglottis-36 -.67. 
Petiolus epiglottidis-36 :68. 
Epiglottic tubercle-36 :69. 
Epiglottic cartilage-36:70. 
Thyreoepiglottic ligament-36 :71. 
Hyoepiglottic ligament-36 :72. HEAD AND NECK 
65 
Thyreoid cartilage-36 :21. 
Right and left lamina-36 :22. 
Prominentia laryngea-36 :16. 
Superior thyreoid incisure-36 :23. 
Inferior thyreoid incisure-36 :24. 
Superior thyreoid tubercle-36 :25. 
Inferior thyreoid tubercle-36 :26. 
(Oblique line)-36:27. 
Superior cornu--.36 :28. 
Inferior cornu-36 :29. 
(Thyreoid foramen)-36:30. 
Cricothyreoid articulation-36 :40. 
Articular capsule-36 :41. 
Ceratocricoid ligaments**-36 :42-44. 
Cricoid cartillage-36 :35. 
The exposure of the cricoid cartilage may be completed by divid- 
ing the ligaments connecting the thyreoid and cricoid cartilages 
and removing the thyreoid cartilage. 
Arch-36 :36. 
Lamina-36 :37. 
Arytaenoid articular surface-36 :38. 
Thyreoid articular surface-36 :39. 
Cricotracheal ligament-36 :46. 
Corniculate cartilage-36 :57. 
Arycorniculate synchondrosis-36 :58. 
Corniculopharyngeal ligament**---36 :61. 
Cricopharyngeal ligament**-36 :60. 
Arytaenoid cartilage-36 :47. 
Apex-36 :54. 
Base-36:49. 
Articular surface-36 :48. 
Crista arcuata**-36 :50. 
Colliculus**-36 :51. 
Fovea oblongo**-36 :52. 
Fovea triangularis**-36 :53. 
Vocal process-36:55. 
Muscular process-36 :56. 
Cuneiform cartilage-36 :73. 
Cricoarytaenoid articulation-36 :59. 
Articular capsule-36 :65. 
Posterior cricoarytaenoid ligament**-36 :66. 
7. TONGUE-31:54. 
a. General characteristics and siirface anatomy. 
Dorsum of tongue-31:55. 
Root of tongue-31:56. 
Body of tongue-31:57. 
Inferior surface-31:58. 
Fimbriated fold-31:59. 
Lateral margin-31:60. 
Apex of tongue-31:61. 
Mucous membrane of tongue-31:62. 66 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Frenulum of tongue-31:63. 
Lingual papillae-31:64. 
Filiform papillae-31:65. 
Conical papillae-31:66. 
Fungiform papillae-31:67. 
Lenticular papillae-31:68. 
Vallate papillae-31:69. 
Foliate papillae-31:70. 
Medial sulcUs-31:71. 
Terminal sulcus-31:72. 
Foramen caecum-31:73. 
(Lingual duct)-31:74. 
Thyreoglossal duct-31:75. 
Lingual tonsil-31:76. 
Lingual follicles-31:77. 
5. Muscles of the tongue-32:1. 
Preferably demonstrated in one half of the tongue only, retaining the 
other half for the demonstration of nerves and vessels. 
Genioglossus muscle-32:2. 
Hyoglossus muscle-32:3. 
Chondroglossus muscle-32:4. 
Styloglossus muscle-32:5. 
The four preceding muscles may be characterized as extrinsic and the 
next three as intrinsic muscles of the tongue: 
Longitudinalis superior muscle**-32 :6. 
Longitudinalis inferior muscle**-32:7. 
Transversus linguae muscle**-32:8. 
Verticalis linguae muscle**-32:9. 
Septum of tongue-31:78. 
c. Nerves and vessels of the tongue. 
Lingual rami of the glossopharyngeal nerve-68 :21. 
Lingual nerve-67 :23. 
Sublingual nerve-67 :26. 
Lingual rami-67 :27. 
Hypoglossal nerve-68 :60. 
Lingual rami-68 :64. 
Lingual artery--47 :8. 
Dorsal rami of tongue-47 :11. 
Deep artery of tongue-47 :12. 
8. STRUCTURES IN THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA. 
Incisions for removal of the dura mater: (a) having secured the cut ends 
of the oculomotor, trochlear, and trigeminal nerves as they pierce the dura, 
an incision is made through the dura just lateral to these nerves from the 
anterior clinoid process to the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone (the cut should be made no deeper than the thickness of the dura), 
and then extended from the apex of the petrous bone backward and laterally 
along the superior petrosal sinus to the sigmoid sulcus; (&) a second 
incision is made through the dura from the clinoid process anterolaterally 
along the posterior margin of the small wing of the sphenoid bone; (c) 
the dura may then be reflected lateralward, carefully disengaging it from 
any underlying nerves or other structures which may be attached to it. 
Cavernous sinus-53 :24. 
Superior 'ophthalmic vein-53 :54. HEAD AND NECK 
67 
Inferior opthalmic vein-53 :68. 
Sphenoparietal sinus-53 :28. 
Trigeminal nerve-66 :11. 
Portio major-66 :12. 
Portio minor-66 :14. 
Semilunar ganglion-66 :13. 
Mandibular nerve-67 :6. (Origin and foramen of exit only.) 
An accessory meningeal artery-(47:51) is sometimes associated 
with it in its foramen of exit. 
Maxillary nerve-66:38. (Origin and foramen of exit.) 
Meningeal ramus-66 :39. 
Ophthalmalic nerve-66 :15. 
Lacrimal nerve-66:17. (Its origin only.) 
Nasociliary nerve-66:23. (Its origin only.) 
Frontal nerve-66:19. (Its origin only.) 
The following three nerves are listed with reference to the cavernous sinus 
only: 
Oculomotor nerve-66:5. 
Trochlear nerve-66 :9. 
Abducent nerve-67 :46. 
Cavernous plexus of the sympathetic-71:39. (Difficult to dem- 
onstrate. ) 
Internal carotid artery-47 :68. 
Ophthalmic artery-47 :70. (Its origin only.) 
Internal carotid plexus of the sympathetic-71:38. (Difficult 
to demonstrate in an ordinary dissection.) 
Greater superficial petrosal nerve-66 :59. 
Lesser superficial petrosal nerve-67 :37. 
Middle meningeal artery-47 :50. 
Superficial petrosal ramus**-47 :52. 
(Accessory meningeal ramus)-47 :51. 
9. EYELIDS AND LACRIMAL APPARATUS. 
For the surface anatomy of the eye see Section V:l. 
a. Eyelids-75:11. 
In demonstrating the following structures the palpebral part of the 
orbicularis oculi muscle may be removed, guarding against injury to 
underlying nerves and vessels. 
Orbital septum-75:5. 
Superior tarsus-75 :23. 
Inferior tarsus-75:24. 
Tarsal glands-75 :27. 
Lateral palpebral raphe-75:26. 
Medial palpebral ligament-75:25. 
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle-75:3. (Its tendon 
of insertion only.) 
For nerves and vessels of the eyelids see 1:2a and V :4. 
5. Lacrimal apparatus-75:41. 
Superior lacrimal gland-75:42. 
Should be identified with a minimum dissection. 
May be exposed by dividing the palpebral fascia at the upper 
and lateral angle of the orbit. 68 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Inferior lacrimal gland-75:43. 
(Accessory lacrimal gland)-75:44. 
Excretory ductules-75:45. 
Lacrimal duct-75:49. 
Exposed by reflecting the medial palpebral ligament. 
Ampulla of the lacrimal duct-75:51. 
Lacrimal sac-75 :52. 
Fornix of the lacrimal sac-75:53. 
Nasolacrimal duct-75:54. 
The following muscles may be exposed by dividing the eyelids 
through the middle by a sagittal section and removing the conjunc- 
tiva at the medial angle of the eye. 
Tarsalis superior muscle**-75:29. 
Tarsalis inferior muscle**-75 :30. 
10. STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO THE ORBIT. 
a. Structures in the superior part of the orbit and fascia of the 
eyeball. 
Exposed by removing (with a bone forceps, saw, and chisel) the 
thin roof or superior wall of the orbit (12:67), the thick cranial wall 
above the orbital opening (12:64), and the superior wall of the 
superior orbital fissure (12:71), retaining intact, however, the super- 
orbital margin (12:65) of the orbital opening and a ring of bone 
around the optic foramen (cutting away the anterior clinoid process 
will also facilitate the subsequent dissection), dividing the periosteum 
longitudinally midway between the medial and lateral walls of the 
orbit and also transversely close to the anterior margin of the 
superior orbital wall, and reflecting the two periosteal flaps laterally 
and medially. 
Frontal nerve-66 :19. 
Supraorbital nerve-66 :20. 
Frontal ramus-66 :21. 
Supratrochlear nerve-66 :22. 
Attention has already been directed to the peripheral distribution 
of these nerves. 1: 2a and V: 4. 
Corpus adiposum orbitae-75:9. 
To be removed gradually during the ensuing dissection. 
Trochlear nerve-66 :9. 
Lacrimal nerve-66 :17. 
Lacrimal glands-76:42-45. (See also 95.) 
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle-75:3. 
Fascia of eyeball-75:7. 
May be exposed by dividing the frontal nerve and levator palpe- 
brae superioris muscle in the middle of the orbit and reflecting 
their cut ends. 
Interfascial space-75 :8. 
Its extent may be determined by making an opening through 
fascia and introducing the handle of a scalpel or a blunt 
forceps into the opening. 
Rectus superior muscle-74:65. 
Obliquus superior muscle-74:71. 
Trochlea-75 :1. HEAD AND NECK 
69 
b. Optic nerve, nasociliary nerve, and ciliary ganglion. 
The following structures may be exposed by dividing superior rectus 
muscle midway between its origin and insertion, reflecting the cut 
ends (noting the superior division of the oculomotor nerve subjacent 
to its posterior part), and carefully removing the orbital fat. 
Optic nerve-66 :4. 
Nasociliary nerve-66 :23. 
Long root of the ciliary ganglion-66 :24. 
Long ciliary nerves-66 :25. 
Posterior ethmoidal nerve-66 :26. 
Anterior ethmoidal nerve-66 :27. 
Infratrochlear nerve-66 :33-35. 
Ciliary ganglion-66 :63. 
Short ciliary nerves-66 :37. 
c. Blood vessels of the orbit. 
Ophthalmic artery-47 :71. 
Central artery of retina-47 :72. 
Lacrimal artery-47 :72. 
Muscular rami-47 :74. 
Ciliary arteries-47:75, 76, 48:1-4. 
Supraorbital artery-48 :5. 
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries-48 :6, 7. 
Medial palpebral arteries-48 :9-11. 
Frontal artery-48 :12. 
Dorsal artery of nose-48 :13. 
Superior ophthalmic vein-53 :54. 
Inferior ophthalmic vein-53 :68. 
Central vein of retina-53 :69. 
Tributaries of the ophthalmic veins are indicated in 53:55, 53:64-67. 
d. Remaining structures of the orbit. 
Rectus medialis muscle-74:67. 
Rectus inferior muscle-74:66. 
Rectus lateralis muscle-74:68. 
Lacertus of rectus lateralis muscle**-74:69. 
Common tendinous ring of Zinn-74:70. 
May be exposed by dividing the optic nerve close to the optic 
foramen and turning the eyeball anteriorly. 
Oculomotor nerve-66 :5. 
Superior ramus-66 :6. 
Inferior ramus-66 :7. 
Short root of ciliary ganglion-66 :8. 
Abducens nerve-67 :46. 
Obliquus inferior muscle-75:2. 
May be exposed by replacing the eyeball in its normal position, 
everting the lower eyelid, carefully removing the conjunctiva in 
* the region of the inferior fornix. 
Zygomatic nerve-66 :40. 70 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
11. STRUCTURES IN THE CAROTID AND INFRAORBITAL CANALS, AND 
IN THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA. 
a. Carotid canal-9 :41. 
The contents of the carotid canal may be exposed by removing (with 
a bone forceps) the inferior wall of the carotid canal, guarding 
against injury to the auditory tube. 
Internal carotid artery-47 :68. 
Caroticotympanic ramus**-47 :69. 
Internal carotid nerve of sympathetic system-71:37. 
Internal carotid plexus-71:38. 
Deep petrosal nerve-66:60. (Its origin only.) 
b. Maxillary nerve and infraorbital canal. 
The structures in relation to the infraorbital canal and pterygo- 
palatine fossa may be exposed by making the following dissections: 
(a) beginning at the cut margin of the skull just above the external 
acoustic meatus, saw through the squamous part of the temporal 
bone and great wing of the sphenoid bone in a plane passing 
obliquely downward and forward to the medial end of the superior 
orbital fissure, the saw-cut passing just lateral to the foramen 
rotundum; (b) make a second saw-cut extending from the cut margin 
of the cranial wall, just above the anterior margin of the great 
wing of the sphenoid, downward into the superior orbital fissure, 
joining the first saw-cut; (c) detach the wedge of bone included 
between the two saw-cuts and with a bone forceps remove what 
remains of the great wing of the sphenoid bone lateral to the foramen 
rotundum, retaining intact, however, the bony circumference of this 
aperture; (d) and, finally, with a bone forceps (and chisel if neces- 
sary) remove the superior wall of the infraorbital canal. 
Maxillary nerve--66 :38. 
Zygomatic nerve-66 :40. 
Sphenopalatine nerves-66 :43. 
Posterior superior alveolar rami-66 :45. 
Infraorbital nerve-66 :46. 
Middle superior alveolar ramus-66 :47. 
Anterior superior alveolar rami-66 :48. 
Superior dental plexus-66 :49. 
This plexus also includes the posterior superior alveolar 
rami. 
Superior dental rami-66 :50. 
Superior gingival rami-66 :51. 
Infraorbital artery-47 :60. 
Anterior superior alveolar arteries-47 :61. 
c. Sphenopalatine ganglion. 
The sphenopalatine ganglion may be located by following the lateral 
superior nasal rami, together with the nasopalatine nerve, back to the 
sphenopalatine foramen, and the lateral posterior inferior rami of 
the anterior palatine nerve back to the pterygopalatine canal, care- 
fully opening the canal and following the palatine nerves upward to 
the sphenopalatine ganglion which is situated in the pterygopalatine 
fossa; the exposure of the ganglion may also be facilitated by re- 
moving the orbital process of the palatine bone and a portion of 
the body of the sphenoid bone. 
Sphenopalatine ganglion-66 :56. 
Nerve of the pterygoid canal-66 :58. 
This nerve may be exposed by cutting away the sphenoidal 
process of the palate bone and carefully opening the ptery- 
goid process of the sphenoid bone, a dissection difficult, how- 
ever, to make. HEAD AND NECK 
71 
Greater superficial petrosal nerve-66 :59. 
Deep petrosal nerve-66 :60. 
Orbital rami-66 :57. 
Lateral superior posterior nasal rami-66 :61. 
Medial superior posterior nasal rami-66 :62. 
Nasopalatine nerve-66 :63. 
[Lateral] inferior posterior nasal rami-67 :1. 
Palatine nerve-67 :2. 
Anterior palatine nerve-67 :3. 
Middle palatine nerve-67 :4. 
Posterior palatine nerve-67 :5. 
d. Internal maxillary artery. 
The following terminal branches of the internal maxillary artery are 
in relation to the pterygopalatine fossa with reference to their origin 
only. 
Posterior superior alveolar artery-47 :59. 
Infraorbital artery-47 :60. 
Descending palatine artery-47 :62. 
Sphenopalatine artery--47 :66. 
12. AUDITORY APPARATUS: EXTERNAL AND MIDDLE EAR. 
It will be observed that the incisions made through the skull in the 
course of the preceding dissections have resulted in the isolation of a 
somewhat wedge-shaped segment of theyranium including the greater 
part of the temporal bone and the organ of hearing. With reference 
to the three subdivisions of the organ of hearing, some of the struc- 
tures relative to the external ear have already been listed under 
Section 1:4, and attention directed to the auditory tube of the middle 
ear under Section X:4. 
a. Walls of the tympanic cavity. 
The tympanic cavity and its several walls may be demonstrated by 
removing the squamous part of the temporal bone by a horizontal 
saw-cut made just above the level of the petrous part of the temporal 
bone and making an opening through the tegmen tympani of the 
temporal bone (9:12) just lateral to the arcuate eminence (9:13), 
and about 1 cm. anterior to the superior angle (9:8) of the pars 
petrosa or pyramid (9:3), thus exposing the tympanic antrum of the 
mastoid wall of the tympanic cavity (77:17) ; this opening may then 
be carefully enlarged with a bone forceps and the entire roof or 
tegmental wall of the tympanic cavity removed. 
Tegmental wall-75:69. 
Epitympanic recess-77:1. 
Pars eupularis-77 :2. 
Jugular wall-77 :3. 
Styloid prominence**-77 :4. 
Mastoid wall-77 :16. 
Tympanic antrum-77 :17. 
Prominence of lateral semicircular canal-77 :18. 
Prominence of facial canal-77 :19. 
Pyramidal eminence-77 :20. 
Fossa of incus**-77 :21. 
Posterior sinus**-77 :22. 
Tympanic aperture of canaliculus of the chorda-77 :23. 
Carotid wall-77 :26. 72 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Labyrinthic wall-77 :5. 
Fenestra vestibuli-77 :6, 7. 
Promontory-77 :8-10. 
Sinus of tympanum**-77 :11. 
Fenestra cochlae-77 :12-14. 
Processus cochleariformis**-77 :15. 
Mastoid cells-77 :24. 
Tympanic cells-77 :25. 
Membranous wall-77 :27. 
Tympanic membrane-77 :28. 
Pars flaccida-77 :29. 
Pars tensa-77 :30. 
Limbus membranae tympani-77 :31. 
Anterior malleolar fold--77:32. 
Posterior malleolar fold-77 :33. 
Malleolar prominence-77 :34. 
Malleolar stria-77 :35. 
Umbo membranae tympani-77 :36. 
Fibrocartilaginous ring-77 :38. 
Structurally the tympanic membrane consists of several tissue 
layers-77:37-41. 
Mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity-78 :1. 
ft. Auditory ossicles, articulations, ligaments, and muscles. 
Stapes-77 A3. 
Head-77 :44. 
Anterior limb--77 :45. 
Posterior limb-77 :46. 
Base-77 :47. 
Incus-77 :48. 
Body-77 :49. 
Long limb-77 :50. 
Lenticular process-77 :51. 
Short limb-77 :52. 
Malleus-77 :53. 
Manubrium 77 :54. 
Head-77 :55. 
Neck-77 :56. 
Lateral process-77 :57. 
Anterior process-77 :58. 
Articulations of the auditory ossicles-77 :59. 
Articulation between incus and malleus-77 :60. 
Articulation between incus and stapes-77 :61. 
Syndesmosis of stapes and tympanum-77 :62. 
Ligaments of the auditory ossicles-77 :63. 
The following ligaments are difficult to expose in an ordinary 
dissection: 
Anterior ligament of malleus-77 :64. 
Superior ligament of malleus-77 :65. 
Lateral ligament of malleus-77 :66. 
Superior ligament of incus-77 :67. 
Posterior ligament of incus-77 :68. HEAD AND NECK 
73 
Obturator membrane of stapes-77 :69. 
Annular ligament of base of stapes-77 :70. 
Muscles of auditory ossicles-77 :72. 
Tensor tympani muscle-77 :73. 
Stapedius muscle-77 :74. 
Auditory tube-78:11. (See also Section X:4.) 
c. External acoustic meatus-78 :25. 
Its interior is exposed by removing (with a bone forceps and chisel) 
the anterior wall of the external acoustic meatus, guarding against 
injury to the tympanic membrane. 
External acoustic porus--78 :26. 
Tympanic incisure-78:27. 
Cartilaginous external acoustic meatus-78 :28. 
Cartilage of acoustic meatus-78:29-31. 
The auricle of the external ear has been dealt with under Section 1:4. 
13. INTRAOSSEOUS COURSE OF THE FACIAL, INTERMEDIATE, AND 
ACOUSTIC NERVES. 
The squamous portion of the temporal bone has already been removed, 
X:12a, and the upper part of the petrous part of the bone may now be 
removed by a horizontal saw-cut just above the roof of the internal acoustic 
meatus, the cut extending laterally into the tympanum. In relation to the 
mastoid wall of the tympanum attention has already been directed to the 
prominence of the facial canal in which runs the facial nerve, X:12a. This 
canal may now be opened with a bone forceps and chisel, followed into the 
labyrinthic wall of the tympanum, the roof of the internal acoustic meatus 
removed and the facial nerve exposed throughout the superior part of the 
facial canal. The inferior part of the facial canal may be demonstrated by 
removing the bone posterior and lateral to it by means of the two following 
saw-cuts: (a) a frontal (vertical transverse) cut in a plane just posterior to 
the stylomastoid foramen; (h) a sagittal (vertical anteroposterior) cut just 
lateral to the stylomastoid foramen to meet the first cut, removing the 
excised bone with a bone forceps and chisel. 
Facial nerve-67 :47. 
Genu of the facial nerve-67 :48. 
Geniculate ganglion-67 :49. 
Stapedius nerve-67 :50. 
Anastomosing ramus with the tympanic plexus-67 :51. 
Intermediate nerve-67 :63. 
Greater superficial petrosal nerve-66 :59. 
This nerve, while transmitting sensory fibers of the intermediate 
nerve, is classed systematically with the sphenopalatine ganglion 
and not as a branch of the intermediate nerve. 
Chorda tympani-67 :64. 
Acoustic nerve-67 :65. 
14. AUDITORY APPARATUS: INTERNAL EAR. 
a. Osseous labyrinth-76:31. 
May either be exposed by carefully chiselling away parts of the tem- 
poral bone or by means of the following saw-cuts: (a) an antero- 
posterior cut extending from the superior surface of the petrous por- 
tion of the temporal bone downward to the floor of the tympanum, 
along the junction of its medial and posterior walls; (h) a horizontal 
cut extending from the apex of the petrous part of the temporal 
bone laterally to the tympanum, intersecting the vertical incision and 
entering the tympanic cavity at the level of the middle of the promon- 
tory. 74 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Vestibulum-76 :32. 
Recessus sphaericus-76:33. 
Recessus ellipticus-76:34. 
Crista vestibuli-76:35. 
Pyramic vestibuli-76:36. 
Recessus cochlearis-76:37. 
Maculae cribrosae--76:38. 
Macula cribosa superior-76:39. 
Macula cribrosa media-76:40. 
Macula cribrosa inferior-76:41. 
Canales semicirculares ossei-76:42. 
Canalis semicircularis superior-76:43. 
Canalis semicircularis posterior-76 :44. 
Canalis semicircularis lateralis-76:45. 
Ampullae osseae-76:46. 
Ampullae ossea superior-76:47. 
Ampullae ossea posterior-76:48. 
Ampullae ossea lateralis-76:49. 
Crura ampullaria-76:50. 
Crus commune-76 :51. 
Crus simplex-76:52. 
Cochlea-76 :53. 
Cupula-76:54. 
Basis cochleae-76:55. 
Canalis spiralis cochleae-76:56. 
Modiolus-76 :57. 
Basis modioli-76:58. 
Lamina modioli-76:59. 
Lamina spiralis ossea-76:60. 
Hamulus laminae spiralis-76:61. 
Scala vestibuli-76:62. 
Scala tympani-76:63. 
Helicotrema-76 :64. 
Lamina spiralis secundaria-76:65. 
Canalis spiralis modioli-76:66. 
Canalis longitudinales modioli-76:67. 
Meatus acusticus internus-76:68. 
Porus acusticus internus-76:69. 
Fundus meatus acustici interni-76:70. 
Crista transversa-76:71. 
Area N. facialis--76:72. 
Area cochleae-76:73. 
Tractus spiralis foraminosus-76:74. 
Area vestibularis superior-76:75. 
Area vestibularis inferior-76:76. 
Foramen singulare-76:77. 
5. Membranous labyrinth-75:59. 
An adequate demonstration of some of the following structures re- 
quires sections and the aid of a hand-lens or dissecting microscope. 
Ductus endolymphaticus-75:60. 
Saccus endolymphaticus-75:61. 
Ductus utriculosaccularis-75 :62. HEAD AND NECK 
75 
Utriculus-75 :63. 
Ductus semicirculares-75:64. 
Ductus semicircularis superior-75:65. 
Ductus semicircularis posterior-75:66. 
Ductus semicircularis lateralis-75:67. 
Ampullae membranaceae-75:68. 
Sulcus ampullaris-75:69. 
Crista ampullaris-75:70. 
Ampulla membranacea superior-75:71. 
Ampulla membranaceae posterior-75:72. 
Ampulla membranacea lateralis-75:73. 
Sacculus-75:74. 
Ductus reuniens [Henseni]-75:75. 
Maculae acusticae-75:76. 
Macula acustica utriculi-75:77. 
Macula acustica sacculi-75:78. 
Otoconia-76 :1. 
Endolympha-76 :2. 
Perilympha-76 :3. 
Spatium perilymphaticum-76:4. 
Ductus perilymphatici-76:5. 
Ductus cochlearis-76:6. 
Caecum cupulare-76:7. 
Caecum vestibulare-76:8. 
Lamina basilaris-76:9. 
Membrana vestibularis (Reissneri)-76:10. 
Lig. spirale cochleae-76:11. 
Prominentia spiralis-76:12. 
Stria vascularis-76:13. 
Sulcus spiralis-76:14. 
Labium tympanicum-76:15. 
Foramina nervosa--76:16. 
Labium vestibulare-76:17. 
Ganglion spirale cochleae-76:18. 
Organon spirale [Cortii]-76:19. 
c. Vessels of the internal ear-76:20. 
Internal auditory artery-76:21. 
Vestibular rami-76:22. 
Cochlear ramus-76:23. 
Arterial glomeruli of cochlea-76 :24. 
Internal auditory veins--76:25. 
Spiral vein of the modiolus-76:26. 
'Vas prominens-76:27. 
Vestibular veins-76:28. 
Vein of aqueduct of vestibule-76:29. 
Vein of canaliculus of cochlea-76:30. 76 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
XI. Brain: General Characteristics, Meninges, Blood Vessels, and 
Cerebral Nerves. 
1. LARGER SUBDIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN. 
For the removal of the brain see II: 2a. A demonstration of its structures 
can best be undertaken in a specimen which has been hardened in formalin. 
The following subdivisions of the brain may be identified by inspection 
without disturbing the meninges and blood vessels. 
Encephalon-59 :10. 
Rhombencephalon-59 :11. 
Myelencephalon-59 :12. 
Medulla oblongata-59 :13. 
Metencephalon--60:18. 
Pons-60 :19. 
Cerebellum-60 :53. 
Cerebrum-61:36. 
Mesencephalon-61:40. 
Prosencephalon-62 :12. 
Diencephalon-62 :13. 
Cannot be favorably demonstrated in the intact brain. 
Telencephalon-63 :5. 
Subdivided into hemispheres-63:6 separated by the longi- 
tudinal fissure of the cerebrum-63:8. 
2. MENINGES AND BLOOD VESSELS OF THE BRAIN. 
Some of the following structures have already been listed in connec- 
tion with the removal of the brain II: 1. 
a. Meninges-65 :32. 
Dura mater of brain-65 :33. 
Falx cerebri-65 :34. 
Tentorium cerebelli-65 :35. 
Falx cerebelli-65 :36. 
Diaphragma sellae-65 :37. 
Foramen diaphragmatis-65 :38. 
Incisura tentorii-65 :39. 
Arachnoid of brain-65 :45. 
Subarachnoid cavity---65 :46. 
Subarachnoid cisterns-65 :47. 
The structural characteristics of the subarachnoid cisterns 
may be demonstrated by making a median sagittal incision 
through the arachnoid membrane in the region of the anterior 
surface of the medulla oblongata and pons, and carefully 
reflecting the two flaps of the arachnoid laterally. 
Cisterna cerebellomedullaris**-65 :48. 
Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri sylvii**-65 :49. 
Cisterna chiasmatis**-65 :50. 
Cisterna interpeduncularis**-65 :51. 
Cisterna venae magnae cerebri**-65 :52. 
Arachnoidal granulations-65:53. (See also 11:1.) 
Pia mater of the brain-65 :54. .HEAD AND NECK 
77 
b. Blood vessels of the brain. 
Demonstrated by carefully removing the arachnoid membrane with 
scissors and forceps so far as this can be done without injuring or 
lacerating the brain itself. 
Vertebral artery-48:21. 
Posterior spinal artery**-48 :23. 
Anterior spinal artery**-48 :24. 
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery-48 :26. 
Basilar artery-48 :27. 
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery-48 :28. 
Internal auditory artery**-48 :29. 
Pontine rami**-48 :30. 
Superior cerebellar artery-48 :31. 
Posterior cerebral artery-48 :32. 
Arterial circle of willis-48 :33. 
Internal carotid artery-47 :68. 
Posterior communicating artery-48 :15. 
Chorioid artery**-48 :16. 
Anterior cerebral artery-48 :17. 
Anterior communicating artery-48 :18. 
Middle cerebral artery-48 :19. 
Veins of the brain-53 :41. 
For the sinuses of the dura mater, see II :2c. The cerebral veins 
are tributaries of these sinuses. The deeper veins cannot be 
favorably demonstrated at the present stage of the dissection; 
the following veins are superficial in position: 
Superior cerebral veins-53 :42. 
Middle cerebral vein-53 :43. 
Inferior cerebral veins-53 :44. 
Superior cerebellar veins-53 :45. 
Inferior cerebellar veins-53 :46. 
Basal vein-53 :51. 
3. BASE OF THE BRAIN AND THE CEREBRAL NERVES. 
a. Base of the brain. 
Exposed by removing (with a forceps and scissors) the remaining 
parts of meninges and blood vessels from the base of the brain, care 
being taken to guard against the tearing away of the cerebral nerves. 
Cerebral peduncles-61:46. 
Optic chiasma-62 :36. 
Optic tract-62 :33. 
Interpenduncular fossa-61:42. 
Anterior recess**---61:43. 
Posterior recess**-61:44. 
Posterior perforated substance-61:45. 
Mamillary bodies-62 :26. 
Tuber cinereum-62 :28. 
Infundibulum-62 :29. 
Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum-63 :8. 
Lateral fissure of cerebrum-63 :16. 
Pons-60:19.- 
Medulla oblongata-59 :13. 78 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
b. Cerebral nerves. 
Olfactory nerves-66:3. 
Optic nerve-66 :4. 
Oculomotor nerve-66 :5. 
Trochlear nerve-66 :9. 
Trigeminal nerve-66 :11. 
Portio major-66 :12. 
Portio minor-66 :14. 
Abducens nerve-67 :46. 
Facial nerve-67 :47. 
Intermediate nerve-67 :63. 
Acoustic nerve-67 :65. 
Vestibular root-67 :66. 
Cochlear root--67 :67. 
Glossopharyngeal nerve-68 :8. 
Vagus nerve-68:22. 
Accessory nerve-68 :57. 
Hypoglossal nerve-68 :60. 
XII. Brain: Surface Anatomy of the Rhombencephalon and 
Mesencephalon. 
1. RHOMBENCEPHALON-59:11. 
To facilitate the exposure of structures in the rhombencephalon and 
mesencephalon the following incisions may be made for the removal 
of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum and the right half of the 
cerebellum: (a) with a sharp, thin knife making a transverse incision 
through the right cerebral peduncle just behind the right corpus 
mamillare, pressing apart the two cerebral hemispheres, exposing the 
corpus callosum and beginning at the corpus callosum, making a 
nearly median sagittal incision through all the structures in the 
middle line of the prosencephalon; the latter incision should prefer- 
ably pass slightly to the left of the midline, leave the septum pellu- 
cidum attached to the right hemisphere, and then should be carried 
posteriorly until it meets the transverse incision just made through 
the cerebral peduncle, thus detaching the right cerebral hemisphere; 
(b) in the same manner a second median sagittal incision is made 
through the vermis of the cerebellum, guarding against cutting into 
the floor of the fourth ventricle but carrying the incision forward 
through the anterior medullary velum as far as the inferior colliculi 
of the mesencephalon; finally by cutting through the brachium con- 
junctivum, brachium pontis and the corpus restiforme on the right, 
the right half of the cerebellum is detached (both the right cerebral 
hemisphere and the right half of the cerebellum being transferred 
to preserving fluid for later reference). 
a. Medulla, oblongata,-59 :13. 
Posterior median fissure-59 :14. 
Anterior median fissure-59 :15. 
Foramen caecum-59 :16. 
Pyramid-59 :17. 
Decussation of pyramids-59 :18. 
Anterior lateral sulcus-59 :19. 
Posterior lateral sulcus-59 :20. 
Olive-59 :21. 
Restiform body-59 :22. READ AND NECK 
79 
Funiculus lateralis-59 :23. 
Funiculus cuneatus-59 :24. 
Tuberculum cinereum-59 :25. 
Funiculus gracilis-59 :26. 
Clava-59 :27. 
External arcuate fibres-59 :28. 
&. Pons-60:19. 
Basilar sulcus-60 :20. 
Brachium pontis-60 :23. 
c. Isthmus of rhombencephalon-61:25. 
Brachium conjunctivum-61:26. 
Lemniscus-61:27. 
Trigonum lemnisci-61:30. 
Anterior medullary velum-61:31. 
Frenulum of anterior medullary velum-61:32. 
d. Cerebellum. 
Gyri of the cerebellum-60 :54. 
Sulci of the cerebellum-60 :55. 
Vallecula cerebelli-60:56. 
Incisura cerebelli anterior-60:57. 
Incisura cerebelli posterior-60 :58. 
Horizontal sulcus-60 :59. 
Transverse fissure**-60 :60. 
Vermis-60:61. 
Lingula cerebelli-60 :62, 63. 
Central lobe-60 :64. 
Monticulus-60 :65. 
Culmen-60 :66. 
Declive-60 :67. 
Folium vermis-60 :68. 
Tuber vermis-60 :69. 
Uvula-60:71. 
Nodule-60:72. 
Hemisphere of cerebellum-60 :73. 
Superior surface-60 :14. 
Ala lobuli centralis-60:75. 
Lobulus quadrangularis-60:78. 
Pars anterior-60 :77. 
Pars posterior-60:78. 
Lobulus semilunaris superior-61:1. 
Inferior surface-61:2. 
Lobulus semilunaris inferior-61:3. 
Lobulus biventer-61:4. 
Tonsil of cerebellum-61:5. 
Flocculus-61:6. 80 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
2. FOURTH VENTRICLE-59:58. 
a. Floor of the fourth ventricle. 
Rhomboid fossa-59 :59. 
Pars inferior [calamus scriptorius]-59:60. 
Pars intermedia-59 :62. 
Lateral recess-59 :63. 
Pars superior-59 :64. 
Sulcus limitans-59 :65. 
Fovea inferior-59 :66. 
Fovea superior-60 :1. 
Trigonum n. hypoglossi-60:2. 
Striae medullares-60 :3. 
Eminentia medialis-60:4. 
Folliculus facialis-60 :5. 
Ala cinerea-60 :6. 
Area acustica-60 :7. 
Locus caeruleus-60:8. 
&. Roof of the fourth ventricle-60 :9. 
Posterior medullary velum-60 :10. 
Taenia ventriculi quarti-60 :11. 
Obex-60 :12. 
Epithelial chorioid layer-60:13. 
Median aperture [foramen of magendie]-60:14. 
Lateral aperture-60 :16. 
Fastigium-60 :17. 
3. MESENCEPHALON-61:40. 
For structures relative to the inferior surface of the mesencephalon- 
61:41-45, see XI :3a. 
Cerebral peduncles-61:46. 
Aquaeductus cerebri-61:47. 
Sulcus lateralis-61:48. 
Sulcus n. oculomotorii-61:49. 
Quadrigeminal bodies-62 :1. 
Lamina quadrigemina-62:2. 
Colliculus superior-62:3. 
Colliculus inferior-62:4. 
Brachium quadrigeminum superius-62 :5. 
Brachium quadrigeminum inferius-62 :6. 
XIII. Brain: Surface Anatomy of the Prosencephalon. 
1. GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PROSENCEPHALON. 
The remaining cerebral hemisphere may be detached by carefully cutting 
through the left cerebral peduncle just posterior to the left mamillary body, 
the rhombencephalon and mesencephalon being transferred to preserving 
fluid for later reference. 
Prosencephalon-62 :12. 
Diencephalon-62 :13. 
Thalamencephalon-62:51. 
Pars mammillaris hypothalami-62:25. 
Telencephalon-63 :5. 
Hemisphere-63 :6. 
Pars optica hypothalami-62:27. HEAD AND NECK 
81 
2. TELENCEPHALON. 
a. Pallium: general characteristics. 
Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum-63 :8. 
Transverse fissure of cerebrum-63 :9. 
Sulci of the cerebrum-63 :13. 
Gyri of the cerebrum-63 :10. 
Gyri profundi-63 :11. 
Gyri transitivi-63 :12. 
Gray substance-58 :5. 
"White substance-58 :4. 
Petrosal impression-63 :14. 
Lateral cerebral fossa-63 :15. 
Lateral cerebral fissure sylvian-63 :16. 
Posterior ramus-63 :17. 
Ascending anterior ramus-63 :18. 
Horizontal anterior ramus-63 :19. 
The pallium as a whole is subdivided into the following five lobes 
and related fissures and sulci: 
Lateral cerebral fissure [Sylvian]-63:16. 
Central sulcus-63 :30. 
Parieto-occipital fissure-64:12. 
Collateral fissure-63 :60. 
Circular sulcus--63 :25. 
Frontal lobe-63 :33. 
Temporal lobe-63 :50. 
Occipital lobe-63 :63. 
Parietal lobe-63 :70. 
Insula-63 :21. 
b. Lobes of the cerebrum. 
Frontal lobe-63 :33. 
Frontal pole-63 :34. 
Anterior central gyrus-63 :31. 
Precentral sulcus-63 :35. 
Superior frontal gyrus-63 :36. 
Superior frontal sulcus-63 :37. 
Middle frontal gyrus--63 :38. 
Pars superior-63 :39. 
Pars inferior-63 :40. 
Inferior frontal sulcus-63 :41. 
Inferior frontal gyrus-63 :42. 
Pars opercularis-63 :43. 
Pars triangularis-63 :44. 
Pars orbitalis--63 :45. 
Straight gyrus-63 :46. 
Olfactory sulcus-63 :47. 
Orbital gyri-63 :48. 
Orbital sulci-63 :49. 
Parietal lobe-63:70. 
Posterior central gyrus-63 :32. 
Superior parietal lobule-63 :71. 
Interparietal sulcus-63 :72. 82 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Inferior parietal lobule--63 :73. 
Supramarginal gyrus-63 :74. 
Angular gyrus-63 :75. 
Temporal lobe-63 :50. 
Temporal pole-63 :51. 
Transverse temporal sulci-63 :52. 
Transverse temporal gyri-63 :53. 
Superior temporal gyrus-63 :54. 
Superior temporal sulcus-63 :55. 
Middle temporal gyrus-63 :56. 
Middle temporal sulcus-63 :57. 
Inferior temporal gyrus-63 :58. 
Inferior temporal sulcus-63 :59. 
Collateral fissure-63 :60. 
Fusiform gyrus-63 :61. 
Lingual gyrus-63 :62. 
Occipital lobe-63 :62. 
Occipital pole-63 :64. 
Transverse occipital sulcus-63 :65. 
Superior occipital gyri-63 :66. 
Superior occipital sulci-63 :67. 
Lateral occipital gyri-63 :68. 
Lateral occipital sulci-63 :69. 
Insula-63 :21. 
Operculum-63 :26. 
Pars frontalis-63 :27. 
Pars parietalis-63 :28. 
Pars temporalis-63 :29. 
Gyri insulae-63 :22. 
Exposed by pulling apart the margins of the lateral fissure, 
cutting away a part of the operculum if necessary. 
Gyrus longus insulae-63 :23. 
Gyrus breves insulae-63 :24. 
Sulcus centralis-63 :30. 
Sulcus circularis-63 :25. 
c. Medial surface of the hemisphere-63:76. 
Sulcus corporis callosi-63 :77. 
Sulcus cinguli-63 :78. 
Pars subfrontalis-63:79. 
Pars marginalis-64:1. 
Sulcus subparietalis-64:2. 
Fissura hippocampi-64:3. 
In the fissura hippocampi the fascia dentata hippocampi-64:56, 
and the fimbria hippocampi-64:53, may be observed. 
Gyrus fornicatus-64:4. 
Gyrus cinguli-64:5. 
Isthmus gyri fornicati-64:6. 
Gyrus hippocampi-64:4. 
Uncus-64:8. 
Substantia reticularis alba-64:9. 
Lobulus paracentralis-64:10. 
Praecuneus-64:11. HEAD AND NECK 
83 
Fissura parietooccipitalis-64:12. 
Fissura calcarina-64:13. 
Cuneus-64:14. 
d. Rhinencephalon-64:58. 
Sulcus parolfactorius anterior-64:59. 
Pars anterior-64:60. 
Lobus olfactorius-64:61. 
Bulbus olfactorius-64:62. 
Tractus olfactorius-64:63. 
Trigonum olfactorium-64:64. 
Stria medialis-64:65. 
Stria intermedia-64:66. 
Area parolfactoria-64:67. 
Sulcus parolfactorius posterior-64:68. 
Pars posterior-64:69. 
Gyrus subcallosus-64:70. 
Substantia perforata anterior-64:71. 
Stria olfactoria lateralis-64:72. 
Linien insulae-64:73. 
e. Hypothalamus-62 :24. 
Pars optica hypothalami-62:27. 
Only the optic part of the hypothalamus is in relation to the 
telencephalon; the mamillary part-62:25 includes the corpus 
mamillare-62:26. 
Tuber cinereum-62:28. 
Infundibulum-62 :29. 
Hypophysis-62 :30. 
Lobus anterior-62:31. 
Lobus posterior-62 :32. 
Tractus opticus-62:33. 
Radix medialis-62 :34. 
Radix lateralis-62 :35. 
Chiasma opticum-62 :36. 
Lamina terminalis-62:37. 
f. Corpus callosum-64:15. 
The corpus callosum may be demonstrated by slicing off the upper 
part of the right hemisphere at the level of the sulcus einguli (inci- 
dentally exposing the centrum semiovale-64:76), cutting trans- 
versely through the middle of the gyrus einguli and carefully tearing 
away the anterior and posterior parts of the gyrus einguli, exposing 
at the same time parts of the radiatio corporis callosi-65:6-11, 
and the cingulum-65:2. 
Splenium corporis callosi-64:16. 
Truncus corporis callosi-64:17. 
Genu corporis callosi-64:18. 
Rostrum corporis callosi-64:19. 
