; ' ’ DESCRIPTION 
OT THE 
MODELS OF HOSPITALS. International Inhibition of 1876. 
hospital 
OF 
Medical Department, United States Anny. 
DESCRIPTION 
OF THE 
JVIodels of Hospitals. 
J. J. WOODWARD, 
111 
Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., 
IN CHARGE OF THE REPRESENTATION OF THE MEDICAR DEPARTMENT. TT. S. A. 
Philadelphia, 1876. International Exhibition of 1870. 
HOBPIT A L 
OF 
Medical Department, United States Army. 
» . DESCRIPTION OF THE MODELS OF HOSPITALS. 
This portion of the display of the Medical Department of the Army 
is intended to represent the system of hospital construction actually 
employed by the Medical Department in peace and war. 
In time of peace, the little army of the United States, consisting of 
some 25,000 men, is scattered over a vast extent of territory, and dis- 
tributed in about two hundred permanent or temporary posts and 
garrisons. 
The close of the war of 1861-5 found a portion of these posts pro- 
vided with hospitals of the old style in use before the war, while in 
others wooden-barrack hospitals had been constructed during the war, 
and at others, which had just been occupied, hospitals had yet to be 
constructed. 
In order to secure uniformity in the plan of hospital construction at 
the new posts, and with the view of gradually replacing the older struc- 
tures by more suitable buildings, a plan for the construction of post 
hospitals was prepared at the Surgeon-General’s Office, which was 
rendered authoritative by an order issued by the War Department, by 
Secretary E. M. Stanton, April 22, 1867. (Circular No. 4, Surgeon- 
General’s Office, April 27, 1867.) 
According to this plan, post hospitals were to be constructed with 
twelve, twenty-four, or forty eight beds. The twenty four-bed hospital 4 
was the unit of the system. It consisted of a central administration 
building two stories high, with a one-storied back-building for the 
kitchen, and two one-storied wings as wards; each ward was to accom- 
modate twelve beds, aiid was to be 33 feet long by 24 wide, inside 
measure ; 15 feet high in the clear from door to eaves : with ridge venti- 
lation for summer, and shafts, like those used in the war hospitals, 
(vide, p. 11, infra,) for winter ventilation. The twelve-bed hospital 
was constructed on the same plan, except that one ward was omitted. 
The forty-eight-bed hospital was also to lie constructed on the same 
plan, except that the wings were to be lengthened, making each ward 
(56 feet by 24 in the clear, and to contain twenty-four beds each. The 
administration building was to remain the same in each of the three 
cases. These plans aimed at the extremest economy consistent with 
securing the application of those principles of hospital construction 
which experience during the war of 18(il-’5 had shown to be desirable. 
A number of hospitals were built in accordance with these plans, but 
it was thought on trial that they erred somewhat in the direction of 
extreme economy, and various minor alterations and improvements 
were suggested by the medical officers who superintended their con- 
struction and use, in consequence of which the Surgeon-General 
directed new and somewhat more elaborate plans to be prepared. 
These were approved by the Secretary of War, and issued as Circular 
No. 2, of the Surgeon-General’s Office, July 27, 1871. This circular 
gave plans and specifications for three classes of hospitals: 
1. —Regulation Rost Hospital of twenty four beds, constructed on 
nearly the same plan as the twenty-four-bed hospital of the former 
circular, but with larger apartments, with a veranda surrounding the 
building, and other improvements and modifications. Tliis form of 
hospital is that described on the next page. 
2. —Regulation Rost Hospital of twelve beds.—This is a two-story 
building, with rooms for administrative purposes on the first floor and 
a ward of twelve beds in the second story. 
3. —Rrovisionary Hospitals.—The circular also gave ground-plans 
for provisionary hospitals of twelve beds, one plan representing a one- 
story building, the other representing a two-story building with the 
ward in the second story. 
One of these regulation post hospitals for twenty-four beds has been 
erected on the Exhibition grounds, for the double purpose of serving as 
a model to illustrate the plan of hospitals recommended by the Medical 
Department, and adopted by the War Department, for our military 
posts in time of peace, and of affording space for the greater portion of 
the other articles exhibited by the Medical Department. Fig. 1.—Regulation Post Hospital for Twenty-Four Beds. Front view. 6 
The Regulation Post Hospital for Twenty-four Beds. 
This is a frame building, with shingle roof, surrounded by a veranda, 
and constructed in accordance with the plans and specifications of 
the circular of July 27, 1871. 
Fig. 1 is a front view; Fig. 2, the floor plans. k 
It consists of a central administration building, 35 feet front by 
39 deep, and two stories high, with a two-storied back-building 40 
by 14 feet, and two wings 45 feet by 24, one for each ward of twelve 
beds. The fioor of the whole building is raised three feet above the 
ground, and is well supported on timber posts. The general arrange- 
ments are shown in Fig. 2. In the plan of the ground floor, 1, 2 
are the wards, each 24 ft. by 45 ; 3, dispensary, 14 ft. by 15; 4, office, 
14 ft. by 15 ; 5, mess-room, 14 ft. by 20; 6, kitchen, 14 ft. by 14; 
7, nurses’ room, 14 ft. by 15; a, b, earth closets, each 9 ft. by 9 ; 
c, bath-room and lavatory; d, e, closets; f, pantry, 8 ft. by 10. In 
the plan of the second story, 8 is the steward’s room, 14 ft. by 15 ; 9, 
spare room, 14 ft. by 15; 10, attendants’ room, 14 ft. by 19; 11, store- 
room, 14 ft. by 15; 12, room for violent patients, 14 ft. by 20. The above 
are all inside measurements. All the walls and ceilings are lathed and 
plastered with two coats, the finishing coat being plaster of Paris, and 
the entire woodwork usually painted, is covered with two coats of paint. 
The wards are 15 ft. high in the clear from floor to ceiling. Ridge 
ventilation is provided for the summer months by means of two boxed 
openings in each ward, carried from the middle line of the ceiling to the 
ridge. These openings are 10 feet apart, and are each 10 feet long by 
2\ feet wide. 
In the winter months the opening at the ridge is to be closed, and 
ventilation effected in the following manner: A large stove is placed in 
the middle of the ward. Fresh air is introduced by an air-box 18 inches 
square, which passes underneath the floor of the ward from side to side, 
open at each extremity to the external air, and opens in the centre of 
the ward beneath the stove by means of a register; when a ventilating 
stove is used, the place of the register is occupied by a pipe, which 
connects the air-chamber of the stove with the air-box beneath the floor. 
The pipe of the stove passes up through a close-fitting collar in the 
ceiling. One foot above the ceiling it enters a shaft or jacket about 24 
inches in diameter, which pierces the roof, and extends four feet above ; 
it is covered with a sheet-iron cap, pierced in its turn by the stove- 
pipe, which is capped in the same manner. At each end of the ward, 
and two feet from the centre, there is an opening in the ceiling one 
foot square, from which an air box passes to a box enclosing the lower Fm. 2.—Peculation Post Hospital for Twenty-Four Beds. Floor Plans. (See text for description.) 
PLANS 
DOST HOSPITAL 
lor 24 beds. 8 
inoutli of the shaft surrounding the stove-pipe. The heat of the stove- 
pipe causes a continuous upward current in this shaft, which is sup- 
plied by the vitiated air from the ward through the air-boxes. 
