OFFICE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT FOR GERMANY (U,S.) 
Office of the Director of Intelligence 
FIAT FINAL REPORT NO. $6 
27 September 
19A5 
WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT 
BY 
WAR UTILITIES SUB-COMMITTEE 
Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee 
FIELD INFORMATION AGENCY, TECHNICAL RETORT 
ON 
WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE, AND WASTE TREAH.'ENT 
TABLE OE CONTENTS 
Page 
Aokn owl e d gme nt s 
Introduction 1-2 . 
Reports 
Section A - Water Supplies 
Summary 5-17 
Detailed Target Reports 18-105 
Illustrations and Diagrams (Appendix) 107-174 
Section B - Sewage Treatment 
Summary 177-182 
Detailed Target Reports 185-272 
Illustrations and Diagrams (Appendix) 274-522 
Section C - Industrial Waste Treatment 
Summary 525-526 
Detailed Target Reports 527-540 
Illustrations and Diagrams (Appendix) 542-549 ACKN OWLEDGEMENTS 
The War Utilities Sub-Committee TIIC (U. S.) 
was organized under the chairmanship of Edward Falck, 
Director, Office of War Utilities, War Production Board* 
William J. Baily, also of W.P.8., served as executive 
secretary and negotiated the organization of the U* S* 
field teams. Cornelius W. Deforest served as London 
representative of the committee from March 14 until his 
return to the United States July 15, 1945. He organized 
the work for the field teams on the Continent and had 
general direction of their operations. He was succeeded 
by Col. Walker Cisler of the Production Control Branch, 
Public Utilities Section G-4, who was assisted by Arthur 
E. Gorman, one of the members of the war utilities field 
team* 
The field teams are indebted to Col. Cisler and 
his staff for the cooperation secured in connection with 
their field activities and also to various members of 
the Allied Military Forces whose cooperation made it 
possible to visit various areas of occupied Germany in 
carrying out assignments* REPORT 
ON 
WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT 
INTRODUCTION 
In conformance with the expressed aims of the Com- 
bined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee the following 
report on water supply, sewage and industrial waste treat- 
ment as observed in Germany has been prepared* 
The initial field investigating team consisted 
of: Arthur E. Gorman representing the War Utilities 
Subcommittee, and Anthony J, Fischer and Arthur V* 
Sheridan representing We'"Safety and 
oommittee of TIIC (U.S.). This group was later sup- 
plemented by Lt. Col* Joseph I. Gilbert. SnC., repre- 
senting CIOS and the Surgeon Generali's Office, U. S. 
Army, and he was assisted by Maj. Myron W. Tatiook and 
Lt. Harold P. Pfreimer, both affilialecT'with Allied 
Military Government in Germany. Major Tatlock collab- 
orated in the preparation and assembly of the final re- 
ports* 
The report represents the combined effort of 
those whose names are given above and sets forth in 
summary form a concensus concerning the subjects under 
investigation. It also contains a somewhat detailed 
account of the more important observations and record- 
ings upon which the summaries are predicated, together 
with a number of exhibits and supporting data. 
Approximately three months were consumed in 
investigating and reporting. With the restricted 
facilities available, only such locations and sources 
of Information as were known or uncovered could be 
studied and evaluated. These are referred to in the 
text as targets and include geographical regions, 
municipalities, public and private utilities, manu- 
facturing plants and products, public officials, 
operating personnel, engineers and chemists. 
The report contains data, selected from repre- 
sentative sections of Germany west of Berlin. For the 
1 purpose of facilitating review it is divided into three 
parts; Section A dealing with water supply; Section B, 
dealing with sewage treatment; and Section C, dealing 
with the treatment of industrial waste. Because of the 
limited amount of published material outside of the Ruhr 
concerning water supply practice in Germany, as compared 
with the more frequent recordings of sewage and waste 
treatment practices in that country, the former subject 
is discussed in relatively more detail. 
Considerable useful information, not incorporated 
in the text of the report because of the lack of dependable 
translation facilities, was found in limited publications 
and original records. In many instances, essential data 
incident to the design and operation of specific targets 
were not available because of loss or destruction during 
the war. 
Discussion of administrative or economic controls 
relevant to the subjects under consideration has not been 
attempted. Lack of time, together with an appreciation 
of fundamental differences in natural resources as well 
as in the political and economic structures of Germany 
and the United States, were the reasons for this omission. 
2 REPORT 
ON 
WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE, and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT 
IN GERMANY 
SECTION A 
WATER SUPPLY 
3 INDEX 
SECTION A 
WATER SUPPLY 
Page 
Summary 5-1T 
Target Reports • 18-105 
Illustrations and Diagrams 
Appendix 107-174 SECTION A 
WATER SUPPLIES 
This report deals with observations on the design, 
operation and maintenance of plant and equipment used in 
providing water supply in Germany in cities and large 
industries west of Berlin. Specifically, it includes re- 
ports on various aspects of water supply in 14 public sys- 
tems in large cities of Germany and two large industrial 
plants specializing in war production. In addition, it in- 
cludes reports of consultation with engineers, chemists, and 
representatives of equipment manufacturers primarily inter- 
ested in water works practice. While this report does not 
deal with water supply to small communities, the findings are 
considered to be representative of German water works 
practice immediately prior to and during the war. 
The investigation confirms reports that German 
water works are well designed and are operated under good 
technical supervision. Items of special interest pertain 
primarily to the development of sources of supply, espec- 
ially ground water; treatment and purification methods; and 
facilities for the collection and storage of water. 
SOURCES OF SUPPLY 
The sources of water supply for public and private 
systems in Germany vary depending on location. The country 
has an abundance of underground water; wells, springs or 
infiltration galleries. In excess of 75 percent of the public 
supplies are from such sources. The well water supplies often 
contain objectionable amounts of free carbondioxide, iron, and 
manganese, requiring treatment for their removal or reduction. 
Treatment for softening is less frequent in the case of public 
water systems than in those used for industrial purposes.. 
Surface supplies from rivers or Impounding reservoirs are 
usually filtered. 
Wells 
Wells for obtaining ground water are both shallow 
and deep, with some of intermediate depths. Shallow wells 
predominate, ranging from 10 to 15 meters (approximately 40 
to 60 feet). They are usually dug by special equipment, the 
space between the excavated section and the screen and dis- 
charge pipe being filled with various sizes of gravel, the 
largest size being near the screen. Spacing of wells, de- 
pending on underground soil conditions, the size and rated capacity of the well, ranges from 10 to several hundred 
meters. The more common spacing of shallow wells is between 
15 and 30 meters (approximately 60-120 feet). 
Screens of copper alloys are most prevalent and 
are preferred by G-erman water works engineers. Since the war, 
however, many well screens have been constructed of oast iron 
and steel covered by hard or soft rubber, a fluted and glazed 
ceramic material, and of oak wood. Screen openings are cir- 
cular or slotted, the latter being most common. Sizes Vary 
depending on local conditions. 
Shallow wells are in most oases connected in 
series by a pipe line which delivers the ground water to a 
central collecting well from which it is pumped. The diameter 
of these lines varies, depending on the capacity of the wells. 
Delivery from the wells is by gravity or a flow induced by 
maintaining a vacuum in the collecting system; the negative 
head used is determined by the rate of delivery desired. In 
one plant visited, the air lift principal was used to remove 
water. Concrete or brick basins are as a rule built around 
the upper portion of series wells, providing access to valves 
in the well discharge and collecting lines. Such basins are 
covered, sealed, and kept locked. 
Deep wells, usually operated as units, vary in 
depth from 100 to 450 meters. They are usually cased, in part 
or whole, with steel casings. Pumps used for deep wells are 
the series impeller type, or the submerged pump and motor 
type. 
Infiltration Galleries 
Infiltration galleries are of three types: 
(1) galleries constructed in rock under hills or mountains to 
intercept underground water flow, as in Munich; (2) galleries 
constructed parallel to river beds or between artificial 
surface filters for recharging ground water, as in the Ruhr 
area; and (3) galleries constructed in artificially built 
collecting areas where there is*outcropping of water in a 
valley between hills or mountains, as at the Hanna Plant 
supplying NUrnberg. In the first case, the galleries are of 
concrete, stone, or brick, with openings thru the walls to 
permit entrance of the outside water. They are usually semi- 
elliptical in shape and vary in size up to 2.0 m; equivalent 
diameter. The other type galleries are usually constructed 
of reinforced concrete, steel, or cast iron pipe with holes 
or slots of various sizes in the walls. Plow is by gravity or 
6 by induced negative head to a central well or collecting 
chamber equipped with pumping and measuring equipment. The 
depth of these galleries depends on local conditions; those 
in the Ruhr area averaging 10 meters, or 33 feet, and those 
at Raima 8 meters, (26) feet deep. 
Impounded Surface Supplies 
Typical impounded surface sources are the 
Haspetalsperre near the city of Hagen; the SBsetalsperre and 
Eokertalsperre of the Hartz Mountain Water District, supply- 
ing the city of Bremen as well as cities and villages in the 
Province of Hannover; and the Dreilagerbachtalsperre and 
Kalltasperre of the organization supplying cities, villages 
and industries in the vicinity of Aachen. The watersheds are 
usually owned in part or whole by the operating agencies and 
are not exposed to serious surface contamination. Algae 
growths in the reservoirs and occasional turbidity make it 
necessary to filter the water from such sources. Where condi- 
tions are favorable hydro-electric power plants have been 
built in connection with these supply sources. 
River Supplies 
Where river water is used it is usually filtered, 
with or without coagulation and settling; at Bremen it is 
settled and filtered in alow sand filters; at the Buna Werke 
at Schkopau, tt is settled and filtered in rapid sand filters, 
while at the munitions plant at Ebenhausen, river water was 
coagulated but not settled, and filtered in pressure filters. 
Where lake water is used, it is settled and filtered, usually 
without the use of coagulants. 
DISTRIBUTION 
German water works use cast iron, steel reinforced 
concrete, brick alone, or brick and concrete distribution 
lines. Sizes vary from 0,3 to 2,0 m in effective diameter. 
Pressure lines are usually of oast iron, steel or reinforced 
concrete. Gravity lines are frequently of three ring brick 
and concrete sections, built in place. Tunnels are both lined 
and unlined. Siphons are usually of steel, oast iron or 
reinforced concrete. 
7 PUMPING 
Pumping facilities in German water works are of 
all types. The pumping stations are well laid out and 
operated and maintenance is generally good. Recording 
equipment, modern in all respects, is generally provided 
in the larger stations for control and operation. Much new 
equipment has been installed in recent years to provide 
reserve units against the contingencies of war, and special 
equipment and construction to protect power and pumping 
units against bombing or other war damage are common. These 
usually consist of reinforced concrete or structural steel 
enclosures around individual units or groups of equipment 
and heavily reinforced concrete bunkers were provided both 
inside and outside the stations for operators on duty. 
Low lift pumping stations continue to use or hold 
in reserve for standby service a surprising number of old 
vertical and horizontal reciprocating low pressure steam 
pumps. Crank and fly wheel engines and belt drives, both 
leather and metal, with gear reducers are not at all unusual. 
There are also many plants using modern electric motor and 
steam turbine driven centrifugal pumps. High pressure pump- 
ing is usually done by electric motors or steam turbine 
centrifugal pumps. 
Auxiliary equipment in the pumping stations was 
both steam and electric and standby diesel engine driven 
generators were provided in many plants as protection against 
disrupted electric power. There were very few gasoline engine 
driven pumps in use except on small emergency units. 
TREATMENT 
Since German ground waters often contain objection- 
able amounts of free carbon dioxide, dissolved iron and 
manganese, they must be treated for domestic and industrial use. 
COg Removal 
This is done to prevent corrosion of pipes and the 
solution of lead in service pipes. In 1930, Leipzig exper- 
ienced an outbreak of lead poisoning, includingso serious and 
200 minor oases because of high percentage free carbon 
dioxide in the water from its Carnitz plant. In most large 
plants the water is treated with hydrated lime using the 
Btloher process, in which a milk of lime solution is prepared 
and pumped into large tanks through which all or part of the 
water passes. The equipment used applies the lime in propor- 
tion to both the flow and 002 removal desired and the pre— 
carbonates resulting from the treatment are dis- 
charged intermittently from the treating tanks. 
8 At the Buna Werke plant in SchKopau, carbon dioxide 
was removed from the drinking water in cone shaped tanks - 
”spinaction” - charged with quartz and marble dust. The 
milk of lime solution was pumped into the tank and as a 
result of the reaction with the water calcium carbonate built 
up on these media until beads were formed. When they reached 
a certain size they were removed and the tank- was recharged 
with the fine dust. 
Iron Removal 
It is customary in Germany to remove iron from 
public water supplies to less than .05 ppm. This is accomplished 
by filtration in slow, rapid sand, or pressure filters after 
aeration to oxidize the iron in solution. The most common 
method of aeration is by gravity fall from an elevated 
collecting basin through distributor pipes onto specially 
stacked bricks. Usually the aerated water is settled in receiv- 
ing tanks under the aerators or in other tanks prior to filtra- 
tion. The settling periods vary from I*o to 2*o hours. By this 
method up to 75 percent of the iron is removed prior to 
filtration. 
In advance of downflow over brick aerators at Hagen 
the water is aerated by cascading downward from the inflow 
manifolds over staggered planks and into the distributor pans. 
In a small suburban plant near Leipzig the water is dropped 
through distributing pipes seven feet to splash plates and is 
collected in pans and redistributed over the brick aerators by 
a series of pipes having holes in the bottom. 
At Kassel air is pumped into the well water for 
iron removal prior to filtration in a pressure filter using 
fine marble sand as a filter medium. Iron is also removed in 
double pressure filters; one unit with a coarse filter medium 
and upflow of the water serves as a contact chamber, the 
other with downflow through finer material is used to remove 
the flocculated iron not retained in the contact chamber. 
Both units are cleaned by backwashing. 
Manganese Removal 
The use of pressure and rapid sand filters with 
a calcined dolomite filter media consisting of magnesium oxide, 
and magnesium and calcium carbonate is common. This filter 
medium, mixed in a natural state in Russia, must be replaced 
about every 6 to 8 years. Treatment to precipitate magnesium 
hydroxide by excess lime treatment was not.used In any _ 
visited. 
9 Softening 
The waters of German plants visited vary in hard- 
ness from 10-SO ppm in the surface water to 500 ppm in well 
and river water at Stuttgart. The range of hardness for most 
of the shallow well waters is between 100 and 200 ppm. No 
treatment plants for softening were seen except those for 
boiler feed and special processing at industrial plants where 
Zeolite softeners were used. 
Filtration 
With the exception of water collected from infiltra- 
tion galleries most water supplies in the German cities visited 
were being filtered. Operation and maintenance of these plants 
is generally good. The use of coagulants is the exception 
rather than the rule. Several plants which normally do not 
coagulate the water prior to filtration use aluminum sulphate 
when the raw water is highly turbid. Only one plant used any 
other coagulant. This was at a munitions plant in Ebenhausen 
where river water used for industrial purposes was coagulated 
with ferric Chloride. At the same plant well water for 
domestic use was treated with aluminum sulphate. 
Chemical storage and mixing practices in Germany 
are similar to those in the XJ.S, Although handling in bulk 
was more by manual than with mechanical equipment, cranes and 
conveyors were seen, but no vacuum systems were observed. 
Batch mixing is common. Mechanical stirring is general. 
Measurement is both gravimetric and volumetric. Rotometers 
are used in many plants. Duplicate equipment is not unusual. 
Rate of application in proportion to flow is both automatic 
and manual. Solution tanks are of steel, concrete and wood 
with linings of hard and soft rubber, porcelain and wood. 
Chemical piping is made of lead, bakelit©-, plastics, hard 
rubber and steel with rubber or porcelain linings. Chemical 
feed pumps are lined with bakelite and plastic. At the Osterode 
plant in the Hartz Mountains, the chemical solution is filtered 
before being pumped to control devises. 
Slow mixing,10-20 minutes by vertical mechanical 
stirrers^was used in- the BAMAG type rapid sand filter plant at 
the Hagen Hengstey plant. Mixing was accomplished at the Hagen 
Haspetalsperre plant of the WABAG type by the hydraulic pump 
principle. 
Around-the-end mixers were used at the Hartz Mt. 
Oeterode plant,- 
10 German practice leans toward the use of pressure 
roughing filters in lieu of settling basins prior to rapid 
sand filtration, but settling basins are usually provided 
with settling time varying from one to two hours where filtra- 
tion is for iron removal. Settling basins are used in advance 
of slow sand filters at Bremen where Weser River water, sub- 
ject to high turbidities, is treated without the use of 
coagulants. Tanks with a settling period of one hour preceded 
rapid sand filtration at the Buna Werke plant in Shokopau. 
Settling basins are of reinforced concrete and brick construc- 
tion with and without covers. Mechanical scraping mechanisms 
for removal of settling basin sludges were seen at but one 
plant; the Buna Werke at Schkopau. 
Slow sand filters seen were all covered excepting 
those at Bremen. Rates vary widely, depending on the quality 
of the raw water, the size of the sand, and the degree of 
pre-treatment. Filter media depths vary from 1.0 to 1.5 m. 
and sand sizes from 0.5 to 1.0 mm. Cleaning of filters used 
for iron removal is effected in some oases by back flow and 
flushing to settling basins and to sewers, until the condition 
of the beds is such that they must be drained and the top sand 
cleaned. Draining and cleaning of top sand is normal practice 
in other filters. Cleaning of filter sand is accomplished by 
removal and washihg in machines outside the filters. The 
mechanically operated "Excelsior11 sand cleaner was being used 
in several plants, It was usually housed in a separate build- 
ing. At Halle,sand cleaning was done in a series of hoppers 
with injectors. Removal of sand was by wheelbarrow, cars and 
belt conveyors. 
Rapid sand gravity filters of modern designs are 
of two types, the BAMAG and the WABAG, the letters represent- 
ing the names of two large companies which design and install 
the plants. The headquarters of the fomer company is in 
Berlin; that of the other is in Breslau in the Russian area 
of occupation, and was not visited. Both use air and water 
wash. Filters are rectangular in shape with inlet gullets 
and wash water overflow weirs and gullets the long way of the 
filter. The depth of filter sand varies from 1.2 to 1.5 m. 
(47 to 59 inches). Sand sizes vary from .6 to 1.0 mm. The 
total depth of BAMAG filters is 2.0 m. (79 inches). The 
filter sand is placed on 12 inches of gravel with the filtered 
and wash water manifold pipes setting In the floor of the 
filter, the nozzle on top protruding into the coarse gravel. 
Over this is 12 inches of fine gravel overlaid with 55 inches 
of sand. The pipes in the air wash manifold are placed just 
above the coarse gravel and midway between the water nozzles. 
11 'WABAG filters have the sand placed directly on the bottom 
slab of the filter box. The slab is made in sections of 
reinforced concrete with threaded nipples oast through it 
about 3 3/4 inches on centers. The nozzle or strainer, to 
which is attached an extension pipe, is screwed into this 
nipple, the extension pipe protruding into a closed chamber 
under the filter. When washing the filter, air and water 
pumped into this chamber rises through the extension pipe to 
the nozzle and into the filter bed. Slots in the side of 
the pipe provide outlets for the air and water. 
Washing of filters appeared to be effective. No 
plant reported the formation of mud balls in the filter beds. 
Both BAMAG and WABAG'use nozzles of copper and ceramic 
material. No surface filter wash equipment was seen in 
Germany. Sludge from settling basins was usually settled 
before being discharged to sewers or water ways. Sludge not 
disposed of in this manner was usually air dried in lagoons. 
The modern rapid sand filters are well laid out 
with wide operating galleries and narrow inspection galleries 
around groups of filters. Some plants have central galleries 
with filters on either side,and others have filters on but 
one side of the gallery. Pipe galleries are well arranged, 
light and dry., Filter plants are equipped with unit operating 
tables with hydraulicaly operated control and operating valves. 
They are equipped with rate controllers, loss of head gauges 
and flow measuring devices, all with and without recording 
mechanisms. In the newer plants side windows in the filter 
rooms are blue glass to prevent algae growths on the filters. 
Clear wells are under and adjacent to the filters. Sight 
wells into lighted areas of the clear well are used. In one 
plant at Osterode the turbidity of the water from each filter 
i-s measured at 10 minute intervals by a photo electric cell 
and a record of the results is registered automatically on a 
time sheet. 
Thb type steel shell rapid sand filters were seen 
at three plants. Two of these used mechanical rankes and the 
other one air and water for cleaning and washing. 
Pressure filters are used for both pre-and final 
filtration in conjunction with both rapid and slow sand niters 
Single, double and triple deck pressure filters are used. They 
are usually 1.5 to 2.0 m. in diameter with sand depths of 1 m. 
in each unit. Sand sizes vary from .6 to 1.0 mm. Wash is by 
air and water or water and mechanical rakes. Normal rates are 
from 2.0 to 3.5 gallons per square ft. per minute, depending 
on conditions. 
12 Chlorination 
German water works operators do not give the 
attention to chlorination that is considered good practice 
in the U.S. Ground waters are usually of good quality and 
do not require much chlorine. Usually from 0.1 to 0.2 ppm 
is applied to the water entering filtered water reservoirs. 
Residual chlorine is rarely found in any distribution system. 
Except at Stuttgart where super-chlorination and dechlorina- 
tion is practiced, the largest amount of chlorine applied to 
filtered water is 0.6 ppm at the Tegel plant in Berlin. It 
is customary at this plant to use ammonium sulphate with the 
chlorine to form chloramines. The ratio of chlorine to 
ammonia used is 2:1. An effort is made to carry about 0.4 
residual chloramine in the reservoir from which water is 
pumped to the system* 
Chlorination equipment is not as well maintained 
as in the U.S. In general, it is not well housed. Separate 
rooms for the chlorine and the chlorine control equipment is 
rare. Chlorine in large capacity containers, equivalent to 
the ton containers used in the U.S., was observed at only two 
plants. Periodic weighing of cylinders, to check the opera- 
tion of chlorine control equipment, is rare. Hourly records 
of chlorine applied and residual tests are not customary. 
Duplicate chlorinating units were observed at several plants. 
Automatically controlled ohlorinators were seen at one plant 
in Berlin and one at Osterode. The use of rotometers to 
measure the flow of chlorine gas was observed at several plants. 
The Stuttgart water works has the most interesting 
chlorination plant seen in Germany. Here super-chlorination 
(5 to 9 ppm), is followed by dechlorination through, granular 
activated carbon filters. Dechlorination was being-practiced 
at only one other plant - in the drinking water system at the 
Buna Werke at Schkopau where the water was deohlorinated by 
passing it through a granular carbon pressure filter. 
QUALITY 
The quality of German water supplies as delivered 
to the consumer is generally good; although in many cities it 
is very hard. Free carbon dioxide in well waters often ranges 
from 40 to 60 ppm, and is removed or reduced by treatment with 
milk of lime as previously described. Iron is common in well 
waters, ranging from 0.5 to 2*o ppm; it is removed to less 
than .05 ppm and often from 0.01 to 0.02 ppm. Manganese in 
well water may be as high as 1.0 ppm and is almost entirely 
13 removed. The hardness of German water is largely temporary 
or carbonate hardness, although there are exceptions where 
sulphate hardness is high. Public water supplies vary in 
degrees of hardness from 10 to 500 ppm the more common range 
being from 100 to 200 ppm. German water supply has apH 
range of from 7.2 to 8.5. 
Micro-organisms of the types experienced in the 
U.S., are commontin surface waters in Germany. Their growth 
is watched carefully and treatments are adjusted accordingly. 
The use of algaecides was not reported at any plant. Copper 
and copper compounds are expensive and have not been readily 
available during the past decade. Biologic pollution of 
German water supplies at the source is not heavy except in 
the case of use of river water. Even without chlorination the 
quality of water produced at most plants after filtration is 
baoteriologically of excellent quality. Plants in the larger 
cities maintain their own chemical and bacteriological 
laboratories, and the technical control over the treatment is 
good. Public health officials also collect and analyze 
samples from the plants and the distribution systems. 
STORAGE 
Water is stored in underground reservoirs both at 
treatment plants and at elevated points in the distribution 
system. The construction of these plants if of brick and con- 
crete and much attention is given to protecting these structures 
against trespassers and contamination. Entrance doors are kept 
locked and frequently double doors are used. The structures 
are usually covered, mounded and turfed or covered with plant- 
ings of small trees and shrubs to conceal them. They are well 
ventilated. 
Storage reservoirs in Kassel, Mrnberg and Munich 
were exceptional in attention given to details of beauty in 
appearance, accessibility for inspection, lighting, effective- 
ness of control, and prevention of deterioration of metal 
facilities, such as gates, valves and piping. The white 
finish of the concrete, white and light yellow tiling of the 
entrance and control rooms, and the inspection galleries with 
ample and effective lighting, all gave to the visitor a very 
good impression of the care used in assuring the safety of the 
water to the consumer. At Ntlrnberg, a visitor must put on 
special felt shoes over his regular ones before he is permitted 
to enter the reservoir. 
14 The use of non-corrosive metal in the construction 
of doors, gates, valves and control equipment, has reduced 
to a minimum both maintenance and the necessity of workmen 
entering the reservoir. Much attention was given during the 
war to camouflaging both underground and surface water storage 
reservoirs. Inlet and outlet valves and control mechanisms 
are well housed in rooms separated from the water storage 
space. Both mechanically and hand operated valve controls 
were observed. A unique practice at Munich was to collect 
drainage water from the reservoir in a separate basin and 
discharge it into wells from which underground aquifiers in 
the valley were recharged. 
Elevated tanks are usually of steel construction, 
covered and enclosed in attractive brick tower-like buildings. 
There is often a booster pumping station in the building, and 
in several Instances the quarters of the caretaker and his 
family were also in the tower building. 
DISTRIBUTION 
SlSft 
Cast Iron pipe is the common material used in 
water distribution systems in Germany, although in recent 
months considerable steel pipe has been used in making repairs. 
In general, it may be said that 90 percent of the distribution 
systems in cities visited were of oast iron. Sizes range 
from 80 mm up to 700 or 800 mm. Hub and spigot pipe with lead 
joints was formerly used almost exclusively. In recent years 
a special screwed nipple and rubber gasket type of joint has 
come into wide use. It consists of a threaded nipple screwed 
into the bell of one pipe to squeeze a rubber gasket around 
the end of the companion pipe which is straight ended. This 
pipe can be used to make a quick repair and was being used 
extensively to repair damage to distribution systems as a 
result of bombing. The design permits considerable longitudinal 
adjustment at the joint and a degree of curvature which cannot 
be readily obtained with bell and spigot pipe with rigid jute 
and lead joints. Under the impact of bombing oast iron pipe 
fractured into many prices, but the damage usually stopped at 
a joint. 
Steel pipe joints are both welded and coupled using 
rubber compound ring gaskets. Steel pipe was badly damaged 
as a result of bombing. The pipe was bent and twisted and 
often ruptured. At Munich, where damage to transmission and 
distribution mains was especially heavy, it was reported that 
often after a steel pipe had been repaired, leak# previously 
15 noticed were discovered in adjacent sections on either side 
of the bomb crater. It was the opinion of the city 
engineers interviewed that a pressure wave passed through 
the pipe at the time of the bomb impact and caused the pipe 
to fail at places by collapse or rupture. Cement asbestos 
pipe had not been used to any great extent in any of the 
cities visited. 
Valves 
German valves are similar in general design to 
those used in the U.S. 
Hydrants 
Two general types of hydrants are used in Germany: 
(1) the underground, and (2) the above ground. The former is 
much more widely used, but the tendency is toward the latter, 
especially in the industrial and high property value sections 
of the large cities and also at large industrial plants built 
in recent years. The fire department officials definitely 
favor the "above ground" hydrant. 
Objections to the use of the underground hydrant 
are based on these facts: (1) the cover is flush with the 
street or sidewalk and an extension pipe with a bayonet type 
of fitting must be slipped over the outlet of the hydrant 
before it may be used, and (2) difficulty is experienced with 
freezing unless the riser pipes are wrapped by insulation. 
Service Pipes 
Lead was formerly used for service pipes but now 
galvanized iron pipe is preferred. Very little copper tubing 
is used as this metal is not only quite expensive but has 
been difficult to obtain since the war. 
Meters 
Water services are practically all metered. The 
most common meter used is the disc type, "In-line" meters 
are used in the larger service. Hard rubber and plastic are 
used for discs and impellers. Gears made of an impregnated 
fibre were used in some of the meters seen. 
16 WAR DAMAGE 
The water systems of Germany have been damaged 
heavily as a result of the war actions - especially bombing. 
All units have been affected, but the greatest toll was in 
destruction of principal transmission and distribution mains. 
Some idea of the. destruction of these facilities may be 
obtained from the number of breaks reported in certain large 
cities, as follows: 
Cit^ 
Kilometers of Pipe 
in Distribution System 
Number of Breaks 
in 
Distribution System 
Essen 
1,000 
2,000 
Munioh 
1,700 
1,860 
Bremen 
1,200 
1,200 
Mtlrnberg 
677 
1,200 
Halle 
362 
200 
Hagen 
60 
200 
The extent of damage in cities is of interest. 
In Essen, as much as 2 percent of the total length of pipe in 
the distribution system was destroyed. At Ntlrnberg, four of 
the five transmission mains between the principal source of 
supply and the city were damaged. Destruction of transmission 
mains by bombing and as a result of demolition by the retreat- 
ing Germans caused many cities to be without water in several 
sections of their system for many weeks. Typical examples 
were Hagen, Bremen and Ntlrnberg, 
Damage to filtration plants was not great. Bremen 
was an exception, however, because in spite of extensive 
camouflage, 11 of 22 show sand filters, one of two settling 
basins, and a clear well were put out of service at the time 
this plant was visited. 
Damage to pumping stations, one of the most vulner- 
able units of a water works system, was not extensive, except 
in the case of industrial plants where intensive bombing was 
carried out. The Leuna chemical plant was a good example. 
The many emergency measures taken by the Germans 
to maintain water supply for the bare necessities of community 
life were extremely interesting, but are not properly a part 
of this report* 
17 DETAILED TARGET REPORTS 
TARGET NO.A-1 
Name: City of Leipzig Water Works 
Location: Leipzig and vicinity 
Dates Visited; June 1, E, 4, 1945 
Persons Interviewed; Paul Sierpert, obermaster, Tbekla W. 
Wks., Paul Matthes, obermaster, 
Probstheide W. Wks., W, D. Pfeiffer, 
director, Leipzig W. Wks. 
Interviewed By; A. E. Gorman 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
The population of Leipzig in 1940 was 750,000. 
In June 1945, the estimated population was 350,000, with an 
additional 100,000 in the suburbs. The central section of 
the city and even the suburban areas were seriously damaged 
by aerial bombing and public utility facilities suffered 
heavily. Damage to principal water mains and sewers was 
especially heavy. Records of the water system were destroyed 
by fire and were not available. 
Sources of Supply 
All water in the Leipzig area is from wells. The 
entire region is underlain with sand and gravel which is 
saturated with water. Ground water recession is not common. 
system are: 
Year put in 
No. of 
Hated capacity 
Plant 
Operation 
wells 
m3 per day 
Naunliof I 
1886 
212 
30,000 
Naunhof II 
1895 
221 
30,000 
Canitz 
1912 
400 
60,000 
Thallwitz 
1929 
58 
40,000 
The principal sources of supply for the city water 
The Oanitz and Thallitz plants were in the 
Russian area of occupation and were not visited. ' 
18 In the suburban areas around the city there 'are 
seven water systems each supplied by wells. These systems 
are interconnected with the Leipzig system, but normally 
supply only the local area in the vicinity of the plant. 
shese seven systems serve about 100,000 people and supply an 
average of 15,000 m 3 per day. 
Wells used for public supplies are usually 12 to 
15 meters deep. Before the war, screens of copper alloys were 
used with discharge pipes of cast iron but because of the 
shortage of copper, screens installed in the more recent wells 
were made of fluted glazed ceramic material. Outside the 
screen the well is packed with graded gravel, medium and small. 
Above the screens the well is packed with gravel. The wells 
are operated under a partial vacuum. The valve pits at ground 
level are of reinforced concrete and/or brick construction. 
Covers are of oast iron, well sealed and locked. The collect- 
ing pipes between wells are oast iron. The water is delivered 
to a central receiving well from which the pumps take suction, 
discharging either to the treatment plants or to the city. 
Many industries in Leipzig have private wells, and 
at various points throughout the city there are wells from 
which water can be obtained using hand pumps. There were about 
200 of these wells before the war. 
Treatment 
Naunhof: There are two plants at Naunhof, No.l and 
11. Wells, about 10 m. deep, are the source of supply. The N0.3 
plant was the first ground water supply developed in Germany. 
The water is treated with lime to remove COg (64 ppm), and thus 
prevent corrosion of the three large oast iron mains, diameters 
1.0, 0.8 and 0,8 m. , through which the water is pumped from 
this source to the Probstheide treatment plant 12 Km distant. 
Treatment is accomplished by pumping a saturated solution of 
hydrated lime into four pressure tanks in which it is mixed 
with water. 
Canitgs (not visited). The wells at this 
are 14-18 m. deep. The water contains COg (60 ppm) , and also 
0,5-0.6 ppm manganese, but no objectionable amounts of iron. 
It is treated with lime in the same manner as at Naunhof to 
remove the Cog, and the manganese is reduced to 0.1 ppm in 
12 Mangan triple decked filters. Chlorine (011 ppm) is used 
periodically. The treated water from this plant is pumped 
through concrete and cast iron conduits, diameter 1,1 m., to 
the Machern reservoir (covered) 13.0 Km distant, from which it 
Clows by gravity to the storage reservoirs at Probstheide-- fer 
distribution without further treatment. 
19 Probstheide: The lime treated water from the Naunhof 
plants is filtered at Probstheide without aeration to remove 
iron. <'There are two covered slow sand filters each divided 
into 12 sections. The total sand area is approximately 
2,310 m 2. The average rate of filtration is 48,000 m 3 per day 
or a gross rate of 2017 m 3 per day per m 2 of filter area. This 
is equivalent to about 23.3 million gallons per acre per day. 
The filter sand is 1.5 m deep, and is placed over 1,0 m of 
graded gravel. The filters are backwashed once a week to a 
settling tank which drains to the sewers. Sand is removed from 
each filter unit and cleaned about once in eight years. 
Thailwitz: (not visited). This plant, built in 
1929, has a capacity of 40,000 m 3 per day. The well water con- 
tains 40-50 ppm of Cog, 0.8-1.0 ppm of manganese and a 
negligible amount of soluble iron. The water is aerated to 
reduce Cog to 12.0 ppm, using pressure nozzles. There are 
eight open Mangan filters, four on each side of a gallery, 
used to reduce the manganese to 0.1 ppm. Each filter has an 
area of 48 m 3 (4 x 12), and filter media depth of 1.5 m. The 
average diameter of the sand is 1.0 mm. Chlorine is applied to 
the filtered water when necessary. 
In the suburban plants the well water is treated 
as touxows: 
Plant 
Treatment 
Grosszsoh&lchern 
Chlorination 
Leutsoh 
tt 
Wohren (1) 
Iron-and manganese 
removal; chlorination 
Wohren (2) 
Iron and manganese 
removal; chlorination 
Mockau 
Iron removal; 
chlorination 
Schonefeld 
Iron removal 
Paunsdorf 
Iron removal 
Pumping 
Three old horizontal fly Mieel reciprocating steam 
pumps are used in each of the two Naunhof plants. Their 
capacity As 14,400 m 3 per day. At Canitz there are two low 
lift steam pumps (34,500 and 55,000 m 3 per day capacity), and 
two high pressure...electric driven centrifugal pumps each of 
30,000 m 3 per day capacity.' The Thallwitz plant has two 
motor driven centrifugal pumps each with a capacity of 20,000 
m 3 per day. The Probstheide station has motor and diesel 
20 engine driven booster pumps for service to high pressure 
areas. Other booster pumping stations are operated at 
strategic points in the system. The diesels are standby 
units and were used when there were power interruptions 
during the war. 
Distribution 
The system contains 900 kilometers of cast iron 
pipes. Sizes vary from 1200 mm to 80 mm in diameter. The 
most common sizes of pipes are 100, 150 and 200 mm in diameter, 
representing about 60$ of the total length of the system. 
There are approximately 1200 hydrants in the system, 10$ of 
which are underground. Above ground hydrants are used in the 
high property areas and in the vicinity of new wsr plants. 
They are preferred by the fire department because of capacity 
and accessibility in winter. During cold winters some diffi- 
culty is experienced with freezing of the underground hydrants. 
This is minimized by winding the riser pipes with rope dipped 
in a bituminous compound. (See IPig. A-l-a). 
Service pipes are of lead and galvanized iron. 
Bakelite, plastic and porcelain have been tried but were not 
satisfactory. All services are metered. 
Storage 
The principal storage point in the city is at the 
Probstheide plant. There the locally filtered water from the 
Naunhof stations and the filtered water from the Canitz plant 
is mixed and storied in 10 reservoirs with a total capacity 
of 82,000 m 3. Plow to the city is by gravity. There is a 
steel elevated tank at th 4 Probstheide plant (see Pig.A-l-b), 
which houses both the booster pumping station and the 
elevated tank serving the higher section of the city. Pressures 
in the city range from 40 to 60 psi. 
Storage of filtered water at the Canitz and 
Thallwitz treat-plants is in underground covered reservoirs. 
The capacities are 1500 and 2000 nr, respectively. 
Quality 
The water in the city is normally of good sanitary 
quality, chemically and baoteriologically. However, due to 
the high Cog content of the water and the large number of lead 
service pipes in the system, there was in 1930, an outbreak of 
50 severe and 200 minor oases of lead poisoning among citizens. 
The use of lime to remove COg was inaugurated after this out- 
break, and now only galvanized iron service pipes are used. 
21 There are laboratories at the Probstheide, Canitz 
and Thallwitz plants. Bacterial tests are made daily. The 
health department normally collects samples from 20 points 
in the distribution system every other day. Considering the 
number of breaks in the mains the reported results of 
bacterial analyses of samples from the distributing systems 
were surprisingly good, but because of limited facilities 
enough samples were not being taken to be representative of 
the condition of the water supplied consumers in all sections 
of the city. 
War Damage 
The transmission and distribution systems were 
seriously damaged as a result of war actions^especially by 
bombing. There were periods when large areas of the city 
were without water except that supplied at special water points 
and under emergency conditions. Tire service was inadequate 
to cope with war conditions even though there were numerous 
static water storage points in the city. 
The most serious damage resulted from breaks in 
transmission lines to the city. On April 6, 1945, four bombs 
dropped in an open field near the village of Grosspossna about 
6 kilometers from Naunhof, and broke two of the three double 
ring brick gravity conduits which deliver water to the 
Probstheide station. (See Pig. A-l-c). The bombs created 
craters about 300 yards apart. The cover over the conduits 
was sand and clay. (See Pig. A-l-d). The following is a 
summary of conditions at these points of damage: 
Crater 
No. 
Conduits 
Broken 
Diameter of Crater 
in Feet 
Cover over 
Conduits in Feet 
1 
1 
30 
7 
2 
1 
30 
7 
3 
2 
30 
8 
4 
2 
90 
12 
Fortunately, at the time of this bombing the 
Probstheide reservoirs were full and by conserving water the 
supply to the city was not exhausted. The conduits (gravity 
flow) were repaird temporarily by constructing wooden flumes. 
They were under repair at the time of inspection on June 2, 
1945. 
It was reported that one of the two 1.1 cast iron 
and reinforced concrete conduits from the Canitz plant was 
also damaged as a result of this attack. The site of the 
damage was not visited as it was in territory occupied.by 
the Russians. 
22 The rollowing table, obtained from reports on 
file at the Military Government, shows the amount of water 
which. was supplied progressively to the Leipzig system first 
from-the auxiliary and later from the major sources of supply, 
following occupating by American forces: 
Supply of Water to Leipzig from Various 
Sources Following Bombing of April 6,1945 
Source 
Thousand 
cubic meters 
April 27: 
April 30 
: May 30 : 
June 8 
Naunbof I 
0 
0 
29.2 
29.8 
Naunhof II 
0 
0 
28.0 
16.7 
Canitz 
0 
30 
42.0 
21.0 
Thallwitz 
0 
0 
0 
19.1 
Probstheide(Filters) 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Suburbs (Wells) 
17 
17 
13.0 
13.0 
Industries (Wells) 
12 
31 
6.0 
3.0 
Emergency Wells 
20 
_? 
? 
? 
Total 
49 
78 
118.2 
102.6 
Percent of Normal 
37.0 
59.0 
90.0 
77.5 
As a war emergency measure,the city constructed 
42 wells of the type shown in Fig. A-l-e, from which in 
emergencies water could be obtained to supplement the normal 
public water service. Pumping from these wells could be by 
hand at neighborhood water points (see Fig. A-l-f), or by 
gasoline or diesel engine driven pumps (see Fig. A-l-g). 
These portable pumps were used to pump (1) directly into the 
city mains through hydrants; (2) to temporary above-ground 
emergency systems - hose or quick joint steel pipes; (3) to 
water tanks, or (4) to fire fighting equipment. Water build- 
ings and established water points for public use were also 
supplied, using hose attached to fire hydrants. (See 
Fig. A-l-h). 
Points of Special Interest 
Points of particular interest in the Leipzig water 
works system were: (1) the treatment of the water by a solu- 
tion (milk of lime) of calcium hydrate; (E) the removal of 
manganese in pressure or gravity filters; (3) the use of 
emergency wells during the war to supplement the normal sources; 
23 (4) the emergency pumping facilities for use when- the system 
was damaged; (5) the protection of underground hydrants 
from freezing; (6) the breaks by bombs of the principal 
sewers (see Fig. A-l-i, j, and k), and (7) the damage and 
method of temporary repair to large transmission mains also 
broken by bombs. 
24 TARGET NO. A-2 
Name: Halle Water Works 
Location: Halle 
Date Visited: June 6, 7, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Schmidt, director, Heuerman, chief engineer 
Interviewed By: A. E. Gorman 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
In 1940 Halle had a population of 220,000. It is 
an industrial city that was seriously damaged hy several heavy 
bombing attacks. The city required an average daily supply of 
35,100 or 43 gallons per capita. 
Sources of Suppl 
The supply is from 395 wells, 10 m deep and spaced 
27 m apart, located in low land lying between the Elster and 
Salle Rivers in the village of Beeson, about 5 miles south of 
the city. The well screens are 150 mm diameter, 200 mm long 
and are made of copper covered with tin. The slots are vertical, 
2 inches long, l/ 8 inch wide and spaced li inches apart. Water 
from the wells is brought into ,a central collecting well across 
the Elster from the plant, by four oast iron mains 750 mm in 
diameter. The wells have a total capacity of 55,000 m 3 per day. 
The field was first developed 40 years ago, but the number of 
wells has been increased from time to time. 
Treatment 
The well water contains iron (.4-.25 ppm) and 
manganese (.5-.36 ppm), which is removed by aeration and filtra- 
tion. It is pumped to a central well in the aerator house where 
it enters a steel plate manifold flume from which it is 
delivered to a series of lateral flumes discharging onto six 
aerator units. The water falls through holas spaced about 4 m 
apart, in each side of these lateral flumes onto three wooden 
planks arranged in steps or cascades over a fall of about 
18 inches, is collected in shallow pans about 4x6 feet in area, and discharged from there onto stacks of brick. The 
bricks are stacked, one layer flat and the next standing 
sideways, with openings about 2 inches between each brick. 