Lamina rostralis-64:20. 
Striae transversae-64:21. 
Stria longitudinalis medialis-64:22. 
Stria longitudinalis lateralis-64:23. 
Fasciola cinerea-64:24. 84 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
g. Ventriculus lateralis-64:35. 
The lateral ventricle may be exposed by making the following dis- 
sections: (a) making a longitudinal incision through the corpus 
callosum about 1 cm. from the medial sagittal plane, reflect lateral- 
ward and detach the-part of the corpus callosum lateral from the 
incision, taking care to leave in situ the part of the corpus callosum 
medial to the incision and the pars occipitalis of the radiatio corporis 
callosi-65:10; (&) cutting backward and lateralward through the 
medullary substance forming the roof of the ventricular cavity, 
remove enough of the roof to expose the interior of the central part 
of the cavity; (c) to open the inferior cornu extend the preceding 
incision downward and forward through the lateral part of the tem- 
poral lobe toward the temporal pole, following the course of the 
cavity (which lies nearly parallel to the superior temporal sulcus), 
and remove the part of the temporal lobe superior to this incision 
together with the pars temporalis of the operculum-63:26, guarding 
the insula from injury. 
Cornu anterius-64:37. 
Caput nuclei caudati-64:42. 
Pars centralis-64:36. 
Nucleus caudatus-64:41. 
Stria terminalis-64:44. 
Terminal vein-53 :50. 
Lamina affixa-64:45. 
Lamina chorioidea epythelialis-64:47. 
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis-65 :62. 
Taenia chorioidea-64:64. 
Thalamus-62:52. 
Largely covered by the chorioid plexus. 
Taenia fornicis-64:28 
Cornu posterius-64:38. 
Tapetum-65 :11. 
With reference only to the roof and lateral wall of the 
posterior cornu. 
Calcar avis-64:48. 
(Bulbus cornu posterioris)-64:49. 
Cornu inferius-64:39. 
The mutual relations of the inferior cornu and the insula may be 
more thoroughly examined by insinuating the fingers beneath the 
pars frontalis and pars parietalis of the operculum-63:27, 28, 
and carefully tearing away the cortex in an upward direction. 
The following two structures are in relation to the inferior wall: 
Eminentia collateralis-64:50. (Sometimes absent.) 
Trigonum collaterale-64:51. 
The following structures are in relation to the lateral and superior 
walls of the inferior cornu: 
Tapetum-65 :11. 
Nucleus amygdalae-65 :21. 
Stria terminalis-64:44. 
Cauda nuclei caudati-64:43. 
In relation to the medial wall the following structures may be 
observed: 
Hippocampus-64:52. 
Digitationes hippocampi-64:55. 
Fimbria hippocampi-64:53. 
Chorioid plexus-65 :62. 
Taenia fimbriae-64:54. HEAD AND NECK 
85 
h. Septibm pellucidibm, fornix, and tela chorioidea. 
The septum pellucidum and fornix may be exposed by cutting 
through the occipital part of the radiation of the corpus callosum 
(of the right hemisphere) and through the fimbria hippocampi at 
the point where it passes into the crus fornieis, then carrying the 
knife anteriorly from the anterior end of the inferior horn, above 
the level of the uncus, through the temporal pole, separating the 
temporal lobe, together with the hippocampal gyrus medial to it, 
from the remainder of the brain along the line of the transverse 
fissure of the cerebrum; finally paring away enough of the cut edge 
of the medial part of the corpus callosum necessary to satisfactorily 
demonstrate the septum pellucidum and fornix. 
Septum pellucidum-64:32. 
Lamina septi pellucidi-64:33. 
Cavum septi pellucidi-64:34. 
Exposed by cutting through the remaining medial part of the 
corpus callosum just posterior to the genu, carefully detach- 
ing it from the septum pellucidum and fornix, and separ- 
ating the two laminae of the septum. 
Fornix-64:25. 
Crus fornieis-64:26. 
Corpus fornieis-64:27. 
Taenia fornieis-64:28. 
Columna fornieis-64:29. 
Pars libera columnae fornieis-64:30. 
Pars tecta columnae fornieis-64:31. 
Tela chorioidea ventriculi tertii-65:60.- 
Exposed by cutting transversely through the middle of the corpus 
fornieis, carefully raising the two parts of the fornix and re- 
flecting them anteriorly and posteriorly, noting the commissura. 
hippocampi-64:57, situated between the crura of the fornix. 
Internal cerebral veins-53 :47. 
Vein of septum pellucidum-53 :49. 
Terminal vein-53 :50. 
Chorioid vein-53 :52. 
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis-65 :62. 
Glomus chorioideum-65 :63. 
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi tertii-65 :61. 
Exposed by dividing the terminal vein at its junction with 
the internal cerebral vein, seizing the apex of the tela 
chorioidea and pulling it backward exposing the cavity of 
the third ventricle, but guarding against injury to the attach- 
ments of the corpus pineale-62:62. 
2. THALAMENCEPHALON-62:51. 
a. Thalamus-62:52. 
Pulvinar-62 :53. 
Tuberculum anterius thalami-62 :54. 
Taenia thalami-62:55. 
Stria medullaris-62:56. 
Lamina chorioidea epithelialis-62 :57. 
&. Metathalamus-62 :58. 
Corpus geniculatum mediate-62:59. 
Corpus geniculatum laterale-62 :60. 86 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
c. Epithalamus-62 :61. 
Corpus pineale-62 :62. 
Recessus pinealis-62 :63. 
Recessus suprapinealis-62 :64. 
Habenula-62:65. 
Commissura habenularum-62 :66. 
Trigonum habenulae-€2 :67. 
3. VENTRICULUS TERTIUS-82:14. 
Aditus ad aquaeductum cerebri-62 :15. 
Commissura posterior-62 :16. 
Foramen ventriculare-62:17. 
Sulcus hypothalamicus-62 :18. 
Massa intermedia-62 :19. 
Recessus opticus-62 ;20. 
Recessus infundibuli-62 :21. 
Commissura anterior-62:22. 
Recessus triangularis-62 :23. 
XIV. Brain: Sections through the Brain. 
The majority of the structures to be observed in stained and unstained 
sections of the brain require a hand lens or microscope for their demon- 
stration. These structures have not been repeated in detail here, since they 
are given complete in Part II, as originally listed in the B N A. 
1. STRUCTURES IN SECTIONS OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA- 
59:29-57. 
Exposed in transverse sections made at (a) the level of the decussation of 
the pyramids; (6) between the decussation of the pyramids and the olives; 
and (c) through the middle of the olives. 
2. STRUCTURES IN SECTIONS OF THE PONS-62:24-52. 
May be demonstrated in transverse sections made at (a) about the junction 
of the pons and medulla, passing through point of entrance of the acoustic 
nerve; (6) at the level of the roots of the facial and abducens nerves; (c) 
at the level of the roots of the trigeminal nerves, and (d) through the 
anterior medullary velum and the middle of the pons. 
3. STRUCTURES IN SECTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM-61:10-24. 
May be demonstrated in the following sections: (a) a median sagittal 
section through the vermis; (&) a frontal section through about the middle 
of one half the cerebellum; and (c) a horizontal section through the other 
half of the cerebellum in the plane of the brachium conjunctivum. 
4. STRUCTURES IN SECTIONS OF THE RHOMBENCEPHALIC ISTHMUS 
AND THE MESENCEPHALON. 
May be demonstrated in transverse sections made (a) through the inferior 
colliculus at the level of the nucleus of the trochlear nerve; and (ft) 
through the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body at the level of 
the roots of the oculomotor nerve and the nucleus ruber. 
a. Sections of the isthmus rhomb encephali-61:33-35. 
b. Sections of the pedunculus cerebri-61:50-65. 
c. Sections of the corpora quadrigemina-62 :7-ll. HEAD AND NECK 
87 
5. STRUCTURES IN SECTIONS THROUGH THE PROSENCEPHALON. 
For the demonstration of these structures, horizontal sections about % to 
1 cm. thick should be made through the remainder of the right cerebral 
hemisphere. In the left hemisphere, which should have been retained intact, 
either vertical frontal or obliquely frontal sections may be made. 
The vertical frontal sections should pass through the following regions: 
(a) through the genu of the corpus callosum; (b) through the septum 
pellucidum between the body and rostrum of the corpus callosum; (c) 
through the tips of the temporal lobes; (d) through the foramen inter - 
ventriculare; (e) through the corpora mamillaria; (/) through the sub- 
thalamic region; (g) through the upper end of the aquaeductus cerebri. 
The obliquely frontal sections should all be parallel to the sulcus centralis 
and pass through the following regions (in accordance with the method of 
Pitris, 1877) : (a) through the lobus frontalis about 5 cm. anterior to the 
sulcus centralis; (b) through the pars opercularis of the gyrus frontalis 
inferior and the corresponding portions of the gyrus medius and gyrus 
frontalis superior; (c) through the middle of the gyrus centralis anterior; 
(d) through the middle of the gyrus centralis posterior; (e) through the 
anterior ends of the lobulus parietalis superior and lobulus parietalis in- 
ferior; (/) through the posterior part of the cerebrum about 1 cm. anterior 
to the fissura parietooccipitalis. 
In addition to the preceding horizontal and frontal sections, the following 
sections are especially instructive: (a) through the brain in a plane passing 
parallel to the course of the brachia conjunctiva and through them; and 
(h) through the brain in a plane parallel to the course of the cerebral 
peduncles and through them. 
a. Sections of the hypothalamus-62 :38-50. 
b. Sections of the thalamencephalon-62 :68-73, 63 :l-4. 
c. Sections of the telencephalon-64:75-77, 65:1-31. 
XV. Organ of Vision. 
1. OPTIC NERVE-73:4. (See also X:10&.) 
Vaginae n. optici-73 :5. 
Spatia intervaginalis-73 :6. 
2. BULBUS OCULI-73:7. 
As a rule, the ordinary cadaver material is not favorable for the present 
purpose and must consequently be supplemented by eyeballs obtained from 
the ox or pig, in which the various structures may be demonstrated in both 
fresh specimens and in material hardened in formalin. The conjunctiva 
and fascia bulbi are caught with a forceps, cut through close to and entirely 
around the cornea, and these structures, together with any other soft parts, 
removed from the surface of the sclera, and two hardened eyeballs cut into 
halves, the one by a sagittal, and the other by a coronal, section. 
Anterior pole-73 :8. 
Posterior pole-73 :9. 
Equator-73 :10. 
Meridians-73 :11. 
External axis of eyeball-73 :12. 
Internal axis of eyeball-73 :13. 
Optic axis-73 :14. 
[Line of vision]-73:15. 
Ophthalmic vesicle*-73 :16. 
Ophthalmic cup*-73 :17. 88 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
3. TUNICA FIBROSA OCULI-73:18. 
a. Sclera-73 :19. 
May be exposed by cutting through the sclera at the equator with 
a sharp knife and with scissors carrying the incision completely 
around the eyeball along the line of the equator (carefully guarding 
against injury to the black chorioid coat); separating both parts of 
the sclera from the subjacent structures and reflecting the anterior 
part forward, breaking the attachment of the ciliary muscle to its 
deep surface, and separating the posterior part by dividing the fibers 
of the optic nerve in a plane corresponding to the inner surface of 
the sclera. 
Sulcus sclerae-73 :20. 
Rima cornealis-73 :21. 
Sinus venosus sclerae-73 :22. 
Lamina fusca-73 :23. 
Lamina cribrosa sclerae-73 :24. 
(Raphe sclerae)-73:25. 
(Funiculus sclerae)-73:26. 
b. Cornea-73 :27. 
Annulus conjunctivae-73 :28. 
Vertex corneae-73 :29. 
Limbus corneae-73 :30. 
Facies anterior-73 :31. 
'Facies posterior--73 :32. 
The following structures can be adequately demonstrated only in thin 
sections by means of a hand lens and microscope. 
Epithelium corneae-73 :33. 
Lamina elastica anterior-73 :34. 
Substantia propria-73 :35. 
Lamina elastica posterior-73 :36. 
Endothelium camerae anterioris-73 :37. 
4. TUNICA VASCULOSA OCULI-73:38. 
a. Chorioidea-73 :39. 
Lamina suprachorioidea-73 :40. 
Spatium perichorioideale-73 :41. 
Lamina vasculosa-73 :42. 
The vorticose veins-53:60, may be exposed by brushing away 
the pigment with a camel's hair brush. 
Lamina choriocapillaris-73 :43. 
Lamina basalis-73 :44. 
(Raphe chorioideae)-73:45. 
b. Corpses ciliare-73 :46. 
Corona ciliaris-73 :47. 
May be demonstrated by making a coronal section through an 
eyeball slightly anterior to the equator and. carefully removing 
the vitreous humor from the anterior segment of the eyeball. 
Processus ciliares-73 :48. 
Plicae ciliares-73 :49. 
Orbicularis ciliaris-73 :50. 
Ciliary muscle-73 :51. 
The following fibers require a microscope for their adequate 
demonstration: 
Fibrae meridionales-73 :52. 
Fibrae circulares-73 :53. 
Plexus gangliosus ciliaris-73 :54. READ AND NECK 
89 
c. Iris-73 :55. 
May be exposed by cutting around the sclerocorneal junction and 
removing the cornea, making several meridional incisions through 
the anterior part of the sclera; the strips of sclera may then be 
separated from the ciliary muscle, bent aside and pinned to the 
bottom of a cork-lined tray filled with water, the iris examined and 
then removed for a more complete demonstration of its structure. 
Margo pupillaris-73 :56. 
Margo ciliaris-73 :57. 
Facies anterior-73 :58. 
Facies posterior-74:1. 
Annulus iridis major-74:2. 
Annulus iridis minor-74:3. 
Plicae iridis-74:4. 
Pupilia-74:5. 
Sphincter muscle of pupil-74:6. 
Stroma iridis-74:7. 
Dilator muscle of pupil-74:8. 
Pectinate ligament of iris-74 :9. 
Spatia anguli iridis-74:10. 
Greater arterial circle-74:11. 
Lesser arterial circle-74:12. 
(Membrana pupillaris)*-74:13. 
d. Ciliary nerves and vessels. 
Short ciliary nerves-66 :37. 
Long ciliary nerves-66 :25. 
Short posterior ciliary arteries-47 :75. 
Long posterior ciliary arteries-47 :76. 
Anterior ciliary arteries-48 :1. 
Venae vorticosae-53:60. 
5. PIGMENT LAYER-74:14. 
May be exposed by removing the chorioidea under water. 
Stratum pigmenti retinae-74:15. 
Stratum pigmenti corporis ciliaris-74:16. 
Stratum pigmenti iridis-74:17. 
6. RETINA-74:18. 
May be exposed by removing the chorioidea from the eyeball from which the 
sclera and cornea have already been taken away. 
Pars optica retinae-74:19. 
Ora serrata-74:20. 
Pars ciliaris retinae-74:21. 
Papilla n. optici-74:22. 
Excavatio papillae n. optici-74:23. 
Macula lutea-74:24. 
Fovea centralis-74:25. 
Vasa sanguinea retinae-74:26-34. 
May be examined in the living eye with the ophthalmoscope. 90 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
7. VITREOUS BODY-74:38. 
May be obtained from an. eyeball which has been kept for several days with- 
out preservatives, by dividing the coats of the eye at the equator, carefully 
turning back the cut edges and allowing the "eye-kernel" (vitreous body 
and crystalline lens) to slip out into a vessel of water; the demonstration 
of the hyaloid membrane, capsule of the lens, and the zonula ciliaris may 
also be facilitated by staining for a few minutes in strong picrocarmin 
solution and washing in water. 
Hyaloid artery*-74:39. 
Canalis hyaloidea-74:40. 
Fossa hyaloidea-74:41. 
Membrana hyaloidea-74:42. 
Stroma vitreum-74:43. 
Humor vitreus-74:44. 
8. ZONULA CILIARIS-74:59. 
Fibrae zonulares-74:60. 
Spatia zonularia-74:61. 
Their structural characteristics may be demonstrated by inserting the 
point of a fine blowpipe into the spaces and inflating them with air. 
9. CRYSTALLINE LENS-74:45. 
Isolated for observation by cutting through the zonular fibers of the zonula 
ciliaris and removing the lens. 
Capsula lentis-74:51. 
Polus anterior lentis-74:52. 
Polus posterior lentis-74:53. 
Facies anterior lentis-74:54. 
Facies posterior lentis-74:55. 
Axis lentis-74:56. 
Aequator lentis-74:57. 
Radii lentis-75:58. 
Substantia lentis-74:46. 
Exposed by cutting through the anterior wall of the capsule and press- 
ing the lens out through the opening. 
Substantia corticalis-74:47. 
Nucleus lentis-74:48. 
With the aid of a microscope the following structures may be demonstrated 
in a lens which has been hardened in alcohol and teased apart. 
Fibrae lentis-74:49. 
Epithelium lentis-74:50. 
10. CHAMBERS OF THE EYEBALL. 
Camera oculi anterior-74:35. 
Angulus iridis--74:36. 
Camera oculi posterior--74:37. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS Plate VII 
Male perineum showing relations and surface projection of the inferior pelvic 
aperture as seen in the lithotomy position. 
92 Ligamentum 
sacrotuberosum 
Tuber 
ischiodicum 
[ EMMEL] B N A 
symphysis ossium pubis 
Tuberculum pubicum 
PLATE VII 
-Os sacrum 
Os coccygis 
-Haphe 
perinei ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
1. SUBDIVISIONS OF ABDOMEN AND PELVIS. 
Abdomen-4:55. 
Abdominal cavity-4:56. 
Scrobiculus cordis-4:57. 
Umbilicus-4:58. 
Flank-4:59. 
Loin-4:60. 
Groin-4:61. 
Pelvis-5 :1. 
Pelvic cavity-5 :2. 
Mons pubis-5 :3. 
Hip-5 :4. 
Buttock-5 :5. 
Anus-5 :6. 
Anal cleft-5 :7. 
Perineum-5 :8. 
I. General Characteristics. 
2. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 3, 4, 7, 8.) 
Xiphoid process-7 :52. 
Ribs-7 :28. (Anterior ends of 7th to 12th ribs.) 
Iliac crest-15 :18. 
Posterior superior iliac spine-15 :24 
Crista sacralis media-7 :18. 
Anterior superior iliac spine-15 :22. 
Inguinal ligament-25 :41. 
Superior ramus of the pubic bone-15 :50. 
Symphysis pubis-15 :53. 
Pubic tubercle,-15 :44. 
Linea alba-25 :34. 
Linea semilunaris-25 :49. 
Subcutaneous inguinal ring-25 :44. 
Spermatic cord-40 :37. 
Round ligament of the uterus-42 :23. 
Tuber ischiadicum-15 :36. 
Inferior ramus of the ischium-15 :35. 
3. REGIONS. (Pls. 11, 12, and figs. 2, 3.) 
Epigastric region-83 :15. 
Hypochondriac region-83 :16. 
Mesogastric region-83 :17. 
Umbilical region-83/18. 
Lateral abdominal region-83 :19. 
Hypogastric region-83 :20. 
Pubic region-83 :21. 
Inguinal region-83 :22. 
Regions of the back in relation to the pelvis: 
Perineal region-83 :33. 
Anal region-83 :34. 
Urogenital region-83 :35. 
Pudendal region-83 :36. 
93 94 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
II. Perineal Region.4 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 7, 8.) 
a. Perineal region in general. 
Symphysis pubis-15 :53. 
Arcuate ligament-20 :61. 
Coccyx-7 :25. 
Inferior ramus of the pubis-15 :49. 
Inferior ramus of the ischium-15 :35. 
Sacrotuberous ligament-20 :49. 
Perineal raphe-43 :18. 
b. Pudendal region in the male. 
Corpus penis-40 :68. 
Dorsum of penis-40 :70. 
Urethral surface-40 :71. 
Glans penis-40 :72. 
Corona glandis-40 :73. 
Septum glandis-40 :74. 
Collum glandis-40:75. 
Prepuce-41:1. 
Frenulum of prepuce-41:2. 
External urethral orifice-41:28. 
Scrotum-41:31. 
Raphe of scrotum--41:32. 
c. Picdendal region in the female. 
Mons pubis-5 :s. 
Female pudendum-42 :45. 
Labium majus pudendi-42 :46. 
Anterior labial commissure-42 :47. 
Posterior labial commissure-42:48. 
Frenulum of pudendal labia-42:49. 
Rima pudendi-42 :50. 
Fossa navicularis-42 :51. 
Labium minus pudendi-42:52. 
Vestibulum vaginae-42:53. 
Orificium vaginae--42 :57. 
Clitoris-42 :59. 
Corpus clitoris-42 :61. 
Glans clitoris-42:62. 
Frenulum of clitoris-42 :63. 
Prepuce of clitoris-42 :64. 
External orifice of urethra-42:71. 
Hymen-42 :29. 
Hymen caruncles-42 :30. 
4 For some purposes it may be an advantage to consider this region in more 
direct correlation with the pelvic structures; see Section VI:2. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
95 
2. UROGENITAL REGION: STRUCTURES EXTERNAL TO THE URO- 
GENITAL DIAPHRAGM. 
a. In the male. 
Skin incisions (the body being in the ligthotomy position) : (a) 
transversely between the anterior extremities of the ischial tuberosi- 
ties ; (&) median along the median raphe from the scrotum to the tip 
of the coccyx, encircling the anus. 
Superficial perineal fascia-43 :45. 
The following structures in the compartment between the superficial 
perineal fascia and the urogenital diaphragm are exposed by making 
an incision through the deeper layer of the superficial perineal fascia, 
beginning in the median line at the base of the scrotum and extend- 
ing to the ischial tuberosity on each side, and reflecting the fascial 
flaps. 
Superficial transverse perineal muscle-43 :42. 
Ischiocavernosus muscle-43 :43. 
Bulbocavernosus muscle-43 :44. 
Perineal artery-51:19. 
Posterior scrotal arteries-51:20. 
Perineal nerve-71:21. 
Posterior scrotal nerves-71:22. 
Perineal rami of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve- 
70:53. 
Lymphatic vessels. 
Root of penis-40 :67. 
Crura of penis-40 :69. 
Corpora cavernosa penis-41:4. 
The following structures are exposed by dividing the bulbocavernosus 
muscle in the midline and reflecting the muscle. 
Corpus cavernosum urethrae-41:5. 
Bulbus urethrae-41:6. 
Hemispheres of bulb of urethra-41:7. 
Septum of bulb of urethra-41:8. 
b. In the female. 
Skin incisions (the body being in the lithotomy position) : (a) trans- 
versely between the ischial tuberosities; (&) along the median line 
extending from the mons pubis to the tip of the coccyx, encircling 
the labia majora and the anal orifice. 
Superficial perineal fascia-43 :45. 
Perineal artery--51:19. 
Posterior labial arteries-51:21. 
Perineal nerve-71:21. 
Posterior labial nerves-71:23. 
Perineal rami of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve- 
70:53. 
Lymphatic vessels. 
Superficial transverse perineal muscle-43 :42. (Not con- 
stant in degree of development.) 
Ischiocavernosus muscle-43 :43. 
Bulbocavernosus muscle-43 :44. 
The following structures are exposed by reflecting the bulbo- 
cavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles. 
Bulbus vestibuli--42 :54. 
Glandula vestibularis major-42:58. Plate VIII 
Female perineum showing relations and surface projection of the inferior pelvic 
aperture as seen in the lithotomy position. 
96 Ligamentum 
sccrotuberosum 
Tuber 
ischiadicum 
[ EMMEL] B N A 
symphysis ossium pubis 
.Tuberculum pubicum 
PLATE VIII 
Os sacrum 
'Os coccygis 
-"Raphe 
perinei ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
97 
Crura clitoridis-42:60. 
Corpus clitoridis-42 :61. 
Corpora cavernosa clitoridis-42 :66. 
Septum corporum cavernosorum-42 :67. 
Fascia clitoridis-42 :68. 
Glans clitoridis-42:62. 
3. UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM. 
a. Inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm-43 :37, 
May be exposed by detaching the isehiocavernosus muscle and 
the crus penis (the crus clitoridis in the case of the female) from 
the pubic arch on each side; guarding against injury to the 
inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, branches of the 
internal pudendal artery and the dorsal nerve of the penis (or of 
the clitoris in the female). 
The inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm is removed in ex- 
posing the following structures situated in the compartment between 
the inferior and the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. 
5. Structures in the urogenital diaphragm in the male. 
Transverse perinei profundus muscle-43 :34. 
Sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle-43 :35. 
Artery of the penis-51:22. 
Artery of the bulb of urethra-51:24. 
Urethral artery-51:23. 
Deep artery of penis-51:26. 
Dorsal artery of penis-51:27. 
Dorsal vein of the penis-55 :49. 
Dorsal nerve of the penis-71:24. 
Bulbourethral glands-40 :62. 
Body of gland-40 :63. 
Excretory duct-40 :64. 
Membranous part of urethra-41:24. 
Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm-43 :36. 
The following structures are in relationship to this fascia: 
Arcuate ligament of the pubis-20 :61. 
Transverse ligament of the pelvis-43 :38. 
c. Structures in the urogenital diaphragm in the female. 
Transverse perinei profundus muscle-43 :34. 
Sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle-43 :35. 
Artery of clitoris-51:28. 
Artery of bulb of vestibule-51:25. 
Urethral artery-51:23. 
Deep artery of clitoris-51:29. 
Dorsal artery of clitoris-51:30. 
Dorsal veins of the clitoris-55 :51. 
Dorsal nerve of the clitoris-71:25. 
Glandula vestibularis major-42 :58. 
Urethra-42 :70. 
Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm-43 :36. 
The following structures are in relationship to this fascia: 
Arcuate ligament of the pubis-20:61. 
Transverse ligament of the pelvis-43 :38. 98 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
4. ANAL REGION. 
•Superficial perineal fascia-43 :45. 
Sphincter ani externus muscle-43 :24. 
Anococcygeal ligament-43 :25. 
Inferior clunial nerve**-70 :52. 
Perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve**- 
70:53. 
Ischiorectal fossa-43 :41. 
The fat in the ischiorectal fossa is removed in the demonstration of its 
contents. 
Inferior haemorrhoidal nerve-71:20. 
Inferior haemorrhoidal artery-51:18. 
The following structures are in relationship to the walls of the fossa: 
Inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm-43 :32. 
Levator ani muscle-43 :21. 
Obturator fascia-43 :40. 
The following nerve and artery are in relation to the obturator 
fascia: 
Pudendal nerve-71:19. 
Internal pudendal artery-51:17. 
Tendinous arch of the levator ani muscle-43 :22. 
Situated at the angle of junction between the obturator fascia and 
the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm. 
Obturator internus muscle-26 :72, 
Urogenital diaphragm-43:33. (Its posterior margin only.) 
Glutaeus maximus muscle-26:67. (Its posterior or distal 
margin only.) 
Sacrotuberous ligament-20 :49. 
III. Anterior Abdominal Wall. 
1. FASCIA, CUTANEOUS NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS. 
For the surface anatomy of the abdomen, see 1:2, and plates 3 and 4. 
Skin incisions: (a) longitudinally along the anterior median line from the 
xiphoid process to the mons pubis (encircling the umbilicus); (&) from 
the xiphoid process transversely around the thorax as far back as possible; 
(c) from the mons pubis laterally along the line of the inguinal ligament 
to the anterior superior iliac spine and then posteriorly along the iliac crest 
as far back as possible. In demonstrating the following structures the 
dissection should not extend distal to the inguinal ligament. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Divided into two layers toward the inferior part of the abdomen. 
Anterior cutaneous rami of intercostal nerves-70 :8. 
Anterior cutaneous ramus of iliohypogastric nerve-70:28. 
Ilioinguinal nerve-70 :29. 
Lateral cutaneous rami of intercostal nerves-70:3. 
Lateral cutaneous ramus of the iliohypogastric nerve-70:27. 
Superficial epigastric artery-51:39. 
Superficial circumflex iliac artery-51:40. 
External pudendal arteries-51:41. 
Parumbilical veins-55 :36. 
Thoracoepigastric veins-54:32. 
Superficial epigastric vein-55 :65. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
99 
2. DEEPER STRUCTURES OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL. 
a. Muscles and related structures. 
Obliquus externus abdominis muscle-25 :38. 
Exposed by the removal of the deep fascia, guarding at the same 
time against injury to its aponeurosis and the structures in rela- 
tion to the subcutaneous inguinal ring. 
The following structures are in relationship with the external oblique 
muscle: 
Trigonum lumbale-25 :48. 
Inguinal ligament-25 :41. 
Lacunar ligament-25 :42. 
Subcutaneous inguinal ring-25 :44. 
Superior crus-25 :45. 
Inferior crus-25 :46. 
Intercrural fibers-25 :47. 
Obliquus internus abdominis muscle-25 :29. 
May be exposed by detaching the external oblique muscle at its 
origin, dividing the muscle, at its insertion into the iliac crest, 
from the superior iliac spine, carrying the incison medialward 
through the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle to the 
lateral margin of the rectus abdominis muscle, and reflecting the 
external oblique muscle medialward.' 
Cremasteric muscle-25 :30. 
Transversus abdominis muscle-25 :31. 
May be exposed by detaching the internal oblique muscle at its 
origin and reflecting the muscle toward its insertion, at the same 
time guarding the subjacent nerves and vessels, and leaving 
intact the inguinal canal and its contents. 
Linea semilunaris-25 :49. 
The following nerves and vessels are in relationship throughout part 
of their course with the internal oblique and transversus abdominis 
muscles. 
Anterior rami of thoracic nerves-70:1. 
Iliohypogastric nerve-70 :25. 
Ilioinguinal nerve-70:29. 
Intercostal arteries-49 :59. 
Lumbar arteries-50 :9. 
Rectus abdominis muscle-25 :25. 
May be exposed by making a longitudinal incision through the 
aponeurotic sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle at a distance 
of about 3 cm. from the linea alba, the inferior end of each 
incision curving toward the symphysis pubis. 
Tendinous inscriptions-23 :37. 
Sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle-25 :39. 
Linea simicircularis-25 :40. 
The following arteries are in relationship to the rectus sheath: 
Inferior epigastric artery-51:32. 
Superior epigastric artery-48 :47. 
Pyramidalis muscle-25 :27. 
Linea alba-25 :34. 
Fascia transversalis-25 :50. 
Deep circumflex iliac artery-51:37. 
Peritoneum-43 :46. 
May be exposed by the removal of a small portion of the fascia 
transversalis. 100 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
b. Internal surface of the anterior abdominal wall. 
May be exposed by beginning at a point just above the umbilicus 
and making two incisions through the abdominal wall: (a) trans- 
versely from side to side; (b) longitudinally just to the left of the 
linea alba and extending to the superior ramus of the pubic bone. 
Urachus-39 :34. 
Plica umbilicalis media-44:22. 
Plica umbilicalis lateralis-44:23. 
Plica epigastrica-44:24. 
Fovea supravesicalis-25:57. 
Fovea inguinalis media-25 :56. 
Fovea inguinalis ' lateralis-25 :55. 
Abdominal inguinal ring-25 :52. 
3. INGUINAL CANAL, SCROTUM, SPERMATIC CORD, AND TESTIS. 
a. Inguinal canal-25 :51. 
A demonstration of its boundaries involves the removal of the peri- 
toneum from the anterior abdominal wall in the region of the 
inguinal canal. 
Falx inguinalis-25 :26. 
Reflex inguinal ligament-25 :43. 
5. Scrotum a/nd spermatic cord. 
For the pudendal region see Section II :1b, c. 
Scrotum-41:31. 
The scrotal sac may be opened and its contents exposed by 
making a longitudinal incision through the anterior wall of the 
scrotum. 
Raphe of the scrotum-41:32. 
Septum of the scrotum-41:33. 
Tunica dartos-41:34. 
Spermatic cord-40 :37. 
Cremasteric fascia-40 :47. 
Cremasteric muscle-40 :46. 
(Vaginal peritoneal process)-40:38. 
Tunica vaginalis communis-40 :45. 
Ductus deferens-40 :21. 
Internal spermatic artery-50 :52. 
External spermatic artery-51:35. 
Deferential artery-51:11. 
Pampiniform plexus of veins-55 :14. 
Spermatic vein-55 :11. 
External spermatic nerve-70:35. 
Deferential plexus-72:42. 
Lymphatics. 
c. Testis-39 :66. 
Tunica vaginalis propria testis-40 :39. 
Lamina parietalis--40 :40. 
Lamina visceralis-40 :41. 
Sinus epididymidis-40 :44. 
The testis may be exposed by making an incision through the anterior 
part of the lamina parietalis of the tunica vaginalis propria. 
Superior and inferior extremities of the testis-39 :67, 68. 
Lateral and medial surfaces-39 :69, 70. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
101 
Anterior and posterior margins-39 :71, 72. 
Epididymis-40:9. 
Head, body and tail of epididymis-40 :10-12. 
Appendix testis-40 :18. 
The following structures may be identified in cross-section of the 
testis: 
Tunica albuginea-39 :73. 
Mediastinum testis-39 :74. 
Septula testis-39:75. 
Lobules-40:1. 
Parenchyma-40:2. 
For the structures of the penis, see II :1b, 2a and VI :3a. 
IV. Abdominal Cavity, Peritoneum, and Viscera. 
1. ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND THE PERITONEUM. 
a. General characteristics of the abdominal cavity, viscera and 
peritoneum. 
In completing the opening of the abdominal cavity and demonstrat- 
ing the abdominal and peritoneal relations of the following structures, 
the incision already made through the lower part of the anterior 
abdominal wall (Section III:26) is extended upward from the 
umbilicus to the xiphoid process, passing just to the left of the mid- 
sagittal plane. 
Liver-34:43. 
Gall bladder-35 :6. 
Stomach-32 :78. 
Greater omentum-43 :70. 
Small intestine-33 :29. 
Large intestine-33 :61. 
Lesser omentum-43 :64. 
Peritoneum-43 :46. 
Parietal peritoneum-43 :49. 
Visceral peritoneum-43 :50. 
Peritoneal cavity-43 :51. 
&. Peritoneal folds and fossa in relation to the small and large 
intestine. 
Mesentery-43 :53. 
Root of mesentery-43 :54. 
Duodenojejunal recess-44-:9. 
Duodenojejunal fold-44:10. 
Greater omentum-43 :70. 
Gastrocolic ligament-43 :69. 
Mesocolon-43 :56. 
Transverse mesocolon-43 :57. 
Ascending mesocolon-43 :58. 
Descending mesocolon-43 :59. 
Sigmoid mesocolon-43 :60. 
Mesorectum-43 :61. 
Mesentery of the vermiform process-43 :62. 
Ileocaecal fold-44:15. 
Superior ileocaecal recess-44:13. 102 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Inferior ileocaecal recess-44:14. 
Caecal fold-44:18. 
Caecal fossa-44:16. 
Retrocaecal recess-44:17. 
Paracolic recess-44:19. 
Phrenicocolic ligament-44:1. 
c. Peritoneal ligaments in relation to the liver, stomach, and 
spleen. 
Faliciform ligament of liver-44:3. 
Ligamentum teres of the liver-34:56. 
Coronary ligament of the liver-44:4. 
Right and left triangular ligaments-44:5, 6. 
Lesser omentum-43 :64. 
Hepatogastric ligament-43 :65. 
Hepatoduodenal ligament-43 :66. 
Gastrosplenic ligament-43 :68. 
Phrenicosplenic ligament-44:2. 
Gastrocolic ligament-43 :69. 
d. Omental bursa-43 :71. 
Foramen epiploicum-43 :77. 
The extent and following subdivisions of the omental bursa may 
be determined by inserting the finger through the foramen epi- 
ploicum : 
Vestibule of bursa-43:72. 
Superior omental recess-43 :73. 
Inferior omental recess-43 :74. 
Splenic recess-43:75. 
e. Relations of the pelvic peritoneum. 
Rectovesical excavation or pouch-44:38. 
Pubovesical fold**-44:25. 
Transverse vesical fold-44 :26. 
The following structures relate to the female pelvis only: 
Broad ligament of the uterus-44:29. 
Rectouterine excavation or pouch-44:36. 
Vesicouterine excavation or pouch-44:37. 
f. Peritoneal relations in general. 
The relations of the peritoneum in general may be traced in trans- 
verse and sagittal planes of the abdomen. Some of the peritoneal 
relations of such retroperitoneal organs as the kidney, duodenum, 
and pancreas may be determined by palpation. 
2. MESENTERIC BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, AND LYMPHATICS. 
Superior mesenteric artery-50:36. (Not including its 
origin.) 
Exposed by removing the right layer of peritoneum of the mesen- 
tery, the inferior layer of the transverse mesocolon, and the peri- 
toneum of the posterior abdominal wall between the root of the 
mesentery and the ascending colon. 
Intestinal arteries-50 :37. 
Jejunal arteries-50 :39. 
Ileal arteries-50 :40. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
103 
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery-50 :38. 
Ileocolic artery-50 :41. 
Appendicular artery-50 :42. 
Right colic artery-50 :43. 
Middle colic artery-50 :44. 
Superior mesenteric vein-55 :17. 
The tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein-55:18:25, con- 
sist of vessels corresponding to the branches of the superior 
mesenteric artery, together with veins from the stomach and 
pancreas. 
Superior mesenteric sympathetic plexus-72 :32. 
Mesenteric lymph glands-56 :64. 
Mesocolic lymph glands-56 :65. 
Inferior mesenteric artery-50 :45. 
May be demonstrated by removing the peritoneum from the 
posterior abdominal wall between the root of the mesentery and 
the descending and iliac colon. 
Left colic artery-50 :46. 
Sigmoid arteries-50 :47. 
Superior haemorrhoidal artery-50 :48. (Exclusive of its 
termination.) 
Inferior mesenteric vein-55 :26. 
Left colic vein-55 :27. 
Sigmoid veins-55 :28. 
Superior haemorrhoidal vein-55 :29. 
Participates in an important anastomosis between the sys- 
tematic and portal circulation. 
Inferior mesenteric sympathetic plexus-72 :35. 
3. MESENTERIAL SMALL INTESTINE AND THE LARGE INTESTINE. 
a. Mesenterial small intestine-33 :58. 
Jejenum-33 :59. 
Ileum-33 :60. 
Meckel's diverticulum. 
The following structures can best be demonstrated in the intestine 
which has been removed from the abdomen, opened along its mesen- 
teric border, and its contents washed out. For its removal, the small 
interstine may be divided between ligatures about 5 cm. below the 
duodenojejunal flexure and about 10 cm. above the ileocaecal junc- 
tion, and its connections severed with the mesentery and mesenterial 
blood vessels. 
Tunica serosa-33 :30. 
Tunica muscularis-33 :31. 
Longitudinal layer-33 :32. 
Circular layer-33 :33. 
Tela submucosa-33 :34. 
Tunica mucosa-33 :35, 36. 
Plicae circulares-33 :37. 
Intestinal villi-33 :38. (Demonstrated with a hand lens.) 
Intestinal glands-33 :40. (Demonstrated with a hand lens.) 
Aggregated lymph nodules-33 :41. 
Solitary lymph nodules-33 :40. 
Chyme-33 :42. 
Chyle-33 :43. 
Intestinal juice-33 :44. 104 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
b. Large intestine-33 :61. 
Caecum-33 :62. 
Vermiform process-33 :67. 
Colon-33 :70. 
Ascending colon-33 :71. 
Right colic flexure-33 :72. 
Transverse colon-33 :73. 
Left colon flexure-33 :74. 
Descending colon-33:75. 
Sigmoid colon-33:76. 
Taeniae coli-33 :82. 
Taenia mesocolica-34:1. 
Taenia omentalis-34:2. 
Taenia libera-34:3. 
Haustra coli-33 :78. 
Appendices epiploicae-33 :80. 
The following structures can be demonstrated to best advantage 
after1 the large intestine has been divided between ligatures at the 
junction of the sigmoid colon with the rectum, removed from the 
abdomen and its contents washed out. 
Valvula coli-33 :63. 
Inferior and superior lips-33 :64, 65. 
Frenula of the valve of the colon-33 :66. 
(Valve of the vermiform process)-33 :68. 
Aggregated nodules of the vermiform process-33 :69. 
Tunica serosa.-33:79. 
Tunica muscularis-33 :81. 
Tunica submucosa-34:4. 
Tunica mucosa-34:5, 6. 
Intestinal glands-34:7. 
Solitary lymphatic nodules-34:8. 
4. STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO THE WALLS OF THE OMENTAL 
BURSA. 
a. Biliary ducts and vessels in the lesser omentum. 
The exposure of the structures in the lesser omentum may be facili- 
tated by the removal of the greater part of the left lobe of the liver. 
To this end an incision may be made through the left lobe in an 
anterior-posterior direction, beginning just at the left of the falci- 
form ligament and terminating near the left margin of the fossa for 
the ductus venosus (keeping the detached part of the liver wrapped 
in a damp cloth for later reference). 
Common bile duct->35 :16. 
Hepatic duct-35 :3. 
Cystic duct-35 :10. 
Portal vein-55 :15. 
Hepatic artery-50:19. 
Right gastric artery-50 :20. 
Proper hepatic artery-50 :21. 
Right ramus--50 :22. 
Cystic artery-50 :23. 
Left ramus-50 :24. 
Left gastric artery-50:17. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
105 
b. Remaining vessels in relation to the walls of the omental bursa. 
Gastroduodenal artery-50 :25. 
Right gastroepiploic artery-50 :29. 
In exposing the following structures any remaining parts of the 
lesser omentuma are removed, the right gastric artery, right gastro- 
epiploic artery, and stomach are divided just to the left of the 
pylorus, the stomach displaced toward the left side, and the posterior 
wall of the lesser omental bursa carefully removed, guarding against 
undue displacement of the pancreas. 
Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery-50 :26. 
Coeliac artery-50 :16. 
Left gastric artery-50:17. 
Hepatic artery-50 :19. (For its branches see the pre- 
ceding section, 4a.) 
Splenic artery-50:31. 
Pancreatic rami-50:32. 
Left gastroepiploic artery-50 :33. 
Short gastric arteries-50 :34. 
Splenic rami-50 :35. 
Portal vein-55 :15. 
Coronary vein of the stomach-55 :16. 
Superior mesenteric vein-55 :17. 
Inferior mesenteric vein-55 :26. 
Splenic vein-55 :30. 
Left gastroepiploic vein-55 :32. 
Cystic vein-55 :33. 
Parumbilical veins-55 :36. 
The portal vein also participates in important oesophageal, rectal, 
peritoneal, and umbilical anastomoses. 
5. DUODENUM AND PANCREAS. 
a. Duodenum-33 :45. 
Pars superior-33 :46. 