In each of ~therearth-T5losets“ there is a ventilating shaft six inches 
square, and the gas-burner of the room is situated directly beneath it. 
These eartli-closets in the regulation hospitals are intended for very sick 
patients only, accommodations for other patients and the attendants 
being provided in a suitable detached building. A small detached 
building is also intended to be provided for the purposes of a dead- 
house, and cases of small-pox and other contagious diseases are to be 
treated in hospital tents. 
In fitting up this building for the Exhibition of 1870, the rooms 
numbered in Fig. 2 are occupied as follows : Room 1 is fitted up as a 
ward, and serves for the exhibition of hospital furniture, bedding, and 
clothing; room 2 serves for the exhibition of the models of hospitals, 
hospital steam vessels, hospital railway cars, ambulances, &c., and for 
specimens from the Army Medical Museum ; room 3, for the exhibition 
of medicines, medical stores, and chemicals ; room 4, for surgical instru- 
ments, books, blanks, and the publications of the Surgeon-General's 
Office; room 5, for mess furniture and utensils; room (1, for kitchen 
utensils; room 7 is the private office of'-the-surgeon in charge, and the 
rooms in the second story serve for the exhibition of prothetic appa- 
ratus, litters and stretchers, medical panniers, knapsacks, Ac. 
The Hospital Tents. 
The field hospitals of the moving armies during the war of 18(11-5 
were usually constructed of hospital tents. In the most general arrange- 
ment, three hospital tents pitched end to end constituted the unit, by 
the repetition of which these hospitals were extended to the necessary 
capacity. Hospital tents were also largely used to provide additional 
accommodations in connection with the great general hospitals. In 
this case four hospital tents pitched end to end very often constituted 
the unit, and a .wooden floor was frequently provided. The hospital 
tents thus used were of the regulation pattern used by the Medical 
Department in time of peace, and were each 15 feet by 14. Three of 
them have been pitched end to end in the manner used during the war 
in the rear of ward No. 2 of the hospital on the Exhibition grounds. 
The Barrack Hospitals of the War of 1861-’5. 
These are represented by live models, viz., a model of the barrack 
ward which served as the unit, by the repetition of which to the neces- 9 
sary extent the “General Hospitals” were formed; and four models 
representing four of these general hospitals, viz: The Lincoln, Hicks, 
McClellan, and Mower Hospitals. All these models are exhibited in 
room 2 of the Post Hospital building. 
1.—Model of a Barrack Ward. 
This model was constructed by Mr. Charles Seltman, of Washington, 
D. C., and being on the scale of half-an-incli to the foot, is 7 ft. inches 
long. All details of framing and construction are faithfully represented, 
except that the roof is hinged, so as to be lifted for the inspection of the 
interior. 
The form of ward represented is that which was finally adopted by 
the War Department in the summer of 18G4, as set forth in the follow- 
ing order, which is given in full because it describes not merely the 
barrack ward, but also the general plan of hospital construction, partic- 
ular instances of which are illustrated by the four models described 
below: 
Wak Department, July 20, 1864. 
The following instructions are promulgated for the information of officers charged 
with the construction of general hospitals, and will be deviated from only in cases of 
imperative necessity: Buildings will not be taken or occupied for hospital purposes 
until after full examination and approval by a medical inspector, or other officer 
of the Medical Corps detailed for this purpose; and all alterations will be made 
in accordance with plans submitted by him and approved by the Surgeon-General. 
E. M. STANTON, 
Secretary of War. 
Site.—The site of the hospital should be a well-drained plain, with a subsoil 
of gravel, and sufficiently extensive to accommodate the buildings. The situation 
should be elevated, as remote as possible from marshes or other sources of malaria, 
and must have a convenient supply of pure water. 
Plan.—General hospitals will be constructed on the principle of detached pavil- 
ions, each ward being in a separate building, with beds for sixty patients. Besides 
the wards, there will be detached buildings for each of the following purposes : 
General Administration Building, Dining-room and Kitchen for Patients, Dining- 
room and Kitchen for Officers, Laundry, Commissary and Quartermaster’s Store- 
house, Knapsack-house, Guard-house, Dead-house, Quarters for Female Nurses, 
Chapel, Operating-room, and Stable. The wards, administration building, kitchens, 
dining-rooms, and chapel are to be connected by covered walks, which will have 
floors, but no sides. 
No general plan for the arrangement of the buildings can be directed, as the 
varying character and dimensions of sites render an uniform adherence to any 
one impracticable. Wards may be arranged “ en echelon” in two converging lines, 
forming a V—in this case, the administration building should be at the apex of the 
V, the other buildings between the wings; or as radii from the periphery of a circle, 
ellipse, or rounded oblong—in this case, the administration building should be one 
of the radii, the other buildings within the enclosure; or parallel to each other.— 
in this case, the administration building should be in the centre of the row, the other 
buildings in the rear. Other plans may be rendered necessary by the special features 
of the ground. In any case, the important points to be observed are, to place the 
buildings far enough apart, (at least thirty feet should intervene between two par- 
allel buildings,) and to locate them in such a manner that no one shall interfere with 
the ventilation of another. It is preferable to locate the wards so that the long 
diameter may run north and south, or nearly so. PLAN OF WARD 
SIDE ELEVATION 
Fig. 3 
Fig. 4 11 
Each ward will be a ridge-ventilated pavilion 187 by 21 feet. At each extremity, 
two small rooms 9 by 11 feet, one on each side of a passage, 6 feet wide, will be par- 
titioned off. The space remaining for patients will be 1(15 by 24 feet, see Figure 3, 
A, which gives the location of the beds and position of the doors and windows. 
The small rooms are occupied as follows: Figure 3, a, chief nurse; b, closet for 
medicines, etc.; c, bath-room; d, closet for close stools. Figure 4 is the side eleva- 
tion. 
The wards will be 14 feet high from floor to eaves—the pitch of the roof to vary in 
accordance to the materials composing it. The floor to be elevated at least 18 inches 
from the soil, with free ventilation beneath it. A ward thus constructed will accom- 
modate 60 patients, allowing more than 1,000 cubic feet of air-space to each. The 
number of wards will be regulated by the number of patients the hospital is intended 
to accommodate. A hospital of 1200 beds will require 20 wards. 
Administration Building.—For a hospital of 600 to 1200 beds, this will be a ridge- 
ventilated building, 38 by 132 feet, and two stories high; the first 14 and the second 
12 feet high in the clear. This building contains the general office, office of surgeon 
in charge, linen and store rooms, dispensary, chaplain’s office, lodging-rooms for 
officers, etc. 
Dining-Room and Kitchen for Patients.—The dining-room will be a ridge-venti- 
lated building, large enough to seat a number equal to two-tliirds the number of 
beds. The most convenient form is a long parallelogram, into which the kitchen 
opens in the centre of the long side. The kitchen will be divided into two unequal 
parts—the larger for the preparation of ordinary diet, the smaller for the extra diet 
—the cooking in both to be done on ranges. "Where there is an engine, steam may 
be advantageously used for boiling. 
Dining-Room and Kitchen for Officers. —A small building for this purpose will be 
situated near the administration building. 
Laundry.—A building two stories high, with lodging for the laundresses on the 
second floor. The roof should be flat, with posts for stretching clothes-lines. 
