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k/37S<^ 
EXPLANATION
ANATOMICAL  ATLAS
HUMAN BODY IN NATURAL  SIZE,
(99 PLATES,)    /^TGENi-.}

           Dr. M. J. Vj^E B E R,
PROFESSOR AT THE ROYAL PRUSSIAN UNIVERSITY, FREDERICK WILLIAM, AT BONN.
              NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY GEORGE ENDICOTT, LITHOGRAPHER,
             22 John Street. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT TO  THE AMERICAN  EDITION.
The " Explanation" of Weber's Anatomical Atlas is in parts, a portion of
which is translated into English, while the rest, consisting of  a  supple-
ment, embracing the latest discoveries in Anatomy, is in the original
tongue.  The  task of  the American  Editor will, for  the present, be
limited to the correction of inaccuracies  or inelegancies, the  existence
of a few of which in the translation, although made by a learned German,
admits of ready explanation.
  On the restoration of his health, now seriously impaired, the under-
sized will  endeavor to present the American reader with a  version of
tl& German portion, under a form better adapted to his wants and  cus-
toms.                                                        ^
                                       SAMUEL FORRY, M.D.
  New  York, Sept., 1844.
0 
 
PART I.
ADULT IN NATURAL SIZE. 
 
FIGURE   FIRST.
A.
PRESENTING A FRONT VIEW OF A MALE ADULT SKELETON.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
The Skeleton, sceletus, is divided into first, the Head, caput, which con-*
sists of the Bones of the Skull and Face : secondly, the Trunk, truncus,
composed of the Spine, columna vertebralis, the Basin, pelvis, the  Ribs,
costee, and the  Breast Bone, sternum; and thirdly, the Extremities,  ex-
tremitates, which are divided into Upper and Lower.   The total number
of bones is 225.
  The Bones of the Skull, ossa cranii, are eight, viz., one Frontal Bone,
os frontis, two Parietal  Bones, ossa bregmatis;  one  Occipital Bone, os
occipitis, two  Temporal  Bones, ossa temporum, one Sphenoid Bone, os
sphenoideum, and  one Ethmoid Bone,  os ethmoideum.  The Temporal
Bones also contain eight Auditory Bones, viz., two Hammers, mallei, two
Stirrup Bones, stapcdes, two Anvils,  incudes, and two Round Bones, ossi-
cula subrotunda.   The Bones of the Face, ossa faciei, are fourteen, viz.,
two Upper Jaw Bones, ossa maxillaria superiora, two Cheek Bones, ossa
jugalia, two Nasal Bones, ossa nasi, two Lachrymal Bones, ossa  lacry-
malia, two Palatine Bones, ossa palatina, two Turbinated Bones,  concha
inferiores; one Ploughshare Bone, vomer, one Lower Jaw, maxilla infe-
rior.   Besides which there are thirty-two Teeth, dentes, viz., eight Inci-
sive,  incisivi, four Cuspid, canini, and twenty Grinding, molares ; and one
Tongue bone, os hyoideum.
  The Vertebral Column,  columna  vertebralis,  consists of twenty-four
Vertebrae, vertebras, viz., seven Cervical Vertebrae, v. colli, twelve  Dorsal
Vertebrae, v. dorsi, and five Lumbar Vertebrae, v. lumborum.   The num-
ber of the Ribs,  costas, is  twenty-four; fourteen True, c. vera, and  ten
False Ribs, c. spuria.  The Breast  Bone, sternum, is  composed of three
pieces.  The Basin, pelvis, consists  of  one Rump Bone, os sacrum, four
False Vertebrae, ossa coccygis, and two Unnamed Bones, ossa coxarum, s.
innominata.
   Seventy bones compose  the Upper Extremities,  extrcmitates supe-
riores, viz., two  Clavicles, claviculas, two Blade  Bones, scapulce, two
Upper Arm Bones,  humeri,  two small Bones  of the Arm,  radii, two
Cubits, ulna ; sixteen Carpal Bones, ossa carpi, viz., two  Scaphoid or
Navicular Bones, ossa navicularia,  two Lunar, lunata,  two Cuneiform,
cuneiformia, triquetra, two  Pisiform, pisiformia,  two Trapezial, trapezia-
lia, sea multangula  majora,  two  Trapezoid,  trapezoidea scu multangula
minora, two Great Bones, capitata,  and two Unciform  Bones, hamata;
ten Metacarpal Bones, ossa metacarpi, twenty-eight Joints of the Fingers,
phalanges digitorum; six Sesamoid Bones, ossa  sesamoidea. 
8
    Sixty-six bones form  the  Lower Extremities, extremitates inferiores,
  viz., Two Thigh Bones, femora, two Knee  Caps, patella,  two Shin
  Bones, tibia, two Splint Bones, fibula ; fourteen Tarsal Bones, ossa tarsi,
  viz., two Astragalar Bones, tali, two  Heel Bones, calcanei, two Navicular,
  navicularia, two Cuboid, cuboidea, six Cuneiform, cuneiformia;  ten Meta-
  carpal, ossa metatarsi; twenty-eight  Joints of the Toes, phalanges digi-
  torum, six Sesamoid Bones, ossa sesamoidea.

                          The  Head, Caput.

    A. a.—a6, b.—b6. c. Frontal Bone, osfrontis s. frontale.   a. Project-
 ing  line, linea eminens.  a1.  Frontal protuberance, tuber frontale.   a2.
 Superciliary ridge,  arcus superciliaris.   a3. Smooth  surface,  glabella.
 a*.  Semicircular line,  linea  semicircularis.  a5.  Semicircular plane, pla-
 num  semicirculare.  a6.  Coronal  suture,  sutura  coronalis.   b.  Orbitar
 portion, pars Orbitalis.  bl. Zygomatic process, processus zygomaticus.
 b2. Lachrymal pit, fossa glandula lacrymalis.  P. Trochlear spine, spina
 trochlearis.   Usually there  is but one Trochlear pit, fossa  trochlearis.
 b*. Internal Orbitar holes, foramina  orbitalia interna s. ethmoidea.   b5.
 Supra-orbitar edge, margo  orbitalis  superior.  bs. Supra-orbitar notch,
 incisura supraorbital.   On the other side is  a  Supra-orbitar hole, fora-
 men supraorbitals   c.  Nasal notch, incisura nasalis.
      B. d—J2.   Parietal Bone, os bregmatis seu parietale.
   d. linea  semicircularis.  dl.  planum  semicirculare.   d?. Sphenoidal
 angle, angulus sphenoideus.
      C. e—e7.  Temporal Bone, os temporum.
   e.  Squamous  portion, pars squamosa.   el. Glenoid cavity for the Lower
 Jaw, cavitas glenoidalis s.  sinus articuli maxilla  inferioris.  e2.  Articular
 eminence, tuberculum  articulare.  e3.  Zygomatic process, process, zygo-
 maticus s. jugalis.   e4.  Squamous suture, sutura squamosa,  e5. Mastoid
 portion, pars mastoidea s. mammillaris.   e6.  Mastoid  process process
 mastoideus s. mammillaris.   e\  External Auditory Hole, porus acousticus
 externus.
     D-f—f5-  Sphenoid  Bone, os sphenoideum  s. cuneiforme
  f.  Temporal  surface of the larger wing of the  Sphenoid, superficies
 temporalis ala majoris  oss.  sphenoidei.  f. Orbitar surface,  superficies
 orbitalis  s. anterior ala majoris oss. sphenoid.   P.  Lesser wing  ala
 minor oss. sphenoidei.   f. Optic hole, foramen opticum.   f*. Upper Or-
 bitar  fissure  fissura orbitalis superior s. sphenoidea propria.   F Outer
 Pterygoid plate, lamina externa processus pterygoids oss. sphenwdei.
     E. g. Ethmoid Bone, os ethmoideum.

 moMel*16™1^ °f Ethm°id' lamina externa s.papyracea ossis eth-

     F. h—hl. Palate Bone,  os palatinum.
  h.  Orbitar process,   processus  orbitalis.   h>.  Sphenoidal  process
process, sphenoidale.                                          piuce&b,
     G. i—i\ Lachrymal Bone, os lacrymale s. unguis.
  i. Orbitar surface, superfi orbitalis.   ,\ Lachrymal pit for the Lachrv
 mal sac  sulcus saca lacrymalis.  f. Lachrymal  crest, crista lacrZahs
 i . Lachrymal hook, hamulus crista lacrymalis.                  ' ymaus.
     H. k—k[ .  Upper Jaw, os maxillarc superius.
  k. Superfi orbitalis.   k\ Infraorbitar canal, canalis infraorbitals,   tf 
9
Facial surface, superfi. facialis.  k3. Infraorbitar hole, foramen infraorbi-
tale.   k*. Maxillary pit, fossa maxillaris.   ks.  Smaller point of superfic.
temporalis, s. tuberositas maxilla superioris.   k6. Nasal or Frontal pro-
cess, process, nasalis seu frontalis.   k7. Pit for  the Lachrymal sac, sul-
cus sacci lacrymalis process, frontalis maxilla sup.  ks. Zygomatic pro-
cess, process, zygomaticus.  k°. Alveolar process, p. alveolaris.   k{0. In-
cisura nasalis.   A11. Anterior  nasal  Spine,  spina  nasalis anterior,  k12.
k3. Partition of Nostrils, septum narium.

     I. I—ll.  Malar Bone, os zygomaticum s.jugale s. mala.
   I. Malar  surface,  superficies malaris  s.  externa.  l\ Orbitar  surface,
superfi orbitalis.  P. Upper Edge, margo inferior, et tuberositas jugalis s.
zygomatica.   P. Under  Edge, margo inferior, et tuberositas jugalis  s.
zygomatica.   I*. Maxillary process,  processus  maxillaris.  1°.  Spheno
frontal process, processus  spheno-frontalis.   I6.  Temporal  process, pro-
cess, temporalis.  P. P.  Temporal  edge, margo temporalis.
     K.  ml.   Nasal Bone, os nasi.
   m. External surface, externa s. anterior,  m3.  Opening for an  artery
and vein, foramen ossis nasi.
     L.  n—n. Lower  Jaw, os  maxillare inferius s. mandibula.
   n-n. Body, corpus maxillce inficrioris.  nl. External or anterior opening
of the Inferior  Maxillary  canal, apertura  anterior canalis maxillce infie-
rioris seu foramen mentale  s.  maxillare anterius.  n2.  External oblique
line, linea obliqua externa,   n3. Chin, mentum, and Mental pit, fossa men-
talis.  ri*. External mental spine,  spina  mentalis  externa,  n5. Upper
edge or  Alveolar process, margo s. processus alveolaris.  n6. Under edge
or Base, margo inferior s. basis maxillce.   n7.—,4. ramus maxillce inferior.
n1.  External surface, superfi externa,  n3.  Angle, angulus  maxillce infe-
rior.   n9. Coronoid  process, process, coronoideus.   n10. Condyloid pro-
cess, process, condyloideus.  nil. Head of the same, capitulum.   n12. Neck,
collum.  n13. Pit in the Neck, fossa colli s. process, condyloidei.  ^.Up-
per semilunar edge, margo superior s. incisura semilunaris.
   IV—XXIV.  Spinal Column, Columna Vertebrarum, s. Spinalis.

     4. 5. 6. 7.  The  under four Cervical Vertebrae,  vertebrce colli,   a.
The body, corpus,   a1.  The upper edge, margo superior,   a2. The under
edge, margo inferior,   a3. Intervertebral ligament, ligamentum interverte-
brale.   a*. Anterior  root of the transverse process, radix anterior pro-
cessus transversi.  a5,  radix posterior p. t.  a6.  Vertebral hole, foramen
vertebrate,  a7. Upper oblique or articular process, processus obliquus seu
articularis superior,    a8. Under  oblique  articular  process,  processus
obliquus s. articularis inferior,   a9. Intervertebral hole, foramen intcrvcr-
tebrale.  8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,  15,  16, 17,18, 19.*   The twelve Dor-
sal Vertebrae, vertebra dorsi.  b. corpus.  by. margo superior,   b2. margo
inferior,  b3.  Upper  articular surface  on the body on  the first  Dorsal
vertebra, with the head of the  first Rib, sinus articularis  superior costce
  * 10, 11, 12, 13,14,15, 16 of the dorsal vertebra are not to be seen, as the sternum
lies before them.—Editor.
                                2 
10
prima,   b*. sinus articularis inferior  costee .secunda.   bs. ligamentum in-
tervertebrale.   b6. processus transvers.   b7. Articular surface  and  con-
nection of the  transverse  process of the first Dorsal vertebra  and the
tubercle of the first Rib, sinus articularis transversalis.   b8. foramen in-
tervertebral.   20, 21, 22, 23, 24. The five Lumbar Vertebrae, c. corpus.
cl.  margo  superior,  c2. margo inferior,   c3.  ligamentum intervertebrale.
o*. processus transversus.   cs. processus obliquus superior.
  I—XII.  e—e".   The Ribs,  Costee, and Breast Bone, Sternum.
     I—VII.   True  Ribs,  costee vera?; VIII—XII.  False  Ribs,  costa
spurice.  d. Body and outer surface of the Rib, corpus et superficies ex-
terna costee.  dl. Anterior extremity, extremitas anterior,   d3. di. d5.  Pos-
terior  extremity, extremitas posterior,   d3.  Head  of the Rib, capitulum
costa.   dK Neck, collum.   d5. Tubercle, tuberculum.  d6. margo superior.
d7. margo inferior.   ds. Connection of the Ribs with the costal cartilages,
connexio costarum cum cartilaginibus  costarum.   d9.  superficies interna.
d10. Costal groove, sulcus costalis.  dli.  Costal cartilage, cartilago costa-
rum s. costalis.   d[*.  Connection of the Costal Cartilage with the Breast
Bone, connexio cartilaginis  costalis cum sterno.
  e.  Handle of the  Breast Bone,  manubrium sterni.  el. Corpus sterni.
e*. Ensiform process, processus xiphoideus s. ensifiormis.   e3. Ensiform
cartilage, cartilago  ensifiormis.   e4. e5. Extremitas superior,  e4. Semi-
lunar notch, incisura semilunaris,   e5.  Articular surfaces for the  Cla-
vicles, incisures, claviculares.  e6.  e]2. margo lateralis,  e1. extremitas  infe-
rior  manubrii sterni.  e8.  extremitas superior corporis sterni.   e9. margo
lateralis,   e10.  extremitas  inferior,   e11. extremitas  superior processus
ociphoidei.  eu.  margo lateralis,   e13. extremitas inferior.
              A. B.  C. I. II. III.   The Basin, Pelvis.

     A.  Rump Bone, os sacrum.
   1.  superficies  anterior  seu interior.  2.  Promontory, promontorium.
3. Arched edge, margo arcuatus s. linea  terminalis  ossis sacri.   4. 4.
Superfic. superior.  5.  Sacro-iliac symphysis, symphysis sacro-iliaca.  6.
Anterior Sacral holes, foramina sacralia anteriora.  8. foramina sacralia
posteriora.  8. foramen intervertebrale.   9. Transverse lines, linecs trans-
versa.
     B.   Os coccygis.
   I.  II. III. Unnamed  Bones, ossa innominata s. coxarum.   I  Hip
Bone, os tin.   II. Share Bone, os pubis.  III. Haunch  Bone, os ischii —
10. 11. superficies interna superior anterior.   12. superfic. interna anterior
inferior.   J 3. Arched line, linea eminens arcuata.   14.  Unnamed line,
linea innominata s.  terminalis.   15. Iliac  crest, crista  ossis  ilii   16*
Outer lip of the same, labium externum.   17. Inner lip of the  same  la-
bium internum crista: ossis ilii.  18.  Superior anterior  spinous process
spina  anterior  superior.   19. Inferior anterior spinous  process  spina
anterior inferior.  20. Superior anterior  semilunar notch, incisura semi-
lunaris superior anterior.   21 Inferior anterior  semilunar notch, incisura 
11
anterior inferior ossis ilii.  22.  Body of Share Bone, corpus ossis pubis.
23. Horizontal branch, ramus horizontalis, o. p.   24. Pubic crest, pecten
s. crista  pubis.   25.  Pubic  tubercle,  tubercul. pubis.   26. Obturator
notch, incisura obturatoria.   27. Descending  branch, ramus  descendens.
28. Pubic symphysis, symphysis ossium pubis.  29. Pubic angle, angu-
lus ossium pubis.—30. corpus ossis ischii.  31. Acetabular notch, incisura
acetabuli.  32. Cotyloid  cavity, acetabulum, and its edge, limbus acetabuli.
III. 33.  Descending branch, ramus  descendens.  34.  Ascending branch
of ischium, ramus adscendens oss. ischii.   35. Ischial spine, spina ossis
ischii.   36. Ischial tuberosity, tuber  s. tuberositas oss. ischii.  37.  Oval
or obturator hole, foramen ovale s. obturatorium.  37.  Greater  ischiatic
notch, incisura ischiadica major.

Bones of the  Pectoral  Limbs, Upper  Extremities  or Arms.
                     Ossa extremitatum superiorum.