Pars descendens-33 :47. 
Pars horizontalis-33 :49. 
Pars ascendens-33 :50. 
Suspensory muscle of the duodenum-33 -.54. 
Duodenal papilla-33 :56. 
Exposed by making a longitudinal incision through the anterior 
wall of the duodenum. 
Longitudinal fold of duodenum-33 :55. 
b. Pancreas-34:26. 
Head of pancreas-34:27. 
Uncinate process-34:28. 
Notch of the pancreas-34 :29. 
Body of pancreas-34:30. 
Anterior, posterior and inferior surfaces-34:31-33. 
Superior, anterior and posterior margins-34:34-36. 
Omental tuber-34:37. 
Tail of pancreas-34:38. 
Pancreatic duct-34:39. 
Accessory pancreatic duct-34:40. 
(Accessory pancreas-34:41. 106 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
6. STOMACH AND SPLEEN. 
a. Stomach--32:78. 
Vagus nerve-68:22. (In its relation to the stomach and 
adjacent organs.) 
Anterior and posterior gastric plexuses-68 :51, 52. 
Hepatic rami-68 :53. 
Coeliac rami-68 :54. 
Stomach-32 :78. 
Anterior and posterior walls of stomach-32 :79, 80. 
Greater and lesser curvatures of stomach-32 :1, 2. 
Cardia-33 :3. 
Fundus of stomach-38 :4. 
Body of stomach-33 :5. 
Pylorus-33 :6. 
Cardiac part-33 :7. 
Pyloric part-33 :8. 
(Cardiac antrum)-33:9. 
Pyloric antrum-33 :10. 
The exposure of the following structures is facilitated by dividing 
the abdominal part of the oesophagus, removing the stomach, and 
opening the stomach by an incision along its greater curvature. 
Serous coat-33 :11. 
Muscular coat-33 :12. 
Longitudinal layer-33 :13. 
Circular layer-33 :15. 
Oblique fibers-33 :17. 
Sphincter muscle of pylorus-33 :16. 
Pyloric valve--33 :18. 
Tela submucosa-33 :19. 
Tunica mucosa-33 :20. 
Gastric pits-33 :24. 
5. Spleen-35 :18. 
Diaphragmatic surface-35 :19. 
Renal surface-35 :20. 
Gastric surface-35 :21. 
Superior and inferior extremities-35 :2'2, 23. 
Posterior and anterior margins-35 :34, 25. 
Tunica serosa-35 :27. 
Tunica albuginea-35 :28. 
Splenic pulp-35 :30. 
Splenic rami of splenic artery-35 :31. 
(Accessory spleen)-35:34. 
7. SYMPATHETIC PLEXUSES IN RELATION TO THE COELIAC GANG- 
LION AND COELAIC PLEXUS. 
Coeliac plexus-72 :19. 
Coeliac ganglion-72 :20. 
If the thorax has been previously dissected, these ganglia may be con- 
veniently located by tracing the great splanchnic nerves down to their 
junction with the ganglia. 
Superior gastric plexus-72 :26. 
Hepatic plexus-72 :24. 
Inferior gastric plexus-72:27. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
107 
Splenic plexus-72 :25. 
Renal plexus-72 :29. 
Suprarenal plexus-72 :28. 
Phrenic plexus-72 :22. 
Superior mesenteric plexus-72 :32. 
Abdominal aortic plexus-72:18. 
8. LIVER-34:43. 
For the ligaments and peritoneal relation of the liver, see IV :1c. The 
removal of the liver involves the following incisions: (a) division of the 
portal vein at the level of the foramen epiploicum; (h) raising the liver 
as much as possible, cutting through the inferior vena cava vein at the 
point where it comes in contact with the inferior aspect of the liver, and to 
the right of the inferior vena cava cutting through the inferior layer of 
the coronary ligament; (c) in connection with the superior and posterior 
aspects of the liver dividing the ligamentum teres and the falciform liga- 
ment, the right and left triangular ligaments and superior layer of the 
coronary ligament; (d) separating the posterior surface of the liver from 
the diaphragm, making a second cut through the inferior vena cava just 
below the diaphragm and completing the detachment of the organ. 
Right lobe of liver-34:59. 
Quadrate lobe of liver-34:60. 
Caudate lobe of liver-34:61. 
Papillary process-34:62. 
Caudate process-34:63. 
Left lobe of liver-34 :64. 
Right sagittal fossa-34:49. 
Fossa for the gall bladder-34:50. 
Fossa for vena cava-34:51. 
Left sagittal fossa-34:52. 
Fossa for umbilical vein-34:53. 
Fossa for ductus venosus-34:54. 
Anterior margin-34 :47. 
Incisura umbilicalis--34:48. 
Superior surface-34:44. 
Posterior surface-34:45. 
Oesophageal impression-34:68. 
Suprarenal impression-34:73. 
Inferior surface-34:45. 
Porta hepatis-34:58. 
Omental tuber-34:67. 
Gastric impression-34:69. 
Duodenal impression-34:70. 
Colic impression-34:71. 
Renal impression-34:72. 
The following hepatic structures may be demonstrated in cut surfaces. of 
the liver, some of them requiring a hand lens or microscope for their identi- 
fication. 
Hepatic lobules-34:74. 
Fibrous capsule-34:75. 
Interlobular arteries-34:76. 
Interlobular veins-34:77. 
Central veins-34:78. 
Bile ducts-35 :1. 108 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Interlobular ducts-35 :2. 
Vasa aberrantia hepatis-35:3. 
Bile-35 :5. 
Gall bladder-35 :6. 
Fundus of gall bladder-35 :7. 
Body of gall bladder-35 :8. 
Neck of gall bladder-35 :9. 
Cystic duct-35 :10. 
Spiral valve-35 :15. 
The following structures require a hand lens or a microscope for their 
adequate demonstration: 
Tunica serosa of gall bladder-35 :11. 
Tunica muscularis of gall bladder-35 :12. 
Tunica mucosa of gall bladder-35 :13. 
Plicae tunicae mucosae of gall bladder-35 :14. 
Glandulae mucosae biliosae-35 :17. 
9. SUPRARENAL GLAND, KIDNEY, AND URETER. 
a. Suprarenal gland-39 :52. 
Hilus of suprarenal gland-39 :55. 
Anterior and posterior surfaces-39 :56, 57. 
Base-39 :58. 
Apex-39 :59. 
Superior and medial margins-39 :60, 61. 
(Accessory suprarenal glands)-39:63. 
Cortical substance-39 :53 
Medullary substance-39:54. 
Central vein-39 :62. 
6. Vascular supply of the kidney and suprarenal glands. 
Renal artery-50:50. (Cf. also-39:4.) 
Inferior suprarenal artery-50 :51. 
Middle suprarenal artery-50 :49. 
Renal veins-55 :9. 
Suprarenal veins-55 :10. 
c. Kidney-38 :37. 
Adipose capsule-38 :49. 
Lateral margin-38 :38. 
Medial margin-38 :39. 
Renal hilus-38 :40. 
Renal sinus--38 :41. 
Anterior and posterior surfaces-38 :42, 43. 
Superior and inferior extremities-38 :44, 45. 
(Hepatic impression)-38:46. 
Gastric impression)-38:47. 
The following structures may be demonstrated to best advantage 
by cutting through the kidney along its lateral margin and divid- 
ing the organ into symmetrical halves: 
Tunica fibrosa-38 :50. 
Cortical substance-38 :55. 
Medullary substance-38 :56. 
Renal pyramids-38 :58. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
109 
Renal papillae-38 :60. 
Renal columns-38 :63. 
Renal pelvis-38:70. 
Renal calyces-38 :71. 
d. Ureter-39 :19. 
Abdominal part-39 :20. 
10. DIAPHRAGM. 
Diaphragm-25 :9. 
Lumbar part-25 :10. 
Medial crus-25 :11. 
Intermediate crus-25 :12. 
Lateral crus-25 :13. 
Costal part-25 :14. 
Sternal part-25:15. 
Aortic opening-25 :16. 
Oesophageal opening-25 :17. 
Central tendon-25 :18. 
Opening for vena cava-25:19. 
Medial lumbocostal arch-25 :20. 
Lateral lumbocostal arch-25 :21. 
V. Structures in Relation to the Posterior Abdominal Wall. 
1. BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS. 
a. Arteries. 
Abdominal aorta-50 :5. 
Parietal branches-50 :6. 
Inferior phrenic artery-50 :7. 
Superior suprarenal rami-50 :8. 
Lumbar arteries-50 :9-11. 
These arteries pass posterior to the sympathetic trunk 
which together with other nerves of the abdominal wall 
should be guarded from injury. 
Middle sacral artery-50:12. (Origin only.) 
Visceral branches-50 :15. 
For the rami of the first five of the following arteries see 
IV:2, 4b and 9b. 
Coeliac artery-50 :16. 
Superior mesenteric artery-50 :36. 
Inferior mesenteric artery-50 :45. 
Middle suprarenal artery-50 :49. 
Renal arteries-50 :50. 
Internal spermatic arteries-50 :52. 
Testicular artery:-50 :53. 
Ovarian artery-50 :54. 
Common iliac arteries-50 :55. 
Hypogastric artery-50:56. (Origin only.) 
External iliac artery-51:31. 
Inferior epigastric artery-51:32. 
Deep circumflex iliac artery-51:37. 110 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
b. Veins and lymphatics. 
Inferior vena cava-55 :3. 
Parietal roots-55 :4. 
Inferior phrenic vein-55 :5. 
Lumbar veins-55 :6. 
Visceral roots-55 :7. 
Hepatic veins-55 :8. 
Renal veins-55 :9. 
Suprarenal veins-55 :10. 
Spermatic vein--55:11. 
Testicular vein-55 :12. 
Ovarian vein-55 :13. 
Common iliac veins-55 :37. 
Middle sacral vein-55 :38. 
Hypogastric vein-55 :39. (Termination only.) 
External iliac veins-55 :58. 
Inferior epigastric veins-55 :59. 
Deep circumflex iliac vein-55 :50. 
Cisterna chyli-56 :28. 
Intestinal lymphatic trunk-56 :27. 
Lumbar lymphatic trunks-56 :26. 
Iliac lymph glands-56 :57. 
Lumbar lymph glands-56 :58. 
Coeliac lymph glands-56 :59. 
Azygos vein-56 :53. 
Hemiazygos vein-56 :54. 
2. FASCIA AND MUSCLES OF POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL. 
Iliac fascia-27 :55. 
Quadratus lumborum muscle-25 :32. 
Iliopsoas muscle-26 :63. 
Iliac muscle-26 :64. 
Psoas major muscle-26 :65. 
In the demonstration of this muscle the following nerves are 
. encountered and should be guarded from injury: the sympathetic 
trunk, medial to it, the genitofemoral nerve in relation to its an- 
terior surface, the ilioinguinal and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves 
in relation to its lateral margin, and the femoral nerve, situated 
between the psoas major and iliacus muscles. 
Psoas minor muscle-26 :66. 
3. NERVES OF THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL. 
Abdominal part of the sympathetic trunk-72 :15. 
Lumbar ganglion-72:16. 
Rami communicantes-68 :72. 
Twelfth intercostal nerve-70 :1. 
Lumbar nerves-70 :11. 
In demonstrating the lumbar nerves and lumbar plexus the psoas major 
muscle is removed by blunt dissection. 
Lumbar plexus-70:23. 
Muscular rami-70 :24. 
Iliohypogastric nerve-70 :25. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
111 
Ilioinguinal nerve-70 :29. 
Genitofemoral nerve-70 :33. 
Lumboinguinal nerve-70 :34. 
External spermatic nerve-70:35. 
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve-70 :36. 
Femoral nerve-70 :41. 
Obturator nerve-70 :37. 
Lumbosacral trunk-70:22. (Origin only.) 
VI. Pelvis. 
1. OSTEOLOGY. 
Coxal bone-15 :7. 
Obturator foramen-15 :8. 
Iliac bone-15 :14. 
Iliac crest-15 :18. 
Iliac fossa-15 :31. 
Ischial bone-15 :32. 
Superior ramus of the ischial bone-15 :34. 
Inferior ramus of the ischial bone-15 :35. 
Pubic bone-15 :40. 
Obturator sulcus-15 :46. 
Inferior and superior rami of the pubic bone-15 :49, 50. 
Sacrum-7 :5. 
Pelvic surface-7 :7. 
Promontory-7 :10. 
Anterior sacral foramina-7 :15. 
Apex of sacral bone-7 :24. 
Coccyx-7 :25. 
Pelvis-15 :52. 
Symphysis of pubic bone-15 :53. 
Pubic arch-15 :54. 
Major pelvis-15 :56. 
Minor pelvis-15 :57. 
Linea terminalis-15 :58. 
Superior aperture of the pelvis-15 :62. 
Inferior aperture of the pelvis-15 :63. 
Pelvic axis-15 :64. 
Conjugate, transverse and oblique diameters-15 :65-67. 
Pelvic inclination-15 :68. 
2. PERITONEUM AND FASCIA IN RELATION TO THE PELVIS.5 
a. Peritoneal folds in the male pelvis. 
Transverse vesical fold-44:26. 
Pubovesical fold**-44:25. 
Mesorectum-43 :61. 
Rectovesical excavation-44:38. 
5 An alternative procedure as noted in Section II is to introduce here a study 
of the perineal region, the body being either placed in the lithotomy position or 
else divided transversely at the level of the articulation of one of the lower lumbar 
vertebrae and the pelvis carefully divided in the median sagittal plane (the latter 
method, however, is not to be especially recommended). 112 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
&. Peritoneum of the female pelvis. 
Rectouterine folds--44:35. 
Rectouterine excavation-44:36. 
Vesicouterine excavation-44:37. 
Fossa ovarica-44:33. 
Broad ligament of uterus-44:29. 
Mesometrium-44:30. 
Mesosalpinx-44:31. 
Mesovarium-44:32. 
Suspensory ligament of the ovary-44:34. 
c. Fascia. 
Pelvic fascia-43 :26. 
May be demonstrated by removing the pelvic peritoneum by 
blunt dissection, guarding at the same time against injury to 
nerves and vessels. 
Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm-43 :28. 
Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia-43 :29. 
Endopelvic fascia-43 -.27. 
Middle puboprostatic ligament-43 :30. (In the male.) 
Middle pubovesical ligament-43:30. (In the female.) 
Lateral puboprostatic ligament-43 :31. (In the male.) 
Lateral pubovesical ligament-43:31. (In the female.) 
The demonstration of the anterior relations of the pelvic fascia 
may be completed and the subsequent exposure of pelvic viscera 
facilitated (i.e. if the pelvis has not already been previously 
divided in the median sagittal plane) by making the following 
dissections: (a) detaching the suspensory ligament of the penis 
from the front of the symphysis, guarding at the same time 
against injury to the dorsal vein of the penis; (b) detaching all 
muscles and fascia from the anterior surface of each pubic bone 
over a region extending about 2.5 cm. laterally from the sym- 
physis pubis; (c) sawing through the pubic bones by an incision 
on each side of the symphysis pubis extending from the pubic 
tubercle to a point just below the attachment of the arcuate 
ligament of the pubis; and (d) detaching the pelvic fascia from 
the posterior surface of this isolated segment of bone and care- 
fully removing the bone, retaining the latter for later reference. 
Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm-43 :32. 
Obturator fascia-43 :40. 
Tendinous arch of the levator ani muscle-43 :22. 
Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm-43 :36. 
3. PELVIC VISCERA. 
a. In the male pelvis. 
Urinary bladder-39 :29. 
Vertex of bladder-39 :30. 
Body of bladder-39 :31. 
Fundus of bladder-39 :32. 
Urachus*-39 :34. 
The following structures may be exposed by an incision beginning 
at the vertex of the bladder and extending through its wall in 
an anterior-posterior direction in the line of its median plane. 
Tunica serosa-39 :35. 
Tunica muscularis-39 :36-39. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
113 
Tela submucosa-39 :42. 
Tunica mucosa-39 :43. 
Trigone of the bladder-39 :46. 
Uvula of the bladder-39 :47. 
Urethral fold-39 :48. 
Orifice of ureter-39 :49. 
Internal urethral orifice-39 :50. 
Urethral ring-39 :51. 
Male urethra-41:19. 
Its internal structure may be exposed by introducing blunt 
pointed scissors into the internal urethral orifice and dividing 
the dorsal wall of the urethral canal throughout its entire extent. 
Prostatic part-41:20. 
Urethral crest-41:21. 
Seminal hillock-41:22. 
Prostatic utricle-41:23. 
Ejaculatory ducts--40:30. (Their openings only.) 
Prostatic ducts-40:59. (Their openings only.) 
Membranous part-41:24. 
Cavernous part-41:25. 
Excretory ducts of bulbourethral glands-40 :64. 
Navicular fossa of urethra-41:26. 
(Valvulva fossae navicularis)-41:27. 
External urethral orifice-41:28. 
Urethral lacunae-41:29. 
Penis-40 :66. 
The following structures may be demonstrated in cross-sections 
of the penis. For other structures of penis see 11:16 and 2a. 
Corpus cavernosum penis-41:4. 
Corpus cavernosum urethrae-41:5. 
Tunica albuginea-41:5. 
Septum penis-41:10. 
Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum-41:11. 
Cavernae corporum cavernosorum-41:12. 
The demonstration of the remaining pelvic structures may be facili- 
tated (if the possible alternative indicated in the footnote to the 
preceding section has not been followed) by detaching the fifth 
lumbar vertebra from the sacrum, dividing the sacrum, coccyx, and 
any remaining soft structures in the median sagittal plane, and sep- 
arating the two halves of the pelvis. 
Rectum-34:9. 
Sacral flexure-34:10. 
Perineal flexure-34:11. 
Rectal ampulla-34:12. 
Mucous membrane-34:17. 
Transverse rectal folds--34:21. 
Rectococcygeal muscle-34:15. 
Anal part of rectum-34:22. 
Rectal columns-34:23. 
Rectal sinuses->34:24. 
Hemorrhoidal ring-34:25. 
Sphincter ani internus muscle--34:14. 114 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Pelvic part of ureter-39 :21. 
Prostate--40 :50. 
Base-40 :51. 
Apex-40 :52. 
Anterior and posterior surfaces-40 :53, 54. 
Right and left lobes-40:55. 
Isthmus-40 :56. 
(Middle lobe)-40:57. 
Seminal vesicles-40 :31. 
Body of seminal vesicle-40 :32. 
Excretory duct-40 :36. 
Ductus deferens-40 :21. 
Ampulla of ductus deferens-40 :22. 
Diverticula of ampulla-40 :23. 
Ejaculatory duct-40 :30. 
5. In the fem-ale pelvis. 
The demonstration of the following structures may be facilitated 
(i.e., if the possible alternative indicated in the footnote to the 
preceding section has not been followed) by detaching the fifth lum- 
bar vertebra from the sacrum, dividing the sacrum, coccyx, sym- 
physis pubic, and any remaining soft structures in the median 
sagittal plane and separating the two halves of the pelvis. 
' Peritoneum-43 :46. 
For structures relative to the peritoneum in the female pelvis, 
see VI:2&. 
Pelvic fascia-43 :26. (Cf. VI :2c.) 
Urinary bladder-39 :29. 
For structures relative to the urinary bladder, see VI :3a. 
Female urethra-42:70. 
External urethral orifice-42 :71. 
Crista urethralis-43 :2. 
Pelvic part of ureter-39 :21. 
Ovary-41:36. 
Hilus-41:37. 
Medial and lateral surfaces-41:38, 39. 
Free margin-41:40. 
•Mesovarian margin-41:41. 
Tubal extremity-41:42. 
Uterine extremity-41:43. 
Ovarian ligament-41:56. 
Corpus luteum-41:54. 
Corpus albicans-41:55. 
Paroophoron-42 :43. 
Epoophoron-42:39. 
Uterine tube-41:57. 
Ostium abdominale-41:58. 
Infundibulum-41:59. 
Fimbriae-41:60. 
Fimbria ovarica-41:61. 
Ampulla-41:62. 
Isthmus-41:63. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
115 
Uterus-41:76. 
Body of uterus-41:77. 
Fundus-42:1. 
Lateral margin-42 :2. 
Vesical surface-43 :3. 
Intestinal surface-42 A. 
Uterine cavity-42:5. 
Cervix-42:7. 
Supravaginal part-42 :8. 
Vaginal part-42:9. 
External orifice of uterus-42:10. 
Anterior lip-42 :11. 
Posterior lip-42 :12. 
Canal of the cervix-42 :13. 
Internal orifice of the uterus-42 :6. 
Ligamentum teres-42 :23. 
Vagina-42 :25. 
Fornix of vagina-42 :26. 
Anterior and posterior walls-42 :27, 28. 
Hymen-42:29. 
Hymeneal caruncles-42 :30. 
Rectum-34:9. 
For its structural characteristics, see VI: 3a. 
4. PELVIC BLOOD VESSELS (MALE AND FEMALE). 
In the following tabulation vessels which are either male or female 
only are so indicated. All other vessels are common to both sexes. 
a. Arteries. 
Hypogastric artery-50 :56. 
Parietal rami of the hypogastric artery-50 :57. 
Iliolumbar artery-50 :58. 
Lumbar ramus**-50 :59. 
Spinal ramus**-50 :60. 
Iliac ramus**-50:61. 
Lateral sacral artery-50 :62. 
Spinal rami**-50 :63. 
Obturator artery-50 :64. 
Pubic ramus-50 :65. 
Superior gluteal artery-51:1. 
Inferior gluteal artery-51 A. 
Visceral rami of the hypogastric artery-51:6. 
Umbilical artery-51:7. 
Superior vesical arteries**-51:8. 
[Lateral umbilical ligament]**-51:9. 
Inferior vesical artery-51:10. 
Deferential artery**-51:11. (In the male only.) 
Uterine artery-51:12. (In the female only.) 
Vaginal artery-51:13. 
Ovarian ramus-51:14. 
Tubal ramus-51:15. 
Ovarian artery-50:54. (In the female only.) 116 
REGIONAL ANATOM! 
Middle hemorrhoidal artery-51:16. 
Internal pudendal artery-51:17. 
For its perineal rami in both male and female, see II: 2-4. 
Superior hemorrhoidal artery-50:48. 
Middle sacral artery-50 :12. 
Lowest lumbar artery**-50:13. 
Glomus coccygeum**-50 :14. 
b. Veins of the pelvis. 
Hypogastric vein-55 :39. 
The tributaries of the hypogastric vein-55:40, 49:53, 49:55-57, 
correspond to a large degree with the branches of the hypogastric 
artery. 
Hemorrhoidal plexus-55 :46. 
Vesical plexus**-55 :47. 
Pudendal plexus**-55 :48. 
Uterovaginal plexus**-55:54. (In the female only.) 
Middle sacral vein**-55 :38. 
5. PELVIC MUSCLES AND NERVES. 
May be exposed by displacing the viscera from the lateral pelvic walls and 
removing any remains of the superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm- 
43:28, guarding at the same time against injury to the fifth sacral and 
the coccygeal nerves. 
Pelvic diaphragm-43 :20. 
Levator ani muscle-43 :21. 
Tendinous arch of the levator ani muscle-43 :22. 
Coccygeus muscle-43 :23, 25 :59. 
Sacral plexus-70:47. 
Lumbosacral trunk-70 :48. 
Superior gluteal nerve-70:49. 
Inferior gluteal nerve-70 :50. 
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve-70:51. 
Sciatic nerve-70:54. 
Pudendal plexus-71:15. 
Middle hemorrhoidal nerves**-71:16. 
Inferior vesical nerves**-71:17. 
Vaginal nerves**-71:18. (In the female.) 
Pudendal nerve-71:19. 
Coccygeal nerve**-71:26. 
Pelvic part of the sympathetic system-72:15. 
Sacral ganglia-72 :17. 
Obturator fascia-43 :40. 
Obturator internus muscle-26 :72. 
Piriformis muscle-26 :71. 
6. PELVIC ARTICULATIONS. 
Ligaments of the pelvic girdle-20 :45. 
Obturator membrane-20 :46. 
Obturator canal-20 :47. 
Iliolumbar ligament-20 :48. 
Sacrotuberous ligament-20 :49. 
Falciform process-20 :50. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 
117 
Sacrospinous ligament-20:51. 
Greater sciatic foramen-20:52. 
Lesser sciatic foramen-20 :53. 
Sacro-iliac articulation-20 :54. 
Anterior sacro-iliac ligaments-20 :55. 
Interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments-20 :56. 
Long and short posterior sacro-iliac ligaments-20 :57, 58. 
Synovial cavity. 
Symphysis pubis-20 :59. 
Superior pubic ligaments-20 :60. 
Arcuate ligament of pubis-20 :61. 
Interpubic fibro-cartilage-20 :62. 
Demonstrated by removing a slice of bone from the front of the 
symphysis pubis. 
Sacro-coccygeal symphysis-18 :48. 
Superficial posterior sacro-coccygeal ligament-18 :49. 
Deep posterior sacro-coccygeal ligament-18 :50. 
Anterior sacro-coccygeal ligament-18 :51. 
Lateral sacro-coccygeal ligament-18 :52. INFERIOR EXTREMITY Plate IX 
Posterior aspect of the inferior extremity showing surface anatomy and surface 
projection of the bones of the girdle and free extremity. 
120 [ EMMEL] B N A 
PLATE IX 
Crista iliaca 
Spina iliaca 
posterior superior- 
-Spina iliaca 
anterior superior 
Os coccygis 
-Trochanter major 
Sulcus glutaeus 
Tuber ischiadica 
Condylus medialis femoris- 
Condylus lateralisfemoris 
Condylus medialis tibiae 
-Condylus lateralis tibiae 
-•Capitulum fibulae 
Malleolus medialis tibiae 
■Malleolus lateralis fibulae 
Tuberositas oss. 
metatarsalia V INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
I. General Characteristics of the Inferior Extremity. 
1. SUBDIVISIONS. 
Thigh-5 :45. 
Anterior and posterior surface-5 :46, 47. 
Lateral and medial surface-5 :48, 49. 
Gluteal furrow-5 :50. 
Knee-5:51. 
Posterior surface of knee-5 :52. 
Patella-5:53. 
Leg-5 :54. 
Foot-5:60. 
For the remaining subdivisions of the leg and foot, see VII :1a. 
For the osteology of the inferior extremity see 15:5 to 17:45. 
2. REGIONS. (Pls. 11, 12.) 
Regions of the inferior extremity-84:15. 
Anterior femoral region-84:16. 
Subinguinal fossa-84:17. 
Lateral femoral region-84:18. 
Trochanteric region-84:19. 
Posterior femoral region-84:20. 
Medial femoral region-84:21. 
Anterior region of the knee-84:22. 
Patellar region-84:23. 
Posterior region of the knee-84:24. 
Popliteal fossa-84:25. 
For the remaining regions of the inferior extremity, see VIII :1c. 
Regions of the back-83 :23. 
Only those regions of the back are listed here which are in direct rela- 
tion to the regions of the inferior extremity. 
Region of the hip-83 :30. 
Sacral region-83 :31. 
Gluteal region-83 :32. 
Perineal region-83 :33. 
II. Gluteal Region. 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 9, 10, 3, 4.) 
Nates-5 :5. 
Anal cleft-5 :7. 
Coccyx-7 :25. 
Sacrum-7 :5. 
Crest of the ilium-15 :18. 
Anterior superior iliac spine-15 :22. 
Posterior superior iliac spine-15 :24. 
Gluteal sulcus-5 :50. 
Tuberosity of ischium-15 :36. 
Greater trochanter-16 :2. 
121 122 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
2. FASCIA AND CUTANEOUS NERVES. 
Skin incisions: (a) from the posterior superior iliac spine along the iliac 
crest as far forward as possible; (&) from the posterior extremity of (a) 
obliquely distally and medially to the middle line of the sacral region, 
thence distally to the tip of the coccyx; (c) from the tip of the coccyx 
distally and laterally, crossing the middle point of the gluteal sulcus, to 
the junction of the middle and proximal thirds of the thigh. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Superior clunial nerves-70:15. 
Middle clunial nerves-70 :21. 
Lateral cutaneous ramus of the iliohypogastric nerve-70:27. 
Lateral cutaneous ramus of the twelfth thoracic nerve-69 :76. 
Inferior clunial nerves-70 :52. 
Perineal rami of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve**-70:53. 
Deep fascia-43 :32. 
3. GLUTAEUS MAXIMUS MUSCLE. 
Glutaeus maximus muscle-26 :67. 
4. STRUCTURES EXPOSED BY THE REFLECTION OF THE GLUTAEUS 
MAXIMUS MUSCLE. 
Demonstrated by separating the glutaeus maximus muscle from the 
underlying structures, detaching it at its origin and reflecting it 
toward its insertion; at the same time exposing and cutting its 
nerve and vascular supply, but leaving intact the posterior femoral 
cutaneous nerve, sacrotuberous ligament, and perineal region. 
a. Bursae in relation to the glutaeus maximus muscle. 
Trochanteric bursa of the glutaeus maximus muscle-28 :53. 
Glutaeofemoral bursae-29 :5. 
Sciatic bursa of the glutaeus maximus muscle-29 :6. 
b. Structures distal to the piriformis muscle. 
Inferior gluteal nerve-70 :50. 
Inferior gluteal artery-51:4. 
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve-70 :51. 
Sciatic nerve-70 :54. 
Internal pudendal artery-51:17. 
Pudendal nerve-71:19. 
Nerve to the obturator internus muscle. 
Piriformis muscle-26 :71. 
Obturator internus muscle-26 :72. 
Superior and inferior gemelli muscles-26 :73, 74. 
Quadratus femoris muscle-26:75. 
Nerve to the quadratus femoris muscle. 
May be exposed by detaching the two gemelli muscles at their 
origins, cutting the tendon of the obturator internus at its exit 
from the lesser sciatic foramen and reflecting these structures 
toward their insertions. 
The following structures may be demonstrated by detaching the 
quadratus femoris muscle at its origin and reflecting it toward its 
insertion. 
Obturator externus muscle-27 :10. 
Medial femoral circumflex artery-51:46. (Terminal 
branches only.) INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
123 
c. Structures proximal and lateral to the piriformis miiscle. 
Glutaeus medius muscle-26 :68. 
Nerve to the tensor fasciae latae muscle. 
Ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery 
-51:51. 
The following structures may be exposed by separating the glutaeus 
medius muscle from the glutaeus minimus muscle, dividing the 
gluteaus medius muscle about 5 cm. proximal to the greater trochan- 
ter and reflecting the two parts toward their origin and insertion, 
respectively. 
Superior gluteal artery-51:1. 
Superior gluteal nerve-70:49. 
Glutaeus minimus muscle-26 :69. 
5. STRUCTURES EXPOSED BY THE REFLECTION OF THE GLUTAEUS 
MINIMUS MUSCLE. 
May be demonstrated by detaching the glutaeus minimus muscle at its 
origin and reflecting it toward its insertion. 
Articular capsule of hip-20 :64. 
Trochanteric bursa of glutaeus minimus muscle-29 :2. 
Reflected tendon of the rectus femoris muscle. 
III. Popliteal Space. 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 9, 10.) 
Tendon of the bisceps femoris muscle-27 :11. 
Tendons of the semitendinous and semimembranosus muscles- 
27 :14, 15. 
Tendon of adductor magnus muscle-27 :8. 
Epicondyles of femur-16 :19, 20. 
Head of fibula-16 :54. 
Common peroneal nerve-70 :56. 
2. FASCIA, SUPERFICIAL NERVES, AND VESSELS. 
Skin incisions: (a) longitudinally for about 20 cm. along the middle line 
of the posterior region of the knee, extending about 10 cm. distal and 
proximal to the line of the articulation of the knee; (b) transversely at each 
end of the preceding incision. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve-70 :51. Terminal branches 
only. 
Small saphenous vein-56 :1. 
Femoropopliteal vein-56 :2. 
Deep fascia-27 :70. 
3. POPLITEAL SPACE; LARGE NERVES AND VESSELS. 
May be exposed by making a longitudinal incision through the deep fascia 
in the middle line of the popliteal space, reflecting the fascia and demon- 
strating the structures with a minimum of dissection. 
Tibial nerve-70:68. 
Common peroneal nerve-70 :56. 
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve-70 :51. 
Popliteal artery-51:63. 
Popliteal veins-56 :4. Plate X 
Anterior aspect of the inferior extremity showing surface anatomy and surface 
projection of the bones of the girdle and free extremity. 
124 [EMMEL] B N A 
PLATE X 
Crista iliaca 
Spina iliaca 
anterior superior- 
Trochanter major- 
Symphysis 
oss. pubis 
-Tuberculum 
pubicum 
Ramus inferior 
oss. ischii 
Condylus lateralis femoris 
Condylus medialis femoris 
-Patella 
Condylus lateralis tibiae 
Capitulum fibulae 
Tuberositas tibiae 
-Tacies medialis tibiae 
Crista anterior tibiae 
Malleolus lateralis fibulae 
Malleolus medialis fib 
Tuberositas oss. 
Metatarsalis V 
Tuberositas oss. 
navicularis INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
125 
4. POPLITEAL SPACE: MEDIAL AND LATERAL BOUNDARIES. 
Biceps muscle-27 :11. 
Semitendinosus muscle-27 :14. 
Semimembranosus muscle-27 :15. 
Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle-27 :24. 
Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle-27 :25. 
Plantaris muscle-27 :29. 
5. CONTENTS OF THE POPLITEAL SPACE. 
a. Nerves. 
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve-70:51. 
Tibial nerve-70:68. 
Muscular rami-70 :69. 
Medial sural cutaneous nerve-71:2. 
Interosseous crural nerve**-71:1. 
Articular rami to knee joint. 
Common peroneal nerve-70:56. 
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve-70:58. 
Peroneal anastomotic ramus-70 :59. 
Articular rami to knee joint. 
A genicular ramus of the obtruator nerve may be present, 
d. Blood vessels and lymphatics. 
Popliteal artery-51:63. 
Superior lateral genicular artery-51:64. 
Superior medial genicular artery-51:65. 
Middle genicular artery-51:66. 
Inferior lateral genicular artery-51:68. 
Sural arteries-51:67. 
Popliteal veins-56 :4. 
Popliteal lymph glands-57 :5. 
6. FLOOR OF THE POPLITEAL SPACE. 
Popliteal surface of femur-16 :15. 
Oblique popliteal ligament-21:15. 
Associated with it is the fascia of popliteus muscle. 
1. FASCIA AND CUTANEOUS NERVES. 
Skin incision: longitudinally through the skin remaining on the back of 
the thigh. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve-70:51. (Terminal rami.) 
Anterior femoral cutaneous nerve-70:42. (Medial terminal 
rami only.) 
Cutaneous ramus of the obturator nerve-70 :39. 
Deep fascia-27 :49. 
IV. Posterior Part of the Thigh. 
2. MUSCLES. 
Biceps femoris muscle-27 :11. 
Long head-27 :12. 
Short head-27 :13. 
Semimembranosus muscle-27 :15. 
Bursa of semimembranosus muscle-29 :26. 126 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
3. NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS. 
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve-70:51. 
Ischiadic nerve-70:54. 
Muscular rami-70:55. 
First perforating artery-51:53. 
Second perforating artery-51:55. 
Third perforating artery-51:56. 
'Perforating veins-55:73. 
Femoropopliteal vein-56 :2. 
V. Anterior Part of the Thigh. 
1. SURFACE ANATOMY. (Pls. 3, 10.) 
Anterior superior iliac spine-15 :22. 
Symphysis pubis-20 :59. 
Inguinal ligament-25 :41. 
Pubic tubercle-15 :44. 
Pubic arch-15 :54. 
Inferior ramus of the pubis-15 :49. 
Inferior ramus of the ischium-15 :35. 
Tuberosity of the ischium-15 :36. 
Greater trochanter of the femur-16 :2. 
Patella-15 :69. 
Medial condyle of the femur-16 -.16. 
Lateral condyle of the femur-16 :17. 
2. REGIONS IN RELATION TO THE ANTERIOR ASPECT OF THE THIGH. 
(Pl. 11.) 
Anterior femoral region-84:16. 
Subinguinal fossa-84:17. 
Lateral femoral region-84:18. 
Trochanteric region-84:19. 
Medial femoral region-84:21. 
3. FASCIA, SUPERFICIAL VESSELS, LYMPHATICS, AND CUTANEOUS 
NERVES. 
a. Superficial fascia, blood vessels, and lymphatics. 
Skin incisions: (a) from the anterior superior iliac spine along the 
line of the inguinal ligament to the symphysis pubis; (b) from the 
median end of (a) distally, just lateral to the scrotum and along 
the medial aspect of the thigh for a distance of 10 cm.; (c) from 
the distal end of (b) anteriorly and transversely to the lateral aspect 
of the thigh; (d) from the end of incision (b) distally to the 
medial condyle of the tibia; (e) from the latter point anteriorly and 
transversely to the lateral condyle of the tibia. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Great saphenous vein-55 :66. 
Superficial epigastric vein-55 :65. 
Superficial circumflex iliac vein-55 :68. 
External pudendal veins-55 :64. 
Superficial epigastric artery-51:39. 
Superficial circumflex iliac artery-51:40. 
External pudendal arteries-51:41. 
Superficial subinguinal lymph glands-57 :3. INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
127 
b. Fossa ovalis. 
Fossa ovalis-27 :65. 
Falciform margin-27 :66. 
Superior cornu-27 :67. 
Inferior cornu-27 :68. 
Fascia cribrosa-27 :69. 
Some of the deep subinguinal lymph glands-57:4, may be in 
relation to the fossa ovalis. 
c. Cutaneous nerves, superficial praepatellar bursae. 
Ilioinguinal nerve-70:29. 
Lumboinguinal nerve-70:34. 
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve-70:36. 
Anterior femoral cutaneous nerves-70:42. 
Infrapatellar ramus of the saphenous nerve-70 :45. 
Cutaneous rami of the obturator nerve-70:39. 
Bursa praepate.Uaris subcutanea-29 :12. 
Bursa praepatellaris subfascialis-29 :15. 
d. Deep fascia. 
Fascia lata-27 :49. 
Iliotibial tract-27 :50. 
Lateral intermuscular septum-27 :51. 
Medial intermuscular septum-27 :52. 
4. FEMORAL SHEATH. 
May be demonstrated by making an incision through the fascia lata begin- 
ning at the superior cornu of the falciform margin of the fossa ovalis and 
extending laterally to -within about 2 cm. of the anterioi' superior iliac 
spine, reflecting the fascial flap laterally and removing the subjacent fat 
and deep subinguinal lymph glands; contents may be exposed by a longi- 
tudinal incision through the anterior wall of each of the three subdivisions 
or compartments of the sheath. 
Femoral artery-51:38. 
Lumboinguinal nerve-70 :34. 
Femoral vein-55 :61. 
Femoral canal-27 :62. 
The following structures may be palpated by introducing the little finger 
into the femoral canal. 
Femoral ring-27 :63. 
Femoral septum-27 :64. 
Lacunar ligament-25 :42. 
Inguinal ligament-25 :41. 
Femoral vein;-55 :61. 
Pubic bone-15 :40. 
Femoral hernia. 
5. FEMORAL TRIGONE AND ITS CONTENTS. 
Exposed by removing the fascia lata from the anterior aspect of the prox- 
imal third of the thigh. 
Femoral trigone-27 :59. 
Fascia iliopectinea-27 :56. 
Lacuna musculorum-27 :57. 
Lacuna vasorum-27 :58. 
Femoral artery-51:38. 128 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Superficial epigastric artery-51:39. 
Superficial circumflex iliac artery-51:40. 
External pudendal arteries-51:41. 
Inguinal rami**-51:44. 
Deep femoral artery-51:45. 
Medial circumflex femoral artery-51:46. 
Lateral circumflex femoral artery-51:50. 
Femoral vein-55 :61. 
Superficial epigastric vein-55 :65. 
Superficial circumflex iliac vein-55 :68. 
External pudendal veins-55 :64. 
Great saphenous vein-55 :66. 
Accessory saphenous vein-55 :67. 
Deep femoral veins-55 :72. 
Medial circumflex femoral veins-55 :69. 
Lateral circumflex femoral veins-55 :70. 
Lumboinguinal nerve-70 :34. 
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve-70 :36. 
Femoral nerve-70:41. 
The following muscles are in relation to the floor and medial and lateral 
boundaries of the trigone: 
Adductor longus muscle-27 :5. 
Pectineus muscle-27 :4. 
Iliopsoas muscle-26 :63. 
Sartorius muscle-26:76. 
Fascia iliopectinea-27 :60. 
6. ADDUCTOR CANAL AND ITS CONTENTS. 
Adductor canal-27 :53. 
May be exposed by making a longitudinal incision through the fascia 
lata remaining on the distal two-thirds of the anterior aspect of the 
thigh and reflecting the fascial flaps laterally and medially, but leaving 
intact the iliotibial tract; contents may be demonstrated by a longi- 
tudinal incision through the fibrous anterior wall of the canal. 
Femoral artery-51:38. 
Arteria genu suprema-51:59. 
Saphenous ramus-51:61. 
Muscular rami-51:60. 
Articular rami-51:62. 
Femoral vein-55 :611. 
Saphenous nerve-70 :44. 
Tendinous [adductor] opening-27:54. 
7. MUSCLES OF THE FRONT OF THE THIGH. 
Sartorius muscle-26:76. 
Tensor fasciae latae muscle-26:70. 
Iliotibial tract-27 :50. 
Lateral intermuscular septum of the thigh-27 :51. 
Medial intermuscular septum of the thigh-27 :52. 
Quadriceps femoris muscle-26 :77. 
Rectus femoris muscle-26:78. 
Bursa of rectus femoris muscle**-29 :7. 
Vastus lateralis muscle-26:79. INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
129 
Vastus medialis muscle-27 :2. 
Vastus intermedins muscle-27 :1. 
May be exposed by making a transverse incision through the middle of 
the rectus femoris muscle and reflecting the distal end. 
Articularis genu muscle-27 :3. 
May be exposed by making a longitudinal incision through the vastus 
intermedius muscle. 
Common tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle-26 :77. 
Medial patellar retinaculum-21:19. 
Lateral patellar retinaculum-21:20. 
VI. Medial • Side of the Thigh. 
1. MUSCLES, NERVES, AND VESSELS. 
Adductor longus muscle-27 :5. 
Deep femoral artery-51:45. 
Exposed by detaching the pectineus muscle at its origin and reflecting 
it toward its insertion, guarding, at the same time, the anterior ramus 
of the obturator nerve. 
First perforating artery-51:53. 
Superior nutrient femoral artery-51:54. 