The fall through these stacked bricks is 4 meters. They are 
removed, dried, scraped of sludge (about 2 inches thick), and 
replaced about once in 4 years. The collecting basins under 
the brick aerators collect sludge to a depth of about 450 mm 
in a year. They are then cleaned by flushing and drainage to 
the river. The proportion of oxidized iron and manganese 
sludge removed was estimated to be 25 percent on the bricks 
and 50 percent in the basin. Water discharged from the settling 
basins to the pressure filters is treated with 0,6 ppm chlorine. 
This quantity is increased as necessary Mien the well fields 
are flooded. 
There are 5 reinforced concrete rapid sand gravity 
filters each sm. in diameter. The sand depth is 1.0 m. and 
the size 1.0 mm. Each filter is rated to operate at an average 
rate equivalent to about 2.0 gallons per sq. ft/min. The rate, 
however, is frequently exceeded. The filters have peripheral 
inlet and wash water troughs, and are equipped with rate of 
flow and loss of headgauges. During washing the sand is 
agitated by revolving rakes moving at a speed of one revolution 
in 10 minutes. They are cleaned about once in 10 days. Valve 
operation is manual. Algae growth on the filter is prevented 
by the use of green glass in the windows of the filter house. 
After rapid sand filtration the water is passed 
through slow sand filters. There are six of these filters each 
6x25 m. in area. It was reported that each has a rated 
capacity of 3000 m 3 per day, or the equivalent of 21.5 million 
U.S. gallons per acre per day. The sand is 1.0 m. deep; its 
size is about 0.5 mm. About 2 cm of "sohmutzdecke" are cleaned 
from each filter once in three weeks. The filter sand is 
removed and cleaned annually. Cleaning is by flow through a 
series of four hoppers with water injectors at the base. This 
machine will clean 20 m 6 in a 10 hour day with one operator and 
four car and shovel men. Water pressure for the injectors is 
about 100 pounds per square inch. 
Filtered water is stored at the plant in a covered 
reservoir of 14,000 m 3 capacity. 
Pumping 
The low lift pumps from the collecting well to the 
aerators consist of one new motor driven deep well pump of 
38,400 m 3 per day capacity and three vertical crank and fly 
wheel steam engine driven reciprocating pumps each ®f 12,000 m 
26 per day capacity. Three old pumps, two of which were 
installed in 1897, were operated in May when there was a 
shutdown of electric power. 
The high pressure pumps are two motor 
centrifugal units of 16,700 and 21,600 m 3 per day capacity 
respectively. There are also two 40 year old crank and fly 
wheel horizontal steam engine driven pumps each of 10,800 m , 
used only for standby service. The high pressure pumps are 
operated at a pressure of 80 atmospheres (118 psi) at the 
pumps. 
There are five principal transmission mains from 
the plant to the city. Four are cast iron 700, 600, 450 and 
390 mm in diameter, and a fifth 650 mm in diameter is of 
reinforced concrete. 
Distribution 
Water is pumped from the plant directly to the 
city system.. The system consists of 362. kilometers of cast 
iron pipe ranging from 500 to 80 mm. Sixty percent of the 
pipe length is in the 80-200 mm range.„ There are three steel 
elevated storage tanks which float on the system. They are 
enclosed in attractive brick towers. Their capacities are 
1200, 2000 and 3000 m 3 respectively. The pressure in the 
distribution system is about 50 psi. There are approximately 
4000 fire hydrants. 
Quality 
The following table summarizes the chemical quality 
of the well water before and after treatment: 
. 
Before Treatment 
After Treatment 
ppm 
ppm 
Ph 
7.10 
7.50 
Manganese 
•5-.36 
0 
Iron 
.25-.40 
.06 
Hardness 
- 
247.0 
The bacterial quality was reported to be excellent 
in normal times. Records of recent bacteriological analyses 
were not available at the time of inspection. 
27 War Damage 
There were' 200 breaks in the distribution system 
mostly the resy.lt of bombing. The breaks varied in size from 
10-30 meters in length. It was estimated that 2 kilometers 
were destroyed, which is *55 percent of the total length of 
pip© in the system. 
Three of the five transmission mains - the 700, 
600 and 450 mm. cast iron lines - were broken. Fortunately, 
by conservation it was possible to maintain service through 
t£e other two. This limited the use of water to about 
12.5 liters (3.3 gals.) per capita per day. 
For emergency water supply during the war, the 
city built 60 brick and concrete open storage tanks at various 
locations in the city from which water was pumped for fire 
fighting and for emergency service to overground pipe and hose 
laid to numerous water points. The total capacity of these 
tanks was. 65,000 m 3 or equivalent to 45 hours normal require- 
ments. The water treatment plant was not destroyed. 
Items of Special Interest 
This system has nothing of special importance to 
American and British water works officials. The completeness 
of treatment, the aeration plant and the sand washers are of 
general interest. 
28 TARGET NO. A-3 
Name; Buna Werke Water Works 
Location; Sohkopau 
Date Visited: June 8, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Bechdolt, Mains, Gaydoul 
Interviewed By; A. E. Gorman 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
This plant, located about 7 miles south of Halle, 
manufactures synthetic rubber and rubber products. When 
operating at capacity about 12,000 persons were employed, 
half of whom were slave laborers living in a nearby camp. 
The plant was put into operation in 1936, and enlarged pro- 
gressively for war production. Several units were damaged 
by bombs but generally the destruction of facilities was not 
great. This plant was selected as a target because of its 
modern water supply, treatment process, and related equipment. 
Sources of Supply 
There are three principal and separate water systems 
at this plant known as: (1) drinking, (2) cooling and (3) plant 
Data regarding each are summarized in the following table: 
Water Systems at 
Buna Werke - 
Sohkopau 
Water 
system 
;Year put : 
: in : 
;operation: 
Source 
• • 
• • 
: Treatment : 
• % 
• • 
Output in: 
m3 aver-; 
age ; 
Day 
maximum 
Drinking 
1943 
Wells 
COg, Fe and 
Mon.removalo 
Dig 
1,680 
3,360 
Cooling 
1933 
Wells 
None 
4,800 
7,200 
Plant 
1936 
Salle River 
mtr.-oia 
240,000 
336,000 
Drinking Water: When the plant was first operated 
in 1936, drinking water for employees at the plant and in 
their homes was obtained from the system of the town Qf 
29 Tratler. This water was not of good quality so wells 11-13 m, 
deep were constructed near the plant and the Salle River using 
screens ofceramics2oo mm. in diameter. The wells are operated 
under a vacuum system discharging through cast iron collect- 
ing pipes to a central receiving well from which the water is 
pumped for treatment. The capacity of each well varies from 
8 to 12 m 3 per hour, depending on the elevation of the adjacent 
river. 
The drinking water receives preliminary treatment 
for the removal of carbon dioxide, iron, and manganese after 
which it is stored in two ground reservoirs each of 300 
capacity. From these reservoirs it is pumped to the distribu- 
tion systems which supply the plant, the nearby housing 
communities for the plant operators and executives , and to the 
labor camp. In 1944, the average use of this domestic water 
was 164 liters (43.5 gallons) per person per day. 
Cooling Water: Fourteen wells similar to the 
drinking water wells provide water for the cooling water system 
This water is not treated. The temperature of the well water 
varies from 12° to 6vO°C, whereas the temperature of the 
Salle River water is from 28° to 2.o°C* 
Plant Water: This water comes from the river where 
water enters a forbay protected against current action by a 
sheet piling wall which prevents deposits of sand from the 
river bed. The water is screened through two sets of duplicate 
revolving screens which are automatically cleaned. (Figs. 
A-3-a-b-T. It is electrically heated to prevent ice troubles 
in winter. The inlet screen basin construction is such that if 
one pair of screens is out of order, water to both inlets can 
pass through the other set of screens. The screened water 
flows by gravity through two steel pipes (2.2 m. diameter) to 
the low lift pumps in the main pumping station from which it is 
delivered to the settling basin operated in conjunction with 
the filtration plant. 
Treatment 
Drinking; Water: The drinking water is treated for 
COg removal in a cone shaped reactor (see Fig. A-3-c), which 
is charged with very fine quartz and marble, (see Figs. A-3-d a 
and e) • The water and milk of lime is pumpedi into the bottom 
cthis tank and caused to pass up through the quartz and 
marble in a spiral flow, discharging at the top. When the 
deposition of calcium carbonate on these media increases the 
grains to 3 mm. diameter, they are removed and more fine 
30 material is added (see Figs. A-3-f and g). The water is then 
and filtered through two pressure filters for 
iron and manganese removal, and passed through two activated 
carbon filters £or polishing and removal of possible excess 
chlorine (see Fig. A-3-o). 
Plant Water 
The Salle River water, while normally reasonably 
clear, is subject to turbidity, micro-organisms and pollu- 
tion. In the summer and fall months wastes from sugar beeh 
plants, paper mills and phenols from byproduct coke plants 
are especially objectionable. There is also some sewage 
pollution in the river. It must, therefore, be treated for 
general process uses in the plant. 
The treatment consists of preliminary settling 
without coagulation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination. 
The screened river water is first pumped to six reinforced 
concrete settling basins, each with a capacity of 2400 m . 
Experiments indicate that without the use of coagulents, 
50 percent of the suspended matter is removed in these basins 
in one hour. A cable drawn mechanical scraper moves the 
settled sludge into a sump across each tank near one end. 
(Eig. A-3-h). Sludge is withdrawn through special suction 
pipes installed in the sump and to which connection is made 
to the suction of a centrifugal pump. The pump is installed 
in a special housing mounted on a chassis which travels on 
tracks across the basins and can, therefore, serve each in 
turn. Sludge is removed about once each day. 
Governmental restrictions on the discharge of 
wastes containing suspended matter into the Salle River, 
make it necessary to settle this sludge as well as the wash 
water from the filters. The settled sludge and wash water 
is delivered to two concrete receiving basins located near 
the river. Their use permits continuous operation of the 
sludge settling basin. Each receiving basin has 200 m° 
storage capacity. The sludge is concentrated by the 
Neustadter-Beoken system operating in the following manner 
(see Big. A-3-i): The stored sludge is pumped to two hori- 
zontal settling tanks each containing two parallel compart- 
ments. The side walls are vertical and the concentrating 
chamber at the bottom is V-shape. The settling period is one 
hour, and operation of the tanks is intermittant. When sludge 
is to be withdrawn long triangular blocks of concrete, sus- 
pended by cables to eyes in the apex of the block, are lowered 
to seal off the sludge compartment from the settling tank 
proper, and a sludge scraping mechanism rolling on tracks,, is 
31 then drawn by a cable through the closed Y-shaped horizontal 
hopper. At the same time, the sludge outlet valve at the 
opposite end is opened permitting the flow of sludge into a 
receiving compartment. Under the hydro-static head of water 
in the tank aided by the scraper, the concentrated sludge is 
forced out of the settling hopper. It is then pumped to four 
air drying basins. The Neustftdter-Becken tank handles 
15,000 nr of settling basin sludge and filter wash water per 
day. The supernatant liquor from the tank is discharged to 
the river. This sludge concentrating tank can be used with or 
without, coagulents. The sludge scraper consists of a flat 
plate of stdel set at an angle of about 45 degrees in a frame 
designed to pass through the temporarily closed sludge settling 
compartment with minimum clearances. After it has pushed the 
sludge out, the scraper is drawn back by reversing the direc- 
tion of the movement of the cable. Until it is ready for re- 
use it rests on top of the basin at one end. 
The rapid sand filtration plant is of the most 
modern WOBAG type. There are 16 double filters, eight on each 
side of a gallery. Construction is reinforced concrete, the 
walls of the inlet gulletsforming the long side of each filter 
box. The wash water troughs - one to a filter - are of light 
concrete construction and parallel the inlet gullets midway 
across the filter. The following table summarizes the important 
physical 'design and operating features of the filter units-; 
Units 
of Measurement 
Item 
German 
American 
Area - double filter 
150 m2 
1,614 
sq.ft. 
Length 
25 m 
82.0 
ft. 
Width - double filter 
6 nu 
19.6 
fi 
Volume of filter sand 
225 m? 
295 
cu.yds 
No. nozzles per unit of area 
90 ■ 
104 
*» " " filter 
13,500 _ 
13,500 
Normal filter capacity ea.hr. 
625 nr 
165,000 
gals. 
Max. " " ' " " 
800 m3 
211,000 
t» 
Normal* ,f " total hr. 
10,000 nr 
2,642,000 
»» 
Max. " * " w 
12,800 m3 
5,370,000 
w 
Normal ratefiltration per min. 
.7 
1.9 gals/sq.ft. 
Max. " " " " 
.89 my/ma 
2.2 gals/sq.ft. 
Normal filter runs-- hours 
12-20 
12-20 
Time of wash - min. 
10-15 
10-15 
Air used per wash 
3,000 mr 
106,000 
cu.ft. 
Wash water per -wash 
450 m3 
118,000 
gals. 
Percent wash water 
3.1-4.5 
3.1-4.5 
32 An interesting feature of this plant is the fact 
that the filter sand, 1,5 meters deep, is placed directly on 
a slab filter bottom into which the discharge nozzles are 
screwed (see Fig. A-3-j). The individual cross reinforced 
slabs which form the filter bottom are 1 m. long, 0.5 m, wide 
and 125 ram thick. (Approximately 39 x 18J- x 5 inches). They 
set on cross frames to which they are anchored by bolts and 
held to. one another by a steel plate. The nozzles are about 
2 inches in diameter. The caps of the copper ones are screwed 
to an extension pipe about 15 inches long and 3/8 inch in 
diameter. The caps of the porcelain are cast integrally with 
the extension pipe. The nozzle and pipe are screwed into an 
internally threaded sleeve cast into the slab. The extension 
pipe protrudes into the space or compartment under the filter 
bottom into which the filtered water is discharged and through 
which water and air are pumped when the filter is washed. 
Slots in the side of these extension pipes permits air which is 
compressed in the top of the compartment to enter the pipe, 
mix with the water and pass upward through the nogzl'e and into 
the filter. Air and water may be used separately or in combine 
tion, and a pipe is provided for exhausting the air to the 
atmosphere when its use is not necessary. 
Filter washing by this method was uniform and 
effective. During inflow of water to the filters a doughnut 
shaped float of sheet copper (and in some oases bakelite) 
automatically closes the valve to the wash water outlet. The 
filtered water reservoir is under the filters and is an 
integral part of the filter feox and foundation. Chlorine may 
be applied to the water (0.1 ppm) in the suction line to the 
high pressure pumps. It is purchased in large containers hold- 
ing approximately 1,0 Kg. 
The filter operating gallery between the two sets 
of 8 filters ia about 25 feet wide. (See Fig. A-3-k). The 
tables are constructed of marble slab grouped in units of four. 
Valves are automatically controlled and all piping to and from 
them and to the operating tables is of copper. There is also 
an access gallery around each set of 8 filters. Each filter 
is equipped with a rate controller (Fig. A-3-m). Recorders 
for filtering rates are provided. The general appearance of 
the filter room compares favorably with modern plants in the 
TJ.S. and U.K. 
The pipe gallery is spacious, dry and well lighted 
(see Fig. A-3-1). Piping is of cast iron and all large valves 
are hydraulically operated. 
33 Pumping 
The pumping station is of modern design and well 
equipped. All pumping units are electrically operated (see 
Figs.A-3-n and o). Power is from two different sources and 
if one fails the other is automatically cut in. One-half of 
the pumps are on each source of power at all times. Pumps 
and auxiliaries can be controlled from a central station 
located in the gallery (see Fig. A-3-p). Electrical switch- 
ing and control equipment is well housed and modern in every 
respect. 
The check valves and automatic cone valves on the 
discharge of the motor driven pumps are Interesting (see 
Fig. A-3-q). The velocity in the by-pass around the check 
valve can be regulated to adjust the time of closure. If the 
power goes off, an oil piston in the cone valve operates the 
internal moving part of the valve, changing the diameter of 
the opening and closing it without excessive vibration. This 
valve also measures flow according to the Venturi principal. 
The following summary lists the equipment in the 
water works pumping station: 
Unit 
Rated Capacity 
m3/hr 
Kw 
Low head pumps 
3 
5,000 
250 
n « tt 
2 
2,500 
120 
High head pumps 
1 
5,000 
1,380 
Z 
5,000 
1,250 
Z 
2,500 
660 
Wash water pumps 
z 
1,800 
62 
Blowers 
z 
13,500 
245 
Vacuum pump 
z 
345 
11 
Drainage pump 
1 
50 
2*2 
ft ft 
1 
10 
• 55 
Sludge pump 
1 
40 
1.1 
Heavy reinforced concrete structures were built 
to give protection to pumps, motors and transformers in 
case of bombing. Those for the pumps and motors were semi- 
eliptical in shape, made in 1 meter sections and about 250 mm 
thick; those around the transformers were cylindrical with a 
top slab 400 mm thick. 
34 Distribution 
This plant has distribution systems for 
nhe drinking water, the cooling water and the filtered 
river water *sed for general plant processing# Cast 
iron is used for the smaller mains and steel for those 
in excess of 800 mm# Interesting photographs of the 
constructiohs of each pipe system are shown in Tig# 
A-3-r. Special attention is directed to the method 
of making joints in the pipe as shown in Fig# A-3-s. 
Joints in oast iron pipe are made with lead and 
hen® or by & special screw type joint which has become 
standard ia German pipe practice. (See Figs. A-3-s and 
A-3-t) It is very practical * has given excellent service 
in making emergency repairs during the war, and in addi- 
tion it saves both lead and hemp, which are scarce# 
This joint is described in paragraph 3, page 11. 
Steel pipe joints were welded in the field# An 
interesting joint was one made by bending overlapping 
steel of a flared end of one pipe over a special shaped 
end of the companion pipe and welding the edges of the 
overlap to the outside of the second pipe. (See Fig# 
A-3-s) This joint was used considerably at this plant 
where many bends had to be made. Steel pipe was sup- 
ported by concrete saddles and all pipes as installed 
were embedded in sand. Special anchorage was provided 
to take care of 'thrust at bends. 
The following summary gives the length of pipe 
of all kinds used in the various systems of this modem 
plant: 
35 Meters of Pipe in System 
Pipe 
Drinking 
Cooling 
Filtered 
River System 
Diameter 
Water 
Water 
For Plant 
For Condensers 
TTTTTl 
1200 
System 
System 
6352 
69 
1000 
- 
- 
- 
324 
600 
- 
- 
3327 
2266 
600 
- 
- 
.. 
8 
500 
- 
- 
6045 
1971 
400 
- 
1364 
1322 
1055 
350 
- 
- 
95 
300 
- 
- 
1640 
579 
250 
800 
3945 
820 
25 
200 
1420 
1548 
2016 
56 
150 
3310 
200 
3581 
69 
125 
1090 
•Mi 
480 
100 
9150 
410 
5184 
mm 
80 
2645 
125 
4430 
_ 
50 
1300 
290 
963 
Under 50 
6570 
70 
3098 
- 
To tal 
26,285 
7,952 
39,273 
7,422 
Grand 
Total 
The system is liberally valved for effective oper- 
ation and repair. The total number of valves in these 
systems is: 
System 
Number of Valves 
Drinking Water 
631 
Cooling Water 
170 
"Filtered River Water Plant 
599 
" w « Condenser 
293 
Total 
1,603 
Both above and under ground hydrants are used 
in the system. The above ground type are used around 
the plant where fire protection is a most important 
factor* The underground hydrants are used on the smaller 
pipes and in the residential area. Illustrations of 
these standard German hydrants are shown in Figs. A-81-a 
and b. Automatic air valves are used at high points 
in the system. All hydrant, valves, and Important oper- 
36 ating accessories are identified as to size, type and 
location by enamelled signs placed on the walls of build- 
ings in the street paralleling the pipe and also at 
street intersections. The colors in the sign indicate 
the type of water system. Arrows indicate the direction 
and distance to the valve or hydrant from the sign. 
Letters "S,f and "A” indicate main and branch valves 
respectively. The,letter r,HM indicates a hydrant*, A 
number opposite the letter indicates the size in mm 
of the pipe, the valve or hydrant is connected into. 
Manhole and valve covers are similarly identified by 
special marking and letters oast in them. 
Special portable motor driven valve opening 
machines are used because of the number of large valves 
and the necessity of making quick shut-offs for repairs 
in emergencies. The unit is mounted on a trailer which 
can be attached to a truck for quick service, (See Fig. 
A-3-u) The battery powered motor has four speeds. 
Special precautions were taken to meet emergencies 
affecting the water systems at this plant because operation 
without water supply would be impossible* The condenser 
water system with its cooling towers and recirculating 
pumps was divided into,two separate units so one could be 
operated if the other were damaged* Arrangements were 
made to pump raw river water to the condenser system if 
necessary. In case of fire, water could be pumped from 
several sources; (1) a storage reservoir on the grounds, 
(2) a nearby swimming pool, and (3) a canal* Provision 
was even made to close the valves outside the plant on 
the cooling water and rain water drainage systems, so 
that in case of emergency this water could be used by 
lowering the suction of emergency pumps into them through 
manholes* 
Quality 
The quality of the water from the various sources 
before and after treatment is given in the following 
table: 
37 Quality of Water Supply at Buna-Werke. Sohkopau* 
Drinking Water 
Av.ll- Av.ll- 
1944 1944 
Before After 
Cooling Water 
Av.3- Av.3- 
1944 1944 
Before After 
River Water 
Av.3- Av.3- 
1944 1944 
Before After 
Ph 
7.46 
9.18 
7.41 
- 
8.19 
7.51 
Carbonate 
Hardness 
11.4 
2.70 
12.4 
- 
8.10 
7.50 
Total 
Hardness 
26.3 
18.0 
25.6 
22.6 
21.8 
Turbidity 
None 
None 
None 
No test 
No test 
Total 
Solids 
800.0 
800.0 
926.0 
- 
657 
760 
Iron 
1.81 
.13 
1.91 
.5 
7.2 
.45 
Manganese 
.75 
.04 
.61 
mm 
0 
0 
oo2 
38.4 
0 
30,8 
mm 
41.0 
12.9 
*Data from Dr. Manz, chief chemist. 
The bacterial quality of the water is checked by 
daily analysis at the plant laboratories. 
War Damage 
The plant was first bombed early in December 1944 
and several times thereafter. One of the two principal dis- 
charge lines to the settling basin for treating river water 
was damaged. Late in January a second was broken. Three 
bombs struck the settling basins, breaking the outside wall 
of one and cracking two inside walls so that three of four 
basins in the first unit could not be used. Another bomb 
damaged the side wall of the filter building, and a third 
larger one broke through one double filter and sheared a 
hole through the box into the filtered water reservoir. 
It will be necessary to rebuild this unit compls tely, and 
also the roof over this section of the filter building. 
38 Items of Interest 
From the point of view of modem equipment used 
and multiplicity of operating problems encountered, this 
was the most interesting plant water works system seen 
in Germany. The illustrations in the A-3 series might 
well be carefully studied by everyone interested in water 
works engineering* 
39 TARGET A-4 
Name: Kassel Water Works 
Location: Kassel 
Date Visited: June 11, 1945* 
Persons Interviewed; Dr. Ing Hugelmann, Chief Engineer 
Interviewed by: A. E. Gorman 
INEORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
Kassel is an industrial city with a 1940 popula- 
tion of 230,000* About 40 percent of the water was used 
by industry* The central portion of the city was very 
heavily bombed and destruction was intensive. The normal 
amount of water supplied was 50,000 m 3 per day or about 
57 TJ.* S. gallons per capita. At the time of inspection 
it was estimated that the civilian population in the city 
was 80,000. The amount of water being supplied was 25,000 
m 3 per day. Time available for inspection at Kassel did 
not permit an inspection of all plant in the system nor 
the collection of complete operating data. 
Sources of Supply 
Seventy-eight percent of the water supplied the 
city is from wells, and the remainder is from springs. 
The following table summarizes the capacity of the 
various sources: KASSEL WATER WORKS SYSTEM 
Sources 
Capacity 
per day 
I. 
Springs. 
Bergfreiheit 
300 
Hessensohanze 
480 
Druseltal 
1,300 
Kuhberg 
320 
Bergstrasse 
800 
Dttnohe 
2,200 
Brasselsberg 
250 
Heinrich SohO/tz-Allee 
200 
Schenkelsberg 
150 
Nieste 
5,000 
Total springs 
11,000 
• 
H 
H 
Wells. 
Neue Mtthle 
20,000 
Tr&nkeweg 
7,500 
Forst 
7,500 
Eiohwald 
10,000 
Holl&ndische Strasse 
5,000 
Total wells 
50,000 
Grand Total 
61,000 
41 The springs outcrop from the mountain on the 
east and west side of the city. Water flows into 
receiving basins and is supplied by gravity or pump- 
ing to the distribution system and storage reservoirs. 
One of the spring sources (Drusethal) is from a mine, 
and as the water contains from 0.8 to I*4 ppm soluble 
iron it is filtered. 
The wells supplies are generally free of objection- 
able amounts of iron. The exceptions are Trttnkeweg and 
HollSLndische Strasse where the range of iron is 0.4 to 
1.3 and 0.2 to 0.8 ppm respectively. Wells are both 
deep and shallow. Typical of the former are the 
Hollander Strasse (180 m) and Eichwald (81*0 m). (See 
Fig. A-4-a) The bore hole of the former is 650 mm in 
diameter. The wells at Neue Muhle are typical of the 
shallow wells. Because of the shortage of steel, tile 
pipe was used for casing. There are 45 wells, 16 m 
deep, bore hole 600 mm and screens 300 mm diameter, 
and spaced 10 m apart. The shortage of copper products 
has caused the use of other materials for screens. 
Ceramic material has been used in some; steel covered 
with hard rubber was used in several wells constructed 
during the period 1935-1939; and in 1941 the slotted 
screens on two wells were constructed of oak wood 
staves. To date they have given satisfactory service. 
The wells discharge through 450 ram cast iron collecting 
pipes into a central well. 
Treatment 
An interesting iron and hydrogen sulphide removal 
plant constructed during the war period was in operation 
at the Trankweg well plant. The two filter tanks were 
constructed of reinforced concrete because plate steel 
was not available. This construction saved 10 percent 
in cost and 80 percent in steel. They are 4m in diameter 
and 4 m high. Air is pumped into the discharge line be- 
tween the well and the filters. The aerated water is 
filtered downward through 2 m of crushed marble about 
1.0 mm in size. The marble sand rests on a cement- 
asbestos slab into which porcelain nozzles are screwed. 
The nozzles are spaced 100 mm on centers. There is a 
storage basin under the filter into which air and water 
are pumped when the filter is back washed. Removal of 
iron is from 1.3 to negligible amounts. All hydrogen 
sulphide is removed and released through an air vent* 
42 Transmission 
Pipes of steel, oast iron and re-inforced con- 
crete are used in transmission of water from sources 
to the system* Steel and reinforced concrete are 
used in mains 400-600 mm diameters. 
Distribution 
There are 650 kilometers of pipe in the distribu- 
tion system* The sizes range from 100 to 300 mm. 
About 90 percent of the pipe is cast iron. There are 
10 kilometers of cement asbestos pipe. There are 5000 
fire hydrants in the system, 80 percent of which are of 
which are of the underground type. .There are about 
15,000 valves in the entire system. All services are 
metered. The standard meter used is of the disc type 
with internal parts and gears of bakelite. The average 
life of household meters was reported to be 10 years 
with general repairs and inspection every second year. 
Storage 
The largest storage tanks in the city are at 
Kratzenberg (6,750m3) and West End (2,140m3). They are 
covered tanks of reinforced concrete construction. The 
Bergstrasse tank was visited. The reservoir is in two 
sections each 1500 m 3. It is located in a fenced off 
area in a woods, covered and well concealed. The use 
of white tile is very effective in the general appear- 
ance of the reservoir. The layout of piping and access 
galleries was impressive and of good design. 
War Damage 
There have been 500 breaks in the water trans- 
mission and distribution system since September 1944. 
One bombing raid in that month broke most of the large 
mains and the city was without normal water supply for 
several weeks. The intensive bombing of March^1945 
prevented normal water service to 80$ of the- city. 
Emergency measures taken consisted in distribution 
of water at central supply points, using pipe and hose 
laid over the streets. Residential areas were also 
supplied water in barrels and gasoline containers. 
43 Items of Special Interest 
The use of substitute materials in well casings, 
screens, and water meters; the iron and hydrogen sulphide 
removal plant at Tr&nkweg; and the layout and protective 
features of the underground storage reservoirs were the 
most interesting features of this plant. The plants 
appeared to be well maintained and under good technical 
supervision* 
44 TARGET A-5 
Name: Essen Water Works System 
Location: Essen and vicinity 
Persons Interviewed: Dr. Ing Bach, Director Water Dept.; 
Arnold Kegel, City Engineer 
Interviewed by: A. E. Gorman 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
Essen is the principal city in the highly industrial 
Ruhr area. In 1940 its population was 700,000; at the 
time visited it was estimated that not over 320,000 
people were living there. The city was very heavily 
bombed and the destruction of property in the central 
commercial and industrial areas of the city—especially 
in the vicinity of the great Krupp Works—was intensive. 
Destruction of residential property within the city was 
also very heavy* 
Before the war 120,000 m 3 of water per day was 
supplied from the city system or 172 liters (45.5 gallons) 
per capita* Consumers also purchased 40,000 m 3 from 
private systems in the suburbs. The Krupp Works pro- 
vided its own water, but its system was cross connected 
with the city supply for mutual service in case of 
emergency. The estimated quantity of water being 
supplied by the city system at the time of inspection 
was 50,000 m 3 per day* 
Source ofSuppl 
The city has three water 
supply and pumping stations: 
Station 
Normal capacity 
m3 per day 
Spellenberg 
100,000 
Steel© 
15,000 
Kupferdreh 
5,000 
45 All water is either Ruhr River water which has 
naturally percolated through the sand and gravel under- 
lying the area on either side of the river or it may be 
river water which has been filtered through open Sand 
filters constructed in basins adjacent to the river. 
These filters of various shapes and sizes to cover the 
developed area are often built in land, below river 
level, which has settled because of coal mining opera- 
tions; in such cases they are filled by gravity flow 
direct from the river, otherwise pumping from the river 
is necessary. 
Water is obtained from these natural percolation 
beds or artificial filters through collecting pipes 
laid approximately 50 m horizontal distance from the 
river or the filters* (See Fig. A-5-a-b-o) These 
are perforated concrete pipe, 800 mm in diameter, laid 
at a depth of 10-11 m and surrounded by coarse gravel. 
These pipes lead to a central well from which the water 
is pumped to the storage and/or distribution systems. 
Treatment 
The natural cleaning of the river water in the 
course of its filtration is so thorough that the water 
from the collecting wells is usually fit for immediate 
drinking. The artificial filters are concrete walled 
filter basins which have been dug through the clay of 
the river valley floor to the underlying gravel* The 
Bottom of these basins is covered with a 2*o m layer 
of sand which overlies a base of prepared stone 
or gravel# The sand size is about I*o mm# There are 
16 filters having a total area of 100,000 m2# 
The rate of filtration varies widely depending on 
the condition of the river and the amount of water 
reaching the collecting system by natural underground 
flow and penetration from the river. Filters are cleaned 
by ranking the ”schmutzdecker” in piles and removing it. 
New sand is put in the upper section of the filters 
about twice a year. Normally the water is chlorinated 
after filtration. The chlorine solution is applied in 
the well from which the pumps take suction. The aver- 
age amount of chlorine used is 0.125 ppm. 
Pumping 
At the Spellenburg station there are three steam 
turbine driven centrifugal pumps, two of &ncL a 
46 rz 
chird of 24,000 m per day capacity. Two steam engine 
and fly wheel driven reciprocating pumps are held in 
reserve; one is horizontal and has a capacity of 18,000 
m 3 per day, and the other is vertical and has a capacity 
of 41,000 m 3 per day. The water pressure at the pumps 
at this station is 12 atmospheres or 176 pounds per 
square inch. 
At the Steele plant, which supplies the eastern 
section of the city and also the villages of Steele, 
Erellendorf, Stoppenberg and Schannebeck, there are 
three steam engine flywheel driven horizontal recipro- 
cating pumps with capacities of 12,000, 6,000 and 6,000 
m 3 per day respectively. 
Storage 
Water is pumped to six underground concrete storage 
reservoirs having a total capacity of 13,500 m 3. They 
vary in size from 150 to 7,000 m 3. There are in addition 
five elevated tanks on stone and brick towers, with 
capacities varying from 600 to 1,500 m 3, and a combined 
storage capacity of 5,100 m 3. 
Distribution 
The Essen system has approximately 1,000 kilometers 
of pipe in its water distribution system, 95 percent of 
which is cast iron. Most of the remaining pipe is steel. 
The diameter of these pipes ranges from 100 mm to 800 mm; 
about 75 percent is in the 100 and 150 mm size. 
There are about 2,000 fire hydrants, all but five of 
which are of the underground type, spaced at 500 meters 
in the residential area and 200 meters in the three commer- 
cial and industrial areas. There are approximately 10,000 
valves in the system- 
Quality 
The water as delivered to the consumer has 80-100 
ppm hardness, mostly bi-carbonate. The Cog content is 
15-20 ppm. - It contains negligible amounts of manganese. 
The pH ranges from 7.4 to 7.6. At the Spellenburg plant 
there is a small chemical and bacteriological laboratory 
where tests are made daily* The health department collects 
47 samples regularly from the distribution system for bacter- 
ial analysis. Considering the larger number of breaks in 
water and sewer pipes throughout the city and the amount 
of repairvwork which was in progress, the amount of chlor- 
ine being used to treat the water at the time of inspection 
was considered to be low for adequate protection of the 
public health. 
War Damage 
The intensive bombing of Essen brought great 
destruction to public utilities. Eollowing the bombing 
of March 11, 1945, there was an area in the principal 
commercial, industrial and residential sections of the 
city, comprising 2500 acres, in which there was no normal 
supply of water for eight days. The only water available 
to the citizens was that pumped from emergency sources and 
distributed at water points through hose and pipe laid 
over ground or transported in tanks. In this area there 
were 80,000 dwelling units. 
There were about 2,000 breaks in the city water 
distribution system. Sewers and water mains were pften 
broken in the same bomb crater and repairs were most 
difficult. (See A-5-d) It was estimated by city officials 
that two percent of the entire distribution system was 
destroyed. (See Fig. A-5-e) By April 15, 660 breaks had 
been repaired. Citizens in many areas were carrying water 
from water points established by connecting a household 
faucet to a riser pipe attached to an underground hydrant. 
(See Fig. A-5-£) 
There were 18 breaks in major pipe lines 200 to 
800 mm in diameter. These prevented supply to the system 
from the pumping stations. Seven bombs hit the filters 
adjacent to the river, and two units had to be recon- 
structed. Damage to pumping equipment Was minor. The ' 
principal elevated Storage tank in the center of the 
city was destroyed. (See Fig. A-5-g) Two bombs crashed 
through the roof of the larger adjacent underground storage 
reservoir. (See Fig. A-5-h) 
Items of Special Interest 
The Essen water works offered little of special 
target value from the point of view of equipment or oper- 
ating practices which would he especially useful to American 
or British water works officials. The intensive destruction 
of facilities shown in the illustration are of'interest 
since they show how vulnerable water works are to aerial 
bomb ing. 
48 TARGET NO* 6 
Name: 
Ruhrverband 
Location: 
Headquarters, Essen 
Dates Ylsited: June 20, 28, 30, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Drs, Franz, Fries, Sierp, Bucksteeg 
Interviewed by: Fischer, Lt. Col, Gilbert, Gorman, 
Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
The two Ruhr River associations, theTiuhrverband" 
and the ~Ruhrtalsperrenverein,, are organized under Reich 
legislation and are responsible for water supply of the 
Ruhr industrial area where there are large coal and iron 
industries and in which district about 4,000,000 people 
reside* Water supply for public use is from the Ruhr river 
collected from wells and infiltration galleries by about 
90 different water works systems owned by municipalities 
and industries* 
The use of water by the district exceeds the dry 
weather flow of the Ruhr and its tributaries so that the 
"Ruhrtalsperrenverein" has constructed numerous dams and 
reservoirs to conserve and regulate the run-off for effective 
use* At several places it produces power from the water 
which is released from these reservoirs. The "Ruhrverband" 
is responsible for keeping the Ruhr River in such condition 
that it is usable as a source for water supply. Each 
community constructs and maintains its own system of 
sewers, but the Ruhrverband constructs and operates and 
maintains such collecting sewers and sewage treatment 
works as are necessary to meet this responsibility* 
Usually industrial plants construct and operate their 
own waste disposal plants for industrial waste under 
the direction and after consultation with the officials 
of this organization* The impounding reservoirs built 
by the Ruhrverband effect considerable biological pur- 
ification of the river waters* 
49 The works of these organizations—dams, bridges, 
interoeptive sewers and sewage and industrial waste treat- 
ment plants—were seriously damaged as a result of war 
activities. 
Items of Special Interest 
Interrogation of these men revealed the fact that 
the most interesting plants to visit from the point of 
view of water treatment were those of the cities of Essen 
and Hagen which are reported on as Targets 5 and 7. 
The principal concern of the district was over 
the excessive pollution of the Ruhr River following 
destruction by bombs and German demolition of trunk 
sewers in the Hagen area and in the lower stretches of the 
river between Essen and Duisberg. As a result of this 
damage, raw sewage and industrial wastes were being 
discharged into the placing pollutional loads 
on water purification systems far in excess of what 
they were designed to take care of to protect the public 
health. 
Ruhrverband Universal Indicator 
Perhaps the most interesting items of recent 
technical value reported by the chemists of the Ruhrver- 
band was the development of a "universal" indicator for 
determining pH values and the equipment for making the 
colorametric tests for these values. The indicator was 
developed by the late Dr. F. Fransemeir and an assistant 
at the Huhrverband laboratory. It has apH range from 
0.1 to 14.0. The equipment used in making the test is 
known as the Ruhrverband Comparator and is manufactured 
by W. Feddeler, a manufacturer of scientific apparatus 
in Essen (see Figures A-6-a and b)* 
It was alleged that the indicator was manufac- 
tured by a secret (German patent) process and that only 
Dr. Fransemeir and his daughter knew the constituents 
and the method of preparation. An interview with the 
daughter who is a prisoner of war held by the American 
Army in Chalaus sur Marne, France, developed that while 
she helped her father prepare the indicator she did not 
know all the constituents nor the relative amounts of 
50 each. Chemists and the Ruhrverband laboratories (Dr. 
Sierp and Bucksteeg), and the lessee Feddeler claimed 
they did not know all the constituents of the indicator. 
Those which were reported as used were; methol red, 
methol orange, bromthymol blue, and phenolphthalein. 
A sample of the indicator was obtained for 
analysis. 
The apparatus consists of a case fitted with 
three sight glasses, three test tubes and three sets 
of color slides, each representing a pH value, and it 
is operated much the same as similar comparators manu- 
factured by other companies. The colors of the slides 
corresponding to pH values from 0.1 to 14.0 are as 
follpws: 
pH Value 
Color 
pH Value 
Color 
0.1 
Deep pink 
8.0 
Light green 
1.0 
Lighter pink 
8.5 
Green-blue 
2.0 
tt tt 
9.0 
Blue-green 
3.0 
tt it 
9.5 
Blue-purple 
4.0 
tt « 
10.0 
Deep purple 
5.0 
tt ft 
10.5 
Lighter purple 
5.5 
Yellow 
11.0 
tt tt 
6.0 
Lighter yellow 
12.0 
tt m 
6.5 
tt tt 
13.0 
Purple blue 
7.0 
Yellow green 
14.0 
Blue 
7.5 
Green 
51 TARGET NO. A-7 
Name; Hagen Water Works 
Location: (l) Hengstey, (2) Haspetalspeer 
Date Visited: June 20, July 4, 1945 
Person Interviewed; Albamo Imaker, assistant director 
Interviewed By; Fischer, Lt. Col* Gilbert, Gorman,Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
Hagen is an important industrial city in the Ruhr 
district about 22 miles southeast of Essen. It has a popula- 
tion of about 150,000. It suffered heavy damage from 20 air 
raid bombings during the war. The water works is municipally 
owned. The average normal water use per day is about 40,000 
m 3 or 70 U.S. gallons per capita. About 50 percent of the 
water is used for industrial purposes. At the time of this 
inspection the amount of water being supplied to the city had 
been reduced to 30,000 m 3 per day because of the shutdown of 
industrial plants. 
This water system was a special target value because 
of the variety of methods of treating the water and the combina- 
tions of old and modern equipment used. The Hagen facilities 
may be said to be typical of the old and the new in water 
supply in the Ruhr valley. 
Sources of Supply 
All water has its origin from the Ruhr River. There 
are two principal plants, the Hengstey and the Haspetalspeer. 
Normally, about two-thirds of the supply is furnished from 
the former source and one-third from the latter, but this varies 
widely depending on conditions in the river or at the plants. 
Water is obtained at the Hengstey plant by two 
methods: (1) natural infiltration from the Ruhr River into 
large collecting galleries, and (2) from wells penetrating a 
natural water bearing strata which is artlfically recharged 
by river water filtered through slow sand filters, and if 
these sources do not produce enough water then the rapid sand 
52 roughing filters are put into operation. This is normally 
necessary only during 3 or 4 months in the late summer and 
fall when rainfall may be low and the algae content in the 
river water high. 
The natural infiltration system consists of a 
long gallery of perforated concrete pipe 800 mm in diameter, 
laid at a depth of about 7 mm, and surrounded by gravel. 
This gallery, which has a total length of 650 m. is in three 
sections and has four collecting basins. It is about 60 m. 
from and parallel to the river. There are three lines of 
wells in the well field, with 19, 17 and 8 wells respectively, 
ih each. Well spacing is from 100 to 110 meters. The cast 
iron collecting pipes vary in diameter from 700 mm to 300 mm. 
Withdrawal, from the 8 recently constructed wells is by air 
lift, and from the others by vacuum or gravity. At the time 
of inspection, water was being withdrawn from both sources 
about 20,000 m 3 per day. 
Treatment 
There are 7 slow sand filters and one percolating 
filter used to charge the well field supply. The slow sand 
filters are from 20 to 28 m, wide, approximately 125 m. long, 
or a total area of 29,200 m 3, and 1,0 m. deep. The sand size 
is 1.0 mm. The filters are built in pairs on either side of a 
row of wells so that one is always in service while the other 
is being cleaned. The average distance from the midpoint of 
either one of a pair of filters and the row of wells is 85 m. 
The area of the filters is summarized below: 
Filter No. 
Area in m2 
1 
3000 
2 
3000 
3 
3600 
4 
3600 
5 This is 
the percolating filter 
6 
3600 
7 
7200 
8 
5200 
Total 29p00 * 7.2 acres 
The‘rapid sand filter plant, total area 106 m 2, 
is the BAMAG type which has a rated capacity of 850 m 3 per 
hour (5,400,000 U.S, gals, per day). (See Fig. A-7-a). 
There are 8 "filter units with 2 filters (5.3 z 2.5 m.), to a 
unit. The depth of the sand is 1.5 m. over 0.5 m. graded 
gravel. They are built 4 units on each side of a central • 
operating and pipe gallery. (See Fig. A-7-b). 
53 The filter plant is also equipped to use aluminum 
sulphate as a coagulant if necessary. There is no prelim- 
inary settling of the coagulated water. Mixing of the river 
water and coagulant is effected in a basin in which a series 
of wooden paddles attached to two vertical shafts rotate in 
opposite directions, the paddles on each shaft being so spaced 
that they clear those on the other shaft. (See Fig,A-7-c). 