Commissary and Quartermaster Store-Room.—A small two-story building, fur- 
nished with boxes and shelves for the various parts of the ration—having an ice- 
house connected with it for the preservation of meats and other perishable articles, 
and a room for clothing. The second story to contain lodging-rooms for the cooks. 
Knapsack-House.—A building to receive the effects of the patients while in 
hospital. It will contain as many pigeon-holes, each 2 feet square, as there are beds 
in the hospital. 
Guard-House.—A detached building to lodge the guard, with a guard-room for 
prisoners. 
Dead-House.—A small building containing two apartments, located so as not to be 
observed from the wards, and lighted by sky-lights. 
Quarters for Female Nurses.—A detached building containing lodging-rooms, 
dining-room, and kitchen for the female nurses 
Chapel.—A detached building, fitted for the purpose of religious services, so 
arranged as to be used also as a library and reading-room. 
Operating-Rooms.—Two rooms, each 15 feet square; one well lighted by sky- 
lights, the other by windows. The first for surgical operations, the second for 
discharge-boards, etc. It should be situated near the administration building. 
Stable.—For ambulance and officers’ horses. 
Water Supply.—Where practicable, a large tank will be erected and kept supplied 
from wells or springs by pumps worked by a steam-engine. The engine, if possible, 
will be situated near the kitchen and laundry, in which case the steam may be made 
serviceable in cooking, and the power may be employed in working the washing and 
mangling machines 
Sinks.—Where the supply of water is adequate, water-closets may be constructed 
in one of the small rooms in each ward; but where this is not the case, privies will 
be built at a convenient distance from the wards, furnished with water-tight boxes, 
which must be emptied every night. 
Ventilation.—During warm and mild weather the wards will be ventilated by the 
ridge (Fags. 5 and (!.) but during winter the ridge will be closed, (Fig 7,) and ventila- 
tion by shafts substituted. Four stoves will be allowed to a ward, each partly sur- 
rounded by a jacket of zinc or sheet-iron, with an air-box opening beneath it to Fig. 7. 
Fig. (!. 
Fig. 5. 13 
furnish the supply of fresh air. At 8 feet from the stove will be a shaft, properly 
capped, through which the stove-pipe will ascend. Figure 8 gives a section and 
Figure 3 a side view of the arrangement. The shaft should be 18 inches square, and 
should not come below the tie-beams. 
2.—Model of the Lincoln Hospital, Washington, D. 0! 
This is a block model, on the scale of 30 feet to the inch, and repre- 
sents the arrangements of the wards and other buildings of this hospital, 
of which the following description was furnished by Surgeon J. C. 
McKee, U. S. A., who was for a long time in charge: 
Lincoln Hospital, Washington, D. C., is located about a mile east of the Capitol 
building. Its site is a gently-undulating, uncultivated plain, without shade-trees. 
East and south of the hospital, the plain declines towards the Eastern Branch of the 
Potomac, which is about half a mile distant. The soil is a light sandy loam, resting 
on a deep stratum of gravel. The hospital covers an area of thirty acres of ground, 
and consists of twenty detached pavilion wTards, arranged ‘ ‘ en echelon ” in the shape of 
the letter V, the apex of which looks westwardly. The administration building is at 
the apex of the V. The buildings for kitchen, dining-rooms, etc., are in the space 
between the two sides of the letter. The whole is surrounded by a picket-fence, five 
feet high, between which and the wards is a wide road for ambulances. (See Fig- 
ure 8.) 
The Wards are pavilion barracks, built of rough boards, white-washed, with roofs 
of boards covered with tarred paper; they are 20 in number, 10 on each wing. 
Each ward is 187 feet by 24, 10 feet to the eaves and 20 to the ridge, at which there 
is the usual ridge-ventilation the whole length of the ward. They are plastered on 
the inside for about 8 feet above the floor. At the west end of each are 4 rooms, 
occupying 15 feet in length. These are used for clothing, baths, nurses, and sinks. 
Each ward contains 84 windows and 4 doors, one at each end and two in the middle, 
opposite each other. Four ventilating gratings, at regular distances in the floor of 
the ward, communicate by wooden flues under the floor with the air outside, thus 
giving a full supply of fresh air whenever the weather requires the doors and win- 
dows to be closed. With 02 patients, there are 72 square feet of floor and 1447 cubic 
feet of air-space for each. Thirty-one beds are arranged on each side, with a chair 
and bed-side table between each pair. An avenue of 11 feet is left between the two 
rows of beds. The wards are lighted at night by kerosene lamps, and heated by 
stoves in winter. On the inner side of the two wings of the hospital, and running 
the whole length of each, is a raised covered walk or corridor, on which is laid a rail- 
way track 2 feet wide and 2150 feet long. Box-cars convey the food from the main 
and extra kitchens to each ward. 
The Administration building, at the apex of .the triangle, is 184 by 38 feet, 22 feet 
to the ridge and 10 to the eaves. A hall, 8 feet wide, runs the entire length of the 
first floor. On the left side of the hall are the following rooms : office of surgeon in 
charge, 14 by 14; office of military assistant, 11 by 14, (employs two clerks;) prin- 
cipal office, 50 by 14, (employs fourteen clerks;) printing-office, 1!) by 14, (employs 
two men;) quartermaster’s store-room for clothing, etc., 44 by 14, (employs two 
clerks;) wardmaster’s room, 13| by 14; bath-room, 4f by 14; post-office, 7 by 14, 
(employs a postmaster and assistant.) On the other side of the hall, and on the right 
of the entrance door, are the office of the officer of the day, 15 by 14; office of the 
officer of the guard, 11 by 14, (four clerks;) office of surgical records, 11 by 14, (one 
clerk;) private office of surgeon in charge, 12A by 14; office of medical inspector, 
11 by 14; linen-room, (!(! by 14; all washed clothing and bed-linen is sent from the 
laundry to this room, and thence distributed to the different wardmasters; one clerk 
and four women are employed here, the latter in mending, etc. The medical store- 
room, 11 by 14, adjoins the dispensary, and is used for storing supplies The dis- 
pensary, 25 by 14, usually employs four men; the medicines for the whole hospital 
are compounded here, under the charge of a hospital steward. Lastly, laboratory, Fig. 8.—Ground Plan of Lincoln General Hospital, Washington, D. C. Scale, 200 feet to the inch. 1, Admin- 
istration building. 2222, Wards. 3 3, Dining-rooms. 4, Kitchen. 5, Laundry. 6, Steward’s quarters. 7, Sisters' 
quarters. 8, Engine-house, y, Meat-house. 10. Coal-house. 11, Commissary building. 12, Sutler. 13, Chapel 
14, Stable. 15, Freedmen’s quarters. 16, Guard-house. 17, Dead-house. 18, llarracks for guard, ly 20, Officers 
quarters. 21, Covered way. 22, Tank. 15 
which adjoins the dispensary, is 22 by 14 feet, used for preparing tinctures, oint- 
ments, plasters, etc. 
On the second floor of the administration building is the knapsack-room, 111 by 
37 feet. The effects, accoutrements, etc., of the patients coming into the hospital 
are deposited in this room for safe keeping. It employs two men, who receive the 
articles deposited, issue tickets for the same, credit them to depositors, and deliver 
them when the patients leave. There are 2184 boxes, arranged in parallel rows, 
reaching from the floor to the ceiling. Adjoining the knapsack-room is the extra- 
duty men’s room, 50 by 37 feet, used as a sleeping-room by the men employed on 
extra duty, and a clerks’ room, 25 by 23 feet, used by the clerks of the principal 
office for the same purpose. 