     A.  Clavicle, clavicula.
   a. corpus claviculce.   a1, a3, a4.  Sternal extremity, extremitas anterior
s. sternalis.   a2, a6.  Scapular extremity, extremitas srapularis s. humer-
alis.   a. a1, a1, superficies  anterior et superior,   a4, a6, superfi.  inferior.
a5. Interarticular cartilage at the Sterno clavicular joint, cartilago interar-
ticularis claviculce et sterni.  aG.  tuberculum s. colliculum claviculce.  a1.
cartilago  inter articularis  claviculce et p. acromialis.

     B.  Shoulder Blade, scapula.
   b. Subscapular pit, fossa subscapularis s. superficies anterior  scapula.
bl. margo superior,   b*.  Semilunar notch, incisura semilunaris,  b3. b*. b*.
b6. margo externus.   b*.  labium posterius.   b5. labium  anterius.   bs. Pit
between the two lips, sulcus marginis externi.   b7.  Inner edge or base of
the  Shoulder Blade, margo  internus  s.  basis  scapula,   b3. Condyloid
process, process, condyloideus.  b9. collum scapula,   b10.  Glenoid cavity,
superficies articularis humeri s. cavitas glenoidea.   bn. Tubercle of Condy-
loid process,  tuberculum process, condyloidei.  bl2-bli. Coracoid  process,
process, coracoideus.  b,z.  radix.   bn. corpus.   bli.  apex.  b15. Supraspi-
nate  pit, fossa  supraspinata.  b16. V.  Acromion,  acromion  s.  process.
acromial^.  bK.  Superior surface, superfi superior,   b17. Inferior surface,
superfi. inferior.

     C.   Upper Arm Bone, os Humeri s. Brachii.
   c. corpus s. diaphysis.   cl.  cH. Upper end,  extremitas  superior.   c2.—
c20. Lower end, extremitas inferior,   c3. superfic.  externa,   c4.  superfic.
interna,   c5.  External angle, angulus externus.  c6. angulus anterior,  c1.
angulus internus.  c8.  Articular  head, caput articulare.   c9.  collum.   c10.
Greater  tubercle,  tuberculum majus.  c11.   Lesser  tubercle,  tuberculum
minus,  c12.  Bicipital  groove between  them, sulcus s. semicanalis ossis
humeri,   c13.  Ridge from the  great tubercle, crista tuberculi majoris.   cu.
Ridge from  the  little tubercle,  crista  tuberculi minoris.  c's.  External
condyle,  condylus  externus.  c16.  Internal  condyle,  condylus  internus.
c17. Anterior   small  pit, fossa  anterior minor s.  externa,  c18.  Anterior
large  pit, fossa anterior  major s. interna,    c19. e20. Cubital process, pro-
cessus cubitalis.   c21. Head, capitulum s. eminentia capitata.   c°. Pulley,
trochlea seu xotula. 
12
     D.   Small Bone of the Arm, radius.
  d. corpus.  d\  extremitas  superior,  d2.  extremitas  inferior,  d3.  su-
perficies volaris s.  anterior.   d\ superficies externa s. radialis.   d\ angu-
lus anterior,  d6.  angulus internus s. crista radii,  d7. Head  and orbi-
cular circlet, capitulum radii, et  circumferentia articularis.  d8. collum.
d9.  tuberculum.  d10.  Base, basis  s. cavitas glenoidalis.   dn. d12.  Styloid
process, process, styloideus.   d13.  incisura semilunaris.

     E. Cubit, ulna s. cubitus.
  e. Body, diaphysis.  e1. Upper Extremity,  e2. extremit. inferior,  e3.
superficies volaris.  e*. angulus anterior,   e5. angulus  externus s. crista
ulna.  e6.  Coronoid process, processus coronoideus.  e7. tuberositas ulna.
e3.  capitulum ulna.   e9. process, styloideus.   ew.  spatium interosseum.

     F. N.  Carpal Bones, ossa carpi.
  F. Scaphoid or Navicular Bone, os naviculare, f.  its  tubercle, tubercu-
lum ossis navicularis.    G. Lunar  Bone, os lunatum.   H. Cuneiform Bone,
os cuneiforme seu triquetum.   I. Pisiform Bone, os rotundum s. pisiforme.
K.  Trapezial Bone, os multangulum majus.  g.  its tubercle, tuberculum
ossis multanguli majoris.  L. Trapezoid  Bone,  os  multangulum minus.
M.  Great Bone, os capitatum.  N.  Unciform Bone, os hamatum.  h. its
hook, hamulus oss. hamati.

     O-S.   Metacarpal Bones, ossa metacarpi.
   0. Metacarpal  Bone of the Thumb, os metacarpi pollicis.  P. of Index
Finger, digiti indicts.  Q. of Middle  Fingers, digiti medii.  R. of Ring
Finger, dig. annularis.  S.  of Little  Finger, dig. auricularis.   i. corpus.
k. r. extremitas superior s. basis.   I.  s.  extremitas anterior s. capitulum.
m.  t. u. Sesamoid   Bones,   ossa sesamoidea.  n.  angulus  externus  s.
radialis.   o. angulus internus s. ulnaris.  p. superfic. ulnaris.   q.  su-
perfi radialis.

     T-V.   Joints of the  Fingers, phalanges digitorum.
  v. superfi. volaris.  »w.  basis s.  extrem.  sup.   x. extrem.  inferior s.
trochlea,  y. margo radialis.  z.  margo ulnaris.
Bones of  the Abdominal Limbs, or Lower  Extremities,  Ossa ex-
                        tremitatum infieriorum.

     A.  Thigh Bone, os femoris s. cruris.
  a.  corpus,  a1, extremit.  superior,   a2,  extremit. infer,   a3,  superfi.
anterior,  a4,  angulus externus.  a5,  angulus  internus.  a6, caput,  a1.
collum.   a8. Great Trochanter, trochanter major,  a9.  Little Trochanter
trochanter minor,  a10. Anterior Intertrochanteric line, linea  intertrochan-
terica anterior,   a11,  condylus externus.   a12,  condylus  internus.  a13.
Knee  Cap, patella.   au.  superfi. articularis  extremit.  inferioris.  an.
Semilunar cartilages of the Knee, cartilagines semilunares genu.
B. Splint Bone, fibula s. perone. 
13
      b.  corpus.   bl. extremit.  sup.  s.  capitulum fibula,   b2. extremit inf.
   b3. superfi ext.  b\  superfi. interna,   b5. angulus externus.  b6. angulus
   internus s. crista fibula,   b7. angulus anterior,  b3.  b8. linea obliqua.   b9.
   Outer ankle, malleolus externus s. fibula.

         C.  Shin Bone, tibia.
      c.  diaphysis  s. corpus.   c\  extrem. sup.  c2.  extrem. inf.  c3.  superfi
|  externa,  c4.  superfi. interna s. anterior,  c5. angulus  externus.   c6. an-
*  gulus internus.   c7.  angulus anterior s. crista tibia,   c8. condylus exter-
   nus.   c9. condylus  internus.  e10. tuberositas  tibia,   e".  Inner  Ankle,
    malleolus internus s. tibia,  c12. incisura fibular is s. perona.  c13. basis s.
    superfi. articularis.

         D-I.  Tarsal Bones, ossa tarsi.
       D. Astragalar Bone, talus s. astragalus.   E. Heel  Bone, calcaneus s.
    os  calcis.   e.  processus  lateralis s.  sustentaculum  tali.  F. Navicular
    Bone, os naviculare.   e. tuberculum oss navicularis.   G. First  or Inter-
    nal Cuneiform Bone,  os  cuneiforme primum s. internum.   H. Second or
    Middle Cuneiform  Bone, os cuneiforme secundum s. medium.  I. Third
    or  External  Cuneiform  Bone, os cuneiforme tertium s. externum.   K. L.
    M.  N. O. Metatarsal Bones,  ossa metatarsi.   P.  Q. R.  S.  Joints of
    the  Toes, phalanges digitorum pedis, g. ossa sesamoidea.

                         Upper Surface of the Foot.

          A. calcaneus,   a.   tuberositas  calcanei.   b.  superfi superior,   c.
     superf.  externa.   B. talus,   d. superfi  articularis  superior,   e. superfi.
     articularis lateralis externa  s. fibula,  f. process,  condyloideus  s. caput
     tali.   C.  os naviculare.   D.  Cuboid Bone, os  cuboideum.  E. os cunei-
    forme primum.  F.  secundum.   G. tertium. 
                   FIGURE  SECOND.


                                 B.

  PRESENTING  A  POSTERIOR  VIEW  OF  A  MALE  ADULT
                            SKELETON.

                          THE HEAD.

     A.   Frontal Bone, os firontis.
  a. processus zygomaticus.  a1, planum semicirculare.
     B.   Parietal Bone, os parietale.
  b. Parietal protuberance,  tuber parietale. b. b\  linea  semicircularis
superior  inferior, et planum semicirculare.  b2. angulus  sphenoidalis.   b .
angulus mastoideus.  b4. Occipital angle,  angul. occipitalis,  b*.  Sagittal
suture, sutura sagittalis.  b6. Coronal suture, sutura coronalis.  b7. Occipi-
tal  suture,  sutura  occipitalis,   b8. Parietal  hole, foramen parietale.   b9.
Squamous suture, sutura squamosa.
     C.   Occipital Bone, os occipitis.
  c. External Occipital protuberance, spina s. protuberantia occipitis ex-
terna.  c1. Superior semicircular  ridge, linea semicircularis superior,  c2.
External Occipital  crest, crista occipitis externa,  c3. Internal semicircu-
lar line, linea semicircularis inferior oss. occipitis.  c4.  Parietal edge, mar-
go parietalis.  c5. Mastoid edge, margo mastoideus.
     D.   Petrous  Bone, os  petrosum.
  d. Squamous part, pars squamosa.  dl. Mastoid part, pars mastoidea.   d2.
Mastoid process, process mastoideus.   d3. Mastoid  notch, incisura mas-
toidea.  d*.  Mastoid hole, foramen mastoideum.   d5. process, zygomaticus.
     E.   Cheek Bone, os zygomaticum.
  e. Temporal  process,  process, temporalis.  e\ el.  Temporal  surface,
superfi .temporalis,   e2. Inferior orbitar fissure, fissura orbitalis inferior,  c*.
Posterior  zygomatic hole, foramen zygomaticum posterius.
     F.   Upper Jaw Bone, os maxillare superius.
  f. Temporal surface, superficies temporalis s. tuberositas maxilla su-
perioris.  fi. Orbitar surface, superfi. orbitalis corporis maxilla sup.
     G.   Lower Jaw Bone, os maxillare inferius.
  g. Internal surface, superficies interna s. posterior. gy.  Coronoid pro-
cess, process, coronoideus.  g2. Condyloid process, process, condyloideus.
             Vertebral Column,  columna vertebrarum.
  1-7. Cervical vertebrae, vertebra colli.  1. vertebra prima s. atlas, a.
Posterior arch, arcus posterior,  a1.  Posterior tubercle, tuberc.  posterius.
a'\  process,  transversus.  a3,  process,  obliquus  s.  articularis  superior.
a', process, obliquus s. articularis inferior.  2. vertebra secunda seu epis-
tropheus,   a. arcus. a1. Spinous process, process, spinosus.  a2, process. 
15
fransversus.  a3, process, obliquus superior.  a\ inferior,  a5. foramen ver-
tebrate.  a6, corpus, a7. Dentiform process of second Vertebra, process.
odontoideus s. dens. 8—19. vertebra  dorsi.  b. arcus.  bl. processus spino-
sus. b2. processus transversus.  b3. process, obliq. sup. b4. inferior. 20—24.
vertebra lumborum.  c. arcus.  c1. process, spinosus.  c2. process, obliquus su-
perior.  c3. inferior.  c\ process, transversus.  c5.  corpus. cG.  ligamentum in-
tervertebrale.
                           I—XII.  Ribs, costa.

     d. Tubercle of the Ribs, tuberculum costa.  dl.  Articulation  of the
   Ribs with the processus  transversus of the Vertebra,   d2.  Angle of the
   Rib, angulus costa.  d3.  cartilago costalis.

                                 Pelvis.
        A.  Rump Bone, os sacrum.
     1—5. The five  false vertebrae forming the sacrum of the  young  sub-
|   ject, vertebra pelvis s. spuria oss. sacri.   B. os coccygis.   6—9.  The
   four  false vertebrae of the os coccygis, vertebra spuria oss. coccygis.  5-
   10.  Vertebral canal, canalis sacralis, and bones of the first and  fifth sa-
   cral vertebrae, corpus vertebra prima et quint, oss. sacri.   11—15. arcus
   vertebrarum oss. sacri.   16—18.  False spinal processes,  processus spi-
   nosi spurii.  18. Sacral  horns, cornua  sacralia.   19.  Oblique  process,
   process, obliquus  vertebra prima.   20. 21. 22.  23.   False oblique pro-
   cesses,  processus  obliqui spurii.   24. 25.  26.  27. 28. processus trans-
   versi spurii.   24.  29. 30.   Lateral parts, partes lateral.es.  24—29. tu-
   berositas oss. sacri.   31. Hinder sacral holes, foramina sacralia  posteri-
   ora.   32. incisura  intervertebral.   33. Coccygeal horns, cornua coccy-
   gea  s. process, obliqui spurii.  34. processus  transversi  spurii.— C. ossa
   coxarum s.  innominata.   35. labium posterius crista oss. ilii.   36. pla-
   num  semicirculare superius superficiei externa.  37. linea eminens semicir-
   cularis.   38. planum semicirculare inferius.  39. spina posterior superi-
   or.   40. spina posterior inferior.   41. incisura semilunaris.   42. incisu-
   ra ischiadica. superior  s. major.   43.  corpus oss.  ischii.   44. limbus
   acetabuli.  45. Spine of the Ischium, spina oss. ischii.   46. 47.  ramus
   descendens.  46.  Tuberosity of the Ischium,  tuberositas oss. ischii.  47.
   Under or lower Ischiatic  notch, incisura ischiadica minor.  48. ramus de-
   scendens.   49.  corpus oss.  pubis.  50.  ramus  horizontalis.  51.  ramus
   descendens.  52. foramen ovale s. obturatorium.
              Upper Extremities,  extremitates superiores.

     A. Clavicle, clavicula.
   a. extremitas anterior s. sternalis.  a1, extremit. scapularis.  a2, tubercu-
 lum claviculare.

     B. Shoulder Blade,  scapula.
   b. Upper spinal pit, fossa supraspinata.   bx. Lower spinal pit, fossa in-
fraspinata.  b2. Three cornered surface, superficies triangularis, b3. Spine,
 spina scapula,  b*.  Acromion, acromion,  b5. angulus superior s. internus.
 be. angulus externus s. process, condyloideus.  b7. angulus inferior. bs. mar-
go superior,  b*.  margo internus s. basis scapula.  bin. margo externus. 
16
      C.  Upper Arm Bono, os humeri.
   c.  caput,  c1. collum. c2—c4.  tuberculum  majus.  c1. Upper  muscular
mark, impressio muscularis prima tuberculi majoris.  c3. impressio secunda.
c4. impress, tertia.   C. superfic. posterior,  c5. superfic. externa.  c°. condy-
lus externus.  c7. condylus internus.   c. fossa posterior s. sinus maximus
oss. humeri.

     D. Small bone of the Fore Arm, radius.
   d.  capitulum et circumfcrentia articularis radii.  dl. collum.   d2. tuberosi-
tas radii,   d3. Dorsal surface, superf. dorsalis s. posterior,  d*. superfic.
radialis s.  externa,  d*. crista radii,   d6. process, styloideus.   <P.  d8. d9.
Process for extens. tendons, sulci tendinum extens. manus.

     E. Cubit, ulna.
  e. Olecranon and Tuberosity, process,  anconeus s. olecranon, et tuber-
ositas olecrani.  e1. superf. dorsalis.  e2. superfi ulnaris s. interna,  e3. cris-
ta ulna.  e4. process,  styloideus.   e5.  sulcus tendinis m. ulnaris interni.
     Bones of the Hand, ossa manus.
  F.  os naviculare.  G.  lunatum.  H.  triquetrum.  I.  pisifiorme.   K.
multangulum  majus.   L.  multangulum  minus.   M.  capitatum.   N. ha-
matum.
  Bones of  the  Lower Extremities, ossa extremitatum inferiorum.

     A. Thigh Bone, os femoris.
   a. caput et collum femoris.  a1,  trochanter  major,   a2, trochanter minor.
 a3,  linea intertrochanterica posterior,  a4, a5, a6.  Rough  line, linea aspera
 s. angulus posterior,  a7,  superf. externa,  a8, superficies interna,  a9, super-
fic. articularis condyli externi.  a,Q. condyli interni.   a11, tuberositas condy-
 li externi.  a}2, tuberositas condyli interni.  a13. Condyloid pit, fossa condy-
 lorum posterior s.poples, Knee Cap.  au. cartilagincs semilunares genu.
     B.  Splint Bone, fibula.
  b. capitulum fibula.   b\ superfi. posterior,   b2. crista fibula,  b3. superfi.
 externa.  b\ process, malleolaris externus.
     C. Shin Bone, tibia.
  c. condylus externus.  c\ condylus internus.  c2. superfi. posterior,  c3. an-
gulus internus.  c4. angulus externus. c5. malleolus internus.  c6. sulcus mal-
 leoli interni.   a7, cavitas peronea.