Second perforating artery-51:55. 
Third perforating artery-51:56. 
Inferior nutrient femoral artery-51:57. 
Pectineus muscle-27 :4. 
Pectineal fascia-27 :61. 
Bursa of pectineus muscle**-29 :10. 
Medial circumflex femoral artery-51:46. 
May be exposed by detaching the adductor longus muscle at its origin 
and reflecting it toward its insertion. 
Superficial ramus-51:47. 
Deep ramus-51:48. 
Acetabular ramus-51:49. 
Adductor brevis muscle-27 :7. 
Obturator nerve-70 :37. 
Posterior ramus-70 :40. 
May be exposed by detaching the adductor brevis muscle at its 
origin and reflecting it toward its insertion. 
Anterior ramus-70:38. 
Cutaneous ramus-70:39. 
Gracilis muscle-27 :6. 
Proper bursa of sartorius muscle-29 :19. 
Bursa anserina-29 :20. 
Adductor minimus muscle-27 :9. 
Adductor magnus muscle-27 :8. 
Tendinous" [adductor] opening-27 :54. 
The following structures may be demonstrated by detaching the adductor 
minimus and magnus muscles at their origins and reflecting them toward 
their insertions. 
Obturator externus muscle-27 :10. 
Psoas major muscle-26 :65. 130 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
Iliac muscle-26 :64. 
Obturator artery-50 :64. 
Demonstrated by the removal of the obturator externus muscle bit 
by bit. 
Anterior ramus-50:66. 
Posterior ramus-50:67. 
Artery of the acetabulum-50 :68. 
VII. Hip Joint. 
1. STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO THE HIP JOINT. 
May be demonstrated by severing the femoral artery, vein, and nerve, 
detaching the iliopsoas muscle at its insertion, dividing the sartorius muscle 
near its origin and reflecting these structures together with the tensor 
fasciae latae muscle and exposing the capsule of the hip joint. 
Iliopectineal bursa-29 :8. 
Bursa of rectus femoris muscle**-29 :7. 
Subtendinous iliac bursa-29 :9. 
Articular capsule-20 :64. 
Iliofemoral ligament-20 :69. 
Ischiocapsular ligament-21:1. 
Pubocapsular ligament-21:2. 
Zona orbicularis-20 :68. 
Glenoid lip-20 :65. 
Transverse ligament of acetabulum-20 :66. 
Ligamentum teres femoris-20 :67. 
Synovial membrane-18 :32. 
VIII. Leg and Foot. 
1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. 
a. Sub divisions of leg and foot. 
Leg-5 :54. 
Anterior and posterior surfaces-5 :55, 56. 
Calf-5:57. 
Medial and lateral malleoli-5 :58, 59. 
Foot-5 :60. 
Tarsus-5 :61. 
Metatarsus-5 :62. 
Dorsum and sole of foot-5 :63, 64. 
Medial and lateral margins-5 :65, 66. 
Heel-5 :67. 
Digits of foot-5 :68. 
Hallux-5 :69. 
Digits II-IV-5 :70. 
Smallest digit-5 :71. 
Dorsal and plantar surfaces-5:72, 73. 
Medial and lateral margins-5:74, 75. 
b. Surface anatomy. (Pls. 9, 10.) 
Tuberosity of the tibia-16 :32. 
Anterior crest of the tibia-16 :37. 
Medial margin of the tibia-16 :36. INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
131 
Medial surface of the tibia-16 :33. 
Lateral malleolus-16 :57. 
Medial malleolus-16 :40. 
Tuberosity of the navicular bone-17 :23. 
Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone-17 :36. 
c. Regions. (Pls. 11, 12.) 
Anterior crural region-84:26. 
Posterior crural region-84:27. 
Sural region-84:28. 
Lateral and medial crural regions-84:29, 30. 
Lateral malleolar region-84:31. 
Medial malleolar region-84:32. 
Lateral and medial retromalleolar regions-84:33, 34. 
Calcaneal region-84:35. 
Dorsal and plantar regions of foot-84:36, 37. 
Digital regions of foot-84:38. 
Dorsal digital regions-84:39. 
Unguicular regions-84:40. 
Plantar digital regions of foot-84:41. 
2. ANTERIOR REGION OF LEG AND DORSUM OF FOOT. 
a. Superficial fascia, cutaneous nerves and veins. 
Skin incisions: (a) longitudinally along the medial line of the leg 
and dorsum of the foot to the base of the middle toe; (&) trans- 
versely across the ankle; (c) transversely across the dorsum of the 
foot at the bases of the toes; (cP) a medial• longitudinal incision 
along the dorsal surface of each digit. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Dorsal digital veins of foot-56 :15. 
Intercapitular veins-56 :11. 
Common digital veins of foot-56 :9. 
Dorsal venous arch of foot-56 :8. 
Dorsal cutaneous venous network of foot-56 :7. 
Small saphenous vein-56:1. (Origin only.) 
Great saphenous vein-55:66. (Origin only.) 
Saphenous nerve-70:44. 
Medial cutaneous rami of leg-70:46. 
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve-70:58. (Terminal rami 
only.) 
Superficial peroneal nerve-70:60. 
Dorsal digital nerves-70 :64. 
Deep peroneal nerve-70:65. (Terminal rami only.) 
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve-71:5. 
1). Deep fascia. 
Deep fascia of the leg-27 :70. 
Transverse crural ligament-27 :73. 
Dorsal fascia of foot-28 :1. 
Cruciate ligament of the leg-27 :75. 
Superior peroneal retinaculum-27 :76. 
Inferior peroneal retinaculum-27 :77. 
Anterior fibular septum-27 :71. 
Posterior fibular septum-27 :72. 132 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
c. Muscles in the anterior region of leg. 
Exposed by making a longitudinal incision through the deep fascia 
on the front of the leg, extending from the knee to the transverse 
crural ligament and reflecting the deep fascia, but retaining intact 
the transverse and cruciate crural ligaments. 
Tibialis anterior muscle-27 :16. 
Extensor digitorum longus muscle-27 :17. 
Extensor hallucis longus muscle-27 :19. 
Peroneus tertius muscle-27 :18. 
Vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris-29:29. 
Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris hallucis longus-29:30. 
Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris digitorum pedis longi 
-29 :31. 
d. Arteries. 
Anterior tibial artery-52 :1. 
Exposed by separating the extensor digitorum longus from the 
tibialis anterior muscle. 
Anterior tibial recurrent artery-52:3. (Origin only.) 
Lateral anterior malleolar artery-52 A. 
Medial anterior malleolar artery-52 :5. 
Medial malleolar network-52 :6. 
Lateral malleolar network-52 :7. 
Perforating ramus of the peroneal artery-52:20. (Ter- 
mination only.) 
Dorsal artery of foot-52 :8. 
Lateral tarsal artery-52 :9. 
Medial tarsal arteries-52 :10. 
Arcuate artery-52:11. 
Dorsal network of foot-52 :12. 
Dorsal metatarsal arteries-52 :13. 
Dorsal digital arteries-52:14. 
Deep plantar ramus-52 :15. 
e. Nerves. 
Deep peroneal nerve-70 :65. 
Muscular rami-70 :66. 
Dorsal digital nerves to lateral surface of hallux and 
to medial surface of digit II-70 :67. 
Superficial peroneal nerve-70 :60. 
Muscular rami-70:61. 
Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve-70 :62. 
Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve-70:63. 
Dorsal digital nerves of the foot-70 :64. 
f. Muscles of the dorsum of the foot. 
Extensor hallucis brevis muscle--27 :34. 
Extensor digitorum brevis muscle-27 :35. 
May be exposed by dividing the tendons of the muscles on the 
front of the leg at the level of the transverse cruciate ligament 
and reflecting the tendons toward their insertion. 
Dorsal interosseous muscles-27 :47. 
May be demonstrated by dividing the tendons of the extensor 
digitorum brevis muscle and reflecting the muscle toward its 
origin; completing, at the same time, the exposure of the lateral 
tarsal artery, arcuate artery, and terminal rami of the deep 
peroneal artery. INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
133 
3. LATERAL OR PERONEAL REGION OF LEG. 
a. Deep fascia and muscles. 
Anterior fibular intermuscular septum-27 :71. 
May be demonstrated by making a longitudinal incision through 
the deep fascia of this region and reflecting the fascia, retaining 
intact, however, the peroneal retinacula. 
Posterior fibular intermuscular septum-27 :72. 
Peroneus longus muscle-27 :20. 
Peroneus brevis muscle-27 :21. 
Superior retinaculum of the peroneal muscles-27 :76. 
Inferior retinaculum of the peroneal muscles-27 :77. 
Common sheath of tendons of the peroneal muscles-29 :35. 
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral malleolus-29 :27. 
&. Nerves. 
Common peroneal nerve-70 :56. 
Superficial peroneal nerve-70:60. 
Muscular rami-70 :61. 
Deep peroneal nerve-70:65. 
4. MEDIAL REGION OF LEG. 
Great saphenous veim-55 :66. 
Saphenous nerve-70 :44. 
Infrapatellar ramus-70 :45. 
Medial cutaneous rami of leg-71:46. 
Tendons of insertion of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus 
muscles. . 
Tibial collateral ligament of knee joint-21:14. 
Medial inferior genicular artery-51:69. 
5. POSTERIOR REGION OF LEG AND HEEL. 
a. Fascia, superficial veins, and cutaneous nerves. 
Skin incisions: (a) longitudinally in the middle line of the leg from 
the popliteal space to the heel; (&) transversely at the distal end 
(a) and extending 5 cm. along the medial and lateral margins of 
the foot. 
Small saphenous vein-56 :1. 
Great saphenous vein-55 :66. 
Sural nerve-71:3. 
Medial sural cutaneous nerve-71:2. 
Peroneal anastomotic ramus-70:59. 
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve-70:58. 
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve-70 :51. 
Medial crural cutaneous rami of the saphenous nerve- 
70 :46. 
Anterior femoral cutaneous nerves-70 :43. (Medial ter- 
minal rami only.) 
Deep fascia-27 :74. 
Laciniate ligament-27 :74. 134 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
b. Muscles; superficial group. 
May be exposed by dividing the deep fascia in the median line from 
the popliteal fossa to the heel and reflecting the fascia, but retaining 
intact the lacinate ligament. 
Triceps muscle of the calf-27 :22. 
Gastrocnemius muscle-27 :23. 
Lateral head-27 :24. 
Medial head-27 :25. 
Lateral bursa of gastrocnemius muscle-29 :24. 
Medial bursa of gastrocnemius muscle-29 :25. 
Soleus muscle-27 :26. 
May be exposed by detaching the gastrocnemius at its attach- 
ment to the calcaneal tendon and reflecting it proximally. 
Tendinous arch of the soleus muscle-27 :27. 
Plantaris muscle-27 :29. 
Calcaneal tendon (of Achilles)-27 :28. 
Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa-29 :29. 
Bursa of calcaneal tendon-29 :40. 
May be demonstrated by dividing the calcaneal tendon a 
few centimeters from its insertion and reflecting the tendon. 
c. Muscles; deep groibp. 
Structures exposed by detaching the soleus muscle at its origin from 
the tibia, separating it from the tendinous arch, reflecting the muscle 
laterally, and making a longitudinal incision through the deep trans- 
verse fascia or septum between the superficial and deep group of 
muscles of the back of the leg. 
Popliteus muscle-27 :30. 
Bursa of popliteus muscle-29 :22. 
Flexor digitorum longus muscle--27 :32. 
Sheath of tendons of flexor digitorum longus muscle- 
29 :32. 
Tibialis posterior muscle-27 :31. 
Sheath of tendon of tibialis posterior muscle-29 :33. 
Flexor hallucis longus muscle-27 :33. 
Sheath of tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle- 
29 :34. 
d. Arteries. 
Popliteal artery-51:63. (Termination only.) 
Anterior tibial artery-52:1. (Origin only.) 
Posterior tibial recurrent artery-52 :2. 
Anterior tibial lymph gland-57 :6. . 
Posterior tibial artery-52 :16. 
Fibular ramus-52:17. 
Peroneal artery-52 :18. 
Nutrient artery of the fibula-52 :19. 
Perforating ramus-52 :20. 
Communicating ramus-52:21. 
Lateral posterior malleolar artery-52:22. 
Lateral calcaneal rami--52 :23. 
Nutrient artery of the tibia-52:24. 
Medial posterior malleolar artery-52 :25. 
Medial calcaneal rami-52 :26. 
Network of heel-52 :27. INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
135 
e. Nerves. 
Tibial nerve-70 :68. 
Muscular rami-70 :69. 
Interosseous nerve of leg-71:1. 
Medial sural cutaneous nerve-71:2. 
Sural nerve-71:3. 
/. Laciniate ligament-27 :74. 
6. PLANTAR REGION OF THE FOOT. 
a. Fascia and superficial veins. 
Skin incisions: (a) longitudinally along the middle line of the sole; 
(&) transversely across the sole at the clefts of the toes; (c) longi- 
tudinally along the middle line of each toe. 
Superficial fascia-23 :36. 
Digital plantar veins-56 :16. 
Plantar venous arch-56 :13. 
Intercapitular veins-56 :11. 
Plantar venous network-56 :12. 
Medial calcaneal rami of the tibial nerve-71:6. 
Plantar aponeurosis-28 :2. 
Transverse fasiculi-28 :3. 
b. Muscles; superficial layer. 
Abductor hallucis muscle-27 :36. 
Flexor digitorum brevis muscle-27 :44. 
Vaginal ligament-28:6. 
Annular ligament-28 :5. 
Cruciate ligament-28 :7. 
Digital sheaths of tendons of foot-29 :44. 
Abductor digiti quinti muscle-27 :41. 
c. Plantar arteries. 
May be exposed by detaching the preceding muscles at their origins 
and reflecting them toward their insertions (noting at the same time 
their nerve supply). 
Medial plantar artery-52 :28. 
Superficial ramus-52 :30. 
Deep ramus-52 :29. 
Lateral plantar artery-52:31. 
d. Plamt ar nerves. 
Medial plantar nerve-71:7. 
Common digital plantar nerves-71:8. 
Proper digital plantar nerves-71:9. 
Lateral plantar nerve-71:10. 
Superficial ramus-71:11. 
Common digital plantar nerves-71:12. 
Proper digital plantar nerves-71:13. 
e. Muscles; second layer of muscles and tendons. 
Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus muscle-27 :32. 
Quadratus plantae muscle-27 :45. 
Lumbricales muscles-27 :46. 
Bursae of lumbricales muscles-29 :43. 
Tendon of the flexor hallucis longus muscle-27 :33. 136 
LEGION AL ANATOMY 
f. Muscles; third layer. 
May be exposed by dividing the tendons of the flexor digitorum 
longus and flexor hallucis longus muscles, the heads of the quadratus 
plantae muscle, and the plantar vessels and nerves near the os cal- 
caneum and reflecting these structures distally (noting at the same 
time the nerve supply to the lumbricales muscles). 
Flexor hallucis brevis muscle-27 :37. 
Adductor hallucis muscle--27 :38. 
Oblique head-27 :39. 
Transverse head-27 :40. 
Flexor digiti quinti brevis muscle-27 :42. 
Opponens digiti quinti muscle-27:43. 
g. Plantar arch and deep division of the lateral plantar nerve. 
May be demonstrated by detaching the flexor hallucis brevis muscle 
and the oblique head of the adductor hallucis muscle at their origins 
and reflecting them distally (identifying at the same time the nerve 
supply of the latter muscle). 
Plantar arch-52 :32. 
Plantar metatarsal arteries-52 :33. 
Perforating rami-52 :34. 
Digital plantar arteries-52 :35. 
Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve-71:14. 
h. Interosseous muscles and deep tendons. 
Transverse ligament of the heads of the metatarsal bones 
-22 :21. 
Plantar interosseous muscles-27 :48. 
Dorsal interosseous muscles-27 :47. 
Tendon of tibialis posterior muscle-27 :31. 
Tendon of peroneus longus muscle-27 :20. 
Plantar sheath of tendon of peroneus longus muscle- 
29 :41. 
7. ARTICULATIONS OF THE LEG AND FOOT. 
a. Knee joint-21:3. 
Articular capsule-21:4. 
Fibular collateral ligament-21:13. 
Tibial collateral ligament-21:14. 
Oblique popliteal ligament-21:15. 
Arcuate popliteal ligament-21:16. 
Ligament of the patella-21:18. 
Medial patellar retinaculum-21:19. 
Lateral patellar retinaculum-21:20. 
The following structures may be exposed by making a longitudinal 
incision on either side of the patella and patellar ligament, dividing 
the quadriceps extensor muscle about 8 cm. above the patella, and 
reflecting the patella and common extensor tendon distally. 
Patellar synovial fold-21:11. 
Deep infrapatellar bursa-29 :17. 
Lateral meniscus-21:5. 
Medial meniscus-21 :6. 
Transverse ligament of the knee-21:7. 
Cruciate ligaments of the knee-21:8. 
Anterior cruciate ligament-21:9. 
Posterior cruciate ligament-21:10. 
Synovial membrane-18 :32. INFERIOR EXTREMITY 
137 
b. Ankle joint-21:29. 
Articular capsule-21:30. 
Deltoid ligament-21:31. 
Tibionavicular ligament-21:32. 
Calcaneotibial ligament-21:33. 
Anterior talotibial ligament-21:34. 
Posterior talotibial ligament-21:35. 
Anterior talofibular ligament-21:36. 
Posterior talofibular ligament-21:37. 
Calcaneofibular ligament-21:38. 
Synovial membrane-18 :32. 
c. Tibia fibular joints. 
Tibiofibular articulation-21:21. 
Articular capsule-21:22. 
Ligaments of the head of the fibula-21:23. 
Interosseous membrane-21:24. 
Tibiofibular syndesmosis-21:25. 
Anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus-21:26. 
Posterior ligament of the lateral malleolus-21:27. 
d. Intertarsal articulations-21:39. 
Talocalcaneal articulation-21:41. 
Articular capsule-21:42. 
Lateral talocalcaneal ligament-21:43. 
Medial talocalcaneal ligament-21 :44. 
Anterior talocalcaneal ligament-21:45. 
Posterior talocalcaneal ligament-21:46. 
Talocalcaneonavicular articulation-21:40. 
Dorsal talonavicular ligament-21:58. 
Articular capsule of the talonavicular part of the joint 
-21:49. 
The examination of the articulation may be completed by sever- 
ing the ligaments holding the talus in place and removing the 
talus. ' 
Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament-21:54. 
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament-21:70. 
Calcaneonavicular part of the bifurcate ligament- 
21 :62. 
Dorsal calcaneonavicular ligament-21:64. 
Chopart's transverse articulation of the tarsus-21:47. 
Talonavicular articulation-21:48. 
Note that this is a part of the talocalcaneonavicular articula- 
tion; attention has already been directed to its articular 
capsule in connection with the talocalcaneonavicular articu- 
lation. 
Calcaneocuboid articulation-21:50. 
Articular capsule-21:51. 
Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament-21:69. 
Long plantar ligament-21:67. 
Not confined entirely to this articulation. 
Cuneonavicular articulation-21:52. 
Dorsal navicular cuneiform ligaments-21:65. 
Plantar navicular cuneiform ligaments-22:2. 138 
REGIONAL ANATOMY 
The following ligaments connect the cuboid, navicular and cuneiform 
bones: 
Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament-21:60. 
Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament-21:59. 
Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament-22:3. 
Plantar cuneocuboid ligament--22 :5. 
Plantar intercuneiform ligaments-22:4. 
Interosseous cuneocuboid ligament-21:55. 
Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments-21:56. 
e. Tarsometatarsal articulations-22 :6. 
Articular capsules-22:7. 
Dorsal tarsametatarsal ligaments-22 :8. 
Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments-22 :9. 
Interosseous cuneometatarsal ligaments-22:10. 
f. Intermetatarsal articulations-22:11. 
Articular capsules-22 :12. 
Dorsal ligaments of the bases of the metatarsal bones- 
22:14. 
Plantar ligaments of the bases of the metatarsal bones- 
22:15. 
Interosseous ligaments of the bases of the metatarsal bones 
-22:13. 
Interosseous spaces of metatarsus-22 :16. 
g. Metatarsophalangeal articulations-22:17. 
Articular capsules-22 :18. 
Collateral ligaments-22 :19. 
Plantar accessory ligaments-22 :20. 
Transverse ligaments of the heads of the metatarsal bones 
-22:21. 
h. Articulations of the toes-22 :22. 
Articular capsules-22 :23. 
Collateral ligaments-22:24. PART II 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY PART II. SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY1 
1 NOMINA ANATOMICA 
2 Termini, Situum et Directionem Partium Corporis Indicantes 
3 TERMINI GENERALES 
4 Verticalis 
5 Horizontalis 
6 Medianus 
7 Sagittalis 
8 Frontalis 
9 Transversalis 
10 Medialis 
11 Intermedius 
12 Lateralis 
13 Anterior 
14 Medius 
15 Posterior 
16 Ventralis 
17 Dorsalis 
18 Internus 
19 Externus 
20 Dexter 
21 Sinister 
22 Longitudinalis 
23 Trans versus 
24 Cranialis 
25 Rostralis* 
26 Caudalis 
27 Superior 
28 Inferior 
29 Superficialis [sub- 
30 Profundus limis] 
32 Proximalis 
33 Distalis 
34 Radialis 
31 TERMINI AD EXTREMITATES SPECTANTES 
35 Ulnaris 
36 Tibialis 
37 Fibularis 
i The following arrangement of terms is based on that of the B N A system 
as published by His in the Archiv fur Anatomic und Entwiclclungsgeschichte, Sup- 
plemental Band, 1895. 
All the terms have been left in their original Latin form. Certain obvious 
errors in the original lists (cf. also Eycleshymer's Anatomical Names, p. 2, 1917) 
have been corrected as follows: 
P. 20, Nos. 34, 35 corrected to read Ligg. instead of Lig. 
P. 23, Nos. 55, 56, 57 corrected to read MM. instead of M. 
P. 25, No. 49, corrected to read [Spegeli] instead of [Spige]. 
P. 29, No. 4, corrected to read obturatoris instead of obturatorii. 
P. 34, No. 65, corrected to read fibrosa instead of fibrosus. 
P. 53, Nos. 74, 75, 76 corrected to read Vv. instead of V. 
P. 55, No. 71, corrected to read V. instead of Vv. 
P. 68, No. 65. corrected to read Nn. instead of N. 
For the significance of brackets and asterisks see footnote, Part I, page 1. 
The prefixed numerals in Part II merely indicate the serial position of each term 
for cross-reference purposes. 
[1] 140 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 TERMINI GENERALES 
2 Accessorius 
3 Acinus 
4 Aditus 
5 Ala 
6 Alveolus 
7 Ampulla 
8 Angulus 
9 Ansa 
10 Antrum 
11 Apertura 
12 Apex 
13 Appendix 
14 Arcus 
15 Area 
16 Basis 
17 Brachium 
18 Canaliculus 
19 Canalis 
20 Capsula 
21 Caput 
22 Capitulum 
23 Cartilago 
24 Caruncula 
25 Cauda 
26 Caverna 
27 Cavum 
28 Cellula 
29 Circulus 
30 Cisterna 
31 Collum 
32 Columna 
33 Commissura 
34 Cornu 
35 Corona 
36 Corpus 
37 Corpusculum 
38 Crista 
39 Crus 
40 Decuissatio 
41 Dorsum 
42 Ductulus 
43 Ductus 
44 Eminentia 
45 Endothelium 
46 Epithelium 
47 Extremitas 
48 Facies 
49 Fascia 
50 Fasciculus 
51 Fibra 
52 Fibrocartilago 
53 Filum 
54 Fissura 
55 Flexura 
56 Folium 
57 Folliculus 
58 Foramen 
59 Formatio 
60 Fornix 
61 Fossa 
62 Fossula 
63 Fovea 
64 Foveola 
65 Frenulum 
66 Fundus 
67 Funiculus 
68 Geniculum 
69 Genu 
70 Glandula 
71 Glomerulus 
72 Glomus 
73 Hilus 
74 Humor 
75 Junctura 
76 Impressio 
77 Incisura 
78 Infundibulum 
79 Intestinum 
80 Isthmus 
81 Labium 
82 Lacuna 
83 Lamina 
84 Latus 
85 Ligamentum 
86 Limbus 
87 Limen 
88 Linea 
89 Liquor 
90 Lobulus 
91 Lobus 
92 Macula 
93 Margo 
94 Massa 
95 Meatus 
96 Medulla 
97 Membrana 
98 Membrum 
99 Mucus 
100 Musculus 
[2] GENERAL ANATOMICAL TERMS 
141 
1 Nervus 
2 Nodulus 
3 Nucleus 
4 Organon 
5 Orificium 
6 Os [oris] 
7 Os [ossis] 
8 Ostium 
9 Papilla 
10 Parenchyma 
11 Paries 
12 Perichondrium 
13 Periosteum 
14 Plexus 
15 Plica 
16 Polus 
17 Processus 
18 Prominentia 
19 Punctum 
20 Radix 
21 Ramulus 
22 Ramus 
23 Raphe 
24 Recessus 
25 Regio 
26 Rete 
27 Rima 
28 Rundimentum 
29 Septulum 
30 Septum 
31 Sinus 
32 Spatium 
33 Spina 
34 Stratum 
35 Stria 
36 Stroma 
37 Substantia 
38 Succus 
39 Sulcus 
40 Taenia 
41 Tegmen 
42 Tela 
43 Tela conjunctivi 
44 Tela elastica 
45 Torus 
46 Trabecula 
47 Tractus 
48 Trigonum 
49 Trochlea 
50 Truncus 
51 Tuber 
52 Tuberculum 
53 Tubulus 
54 Tunica 
55 Tunica propria 
56 Umbo 
57 Uvula 
58 Vagina 
59 Vallecula 
60 Vallum 
61 Valvula 
62 Vas 
63 Velum 
64 Vertex 
65 Vesica 
66 Vesicula 
67 Vestibulum 
68 Villus 
69 Viscus [viscera] 
70 Vortex 
71 Zona 
[3] 142 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 PARTES CORPORIS HUMANI 
2 Caput 
3 Collum 
4 Truncus 
5 Extremitates 
6 Caput 
7 CRANIUM 
8 Vertex 
9 Sinciput 
10 Frons 
11 Occiput 
12 Tempora 
13 Auris 
14 Auricula 
16 0 c u 1 u s 
17 Palpebra superior 
18 Palpebra inferior 
19 Rima palpebrarum 
20 Bulbus oculi 
21 Super cilium 
22 Sulcus infrapalpebralis 
23 Nasus 
24 Dorsum nasi 
25 Apex nasi 
26 Ala nasi 
15 FACIES 
27 Os 
28 Sulcus nasolabialis 
29 Philtrum 
30 Labium superius 
31 Labium inferius 
32 Rima oris 
33 Cavum oris 
34 Lingua 
35 Fauces 
36 Bucca [mala] 
37 Sulcus mentolabialis 
38 Mentum 
39 Collum 
40 Cervix 
41 Larynx 
42 Prominentia laryngea 
43 Pharynx 
44 Trachea 
45 Oesophagus 
47 THORAX 
48 Cavum thoracis 
49 Pectus 
50 Mamma 
51 Papilla mammae 
46 Truncus 
52 DORSUM 
53 Columna vertebralis 
54 Canalis spinalis 
56 Cavum abdominis 
57 Scrobiculus cordis 
58 Umbilicus 
55 ABDOMEN 
59 Latus 
60 Lumbus 
61 Inguen 
[4] PAETS OF THE HUMAN BODY 
143 
1 PELVIS 
2 Cavum pelvis 
3 Mons pubis 
4 Coxa 
5 Nates [Clunes] 
6 Anus 
7 Crena ani 
8 Perineum 
9 Extremitas superior 
10 Axilla 
11 Plica axillaris anterior 
12 Plica axillaris posterior 
13 Acromion 
14 Brachium 
15 Facies anterior 
16 Facies posterior 
17 Facies lateralis 
18 Facies mediglis 
19 Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis 
20 Sulcus bicipitalis medialis 
21 Cubitus 
22 Antibrachium 
23 Facies dorsalis 
24 Facies volaris 
25 Margo radialis 
26 Margo ulnaris 
27 Manus 
28 Carpus 
29 Metacarpus 
30 Dorsum manus 
31 Vola manus [Palma] 
32 Thenar 
33 Hypothenar 
34 Digiti manus 
35 Pollex [Digitus I] 
36 Index [Digitus II] 
37 Digitus medius [D. Ill] 
38 Digitus annularis [D. IV] 
39 Digitus minimus [D. V] 
40 Facies dorsales 
41 Facies volares 
42 Margines radiales 
43 Margines ulnares 
44 Extremitas inferior 
45 Femur 
46 Facies anterior 
47 Facies posterior 
48 Facies lateralis 
49 Facies medialis 
50 Sulcus glutaeus 
51 Genu 
52 Poples 
53 Patella 
54 Crus 
55 Facies anterior 
56 Facies posterior 
57 Sura 
58 Malleolus lateralis 
59 Malleolus medialis 
60 Pes 
61 Tarsus 
62 Metatarsus 
63 Dorsum pedis 
64 Planta 
65 Margo pedis lateralis 
66 Margo pedis medialis 
67 Calx 
68 Digiti pedis 
69 Hallux [Digitus I] 
70 Digiti II-IV 
71 Digitus minimus [D. V] 
72 Facies dorsales 
73 Facies plantares 
74 Margines laterales 
75 Margines mediales 
[5] 144 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
2 Os longum 
3 Os breve 
4 Os planum 
5 Os pneumaticum 
6 Epiphysis 
7 Diaphysis 
8 Synchondrosis 
epiphyseos* 
9 Apophysis 
10 Facies articularis 
11 Substantia com- 
pacta 
12 Substantia corti- 
calis 
13 Substantia spongi- 
osa 
1 OSTEOLOGIA 
14 Cavum medullare 
15 Medulla ossium 
16 Medulla ossium 
flava 
17 Medulla ossium 
rubra 
18 Foramen nutricium 
19 Canalis nutricius 
20 COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS 
21 Vertebrae cervicales 
22 Vertebrae thoracales 
23 Vertebrae lumbales 
24 Vertebrae sacrales 
25 Vertebrae coccygeae 
26 Corpus vertebrae 
27 Fovea costalis superior 
28 Fovea costalis inferior 
29 Canalis vertebralis 
30 Foramen vertebrale 
31 Arcus vertebrae 
32 Radix arcus vertebrae 
33 Incisura vertebralis superior 
34 Incisura vertebralis inferior 
35 Foramen intervertebrale 
36 Sulcus n. spinalis 
37 Processus spinosus 
38 Vertebra prominens 
39 Processus transversus 
40 Fovea costalis transversalis 
41 Tuberculum anterius [verte- 
brarum cervicalium] 
42 Tuberculum caroticum [verte- 
brae cervicalis VI] 
43 Foramen transversarium 
44 Tuberculum posterius [verte- 
brarum cervicalium] 
45 Processus articulares superiores 
46 Facies articulares superiores 
47 Processus articulares inferiores 
48 Facies articulares inferiores 
49 Processus costarius 
50 Processus accessorius [verte- 
brarum lumbalium] 
51 Processus mamillaris 
52 ATLAS 
53 Massa lateralis 
54 Arcus anterior 
55 Tuberculum anterius 
56 Foveae articulares superiores 
57 Facies articulares inferiores 
58 Fovea dentis 
59 Fovea posterior 
60 Sulcus arteriae vertebralis 
61 Tuberculum posterius 
[6] OSTEOLOGY 
145 
1 EPISTROPHEUS 
2 Dens 
3 Facies articularis anterior 
4 Facies articularis posterior 
39 Collum costae 
40 Crista colli costae 
41 Angulus costae 
42 Tuberculum scaleni [Lisfranci] 
43 Sulcus subclaviae 
44 Tuberositas costae II 
45 Sulcus costae 
5 os SACRUM 
6 Facies dorsalis 
7 Facies pelvina 
8 Basis oss. sacri 
9 Processus articularis superior 
10 Promontorium 
11 Pars lateralis 
12 Facies auricularis 
13 Tuberositas sacralis 
14 Foramina intervertebralia 
15 Foramina sacralia anteriora 
16 Lineae transversae 
17 Foramina sacralia posteriora 
18 Crista sacralis media 
19 Cristae sacrales laterales 
20 Cristae sacrales articulares 
21 Cornua sacralia 
22 Canalis sacralis 
23 Hiatus sacralis 
24 Apex oss. sacri 
46 STERNUM 
47 Manubrium sterni 
48 Angulus sterni 
49 Synchondrosis sternalis 
50 Corpus sterni 
51 Planum sternale 
52 Processus xiphoideus 
53 Incisura clavicularis 
54 Incisura jugularis 
55 Incisurae costales 
56 (Ossa suprasternalis) 
57 Thorax 
58 Cavum thoracis 
59 Apertura thoracis superior 
60 Apertura thoracis inferior 
61 Arcus costarum 
62 Spatia intercostalia 
63 Angulus infrasternalis 
64 Sulcus pulmonalis 
25 os COCCYGIS 
26 Cornua coccygea 
27 Thorax 
28 COSTAE 
65 Ossa CRANII 
66 OS BASILARE 
67 OS OCCIPITALE 
29 Costae verae 
30 Costae spuriae 
31 Os costale 
32 Cartilago costalis 
33 Capitulum costae 
34 Facies articularis capituli costae 
35 Crista capituli 
36 Corpus costae 
37 Tuberculum costae 
38 Facies articularis tuberculi 
costae 
68 Foramen occipitale magnum 
69 Pars basilaris 
70 Sulcus petrosus inferior 
71 Pars lateralis 
72 Squama occipitalis 
73 Margo mastoideus 
74 Margo lambdoideus 
75 (Os interparietale) 
[7] 146 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Clivus 
2 Tuberculum pharyngeum 
3 Condylus occipitalis 
4 Canalis condyloideus 
5 Canalis hypoglossi 
6 Tuberculum jugulare 
7 Incisura jugularis 
8 Processus jugularis . 
9 Fossa condyloidea 
10 Processus intrajugularis 
11 Planum occipitale 
12 Planum nuchal e 
13 Protuberantia occipitalis externa 
14 (Torus occipitalis) 
15 Crista occipitalis externa 
16 Linea nuchae suprema 
17 Linea nuchae superior 
18 Linea nuchae inferior 
19 Eminentia cruciata 
20 Protuberantia occipitalis interna 
21 Sulcus sagittalis 
22 Sulcus transversus 
23 (Processus paramastoideus) 
24 OS SPHENOIDALE 
25 Corpus 
26 Sella turcica 
27 Fossa hypophyseos 
28 Dorsum sellae 
29 Tuberculum sellae 
30 Processus clinoideus medius 
31 Processus clinoideus posterior 
32 Sulcus caroticus 
33 Lingula sphenoidalis 
34 Crista sphenoidalis 
35 Rostrum sphenoidale . 
36 Sinus sphenoidalis 
37 Septum sinuum sphenoidalium 
38 Apertura sinus sphenoidalis 
39 Conchae sphenoidales 
40 Clivus 
41 Ala parva 
42 Sulcus chiasmatis 
43 Foramen opticum 
44 Processus clinoideus anterior 
45 Fissura orbitalis superior 
46 Ala m a g n a 
47 Facies cerebralis 
48 Facies temporalis 
49 Facies sphenomaxillaris 
50 Facies orbitalis 
51 Margo zygomaticus 
52 Margo frontalis 
53 Angulus parietalis 
54 Margo squamosus 
55 Crista infratemporalis 
56 Foramen rotundum 
57 Foramen ovale 
58 Foramen spinosum 
59 Spina angularis 
60 Processus ptery- 
goid e u s 
61 Lamina lateralis processus 
pterygoidei 
62 Lamina medialis processus 
pterygoidei 
63 Fissura pterygoidea 
64 Fossa scaphoidea 
65 Processus vaginalis 
66 Hamulus pterygoideus 
67 Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei 
68 Fossa pterygoidea 
69 Canalis pterygoideus [Vidii] 
70 Canalis pharyngeus 
71 Canalis basipharyngeus 
72 Sulcus tubae auditivae 
73 Sulcus pterygopalatinus 
74 (Processus pterygospinosus 
[Civinini]) 
75 OS TEMPORALE 
76 Pars mastoidea 
77 Margo occipitalis 
78 Processus mastoideus 
79 Incisura mastoidea 
80 Sulcus sigmoideus 
[8] OSTEOLOGY 
147 
1 Sulcus a. occipitalis 
2 Foramen mastoideum 
3 Pars petrosa [Pyramis] 
4 Facies anterior pyramidis 
5 Facies posterior pyramidis 
6 Facies inferior pyramidis 
7 Apex pyramidis 
8 Angulus superior pyramidis 
9 Angulus anterior pyramidis 
10 Angulus posterior pyramidis 
11 Sulcus petrosus superior 
12 Tegmen tympani 
13 Eminentia arcuata 
14 Canalis facialis [Falloppii] 
15 Hiatus canalis facialis 
16 Geniculum canalis facialis 
17 Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis 
ma j oris 
18 Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis 
minoris 
19 Impressio trigemini 
20 Porus acusticus internus 
21 Meatus acusticus internus 
22 Fossa subarcuata 
23 Aquaeductus vestibuli 
24 Apertura externa aquaeductus 
vestibuli 
25 Sulcus petrosus inferior 
26 Incisura jugularis 
27 Processus intrajugularis 
28 Fossa jugularis 
29 Canaliculus mastoideus 
30 Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei 
31 Processus styloideus 
32 Vagina processus styloidei 
33 Foramen stylomastoideum 
34 Fossula petrosa 
35 Canaliculus tympanicus 
36 Sulcus tympanicus 
37 Apertura inferior canaliculi 
tympanici 
38 Apertura superior canaliculi 
tympanici 
39 Canaliculus cochleae 
40 Apertura externa canaliculi 
cochleae 
41 Canalis caroticus 
42 Canaliculi caroticotympanici 
43 Canalis musculotubarius 
44 Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani 
45 Semicanalis tubae auditivae 
46 Septum canalis musculotubarii 
47 Cavum tympani (v. Organon 
auditus) 
48 Canaliculus chordae tympani 
49 Fissura petrotympanica [Glaseri] 
50 Fissura petrosquamosa 
51 Pars tympanica 
52 Annulus tympanicus* 
53 Meatus acusticus externus 
54 (Spina supra meatum) 
55 Fissura tympanomastoidea 
56 Spina tympanica major 
57 Spina tympanica minor, 
58 Porus acusticus externus 
59 Squama temporalis 
60 Margo parietalis 
61 Incisura parietalis 
62 Margo sphenoidalis 
63 Facies temporalis 
64 Processus zygomaticus 
65 Fossa mandibularis 
66 Facies articularis 
67 Tuberculum articulare 
68 Facies cerebralis 
69 Sulcus a. temporalis mediae 
71 Facies cerebralis 
72 Facies parietalis 
73 Margo occipitalis 
74 Margo squamosus 
75 Margo frontalis 
76 Margo sagittalis , 
77 Angulus frontalis 
78 Angulus occipitalis 
79 Angulus sphenoidalis 
80 Angulus mastoideus 
81 Foramen parietale 
70 OS PARIETALE 
[9] 148 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Tuber parietale 
2 Linea temporalis inferior 
3 Linea temporalis superior 
4 Sulcus sagittalis 
5 Sulcus transversus 
42 Cellulae ethmoidales 
43 Infundibulum ethmoidale 
44 Hiatus semilunaris 
45 Bulla ethmoidalis 
46 Lamina papyracea 
47 Foramina ethmoidalia 
48 (Concha nasalis suprema) 
49 Concha nasalis superior 
50 Concha nasalis media 
51 Processus uncinatus 
7 Squama frontalis 
8 Facies frontalis 
9 Margo supraorbitalis 
10 Pars orbitalis 
11 Incisura ethmoidalis 
12 Pars nasalis 
13 Spina frontalis 
14 Margo nasalis 
15 Margo parietalis 
16 Processus zygomaticus 
17 Facies temporalis 
18 Linea temporalis 
19 Tuber frontale 
20 Arcus superciliaris 
21 Glabella 
22 Foramen sive Incisura supra- 
orbitalis 
23 Incisura sive Foramen front ale 
24 Facies orbitalis 
25 (Spina trochlearis) 
26 Fovea trochlearis 
27 Foramen ethmoidale anterius 
28 Foramen ethmoidale posterius 
29 Fossa glandulae lacrimalis 
30 Facies cerebralis 
31 Crista frontalis 
32 Sulcus sagittalis 
33 Foramen caecum 
34 Sinus frontalis 
35 Septum sinuum frontalium 
6 OS FRONTALE 
52 CONCHA NASALIS INFERIOR 
53 Processus lacrimalis 
54 Processus maxillaris 
55 Processus ethmoidalis 
56 OS LACRIMALE 
57 Crista lacrimalis posterior 
58 Sulcus lacrimalis 
59 Hamulus lacrimalis 
60 Fossa sacci lacrimalis 
62 Foramina nasalia 
63 Sulcus ethmoidalis 
61 os NASALE 
64 VOMER 
65 Ala vomeris 
66 Ossa faciei 
67 MAXILLA 
68 Corpus maxillae 
69 Facies anterior 
70 Facies nasalis 
71 Facies orbitalis 
72 Facies infratemporalis 
73 Sinus maxillaris 
74 Margo infraorbitalis 
75 Canalis infraorbitalis 
76 Sulcus infraorbitalis 
77 Foramen infraorbitale 
78 Sutura infraorbitalis 
79 Fossa canina 
36 OS ETHMOIDALE 
37 Lamina cribrosa 
38 Crista galli 
39 Processus alaris 
40 Lamina perpendicularis 
41 Labyrinthus ethmoidalis 
[10] OSTEOLOGY 
149 
1 (Fossa praenasalis) 
2 Incisura nasalis 
3 Tuber maxillare 
4 Foramina alveolaria 
5 Canales alveolares 
6 Planum orbitale 
7 Margo lacrimalis 
8 Sulcus lacrimalis 
9 Canalis nasolacrimalis 
10 Crista conchalis 
11 Processus frontalis 
12 Crista lacrimalis anterior 
13 Incisura lacrimalis 
14 Crista ethmoidalis 
15 Processus zygomaticus 
16 Processus palatinus 
17 Crista nasalis 
18 Spina nasalis anterior 
19 Os incisivum* 
20 Canalis incisivus 
21 Sutura incisiva 
22 Spinae palatinae 
23 Sulci palatini 
24 Processus alveolaris 
25 Limbus alveolaris 
26 Alveoli dentales 
27 Septa interalveolaria 
28 Juga alveolaria 
29 Hiatus maxillaris 
30 Foramen incisivum 
44 Processus sphenoidalis 
45 Pars horizontalis 
46 Facies nasalis 
47 Facies palatina 
48 Spina nasalis posterior 
49 Crista nasalis 
50 OS ZYGOMATICUM 
51 Facies malaris 
52 Facies temporalis 
53 Facies orbitalis 
54 Processus temporalis 
55 Processus frontosphenoidalis 
56 (Processus marginalis) 
57 Foramen zygomaticoorbitale 
58 Foramen zygomaticofaciale 
59 Foramen zygomaticotemporale 
61 Corpus mandibulae 
62 Basis mandibulae 
63 Protuberantia mentalis 
64 Tuberculum mentale 
65 Spina mentalis 
66 Foramen mentale 
67 Linea obliqua 
68 Fossa digastrica 
69 Linea mylohyoidea 
70 Sulcus mylohyoideus 
71 Juga alveolaria 
72 Ramus mandibulae 
73 Angulus mandibulae 
74 (Tuberositas masseterica) 
75 (Tuberositas pterygoidea) 
76 (Crista buccinatoria) 