Within the triangle formed by the two wings, and east of the administration build- 
ing, is the Tank, resting upon a platform 25 feet high, and holding 12,000 gallons of 
water. It is supplied from a well under the engine-room, and the water forced into 
it by the engine, which drives the machinery of the laundry. This tank supplies 
each ward with water by means of pipes. There are four other wells in the enclo- 
sure, used for drinking and culinary purposes. 
Twenty yards east of the tank is the Laundry, til by 24 feet. The building runs 
east and west, is two stories high, and has a platform for drying clothes on the roof. 
Seven men and twelve women are employed in its various departments. The wash- 
ing is done by steam-power, as is also the drying and ironing. The average wash is 
5000 pieces daily—has been pushed to 7000. On the first floor of the laundry is the 
washing apparatus, consisting of a mangle, steam-boiler, revolving drum for wring- 
ing, rinsing-boxes, roller and ironing table; on the second floor is the steam drying- 
room, 36 by 12jr feet This is in addition to the drying arrangements on the roof. 
Separated by a partition from the laundry, on the first floor, is a sleeping-room for 
women, 22 by 24 feet; a kitchen for the same, !)4 by 17; a dining-room. by 18. 
The engine is in a building adjoining the laundry on the east; it is of six-horse 
power, and employs one engineer and an assistant. It supplies power for the tank 
as well as for the laundry. The well which supplies the tank is 40 feet deep, with 
usually 4 feet of water; its diameter is 0 feet. The steam pump can raise 2000 
gallons of water per hour. 
The building for Sisters' Quarters is 23 by 51 feet, with a wing 16 by 28, forming 
a letter “ L.” It is divided into chapel, sitting-room, kitchen, etc. Twenty-eight 
Sisters of Charity were on duty, and I must bear evidence to their efficiency and su- 
periority as nurses. The extra-diet kitchen is under the care of a sister, and one is 
detailed by the superior for each ward. They administer medicine, diet, and stimu- 
lants, are under the orders of the ward surgeon, and are responsible to him alone. 
They have been beloved and respected by the men. 
The Stewards' Quarters are 18 feet north of the engine-room, are two stories high 
—contain dining-room,kitchen, sleeping-rooms, etc. Five stewards generally occupied 
this building. 
The Operating-room is 25 feet east of the .engine-room. It is 17 feet square, and 
lighted by a skylight on the north side of the roof. A revolving-table is in the centre 
of the room; also a cupboard for instruments, sponges, microscope, etc., with a 
sink in the northwest corner. The Examining-room adjoining it is 17 feet 7 inches 
square, and communicates by a door with the operating-room. 
The Extra-Diet Kitchen is under the same roof with the general kitchen It is 18 
by 24 feet—has in it a Harrison’s European range, 8 feet front, 3 feet 6 inches deep. 
A room 18 by 12 feet adjoins on the south. This kitchen is under the supervision 
of a sister, who is generally assisted by from four to six men. 
The Main Kitchen is 77 by 24 feet. It contains a cooking-range, 28 feet 10 inches 
long and 3 feet 2 inches wide ; also three of “Peters’ and Johnson’s bake-ovens or 
roasters,” two boilers for tea and coffee, each with a capacity of 120 gallons, five 
boilers or cauldrons for soup or hash, (60 gallons each,) and two for heating water, 
(one 60 gallons, the other 22 gallons.) Full diet is prepared here for all the men in 
the hospital. , 
On either side of the kitchen, opening from it north and south, are the Dining- 
rooms, each 146 by 24 feet, with three tables running the whole length of each, capa- 
ble of seating in all 860 men. At the distal end of each room a door opens on a 
corridor and raised walk, so that the patients are protected from the weather in 16 
coming to their meals. Cars, with cans titted in them, are run around the corridors 
to the several wards with the food for those unable to come to the dining-room. 
On the northwest corner of the kitchen is a room 30 feet long, It feet wide, and 
10 feet high, used for washing dishes, roasting coffee, etc. From 40 to 50 men are 
usually employed in the various departments of the kitchen. 
Opposite the centre of the northern dining-room and distant to the west 30 feet, 
is the Fire-Engine and Hose-IIouse, 20 by 20 feet—contains one fire-engine, three 
hose-carriages, carrying 1850 feet of hose, 34 ladders, 22 hooks, 278 axes, and 300 
buckets. 
Thirteen feet south of the kitchen is the Meat-shop, 14j by 23. In its centre is an 
ice-box, by 14|, and 4 feet deep, lined with zinc. The allowance of ice per day 
is one pound for each man. 
East of the kitchen, and connected by a covered way, is the Commissary Building, 
which is two stories high; the upper story is used to lodge attendants ; the lower 
story, used for commissary store-room, is 82 by and is under a commissary 
steward. In the northeastern corner is the liquor-room, 8£ by 13, heavily planked 
and secured against marauders. All liquor is issued here on the orders of the ward 
surgeons. The vegetable room is in the northwestern corner, and is 9 by 13 A An 
office, 9 by 15£, adjoins the liquor-room. The books and accounts are kept in this 
office. The store-room is provided with a counter feet long, and gives employ- 
ment to one steward, one clerk, and two men. At the southern end is the bread- 
room, 14 i by 23, which employs two men cutting bread for the tables. Adjoining, 
on the east, is the bakery, 14 by The oven is 10 by If! feet. 
The Chapel is situated 63 feet east of the commissary building. It is a structure 
shaped like the letter “ T,” one story in height, wfftli a cupola on top. The main 
building is 24 by 78 feet. The northern end is used during the week as a reading- 
room. The left wing, 18 by 26 feet, is used as a library ; it contains 3,000 volumes, 
contributed to the hospital from various sources. The right wing is the same size, 
and is used as a school for the freedmen employed in the hospital, who are instructed 
by two female teachers. 
Twenty-four feet south of the chapel is the Sutler’s Store, 24 by 68. The Stables, 
25 by 101, are 72 feet east of the sutler’s shop; they contain 18 horses, 3 wagons, 3 
ambulances, 3 carts, and 1 night-cart. Thirteen men are employed as hostlers, 
drivers, etc. One hundred and twenty-one feet northeast of the stables is the Guard- 
House, 15 by 47 and one story high. South of this are the Oil-Room and Freedmen's 
Quarters, 29 by 69 feet. The oil and lamp room is in the northern part. Kerosene 
oil was used in lighting the whole hospital, and all the lamps were tilled and trimmed 
in this room. A corporal and two men were employed. Ninety-one feet southeast 
of the oil-room is the Dead-House, 15 by 40 feet. It is divided into two rooms—the 
northern one used in making post-mortem examinations, and the southern for 
plaster-casts, etc. Thirty-two feet south of this room is the Photographic Gallery, 
16 by 24 feet. An operator is employed at $100 per month, paid from the slush 
fund. Surgical cases, pathological specimens, etc., are taken; also likenesses of all 
men discharged on surgeon’s certificate of disability, as a guard against fraud. On 
the base line of the triangle are the Medical Officers’ Quarters, 63 by 24 and two 
stories in height; also, in the same line, the quarters for the Veteran Reserve Corps, 
a building two stories high, with an outside entrance-stairway to the second floor. 