The mixing time is about 10 minutes; 
This plant is compact and well arranged. Filters 
are backwashed with air and water. 
All water is treated to reduce COg in order to prevent 
pipe corrosion before being pumped to the city. The treatment 
is with hydrated lime by the Bdcher system, using two Bamag- 
Meguin automatic treatment units. (See Fig.A-7-d). Chlorine 
at a rate of .2 ppm is applied to the water as pumped to the 
city. 
is 
The second sourcer of supply/at Haspetalsperr, about 
15 miles from the Hengstey plant wher6 a masonry dam across 
the Ruhr giver forms a reservoir which has a capacity of two 
million m . The plant normally supplies 20,000 per day but 
at the time of this inspection it was being operated at one- 
half this rate. This water must be filtered because of algae 
growths, intermittent pollution on the watershed, and turbidity. 
It is delivered by gravity to the filter plant through a steel 
conduit 600 mm in diameter. The filter plant is the standard 
WABAG design, see Fig. A-7-e), which is operated intermittently 
as needed,. 
This plant was put into operation in 1944. There 
are 6 filters, each with a filter area of 42 m 2 or a total 
area of about 252 m . It has a rated filtering capacity of 
1200 per hour which would be about 2.0 U.S, gals, per sq.ft, 
per minute. Provision is made for alum and soda ash treatment. 
A hydraulic jump is used for mixing. There is no preliminary 
settling. 
The filter sand is 1.5 m, in depth and the range of 
sand size is o*6 to 1.0 mm. The sand is placed directly on the 
concrete slab filter bottom. The filter nozzles or strainers 
are of porcelain, spaced 100 mm on centers. Each strainer is 
integrally cast with a combined air and water inlet pipe which 
passes through the slab. 
Filters are washed at 2jg feet loss of head and the 
average time between washes is 4 days. Wash water is settled 
and the supernatent liquor is discharged to the creek. 
54 The water from the filtered water storage reservoir 
flows by gravity to a Btloher system COg removal plant where 
it is treated with a saturated solution of slaked lime as at 
the Hengstey'plant. Chlorine is applied by automatic or 
manual control. Flow to the city is by gravity. 
This new plant is exceptionally well equipped and is 
operated under skilled technical control. Among its more 
Interesting features are: (1) the general external and 
internal appearance of the plant, (2) the ample room for all 
equipment, (3) the hydraulic valves in the pipe, gallery, 
(4) the filter control equipment, (5) the hydraulic jump for 
mixing, (6) the liberal spacing in the pipe gallery, (7) the 
automatic control of chemicals applied in proportion to flow, 
(8) the bakelite impellers and lining of chemical feed pumps, 
(9) the pressure filters for chemical solutions, (10) the 
wooden lining of concrete chemical mixing tanks, (11) the 
automatic ohlorinators, (12) the location of chlorine storage 
and control equipment outside the building, (13) the wash 
water settling tank, (14) the continuous filter control 
tables, (15) the access gallery around the filters, (16) the 
absence of overhead lighting in the filter room, and (17) the 
use of yellow glass in the side windows to control algae. 
Pumping 
Pumps at the Hengstey plant are high pressure, 
horizontal reciprocating units. Two are driven by steam 
engines and a third by an electric motor. Their capacities 
are 24,000, 28,800 and 14,400 m 3 per day respectively. There 
is no pumping at the Haspetalsperr plant. 
Transmission 
Two cast iron mains, 400 and 500 mm. diameter, 
delivery of water to the city from the Hengstey plant. The 
size of the pressure line from the Haspetalsperr plant was 
not obtained. 
Distribution 
The city system contains about 60 kilometers of oast 
iron pipe ranging in size from 500 to 100 mm. The system has 
12 storage tanks with total capacity of 6000 m 3. High areas 
in the system are served by 8 booster pumping stations with a 
total capacity of 500 m 3 per day. 
55 Quality 
*2? lie iron content in the water as delivered to the 
city is about 0.1 ppm. The COg content after treatment is 
about 5,0 ppm. The Ph of the treated water varies from 7.5 
to 8.5. The hardness is about 115 ppm, but this varies con- 
siderably depending on the condition of the Ruhr River. 
War Damage 
The most serious damage to water systems was to the 
two cast iron transmission mains from Hengstey to the city, 
both of whi-ch were broken by bombs. The larger was broken in 
15 places and was not usable for 3 months. During this time, 
water was delivered to the city from Haspetalsperr. There 
were about 200 breaks in the distribution system. Repairs had 
to be made to approximately 5 percent of the system. 
Items of Interest 
The features of this system of special interest are; 
(1) the recharging of underground supplies by filtered water, 
(2) the two modern rapid sand filtration plants of RAMAG and 
WABAG design, and (3) the Btlcher system for removal of COg, 
56 TARGET NO. A-8 
Name: Bremen Water Works 
Location: Bremen 
Date Yisited; July 6, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Mayer, director, Gas and Water Dept., 
Husman, chief engineer 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Gorman, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
Bremen is one of large industrial and 
commercial cities. The city suffered heavily from war 
damage. Destruction of water supply -facilities was the 
worst of its kind seen in Germany. About one-third of the 
city is in Neustadt on the south side of the Weser River 
where one of the major water plants is located. The water 
transmission lines were laid over the principal highway 
bridges. War destruction of these bridges seriously 
complicated water supply problems. In 1940, the city water 
system served 350,000 people. The normal supply of water was 
46,500 dt per day or the equivalent of 35.0 U.S. gals, per 
capita. At the time of this inspection it was estimated 
that a population of 250,000 was being served and the amount 
of water supplied was 30,000 m 3 per day. 
Sources of Supply 
There are two major sources of supply: (1) the 
Kleine Weser River, with intake works in the city, and 
(2) surface water from the Hartz Mountains impounded about 
220 kilometers south of the city. Water for both supplies is 
filtered, after which it is mixed in an underground storage 
reservoir at the Neustadt plant and re-pumped to the city. 
The distribution of water supplied from these two sources was 
as follows: 
57 Source 
Av, Supply 
Year 1940 
in per day 
Jan.-July 1945 
Weser River 
31,500 
15,000 . 
Hartz Mts. 
15,000 
15,000 
Total 
46,500 
30,000 
The Kleine Weser is formed by a channel cut back 
from the Weser River. The water works intake is upstream 
from the city sewers and the water 'is generally of reasonably 
satisfactory quality for treatment. It is not affected by 
tidal influences. The water normally flows by gravity through 
two cast iron lines (1000 and 600 mm. diameter), to two inter- 
connecting wells outside the low lift pumping station in 
Neustadt, from which it is pumped to the settling tank at the 
filter plant. When the river is low and gravity flow is not 
possible, water is pumped into the inlet lines by two centri- 
fugal pumps set on a floating barge docked near the river 
intake. 
The Hartz Mountain water is delivered to the 
filtered water reservoir at the lleustadt plant through a 
450 mm. diameter reinforced concrete pipe, line, and it can be 
supplied directly, but at reduced pressure, to the city system 
through a by-pass around this reservoir. This practice was 
followed during the war emergencies when the Neustadt plant 
was damaged. The supply from the Hartz Mountains to Bremen is 
limited to 15,000 per day, because of the commitments to 
other cities served by this system, but during war emergencies 
more than this supply was obtained from this source. 
Treatment 
Weser River water is pumped to two adjacent brick 
and concrete open settling basins having an Average retention 
period of 24 hours. No chemicals are applied for coagulation. 
This basin is cleaned manually by squeegeeing .and. flushing the 
sludge to drains from which it is pumped to lagoons for drying. 
There are 22 open filters of various sizes with a 
total surface area of 13,800nm2 (3.4 acres). The normal filtra- 
tion rate is 31,500 m 3 per day, the equivalent of 2.4 Million 
(XJ.S.) gallons per acre per day. The depth of the filter sand 
is 2.5 m. varying in size from 0.1 at the top to 1.5 at the 
bottom. Cleaning is done by periodic removal of top sand and 
washing it in two Excelsior mechanical cleaners (see Fig.A-8-b). 
The period between cleaning depends on the condition of the 
river, ranging from 4 to 30 days. 
58 The filtered river water mixed with the filtered 
water from the Hartz Mountain supply, is stored in an under- * 
ground filtered water basin having a capacity of about 10,000 m° 
Chlorine is applied to the mixed water at the reservoir inlet to 
the high pressure pumps. Normally, .3 ppm of chlorine is used. 
Pumping 
There are 12 pumps in the two pumping stations at 
the Neustadt plant. Their type and capacity are summarized in 
the following table: 
Pump 
Power 
Capacity 
in 
m3 hour 
No. 
Source 
High Pressure 
Low Pressure 
1 
Steam 
650 
2 
M 
1000 
3 
n 
1000 
4 
tt 
500 
5 
tt 
650 
6 
tt 
650 
7 
Electric 
1000 
650 
8 
« 
1000 
9 
Steam 
400* 
400* 
10 
»» 
400* 
400* 
Total 
5950 
2ICS 
* Combination High and 
Low Pressure 
systems 
Transmission 
Water was delivered to the main portion of the city 
from the Neustadt through five cast iron or steel mains 
installed on three bridges and through one steel main laid 
under the river. The destruction of these transmission lines, 
either by German demolition or British and American air force 
bombing, created one of the most serious problems faced by 
Bremen water works officials. Data concerning the lines and 
the cause of their damage is summarized in the following table; 
Damage to 
Transmission Lines. 
- Neustadt to Bremen 
Location 
Diam.mm. 
Cause of Damage 
Adolph Hitler Bridge 
, ' 300 
Bombing 
ft ft « 
300 
n 
Kaiser Bridge 
600 
Demolition of bridge 
Leiditz Bridge 
500 
w m tt 
200 
tt w ft 
Under Weser River 
1000 
Bombing 
59 At the time of Inspection two 500 ram* emergency 
steel pipe lines had been suspended on cables across the 
Leiditz Bridge, and a 500 mm. riveted steel line was being 
installed across a pontoon bridge recently constructed by 
the American Army. 
Distribution 
There are 1200 kilometers of pipe in the Bremen 
distribution system varying in size from 1000 to 100 mm. in 
diameter* About 50 percent are in the 150 and 200 mm* sizes* 
About 90 percent of the pipe is cast iron; the remainder is 
steel* Experimental sections of cement asbestos pipe had been 
used, but difficulty was Reported because of damage where 
Vibration was experienced. 
There are 10,000 fire hydrants in the system, 1200 
of which are of the above-ground type. In winter much diffi- 
culty is experienced with freezing of the underground hydrant 
covers. Director Meyer reported that the maintenance cost of 
the latter type was about 6 times that of the above-ground 
hydrants. 
The normal pressure carried in the system is about 
45 psi, but because of limited transmission capacity it was 
only about 20 psi, at the time of inspection and during periods 
of heavy consumer use it was much lower. 
Storage 
There are two elevated steel storage tanks in the 
distribution system. One, at the Neustadt filtration plant, 
is housed in the tower of the main pump station. It is 40m. 
high and has a capacity of 1800 m 3. The other, in the-south- 
ern section of the city, is housed in a decorative structure 
elevated on a steel tower. It is 42 m. high and has a capacity 
of 3000 m • Each tank was out of service on account of bomb 
damage to its roof (see Fig. A-8-c and d). 
Quality 
The following tables give summaries of the bacterial 
physical and chemical quality of samples of the water from the 
Bremen system collected in February 1945. 
60 Bacterial Analysis 
Date 
1945 
Sample from : 
Total Bacteria: 
per m/l 
42°c - 48 hrs.: 
Coliforms 
per 100 m/l 
37°C - 72 hrs 
Feb. 6 
Weser River, raw 
19,200 
10,000 
6 
" " settled 
1,250 
100 
6 
” W filtered 
200 
1.0 
6 
" " " and 
chlorinated 
2 
0 
6 
Hartz Mt. to reservoir 
0 
0 
•2 
Mains - Weidenstrasse 
8 
0 
2 
” Schrocklausen Str 
6 
0 
2 
w Kinderdmok 
12 
0 
Physical and Chemical Analysis 
Examination 
Weser River 
Water - 
Raw 
:Mixed Filtered Weser River 
and 
: Hartz Mt. Water 
Odor 
SI,earthy 
SI, earthy 
Color 
Lt. yellow 
Lt. yellow 
Ph 
7.75 
7.0-7.5 
Turbidity 
£0-35 
ppm 
10-15 ppm 
Total Hardness 
189 
tt 
133 " 
Carbonate n 
76 
tt 
50 " 
Non-carbonate Hardness 
123 
tt 
83 " 
Chlorides 
294.2 
tt 
191.0 " 
Iron 
.4 
tt 
.15 " 
Manganese 
0 
0 
V/ater is collected at 10 points in the distribution 
system by the Health Department two or three times each week. 
Considering the large number of mains under repair and the low 
pressures in the system the bacterial analyses were surprisingly 
good. 
War Damage 
The Bremen water system suffered heavily from war 
actions, especially aerial bombing, during the period October 
1944 to May 1945, The Neustadt filter plant, although extensively 
camouflaged, was seriously damaged. Camouflaging appears to have 
attracted bombers rather than diverted them. The plant, so close 
to the city, may have been mistaken for an industrial plant. 
61 At the time of inspection, only 9 of the 22 
filters were operable (see Fig. A-8-a). Damage to two 
other filters was not serious and it was expected that 
repairs'could be made in about three weeks. The other 11 
will require extensive rehabilitation of walls and under- 
drains. The wall of one of the settling basins was seriously 
damaged and only one basin was in use. One of the filtered 
water basins could not be used because it had a large bomb 
hole through the roof and one of the side walls was seriously 
damaged. 
The pumping station equipment, with the exception 
of two units, was not seriously damaged. Several pumps were 
not operable because of the debris which had fallen onto 
moving parts from damage to the tower building housing the 
pumps. 
It was estimated that the 1200 breaks in the 
distribution system will require replacement of about 
162 kilometers of pipe or 1.33 percent of the system, in 
order to operate the system, 70 kilometers of mains or 6.4 
percent of the system had to be taken out of service because 
of breaks. Water works officials estimated that two years 
will be required to repair this system and to restore normal 
service. 
Item of Special Interest 
The Neustadt plant and pumping station is old and 
has no equipment of special interest. The extent to which a 
water works with exposed filters and transmission lines on 
bridges is vulnerable to aerial bombing was most effectively- 
demonstrated in Bremen. 
62 TARGET NO. A-9 
Name; Hartz Mt. Water Supply 
(Hartzwasserwerke der Province Hannover) 
Location: Headquarters - Hildersheim; 
Filter Plant - Osterode 
Date Visited: July 9, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Liemke, technical director; 
Heinsen, director, Filtration Plant 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Gorman, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
This water supply system is maintained and operated 
to furnish water from the Hartz Mountains to cities and 
villages in the province of Hannover. Two dams have been con- 
structed behind which the run-off from watersheds in the 
mountains is impounded. One, the SBsetalsperre - supplies 
the cities of Osterode, Hildersheim, Neustadt, Nienberg, 
Syke, Bremen and intermediate villages. The other, the 
Eokertalsperre, serves Brunswick and the cities in that area. 
Only the former was visited, primarily because of its service 
to Bremen. The water is collected, purified and delivered to 
the respective cities, each of which operates its own water 
works system. The SOsetalsperre has a capacity of 25, and , 
the Eokertalsperre 13 million cubic meters. 
Source of Suppl 
The Sttstalsperre is about 5 miles east of Osterode. 
It was built in-1933, and has a watershed of 48 square 
kilometers or about 30 square miles. At the time of our 
visit, about 17 million cubic meters were in storage behind 
the stone door. Y/ater is delivered by a steel pipe to the 
filter plant a short distance below the dam. In the drop of 
45 meters power is developed in two hydroturbine generators of 
1200 and 150 Kw capacity. 
63 Treatment 
The output of the filtration plant is 45,000 
per day. The water is treated with aluminum sulphate 
(av. 1.5 gr/gal) and soda ash (av. .9 gr/gal). Mixing takes 
place in and around the end basin with 3 passes. 
There are 5 WABAG- double pressure filters used as 
roughing filters ahead of the rapid sand gravity filters. 
They were built in 1938, when additional output from this 
plant became necessary. They are used when the water is 
turbid or when the condition of the reservoir water is such 
that the output from the rapid sand filters cannot meet require 
ments. They are 1.5 m. in diameter. Sand depth is 1.0 mm. in 
each filter. Wash is by air and water. The control is auto- 
matic from an operating table in the gallery. Pipe lines to 
and from the filters are identified by distinctive colors. 
Valves are operated hydraulically. Rate of flow and loss of 
head recorders are provided. There are 7 rapid sand (WABAG-) 
filters, each of 48 m.2 surface making a total of 336 m 2 
(3600 sq. feet). When 45,000 of water is filtered the rate 
is about 2.35 U.S. gallons per square foot per minute. The 
sand depth is 1.5 m, and the sand size ,6 to 1.0 mm. There 
are 5000 porcelain strainers per filter or 103 per square 
meter, compared with 90 at the Buna Water Works in Schkopau. If 
the roughing filters are in operation', these filters are 
Washed about every IE days. The filters are built on one side 
of an operating gallery equipped with operating tables and 
hydraulically operated valves, rate of flow recorders and loss 
of headguages. The filtered water is treated with milk of lime 
to eliminate Cog and as a protection to the steel transmission 
line. The process used is the Bticher system similar to that 
at Hagen. 
A very interesting feature of this plant was the use 
of an intermittantly operated photo-electric cell for recording 
turbidity in the filtered water. Water from each filter is 
passed before the cell at about 10 minute intervals. The 
operation of the control valves to the apparatus and for 
flushing the lines, is automatic. The turbidity is recorded on 
a time chart. There is a sight well 4m. deep into the white 
tile lined clear well by means of which the operator may 
observe the condition of the filtered water. The water is 
chlorinated as it leaves the clear well to the transmission 
main. Tfie average amount of chlorine used is .2 ppm. All 
important operating records at the plant are automatically 
recorded. 
64 The plant is well maintained. Research had been 
conducted to determine the effectiveness of phosphate salts 
in the prevention of corrosion of steel pipe, but they were 
discontinued because of war conditions. 
Transmission 
The transmission line from the reservoir to the 
terminal at Bremen is about 193 kilometers in length. The 
pipe line is of steel in the following lengths and diameters; 
Size of Hartz Mt. 
Transmission Line 
- Osterode to Bremen 
Length 
Wall Thickness 
Diameter 
Kilometers 
mm. 
mm. 
23.0 
9 
800 
24.0 
8 
700 
11.2 
8 
700 
28.8 
9 
600 
93.0 
7 
• 575 
13.0 
7 
450 
193.0 
- 
The drop in elevation from Osterode is 264 meters. 
There are four enclosed reservoirs along the route of the 
line at which pressures are controlled. These stations are 
Ackenhausen, Petzr, Ben the- and Holterheide. The branch lines 
to the communities served are mostly cast iron pipe. The ' 
normal operating pressure at the Bremen outlet is about 
30 pounds per square inch. The maximum capacity of the line 
to Bremen is 19,200 nr5 per day. 
Quality 
The following is a summary of the physical, chemical 
and bacteriological quality of the water from this source as 
sampled on February 22, 1945: 
Analysis For 
Raw Water 
Filtered Water 
Color 
6.0 
2.0 
Temp On 
3.6 
3.4 
Turbidity (2 mm.) 
62.0 
22.0 
Ph 
6.7 
9.5 
Carbonate hardness (U.S.) 
5.0 ppm 
10.0 ppm 
Non-carbonate hardness (U.S.) 
10.0 " 
11.0 " 
Total hardness (U.S.) 
15.0 " 
21.0 " 
Free GOg 
4.0 " 
0 
Combined COg 
4.0 " 
8.0 " 
Nitrates 
1.8 tf 
1.7 " 
Iron 
.08 " 
.01 !t 
Manganese 
.07 " 
.03 " 
65 Analysis For Raw Water Filtered V/atefr 
Bacteria per m/l 22°G 
48 hrs. 90 1,0 
Gas formation 100 m/l 37° / 
" " 10 " " - No test 
" « 1,0 11 ,f 0 « t» 
Coliform confirmed 0 " « 
At the filtration plant there is a well-equipped 
bacterial, chemical and plankton laboratory. Samples are 
collected twice each day. 
War Damage 
The plant and service facilities were not damaged 
during the war. The principal war impact on the system was 
the requirements of special service to the city of Bremen when 
the Weser River plant was damaged. Delivery rate to the city 
was then increased to the maximum capacity of the line. 
Items of Special Interest 
The system was of interest for several reasons: 
(X) the service to a series of communities which otherwise 
could not afford to construct the necessary works to bfing the 
high quality surface water to them, (2) the development of 
power from the available head from the reservoir to the treat- 
ment plant, (3) the use of pressure roughing filters preceding 
rapid sand filters, instead of using settling basins, (4) the 
extensive use of automatic recording instruments, and (5) the 
intermittent use of a photo-electric cell for determining and 
recording turbidity in the filtered water from each unit. 
66 TARGET NO. A-10 
Name: Berlin Water Works 
Location: Tegel - Berlin 
Date Visited; July S3, 27, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Stegler, director; Alsdorf, asst.dir. 
Interviewed By; A.E.Gorman, Maj .P.L.Hamilton 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
The visits to water works targets in Berlin were made 
in connectipn with a special mission to assist the Utilities 
Section of the Production Control Branch, G-4, to prepare 
estimates of fuel and power requirements to operate the water 
works of that city during the subsequent year. The public 
utilities of Berlin are integrated systems operated and con- 
trolled to serve the entire city. Therefore, service could not 
be subdivided by the various zones of occupation of the Allied 
Commission. It had been agreed by the officials of the 
American, British and Russian armies that the respective util- 
ities systems^power, gas, water and sewers should continue to 
be operated as city-wide units, and that coal and power require- 
ments should be agreed upon and be furnished on a pro-rata 
basis. 
In cooperation with the army officials the TIIC 
Public Utilities team assisted in making these estimates. It 
was therefore possible to visit several of the large water works 
plants, but time did not permit a complete study of the system. 
Eor this reason the target reports are limited in scope largely 
to the water supply and treatment facilities of these units in 
the Berlin system. 
The public water supply system for Berlin is 
municipally-owned and is a combination of the Berlin City Water 
Works and a former private company, the Chariottenburg Water 
Works (see Pig. A-10-a). The city system has 14 sources, each 
with its pumping station. In addition, there are 3 high pressure 
pumping stations. The latter system has 3 sourceSj each with 
its own pumping station. All water is obtained from wells 
except that at the Predrichshager station where well water is 
supplemented by water from the Muggelsee. 
67 In 1940, these systems supplied 4,300,000 persons 
with about 650,000 m 3 per day or 150 liters per capita (39,5 
H.S. gals). The maximum production of this system is 1,220,000 
m? per day. Many industrial plants in Berlin have private 
wells and do not use the public supply. Under normal condi- 
tions the use of water by industries from these sources is 
approximately 80,000 m 3 per day. 
The capacity of the various units in the Berlin 
water works system are summarized in the following table: 
Capacity of Supply and Pumping Stations 
Berlin Water Works System 
Name of Plant 
3 
Capacity m /day 
lung Pernheide 
83,000 
Spandau 
31,000 
Kladow 
8,500 
Tempelsee 
12,500 
Eiohwalde 
15,000 
Tegel 
208,000 
Predrickshagen (Mttggelsee) 
294,000 
Treftweg 1 and 2 
30,000 
Wuhlheide 
77,000 
Rahnsdorf 
10,500 
KBpeniok 
11,500 
Alt-Glienioke 
5,000 
Kaulsdorf 
31,000 
Stolpe 
80,000 
Trefwerder-Rupenham 
65,000 
Johannisthal 
100,000 
Beelitz-Hikolassee 
160,000 
i;^22,"ooo' 
Total 
High. Pressure Pumping 
Stations 
West End 
48,000 
Kleistpark 
64,000 
Liohtenberg 
298.000 
410.000 
Total 
The transmission mains from these stations to the 
distribution system are of steel and oast iron and vary in 
size from 1000 to 250 mm- in diameter. Cast iron pipe is 
used principally in the distribution system. Pressures in 
the 'system range from 40 to 60 psi. The transmission and 
68 distribution system in the central section of the.ciby was 
seriously damaged and several stations were unable to 
operate. Damage was especially heavy at river and canal 
crossings where pipe on bridges had been destroyed. Time 
did not permit collection of data on the damage to these 
systems. 
69 TARGET NO. A-ll 
Name: Berlin Water Works - Tegel Plant 
Location: Tegel 
Date Visited: duly 26, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Dir, Hainan; asst. dir. Alsdorf 
Interviewed By: A.E.Gorman, Maj.P.L.Hamilton 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
This plant is located on the east side of 
Tegelsee in the northwest section of the city. It supplies 
about 25 percent of the water to the Berlin system, and is 
operated in conjunction with the other ground water systems 
on the west side of the city and in Chariottenburg. Normally 
it supplies about 135,000 m* of water per day. The plant was 
not damaged by war actions and appeared to be well managed 
and reasonably well maintained. 
Sources of Supply 
Water is obtained from 304 wells around the shore 
of the lake.- Their depth varies from 35 to 68 meters depend- 
ing on location. Water is drawn from the wells under partial 
vacuum (96 cm.) and is collected in central wells through cast 
iron pipe varying in diameter from .910 to 1200 ram. In the 
case of the wells across the lake at Saartwinkle there is 
re-pumping to the Tegel station. 
Pumping 
The low lift station for pumping water from the 
wells to the aerators, has 4 Borsig vertical triple expansion 
engines, each driving a pump of 32,000 m 3 per day capacity. 
The high pressure station has 8 centrifugal pressure pumps 
which deliver filtered water to the system. Four, driven by 
steam turbines, have capacities of 55,000 m 3 each, and four, 
driven by electric motors have capacities of 79,000 each. 
Two turbine and one motor driven unit are normally operated 
during the day. Because of the shortage of coal in Berlin, 
two motor driven pumps were being operated at the time of 
inspection. 
70 Treatment 
Treatment is for iron and manganese removal. It 
consists of aeration, settling, and slow sand filtration. 
The filters are covered and in two units. One unit consists 
of 8 filters, each being a segment of an octagon with an 
open area in the center. The other unit consists of 7 
rectangular filters. It was reported that the latter filters 
are more satisfactory in operation. 
There are 3 aerators each enclosed in a separate 
brick building (see Fig. A-11-a). The water enters in 10 
elevated shallow basins of concrete construction from which it 
overflows in down pipes to the brick aerators below. The 
bricks are stacked with open joints and are cleaned by removal, 
air drying and brushing. 
The aerated water is collected in a receiving basin 
under the filters and then flows to pre-filter settling basins 
for removal of as much iron as possible before filtration. 
The average settling period is about two hours. The filters 
have a total area of 35,800 m . Their normal output is 
135 m 3 per day. 
The sand depth in the filters is 1.2 m. In the 
upper half of the bed, the sand size varies from .25 to .75 ram 
In the lower part the sand size increases until at the bottom 
coarse gravel is used as a foundation. Filter runs vary from 
2-4 weeks. 
The sand is cleaned in Sxcelsior mechanical sand 
cleaners. The ratio of water to sand used in cleaning is 6 to 
1. Belt conveyors are used for transporting the sand. 
Removal from and return to the beds is manual, using shovels 
and wheelbarrows. 
The filtered water is chlorinated, using .6 ppm. 
chlorine. Normally chlorine and ammonia are used in order to 
maintain residual chlorine throughout the distribution system. 
The ratio of chlorine to ammonia is 2 to 1. Hourly residual 
chlorine tests are made using otho-tolodin. 
Quality 
The following is a chemical analysis of samples of 
raw and treated water at this plant collected July 10 and 14 
1945: 
71 Item 
Well Water 
Filtered Water 
Tempo0 C 
10.6 
10.9 
Ph 
7.5 
7.4 
Total hardness 
(u.s.) 
- 
126.0 
Carbonate M 
II II 
102,0 ppm 
106.0 ppm 
Iron 
2.73 
.02 « 
Chlorides 
411.0 « 
36.0 " 
The bacterial analysis showed the water to be 
free of gas formers in 10 and 100 ml. amounts planted in 
lactose broth. Bacterial counts at 22° C, after 48 hour£ 
incubation were 5 per ml. and less. 
Items of Interest 
Interesting features at this plant were: (1) the 
brick aerators, (2) the pre-filter settling basins, (3) the 
slow sand filters, and (4) the method of chlorination. Of 
special interest was the relatively high amount of chlorine 
used (0.6 ppm) as compared with other plants visited where 
ground water supplies were filtered. Chlorine and ammonia 
are used in the ratio of 2 to 1 instead of 4 to 1 as is 
customary in the U.S. The chemist explained that in Berlin, 
experience had indicated that this gave the most satisfactory 
results in preventing consumer complaints with the relatively 
high quantity of chlorine used. Residual chlorine in the 
distribution system varies from .4 to .1 ppm. 
72 TARGET NO. A-12 
Name Berlin Water Works - Friedrickshagen Plant 
Location: Friedrickshagen - Berlin 
Date Visited: July 24, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Stepler, dir.; Hume, chief engineer 
interviewed By: A.E,Gorman; Maj. P.L.Hamilton 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
This plant is located in the southeastern section of 
the city on the north shore of the Mttggelsee. It has a 
capacity of 294,000 m3/day, and is the largest source of 
supply in the Berlin system. The water is obtained both from 
an underground well supply and directly from the lake. At 
the time of inspection, one-half of -the water was being 
obtained from each source but normal practice is to supply 
only one-third from the lake. The plant itself was not 
damaged during the war, but its normal operation conditions 
have been altered because of shortage of coal and damage to 
the transmission system into which it pumps. 
The following table summarizes pumping from these 
sources under normal and present conditions: 
Nriedrickshagen 
Water Supply m 
per day 
Source 
Capacity 
Normal 
Average 
1939 
1939 
July 1945 
Wells 
250,000 
123,300 
81,500 
Lake 
125.000 
375.000 
61,700 
81,500 
Total 
185,000 
163,000 
Sources of Supply 
There are 3 principal well fields with a total of 
370 wells. The depth of the wells varies from 40 to 50 meters, 
and they are spaced about 25 meters apart. The wells are 
operated under a vacuum. Water withdrawn flows through oast 
iron collecting mains 300 to 1200 mm. diameter, and discharges. 
73 to 3 central collecting wells from which it is pumped. The 
discharge casing from the wells is oast iron; screens in all 
wells, excepting those constructed during the war, are of 
copper and are from 5 to 15 m. in length. Ceramic well 
screens were used in recent years. No difficulty has been 
experienced with draw-down of the ground water elevation. 
Pumping 
The number, type and capacity of the low lift 
pumps are summarized in the.following table: 
Low Lift Pumps - Priedrickshagen Plant 
Station 
Source 
Units 
Type 
Power 
Capacity m°/da; 
A 
Wells 
3 
Reciprocating 
Steam 
36,000 
B 
i» 
6 
n 
t» 
36,000 
C 
Lake 
3 
Centrifugal 
Electric 
51,200 
it 
2 
it 
»» 
28,000 
Filtered water is pumped to the Lichtenberg station 
where it is repumped to Berlin (see Pig. A-12-a). The high 
pressure pumps normally pump against a head of 30 meters i 
through 3 cast iron transmission lines, two 1200 ana one 110 mm 
in diameter. At the time of inspection, however, only the 
1100 mm line was operable because of damage to the other two; 
and, therefore, pumping was at a head of 42 meters. 
The number and capacity of the high pressure pumps 
at this station are: 
Pump No. 
Power 
Type Pump 
2 
Capacity m /day 
1 
Diesel eng. 
Centrifugal 
36,000 
2 
it it 
tt 
72,000 
3 
it tt 
tt 
72,000 
4 
»t it 
it 
36,000 
5 
Electric motor 
»t 
72,000 
6 
tt n 
tt 
36,000 
7 
ft »t 
tt 
50,400 
8 
it « 
t» 
103,200 
9 
»t n 
tt 
24,000 
10 
ft tt 
it 
24,000 
11 
tt t» 
n 
24,000 
These pumping stations- were well maintained and the 
equipment appeared to be in good operating condition. The 
diesel engines are used for emergency power when there are 
74 interruptions in electric power. There are automatic record- 
ing units for pressure and flow from each unit and similar 
equipment for electrical operating equipment. 
Treatment 
Water is pumped to 3 aerator buildings in each of 
which there are 10 shallow concrete basins for distributing 
the water through vertical outlet pipes to the brick 
aerators as at the Tegel plant (see Fig. A-11-a). The area 
Qf each basin is 50 m 2 or 1500 m 2 total. The water is 
collected in the basins under the aerators and flows to the 
settling basin. The aerated lake water is settled in 8 
covered reinforced concrete basins. No coagulants are used. 
The settling period is from 3-4 hours. 
There are 34 covered slow sand fliter each with an 
area of 2330 m 2, or a total of 79,220 m 2 (see Fig. A-12-b), 
Twenty-three filters are used for the lake water and the other 
11 for the well water. The filters are 1.2 m. deep. The sand 
size in the upper 50 percent of the bed is under 0.5 ram. In 
the next 25 percent of the filter it is under 1.0 mm. Gravel 
at the bottom is from 2-6 mm. in diameter, Sand is cleaned at 
periods ranging from 2-4 weeks. It is transmitted by belt 
veyor to the Fxcelsior sand washer, and is stacked for drying 
in the court around which the filters are built. About two 
inches of sand are removed for each cleaning. 
The water is chlorinated by manual and automatically 
controlled units. The latter were out of order. The amount 
of chlorine applied varies from 0.6 to 1.0 ppm, and the 
chlorine solution is applied as the water enters the filtered 
water storage reservoir. Residual chlorine tests of the water 
are made hourly. The amount carried in the water pumped from 
the plant is 0.2 ppm. 
Storage 
The filtered water is mixed and stored in two con- 
crete covered reservoirs having a frotal capacity of 30,400 m° 
Quality 
Following is a summary of chemical analysis of the 
water at this plant sampled on July 21, 1945: 
75  
Well 1 
later : 
Laki 
3 Water 
Item 
Raw 
!FilteredI 
Raw 
• 
’Filtered 
• 
Pll 
Garbanate 
Iron 
Manganese 
Hardness (IX. S.) 
7.5 
123 ppm 
.15 " 
No tests 
7.8 
129 ppm 
0 
7.7 7.5 
76 ppm 59 ppm 
.15 " 0 " 
No tests 
Bacterial and microscopic analyses are made 
daily in a well equipped laboratory at the plant. The 
filtered water is of good quality. 
Items of Interest 
The most interesting units of this plant are the 
pumping stations with their variety of power - steam, 
electricity and diesel engines. The station is well laid 
out, the equipment is in good condition and appeared to be 
well maintained. 
76 TARGET NO. A-13 
Name: Pabrick Ebenhausen fur Gesell 
Chemisohe Erzenugnisse 
Location: 6 miles southeast of Ingolstadt 
Date Visited: August 1, 1945 
Person Interviewed; J.Meidel, engineer 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
This was one of many well camouflaged explosive 
manufacturing plants constructed by the Germans. It was 
built in 1938, and was enlarged progressively until 1941. 
About 2000 persons were employedjinany of whom were housed 
in the vicinity and were supplied water from the drinking 
water system at the plant. The layout and design of the 
filter buildings was such as to give them the appearance of 
residences. 
Sources of Suppl 
Water for the drinking water system was obtained 
from 5 wells constructed along the Parr River, each about 
12m. deep, and with a capacity of 2160 m 3 per day. Screens 
were of galvanized iron. The industrial water was obtained 
from the river and settled about 12 hours in settling basins 
formed by excavation and having direct inflow to them from 
the river. The settled water flowed through 4 oast iron 
pipes to a central well from which it was pumped to the treat- 
ment plant by 4 vertical motor driven centrifugal pumps. 
Treatment 
Both the drinking and industrial water supplies were 
treated in BAMAG double-decked, vertical, pressure filters. 
(See Fig. A-13-a). Different coagulants were used; aiuminum 
sulphate for the drinking water and ferric chloride for the 
industrial water. Both coagulants were prepared in double 
batch mixers with rubber lined tanks. Feed was to a constant 
level box, then by gravity through roto-meters on the dis- 
charge side of which a graduated glass receiver was set for 
celebration purposes. The measured coagulant soluljiph .flowed 
77 by gravity through bakelite pipes to small electric driven 
centrifugal chemical feed pumps which delivered the solutions 
into the supply line to the filters. The pumps were lined 
with a synthetic chemical similar to bakelite. 
The application of the ferric chloride solution was 
intermittent and the control was made automatic by the use of 
solenoid operated valves* 
The double pressure filters for each water treatment 
plant were housed in a special house, designed externally to 
have the appearance of a two story dwelling. There were 
6 filters in each - 3 on either side of an operating gallery 
on the second floor. Valve control was manual from the 
operating gallery, using extension rods for the valves in the 
lower section of the double filters. Chemicals were elevated 
to a storeroom in the second floor, using an automatic chain 
hoist. 
As the plant was not operating and records had been 
destroyed, no data were available as to the chemical character- 
istics of the water supplies, the chemical treatment and 
results obtained. 
Items of Special Interest 
These plants were of interest because of: (1) the 
architectural layout to give the impression that the buildings 
were residential, (2) the different coagulants used for the 
different water supplies, (3) the chemical mixing, controlling 
and feeding equipment with automatic controls and acid resistant 
piping. 
78 TARGET NO. A-14 
Name; NUremburg Water Works 
Locations Kuremburg and suburbs 
Date Visited: August 2, 1945 
person Interviewed: Ipelkofer, general director 
interviewed By; A. E. Gorman 
INEORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
In 1940 Nuremburg had a population of 440,000. The 
average consumption then was 97,000 m 3 per day or approx- 
imately 58 U.S, gallons per capita. Director Ipelkofer 
estimated that as of August 1, 1945 the population was 275,000 
exclusive of the American military occupational troops. 
Because of the damage to the system the consumption at the 
time of inspection was 110,000 m 3 per day. A large proportion 
of the central part of the city was destroyed by bombing and 
the water transmission and distribution system had been 
seriously damaged. 
Sources of Supply 
There are three principal sources of supply; (See 
Eig. A-14-a): (l) Mountain spring water collected in specially 
constructed collecting galleries at Ranna 30 miles northeast 
of the city, (2) artesian water from wells and springs at 
Ursprung and Kramersweine about 7 miles southeast of the city, 
and (3) a well field at Elenstegen built in 1903, in the 
Pignitz Valley in the northeast section of the city. The 
third, which was once the major source? is now used principally 
to supplement the other two when the demands on them are great, 
or merely as an emergency source of supply. All water is 
delivered to four reservoirs in a group on a hill at 
Sohmausenbuoh, from which it flows to most of the city by 
gravity. There are booster pumps for service in high areas of 
the city. The water normally obtained from these sources and 
that supplied in July 1945, is summarized in the following 
table: 
79 Sources of 
Water Supply - Nuremburg 
Source 
* Normal supply 
; maxi mum m3day 
I Supply July 194i 
I m3 day 
Raima 
43,000 
47,455 
Ur sprung and Kramer swe in 
21,000 
27,200 
Slenstegen 
33.000 
35,700 
Total 
97,000 
110,555 
•At Hanna, a spring-fed area, formerly a swamp 
between two mountains, has been excavated and back-filled with 
stone and gravel to a depth of 8 meters. It supplies about 
42,000 m 3 per day. The collecting area is covered with a con- 
crete slab on which topsoil has been placed to permit plantings 
of grass, shrubs and small trees. Two collecting pipes deliver 
the water to a central concrete basin. On another slope of the 
mountain in the same area, a concrete lined tunnel 500 m. long 
and 3 m. in diameter, in the wall of which there are slots 
about 6 inches wide and 25 inches high, also intercepts under- 
ground water flow. About one-sixth of the total Hanna supply 
comes from this tunnel. The flow from both sources is measured 
in a collecting.basin by elevation over vertical uptake pipes 
discharging into oast iron mains which deliver the water with- 
out treatment to the transmission main to the city. In addition 
to these supplies, there are two deep (40 and 80 m.) wells 
beyond Hanna with a capacity of 20,000 m 3 per day and an 
artesian spring at Buckenberg with a capacity of 2000 m3per day 
which can discharge into the transmission line from Hanna to 
the city. Supply from the Hanna sources is now limited by the 
harrying capacity of this line to about 50,000 m 3 per day. 
The Unsprung artesian wells and Kramerswein deep 
wells have capacities of 16,000 and 12,000 m 3 per day, 
respectively. This water is discharged by a pipeline into the 
Schmausenbuch reservoirs. A recently installed booster pumping 
station below the reservoirs has increased the capacity of the 
supply line from these sources from 20,000 to 26,000 my per day. 
There are now 100 wells at the Elenstegen plant. 
They are 12-14 meters deep and have a capacity of 36,000 m 3 per 
day. The excavated section of the wells is 900 mm. in diameter. 
The central well pipe is 300 mm. in diameter. The packing 
around the pipes is coarse, medium and fine gravel in concentric 
rings from inside outward. The earlier screens were of copper 
with cast iron discharge pipes. The recent ones are constructed 
of ceramic material. Well spacing is 30 m. 
80 Treatment 
Only the well water at the Elenstegen works is 
treated. To remove manganese and iron from the water there 
are 16 vertioal "Mangan" pressure filters with a total capacity 
of 36,000 m 3 per day. Twelve are double deck units 2.8 m. in 
diameter, and 2.0 m. high. The other 4 are 3.0 m« in diameter 
and 3.0 high. The double filters are washed by water using 
mechanical belt driven rakes. The newer triple filters are 
washed with air and water. The operator prefers the mechanical 
rakes and water washing system to the .air and water method of 
washing. The filter bottom nozzles are of porcelain. 
Transmission 
A schematic diagram of the principal units in the 
Nuremburg transmission and distribution system is shown in 
Fig. A-14-a. There are 46 kilometers of cast iron pipe and 
5 kilometers of reinforced concrete pipe in the transmission 
system. The main transmission line from Hanna is 30 kilometers 
in length and is constructed both of cast iron and 'reinforced 
concrete. It passes through 12 tunnels en route to the city. 
Pumping 
at Elenstegen and the new booster station in the transmission 
line from the Ursung and Hanna sources to the Schmausenbuch 
reservoirs. 
The two principal pumping stations are the old one 
Electric power is used at both stations and all 
pumps are horizontal and centrifugal units. Their capacities 
are: 
Rated Pumping Capacity - m3/day 
Station Pump No.l 
Schmausenbuoh Booster 33,000 
Blenstegen 12,000 to 
33,000 
Pump No.2 
33,000 
Pump No.3 
66,000 
12,000 to 
80,500 
There are 3 booster pumping stations, one to the 
Hohe BUhl reservoir, a second to Zeppelenfeld, and a third to 
Ziegelstein. 
Storage 
The principal storage reservoirs are the 4 on the 
hill at Schausenbuch. They are of brick and concrete construc- 
tion and covered by earth embankments. Entrance is by an 
81 inspection gallery, well lighted and tile lined. The entrance 
doors, both internal and external, are locked and sealed. The 
capacity of the principal storage reservoirs is given in the 
following table; 
Capacity of Principal Reservoirs - Kuremburg 
Reservoir ' Capacity - 
Schmausenbuch Ko.l 50,000 
" " 2 12,000 
" " 3 8,000 
Hohe Btthl 20,000 
The Hohe Bhhl reservoir is served from the others 
by a booster pump and it supplies the high pressure area in 
the southern section pf the city. 