     Bones of the  Foot, ossa pedis.
  D. talus,   d. superfic. articularis interna s. tibialis.  d\ superf. articu-
laris anterior,  d .  superf. articularis superior.  d\ superf. articularis inter-
na s. peronea.   E. calcaneus,  e. superficies interna.   ex. superf.  inferior
e2. processus internus s. sustentaculum cervicis tali.  e3.  tuberculum inter-
num s.  majus.   e*.  tuberculum  externum s. minus.   el. Hinder surface or
tuberosity, tuberositas calcanei.   es.  superf externa. F. os naviculare  H
cuneiforme secundum.   I. cuneiforme tertium.   K.  cuboideum. 
FIRST  BODY OF LIGAMENTS.
                                 C.


                       FRONT  VIEW.


                            Head,  caput.


   1.  os  firontis.  2. os parietale.   3.  ossa  triquetra.   4. os  occipitis.
5.6. os temporum.  7. Cartilage of the Ear,  cartilago auricula.  8. Cap-
sular membrane of the Lower Jaw, membrana capsularis maxilla infierioris.
9.  11. os zygomaticum.  10. Ala major ossis sphenoidei.  12.13. Orbits,
fossa orbitales.   14. os nasale.   15.  Nasal  Cartilages,  cartilagines nasi
externi.  16. os maxillare superius.  17. 18.  19. 20. 21.  maxilla inferior.

                          Trunk, truncus.
   22. vertebra colli.  23. costa vera.  24.  costa spuria.   25.  sternum.
26.  vertebra  lumbales.   27. os  sacrum.  28.  os  ilium.  29. os pubis.
30.  os  ischium.   31. symphysis  ossium pubis.   32. tuberositas ischii.
33.  crista  ossis  ilii.   34. Obturator Ligament, lig. obturatorium.   35.
Sacro-spinous Ligament, lig. sacro-spinosum.  36.  Sacro-Ischiatic Liga-
ment, lig.  sacro-tuberosum.
.   a. a. a.  Common anterior Ligament of the Spine, fascia longitudinalis
anterior  s.  ligamentum corporis vertebrarum commune anterius.   b. Inter-
clavicular  Ligament, lig.  inter clavicular e.  c. External Ligaments of the
Neck of the Rib,  lig. cervicis costa externa.   cl. Capsular Ligaments of
the Heads  of the Ribs, lig. capsularia capitulorum costarum.  d. Radiated
Ligaments of the  Costal cartilages and  Breast bone,  lig. cartilaginum
costarum et sterni radiatim disjecta,   e. Ligaments of the Ensiform Car-
tilage, lig. cartilaginis xiphoidea.  f.  The divided limb of the Diaphragm
connected  with the fascia longitudinalis anterior columna vertebralis.   g.
Internal Ligament of the  Neck of the Rib, ligamentum cervicis costa in-
ternum,  h. Intertransverse  Ligaments,  lig. intertransversalia.  i.  An-
terior superior, and inferior Pelvic Ligament, lig. pelvis anticum superius
et inferius.  k. foramina sacralia anteriora.  m.  incisura ischiadica major.
n. foramen obturatorium.   o. o.  The  Capsular Membrane of the Thigh,
membrana  capsularis femoris, cut open and turned back.  p.  labrum  car-
tilagineum  acetabuli.  q.  Intervertebral Ligament, lig. intervertebrale.

             Upper  Extremities, extremitates superiores.
   37. clavicula.   38.  scapula.   39.  acromion.  40. processus  coracoid-
eus.  41.  humerus.   42. tuberculum minus.   43.  tuberculum majus os-
sis  humeri.   44. caput o. h.   45. condylus internus  o. h.  46. radius.
47.  extremitas superior.  48. tuberositas radii.  49. extremitas inferior.
50. processus styloideus  radii.   51.  ulna.   52. olecranon.   53. proces-
sus  coronoideus.   54.  Capitulum  ulna.   55.  processus styloideus.   56.
vola manus.   57. os pisifiorme.   58. os hamatum.  59. os multangulum 
18
majus s. trapezium.  60. ossa metacarpi.   61. 62. 63. phalanges  digito-
rum.  64.  dorsum manus.   65.  os naviculare.  66.  os lunatum.   67.  os
triquetrum s. cuneiforme.  68. os multangulum majus.  69.  os multangu-
lum minus s. trapezoides.  70. os capitatum.   7'1. os hamatum.
  /.  membrana capsularis extremitatis sternalis clavicula   g. Itg. clam-
cula acromiale.  h. lig. commune scapula trapezoides.  i. k.  lig. commune
scapula conoideum.  I.  lig.  scapula proprium anterius   m. membrana
capsularis humeri,   n.  The  divided tendon of the long head of the M.
biceps,  o.  membrana capsularis  cubiti.  p. lig. annulare radii,  q. fibra
accessoria membrana cubiti.   r. lig. laterale internum,   s.  chorda trans-
versalis cubiti.  t.  membrana interossea cubiti.   Hand.  u. Superficial 1a-
gaments  of the Hand.   v.  The Anterior and Capsular Ligament, hg.
anterius et  capsulare of the Articulation of the Metacarpus and of the first
Phalanx of the Index Finger, divided and turned back.   y.  z. membrana
capsularis phalangis secunda et tertia.  a. b.  c. ligamenta lateraha digito-
rum.   d. The Anterior and Capsular Ligament, lig. anterius et capsulare
of the first  and second Phalanx of the middle finger,  laid  open and turned
back.  x. e.  os sesamoideum.  f. f.  The  Carpal Joint laid open.  g. h.
i. k.  I. m. n.  lig. inter utriusque  ordinis carpi ossa singula.

             Lower Extremities, extremitates inferiores.
   1. os. femoris.   2. trochanter major.  3.  trochanter minor.  4. caput.
5. collum.   6.  7.  condyli oss. femoris.  8.  patella. 9. tibia.   10.  11.
condyli.    12.  tuberositas  tibia.   13. malleolus  internus.    14. Ankle
Joint.  15. fibula.   16. extremitas superior.    17. capitulum fibula.  18.
extremitas  inferior.  19. malleolus externus.   20. calcaneus.  21.  astra-
galus.  22. os naviculare.   23.  os cuneiforme primum.   24. os cuneifor-
me secundum.  25.  Upper surface of  the foot, with the Ligaments of the
Tarsus and  Metatarsus.  26. tuberculum  oss. metatarsi  digiti minimi.
27. Divided tendon of the M. tibialis  posticus.  28. ossa  metatarsi.
29. 30. 31. 32. 33. phalanges digitorum.
   a. membrana  capsularis femoris.   b. lig.  laterale externum genu.  c.
lig. laterale internum genu.  d. d. cartilages semilunares.  e. Knee Joint.
f. f. Tendon of the M. extensor communis femoris.  g. lig. patella,  h.
Upper  Articulation  of the  Tibia  and  Fibula.    i. lig.  interosseum.
k. Connexion  of  the  Tibia  and Fibula.   I.  m.  lig. malleoli  externi
anticum superius et inferius.   n. lig. inter fibulam et talum anterius.  o.
lig. deltoideum.  p.  membrana capsularis tali et calcanei.

Explanation of  the  several  Figures  delineated on the same
             sheet with the First Ligamentous Body.*

   Fig. I.  Lateral view of the Articulation of the Occipital Bone, with the
first and  second  Cervical  Vertebrae, exhibited  by a  vertical  section
through the middle of the Cuneiform or Basilar process of  the  Occipital
Bone, and the  first three Cervical Vertebrae.
   1.  Half of the Cuneiform Process.  2. Its upper  surface.   3.  Internal
orifice of  the Anterior Condyloid  Hole.   4. A part  of  the  Occipital
Hole.   5.  6. Attachments  of the posterior  Obturator Ligament,  lig. ob-
  •  Fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 30. and 31. are from Clocquet's work ;  the other Figures are
from Loder's Anatomische. Tafeln. 
19
 turatorium posterius, to the hinder edge of the Occipital Hole, and to the
 hinder edge of the arch of the Atlas.  7. Lateral aperture in this Liga-
 ment for the passage of the Vertebral Artery.  8. Right half of the In-
 tercrural Ligament of the  Axis, lig. intercrurale epistrophei.   9. Posterior
 part of the arch of the Atlas.   10. Arch of the Axis.   11.  Lateral aper-
 ture in the Intercrural Ligament of the Axis.  12. Odontoid  or  Tooth-
 like process cut through.    13.  Right Lateral Ligament of the Odontoid
 process, lig. laterale dextrum processus odontoidei.  14. Anterior Obtura-
 tor Ligament, lig. obturatorium anterius.   15. Anterior Ligament of the
 Axis,  lig. anterius inter Atlantem et epislropheum.   18.  Vertical section
 of the Transverse  and Capsular Ligament, by which the  former Liga-
 ment is connected with the hinder surface of the Odontoid process.   17.
 Vertical section of the fore part of the Arch of the Atlas and of the Cap-
 sular Ligament, which connects it with the anterior surface of the Odon-
 toid process.   18. Intervertebral  Hole.   19. Intercrural  Ligament of
 the  third Cervical Vertebra, lig.  intercrurale vertebra  tertia.   20.  21.
 Arches of the second and third  Cervical Vertebrae.   22. Connexion of
 the body of the second with that of the Third Cervical Vertebra.

   Fig. II.   Articulation  of two Ribs on the left side with the correspond-
 ing  Vertebrae.

   1. 2. Fifth and sixth  Ribs.   3. 4.  5.  6.  Capsular Ligament of the
 Head  of the Rib,  lig. capsulare  capituli  costa, which expands anteriorly
 in a radiated form.  7.  External and Internal anterior Ligaments of the
 Rib, lig.  colli  costa  internum et  externum.   8.  Articular cavity for  the
 head of the  Rib in the superior Vertebra.  9. Ibid, in the inferior Verte-
 bra.   10. Cartilaginous partition to which the lig. teres is attached.   ] 1.
 Articular surface on the  Transverse process.  12.  Root of the Trans-
 verse  process.   13. lig. apicum.   14. Anterior long Ligament, lig. lon-
 gitudinale anterius.   15.  Oblique process of the Vertebra.

   Fig. III.  Posterior Extremity of the Rib from the leftside connected
 with the Bodies of the  two  corresponding Vertebrae,  cut  through ver-
 tically.

   1. Portion of  a Rib.   2. Body of the upper Vertebra.   3. Body of
 the lower Vertebra.  4. lig. capsulare capituli costa superius.  5. Infe-
 rior  Capsular Ligament of the Head of the Rib,  lig. cap. cost, inferius.
 6. Intervertebral substance.   7.  Round Ligament of the Head of the Rib,
 lig.  teres  capituli costa.   8.  Anterior  common  Ligament.  9. Oblique
 process of  the inferior  Vertebra.  10. Its  spinous process.  11. Its
 Transverse  process.

   Fig. IV.   Vertical Section of the Articulation  of the Scapula with  the
 Humerus to display the interior of the Joint.

   1. 1. Attachment of the Capsular  Ligament,  lig. capsulare,  to  the
 Scapula.  2. 2. Attachment of  the same to  the neck of the Humerus.
 3. 3. Middle part of the same Ligament.  4. Inner surface.   5.  Poste-
 rior half of the  Glenoid Cavity.   6. Its Articular Cartilage.   7. Attach-
 ment of the  tendon of the  M. biceps flexor cubiti to the edge of the Gle-
 noid cavity.  8. The tendon raised from its sheath.   9  The Sacciform
expansion of the Sheath.   10. The same  tendon without the Capsular 
20
 Ligament and Sheath.  11. Groove in the Humerus for that tendon.  12.
 Head of the Humerus, vertically divided through the centre.  13. Arti-
 cular Cartilage  of the Head of the  Humerus.  14. Vertical  Section
 through the Glenoid cavity of the Scapula.  15. A part of the Spine of
 the Scapula.   16. Upper angle  of  the  Scapula.  17. Its  hinder  edge.
 18. Anterior surface of the Scapula.  19. Its anterior edge.

   Fig. V.  The Coronary Ligament  of the Radius,  ligamentum orbicu-
 lare radii. (Inner View.)

   1. The body of  the Ulna.   2.  The Olecranon.  3.  The Coronoid
 Process.  4.  The great Sigmoid Cavity.   5. The Tuberosity to which
 the tendon of the M. brachialis anticus 6. is attached.  7. The body of
 the Radius.   8.  Its Head.  9.  The Tuberosity, to which 10. the tendon
 of the M. biceps is attached.  11. The Coronary Ligament of the Radius.
 12. The Interosseous  Ligament of the Fore Arm.

   Fig. VI.  The same Ligament.  (Outer View.)

   1. The body of the Ulna.  2. The Olecranon.  3. The  great Sig-
 moid Cavity.   4. The Coronoid Process.  5. The body  of the Radius.
 6.  Its Head.   7. The Coronary Ligament of the Radius.  8. The In-
 terosseous Ligament of the Fore Arm.

   Fig. VII. The Capsular Membrane of the Wrist Joint, with the Sacci-
 form Capsular Membrane laid open.

   1. The body of the Radius.   2.  Its Styloid Process.  3. That part of
 the  articular surface of the Radius which receives the Scaphoid Bone.
 4. That part of  the same surface which receives the Lunar  Bone   5
 The body of the Ulna.   6.  Its Styloid Process.   7. The Capsular Liga-
 ment of the Wrist Joint, membrana capsularis articuli carpi,  divided and
 turned back. 8. The mucous ligament,  ligamentum mucosum.  9. The Sac-
 ciform Ligament, membrana capsularis sacciformis.   10. The triangular
 Interarticular Cartilage of the Wrist Joint, cartilago intermedia triangula-
 ris carpi.                                                     °

   Fig. VIII.  The Sacciform Capsular  Membrane, with the triangular
 Interarticular Cartilage, and the reddish Ligamentules dissected.

   1.  The body of the Radius.  2. Its  Styloid Process.  3. The  Semi-
lunar articular  cavity of the Radius,  in which the rounded  base  of the
Ulna is received.  4. The Carpal articular cavity of the Radius  5  The
body of the Ulna.  6.  Its Styloid Process.  7. Its rounded Base  8  The
Sacciform Ligament,  divided and turned  back.   9. The triangular Inter
articular  Cartilage of the  Wrist  Joint, raised from its natural situation.
10.  Ihe reddish Ligament, ligamentum subcruentum.

  Fig. IX. The Triangular Interarticular Cartilage of the Wrist Joint,
to show its under surface which is applied to the Carpus.

  1. The under surface on which the Cuneiform bone rests    2  A n*rt
of the Capsular Ligament of the Wrist  Joint.               '        P 
21
  Fig. X. The proper Volar Ligaments of the Carpus.

  1. The Radius.  2. The Ulna.   3. The  Trapezial Bone.  4. The
Pisiform Bone.  5. The Unciform process  of the Unciform Bone.  6.
Part of the tendinous sheath of the M. flexor carpi radialis,  which is at-
tached to the Scaphoid Bone.  7—\Y. The five Metacarpal Bones.   12.
The M. pronator quadratus.  13. The tendon of the  ill. flexor carpi ul-
naris.   14.  The tendon of the M. extensor carpi radialis  externi.   15.
The tendon  of the M. flexor carpi radialis interni.  16.  The tendon of the
M.  abductor  pollicis longus. 17.  The  Capsular  Ligament  of the Wrist
Joint,  membrana capsularis articuli carpi.  18.  The Mucous Ligament,
membrana mucosa.   19.  The proper Volar Ligament of the Carpus,  lig.
carpi proprium volare.  20. A ligamentous  band which passes  from  the
Radius to the M. flexor carpi radialis.  21. Ligaments which pass from
the Pisiform Bone to the proper Volar Ligament of the Carpus.   22. The
Ligament between the Pisiform and Unciform Bones,  lig. inter os pisi-
fiorme et hamatum.  23.  The straight Ligament, between the Pisiform  and
the  fifth Metacarpal  bones, lig. rectum inter os pisiforme  et metacarpi
quintum.  24. The Ligament between the Unciform bone  and  the base
of  the fifth  Metacarpal, lig.  inter os hamatum et basin metacarpi quinti.
25. The Capsular membrane of the fifth Metacarpal bone, membrana cap-
sularis ossis metacarpi quinti.  26. The Volar Ligament of the capsule
of the Metacarpal bone of the  Thumb, lig. accessorium volare membrana
capsularis ossis metacarpi pollicis.  27. The  Internal  Lateral Ligament,
lig. accessorium laterale internum,  of the same capsule.  28. The  Volar
Ligament, between the  base of the second and  third Metacarpal bones,
lig. volare inter basin ossis metacarpi indicis et medii.  29. The Volar Li-
gament, between the bases of the third and fourth Metacarpal bones,  lig.
volare inter  basin metacarpi annularis et medii. 30. The Volar Ligament
between the bases of the fourth and fifth Metacarpal bones,  lig. volare
inter basin metacarpi auricularis  et annularis.