Ninety feet further back, 100 hospital tents are pitched, placed four end to end, on 
substantial frames, with floors raised from the ground and a door at each end of the 
frame. The sides of these tents were always easily raised, and gave the best of 
ventilation; hence I selected some of them as gangrene-wards, and, I think, with 
the very best results. In winter, each ward was heated by two stoves, with pipes 
running to a shaft in the centre. Each ward of four tents contained 20 beds. The 
length of the fence around the hospital is 1458 yards. The distance of the fence 
from the tents at the base of the triangle is 124 feet. Sinks were arranged around 
the whole line of fence. They had movable boxes, which were regularly emptied 
and limed. Policing was done by a gang of about 20 freedmen. The hospital could 
accommodate 1240 patients in the 20 barrack wards. Its total capacity in January, 
1865, was 2575 beds, including those in tents and the branch barracks, a short 
distance off. Fig* 9.—Ground Plan of Hicks’ General Hospital, I Baltimore, Md. Scale, 180 feet to the inch. 1 1 1 1, Wards. 2, Administration building. 
3, Linen-room, etc. 4, Dispensary and operaling-ro om; 5, Dining-hall. 6, Kitchen and laundry. 7, Ward for detailed men. 8, Knapsack- 
room. 9, Commissary store-house. 10, Quarterm.aSter s store-house. 11, Tank. 12. Quarters for guard. 13, Stable. 14, Wagon-house. 
T5, Sutler. 16, Steward's quarters. 1718, Officers' 1 louses, (of which, also, there are several not in the figure.) 19. Guard-room. 20, Guard- 
house, near entrance gate. 21, Work-shop. 22, (Jonta.gion ward; this is farther distant than is represented in the figure. The wards, 
dining-room, and administration building are connects I by *1 covered way which is indicated by faint lines in the plan. 17 
This hospital was opened December 23, 18(52, and closed August 22, 18(55. During 
this period the movements of patients were as follows: 
2. ° — 
o' 
0 
p 
rt> 
O- r» 
? o 
0 
S-S 
<f5 
P 
H VO 
Sick. 
00 
4- 
° M 
> 
Wounded. 
00 
VO 
00 
VO 
1 -o 
_ 
M 
c 
Total. 
s 
vo 
X 00 
V 
Returned from furlough 
as 
as 
and desertion. 
OJ 
SO 
H VC 
Aggregate. 
4^ 
OJ 
-4 
Returned to 
vO 
duty and mus- 
M 
tered out 
. 
C 
VC 
Sent to general 
a 
y. -i 
hospital. 
8 
4^ 
8 
Furloughed 
Transferred to 
w 
OJ 
VO 
VO 
Veteran Re- 
= 
serve Corps. 
H 
>8 
0 
Discharged. 
co 
u. 
OJ 
OJ 
x 
Ov 
Deserted 
Eo 
o 
Ov 
Died 
0 
_ J 
Deducting those sent to general hospital as cases not terminated, and considering 
that furloughed and deserted amounted to 4(58(5, while only 35(55 of these are reported 
as returned from furlough and desertion, we shall have the following statistics for the 
terminated case* of white troops treated : 
Total to be accounted for, excluding those sent to other hospitals, 10,817; of whom 
(533!) were returned to duty, 852 mustered out of service at the close of the war, 
1121 lost by desertion and failure to return from furlough, 1053 discharged for 
disability, 302 transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, and 10(50 died. 
3.—Model of the Hicks’ Hospital. Baltimore, Md. 
This is a block model on the scale of 30 feet to the inch. The fol- 
lowing description of the hospital is taken from circular No. 6, Sur- 
geon-General’s Office, Nov. 1, 18(55: 
The Hicks’ Hospital is situated on the continuation of Townsend street, in the 
western suburbs of Baltimore, near the city boundary. It was opened for the recep- 
tion of patients June 1), 18Gf», and is therefore one of the most recently constructed 
hospitals. The plan was essentially the circular one referred to above, p. 9, but 
many important improvements and additions were devised by Surgeon Thomas Sim, 
U S. Vols., under whose supervision the details of the plan were prepared. The 
original design contemplated a circular hospital, built on the War Department plan, 
with thirty-six radiating pavilion wards, each to accommodate (50 patients. The ap- 
of the end of the war, however, prevented this from being executed, and the 
hospital, as completed, is a semi-circle, in which the wards radiate from a covered 
way. It is, however, both on account of the substantial character of the wooden 
buildings and the numerous conveniences which have been carefully supplied, one 
6f the most complete of the hospitals built during the war. (See Fig. 9.) 
The wards are built and ventilated as directed in the circular from the War De- 
partment. The administration building is 132 by 38 feet and two stories high; the 
first story contains offices for the surgeon in charge, executive officer, quartermaster, 
commissary, and their clerks; it also contains the hospital library and printing 
office. On the second floor are sleeping apartments for officers. This building is 
flanked on each end by a smaller one, 70 by 28 feet, one of which contains the linen- 
room and post-office, with the officers’ dining-room, kitchen, and pantry. The other 
contains the dispensary, medical store-rooms, room of the discharge board, and an 
operating-room lighted by a skylight. The dining-room building is 187 by 48 feet. 18 
and is two stories high. The dining-room, which is on the first floor, is capable of 
seating about 1,200 patients. The second floor, which is accessible by stairs on the 
outside, is occupied by the chapel and by dormitories for female nurses. At the end of 
the dining-room is a T-shaped building for kitchen and laundry. The general 
kitchen, extra-diet kitchen, and bakery occupy separate apartments; the former two 
each contains a suitable range and steam fixtures, the latter two bake-ovens. The 
laundry has a separate room for drying by steam, and immediately adjoins the en- 
gine-room, which is at the extremity of the building. There are, besides the fore- 
going, separate buildings for knapsack-room, quartermaster’s store-house, commis- 
sary store-house, quarters for detailed men, barracks for guard, workshop, contagion 
ward, dead-house, stewards’ quarters, and quarters for married officers. The build- 
ings are plastered inside, are lighted by gas, to be warmed in the winter by stoves, 
and receive their water supply by pipes from the city water-works, besides which 
there is a tank for the purpose of keeping a stock of water constantly on hand in 
case of fire. For the purpose of extinguishing fire, there is abundant hose to fit the 
steam-pump. There are also water-buckets, axes, etc. At the distal end of each 
ward is a lavatory and bath-room and a water-closet. Each bath-room has in it a 
small stove, on which is a boiler for the supply of hot water. In the water-closets 
the excretions are received in troughs, into which a stream of water runs, and which 
are emptied by withdrawing a plug several times daily. They discharge into sewers 
constructed for the purpose, which carry all offensive matters entirely away from the 
hospital. 
This hospital was opened for patients June !), 1865; and closed March 31, 1866. 
The total number of white soldiers received up to this date'was 1275, of whom 1011 
were sick and 264 wounded. Of these, 404 were transferred to other general hospitals. 
The number of terminated cases, therefore, was 871, who are thus accounted for : 
Total to be accounted for, excluding those transferred to other hospitals, 871; of 
whom 184 were returned to duty, 447 mustered out of service at the close of the 
war, 60 lost by desertion and failure to return from furlough, 110 discharged for 
disability, 2 transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, and 50 died. 
Besides the above, 200 colored soldiers were admitted, of whom 10 died. 
4.—Model of the McClellan Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa. 