Distribution 
The distribution system consists of 677 kilometers 
of oast iron pipe distributed by sizes as follows; 
Diameter of Pipe mm, Length 
of Kilometers 
500-1000 
20 
250-500 
24 
100-250 
222 
80-100 
411 
Total 
677 
There are 4700 hydrants in the system of which 3500 
are of the above ground type. All consumers are metered, the 
total in service being 46,000. Pressure in the system varies 
from 30 Jo 60 psi. 
Quality 
Recent analysis of the water from the various 
sources of supply are summarized in the following table; 
Sources of Supply- 
Item Raima Ur sprung Kramerswein Elenstegen 
Total hardness (U.S.) 121 75 81 85 
Ph 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 
Iron-source ppm. 0 0 0 0.2 
” treated M v 0.02 
Kangane se- so ur o e ppm. 0.5 
11 treated u 0,0 
Eree CO2 000 0.0 
82 The bacterial analysis of a series of samples 
reviewed showed no gelatine counts at 22° C in excess of 
5 per m/l, and no gas formers in lactose broth incubated 
48 hours at 37° C. 
War Damage 
The Nuremburg water system suffered serious damage 
from bombing. When tie American troops entered early in May, 
the only transmission main from the Hanna and Elenstegen 
sources was one 450 mm, oast iron pipe. All of the other 
5 lines had been broken. Water was being obtained from 68 wells 
in the city, 15 of which were at bomb shelters. Earlier in the 
war one bomb crashed through the roof of the main storage 
reservoir at Sohmausenbuch. The dirt coverage over this 
reservoir was 2 feet with a 12 inch reinforced concrete slab 
foof. The hole through the roof was about 20 mm. diameter. 
There were 1200 breaks in the distribution system, averaging 5 m. 
of damaged pipe per crater, or a total length of 6000 m. This 
is about „.9 percent of the system. 
Items of Interest 
The Nuremburg water system is of special interest 
because of (1) the method and structures used in developing the 
Hanna spring supply, (2) the layout and design of the new 
booster pumping station at Sohmausenbuch, (3) the large pressure 
filters for removal of iron and manganese at Elenstegen, and (4) 
the construction and protection of the water in the storage 
reservoirs. The system appeared to be well managed and maintained 
83 TARGET NO. A-15 
Name: Munich Water Works 
Location: Munich and' foothills of Bavarian Alps 
Date Visited: August 2, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Herpich, director, Water Department 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Gorman 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
In 1940, Munich, the-principal city of southern 
Germany, had a population of 850,000. It. was estimated by 
director Herpich that the population as of August 1, 1945, 
was 500,000. At the time of inspection about 160,000 m 3 
water per day were being supplied. - The city was heavily 
damaged by bombing and other war actions. 
Sources of Suppl 
The water is supplied from 3 underground gallery 
collecting sources known as Reisach, Gotzing and Muhlthal, 
in the foothills of the Bavarian Alps, 15 to 20 miles south- 
east of the city. In normal times the average water supply 
from all sources was 260,000 m 3 per day,- with a minimum and 
maximum range of 200,000 and 425,000 m*3 per day. The average 
corresponds to 60 gallons per capita for a population of 
850,000. The Reisach plant,.2o miles from Munich, has a deep 
central collecting well into which 4 galleries discharge and 
from which water flows to the city reservoirs by gravity 
through two outlet conduits. The collecting well structure is 
beautiful in appearance with its white tile lined walls, 
marble slab floors and staircases. The internal diameter of 
the structure is sm, and it is in 3 levels. The gates and 
valves to the gallery shafts are of corrosion resistant steel. 
The 4 collecting galleries are 1.35 m. in diameter and each of 
the two outlet conduits 1.15 m. in diameter. 
There are 5 concrete collecting galleries at Gotzing. 
They are'from 30 to 350 m. long, constructed under the mountain 
at points where they can most effectively intercept the ground 
water flow through the rock. Water from the Reisach an.dJJptzing 
84 works come together at a central control and measuring station 
from which the mixed water discharges by gravity to the city. 
The drop in elevation from this point to the City is about 100 m. 
The collecting galleries are of various types of 
construction depending on the ground penetrated. Some are of 
stone and others are of concrete with holes in the sides and 
top, or in both,and through which the water from the outside 
enters the gallery. As a rule the cross section is semi- 
elliptical, about 1,75 m. high and 1,0 meters wide. The 
delivery through which the water f are of concrete 
construction in two levels, with interconnecting stairways. 
The depth of flow depends on the volume of ground water collected 
and the,rate of use in the city. Excess water passes out to the 
adjacent creeks through overflow pipes. 
The construction is of good quality. All necessary 
control and measuring equipment, manual and recording^are 
installed in underground structures, well concealed by earth 
mounds. The doors, valves and apparatus are of non-corroding 
steel. Rooms housing control and recording equipment are lined 
in white or buff tile and the general impression as to main- 
tenance and operation is that of high order. Inflow from the 
two systems and the rate of flow in the two conduits that lead 
to the city, is measured by flow through large oast iron record- 
ing Venturi meters. 
The contributing watershed is sparsely settled. In 
excess of 8700 acres of it are owned by the city. The normal 
annual precipitation in the watershed is 1200 mm. or 47 inches. 
The water is cold (B.O°C or 46.4°E), all year round. As 
collected in the white tile lined basins the water presents a 
beautiful deep blue color. 
At the MdMthal works about 5 miles nearer Munich, 
there are 6 galleries under the mountain similar to those at 
Gotzing. Water from 3 of them was being spilled to the river 
because of damage to a main collecting line where a bridge over 
the Reiohautobahn was demolished by German soldiers. 
Transmission 
The water, without treatment, flows by gravity from 
the outlet and control basins at the sources of supply through 
3 transmission conduits to the 2 storage reservoirs which serve 
the system. 
85  
Size 
Length 
Source 
Reservoir 
Material 
meters 
meters 
I 
Grotzing or 
Diesenhof6r 
Brick-Re-Conorete 
1.3x1.7 
27.0 
II 
Muhlthaler 
Reinforced ff 
1.0x1.6 
26.0 
III 
Heisaoh * 
Kreuzpuliach 
t» it 
1.7x1.8 
20.0 
Source to Reservoir Transmission Lines Muni on 
The lines are cross-connected so that water may be 
transferred from one system to the other. 
There are 5 principal transmission lines of oast 
iron and steel between the reservoirs and the city distribution 
system. They are of the following sizes and lengths: 
Reservoir 
to Distribution System Transmission 
Lines - Munich 
No. of 
lines 
Material 
Diameter in mm. 
Length in m. 
1 
Cast iron 
700 
11.3 
2 
tt tt 
700 
12.6 
3 
ft it 
800 
18.6 
4 
Steel 
1000 
15.3 
5 
it 
2000 
16.6 
The average time of flow from the sources to the 
city is 10 hours- 
Storage 
There are 2 principal groups of storage reservoirs 
from which the city system is supplied by gravity. These are: 
Reservoir 
Units 
Storage Reservoirs-Monioh 
Approximate Elevation Total Capacity 
above City System - m. 
Diesenliof en 
4 ' 
70 77,000 
Krenpullaok 
4 
100 100,000 
The Diesenhofen reservoirs are of brick construction 
and the Krenpullaoh reservoir is of reinforced concrete with 
all surfaces painted white and with a white tiled inspection 
gallery across it above the water. It is a beautiful structure, 
lighted internally with numerous shaded lights, with the illumina- 
tion directed on the water and producing a striking picture. The 
walls and floor of the entrance and control rooms are constructed 
of white tile and marble. All doors, valves, valve operating 
mechanisms and metal work are of non-corroding steel. Around-the- 
86 end-baffles in each of the four units of the r’eservcrir assure 
circulation of the water. Recording mechanisms indicate the 
water elevation in the various reservoir units. The rates of 
inflow and outflow are registered electrically on an illum- 
inated panel. 
The reservoir is located in a wooded area covered 
with earth on which grass, shrubbery and small trees have 
been planted to camouflage the works from aerial observation. 
Artificial camouflage was built over the entrances to the 
reservoir. An interesting feature was the construction of the 
caretaker’s home on top of part of the entrance into the 
reservoir. 
An underground valve and venturi chamber is located 
in the woods some distance from the reservoir. The ground level 
entrance door is counter-weighted so that it opens readily 
when the look pin is withdrawn. As a safety measure, there is 
a large streamlined horizontal needle valve in the transmission 
mains to the city, which would close gradually and without 
vibration should a break occur in.the line (see Fig. A-15-a 
and b). The large valves in the mains are vertical and fully 
enclosed. They can be operated by electric motor or by hand. 
Another interesting feature is the provision made 
for the disposal of water when a section of the reservoir is 
drained. A large concrete reservoir with a capacity of 
25,000 or the equivalent of any one of the four sections of 
the reservoir has been built in a ravine several hundred 
meters from the valve chamber. When draining is necessary, it 
is carried out quickly by discharging the water into this 
receiving reservoir. From the reservoir the water is discharged 
'through a series of wells to the underground strata in the 
ravine. During the war the surface of this basin was camouflaged 
by floating islands on which trees and shrubs were planted in 
order to break up the sharp outline of the water*s edge and to 
give the appearance from the air of a series of small ponds. 
Distribution 
There are 1700 kilometers of oast iron pipes in the 
distribution system. The sizes range from 80 to 1200 mm. in 
diameter. About 50 percent are in the 100-150 sizes. Joint 
materials used are hemp and lead. There are 11,800 hydrants, 
11,000 valves and 51,000 meters in the system. Normal 
pressures during the day vary from 30-70 m. (41.5 to 100 psi); 
at night they are about 90 m., (128 psi). 
87 Quality 
Following is a partial chemical and physical 
analysis of the normal water from the principal sources: 
Sources 
Item 
Gotzing and 
Heisaoh 
Mtlhl thaler 
Total solids ppm 
226-306 
240-280 
Free KH, " 
0 
0 
Free COg * " 
0 
0 
Total hardness" 
150 
Chlorides ft 
4*0 
4.0 
ph 
7.6 
7.6 
Temperature C 
8. Q 
8.0 
Bacterial analyses are made regularly. The water 
is of excellent quality. 
War Damage 
As might be expected, the Munich water system 
suffered.serious damage from bombing and other war actions, but 
not all at the same time.' At one time or another during the 
war each of the 5 principal transmission mains into the city 
was damaged. There were several breaks in the 700 mm. pipe and 
two in the 1200 mm. main. During these emergency periods water 
was distributed to the stricken areas in tanks and by pumping 
directly into,Tover the ground”emergency water supply points. 
When the highway bridge across the valley at 
Mlllthlaer was demolished by the G-erman soldiers late in April, 
the impact of the plate girder broke a principal concrete 
transmission line. As a result, the water collected from 3 of 
the 6 galleries at that source has been lost to the river. 
This amounts to about 51,000 m 3 per day. 
There were 1,860 breaks in water mains and pipes. 
No damage was reported to the sources or the storage reservoirs. 
Items of Interest 
Although this water system has no purification units, 
it has much of interest to water works engineers concerned with 
the structural and operating aspects of impounding water 
supplies from underground sources. The collection, transmission 
and storage works and accessories are well plained, constructed, 
operated and maintained. 
88 Items of special interest were: (1) the construc- 
tion of the collecting galleries, (2) the extensive use of 
non-corrosive steel in the doors, gate valves and control 
mechanisms in the galleries and reservoirs, (3) the ventilation 
of the underground reservoirs. (4) the inspection gallery in 
the Krenpullach reservoir, (5) the lighting and internal decora- 
tion of this reservoir, (6) the recording equipment for flow 
and water elevation, (7) the use of counter weights for opening 
large, horizontal doors to underground chambers, (8) the under- 
ground disposal and conservation of drainage water from the 
reservoirs through the use of wells, and (9) the methods of 
camouflaging the reservoir entrances, underground valve basins 
and the receiving basin for reservoir drainage water. 
89 TARGET NO. A-16 
Name: Salzburg Y/ater System 
Location: Salzburg and vicinity 
Date Visited: August 4, 5, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Frey, director 
Interviewed By: A. E. Gorman, Cabp. H. Moore 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
Salzburg, Austria, lies in a valley between mountain 
ranges on both sides of the Salzachi River. In 1940, it had a 
population of 70,000 and a water consumption of 15,000 m3/day, 
or 57 U.S. gals, per capita per day. It was estimated by 
director Frey that as of August 1, 1945, the water system was 
serving 125,000 people with 19,000 The additional 
population is due to occupational military forces and the large 
number of displaced persons living in the city. All sources 
were not visited and much of the data concerning the sources 
and storage was obtained from notes of Capt. Moore, Sn.C.Officer 
with Military Government. 
Sources of Supply 
The water is obtained from mountain springs and two 
well fields in themearby valleys. All sources are within 
8 kilometers of the city. Their watersheds are not publicly 
owned and policed and are subject to some local contamination. 
The water receives no treatment. The sources of supply are 
summarized in the following table: 
90 Source of Water Supplies 
Source 
Type 
Supply m3 
Aug. 1, 1945 
South 
Kuhlback 
Mt. 
Spring 
864 
Furstenbrunner 
u 
tr 
6,900 
Glanegg 
Sh. 
Wells 
3,450 
Moos 
Mt. 
Spring 
345 
Fast 
Aigern 
Sh. 
Well 
690 
ft 
Mt. 
Spring 
350 
Gaisberg 
rt 
11 
180 
Kendle 
ft 
ii 
350 
Gersberg 
11 
w 
690 
Gnigberberg 
n 
h 
530 
North 
Tiefenbach 
Mt. 
Spr ing 
1,600 
Total 
15,949 
By agreement with private interests the supply 
from Furstenbrunner had been limited to 80 liters/second 
(1.83 M.G.D.), although the transmission line had much greater 
carrying capacity. To assist in meeting the acute water supply 
needs the Military Government had ordered the supply from this 
source increased. 
An interesting feature of the Glanegg well puant 
was that the head of the water flowing through the transmission 
mains from the Furstenbrunner reservoir was used through a 
hydraulic turbine to drive the pump which pumped water from the 
well field. 
Transmission 
The transmission lines are relatively small. In the 
south section they are of cast iron 275 and 375 mm. diameter. 
One line of steel is 200 mm. diameter. There are six lines in 
the east section varying in diameter from 125 to 80 mm. All 
are cast iron but one which is of cement asbestos - 100 mm. 
diameter. 
91 Storage 
The covered reservoirs are located neaf the spring 
and well sources and also on Mt. Monohsberg in the heart of 
town. They are fed by gravity and the Tlbw from them to the 
city is by gravity. They have a total capacity of 6,410 nr 
(1.69 MG). These reservoirs are; 
Location 
Reservoir 
3 
Capacity m 
Monchsberg Mt. 
Old (1907 unit 
1,000 
New (1929 " 
Utility " (bombed 
1,500 
and being repaired) 
1,000 
Elevated tower 
50 
Kapuzinberg Mt. 
Geisberg 
700 
Ginglerberg 
1,000 
Gaisberg 
40 
Others 
Nussdorf-NE 
300 
Gingler-E 
300 
Porsch-KE 
45 
Glasenbach-E 
45 
• 
Maxglan-W 
400 
Total 
6,380 
Distribution 
There are 224 kilometers of pipe in the entire system 
including the transmission line. Their diameters range from 
375 to 80 ram. About 60 percent are in the 100-125 mm. sizes. 
There are 1100 hydrants and 6000 meters in the system. All 
services are metered. 
War Damage 
As a result of bombing there were 800 breaks in the 
distribution and transmission system. Only the so-called 
utility reservoir was damaged. It was still out of service at 
the time of our visit. 
Items of Special Interest 
This water system while of general interest because 
of the many gravity sources had no special target value. 
92 TARGET NO. A-17 
Name: Ulm Water Works System 
Location: Ulm 
Date Visited; August 8, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Klett, chief engineer; Weger,master mechanic 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Gorman, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
Ulm had a population of 40,000 in 1939. Because of 
military occupancy and the location of a camp for displaced 
persons in the city, the water works officials estimated that 
the system is now serving about 70,000 people. War damage was 
intensive in the central business section of the city. There 
has been considerable increase in industrial use of water in 
the city which has resulted in increase In demand for water 
supply. The average daily use of water in 1939, was 10,000 m 3, 
equivalent to 65.5 U.S. gallons per capita. The amount of 
water supplied the system in July 1945, average 25,000 m 3 per 
day or 93 U.S. gallons per capita. 
Sources of Suppl; 
The water is obtained from two sources: (1) a well 
field 2.5 kilometers southwest of the city on low land between 
the Danube and Iller Rivers, supplying about 23,000 per 
day, and (2) an artesian spring about 14 kilometers west of 
the city which supplies about 6000 nr per day. 
The well field has 5 wells, 150-200 m. deep, 
operated under a vacuum system. They are spaced from 450 to 
600 m. apart. The outer well chamber is 1000 mm. in diameter; 
the delivery pipe and screens are 600 mm. diameter. The screens 
are made of slotted cast iron pipe. 
Pumping 
The well water is collected in a central underground 
basin at the nearby hydro-electric power plant and pumped to 
the Kuhburg reservoir on a hill about a mile away. There are 
93 two old motor driven centrifugal pumps, each of 1-1,-750 m 3 ' 
per day capacity. A 200 HP steam engine with belt drive is 
held in reserve to operate the pumps if necessary.. Pressure 
at the pumps is 7.75 atmospheres or 114 psi. 
Transmission and Distribution 
There are two 500 mm, diameter cast iron trans- 
mission mains ffom the pumping station to the reservoir and 
thence to the city. The oast iron transmission main from 
the spring source to the city is 350 mm. diameter. As a 
result of war damage there were 250 breaks in the distribution 
system, 150 of which had been repaired. There was no damage 
to supply and storage facilities. 
Storage 
There are 3 concrete, covered storage reservoirs: 
Reservoir 
Section 
Capacity m3 
Kahburg 
W 
11,900 
Michaelsberg 
m 
6,500 
Wilhelmsberg 
N 
1,600 
Total 
20,000 
The Michaelsburg reservoir is filled by gravity 
from the Kuhburg reservoir, and water to Wilhelmsberg is re- 
pumped from Michaelsberg. The service at Wilhelmsberg was 
for an army artillery school. Pressure in the city varies by 
service areas from 2.5 atmosphers (37 psi) in the. east side to 
5.5 atmospheres (81 psi) on the west side. 
Quality 
Following are the results of chemical analysis of 
the water from the well sources as collected April 21, 1944: 
Analysis of Water at TTlm 
Item 
Ph 
7.3 
T otal hardness (TJ . S.) •••••••••• 
123*0 
ppm 
Carbonate M 
106.0 
tt 
Nonoarbonate” 
17.0 
t» 
Tron f t, 
0 
f» 
CaCOg 
93.0 
n 
Mg CO3 
21.4 
ft 
Ch T nr*i de s 
9.0 
t» 
SO3 .\ 
15.1 
It 
94 Items of Special Interest 
The facilities at the water works offered 
nothing of special target value. 
95 TARGET NO. 18 
Name: Landkrfeis Aachen Water Works 
Location: Headquarters, Brand 
Date Visited: August 30, 1945 
Persons Interviewed; Merkelbach, director; Schotz, Consult.Engr. 
Interviewed By; A.E.Gorman, Maj.M.W.Tatlock 
INFORMATION. OBTAINED 
General 
The water in the suburban area of Aachen is supplied 
by a private company known as Wasserwerke Landkreis Aachen. 
This company supplies a population of about 240,000 people in 
an area 2000 sq. kilometers south, east and north of Aachen a** 
including villages in Holland. Normally, about 60 percent of 
the supply is to industries in the area, especially coal mines. 
At the present time, the distribution of use is about one-half 
to industry and one-half for domestic use in the numerous 
small villages and cities. 
Some water is supplied the city of Aachen varying from 
one-sixth to one-third of the supply and depending on require- 
ments. The distribution system of Aachen is interoonheoted 
with the suburban system at numerous points. 
Source of Supply 
The water for the system is obtained from two major 
reservoirs; 
Name of Year put in 
Capacity 
Water Shed Area 
reservoir Operation 
million nr 
sq,. kilometers 
Dreilagerbachtalsperre 1912 
4.28 
22. 93 
Kalltalsperre 1934 
2.10 
29.5 
The former source is about 16 kilometers southeast 
of Aachen at elevation 392. The latter at elevation 420, is 
about 6,3 kilometers southeast of the former and is connected 
to it. by a concrete gravity tunnel through the mountains, 
2.2 m. high and 1,5 m. wide. 
96 The supply of water from the source is* 
Water Supplied 
- Million Gals, per 
Day 
Por Domestic Use 
Por Industrial Use 
Total 
Normal - 
1940 
4.10 
5.75 
9.85 
Present 
1945 
3.58 
3* 58 
7.16 
Treatment 
The reservoir water is treated at Dreilangerbach in 
Q steel open gravity rapid sand filters. Each is 5.0 m in 
diameter and the total area of the filters is 206 Under 
normal operation the average rate of filtration is 3.2 U.S. 
gals, per square foot per minute. The filter sand is from 
0.6 to 1.0 mm. in diameter and washing is hydraulic, using 
mechanical rakes. No coagulents are used. The water is 
treated before filtration by .25 ppm of chlorine and after 
filtration at a similar rate. 
Transmission 
There are about 600 kilometers of cast iron pipes 
in the transmission system to the various industries and 
cities. The latter maintain their own water distribution 
systems and service facilities to customers. The two prin- 
cipal mains to the system from the filter plant are 800 and 
475 mm. in diameter. About one-half of the transmission 
mains are iron. The remainder are steel and reinforced 
concrete. 
Storage 
There are three elevated steel storage tanks and 
one reinforced concrete underground reservoir in the system. 
The underground reservoir, which is the largest, is the prin- 
cipal distributing reservoir in the system. These reservoirs 
and their capacities are; 
Name of Reservoir 
Type 
3 
Capacity m 
Bardenberg 
Alsdorf 
Palenberg 
Eilendorf 
Elevated 
« 
it 
Underground 
500 
1000 
500 
6600 
Total 
8600 
/ 
97 Quality 
The following is a typical analysis of the water 
supplied consumers: 
Item 
Amount 
Ph 
6*8 
Free CO© ppm 
Total hardness ppm 
5*5 to 5.7 
17.0 
Iron 
slight 
Manganese 
• 
Items of Special Interest 
This system is Interesting as an example of a large 
water system serving numerous communities in an industrial 
area, but its facilities and method of operation are con- 
sidered to have no special target value. 
98 TARGET NO. A-19 
Name: Stuttgart Gallenklenge Water 
Treatment Plant 
Location? Stuttgart 
Date Visited: July 26, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Robert Scholar, director 
Interviewed By: Lt.Col.Gilbert, Lt.Pfreimer, Dr^Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
In 1940, Stuttgart had a population of 500,000, 
with an estimated water consumption of 30,000,000 gallons per 
day (60 XT.S. gal./cap.). 
Source of Supply 
The present water supply system is the result of 
three-quarters of a century of gradual development whifih has 
brought water to the city from three sources of supply. The 
principal source is a system of wells located in the Alps 
about 100 kilometers from the city. This water is pumped to 
a high elevation reservoir from which it flows by gravity to 
distribution reservoirs in or near the city. Approximately 
two-thirds of the total supply comes from this source and no 
treatment is used. A second source of supply is from lakes 
located 55 kilometers from the city. This water requires 
treatment because of the constant existence of biologic 
growths and a chemical characteristic causing incrustations 
within the pipe. The third source of supply is from shallow 
wells (approximately 5 m. deep), located near the Neckar River. 
In case of low supply, water may be taken directly from the 
river. All of this water is very hard, ranging from 200 to 
over 500 ppm, depending upon the source, with an average hard- 
ness in excess of 300 ppm. Water from the lakes, the shallow 
wells or the river is treated in three different plants. 
An old plant built in 1873, is still in operation, 
but is very ineffective. It consists of sand and charcoal 
filters with provision for aeration to eliminate odors result- 
ing from biologic growths. A second plant (Berg) treats the water from the 
shallow wells or from the Neckar River. At this plant the 
water is super-chlorinated, followed both by rapid and slow 
sand filtration (see Fig. A-IQ-'a) . Alum was formerly used ’ 
as a coagulent, but its use has been discontinued because of 
difficulty in obtaining it under wartime conditions. 
At the target plant at Gallenklenge - capacity 
4-0,000 m3/day - the lake supply is treated in the following 
manner: 
(a) Super-chlorination with 5 to 9 ppm of chlorine. 
(b) Alum coagulation with the addition of powdered 
activated carbon for odor removal. 
(c) Two hours settling in concrete basins. 
(d) Second addition of carbon if required before 
filtration. 
(e) Ph adjustment from 7.1 to 7,3 before filtra- 
tion. ' ’ 
(f) Rapid filtration -5m3 per per hr. 
(2 gal./sq.ft/min.). 
(g) ’Reohlorination. 
(h) Dechlorination with granular activated carbon. 
A portion of the flow is bypassed to obtain 
1.0 ppm chlorine residual in the system. 
Items of Special Interest 
The interesting feature of this plant is its treat- 
ment of a surface supply for taste and odor by super-chlorina- 
tion, reduction of excess chlorine by powdered activated 
carbon followed by dechlorination, using granulated activated 
carbon. .These treatment processes proved very satisfactory. 
There are four filters. Construction is such that 
the filter room is separated from the rest of the plant by 
glass windows set in rubber. This was done -to protect the 
operator from any chlorine fumes which might be given off in 
the super-chlorination of pretreated water. Experience 
proved this precaution to be unnecessary- The sizes, of filter 
media are as follows; 
Sand .5 to 1.0 m. 
Fine gravel '4-6 mm - .2 m.- 
Gravel .. 10-20 " - , 1 ft 
Coarse gravel .1 m. 
100 The underdrain system consists of porcelain 
strainers of the BAMAG type spaced 30-40 cm on centers. The 
use of porcelain eliminates the corrosion encountered when 
copper was used. A float on the water surface of the filter 
automatically closes the influent pipe valve during back- 
washing. Filters are backwashed at a rate of l/ 2 m./min. 
velocity or 1,64 ft./min. It was reported that the high 
chlorine residual carried in the super-chlorinated water does 
not increase the filter runs. 
The settling tanks are cleaned only two or three 
times a year* This is done by emptying the tanks and remov- 
ing the accumulated solids manually. 
101 TARGET NO. A-20 
Name: Bamag-Meguin Aktiemgesellschaft "BAMAG" 
Location: Giessen 
Date Visited: July 20, 21,30, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Bauer, gnginebr, Wedt, water specialist 
Interviewed By; Lt.Col. J.J.Gilbert, Lt. Pfreimer 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
General 
This company, whose headquarters and factory were 
in Berlin, manufactures equipment and supplies for heavy 
industries and has a special division which designs, manu- 
factures and installs equipment for water purification, sewage 
and industrial waste treatment and disposal, and related fields 
in sanitation. It has installed equipment in all sections of 
Germany, in many countries in Europe, and also overseas. The 
Berlin plant was destroyed and its headquarters are now moved 
to Giessen. The plant facilities there have been temporarily 
diverted by the military authorities to production of other 
equipment so production of water supply equipment and supplies 
has been suspended. 
Engineer Wendt was interviewed with the objective 
of obtaining information relative to equipment made for water 
purification and data relative to design and operating practice 
in this field in Germany. 
Pressure Filters vs. Settling Basins 
Pressure filters without settling are recommended 
when relatively small amounts of chemicals are needed for 
coagulation. Under other conditions settling basins and/or 
rapid sand gravity filters are desired, especially with waters 
of turbidity in excess of 100 ppm. and when the "mucus" type of 
algae are present in the water. Thread-like algae are not 
troublesdme in pressure filters, but the mucus type are. 
Settling periods of 2-4 hours are normally recommended. 
102 Rates of Filtration 
When rapid sand gravity filters are used for 
removal of ordinary suspended matter in settled water, the 
range of filtration rates recommended is from 1.67 to 2.5 
gals, per sq. foot per minute (9 gsfm). When filtration is 
to remove flocculated iron and manganese, these rates may be 
increased to the range of 2.5-3.75 gsfm. 
In pressure filters with a single chamber used 
for ordinary filtration, rates can vary from 2.5 to 3.75 gsfm; 
for iron and manganese removal 4.0-5.0 gsfm. In double chamber 
filters these rates can be doubled. 
Filter Media 
In ordinary pressure filters silica sand is used. 
When conditions indicate the need of a roughing filter, crushed 
coke is sometimes placed above sand in pressure filters. 
Anthracite coal is not used because it is expensive. For iron 
removal a volcanic lava is used. It is preferred to coke 
because it is harder, has more cells and retains air. The 
lava must be renewed every 5 to 10 years. With silica sand no 
renewal is required. For manganese removal the best media is 
a natural dolomite mined in Russia which consists of magnesium 
oxide, and magnesium and calcium carbonate. Since the war it 
has been unobtainable and sand has been used. The depth of 
sand is 1.3 m. below which there is graded gravel in increasing 
sizes to the full depth of the filter. For iron removal, only 
the total depth of these filter media may be I*s m. The sand 
size varies from 0.8 to 1.5 mm. diameter. 
Flocculation 
For quick mixing the hydraulic is preferred. 
With mechanical mixing the time required is usually 10 to 20 
minutes. Around-the-end mixing basins are obsolete. 
Air and Water vs. High Rate Water for Washing Filters 
It is cheaper to produce air than clean water, and 
the use of air saves water in filter washing. Use of air 
helps prevent odors from developing in filters when the water 
to be filtered contains algae. Air has the 'objection of bind- 
ing filters unless the operator_is careful when washing them. 
Competition has forced BAMAG to provide air and water wash. 
Its engineers admit advantages of high rate water washing of 
filters. Air pressure during washing is usually 0.6 atmospheres 
(9.4 psi); water pressure is 0.4 atmospheres (6.3 . J&e 
103 rate of back wash using water alone is 0.4 to o*s in 3 per m 2 per 
minute (9.8-11.8 gsfm); with air it is 0.6 m 3 per minute 
(14,7 gsfm) and in oombination it is 19.6 gsfm. 
When filters are washed air is admitted first for 
a period of from 0.5 to 1.0 minutes. This is followed by 
combined washing with air and water for a period of 10 to IE 
minutes. The air is then turned off and the filter is back 
washed with water for .5 minutes to eliminate the air. 
The use of wash water in German rapid sand gravity 
filters varies from 2 to 4 percent of the water filtered. 
Mechanical rakes in sand filters are used and are 
effective. Generally, they are too expensive to maintain and 
operate in comparison with air and water washing. 
Filter Underdrains Nozzles 
The BAMAG nozzles are of two types: (l) those which 
admit water only (see Fig. A-20-a) , and (2} those which admit 
both air and water (see Fig. A-20-b). They are patented nozzles 
and can be used in all types of filters. Porcelain nozzles 
have given superior results to those made of copper in which a 
galvanic action takes place which causes corrosion. The 
breakage of porcelain nozzles is high and work is being done 
on the substitution of a plastic material suitable for this use. 
The nozzles are made in two sizes measured by the internal 
diameter of the inlet pipe: 3/8” and l/ 2”. The spacing of the 
nozzle depends on the type of water to be filtered and bafik 
washing conditions. The nozzles are sealed in place by rubber 
gaskets. 
Washwater Troughs 
Concrete has been used in recent years because of 
the shortage of steel and has proved satisfactory. 
Chlorination 
Water ‘from rivers or wells and infiltration galleries 
near rivers are usually chlorinated. Pre-chlorination of water 
affects the biological growths in filters and has an unfavor- 
able effect on the efficiency of chlorination. It often causes 
objectionable tastes in the water. Post chlorination is 
preferred. Chloramine treatment is practiced in Germany more 
in swimming pool water purification than in the treatment of 
104 drinking water. A stable calcium hypo-chlorite bompoturd 
known as Caporit and containing 60 percent available chlorine 
is- used widely in Germany, 
Illustrations of various types of water purifica- 
tion equipment used by this company are shown in Figs, A-20-a 
to A-20-p. 
105 INDEX 
TO 
ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS 
SECTION A 
WATER SUPPLIES IN GERMANY 
106 INDEX 
ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS 
SECTION A 
REPORT ON WATER SUPPLIES IN GERMANY 
Page Figure Title 
1 A-l-a Method of installing and underground hydrants 
and protecting them against freezing - 
Leipzig. 
2 A-l-b Elevated storage tank at Probstheide Station, 
Leipzig. Roof covering was destroyed by 
bombing in vicinity. 
2 A-l-c Repairing two of three transmission lines from 
Naunhof Station to Probstheide Station 
damaged by bombs. Note use of temporary 
wooden flume. 
3 A-l-d Repairing damage to Naunhof-Probstheide brick 
transmission line by heavy bombing of 
April 6, 1945. 
4 A-l-e Typical well constructed at various points in 
Leipzig to supplement public water supply 
during war emergencies. 
5 A-l-f Emergency hand pump from well under street in 
Leipzig. YYater used by residents when 
public supply cut off. • 
5 A-l-g Gasoline motor driven pumps used for emergency 
service during the war - Leipzig. 
6 A-l-h Emergency water supply from underground 
hydrant to overground system using fire hose, 
6 A-l-i Fracture to main concrete sewer by aerial 
bombing - Leipzig. 
7 A-l-j Bomb damage to trunk sewer - Leipzig. 
7 A-l-k Sewage flowing in damaged sewer in Leipzig. 
8 A-3-a Revolving screens for river water at 
Buna Werke-Sohkopau. 
107 Page Figure Title 
9 A-3-b Section and elevation of revolving screens 
at Buna Werke-Sohkopau. 
10 A-3-c Treatment of drinking water at Buna Werke- 
Sohkopau for removal of carbon dioxide, 
iron and manganese and final filtration 
through activated carbon. 
11 A-3-d Wirbos-sand (Quarz-sand) for Wirbos 
installations. 
11 A-3-e Marble-split for Wirbos installations. 
11 A-3-f Final condition of the reactive mass of the 
Wirbos-sand (Q,uarz sand). 
11 A-3-g Final condition of the reactive mass of the 
marble-split. 
12 A-3-h Section through settling basins at Buna Werke- 
Schkopau. 
13 A-3-i Section and plan of Neustadter-Becken sludge 
concentrating tank used at Buna Werke- 
Schkopau. 
14 A-3-j Slab filter bottom and nozzles in typical 
WOBOGr rapid sand filter, 
15 A-3-k Filter, gallery showing control tables, loss 
of head guages and filters - Buna Werke- 
Schkopau. 
15 A-3-1 Pipe gallery WOBOG rapid sand filter plant - 
Buna Werke - Sohkopau. 
16 A-3-m Rate controller for WCBOG filters - Buna Werke 
Schkopau. 
16 A-3-n Low lift pumps for plant water system - 
Buna Werke-Sohkopau. 
17 A-3-o High pressure pumps for plant water supply - 
Buna Werke-Schkopau. 
17 A-3-p Control station (in gallery) for pumping units 
and auxiliaries at Buna Werke-Sohkopau. 
108 Page Figure Title 
18 A-3-q Section through check valve on discharge of 
high pressure pumps at Buna werke-Schkopau. 
18 A-3-r Installation of large steel and oast iron 
water main - Buna Werke-Schkopau. Note 
special saddle and thrust foundations. 
19 A-3-s Special joints for steel and oast iron 
pipe - Buna Werke-Schkopau. 
80 A-3-t Special joint for cast iron pipe using threaded 
nipple, rubber gasket and special wrench. 
21 A-3-u Battery powered valve opening madrine used at 
Buna Werke-Schkopau. 
22 A-4-a Section of deep well at Eichwald Kassel Water 
Works. 
22 A-4-b Ceramic type well screens of type used at 
Kassel. 
23 A-4-o Installation of deep well pump at Eiohwald- 
Kassel. 
24 A-5-a Typical diagram showing how water is obtained 
in the Ruhr District by infiltration into 
galleries either directly from the river or 
from artificial sand filters supplied from 
che river. 
24 A-5-b Construction of a typical infiltration gallery 
in Ruhr District. 
25 A-5-c Sand filter for purification of Ruhr River 
water. Filtered water infiltrates into 
ground and is collected in galleries 
between filters. 
25 A-5-d Repaired water and gas lines passing over 
trunk sewer in Essen. All were broken by 
a single bomb. 
26 A-5-e Water mains destroyed by bombing in Essen. 
26 A-5-f Community water point in downtown Essen. 
Supply from underground hydraht. 
109 Page Figure Title 
27 A-5-g Damage to elevated tank and booster pumping 
station in Essen. 
27 A-5-h Bomb damage to underground reservoir in 
Essen. Note debris from tree dropped into 
reservoir. 
28 A-6-a Huhrverband Ph Comparator. Manufactured by 
W. Fiddeler. Essen. 
28 A-6-b Huhrverband Ph Comparator, showing indicator 
color slides, case and tubes for solutions 
and blank. 
29 A-7-a Rapid sand roughing filter plant at Hagen. 
29 A-7-b Pipe gallery at Hagen rapid sand filter plant 
BAMAG design. 
30 A-7-c Bucher system of treating water for reduction 
of Hagen. 
31 A-7-d Vertical mixers of type used, at Hengstey 
Filter Plant - Hagen. 
32 A-7-e Elevation and section of WABOG rapid sand 
filter of type operated at Ealspetalsperr - 
Hagen. 
33 A-8-a Damage to the side wall of slow sand filter - 
Bremen. Note destroyed camouflage in 
background. 
33 A-8-b Excelsior mechanical sand washing machine. 
34 A-8-c Elevated water tank - Bremen. 
34 A-8-d Destruction to roof of elevated water tank - 
Bremen. 
35 A-10-a Schematic diagram of Berlin water works 
system - 1940, 
/' 
36 A-11-a Distribution basins of aerating plant - 
Tegel-Berlin. 
110 Page Figure Title 
37 A-12-a Steam turbines at Lichtenberg high pressure 
pumping station - Berlin. 
37 A-12-b Sand filter for lake water - Berlin. 
38 A-13-a Bamag double decked pressure filters at 
munitions plant - Ebenhausen. 
39 A-14-a Schematic diagram of Ntlrnberg water supply 
and transmission systems. 
40 A-15-a Electrically operated streamlined needle 
valve. 
40 A-15-b Section of streamlined needle valve hydraul- 
ically operated. 
41 A-19-a Plan and section Gallenklinge Water Treatment 
Plant - Stuttgart. 
42 A-19-b Sections through de-chlorinating filter at 
Gallenklinge plant - Stuttgart. 
43 A-20-a Filter underdrain nozzles for backwash with 
water only - Bamag. 
44 A-20-b Filter underdrain nozzles for backwash with 
water and air - Bamag. 
45 A-20-c Pressure filter. 
45 A-20-d Pressure filter with water and air wash. 
45 A-20-e Two stage filters with stirring equipment, 
46 A-20-f Battery of eight solution feed calibrating 
units with hard rubber pipe and fittings - 
Bamag. 
47 A-20-g Solution feed ohlorinator - Bamag. 
48 A-20-h Pressure filter with motor driven rake - 
Bamag. 
49 A-20-i Pressure filter with hand operated rake 
Bamag. 
111 Page Figure Title 
50 A-EO-j Two phase iron removal unit - Bamag. 
51 A-20-k Two phase iron removal unit - Bamag. 
52 A-20-1 Iron and manganese removal pressure filter 
units with oontaot filter - Bamag. 
53 A-EO-m Iron and manganese removal - Bamag. 
54 A-EO-n Combination iron and manganese removal 
unit - Bamag. 
55 A-EO-o Rapid sand filter with settling unit. 
56 A-EO-p Rapid sand filter without settling basin. 
57 A-21-a Typical aboveground hydrant used in Germany. 
58 A-El-b Typical underground hydrant used in Germany. 
59 A-El-o Types of oast iron pipe joints in Germany 
using nipple insert. 
60 A-El-d Reinforced concrete pressure pipe after 
test failure. 
61 A-El-e A type of reinforced concrete low pressure 
pipe used in Leipzig. 
61 A-21-f New steel pipe being installed in bomb 
crater to replace destroyed pipe. 
62 A-21-g A type of in-the-line water meter used in 
Germany. 
112 Fig. A-l-a, Method of installing and 
underground hydrants and protecting them 
against freezing - Leipzig. 
113 Fig, A-l-b, elevated storage tank at Probstheide 
Station, Leipzig. Roof covering was destroyed 
by bombing in vicinity. 
Fig. A-l-c, repairing two of three transmission 
lines from Naunhof Station tn v. 
damaged by bombs. Note use Df t°Stheitie Station 
flume. use of temporary wooden 
114 Fig. A-l-d, repairing damage to 
Kaunhof-Probstheide brick trans- 
mission line by heavy bombing 
of April 6, 1945. 
115 Fig. A-l-e, typical well constructed at various , 
™SS,S.TP1,"“ «Wr «.3.v^ts 10 
116 Fig, A-l-f, emergency hand pump from well under 
street in Leipzig. Water used by residents when 
public supply cut off. 
Fig. A-l-g, gasoline motor driven pumps used for 
emergency service during the war - Leipzig. 
117 Fig. A-l-h, emergency water singly fro \ underground 
hydrant to overground system using fire hose* 
Fig* A-l-x, fi.aotu.re to mam concrete sewer "bv 
aerial bombing ~ Leipzig, N 
118 Fig. A-l-i, bomb 
damage’ to trunk 
sewer - Leipzig. 
Fig. A-l-k, sewage flowing in 
damaged sewer in Leipzig. 
119 Fig. A-3-a, revolving screens for river water at 
Buna Werke-Schkopau 
120 Fig. A-3-b, section and elevation of revolving 
screens at Buna V/erke-Sohkopau 
121 Fig. A-3-c, treatment of drinking water at Buna Werke- 
Schkopau for removal of carbon dioxide, iron and manganese 
and final filtration through activated carbon. 
122 Wirbos-Sand 
(Quarzsand) 
fur Wirbosanlage 
Maraore>li«fc *i'l 
fUr Sirbosanlaige 
Fig. A-3-d, Wirbos-sand 
for tirbos 
, installations. 
Ftg. A-3-g, marble- *' 
split for 7.'irbos ' 
installations. 
Rndzustand 
der Reaktormasse 
aus Wlrbos-Sand 
(Quarzsand) 
Sndzustand 
der Reaktormasse 
aua Marmorsplitt 
fig, A-3-f, final condi- 
tion of the reactive mass of 
the rirbos-sand (Q,uarz-sand). 
S& ' 123 
Fig. A-3-g, final condi- 
tion of the reactive mass 
of tbe marble split. Vorklarbcchtn 
55*5299* 
*»> • j Xlm JcM« 
Fig. A-3-h, section through settling basins at 
Bona V/erke-Sohkopau. 
124 Hm/stOdMr-Becker 
Fig. A-3-i,. section and plan of Neustadter-Becken sludge 
concentrating tank used at Buna Werke-Schkopau 
125 Fig. A-3-j, slab filter bottom and nozzles In typical 
WOBDG Rapid Sand Filter 
126 Fig. A-3-k, filter gallery showing control tables, loss 
of head guages and filters. Buna V/erke-Schkopau 
Fig. A-3-1, pipe gallery V/OBqG Rapid band Filter Plant 
Buna Werke-Schkopau 
127 FHtomoter 
Fig. A-3-m, rate controller for WOBAG Filters 
Buna Werke-SchJcopau 
Fig. A-3~n, low lift pumps for plant water system 
Buna Werke-Schkopau 
128 Fig. A-3-o, high pressure pumps for plant water 
supply, Buna V.rerke-Schkopau 
Fig. A-3-p, control station (in gallery) for 
pumping units and auxiliaries at Buna Aerke-Gchkopau 
129 Mit UmfOhnsxi 
a • Sttutrieitung 
t> • ¥entU 
c • Rohrittung 
a • ZyOnCtorraum 
e • Stußrnkoiben 
f • Atetnmr ZyOoderraum 
g • Dro»»ei vtntiC 
* • Zylmderhab - Segremung 
SS* S3 972 
ArA*« m t-f» o* «r 
Fig. A-3-q, section through check valve on discharge of 
high pressure pumps at Buna Werke-Schkopau. 