   Fig. XI.   The Palm of the Hand, with the Capsular Membrane of the
 Carpus, and the several superficial Ligaments.

    1. The Radius.  2. The Ulna.  3.  The Membrane between the bones
of  the fore  arm.  4. The Groove on the inside of the front of the Radius,
in  which lies the tendon of the M.  abductor longus and M. extensor brevis
pollicis.  5. The Scaphoid bone, which is here hidden.  6. The  Lunar
 Bone, which is here also hidden.  7. The Cuneiform Bone, also hidden.
 8.  The  Pisiform Bone, which is surrounded with its Capsular membrane.
 9.  The  Prominence of the Trapezial Bone.   10. The Base of the Great
 Bon .  11.  The Hook of the Unciform Bone. 12—16. The five Metacarpal
 Bones.   17—20.  The first Joint of the Index, Middle,  Ring and Auri-
 cular Fingers.   21. The tendon of the  M. flexor carpi  radialis.  22.
 Strong fibres  passing  from  the Styloid process of the Radius  to the
 Scaphoid Bone.  23. Fibres which pass from the edge of the Articular
 Cartilage of the  Radius  to  the neck of  the Great Bone.  24.  Fibres
 which pass from the same edge of the Radius  to the Lunar Bone.  25.
 Fibres passing from the  edge  of the Ulna  to the Pisiform Bone.  26.
 Fibres from the Styloid process of the Ulna to the Pisiform Bone.  27.
 Fibres passing from the  Scaphoid and Trapezial  to the Great Bone.
 28. Fibres running  from the Pisiform and  Unciform to the Great Bone. 
22
   29.  The triangular Ligament between  the  Trapezial  and Great  Bone,
   lig. triangulare inter os multangulum majus et capitatum.   30.  The Les-
   ser superficial Ligament of the third Metacarpal Bone,  lig. sublime minus
   ossis metacarpi tertii.  31. The Greater superficial Ligament of the third
   Metacarpal  Bone, lig. sublime majus ossis metacarpi tertii.   32. The
   superficial Ligament of the second Metacarpal Bone,  lig.  sublime ossis
   metacarpi indicis.  33. The part at  which  the tendon  of the  M. flexor
   carpi radialis is attached to the base of the second Metacarpal Bone.  34.
   The Ligament between the Pisiform and Unciform Bone, lig. inter os
  pisiforme et hamatum.  35. The straight Ligament between the Pisiform
  and the fifth Metacarpal Bone,  lig. rectum inter os pisifiorme et metacarpi
  quintum.^ 36.  The Ligament between the Unciform Bone and the base
  of the  fifth  Metacarpal  Bone, lig. inter os hamatum et basin metacarpi
  quinti.  37. The Capsular membrane of the  fifth Metacarpal Bone, mem-
  brana capsularis ossis  metacarpi quinti.   38. The  Volar  Ligament be-
  tween the base  of the third and the. fifth Metacarpal Bone, lig. volare inter
  basin ossis metacarpi auricularis et  medii.   39. The Volar Ligament be-
  tween the base of  the fourth and fifth Metacarpal Bone,  lig. volare  inter
  basin ossis metacarpi auricularis et annularis.  40.  The Volar Ligament
  between  the base of the third and fourth xMetacarpal Bone, lig. volare inter
  basin ossis metacarpi annularis et medii.   41. The  Volar  Ligament be-
  tween the base  of the second and third Metacarpal  Bone, lig. volare inter
  basin ossis  metacarpi indicis et medii.  42. The Volar Ligament of the
  Capsular Membrane of the first Metacarpal Bone, lig. accessorium volare
  membrana capsularis ossis metacarpi pollicis.   43.  The  Inner Lateral
  Ligament, lig. accessorium laterale internum, of the same Membrane    44
  The Ligaments between the Heads of the Metacarpal Bones, ligamenta
 inter  capitula ossium metacarpi.  45.  The Capsular Membrane of the
 first Joint of the Finger, and of the Metacarpal Bone, membrana capsula-
 ris phalangis prima et ossis metacarpi.

   Fig. XII.  The  back of the Carpus, with  the superficial Ligaments.

   1. The Radius.  2.  The Ulna.   3. The  Scaphoid  Bone.  4.   The
 Lunar Bone.  5. The Cuneiform Bone.   6.  The Trapezial  Bone.  7
 The  Trapezoid Bone.  8. The Great Bone.  9.  The Unciform Bone!
 10—14  The five Metacarpal Bones.  ] 5.  The tendon of the M abductor

 Strong Fibres of the Capsular membrane of the Wrist Joint  which oass
 from the edge of the Articular cavity of  the  Radius to  the CuneiCm
 t«T' p18-.;Slmil£r fibres Passi»g ^om the Styloid process of the Ulna
 to he  Cuneiform Bone   19. Oblique fibres passing from the Cuneiform
 to the  Great and to  the Trapezoid Bones   20  Fih™* ™* • vTienorm
 Cuneiform to the Unciform Bone    21  Fibres' Pa snXTl  T **
 of the  Scaphoid  Bone to the Trapezial Bone       S   ™ *? G™°Ve
 the Scaphoid  to  the Trapezoid Tone  23   Th 'n  Tf8'^  fr°m
 tween the Trapezial -d Trapezoid^


 capLum.  25.  The Dorsal h^^^ ^"^^^ «
 form Bones,  lig. dorsale inter os capitatum rf Warn   o*■£?  P™"
sular membrane of the fifth Metacarpal Bone,  membrana rl   J   °^
^tacarpi quinti.   27.  The Dorsal Lament WTe^XMernVrZ 
23
of the first Metacarpal Bone,  lig. accessorium dorsale membrana capsula-
ris ossis metacarpi pollicis.  28. The external Lateral Ligament, lig. ac-
cessorium laterale externum, of the same Capsular Membrane.  29.° The
Ligament between the Trapezial and the second Metacarpal Bone, lig.
inter os multangulum majus et metacarpi secundum.    30.  The  Ligament
between the Trapezoid and the second Metacarpal Bone, lig. inter os
multangulum minus et metacarpi secundum.  31.  The Ligament between
the Trapezoid Bone and the third Metacarpal Bone, lig. inter os multan-
gulum  minus  et  metacarpi tertium.   32. The  Ligament  between the
Great and the third Metacarpal Bone, lig. inter os capitatum et metacarpi
tertium.  33.  The Ligament between the Great and the fourth Metacar-
pal Bone, lig. inter  os capitatum et metacarpi quartum.   34. The Liga-
ment between the Unciform and the fourth Metacarpal Bone, lig.  inter os
hamatum et metacarpi quartum.  35. The Dorsal Ligament  of the base
of the second  and third Metacarpal Bones, lig. dorsale baseos ossis meta-
carpi secundi et tertii.  36. The Dorsal Ligament of the base of the third
and fourth Metacarpal Bones,  lig. dorsale baseos ossis metacarpi  tertii et
quarti.  37. The Dorsal Ligament of the base  of the  fourth and  fifth
Metacarpal Bones, lig. dorsale baseos ossis metacarpi quarti  et  quinti.
38—41.  The  Lateral Ligament of the base of the Metacarpal Bones, lig.
lateralia baseos ossium metacarpi.

   Fig. XIII.   The Volar Ligaments of the Carpus seen after the remo-
val of the Capsular Membrane.

   1. The Radius. 2. The Ulna.  3. The Interosseous Membrane of the
Fore Arm.   4. The Scaphoid Bone. 5. The Lunar Bone.  6. The Cunei-
form Bone.  7. The Pisiform Bone.  8. The Trapezial or  great Quadran-
gular Bone.   9. Its groove.  10.  The Trapezoid or lesser Quadrangular
Bone.   11.  The  Base of the Great  Bone.  12.  Its Head.  13.  The
Hook of the Unciform Bone.   14-18. The five Metacarpal Bones.  19.
Ligamentous fibres which pass from the edge of the Articular Cavity of
the Radius to the Lunar Bone.  20. Fibres, which pass from the edge
of the Interarticular or Triangular Cartilage to the  junction of the Lunar
and Cuneiform or Triangular Bone.  21. The Ligament between the
Lunar  and Cuneiform  Bones,  lig. inter os lunatum et triquetrum.  22.
The Ligament between the Cuneiform and  Great  Bone,  lig. inter os tri-
quetrum et capitatum.  23. The Ligaments between the Great and Unci-
form Bone,  lig. inter os  capitatum et hamatum.  24.  The Transverse
Ligament between  the  Unciform and the  third Metacarpal Bone, lig.
transversum inter os hamatum  et metacarpi tertium.   25. The straight
Ligament between the Pisiform and the fifth Metacarpal  Bone, lig.  rec-
tum inter os pisiforme et metacarpi quintum.  26.  A bundle of ligamentous
fibres  which pass from this Ligament to the base of the third and fourth
Metacarpal Bones.  27. The Ligament between the Pisiform and Unci-
form Bone, lig. inter os pisiforme et hamatum.   28.  The Oblique Liga-
ment between the Scaphoid and the Great  Bone, lig. obliquum inter os
naviculare et capitatum.  29. The Ligament between the Trapezoid and
the Great Bone, lig. inter os multangulum minus et capitatum.  30.  The
deep Ligament between  the Trapezoid and  the third Metacarpal Bone,
lig. profiundum inter os. multangulum majus et metacarpi tertium.  31.  The
tendon of the  M. flexor carpi  radialis turned aside.  32.  The tendon of
the M. abductor pollicis  longus.  33. The  Capsular Membrane  of the 
%
                                24

Metacarpal Bone of the Thumb, membr. capsularis ossis metacarpi pollicis.
34. The Volar Ligament between  the base of the second and third Meta-
carpal Bones, lig. volare inter basin ossis metacarpi indicis et medii.   35.
The Volar Ligament between the  base of the third and  fourth Metacar-
pal Bones, lig. volare inter basin metacarpi annularis et medii.   36.  The
Volar Ligament  between the base  of the fourth  and fifth Metacarpal
Bones, lig. volare inter basin metacarpi auricularis et annularis.

   Fig. XIV.  The  Deep Volar   Ligaments of the second  and third
Metacarpal Bones.

   1. The  Scaphoid  Bone.   2. The  Lunar Bone.   3.  The  Trapezial
Bone.   4. Its Groove.  5. The Trapezoid Bone.  6. The  Great Bone.
7. The  Unciform  Bone.  8. Its  Unciform  process.   9. The  second
Metacarpal Bone.  10. The  third  Metacarpal  Bone.  11. The Tendon
of the M. flexor  carpi radialis drawn back.  12. The great superficial
Ligament of the  third Metacarpal  Bone turned back, (vide Fig. 11.31.)
13. The Deep Ligament between the Trapezial and the third Metacarpal
Bone turned back, (vide  Fig.  13. 30.)  14. The Volar Ligament  be-
tween the base of the second and third Metacarpal Bone, lig. volare inter
basin ossis metacarpi indicis et medii.   15. The Deep Ligament between
the Trapezoid and  the second Metacarpal Bone, lig. profundum inter os
multangulum minus et metacarpi secundum.   16. Another  small Ligament
which, in this preparation, passes from the Trapezoid Bone to the  second
Metacarpal Bone.   17. The Ligament  between the Trapezial and  the
second Metacarpal Bone (vide Fig. 12. 29.) seen on the side.

   Fig. XV.  Posterior view of the second and third Metacarpal  Bones,
and some of the Carpal Bones, with their Ligaments.

   1. The Scaphoid Bone. 2. The  Lunar Bone.  3. The Trapezoid Bone.
4. The Great Bone.  5. The Unciform Bone, which is a little separated
from the Great Bone.  6.  The second Metacarpal Bone. 7.  The third
Metacarpal Bone.  8. The Cubital Ligament between the Scaphoid and
the Lunar Bones,  lig. cubitale inter os naviculare et lunatum.  9. The  Dorsal
Ligament between  the Trapezoid and the Great  Bone, lig. dorsale inter
os multangulum minus et capitatum.   10. The Lateral  Transverse Liga-
ment between the Great and the Unciform Bone, lig. laterale transversum
inter os capitatum  et hamatum.  11.  The Straight Perpendicular Liga-
ment of  the third Metacarpal Bone, lig. rectum perpendiculare ossis meta-
carpi tertii.

   Fig. XVI.  Posterior view of the first and second row of the  Carpal
Bones, separated  from each other.

   1. The Capsular Membrane of  the Wrist Joint dissected and  turned
back.  2.  The surface of that part  of the Membrane by which  both rows
of the Carpal Bone are connected in the  palm of the Hand.  3.  The
Scaphoid Bone.   4.  The Lunar Bone.  5. The Cuneiform Bone.   6.
The Trapezial Bone.  7. The Trapezoid Bone.   8. The Neck  of the
Great Bone.  9.   Its Head.   10.  The Unciform Bone.  11. The Mu-
cous Ligamentules of the Common Membrane, ligamentula mucosa mem-
brana communis, which go  to the  Lunar and  Cuneiform  Bone.   12.
Another Mucous  Ligamentule which is fixed to the  Great Bone. 
25
  Fig. XVII.  The first row of the Carpal Bones bent down from their
place in the Joint.
  1. The outer surface of the Radius.  2. The inner surface of the Ulna.
3. The Sacciform Capsular Membrane, membrana capsularis sacciformis.
4. That part of the Articular Cavity of the Radius which  receives the
Scaphoid Bone.   5.  The part of  the  same Cavity which  receives the
Lunar Bone.   6.  The Triangular Interarticular Cartilage of the Carpus,
cartilago intermedia triangularis carpi.   7.  The Scaphoid Bone.  8. The
Lunar Bone.  9. The Cuneiform Bone.  10.  The  Capsular Membrane
of the Wrist Joint dissected and turned back.   11. The inner surface of
that  part  of the Capsular Membrane by which the Bones of the Carpus
are connected in the palm of the Hand.  12. Fibres which  pass from
the edge  of the Articular Cavity of the Radius to the neck  of the Great
Bone.   13.  Fibres which pass from the  same edge to the  Lunar Bone.
14.  The  Mucous Ligament, ligamentum mucosum, which passes from the
same edge to  the Cubital Ligament  between  the Scaphoid and  Lunar
Bone.   15.  The Cubital Ligament between  the Scaphoid and  Lunar
Bone, lig. cubitale inter os naviculare et lunatum.   16. The Cubital Liga-
ment between the Lunar and Cuneiform Bone, lig. cubitale inter os luna-
tum  et triquetrum.  17.  Fibres which pass from the edge of the Triangu-
lar Interarticular  Cartilage to  the  junction of the Lunar and  Cuneiform
Bone.
  Fig. XVIII.   The Index Finger and its Metacarpal Bone with their
Ligaments seen from the Radial side.
   1. The Metacarpal Bone.-  2. The first Phalanx of the Finger.  3.
The second Phalanx.   4. The third Phalanx.   5. The Capsular Mem-
brane of the  first Joint.  6. Ibid, of the second Joint.   7. Ibid, of the
third Joint.   8.  The Radial Lateral Ligament of the first Joint, lig. late-
rale radiate junctura phalangis prima.  9. The radial  Lateral Ligament
of the second Joint,  lig.  laterale radiate junctura phalangis  secunda.
10.  The Radial Lateral Ligament of the third Joint, lig. laterale radiate
junctura phalangis tertia.

  Fig. XIX.  The Index Finger with the connecting fibres of the Tendons.
   1. The  Metacarpal  Bone.   2.  The first  Phalanx.   3. The second
Phalanx.  4. The third Phalanx.   5.  The tendon of the M. flexor digi-
torum perfioratus.  6. Its slips which are inserted into the second Pha-
lanx.  7. The Tendon of the M. flexor digitorum perfiorans.  8.  The
common Membrane or  Sheath of the tendon of the flexing  Muscles,
membrana  ligamentis tendinum communis, slit up and turned  aside.  9.
The short connecting fibres, vinculum  accessorium breve, of  the tendon of
the M. flexor perfiorans.   10.  The short connecting fibres of the M. flexor
perforatus.   11.  The long connecting  fibres of the tendon of the M. flexor
perfiorans.   12.  The long connecting fibres of the M. flexor  perfioratus.
13.  The common connecting fibres of both tendons.

   Fig.  XX.  Anterior  view of the Breast Bone, the  Collar  Bone, and
the  Cartilages of the Ribs with their Ligaments.
   1  The Handle of the Breast Bone.   2. Its Body.   3. The Ensiform
Cartilage   4-10. The  Cartilages of the first, second, third, fourth, faith,
sixth, and seventh Ribs.  11. The Collar  Bone.  12. The Ligament
                                 4 
26
 between  the Collar Bones,  lig. inter claviculare.   13. The  Capsular
 Membrane of the anterior extremity of the Collar Bone, membrana capsu-
 laris extremitatis sternalis clavicula.   14.  The Ligament  between  the
 Collar  Bone  and  the  Cartilage of the first Rib, lig. inter  claviculam et
 cartilaginem  costa prima.  15. The  Shining  Ligaments  between  the
 Cartilages of the Ribs.  16. The Radiated Ligamentules of the Ribs, liga-
 mentula costarum radiatim disjecta, with which the Capsular Membrane
 of the Cartilages of the Ribs, membr. capsularis cartilaginum costarum, is
 covered.  17. The Ligaments  of the Ensiform Cartilage, lig. cartilaginis
 xiphoidea.