This is a block-model, on a scale of 30 feet to the inch. It was con- 
structed, as was the model of the Mower Hospital, described below, by 
Mr. John McArthur, of Philadelphia, the architect by whom the plans 
for the construction of these hospitals were prepared. The following 
description is condensed from an inspection report by Medical Inspector 
John L. Le Conte, U. S. A.: 
The McClellan Hospital is located on a portion of the old Logan estate, named 
Stenton, situated on the Germantown turnpike, within four miles of Philadelphia. 
The ground upon which the hospital stands is a plateau, which slopes gently and 
regularly to Wingahocking creek. 
This small creek has a succession of little falls and ripples, which, within the dis- 
tance of half a mile, makes a descent of twenty-five feet or more. This creek 
provides one of the great requirements of a hospital—admirable drainage. 
The hospital buildings were turned over to the Government on February 0, 1863. 
They are constructed entirely of wood, boarded outside and inside, the joints on the 
outside being battened. (See Fig. 10.) 
The plan of the hospital is as follows: 18 wards radiate from a corridor 15 feet 
wide, arranged in the form of a parallelogram, with rounded extremities. In this 
corridor rails are placed, on which food-cars carry meals from the general kitchen to 
the doors of the wards. The wards are each 175 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 13 feet 
high to the eaves, with a pitch of 5 feet from the apex of the roof. Each ward con- 
tains (il beds : 60 in the ward proper, and l in the ward-master’s room. 5 beds out 
of the (il are intended to be occupied by the nurses and attendants, thus leaving 56 
beds for patients in each ward. It may be stated, however, that most of the nurse Fir., io.—Ground Plan of McClellan Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa. Scale, 125) et to tliie inch. 1 1 11 warrk n a 
5, Kitchen building. 6, Stable. 7, Commissary building. 8, Administration lmildin 9, Officers’(iipirters '- 01'"clors- 3, Quartermaster's building. 4, Engine-house 
j ' 1 ' IO- Gess-pool. 11. Germantown avenue. 12, Section through end of ward. 19 
duty, <fcc.. is performed by convalescents, who are really patients in the hospital. 
The greatest capacity of the hospital proper is 101)8 beds. The present capacity of 
the hospital, however, is much greater, 200 beds having been placed in the corridors, 
and 800 in hospital tents pitched in the hospital grounds, thus making the total 
number of beds upwards of 2000. Each ward has a dining-room and 'pantry at its 
inner extremity next the corridor, and a ward-master's room, lavatory, water-closet, 
and bath-room at its outer extremity. 
In addition to these, small galleries have been put up in the outer extremities of 
the wards, covering the entries, &c., for the purpose of stowing away articles that 
might otherwise encumber the wards. In the ward-master’s room are closets for 
placing the ward clothing, and in the extremity of the entry dividing the above little 
offices large closed boxes have been constructed for receiving soiled clothing. Dress- 
ing closets, boxes, and cupboards have been added from time to time to facilitate the 
working of the wards and provide every convenience for the inmates. Each ward is, 
in fact, a complete hospital within itself, except kitchen and dispensary. 
The Commissary building is situated on the western front of the hospital. It is 
111 feet long, 24 feet wide, and 25 feet high. It contains in the lower story two 
store-rooms, an ice-house and meat-room, cellar for keeping ale, porter, and 
milk, offices for the commissary steward, mess-room for the hospital stewards, and 
paint-shop. On the second floor it contains 2 knapsack-rooms, an office, bath-room, 
and dormitory. 
The Quartermaster's building is situated on the western front of the hospital. It 
is 111 feet long, 24 feet wide, and 25 feet high, and contains 2 store-rooms well pro- 
vided with shelving, an office, dormitory, and green-room on the first floor; on the 
second floor, a store-room, guard-barracks, and prison room. 
The Engine-house is one story high, and is situated on the western front of the 
hospital, between the Quartermaster’s building and laundry. It is 40 feet long, 10 
feet wide, and 17 feet high. There is a small additional building attached to it, used, 
as coal-bins, with a capacity of 20 tons. Fourteen feet of the main building is par- 
titioned off for engineers’ quarters, leaving the boiler-room 26 by 10 feet. There is 
a bench with vice attached, and all the necessary tools for making repairs. There 
are 2 tubular boilers, locomotive pattern, 10 feet long, with 38 two-inch tubes. The 
draft is through underground flues leading to the smoke-stack; the stack is 45 feet 
high. The boilers are 10-horse power each, and supply the steam for bathing, cook- 
ing, and washing purposes, and for running 2 steam pumps, 1 of 5-horse power, used 
in case of fire; the other, a 10-horse power pump, for supplying the building with 
water from the wells. 
The Kitchen building is situated at the middle of the western front of the hospital. 
It is 172 feet long, 30 feet wide, and 28i high, and is composed of 2 stories. The 
Laundry is situated at its western extremity. The cooking-room is 00 feet long; a 
small store-room is attached to it, and it is well provided with sinks, hot and cold 
water, cupboards, closets, &c. The arrangements are ample and convenient for the 
original capacity of the hospital, but the tent-wards have special cooking arrange- 
ments. The cooking in the general kitchen is done by means of 2 large ranges, 2 
cooking-stoves, and 2 double-jacketed steam-boilers. 
The laundry is 74 feet long. It is well furnished, and the washing accommoda- 
tions are ample, there being 24 stationary wash-tubs, each having 2 faucets, 1 for 
cold water, the other for the steam with which it is heated. There are 2 large steam- 
boilers for boiling clothes and making soap. The laundry contains also an office for 
the chief matron, a drying-room, ironing-room, and the room for dirty clothing; 
above the laundry, in the second story, is the linen-room. The whole laundry is 
divided from the kitchen by a 6-foot entry. Five thousand pieces of clothing per 
week have been washed in the laundry, with an average of 25 washing women. 
It may be added, however, that a considerable amount of clothing has now to be 
issued to laundries outside of the hospital. Over the kitchen and laundry are dor- 
mitories for the employes of those departments. 
The stable is also situated at the western front of the hospital,, between the laundry 
and commissary building. It is convenient and comfortable, having stalls for four 
horses, carriage-house, and mow above capable of holding 10,000 lbs. of straw. 
The Printing office and Paint simp are on the first floor of the commissary build- 
ing; the former is furnished with a small press, with chase 0 by 11 inches. It is 
well supplied with type and all printing appliances. All the printing of the hospital 20 
is done here. The paint shop is a small room next the printing office. It is well 
supplied with painting materials. 
A small building has been constructed north of the commissary building, to be 
used as a Carpenters' shop. All the necessary repairs for the hospital are prepared 
here. 
The Officers' quarters are situated at the eastern front of the hospital, and are well 
located, convenient, and pleasant. The building is 2 stories in height, with 7 cham- 
bers, kitchen, bath-room, and water-closet on the first floor, and 7 chambers, bath- 
room, and water-closet on the second. 
The Dormitories far Cooks and Matrons are situated over the kitchen and laundry. 
The guard are quartered in hospital tents. 
The Administration building is situated in the middle of the centre oval, and is 
connected with the main corridor and officers’ quarters by a transverse corridor run- 
ning at right angles to the long diameter of the oval. In it are situated most of the 
offices of the hospital, viz: The offices of the surgeon in charge, executive officer, 
assistant executive officer, military assistant, general office for clerks, reception-room 
for officer of the day, officers’ mess-room, dispensary, and store-room. The offices 
are all small; but being centrally situated, are very convenient to all parts of the 
hospital. 