Fig. A-3-r, installation of large steel and cast iron water 
main - Buna V/erke-Schkopau. Note special saddle and thrust, 
foundations. 
130 Rohnmrbhdungm fOr Wautr- 
fifcmnn imßodtn 
Fig. A.3-S, special joints for steel 
and cast iron pipe - Buna Werke-Schkopau. 
131 Fig. A-3-t, ‘special joint for cast iron 
pipe using threaded nipple, rubber gasket 
and special wrench. 
132 Fig. A-3-u, battery powered valve opening 
madrine used at Buna Werke-Schkopau. 
133 ■Hig. A-4-a, section of deep well at Kichwald I assel 
Water V/orks. 
i@*jt i. 4. t)} 
ceramic 
.type well 
screens of 
typetused 
at Kasselo 
134 Fig. A-4-c, installation of deep well pump at 
E i c hwald-Kas s el. 
135 Fig. A-5-a, typical diagram showing how water is 
obtained in the Ruhr District by infiltration into 
galleries either directly from the river or from 
artificial sand filters supplied from the river. 
Fig. A-5-b, construction of a typical 
infiltration gallery in Ruhr district. 
136 Fig. A-5-o, sand filter for purification of 
Ruhr River water. Filtered water infiltrates 
into ground and is collected in galleries 
between filters. 
rig. repaired water and gas lines passing 
over trunk sewer in Assen. All were broken by a 
single bomb. 
137 Fig. A-5-e, water mains destroyed by 
bombing in nssen. 
Fig. A-5-f, community water point in 
downtown j'ssen. Supply from underground 
hydrant. 
138 Fig. A-5-g, damage to elevated tank 
and booster pumping station in Fssen. 
Fig. A-5-h, bomb damage to underground reservoir 
in Sssen. ITote debris from tree dropped into 
reservoir. 
139 Fig., A-6-a, Ruhrverband h Comparator. 
Manufactured by 7. Fiddeler. _ssen. 
Fig. A-6-b, Ruhrverband Ph Comparator, showing 
indicator color slides, case and tubes for 
solutions and blank. 
140 rig. A—7—a., rapid sand roughing filter plant at Hagen, 
?i . 1-7-b, pipe gallery at Hagen rapid sand filter 
plant BALING design. 
141 Fig. A-7-c, Bucher system of treating water for 
reduction- of - Hagen. 
142 Fig. A-7-d, vertical mixers of type used at Hengstey 
Filter Plant, Hagen. 
143 Fig* A-7-e, elevation and section of VJABOG rapid sand 
filter of type operated at Halspetalsperr - city of Hagen. 
144 Fig. a, damage to the side 
wall of slow sand filter-Iremen. 
lots destroyed camouflage in 
background. 
?i.;. A-S-b, Bxoelsior mechanical sand washing machine. 
145 Fig. a-6-o, elevated water 
tank - Bremen. 
Fig. A-B-d, destruction to roof 
of elevated water tank - Bremen 
146 Inhabitants: k3OOOOO Work MwerderSupenhom WorkJohannisthd Work Beelit/Motossee 
production IhDDOOOcbm “ 
325 t/tres eachperson daity dCfllD Mil/TiCllXfll/VokflVOrkS 
Fig. A-10-a, schematic diagram of Berlin water works system - 1940. 
147 Fig. A-11-a, distribution basins of 
aerating plant - Tegel-Berlin. 
148 Fig. A-12-a, steam turbines at 
Lichtenberg high pressure pumping 
station - Berlin. 
Fig. i-12-b, sand filter for lake water - 
Berlin. 
149 Fig. A-13-a, Bamag double decked pressure filters at munitions plant 
Sbenhausen. 
150 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF NURNBERG WATER SUPPLY AND TRANSMISSION 
SYSTEMS 
Fig. A-14-a. 
151 Fig. 15-a, electrically operated 
streamlined needle valve. 
Fig. A-15-b, section of streamlined 
needle valve hydraulically operated. 
152 Fig, A-19-a, plan and section Gallenklinge 
Water Treatment Plant - Stuttgart. 
153 Fig. A»l9-b, sections through he-chlorinating 
filter at Gallenklinge plant - Stuttgart. 
154 Fig. A-20-a, filter underdrain nozzles 
for backwash with water only - Bamag. Fig. A-20-b, filter underdrain nozzles for backwash with 
water and air - Bamag. 
156 Fig. A-SO-o, pressure filter. 
Fig. A-20-d, pressure filter 
with water and air wash. 
Fig. A-20-e, to stage filters 
with stirring e uipment. 
157 Fig. A-20-f, battery of eight solution feed 
calibrating units with hard rubber pipe and 
fittings - Bamag. 
158 Fig. ii-20-g, solution feed ohlorinator - Bamag. 
159 Fig. A-20-h, pressure filter with motor driven rake - 
Bamag. 
160 Fig. A-20-i, pressure filter with hand operated rake - 
Bamag. 
161 1 Reirmassen -Aus f niff 
Z Soilfpasser -Eminft fun Fittenrauni 
3 SchlamrriHasser - Auslauf 
4 Rohwassen -tintniff 
5 Spillwassen ~Emfniff fur Konfaktraum 
Fig. A-20-j, two phase iron removal unit - Bamag, 
162 Fig. A-20-k, two phase iron removal unit - Bamag. 
163 Fig, A-20-1, iron and manganese removal pressure 
filter units with contact filter - Bamag. 
164 Fig. A-20-m, iron and manganese removal - 
Bamag • 
165 Fig. A-20-n, combination iron and manganese removal 
unit - Bamag. 
166 Fig. A-20-o, rapid sand filter with settling unit. 
167 Fig. A-20-p, rapid sand filter vjithout settling basin. 
168 Fig, A-21-a, typical above ground 
hydrant used in Germany. 
169 Fig. A-21-b, typical underground hydrant 
used in Germany. 
170 Fig. A-21-o, types of cast iron pipe joints in Germany using 
threaded nipple insert. 
171 Fig. A-Sl-d, reinforced concrete pressure pipe 
after- test failure. 
172 ii A-el-e, a tyre o■' reinforced concrete low pressure 
pipe used in Leipzig.. 
Fig. A-21-f, new steel pipe being installed in bomb 
'Cxa „• ei to replace destroyed pipe. 
173 Fig. A-21-g, a type of in-the-line water 
meter used in Germany. 
174 REPORT 
ON 
WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE, and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT 
IN GERMANY 
SECTION B 
SEWAGE TREATMENT 
175 INDEX 
SECTION B 
SEWAGE TREATMENT 
Page 
Summary 1177-182 
Target Reports 185-272 
Illustrations and Diagrams 
Appendix 27^-522 
176 SECTION B 
SEWAGE TREATMENT 
In connection with the group1s investigation of 
sewage treatment, the following targets were visited: 
(a) "CONSULTING OH DESIGNING ENGINEERS 
Target 
No. 
B-l Dr. K.’ Imhoff - Shondorf am Amersee 
B-E Dr. W. Breitung - Wiesbaden 
B-3 Dr. W. Merkle - Wiesbaden 
B-4 Dr. W. Sobier - Stuttgart 
B-5 Dr. E. Steuer - Neustadt ad Haardt 
B-6 Deutsche Abwasser-Reinungsgesellschaft - V/iesbaden 
(b) RESEARCH INSTITUTES 
B-7 Reichsanstalt ftir Wasser und Luftgtite - 
Berlin - Dahlem 
(o) SANITARY DISTRICTS 
B-8 Smsoher and Lip.pe^District - Essen 
B-9 RuhrA,Di strict - Essen 
B-10 Niers District - Yiersen 
(d) EqUIB.ISNT MANUFACTURERS 
B-ll Passavant-Michelbach 
B-12 Breuer - HCchst (near Erankfurt am Main) 
B-13 Bamag-Meguin - Giessen 
B-14 Machinenfabrik H. Geiger - Karlsruhe 
B-15 Maohinenfabrik Esslingen - Esslingen 
B-16 Bopp und Renther - Mannheim 
(e) SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS 
B-17 Leinsio 
B-18 Halie 
B-19 Hagen 
B-EO Essen-Rellinghausen 
B-21 Heiligenhaus 
B-2E Iserlohn 
B-23 Hattingen 
Ruhr District 
177 Target 
No. 
B-24 Nssen-Nord 
B-25 Alte-Nmscher 
B-26 Karnap 
B-27 Soest 
Smscher and Lippe District 
B-28 Frankfurt am Main 
B-29 Hildasheim 
B-30 Berlin-Staim sdorf 
B-31 Berlin-Wassmannsdorf 
B-32 Nllrnberg 
B-33 Bad Nauheim 
B-34 Munich 
B-35 Stuttgart 
B-36 Mannheim 
B-37 Tubingen 
B-38 Ludwigshafen 
B-39 Bad Soden' 
Summary 
Based on information gathered from these various 
sources the following is, in our opinion, a fair general- 
ization of the status of sewage treatment in Germany from 
1938 to the present time; 
1. About 165 plants were constructed during the 
period. These were divided about as follows: 
Municipal (includes plaint additions) 50 
Military 90 
Miscellaneous (Institutions, 
industrial, housing, etc.) 25 
165 
Practically all of the municipal plants were built or 
remodelled prior to the war. The largest new municipal 
installation was for the City of Posen. This list does not, 
of course, include many sewage farms built during this period 
2. Most of the newer plants built were for primary 
treatment only. Imhoff tanks were used for most of the’ 
military camp plants. Practically all of the secondary 
treatment plants used trickling filters, a large number of 
which were high rate units. 
178 3. New plants oullt and projected were along con- 
ventional lines as used in the U.S. In the larger cities, 
the sewers are normally combined, storm water flows up to 
3-5 times the average dry weather flow being handled in the 
plant settling tanks. The following summarizes unit produc- 
tion practice: 
(a) Screening; Rotary screens for storm water 
overflow are used to a limited extent. Bar screens are 
generally cleaned by mechanical means. There is an increased 
trend toward screenings grinding. 
(b) Grit Chambers: Except in a few very large 
plants grit is settled out in plain longitudinal channels, 
the grit being removed by hand or by means of bucket 
elevators or grab buckets. 
(d) Settling Tanks; Clarification tanks are round 
or rectangular. Both designs are characterized to a great 
extent by complicated inlet and outlet, designs, and by the 
use of very large and deep sludge hoppers. 
Mieder type mechanisms are generally used for 
cleaning the rectangular tanks. For round units, both 
pitched blade and spiral scrapers are used. For secondary 
settling deep Dortmund tanks find considerable favor. 
(d) Aeration Tanks; Aeration units are usually of 
the spiral flow diffused air type. Imhoff type paddles 
formerly used to a considerable extent are now in disfavor. 
Straight mechanical aerators are practically non-existent. 
During the war, in order to save power, most aeration units 
were taken out of service. 
(e) Trickling Filters; Rotary distributors are 
generally used for filter beds except in small military 
Installations where fixed trough grids were used. 
Filter media beds are generally 3 to 4 
meters in depth, the media being graded in size. Pre-cast 
concrete underdrains are used in preference to ceramic tiles. 
High rate filters are coming into favor. 
Enclosed filters are preferred in the Emscher and Ruhr 
Districts (Prdss influence). 
179 (f) Contact Aerators: This secondary trua-tmen-t- 
-device has completely disappeared in Germany, being super- 
seded by the activated sludge process or.by trickling 
filters. 
(g) Digesters: Practically all digesters are 
heated and provided with gas collection facilities. Rotating 
heating coils for better heat transmission are common. 
External sludge preheaters are also used to some extent. 
Internal heating coils now favored are of a type that can be 
removed for cleaning without interfering with tank operation. 
Stirring or sludge distribution devices are widely used, care 
being taken not to disturb bottom digested sludge. Stage 
digestion is used to a considerable extent. 
Digestion tanks are generally built with 
conical tops as'well as bottoms in order to reduce the sur- 
face area of possible scum layers and so make it easier to 
mechanically break down scum. Uarth banking of digesters is 
rare, cork or air cell insulation being used to conserve heat 
(h) Das Utilization: The compression and utiliza- 
tion of methane gas for driving automobiles is almost uni- 
versally used in Germany and has been developed to a high 
degree. One gathers the impression that the sole purpose of 
operating sewage treatment plants throughout the war was 
expressly for the purpose of such gas collection and utiliza- 
tion. Rather than use the digester gas for sludge heating or 
for power generation at the sewage plant, coal and electrical 
energy have been used for these purposes in order to make a 
maximum amount of gas available as automobile fuel. 
(i) Sludge Drying: Open sand beds are generally 
used. In a few projected large plants mechanized dewatering 
of sludge on vacuum filters is contemplated. 
(j) Chlorination: During the war chloraination 
was not practiced at any plant due to the lack of chlorine 
gas. Normally the use of chlorine is rare. 
(k) Nish Ponds: Nish ponds, although at present 
used to a considerable extent for effluent treatments are 
falling into disuse. It is questionable if their use will 
be contemplated in future designs. (1) Sewage Par ms: This method of sewage treat- 
ment was favored during the war years, but is regarded as a 
temporary makeshift and will undoubtedly be discarded in 
favor of more orthodox sewage treatment methods. 
(m) Chemical Treatment: The use of chemicals for 
sewage treatment is rare in Germany due to high chemical 
costs. The Niersverband process may have some promise for 
very strong sewage. 
(n) General: In general, concrete work at German 
sewage plants is very complicated. Mechanical equipment is 
likewise complex and cumbersome. 
4. Sewage plants in general were poorly maintained 
during the war due chiefly to the lack of personnel and 
materials. A large number of plants suffered severe bomb 
damage. Due to bomb damage to sewers most plants were 
operating at greatly reduced flow resulting in septic condi- 
tions in primary plant systems. 
5. lew plant records were available and plant 
operators rarely were informed regarding flow data, plant 
performance or analytical results. This was especially true 
of individual plant operators in sanitary districts. Good 
laboratory facilities were generally provided at all plants 
excdpt those in sanitary districts. 
6. No new processes or major items of equipment 
for use in sewage treatment were developed in Germany during 
the period 1938-45. 
7. Items of special interest to U.S, engineers, 
etc., are: 
(a) The Kiersverband chemical-biological process 
for treating strong sewages and reducing coagulant require- 
ments (Target B-10). 
(b) The Soest flowsheet involving the aeration of 
trickling filter effluent to improve final effluent quality 
(Target B-27). 
(o) Enclosed trickling filters to reduce fly and 
odor nuisance (Targets B-21, B-22, and B-27). 
(d) Brick surfaced sludge beds to facilitate 
sludge removal and reduce sand losses (Target B-32). 
181 (e) Gas scrubbing and Tor 
making gas available as an automobile fuel (Target B-15). 
(f) Digester sludge distributing mechanisms for 
improving sludge digestion (Targets B-11, B-32) • 
(g) Extensive use of pneumatic ejectors for raw 
sludge pumping (Targets B-12, B-26). 
(h) Disappearance of contact filters from Germany; 
last unit at Hattingen replaced by activated sludge 
(Target B-23). 
(i) The use of rotary screens to treat storm water 
(Targets B-11, B-14). 
(j) The use of highly nitrified partial flow to 
"sweeten up" septic raw sewage (Target B-l). 
(k) Gas generation from farm wastes (Target B-l) 
(1) Prllss settling tank design with special refer- 
ence to the effluent take-off (Target B-25). 
(m) The use of a trickling filter for treating 
digester overflow liquor (Target B-29). 
(n) Methods of chemical- analyses of sewage and 
sludge (Target B-7). 
(o) Tests on high rate filter process (Target B-7). 
(p) Filter underdrain design (Target B-11). 
(q) The removal of COg from digester gas, - and the 
neutralization of highly alkaline trade waste by passing the 
digester gas through the waste (Target B-35). 
(r) The use of rotating heating coils for heating 
digester contents (Targets B-23, B-3S). 
182 DETAILED TARGET REPORTS 
TARGET 110. B-l 
ESSie: Dr. Ing. K. Imhoff 
Location: Schondorf am Amersee (near Munich) 
Date Visited: (1) August 2, (2) August 3, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Dr. Imhoff 
Interviewed By: (1) Lt. Col. Gilbert, Major fatlook 
(2) Fischer, Gorman, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
Dr. Imhoff stated that there had been no new 
developments in sewage treatment in Germany during the war 
years. 
In a design for an activated sludge plant to treat 
the sewage from a population of 1,300,000 in the City of 
Berlin, .Imhoff contemplated the use of three separate aera- 
tion plants. In one, the treatment was to be carried to a 
high degree of nitrification and the final effluent recircu- 
lated to the raw sewage entering all three units. In this 
way, it.was thought that the septic sewage could be made more 
amenable to treatment, and the air consumption possibly 
reduced. Odors due to the raw sewage would also be minimized 
During the past year, Dr, Imhoff has given consider 
able time to a study of gas production from organic farm 
wastes such as barnyard manure, etc. He believes that there 
will be a considerable field for the digestion of such 
material in Germany and possibly some other countries for the 
production and compression of the gas for automobile use 
during the post-war years. 
In carrying out this scheme, the stable manure 
would be diluted to 90yo moisture and introduced into a 
digester equipped with a stirring mechanism. For a small 
farmhouse with only four cows the capacity o'f the digester 
would be 15 cu. meters. The estimated daily gas production 
would be 9 cu. meters. With more *straw or other waste added 
183 this production could be readily increased to 15 eh. 
meters/day. In addition to the digester, an equalizing gas 
holder or gas bag having a capacity of 9-15 cu. meters would 
be required. 
For a large South German farmers* village a daily 
gas production of 2400 cu. meters containing 1440 cu. meters 
of methane would be produced, corresponding to 1730 liters 
of gasoline/day. Installation costs of such a plant would 
be 340,000 PI I, The annual power costs-would be 29,000 PM. 
Supernatant liquor and residual digested sludge would be 
used as fertilizer. Floating matter would be skimmed off 
daily and used in the same manner. 
At the present price of gasoline in Germany 
(40 Pf per liter) gas production from manures would be 
commercially attractive as methane gas could be provided at 
an over-all cost of 35 Pf per cu. meter. In countries such 
as the U.S., where there is .an abundance of natural oil, it 
is questionable whether the scheme would be attractive. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
Dr. Imhofffs statements regarding the progress of 
sewage treatment in Germany during the war years confirms 
our views as gathered from discussion with other German 
sanitary engineers and visits to numerous representative 
plants. 
The belief that individual or collective £arm 
digesters will be built in Germany is of interest. The broad 
idea is not new and was first suggested in the TJ.S. , by 
Buswell some years ago. However, it made little or no head- 
way. With the background of German experience in the use of 
gas for automobiles, there is a possibility that the scheme 
will gain greater headway in Germany. The question of 
financing such works is, however, a problem. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
Complete nitrification and recirculation of part 
of a sewage effluent may be of interest to U.S. engineers. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQPIPMSNT 
It is not believed that either of the two ideas 
proposed by Imhoff are new. Oxidized and nitrified effluents 
have been returned in the past for their beneficial effect 
(Biofilter Process). Activated sludge effluent has also been 
recycled! Buswell has previously suggested gas production of 
gas from barnyard wastes. 
184 TARGET NO. B-2 
Name: Dr. Ing. W. Breitung and Company 
Location: 2 Neurotal Strasse - Wiesbaden 
Date Visited: July 17, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Dr. Ing W. Breitung 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Lt, Col. Gilbert, Sheridan 
INF OBIvIAIION OBTAINED 
Dr. Breitung is a private consulting engineer who 
during the war has designed for the Organization Todt about 
25 sewage treatments for army installations ranging in size 
from 50 persons to 1500 persons. In Addition, he designed 
about 35 other military plants. Breitung knows the actual 
location of only a few of these plants as he furnished the 
plans only. 
Drawings of sewage, treatment plants were secured 
from Dr. Breitung to illustrate present design practice in 
Germany. These are as follows: 
Figure B-2*-a (Dwg, N0,3525). Plants for 50 and 
150 persons, Imhoff primary treatment. 
Figure B-2-b (Dwg. N0.3521), Plant for 300 
persons. Imhoff primary and final settling tanks and 
trickling filters with horizontal troughs for distribution 
of the sewage. 
Figure B-2-o (Dwg* N0.3525a). Plant for 600 
persons; same units as in Drawing N0.3527. 
Fibure B-2-d (Dwg. N0.3423). Plant for 1200 
persons. Covered Imhoff tanks for primary treatment. 
In the design of the plant for 600 persons 
(Figure B-2-o), the following figures were used: 
Flow - 150 liters/capita/day or 39.36 gals/capita/ 
Total daily flow - 90 obm/day or 23,616 gals/day. 
Maximum dourly flow and design flow - 15 cbm 
(1/6 of total daily) or 3936 gals/hour 
The design rate, therefore, is 157.44 gals/oapite 
day. 
185 Primary Settling Imhoff Tank: Settling capacity 
28 cbm or 7347 gals,, or 1,86 hoars detention on maximum 
hourly flow. 
Sludge capacity 38 cbm, 1340 cu, ft. (based on 
60 liters per capita or 2.1 cu. ft./capita). 
Trickling Filter: Capacity 45 cbm or 56.95 ou. 
yds. - 1/2obm stone per/cbm of sewage, or 6.6 M. gals., per 
acre for 10 foot deep filter based on the average flow, or 
26.4 M. gals/aore on the maximum hourly flow. 
Pinal Settling Imhoff Tank: Settling capacity 
10 cbm or 2624 gals., or .66 hours detention based on the 
maximum hourly flow. 
Sludge capacity 15 cbm, 530 cu. ft. (based on 
25 liters per capita or .88 cu. ft./capita). 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
(a) The Imhoff tanks are novel in that a separate 
scum compartment is constructed at the influent end of the 
tank. 
(b) Fixed distribution grids are used on the 
trickling filters. 
(c) Filter bottoms are constructed of approximately 
2 inch thick precast concrete slabs with 1-1/2 inch diameter 
holes, and provision is made for the introduction of air by 
natural up-draft. 
(d) ' All plants were designed along similar lines 
with certain minor variations. 
(e) Recirculation of the sewage or the sludge 
or the introduction of a forced draft was not used. 
■(f) Due to the fact the plants are designed on 
the maximum hourly flow (1/6 total daily) they are over 
designed, based on American practice. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
The design features of these small plants should 
be of interest to U.S., sanitary engineers. 
MM PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None, 
186 TARGET NO.. B-3 
L'oJie: Dr. Engineer Wilhelm Merkel,consult.engr 
Location: Danziger Str 58 - Wiesbaden 
Date Visited: July 19, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Dr. Ing. W. Merkel 
Interviewed By: Dr. Fischer, ’Lt, Col. Gilbert 
ri'VOPJDITIOi: OBT-MCNED 
Dr. Merkel was formerly chief engineer of Buro f. 
Stadehygiene und Wasserbau. His office was bombed out and 
practically all his drawings and records were destroyed. 
Merkel has made designs for a few municipal sewage 
treatment and for some waste treatment plants. Several of 
the latter have been built. He has also designed several 
sewage treatment plants which have been built for army camps. 
These consisted of standard design for small Imhoff tanks 
and trickling filters. 
Merkel used the following design features in plans 
prepared for a large plant for the City of Berlin; 
(a) Mechanical screens. 
(b) Plain conical bottom settling tanks as he 
believed mechanical collectors are liable to give trouble 
due to ice formation in primary as well as secondary units. 
(c) Rotating heating coils which serve as scum 
breakers and heat distributors in digestion tanks. 
(d) Two stage sludge digestion. 
(e) Supernatant liquor pumped to the hoppers of 
the digestion tanks to loosen the sludge. 
GHIHMUL OBSERVATIONS 
Pew plants have been designed by Dr. Merkel for 
the sewage treatment field for the past seven years. The 
interview indicates that the construction of municipal*sewage 
187 treatment plants was practically at a standstill during the; 
war. The main construction done was waste treatment for war 
industries and sewage treatment for army camps or other 
government installations. 
ITEMS 01? HITEREST 
None. 
Id3l/7 PROCESSES OR EpUIPI.iSNT 
None. 
188 TARGET 1.0. B-4 
Pome; Dr. Lillian Sohler 
Location; Stuttgart 
Date Visited: July 27, 1545 
Persons Interviewed; Dr. Sohler 
Interviewed 3y; Lt.Col.Gilbert, Lt.Pfreimer, Dr. Sheridan 
II V OPdIATIOIT OBTAII BD 
Pillion Sohler, City Engineer of Sewers in 
Stuttgart,, and highly regarded consultant on sanitary 
engineering, is the author of numerous publications. He dis- 
cussed at length phases of sewage treatment and byproduct 
development. 
The Stuttgart Treatment Plant has been the 
laboratory for various experiments which he has directed. 
Among these are; 
•(a) Careful screening, washing and grading sand 
and grit, contained in the combined sewer flow from three 
drainage sheds. An absence in this area of much needed sand 
for highway construction and maintenance justifies this pro- 
cess in a separate plant. » 
(b) The use of a combined skimmer and sludge 
remover which moves forward at a rate of 30 cm per second to 
remove scum, drops shovel and returns at a rate of from 5 to 
10 cm per sec., with lowered sludge shovel. 
Various types of settling tanks have been con- 
structed and differing detentions used to make comparisons of 
effectiveness. 
(o) Sludge, partially digested, 85>j water, is 
mixed with peat in proportions of four of the latter to one 
of the former for fertilizer, Engineer Sohler claims that 
the product is better than that resulting from use of completely 
digested sludge. 
189 (d) Flat roofed, conical bottom digestion tanks 
with vertical rotating pipe heating apparatus that maintains 
constant temperatures throughout the sludge and also prevents 
scum formation. 
(e) Gas from the digestion tanks is passed tannery 
waste from one drainage area. By so doing the quality of the 
gas is improved through removal of CO2. The pH value of the 
waste is reduced from 10 to 7 and digestion is aided. 
(f) Slow and rapid filters have been compared 
under various conditions for comparative purposes. 
(g) Sludge is to be mixed with raw garbage and 
through aerobic processing is to be used for fertilizer. 
GEREHaL OBSERVATIONS 
The various processes and methods above noted all 
appear to be practical and justified under circumstances 
similar to those in Stuttgart. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
The items described have been selected from a very 
comprehensive plant because they appeared to be of general 
interest. 
llm PROCESSES OR EQNIPK2KT 
• No new theories or unique processes. 
190 TARGET NO. B-5 
Name: Dr. E. Steuer 
Location: Neustadt a.d. Haardt, Germany 
Date Visited: July 25, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Dr.Steuer, Supt,, City Sewer Dept. 
Interviewed By: Lt.Col.Gilbert, Lt.Pfreimer, Dr. Sheridan 
lEFORMATION OBTAINED 
Dr, Steuer is the inventor of the Neustadt tank 
which is used for the removal by settling of solids from 
sewage or other liquids. Dr, Steuer is a chemist who designs 
sewage and industrial waste treatment works. He also 
operates the sewage plant at Neustadt. 
The first Neustadt tank was built in 1910. A 
number of these tanks have been built throughout Germany, but 
have never become very popular. 
Figure B-5-a illustrates the present design of 
these tanks, the two principal features of which are: 
(a) The influent channel discharges the sewage in 
a direction toward the influent end of the tank and thereby 
causes a change of direction of the flow and an initial 
velocity toward the effluent end of zero. 
(b) The sludge is withdrawn after a concrete slab 
is lowered into the hopper bottom of the tank so that a narrow 
sludge conduit is formed. When the sludge discharge valve is 
opened at one end of the tank, a small carriage (p) is forced 
along this conduit by hydrostatic head pushing the sludge 
before it. This method of sludge withdrawal results in a 
moisture content of 90fo, The sludge is withdrawn one or two 
times a day. The carriage is returned to its initial position 
by a hand winch after it has reached the sludge hopper and the 
sludge has been withdrawn. 
The Neustadt tanks are usually constructed 25 to 28 
meters long, 4 to 4-1/2 meters wide, and 4 meters deep. For 
sewage the design detention period is 1 to 2 hours. 
191 Dr. Steuer in the design of his plants uses a very 
simple digestion tank as shown in Figure B-5-b. The features 
of this tank are; 
(a) Sloping roof with small horizontal section 
which reduces the possibility of cracks and gas leakage. 
(b) Water heating coils installed only on the 
bottom of the tank to induce natural mixing of the sludge. 
(c) Sludge pumped to the tank through a sprayer 
which distributes the sludge over the surface and breaks up 
the scum. 
(d) A floating rod provided to indicate the sludge 
level in the tank. 
(e) No provision is made for the withdrawal of 
supernatant liquor as Steuer claims it is better to place all 
the digester contents on the sandbeds in small installations. 
Steur has also used a rock filter 2 meters 
square by 2 meters deep for the supernatant liquor from 
5,000 people. The flow to these filters is distributed by 
means of a horizontal pipe system. The discharge from the 
filter can be returned to the primary settling tanks or direct 
to the river. No chemical or biological analysis of the 
filter discharge is available to indicate the efficiency of 
this type of treatment of supernatant liquor. 
CT'HRAL OBSERVATIONS 
The Neustadt tank should produce a high removal of 
settable solids and a low moisture content sludge. However, 
it is not believed that these tanks will be adopted in 
America, due to their complicated construction and to opera- 
tional difficulties. 
The digestion tank as described above is interest- 
ing. However, all of its features are known to American 
engineers. 
The treatment of supernatant liquor on trickling 
filters might be worthy of American consideration. 
192 ITEMS OiT INTEREST 
Tlie digester design and the supernatant liquor 
treatment schemes may be of interest to U.S., engineers. 
WM PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None. 
193 'PV-?a.:.rn - . r 
Kerne: Deutsche Abwasser-Reinigungs- 
Gesellschaft rn.b.H. (Oms-Haas) 
Location: Wiesbaden, Germany 
Date Visited: duly 17 and 28, 1945 
lersons Interyiewed: Chief Dugineer BUllman, Engineer Bendler 
Interviewed By: Dr. Kischer, Lt. Col. G-ilbert, 
Kaj, Tatlock, Lt. Pfreimer 
Ui-j1 CHEIATICi:i DETAILED 
The Oms-Haus is a firm of engineers which design 
industrial waste treatment and municipal sewage treatment 
plants. After the plants are designed, the mechanical equip- 
ment is purchased by Cms-Eaus and a contractor employed to do 
the construction and erection work. 
A list of the treatment works which have been 
designed and built by this company since 1958, is attached 
so that the type and number of treatment plants that have been 
built by them in Germany may be evaluated. 
In July 1945, the Cms-Eaus designed and started 
construction on a sewage treatment plant for Posen. This 
plant was 80$ completed but it is believed to have been ruined 
by bombing. 
In order to determine the present design practice of 
this company the following information relative to the design 
of the Posen plant was obtained: 
(a) Like most plants in Germany, the Posen plant 
was designed for the dry weather flow, this flow being 
900 L/second for a population of 300,000 people. The storm 
flow will reach a peak of 2300 L/seoond, but all over the dry 
weather flow will be by-passed direct to the river. 
(b) Two mechanically cleaned coarse bar screens with 
40 mm. openings were provided. • The screens were of the 
"Passavant" type and were equipped with "Passavant” screenings 
194 grinders. Due to the close clearance construction of these 
grinders the screenings must be fed by hand from the screen. 
The screens, however, are automatic, being operated by a 
float differential head control. 
(o) Two "G-eiger” tangential flow grit chambers 
were installed to remove the grit from the sewage. These 
chambers were designed for a detention period of 2 to 3 
minutes, the grit being agitated by air for washing in the 
chamber and then elevated by air to the storage tank. The 
storage tank was provided with a 15 mm mesh screen over the 
top so that all particles over this size could be removed. 
(d) The three primary settling tanks are designed 
for a one-hour detention period. Oms-Haus usually designs 
for two hours detention but the war caused this reduction in 
the detention period in order to conserve construction 
materials. It is felt by the engineers that this one-hour 
detention period will remove the majority of the large 
particles of the sewage. One Passavant sludge collector of 
the Mieder type was to be installed with a transfer car to 
move the collector from one tank to the other. The collector 
was to operate at a speed of 1 meter per minute while 
collecting the sludge and scum to the influent end of the 
tank, and 4 meters per minute while returning to the effluent 
end of the tank. 
(e) The sludge and scum will be discharged to the 
sludge digesters by means of air pressure. The use of sludge 
pumps is not standard practice in Germany. The sludge and 
scum usually flow by hydrostatic head from the settling tanks 
to a steel pressure tank. When the tank is nearly full, com- 
pressed air is admitted and the sludge is ejected to a receiv- 
ing box on top of the digesters where any air is released and 
from where it flows by gravity to the digesters. 
(f) Four digesters are provided having a total 
design capacity of 14 liters per person. Normal design would 
call for 30 to 40 liters per person, but the engineers-had-to 
design so that the maximum amount of gas could be obtained 
for the least use of construction materials. 
The tanks are heated with 50° C water passing 
through coils and are maintained at a temperature of 25 to 
27°G, 
The supernatant liquor is returned direct to 
the primary settling tanks. 
195 The sludge and scam are admitted to a diges- 
tion tank through a Passavant mechanism which consists- of a 
Rotating pipe with two hollow arms. The mechanism is rotated 
by a motor so that the sludge is thrown from the arms over 
the surface of the scum in the tank and with such force that 
the scum is broken up. 
It is expected that 18 to £0 liters of gas per 
day will be received from each person contributing to the 
plant. Approximately one dayTs gas storage should be provided 
or about 5000 cbm, but only a 1000 cbm gas holder was provided 
to save steel. 
The sewage gas usually contains 6400 calories 
per cbm while the artificial gas contains only 4800 calories 
per cbm. Therefore, the sewage gas is not burned to heat the 
digesters but is compressed for automobile fuel, one cbm of 
gas producing one cubic liter of fuel. The gas is cleaned by 
passing through iron ore which is regenerated by air drying. 
The hot water for the digestion tank is heated with coke. 
(g) The partially digested sludge is discharged to 
sludge drying beds which are designed for a capacity of £0 
persons per sq, meter. The sand bed consists of 30 cm of 
coarse sand topped with 5 cm of fine sand and provided with a 
100 mm diameter main drain and with 80 mm diameter laterals. 
The fine sand is paved with 6 cm thick building bricks which 
are laid with £ cm openings. Usual practice is not to use the 
brick paving on sludge beds but since sand is valuable and 
scarce in this area it was used as a means to conserve the sand 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The Posen sewage treatment plant was one of the few 
municipal plants constructed in Germany during the war. The 
plant was built with the primary objective of obtaining gas 
for use in automobiles at the least possible cost. Prom the 
standpoint of sewage treatment it was greatly'under-designed 
not only by American but also German standards. 
The plant was designed using the most modern German 
equipment, which is described in target reports on the 
several manufacturers. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST 
Interesting items af equipment are covered in other 
target reports. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQPIEWT 
None. 
196 HSUTSCEB ABW'ASSER-REIHOHGS GESELLSCEAB1T m.b.E. PLANTS 
A. Industrial V/aste Treatment Plants 
Eoesch-KBln-Heuessen A.-G., Dortmund 
Neutralization tanks 
Reiohswerke fllr Erzebergbau und Bisenhlitten, Braunschweig 
Steel mill plant 
Baimmeisterei I, Uelzen 
2 oil separators for Loksohuppen 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Bingerbrllok 
Clarification and oil removal 
Baimmeisterei I, Homburg/Saar 
Oil separators 2500 mm 0 
Hoesoh A.-G., Dortmund 
Clarification tank for steel mill works 
Marinebauamt Sanderbusch 
Clarification tank for Marine Hospital 
Dortmund-Hoerder Httttenverein, Dortmund 
Cooling water 
Baimmeisterei Frankfurt/a.M. -Nled 
Oil separators 2500 mm 0 for R.A.H, Hied 
KlBokner-Vterke A.-G., Troisdorf 
Clarification plant for blast furnace wash water 
Koesch A.-G., Dortmund 
Neutralization plant 
Reiohswerke Braunschweig 
2 Thickeners for blast furnace wash water 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Ltlneburg 
Oil separators 
Saargruben A.-8., Saarbrtloken 
Coke clarification plant 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Marktredwitz/Bay 
Oil separator 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn,- St. Wendel 
Oil separator 
Hensohel G.m.b.H., Kassel 
Oil removal 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Wetzlar 
Oil removal 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg 
Oil removal 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Solingen 
Oil removal 
Deutsche. Bergwerks- und Htlttenbauges., Braunschweig 
Sludge filter plant 
197 B. Doraestic Sewage Plants 
Oberbtlrgermeister Offenburg/Baden 
Kreisbauamt Bitburg 
Hochbauverwaltung ini Ministeriura d. Pinanzen, 
Oldenburg i.O. 
Wohnongs A.-G. der Reiohswerke Braunschweig 
Sohulungsburg Vogelsang/lSifel 
Stadt Boppard 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Hanau 
Stadt Rheine 
Reiohswerke V/atenscedt 
Luf twaff e Hanau 
Stadt V/etzlar 
Oberbtlrgermei ster V/ilhelmshaven 
Eensohel Plugmotorenbau G.m. b.H., Kassel 
Prof* Hbhardt, Berlin - Bor Herr Lichtenau 
Pa. Tibet, I.ltlnchen 
Dipl.-Ing• M. Rahde, Hannover for Dorworden 
wilessen Plugzeugbau G.m.b.H., Bremen 
ICieler V/erkswohnungen G.m.b.H,, Kiel 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, MUnohen 
E, Mtiller '& Go. , Bremen - l?or Barracks Kiel- 
Heumlillen 
Karine V/ilhelmshaven Barracks 
Luf twaf f e Kamburg-Sins torf 
Luf twaf f e Mtin st er -De thl in gen 
Kreisbauamt Kassel 
B.M.W, Mtinchen 
Kreisbauamt Kassel 
Bllrgermeister Eschwege 
Heeresbauamt Bitsoh 
Prof Clemens Klotz, KBln for Vogelsang/Eifel 
Marine Plensburg-Htirwik 
Masohinenfabrik A.-G., Bitsohweiler/Elsass 
Prof, E. Neufert, Berlin - List, Rhenau/Elsass 
Luftwaffe Veohta 
Bauleitung Kiel 
Kipp & Elfers, v/esermtinde for Drangstedt 
Marine Wilheimshaven 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Fulda 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Mtlnohen 
Hensohel Plugmotorenbau G.m.b.H., Kassel 
Deutsche Reiohsbahn, Oldenburg 
IngenieurbUro C, Ricken, Hamburg-Harburg for 
Blankenburg/Oldenburg 
Btlrgermeister Unterlliss/Hann 
Arohitekt W. Prioke, Hannover for Renteln 
Zeppelin-Reederei, Prankfurt/a.M. 
198 Oberste Bauleitung ICbln 
Landesversicherungsansfcalt Baden, Strassburg 
Arohitekt B. Lienliard, Baldshut/Baden for 
Lungenheilstbtte Jestetten 
Baubevollm&ohtigter Kbln 
Aroliitekt B. Gondram, kb In for Bergisch Born . 
Arohitekt Br. Kurz, Brsnkfurfc/a.H. 
Bleidenstadt/b. Wiesbaden 
Kurbelwellenwerk G.m.b.H., Glinde/b. Hamburg 
Stadtbaubtiro Ballersleben, Stadt des 
E.D.8.-Wagens 
Bauleitung Dogger, Eersbruok/b. Hbg. 
199 TARGET HO. B-7 
Lame: Reiohsanstalt fUr V/asser und Luftglite 
Location: Berlin-Dahlem 
Date Visited: July 28., 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Heins, Heinck, Schmidt, Tiegs 
Interviewed By: Pischer, G-orman 
IKJ?OHIvIATION OBTAII^D 
The Heiohsanstalt was formerly known as the 
Landestalt ftir V/asser, Boden and Lafthygiene. It is a 
research institute supported by the German government and 
carries out investigational studies on water, sewage and air. 
The above named men stated that during the war no 
new processes or items of equipment for use in sewage treat- 
ment were developed. 
Work done at the Reichsanstalt during the war has 
been reported as in the past in the "kleine Kitteilungen". 
Go’pies of these reports from 1939-43 we re obtained. Items of 
special interest covered in these reports are as follows; 
(a) The chemical testing of sewage with special 
reference to sludge and receiving water analyses (Aug. 1941, 
191 pages). 
(b) English-German and German-English dictionary 
of water and sewage terms (Peb, 1943, 71 pages). 
(c) Report on status of sewage treatment in 
England (lan.-Kay 1939, 70 pages). 
(d) A description of the new sewage test plant of 
the Institute at Berlin Stahnsdorf (lan.-Karch 1940, 14 pages). 
(e) Investigation of U.S. designs of high rate 
filters, (Halvorson and lenks), (lan.-march 1940, 15 pages). 
(f) Investigations of a two-stage trickling filter 
plant (Kremer C0.),(1an.-Kar. 1940, 4 pages). 
200 (g) Report on biology of trickling filters at 
Berlin Stahnsdorf test plant (July-Sept. 1940, 5 pages and 
Oct.-Dec. 1941, 8 pages). 
Results of studies of high rate filters led to the 
conclusions that the use of media greater in size than 4-8 cm 
is not suitable, that artificial aeration is of no advantage, 
and that effluent recirculation is of great advantage. 
Work done at the Institute on trade waste is dis- 
cussed in a separate section of this report. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
The references in the "Kleine Hitterlungen,, 
dealing with sewage research, methods of analysis, etc., 
should all be of interest to U.S., engineers and research 
workers. The copies of all these journals ’are being trans- 
mitted to the TJ.S. , so that interested parties may examine 
them in detail. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQJJIHISNT 
None. 
201 TARGET NO. B-8 
JTsjQie; Urnscher and Lippe Districts 
Location: Essen 
Dates Visited: June 28 and 29, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Dr. Ramshorn,Dir. , Dr.Hiismann, 
Chief Chemist, Hr.Wiegmann, engineer 
in charge of sewage treatment 
Interviewed 3y; Eischeh, Gorman, Sheridan 
H'iFORI. lATION OBTAINED 
We were informed by the above named officials 
that during the war no new construction of sewage treatment 
plants had been carried out in this district, and that 
expenditures for xDlant maintenance had been held to a minimum. 
Location of all sewage treatment and phenol recovery 
plants operated in both districts are shown in Figures B-6-a 
and B-8-b. 
Of the newer installations built or altered just 
prior to the war, those at Soest, Hamm and Alte-Emscher were 
said to be the most interesting from the standpoint of new 
equipment. The Essen-Nord and Karnap plants were also 
mentioned as being of interest because of bomb damage. All 
of-* these plants except Hamm were visited and are reported on 
separately. 
The plant at Hamm is similar to that at Alte-Emscher 
and consists of a Prtiss type clarifier preceded by a plain 
bar screen. It was designed to treat 80,000 cu. meters of 
sewage per day from a population of 50,000. 
Operation of the phenol recovery plants was also 
discussed and a typical plant visited. This is also reported 
on separately. 