   Fig.  XXI.  Posterior  view of the Breast  Bone, Collar  Bone, and
 Cartilages of the Ribs  with their Ligaments.

   1-14. As in Fig.  XX.   15.  Ligaments  of the Ensiform Cartilage.
 16.  The m. intercostalis internus.  17. The  internal Membrane  of the
 Breast Bone, membr. sterni interna.

   Fig.  XXII.  The Interarticular Cartilage of the left Collar Bone, and
 of the Breast Bone in its natural position.

   1.  The inner  surface of the Handle of the Breast Bone.   2. The Car-
 tilage of the  first Rib.  3. The Collar Bone.  4. The Capsular Mem-
 brane of the anterior extremity  of the Collar Bone.   5. The Interarticu-
 lar Cartilage  of  the Collar Bone, and  Breast  Bone, cartilago interarticu-
 laris clavicula et sterni.   6. The Ligament  between  the Collar Bones.
 — The  Interarticular Cartilage  lies  in the Clavicular Cavity of the
 Breast Bone.

  Fig.  XXIII.  The  Interarticular Cartilage of the right  Collar Bone,
 and Breast Bone, removed from its natural situation.

  1-6.  As in the preceding Figures. —  The Interarticular Cartilage is
 removed from its place.  The upper or inner point is attached to the
 Collar Bone,  but the  under point to the Breast Bone and Cartilage of the
 first  Rib.                                                   °

  Fig.  XXIV.  The  Interarticular  Cartilage  of the Collar Bone and
 Acromion.

  1.  The Collar Bone.   2  The Capsular Membrane of the posterior
 extremity of that Bone, membrana capsularis extremitatis scapularis clavi-
 cula.  3  The Interarticular Cartilage, cartilago interarticularis clavicula
 et acromn.

  Fig.  XXV.  Anterior view of the Pelvis and its Ligaments.

 nJ,"  T^ Th™Vi *ef!w LTrar Vertebra-  2' Its Transverse pro-
 cess.  3.  The Body of the fourth Lumbar Vertebra.   4. Its Transverse
process.   5.  The Body of the fifth Lumbar Vertebra.   6. Its Tran verSe

SrrSSo  ™Th,G fiiS!-falSe Vertebra  of  the  Sa™  8.  The second
ditto.  9.  The third  ditto.   10. The fifth Lumbar hole.  11  The first
Anterior Sacral hole.   12. The second ditto   13 ThPPrL    v
Notch   14.  The Superior Anterior Sj^^ol^l^
The  Inferior Anterior Spinous process of the same Bone.   16  The An-
terior Notch of this Bone.   17. The  Horizontal Branch of the Pub£ 
27
18. Its Spinous  process.  19. The Descending Branch  of the Pubis.
20. The  Ascending Branch of the Ischium.   21. The Tuberosity of that
Bone.  22.  Its Descending Branch.   23. The Cotyloid Cavity or Ace-
tabulum.   24. The tip  of the Coccyx.  25.  The  Intervertebral sub-
stance of the third and fourth  Lumbar Vertebra.   26. Ibid, of the fourth
and fifth Lumbar Vertebra.  27.  Ibid, of the fifth Lumbar,  and  the first
false Vertebra of the Sacrum.  28. The Superior Anterior Pelvic Liga-
ment, lig. pelvis anticum superius.  29.  The  Inferior Anterior Pelvic
Ligament, lig. pelvis anticum inferius.  30. The Accessory Membrane,
membrana accessoria.  31. The Ligamentous Band, lacertus  ligamento-
sus, which, arising from the Body of the fourth Lumbar Vertebra, runs in
an arched form along the upper edge  of the Horizontal Branch of the
Pubis, and  at last terminates in the Spinous process of that Bone.  32.
The Membrane of the Oval hole, membr. obturatoria.  33. The Aperture,
hiatus, in this Membrane.   34.  The Pubic Symphysis, synchondrosis
ossium pubis.  35. The Annular Ligament,  lig. annulare,  of the  Pubis.
36. The Anterior Sacro-Coccygeal Ligament, lig. sacro-coccygeum ante-
rius.   37.  The Cartilaginous Lip, labrum cartilagineum, of the Acetabu-
lum.  38. The Notch, incisura, in the Acetabulum.   39. The Fallopian
Ligament,  lig. fallopii.

   Fig. XXVI.  Posterior view of the Pelvis, with its Ligaments.

   1.  The Superior Oblique process of the  third Lumbar Vertebra.  2.
Its Transverse process.   3.  Its  Spinous  process.  4.  The Transverse
process of the fourth Lumbar Vertebra.   5. Its Spinous process.  6.
The  Transverse  process of the fifth Lumbar Vertebra.  7. Its Spinous
process.  8. The connexion of the Oblique processes of the  third and
fourth Lumbar Vertebra.  9. The connexion of the fourth and fifth Lum-
bar  Vertebra.   10. The connexion  of the fifth Lumbar and  first false
Vertebra of the Sacrum.   11. The first posterior Sacral hole.   12. The
second ditto.  13. The third ditto.   14. The archlike termination of the
Vertebral Canal.  15. The third false Transverse process of the Sacrum.
 16.  The  fourth  ditto.  17.  The  fifth  ditto.  18. The Coccygeal pro-
cess of the Sacrum.   19. The false Transverse process of the  Coccyx.
20.  The Horn of the Coccyx.  21.  The fourth false  Vertebra  of that
Bone.  22. The Crest of the Ilium.   23. Its Superior Anterior Spinous
process.  24. Its Superior  Posterior Spinous process.  25. The Infe-
rior Posterior Spinous process.   26. The  Great Ischiatic Notch.  27.
The  Descending Branch of that Bone.  28. The Spinous process.  29.
The Tuberosity.  30. The Ascending Branch of the Ischium.   31. The
 Lesser Ischiatic  Notch.  32. The  Descending Branch  of the Pubis.
33.  Its Horizontal Branch.   34.  The edge of the Cotyloid Cavity.  35.
The Membrane  of the  Oval hole, membrana obturatoria.   36.  The An-
nular Ligament, lig. annulare, of the  Pubis.   37. The  Superior Anterior
Pelvic Ligament, lig. pelvis anticum superius.   38. The Inferior Ante-
rior Pelvic Ligament, lig. pelvis  anticum inferius.  39. The Accessory
Membrane, membrana accessoria.   40. The Long Posterior Ligament of
the  Ilium  lig. posticum longum ossis ilii.   41.  The Short Posterior Li-
 gament,  lig. posticum breve,  of the same Bone.   42. Irregular Posterior
 Ligaments, lig. vaga postica, of the same Bone   43.  Point at which the
Spinous Ligament of the Vertebra is generally lost.   44. The Membrane
with which the lower extremity of the Vertebral Canal is covered.  45. 
28
 The Long Posterior Ligament of the Coccyx, lig. sacro-coccygeum posti-
 cum longum.   46.  The Short Posterior Ligament of the same Bone, lig.
 sacro-coccygeum posticum breve.  47. The Ligamentous Membrane which
 passes from the fifth false Transverse process of the  Sacrum to the false
 Transverse process of the Coccyx.   48.  The  Ligament  between the
 Tuberosity of the  Ischium and the Sacrum.  49.  Its Falciform elonga-
 tion, productio falciformis.   50.  The  Ligament between  the  Spinous
 process of the Ischium and the Sacrum,  lig. spinoso-sacrum.

   Fig. XXVII.  Internal view of  half the Pelvis, with its Ligaments.
   1. The fourth Lumbar Vertebra.  2. Its Transverse process.  3. Its
 Spinous  process.  4. The fifth Lumber Vertebra.  5. Its Transverse
 process.   6—10. The five false Vertebrae of the Sacrum.  11—14. The
 four anterior Sacral holes.  15. The Lateral wing of the Sacrum.  16.
 The Lateral Articular surface of  the same Bone.  17—20.  The four
 false Vertebrae of the Coccyx. 21. The Crest  of the Ilium.   22. Its
 Superior Anterior Spinous process.  23.  Its Inferior Anterior Spinous
 process.   24.  The Horizontal Branch of the Pubis.   25. Its Spinous
 process.   26.  The Unnamed Line,  linea iliopectinea, of the Ilium.  27.
 The Pubic Cartilage,  together with its  surrounding Annular Ligament
 cut through.  28. The Descending Branch of the Pubis.   29.  The As-
 cending Branch of the Ischium.  30.  Its Descending Branch.   31. Its
 Tuberosity.  32.  Its Spinous process.    33. Its Lesser Ischiatic Notch.
 34. Its Great Notch.  35. The Cartilaginous connexion of  the Ilium and
 Sacrum.    36.  Intervertebral  substances,  cartilagines  intervertebrals.
 37. The Ligament between the Tuberosity of the Ischium and Sacrum,
 lig. tuheroso-sacrum.   38. The Falciform process, productio falciformis,
 of this Ligament.   39. The Ligament between the  Spinous process of
 the Ischium and the Sacrum, lig.  spinoso-sacrum.   40. The  Anterior
 Ligament of the Coccyx, lig. coccygeum anterius.  41.  The  Membrane of
 the Oval hole,  membr. obturatoria. 42. The Aperture, hiatus, in  this
 Membrane.  The right Os Innominatum has been removed.

   Fig. XXVIII.   Posterior View of the Pubic Bones of a Woman who
 had died at the  end of her pregnancy.
   1. The Gelatino-cartilaginous Substance, substantia gelatinoso-cartila-
ginea, of the left Pubis which is found in  the middle of  the Cartilaginous
 connexion, synchondrosis.   2. The same substance  on the right side.
 3. The divided Annular Ligament, lig.  annulare.
   The substance close to the Annular Ligament is cartilaginous.

   Fig. XXIX.   Longitudinal section of the Bones of a Female, of twen-
 ty-two  years old, who had drowned  herself in the sixth month of her
 pregnancy.

   1. The Crest of the Pubic Bone.  2. The Spinous process.   3. The
 Horizontal  Branch.  4. The  Descending  Branch.   5.  The Arch   6
 The bony cells.  7.  The  Pubic  Cartilage  in the midst of which is a
 cleft.


 a FIa°; *XXX'  TheA°T °f 1}G  £arpUS With  the  uPPer extremity of
 the Metacarpus divided longitudinally, m  order to  show the numerous
 Articular connections of these  Bones. 
29
  1. The Scaphoid Bone.  2. The Lunar Bone.  3. The Cuneiform
Bone.  4. The Pisiform Bone.   5. 6. The Interosseous Ligaments, lig.
interossea, of these Bones.   7.  The Trapezial Bone.  8. The Trape-
zoid Bone.  9.  The Great Bone.  10. The  Unciform Bone.  11—15.
The Metacarpal Bone.

  Fig. XXXI.  Perpendicular  Section of the Index Finger  with the
Capsular Ligaments of its Joints.
  1. Lower extremity of the Metacarpal Bone.   2. Capsular Ligament
of the  first  Joint, lig. capsulare  phalangis prima.  3.  Bone of the first
Phalanx.  4. Capsular Ligament of the second joint, lig. caps, phalangis
secunda.   5. Bone of the second Phalanx.   6.  Capsular Ligament of
the third Joint,  lig. caps. phal. tertia.   7. Bone of the  third Phalanx.

  Fig. XXXII.  The Capsular Membrane  of the Knee Joint viewed
from the  outside, together with the  Long External Lateral  Ligament of
the Knee.
  1. The Os Femoris.  2.  The Tibia.  3. The  Fibula.   4. The mem-
brane between the latter two Bones, membrana interossea cruris.   5. The
Patella.   6. The tendon of the M. rectus femoris, and  of the M. cruralis.
7. The tendon  of the M. vastus externus.  8.  The tendon of the M. biceps
flexor cruris, cut  through  and turned  back.   9.  The Ligament of the
Patella.   10. The Capsular Membrane of  the  Knee Joint which is
covered with the tendinous fibres of the neighboring  Muscles, and with
the sheath of the thigh, fascia  lata.   11.  The Long External Lateral
Ligament of the Knee, lig. laterale genu externum longum.

  Fig. XXXIII.  The Capsular Membrane of the Knee  Joint viewed
on the inside, with the Internal  Lateral Ligament.
   1. TheOs Femoris.  2.  The Tibia.  3. The  Patella.   4. The ten-
don of the M. rectus femoris and of the M. cruralis turned  back.   5. A
portion of the tendon of the M. vastus internus.   6. The tendon of the
M. gastrocnemius internus.   7.  The tendon of the M.  semimembranosus.
8. A part of the  Femoral sheath turned aside.   9. The Capsular Mem-
brane of the Knee Joint, membr. capsularis genu.  10.  The Internal La-
teral  Ligament of the Knee Joint, lig. laterale genu internum.  11. The
Ligament of the Patella, lig. patella.

   Fig.  XXXIV.  The Popliteal  Ligament  with the  Short  External
Lateral Ligament of the Knee, and the Ligaments of the  Head of the Fibula.
   1. The Os Femoris.  2. The Tibia.  3. The  Fibula.   4. The Mem-
brane between the Bones of the leg, membr. interossea cruris.  5. The
tendon  of the  M. gastrocnemius  externus, turned back.   6.  The  ten-
don of the  M. biceps flexor  cruris.   7.  The tendon of the  M. gastrocne-
mius internus.  8. The tendon of the M. semimembranosus.  9. The ten-
don of the M. semitendinosus.   10. The tendon of the M. gracilis.  11.
The Popliteal  Ligament, lig. poplileum.  12. The  Capsular Membrane
of  the Knee   Joint.   13. The  Short  External  Lateral Ligament, lig.
laterale genu externum breve.  14. The Capsular  Membrane of the head
of the Fibula, membr. capsularis capituli fibula.  15. Strengthening fibres
of this Membrane. 
30
    Fig.  XXXV.  The  Mucous  Ligaments of the Knee with the Alar
  Ligaments.
    1. The Articular surface of the  Inner  Condyle of the Os  Femoris.
  2. The Articular surface of the Outer Condyle.  3. The Articular sur-
  face of  the Patella.  4. The  tendon  of the M. vastus internus, divided.
  5. The tendon of the M. vastus  externus, divided.  6. The Inner Semi-
  lunar Cartilage, cartilago lunata.   7. The  Outer Semilunar Cartilage.
  8. The Mucous Ligament of the  Knee,  lig. mucosum genu.  9. The
  fatty glandular mass which is enveloped  in  a  process  of the  Mucous
  Ligament.  10. The Great Alar Ligament, lig. alare majus.  11. The
  Lesser Alar Ligament.
    Some part of the Crucial ligaments  are here seen.

    Fig.  XXXVI.   Anterior view of the Crucial Ligaments of the Knee,
 together with  the Ligaments of  the Head of the Fibula, and the  Liga-
 ments of the Patella.
    1. The Articular surface of the Inner Condyle of the Thigh Bone.   2.
 The Articular surface  of  the Outer  Condyle.   3.  The Tibia.   4. Its
 Inner Upper  Articular  Cavity.  5. Its  Outer Upper Articular  Cavity.
 6. The  Fibula.  7. Its Head.  8. The  tendon of the M. flexor cruris.
 9. The  anterior strengthening fibres of the Capsular Membrane of the
 head of the Fibula.  10. The Patella.   11. The tendon of the M. rec-
 tus and crureus.  12.  The  Ligament  of the  Patella.   13. A portion  of
 the Capsular  Membrane of the  Knee Joint dissected and turned  back.
 14. The Inner  Semilunar  Cartilage.  15. The Outer Semilunar Carti-
 lage.  16.  The Anterior Crucial  Ligament of the Knee, lig. genu crucia-
 tum anticum.   17.  The Posterior Crucial Ligament.  18. The mem-
 brane between the bones of the Leg.

   Fig.  XXXVII.  Posterior view of the Crucial  Ligaments of the Knee
 with the Ligaments  of the Head of the  Fibula.

 o  ™Thf Thi,gh B°ne'   2>  The Articular  ^rface of its Inner Condyle.
 3.  1 he Articular surface of its  Outer Condyle.  4. The Tibia.   5  The
 Fibula   6  Its Head.   7.  The posterior strengthening fibres of the Cap-
 sular Membrane of  the Head of  the Fibula.  8. The tendon of the M
gastrocnemius internus.   9.  The tendon of the  M. gastrocnemius externus.
 W.  Ifae tendon of the M. semimembranosus, turned back.   11  The ten-
don of the M. biceps flexor cruris, turned back.   12. The Capsular Mem-
brane of the knee slit up and turned back.   13.  The Posterior  Crucial
Ligament of the Knee.   14. The Anterior Crucial Ligament. 15. The
Inner Semilunar Cartilage.   16.  The Outer Semilunar Cartilage

been rerrfovTd   ^          *" ^"^ °f the  Leg LaS' in ^is instance,

   Fig. XXXVIII.  The Semilunar Cartilage.

t£ n\G TTTia"  2; The1 Inner UpPer Arti<^r surface of the Bone  3
The Outer  Upper  Articular surface.  4. The Patella.   5  The  fatty
glandular mass.  6.  A portion of the Capsular Membrane of he Knel
Joint.  7. The Anterior  Crucial  Ligament    8  ThQ v   ♦  •  ^   ■,


transversale, of this Cartilage.         ans^rse Ligament, lig. commune 
31
             SECOND BODY OF LIGAMENTS,


                                  D.