77 Incisura mandibulae 
78 Processus condyloideus 
79 Capitulum [proc, condyl.] 
mandibulae 
80 Collum [proc, condyloidei] 
mandibulae 
81 Fovea pterygoidea proc, 
condyloidei 
82 Processus coronoideus 
60 MANDIBULA 
32 Pars perpendicularis 
33 Facies nasalis 
34 Facies maxillaris 
35 Incisura sphenopalatina 
36 Sulcus pterygopalatinus 
37 Processus pyramidalis 
38 Foramen palatinum ma jus 
39 Foramina palatina minora 
40 Canales palatini 
41 Crista conchalis 
42 Crista ethmoidalis 
43 Processus orbitalis 
31 OS PALATINUM 
[11] 150 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Foramen mandibulare 
2 Lingula mandibulae 
3 Canalis mandibulae 
4 Fovea sublingualis 
5 (Fovea submaxillaris) 
6 Pars alveolaris 
7 Limbus alveolaris 
8 Alveoli dentales 
9 Septa interalveolaria 
42 Fossa pterygopalatina 
43 Canalis pterygopalatinus 
44 Foramen sphenopalatinum 
45 Apertura piriformis 
46 Cavum nasi 
47 Septum nasi osseum 
48 Meatus nasi communis 
49 Meatus nasi superior 
50 Meatus nasi medius 
51 Meatus nasi inferior 
52 Meatus nasopharyngeus 
53 Choanae 
54 Recessus sphenoethmoidalis 
55 Foramen jugulare 
56 Fissura sphenopetrosa 
57 Fissura petrooccipitalis 
58 Fissura sphenooccipitalis 
59 Foramen lacerum 
60 Fibrocartilago basalis 
61 Palatum durum 
62 (Torus palatinus) 
63 Orbita 
64 Aditus orbitae 
65 Margo supraorbitalis 
66 Margo infraorbitalis 
67 Paries superior 
68 Paries inferior 
69 Paries lateralis 
70 Paries medialis 
71 Fissura orbitalis superior 
72 Fissura orbitalis inferior 
10 OS HYOIDEUM 
11 Corpus oss. hyoidei 
12 Cornu minus 
13 Cornu ma jus 
14 Cranium 
15 Calvaria 
16 Pericranium 
17 Lamina externa 
18 Diploe 
19 Canales diploici [Brescheti] 
20 Lamina interna 
21 Facies [ossea] 
22 Cranium cerebrale 
23 Cranium viscerale 
24 Vertex 
25 Frons 
26 Occiput 
27 Basis cranii interna 
28 Basis cranii externa 
29 Fossa cranii anterior 
30 Fossa cranii media 
31 Fossa cranii posterior 
32 Juga cerebralia 
33 Impressiones digitatae 
34 Sulci venosi 
35 Sulci arteriosi 
36 (Foveolae granularesfPacchioni]) 
37 (Ossa sututarum) 
38 Planum temporale 
39 Fossa temporalis 
40 Arcus zygomaticus 
41 Fossa infratemporalis 
73 SUTURAE CRANII 
74 Sutura coronalis 
75 Sutura sagittalis 
76 Sutura lambdoidea 
77 Sutura occipitomastoidea 
78 Sutura sphenofrontalis 
79 Sutura sphenoorbitalis 
80 Sutura sphenoethmoidalis 
81 Sutura sphenosquamosa 
82 Sutura sphenoparietalis 
[12] OSTEOLOGY 
151 
1 Sutura squamosa 
2 (Sutura frontalis) 
3 Sutura parietomastoidea 
4 (Sutura squamosomastoidea) 
5 Sutura nasofrontalis 
6 Sutura frontoethmoidalis 
7 Sutura frontomaxillaris 
8 Sutura frontolacrimalis 
9 Sutura zygomaticofrontalis 
10 Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris 
11 Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris 
12 Sutura sphenozygomatica 
13 (Sutura sphenomaxillaris) 
14 Sutura zygomaticotemporalis 
15 Sutura internasalis 
16 Sutura nasomaxillaris 
17 Sutura lacrimomaxillaris 
18 Sutura lacrimoconchalis 
19 Sutura intermaxillaris 
20 Sutura palatomaxillaris 
21 Sutura palatoethmoidalis 
22 Sutura palatina mediana 
23 Sutura palatina transversa 
38 Facies costalis 
39 Lineae musculares 
40 Fossa subscapularis 
41 Facies dorsalis 
42 Spina scapulae 
43 Fossa supraspinata 
44 Fossa infraspinata 
45 Acromion 
46 Facies articularis acromii 
47 Margo vertebralis 
48 Margo axillaris 
49 Margo superior 
50 Angulus inferior 
51 Angulus lateralis 
52 Angulus medialis 
53 Cavitas glenoidalis 
54 Collum scapulae 
55 Tuberositas infraglenoidalis 
56 Tuberositas supraglenoidalis 
57 Incisura scapulae 
58 Processus coracoideus 
37 SCAPULA 
59 CLAVICULA 
25 Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis 
26 Synchondrosis sphenppetrosa 
27 Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa 
28 Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis 
posterior* 
29 Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis 
anterior* 
30 Synchondrosis intersphenoidalis* 
31 Fonticulus frontalis major* 
32 Fonticulus occipitalis minor* 
33 Fonticulus mastoideus* 
34 Fonticulus sphenoidalis* 
24 SYNCHONDROSES CRANII 
60 Extremitas sternalis 
61 Facies articularis sternalis 
62 Tuberositas costalis 
63 Extremitas acromialis 
64 Facies articularis acromialis 
65 Tuberositas coracoidea 
66 Skeleton extremi- 
tatis perioris 
1 i b e r a e 
67 HUMERUS 
68 Caput humeri 
69 Collum anatomicum 
70 Collum chirurgicum 
71 Tuberculum majus 
72 Tuberculum minus 
73 Sulcus intertubercularis 
74 Crista tuberculi majoris 
75 Crista tuberculi minoris 
76 Corpus humeri 
35 Ossa EXTREMITATIS 
SUPERIORIS 
36 Cingulum extremi- 
tatis superioris 
[13] 152 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Facies anterior medialis 
2 Facies anterior lateralis 
3 Facies posterior 
4 Margo medialis 
5 Margo lateralis 
6 Tuberositas deltoidea 
7 Sulcus n. radialis 
8 Sulcus n. ulnaris 
9 Capitulum humeri 
10 Trochlea humeri 
11 Epicondylus medialis 
12 Epicondylus lateralis 
13 Fossa olecrani 
14 Fossa coronoidea 
15 Fossa radialis 
16 (Processus supracondyloideus) 
42 Facies volaris 
43 Facies medialis 
44 Margo dorsalis 
45 Margo volaris 
46 Crista m. supinatoris 
47 Capitulum ulnae 
48 Circumferentia articularis 
49 Processus styloideus 
50 CARPUS 
51 Ossa carpi 
52 (Os centrale) 
53 Os naviculare manus 
54 Tuberculum oss. navic- 
ularis 
55 Os lunatum 
56 Os triquetrum 
57 Os pisiforme 
58 Os multangulum majus 
59 Tuberculum oss. multang. 
majoris 
60 Os multangulum minus 
61 Os capitatum 
62 Os hamatum 
63 Hamulus oss. hamati 
64 Eminentia carpi radialis 
65 Eminentia carpi ulnaris 
66 Sulcus carpi 
18 Corpus radii 
19 Capitulum radii 
20 Fovea capituli radii 
21 Collum radii 
22 Circumferentia articularis 
23 Tuberositas radii 
24 Crista interossea 
25 Facies dorsalis 
26 Facies volaris 
27 Facies lateralis 
28 Margo dorsalis 
29 Margo volaris 
30 Processus styloideus 
31 Incisura ulnaris 
32 Facies articularis carpea 
17 RADIUS 
68 Ossa metacarpalia I-V 
69 Basis 
70 Corpus 
71 Capitulum 
72 Os metacarpale III 
73 Processus styloideus 
67 METACARPUS 
33 ULNA 
34 Corpus ulnea 
35 Olecranon 
36 Processus coronoideus 
37 Tuberositas ulnae 
38 Incisura semilunaris 
39 Incisura radialis 
40 Crista interossea 
41 Facies dorsalis 
74 PHALANGES DIGITORUM 
MANUS 
75 Phalanx prima 
76 Phalanx secunda 
77 Phalanx tertia 
78 Basis phalangis 
[14] OSTEOLOGY 
153 
1 Corpus phalangis 
2 Trochlea phalangis 
3 Tuberositas unguicularis 
4 Ossa sesamoidea 
40 os PUBIS 
41 Corpus oss. pubis 
42 Pecten oss. pubis 
43 Eminentia iliopectinea 
44 Tuberculum pubicum 
45 Crista obturatoria 
46 Sulcus obturatorius 
47 Tuberculum obturatorium 
anterius 
48 (Tuberculum obturatorium 
posterius) 
49 Ramus inferior oss. pubis 
50 Ramus superior oss. pubis 
51 Facies symphyseos 
5 Ossa extremitatis in- 
ferioris 
6 Cingulum extremitatis 
inferioris 
7 os COXAE 
8 Foramen obturatum 
9 Acetabulum 
10 Fossa acetabuli 
11 Incisura acetabuli 
12 Facies lunata 
13 Sulci paraglenoidales 
52 PELVIS 
53 Symphysis ossium pubis 
54 Arcus pubis 
55 Angulus pubis 
56 Pelvis major 
57 Pelvis minor 
58 Linea terminalis 
59 Pars sacralis 
60 Pars iliaca 
61 Pars pubica 
62 Apertura pelvis [minoris] 
superior 
63 Apertura pelvis [minoris] 
inferior 
64 Axis pelvis 
65 Conjugata 
66 Diameter transversa 
67 Diameter obliqua 
68 Inclinatio pelvis 
15 Corpus oss. ilium 
16 Ala oss. ilium 
17 Linea arcuata 
18 Crista iliaca 
19 Labium externum 
20 Linea intermedia 
21 Labium internum 
22 Spina iliaca anterior superior 
23 Spina iliac anterior inferior 
24 Spina iliaca posterior superior 
25 Spina iliaca posterior inferior 
26 Linea glutaea anterior 
27 Linea glutaea posterior 
28 Linea glutaea inferior 
29 Facies auricularis 
30 Tuberositas iliaca 
31 Fossa iliaca 
14 os ILIUM 
69 Skeleton e x t r e m i - 
tatis inferioris 
1 i b e r a e 
32 os ischii 
33 Corpus oss. ischii 
34 Ramus superior oss. ischii 
35 Ramus inferior oss. ischii 
36 Tuber ischiadicum 
37 Spina ischiadica 
38 Incisura ischiadica major 
39 Incisura ischiadica minor 
70 FEMUR 
71 Caput femoris 
72 Fovea capitas femoris 
73 Collum femoris 
[15] 154 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Corpus femoris 
2 Trochanter major 
3 Fossa trochanterica 
4 Trochanter minor 
5 (Trochanter tertius) 
6 Linea intertrochanterica 
7 Crista intertrochanterica 
8 Linea aspera 
9 Labium laterale 
10 Labium mediale 
11 Linea pectinea 
12 Tuberositas glutaea 
13 Fossa intercondyloidea 
14 Linea intercondyloidea 
15 Planum popliteum 
16 Condylus medialis 
17 Condylus lateralis 
18 Facies patellaris 
19 Epicondylus lateralis ■ 
20 Epicondylus medialis 
40 Malleolus medialis 
41 Incisura fibularis 
42 Sulcus malleolaris 
43 Facies articularis inferior 
44 Facies articularis malleolaris 
46 Corpus fibulae 
47 Crista interossea 
48 Crista anterior 
49 Crista lateralis 
50 Crista medialis 
51 Facies medialis 
52 Facies lateralis 
53 Facies posterior 
54 Capitulum fibulae 
55 Facies articularis capituli 
56 Apex capituli fibulae 
57 Malleolus lateralis 
58 Facies articularis malleoli 
45 FIBULA 
21 TIBIA 
59 PATELLA 
22 Facies articulans superior 
23 Corpus tibiae 
24 Condylus medialis 
25 Condylus lateralis 
26 Fossa intercondyloidea anterior 
27 Fossa intercondyloidea posterior 
28 Eminentia intercondyloidea 
29 Tuberculum intercondyloideum 
mediale 
30 Tuberculum intercondyloideum 
laterale 
31 Margo infraglenoidalis 
32 Tuberositas tibiae 
33 Facies medialis 
34 Facies posterior 
35 Facies lateralis 
36 Margo medialis 
37 Crista anterior 
38 Crista interossea 
39 Linea poplitea 
60 Basis patellae 
61 Apex patellae 
62 Facies articularis 
63 TARSUS 
64 Ossa tarsi 
66 Caput tali 
67 Corpus tali 
68 Collum tali 
69 Trochlea tali 
70 Facies superior 
71 Facies malleolaris medialis 
72 Facies malleolaris lateralis 
73 Sulcus tali 
74 Processus lateralis tali 
75 Facies articularis calcanea 
posterior 
65 TALUS 
[16] OSTEOLOGY 
155 
1 Facies articularis calcanea media 
2 Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi 
3 Facies articularis navicularis 
4 Facies articularis calcanea anterior 
5 Processus posterior tali 
6 (Os trigonum) 
24 OS CUNEIFORMS PRIMUM 
25 OS CUNEIFORMS SECUNDUM 
26 OS CUNEIFORMS TERTIUM 
27 OS CUBOIDEUM 
28 Sulcus m. peronaei 
29 Tuberositas oss. cuboidei 
7 CALCANEUS 
30 METATARSUS 
8 Corpus calcanei 
9 Tuber calcanei 
10 Processus medialis tuberis 
calcanei 
11 Processus lateralis tuberis 
calcanei 
12 Sustentaculum tali 
13 Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi 
14 Sulcus calcanei 
15 Sinus tarsi 
16 Facies articularis anterior 
17 Facies articularis media 
18 Facies articularis posterior 
19 Sulcus m. peronaei 
20 (Processus trochlearis) 
21 Facies articularis cuboidea 
31 Ossa metatarsalis I-V 
32 Basis 
33 Corpus 
34 Capitulum 
35 Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis I 
36 Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis V 
37 PHALANGES DIGITORUM 
PEDIS 
38 Phalanx prima 
39 Phalanx secunda 
40 Phalanx tertia 
41 Tuberositas unguicularis 
42 Basis phalangis 
43 Corpus phalangis 
44 Trochlea phalangis 
45 Ossa sesamoidea 
22 OS NAVICULARE PEDIS 
23 Tuberositas oss. navicularis 
[17] 156 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 SYNDESMOLOGIA 
2 Junctura ossium 
3 Synarthrosis 
4 Sutura 
5 Sutura serrata 
6 Sutura squamosa 
7 Harmonia 
8 Gomphosis 
9 Synchondrosis 
10 Symphysis 
11 Diarthrosis 
12 Articulatio 
13 Articulatio simplex 
14 Articulatio composita 
15 Arthrodia 
16 Articulatio sphaeroidea 
17 Enarthrosis 
18 Ginglymus 
19 Articulatio cochlearis 
20 Articulatio ellipsoidea 
21 Articulatio trochoidea 
22 Articulatio sellaris 
23 Amphiarthrosis 
24 Syndesmosis 
25 Cartilago articularis 
26 Cavum articulare 
27 Discus articulare 
28 Labrum glenoidale 
29 Meniscus articularis 
30 Capsula articularis 
31 Stratum fibrosum 
32 Stratum synoviale 
33 Plica synovialis 
34 Villi synoviales 
35 Synovia 
36 Ligamenta columnae verte- 
BRALIS ET CRANII 
37 Fibrocartilagines interverte- 
38 Annulus fibrosus [brales 
39 Nucleus pulposus 
40 Ligg. flava 
41 Capsulae articulares 
42 Ligg. intertransversaria 
43 Ligg. interspinalia 
44 Lig. supraspinale 
45 Lig. nuchae 
46 Lig. longitudinale anterius 
47 Lig. longitudinale posterius 
48 Symphysis sacrococcygea 
49 Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius 
superficiale 
50 Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius 
profundum 
51 Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius 
52 Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale 
53 Lig. pterygospinosum 
54 Lig. stylohyoideum 
[18] SYNDESMOLOGY 
157 
1 Articulatio atlantooc- 
cipitalis 
34 Articulationes interchondrales 
2 Capsulae articulares 
3 Membrana atlantooccipitalis 
anterior 
4 Membrana atlantooccipitalis 
posterior 
35 Articulatio mandibularis 
36 Capsula articularis 
37 Discus articularis 
38 Lig. temporomanclibulare 
39 Lig. sphenomandibulare 
40 Lig. stylomandibulare 
5 Articulatio atlantoepis- 
trophica 
41 Ligg. cinguli extremi- 
TATIS SUPERIORIS 
6 Capsulae articulares 
7 Ligg. alaria 
8 Lig. apicis dentis 
9 Lig. transversum atlantis 
10 Lig. cruciatum atlantis 
11 Membrana tectoria 
42 Lig. coracoacromiale 
43 Lig. transversum scapulae 
superius 
44 Lig. transversum scapulae 
inferius 
12 Articulationes costo- 
VERTEBRALES 
45 Articulatio acromio- 
CLAVICULARIS 
46 Capsula articularis 
47 Lig. acromioclaviculare 
48 (Discus articularis) 
49 Lig. coracoclaviculare 
50 Lig. trapezoideum 
51 Lig. conoideum 
13 Articulationes capitu- 
lorum 
14 Capsulae articulares 
15 Lig. capituli costae radiatum 
16 Lig. capituli costae interarticulare 
17 Articulationes costo- 
TRANSVERSARIAE 
52 Articulatio sterno- 
CLAVICULARIS 
18 Capsulae articulares 
19 Lig. tuberculi costae 
20 Lig. colli costae 
21 Lig. costotransversarium 
anterius 
22 Lig. costotransversarium 
posterius 
23 Lig. lumbocostale 
24 Foramen costotransversarium 
53 Capsula articularis 
54 Discus articularis 
55 Lig. sternoclaviculare 
56 Lig. costoclaviculare 
57 Lig. interclaviculare 
58 Articulatio humeri 
59 Capsula articularis 
60 Labrum glenoidale 
61 Lig. coracohumerale 
25 Articulationes sterno- 
costales 
62 Articulatio cubiti 
26 Capsulae articulares 63 
27 Lig. sternocostale interarticulare64 
28 Ligg. sternocostalis radiata 65 
29 Membrana sterni 
30 Ligg. costoxiphoidea 66 
31 Ligg. intercostalia 67 
32 Ligg. intercostalia externa68 
33 Ligg. intercostalia interna 69 
Articulatio humeroulnaris 
Articulatio humeroradialis 
Articulatio radioulnaris prox- 
imalis 
Capsula articularis 
Lig. collaterale ulnare 
Lig. collaterale radiale 
Lig. annulare radii 
[19] 158 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Recessus sacciformis 
2 Membrana interossea antibrachii 
3 Chorda obliqua 
35 Ligg. basium [oss. metacarp.] 
interossea 
36 Spatia interossea metacarpi 
4 Articulatio radioulnaris 
DISTALIS 
37 Articulationes meta- 
CARPOPHALANGEAE 
5 Capsula articularis 
6 Discus articularis 
7 Recessus sacciformis 
38 Capsulae articulares 
39 Ligg. collateralia 
40 Ligg. accessoria volaria 
41 Ligg. capitulorum [oss. meta- 
carpalium] transversa 
8 Articulatio manus 
9 Articulatio radiocarpea 
10 Articulatio intercarpea 
11 Capsula articularis 
12 Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale 
13 Lig. radiocarpeum volare 
14 Lig. carpi radiatum 
15 Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare 
16 Lig. collaterale carpi radiale 
17 Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia 
18 Ligg. intercarpea volaria 
19 Ligg. inter car pea interossea 
42 Articulationes digitorum 
MANUS 
43 Capsulae articulares 
44 Ligg. collateralia 
45 Ligg. cinguli extremi- 
TATIS INFERIORIS 
46 Membrana obturatoria 
47 Canalis obturatorius 
48 Lig. iliolumbale 
49 Lig. sacrotuberosum 
50 Processus falciformis 
51 Lig. sacrospinosum 
52 Foramen ischiadicum majus 
53 Foramen ischiadicum minus 
20 Articulatio ossis pisi- 
formis 
21 Capsula articularis 
22 Lig. pisohamatum 
23 Lig. pisometacarpeum 
24 Canalis carpi 
54 Articulatio sacroiliaca 
25 Articulationes carpo- 
METACARPEAE 
55 Ligg. sacroiliaca anteriora 
56 Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea 
57 Lig. sacroiliacum posterior 
breve 
58 Lig. sacroiliacum posterius 
longum 
26 Capsulae articulares 
27 Ligg. carpometacarpea dorsalia 
28 Ligg. carpometacarpea volaria 
29 Articulatio carpometa- 
CARPEA POLLICIS 
60 Lig. pubicum superius 
61 Lig. arcuatum pubis 
62 Lamina fibrocartilaginea inter- 
pubica 
59 Symphysis ossium pubis 
30 Capsula articularis 
31 Articulationes inter- 
METACARPEAE 
32 Capsulae articulares 
33 Ligg. basium [oss. metacarp.] 
dorsalia 
34 Ligg. basium [oss. metacarp.] 
volaria 
63 Articulatio coxae 
64 Capsula articularis 
65 Labrum glenoidale 
66 Lig. transversum acetabuli 
67 Lig. teres femoris 
68 Zona orbicularis 
69 Lig. iliofemorale 
[20] SYNDESMOLOGY 
159 
1 Lig. ischiocapsulare 
2 Lig. pubocapsulare 
40 Articulatio talocal- 
CANEONAVICULARIS 
3 Articulatio genu 
41 Articulatio talocalcanea 
4 Capsula articularis 
5 Meniscus lateralis 
6 Meniscus medialis 
7 Lig. transversum genu 
8 Ligg. cruciata genu 
9 Lig. cruciatum anterius 
10 Lig. cruciatum posterius 
11 Plica synovialis patellaris 
12 Plicae alares 
13 Lig. collaterale fibulare 
14 Lig. collaterale tibiale 
15 Lig. popliteum obliquum 
16 Lig. popliteum arcuatum 
17 Retinaculum lig. arcuati 
18 Lig. patellae 
19 Retinaculum patellae mediale 
20 Retinaculum patellae laterale 
42 Capsula articularis 
43 Lig. talocalcaneum laterale 
44 Lig. talocalcaneum mediale 
45 Lig. talocalcaneum anterius 
46 Lig. talocalcaneum posterius 
47 Articulatio tarsi trans- 
VERSA [CHOPARTl] 
48 Articulatio talonavicu- 
laris 
49 Capsula articularis 
50 Articulatio calcaneo- 
cuboidea 
51 Capsula articularis 
52 Articulatio cuneo- 
NAVICULARIS 
21 Articulatio tibiofib- 
ularis 
53 Ligg. tarsi interossea 
22 Capsula articularis 
23 Ligg. capituli fibulae 
24 Membrana interossea cruris 
54 Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum 
55 Lig. cuneocuboideum inter- 
osseum 
56 Ligg. intercuneiformia interossea 
25 Syndesmosis tibiofibu- 
laris 
26 Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius 
27 Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius 
58 Lig. talonaviculare [dorsale] 
59 Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale 
60 Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale 
61 Lig. bifurcatum 
62 Pars calcaneonavicularis 
63 Pars calcaneocuboidea 
64 Lig. calcaneonaviculare dorsale 
65 Ligg. navicularicuneiformia 
dorsalia 
57 Ligg. tarsi dorsalia 
28 Articulationes pedis 
29 Articulatio talocruralis 
30 Capsula articularis 
31 Lig. deltoideum 
32 Lig. tibionaviculare 
33 Lig. calcaneotibiale 
34 Lig. talotibiale anterius 
35 Lig. talotibiale posterius 
36 Lig. talofibulare anterius 
37 Lig. talofibulare posterius 
38 Lig. calcaneofibulare 
67 Lig. plantare longum 
68 Ligg. tarsi profunda 
69 Lig. calcaneocuboideum 
plantare 
70 Lig. calcaneonaviculare 
plantare 
66 Ligg. tarsi plantaria 
39 Articulationes inter- 
TARSEAE 
[21] 160 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Fibrocartilago navic- 
ularis 
2 Ligg. navicularicunei- 
formia plantaria 
3 Lig. cuboideonaviculare 
plantaria 
4 Ligg. intercuneiformia plantaria 
5 Lig. cuneocuboideum plantare 
13 Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] in- 
terossea 
14 Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] 
dorsalia 
15 Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] 
plantaria 
16 Spatia interossea metatarsi 
6 Articulationes tarso- 
metatarseae 
17 Articulationes meta- 
tarsophalangeal 
18 Capsulae articulares 
19 Ligg. collateralia 
20 Ligg. accessoria plantaria 
21 Ligg. capitulorum [oss. meta- 
tars.] transversa 
7 Capsulae articulares 
8 Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalis 
9 Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria 
10 Ligg. cuneometatarsea inter- 
ossea 
22 Articulationes digitorum 
PEDIS 
11 Articulationes inter- 
METATARSEAE 
12 Capsulae articulares 
23 Capsulae articulares 
24 Ligg. collateralia 
[22] MYOLOGY 
161 
1 MYOLOGIA 
2 Musculus 
3 Caput 
4 Venter 
5 Musculus fusiformis 
6 Musculus unipennatus 
7 Musculus bipennatus 
8 Musculus sphincter 
9 Musculus orbicularis 
10 Musculus articularis 
11 Musculus skeleti 
12 Musculus cutaneus 
13 Tendo 
33 Aponeurosis 
34 Perimysium 
35 Fascia 
36 Fascia superficialis 
37 Inscriptio tendinea 
38 Arcus tendineus 
39 Ligamentum vaginale 
40 Vagina fibrosa tendinis 
41 Vagina mucosa tendinis 
42 Trochlea muscularis 
43 Bursa mucosa 
14 Musculi dorsi 
44 M. longissimus capitis 
45 M. spinalis 
46 M. spinalis dorsi 
47 M. spinalis cervicis 
48 M. spinalis capitis 
49 M. semispinalis 
50 M. semispinalis dorsi 
51 M. semispinalis cervicis 
52 M. semispinalis capitis 
53 M. multifidus 
54 Mm. rotatores 
55 Mm. rotatores longi 
56 Mm. rotatores breves 
57 Mm. interspinales 
58 Mm. intertransversarii 
59 Mm. intertransversarii 
laterales 
60 Mm. intertransversarii 
mediales 
61 Mm. intertransversarii 
anteriores 
62 Mm. intertransversarii 
posteriores 
63 M. rectus capitis poste- 
rior major 
15 M. trapezius 
16 (M. transversus nuchae) 
17 M. latissimus dorsi 
18 M. rhomboideus major 
19 M. rhomboideus minor 
20 M. levator scapulae 
21 M. serratus posterior inferior 
22 M. serratus posterior superior 
23 M. splenius cervicis 
24 M. splenius capitis 
25 M. sacrospinalis 
26 M. iliocostalis 
27 M. iliocostalis lumborum 
28 M. iliocostalis dorsi 
29 M. iliocostalis cervicis 
30 M. longissimus 
31 M. longissimus dorsi 
32 M. longissimus cervicis 
[23] 162 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 M. rectus capitis posterior minor 42 
2 M. rectus capitis lateralis 43 
3 M. obliquus capitis superior 44 
4 M. obliquus capitis inferior 45 
5 Fascia lumbodorsalis 
6 Fascia nuchae 
47 
Galea aponeurotica 
Fascia buccopharyngea 
Fascia parotideomasseterica 
Fascia temporalis 
46 Musculi oss. hyoidei 
7 Musculi capitis 
M. digastricus 
48 Venter anterior 
49 Venter posterior 
M.. stylohyoideus 
M. mylohyoideus 
M. genoihyoideus 
8 M. epicranius 
9 M. frontalis 50 
10 M. occipitalis 51 
11 M. procerus 52 
12 M. nasalis 
13 Pars trans versa 
14 Pars alaris 54 
15 M. depressor septi 55 
16 M. orbicularis oculi 56 
17 Pars palpebralis 57 
18 Pars orbitalis 
19 Pars lacrimalis [Horneri] 
20 M. auricularis anterior 60 
21 M. auricularis superior 61 
22 M. auricularis posterior 62 
23 M. orbicularis oris 63 
24 M. triangularis 64 
25 (M. transversus menti) 65 
26 M. risorius 66 
27 M. zygomaticus 67 
28 M. quadratus labii superioris 68 
29 Caput zygomaticum 69 
30 Caput infraorbitale 70 
31 Caput angulare 71 
32 M. quadratus labii inferioris 
33 M. caninus 
34 M. buccinator 73 
35 Mm. incisivi labii superioris 74 
36 Mm. incisivi labii inferioris 
37 M. mentalis 
38 M. masseter 
39 M. temporalis 7g 
40 M. pterygoideus externus 7g 
41 M. pterygoideus internus 
Platysma 
M. sternocleidomastoideus 
M. sternohyoideus 
M. omohyoideus 
58 Venter superior 
59 Venter inferior 
M. sternothyreoideus 
M. thyreohyoideus 
(M. levator glandulae thyreo- 
M. longus colli ideae) 
M. longus capitis 
M. rectus capitis anterior 
M. scalenus anterior 
M. scalenus medius 
M. scalenus posterior 
(M. scalenus minimus) 
Fascia colli 
Fascia praevertebralis 
53. Musculi colli 
72 Musculi thoracis 
(M. sternalis) 
M. pectoralis major 
75 Pars clavicularis 
76 Pars sternocostalis 
77 Pars abdominalis 
M. pectoralis minor 
M. subclavius 
[24] MYOLOGY 
163 
1 M. serratus anterior 
2 Mm. levatores costarum 
3 Mm. levatores costarum 
longi 
4 Mm. levatores costarum 
breves 
5 Mm. intercostales externi 
6 Mm. intercostales interni 
7 Mm. subcostales 
8 M. transversus thoracis 
9 Diaphragma 
10 Pars lumbalis 
11 Crus mediale 
12 Crus intermedium 
13 Crus laterale 
14 Pars costalis 
15 Pars sternalis 
16 Hiatus aorticus 
17 Hiatus oesophageus 
18 Centrum tendineum 
19 Foramen venae cavae 
20 Arcus lumbocostalis medialis 
[Halleri] 
21 Arcus lumbocostalis lateralis 
[Halleri] 
22 Fascia pectoralis 
23 Fascia coracoclavicularis 
40 Linea semicircularis [Douglasi] 
41 Lig. inguinale [Pouparti] 
42 Lig. lacunare [Gimbernati] 
43 Lig. inguinale reflexum [Col- 
lesi] 
44 Annulus inguinalis sub- 
cutaneus 
45 Crus superius 
46 Crus inferius 
47 Fibrae intercrurales 
48 Trigonum lumbale [Petiti] 
49 Linea semilunaris [Spigeli] 
50 Fascia transversalis 
51 Canalis inguinalis 
52 Annulus inguinalis abdominalis 
53 Lig. interfoveolare [Hesselbachi] 
54 Plica epigastrica 
55 Fovea inguinalis lateralis 
56 Fovea inguinalis medialis 
57 Fovea supravesicalis 
58 Musculi coccygei 
59 M. coccygeus 
60 M. sacrococcygeus anterior 
61 M. sacrococcygeus posterior 
62 Musculi extremitatis 
SUPERIORIS 
24 Musculi abdominis 
63 M. deltoideus 
64 M. supraspinatus 
65 M. infraspinatus 
66 M. teres minor 
67 M. teres major 
68 M. subscapularis 
69 M. biceps brachii 
70 Caput longum 
71 Vagina mucosa intertu- 
bercularis 
72 Caput breve 
73 Lacertus fibrosus 
74 M. coracobrachialis 
75 M. brachialis 
76 M. triceps brachii 
77 Caput longum 
78 Caput laterale 
79 Caput mediale 
25 M. rectus abdominis 
26 Falx [aponeurotica] inguinalis 
27 M. pyramidalis 
28 M. obliquus externus abdominis 
29 M. obliquus interims abdominis 
30 M. cremaster 
31 M. transversus abdominis 
32 M. quadratus lumborum 
33 Annulus umbilicalis* 
34 Linea alba 
35 Adminiculum lineae 
albae 
36 Inscriptiones tendineae 
37 Lig. suspensorium penis s. 
clitoridis 
38 Lig. fundiforme penis 
39 Vagina m. recti abdominis 
[25] 164 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 M. anconaeus 
2 (M. epitrochleoanconaeus) 
3 M. pronator teres 
4 Caput humerale 
5 Caput ulnare 
6 M. flexor carpi radialis 
7 M. palmaris longus 
8 M. flexor carpi ulnaris 
9 Caput humerale 
10 Caput ulnare 
11 M. flexor digitorum sublimis 
12 Caput humerale 
13 Caput radiale 
14 M. flexor digitorum profundus 
15 M. flexor pollicis longus 
16 M. pronator quaclratus 
17 M. branchioradialis 
18 M. extensor carpi radialis longus 
19 M. extensor carpi radialis brevis 
20 M. extensor digitorum communis 
21 Juncturae tendinum 
22 M. extensor digiti quinti proprius 
23 M. extensor carpi ulnaris 
24 M. supinator 
25 M. abductor pollicis longus 
26 M. extensor pollicis brevis 
27 M. extensor pollicis longus 
28 M. extensor indicis proprius 
29 M. palmaris brevis 
30 M. abductor pollicis brevis 
31 M. flexor pollicis brevis 
32 M. opponens pollicis 
33 M. adductor pollicis 
34 M. abductor digiti quinti 
35 M. flexor digiti quinti brevis 
36 M. opponens digiti quinti 
37 Mm. lumbricales 
38 Mm. interossei dorsales 
39 Mm. interossei volares 
40 Fasc a axillaris 
41 Fascia subscapularis 
42 Fascia supraspinata 
43 Fascia infraspinata 
44 Fascia brachii 
45 Septum intermusculare 
[humeri] mediale 
46 Septum intermusculare 
[humeri] laterale 
47 Sulcus bicipitalis medialis 
48 Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis 
49 Fascia antibrachii 
50 Fascia dorsalis manus 
51 Lig. carpi dorsale 
52 Aponeurosis palmaris 
53 Fasciculi transversi 
54 Lig. carpi trans versum 
55 Lig. carpi volare 
56 Chiasma tendinum 
57 Vinculum tendinum 
58 Vaginae mucosae 
59 Ligg. vaginalia digitorum manus 
60 Ligg. annularia digitorum manus 
61 Ligg. cruciata digitorum manus 
62 Musculi Extremitatis In- 
FERIORIS 
63 M. ihopoas 
64 M. iliacus 
65 M. psoas major 
66 M. psoas minor 
67 M. glutaeus maximus 
68 M. glutaeus medius 
69 M. glutaeus minimus 
70 M. tensor fasciae latae 
71 M. piriformis 
72 M. obturator internus 
73 M. gemellus superior 
74 M. gemellus inferior 
75 M. quadratus femoris 
76 M. sartorius 
77 M. quadriceps femoris 
78 M. rectus femoris 
79 M. vastus lateralis 
[26] MYOLOGY 
165 
1 M. vastus intermedius 
2 M. vastus medialis 
3 M. articularis genu 
4 M. pectineus 
5 M. adductor longus 
6 M. gracilis 
7 M. adductor brevis 
8 M. adductor magnus 
9 M. adductor minimus 
10 M. obturator externus 
11 M. biceps femoris 
12 Caput longum 
13 Caput breve 
14 M. semitendinosus 
15 M. semimembranosus 
16 M. tibialis anterior 
17 M. extensor digitorum longus 
18 M. peronaeus tertius 
19 M. extensor hallucis longus 
20 M. peronaeus longus 
21 M. peronaeus brevis 
22 M. triceps surae 
23 M. gastrocnemius 
24 Caput laterale 
25 Caput mediale 
26 M. soleus 
27 Arcus tendineus m. solei 
28 Tendo calcaneus [Achillis] 
29 M. plantaris 
30 M. popliteus 
31 M. tibialis posterior 
32 M. flexor digitorum longus 
33 M. flexor hallucis longus 
34 M. extensor hallucis brevis 
35 M. extensor digitorum brevis 
36 M. abductor hallucis 
37 M. flexor hallqcis brevis 
38 M. adductor hallucis 
39 Caput obliquum 
40 Caput transversum 
41 M. abductor digiti quinti 
42 M. flexor digiti quinti brevis 
43 M. opponens digiti quinti 
44 M. flexor digitorum brevis 
45 M. quadratus plantae 
46 Mm. lumbricales 
47 Mm. interossei dorsales 
48 Mm. interossei plantares 
49 Fascia lata 
50 Tractus iliotibialis [Maissiati] 
51 Septum intermusculare [femoris] 
laterale 
52 Septum intermusculare [femoris] 
mediale 
53 Canalis adductorius [Hunteri] 
54 Hiatus tendineus [adductorius] 
55 Fascia iliaca 
56 Fascia iliopectinea 
57 Lacuna musculorum 
58 Lacuna vasorum 
59 Trigonum femorale [Fossa 
scarpae major] 
60 Fossa iliopectinea 
61 Fascia pectinea 
62 Canalis femoralis 
63 Annulus femoralis 
64 Septum femorale [Cloqueti] 
65 Fossa ovalis 
66 Margo falciformis 
67 Cornu superius 
68 Cornu inferius 
69 Fascia cribrosa 
70 Fascia cruris 
71 Septum intermusculare an- 
terius [fibulare] 
72 Septum intermusculare poste- 
rius [fibulare] 
73 Lig. transversum cruris 
74 Lig. laciniatum 
75 Lig. cruciatum cruris 
76 Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum 
sup. 