Research wTork carried out by the district involved 
studies of- methods of treating phenolic liquors; physical, 
chemical and biological investigations of high-rate filters; 
and investigations of land treatment and fertilizer values of 
sewage. 
202 7‘- . ~.0 . j rr rv Q 
The i.iain oTTice of this district was severely 
damaged by bombs. -11 l the laboratory facilities were 
destroyed. It was stated that most of the district records, 
reports, etc., were also destroyed by bombing or fire 
resulting from air raids. 
ithi.3 of n: tirfst 
work on phenol recovery and on high rate filters; 
also various plant structures as reported on in separate 
targets. 
ra.7 PROCESSES CR 
Hone. 
203 TARGET NO. B-9 
Name: Ruhr District 
Location: Nssen 
Dates Visited: June 28, 30, July 3, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Pries, district engineer; Sierp, 
chief chemist; Buoksteeg, asst.chief 
chemist 
Interviewed By: Pischer, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Gorman, 
Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
The main office of the Ruhr District located in 
Essen was destroyed by bombs, and the Director of the 
District, Dr. Pruss had moved his office to his home in Olpe 
about 60 miles southeast of Essen. It was not possible to 
contact Dr. Pruss so information regarding the work of the 
District was obtained from Ur, Pries, and Drs, Sierp and 
Bucksteeg. 
As in the case of the Bmscher and Lippe 
no new construction of sewage plants was carried out in the 
Ruhr District during the war. Plant maintenance was also 
held to a minimum as was evidenced by visits to typical 
installations. 
Plants visited were those at Essen-Rullinghausen 
(where the District laboratories were located), Hagen, 
Heiligenhaus, Iserlohn, and Hattingen. Details regarding 
these plants are contained in separate reports; 
The treatment of industrial wastes was discussed 
with Dr. Sierp who pointed out that in general all work on 
phenol wastes for both the Smscher and the Ruhr Districts is 
carried out by the former. On the other hand, all work on 
metallic waste waters such as pickling liquors, etc., is 
carried out by the latter. 
The treatment of these industrial wastes is dis- 
cussed in detail in another section of this report. 
204 Development work carried out by the Ruhr District 
daring the war years has been chiefly, on metal waste waters 
and on high rate filters. According to Dr. Sierp, practically 
all the' records regarding this work were destroyed by fire. 
items of interest 
Section. 
Work on pickling liquors. See “Industrial Waste” 
NSW PROCESSES OR 3QUIH£SCT 
See “Industrial Waste’1 Section. 
205 TARGET NO. B-10 
Paine: Piers District 
Location: Viersen 
Date Visited: duly 1, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Dr. Ing. lung 
Interviewed By: Pischer, Gorman, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
The Piers District covers an area of 1400 sq. 
meters and serves a population of approximately 480,000. It 
is located along the Piers River between the Rhine River and 
the Dutch border. 
Existing sewage treatment plants taken over when 
the district was organized are as follows: 
Plant Type 
Rheydt Plain settling, concrete tanks 
Mtlnchen-Gladbaok " « " n 
Willich ” M earth tanks 
Viersen M M 11 11 
Sllohteln-lohannistal Settling and contact beds 
Sliohteln-Stid Plain settling, earth tanks 
Stlchteln-Nord (Paper Mill) Percolation tanks 
Girmes, Oedt (Dye Works) Plain settling, concrete tanks 
Pluschweberei Grefrath 11 Tt " M 
St. Vtfnis Imhoff tanks 
Aldekerk Plain settling, earth tanks 
Pienkerk Percolation tanks 
Kevelaer Plain settling, earth tanks 
Dlilken w ,f !t tT 
Piedick tf " concrete tanks 
Plants built after the district was organized 
include: 
(1) Utils: Separate digestion plant for 6600 popula 
tion. Includes two-hour settling in Mieder type clarifier. 
Digester capacity 430 cu. meters (See Eigure B-10-a)• 
(2) Straelen: Imhoff tanks. 
206 (3) Geldern: Imhoff tank, trickling filter 
plant for 7000 population. Includes two Imhoff tanks, four 
filters with a total media volume of 150 ou. m., and final 
Dortmund tanks (See Figure B-10-b). 
(4) Kempen; Separate digestion, activated sludge 
plant for 16,500 population. Includes Kramer primary settling 
tank, aeration tank, final Dortmund tanks, digester and 40 HP 
gas engine (See Figure B-10-c). 
(5) Gruppenklaranlagel: The main clarification 
plant of the Nier's District or the Niersverband, known as 
"Gruppenklaranlage No.lM, is essentially a three-stage plant 
involving presedimentation, chemical precipitation with iron 
salts, and activated sludge treatment, a method of treatment 
adopted because of the large proportion of industrial wastes 
from tanneries, paper mills, diaries, etc*, present in the 
incoming sewage. Figures B-10-d to B-10-j Inc*, show some 
features of this installation. 
The plant was designed to serve a connected 
population of 200,000, plus an industrial load equivalent to 
600,000 people. The normal prewar flow was 50,000 cu. m./day 
of which 20,000 cu.m., was domestic and 30,000 cu.m./day 
industrial. 
According to Dr. Jung, oarbonation of the 
sewage aftefi screening and grit removal lowers the pH value of 
the sewage from 8.0-9.0 down to 6.0. The oarbonation step 
requires 10 minutes. After mixing with reduced sludge for 
15 minutes in tanks equipped with longitudinal mixing paddles, 
the sewage is settled in two 40 meters diameter x 2.7 to 
6.0 m. deep settling tanks equipped with Geiger spiral sludge 
removal mechanisms. The settled sewage is then brought into 
contact with iron filings in the presence of CO2 in four tanks 
in which the contact time is 15 minutes. Stack gas is used 
as a source of C02. The sewage is then aerated in two steps, 
the first step being for 20 minutes for C02 removal and the 
second step for activation for 30 minutes in the presence of 
20$ returned sludge from the subsequent 2-hour settling step. 
It was stated that results showed that the use of C02 in the 
iron-sewage mixing step was unnecessary. Neither was the 
first aeration step needed. The activation stage, however, 
could well be increased to 60 minutes detention. 
The excess iron-raotivated sludge from the 
intermediate settling tanks is pumped to a reduction tank 
where the iron salts are biologically reduced to the ferrous 
state. The detention period in the reduction tank is 3-4 hours. 
207 Twenty percent sludge is recirculated in this unit and the 
material mixed by Imhoff type paddles. Seventy percent of 
this sludge is recycled to mixing ahead of primary settling 
while the remainder is sent direct to digestion. 
Following intermediate settling the partially 
clarified sewage is again aerated for 30 minutes in the 
presence of final settled sludge. For good results, this 
aeration period should be increased to 60 minutes. The first 
detention period is 2 hours. 
The tertiary effluent is then run to a fish 
pond of which there are three. One pond has an area of 
17,500 sq. m. and a depth of 80 cm. The final effluent flows 
to the Niers River. Typical BOD results are: 
Raw sewage 1400 ppm 
Effluent to fish ponds 10-20 ” 
Effluent from fish ponds 5-10 ” 
For the treatment of sewage containing 
industrial waste at this plant, 50 mg Fe per liter of sewage 
were required. For strictly domestic sewage this iron consump- 
tion could be reduced to 30 mg/liter. 
Sludge is digested in two units 28 meters 
deep having a capacity of 10,000 cu.m. The normal digestion 
period is 60 days. The digesters are heated by internal coils 
to 30° C. Sludge is pumped from the middle of these units. 
There are provisions for circulating sludge but this has not 
been done as the stirring action produced by gasification is 
quite vigorous. The digesters are equipped with gasometers. 
This construction has been found to be undesirable due to 
corrosion by HgS and oxygen. 
Normally the gas production is 6000 cu.m./day. 
At the present time it is down to 4000 ou.m./day. The gas is 
scrubbed to remove Cog after compressing to 15 atmospheres. 
It is then compressed to 200 atmospheres for use in driving 
automobiles. The purified gas contains 90-94$ methane. 
Digested sludge is at present dewatered in 
two of the fish ponds. A dewatering and sludge drying plant 
was under construction but never finished due to the war. 
Experiments had been run with centrifuges at Kempen using a 
Heine Bros. (Ylersen) machine. This was a three product machine 
producing l/ 3 sludge, l/ 3 "dirty water”, and l/ 3 clean water. 
The "dirty water” containing considerable solids required 
208 retreatment by returning it to the head end of the treatment 
plant. This was not considered good practice. If and when 
the sludge dewatering system is installed, it was stated 
that in all probability, elutriation with vacuum filters will 
be employed. A rotary drier has been installed for drying 
the sludge cake. 
The total land area covered by this plant 
(exclusive of fish ponds) is 12,500 sq, meters. The total 
plant cost was 4,300,000 RM or 5.4 RM per capita equivalent 
population. 
The loss of head thru the plant is about 3 
meters. Peak power requirements are 1500 HP. This power is 
generated at the plant site by means of steam driven turbines 
directly connected to electric generators. 
According to Dr, Jung, the bacterial reduction 
of the ferric hydroxide to the ferrous state effects a savings 
of 70$ of the iron so that the actual iron consumption is re- 
duced from 50 mg per liter down to 15 mg per liter. 
The use of iron filings instead of an iron 
salt for coagulation was Justified by the lower cost per kg 
of metallic iron for the former. It is questionable whether 
this condition would hold in the U.S, In any case, however, 
the bacterial reduction and reuse of the iron sludge may have 
possibilities and warrants further study for the treatment of 
very strong' sewages. 
By use of the flow sheet employed at this 
plant it is claimed that the treatment time is out in about 
half. It is also claimed that by use of the process installa- 
tion and operation costs are greatly reduced. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
When the writers visited this plant, only the 
primary settling tanks were in operation due to bomb damage 
to the tanks in which the settled sewage is mixed with iron 
filings. 
The plant appeared to be complicated and experi- 
mental in nature. It was the only plant seen in Germany that 
may be considered novel in design. 
A novel method of cleaning air diffuser plattbs 
involved rubbing off a.thin surface film with stone and then 
cleaning with acid. Diffuser plates were not satisfactory 
209 for COo diffusion due to the large amount of dirt %i the stack 
gas. COg piping was enamel lined. The QOg compressors were 
lined with a synthetic acid resistant plastic. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
This process as a whole should be of interest 
to U.S. sanitary engineers. The biological method of reducing 
and recovering 70$ of the iron used for coagulation should be 
of special interest. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
Details of the process as outlined in this 
report are new although general information regarding the 
process has been published in the U.S. prior to the war. 
210 TARGET NO. B-ll 
Name: Passavant-Werke 
Location: Miohelbach-Nassau 
Dates Visited: July 17 and 19, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Mr. Passavant,. chief engineer Schramm 
Interviewed By: Pishher, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Sheridan 
BIPORMATION OBTAINED 
The Passavant Corapany manufactures equipment for 
use in various steps of sewage treatment. It also makes 
water intake screens. 
The various types of equipment (besides slide gates, 
valves, etc.), made by this organization for use in the 
sanitary field are: 
(a) Screens 
1. Centri-soreen 
2. Screen - bar or water type 
(b) Screenings grinder 
(o) Grit chamber - grit removers 
(d) Clarifiers 
1. Round 
2. Rectangular 
(e) Trickling filter distributors 
(f) Digester mechanisms 
A list of municipal, military and industrial plants 
equipped by this company from 1938-44 is given as follows: 
(C « municipal, I - M - military). 
211 Name Equipment Use 
1. Frankfurt a Main A-l C 
2. Dusseldorf A-l, A-2, G C 
3. Zwickau (Saxony) (Mulden 
Water District) A-l, A-Z G 
4. Copenhagen (denmark) A-l C 
5. Posen A-2, B,D-2,5,F C 
6. Luxemburg-Plant No.l A-2, B,F C 
7. Luxemburg-Plant No*2 D-2, F C 
8. Erfurt A-2, B C 
9. Saarbrlicken A-2 0 
10. Roslau (near Leipsic) A-2 C 
11. Stuttgart A-2, B,E C 
12. Wildfleoken (near Schlllohtern) A-2, E C,M 
13. Eaiserlautern A-2 0 
14. Bonn A-2 C 
15. Backnang A-2, D-2 C 
16. Fullersleben A-2 C 
17. Essen-Nord (Emsoher District) A-2 C 
18. Bremen A-2 G 
19. Hame In A-2 C 
20. Tubingen A-2 G 
21. EUneberg (near Hannover) A-2 0 
22. Viersen (iliersverband) A-2 C 
23. Osnabruok D-2 C 
24. Heidenheim D-2 C 
25. Marburg-Lahn D-2 0 
26. Siegmar-Sohttnau (Saxony) 
(Mulden Water District) D-l C 
27. Haaoksbergen (Holland) D-l C 
28. Auschwitz (Upper Silesia) 0,1,1 
29. Pinna sens (Pfalz) E C 
30. Seelbach E C 
31. Pegnitz (near Ntlrnberg) E C 
32. Heiligenhaus (Ruhr District) E 0 
33. Iserlohn (Ruhr District) E 0 
34. Halle-Tafelv;erder A-2, B 0 
35. Zeitz (Saxony) 
(Kineralblbangesellschaft) D-2 I 
36. Briix (Bbhmen) 
(Mineralblbangesellschaft) D-2 I 
37. Bleohhammer (Upper Silesia) 
(Mineralblbaugsellschaft) D-2 I 
38. Siegburg (Rhine) (Rhine- 
Zellwolle) D-2 I 
39. Hirsohberg (Silesia) 
(Schlesisohe Zellwolle) D-l I 
40. Wittenberg (Brandenburg) 
(Kurm&rkische Zellwolle) D-l I 
212 Name Equipment - we 
41. Kottbus (Sachsische 
'Spinnstoffwerke) D-l I 
42. Eiiingen (Schw&bische 
Zellwolle) D-l I 
43. Plauen (S&chische Zellwolle) D-2 I 
44. Bitterfeld (I.G.Earbenind) D-2 I 
45. Landsberg-V/arthe 
(I.G.Earbenind) D-2 I 
46. Heydebraok (Upper Silesia) 
(I.G.Earbenind) D-2 I 
47. Dyhernfurt (Middle Silesia) 
(Luranil Baugesell) D-2 I 
48. Espenhain (near Leipsic) 
(Saghsiche Werke) D-2 I 
49. Zschornewitz (Saxony) 
(Electro-V/erke) D-2 I 
50. Miltilz (near Leipsic) 
(Sohimmel & Co.) D-2 I 
51. Herrenwald (by Marburg) 
(WASAG) D-l I 
52. Baierbronn (Brllgmann & Son) D-l I 
53. Beddigen (Hannover) 
(Hermann Gttring-V/erke) D-2 I 
54. Elossenberg (Btthmen) E M 
55. Salzgitter (near Braunschweig) 
(Hermann Gbring-V/erke) A-l, E I 
56. Hottengrund (near Berlin) E M 
57. Burg Vogelsang (Eifel) E M 
58. Wengelsdorf and Labond 
(Upper Silesia) E M 
59. Eschentruth (hear Kassel) E M 
60. PJillersleben No. (Borgitz 
near Braunschweig) E M 
61. Emschenhagen No, and So. 
(near Kiel) E M 
62. Muna-Lehre (Llineburger Heide) E H 
63. Basdorf, V/ildpark, Eegesee 
(near Berlin) E M 
64. Etlrstenhagen (near Kassel) E M 
65. Mlnchen-Allach (Bayrische 
- Mo to r enwe rk e) E M 
66. Dettlingen Nordenham (near 
W i Ih e Imshav en) E M 
67; KBnigswartha & Wolfen (Saxony) E M 
68. Gltloksberg (Holstein) E M 
69. Rheinau & Bitsch-(Alsace) E M 
213 Tiie Cexitri-Screen sliown in Figure B-11-*aT 'is used 
for screening storm water overflow by-passed at the head 
end of a clarification plant. The portion of the flow in 
excess of the plant capacity passes through the rotating 
perforated screen and is discharged through a lower connec- 
tion. The screenings retained on the outer surface of the 
screen are conveyed by the rotating motion of the screen to 
a pocket from where they are passed to that portion of the 
flow going to the clarification plant. The screen rotates 
at a peripheral speed of 0.8 to 1.0 meters per second. The 
first unit of this type was installed in Frankfurt a Main in 
1935. Since then, only five units have been sold. 
One type of Passavant bar screen for use in sewage 
treatment is shown in Figure B-11-b. It consists of a 
straight bar rack cleaned by means of a rake attached by arms 
to continuous rotating chains. These chains terminate above 
water level. 
Advantages of this construction are that the action 
is positive, and there are no moving parts operating in the 
sewage. However, it requires high head room. The rake, 
cleans the bar rack on the upstroke and descends in a parallel 
plane away from the bars. Removal of the screenings from the 
arms is automatic. 
A type of bar screen used for water intake screen- 
ing, illustrated in Figure B-11-c consists of continuous 
rotating chains to which are attached a number of rakes. The 
chains extend down to the channel floor. This screen does 
not require high head room. The rakes on this type unit are 
cleaned of screenings by either a rotating or a swinging arm. 
For fine screening of water intakes a trommel screen 
as shown in Figure B-11-d is offered. This unit may be 
circular or approximately oval in shape. The raw or coarse 
screened water flows from the inside out. Deposited screen- 
ings are carried up by fins and are discharged into a trough 
at the top by means of a water spray. 
The Passavant mechanism for cleaning rectangular 
settling tanks is shown in Figure B-11-c. This unit is of 
the "Mieder” type, the sludge scraper skimming blade being 
suspended on arms attached to an overhead carriage. 
carriage runs back and forth on tracks, power being supplied 
by a flexible cable. 
Trickling filter distributors offered are of the 
conventional type, a possible exception being a six-arm unit 
214 for high rate filters in which three arms are connected to 
the center column at a higher elevation than the other 
three so that only one set of three arms is in operation at 
low flows. 
Besides the distributor mechanism, Passavant also 
offers underdrains of their own design and manufacture. 
Details of various types are shown in Figure B-11-f. In 
type 2, it is claimed that better aeration of the bed will be 
effected. It is also claimed that psychoda flies can 
accumulate at the high points in construction so that they 
can assist in the purification of the sewage passing through 
the bed. 
The Passavant digester mechanism (not shown) con- 
sists of distributor arms for spreading the incoming raw 
sludge. Attached to the ends of distributor arms are 
vertical arras for breaking down scum. This mechanism is said 
to rotate at about 60 rpm. 
No photographs .or drawings were available showing 
the screenings grinder, the grit remover, or the round clari- 
fier mechanism. The grinder has a heavy horizontal shaft 
attached to which are teeth that mesh with fixed bars. Grit 
is removed by means of a traveling backet elevator. The 
clarifier is of conventional design using plow rakes. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
The general design features of the centri-screen, 
bar and trommel screens, filter underdrains, and digester 
mechanism should be of interest to U.S. engineers and equip- 
ment manufacturers. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None, except possibly the digester mechanism. 
215 TARGET NO. B-12 
Name: Bruer-Werke 
Location: EOchst (near Frankfurt am Main) 
Date Visited: 
Person Interviewed: Chief Engineer 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Sheridan 
INEORiIaTICN OBTAINED 
The l!Breuer-Werkeft was formerly the "Geiger*sohe 
Bobrik" of Karksruhe. They-took over the patents of Geiger Sr. 
At the present time besides* slide gates, valves, 
etc., Breuer makes the following items of equipment fdr use in 
sewage and water works: 
1. Water intake screens. 
2. Sewage screens. 
3. Clamshells for grit removal. 
4. Rectangular clarifier mechanisms. 
5. Trickling filter distributors. 
6. Filter dosing tanks. 
A typical water screen is shown in Figure B-12-a. 
Drawings of the clarifier mechanism were not avail- 
able. The type of unit offered by Breuer, however, is of 
the liieder type. 
No recent installations using Breuer equipment 
were reported. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
None 
NEW PROCESSES OR SHIPMENT 
None 
216 TARGET NO. B-13 
Name: Bamag-Meguin 
Location: Giessen 
Dates visited: July 13, 20, 21, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Dir. Bauer, Henelorf, sewage specialist, 
Wendt, water specialist 
Interviewed By: Dr. Fischer, Lt, Col. Gilbert 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
The Bamag-Meguin Company has been bombed out of 
Berlin, and they have now established a temporary office in 
Giessen, where they are planning reconstruction for postwar 
work. This company manufactures mechanical equipment for 
water and sewage treatment plants as follows: 
(a) Mechanically cleaned bar screens: The 
mechanism for cleaning the screens consists of a unit wherein 
the rake is raised and lowered by means of a hand operated 
cable drum. The carriage supporting the rake can be moved 
horizontally by hand so that racks of any width can be 
cleaned by a single narrow rake. 
(b) Center feed vertical flow grit chambers: 
Several grit chambers of this type have been installed in 
Germany. Figure B-22-b (Iserlohn) shows the construction oJ 
these chambers, which are circular tanks with concentric 
baffle walls. The top of the baffle walls are set at different 
elevations so that a greater portion of the tank comes into use 
as the flow increases. Theoretically, a nearly -uniform upward 
velocity is maintained in the chambers. The grit is agitated 
and also removed from the chamber by means of compressed air. 
(c) Mechanically cleaned settling tanks: Bamag 
manufactures sludge collectors for both round and rectangular 
tanks. One type of collector for round tanks is shown in the 
figures of Target B-25. The tank as shown is divided into 
two areas by means of a vertical baffle, the theory being that 
the heavier material will settle in the inner area and the 
lighter in the outside area. The sludge from the inner area 
must be removed oftener than that from the outside area. A 
217 separate oolleotor may be used in the outside area as snown 
on the illustration or it may be made a part of the main 
collector. Tanks of this type are claimed to be very 
efficient. The rakes of the collector oan be raised above 
the water level by means of a cable and hand winch. This 
feature is said to prevent overloading and stalling of the 
oolleotor. Collectors are also manufactured for round 
tanks without an outer area. These proved to be the most 
widely adopted in actual practice. 
Great consideration is given to the distribution 
of the flow at the center of the tank and also, to the sludge 
collection hopper. 
For rectangular tanks Bamag manufactures a Mieder 
type of collector. The collector of this type is similar to 
that made by Passavant (see Figure B-11-3). The collector is 
automatic in that it will make one run up the tank collecting 
the sludge and scum and then return to the effluent end of 
the tank with the collecting blades raised and then stop. 
The collector can be transferred from one tank to the other 
by means of a transfer oar. For primary tanks the detention 
period is usually ij- hours and for secondary. tanks 2 hours. 
(d) Rotary distributors for trickling filters: ' 
Distributors designed similar to those "used in America are 
manufactured by Bamag. The filter bed construction, however, 
is different. The bed drainage systems are constructed of 
flat preeast reinforced concrete slabs with holes approx- • 
imately Ij- inch diameter, spaced 12-15 inches 0/S. The 
filter material is usually lava rock with a diameter of 80 mm. 
in the bottom layer. In the center layer the rook is 20 to 
40 mm. in diameter and in the top layer the rook diameter is 
increased to 50 to 60 mm. This increased size in the top 
layer is to prevent the formation of a clogging mat on the 
.top. The filters are usually 3 to 4 meters deep. 
In standard rate filters the loading is. usually 
one-half cbm. of sewage per cbm. of filter rook. 
High rate filters are now being designed with a 
flow of 2g- cbm. per cbm. of filter rook. When these high rate 
filters are used, the bed is covered with a concrete roof 
(see Targets B-21, B-22 and B-27, with accompanying Figures). 
Forced down draft is provided at the rate of 50 cbm. of air 
per cbm. of sewage. Up draft is not satisfactory due to the 
flies being sucked into and clogging the impellers of the 
blower. With this construction the following advantages are 
claimed; 
218 (1) Filter l/ 5 size of standard filler. 
(2) Fly nuisance eliminated. 
(3) Ho odors. 
(4) Sewage temperature never drops more than 
2 degrees below that of the sewage, thus 
eliminating freezing and maintaining 
greater biological action in cold weather 
(5) Effluent equal to or better than standard 
rate open filters. 
For small installations the sewage may be 
distributed on the surface of the beds by means of tipping 
troughs and lath slats. 
(e) Digestion tank equipment: Heating and mixing 
or stirring equipment "for fixed roof digesters is manufactured 
by Bamag. The usual practice in the design of digesters 
which are heated and the contents mixed is to allow 45 liters 
capacity per capita. If the tank is only heated, the capacity 
must be increased to 60 liters per capita, and if neither 
heated nor mixed, 90 liters per capita. The tanks are usually 
heated to 27° C. by means of removable coils. 
The mixing equipment is constructed as shown 
in Figure B-24-o (Essen-Nord). When not furnished with auto- 
matic electrical equipment, it is operated one or two times a 
day. If automatically operated, it rotates 15 minutes in one 
direction, then 5 minutes in the reverse direction (this 
clears the impellers), and then rests for one-half to one hour. 
The impeller is designed so that it,will pump from ,75 to 1.5 
cbm per second, the capacity depending on the size of the tank. 
The object of the mixing equipment is to break up the scum and 
mix the upper contents of the tank. The bottom sludge layer 
is not disturbed. 
Figure B-24-c. also illustrates the construction 
of a Bamag digestion tank. At some installations 2 stage 
digestion is' used, at others only single stage. In this design 
the supernatant liquor is discharged into a combination holding 
tank and gas holder where it is allowed to cool. The decanted 
liquor from this tank is returned to the plant and the settled 
sludge is discharged back to the- digester. 
A list of the installations which have been 
made by Bamag-Meguin is attached to indicate the construction 
work which they have done in the sewage field since 1939, 
219 I THIS OF BCTFHIiST 
The construction of the high rate filters and the 
sludge digester tanks should be of special interest to 
American engineers. 
Wf PROCESSES OR EQtfIHIaHT 
None. 
220 List of Plants Using; Bamag Equipment 
(a) City Treatment slants: 
1 Settling tank for Odense (MUemark) 
1 Digester for Uppsala (Schweden) 
1 Settling tank for Hamm (Westfalen) 
1 w M for Kemen (Westfalen) 
2 Digesters for Stockholm (Sohv/eden) 
(b) Industrial Treatment Plants: 
1 Neutralization Plant for Dynamit AG Kreiburg (Bayern) 
1 !l tf ** %,r Ebenhausen (Bayern) 
2 ,T " M 11 Ghristianstadt 
(Sohlesien) 
1 ,f n ,f " Kaufering (Bayern) 
3 u ,r ,r *ll liessisch-Lichtenau 
8 11 n n rt Allendorf/Lahn 
1 » " " 11 GUsen/Sa. 
1 " " !f w Clausthal (Earz) 
2 ,f ,f M Lignose AG Schttnebeok/Elbe 
1 " ,f 11 Pulverfabrik Pionki (Polen) 
1 ,f ff w V/asag, Elsnig/Elbe 
1 11 " ,f Eettohemie I.lagdeburg 
1 " n ” Metallwerk Schlutap 
1 Clarification Plant for A.S.W. BOhlen 
1 , 11 ft tt ctto, Wanne-Eickel 
1 u M M Schacht V, Seche Rheinpreussen 
1 Biological Plant for Luranil, Gendorf (Bayern) 
1 " ” " J. G. Landsberg 
1 Clarification Plant for Julienhlltte, Bobrek (Schlesien) 
1 n u ” Thyssen, Hamborn (Westfalen) 
1 ,f " !f A.S.W., Espenhain (Sachsen) 
1 Biological Plant for Kugellagerfabrik Erkner b. Berlin 
- drawing of clarification plant for Prager Eisen-Industrie 
Kladno (Tscheoho-Slowakei) 
1 Clarification Plant for Still, Gelsenkirchen (Westfalen) 
1 M " M Carolinengltlok Bochum(Westfalen) 
221 (c) Military Treatment Plants: 
1 Biological Plant for Plugplatz Pesau 
1 Stirring Mechanism for Piugplatz Stolp - Heitz 
1 Biological Plant for Truppenllbungsplatz Stablack 
1 Biological Plant for Truppenllbungsplatz Wlinsdorf 
1 Depoisoning Works for Munitions Plant Ponarth 
1 »» " « « ” Lehre 
1 " « M ff " Seithain (Riesa) 
1 " u 11 ,r ' " Priebus 
1 ff " ,f ” If VI ilhelmshaven 
222 TARGET NO. B-14 
Name: Mashinenfabrik - K. Geiger 
Location: Karlsruhe, Germany 
Dates Visited: 
Persons Interviewed: Pl.Geiger,owner; Hans Eichrodt, chief engr. 
Interviewed By: Lt.Gol. Gilbert, Lt. Pfreimer 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
The Geiger Mashinenfabrik is a manufacturer of 
mechanical equipment for sewage treatment plants, water plants, 
industrial waste, and process water treatment plants. 
The following equipment is manufactured by this 
company: 
(a) Hechanioally cleaned bar screens for sewage or 
process water treatments in two designs. 
(l) For large plants the screen is constructed 
as shown in Figure B-14-a. These screens are made of varying 
widths and heights, the maximum width being 4 meters and the 
maximum depth 12 meters. The width of the screen is selected 
so that the velocity through the clear openings will be 50 cm 
per sec., for process water and a little less for sewage. It 
will be noted that the moving parts of the cleaning mechanism 
are always above the water level. The screenings after being 
discharged are conveyed by a belt conveyor to a cart at the 
side for subsequent disposal. 
(2) For sma.ll plants a different type of 
cleaning mechanism is used due to desire for economy in 
fabrication. This mechanism is illustrated in Figure B-14-b. 
The mechanism consists of two pair of arms with rakes attached. 
The arms rotate and, clean the rack which is curved to the same 
radius as the rake aims. The maximum width of this screen is 
1.'5 meters and the maximum depth 1.5 meters. It will be noted 
also on this screen that all moving parts are above the water 
level.‘ 
223 (b) Mechanically cleaned screens for process or 
other relatively clear waters: This screen is illustrated 
in Figure B-14-c, and is constructed with a maximum width up 
to 3 meters and a maximum depth of 12 meters. The rack is 
constructed of a spirally constructed heavy wedge shape wire 
which is twisted around a wire core every 3” to 4” to provide 
the spacing of to smm clear openings. The width of the 
screen is determined so that the velocity through the rack 
will be about 75 cm. per second. The screen is cleaned by 
brushes which are conveyed up the face of the screen by 
endless chains. 
(o) Storm water screens. These screens are illus- 
trated in Figure B-14-d. Their purpose is to screen the storm 
water flow that is by-passed direct to the river without pass- 
ing through the treatment plant. The channel "A" passing 
through the screen carries the dry weather flow but the storm 
water flow spills into the inside of the screen. This water 
fills compartment "0" until it flows into channel "B". At this 
level a float automatically starts the screen and wash water 
pump. By means of a spray the screenings are washed from the 
screen back to channel "A,!. The screen and pump stop when the 
compart "CTf is emptied of water. It will be noted that the 
screen is supported on rollers above the water level. 
This screen is constructed up to 3.2 meters 
in diameter and 5 meters in length of milled plates or wire as 
in (b) above, with smm to 2mm openings. The design velocity 
through the openings at the maximum flow is 0.5 meter/second. 
(d) Cooling water screens. For screening river 
water which is used for cooling purposes, a screen of the same 
construction as (o) above is used. The maximum size of the 
screen is the same with the exception that the openings do not 
exceed 1.0 mm. The'flow enters the center of the screen and 
passes out through the sides. 
(e) Process water screens. Where it is necessary 
to screen large quantities of river water for manufacturing 
processes or for water treatment plants the endless tray type 
of screen is used. 
The flow enters the screen at a point between 
the vertical trays and passes out through the sides, thus 
utilizing both sides of the screen. The maximum width of 
these screens is 3 meters with a maximum depth of IE meters. 
The openings in the woven mesh screening cloth are 0.05 to 
1.0 ram. The average velocity for which the screens are 
designed is 0.5 meter/seoond. 
224 In some process water screening plants three 
types of screens may be used. They are: 
(l) A coarse hand cleaned screen with 60 mm 
clear openings. 
(2) A mechanically cleaned screen with 5 ram 
clear openings as in (b) above, 
(3) A mechanically cleaned process water screen 
with 0,5 mm clear opening as described above. 
(f) Tangential flow7 grit chambers. Engineer Geiger 
has studied the various types of grit chambers now in use and 
has developed the tangential chamber as shown in Figure B-14-3. 
These chambers are built in sizes up to 10 meters in diameter. 
The detention period is one minute. 
The sand which settles in the bottom of the 
chamber is agitated and washed for 10 minutes in the chamber 
by 2 obm/hour of air for 'small chambers and 5 cbm/hour for 
large chambers. After the agitation and washing the discharge 
valve is opened and the same air then elevates the sand and 
water to a storage hopper. The water is returned to the chamber 
by overflowing the hopper. 
(g) Settling tank sludge xe.novxuL-mechanisms. Equip- 
ment for both round and rectangular tanks is made. 
(1) Round tanks. For round tanks a spiral sludge 
collection blade is used as shown in Figure B-10-i (Tiers 
District). The carrying truss is rotated by means of a gear on 
the outer wall in order to secure positive action. The sewage 
or other waste water enters the tank through a siphon which dis- 
charges in the center of the tank. A large sludge collection 
well is provided in the center of the tank so that sludge will 
be concentrated and it can be removed intermittently. It is 
claimed by the manufacturer that one revolution will remove all 
the sludge from the bottom of the tank. 
A two-hour detention period is usually pro- 
vided for sewage treatment. 
These collectors are made for tanks up to 
50 meters in diameter and 3 meters deep, the minimum diameter 
being 15 mothers. Tor tanks under 15 meters in diameter a 
single blade collector is used. 
225 (2) Rectangular tanks. Tor rectangular tanks 
the Nieder type of sludge collector with scum slSj&jar i-s 
manufactured as shown in Rigure E-14-f. These collectors 
are', automatic in that they make one run up and down the tank 
and then stop. They can then be transferred from one tank to 
another, thus reducing initial cost of construction. In large 
installations a transfer car is used while at small installa- 
tions the collector is pushed from one tank to the other. The 
collectors travel at 5 to 10 cm/seoond when scraping and at 
30 cm/seoond when returning. 
The normal width of these collectors is 
10 meters with a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 20 meters. 
The usual depth is 3 meters. 
A detention period of 2 hours is usually 
provided. ‘Experience has shown that operation once or twice a 
day is sufficient. 
A different Mieder type of sludge collector 
has been designed. This type of collector has not been built 
as of this date. This type of collector is equipped with a 
pump so that the sludge can be pumped from in front of the 
scraper blade as it moves along the floor of the tank. No 
sludge hoppers are provided in these tanks. 
In order to form an opinion as to the type and the 
amount of work which has been done by this company in the 
water and sewage field since 1938, a complete list of the 
equipment manufactured by this company is attached. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
American manufacturers make similar equipment to 
that described above. However, many of the details are 
different and should be interesting to these manufacturers. 
ITiHS 0? HITSI^ST 
Design of tangential flow grit chamber and details 
of mechanical equipment. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQJJIK.INNT 
None. 
226 Easchinenfabrik H. G-eiger Installations-l$S6 to 1945 
XTarae 
Type 
Use 
llasohinenf abrik Augsburg- 
Nilrnberg Werk Atigsburg 
1 
fine 
screen 
Cooling 
water 
Elektrizitfitswerk Posen 
4 
ti 
screens 
ti 
it 
Olr k i s c he s Elek tri zi t h tswerk 
Akliengesellsohaft Berlin 
8 
t» 
it 
n * 
it 
hells toff V/aldhof 
1 
it 
screen 
it 
it 
Kb link e Bremen 
Elektrizitbt swerk 
2 
II 
screens 
rt 
ti 
Stadtwerke Breslau 
Blektrizit&t swe rk 
1 
tl 
screen 
u 
rt 
Bayerisohe.. Elektrizitats- 
Lief erungs-G-esellschaf t 
Bayreuth, Kraftwerk Arzberg 
o 
Uf 
It 
screens 
II 
tt 
Tiefbauomt Karlsruhe:/B 
Klfiranlage Peureut 
1 
»» 
screen 
Sewage screen 
Brosskraf twerk I.Iannheim 
Blektrizitat swerk 
2 
ir 
screens 
Cooling 
water 
Amoniakwerk Ker seburg 
G-, Ei. b. H. Le una . ,rerke 
1 
rt 
screen 
n 
process 
and 
water 
Hytrierwerke Pblitz 
in Pblitz 
8 
" S 
creens 
Cooling 
process 
and 
water 
Bnergie-Versorgung Schwaben Stuttga 
Kr af tv;e rk I lar ba oh 
rt 
4 
51 
ii 
Cooling 
water 
He i zkr af tw erk 31 u t tgar t 
Blektrizithtswerk 
O 
i-j 
If 
it 
n 
it 
Deutsche Bergwerks und HUttenbau 
C-esellsohaft H.B.H. 
Htttte Linz 
7 
If 
n 
ti 
it 
Hineralbl-Bau-Ge sellschaf t 
Berlin 
4 
VI 
it 
it 
n 
227 I ame 
Type 
Use 
I'in e ral 81-Ba u-Ge s el 1 s o haf t 
Berlin 
4 
tray 
screens 
Cooling water 
Dents die Bergv/erks und Hdttenbau 
Gesellschaft II.B.H. Elltte Linz 
7 
tr 
»t 
»t n 
Aktiengesellsohaft Dresden 
S1 ektrisitdts werk Klrsdifelde 
3 
u 
tr 
1? and 
process water 
/ 
Hlektrizitdtswerk Posen 
4 
ft 
t J 
Cooling water 
Technisohe/erke Stuttgart 
hraftwerk IItinstep 
4 
U 
tf 
it tt 
Dnergie-Versorgung ochwaben Stuttgart 
hr af tv; e rk I lar.baoh 4 
Tl 
it 
St If 
Deutsche Bergwerks-und Hdttenbau 
Gesellsohaft M.B.K. Hlitte Linz 
4 
coarse screens 11 
Oberblirgermeister der Stadt 
Gottbtls Kldrantage 
2 
tt 
tt 
Sewage 
Heinrich Soheren 
DUsseldorf 
1 
u 
screen 
u for chem. 
Industrie 
Ruhrverband Bssen 
Hldranlage Rellinghausen 
1 
ft 
it 
Sewage 
Heiselsterverband Gera 
1 
tt 
tt 
tt 
Spinnerei und Heborrei Offenburg 
3 
it 
screens Process water 
Tiefbauamt Stuttgart 
KlUranlageb.etrieb 
1 
tt 
screen 
Sewage 
ITiersverband Yiersen Schloss Yissen 
2 
it 
screens 
Process water 
Tiefbauamt Berlin 
Liaranlage Stahnsdorf 
1 
tt 
screen 
Sewage 
Hi dr anlage V.rupp e r t al 
2 
tt 
screens 
tf 
Aquapura Berlin 
1 
u 
screen 
tt 
Hilscher und Hanselt Graz 
1 
it 
it 
tt 
228 Name 
Type 
Use 
Reis u Ccu Mannhein 
1 
coarse screen Sewage 
Schimmel Kiltitz 
1 
it it 
tt 
Tiefbauamt Villingen KlSLranlage 
1 
i» tt 
n 
Tiefbauamt Mannheim 
KlSLranlage; Regenaaslass 
1 
drum screen 
ii 
Tiefbauamt ICttln 
KlSLranlage: Regenaaslass 
2 
tf screens 
it 
Deutsche Ramie-Gesellschaft 
Emmendingen 
2 
n it 
Cooling 
water 
I. G. Narben Leverkusen 
2 
tt « 
Proeess 
water 
M.A.N, Augsburg Maschinenfabrik 
1 
,r screen 
Cooling 
water 
Heizkraftwerk Stuttgart 
ElektrizitSltswerk 
3 
tray screens 
it 
tt 
ITiersverband Tier sen 
KlSLranlage Nersen 
Sludge removers Sewage 
6 round tanks 
Tiefbauamt Stuttgart 
KlSLranlage Htlhlhausen 
Sludge remover 
1 round tank 
it 
Deutsche Bergwerks und HUtten- 
baugesellsohaft M.B.H. 
Htltte Braunschweig 
Sludge remover 
2 round tanks 
Coke water 
Ruhrverband Essen 
KlSLranlage • 
Sludge remover 
1 round tank 
Sewage 
Der Oberbtlrgerneister der 
StSLdt Taucha 
KlSLranlage Toucha 
Sludge remover 
1 rectangular 
tank 
it 
Der Oberblirgmeister 
der Stadt-Dttsseldorf 
KlSLranlage Lttrick 
Sludge remover 
1 rectangular 
tank 
tt 
229 TARGET NO. B-15 
Name: Maschinenfabrik-Esslingen 
Location: Esslingen am Neckar 
Date Visited: August 9* 1945 
Person Interviewed: Chief engineer on gas compression 
stations 
Interviewed By: Lt.Gol. Gilbert, Lt.Pfreimer, 
Maj. Tatlook 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
In Germany compressed sewage gas is being extensively 
used to operate automobiles. Of the 40 sewage gas compression 
installations that have been made, all but about 3 have been 
made by the target company. The first plant was installed in 
1936, and as the war progressed and gasoline became more 
difficult to obtain the number of installations increased 
rapidly. This company has set for its goal the use of decaying 
organic matter of every kind to produce gas. This includes not 
only sewage sludge but barnyard manures and other organic matter. 
A typical installation layout is shown in 
Figures B-15-a to B-15-c, inclusive. The gas is processed in 
the following steps (see Figure B-15-a); 
le) Filtered by steel wool or oil screens 
to remove dirt. (b) 
(b) Metered. (c) 
(o) Pressure compensation or storage. (f) 
(d) Compressed in 2 stages to 14 atmospheres. (h) 
(e) Washed by water to eliminate HgS and C 0?. (r) 
(f) Further compressed in two additional stages 
to 350 stmospheres. (h) 
(g) Stored in steel cylinders at 350 atmospheres. 
(N & 0). 
(h) Delivered to consumers at 200 atmoshphers.(Z) 
in cylinders holding 10 to 16 cu. meters 
of gas. 
The cost of compressing 1 cu. meter of gas is 
approximately 0.06 to 0.07 mark, including amortization, and 
depending on local conditions. The cost of a complete installab- 
230 tioh including building and equipment for a plant to compress 
180 cu.m./hour would be approximately 50,000 marks. The 
equipment cost for equipment alone as furnished by Maschinen- 
fabrik Esslingen would be 30,000 marks. One cu. meter of the 
washed sewage gas equals 1.2 cu. liters of gasoline. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The use of sewage gas for the operation of 
automobiles has increased in Germany during the war. This 
increase has been due to the shortage of gasoline and not 
because its use has any advantage over the use of gasoline. 
Sewage plants have been remodeled and built for the specific 
purpose of increasing the gas supply or of furnishing a new 
source of gas. 
The readily available quantities of gasoline in the 
U.S., will limit the adoption of the use of compressed sewage 
gas in America. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
The design of equipment furnished by this company 
should be of interest to U.S., engineers. 
NEW PROCESSES OR S^JIHIENT 
None. 
231 TARGET NO. B-16 
Name: Bopp and Reuther G.m.b.H, 
Location: Mannheim-Waldhof 
Date Visited: July 24, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Assi. Director Wegsoheider 
Interviewed By: Lt.Col.Gilbert, Lt. Pfreimer, 
Dr. Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
Bopp and Reuther manufacture fittings, valves, 
and metering devices for water and sewage plants. During 
the war this company continued to manufacture these regular 
items and did not manufacture special war materials. Bopp 
and Reuther export their products to many foreign countries, 
including South America, Japan, Canada and Australia. 