                      FROM  BEHIND.

                             Head, caput.

   1. os bregmatis.  2.  os occipitis.   3. os  temporum.  4. os Wormian
 num.   5. processus  mastoideus.   5.  processus styloideus.  7. incisura
 mastoidea.   8. processus zygomaticus  ossis firontis.   9. os jug ale.   10.
 cartilago auricula.   11. palatum osseum.   12. dentes  maxilla superioris.
 13.  14. 15. 16.  17.  maxilla inferior.   18. arcus  temporalis.

                            Trunk, truncus.
   19. vertebra colli.  20.  V. dorsi.   21.  V. lumbales.  22.  os sacrum.
 23.  os coccygis.   24. os  ilium.   25. os pubis.  26. os ischii.   27. £w£e-
 rositas ischii.  28.  costa prima.   29.  The  eighth  Rib, or first false Rib.
 30.   The twelfth Rib.
   c. membrana arcus posterioris atlantis.   b. lig. processuum spinosorum
 vertebrarum.  c. lig. quels pices vertebrarum  connectuntur.   d.  lig. cervi-
 cis costa externum,   e. lig. cervicis costa internum,  f.  lig. costa trans-
 vcrsale externum,   g. lig. intertransversale.  h. lig. ilio-lumbale.  i. lig.
 vaga postica oss. ilium s.  pelvis,  k. lig.  sacro-coccygeum posticum longum.
 I. lig. sacro-tuberosum.  m. lig. sacro-spinosum.  n. lig. posticum longum
 ossis ilium,  o.  lig. obturatorium.  p.  incisura ischiadica major et  q. mi-
 nor.

              Upper  Extremities, extremitates superiores.
   1. clavicula.  2.  scapula.  3. spina scapula.  4. acromion.  5. 6. 7.
 humerus.  8. 9.  10. radius.  11. processus styloideus radii.  12.13.14.
 15.  ulna, olecranon.   16.  superficies dorsalis carpi.  17. ossa metacarpi.
 18.  19. 20.  21. 22. phalanges  digitorum.  23. superficies  volaris carpi.
 24.  25.  26.  ossa  sesamoidea.   27. 28. The Articular Capsules  of the
 fingers are here opened and turned back.
   a.  lig.  scapula trapezoideum.  b.  lig.  acromio-coracoideum.   c. lig.
 transver sum scapula,  d.  membrana capsularis humeri,  e. membr. capsu-
 laris cubiti.  f.  lig. laterale externum,  g.  lig. annulare,  h. lig. interos-
 seum.  i. k. I. Finger Joint  laid  open.   m. n. o. lig.  lateralia  of the
 Finger Joint partially cut through and turned back.

              Lower  Extremities, extremitates infieriores.
   31. femur.  32. trochanter major.   33.  trochanter minor.  34.  caput.
 35.  36.  condyli femoris.   38. condylus  internus et 39.  internus  tibia.
40. malleolus internus.  41. Fibula.    42.  capitulum fibula.  43.  malle-
olus  externus.  44. patella.  45. 46. cartilagines semilunares.  47. talus.
48. calcaneus.   49. superficies dorsalis tarsi.  50. ossa metatarsi.  51-
55. Phalanges digitorum. 
32
   tt. a. The lig. capsulare femoris of the left side cut through and turned
back.  b. lig. capsulare femoris of the right side unopened,   c. linea as-
pera femoris.  d.  The lig. later, internum genu cut away.   e. A peculiar
bundle to this Ligament,  fi lig. laterale externum genu.  g. g. lig. cru-
ciatum genu.   h. The tendon of the m. semimembranosus,   i. membrana
capsularis capituli fibula.  k.  membrana  interossea cruris.  I. m. lig.
malleoli externi posticum superius et inferius.  n.  lig. posticum inter fibu-
lam et tarsum.  o.  lig. laterale externum of the Ankle Joint,  p. lig. late-
rale internum of the Ankle Joint,  q. The  tendon oi the m.  extensor cru-
ris,  r. lig. patella.
EXPLANATION
OF THE SEVERAL  FIGURES WHICH ARE  DELINEATED WITH THE


                 SECOND LIGAMENTOUS  BODY.
   Fig. I.  Articulation  of the Lower  Jaw with the  Temporal Bone of
 the right  side.
   1.  Horizontal section through the Temporal Pit.  2. Vertical Section
 through the Mastoid process.  3. Mastoid process.   4.  A portion of the
 Malar Bone which  remains  attached  to 5. The Malar  process of  the
 Temporal Bone.   6.  Upper extremity of the External Lateral Ligament,
 lig. laterale externum.  7. Its lower extremity.  8.  Neck of the Lower
 Jaw.   9.  Falciform  Notch.  10. Coronoid process.  11. Angle of  the
 Lower Jaw.  12. External Auditory Canal.   13. Styloid process.   14.
 Stylo-Maxillary Ligament, lig. stylo-maxillare.   15.  16. Vertical' Sec-
 tion through both Jaws.

   Fig. II.  External Lateral View of both Jaws.  The external Lateral
 Ligament is removed ; both  Capsular Ligaments are cut through and
 the Interarticular Cartilage seen in  its place.   The  Condyle of the'Jaw
 is depressed from the  Glenoid Cavity in order to render  the view of the
 internal parts more distinct.

   1. Horizontal Section  through the Temporal Bone.  2 Malar Bone
 3. Vertical  section through the  Mastoid process.  4.  Right Condyle of
 the Occipital Bone.   5. Styloid process.  6.  Stylo-Maxillary Ligament.
 7. Base of the Zygomatic Arch.   8. Condyle of the Lower Jaw 9  In-
 terarticular  Cartilage, cartilago inter articularis.   10.  Inferior  Caosular
 Ligament, lig. capsulare inferius.  11. Superior Capsular Ligament Zi>.
■capsulare superius.  12. Vertical Section through both  Jaws.        '

  Fig. III.   Internal View of the Articulation of the Lower  Jaw with
the Temporal Bone on the right side.                         Jaw wat* 
33
  1. Sphenoidal Sinus.   2.  Vertical Section through the Cuneiform pro-
cess of the Occipital Bone.  3. Petrous portion of the Temporal Bone,
and the Internal organ of Hearing therein contained.  4. Inner opening
of the Anterior Condyloid  hole, for. condyloideum anterius.   5. Mastoid
process.   6.  7. 8.  Vertical Section through both Jaws.  9. Upper ex-
tremity of the Internal Lateral Ligament, lig. laterale internum.  10.  Its
lower extremity.    11. Commencement of  the  Maxillary  Canal.   12.
Styloid process.  13.  Stylomaxillary Ligament.  14. Semilunar Notch.
15. 16.  Partof the Turbinated plates in the Nostril.

  Fig. IV.   The Membrane of the posterior Arch of the Atlas.

  1. The Occipital Bone.  2. Its Condyloid process.   3. The Mastoid
process of the Temporal Bone.  4. The hinder Arch of the Atlas,  arcus
posterior  atlantis.   5.  Its Transverse process.  6. The second Cervical
Vertebra.  7. The  third Cervical  Vertebra.  8.  The fourth Cervical
Vertebra.  9. The  Spinous  process of the second Cervical Vertebra.
10. Ditto of the third.  11. Ditto of the fourth.   12. The Membrane of
the hinder Arch of  the Atlas, membrana arcus posterioris atlantis.  13.
The Capsular Membrane  connecting the Occipital  Bone and the Atlas,
membrana capsularis junctura ossis occipitis cum atlante, cut through and
turned back.  At this  part  the  Membrane  of the  hinder Arch of the
Atlas is removed.

  Fig. V.   The Ligamentous Apparatus of the Vertebrae of the Neck.

  1. The Spine  of the Frontal Bone.  2. The hinder surface of the
Body of this Bone.  3. The Mastoid process of the Temporal  Bone.
4. A part of  the Parietal  Bone.  5. The  Condyle  of the  Lower Jaw.
6. The Coronary  process.  7. The Angle of the Lower Jaw. 8. The
edge of the divided Body of the Occipital  Bone.  9.  The  Styloid pro-
cess.  10. The Pit for the Lateral Sinus of the Dura Mater.   11. The
Condyle  of the Occipital  Bone.   12. The  Upper Angle of the Petrous
portion of the  Temporal  Bone.   13. The  Transverse process of the
Atlas.  14.  Ditto of the  second  Cervical  Vertebra.  15. Ditto of the
third.  16. The remainder of the Arch of the fourth Cervical Vertebra.
17. The  same part  of the fifth.   18. A part of the  Dura Mater which
has been separated  from  the Vertebral  Canal and turned up.   19. The
Head of the Dentiform process of the second Cervical Vertebra which is
indistinctly seen.   20. The Ligamentous Apparatus  of the Cervical Ver-
tebrae, apparatus ligamentosus vertebrarum colli.  21. The  part, where
this Apparatus terminates, and the Posterior Long Band, fascia longitudi-
nalis posterior, of the Vertebrae begins.

  Fig. VI.   The Transverse Ligament of the'Atlas  and its Appendages,
with the  Lateral Ligaments of the Dentiform process of the second Cer-
vical Vertebra.

  1. A portion of the Jugular hole proper to the Occipital Bone.  2.
The Cuneiform process  of the same Bone.  3.  The  Posterior Clinoid
process of the Sphenoid Bone.  4. The Mastoid process of the Tempo-
ral Bone  cut through..   5.  The Parietal Bone.  6.  The  Furrow for the
Lateral Sinus.  7. The Jugular hole.   8. The part, at which the hinder
Arch of the Atlas is sawn through.  9. The  Transverse process of the
                                 5 
34
Atlas.   10. The Base of the divided Arch of the second Cervical Verte-
bra.   11.  The  Transverse process of this Vertebra.   12.  The  Head
of its Dentiform process.   13.  The divided  Base of the Arch of the third
Vertebra of the  Neck.  14. Its  transverse process.   15.  The  divided
base of  the Arch of the fourth Cervical Vertebra.  16. Its  Transverse
process.   17. The Dura Mater of the Vertebral Canal turned back.  18.
The Ligamentous Apparatus of the Cervical Vertebrae turned back.  19.
The Transverse Ligament of the Atlas, lig. transver sale atlantis.  20. Its
lower appendage, appendix.  21.  Its  upper Appendage.  22. The La-
teral Ligament of the Dentiform process  of the second Cervical Verte-
bra, lig. laterale dentis epistrophei.

  Fig.  VII.  The  Transverse Ligament of the Atlas, from which  the
Appendages have been removed, with the  Lateral Ligaments of the Den-
tiform process of the second Cervical Vertebra.
  1. A  portion of the Jugular hole proper to the Occipital Bone.   2. The
Cuneiform process of that Bone.   3. The  Posterior Clinoid process of
the  Sphenoid Bone.  4. The Mastoid process of the Temporal Bone cut
through.   5.  The hinder  Arch  of the Atlas sawn through.   6. The
Transverse process  of the same Bone.  7.  The Base of the Arch  of the
second  Cervical Vertebra sawn through.  8. Its  Transverse  process.
9. The Dentiform process of this Vertebra.  10. The  Ligamentous Ap-
paratus  of the Cervical Vertebra turned  back.    11.  The   Transverse
Ligament of the Atlas, lig. transversale atlantis, its appendages removed.
12.  The Lateral Ligament of the Dentiform process of the second Cervi-
cal Vertebra,  lig. laterale dentis epistrophei.

  Fig.  VIII.  The  Atlas  with its  Transverse  Ligament," seen from
above.

  1. Anterior Arch.  2.  Articular surface for the Dentiform process.
3. Transverse ligament, ligam. transver sum.  4.  A portion  between it
and the  front  Arch  of the Atlas  in which the Dentiform process is re-
ceived.  5. Vertebral hole.  6.  Articular Surface.  7. Hole for Verte-
bral vessels.  8.  Transverse process.  9. Posterior Arch.   10.  Infe-
rior Articular process.

  Fig.  IX.   The Nuchal Ligament.

  1. The  Occipital  Bone.  2. The Great External ! Protuberance of
this Bone.  3. Its upper  Transverse  Ridge.  4. Its Under  Transverse
Ridge.  5. The Mastoid hole  of the Temporal Bone, foramen mammil-
lare.  6. The Mastoid process of that Bone.  7—13.  The  seven Cer-
vical Vertebrae.   14. The Capsular Membrane connecting the Occipital
Bone and the Atlas.  15.   The Capsular Membrane of the Oblique pro-
cesses,  membr.  capsularis processuum obliquorum.   16.  The Ligament
of the Spinous processus, lig. processuum spinosorum.  17. The Nuchal
Ligament.

  Fig.  X. A portion of the Spine with the  Ribs.

  1—8. The third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth
Ribs.   9.  The  Tubercle, tuberculum, of the Ribs.   10__17. The Spi-
nous process of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth,  and 
35
tenth Dorsal Vertebrae.  18—25.  The Transverse processes of the same
Vertebrae.  26. The Inferior Oblique process of the tenth Vertebra.   27.
The External Transverse Ligaments of the Ribs, lig. costa transversale
externum.  28. The Internal Ligament of the Neck of the Ribs, lig.  cer-
vicis costa internum.  29. The points at which the External Ligament
of the Neck of the Rib, lig. cervicis costa externum, commences from the
Inferior Oblique process of the Vertebra whence it passes to the  Neck
of the Rib.   30.  The  Ligament  between the Transverse processes of
the Vertebrae, lig. inter transver sale, which passes from the  Transverse
process of the upper to the same process of the subjacent Vertebra.   31.
The Ligament of the Spinous processes of the Vertebra. (Fig. IX. 16.)

   Fig.  XI.   The  Posterior Long Ligament  of the Lumbar Vertebrae,
and of the false Vertebrae  of the Sacrum.

   1. The Inferior Oblique process of the twelfth Dorsal Vertebra.   2—
6.  The same process of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth Lumbar
Vertebrae.   7—11. The Transverse process of the  first, second, third,
fourth, and fifth Lumbar Vertebrae.  12. The Lateral Articular surface
of  the Sacrum.   13. The four Holes of this Bone.  14. Its Coccygeal
process.  15.  The arched termination of the vertebral Canal.   16—19.
The four false Vertebrae  of the  Coccyx.  20.  The rest of the short
Ligaments  of the  Coccix, lig.  sacro-coccygei brevis, and the  Accessory
Ligamentous Membranes, membr.  ligamentosa-accessoria.  21. The Pos-
terior Long Ligament  of  the  Vertebrae, fascia longitudinalis vertebrarum
posterior.  22. Its expansion over the  Intervertebral substance of the
Vertebrae.   23.   The  point at which this  Ligament  terminates in the
first false Vertebra of the  coccyx.

   Fig.  XII.  The Yellowish Ligaments of the Arches of the Vertebrae.

   1. The Arch of the  first  Lumbar  Vertebra.  2. Its  Transverse  pro-
cess.  3. The Base of its Arch sawn off from the Body.  4.  The Upper
Oblique  process.   5. The Arch  of  the second Lumbar Vertebra.  6.
The Base sawn off from the Body.  7. Its Transverse process.  8.  The
Arch of the third  Lumbar  Vertebra.   9. Its Base  sawn off.   10. Its
Transverse process.  11.  Its  Inferior Oblique process.   12.  Its Spinous
process.  13. The Yellowish Ligaments of the Arches of the Vertebrae,
lig. crurum vertebrarum subflava.   14. The Fissure, rima intermedia, be-
tween these  Ligaments.

   Fig.  XIII.  The upper  Intervertebral substance of the third Lumbar
Vertebra.
   1. The  root of the Arch.  2.  Its Transverse process.   3.  Its Supe-
rior Oblique process.   4. Its Accessory process.  5. The Inferior Ob-
lique process.  6. The Spinous  process.  7. The Vertebral hole.  8.
The Intervertebral substance, cartilago  intervertebral.  9. The Gela-
tinous Nucleus, nucleus gelatinosus.

   Fig.  XIV.  The Round Ligament  of the  Head of the Thigh Bone,
with the glandular fatty Mass.
   1  The  external surface of the Ilium.  2. Its Crest.   3. Its Upper
Anterior Spinous process.   4. Its Lower Anterior Spinous process.  5. 
36
The part at which the Horizontal Branch of the Pubic Bone has been
sawn off.   6. A part of the Descending Branch of the Ischium.   7. Its
Tuberosity.  8. Its Great Notch.   9.  The  Head of the  Os  Femoris.
10. Its Neck.   11.  Its Great Trochanter.   12. Its Little Trochanter.
13. The Capsular Membrane of the Thigh Bone cut  open and turned
back.   14. The little bridles, retinacula, of this Membrane.   15. Fat,
on the external  surface of this Membrane.   16. The Cartilaginous Lip,
labrum cartilagineum, of the Cotyloid Cavity.  17. 18. The cornua of
the Cotyloid Cavity lined with Cartilage.  19. The Round Ligament,
lig. teres, of the head of the Thigh Bone.   20. The glandular fatty
Mass, massa adiposa-glandulosa, which is covered with  a thin expansion
of the Round Ligament.
  The Thigh Bone  is drawn inwards in order to render the bundles of
the Capsular Membrane more distinct;  hence also is the Round Liga-
ment turned down.