The dispensary is well arranged and ample. 
The Knapsack-room is on the second floor of the commissary building. It is pro- 
vided with boxes for every bed, and is conveniently arranged. Each ward has metal 
checks, with the number of the ward and number of the bed stamped upon them. 
When patients are received these checks are placed upon their baggage, and it is then 
stored away in the appropriate boxes. 
The water of the hospital is supplied by the Germantown water-works. The 
water bills are all estimated on the basis of 80 gallons per diem for each inmate of 
the hospital. Wells are now being dug, which it is supposed will supply all the 
water needed. Two of the wells are already constructed, and about 8,000 gallons 
per day are pumped from them. The water from the wells is of very good quality. 
The water is distributed through the hospital by means of galvanized-iron pipes, 
and in case of accident or lire two main reserve tanks, with a capacity of 30,000 
gallons, are kept filled to supply deficiencies. 
Over the northern and southern portions of the corridor are placed 2 large tanks, 
with a capacity of 3800 gallons each, the water in which is heated by steam; these 
supply the hot-water for bathing, pantry, and other purposes. 
A similar tank of the same size, heated by steam, is placed over the kitchen, to 
supply it with hot-water. 
The drainage of the hospital is arranged as follows: One line of 12-inch tile pipe 
surrounds the whole of the hospital buildings, just outside of the line of the fence, 
with 1-inch pipes leading into the same from the lavatories, bath-rooms, and water- 
closets of each ward. Another line of 12-incli pipe surrounds the inner oval at the 
margin of the corridor, with 1-inch pipes leading into it from the kitchen sinks, laun- 
dry, wash-tubs, and water-closets. Both 12-incli mains connect on the southeastern 
portion of the hospital, and empty into a cess-pool about 150 yards in the rear. The 
cess-pool is 20 feet in diameter. The overflow from it is led by means of a drainage 
tile into the Wingahocking creek. The solid materials are cleaned out from time to 
time as the pool becomes filled. 
Ventilation. Heating, &c.—Each building is furnished with ridge ventilation,* and 
in the wards there are also floor ventilators between the windows, capable of being 
closed by sliding frames. The openings are flush with the floor and 8 inches square; 
there are 27 to each ward. The openings in the ridge are covered by falling shut- 
ters, which are elevated and lowered by pulleys. 
The hospital is heated by 25G stoves: these are watched at night during the cold 
season by an organized fire-guard, the same guard doing duty in the wards and corri- 
dors as watchers during the warm weather 
The hospital is lighted by gas from the Germantown gas-works. 
The water-closets are !) feet 5 inches long by <> feet wide. The apparatus consists 
of a cast-iron sink !) feet long and 12 inches wide, covered by a board pierced with 
5 holes; a faucet supplies the water, and a trap removes it whenever it becomes 
necessary. 
Each ward has also a cast-iron drip or sink for washing dishes and other work. 21 
The apparatus for subduing fire consists of 2000 feet of 24-inch india-rubber 
hose, with couplings complete, 8 fire-plugs, and one 5-horse power force pump. 
1'wo large reserve tanks, holding 30,000 gallons of water, are placed over the main 
corridor, on brick walls, for the purpose of furnishing an extra amount of water 
should the supply from the main be insufficient. 
In addition to the above, each ward has a 20-foot section of inch hose, with coup- 
lings and branch pipe, that can be attached in a moment to a small plug in the 
water-closet. Each ward has also in the dining-room a tire-axe, and three tire-buck- 
ets kept constantly tilled. It has been stated before that an organized fire-guard 
patrols the hospital at night. 
This hospital was opened March 12, 1863, and closed July 30, 1865. During this 
period the movements of patients were as follows: 
“0 
0 
u 
q CL 
o 
0 
5> 
JO 
OJ 
OJ 
* 
: oj to 
Sick. 
> 
-p^ 
00 
0 
W ounded. 
3 
b 
vO 
Oh 
to OJ OJ 
Cn COOJ 
Total. 
OJ 
VO 
: 
OJ 
£ 
Returned from furlough and 
desertion. 
0 
<5D 
0 
Ov 
00 to 
Aggregate. 
OOOl S 
Returned to duty. 
to 
0 
*• 
1 
Mustered out. 
00 
VO 
OJ 
oo 
Sent to other general 
hospital. 
VO 
; 
VO 
Furloughed. 
! * 
M 
Transferred to Veteran 
Reserve Corps. 
7? 
s 
3V 
VO 
00 
Discharged. 
£ 
Deserted. 
• 
Died of disease. 
-p- 
00 
OJ 
o\ 
Died of Wounds. 
Deducting those sent to other hospitals as cases not terminated, and considering 
that the furloughed and deserted amounted to 3883, while only 3119 of these are 
reported as having returned, we shall have the following statistics for the terminated 
ernes of white, troops treated : 
Total to be accounted for, excluding those sent to other hospitals, 5795 ; of whom 
3395 were returned to duty, 720 were mustered out of service at the close of the 
war, 704 lost by failure to return from furlough and desertion, (198 discharged for 
disability, 111 transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps, and 107 died. 
5.—Model of the Mower Hospital, Philadelphia. Pa. 
This is a block-model on the scale of 30 feet to the inch. The follow- 
ing description is condensed from an inspection report by Medical 
Inspector John L. Le Conte, IT. S. A.: 
The Mower Hospital is situated on an elevated plateau in the village of Chestnut 
Hill, about 9 miles north of the city of Philadelphia. It is on the eastern side of the 
railroad, and trains from Philadelphia pass every two hours. The total capacity of 
the hospital is 3600 beds. 
It is constructed of wood in the best manner, lined with smooth planks on the in- 
side, and lathed and plastered on the outside. It consists of 50 pavilions, radiating 
from a corridor of a rectangular form, with rounded angles. The corridor is 10 feet 
wide and 2400 feet long, enclosing a space of 7 acres. The Administration Building 
is located in the centre of the enclosed space. This building is connected with the 
wards by a transverse corridor. (See Fig. 11.) 
A third corridor connects the entrance to the hospital with the administration 
building, thus dividing the enclosure into three sections. Within the enclosure are 
the chapel and Bible-class room, laboratory, carpenter’s shop, dining-room for at- 
tendants, boiler-room, general and extra-diet kitchen, butcher’s-house, milk-house, 
operating-room, and dead-house, guard-house, and sutler’s shop. 2 2 
In the rear and on each side of the hospital are two buildings, each in the form of 
the letter L, and each connected with body of hospital by means of a corridor. 
One-half of the one located on the northeastern extremity of hospital is used as a 
barracks for convalescents. The lower floor of the other half is occupied by the 
Quartermaster's and Medical Purveyor's stores, while the upper floor is used for 
offices and quarters of officers of Veteran Reserve Corps. 
One-half of the other L-shaped building, which is situated in the northwestern ex- 
tremity of hospital, is used as barracks for the non-commissioned officers and. privates 
of the Veteran Reserve Corps, the other half as a dining-room for the occupants of 
both barracks. 
Forty-seven of the pavilions are used as wards for patients. Each pavilion is 17b 
feet long, 20 feet wide, 13 feet high to the eaves, and 19 feet to the ridge. The 
Dining-room at the entrance to each ward is 10 by 20 feet: the Scullery adjoining, 8 
by 10 feet. At the opposite end of building is a ward-master’s room 10 by 12 feet, a 
Wash-room 8 by 10 feet, Water-closet 12 by 6 feet, and in an adjoining building, 10 
by 12 feet, a Bath-room. 