Business is not done in the XJ.S. 
In order to illustrate the various water and 
sewage works items manufactured by this company, the follow- 
ing catalogues and pamphlets in English have been obtained: 
(a) "BSR Pipe Burst Safety Devices”. This 62- 
page book describes shut-off devices, release devices,- test- 
ing devices, devices for obtaining smooth closing, etc. 
(b) "Optima Easy Flow Valve 201" (German patent). 
This one sheet advertisement illustrates the above valve. 
(c) "B & R Differential Manometer". (One sheet 
description). 
(d) "B & R Venturi Flume Meter". (One sheet 
description). This meter is used to measure flows of 
fluids in open channels and pressureless pipelines. 
(e) "Liquid Level Indicator and Recorder". A 
4-page description of various arrangements. 
(f) "B & R Venturineter". A 4-page description 
of various arrangements. 
232 (g) "B & R Metering Stream Lines Needle Valvesn. 
A 4-page description of this combination metering appliance 
and shut-off device. 
(h) "The New Large Optima 101". A 12-page descrip- 
tion of a patented inferential water meter of 2" to 6" 
diameter for measuring water at installations having large 
fluctuations in consumption. 
(i) "Oval Wheel Meters". A 40-page description of 
these highly accurate volumetric measuring meters. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The short tube venturi as manufactured by this 
company was seen at the Hagen water plant. It is claimed 
that this meter gives accuracy comparable to the long tube 
type. (See reprint from "Engineering", 8 November 1935). 
The "Optima" meter appears to be a simple, well- 
built meter, cheap to construct. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
The various items of equipment manufactured by 
this company should be of interest to IT. S. engineers and 
manufacturers. Copies of the various catalogues and pamph- 
lets referred to are being transmitted to the U.S., so that 
interested parties may examine them in detail. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None. 
233 TARGET NO. B-17 
Name: Leipzig-Hosenthal Sewage 
Treatment Plant 
Location: Leipzig^ 
Persons Interviewed: Engineers Ehlers, Mliller 
Interviewed By: A. E. Gorman 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
In greater Leipzig the present average dry weather 
flow amounts to 75,000 ou. m. per day. Of this 60,000 cu.m, 
per day is treated in the Rosenthal plant; 56,000 cu.m, per 
day of the plant effluent is pumped to sewage farms, the 
remainder being discharged direct to the Elster River. 
During the war flows treated applied to the fields and dis- 
charged to the river, were 115,000, 80,000, and 35,000 cu.m, 
per da/ respectively. 
The plant consists of mechanical cleaned bar 
screens, mechanically cleaned grit chambers and longitudinal 
settling tanks equipped with Miede.r type sludge collectors, 
one mechanism serving several tanks. The sludge from the 
settling tanks is pumped to lagoons. 
Before the war all the settled effluent was 
chlorinated and discharged to the Elster River. During the 
war chlorine was not available. 
Plans were under way to construct a new settling 
tank, digestion tanks and a gas recovery system. The 
digesters planned were two in number, each of 2000 cu.m, 
capacity. One was to be equipped with a BAMAG (Prtiss) 
stirring mechanism; the other with an A. G. Bering sludge 
distributor. 
The sewage farms are located at Hohenossig, 
13 kilometers north of Leipzig. The area served is under a 
corps of peasant farmers (Abwasser Verband Deutsch) a 
foundation capitalized by the City of Leipzig and the German 
Government. The peasants construct dikes, and operate the 
valve chambers, outlets, etc. They also harvest the crops 
234 raised on the land. The crops consist of potatoes, rye, 
wheat, sugar beets, cabbage, colza and grass clovef. 
The area irrigated is SO,OOO hectares. By the 
use of sewage for irrigation the increase in crop growth 
was said to be 60-100, 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The only damage suffered at the treatment plant 
was to the machine and storage house v;hich was destroyed 
in August 1944, 
rmis OR INTEREST 
None. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQJJIB.IBNT 
None, 
235 TARGET NO. 3-18 
Name: Ealle Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Halle 
Date Visited: lane 7, 1945 
Person Interviewed; Dr. Ing. Mlilaer 
Interviewed 3y: A. E. Gorman 
ILEOHIATION G3TAIMED 
The Halle plant was designed to treat a dry 
weather flow of 360 liters/sec., from a contributing popula- 
tion of '225,000. It consists of bar screens cleaned with 
Passavant mechanisms; five plain grit chambers; eight -single 
pass and four double pass Imhoff tanks providing a two-hour 
detention period; and 5400 cu, m. of digestion capacity; 
six separate sludge digestion tanks having a total capacity 
of 3200 cu. m., and 12 sludge drying beds, six of which are 
15 meters x 80 meters in area, five 7.5 m. x 40 m. and one 
14 m. x 100 m. In addition there are four sludge lagoons, a 
sludge-fertilizer plant; a gas purification plant, and small 
activated sludge and digester test plants. 
Screenings, amounting to 3 cu. meters/day are 
mixed with grit end used as Sludge is pumped 
from the Imhoff tanks at 95$ moisture and is withdrawn from 
the separate digesters at 93>r. On the sand beds this moisture 
is further reduced to 50-55,j. 
The No.l digester battery (2 tanks) has a capacity 
of 1000 cu. meters. They are heated to 25° - 28° by copper 
heating coils arranged spirally on the conical hopper bottom. 
Both units of this battery were equipped with Imhoff type 
submerged covers. A layer of scum shout 30 cm thick was at 
the surface of each unit. 
The N0.2 battery had a total capacity of 1200 cu. 
meters, and had fixed concrete covers. They were also heated 
to 25°- - 28°0. During the winter months the temperature of 
all the tanks dropped to about 20° C. Gas from the Imhoff tanks and from the separate 
digestion tanks contained an average of 65$ CH4, 34$ COo 
and 17$ Eg with 0.0 - o.ls HgS. It was scrubbed for HgS 
removal in three bog iron ore boxes each 2 x 3 x 1.5 meters. 
The gas, amounting at present to 1700 cu. meters/day, has a 
heat value of 6500 calories per cu. meter. Prior to the war 
part of the gas (3700 cu. meters/day totql) was compressed 
and pumped at 1.0 atmosphere to the local gas work for further 
purification and use in the city gas mains. The remainder was 
used for heating the digester and for operating the gas pumps 
and compressors. 
Mercaptans were fed into the gas delivered to the 
gas work so that any leaks in the lines, etc., might be 
readily detected and accidental asphyxiation avoided. The 
mercaptans were added at the rate of 3 drops per minute for a 
gas quantity of 2150 cu. meters/day in an apparatus supplied 
by BAMAG. The solution added consisted of 1 part mercaptans 
to 9 parts alcohol. 
During the war, in order to make the maximum 
amount of gas available for production, coal was used 
for heating the digesters. 
Recent research- work consisted of studies of 
methods for increasing methane production by digestion. 
Various materials such as leaves, organic matter from 
industry, "sweet wood" containing licorice, etc., were being 
added. No favorable results were reported. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The plant had not been damaged by bombing. It 
was, however, operating at reduced capacity due to breaks 
in sewers. 
ITEMS 0E INTEREST 
The use of gas in the city mains and the adding 
of mercaptans to warn against leaks. 
NEV7 PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None. 
237 TARGET NO. B-19 
Name: Hagen Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Hagen (in Rohrverband) 
Date Visited: Laly 4, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Plant Operator 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Gorman, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
The Hagen plant (see' Figure B-19-a) is of the 
primary treatment type' followed by fish ponds. It consists of 
screens, grit chambers and Imhoff tanks with a Prliss digester 
constructed later. During the war facilities we re added for 
compressing the digester gas for use in driving automobiles. 
The gas recovery and utilization system consists of 
a gas holder with Maohinefabrik Essiingen gas compression 
equipment. The gas was washed with water to remove carbon 
dioxide and compressed in stages up to 350 atmospheres. The 
receiving cylinders were of two sizes - 40 and 60 liters 
capacity. The smaller cylinder held 8 cu. meters of gas under 
standard conditions while the larger ones held 12 cu. meters. 
According to the plant operator, the gas was sold for 4 marks 
per cu. meter. One cubic meter of gas was said to be equiva- 
lent to one liter of gasoline. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
This plant was in a poor state of repair although 
no bomb damage had been suffered. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
Except possibly for the gas compression equipment 
there was nothing new at the plant which can be considered 
of value for use in the' U.S. 
NEW PROCESSES OR SQNIHO3NT 
None. 
238 TARGET NO. B-20 
ITame: Sssen-Hellinghausen Sewage 
Treatment Plant 
Location: Sssen (in Ruhr District) 
Date Visited: Tune 28, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Dr. Sierp 
Interviewed By: Pischer, Gorman, Slieridan 
nHORMATIOR OBTAINED 
This is an old plant that has been repeatedly 
described in the literature. It consists of screens, plain 
grit chambers, grease flotation tank, Imhoff tanks, Dorr 
primary clarifier,'aeration tanks equipped with Imhoff 
paddle aerators, secondary settling tanks, separate sludge 
digestion tanks, a gas holder, and gas engines for generat- 
ing power to operate the plant. Figure B-20-a. 
The normal flow to the plant was 380 ou. meters 
per second. The present flow is about 180 cu. meters per 
second. The present gas production is 800-1000 cu. meters 
per day. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
This plant was in a, very bad state of repair 
although it suffered no direct bomb damage. Only a corner 
of the primary clarifier had been damaged by shell fire. 
Only the Imhoff tanks were in operation when the plant was 
visited. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST 
None 
Kffi'f PROCESSES OR ECJJIH.uJET 
None 
239 TARGET NO. B-21 
Large: Eeiligenhaus Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Eeiligenhaus (in Ruhr District) 
Date Visited: June 30, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Hr. Fries, plant operator 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Gorman, Sheridan 
INF ORHATION OBTAINED 
This was a small plant consisting of bar screen, 
plain grit chamber, Imhoff tanks, enclosed trickling filter 
and plain circular (Dortmund type) final settling tank. No 
information was available on flows or plant results. 
Sewage was distributed on the trickling filter 
bed by a four-arm rotary distributor. Forced down draft 
ventilation was provided by a fan located on the roof of the 
filter housing. The filter stone depth was 3-4 meters. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The plant suffered no bomb damage and was well 
kept up. No odors were noticed around the plant which was 
located adjacent to many houses. Neither were psychoda flies 
in evidence. When the door in the filter housing over the 
filter stones was opened, a swarm of filter flies was blown 
out, and it was noted that the air blown from the house was 
very odorous. Evidently the odors and flies are destroyed in 
passing thru the filter bed. 
The final effluent was brownish in color and was 
turbid. It was estimated that its 5 day BOD was about 70-80 
ppm. The raw sewage was fairly strong averaging about 
300-400 ppm. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
The enclosed filter was .of interest because of its 
neat appearance and lack of exterior flies or odors. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None 
240 TARGET NO. B-22 
Iserlohn Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location:. Iserlohn (in Ruhr District) 
Date Visited: July 5, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Plant operator 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Gorman, Sheridan 
INPORIIATION OBTAINED 
The iserloim plant (see Figure B-22-a), serving a 
pre-war population of 45,000 was originally of the activated 
sludge type consisting of a plain bar screen, storm water, 
tanks, a deep grit chamber (see Figure B-22-b), primary 
Imhoff tanks, aerators with Imhoff type paddle aerators, and 
hopper bottom final settling tanks. 
In 1938, two enclosed trickling filters were con- 
structed to replace the aeration tanks which are now used for 
sludge storage. The enclosed filters (see Figure B-22-o), 
are 22 meters diameter x 4 meters stone depth. They are 
completely covered and provided with fans in the roof to give 
down draft forced ventilation. Bach filter is provided with 
rotary distribution having four arms* two of which have 
ngoose-neoksfl near the center column so that only two arras 
are in operation at times of low flow. 
The final tanks, four in number, are of the 
"Dortmund" type, and are equipped with asbestos effluent 
weirs and feed pipes. 
GENERAL OBSERVATION 
No flow data or analytical results were available 
on this plant. The raw sewage, however, appeared to be 
strong (about 400-500 ppm BOD).' The final effluent contained 
considerable suspended solids. Its BOD is estimated at 
70-100 ppm. 
Due to artillery fire, some glass tiles were broken 
at the top of one of the filter structures. The top manholes 
in both structures were open. The ventilation fan in only 
the undamaged filter was in operation. All the air, however. 
241 was expelled thru the top manhole. Odors at tde inanhol-e-s 
were considerable-, but fly nuisance was negligible. 
ITTIIS OF INTEREST 
The enclosed filters at this plant present an 
attractive structure but results observed cannbt be con- 
sidered representative as the units were not operating 
normally. 
I®/ PROCESSES OR EQJJIHISNT 
iTone. 
242 TARGET NO. B-23 
Hilt tinsen 3ev;age Treatment Plant 
Location: Hattingon (in Ruhr District) 
Date Visited: July 2, 1945 
Person. Interviewed; Plant Operator 
Interviewed By: Pischer, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Gorman 
INP ORMATION OBTAINED 
This plant was originally a two-stage contact 
aerator plant built.in 1929. It was remodelled in 1936, 
activated sludge being substituted for the contact aerators. 
An'original greaseflotation tank'with Imhoff pendulum type 
aerator was also abandoned. 
The plant as now constituted consists of a plain 
bar screen and grit chambers, mixing tanks for mixing sewage 
and industrial (phenol) wastes, low lift pumps, primary 
Imhoff tanks, aeration tanks with spiral flow aeration (see 
Pigures B-23-a and 3-23-b), final settling tanks, horizontal 
cylindrical separate sludge digestion tank with rotating 
heating' coil (Pigure B-23-c), gas holder, gas engines for 
power generation, and sludge drying beds. The effluent from 
the final settling tanks is run to fish ponds. 
The normal population contributing to the plant 
is 17,000, V/ith industrial wastes present the average sewage 
flow amounts to 110-120 liters/sec. Without trade wastes the 
flow is 75-95 liters/sec. The low lift pumps are three in 
number, two delivering 85 liters/sec., and the third 120 liters/ 
sec. The compressors deliver 720 cu. meters of free air per 
hour. The return sludge amounts to 12>, the aeration period 
being hours. The final settling period is about l|- hours. 
The capacity of the gas holder is 120 cu. meters. This is 
about equal to a normal day's gas production. 
The digester contents are normally held at a 
temperature of 32-34° C by heating water from the gas engine 
jacket. The normal quantity of sludge delivered to the tank 
was said to be 450-500 cu. meters/day. Gas is collected from 
the Imhoff tanks and from the separate digestion tank. Due 
243 to a break in the gas line running from the gas holder, the 
gas engine that drove one of the blowers was not in operation. 
According to information supplied by the Ruhr 
district engineers the original contact aerators (TauchkOrpers) 
were abandoned because of their high operating cost and 
sensitivity to strong sewage containing industrial wastes. 
The air consumption was said to be 10 cu. meters per cu. meter 
of sewage treated. The air consumption was cut in half by use 
of the activated sludge process. 
G3KSRAL OBSERVATIONS 
Ho analytical results were available but the final 
effluent appeared to be of good quality. The plant appeared 
to be in a somewhat better state of repair than other installa- 
tions in the Ruhr and Hmscher districts. 
The plant suffered no bomb damage and was the only 
activation plant seen where the aeration system was in full 
operation. 
IT3IS OH B:T3RAST 
The demonstrated superiority of activated sludge 
treatment over contact aerators on the same type sewage 
should be of interest to TJ.S., engineers in view of the large 
number of contact aerator (Hayes) plants built in the TJIS., 
during the war years. 
K&i PROCESSES OR 
Hone. 
244 TARGET NO. B-24 
kame« Essen-Kord Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location; Essen (in Emscher District) 
Date Visited: Tune 29, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Emscher district officials 
Interviewed By: Pischer, Gorman, Sheridan 
IKS1 OPJ, lATION OBTAINED 
This plant shown in Figure B-24-a, is an old one 
consisting of screens, grit chamber, Imhoff tanks, Bamag 
(Prtiss type) settling tanks, Prtiss type digesters (see 
Figures B-24-b and B-24—c), gas holder and gas compressor 
equipment. The gas compressors were added during the war 
in order to make the gas available for automobile fuel. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
plant was very poorly maintained daring the 
war and suffered very heavy bomb damage as it was located 
close to important war industries. Damage to the plaint was 
chiefly to the Imhoff tanks and to the gas compressor 
station. The gas holder and the Prtlss settling tank were 
also slightly damaged. The plant was entirely out of 
operation as a result of this damage. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST 
None 
KEW PROCESSES OR E^JIHIKtIT 
None 
245 TARGET NO. B-25 
Lame: Alte-Hmsoher Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Duisberg-Alsum (in iSmscher District) 
Date Visited: June 30, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Lmscher district officials, plant operator 
Interviewed By; Fischer, Gorman, Sheridan 
obtained 
The Alte-Emscher plant (see Figure B-25-a), treats 
sewage and waste chiefly from sarroanding industrial plants. 
It consists of a single circular Bamag (Prtiss) settling tank 
68 m. diameter. The sludge from this unit is pumped to lagoons. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
When the plant was visited it was out of operation 
due to extensive bomb damage to the settling tank and to two 
1.6 meter diameter inlet pipes. 
The construction of the Prdss type tank and mechanism 
appeared to be>exceedingly complicated. (See Figures B-25-b, 
B-25-o, B-25-djTtie effluent take off as shown in Figure 
B-25-3), was unique in that it consisted of a series of float- 
ing bells arranged around the outer tank wall and discharging 
into an outer peripheral channel. This -type of take off was 
used in order to avoid difficulties with conventional overflow 
weirs in uneven tank settlement occurred. 
ITmS OP INTEREST 
The general construction features of this Prdss 
type mechanism are of interest although it is questionable 
whether it would find application in the U.S., because of its 
complications. The method of effluent is simiarly of some 
interest. 
NEiiY PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
This latest, design of Prtiss tank, although not 
generally known in the U.S., is not new. 
246 TARGET 10. B-26 
Name: ICarnap Plant 
Location: harnap (in Dmscher District) 
Date Visited: Tune 29, 1945 
rr- i ~r r v j 
Persons Interviewed: limscher district officials 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Gorman, Sheridan 
HA?OPJLATIOI; OBTAIOD 
The Larnap works, shown in figures B-26-a and 
B-26-b, is an old plant in which the entire Dmscher River 
is settled Tor two hours in four longitudinal settling 
basins. The normal dry weather flow is 10-12 cu. meters/sec. 
Sludge is removed by hydraulic dredges and run to lagoons'.- 
In the’' lagoons the sludge dried to 40/ water. Of the 
remaining 60/, one-half is ash and one-half is organic 
matter having a fuel value. Attempts were made to use this 
material at the Dssen-Ivarnap power plant during the war 
emergency, but results were not good as this plant was not 
designed to handle this grade of fuel. The dried sludge was 
used for domestic heating in nearby houses with some success. 
During the period of low summer flow the coal content of the 
sludge is highest. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
When the plant was visited two basins were out 
of operation due to bomb damage. 
ITKLIS OP INTEREST 
None 
m PROCESSES OH SQPIHISNT 
None. 
247 TARGET NO. B-27 
ii§me: Soest Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Soest (in Lippe District) 
Date Visited: Jane 19, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Dr.Eusmann, chemist, Emsoher & Lippe Dist. 
Interviewed By: A. E. Gorman 
IFFORIATIGN OBTAINED 
This plant treating sewage from a population of 
25,000 is shown in Figures B-27-a to B-27-f inol., and con- 
sists of a plain bar screen, grit chamber, two plain 
longitudinal primary settling tanks, three enclosed trickling 
filters, a combination activation-final settling tank, and 
fish ponds. Sludge is digested in a separate digester 
located between the two primary settlers. The digester con- 
tents are stirred by means of two Prdss mechanisms. Digester 
gas is used for power generation. 
The plant was originally constructed in the early 
1930*5, ‘the trickling filter being of the open type. In 
1936-37, the filters were enclosed and provided with down- 
draft forced ventilation. 
Results of a one day's test before and after the 
filters were enclosed are given in table 1, 
Flows are not given for these two periods, but it 
is inferred that before the filters were enclosed, the flow 
averaged 4400 cu. meters/day as against 6000 ou. meters/day 
after they were enclosed. In any event, a one day's test 
cannot be considered as representative of trickling filter 
operation and too much reliance should not be placed on this 
comparison. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
This plant suffered no bomb damage but was operat- 
ing at reduced flow when it was visited, so that visual 
observation of the plant efficiency under normal operating 
conditions was not possible. 
248 im:s OF HvTEREST 
The enclosed filters may be of interest to 
XJ.S. engineers as should also the use of the activated 
sludge process following trickling filter treatment at 
higher than normal dosing rates. 
ima process or e^jjieuent 
None. 
249 Table 1.- Soest - Comparison of Results Before and 
Filters were Enclosed 
After 
„ : Settled 
Raw : sewage 
sevmgc . ppm& 
BefSEeiAfter:Before:After 
Filter 
effluent : 
ppm : 
Before:After: 
Final 
effluent 
ppm 
Before: After. 
* 
Total suspended solids 
352 
- 
110 
- 
77 
- 
18 
- 
Organic suspended solids 
253 
- 
100 
- 
49 
- 
17 
Total dissolved solids 
1190 
- 
1120 
765 
1080 
722 
1045 
783 
Organic dissolved solids 
270 
- 
230 
238 
100 
199 
100 
215 
BOD 5 days 
390 
- 
350 
222 
30 
14 
15 
7 
hh3 
27 
- 
28 
19 
5 
7 
4 
6 
ko2 / 1I03 
- 
- 
- 
1 
5 
10 
15 
10 
Org. IT 
28 
- 
20 
10 
3 
2 
2 
2 
* Clarification of fish ponds not 
noted. 
250 TARGET NO. B-28 
Name: Frankfurt Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location:. % Prankfurt a Main 
Date Visited: July 11, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Dir. E. EKbner, Svipt. J. Klos 
Interviewed By: Pi sober, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
The main sewage treatment works at Frankfurt was 
designed to treat the sewage from 400,000 people. The 
original plant consisting of plain settling tanks was built 
in 1330-85, In 1902, the settling tanks were enlarged and 
mechanized bar screens and grit chambers added. In 1909, 
ten Ivleer sludge centrifugals were installed. In 1925-24, 
open digestion tanks were added. 
The plant now consists of coarse screen racks with • 
6” openings, plain grit chambers with bucket elevator and 
travelling crane for grit removal, three mechanical bar 
screens with rotating 5 radial arm cleaning mechanism, 23 plain 
settling tanks (hand cleaned), open digesters, and sludge 
drying beds. Raw sludge is pumped to the digesters by means 
of pneumatic ejectors., shown in Figure B-28-a. 
OmffiAL OBS3KVATIC3CS 
This plant is out-of-date and is greatly overloaded. 
Due to bombing, part of the settling tanks were out of opera- 
tion. The 10 Meer sludge centrifugals and housing were 
completely destroyed. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
The engineers stated that the centrifugals when in 
use gave a raw sludge cake of 60yo moisture. Objectionable 
features were the odors produced and the production of 
centrifuge liquor containing sfo solids. Partial digestion 
aided in the odor problem but still gave a poor quality 
liquor. It was stated that any future plant construction pro- 
gram would contemplate the use of vacuum filters instead of 
centrifugals. 
NSW PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None. 
251 TARGET NO. B-29 
Lame: Hildesheim Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Hildesheim 
Date Visited: Inly 8, 1945 
Person Interviewed; Plant Operator 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Lt.Col,Gilbert, Gorman, Sheridan 
H'iFORMATION OBTAINED 
This plant served a prewar population of 50,000. 
The present population is about 25,000. The plant, con- 
structed in the 1920Ts consisted of: (a) homemade 
mechanical screen ox* rotating wire, links with approximately 
1/2” (see Figure B-29-a). The screenings were 
brushed off and removed by a screw conveyor to a cart; 
(b) Kremer-Kusoh vertical flow settling tanks; (c) open 
trickling filters with rotary distributors, and (d) separate 
Kroner- Kusch. digestion tank. This tank is circular in plan 
and is divided into 16 compartments by means of an inner 
circular wall and by radial walls. Raw.sludge is pumped to 
the inner 8 compartments from where it flows to the outer 
compartments before being discharged to the drying beds. 
Supernatant liquor from the secondary digester 
compartments is discharged to a rook filter bed 3 meters 
square x 1.5 meters deep before it is discharged direct to 
a canal. The filter stones are about 2fl in size. The super- 
natant is applied to the rook filter by a stationary distribu- 
tion grid consisting of half pipes in which V-notches are 
out. This filter is shown in Figure B-29-b. The filter 
effluent is discharged direct to the receiving stream without 
secondary settling. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
This plant was greatly overloaded as evidenced 
by visual observation of the effluent. It suffered no war 
damage and was in,a fair state of repair. 
252 ITEMS ON INTEREST 
The items of interest at this plant were the 
unique digester structure and the method of handling the 
supernatant liquor. Due to its structural complications 
it is questionable whether the digester would be of 
interest in the U.S. The digester supernatant treatment 
method may have merit. Unfortunately, however, no data 
regarding it were available. 
NSW PROCESSUS OH SQUmiENT 
None. 
253 TARGET NO. B-30 
Name: Berlin Stahnsdorf Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Berlin 
Date Visited: duly 26, 1945 
Person Interviev/ed: Mr. Thiele 
Interviewed By: Dr. Pi sober 
INNOVATION OBTAINED 
This plant was built about 1930, end consists of 
mechanically cleaned bar screens, grit chambers with mechanical 
grit removal, primary settling tanks equipped with sludge 
removers, aeration tanks, final settling tanks, separate sludge 
digestion tanks, gas holders and gas compression equipment. 
Digested sludge is dried on sand beds. 
This plant was originally built as an experimental 
installation wherein comparisons could be made between various 
types of tanks and mechanical equipment. The only additions 
made since the plant was originally constructed were for the 
gas compressor installation so that the gas could be used for 
driving automobiles. 
Capacities of the various plant .units are: 
Primary settling tanks - 17,100 ou. meters 
Aeration tanks - 28,000 tf ,f 
Pinal settling tanks - 8,016 u lf 
Digestion tanks - 33,000 T* w 
Average flows, etc., for the year ending March 31, 
938, were: 
Connected population - 240,000 
Plow to primary treatment - 58,510 ou.meters/day 
Plow to secondary treatment - 11,239 n w 11 
Screenings - 2.11 ,r M w 
Grit -'2 l liters/1000 cu.meters 
sewage 
Clarification (by . 
activated sludge) - 97$ 
Dry solids in raw sludge - 22,6 tons/day 
254 Screenings - 1,55 cu. metfc»rS/-ajry 
Grit -5.2 liters/1000 cu. 
'meters sev/age 
Clarification (by 
activated sludge) - 80$ 
Dry solids in raw 
sludge - 20.63 tons/da^ 
Percent organic matter 
in raw sludge - 71,1$ 
Gas production: 
Imhoff tanks - 2,380 cu.meters/day 
Separate digestion 
tanks - 7,820 ,f !» 51 
Gas used for power 
generation - 5,300 51 M w 
Gas used for pumoing 
effluent ~ • - 2,460 “ " ” 
Gas used for heating - 3,670 M u 11 
Gas wasted - 1,490 " " w 
In order to save power and-gas during the war, the 
activated sludge plant was not operated. The plant effluent 
is pumped to sewage farms. 
GiSK&UL OBSiaHVATIOITS 
When the plant was-visited only the primary treat- 
ment part was in operation. The flow being handled was only 
20,000 cu. me ters/day, and the gas production about 
1500 ou. meters/day. 
The machine house and aeration tanks suffered con- 
siderable bomb damage, (See 'figures B-31-b to 3-31-d incl.). 
Minor damages were also sustained by the final settling tanks. 
The plant grounds and. tanks were poorly maintained. 
IASMS Of HvTDRDST 
Hone. 
i:a7 rHOGßsafis or 
ITone. 
255 TARGET HO. B-31 
Name: Berlin Wassmannsdorf Sewage Treatment 
Plant 
Location; Berlin 
Date Visited: July 26, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Mr. Thiele 
Interviewed By: Dr. Fischer 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
This plant consists of mechanically raked bar 
screens, grit channels with travelling bucket elevators for 
grit removal, primary Imhoff tanks, spiral flow aeration 
tanks, Dortmund type plain secondary settling tanics, plain 
heated separate sludge digestion tanks, sludge drying beds, 
gas holders, gas engines for power generation, and gas com- 
pression equipment for supplying gas to automobiles. Large 
cylinders were used for transporting some of the compressed 
gas to central distribution points. (See Pigure B-31-a)*. 
The Irahoff tanks were constructed in the early 
1930Ts, the activated sludge plant and power generation 
equipment added about 1935, and the gas compression equipment 
built during the war. 
• Capacities of the various units are: 
Primary settling (Imhoff tanks) - 6200 cu.meters 
Aeration tanks -15,000 Ir ,f 
Pinal settling tanks - 3576 11 
Digestion tanks: 
Imhoff * -15,300 " fl 
Separate digestion -20,400 ” ’* 
Average flows, etc., for the year ending 
March 31, 1938, were: 
Connected population - 551,300 
Plow to primary treat- 
ment - 83,000 cu.meters/day 
Plow to secondary 
treatment - 14,900 f* ,! ir 
256 Percent organic matter 
raw sludge - 77.3$ 
Gas production - 7395 ou.meters/day 
Gas used for power 
generation - 4880 tr “ 11 
Gas used for heating - 1505 11 11 # 
Gas wasted - 910 ” " u 
In order to save'power and gas for auto use 
during the war, the activated sludge plant was not operated 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
When the plant was visited, only the primary 
treatment part was in operation. The flow being handled 
was 45,000 ou. meters/day. The total gas production was 
about 1500 ou. meters/day. 
The plant suffered only slight bomb damage to 
one of the aeration tanks. One of the gasholders, however, 
was completely destroyed. (See Figure 'B-30-a). Plant 
maintenance (grounds) had obviously been neglected during 
the war, although practically all mechanical equipment was 
in good condition. 
ITU'S OP INTEREST 
None, other than the gas compressor system which 
is described more fully in another target report (Machin- 
fabrik Idsslingen). 
NEW PROCESSES OR 3 JJIHIENT 
None. 
257 TARGEST I'O. B-32 
lame: Kllrnberg forth Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: kttrnb erg 
Date Visited: July 31, 1945 
Person Interviewed; Chief jcSng. Detaring 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Gorman, 
Lt.Pfreimer, Sheridan, Maj.Tatlock 
B FOHmATIOF OBIIxH.'ED 
This plant consists of a storm water overflow 
chamber, a hand raked bar screen, two plain grit chambers, 
four primary .settling tanks equipped with fieder type sludge 
collectors, pneumatic sludge ejector, eight square sludge 
digesters arranged in two batteries of four each, sludge 
drying beds, and gas compression equipment. 
Two digesters in each battery are primary digesters 
and are equipped with rotating disc sludge spreaders in order 
to evenly distribute incoming raw sludge over the area of 
these tanks. The other two tanks in each battery are used as 
secondary digesters, and communicate with the primary tanks 
via openings in the dividing walls near the top. Air is ' 
released from the raw sludge pumped over by the air ejectors 
in holding tank located over each tank battery. (See Figure 
B-32-a)• 
To supplement the internal digester heating coils, 
.. , jho . jer consisting of concentric pipes was installed in 
1943, to heat the incoming raw sludge during the winter 
months. This unit is shown in Figure B-32-b. 
The gas collection and compression system were of 
the conventional type, the capacity of the gas holder being 
5000 cu. meters. 
The sludge drying beds were surfaced with brick 
with sand filling the spaces between the brick. The purpose 
of this type of construction is to facilitate the removal of 
the dried sludge cake, end to avoid loss of sand in sludge 
removal. 
258 In 1937, the plant treated sewage from a total 
population of 200*,000. The per capita sewage flow was 
200 liters per day. Daily gas production was 5000 cu.meters. 
Haw, digested and air dried sludge volumes were 250, 50 and 
20 cu.meters per day respectively. 
4 
GENERAL observations 
Due to bomb damage, two of the settling tanks and 
the gas holder were out of operation. Due to breaks in 
sewers very little flow was coming down to the plant, and 
considerable settling of organic solids was oocuring in the 
screen and grit chambers. 
ITEMS CP INTEREST 
Of interest to U.S.engineers should be the use 
of brick surfacing for the sludge drying beds. Also, of 
possible interest would be the use of pneumatic ejectors 
for the pumping of raw sludge, and rotating discs for distfibut 
ing raw sludge in digesters. No data was available on the 
latter device but the engineer stated that comparative runs 
were made in which it was demonstrated that the sludge 
spreaders were of advantage. 
FEN PROCESSES OH 3CJ3TOIEKT 
None. 
259 TARGET NO. B-33 
IJame; Bad Nauheim Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Bad Nauheim 
Date Visited: July 13, 1945 
Person Interviewed; Plant Operator 
Interviewed By; Pisoher, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
This plant consists of a plain bar screen, and 
grit chamber, Irnhoff tanks, aeration tanks with Imhoff type 
paddles, and plain final settling tanks. 
In order to save power, the aeration plant had not 
been operated since 1939. The normal (prewar) sewage flow s 
was 3000 •cu.meters/day from a contributing population of 
10,000. The present flow is 4000 cu.meters/day from a popula 
tion of 25,000. The increase in population is due to the 
large number of wounded German soldiers in local hospitals. 
Present gas production is 180 cu.meters/day. The 
gas is fed into the city gas mains. 
No analytical data showing plant results were 
available. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The flow compartments of the Imhoff tanks were 
covered with a thick scum layer. According to the operator, 
this was due to the excessive accumulation of sludge in the 
digestion chambers. -Lack of manpower to clean sludge beds, 
etc., was said to prevent more frequent sludge withdrawal 
and proper plant maintenance. The plant sustained no damage 
due to bomb or shell fire. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
None 
HEW PROCESSES OR SHIPMENT 
None 
260 TARGET NO. B-34 
« Munich Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Munich 
Date Visited: August 2, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Chief Engineer Buckner 
Interviewed By: Lt.Col.Gilbert, Lt.Pfreimer, Maj.Tatlook 
niTOHMATION OBTAINED 
The City of Munich has one sewage treatment plant 
built in 1932, on the Isar River. The present population of 
Munich is '520,000 with 480,000 connected to the sewers. The 
flow from this population is approximately 3 cbm/sec of which 
2 cbm/sec is treated, the rest being -bypassed direct to the 
river. During storm flows all flows over 8 cbm/sec are 
bypassed. 
The plant consists of the following units: (a) 2 
Gieger vertical mechanical cleaned bar racks each of which 
are 5 yaeters wide wTith 7mm clear opening. The racks are 
cleaned about every 2 hours by a vertically moving plate 
which passes over the bars. (b) 2 hand cleaned grit chambers, 
which are provided with a bucket elevator to remove and place 
the grit in an elevated hopper. No effort is made to wash 
the grit as it is used to cover the screenings from the bar 
screen which have been deposited in a remote area. The 
velocity thru the chambers is about 30 cm/sed. (c) 16 settling 
tanks are modified Irnhoff type called Dyckerhoff and V/idmann 
tanks. They provide for sludge digestion, gas collection and 
a settling period of 71 minutes with a velocity of smm/sec. 
(d) 330,000 sq. meters of- fish ponds, which receive the 
effluent from the sewage plant. In these privately operated 
ponds the effluent is diluted with 3 times its volume river 
water. EecCh 10,000 so, meters of pond is capable of support- 
ing 500 kg of fish life and provides a biological treatment for 
the sewage before its discharge into the Isar River. (e) The 
digested sludge is withdrawn by gravity into a common well 
from which it is ejected by air to the sludge drying beds in 
the summer and to lagoons in the winter. Sludge is taken 
from the beds by means of a bucket elevator carried on a 
traveling crane. The sludge is crushed and discharged to 
trucks which carry it to nearby farms to be used as fertilizer. 
261 (f) During normal peacetimes 300 tons of fat per year were 
reclaimed from this sewage plant. However, due to the 
decrease in the amount of fat coming to the plant and the 
scardity of labor and equipment the fat was not reclaimed 
during the war. (g) The sewage gas is measured and pumped 
into the city gas supply lines. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
While the use of sewage effluent to provide 
organic matter for fish life has been satisfactory for 
Munich and other cities, a contemplated new plant will have 
biological filters because (a) Lack of sufficient land for 
the ponds, and (b) Biological action in the ponds ceases in 
the winter. 
The mechanical removing of dried sludge from the 
sand beds not only saves labor but enables the operator to 
refill the beds oftener due to the short cleaning period 
required. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
None. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None. 
262 rna id n k 
I: U • n—oo 
£iS™: Stuttgart Sewage Treatment Plant 
• \ 
Location: Stuttgart 
Date Visited.: Inly 27, 1945 
yjL9iLs-,Jilld; Paul Reus, city engineer, V/.Sohler, chief 
engineer, Sewer Division 
Interviewed By: Lt.Col.Gilbert, Lt.Pfreimer, Dr. Sheridan 
BTOHUSIOC OBTAIT3D 
The treatment of sewage is-a most comprehensive 
one and includes screening, grit removal and use, settlement 
tanks oi various types, trickling filters, sludge brooessing 
of several kinds, gas collection and garbage disposal, follow- 
ing are details: 
(1) Screening: The sewage from Stuttgart first 
passes thru a Geiger mechanically cleaned bar screen. The 
screenings are ground in a Passavant shredder and returned to 
the sewage in order not to lose any organic matter which could 
be used to generate gas. 
(2) Grit Removal: The sewage next passes thru a 
hopper bottom grit chamber before entering an"inverted siphon 
which carries the sewage under the ITeokar River to the treat- 
ment plant. The grit is removed by means of a bucket elevator 
and washed in a standard Lxcelsior sand washer. (The type 
used in washing sand for slow sand filters and sand for 
commercial uses). The engineer stated that as sand is 
difficult to obtain in Stuttgart every effort must be made to 
reclaim it. 
(3) Primary Settling: The first units were con- 
structed in 1912, and additions made in later years so that 
settling units now consist of Neustadt tanks, -Imhoff tanks, 
Stuttgart or.Sohler tanks, and.4 rectangular mechanically 
cleaned settling tanks with a Kied'er type collector designed 
by the city engineer and built by a local firm in 1956. The 
collector travels at a speed of 30 cm/seo when skimming and 
5 to 10 cm/sec when collecting the sludge. One or two clean- 
ings per day is * sufficient. 
263 (4) Digestion: Two separate Heated digesters were 
built in 1936, and two more in 1958. Cork insulation was 
tried on the first tanks but as this peeled loose, a 5 cm 
thick air pocket with a 3 cm plastic cover was used on the 
1938 tanks. This proved successful. The tanks are heated by 
vertical water pipes suspended from the roof and rotated at a 
speed of 80 om/sec., to aid in heat distribution and prevent 
scum. (See Figures B-35-a and 3^-35-b). The water is heated 
to 40° C while the tanks are maintained at a 25° C temperature. 
The tanks are designed at 30 liters per capita, each having a 
capacity of 1500 cm. City gas is used to heat the tanks while 
the sewage gas is sent to the city gas works because of its 
high caloric value. 
(5) Gas Utilization: The waste from a leather 
tannery having a pH vaJLue of 10.0 is received at this plant 
and in order to reduce this value so its sludge will digest, 
sewage gas as generated is passed through the tannery wastes. 
This removes the Coo from the gas and reduces the pH value of 
the tannery wastes to 7.0, thus accomplishing two objectives 
with one operation. 
(6) Sludge Disposal; Raw sludge and partially 
digested siudge~l)f HgO is purchased by a private' company. 
These sludges are mixed with peat from western Germany in the 
ratio of 1 sludge to 4 peat with a little lime added to raise 
the pH value. This wet mixture is sold as fertilizer to 
farmers for 12 marks/cu.m. Sludge from the digesters is 
dried on open sand beds and removed by means of a mechanical 
cleaner carried on a traveling crane, ■ 
A plant is also under construction whereby the 
digested sludge will be mixed with raw garbage. The product 
is processed and placed in open sand beds for 2 or 3 months. 
The mixture will then be removed and used for fertilizer. 
(7) Filters: Standard design trickling filters 
are in use, the beds being 1.75 m deep. These beds are 
rectangular in shape and are dosed by means of rotary distribu- 
tors. The spaces between the areas covered by the rotary 
distributors are sprayed with fixed nozzles. 
A portion of the beds is now being reconverted 
into special high rate filters. Rotary distributors are used 
with a number of smaller rotary distributors for covering the 
areas between the larger units. The contemplated dosage will 
be 9 obm/cbm of filter material. Some experiments have been 
made but no results are available as the lack of materials 
has prohibited the completion of this work. (See Figure B-35-8). 
264 In order to provide air throughout the entire 
filters horizontal open joint tile is laid at one tie ter 
intervals at one-half the depth of the beds. 
(8) Final Settling: The filter effluent is clari- 
fied in hopper bottom cen.ter feed vertical flow settling tanks. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
(1) Rotating heating coils appear to be sufficient 
to produce a good digested sludge in the tanks. 
(E) Partially digested sludge provides moisture and 
biological action for peat moss, thus giving it a fertilizing 
as well as a humus value. 
(3) Full utilization Of organic matter for gas pro- 
duction and fertilizer is being practiced. 
(4) Interest is being shown in high rate filters with 
rectangular beds being used to save space. 
(5) Washing of sewage grit to reclaim sand is 
practical where sand is scarce. 
(6) Due to a higher caloric value sewage gas is 
superior to coal gas. 
(7) The removal of from sewage gas by means of 
tannery wastes proved practical in this plant. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
Of particular interest to U.S. engineers should be 
the arrangement of the -trickling filters, the washing of grit 
to recover sand, said the use of digester gas to reduce the 
pH value of highly alkaline trade waste. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None. 
265 TARGET HO. B-36 
Name: City of Mannheim Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Mannheim 
Date Visited: July 24, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Karl Fritsch, city engineer 
Interviewed By; Lt.Gol.Gilbert, Lt.Pfreimer, Dr. Sheridan 
INFOHMATIOIT OBTAINED 
The existing sewage plant at Mannheim was con- 
structed in 1905. It consists of primary settling and is now 
in poor condition. This plant was not visited as city 
engineer Fritsch discussed a new plant, which is being planned. 
A report on the proposed new plant was made in 
November 1944, to the city engineer by Dr, Imhoff. An out- 
line of the plant follows to indicate present design practice 
in Germany 
The sewage effluent will be discharged into the 
Rhine River after primary treatment. Space has been provided 
for activated sludge secondary treatment but construction of 
this treatment step is not contemplated at this time. 
The plant will consist of the following units; 
(a) A Geiger mechanically cleaned screen and a 
Passavant shredder with its discharge point after the grit 
chamber, in order to prevent the settlement of these ground 
screenings in the grit chamber. 
(b) A Geiger tangential flow grit chamber, designed 
for 30 cm/sec velocity and provided with an air lift to wash 
the grit in the chamber and to elevate it to a storage hopper. 
(o) Two primary settling tanks, rectangular in 
shape and providing for 1-1/2 hours detention. The tanks 
will be equipped with one Geiger Hieder type sludge and 
scum collector. 
266 (d) Pour Bamag digesters in pairs, only the primary 
digester of each pair being heated. The tank walls will be 
provided with cork or other insulation to reduce heat losses. 
Impellers will be installed at the sludge surface to break up 
the floating scum. The design capacity is 15 liters per 
person in each tank, makihg a total design basis of 60 liters 
per capita. The digesters will be heated with coke in order 
to conserve the sewage gas which will be compressed for auto 
fuel or pumped to the city gas mains. 