77 Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum 
inferius 
[27] 166 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Fascia dorsalis pedis 
2 Aponeurosis plantaris 
3 Fasciculi transversi 
aponeurosis plantaris 
4 Vaginae mucosae 
5 Ligg. annularia 
6 Ligg. vaginalia 
7 Ligg. cruciata 
8 BURSAE ET VAGINAE MUCOSAE 
9 Bursa mucosa subcutanea 
10 Bursa mucosa submuscularis 
11 Bursa mucosa subfacialis 
12 Bursa mucosa subtendinea 
13 Vagina mucosa tendinis 
14 B. musculi trochlearis 
15 B. m. tensoris veli palatini 
16 B. subcutanea praementalis 
17 B. subcutanea prominentiae 
laryngeae 
18 B. m. sternohyoidei 
19 B. m. thyreohyoidei 
20 B. subcutanea sacralis 
21 B. coccygea 
22 B. subcutanea acromialis 
23 B. subacromialis 
24 B. subdeltoidea 
25 B. m. coracobrachialis 
26 B. m. infraspinati 
27 B. m. subscapularis 
28 B. m. teretis majoris 
29 B. m. latissimi dorsi 
30 B. subcutanea olecrani 
31 B. intratendinea olecrani 
32 B. subtendinea olecrani 
33 B. subcutanea epicondyli 
[humeri] lateralis 
34 B. subcutanea epicondyli 
[humeri] medialis 
35 B. bicipitoradialis 
36 B. cubitalis interossea 
37 Vagina tendinum mm. abduc- 
toris longi et extensoris 
brevis pollicis 
38 Vagina tendinum mm. ex- 
tensorum carpi radialium 
39 Vagina tendinis m. extensoris 
pollicis longi 
40 Vagina tendinum mm. ex- 
tensoris digitorum com- 
munis et extensoris in- 
dicis 
41 Vagina tendinis m. extensoris 
digiti minimi 
42 Vagina tendinis m. extensori 
carpi ulnaris 
43 B. m. extensoris carpi radialis 
brevis 
44 Bursae subcutaneae metacar- 
pophalangeae dorsales 
45 Bursae subcutaneae digitorum 
dorsales 
46 B. m. flexoris carpi ulnaris 
47 B. m. flexoris carpi radialis 
48 Vagina tendinum mm. flexorum 
communium 
49 Vag. tendinis m. flexoris pollicis 
longi 
50 Bursae intermetacarpopha- 
langeae 
51 Vaginae tendinum digit ales 
52 B. trochanterica subcutanea 
53 B. trochanterica m. glutaei 
maximi 
54 B. troch. m. glutaei medii 
anterior 
[28] MYOLOGY 
167 
1 B. troch. m. glutaei medii 
posterior 
2 B. troch. m. glutaei minimi 
3 B. m. piriformis 
4 B. m. obturatoris interni 
5 Bursae glutaeofemorales 
6 B. ischiadica m. glutaei maximi 
7 B. m. recti femoris 
8 B. iliopectinea 
9 B. iliaca subtendinea 
10 B. m. pectinei 
11 B. m. bicipitis femoris superior 
12 B. Praepatellaris subcutanea 
13 B. praepatellaris subfascialis 
14 B. praepatellaris subtendinea 
15 B. suprapatellaris 
16 B. infrapatellaris subcutanea 
17 B. infrapatellaris profunda 
18 B. subcutanea tuberositatis 
tibiae 
19 B. m. sartorii propria 
20 B. anserina 
21 B. m. bicipitis femoris inferior 
22 B. m. poplitei 
23 B. bicipitogastrocnemialis 
24 B. m. gastrocnemii lateralis 
25 B. m. gastrocnemii medialis 
26 B. m. semimembranosi 
27 B. subcutanea malleoli lateralis 
28 B. subcutanea malleoli medialis 
29 Vag. tendinis m. tibialis an- 
terioris 
30 Vag. tendinis m. extensoris 
hallucis longi 
31 Vaginae tendinum m. extensoris 
digitorum pedis longi 
32 Vaginae tendinum m. flexoris 
digitorum pedis longi 
33 Vag. tendinis m. tibialis poste- 
rioris 
34 Vag. tendinis m. flexoris hallucis 
longi 
35 Vag. tendinum mm. peronae- 
orum communis 
36 Bursa sinus tarsi 
37 B. subtendinea m. tibialis 
anterioris 
38 B. subtendinea m. tibialis 
posterioris 
39 B. subcutanea calcanea 
40 B. tendinis calcanei [Achillis] 
41 Vag. tendinis m. peronaei 
longi plantaris 
42 Bursae intermetatarsophalan- 
geae 
43 Bursae mm. lumbricalium pedis 
44 Vaginae tendinum digitales pedis 
[29] 168 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 SPLANCHNOLOGIA 
2 Tunica albuginea 
3 Tunica fibrosa 
4 Tunica adventitia 
5 Tunica mucosa 
6 Lamina propria mucosae 
7 Lamina muscularis mucosae 
8 Tela submucosa 
9 Plica mucosa 
10 Mucus 
11 Tunica muscularis 
12 Tunica serosa 
13 Tela subserosa 
14 Plica serosa 
15 Ligamentum serosum 
16 Serum 
17 Epithelium 
18 Endothelium 
19 Organon parenchymatosum 
20 Parenchyma 
21 Stroma 
22 Glandula 
23 Lobus 
24 Lobulus 
25 Glandula mucosa 
26 Musculus viscerum 
27 APPARATUS DIGESTORIUS 
28 Cavum oris 
40 Palatum durum 
41 Palatum molle 
42 Raphe palati 
29 Bucca 
30 Corpus adiposum buccae 
31 Vestibulum oris 
32 Cavum oris proprium 
33 Rima oris 
34 Labia oris 
35 Labium superius 
36 Labium inferius 
37 Commissura labiorum 
38 Angulus oris 
39 Palatum 
43 TUNICA MUCOSA ORIS 
44 Frenulum labii superioris 
45 Frenulum labii inferioris 
46 Gingiva 
47 Caruncula sublingualis • 
48 Plica sublingualis 
49 Plicae palatinae transversae 
50 Papilla incisiva 
[30] SPLANCHNOLOGY 
169 
1 GLANDULAE ORIS 
40 Canaliculi dentales 
41 Spatia interglobularia 
42 Prismata adamantina 
43 Cuticula dentis 
44 Periosteum alveolare 
45 Arcus dentalis superior 
46 Arcus dentalis inferior 
47 Dentes incisivi 
48 Dentes canini 
49 Dentes praemolares 
50 Dentes molares 
51 Dens serotinus 
52 Dentes permanentes 
53 Dentes decidui 
2 Gl. labiales 
3 Gl. buccales 
4 Gl. molares 
5 Gl. palatinae 
6 Gl. linguales 
7 Gl. lingualis anterior [Blandini 
8 Gl. sublingualis Nuhni] 
9 Ductus sublingualis major 
10 Ductus sublinguales minores 
11 Gl. submaxillaris 
12 Ductus submaxillaris [Whartoni] 
13 Gl. parotis 
14 Processus retromandibularis 
15 Gl. parotis accessori 
16 Ductus parotideus [Stenonis] 
17 Saliva 
54 LINGUA 
55 Dorsum linguae 
56 Radix linguae 
57 Corpus linguae 
58 Facies inferior [linguae] 
59 Plica fimbriata 
60 Margo lateralis [linguae] 
61 Apex linguae 
62 Tunica mucosa linguae 
63 Frenulum linguae 
64 Papillae linguales 
65 Papillae filiformes 
66 Papillae conicae 
67 Papillae fungiformes 
68 Papillae lenticulares 
69 Papillae vallatae 
70 Papillae foliatae 
71 Sulcus medianus linguae 
72 Sulcus terminalis 
73 Foramen caecum linguae 
74 (Ductus lingualis) 
75 Ductus thyreoglossus* 
76 Tonsilla lingualis 
77 Folliculi linguales 
78 Septum linguae 
18 DENTES 
19 Corona dentis 
20 Tubercula [coronae] dentis 
21 Collum dentis 
22 Radix [Radices] dentis 
23 Apex radicis dentis 
24 Facies masticatoria 
25 Facies labialis [buccalis] 
26 Facies lingualis 
27 Facies contactus 
28 Facies medialis ' 
29 Facies lateralis 
30 Facies anterior 
31 Facies posterior. 
dentium incisi- 
vorum et cani- 
-norum dentium 
praemolarium 
et molarium 
32 Cavum dentis 
33 Pulpa dentis 
34 Papilla dentis* 
35 Canalis radicis dentis 
36 Foramen apicis dentis 
37 Substantia eburnea 
38 Substantia adamantina 
39 Substantia ossea 
[Mor- 
gagnii] 
[31] 170 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Musculi linguae 
2 M. genioglossus 
3 M. hyoglossus 
* 4 M. chondroglossus 
5 M. styloglossus 
6 M. longitudinalis superior 
7 M. longitudinalis inferior 
8 M. trans versus linguae 
9 M. verticalis linguae 
41 (Bursa pharyngea) 
42 Recessus piriformis 
43 M. stylopharyngeus 
44 Fascia pharyngobasilaris 
45 Tunica mucosa 
46 Gl. pharyngeae 
47 Tonsilla pharyngea 
48 Fossulae tonsillares 
49 Tela submucosa 
50 Tunica muscularis pharyngis 
51 Raphe pharyngis 
52 Raphe pterygomandibularis 
53 M. constrictor pharyngis superior 
54 M. pterygopharyngeus 
55 M. buccopharyngeus 
56 M. mylopharyngeus 
57 M. glossopharyngeus 
58 M. salpingopharyngeus 
59 M. constrictor pharyngis medius 
60 M. chondropharyngeus 
61 M. ceratopharyngeus 
62 M. constrictor pharyngis inferior 
63 M. thyreopharyngeus 
64 M. cricopharyngeus 
10 FAUCES 
11 Isthmus faucium 
12 Velum palatinum 
13 Uvula [palatina] 
14 Arcus palatini 
15 Arcus glossopalatinus 
16 Arcus pharyngopalatinus 
1.7 Plica salpingopalatina 
18 Tonsilla palatina 
19 Fossulae tonsillares 
20 Sinus tonsillaris 
21 Plica triangularis 
22 Fossa supratonsillaris 
23 MUSCULI PALATI ET FAUCIUM 
65 Tubus digestorius 
24 M. levator veli palatini 
25 M. tensor veli palatini 
26 M. uvulae 
27 M. glossopalatinus 
28 M. pharyngopalatinus 
66 OESOPHAGUS 
67 Pars cervicalis 
68 Pars thoracalis 
69 Pars abdominalis 
70 Tunica adventitia 
71 Tunica muscularis 
72 M. bronchooesophageus 
73 M. pleurooesophageus 
74 Tela submucosa 
75 Tunica mucosa 
76 Lam. muscularis mucosae 
77 Gl. oesophageae 
78 ventriculus [Gaster] 
79 Paries anterior 
80 Paries posterior 
29 Pharynx 
30 Cavum pharyngis 
31 Fornix pharyngis 
32 Pars nasalis 
33 Pars oralis 
34 Pars laryngea 
35 Ostium pharyngeum tubae 
36 Labium anterius 
37 Labium posterius 
38 Torus tubarius 
39 Plica salpingopharyngea 
40 Recessus pharyngeus [Rosen- 
muelleri] 
[32] SPLANCHNOLOGY 
171 
1 Curvatura ventriculi major 
2 Curvatura ventriculi minor 
3 Cardia 
4 Fundus ventriculi 
5 Corpus ventriculi 
6 Pylorus 
7 Pars cardiaca 
8 Pars pylorica 
9 (Antrum cardiacum) 
10 Antrum pyloricum 
11 Tunica serosa 
12 Tunica muscularis 
13 Stratum longitudinale 
14 Ligg. pylori 
15 Stratum circulare 
16 M. sphincter pylori 
17 Fibrae obliquae 
18 Valvula pylori 
19 Tela submucosa 
20 Tunica muscosa 
21 Lam. muscularis mucosae 
22 Areae gastricae 
23 Plicae villosae 
24 Foveolae gastricae 
25 Glandulae gastricae [propriae] 
26 Glandulae pyloricae 
27 Noduli lymphatici gastrici 
28 Succus gastricus 
43 Chylus 
44 Succus entericus 
45 Duodenum 
46 Pars superior 
47 Pars descendens 
48 Pars inferior 
49 Pars horizontalis [inferior] 
50 Pars ascendens 
51 Flexura duodeni superior 
52 Flexura duodeni inferior 
53 Flexura duodenojejunalis 
54 M. suspensorius duodeni 
55 Plica longitudinalis duodeni 
56 Papilla duodeni [Santorini] 
57 Gl. duodenales [Brunneri] 
58 I n t e s t i n u m tenue 
mesenteriale 
59 Intestinum jejunum 
60 Intestinum ileum 
61 INTESTINUM CRASSUM 
62 Intestinum caecum 
63 Valvula coli 
64 Labium superius 
65 Labium inferius 
66 Frenula valvulae coli 
67 Processus vermi- 
form i s 
68 (Valvula processus vermiformis) 
69 Noduli aggregati processus 
vermiformis 
70 Colon 
71 Colon ascendens 
72 Flexura coli dextra 
73 Colon trans versum 
74 Flexura coli sinistra 
75 Colon descendens 
76 Colon sigmoideum 
77 Plicae semilunares coli 
78 Haustra coli 
79 Tunica serosa 
80 Appendices epiploicae 
81 Tunica muscularis 
82 Taeniae coli 
29 INTESTINUM TENUE 
30 Tunica serosa 
31 Tunica muscularis 
32 Stratum longitudinale 
33 Stratum circulare 
34 Tela submucosa 
35 Tunica mucosa 
36 Lam. muscularis mucosae 
37 Plicae circulares [Kerkringi] 
38 Villi intestinales 
39 Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 
40 Noduli lymphatici solitarii 
41 Noduli lymphatici aggregati 
[Peyeri] 
42 Chymus 
[33] 172 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Taenia mesocolica 
2 Taenia omentalis 
3 Taenia libera 
4 Tela submucosa 
5 Tunica mucosa 
6 Lam. muscularis mucosae 
7 Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 
8 Noduli lymphatici solitarii 
40 Ductus pancreaticus accessorius 
[Santorini] 
41 (Pancreas accessorium) 
42 Succus pancreaticus 
43 Hepar 
44 Facies superior 
45 Facies posterior 
46 Facies inferior 
47 Margo anterior 
48 Incisura umbilicalis 
49 Fossae sagittales dextrae 
50 Fossa vesicae felleae 
51 Fossa venae cavae 
52 Fossa sagittalis sinistra 
53 Fossa venae umbilicalis 
54 Fossa ductus venosi 
55 Tunica serosa 
56 Lig. teres hepatis 
57 Lig. venosum [Arantii] 
58 Porta hepatis 
59 Lobus hepatis dexter 
60 Lobus quadratus 
61 Lobus caudatus [Spigelii] 
62 Processus papillaris 
63 Processus caudatus 
64 Lobus hepatis sinister 
65 (Appendix fibrosa hepatis) 
66 Impressio cardiaca 
67 Tuber omentale 
68 Impressio oesophagea 
'69 Impressio gastrica 
70 Impressio duodenalis 
71 Impressio colica 
72 Impressio renalis 
73 Impressio suprarenalis 
74 Lobuli hepatis 
75 Capsula fibrosa [Glissoni] 
76 Rami arteriosi interlobulares 
77 Venae interlobulares 
78 Venae centrales 
10 Flexura sacralis 
11 Flexura perinealis 
12 Ampulla recti 
13 Tunica muscularis 
14 M. sphincter ani internus 
15 M. rectococcygeus 
16 Tela submucosa 
17 Tunica mucosa 
18 Lam. m. mucosae 
19 Gl. intestinales [Lieber- 
20 Noduli lymphatici kuehni] 
21 Plicae transversales recti 
22 Pars analis recti 
23 Columnae rectales [Morgagnii] 
24 Sinus rectales 
25 Annulus haemorrhoidalis 
9 INTESTINUM RECTUM 
27 Caput pancreatis 
28 Processus uncinatus [Pancreas 
Winslowi] 
29 Incisura pancreatis 
30 Corpus pancreatis 
31 Facies anterior 
32 Facies posterior 
33 Facies inferior 
34 Margo superior 
35 Margo anterior 
36 Margo posterior 
37 Tuber omentale 
38 Cauda pancreatis 
39 Ductus pancreaticus 
[Wirsungi] 
26 Pancreas 
[34] SPLANCHNOLOGY 
173 
1 Ductus biliferi 
2 Ductus interlobulares 
3 Ductus hepaticus 
4 Vasa aberrantia hepatis 
5 Fei [Bilis] 
6 Vesica fe 11 ea 
7 Fundus vesicae felleae 
8 Corpus vesicae felleae 
9 Collum vesicae felleae 
10 Ductus cysticus 
11 Tunica serosa vesicae felleae 
12 Tunica muscularis vesicae felleae 
13 Tunica mucosa vesicae felleae 
14 Plicae tun. mucosae v. felleae 
15 Valvula spiralis [Heisteri] 
16 Ductus choledochus 
17 Gl. mucosae biliosae 
18 Lien 
19 Facies diaphragmatica 
20 Facies renalis 
21 Facies gastrica 
22 Extremitas superior 
23 Extremitas inferior 
24 Margo posterior 
25 Margo anterior 
26 Hilus lienis 
27 Tunica serosa 
28 Tunica albuginea 
29 Trabeculae lienis 
30 Pulpa lienis 
31 Rami lienales [arteriae lienalis] 
32 Penicilli 
33 Noduli lumphatici lienales [Mal- 
34 (Lien accessorius) pighii] 
35 APPARATUS RESPIRATORIUS 
36 Cavum nasi 
56 Atrium meatus medii 
57 Meatus nasi inferior 
58 Meatus nasi communis 
59 Meatus nasopharyngeus 
60 Regio respiratoria 
61 Regio olfactoria 
62 Gl. olfactoriae 
63 Sinus paranasales 
64 Sinus maxillaris [Highmori] 
65 Sinus sphenoidalis 
66 Sinus frontalis 
67 Cellulae ethmoidales 
68 Bulla ethmoidalis 
69 Infundibulum ethmoidale 
70 Hiatus semilunaris 
71 Gl. nasales 
37 Nares 
38 Choanae 
39 Septum nasi 
40 Septum cartilagineum 
41 Septum membranaceum 
42 Vestibulum nasi 
43 Limen nasi 
44 Sulcus olfactorius 
45 (Concha nasalis suprema 
[Santorini]) 
46 Concha nasalis superior 
47 Concha nasalis media 
48 Concha nasalis inferior 
49 Membrana mucosa nasi 
50 Plexus cavernosi concharum 
51 Agger nasi 
52 Recessus sphenoethmoidalis 
53 Meatus nasi 
54 Meatus nasi superior 
55 Meatus nasi medius 
73 Basis nasi 
74 Radix nasi 
72 Nasus externus 
[35] 174 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Dorsum nasi 
2 Margo nasi 
3 Apex nasi 
4 Ala nasi 
5 Septum mobile nasi 
6 C a r t i 1 a g i n e s nasi 
7 Cartilago septi nasi 
8 Processus sphenoidalis septi 
cartilaginei 
9 Cartilago nasi lateralis 
10 Cartilago alaris major 
11 Crus mediale 
12 Crus laterale 
13 Cartilagines alares minores 
14 Cartilagines sesamoideae nasi 
15 Organon vomeronasale [Jacob- 
soni] 
16 Cartilago vomeronasalis 
[Jacobsoni] 
17 (Ductus incisivus) 
40 Articulatio cricothyreoidea 
41 Capsula articularis cricothyreo- 
idea 
42 Ligg. ceratocricoidea lateralia 
43 Lig. ceratocricoideum anterius 
44 Ligg. ceratocricoidea posteriora 
45 Lig. cricothyreoideum [medium] 
46 Lig. cricotracheale 
47 Cartilago arytaenoidea 
48 Facies articularis 
49 Basis [cartilaginis arytae- 
50 Crista arcuata noideae] 
51 Colliculus 
52 Fovea oblonga 
53 Fovea triangularis 
54 Apex [cartilaginis] 
arytaenoideae 
55 Processus vocalis 
56 Processus muscularis 
57 Cartilago corniculata [Santorini] 
58 Synchondrosis arycorniculata 
59 Articulatio cricoarytaenoidea 
60 Lig. cricopharyngeum 
61 Lig. corniculopharyngeum 
62 Lig. venticulare 
63 Lig. vocale 
64 (Cartilago sesamoidea) 
65 Capsula articularis 
cricoarytaenoidea 
66 Lig. cricoarytaenoideum poste- 
rius 
67 Epiglottis 
68 Petiolus epiglottidis 
69 Tuberculum epiglotticum 
70 Cartilago epiglottica 
71 Lig. thyreoepiglotticum 
72 Lig. hyoepiglotticum 
73 Cartilago cuneiformis [Wrisbergi] 
74 Tuberculum cuneiformis [Wris- 
bergi] 
75 Tuberculum corniculatum 
[Santorini] 
18 Larynx 
19 Prominentia laryngea 
20 Cartilagines laryngis 
21 Cartilago thyreoidea 
22 Lamina [dextra et sinistra] 
23 Incisura thyreoidea superior 
24 Incisura thyreoidea inferior 
25 Tuberculum thyreoideum 
superius 
26 Tuberculum thyreoideum 
inferius 
27 (Linea obliqua) 
28 Cornu superius 
29 Cornu inferius 
30 (Foramen thyreoideum) 
31 Lig. hyothyreoideum laterale 
32 Cartilago triticea 
33 Lig. hyothyreoideum medium 
34 Membrana hyothyreoidea 
35 Cartilago cricoidea 
36 Arcus [cartilaginis crico- 
ideae] 
37 Lamina cartilaginis [crico- 
ideae] 
38 Facies articularis arytaeno- 
idea 
39 Facies articularis thyreoidea 
76 MUSCULI LARYNGIS 
77 M. aryepiglotticus 
78 M. cricothyreoideus 
79 Pars recta 
[36] SPLANCHNOLOGY 
175 
2 M. cricoarytaenoideus posterior 
3 (M. ceratocricoideus) 
4 M. cricoarytaenoideus lateralis 
5 M. ventricularis 
6 M. vocalis 
7 M. thyreoepiglotticus 
8 M. thyreoarytaenoideus [ex- 
ternus] 
9 M. arytaenoideus obliquus 
10 M. arytaenoideus trans versus 
1 PARS OBLIQUA 
41 Trachea et Bronchi 
42 Cartilagines tracheales 
43 Ligg. annularia [trachealia] 
44 Paries membranacea 
45 Gl. tracheales 
46 Bifurcatio tracheae 
47 Bronchus [dexter et sinister] 
48 Rami bronchiales 
49 Ramus bronchialis eparteri- 
alis 
50 Rami bronchiales hyparte- 
riales 
51 Tunica muscularis 
52 Tela submucosa 
53 Tunica mucosa 
54 Gl. tracheales 
55 Gl. bronchiales 
11 CAVUM LARYNGIS 
12 Vallecula epiglottica 
13 Aditus laryngis 
14 Vestibulum laryngis 
15 Rima vestibuli 
16 Labium vocale 
17 Glottis 
18 Rima glottidis 
19 Pars intermembranacea 
20 Pars intercartilaginea 
21 Ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii] 
22 Appendix ventriculi laryngis 
23 Tunica mucosa laryngis 
24 Membrana elastica laryngis 
25 Conus elasticus 
26 Plica glossoepiglottica mediana 
27 Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis 
28 Plica aryepiglottica 
29 Plica nervi laryngei 
30 Plica ventricularis 
31 Plica vocalis 
32 Macula flava 
33 Aditus glottidis inferior 
34 Aditus glottidis superior 
35 Incisura interarytaenoidea 
36 Gl. laryngeae 
37 Gl. laryngeae anteriores 
38 Gl. laryngeae mediae 
39 Gl. laryngeae posteriores 
40 Noduli lymphatici laryngei 
57 Basis pulmonis 
58 Apex pulmonis 
59 Sulcus subclavius 
60 Facies costalis 
61 Facies mediastinalis 
62 Facies diaphragmatica 
63 Margo anterior 
64 Margo inferior 
65 Hilus pulmonis 
66 Radix pulmonis 
67 Incisura cardiaca 
68 Lobus superior 
69 Lobus medius 
70 Lobus inferior 
71 Incisura interlobaris 
72 Lobuli pulmonum 
73 Rami bronchiales 
74 Bronchioli 
75 Bronchioli respiratorii 
76 Ductuli alveolares 
77 Alveoli pulmonum 
78 Lymphoglandulae bronchiales 
79 Noduli lymphatici bronchiales 
80 Lymphoglandulae pulmonales 
56 Pulmo 
[37] 176 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
2 Fascia endothoracica 
3 Cavum pleurae 
4 Pleura 
5 Cupula pleurae 
6 Pleura pulmonalis 
7 Pleura parietalis 
8 Pleura mediastinales 
9 Laminae mediastinales 
10 Pleura pericardiaca 
11 Pleura costalis 
12 Pleura diaphragmatica 
13 Sinus pleurae 
14 Sinus phrenicocostalis 
15 Sinus costomediastinalis 
16 Lig. pulmonale 
17 Plicae adiposae 
18 Villi pleurales 
19 Septum mediastinale 
1 Cavum thoracis 
20 Cavum mediastinale ante- 
rius 
21 Cavum mediastinale poste- 
rius 
22 Gl. thyreoidea 
23 Isthmus gl. thyreoideae 
24 (Lobus pyramidalis) 
25 Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
26 Lobuli gl. thyreoideae 
27 Stroma gl. thyreoideae 
28 (Gl. thyreoideae accessoriae). 
29 (Gl. thyreoidea accessoria 
suprahyoidea) 
30 Glomus caroticum 
31 Thymus 
32 Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
33 Tractus centralis 
34 Lobuli thymi 
36 Organa uropoetica 
35 APPARATUS UROGENITALIS 
54 Tubuli renales recti 
55 Substantia corticalis 
56 Substantia medullaris 
57 Lobi renales 
58 Pyramides renales [Malpighii] 
59 Basis pyramidis 
60 Papillae renales 
61 Area cribrosa 
62 Foramina papillaria 
63 Columnae renales [Bertini] 
64 Lobuli corticales 
65 Pars radiata [Processus Fer- 
66 Pars convoluta reini] 
67 Corpuscula renis [Malpighii] 
68 Glomerula 
69 Capsula glomeruli 
70 Pelvis renalis 
71 Calyces renales 
38 Margo lateralis 
39 Margo medialis 
40 Hilus renalis 
41 Sinus renalis 
42 Facies anterior 
43 Facies posterior 
44 Extremitas superior 
45 Extremitas inferior 
46 (Impressio muscularis) 
47 (Impressio hepatica) 
48 (Impressio gastrica) 
49 Capsula adiposa 
50 Tunica fibrosa 
51 Tunica muscularis 
52 Tubuli renales 
53 Tubuli renales contorti 
37 REN 
[38] SPLANCHNOLOGY 
177 
1 Calyces renales majores 
2 Calyces renales minores 
3 Gl. pelvis renalis 
39 Stratum internum 
40 M. pubovesicalis 
41 M.'recto vesicalis 
42 Tela submucosa 
43 Tunica mucosa 
44 Gl. vesicales 
45 Noduli lymphatici vesicales 
46 Trigonum vesicae [Lieutaudi] 
47 Uvula vesicae 
48 Plica ureterica 
49 Orificium ureteris 
50 Orificium urethrae internum 
51 Annulus urethralis 
5 Aa. interlobares renis 
6 Arteriae arciformes 
7 Arteriae interlobulares 
8 Vas afferens 
9 Vas efferens 
10 Rami capsulares 
11 Arteriolae rectae 
12 Aa. nutriciae pelvis renalis 
4 ARTERIAE RENIS 
13 VENAE RENIS 
52 Glandula suprarenalis 
14 Vv. interlobares 
15 Venae ar ciformes 
16 Venae interlobulares 
17 Venae interlobulares 
18 Venae stellatae 
53 Substantia corticalis 
54 Substantia medullaris 
55 Hilus gl. suprarenalis 
56 Facies anterior 
57 Facies posterior 
58 Basis gl. suprarenalis 
59 Apex suprarenalis [gl. dextrae] 
60 Margo superior 
61 Margo medialis 
62 Vena centralis 
63 (Gl. suprarenalis accessoriae) 
19 Ureter 
20 Pars abdominalis 
21 Pars pelvina 
22 Tunica adventitia 
23 Tunica muscularis 
24 Stratum externum 
25 Stratum medium 
26 Stratum internum 
27 Tunica mucosa 
28 Gl. mucosae ureteris 
64 Organa genitalia 
65 Organa genitalia virilia 
29 Vesica urinaria 
67 Extremitas superior 
68 Extremitas inferior 
69 Facies lateralis 
70 Facies medialis 
71 Margo anterior 
72 Margo posterior 
73 Tunica albuginea 
74 Mediastinum testi [Corpus 
Highmori] 
75 Septula testis 
66 TESTIS 
30 Vertex vesicae 
31 Corpus vesicae 
32 Fundus vesicae 
33 Lig. umbilicale medium 
34 Urachus* 
35 Tunica serosa 
36 Tunica muscularis 
37 Stratum externum 
38 Stratum medium 
[39] 178 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Lobuli testis 
2 Parenchyma testis 
3 Tubuli seminiferi contorti 
4 Tubuli seminiferi recti 
5 Tunica propria 
6 Rete testis [Halleri] 
7 Ductuli efferentes testis 
8 Sperma [Semen] 
9 Epididymis 
10 Caput epididymidis 
11 Corpus epididymidis 
12 Cauda epididymidis 
13 Lobuli epididymidis 
14 Ductus epididymidis 
15 Ductuli aberrantes 
16 (Ductulus aberrans superior) 
17 Appendices testis 
18 Appendix testis [Morgagnii] 
19 (Appendix epididymis) 
20 Paradidymis 
21 Ductus deferens 
22 Ampulla ductus deferentis 
23 Diverticula ampullae 
24 Tunica adventitia 
25 Tunica muscularis 
26 Stratum externum 
27 Stratum medium 
28 Stratum internum 
29 Tunica mucosa 
30 Ductus ejaculatorius 
39 Tunica vaginalis propria testis 
40 Lamina parietalis 
41 Lamina visceralis 
42 Lig. epididymidis superius 
43 Lig. epididymidis inferius 
44 Sinus epididymidis 
45 Tunica vaginalis communis 
[testis et funiculi spermatid] 
46 M. cremaster 
47 Fascia cremasterica [Cooperi] 
48 Descensus testis* 
49 Gubernaculum testis [Hunteri]* 
51 Basis prostatae 
52 Apex prostatae 
53 Facies anterior 
54 Facies posterior 
55 Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
56 Isthmus prostatae 
57 (Lobus medius) 
58 Corpus glandulare 
60 Succus prostaticus 
61 M. prostaticus 
50 PROSTATA 
62 GLANDULA BULBOURETHRALIS 
[Cowperi] 
63 Corpus gl. bulbourethral is 
64 Ductus excretorius 
65 Partes genitales ex- 
TERNAE 
32 Corpus vesiculae seminalis 
33 Tunica adventitia 
34 Tunica muscularis 
35 Tunica mucosa 
36 Ductus excretorius 
31 VESICULA SEMINALIS 
67 Radix penis 
68 Corpus penis 
69 Crus penis 
70 Dorsum penis 
71 Facies urethralis 
72 Glans penis 
73 Corona glandis 
74 Septum glandis 
75 Collum glandis 
66 PENIS 
37 FUNICULUS SPERMATICUS ET 
TUNICAE TESTIS ET FUNIC- 
ULI SPERMATICI 
38 (Rudimentum processus vag- 
inalis) 
[40] SPLANCHNOLOGY 
179 
1 Praeputium 
2 Frenulum praeputii 
3 Raphe penis 
4 Corpus cavernosum penis 
5 Corpus cavernosum urethrae 
6 Bulbus urethrae 
7 Hemisphaeria bulbi urethrae 
8 Septum bulbi urethrae 
9 Tunica albuginea corporum 
cavernosorum 
10 Septum penis 
11 Trabeculae corporum caverno- 
sorum 
12 Cavernae corporum caverno- 
sorum 
13 Arteriae helicinae 
14 Venae cavernosae 
15 Lig. suspensorium penis 
16 Fascia penis 
17 Gl. praeputiales 
18 Smegma praeputii 
38 Facies medialis 
39 Facies lateralis 
40 Margo liber 
41 Margo meso various 
42 Extremitas tubaria 
43 Extremitas uterina 
44 Stroma ovarii 
45 Folliculi oophori primarii 
46 Folliculi oophori vesiculosi 
[Graafi] 
47 Theca folliculi 
48 Tunica externa 
49 Tunica interna 
50 Liquor folliculi 
51 Stratum granulosum 
52 Cumulus oophorus 
53 Ovulum 
54 Corpus luteum 
55 Corpus albicans 
56 Lig. ovarii proprium 
57 TUBA UTERINA [FALLOPPIl] 
20 Pars prostatica 
21 Crista urethralis 
22 Colliculus seminalis 
23 Utriculus prostaticus 
24 Pars membranacea 
25 Pars cavernosa 
26 Fossa navicularis urethrae 
[Morgagnii] 
27 (Valvula fossae navicularis) 
28 Orificium urethrae externum 
29 Lacunae urethrales [Morgagnii] 
30 Gl. urethrales [Littrei] 
19 Urethra virilis 
58 Ostium abdominale tubae uter- 
inae 
59 Infundibulum tubae uterinae 
60 Fimbriae tubae 
61 Fimbria ovarica 
62 Ampulla tubae uterinae 
63 Isthmus tubae uterinae 
64 Pars uterina 
65 Ostium uterinum tubae 
66 Tunica serosa 
67 Tunica adventitia 
68 Tunica muscularis 
69 Stratum longitudinale 
70 Stratum circulare 
71 Tela submucosa 
72 Tunica mucosa 
73 Plicae tubariae 
74 Plicae ampullares 
75 Plicae isthmicae 
31 Scrotum 
32 Raphe scroti 
33 Septum scroti 
34 Tunica dartos 
35 Organa genitalia mu- 
LIEBRIA 
77 Corpus uteri 
76 UTERUS 
37 Hilus ovarii 
36 OVARIUM 
[41] 180 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Fundus uteri 
2 Margo lateralis * 
3 Facies vesicalis 
4 Facies intestinalis 
5 Cavum uteri 
6 Orificium internum uteri 
7 Cervix [uteri] 
8 Portio supravaginalis [cer- 
vicis] 
9 Portio vaginalis [cervicis] 
10 Orificium externum uteri 
11 Labium anterius 
12 Labium posterius 
13 Canalis cervicis uteri 
14 Plicae palmatae 
15 Gl. cervicales [uteri] 
16 Parametrium 
17 Tunica serosa [Perimetrium] 
18 Tunica muscularis 
19 Tunica muscularis cervicis 
20 Tunica mucosa 
21 Gl. uterinae 
22 M. rectouterinus 
23 Lig. teres uteri 
24 (Processus vaginalis peritonaei) 
41 Ductuh transversi 
42 Appendices vesiculosi [Morgag- 
nii] 
43 PAROOPHORON 
44 Partes genitales ex- 
TERNAE 
45 Pudendum muliebre 
46 Labium ma jus pudendi 
47 Commissura labiorum anterior 
48 Commissura labiorum posterior 
49 Frenulum labiorum pudendi 
50 Rima pudendi 
51 Fossa navicularis [vestibuli vag- 
52 Labium minus pudendi inae] 
53 Vestibulum vaginae 
54 Bulbus vestibuli 
55 Gl. sebaceae 
56 Gl. vestibulares minores 
57 Orificium vaginae 
58 GL. VESTIBULARIS MAJOR 
[Bartholini] 
59 Clitoris 
60 Crus clitoridis 
61 Cornus clitoridis 
62 Glans clitoridis 
63 Frenulum clitoridis 
64 Praeputium clitoridis 
65 Smegma clitoridis 
66 Corpus cavernosum clitoridis 
67 Septum corporum cavernosorum 
68 Fascia clitoridis 
69 Lig. suspensorium clitoridis 
25 VAGINA 
26 Fornix vaginae 
27 Paries anterior 
28 Paries posterior 
29 Hymen [femininus] 
30 Carunculae hymenales 
31 Tunica muscularis 
32 Tunica mucosa 
33 Noduli lymphatici vaginales 
34 Rugae vaginales 
35 Columnae rugarum 
36 Columna rugarum posterior 
37 Columna rugarum anterior 
38 Carina urethralis [vaginae] 
70 Urethra muliebris 
71 Orificium urethrae externum 
72 Corpus spongiosum urethrae 
73 Tunica muscularis 
74 Stratum circulare 
75 Stratum longituclinale 
76 Tunica submucosa 
77 Tunica mucosa 
39 EPOOPHORON 
40 Ductus epoophori longitudinalis 
[Gartneri] 
[42] SPLANCHNOLOGY 
181 
1 Gl. urethrales 
2 Crista urethralis 
3 (Ductus paraurethrales) 
4Termini ontogenetici 
5 Membranae deciduae* 
6 Decidua vera* 
7 Decidua capsularis* 
8 Decidua basalis* 
9 Placenta* 
10 Placenta uterina* 
11 Placenta foetalis* 
12 Funiculus umbilicalis* 
13 Corpus Wolffi* 
14 Ductus Wolffi* 
15 Ductus Muelleri* 
16 Sinus urogenitalis* 
37 Fascia diaphragmatis uro- 
genitalis inferior 
38 Lig. transversum pelvis 
39 Fascia prostatae 
40 Fascia obturatoria 
41 Fossa ischiorectalis 
42 M. transversus perinei 
superficialis 
43 M. ischiocavernosus 
44 M. bulbocavernosus 
45 Fascia superficialis perinei 
46 Peritonaeum 
47 Tunica serosa 
48 Tela subserosa 
49 Peritonaeum parietale 
50 Peritonaeum viscerale 
51 Cavum peritonaei 
52 Mesenterium commune* 
53 Mesenterium 
54 Radix mesenterii 
55 Lamina mesenterii propria 
56 Mesocolon 
57 Mesocolon transversum 
58 Mesocolon ascendens 
59 Mesocolon descendens 
60 Mesocolon sigmoideum 
61 Mesorectum 
62 Mesenteriolum processus 
vermiformis 
63 Mesogastrium* 
64 Omentum minus 
65 Lig. hepatogastricum 
66 Lig. hepatoduodenale 
67 (Lig. hepatocolicum) 
68 Lig. gastrolienale 
69 Lig. gastrocolicum 
70 Omentum majus 
71 Bursa omentalis 
72 Vestibulum bursae omentalis 
73 Recessus superior omentalis 
74 Recessus inferior omentalis 
75 Recessus lienalis 
76 Plica gastropancreatica 
77 Foramen epiploicum [Wins- 
lowi] 
18 Raphe perinei 
19 M u s culi perinei 
20Diaphragma pelvis 
21 M. levator ani 
22 Arcus tendineus m. levatoris 
ani 
23 M. coccygeus [vide p. 163] 
24 M. sphincter ani externus 
25 Lig. anococcygeum 
26 Fascia pelvis 
27 Fascia endopelvina 
28 Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis 
superior 
29 Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis 
30 Lig. puboprostaticum 
[pubovesicale] medium 
31 Lig. puboprostaticum 
[pubovesicale] laterale 
32 Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis in- 
terior 
33Diaphragma uro- 
gen i t a 1 e 
34 M. transversus perinei pro- 
fundus 
35 M. sphincter urethrae mem- 
branaceae 
36 Fascia diaphragmatis uro- 
genitalis superior 
17 Perineum 
[43] 182 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Lig. phrenicocolicum 
2 Lig. phrenicolienale 
3 Lig. falciforme hepatis 
4 Lig. coronarium hepatis 
5 Lig. triangulare dextrum 
6 Lig. triangulare sinistrum 
7 Lig. hepatorenale 
8 (Lig. duodenorenale) 
9 Recessus duodenojejunalis 
10 Plica duodenojejunalis 
11 (Plica duodenomesocolica) 
12 Recessus intersigmoideus 
13 Recessus iliocaecalis superior 
14 Recessus iliocaecalis inferior 
15 Plica iliocaecalis 
16 Fossa caecalis 
17 Recessus retrocaecalis 
18 Plica caecalis 
19 Recessus paracolici 
20 (Fossa iliacosubfascialis) 
21 (Recessus phrenicohepatici) 
22 Plica umbilicalis media 
23 Plica umbilicalis lateralis 
24 Plica epigastrica 
25 Plica pubovesicalis 
26 Plica vesicalis transversa 
27 Mesorchium* 
28 Processus vaginalis peritonaei* 
29 Lig. latum uteri 
30 Mesometrium 
31 Mesosalpinx 
32 Mesovarium 
33 Bursa ovarica 
34 Lig. suspensorium ovarii 
35 Plica rectouterina [Douglasi] 
36 Excavatio rectouterina [Cavum 
Douglasi] 
37 Excavatio vesicouterina 
38 Excavatio rectovesicalis 
39 Spatium retroperitonaeale 
[44] ANGIOLOGY 
183 
1 ANGIOLOGIA 
2 Vas collaterale 
3 Vas anastomoticum 
4 Ramus communicans 
5 Plexus vasculosus 
6 Rete vasculosum 
7 Rete mirabile 
8 Arteria 
9 Arteriola 
10 Vena 
11 Vena cutanea 
12 Vena comitans 
13 Venula 
14 Plexus venosus 
15 Rete venosum 
16 Sinus [venosus] 
17 Emissarium 
18 Corpus cavernosum 
19 Vas capillare 
20 Vas lymphaticum 
21 Plexus lymphaticus 
22 Lymphoglandula 
23 Nodulus lymphaticus 
24 Cisterna 
25 Tunica externa [adventicia] 
26 Tunica media 
27 Tunica intima 
28 Vasa vasorum 
29 Vagina vasorum 
30 Sanguis 
31 Lympha 
32 c o r 
33 Basis cordis 
34 Facies sternocostalis 
35 Facies diaphragmatica 
36 Apex cordis 
37 Incisura [apicis] cordis 
38 Sulcus longitudinalis anterior 
39 Sulcus longitudinalis posterior 
40 Sulcus coronarius 
41 Pericardium 
42 Liquor pericardii 
43 Ligg. sternopericardiaca 
44 Sinus transversus pericardii 
45 Epicardium 
46 Myocardium 
47 Endocardium 
48 Ventriculus cordis 
49 Septum ventriculorum 
50 Septum musculare ventricu- 
lorum 
51 Septum membranaceum 
ventriculorum 
52 Atrium cordis 
53 Auricula cordis 
54 Septum atriorum 
55 Pars membranacea septi 
atriorum 
56 Ostium venosum 
57 Ostium arteriosum 
58 Trabeculae carneae 
59 Vortex cordis 
60 Mm. papillares 
61 Chordae tendineae - 
62 Trigona fibrosa 
63 Annuli fibrosi 
[45] 184 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
2 Mm. pectinati 
3 Sulcus terminalis atrii dexti 
4 Crista terminalis 
5 Sinus venarum [cavarum] 
6 Limbus fossae ovalis [Vieussenii] 
7 Auricula dextra 
8 Tuberculum intervenosum 
[Loweri] 
9 Valvula venae cavae in- 
ferioris [Eustachii] 
10 Fossa ovalis 
11 Valvula sinus coronarii 
[Thebesii] 
12 Foramina venarum minimarum 
[Thebesii] 
1 Atrium dextrum 
20 Valvulae semilunares a. pul- 
monalis 
21 Valvula semilunaris anterior 
22 Valvula semilunaris dextra 
23 Valvula semilunaris sinistra 
24 Noduli valvularum semi- 
lunarium 
25 Lunulae valvularum semi- 
lunarium 
26 Atrium sinistrum 
27 Auricula sinistra 
28 Valvula foraminis ovalis 
29 Ventriculus sinister 
30 Valvula bicuspidalis [mitralis] 
31 Cuspis anterior 
32 Cuspis posterior 
33 Valvulae semilunares aortae 
34 Valvula semilunaris posterior 
35 Valvula semilunaris dextra 
36 Valvula semilunaris sinistra 
37 Noduli valvularum semilunar- 
ium [Arantii] 
38 Lunulae valvularum semi- 
lunarium 
13 Ventriculus dexter 
14 Valvula tricuspidalis 
15 Cuspis anterior 
16 Cuspis posterior 
17 Cuspis medialis 
18 Crista superaventricularis 
19 Conus arteriosus 
39 ARTERIAE 
40 A. PULMONALIS 
54 A. coronaria [cordis] sinistra 
55 Ramus circumflexus 
56 Ramus descendens anterior 
41 Ramus dexter 
42 Ramus sinister 
43 Ductus arteriosus [Botalli]* 
44 Ligamentum arteriosum 
57 A. ANONYMA 
58 (A. thyreoidea ima) 
46 Aorta ascendens 
47 Bulbus aortae 
48 Sinus aortae [Valsalvae] 
49 Arcus aortae 
50 Isthmus aortae 
51 Aorta descendens 
52 A. coronaria [cordis] dextra 
53 Ramus descendens posterior 
45 Aorta 
59 A. CAROTIS COMMUNIS 
60 A. CAROTIS EXTERNA 
61 A. THYREOIDEA SUPERIOR 
62 Ramus hyoideus 
63 Ramus sternocleidomastoideus 
64 A. laryngea superior 
65 Ramus cricothyreoideus 
[46] ANGIOLOGY 
185 
1 Ramus anterior 
2 Ramus posterior 
3 Rami glandulares 
38 A. transversa faciei 
39 Rami auriculares anteriores 
40 A. zygomaticoorbitalis 
41 A. temporalis media 
42 Ramus frontalis 
43 Ramus parietalis 
5 A. meningea posterior 
6 Rami pharyngei 
7 A. tympanica inferior 
4 A. PHARYNGEA ASCENDENS 
44 A. MAXILLARIS INTERNA 
8 A. LINGUALIS 
45 A. auricularis profunda 
46 A. tympanica anterior 
47 A. alveolaris inferior 
48 R mylohyoideus 
49 A. mentalis 
50 A. meningea media 
51 (Ramus meningeus accessorius) 
52 Ramus petrosus superficialis 
53 A. tympanica superior 
54 A. masseterica 
55 A. temporalis profunda posterior 
56 A. temporalis profunda anterior 
57 Rami pterygoidei 
58 A. buccinatoria 
59 A. alveolaris superior posterior 
60 A. infraorbitalis 
61 Aa. alveol. superiores 
anteriores 
62 A. palatina descendens 