  Fig. XV.  The Cotyloid Cavity with the glandular fatty Mass.
  1—6.  Are named as in the preceding figure. 7.  A probe introduced
into the Gap of the Cotyloid Cavity, hiatus acetabuli.  8.  A portion of
the Cartilaginous edge which covers this Gap externally.  9. The glan-
dular fatty Mass, massa adiposa-glandulosa.

  Fig. XVI.   The Hip Joint, sawn through vertically, to show dis-
tinctly the interior of the Capsular Ligament, and the Round Ligament.

  1. Horizontal Section of  the  Ilium.  2. Its inner  surface.  3.  Its
outer surface.   4.  Vertical Section  through the Ilium and  the Cotyloid
Cavity.   5. Articular Cartilage  of the  Cotyloid Cavity.   6. Its Car-
tilaginous edge.  7. Attachments of the Capsular Ligament to the edge
of the Cotyloid  Cavity.  8. Attachments of the same  Ligament to  the
Neck of the Os  Femoris.   9. Vertical Section through the Head, Neck,
and  Great Trochanter of the Os  Femoris.   11.  Attachment  of the
Round Ligament to  the Pit in the Head of the Thigh  Bone.  12—14.
Attachment of  the  same to the  bottom  of the Cotyloid Cavity.   15.
Internal  surface  of the  Capsular  Ligament.  16.  Vertical section
through the Pubis,  and Ischium.  17.  Tuberosity.  18.  Great Tro-
chanter.   19. Little Trochanter.  20.  Part of the Oval hole.  21.  A
portion of the Os Femoris cut asunder.

  Fig.  XVII.   The Knee Joint  sawn  through vertically,  so as to  ex-
pose clearly the position of the Capsular Ligament.

  1. Os  Femoris.   2.  Its Anterior  surface.  3. Tendon of the  M.
rectus femoris.   4. Sacciform expansion  of  the Capsular Ligament,
relaxatio sacciformis ligamenti capsularis.   5.  Outer half of the Patella.
6. 7. Ligament of the  Patella, lig. patella.  8. Its mucous Bag.   9.
10. Mucous Ligament of the Knee  Joint.   11. Internal surface of  the
Capsular Ligament.  12. External  Condyle of the Thigh Bone.   13.
Anterior Crucial ligament, ligam. cruciatum  anticum.  14. Upper sur-
face of the Outer Semilunar Cartilage,  cartilago  semilunata externa.
15. 16.  Triangular cut surface  of  this  Cartilage.   17.  Posterior part
of the Capsular  Ligament.   18. Articular Cartilage of the hinder sur-
face of the Patella.  19. Vertical  Section through the  Tibia.   20. 
37
 Vertical Section through the Os Femoris.  21. Upper extremity of the
 Fibula.

   Fig. XVIII.   Vertical Section through the articulation at the Ankle
 of the Tibia, Fibula, and tarsus of the left side.
   1. Half the lower extremity of the Tibia.  2. Half the lower extre-
 mity of the Fibula.  3. The Interosseous Ligament, lig. interosseum.
 4. The Inner Ankle.   5. The outer Ankle.   6. A part  of the Exter-
 nal Lateral Ligament, lig. fabulare calcanei.  7. Interosseous Liga-
 ment, lig. inter fibulam et tibiam.  8. Capsular Ligament of the Ankle
 Joint laid  open.  9. A part of the Deltoid Ligament, lig.  deltoideum.
 10. The Astragalus cut through vertically.  11. 12. The Os Calcis cut
 through.   13. The Ligament  between the Astragalus and Os Calcis,
 lig. plantare inter calcaneum et astragalum.

   Fig. XIX.   The Instep or back  of the Foot with its Ligaments.
   1. The Tibia.  2.  The Fibula.  3. The Interosseous Ligament.   4.
 The Astragalus.  5. The Os Calcis.  6. The Os Naviculare.  7. The
 Os Cuboides.   8.  Os Cuneiforme Internum.  9. lb. Medium.  10. lb.
 Externum.   11-15. The five Metacarpal Bones.   16. The  Upper  An-
 terior Ligament  of the Outer Ankle, lig. malleoli externi anticum superius.
 17. The under Anterior Ligament of the same Ankle.  18. The Deltoid
 Ligament, lig.  deltoideum.   19. The Middle Perpendicular Ligament
 of the Fibula,  lig. fibula medium perpendiculare.   20.   The Anterior
 Ligament between the Fibula and Astragalus, lig. anterius inter fibulam
 et talum.  21. The ligamentous Apparatus of the Sinuosity, apparatus
 ligamentosus cavitatis sinuosa.   22.  The Upper Ligament between the
 Os Naviculare and the Astragalus, lig. superius inter talum et os navicu-
 lare.   23.  The Dorsal Ligament between the Os Naviculare and the Os
 Calcis, lig.  dorsale inter calcaneum et os naviculare.  24. The  Dorsal
 Ligament between the Os Calcis and the Os Cuboides, lig. dorsale inter
 calcaneum et os  cuboideum,  which generally consists of  three portions.
 25. The Dorsal  Ligament between the Os Naviculare and Os Cuboides,
 lig. dorsale inter os naviculare et cuboideum.  26. The Dorsal Ligament
 between the Os Naviculare and Os Cuneiforme Externum, lig. dorsale in-
 ter os naviculare et cuneiforme tertium.   27. The Dorsal  Ligament be-
 tween the Os Naviculare and Os Cuneiforme Medium, lig. dorsale inter
 os  naviculare  et cuneiforme secundum.  28. The  Dorsal  Ligament be-
 tween the Os Naviculare and the Os Cuneiforme Internum, lig. dorsale
 inter os naviculare et cuneiforme primum.  29. The Dorsal Ligament be-
 tween the Os Cuboides and Os Cuneiforme Externum,  lig. dorsale inter
 os cuboideum et cuneiforme tertium.   30. The Dorsal Ligament between
 the Os Cuneiforme Medium and Externum, lig. dorsale inter os cuneiforme
 secundum et tertium.  31. The Dorsal Ligament between  the Os Cunei-
 forme Medium et Internum,  lig. dorsale inter os cuneiforme secundum et
primum.   32.  The Capsular Membrane of the Inner Cuneiforme and first
 Metatarsal Bone, membrana capsularis ossis cuneifiormis et  metatarsi pri-
 mi.  33.  The Dorsal Ligament  between the Inner  Cuneiform and  the
second Metatarsal Bone, lig. dorsale inter os metatarsi secundum et os
 cuneiforme primum.  34.  The Dorsal Ligament between the middle Cunei-
 form and second Metatarsal Bone,  lig. dorsale inter os metatarsi secun-
dum et cuneiforme  secundum.  35.  The Dorsal Ligament between  the 
38
Outer Cuneiform and second Metatarsal Bones, lig. dorsale inter os me-
tatarsi secundum et cuneiforme tertium.  36. The Ligament between the
outer Cuneiform and third Metatarsal Bones, lig. inter os metatarsi terti-
um et cuneiforme tertium.   37. The Ligament between the  Cuboid and
the third Metatarsal Bones,  lig. inter os metatarsi tertium et cuboideum.
  In the triangular space between 35. 36. 40. is the Ligament between
the Middle Cuneiform and the third  Metacarpal Bone, lig. inter os meta-
tarsi tertium  et  cuneiforme secundum.   38. The Ligament between the
Cuboid and fourth Metatarsal Bone, lig. inter os metatarsi quartum et cu-
boideum.   39. The  connexion of the Cuboid and fifth Metatarsal Bone,
connexio ossis metat. quinti et cuboideu  40. The Dorsal Ligament of the
Base  of  the second and third Metatarsal Bones, lig. dorsale baseos ossis
metat. secundi et tertii.  41. The Dorsal  Ligament of the Base  of the
third and fourth  Metatarsal Bones, lig. dorsale baseos ossis metat. quarti.
42. The Dorsal Ligament of the Base of  the fourth and fifth Metatarsal
Bones, lig. dorsale baseos ossis metat. quarti et quinti.  43.  The Late-
ral  Ligament of the Base of the second and third Metatarsal Bones, lig.
laterale baseos ossis metat. tertii et secundi.  44. The  Lateral  Ligament
of the base of the third and  fourth Metatarsal Bones, lig. laterale  baseos
ossis metat. tertii et  quarti.  45. The Lateral  Ligament of the Base of
the fourth and fifth Metatarsal Bones, lig. laterale baseos ossis metat. quarti
et quinti.   46.   The Long Plantar Ligament between the os Calcis and
os Cuboides, lig. plantare  longum inter calcaneum et os cuboideum.  47.
The tendon of the M. peroneus brevis.

  Fig. XX.   The Foot with its Ligaments, on the  inside.

  1. The Tibia.  2. The Groove of the Inner  Ankle.  3. The Os
Calcis.   4. Its Internal process.  5. The Astragalus.   6. The  Tube-
rosity of the Os Naviculare.  7.  The Os Cuneiforme Internum.  8. The
os Cuneiforme  Medium.   9. The first  Metatarsal Bone.   10.  The  sec-
ond Metatarsal  Bone.  11. The Deltoid Ligament.  12.  The Capsular
Membrane of the Astragalus and Os Calcis, membr. capsularis tali  et cal-
canei, which  is covered  by the Deltoid Ligament.  13. The  Cartilagi-
nous Pulley, trochlea cartilaginea, of the Os Calcis  and Os Naviculare.
14. The  Capsular membrane  of the  Astragalus  and Os Naviculare,
membr. capsularis tali et ossis navicularis.  15. The  Dorsal  Ligament
between the Navicular  and Middle  Cuneiform Bone, lig.  dorsale inter os
naviculare et cuneiforme secundum.   16.  The Dorsal Ligament between
the Navicular and Internal Cuneiform Bone, lig. dorsale inter os navicu-
lare et cuneiforme primum.   17. The  Lateral Ligament between the
Navicular  and  internal Cuneiform  Bone, lig.  laterale inter  os navicu-
lare  et cuneiforme primum.   18. The  Dorsal Ligament between the
outer  and middle Cuneiform Bones, lig. dorsale inter os cuneiforme pri-
mum et secundum.  19. The Dorsal Ligament between the Inner Cunei-
form and the second  Metatarsal Bone, lig. dorsale  inter os metat.  secun-
dum et cuneiforme primum.  20. The Dorsal Ligament between the Mid-
dle Cuneiform and the second Metatarsal Bone, lig. dorsale inter os metat.
secundum et cuneiforme secundum.  21. The Capsular Membrane  of the
Inner Cuneiform and first Metatarsal Bone, membr. caps, ossis cuneiformis
et metatarsi primi.  22. The tendon of the M. tibialis anticus.   23  The
tendon of the M. tibialis posticus. 
39
  Fig. XXI.   The Posterior Ligaments of the Inner and Outer Ankle.

  1. The Tibia. 2. The Inner Ankle.  3.  The Groove of the  Ankle by
which the tendon of the M. tibialis posticus passes.  4. The Fibula.   5.
The Outer Ankle.  6. The body of the Astragalus which is shown by
removing the Capsular Membrane of the Ankle Joint.  7. The Os Cal-
cis.   8. The tendon of the M. tibialis posticus turned down  as it runs
into  its  Sheath.  9. The Interosseous  Membrane.  10.  The  Posterior
Ligament of the Outer Ankle, lig. malleoli externi posticum superius.  11.
The Inferior Posterior Ligaments of the Outer Ankle, lig. malleoli externi
posticum inferius.  12. Strong fibres of the Capsular  Membrane of the
Ankle Joint, membr.  caps,  articuli  tarsi.    13.  The Posterior  Liga-
ment between the Fibula and Astragalus,  lig. inter fibulam et talum pos-
terius.  14. The middle Perpendicular Ligament  of the Fibula, lig. fibu-
la medium perpendiculare.   15.  A portion of the Capsular  Membrane of
the Astragalus  and Os Calcis, membr.  capsularis  tali et calcanei.   16.
The Deltoid  Ligament, lig. deltoideum.  17. The Cartilaginous Pulley,
trochlea cartilaginea, of the Os Naviculare and Os Calcis.

   Fig.  XXII.   The  Sole of the Foot with its Ligaments.

   1.  The Os Calcis.   a.  Its Internal process.  2.  The Os  Cuboides.
3. Its Groove.   4. The Os Naviculare.  5. The  Os Cuneiforme Exter-
num.  6. The Os Cuneiforme  Internum.   7. The Astragalus.  8. The
Tibia.   9. The Inner Ankle.  10—14.  The five  metatarsal Bones.
15.  The tendon of the M. tibialis posticus.  16.  A portion  of its  liga-
mentous Sheath, vagina ligamentosa.   17. The Sheath, vagina, of the
tendon of the M. flexor longus pollicis pedis.    18.  The  Deltoid Ligament.
19. The Cartilaginous Pulley, trochlea cartilaginea, of the Os Naviculare
and Os  Calcis.   20.  The Long Plantar Ligament between the Os Cal-
cis and Os Cuboides,  lig. plantare  longum inter calcaneum et os cuboide-
um.  21. The Oblique Plantar Ligament, lig. plantare obliquum, of those
Bones.   22.  The Round Plantar Ligament of the Os Naviculare and Os
Calcis,  lig. plantare  teres  calcanei et ossis  navicularis.  23. The  Flat
Plantar Ligament, lig. plantare planum, of these Bones.  24.  The Trans-
verse Plantar Ligament between the Os  Naviculare  and Os  Cuboides,
lig.  plantare transversum inter  os naviculare et  cuboideum.    25. The
Plantar Ligament between the Navicular and Internal Cuneiform Bone,
lig. plantare inter os naviculare et cuneiforme primum.   26. The Plantar
Ligament between the Navicular and the  middle Cuneiform  Bone, lig.
plantare inter os naviculare et cuneiforme secundum.   27.  The Capsular
Membrane of  the Internal Cuneiform and  first  Metatarsal Bone, membr.
caps, ossis cuneiformis et metatarsi primi.   28. The Plantar  Ligament
between the  Inner Cuneiform and second Metatarsal  Bone, lig. plantare
inter os cuneiforme primum et metatajrsi secundum.   29. The Plantar Liga-
ment between the Internal Cuneiform and the third Metatarsal  Bone, lig.
plantare inter os cuneiforme primum et metatarsi tertium.  30. The Lateral
Ligament between the outer Cuneiform and  the fourth Metatarsal Bone,
U*. laterale inter os cuneiforme tertium ct metat. quartum.  31.  The Trans-
verse Ligament of the fifth Metatarsal Bone, lig. transversale ossis metat.
quinti.   32.  The Common Plantar Ligament of the  Metatarsal Bones,
lig. plantare  ossibus  metat. commune.  33. The  Plantar Ligaments be-
tween the Cuboid and outer Cuneiform Bone, lig.  plantana inter os cuboi-
deum et cuneifiorme tertium.  34. The Plantar Ligament of the base of 
40
the second and third Metatarsal Bones, lig. plantare baseos ossis metat. se-
cundi et tertii.   35.  The Plantar  Ligament of the Base of the third and
fourth  Metatarsal Bones.  36. The Plantar  Ligament of the Base  of
the fourth and  fifth Metatarsal Bones.   37.   The connexion of the fifth
Metatarsal Bone with the Cuboid Bone, connexio ossis metatarsi quinti et
cuboidei.  38.  The tendon of the M. peroneus brevis.

  Fig. XXIII.  The Sole of the Foot with its  Deep Ligaments.