The ward proper is 150 by 20 feet. Each ward contains 61 beds. The offices are 
located in the Administration building, on the first floor. In addition to those be- 
longing to the surgeon in charge, there is an executive office and an office for the 
transaction of the general business of the hospital. 
Adjoining the general office is the dispensary, 141 by 60 feet, with a Store room in 
the rear 29 by 30 feet. Opposite the general office is the Medical Officers' mess-room 
14 by 79 feet. 
The second story is divided into 32 rooms, used as quarters for Medical Officers. 
The Operating-room is in a separate building, 25 by 40 feet, situated to the right of 
the corridor connecting the entrance with the administration building. This build- 
ing is divided into two rooms. The rear room is a lecture-room, containing seats for 
100 persons, where all operations are performed. This room contains closets for in- 
struments, dressings, Ac., and the medical library and pathological cabinet of .the 
hospital. The front room, 13 by 25 feet, is used as a Dead-house, and contains all the 
conveniences for post-mortem examinations, and a vault 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, 
and 12 feet deep, with windlass and dumb-waiter, for the reception of deceased sol- 
diers preparatory to their burial. 
Near the operating room is the Guard-house, which is strongly built, and contains 
a room 20 by 15 feet, for the guards, and six small cells for prisoners; it is also pro- 
vided with a water-closet. Alongside of the guard-house is the Sutler's shop, 16 by 
50 feet, connecting by a passage way with the main corridor. 
The pavilion to the right of the entrance is divided into 3 rooms ; the front and 
largest is used as a Knapsack-room; the two smaller ones are used by the band. 
The pavilion on the left of the entrance is two stories high. On the lower floor is 
the reception-room, mess-room for stewards, closets, Ac., and the Laundry. The 
second story is used as a Barracks for Attendants. The pavilion next on the left 
of this is used for the commissary stores, bread-room, and quarters for stewards. 
On the left of corridor connecting the entrance with the administration building is 
the General Kitchen, 30 by 110 feet. It contains three large-sized hotel ranges, and 
three London kitcheners, eight double-jacketed steam kettles for soup, and three 
large sized cooking-stoves. At one end of the kitchen is the steward’s room and 
pantry, and the other the surgeon’s kitchen. In the rear of the general kitchen is 
the boiler-room, 29 by 291 feet, containing two large boilers, a steam force-pump 
and fire-engine. On the left of the general kitchen is a large Dining-room, 150 by 
30 feet, for attendants, the Carpenter's shop, 20 by 50 feet, and the Chapel, 60 by 75 
feet, the latter connected with main corridor by means of a passage way. The 
chapel is used as a Reading-room by the patients during week-days, and contains a 
Library of 2400 books. In the rear of the chapel is a Bible-class room, 25 by 30 
feet. 
In the angle formed by the union of main corridor with corridor leading from 
chapel are the Post-office and Barber shop. To the right of the corridor connecting 
entrance with the administration building is the extra-diet Kitchen, 30 by 30 feet, 
containing one large London kitchener complete. The Milk-house and Butcher shop 
are also on the right of the corridor. 
The supply of water is received from the Chestnut Hill water-works into four large 
tanks, in the second story of the administration building, capable of holding 18,000 COUNTY 
LINE 
,0M1 
Fig. ii.—Ground Plan of Mower Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa. Scali' 195 ft'et to the inch. 1 1 1 1, Wards. 2, Reception room, laundry, 
&c. In the building between this and 12 is the kitchen, &c. 3, Knaj sack-noom, band quarters, &c. 4, Store rooms, &c. 5, Operating 
room. 6, Butcher’s shop. 7, Guard-house, 8, Boilers, coal, &c. 9, Slid :r. 104 Carpenter’s shop, ir. Chapel. 12, Administration building. 
13, Ice-house. 14, 15, Railroad Depots. 16, 17, Corridors. 18 18, L-sh ped bu ildings used as barracks, store-rooms, &c. 23 
gallons each, and into two large tanks at the junction of the transverse with the 
main corridor, which hold 15,000 gallons each. 
The sewerage consists of two large drains, one extending around the outside of the 
hospital, which is a Irnck culvert 20 by 30 inches in diameter, into which the water- 
closets, wash-rooms, and bath-rooms of the wards empty. The second runs outside of 
the corridor but within the enclosure, and is a drain of terra-cotta pipe 14 inches in 
diameter, which carries off the waste water from the scullei-ies of the wards. Empty- 
ing into this smaller drain are others leading from the diffei-ent buildings of the hos- 
pital. Both these drains unite at the southeastern extremity of the hospital, forming 
one large sewer, which empties its liquid contents into a creek distant from hospital 
half-a-mile. The solid contents of sewer ai-e removed once evei-y four months. 
The hospital is ventilated by the “ridge” method, and by square holes thi-ouhg 
the sides of the wards flush -■ itli the floor. It is heated by coal stoves, and lighted 
by gas. 
The hospital is well supplied with all necessary apparatus for subduing fire. The 
enclosure is divided into four districts, and each district and ward is connected with 
the administration bxiilding by means of a telegraph. In case of fire, the alarm is 
struck by pulling the wire in the corridor, the bell sti-iking the number correspond- 
ing with the number of the distinct in which the fire exists. 
There is one hose-carriage in each fire quarter, and each district is well supplied 
with hose, fire-buckets, fire-axes, and ladders. A well organized fire-brigade exists 
in the hospital, the members of which are drilled regularly three times a week. 
The tanks inside of the coi-ridor and outside within the enclosure are constantly 
kept filled with water. 
This hospital was Opened December 24, 1802, and closed November 14, 1865. Dur- 
ing this period the movements of patients were as follows : 
White troops 
Colored troops 
Total 
A 
00 
M | to VO 
VO I Mvj 
Sick. 
Admitted. 
1 
M| 
Wounded. 
00 
OJ 
00 
OJ U) 
vo -p* 
Total. 
4457 
: 1 Returned from furlough and 
i 1 desertion. 
Ov 
OJ 
0 
Ov 
OJ vO 
VO H 
Aggregate. 
gOIOI 
0 
0 
to ON 
Returned to duty. 
4 
Results. 
vO I VO 
VO 1 00 
O 1 « VO 
Mustered out. 
-P*- 
VO 
■go I Sent to other general 
Sso, 1 hospital. 
-p*. | ; -p*- | 
£ : £ 1 Furloughed. 
vO 1 ' vO 1 
CO 
S' 
■ oo I Transferred to Veteran 
| \ Reserve Corps. 
S ! m 5 Discharged. 
-P- I 
| M f 
Deserted. 
K) 
J? Died of Disease. 
-P- 
: 
: 
Died of wounds. 
Deducting those sent to other general hospitals as cases not terminated, and con- 
sidering that the furloughed and deserted amounted to 0194, while only 4457 of 
these are reported as having returned, we shall have the following statistics for the 
terminated cases of white troops treated : 
Total to be accounted fox-, excluding those sent to other hospitals, 10,95(1; of whom 
10,100 were returned to duty, 1989 mustered out of service at the close of the war, 
1737 lost by failure to return from furlough and desertion, 1937 discharged for 
disability, 8(15 transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps, and 322 died.