63 A. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 
64 A. palatina major 
65 Aa. palatinae minores 
66 A. sphenopalatina 
67 Aa. nasales posteriores laterales 
et septi 
9 Ramus hyoideus 
10 A. sublingualis 
11 Rami dorsales linguae 
12 A. profunda linguae 
14 A. palatina ascendens 
15 Ramus tonsillaris 
16 A. submentalis 
17 Rami glandulares 
18 A. labialis inferior 
19 A. labialis superior 
20 A. angular is 
13 A. MAXILLARIS EXTERNA 
21 A. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDEA 
22 A. OCCIPITALIS 
23 Ramus mastoideus 
24 Ramus auricularis 
25 Rami musculares 
26 Ramus descendens 
27 (Ramus meningeus) 
28 Rami occipitales 
29 A. AURICULARIS POSTERIOR 
68 A. CAROTIS INTERNA 
30 A. stylomastoidea 
31 A. tympanica posterior 
32 Rami mastoidei 
33 Ramus'stapedius 
34 Ramus auricularis 
35 Ramus occipitalis 
69 Ramus caroticotympanicus 
70 A. OPTHALMICA 
71 A. centralis retinae 
72 A. lacrimalis 
73 Aa. palpebrales laterales 
74 Rami musculares 
75 Aa. ciliares posteriores breves 
76 Aa. ciliares posteriores longae 
36 A. TEMPORALIS SUPERFICIALIS 
37 Rami parotidei 
[47] 186 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Aa. ciliares anteriores 
2 Aa. conjunctivales anteriores 
3 Aa. conjunctivales posteriores 
4 Aa. episclerales 
5 A. supraorbitalis 
6 A. ethmoidalis posterior 
7 A. ethmoidalis anterior 
8 A. meningea anterior 
9 Aa. palpebrales mediales 
10 Arcus tarseus superior 
11 Arcus tarseus inferior 
12 A. frontalis 
13 A. dorsalis nasi 
39 Rami sternales 
40 Rami perforantes 
41 Rami mammarii 
42 Rami musculares 
43 Rami cutanei 
44 (Ramus costal is lateralis) 
45 Rami intercostales 
46 A. musculophrenica 
47 A. epigastrica superior 
48 TRUNCUS THYREOCERVICALIS 
50 A. laryngea inferior 
51 Rami pharyngei 
52 Rami oesophagei 
53 Rami tracheales 
54 Rami glandulares 
49 A. THYREOIDEA INFERIOR 
14 AA. CEREBRI 
15 A. communicans posterior 
16 A. chorioidea 
17 A. cerebri anterior 
18 A. communicans anterior 
19 A. cerebri media 
55 A. CERVICALIS ASCENDENS 
56 Rami spinales 
57 Rami musculares 
58 Ramus profundus 
20 A. SUBCLAVIA 
21 A. VERTEBRALIS 
22 Rami spinales 
23 A. spinalis posterior 
24 A. spinalis anterior 
25 Ramus meningeus 
26 A. cerebelli inferior posterior 
59 A. CERVICALIS SUPERFICIALIS 
61 Ramus acromialis 
60 A. TRANSVERSA SCAPULAE 
62 TRUNCUS COSTOCERVICALIS 
27 A. BASILARIS 
63 A. intercostalis suprema 
64 Rami dorsales 
65 Rami spinales 
66 A. cervicalis profunda 
28 A. cerebelli inferior anterior 
29 A. auditiva interna 
30 Rami ad pontem 
31 A. cerebelli superior 
32 A. cerebri posterior 
33 Circulus arteriosus [Willisi] 
68 Ramus ascendens 
69 Ramus descendens 
67 A. TRANSVERSA COLLI 
34 A. MAMMARIA INTERNA 
35 Aa. mediastinales anteriores 
36 Aa. thymicae 
37 Rami bronchiales 
38 A. pericardiacophrenica 
70 A. AXILLARIS 
71 Rami subscapulares 
[48] ANGIOLOGY 
187 
1 A. THORACALIS SUPREMA 
32 A. volaris indicis radialis 
33 Arcus volaris profundus 
34 Aa. metacarpeae volares 
35 Rami perforantes 
3 Ramus acromialis 
4 Rete acromiale 
5 Ramus deltiodeus 
6 Rami pectorales 
2 A. THORACOACROMIALIS 
36 A. ULNARIS 
37 Aa. recurrentes ulnares 
38 Rete articulare cubiti 
39 A. interossea communis 
40 A. interossea dorsalis 
41 A. interossea recurrens 
42 A. interossea volaris 
43 A. mediana 
44 Rami musculares 
45 Ramus carpeus dorsalis 
46 Ramus carpeus volaris 
47 Ramus volaris profundus 
48 Arcus volaris superficialis 
49 Aa. digitales volares communes 
50 Aa. digitales volares propriae 
7 A. THORACALIS LATERALIS 
8 Rami mammarii externi 
10 A. thoracodorsalis 
11 A. circumflexa scapulae 
9 A. SUBSCAPULARIS 
12 A. CIRCUMFLEXA HUMERI 
ANTERIOR 
13 A. CIRCUMFLEXA HUMERI 
POSTERIOR 
15 A. PROFUNDA BRACHII 
14 Branchialis 
51 Aorta thoracalis 
16 Aa. nutritiae humeri 
17 R. deltoideus 
18 A. collateralis media 
19 A. collateralis radialis 
52 Rami viscerales 
53 Aa. bronchiales 
54 Aa. oesophageae 
55 Rami pericardiaci 
20 A. COLLATERALIS ULNARIS 
SUPERIOR 
56 Rami parietales 
57 Rami mediastinales 
58 Aa. phrenicae superiores 
21 A. COLLATERALIS ULNARIS 
INFERIOR 
22 A. RADIALIS 
60 Rami posteriores 
61 Ramus spinalis 
62 Rami musculares 
63 Ramus cutaneus medialis 
64 Ramus cutaneus lateralis 
65 Rami anteriores 
66 Rami musculares 
67 Rami cutanei laterales 
[pectorales et abdominales] 
68 Ramus posterior 
59 AA. INTERCOSTALES 
23 A. recurrens radialis 
24 Rami musculares 
25 Ramus carpeus volaris 
26 Ramus volaris superficialis 
27 Ramus carpeus dorsalis 
28 Rete carpi dorsale 
29 Aa. metacarpeae dorsales 
30 Aa. digitales dorsales 
31 A. princeps pollicis 
[49] 188 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Ramus anterior 
2 Ramimammariilaterales 
3 Rami cutanei anteriores 
[pectorales et abdominales] 
4 Rami mammarii mediales 
38 A. pancreaticoduodenalis in- 
ferior 
39 Aa. jej unales 
40 Aa. ileae 
41 A. ileocolica 
42 A. appendicularis 
43 A. colica dextra 
44 A. colica media 
5 Aorta abdominalis 
6 Rami parietales 
45 A. MESENTERICA INFERIOR 
8 Rami suprarenales superiores 
7 A. PHRENICA INFERIOR 
46 A. colica sinistra 
47 Aa. sigmoideae 
48 A haemorrhoidalis superior 
9 AA. LUMBALES 
10 Ramus dorsalis 
11 Ramus spinalis 
49 A. SUPRARENALIS MEDIA 
50 A. RENALIS 
13 A. lumbalis ima 
14 Glomus coccygeum 
12 A. SACRALIS MEDIA 
51 A. suprarenalis inferior 
52 A. SPERMATICA INTERNA 
15 Ram viscerales 
53 A TESTICULARIS 
16 A. COELIACA 
54 A. OVARICA 
17 A. gastrica sinistra 
18 Rami oesophagei 
19 A. hepatica 
20 A. gastrica dextra 
21 A. hepatica propria 
22 Ramus dexter 
23 A. cystica 
24 Ramus sinister 
25 A gastroduodenalis 
26 A. pancreaticoduodenalis 
superior 
27 Rami pancreatici 
28 Rami duodenales 
29 A. gastroepiploica dextra 
30 Rami epiploici 
31 A . 1 i e n a 1 i s 
32 Rami pancreatici 
33 A. gastroepiploica sinistra 
34 Aa. gastricae breves 
35 Rami lienales 
55 A. ILIACA COMMUNIS 
56 A. HYPOGASTRICA 
57 Rami parietales 
58 A. ILIOLUMBALIS 
59 Ramus lumbalis 
60 Ramus spinal's 
61 Ramus iliacus 
62 A. SACRALIS LATERALIS 
63 Rami spinales 
64 A. OBTURATORIA 
65 Ramus pubicus 
66 Ramus anterior 
67 Ramus posterior 
68 A. acetabuli 
36 A. MESENTERICA SUPERIOR 
37 Aa. intestinales 
[50] ANGIOLOGY 
189 
2 Ramus superior 
3 Ramus inferior 
1 A. GLUTAEA SUPERIOR 
35 A. spermatica externa 
36 A. lig. teretis uteri 
37 A. CIRCUMFLEXA ILIUM PRO- 
FUNDA 
4 A. GLUTAEA INFERIOR 
5 A. comitans n. ischiadici 
38 A. FEMORALIS 
6 Rami viscerales 
39 A. epigastrica superficialis 
40 A. circumflexa ilium superficialis 
41 Aa. pudendae externae 
42 Aa. scrotales anteriores 
43 Aa. labiales anteriores 
44 Rami inguinales 
45 A. profunda femoris 
46 A. circumflexa femoris medial's 
47 Ramus superficialis 
48 Ramus profundus 
49 Ramus acetabuli 
50 A. circumflexa femoris lateralis 
51 Ramus ascendens 
52 Ramus descendens 
53 A. perforans prima 
54 A. nutricia femoris superior 
55 A. perforans secunda 
56 A. perforans tertia 
57 A. nutricia femoris inferior 
58 Rami musculares 
59 A. genu suprema 
60 Rami musculares 
61 Ramus saphenus 
62 Rami articulares 
7 A. UMBILICALIS 
8 Aa. vesicales superiores 
9 [Ligamentumumbilicalelaterale] 
10 A. VESICALIS INFERIOR 
11 A. DEFERENTIALIS 
13 A. vaginalis 
14 Ramus ovarii 
15 Ramus tubarius 
12 A. UTERINA 
16 A. HAEMORRHOIDALIS MEDIA 
18 A. haemorrhoidalis inferior 
19 A. perinei 
20 Aa. scrotales posteriores 
21 Aa. labiales posteriores 
22 A. penis 
23 A. urethralis 
24 A. bulbi urethrae 
25 A. bulbi vestibuli [vaginae] 
26 A. profunda penis 
27 A. dorsalis penis 
28 A. clitoridis 
29 A. profunda clitoridis 
30 A. dorsalis clitoridis 
17 A. PUDENDA INTERNA 
64 A. genu superior lateralis 
65 A. genu superior medialis 
66 A. genu media 
67 Aa. surales 
68 A. genu inferior lateralis 
69 A. genu inferior medialis 
70 Rete articulare genu 
71 Rete patellae 
63 A. POPLITEA 
31 A. ILIACA EXTERNA 
32 A. EPIGASTRICA INFERIOR 
33 Ramus pubicus 
34 Ramus obturatorius 
[51] 190 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
2 (A. recurrens tibialis posterior) 
3 A. recurrens tibialis anterior 
4 A. malleolaris anterior lateralis 
5 A. malleolaris anterior medialis 
6 Rete malleolare mediale 
7 Rete malleolare laterale 
8 A. dorsalis pedis 
9 A. tarsea lateralis 
10 Aa. tarseae mediales 
11 A. arcuata 
12 Rete dorsale pedis 
13 Aa. metatarseae dorsales 
14 Aa. digitales dorsales 
15 Ramus plantaris profundus 
1 A. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR 
18 A. peronaea 
19 A. nutricia fibulae 
20 Ramus perforans 
21 Ramus communicans 
22 A. malleolaris posterior lateralis 
23 Rami calcanei laterales 
24 A. nutricia tibiae 
25 A. malleolaris posterior medialis 
26 Rami calcanei mediales 
27 Rete calcaneum 
28 A. plantaris medial's 
29 Ramus profundus 
30 Ramus superficialis 
31 A. plantaris lateralis 
32 Arcus plantaris 
33 Aa. metatarseae plantares 
34 Rami perforantes 
35 Aa. digitales plantares 
16 A. TIBIALIS POSTERIOR 
17 Ramus fibularis 
36 VENAE 
37 Venae pulmonales 
53 V. thyreoidea ima 
54 Plexus thyreoideus impar 
55 V. laryngea inferior 
56 Vv. thymicae 
57 Vv. pericardiacae 
58 Vv. phrenicae superiores 
59 Vv. mediastinales anteriores 
60 Vv. bronchiales anteriores 
61 Vv. tracheales 
62 Vv. oesophageae 
63 V. vertebralis 
64 V. cervicalis profunda 
65 V. mammaria interna 
66 Vv. subcutaneae abdominis 
67 V. epigastrica superior 
68 V. intercostalis suprema 
38 Vv. pulmonales dextrae 
39 Vv. pulmonales sinistrae 
40 Vv. CORDIS 
41 Sinus coronarius 
42 V. cordis magna 
43 V. posterior ventriculi sinistri 
44 V. obliqua atrii sinistri 
[Marshall!] 
45 Lig. v. cavae sinistrae 
46 V. cordis media 
47 V. cordis parva 
48 Vv. cordis anteriores 
49 Vv. cordis minimae 
50 Vena cava superior 
69 V. JUGULARIS INTERNA 
51 Vv. ANONYMAE DEXTRA ET 
Sinistra 
70 Bulbus venae jugularis superior 
71 V. canaliculi cochleae 
52 Vv. thyreoideae inferiores 
[52] ANGIOLOGY 
191 
1 Bulbus v. jugularis inferior 
2 Plexus pharyngeus 
3 Vv. pharyngeae 
4 Vv. meningeae 
5 Vv. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 
6 V. lingualis 
7 Vv. dorsalis linguae 
8 V. sublingualis 
9 V. comitans n. hypoglossi 
10 (Vv. thyreoideae superiores) 
11 V. sternocleidomastoidea 
12 V. laryngea superior 
41 VENAE CEREBRI 
42 Vv. cerebri superiores 
43 V. cerebri media 
44 Vv. cerebri inferiores 
45 Vv. cerebelli superiores 
46 Vv. cerebelli inferiores 
47 Vv. cerebri internae 
48 V. cerebri magna [Galeni] 
49 V. septi pellucidi 
50 V. terminalis 
51 V. basalis [Rosenthali] 
52 V. chorioidea 
53 V. opthalmomeningea 
14 Sinus transversus 
15 Confluens sinuum 
16 Vv. auditivae internae 
17 Sinus occipitalis 
18 Plexus basilaris 
19 Sinus sagittalis superior 
20 Sinus sagittalis inferior 
21 Sinus rectus 
22 Sinus petrosus inferior 
23 Sinus petrosus superior 
24 Sinus cavernosus 
25 Sinus intercavernosus anterior 
26 Sinus intercavernosus posterior 
27 Sinus circularis 
28 Sinus sphenoparietalis 
29 Venae diploicae 
30 V. diploica frontalis 
31 V. diploica temporalis anterior 
32 V. diploica temporalis 
posterior 
33 V. diploica occipitalis 
34 Emissarium parietale 
35 Emissarium mastoideum 
36 Emissarium condyloideum 
37 Emissarium occipitale 
38 Rete canalis hypoglossi 
39 Rete foraminis ovalis 
40 Plexus venosus caroticus in- 
ternus 
13 SINUS DURAE MATRIS 
54 V. OPTHALMICA SUPERIOR 
55 V. nasofrontals 
56 V. ethmoidalis anterior 
57 V. ethmoidalis posterior 
58 V. lacrimalis 
59 Vv. musculares 
60 Vv. vorticosae 
61 Vv. ciliares posteriores 
62 Vv. ciliares anteriores 
63 V. centralis retinae 
64 Vv. episclerales 
65 Vv. palpebrales 
66 Vv. conjunctivales anteriores 
67 Vv. conjunctivales posteriores 
68 V. opthalmica inferior 
69 V. FACIALIS COMMUNIS 
70 A. FACIALIS ANTERIOR 
71 V. angularis 
72 Vv. frontales 
73 V. supraorbitalis 
74 Vv. palpebrales superiores 
75 Vv. nasales externae 
76 Vv. palpebrales inferiores 
77 V. labialis superior 
[531 192 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 V. labialis inferior 
2 Vv. massetericae 
3 Vv. parotideae anteriores 
4 V. palatina 
5 V. submentalis 
36 Vv. ulnares 
37 V. cephalica 
38 V. cephalica accessoria 
39 V. basilica 
40 V. mediana cubiti 
41 (V. mediana antibrachii) 
42 (V. mediana basilica) 
43 (V. mediana cephalica) 
44 Rete venosum dorsale manus 
45 Vv. intercapitulares 
46 Arcus volaris venosus super- 
ficialis 
47 Arcus volaris venosus profundus 
48 Vv. digitales volares communes 
49 Vv. metacarpeae dorsales 
50 Vv. metacarpeae volares 
51 Vv. digitales volares propriae 
52 Arcus venosi digitales 
6 V. FACIALIS POSTERIOR 
7 Vv. temporales superficiales 
8 Vv. auriculares anteriores 
9 Vv. parotideae posteriores 
10 Vv. articulares mandibulae 
11 Vv. tympanicae 
12 V. stylomastoidea 
13 V. transversa faciei 
14 V. temporalis media 
15 Plexus pterygoideus 
16 Vv. meningeae mediae 
17 Vv. temporales profundae 
18 V. thyreoidea superior 
53 V. AZYGOS 
20 V. occipitalis 
21 V. auricularis posterior 
22 V. jugularis anterior 
23 Arcus venosus juguli 
24 (V. mediana colli) 
25 V. transversa scapulae 
19 V. JUGULARIS EXTERNA 
54 V. hemiazygos 
55 V. hemiazygos accessoria 
56 Vv. intercostales 
57 Ramus dorsalis 
58 Ramus spinalis 
59 Vv. oesophageae 
60 Vv. bronchiales posteriores 
61 V. lumbalis ascendens 
62 Vv. basivertebrales 
63 Plexus venosi vertebrales ex- 
terni 
64 Plexus venosi vertebrales 
anteriores 
65 Plexus venosi vertebrales 
posteriores 
66 Plexus venosi vertebrales 
interni 
67 Retia venosa vertebrarum 
68 Sinus vertebrales longitudinales 
69 Vv. intervertebrales 
70 Vv. spinales externae anteriores 
26 V. SUBCLAVIA 
27 V. thoracoacromialis 
28 Vv. transversae colli 
30 V. thoracalis lateralis 
31 Vv. costoaxillares 
32 Vv. thoracoepigastricae 
33 Plexus venosus mamillae 
34 Vv. brachiales 
35 Vv. radiales 
29 V. AXILLARIS 
[54] ANGIOLOGY 
193 
1 Vv. spinales externae posteriores 
2 Vv. spinales internae 
37 Vena iliaca communis 
38 V. sacralis media 
3 V. CAVA INFERIOR 
39 V. HYPOGASTRICA 
4 Radices parietales 
5 V. phrenica inferior 
6 Vv. lumbales 
40 Vv. glutaeae superiores 
41 Vv. glutaeae inferiores 
42 Vv. obturatoriae 
43 Vv. sacrales laterales 
44 V. iliolumbab s 
45 Plexus sacralis anterior 
46 Plexus haemorrhoidalis 
47 Plexus vesicalis 
48 Plexus pudendalis 
49 V. dorsalis penis 
50 Vv. profundae penis 
51 V. dorsalis clitoridis 
52 Vv. profundae clitoridis 
53 Vv. uterinae ' 
54 Plexus uterovaginalis 
55 V. haemorrhoidalis media 
56 Vv. haemorrhoidales inferiores 
57 Vv. scrotales posteriores 
7Radices viscerales 
8 Vv. hepaticae 
9 Vv. renales ■ 
10 Vv. suprarenales 
11 V. spermatica 
12 V. testicularis 
13 V. ovarica 
14 Plexus pampiniformis 
15 Vena portae 
16 V. coronaria ventriculi 
17 V. mesenterica superior 
18 Vv. intestinales 
19 V. gastroepiploica dextra 
20 Vv. pancreaticae 
21 V. ileocolica 
22 Vv. colicae dextrae 
23 V. colica media 
24 Vv. pancreaticoduodenales 
25 Vv. duodenales 
26 V. mesenterica inferior 
27 V. colica sinistra 
28 Vv. sigmoideae 
29 V. haemorrhoidalis 
superior 
30 V. lienalis 
31 Vv. gastricae breves 
32 V. gastroepiploica sinistra 
33 V. cystica 
34 Vena umbilicalis* 
35 Ductus venosus [Arantii]* 
36 Vv. parumbilicales [Sappeyi] 
58 V. ILIACA EXTERNA 
59 V. epigastrica inferior 
60 V. circumflexa ilium profunda 
61 V. femoralis 
62 Vv. dorsales penis subcutaneae 
63 Vv. scrotales anteriores 
64 Vv. pudendae externae 
65 V. epigastrica superficialis 
66 V. saphena magna 
67 V. saphena accessoria 
68 V. circumflexa ilium superficialis 
69 Vv. circumflexae femoris 
mediales 
70 Vv. circumflexae femoris 
laterales 
71 Vv. comitantes 
72 Vv. profundae femoris 
73 Vv. perforantes 
[55] 194 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
9 Vv. digitales communes pedis 
10 Vv. metatarseae dorsales pedis 
11 Vv. intercapitulares 
12 Rete venosum plantare 
13 Arcus venosus plantaris 
14 Vv. metatarseae plantares 
15 Vv. digitales pedis dorsales 
16 Vv. digitales plantares 
1 V. saphena parva 
2 V. femoropoplitea 
3 Vv. peronaeae 
4 Vv. popliteae 
5 Vv. tibiales posteriores 
6 Vv. tibiales anteriores 
7 Rete venosum dorsale pedis 
8 Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis 
17 SYSTEMA LYMPHATICUM 
18 Vasa lymphatica 
42 Lymphoglandulae cervicales 
profundae superiores 
43 11 cervicales profundae in- 
feriores 
44 " linguales 
45 " axillares 
46 " subscapulares 
47 " pectorales 
48 " epigastricae 
49 " cubitales superficiales 
50 " cubitales profundae 
51 " tracheales 
52 " bronchiales 
53 " intercostales 
54 " mediastinales posteriores 
55 " mediastinales anteriores 
56 " sternales 
57 " iliacae 
58 " lumbales 
59 " coeliacae 
60 " gastricae superiores 
61 " gastricae inferiores 
62 " hepaticae 
63 " pancreaticolienales 
64 " mesentericae 
65 " mesocolicae 
66 " hypogastricae 
19 Vasa lymphatica superficialia 
20 Vasa lymphatica profunda 
21 Truncus jugularis 
22 Truncus subclavius 
23 Truncus bronchomediastinales 
dexter 
24 Ductus lymphaticus dexter 
25 DUCTUS THORACICUS 
26 Trunci lumbales 
27 Truncus intestinalis 
28 Cisterna chyli 
29 LYMPHOGLANDULAE 
30 Vasa afferentia 
31 Vasa efferentia 
32 Substantia corticalis 
33 Substantia medullaris 
34 Hilus 
35 Lymphoglandulae occipitales 
36 " auriculares posteriores 
37 " auriculares anteriores 
38 " submaxillares 
39 " faciales profundae 
40 " parotideae 
41 " cervicales superficiales 
[56] ANGIOLOGY 
195 
1 Lymphoglandulae sacrales 
2 " inguinales 
3 " sublinguinales superficiales 
4 " subinguinales profundae 
5 " popliteae 
6 (Lymphoglandula tibialis ante- 
rior) 
9 Plexus axillaris 
10 Plexus mammarius 
11 Plexus lumbalis 
12 Plexus aorticus 
13 Plexus sacralis medius 
14 Plexus hypogastricus 
15 Plexus coeliacus 
16 Plexus iliacus externals 
17 Plexus inguinalis 
8 Plexus jugularis 
7 Plexus lymphatici 
[57] 196 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
2 Nervus 
3 Ganglion 
4 Substantia alba 
5 Substantia grisea 
6 Substantia gelatinosa 
7 Taenia telarum 
8 Ependyma ventriculorum 
9 Sulcus limitans ventriculorum 
10 Nuclei nervorum cerebralium 
1 NEUROLOGIA 
11 Nuclei originis 
12 Nuclei terminales 
13 Ramus communicans 
14 Ramus anastomoticus 
15 Ramus muscularis 
16 Nervus cutaneus 
17 Nervus articularis 
18 Plexus nervorum spinalium 
19 SYSTEMA NERVORUM CENTRALE 
21 Pars cervicalis 
22 Intumescentia cervicalis 
23 Pars thoracalis 
24 Pars lumbalis 
25 Intumescentia lumbalis 
26 Conus medullaris 
27 Filum terminale 
28 Ventriculus terminalis 
29 Fissura mediana anterior 
30 Sulcus medianus posterior 
31 Sulcus lateralis anterior 
32 Sulcus lateralis posterior 
33 Sulcus intermedins posterior 
34 (Sulcus intermedius anterior) 
35 Funiculi medullae spinalis 
36 Funiculus anterior 
37 Funiculus lateralis 
38 Funiculus posterior 
20 Medulla spinalis 
39 SECTIONES MEDULLAE 
SPINALIS 
40 Canalis centralis 
41 Substantia grisea centralis 
42 Commissura anterior alba 
43 Commissura anterior grisea 
44 Commissura posterior 
45 Columnae griseae 
46 Columna anterior 
47 Columna lateralis 
48 Columna posterior 
49 Cervix columnae posterioris 
50 Apex columnae posterioris 
51 Substantia gelatinosa 
[Rolandi] 
52 Nucleus dorsalis [Stillingi, 
Clarkii] 
53 Fromatio reticularis 
54 Funiculus anterior 
55 Fasciculus cerebrospinalis 
anterior [pyramidalis ante- 
rior] 
[58] NEUROLOGY 
197 
1 Fasciculus anterior proprius 
[Flechsigi] 
2 Funiculus lateralis 
3 Fasciculus cerebrospinalis 
lateralis [pyramidalis 
lateralis] 
4 Fasciculus cerebellospinalis 
5 Fasciculus anterolateralis 
superficialis [Gowersi] 
6 Fasciculus lateralis proprius 
[Flechsigi] 
7 Funiculus posterior 
8 Fasciculus gracilis [Golli] 
9 Fasciculus cuneatus 
[Burdachi] 
10 ENCEPHALON 
11 RHOMBENCEPHALON 
13 Medulla 
oblongata 
14 Fissura mediana posterior 
15 Fissura mediana anterior 
16 Foramen caecum 
17 Pyramis medullae oblongatae 
18 Decussatio pyramidum 
19 Sulcus lateralis anterior 
20 Sulcus lateralis posterior 
21 Oliva 
22 Corpus restiforme 
23 Funiculus lateralis 
24 Funiculus cuneatus 
25 Tuberculum cinereum 
26 Funiculus gracilis 
27 Clava 
28 Fibrae arcuatae externae 
12 Myelencephalon 
41 Nuclei laterales 
42 Nucleus olivaris inferior 
43 Hilus nuclei olivaris 
44 Nucleus olivaris accessorius 
medialis 
45 Nucleus olivaris accessorius 
dorsalis 
46 Nuclei arcuati 
47 Fibrae arcuatae internae 
48 Substantia reticularis grisea 
49 Substantia reticularis alba 
50 Fasciculus longitudinalis 
medialis 
51 Stratum interolivare lemnisci 
53 Corpus restiforme 
54 Fasciculi corporis restiformis 
55 Fibrae cerebelloolivares 
56 Fasciculi pyramidales 
57 Fibrae arcuatae externae 
29 SECTIONES MEDULLAE 
OBLONGATAE 
30 Raphe 
31 Stratum nucleare 
32 Nucleus n. hypoglossi 
33 Nucleus ambiguus 
34 Nucleus alae cinereae 
35 Tractus solitarius 
36 Nucleus tractus solitarii 
37 Tractus spinalis n. trigemini 
38 Nucleus tractus spinalis n. tri- 
gemini trigemini 
39 Nucleus funiculi gracilis 
40 Nucleus funiculi cuneati 
58 Ventriculus 
q u a r t u s 
59 Fossa rhomboidea 
60 Pars inferior fossae rhomboideae 
61 [Calamus scriptorius] 
62 Pars intermedia [fossa rhom- 
boideae] 
63 Recessus lateralis fossae 
rhomboideae 
64 Pars superior fossae rhomboideae 
65 Sulcus limitans [fossae rhom- 
boideae] 
66 Fovea inferior 
[59] 198 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Fovea superior 
2 Trigonum n. hypoglossi 
3 Striae medullares 
4 Eminentia medialis 
5 Colliculus facialis 
6 Ala cinerea 
7 Area acustica 
8 Locus caeruleus 
9 Tegmen ventriculi quarti 
10 Velum medullare posterius 
11 Taenia ventriculi quarti 
12 Obex 
13 Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 
14 (Apertura medialis ventriculi quarti 
[Foramen Magendii]) 
16 (Apertura lateralis ventriculi 
quarti) 
17 Fastigium 
39 Nuclei n. vestibularis 
40 Nucleus olivaris superior 
41 Nucleus lemnisci lateralis 
42 Fasciculus longitudinalis 
medialis 
43 Formatio reticularis 
44 Corpus trapezoideum 
45 Lemniscus 
46 Lemniscus medialis 
[sensitivus] 
47 Lemniscus lateralis 
[acusticus] 
48 Pars basilaris 
pontis 
49 Fibrae pontis profundae 
50 Fasciculi longitudinales 
[pyramidales] 
51 Nuclei pontis 
52 Fibrae pontis superficialis 
53 Cerebellum 
54 Gyri cerebelli 
55 Sulci cerebelli 
56 Vallecula cerebelli 
57 Incisura cerebelli anterior 
58 Incisura cerebelli posterior 
59 Sulcus horizontalis cerebelli 
60 Fissura transversa cerebelli 
61 Vermis 
62 Lingula cerebelli 
63 Vincula lingulae cerebelli 
64 Lobulus centralis 
65 Monticulus 
66 Culmen 
67 Declive 
68 Folium vermis 
69 Tuber vermis 
70 Pyramis [vermis] 
71 Uvula [vermis] 
72 Nodulus 
73 Hemisphaerium 
cerebelli 
74 Facies superior 
75 Ala lobuli centralis 
76 Lobulus quadrangularis 
77 Pars anterior 
78 Pars posterior 
18 Metencephalon 
19 Pons [Varolii] 
20 Sulcus basilaris 
21 Fasciculus obliquus [pontis] 
22 (Fila lateralia pontis) 
23 Brachium pontis 
24 SECTIONES PONTIS 
25 Pars dorsalis 
pontis 
26 Raphe 
27 Nucleus n. abducentis 
28 Nuclei motorii n. trigemini 
29 Radix descendens [mesenceph- 
alica] n. trigemini 
30 Tractus spinalis n. trigemini 
31 Nucleus tractus spinalis n. 
trigemini 
32 Nucleus n. facialis 
33 Radix n. facialis 
34 Pars prima 
35 Genu [internum] 
36 Pars secunda 
37 Nuclei n. acustici 
38 Nuclei n. cochlearis 
[60] NEUROLOGY 
199 
1 Lobulus semilunaris superior 
2 Facies inferior 
3 Lobulus semilunaris inferior 
3 Lobulus gracilis 
4 Lobulus biventer 
5 Tonsilla cerebelli 
6 Flocculus 
7 (Flocculi secondarii) 
8 Pedunculus flocculi 
9 Nidus avis 
20 Hilus nuclei dentati 
21 Nucleus fastigii 
22 Nucleus globosus 
23 Nucleus emboliformis 
24 Capsula nuclei dentati 
25 ISTHMUS RHOMBENCEPHALI 
26 Brachium conjunctivum [cere- 
belli] 
27 Lemniscus 
28 Lemniscus lateralis 
29 Lemniscus medialis 
30 Trigonum lemnisci 
31 Velum medullare anterius 
32 Frenulum veli medullaris 
anterioris 
33 SECTIONES ISTHMI 
[vicle Pedunculus cerebri] 
34 Ganglion interpedunculare 
35 Nucleus n. trochlearis 
11 Corpus medullare 
12 Laminae medullares 
13 Arbor vitae 
14 Substantia corticalis 
15 [Lamina basalis] 
16 [Stratum cinereum] 
17 [Stratum gangliosum] 
18 Stratum granulosum 
19 Nucleus dentatus 
10 SECTIONES CEREBELLI 
36 CEREBRUM 
37 Facies convexa cerebri 
38 Facies medialis cerebri 
39 Basis cerebri 
50 SECTIONES PEDUNCULI CERE- 
BRI 
51 Tegmentum 
52 Stratum griseum centrale 
53 Formatio reticularis 
54 Fasciculus longitudinalis 
medialis 
55 Radix descendens n. trigemini 
56 Nucleus radicis descendentis n. 
trigemini 
57 Nucleus n. oculomotorii 
58 Nuclei tegmenti 
59 Nucleus ruber 
60 Decussationes tegmentorum 
61 Decussatio brachii con- 
junctivi 
62 Lemniscus lateralis 
63 Lemniscus medialis 
64 Substantia nigra 
65 Basis pedunculi 
40 Mesencephalon 
41 [Facies inferior] 
42 Fossa interpeduncularis [Tarini] 
43 Recessus anterior 
44 Recessus posterior 
45 Substantia perforata posterior 
46 Pedunculus 
cerebri 
47 Aquaeductus cerebri [Sylvii] 
48 Sulcus lateralis 
49 Sulcus n. oculomotorii 
[61] 200 
SY ST EM AT IC ANATOMY 
1 Corpora quadri- 
gem i n a 
2 Lamina quadrigemina 
3 Colliculus superior 
4 Colliculus inferior 
5 Brachium quadrigeminum 
superius 
6 Brachium quadrigeminum 
inferius 
7 SECTIONES CORPORUM QUADRI- 
34 Radix medialis 
35 Radix lateralis 
36 Chiasma opticum 
37 Lamina terminalis 
38 SECTIONES HYPOTHALAMI 
39 Nucleus hypothalamicus 
[Corpus Luysi] 
40 Pars grisea hypothalami 
41 Commissura superior [Meynerti] 
42 Commissura inferior [Guddeni] 
43 Nuclei corporis mamillaris 
44 Fasciculus thalamomamillaris 
[Vicq' d'Azyri] 
45 Fasciculi pedunculomamillares 
46 Pars tegmentalis 
47 Pars basilaris 
48 Ansa peduncularis 
49 Ansa lenticularis 
50 Pedunculus thalami inferior 
GEMINORUM 
8 Stratum zonale 
9 Stratum griseum colliculi supe- 
rioris 
10 Nucleus colliculi inferioris 
11 Stratum album profundum 
12 Prosencephalon 
13 DIENCEPHALON 
14 Ventriculus tertius 
15 Aditus ad aquaeductum cerebri 
16 Commissura posterior [cerebri] 
17 Foramen inter ventriculare 
[Monroi] 
18 Sulcus hypothalamicus [Monroi] 
19 Massa intermedia 
20 Recessus opticus. 
21 Recessus infundibuli 
22 Commissura anterior [cerebri] 
23 Recessus triangularis 
51 THALAMENCEPHALON 
52 Thalamus 
53 Pulvinar 
54 Tuberculum anterius thalami 
55 Taenia thalami 
56 Stria medullaris 
57 Lamina choriodea epithelialis 
58 Metathalamus 
59 Corpus geniculatum mediale 
60 Corpus geniculatum laterale 
24 HYPOTHALAMUS 
61 Epithalamus 
62 Corpus pineale 
63 Recessus pinealis 
64 Recessus suprapinealis 
65 Habenula 
66 Commissura habenularum 
67 Trigonum habenulae 
68 SECTIONES THALAMENCEPHALI 
69 Stratum zonale 
70 Nucleus anterior thalami 
71 Nucleus medialis thalami 
72 Nucleus lateralis thalami 
73 Laminae medullares thalami 
25 Pars mamillaris 
hypothalami 
26 Corpus mamillare 
27 Pars optica hypo- 
thalami 
28 Tuber cinereum 
29 Infundibulum 
30 Hypophysis 
31 Lobus anterior 
32 Lobus posterior 
33 Tractus opticus 
[62] NEUROLOGY 
201 
1 Nucleus corporis geniculati 
medialis 
2 Nucleus corporis geniculati 
lateralis 
3 Nucleus habenulae 
4 Fasciculus retroflexus 
[Meynerti] 
38 Gyrus frontalis medius 
39 Pars superior 
40 Pars inferior 
41 Sulcus frontalis inferior 
42 Gyrus frontalis inferior 
43 Pars opercularis 
44 Pars triangularis 
45 Pars orbitalis 
46 Gyrus rectus 
47 Sulcus olfactorius 
48 Gyri orbitales 
49 Sulci orbitales 
50 Lobustemporalis 
51 Polus temporalis 
52 Sulci temporales transversi 
53 Gyri temporales transversi 
54 Gyrus temporalis superior 
55 Sulcus temporalis superior 
56 Gyrus temporalis medius 
57 Sulcus temporalis medius 
58 Gyrus temporalis inferior 
59 Sulcus temporalis inferior 
60 Fissura collateralis 
61 Gyrus fusiformis 
62 Gyrus lingualis 
63 L o b u s occipitalis 
64 Polus occipitalis 
65 Sulcus occipitalis transversus 
66 Gyri occipitalis superiores 
67 Sulci occipitalis superiores 
68 Gyri occipitalis laterales 
69 Sulci occipitales laterales 
70 L o b u s parietalis 
71 Lobulus parietalis superior 
72 Sulcus interparietalis 
73 Lobulus parietalis inferior 
74 Gyrus supramarginalis 
75 Gyrus angularis 
5 TELENCEPHALON 
6 HEMISPHAERIUM 
7 Pallium 
8 Fissura longitudinalis cerebri 
9 Fissura transversa cerebri 
10 Gyri cerebri 
11 Gyri profundi 
12 Gyri transitivi 
13 Sulci cerebri 
14 Impressio petrosa 
15 Fossa cerebri lateralis 
[Sylvii] 
16 Fissura cerebri lateralis 
[Sylvii] 
17 Ramus posterior 
18 Ramus anterior ascendens 
19 Ramus anterior horizontalis 
20Lobi cerebri 
21 Insula 
22 Gyri insulae 
23 Gyrus longus insulae 
24 Gyri breves insulae 
25 Sulcus circularis [Reili] 
26 Operculum 
27 Pars frontalis 
28 Pars parietalis 
29 Pars temporalis 
30 Sulcus centralis [Rolandi] 
31 Gyrus centralis anterior 
32 Gyrus centralis posterior 
33 L o b u s frontalis 
34 Polus frontalis 
35 Sulcus praecentralis 
36 Gyrus frontalis superior 
37 Sulcus frontalis superior 
76 FACIES MEDIALIS HEMI- 
SPHAERII 
77 Sulcus corporis callosi 
78 Sulcus cinguli 
79 Pars subfrontalis 
[63] 202 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Pars marginalis 
2 Sulcus subparietalis 
3 Fissura hippocampi 
4 Gyrus fornicatus 
5 Gyrus cinguli 
6 Isthmus gyri fornicati 
7 Gyrus hippocampi 
8 Uncus [gyri hippocampi] 
9 Substantia reticularis alba 
[Arnoldi] 
10 Lobulus paracentralis 
11 Praecuneus 
12 Fissura parietooccipitalis 
13 Fissura calcarina 
14 Cuneus 
37 Cornu anterius 
38 Cornu posterius 
39 Cornu inferius 
40 Corpus striatum 
41 Nucleus caudatus 
42 Caput nuclei caudati 
43 Cauda nuclei caudati 
44 Stria terminalis 
45 Lamina affixa 
46 Taenia chorioidea 
47 Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 
48 Calcar avis 
49 (Bulbus cornu posterioris) 
50 Eminentia collateralis 
51 Trigonum collaterale 
52 Hippocampus 
53 Fimbria hippocampi 
54 Taenia fimbriae 
55 Digitationes hippocampi 
56 Fascia dentata hippocampi 
57 Commissura hippocampi 
15 Corpus callosum 
16 Splenium corporis callosi 
17 Truncus corporis callosi 
18 Genu corporis callosi 
19 Rostrum corporis callosi 
20 Lamina rostralis 
21 Striae transversae 
22 Stria longitudinalis medialis 
23 Stria longitudinalis lateralis 
24 Fasciola cinerea 
58 Rhinencephalon 
59 Sulcus parolfactorius anterior 
60 Pars anterior 
[rhinencephali] 
61 Lobus olfactorius 
62 Bulbus olfactorius 
63 Tractus olfactorius 
64 Trigonum olfactorium 
65 Stria medialis 
66 Stria intermedia 
67 Area parolfactoria [Brocae] 
68 Sulcus parolfactorius posterior 
69 Pars posterior 
[rhinencephali] 
70 Gyrus subcallosus [Pedunculus 
corporis callosi] 
71 Substantia perforata anterior 
72 Stria olfactoria lateralis 
73 Limen insulae 
25 Fornix 
26 Crus fornicis 
27 Corpus fornicis 
28 Taenia fornicis 
29 Columna fornicis 
30 Pars libera columnae 
fornicis 
31 Pars tecta columnae 
fornicis 
32 Septum pel- 
lucid u m 
33 Laminae septi pellucidi 
34 Cavum septi pellucidi 
35 Ventriculus 
lateralis 
36 Pars centralis 
75 Substantia corticalis 
76 Centrum semiovale 
77 Decursus fibraruni cerebralium 
74 SECTIONES TELENCEPHALI 
[64] NEUROLOGY 
203 
1 Fibrae arcuatae cerebri 
2 Cingulum 
3 Fasciculus longitudinalis 
superior 
3 Fasciculus longitudinalis 
inferior 
5 Fasciculus uncinatus 
6 Radiatio corporis callosi 
7 Pars frontalis 
8 Pars parietalis 
9 Pars temporalis 
10 Pars occipitalis 
11 Tapetum 
12 Nucleus lentiformis 
13 Putamen 
14 Globus pallidus 
15 Claustrum 
16 Capsula externa 
17 Capsula interna 
18 Genu capsulae internae 
19 Pars frontalis capsulae 
internae 
20 Pars occipitalis capsulae 
internae 
21 Nucleus amygdalae 
22 Corona radiata 
23 Pars frontalis 
24 Pars parietalis 
25 Pars temporalis 
26 Pars occipitalis 
27 Radiatio corporis striati 
28 Radiatio occipitothalamica 
[Gratioleti] 
29 Commissura anterior [cerebri] 
30 Pars anterior 
31 Pars posterior 
34 Falx cerebri 
35 Tentorium cerebelli 
36 Falx cerebelli 
37 Diaphragma sellae 
38 Foramen diaphragmatis [sellae] 
39 Incisura tentorii 
40 Dura mater spinalis 
41 Filum durae matris spinalis 
42 Cavum epidurale 
43 Cavum subdurale 
44 Arachnoidea spinalis 
45 Arachnoidea encephali 
46 Cavum subarachnoideale 
47 Cisternae subarachnoidales 
48 Cisterna cerebellomedullaris 
49 Cisterna fossae lateralis 
cerebri [Sylvii] 
50 Cisterna chiasmatis 
51 Cisterna interpeduncularis 
52 Cisterna venae magnae 
cerebri 
53 Granulationes arachnoideales 
[Pacchioni] 
54 Pia mater spinalis 
55 Lig. denticulatum 
56 Septum cervicale intermedium 
57 Pia mater encephali 
58 Tela choriodea ventriculi quarti 
59 Plexus chorioideus ventriculi 
quarti 
60 Tela chorioidea ventriculi tertii 
61 Plexus chorioideus 
ventriculi tertii 
62 Plexus chorioideus ventriculi 
lateralis 
63 Glomus chorioideum 
64 Acervulus 
33 Dura mater encephali 
32 Meninges 
[65] 204 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 SYSTEMA NERVORUM PERIPHERICUM 
2 NERVI CEREBRALES 
31 Rami nasales mediales 
32 Ramus nasalis externus 
33 N. infratrochlearis 
34 Ramus palpebralis superior 
35 R. palpebralis inferior 
3 Nn. olfactorii 
4 N. opticus 
5 N. OCULOMOTORIUS 
36 G . c i 1 i a r e 
6 Ramus superior 
7 Ramus inferior 
8 Radix brevis ganglii 
ciliaris 
37 Nn. ciliares breves 
38 N. MAXILLARIS 
39 N. meningeus [medius] 
40 N. xygomaticus 
41 Ramus zygomaticotemporalis 
42 Ramus zygomaticofacialis 
43 Nn. sphenopalatini 
44 Nn. alveolares superiores 
45 Rami alveolares superiores 
posteriores 
46 N. infraorbitalis 
47 R. alveolaris superior 
medius 
48 Rami alveolares superiores 
anteriores 
49 Plexus dentalis superior 
50 Rami dentales superiores 
51 Rami gingivales supe- 
riores 
52 Rami palpebrales inferiores 
53 Rami nasales externi 
54 Rami nasales interni 
55 Rami labiales superiores 
56 Ganglion s p h e n - 
4 opalatinum 
57 Rami orbitales 
58 N. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 
59 N. petrosus superficialis 
major 
60 N. petrosus profundus 
61 Rami nasales posteriores 
superiores laterales 
62 Rami nasales posteriores 
superiores mediales 
63 N. nasopalatinus [Scarpae] 
9 N. TROCHLEARIS 
10 Decussatio nervorum troch- 
learium 
UN. TRIGEMINUS 
12 Portio major 
13 Ganglion semilunare [Ga'sseri] 
14 Portio minor 
15 N. OPTHALMICUS 
16 N. tentorii 
17 N. lacrimalis 
18 Ramus anastomoticus cum n. 
zygomatico 
19 N. frontalis 
20 N. supraorbitalis 
21 Ramus frontalis 
22 N. supratrochlearis 
23 N. nasociliaris 
24 Radix longa ganglii 
ciliaris 
25 Nn. ciliares longi 
26 N. ethmoidalis posterior 
27 N. ethmoidalis anterior 
28 Rami nasales anteriores 
29 Rami nasales interni 
30 Rami nasales 
laterales 
[66] NEUROLOGY 
205 
1 Rami nasales posteriores in- 
feriores [laterales] 
2 Nn. palatini 
3 N. palatinus anterior 
4 N. palatinus medius 
5 N. palatinus posterior 
37 N. petrosus superficial 
minor 
38 N. tensoris veli palatini 
39 N. tensoris tympani 
40 Ramus anastomoticus cum n. 
spinoso 
41 R. anastomoticus cum n. 
auriculotemporal! 