(e) The sludge drying beds will provide a drying 
area of 0,05 sq. meters per capita. They will be equipped 
with a portable belt conveyor to aid in the removal of the 
sludge from the beds. 
(f) The dried sludge will be sold to farmers for 
fertilizer after being mixed with composted garbage from an 
existing sanitary garbage fill. Experiments will be made on 
the mixing of fresh garbage with the dried sludge and the use 
of the mixture as a fertilizer. 
Description of the mechanical equipment listed 
above is given in the target report on the respective 
manufacturers. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The proposed plant is designed along the lines of 
a modern primary treatment plant in America. The equipment 
varies somewhat from American design and is described under 
other target reports herein. 
ITEMS ON INTEREST 
None of special interest to U.S. engineers. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQJJIFrENT 
None. 
267 TARGET EC. B-37 
Name: Tubingen Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Tubingen 
Date Visited: August 8, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Superintendent 
Interviewed By: Lt.Col.Gilbert, Lt.Pfreimer, Haj.Tatlock 
UTF OHKATICN OBTAINED 
Tne normal population of Tubingen is 22,000 while 
the present population is 28,000, due to the presence of 
displaced persons. The town is only partly sewered so that 
the plant serves only 8000 people. The average gas yield 
is 200 to 230 cm/day. 
The plant consists of two ,pairs of linhoff tanks, 
one being built in 1927 of the conventional design and the 
other in 1933 of a modified design. The 1933 tanks are con- 
structed so that the influent enters the tank at a point 
about 12 feet from the front end in a diredtion away from the 
effluent end. The flow1- must, therefore, reverse itself to 
reach the effluent weir 
There are four heated digestion tanks which are 
provided with gas collection. The collected gas is compressed 
at the, plant for use in automobiles. In order to have the 
maximum gas available for this purpose, the gas fired hot 
water heaters from the digestion tanks were abandoned in 1940 
and coal fired boilers substituted. The gas.is sold for 
4 marks per 10 cu.meters, while gasoline sells for 0,42 marks 
per liter. It is estimated that 10 ou.meters, of compressed 
sewage gas is equal to IE to 13 liters of gasoline. (See 
target report on Maschinenfabrik-Esslingen for a description 
of a similar gas compression plant). This gas .compression 
plant with a capacity of 80 pm/hr., cost about 85,000 marks 
to construct in 1940. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
It appears that the production of automobile 
fuel is of primary interest in the operation of this plant. 
268 The Imhoff tanks, providing for reversal or flow 
within the tanks, appeared to give excellent removal of 
suspended solids. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
None, other than the gas compression equipment. 
NEW PROCESSES OH SHIPMENT 
None. 
269 TARGET NO. B-3^ 
name: Ludwigshafen Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Ludwig shaf en 
Date Visited: July 24, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Superintendent 
Interviewed By: Lt.Col.Gilbert, Lt.Pfreimer, Dr,Sheridan 
hdtchilition obtained 
The City of Ladwigshafen has a normal population 
of 145,000 which has been reduced to 80,000 because of the 
war. The sewage plant was designed and built in 1923 for a 
population of 150,000, 
The plant consists of the following units; 
(a) Hand cleaned bar screen 
(b) A grit sump which is cleaned by lowering a 
bucket elevator which is pivoted about its head shaft. The 
grit is not washed and is only used for fill. 
(c) Two Reinsoh-Wlirl screens each capable of 
handling the entire sewage flow. One screen is shut down 
each year and cleaned and repaired. ITeither screen is now 
in operation due to the lack of spare parts and because there 
is no transportation for the screenings. The screenings 
w§re normally carried away to farms where they were composted 
with the barnyard manure and then used for fertilizer. 
(d) Two low lift pumps which elevate the sewage 
to the Rhine River in times of flood flow. The town also has 
two other plants which were not visited. They consist of 
primary treatment utilizing Neustadt tanks that were built 
in 1929. 
G3EERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The use of the bucket type elevator employed to 
remove the grit from the grit chambers was interesting. The 
grit was not clean. It is questionable whether the chamber 
was very -efficient. 
The composting of fine screenings with barnyard 
manure to serve as fertilizer is another German practice to 
conserve all organic matter. ITEMS OF UTERHST 
The type of grit elevator used was novel but 
not of particular interest to U.S. engineers. 
HEV7 PROCESSES CR E:jJIHISNT • 
Hone. 
271 TARGET NO. B-39 
Name: Bad Soden Sewage Treatment Plant 
Location: Bad Soden 
♦ 
Date Visited: July 13, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: None 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
The sewage plant at Bad Soden was built in two 
units. The first consists of center feed vertical flow 
Kramer-Kusch tanks with a trickling filter equipped with a 
distributor as shown in Figures B-39-a and B-39-b. The 
sewage enters the filter at the center and is discharged 
from a horizontal pipe through vertical outlets. The 
sewage falls on a water wheel the length of which is equal 
to the radius of the tank, causing the distributor to 
rotate and distribute the sewage over the surface of the 
filter bed. The distributor is supported at the center of 
the tank by the riser pipe and at the periphery by a wheel 
and steel track on the filter wall. 
The second or new unit is a conventional Imhoff 
plant with a standard rotary distributor trickling filter. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The water wheel distributor was broken and out 
of operation. The fact that the new plant used the standard 
rotary distributor indicates that the water wheel distribu- 
tor is not a practical item of equipment. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
None 
NEW PROCESSES OR EQUIPMENT 
None 
272 INDEX 
TO 
ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS 
SECTION B 
REPORT ON SEWAGE TREATMENT IN GERMANY 
273 INDEX 
ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS 
SECTION B 
REPORT ON SEWAGE TREATMENT IN GERMANY 
Page Figure Title 
1 B-2-a Imhoff Tank Designs - 50 and 150 persons 
2 B-2-b n M and High Hate Filter Plant - 
300 persons 
3 B-2-c Imhoff Tank and High Rate Filter Plant - 
600 persons 
4 B-2-d Imhoff Tank Design - 1200 persons 
5 B-5-a Neustadt Tank Design 
6 B-5-b Digester Design, Steuer 
7 B-8-a Emscher District. Location Sewage Treat- 
ment and Phenol Recovery Plants 
8 B-8-b Lippe District. Location Sewage Treatment 
Plants 
9 B-10-a Niers District. Hills Plant 
9 B-10-b " Golden " 
9 B-10-c 9 {J Hempen n 
10 B-10-d 9 •> Plant No.l. Model General Plan 
11 9 n • « i> Flow sheet 
12 B-10-f 9 9999 Bar Screens. 
Digesters in Background 
12 B-10-g Niers District Plant No.l Grit Chambers with 
Gritwasher 
13 B-10-h Niers District Plant No.l Digestion Tank 
13 B-10-i " w « t* »* Mixing Tank 
13 B-10-3 9 9 9 9 9 Settling Tank 
14 B-11-a Passavant Centri-Screen 
15 B-11-b " Sewage Screen 
15 B-11-c 9 Water " 
16 B-11-d 9 Fine 9 (water). 
17 B-11-e 9 Rectangular Settling Tank 
18 B-11-f 9 Filter XJnderdrains 
19 B-12-a Geiger Water Intake Screen 
20 B-14-a " Bar Screen - Large Plant 
21 B-14-b 9 " » - Small " 
22 B-14-o 9 Water Screen 
23 B-14-d 9 Storm Water Screen 
24 B-14-e 9 Tangential Flow Grit-Chamber 
25 B-14-f 9 Rectangular Clarifier Mechanism 
274 Page Figure Title- 
-26 B-15-a Model Sewage Gas Compression Plant 
27 B-15-b Schematic Drawing Sewage Gas Compression 
Plant 
28 B-15-o Gas Compressor - 180 cu.meter/hr. capacity 
29 B-19-a Hagen Sewafce Plant 
29 B-20-a Essen-Rellinghausen Sewage Plant 
30 B-22-a Iserlohn Sewage Treatment Plant. General 
Plan 
30 B-22-h Iserlohn Grit Chamber 
31 B-22-o " Enclosed Trickling Filter and 
Secondary Settling Tanks 
32 B-23-a Hattingen Sewage Treatment. .Aerators in Operation 
32 B-23-b « n « tt Empty 
32 B-23-o H tt tt Digester Rotating 
Heating Coil 
33 B-24-a Essen-Nord Sewage Plant 
34 B-24-b " w Digesters 
34 B-24-c n * Digester. Design Details 
35 B-25-a Alte-Emscher Sewage Plant. General Plan 
35 tt n w t» Settling Tank in Operation 
36 B-25-c n n tt tt sludge Removal Mechanism 
36 B-25-d n tt tt tt floating Effluent Takeoff 
37 B-25’© w tt tt Details Sludge Removal 
Mechanism 0.. ,Hopper 
38 B-26-2 Karnap Sewage Plant 
38 B-26-b tt tt tt Close-up of Settling Tanks 
39 B-27-a Soest n n General Plan 
59 B-27-b tt tt tt Longitudinal Section thrum 
Plant ' I 
*0 B-2v-c Soest Sewage Plant Air View 
40 B-27-d f tt it Combined Primary Settlers 
and Digesters 
41 B-2V-5 Soesiu Sewage Plant Design Trickling Filter 
41 B-27-f " n n ‘Com-: ination Aeration and 
Settling Unit 
42 B-28-a Frankfurt Vacuum System for Sludge Removal from 
Settling Tanks 
48 B-29-a Hildeshelm Plant. Bar Screen 
43 B-29-b n w Treatment Unit for 
Digester Overflow 
43 B-30-a Berlin Stahnsdorf. Destroyed Gas Holder 
43 B-31-a * Wassmannsdorf. Gas Holding Tanks 
43 B-31-b " w Damaged Aeration Tanks 
44 B-31-o " tt tt it it 
44 B-31-d " n tt tt tt 
44 B-32-a Nttrnbers Digesters 
44 B-32-b w Heat Exchanger 
275 Page Figure Title 
45 B-35-a Stuttgart. Digester Heating Colls. View 
from floor 
45 B-35-b Stuttgart. Schema tic Drawing of Digesters 
45 B-35-0 w . Trielding Filters 
46 B-39-a Bad Soden. Rotary Distributor 
46 B-39-b n w Close-up of Rotary Distributor 
276 Fig. B-2-a, Imlioff Tank Designs - 50 and 150 persons 
277 Fig. B-2-h, Tmhoff Tank and High Rate Filter Plant - 300 persons 
278 Fig. B-2-c, Imhoff Tank and High Rate Filter Plant - 600 persons 
279 Fig. B-2-d, Imiioff Tank Design - 1200 persons 
280 £ Rahrjanj 
h Sthlammsumpf 
t Jthlammpump* 
k Ltitflithi 
I 
m Sibmi'mmkfffn'no* 
Fig. B-5-a, Neustadt Tank Design 
9 
9 Zulauf 
b Rblauf 
e Sehlammtfnd/tkungsn'nne 
d Vtutblubbalkin [L/jtnbtfnj 
§ Jsh/ammausrdumtr 
\ 3thn§ltsihlubs(hfibir 
l 
281 Fig. B-5-b, Digester Design, Steuer 
282 EMSCHERGEBtET 
LAGEPLAN 
Mafistab 1:75000 
YVA V i / i/v i v 
sewage 
treatments plants 
plants for the recovery 
of phenol from the 
Ammonia liquor 
Fig. B-8-a, Emsoher District. Location Sewage Treatment and 
Phenol Recovery Planta Linos.Sami 
sewage treatments phots 
1. Dorskn /rreehofttcoSpartfioafavr 
6500strof* 6000*faday 
2. Wssterhott 
6000 /nAoAfAonfy'Simcgig&SOOtyC'Ap 
i. Ha/tem <k 
6500 /ataMav/r,*vettey? SOO^atAty. 
L Strandbad Hattem **** a***,/. 
punj/tcatiarr 
5. Kamen -Kowe m**no*xu/.ouna' 
ca/rtfr. t&oce /*t*Submfyse»qrm&o»^ 
6. Linn a 
i/rmyaOanJ 
7 dor/wMdUfemmi/Hjhasar*' 
muk3&^am/&fymfpmyt\idmtfifjumiy/ fli;' 
SflCX3tnAoAi*b&/j/ Semaye 4>oorw%t<oimy 
8 Werne 
8 %OofaaH-/ihlfSt 
6*6y*xz/ptar/f<xzfajrf/n&/iypM*‘J 
tO.J/qmm_o^iaftArz/pun/faaai’ir 
SOCOOanSa’6eh^^e**p?<9Pex»~fat9. 
7t. Me/*/ *r*<&om*a/ amtfantoyrcaf 
ptts’r/A'ca/Supur C&rva/pnyat£rarr? 
2000/aAaOtAuiJbrsemaaye COOO/~H^y, 
ft.jSoes/ tnetrimrwraS<u*eeA mtfymnrS 
pusy/7ai&&rfArrc&/i&/fM3r} 
6QOO~f 
Li ppeverbandsgebief 
MaDs)ab»1;200000 
Fig, B-8-b, Lippe District. Location Sewage Treatment Plants 
284 Fig. B-10~a, Niers District. 
Httls Plant 
Fig. B-10-b, Niers District. 
Golden Plant 
Fig. B-10-o, Niers District, Kempen Plant 
286 Fig. B-10-d, Niers District Plant No.l, Model General 21an 
286 Fig. B-10-e, ITiers District Plant No.l. Flow Sheet. 
287 Fig. B-10-f, Niers District Plant No.l. Ear Screens* 
Digesters in Background 
Fig. B-10-g, Niers District Plant No.l. Grit 
Chambers with Gritwasher 
288 Fig, B-10-h, Niers District Plant No.l. Digestion 
Tank 
Fig. B-10-i, Niers District Plant No.l. Mixing 
Tank 
Fig. B-10-j, Niers District Plant No.l. Settling 
Tank 
289 Pig. B-11-a, Passavant Centrl-Soreen 
290 Fig. B-11-o, Passavant Water Screen 
Fig. B-11-b, Passavant Sewage Screen 
291 Fig. B-11-d, Passavant Fine Screen (water) 
292 Fig, B-11-e, Passavant Rectangular Settling Tank 
293 Bild 1 
Beluftungsstein 
Gewidit ca. 40,0 kg 
Kennziifergewidit 0,5 „ 
Bild 2 
Beluftungsstein mit Pilz 
Gewidit ca. 80,0 kg 
Kennziffergewicht 0,8 ~ 
Bild 3 
Zwickelstein 
Gewichi ca. 38,0 kg 
Kennziffergewicht 0,5 „ 
Bild 4 
Sohlstein mit -Platte 
Gewichf des Sohlsteines ca. 200,0 kg 
Kennziffergewicht 0,5 ~ 
Gewidit der Sohlplatic ca. 50,0 „ 
Kennziifergewidit 1,5 „ 
Durdigangsquerschnitt = 0,05 m 2 
zu Bild 1 und 2 
Durdigangsquersdinitt =O,OB m 2 
zu Bild 4 
Fig, B-11-f, Passavant Filter Underdrains 
294 Fig, B-12-a, Geiger Water Intake Screen 
295 Fig* B-14-a, Geiger Bar Screen - Large Plants 
296 Fig. B-14-b, Geiger Bar Screen - Small Plants 
297 Fig. B-14-c, Geiger Water Screen ' 
298 Fig, B-14-d, Geiger Storm Water Screen 
299 Fig. B-14-rfe, Geiger Tangential Flow Grit-chamber 
300 Fig. B-14-f, Geiger Rectangular Clarifier Mechanism 
301 Abb. 3 
Modell einer Klargas-Tankanlage mit Kohlensaure-Auswaschung und mit Flaschen-Abfullvon 
Fig. B-15-a, Model Sewage Gas Compression Plant 
302 a Hauptabsperrschieber 
b Gasfilter 
c Gasmesser 
d Ruckstromdrosselventil 
e Kontaktsicherheits-Druckmesser 
f Saugwindkessel 
g Kondensat-Sammelbehalter 
h Vierstufiger Hochdruckverdichter 
i Selbsttatiges Anfahrventil 
k Chlorcalcium-Gastrockner 
I ME-Steuerstand 
m Wasserabscheider 
n Vorspeichergruppe 
o Nachspeichergruppe 
p ME-Flaschenkopfe 
q Kondensatabscheider 
r Kohlensaure-Auswaschturm 
s Selbsttatiger Wasserstandsregler 
t Kohlensaure-EntspannungsgefaO 
u Auswaschpumpe 
v ME-Zapfblock 
w 
x Gastankschlauch 
y ME-Hammerkopf-AnschluQ 
z Fahrzeug 
Fig, B-15-b, Schematic Drawing Sewage Gas Compression Plant 
303 Fig. B-15-c, Gas Compressor-180 cu.meter/hour capacity 
304 Fig, B-19-a, Hagen Sewage Plant 
Fig. B-20-a, Essen-Rellinghausen Sewage Plant 
305 Fig. B-2S-a, Iserlohn Sewage Treatment Plant. 
General Plan 
Fig. B-22-b, Iserlohn Grit Chamber 
306 Fig* B-22-o, Iserlohn Enclosed Trickling Filter and Secondary Settling Tanks 
307 Fig. B-23-a, Hattingen Sewage Treatment. Aerators 
in Operation 
Fig. B-23-b, Hattingen Sewage Treatment. Aerator Empty 
Fig. B-23-o, Hattingen Sewage Treatment. Digester 
Hfctafcing Heating Coil 
308 Fig. B-24-a, Essen-Nord Sewage Plan* 
309 Fig. B-24-b, Essen-Nord Digesters 
Fig. B-24-o, Essen-Nord Digester. Design Details 
310 llange bei runden 
geringere Schlufi- 
>esseren KlSreffekt 
hen. DieSchlamm- 
inen erscheint uns 
*ren bin und her 
;rotz selbsttatiger 
der Zuverlassigkeit 
;i der Grofie des 
Fig. B-25-a, Alte-Emsoiier Sewage Plant. General Plan 
Fig. B-25-b, Alte-Emsoher Sewage Plant. Settling Tank in Operation 
311 Fig. B-E5-C, Alte-Emscher Sewage Plant. Sludge Removal Mechanism 
Fig. B-25-d, Alte-Emscher Sewage Plant. Floating Effluent Takeoff 
312 Fig, B-25-e, Sewage Plant. Details Sludge Removal Mechanism 
and Sludge Hopper 
313 Fig, B-26-a, Karnap Sewage Plant 
Fig. B-26-b, Karnap Sewage Plant. Close-up of Settling Tanks 
314 Fig, B-27-a, Soest Sewage Plant. General Plan 
Fig. B-27-b, Soest Sewage Plant. Longitudinal Section thru Plant 
315 Fig. B-27~c, Soest Sewage Plant. Air View 
Fig. B-£7-d, Soest Sewage Plant Combined Primary Settlers and 
Digesters 
316 Fig. B-27-e, Soest Sewage Plant Design Trickling 
Filter 
Fig. B-27-f, Soest Sewage Plant Combination Aeration and 
Settling Unit 
317 Fig. B-28-a, Frankfurt Vacuum System for Sludge Removal from Settling 
Tanks 
318 Fig. B-S9-a, Hildesheim Plant. 
Bar Screen 
Fig. B-29-b, Hildesheim Plant. 
Treatment Unit for Digester 
Overflow 
Fig. B-30-a, Berlin Stahnsdorf. Destroyed Gas 
Holder 
Fig. B-31~a, Berlin Wassmannsdorf. 
Gas Holding Tanks 
Fig. B-31-b, Berlin Wassmannsdorf. 
Damaged Aeration Tanks 
TP 
319 Fig. B-31-o, Berlin Wassmannsdorf 
Damaged Aeration Tanks 
Fig. B-31-d, Berlin Wasmanns- 
dorf. Damaged Aeration Tanks 
Fig. B-32-a, KUrnberg Digesters 
Fig, B-32-b, Mtlrnberg Heat 
Exchanger 
320 Fig, B-35-a, Stuttgart. Digester Heating Coils. View from 
floor. 
Fig. B-35-b, Stuttgart. Schematic Drawing of Digesters 
Fig. B-35-c, Stuttgart. Trickling Filters 
321 Fig, B-39-a, Bad Soden. Rotary Distributor 
Fig. B-39-b, Bad Soden. Close-up of Rotary 
Distributor 
322 REPORT 
ON 
WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE, and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT 
IN GERMANY 
SECTION C 
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT INDEX 
SECTION C 
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT 
Page 
Summary 325-326 
Target Reports 327-s^o 
Illustrations and Diagrams Appendix 3^2-549 
324 SECTION C 
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TRSATHENT 
Industrial waste treatment targets visited by 
the group were as follows: 
Target 
No. 
C-l Reiohsanstalt ftlr Wasser and LuftgCLte - 
Berlin, Dahlen 
C-E Ruhr District - Essen 
0-3 Emsoher District -.Essen 
0-4 Bamag-Meguin - Giessen 
C-5 Lurgi Gesdllschaff ftlr Warmetechnik - 
Frankfurf am Main 
C-6 Fabrik Hessisch Lichtennau - Esohentruth 
(near Kassel) 
In addition to the above, information was obtained 
from the various equipment manufacturers and designing 
engineers listed in Section B regarding the number and type 
of.installations built during the war years. 
From the information gathered it appears that the 
following was the status of industrial waste treatment in 
Germany from 1938-45: 
(1) About 70 plants were remodelled or built 
during this period. They were chiefly of the following types 
(a) Phenol waste treatment and recovery. 
(b) Picling liquor (iron, copper, chromium). 
(c) Acid neutralization (incl. TNT, dynamite 
plants, etc.) 
(d) Oil removal. 
(e) Coke wash water clarification. 
(S) Recovery of valuable,constituents in the waste 
liquors was stressed. 
(3) In general, the plants built used the same type 
of units as are employed in the U.S., for mixing and settling 
325 (4) No new processes or major items of equipment 
for use in Industrial waste treatment were developed in 
Germany during the war years. Considerable progress has, 
however, been made in perfecting techniques previously dis- 
covered and reported on. This work should be of definite 
interest to U.S. engineers, . 
(5) Items of special interest are: 
(a,) Methods of treating cyanide wastes 
(Target 0-1) 
(b) Methods of treating chromate wastes 
(Target 0-1) 
(o) Methods of treating pickling liquor 
wastes (Target C-E) 
(d) Methods of treating copper wastes 
(Target 0-S) 
(e) Methods of treating phenolic wastes 
(Targets 0-1, 0-3 and 0-4) 
(f) Equipment for handling coke wash 
water (Target 0-5) 
(g) Stage neutralization of acid waste by 
means of automatic pH valve control 
(Target 0-6) 
326 DETAILED TARGET REPORTS 
TARGriST HO. 0-1 
Name; Reiohsan3te.lt flir Wasser and Laftgttte 
Location: Berlin-Dahlem 
Date Visited: July 28, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Prof*. Dr. B. Meinok 
Interviewed By: I?isoher, Gorman 
lEPORIvIATION OBTAINED 
Prof, ivleinck stated that daring the war the sewage 
department of the Reiohsanstalt concerned itself chiefly 
with the treatment of industrial wastes. In this connection, 
he had made special studies on the treatment of cyanide and 
chromate wastes and of phenolic liquors. A technical paper 
by Heinok dealing with cyanide wastes appeared in "Die 
Lietallwaren-Industrie and Galvanatechnik", September 1, 1942. 
A review of methods of treating chromate was presented in the 
same journal February 10, 1944, 
Two flow sheets recommended for handling large 
amounts of cyanide wastes are shown in Figures G-l-a and 
G-l-b. In the first case, the waste is treated with lime and 
chlorine, mixed with air and then settled. In the second, it 
is acidified and aerated in a covered aeration tank, then 
alkalinized with lime to a pH value of 8.5-9.0,-mixed and 
settled. Older methods of treatment involving adding iron 
sulfate with the production of complex potassium ferri- 
ferro are said to be unreliable and are not recommended. 
For the treatxnent of chromate waste the method 
devised by Spenser ("Sewage Purification", 1939, p. 356-7) is 
recommended. This scheme is illustrated in Figure^C-l-o. Here 
one reaction tank is being filled while the other is in opera- 
tion, its contents being treated with sodium oaroonate and 
barium.chloride solutions. Sufficient soda must be added to 
maintain alkaline conditions. Barium chloride must be added 
in excess of the amount required to react with the sulfates 
present in the waste. The excess may be carried as high as 
327 720 ppm. After adding the soda and barium salt the mixture 
must be aerated five minutes and then settled for about one 
hour. In order to precipitate any excess barium salts, an 
excess, of soda is then added and the mixture again aerated 
five minutes after which it is allowed to settle overnight. 
The next day the sludge is withdrawn to drying beds while 
the clear supernatant liquor is slowly discharged to the 
receiving stream. 
In treating phenolic liquors, Prof. Meinck mentioned 
the uPn method as being of interest'. In this method waste 
containing as high as 10,000 ppm phenol may.be treated by the 
activated sludge process. It involves first carbonating the 
waste to reduce the pH value to 7.0-8.5 and then adding 75 ppm 
of nutrient salts containing nitrogen and phosphorus so as to 
maintain a C:IT:P ratio at approximately 15:1;o.l or less. 
Salts added may be (EHqlg S04 and' (ITH^)3 P04. The waste 
diluted 1:1 with river water is then aerated for 24 hours in 
the presence of 20>* return sludge. Relatively high air 
quantities are required. After settling, a coffee colored 
effluent containing 75 ppm phenols is said to be produced. 
According to Prof. Meinch aeration was reported to be better 
than trickling filters. He believed the reverse should be 
true. The ,TP,f process was said to be patented in Germany by 
its inventor Holte of Plusswasseruntersuchings, Magdeburg. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST 
Methods described for treating cyanide, chromate 
and phenol waste are of interest in the U.S. 
HEv/ PROCESSES OH EQUIPMENT 
All of the above methods although not new, are 
not generally known in the U.S. 
328 TARGET NO. G-2 
Name: Ruhr District 
Location: Essen 
Dates Visited: June 28, 29, 1945 
Person Interviewed: Dr. Sierp 
Intervie\ved~ By: Pischer, Lt. Col.Gilbert, Gorman, Sheridan 
IKFORIIATION OBTAINED 
Copper bearing waste waters may be treated with 
fine iron filings whereby the copper is precipitated and 
settled. By subsequent contact filtration thru a bed of 
iron turnings, a lOO7S removal of copper from the waste water 
may be effected. The flow sheet is shown in Figure C-2-a. 
Results have shown that a reduction from 250 ppm Cu down to 
0 ppm may be effected by use of this process. The copper may 
be recovered from the sludge. Briquettes showed 93$ copper 
content after roasting. A small recovery plant using this 
principle has been constructed at the Busch-Yaeger works near 
Iserlohn to treat 45 cu. meters/day of waste water. The 
plant as constructed employed the flow sheet of Figure C-E-b 
wherein two-stage combination iron precipitation settling 
tanks were used. A typical combination unit is shown in 
Figure C-2-o. 
Typioal results of a continuous flow laboratory 
test showed the following: 
Waste 
Before Treatment 
Water 
After.Treatment 
Copper (Cu), ppm 
335 
0 
Zinc (Zn), ppm 
218 
218 
Free HNOg, ppm 
1030 
753 
Free HETOo, ppm 
60 
0 
Iron (Fe); ppm 
0 
1100 
, ppm 
Acidity - cc. N NaOH 
10 
- 
95 
845 
540 
Studies on the treatment of pickling liquor wastes 
have shown that, by use of the flow sheets shown in Figures 
C-2-d and C-2-e, losses of sulfuric acid may be greatly 
329 deduced.- In the Ruhr .District, pickling liquor contains 
600-800 ppm Twenty thousand tons of H2S04 x 361, year 
were normally required before the war. Forty percent of this 
acid was lost. This loss was reduced to 10-15/b by removal of 
FeS04 by crystallization. 
In the process the pickling liquor is discharged at 
60° C. Fresh sulfuric is added to increase the concentra- 
tion of acid from 2-sup to 255. The material is then cooled 
from 60°G down to 15°G in lead pipe heat exchangers. FeSO^.7H2 
crystallizes out and may be removed by centrifuges or by 
filtration.. Centrifuges were said to be best for large plants. 
An installation using this process has been installed at 
Largersberg near Nevlges. 
The average amount of crystallization of FeS0A.7H 0 
at various temperatures in the presence of 50-150 ppm 
H2S04 is given as follows: 
Specific 
gravity at 
55 °Q 
Temperature where 
cryst. of salts 
begins °G. 
Crystal. 
50GS0&fi 
of salt; kgfeSO^.7H^0/m° 
ion at the beginning 
C 15°0 S0°C 25°C 30°C 
1,10 
below 0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1,12 
below 0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1,14 
below 0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1,16 
0-5 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1,18 
3-9 
12 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1,20 
- - 14 
62 
14 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1,22 
14 - 17 
117 
70 
14 
0 
0 
0 
1,24 
18 - 22 
172 
127 
70 
7 
0 
0 
1,26 
B2 - 27 
228 
185 
130 
62 
4 
0 
1,28 
27-31 
284 
244 
194 
129 
53 
0 
1,30 
31 - 35 
343 
302 
255 
194 
119 
35 
1,32 
35 - 40 
398 
360 
314 
255 
182 
107 
1,34 
38 - 42 
455 
420 
375 
318 
252 
178 
1,36 
42 - 46 
513 
480 
437 
386 
318 
252 
1,38 
47 - 50 
573 
540 
501 
450 
387 
327 
1,40 
52 - 54 
630 
602 
565 
516 
458 
402 
o'ther research work is under way on the treatment 
of copper, nickel, zinc and chromium waste. No definite 
results are as yet available on this work. Indications, how- 
ever, are that nickel may be effectively removed by activated 
carbon. 
330 Some base exchange work has been carried out 
using ,TV/olfanitefr. This material was found satisfactory 
for treating liquids of low salt concentration, but not for 
waste containing high amounts of metals in solution, such as 
pickling liquors, etc. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
Due to the shortage of copper in Germany, the 
recovery of the metal from the waste water i 3 probably 
stressed more than the reduction of the germicidal nature of 
the 'waste. In the U.S., it is questionable whether the 
recovery step would be economically justified. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
Both the methods of treating pickling liquor and 
copper bearing waste waters should be of interest in the U.S. 
NEW PROCESSES OH EQ3JIPI.miIT 
None 
331 TARGET ITO. C-3 
frame: Emscher and Lippe District 
Location: Essen 
Date Visited: June 29, 1945 
Person Interviewed; Mr. Wiegmann 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Lt,Col.Gilbert, Gorman, Sheridan 
DETAILED 
In treating phenolic liquors in the Emscher District 
a reduction to 100 ppm is ordinarily considered satisfactory. 
In the Ruhr District, however, where the waste waters 
eventually flow to underground sources of water supply, much 
greater removals are necessary, and biological methods of 
treatment are required. 
In a typical benzol extraction plant visited near 
Essen (see Figure G-3-a), 3,000-4,000 tons of coal are 
normally converted to coke, etc. In this operation, 300-500 
cu.metSrs/day of phenolic liquors are produced. By washing 
with benzol - 70-60;j by volume - a 1.5 grams/liter phenol 
extract is produced. The washing period required is one hr. 
Upon settling, following mixing a separation of benzol and 
phenol takes place. The benzol is then washWMa with NaCH 
in sufficient quantity to produce sodium phenolate. This is 
shipped in tank oars to a nearby plant for the production of 
plastics. A typical flowsheet showing this operation is 
shown in Figure C-5-b. 
In 1939, there were 65 coke oven plants in 
Emscher and Ruhr Districts. In about half these installations 
phenol recovery was practiced. The annual raw phenol and 
cresol production from these plants amounted to 5670 tons per 
year in 1939.- These phenol recovery plants*are owned and 
operated by the Emscher District. (Bee JSg- 8-B-a). 
GEKSRAL OBSERVATIONS 
According to Hr. Wiegmann, there had been no basic 
improvements made in the phenol system used by the Emscher 
District during the war years. All plants were shut down 
332 due to extensive bomb damage to practically all coke oven 
installations, and to general cessation of industrial 
activity at the end of the war. 
I Tills OF INT3E3ST 
IT one. 
NLW PROCESSES OR EQUIPMEITT 
None. 
333 TARGET NO. C-4 
Fame: Bamag-Meguin A.G. 
Location: Giessen 
Date Visited: July 13, 20, 1945 
Person Interviewed: No 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Lt.Gol.Gilbert, Sheridan 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
was 
Equipment/offered by this company in 1944 for use 
in clarifying wash water used in coke oven plants which con- 
sisted of a mechanism operating in a circular tank. In this 
design segmental feed and overflow was employed, the over- 
flow passing up thru a filter bed of coke before being'-dis- 
charged from the tank. Sludge settled in a series of con- 
centric trenches on the floor of the tank: and was scraped by 
plows to two sumps. From here it was picked up by pumps and 
delivered to a storage tank where excess water was decanted. 
The plows were suspended from an overhead bridge or truss 
which was slowly rotated on a circular peripheral track by a 
suitable drive unit. 
Earlier types of this unit, first constructed in 
1927 and described in detail in "Stahl and Eisen” 1929, v 01.5, 
and in "Gltiokauf,f 1929, Ur.42, are shown in Figures G-4-a 
-and C-4-b. Both of these have center feed and peripheral 
overflow thru coke beds. In one the plows are rotated on a 
center shaft while in the other a traveling bridge is used, 
a single plow being employed. This plow could be raised and 
lowered and also moved radially so that it could be used in 
all the trenches. 
In one of the 1929 designs, one tank 25 meters 
diameter x 5.5 meters effective v/ater depth was used to clarify 
900 cu.meters bf wash water per hour. The coke filter was 
cleaned by backwashing. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The concrete work required by this type of con- 
struction is considerably more complex than in conventional 
U.S. designs. Por this reason it is questionable whether its 
use would be economically justified in the U.S. 
334 im:s or interest 
The use of an upflow coke filter suspended in 
the settling tank is of interest in view of subsequent 
work with the f,Magnetite Filter” in which a similar con- 
struction was used. 
NEW PROCESSUS OR BQJJEBIBtTT 
None, 
335 TARGET NO. G-5 
Name: Lurgi G-esellschaft fUr WSLmetechnik 
m.b.H. 
Location: Frankfurt am Main 
Date Visited: July 11, 15, 1945 
Persons Interviewed: Drs. Bailleul, Khort 
Interviewed By: Fischer, Lt,Col.Gilbert 
INFORMATION OBTAINED 
The Lorgi Company and I.G, Farbenindostrie jointly 
developed a method of treating phenolic liquors for the 
recovery of phenols by a method known as the "Phenolsolvan 
Process". 
Phenolsolvan is a mixture of esters of aliphatic 
alcohols. It has a density of about 0.88 and vaporizes 
between 110°-130°C. Its phenol dissolving power is unusually 
high. Whereas with benzol, 100-200$ by volume of solvent is 
required, with phenolsolvan only 10$ is needed in order to 
reduce the phenol content of the water to 0.1-0.2 grams/liter 
The extraction is carried out counter-current in a 
number of stages. The washing stages are comprised entirely 
of a system of pumps and separators, Emulsification between 
the extraction material and the phenol containing water does 
not occur because Phenolsolvan possesses the eitiulsion 
destroying properties of ether. Phenols are recovered or 
removed from the extract by distillation, clear water white 
Phenolsolvan being returned to process. As the boiling point 
of Phenolsolvan is lower than that of phenol and tar oils, 
it caul be used in a system for a very long time before it 
needs to be purified for the removal of tar. Because of this 
(£he quantity of phenol dissolved in a given plant is always 
held constant. 
Typical Phenolsolvan flowsheets are shown in 
Figures C-5-a and C-5-b. A technical article describing 
this process and comparing it with other extraction processes 
was presented by Dr. W. Hubert of the Lurgi Company in 
"Cel und Kohle", v 01.19, pp. 525-31, 1942, 
336 ITEMS OE INTEREST 
This process, commercially 'developed in Germany 
during'the war may be of interest in the U.S. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EqjJIHvIEI'IT 
Although this process is not entirely new, 
details of construction, etc., are novel. 
337 TARGET NX). 0-6 
Name: Fabrik Hessisch Liohtennau Zur 
Yerwertung Ohemisoher Erzeugnisse 
Location: Sschentruth (near Kassel) 
Date Visited: July 9, 1945 
Person Interviewed; Dr. Eckardt 
Interviewed By; Fischer, Lt.Col.Gilbert, Gorman, 
Sheridan 
OBTAINED 
This was a TNT and shell loading plant located at 
Gamp Mahogany about 15 miles northwest of Kassel. It dis- 
charged five different types of waste waters as follows: 
(1) Tar and phenol waste liquor. 
(2) Strong acid waste water containing very little TNT 
(3) Acid waste water containing some TNT (red color). 
(4) Alkaline waste water containing high amount of 
TNT (red color). 
(5) Cooling water. 
The coal tar was removed from the phenolic liquor 
by passing the liquor thru four longitudinal tanks in series, 
any one of which could be withdrawn from service for cleaning 
without affecting continuous operation. Each tank provided a 
24-hour detention period and contained three vertical filters 
near the effluent end thru which the liquor flowed. Each 
filter was 8” thick and was filled with excelsior. An over- 
head traveling crane removed the filters which were burned 
and refilled when the loss of head became excessive. 
Some of the tar floated in the tanks and was hand 
skimmed. Some settled to the tank bottom and was periodically 
removed"when a tank was taken out of service. The remainder 
was caught on the filters. The tank effluent, high in phenols, 
was used for quenching ashes and coke. The daily flow of this 
liquor was 60 cu.meters. 
The red alkaline water, amounting to 3000 ou.meters 
per day (from a TNT production of 3500 tons per month) was 
settled one hour in two plain settling tanks, each with a 
338 holding capacity of 120 on,meters, 3aoh unit was divided 
into four compartments by vertical baffles. One tank was 
in operation while the other was being cleaned. After 
emptying oat a tank, the settled powder was shovelled oat by 
hand and returned to process. 
The settled effluent was then combined with acid 
waste H0.3, building drainage and picric aoid waste water. 
The pH value of this combined waste was 1.0 or less. Lime 
was then added to the combined waste in a premix channel in 
three stages. The lime added at each stage was automatically 
regulated by pH recorders activate automatic cone valves. 
In the first stage of lime addition, the pH value was raised 
to 4.0-5,0; in the second stage to 5.0-7,0. In the third 
stage, the settled effluent was maintained at pH 7.0 
The lime dosed waste flowed to two rapid nix tanks 
equipped with Bamag impeller mixers. Each of these units had 
a capacity of 60 cu.meters. One unit was operated at a time. 
At a total flow of 5000 ou.meters/day, the average detention 
period in one of these units was about 17 minutes. 
sfter mixing, the lime dosed waste flowed to two 
Bamag Mieder type settling tanks each having a capacity of 
400 ou.meters. Here again one unit was operated while the 
other was held in reserve. The settled effluent was run to 
large concrete holding tanks, and thence to the Fulda River, 
The H0.2 aoid waste was treated separately bat in 
the same manner by means of lime,in another plant alongside 
the other. This effluent was not as corrosive as wastes 3 asd 
4, and was partly used for cooling water in the H2SO4 manu- 
facturing plant. 
Two hundred tons of lime were used per day in this 
neutralization'plant* The dry lime (Ca(OH)2) was air con- 
veyed from storage to pressure type mixers where it was mixed 
with Water, These units resembled "Pfaudler” stills and had 
a capacity of 15 ou.meters each. These mixers were operated 
continuously to provide normal lime requirements. Three 
additional 60 ou.meter lime storage tanks with mixers were 
provided for peak requirements. Due to storage, of the 
lime in these tanks converted to oarborates. The pumping of 
lime slurry was said to be difficult, and the only satisfactory 
pump found for this service was said to be the tfDukstuff,f 
pump made by a Vienna manufacturer. 
Sludge from the four settling tkites (from the two 
plants) was dewatered by means of vacuum filters and dumped 
339 nearby. Due to the shortage of sulfur in Germany during 
the war, consideration was being given to the treatment of 
this sludge for the recovery of Sulfur. The process was 
being developed by the Lurgi Company of Frankfurt, and involved 
reducing the of the sludge to OaS by heating with coal 
and treating the sulfide with acid to give free sulfur. Due 
to the ending the war this process was never 
perfected. 
The pH recorders used in this plant were supplied 
by Siemens and BAMA.G; the automatic cone valves by Sohuhmann 
of Leipzig and Lautenschlager of Munich. 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 
The plant was not in operation at the time it was 
visited. It had suffered no bomb damage due to its being 
concealed in a heavy woods. The plant appeared t|o be too 
complicated and cumbersome. Dr. Sokardt who designed and had 
charge of the installation admitted that evaporation and 
burning of the Mred liquors11 was a more logical solution for 
these wastes. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST 
The pH control and automatically regulated valve 
in use at this plant should be of interest to U.S. engineers. 
NEW PROCESSES OR EC3JIB®TT 
None. 
340 INDEX 
TO 
ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS 
SECTION C 
REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT 
IN GERMANY 
341 INDEX 
ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS 
SECTION C 
REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN GERMANY 
Page Figure Title 
1 C-l-a Cyanide Waste Treatment, Using Lime and Chlorine 
1 o-l-b « »» tt n Acidification 
2 C-l-c Chromate Waste Treatment Flow Sheet 
3 C-E-a Copper Waste Treatment Process (Sierp) 
3 C-2-b tt tt n Small Plant Layout 
4 C-2-c " w w Mixing Tank 
4 C-2-d Pickling n M (Sierp and Transemeier) 
4 C-2-e tt n tt tt tt tt 
. 5 C-3-a Phenol Extraction Plant Using Benzol (Essen) 
5 C-3-h w 19 Flow Sheet (Benzol Method) 
6 C-4-a Cake Washing Plant. Clarification Unit 
6 C-4-h tt tt tt tt it 
7 C-5-a Phenolsolvan Flow Sheet 
7 C-5-b w tt tt 
342 Fig. C-l-a, Cyanide Waste Treatment, Using Lime and Chlorine 
Fig. C-l-h, Cyanide Waste Treatment, Using Acidification 
343 Fig. C-l-c, Chromate Waste Treatment 
Flow Sheet 
344 Fig. C-2-a, Copper Waste Treatment Process (Sierp) 
Fig, C-2-b, Copper Waste Treatment Small Plant 
Layout 
345 Fig. C-2-c, Copper Waste Treatment 
Mixing Tank 
Fig. C-2-d, Pickling Waste 
Treatment (Sierp and 
Fran seme ier) 
Fig. C-2-e, Pickling Waste 
Treatment (Sierp and 
Transemeier) 
346 Fig, C-3-a, Plant Using Benzol 
(Essen) 
Pig, C-3-b, Phenol Extraction Plow Sheet (Benzol Method) 
347 Fig, C-4-a, Coke Washing Plant. Clarification Unit* 
Fig. C-4-b, Coke Washing Plant. Clarification Unit. 
348 Fig. C-5-a, Phenolsolvan Flow Sheet 
Figure C-5-b, Phenolsolvan Flow Sheet 
349 FIAT FINAL REPORT NO. 96 
UNCLASSIFIED 
WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE, AND INDUSTRIAL 
WASTE TREATMENT 
WARNING; Some products and processes described in this report may he the sub- 
ject of U.S. patents. Accordingly, this publication cannot be held 
to give any protection against action for infringement. 
UNCLASSIFIED 
JOINT INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES AGENCY 
WASHINGTON, D. C.