42 Ramus anastomoticus cum 
chorda tympani 
43 Ganglion 
submaxillare 
44 Rami communicantes cum n. 
linguali 
45 Rami submaxillares 
6 N. MANDIBULARIS 
7 N. spinosus 
8 N. masticatorius 
9 N. massetericus 
10 Nn. temporales profundi 
11 N. temporalis profundus 
posterior 
12 N. temporalis profundus 
anterior 
13 N. buccinatorius 
14 N. pterygoideus externus 
15 N. pterygoideus internus 
16 N. auriculotemporalis 
17 N. meatus auditorii externi 
18 R. membranae tympani 
19 Rami parotidei 
20 Rami anastomotici cum n. 
faciali 
21 Nn. auriculares anteriores 
22 Rami temporales superfici- 
ales 
23 N. lingualis 
24 Rami isthmi faucium 
25 Rami anastomotici cum n. 
hypoglosso 
26 N. sublingualis 
27 Rami linguales 
28 N. alveolaris inferior 
29 Plexus dentalis inferior 
30 Rami dentales inferiores 
31 Rami gingivales in- 
feriores 
32 N. mylohyoideus 
33 N. mentalis 
34 Rami mentales 
35 Rami labiales inferiores 
36 Ganglion 
o t i c u m 
46 N. ABDUCENS 
47 N. FACIALIS 
48 Geniculum n. facialis 
49 Ganglion geniculi 
50 N. stapedius 
51 Ramus anastomoticus cum plexu 
tympanico 
52 N. auricularis posterior 
53 Ramus occipitalis 
54 Ramus digastricus 
55 Ramus stylohyoideus 
56 Ramus anastomoticus cum n. 
glossopharyngeo 
57 Plexus parotideus 
58 Rami temporales 
59 Rami zygomatici 
60 Rami buccales 
61 Ramus marginalis mandibulae 
62 Ramus colli 
63 N. intermedius 
64 Chorda tympani 
65 N. ACUSTICUS 
66 Radix vestibularis 
67 Radix cochlearis 
68 Fila anastomotica 
69 N. vestibuli 
70 Ganglion vestibulare 
[67] 206 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 N. utricularis 
2 N. ampullaris superior 
3 N. ampullaris lateralis 
4 N. ampullaris inferior 
5 N. cochleae 
6 Ganglion spirale 
7 N. saccularis 
37 Rami cardiaci inferiores 
38 Rami tracheales 
39 Rami oesophagei 
40 N. laryngeus inferior 
41 Ramus anterior 
42 Ramus posterior 
43 Rami bronchiales anteriores 
44 Rami bronchiales posteriores 
45 Plexus pulmonalis anterior 
46 Plexus pulmonalis posterior 
47 Rami oesophagei 
48 Plexus oesophageus anterior 
49 Plexus oesophageus posterior 
50 Rami gastrici 
51 Plexus gastricus anterior 
52 Plexus gastricus posterior 
53 Rami hepatici 
54 Rami coeliaci 
55 Rami lienales 
56 Rami renales 
8 N. GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS 
9 Ganglion superius 
10 Ganglion petrosum 
11 N. tympanicus 
12 Intumescentia tympanica 
13 Plexus tympanicus [Jacobsoni] 
14 N. caroticotympanicus 
superior 
15 N. caroticotympanicus 
inferior 
16 Ramus tubae 
17 R. anastomoticus cum ramo 
auriculari n. vagi 
18 Rami pharyngei 
19 Ramus stylopharyngeus 
20 Rami tonsillares 
21 Rami linguales 
57 N. ACCESSORIUS 
58 Ramus internus 
59 Ramus externus 
22 N. VAGUS 
60 N. HYPOGLOSSUS 
23 Ganglion jugulare 
24 Ganglion nodosum 
25 Ramus meningeus 
26 Ramus auricularis 
27 R. anastomoticus cum n. 
glossopharyngeo 
28 Rami pharyngei 
29 Plexus pharyngeus 
30 N. laryngeus superior 
31 Ramus externus 
32 Ramus internus 
33 Ramus anastomoticus cum 
n. laryngeo inferiore 
34 Rami cardiaci superiores 
35 (N. depressor) 
36 N. recurrens 
61 Ramus descendens 
62 Ansa hypoglossi 
63 Ramus thyreohyoideus 
64 Rami linguales 
65 N. SPINALES 
66 Fila radicularia 
67 Radix anterior 
68 Radix posterior 
69 Ganglion spinale 
70 Ramus anterior 
71 Ramus posterior 
72 Ramus communicans 
73 Ramus meningeus 
74 Cauda equina 
75 Ansae 
[68] NEUROLOGY 
207 
2 Rami posteriores 
3 Ramus medialis 
4 Ramus lateralis 
5 N. suboccipitalis 
6 N. occipitalis major 
7 (N. occipitalis tertius) 
8 Rami anteriores 
9 Plexus cervicalis 
10 N. occipitalis minor 
11 N. auricularis magnus 
12 Ramus posterior 
13 Ramus anterior 
14 N. cutaneus colli 
15 Rami superiores 
16 Rami inferiores 
17 Nn. supraclaviculares 
18 Nn. supraclaviculares ante- 
riores 
19 Nn. supraclaviculares medii 
20 Nn. supraclaviculares poste- 
21 N. phrenicus [riores 
22 Ramus pericardiacus 
23 Rami phrenicoabdominales 
1 NN. CERVICALES 
43 N. cutaneus antibrachii 
44 N. cutaneus brachii medialis 
45 N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis 
46 Ramus volaris 
47 Ramus ulnaris 
48 N. MEDIANUS 
49 Rami musculares 
50 N. interosseus [antibrachii] 
volaris 
51 Ramus palmaris n. mediani 
52 Ramus anastomoticus cum n. 
ulnari 
53 Nn. digitales volares communes 
54 Nn. digitales volares proprii 
56 Ramus cutaneus palmaris 
57 Ramus dorsalis manus 
58 Nn. digitales dorsales 
59 Ramus volaris manus 
60 Ramus superficialis 
61 Nn. digitales volares 
communes 
62 Nn. digitales volares 
proprii 
63 Ramus profundus 
64 Rami musculares 
55 N. ULNARIS 
25 Pars supraclavicul- 
ar i s 
26 Nn. thoracales posteriores 
27 N. dorsalis scapulae 
28 N. thoracalis longus 
29 Nn. thoracales anteriores 
30 Nn. subclavius 
31 N. suprascapularis 
32 Nn. subscapulares 
33 N. thoracodorsalis 
34 N. axillaris 
35 Rami musculares 
36 N. cutaneus brachii lateralis 
37 Pars infraclavicu- 
lar i s 
38 Fasciculus lateralis 
39 Fasciculus medialis 
40 Fasciculus posterior 
41 N. musculocutaneus 
42 Rami musculares lateralis 
24 Plexus brachialis 
66 N. cutaneus brachii posterior 
67 Rami musculares 
68 N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis 
69 Ramus profundus 
70 N. interosseus [antibrachii] 
dorsalis 
71 Ramus superficialis 
72 Ramus anastomoticus 
ulnaris 
73 Nn. digitales dorsales 
65 N. RADIALIS 
75 Rami posteriores 
76 Ramus cutaneus lateralis 
77 Ramus cutaneus medialis 
74 NN. THORACALES 
[69] 208 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Rami anteriores [Nn. inter- 
costales] 36 
2 Rami musculares 
3 Ramus cutaneus lateralis 
[pectoralis et abdominalis] 3g 
4 Ramus posterior 
5 Ramus anterior 40 
6 Rami mammarii 
laterales 
7 Nn. intercostobrachiales 42 
8 Ramus cutaneus anterior 43 
[pectoralis et abdominalis] 44 
9 Rami mammarii mediales 
N. CUTANEUS FEMORIS LATERALIS 
37 N. OBTURATORJUS 
Ramus anterior 
39 Ramus cutaneus 
Ramus posterior 
41 N. FEMORALIS 
Rami cutanei anteriores 
Rami musculares 
N. saphenus 
45 Ramus infrapatellaris 
46 Rami cutanei cruris 
mediales 
10 NN. LUMBALES, SACRALES, 
COCCYGEUS 
11 Nn. lumbales 
12 Rami posteriores 
13 Ramus medialis 
14 Ramus lateralis 
15 Nn. clunium superiores 
16 Rami anteriores 
17 Nn. sacrales et coccygeus: 
18 Rami posteriores 
19 Ramus medialis 
20 Ramus lateralis 
21 Nn. clunium medii 
47 Plexus sacralis 
48 Truncus lumbosacralis 
49 N. glutaeus superior 
50 N. glutaeus inferior 
51 N. cutaneus femoris posterior 
52 Nn. clunium inferiores 
53 Rami perineales 
54 n. ischiadicus 
55 Rami musculares 
56 N. peronaeus communis 
57 Rami musculares 
58 N. cutaneus surae lateralis 
59 Ramus anastomoticus peron- 
aeus 
60 N. peronaeus superficialis 
61 Rami musculares 
62 N. cutaneus dorsalis med- 
ialis 
63 N. cutaneus dorsalis 
intermedins 
64 Nn. digitales dorsales 
pedis 
65 N. peronaeus profundus 
66 Rami musculares 
67 Nn. digitales dorsales 
hallucis lateralis et 
digiti secundi medialis 
68 N. tibialis 
69 Rami musculares 
22 Plexus l u m b o - 
SACRALIS 
24 Rami musculares 
23 Plexus lumbalis 
25 N. ILIOHYPOGAS- 
TRICUS 
26 Rami musculares 
27 Ramus cutaneus lateralis 
28 Ramus cutaneus anterior 
30 Rami musculares 
31 Nn. scrotales anteriores 
32 Nn. labiales anteriores 
29 N. ILIOINGUINALIS 
34 N. lumboinguinalis 
35 N. spermaticus externus 
33 N. GENITOFEMORALIS 
[70] NEUROLOGY 
209 
1 N. interosseus cruris 
2 N. cutaneus surae medialis 
3 N. sural is 
4 Rami calcanei laterales 
5 N. cutaneus dorsalis 
lateralis 
6 Rami calcanei mediales 
7 N. plantaris medialis 
8 Nn. digitales plantares 
communes 
9 Nn. digitales plantares 
proprii 
10 N. plantaris lateralis 
11 Ramus superficialis 
12 Nn. digitales plan- 
tares communes 
13 Nn. digitales 
plantares proprii 
14 Ramus profundus 
15 Plexus pudendus 
16 N. haemorrhoidales medii 
17 Nn. vesicales inferiores 
18 Nn. vaginales 
19 N. pudendus 
20 Nn. haemorrhoidales 
inferiores 
21 N. perinei 
22 Nn. scrotales posteriores 
23 Nn. labiales posteriores 
24 N. dorsalis penis 
25 N. dorsalis clitoridis 
27 Plexus coccygeus 
28 Nn. anococcygei 
26 N. COCCYGEUS 
29 S Y S T E M A NERVORUM SYMPATHICUM 
30 Truncus sympathicus 
31 Ganglia trunci sympathici 
32 Plexus sympathici 
33 Ganglia plexuum sympathi- 
corum 
48 Plexus lingualis 
49 Plexus maxillaris externus 
50 Radix sympathica ganglii 
submaxillaris 
51 Plexus occipitalis 
52 Plexus auricularis posterior 
53 Plexus temporalis superficialis 
54 Plexus maxillaris internus 
55 Plexus meningeus 
56 Plexus caroticus communis 
57 Rami laryngopharyngei 
58 Plexus pharyngeus ascendens 
59 N. cardiacus superior 
60 Ganglion cervicale medium 
61 N. cardiacus medius 
62 Ganglion cervicale inferius 
63 Ansa subclavia [Vieussenii] 
64 N. cardiacus inferior 
65 Plexus subclavius 
66 Plexus mammarius interus 
67 Plexus thyreoideus inferior 
68 Plexus vertebralis 
34 Pars cephalica et cervi- 
CALIS S. SYMPATHICI 
35 Ganglion cervicale superius 
36 N. jugularis 
37 N. caroticus internus 
38 Plexus caroticus internus 
39 Plexus cavernosus 
40 Plexus arteriae cerebri anterioris 
41 Plexus arteriae cerebri mediae 
42 Plexus arteriae chorioideae 
43 Plexus opthalmicus 
44 Radices sympathicae ganglii 
ciliaris 
45 Nn. carotici externi 
46 Plexus caroticus externus 
47 Plexus thyreoideus superior 
[71] 210 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Pars thoracalis s. 
SYMPATHICI 
27 Plexus gastricus inferior 
28 Plexus suprarenalis 
29 Plexus renalis 
30 Plexus spermaticus 
31 Plexus arteriae ovaricae 
32 Plexus mesentericus superior 
33 Plexus myentericus 
34 Plexus submucosus 
35 Plexus mesentericus inferior 
36 Nn. haemorrhoidales superiores 
37 Plexus iliacus 
38 Plexus iliacus 
39 Plexus hypogastricus 
40 Plexus haemorrhoidalis medius 
41 Plexus prostaticus 
42 Plexus deferentialis 
43 Plexus uterovaginalis 
44 Plexus vesicalis 
45 Nn. vesicales superiores 
46 Nn. vesicales inferiores 
47 Plexus cavernosus penis 
48 N. cavernosus penis major 
49 Nn. cavernosi penis minores 
50 Plexus cavernosus clitoridis 
51 N. cavernosus clitoridis 
maj or 
52 Nn. cavernosi clitoridus 
minores 
53 Plexus femoralis 
54 Plexus popliteus 
2 Ganglia thoracalia 
3 N. splanchnicus major 
4 Ganglion splanchnicum 
5 N. splanchnicus minor 
6 Ramus renalis 
7 (N. splanchnicus imus) 
8 Plexus aorticus thoracalis 
9 Plexus cardiacus 
10 Plexus coronarius cordis anterior 
11 Ganglion cardiacum [Wrisbergi] 
12 Plexus coronarius posterior 
13 Rami pulmonales 
14 Plexus pulmonalis 
15 Pars abdominalis et pelvina 
S. SYMPATHICI 
16 Ganglia lumbalia 
17 Ganglia sacralia 
18 Plexus aorticus abdominalis 
19 Plexus coeliacus 
20 Ganglia coeliaca 
21 Ganglion mesentericum superius 
22 Plexus phrenicus 
23 Ganglia phrenica 
24 Plexus phrenicus 
25 Plexus lienalis 
26 Plexus gastricus superior 
[72] SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 
211 
1 ORGANA SENSUUM ET INTEGUMENTUM COMMUNE 
2 ORGANON VISUS 
31 Facies anterior 
32 Facies posterior 
33 Epithelium corneae 
34 Lamina elastica anterior 
[Bowmani] 
35 Substantia propria 
36 Lamina elastica posterior 
[Demoursi, Descemeti] 
37 Endothelium camerae anterioris 
3 Oculus 
4 Opticus 
5 Vaginae n. optici 
6 Spatia intervaginalia 
8 Polus anterior 
9 Polus posterior 
10 Aequator 
11 Meridiani 
12 Axis oculi externa 
13 Axis oculi interna 
14 Axis optica 
15 [Linea visus] 
16 Vesicula ophthalmica* 
17 Caliculus ophthalmicus* 
7 Bulbus oculi 
38 Tunica Vasculosa Oculi 
40 Lamina suprachorioidea 
41 Spatium perichorioideale 
42 Lamina vasculosa 
43 Lamina choriocapillaris 
44 Lamina basalis 
45 (Raphe chorioideae) 
39 CHORIOIDEA 
46 CORPUS CILIARE 
18 Tunica fibrosa oculi 
47 Corona ciliaris 
48 Processus ciliares 
49 Plicae ciliares 
50 Orbiculus ciliaris 
51 M. ciliaris 
52 Fibrae meridionales 
[Brueckei] 
53 Fibrae circulares 
[Muelleri] 
54 Plexus gangliosus ciliaris 
19 SCLERA 
20 Sulcus sclerae 
21 Rima cornealis 
22 Sinus venosus sclerae [Canalis 
Schlemmi, Lauthi] 
23 Lamina fusca 
24 Lamina cribrosa sclerae 
25 (Raphe sclerae) 
26 (Funiculus sclerae) 
55 iris 
28 Annulus conjunctivae 
29 Vertex corneae 
30 Limbus cornae 
27 CORNEA 
56 Margo pupillaris 
57 Margo ciliaris 
58 Facies anterior 
[73] 212 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Facies posterior 
2 Annulus iridis major 
3 Annulus iridis minor 
4 Plicae iridis 
5 Pupilia 
6 M. sphincter pupillae 
7 Stroma iridis 
8 M. dilatator pupillae 
9 Lig. pectinatum iridis 
10 Spatia anguli iridis [Fontanae] 
11 Circulus arteriosus major 
12 Circulus arteriosus minor 
13 Membrana pupillaris* 
35 Camera oculi anterior 
36 Angulus iridis 
37 Camera oculi posterior 
39 A. hyaloidea* 
40 Canalis hyaloidea 
41 Fossa hyaloidea 
42 Membrana hyaloidea 
43 Stroma vitreum 
44 Humor vitreus 
38 Corpus vitreum 
14 Stratum pigmenti 
45 Lens crystallina 
15 Stratum pigmenti retinae 
16 Stratum pigmenti corporis 
ciliaris 
17 Stratum pigmenti iridis 
46 Substantia lentis 
47 Substantia corticalis 
48 Nucleus lentis 
49 Fibrae lentis 
50 Epithelium lentis 
51 Capsula lentis 
52 Polus anterior lentis 
53 Polus posterior lentis 
54 Facies anterior lentis 
55 Facies posterior lentis 
56 Axis lentis 
57 Aequator lentis 
58 Radii lentis 
19 Pars optica retinae 
20 Ora serrata 
21 Pars ciliaris retinae 
22 Papilla n. optici 
23 Excavatio papillae n. optici 
24 Macula lutea 
25 Fovea centralis 
26 Vasa sanguinea 
retinae 
27 Circulus vasculosus n. optici 
[Halleri] 
28 Arteriola [Venula] temporalis 
retinae superior 
29 Arteriola [Venula] temporalis 
retinae inferior 
30 Arteriola [Venula] nasalis 
retinae superior 
31 Arteriola [Venula] nasalis 
retinae inferior 
32 Arteriola [Venula] macularis 
superior 
33 Arteriola [Venula] macularis 
inferior 
34 Arteriola [Venula] retinae 
medialis 
18 Retina 
59 Zonula ciliaris [Zinni] 
60 Fibrae zonulares 
61 Spatia zonularia 
62 Organa oculi accessoria 
63 MUSCULI OCULI, FASCIAE 
ORBITALES 
64 M. orbitalis 
65 M. rectus superior 
66 M. rectus inferior 
67 M. rectus medialis 
68 M. rectus lateralis 
69 Lacertus musculi recti lateralis 
70 Annulus tendineus communis 
[Zinni] 
71 M. obliquus superior 
[74J SENSE OEGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 
213 
2 M. obliquus inferior 
3 M. levator palpebrae superioris 
4 Periorbita 
5 Septum orbitale 
6 Fasciae musculares 
7 Fascia bulbi [Tenoni] 
8 Spatium interfasciale [Tenoni] 
9 Corpus adiposum orbitae 
1 Trochlea 
42 Glandula lacrimalis superior 
43 Glandula lacrimalis inferior 
44 (Gl. lacrimales accessoriae) 
45 Ductili excretorii [gl. 
lacrimalis] 
46 Rivus lacrimalis 
47 Lacus lacrimalis 
48 Puncta lacrimalia 
49 Ductus lacrimales 
50 Papillae lacrimales 
51 Ampulla ductus lacrimalis 
52 Saccus lacrimalis 
53 Fornix sacci lacrimalis 
54 Ductus nasolacrimalis 
55 Plica lacrimalis [Hasneri] 
56 Lacrimae 
41 Apparatus lacrimalis 
10 SUPERCILIUM 
11 PALPEBRAE 
12 Palpebra superior 
13 Palpebra superior 
14 Facies anterior palpebrarum 
15 Facies posterior palpebrarum 
16 Rima palpebrarum 
17 Commissura palpebrarum 
lateralis 
18 Commissura palpebrarum 
medialis 
19 Angulus oculi lateralis 
20 Angulus oculi medialis 
21 Limbi palpebrales anteriores 
22 Limbi palpebrales posteriores 
23 Tarsus superior 
24 Tarsus inferior 
25 Lig. palpebrale mediale 
26 Raphe palpebralis lateralis 
27 Glandulae tarsales [Meibomi] 
28 Sebum palpebrale 
29 M. tarsalis superior 
30 M. tarsalis inferior 
57 ORGANON AUDITUS 
58 AURIS INTERNA 
59 Labyrinthus membrana- 
ceus 
60 Ductus endolymphaticus 
61 Saccus endolymphaticus 
62 Ductus utriculosaccularis 
63 Utriculus 
64 Ductus semicirculares 
65 Ductus semicircularis 
superior 
66 Ductus semicircularis 
posterior 
67 Ductus semicircularis 
lateralis 
68 Ampullae membranaceae 
69 Sulcus ampullaris 
70 Crista ampullaris 
71 Ampulla membranacea 
superior 
72 Ampulla membranacea 
posterior 
73 Ampulla membranacea 
lateralis 
74 Sacculus 
75 Ductus reunions [Henseni] 
76 Maculae acusticae 
77 Macula acustica utriculi 
78 Macula acustica sacculi 
31 Conjunctiva 
32 Plica semilunaris conjunctivae 
33 Caruncula lacrimalis 
34 Tunica conjunctiva bulbi 
35 Tunica conjunctiva palpebra- 
rum 
36 Fornix conjunctivae superior 
37 Fornix conjunctivae palpebra- 
rum 
38 Gl. mucosae [Krausei] 
39 Noduli lymphatici con- 
junctivales 
40 (Pinguecula) 
[75] 214 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Otoconia 
2 Endolympha 
3 Perilympha 
4 Spatium perilymphaticum 
5 Ductus perilymphatici 
6 Ductus cochlearis 
7 Caecum cupulare 
8 Caecum vestibulare 
9 Lamina basilaris 
10 Membrana vestibularis 
[Reissneri] 
11 Lig. spirale cochleae 
12 Prominentia spiralis 
13 Stria vascularis 
14 Sulcus spiralis 
15 Labium tympanicum 
16 Foramina nervosa 
17 Labium vertibulare 
18 Ganglion spirale cochleae 
19 Organon spirale [Cortii] 
20 Vasa auris 
i n t e r n a e 
21 A. auclitiva interna 
22 Rami vestibulares 
23 Ramus cochleae 
24 Glomeruli arteriosi 
cochleae 
25 Vv. auditivae internae 
26 V. spiralis modioli 
27 Vas prominens 
28 Vv. vestibulares 
29 V. aquaeductus vestibuli 
30 V. canaliculi cochleae 
42 Canales semicirculares ossei 
43 Canalis semicircularis 
superior 
44 Canalis semicircularis 
posterior 
45 Canalis semicircularis 
lateralis 
46 Ampullae osseae 
47 Ampulla ossea superior 
48 Ampulla ossea posterior 
49 Ampulla ossea lateralis 
50 Crura ampullaria 
51 Crus commune 
52 Crus simplex 
54 Cupula 
55 Basis cochleae 
56 Canalis spiralis cochleae 
57 Modiolus 
58 Basis modioli 
59 Lamina modioli 
60 Lamina spiralis ossea 
61 Hamulus laminae spiralis 
62 Scala vestibuli 
63 Scala tympani 
64 Helicotrema 
65 Lamina spiralis secundaria 
66 Canalis spiralis modioli 
67 Canales longitudinales modioli 
53 COCHLEA 
68 MEATUS ACUSTICUS IN- 
TERNES 
31 Labyrinthus osseus 
69 Porus acusticus interims 
70 Fundus meatus acustici interni 
71 Crista transversa 
72 Area n. facialis 
73 Area cochleae 
74 Tractus spiralis foramin- 
osus 
75 Area vestibularis superior 
76 Area vestibularis inferior 
77 Foramen singulare 
33 Recessus sphaericus 
34 Recessus ellipticus 
35 Crista vestibuli 
36 Pyramis vestibuli 
37 Recessus cochlearis 
38 Maculae cribrosae 
39 Macula cribrosa superior 
40 Macula cribrosa media 
41 Macula cribrosa inferior 
32 VESTIBULUM 
78 Cavum tympani 
79 Paries tegmentalis 
[76] SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 
215 
1 Recessus epitympanicus 
2 Pars cupularis 
3 Paries j u g u 1 a r i s 
4 Prominentia styloidea 
5Paries labyrinthica 
6 Fenestra vestibuli 
7 Fossula fenestrae vestibuli 
8 Promontorium 
9 Sulcus promontorii 
10 Subiculum promontorii 
11 Sinus tympani 
12 Fenestra cochleae 
13 Fossula fenestrae cochleae 
14 Crista fenestrae cochleae 
15 Processus cochleariformis 
16 Paries mastoidea 
17 Antrum tympanicum 
18 Prominentia canalis 
semicircularis lateralis 
19 Prominentia canalis 
facialis 
20 Eminentia pyramidalis 
21 Fossa incudis 
22 Sinus posterior 
23 Apertura [tympanica] 
canaliculi chordae 
24 Cellulae mastoideae 
25 Cellulae tympanicae 
26 Paries carotica 
27 Paries membranacea 
39 Stratum radiatum 
40 Stratum circulare 
41 Stratum mucosum 
42 OSSICULA AUDITUS 
43 Stapes 
44 Capitulum stapedis 
45 Crus anterius 
46 Crus posterius 
47 Basis stapedis 
48 Incus 
49 Corpus incudis 
50 Crus longum 
51 Processus lenticularis 
52 Crus breve 
53 Malleus 
54 Manubrium mallei 
55 Capitulum mallei 
56 Collum mallei 
57 Processus lateralis 
58 Processus anterior [Folii] 
59 ARTICULATIONES OSSICULORUM 
AUDITUS 
60 Articulatio incudomalleolaris 
61 Articulatio incudostapedia 
62 Syndesmosis tympanostapedia 
63 LIGG. OSSICULORUM AUDITUS 
64 Lig. mallei anterius 
65 Lig. mallei superius 
66 Lig. mallei laterale 
67 Lig. incudis superius 
68 Lig. incudis posterius 
69 Membran a obturatoria 
[stapedis] 
70 Lig. annulare baseos stapedis 
71 [M. fixator baseos stapedis] 
29 Pars flaccida 
30 Pars tensa 
31 Limbus membranae tympani 
32 Plica malleolaris anterior 
33 Plica malleolaris posterior 
34 Prominentia malleolaris 
35 Stria malleolaris 
36 Umbo membranae tympani 
37 Stratum cutaneum 
38 Annulus fibrocartilaginous 
28 MEMBRANA TYMPANI 
72 MUSCULI OSSICULORUM 
AUDITUS 
73 M. tensor tympani 
74 M. stapedius 
[77] 216 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
2 (Gl. tympanicae) 
3 Plica malleolaris posterior 
4 Plica malleolaris anterior 
5 Recessus membranae tympani 
anterior 
6 Recessus tympani membranae 
superior 
7 Recessus membranae tympani 
posterior 
8 Plica incudis 
9 Plica stapedis 
10 Membrana tympani secundaria 
11 Tuba auditiva [Eustachii] 
12 Ostium tympanicum tubae 
auditivae 
13 Pars ossea tubae auditivae 
14 Isthmus tubae auditivae 
15 Cellulae pneumaticae 
tubariae 
16 Pars cartilaginae tubae 
auditivae 
17 Cartilage tubae auditivae 
18 Lamina [cartilaginis] 
medialis 
19 Lamina [cartilaginis] 
lateralis 
20 Lamina membranacea 
21 Tunica mucosa 
22 Gl. mucosae 
23 Moduli lymphatici tubarii 
24 Ostium pharyngeum tubae 
auditivae 
1 TUNICA MUCOSA TYMPANICA 
33 Lobulus auriculae 
34 Cartilago auriculae 
35 Helix 
36 Crus helicis 
37 Spina helicis 
38 Cauda helicis 
39 Anthelix 
40 Fossa triangularis [auriculae] 
41 Crura anthelicis 
42 Scapha 
43 Concha auriculae 
44 Cymba conchae 
45 Cavum conchae 
46 Antitragus 
47 Tragus 
48 Incisura anterior [auris] 
49 Incisura intertragica 
50 (Tuberculum auriculae 
[Darwini]) 
51 (Apex auriculae [Darwini)] 
52 Sulcus auriculae posterior 
53 (Tuberculum supratragicum) 
54 Isthmus cartilaginis auris 
55 Incisura terminalis auris 
56 Fissura antitragohelicina 
57 Sulcus anthelicis transversus 
58 Sulcus cruris helicis 
59 Fossa anthelicis 
60 Eminentia conchae 
61 Eminentia scaphae 
62 Eminentia fossae triangularis 
63 Ligg. auricularia [Valsalvae] 
64 Lig. auriculare anterius 
65 Lig. auriculare superius 
66 Lig. auriculare posterius 
67 M. helicis major 
68 M. helicis minor 
69 M. tragicus 
70 (M. pyramidalis auriculae 
[Jungi]) 
71 M. Antitragicus 
72 M. transversus auriculae 
73 M. obliquus auriculae 
74 (M. incisurae helicis [Santorini]) 
32 Auriculae 
25 Meatus acusticus externus 
26 Porus acusticus externus 
27 Incisura tympanica [Rivini] 
28 Meatus acusticus externus 
cartilaginous 
29 Cartilago meatus acustici 
30 Incisurae cartilaginis meatus 
acustici externi 
[Santorini] 
31 Lamina tragi 
[78] SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 
217 
32 Barba 
33 Tragi 
34 Vibrissae 
35 Hirci 
36 Pubes 
37 Folliculus pili 
38 Fundus folliculi pili 
39 Collum folliculi pili 
40 Papilla pili 
41 Scapus pili 
42 Radix pili 
43 Bulbus pili 
44 Mm. arrectores pilorum 
45 Flumina pilorum 
46 Vortices pilorum 
47 (Vortex coccygeus) 
1 Organon olfactus 
3 Calyculi gustatorii 
2 Organon gustus 
4 Integumentum 
commune 
5 Cutis 
6 Sulci cutis 
7 Cristae cutis 
8 Retinacula cutis 
9 Toruli tactiles 
10 Foveola coccygea 
11 Lig. caudale 
13 Stratum corneum 
14 Stratum germinativum [Mal- 
pighii]' 
15 CORIUM 
16 Tunica propria 
17 Corpus papillare 
18 Papillae 
12 EPIDERMIS 
48 Ungues 
49 Matrix unguis 
50 Cristae matricis unguis 
51 Sulcus matri cis unguis 
52 Vallum unguis 
53 Corpus unguis 
54 Radix unguis 
55 Lunula 
56 Margo occultus 
57 Margo liber 
58 Margo lateralis 
59 Stratum corneum unguis 
60 Stratum germinativum unguis 
20 Panniculus adiposus 
19 TELA SUB CUTANEA 
21 CORPUSCULA NERVORUM 
TERMINALIA 
22 Corpuscula bulboidea [Krausii] 
23 Corpuscula lamellosa [Vateri, 
Pacini] 
24 Corpuscula tactus [Meissneri] 
25 Corpuscula nervorum genitalia 
26 Corpuscula nervorum articularia 
61 Glandulae Cutis 
62 GL. GLOMIFORMES 
63 Gl. sudoriferae 
64 Corpus gl. sudoriferae 
65 Ductus sudoriferus 
66 Porus sudoriferus 
67 Sudor 
68 Gl. ciliares [Molli] 
69 Gl. circumanales 
27 Pili 
28 Lanugo 
29 Capilli 
30 Supetcilia 
31 Cilia 
[79] 218 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Gl. ceruminosae 
2 Cerumen 
10 Ductus lactiferi 
11 Sinus lactiferi 
12 Lac femininum 
13 Colostrum 
14 Areola mammae 
15 Gl. sebaceae 
16 Gl. areolares [Montgomerii] 
17 Mamma virilis 
18 (Mammae accessoriae [muliebres 
et viriles]) 
3 GLANDULAE SEBACEAE 
4 Sebum cutaneum 
5 MAMMA 
6 Papilla mammae 
7 Corpus mammae 
8 Lobi mammae 
9 Lobuli mammae 
[80] REGIONS OF THE EVUAN BODY 
219 
1 REGIONES CORPORIS HUMANI 
auctoribus Merkel, Rudinger, Toldt 
2 Linea mediana anterior 
3 Linea mediana posterior 
4 Linea sternalis 
5 Linea parasternalis 
6 Linea mamillaris 
7 Linea axillaris 
8 Linea scapularis 
Fig. 1. Regions of the head, and neck. 
[81] 220 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Regiones capitis 
2 Regio frontalis 
3 Regio supraorbitalis 
4 Regio parietalis 
5 Regio occipitalis 
6 Regio temporalis 
7 Regio auricularis 
8 Regio mastoidea 
9 Regiones faciei 
10 Regio nasalis 
21 Regio parotideomasseterica 
22 Fossa retromandibularis 
23 R e g i o n e s colli 
24 Regio colli anterior 
25 Regio submentalis 
26 Regio hyoidea 
27 Regio subhyoidea 
28 Regio laryngea 
29 Regio thyreoidea 
30 Regio suprasternalis 
Fig. 2. Perineal regions. Male perineum. 
11 Regio oralis 
12 Regio labialis superior 
13 Regio labialis inferior 
14 Regio mentalis 
15 Regio orbitalis 
16 Regio palpebralis superior 
17 Regio palpebralis inferior 
18 Regio infraorbitalis 
19 Regio buccalis 
20 Regio zygomatica 
31 Fossa jugularis 
32 Regio submaxillaris 
33 Fossa carotica 
34 Regio sternocleidomastoidea 
35 Fossa supraclivicularis minor 
36 Regio colli lateralis 
37 Fossa supraclavicularis major 
38 Trigonum omoclaviculare 
39 Regio colli posterior 
40 Regio nuchae 
[82] REGIONS OF THE HOMAN BODY 
221 
24 Regio mediana dorsi 
25 Regio interscapularis 
26 Regio scapularis 
27 Regio suprascapularis 
28 Regio infrascapularis 
29 Regio lumbalis 
30 Regio coxae 
30 Regio sacralis 
32 Regio glutaea 
33 Regio perinealis 
34 Regio analis 
35 Regio urogenitalis 
1 Fovea nuchae 
2Regiones pectoris 
3 Regio pectoris anterior 
4 Regio sternalis. 
5 Regio clavicularis 
6 Regio infraclavicularis 
7 Trigonum deltoideo- 
pectorale 
8 Regio mammalis 
9 Regio inframammalis 
10 Regio pectoris lateralis 
11 Regio axillaris 
12 Fossa axillaris 
Fig. 3. Perineal regions. Female perineum 
13 Regio costalis lateralis 
14 R e g i o n e s abdominis 
15 Regio epigastrica 
16 Regio hypochondriaca 
17 Regio mesogastrica 
18 Regio umbilicalis 
19 Regio abdominalis lateralis 
20 Regio hypogastrica 
21 Regio pubica 
22 Regio inguinalis 
23 R e g i o n e s dorsi 
36 Regio pudendalis 
37 R e g i o n e s e x t r e mj - 
t a t i s superioris 
38 Regio acromialis 
39 Regio deltoidea 
40 Regio brachii lateralis 
41 Regio brachii medialis 
42 Regio brachii anterior 
43 Regio brachii posterior 
44 Regio cubiti anterior 
45 Fossa cubitalis 
[83] 222 
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 
1 Regio cubiti posterior 
2 Regio olecrani 
3 Regio cubiti lateralis 
4 Regio cubiti jnedialis 
5 Regio antibrachii volaris 
6 Regio antibrachii dorsalis 
7 Regio antibrachii radialis 
8 Regio antibrachii ulnaris 
9 Regio dorsalis manus 
10 Regio volaris manus 
11 Regiones digitales [manus] 
12 Regiones dorsales digitorum 
13 Regiones unguiculares 
14 Regiones volares digitorum 
15 Regions of the in- 
ferior extremity 
16 Regio femoris anterior 
17 Fossa subinguinalis 
18 Regio femoris lateralis 
19 Regio trochanterica 
20 Regio femoris posterior 
21 Regio femoris medialis 
22 Regio genu anterior 
23 Regio patellaris 
24 Regio genu posterior 
25 Fossa poplitea 
26 Regio cruris anterior 
27 Regio cruris posterior 
28 Regio suralis 
29 Regio cruris lateralis 
30 Regio cruris medialis 
31 Regio malleolaris lateralis 
32 Regio malleolaris medialis 
33 Regio retromalleolaris 
lateralis 
34 Regio retromalleolaris 
medialis 
35 Regio calcanea 
36 Regio dorsalis pedis 
37 Regio plantaris pedis 
38 Regiones digitales pedis ' 
39 Regiones dorsales digitorum 
pedis 
40 Regiones unguiculares 
41 Regiones plantares digitorum 
pedis 
[84] 224 
Plate XI 
Regions of the human body. Anterior aspect. 
[86] [ EMMEL] B N A 
PLATE XI 
Regiones digitales 
voLares 
f R. frontalis 
R. TLasalis 
R. oralis 
R. orbiialis 
-R. mentalis 
R.acrcmt. 
/ R. 
' mcunmalis 
R. 
vicanuicdis 
Regio inguinalis 
R.trdchcmiericcc 
\jt.-rnaUeolaris 
' -niedialis 
'Tosscl retromaLi 
leolaris-mediaUs I 
R. calcanea^ 
'Rdigitarwrd 
-pedis donf, ' 
sales I// 226 
Plate XII 
Regions of the human body. Posterior aspect. 
[88] [ E M M E L ] B N A 
PLATE XII 
R. temporalis 
Rdigitciles 
darsales'- 
f ^3- 
ocdpitaiis 
■iR. temporalis 
) _ JR mastoidea 
--R.auricularis 
Fovea nuduLe 
Racronualis 
RaicrarniaHs 
R.. olecrarci 
R. cubiti 
lateralis 
glulaea. 
F. 
glulaea. 
1-2?. trochanterica. 
R. digitales 
■volares " 
I jemoris 
I posterior 
Tty' ' 
ferrioris 
\ posterior 
.Fossa retromaUeola* 
. ris lateralis 
IXJL malleolaris 
\ 'Lateralis 
Fossa retramaUe otaris latera. 
tie '• 
FretramaUeolaris lateralis - -/ 
Fossa retro = 
maHeolcois me. 
ctialis