  1. The Tibia,  a.  The  inner  Ankle.  2.  The Fibula.  P.  The outer
Ankle.   3. The Body of the Os calcis.  4. Its Anterior process.  5. Its
internal process.  6. Its Groove.   7.  The Posterior Cavity of the Os
Cuboides.  8.  The  Oblique process of that Bone.   9. Its Grooves.   10.
The Tuberosity of the  Os Naviculare.  11.  The Os Cuneiforme Inter-
num.  12. lb. Medium.   13. lb. Externum.  14—18. The five Meta-
tarsal Bones.   19. The Tuberosity of the fifth Metatarsal Bone.   20.
The Membrane between the Bones  of the Leg.  21.  The Groove of the
Inner Ankle through which passes the  tendon of the M. tibialis posticus.
22. The Deltoid Ligament.  23.  The ligamentous Sheath of the tendon
of the M. flexor longus pollicis pedis.   24.  The Cartilaginous Pulley of
the Os Naviculare and Os  Calcis.   25.  The  Flat Plantar  Ligament of
the Os Naviculare and Os  Calcis, lig.  plantare  planum calcanei et  ossis
navicularis.  26. The Round  Plantar  Ligament,  lig. plantare  teres, of
these Bones.   27.  The Oblique Plantar Ligament between the  Os Cal-
cis and Os Cuboides, lig. plantare obliquum inter calcaneum et  os cuboi-
deum.  28. The Ligamentous Mass between the Navicular and Cuboid
Bones, massa ligamentosa inter os naviculare et cuboideum.   29.  The La-
teral Ligament between the Navicular and Internal Cuneiform Bone, lig.
laterale inter os naviculare et cuneiforme primum.   30.  The Plantar Liga-
ment, lig. plantare, of these Bones.   31. The Plantar Ligament between
the Navicular and Middle Cuneiform Bones, tig. plantare inter os navicu-
lare et  cuneiforme secundum.  32.  The Plantar Ligament  between the
Cuboid and  External Cuneiform Bones,  lig. plant,  inter os cuboid, et
cuneifi  tertium.   33. Two  similar Ligaments between these Bones.   34.
The Straight Plantar Ligament, lig. plant,  rectum, between these Bones.
35. The Capsular Membrane of the Internal Cuneiform and the first Me-
tatarsal Bone.   36.  The Plantar Ligament between the Internal Cunei-
form and the second and third Metatarsal Bones.  37. The Lateral Liga-
ment between  the External Cuneiform and the fourth Metatarsal Bone.
38. The junction, connexio, of the fifth  Metatarsal  Bone with the Cuboid
Bone.   39. The Plantar Ligament  of  the Base of the second and  third
Metatarsal Bones.   40.  The Plantar Ligament of the Base of the  third
and fourth Metatarsal Bones.   41.  The Plantar Ligament  of the  Base
of the fourth and fifth Metatarsal Bones.

  Fig. XXIV.  A portion of the Sole of the Foot with its Deep Liga-
ments.

  1. The Os  Calcis.  2. The Os Cuboides.  3.  Its Groove.  4. The
Oblique process  of the same Bone.  5. The Os Cuneiforme Internum.
6. lb. Medium.  7. lb. Externum.   8. Its Tip.  9.  The second Meta-
tarsal Bone which has here been somewhat turned aside.  10. The third
Metatarsal Bone.   11.  A part of the Dorsal Ligament between the Os
Calcis and Os Cuboides.  12. The Rhomboid Ligament between the 
41
Os Calcis and the Os Cuboides, lig. plantare rhomboideum inter calcaneum
et os cuboideum.  13.  The Curved External Lateral Ligament,  lig.  late-
rale interosseum externum incurvum, of the third Metatarsal Bone.   14.
The  Straight External Lateral Ligament, lig. laterale interosseum externum
rectum, of the same Bone.   15. The Straight Internal Lateral Ligament,
lig. laterale interosseum internum rectum, of the third Metatarsal Bone.
16. The Curved Internal Lateral Ligament,  lig. laterale interosseum in-
ternum incurvum, of that Bone.  17. The Lateral Ligament, lig. interos-
seum laterale, of the  second Metatarsal Bone.   18. The Plantar Liga-
ment between the Internal Cuneiform  and the  second  Metatarsal Bone.
19. The Deep Ligament, lig.  interosseum, of  the Internal  and Middle
Cuneiform Bone.   20. The Deep Ligament, lig. interosseum, of the Mid-
dle and External Cuneiform Bones.

  Fig.  XXV.  A portion of  the Sole of the Foot with the Deep Liga-
ments.

  1. The  Navicular  Bone.   2. The  Posterior Cavity of the Cuboid
Bone.   3.  Its Oblique process.  4. Its Groove.  5. The Internal Cu-
neiform Bone.  6. The Middle ditto.   7. The external ditto.   8.  The
first Metatarsal Bone.  9.  The second ditto.   10. The third ditto.   11.
The  Curved External Lateral Ligament, lig. laterale interosseum externum
incurvum, of the third Metatarsal Bone.  12. The Straight External La-
teral Ligament, lig.  laterale interosseum externum rectum, of this Bone.
13. The Plantar Ligament  between the Internal Cuneiform and the third
Metatarsal Bone.   14. The Plantar Ligament between  the Internal Cu-
neiform and the second Metatarsal Bone.  15. The Accessory Plantar
Ligament, lig. plantare accessorium, of the Capsular Membrane of the In-
ternal Cuneiform and first Metatarsal Bone.  16. The Lateral Ligament
between the Navicular and  Internal Cuneiform  Bone.   17. The Plantar
Ligament between the Navicular and Middle Cuneiform Bone.   18.  The
Deep Ligament, lig. interosseum^ of the Internal and Middle Cuneiform
Bones.

  Fig.  XXVI.  The Ligaments of the Sesamoid Bones of the Great Toe.

  1.  The first Joint  of the Great Toe.  2. Its second Joint.   3.  The
Inner Sesamoid Bone.  4.  The Outer Sesamoid Bone.   5.  The Trans-
verse Ligament of these Bones,  lig. transversale ossium sesamoideorum.
6.  Their Ligamentous filaments, filamentaligamentosa.   7. The common
Membrane of the  Flexor tendons  cut open  and turned back.   8. The
tendon of the M. flexor longus pollicis turned back.  9. The fibrous con-
nexions, vinculum accessorium, of this tendon.
  * The Ligamentous Bodies are copied from the celebrated works of Antomarchi:


worki and the other Figures with the Second Ligamentous Body are from Loder.
6 
42
     FIRST,  SECOND,  THIRD,  AND FOURTH

                  BODIES  OF  MUSCLES.

                       E. F-  a.  H-

               muscles of the head,  musculi capitis.

     Muscles of the Skull, M.  cranii.
   A. M. frontalis.  B.  M. occipitalis.   1. 2. 2. galea aponeurotica
cranii.

     Muscles of the Face, M. faciei.
   I. M.  orbicularis palpebrarum.   1.  ligamentum palpebrale internum.
2. stratum internum.  3.  externum.    «. M.ciliaris.  P. M. levator pal-
pebral superioris.   II. M. corrugator superciliorum.  III. M.  compres-
sor nasi.  IV.  M.  levator labii superioris alaquenasi.   V. M. levator
labii superioris proprius.  VI. M. zygomaticus minor*  A peculiar slip.
VII. M. zygomaticus major.  VIII.  M. levator anguh  oris.  IX. M.
depressor anguli oris.  X. M. depressor labii inferioris.  XI. M.  buc-
cinator.   XII.  M.  depressor septi mobilis.   XIII.  M.  orbicularis  oris.
XIV.  M. depressor ala  nasi.   XV.  M.  levator menti.  XVI.  M.
masseter. 1.  outer, 2. inner Portion.  XVII.  M.  temporalis.  XVIII.
M.  pterygoideus internus.   XIX. M.  pterygoideus  externus.  4—20.
M. levator veil palatini.   21. M. tensor veil  palatini  seu circumflexus
palati.

     Muscles of the Ear, M. auricula.
   A. M. attollens  auricula.   B. M.  attrahens auricula.   C. M. re-
trahentes auricul-a.   D. M.  helix major.  E. M. helix  minor.  F. M.
tragicus.  G. M.  antitragicus.  H.  M. transversus auricula.

                Muscles of the Trunk,  M. trunci.

     Muscles of the Neck, M. colli.
   A. M. subcutaneus colli.   B.  M.  sterno-cleido-Mastoideus.  C. M.
omohyoideus.  D.  M. sternohyoideus.   E. M. sternothyreoideus.  a. Air
tube, aspera  arteria.  b. cartilago cricoidea.   c.  cartilago  thyreoidea. d.
os hyoideum.  F. M. hyothyreoideus.   G. M.  digastricus  maxilla inferio-
ris. " H. M.  mylohyoideus.   I.  M. genihyoideus.  K.  M. genioglossus.
L. M. hyoglossus.  M.  M.  stylohyoideus.  N. M.  styloglossus.   0. M.
stylopharyngeus.
   N. B. The greater number of these muscles are engraved separately
on Table XVIII. and Table XXII., as well as those of the velum palati
and pharynx.
  • After Albinus: Tabulae scehli et musculorum corporis humani.  Lugd. Batav.,
1747, and from Nature. 
43
    Muscles of the Chest, M. thoracis.

  A.  M. pectoralis major.   B.  M. pectoralis  minor.   1.  Portion, which
runs into the Aponeurosis of the M. obliquus externus.   C. M. subclavius.
D.  M.  serratus major.  1. 2.  3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Its  slips, dentationes.
E. M. intercostales externi.  F. M. intercostales interni. a. pleura.  G.
M. triangularis sterni.  This  is also engraved on Tab. III., Fig. 5, and
Tab. XVII., Fig. 8.

    Muscles of the Belly, M. abdominales.

  A.  M. obliquus externus.  a.  b. c. d. e. f. g.  h. i. k. 1.  The aponeurosis
of this muscle, which first passing  towards the mesial line of the body,
connects itself with that of the other side,  and so forms the central white
line, linea alba abdominis, (b. b.) in which  the navel a is  found; it then
secondly passes down towards  the  symphysis ossium pubis and divides
into two crura, a crus superius seu internum (h.), and a crus inferius seu ex-
ternum  (I. I.),  by which the external abdominal ring, annulus abdominalis
externus (i), is formed,   d. d. Points at which the M. obliquus  internus
shines through the aponeurosis of the obliquus externus.   e. e. Points at
which the  aponeurosis of the M. obliquus internus commences, connects
itself with the M. obliquus externus, and  then commonly proceeds with
the M.  rectus  abdominis to the Linea alba/./, shining through, and con-
nected  with,  the aponeurosis  of the M.  obliquus externus et internus.
*The inscriptiones tendinea of  the  M.  rectus  abdominis,   h. Points out
the course  of the inguinal  canal, canalis inguinalis, through which the
spermatic cord, funiculus spermalicus, and the M. cremaster pass.   g. g.
g. g. Are the four upper dentations of this muscle, which are connected
with  that of the M. serratus magnus D.  5.  6. 7. 8.  and that of the M.
latissimus dorsi  B.  1.2.  B.  M. obliquus internus. m. m. A part  of the
front layer  of the aponeurosis of this muscle, which  passes with  that of
the M. obliquus externus before M. rectus abdominis D.   n. A part of the
hinder  layer of the aponeurosis of the obliquus internus, which passes be-
hind  the M. rectus connected with  the front aponeurosis of the M. trans-
versus abdominis, to  the linea  alba.  *M. cremaster, which comes from
the M. obliquus internus and M. transversus, and spreads on the  common
coat of the spermatic cord and testicle, tunica vaginalis funiculi sperma-
tid et testis (**).  C. M.  transversus.   C1. Anterior  aponeurosis  of this
muscle. *.  *•  Points where  this aponeurosis is connected with the M.
obliquus internus, and where the anterior plate of the aponeurosis of the
M. obliquus internus is cut away.  **.   The common aponeurosis of the
hinder lamella of the  M. obliquus internus and  of the M. transversus, which
passes behind the M. rectus, so  that this muscle also lies in a peculiar
tendinous sheath.   This posterior  common aponeurosis of the M.  rectus
 does not, however, descend so far down as the anterior, therefore  the pe-
ritonaum (***) is visible.—«■ P- Y- s-  Spermatic cord,  funiculus spermati-
 ds.   «• P-  Vena spermatica.  Y-  Arteria  spermatica  interna.    <*. vas
 deferens—D. M. rectus  abdominis.  E. M.  pyramidalis.   F. diaphrag-
ma.  I. pars costalis.   1.  Portion, which arises from the Ensiform Car-
 tilage   2. portion which is attached to the peritonaum.   3. 4.  5. 6.  7.
 8  ° Portions which arise from, 7.  8. 9.  10.  11. and 12.  Ribs  and their
 cartilages.   II. pars lumbar is.  9. crura  interna.   10. crura media.  11.
 crura externa.   12. crus  quartum sinistrum.  13. Portion which arises
 from the surface of the M. quadratus lumborum, but is not always present. 
44
 14.  Another portion on the right side, which is not always found on both
 sides, and arises from the transverse processes of the  first and  second
 lumbar vertebra.   15. hiatus  ozsophageus.   16.  hiatus  aorticus.   III.
pars tendinea.   17. foramen quadrilaterum.—Compare also Tab. XII.—

                 Muscles of the Loins, M. lumborum.
   G. M. psoas major.   H. M. psoas minor.   I. M.  iliacus  internus.
 K. M. quadratus lumborum.

          Muscles of the Neck and Back, M. cervicis et dorsi.
   A. M. cucullaris.   B. M.  latissimus dorsi.   C. M.  rhomboideus mi-
nor.   D. M. rhomboideus major.  E. M. serratus posticus superior.  F.
M. serratus posticus inferior.   G. M. splenius capitis.   H. M. splenius
colli.  I. M.  levator scapula.   K.  M.  biventer cervicis.  L.  M. com-
plexus.   M. M. trachelomastoideus.   N. M. transversalis cervicis.  O.
M. cervicalis descendens.  P. M. scalenus anterior.   Q. M. scalenus
medius.   R. M. scalenus posterior.   S. M. longissimus dorsi, and T. M.
sacrolumbalis.   U. M. spinalis dorsi.   V.  M.  semispinalis dorsi.   W.
M. semispinalis cervicis.   X.  M. multifidus spina.   Y.  M.  levatores
costarum breves.  Z.  M. levatores costarum longi.  I.  M.  interspinales
cervicis, dorsi, lumborum.  II.  M. rectus capitis posterior major.   III.
M. rectus capitis posterior minor.    IV. M.  obliquus capitis inferior s.
major.   V. M.  obliquus capitis superior s.  minor.  VI.  M.  intertrans-
versarii  cervicis anterior es a. et posterior esb.  VII. M. intertransversarii
dorsi et lumborum.   VIII.  M.  longus colli.  IX. M. rectus capitis an-
terior major.  X. M. rectus capitis anterior minor.  XI. M. rectus capi-
tis  lateralis.

     Muscles of the perinaum.

   A. M. transversus perinai superficialis.   B.  M. transversus perinai
profundus.   C.  M. sphincter ani externus.   D. M. sphincter ani internus.
E. M. levator ani and coccygeus.   F. M. coccygeus.

     Muscles of the Male and Female Organs of Generation,  M. genita-
                    lium sexus potioris et sequioris.
   G. M. ischio-cavernosus  penis.    H. M. accelerator urina's. bulbo-
cavernosus.  I. M. ischio-cavernosus clitoridis.   K. M.  constrictor ostii
vaginae.

   Muscles of the Upper Extremities, M. extremitatum superiorum.

     Muscles of the Shoulder Blade, M. scapula.

   I. M.  deltoides.  II. M. supraspinatus.   III. M. infraspinatus.  IV.
teres minor.   V. M. teres major.   VI. M.  subscapulars.

     Muscles of the Upper Arm, M. humeri.

   A. M. biceps brachii.   B. M. coracobrachial.   C. M. brachialis in-
ternus.  B. M. triceps brachii.   1.  anconaus longus.    2.  anconaus ex-
ternus.  3. 5. 6. anconaus internus seu brachialis externus-   5.  Their
common tendon. 
45
       Muscles of the Fore Arm, m> cubiti.

    I. M. pronator rotundus.   II.  M. palmaris longus.   III. M. flexof
  carpi radialis.   IV.  M. flexor carpi ulnaris.   V.  M. flexor digitorum
  sublimis.  1. 2.  3. 4. Its four tendons.  5. 6. 7. 8. Points where these
  four tendons divide, and the tendons  a. b. c. d.  of the  deep flexor  pass
  through.   VI.  M. flexor digitorum profundus.   VII. M- flexor pollicis
  longus.   VIII. M. pronator quadratus.   IX. M.  supinator longus.  X.
  M-  extensor carpi radialis longus.   7.  ligamentum intermusculare exter-
  num.  XI. M.  extensor carpi radialis brevis.  XII. M. supinator brevis.
  XII. a. ejus pars posterior.   XIII. M. anconaus quartus s.  parvus.
  XIV.  M. extensor digitorum communis.   XV. M. extensor carpi ulnaris.
  XVI. a. b. c. d.  M. abductor pollicis longus.  XVII. M. extensor polli-
  cis  brevis.   XVIII.   M.  extensor pollicis longus.   XIX.  M.  extensor
  digiti indicis.  XX. M- extensor digiti minimi proprius.  A. B. lig. carpi
  dorsale. commune.

       Muscles of the Hand, M- manus.

    A. M.palmaris brevis.  B. M. lumbricales.   C. M.interossei interni.
  D.   M. interossei externi.  E.  M. abductor pollicis brevis.  F. M. flexor
  pollicis brevis.    G. M. opponens pollicis.  H.  M. abductor pollicis.  I.
  M. abductor digiti indicis.  K. M. abductor digiti minimi.   L. M. flexor
  digiti  minimi.    M. M.  abductor digiti minimi.    A. ligamentum carpi
  volare proprium.   B.  aponeurosis palmaris.   9.  10. 11. 12. ligamenta
  annularia, vaginalia,  cruciata et obliqua, which  enclose the tendons of
  the superficial  and deep flexors.

     Muscles of the Lower Extremities,  M. extremitatum infieriorum.

       Muscles of the Buttocks, M. natium.

     I. M. glutaus maximus.   II. M. glutaus medius.  III. M. glutaus
  minimus.  IV. pyriformis.   V. M. geminus superior.   VI. M. gemi-
  nus inferior.   VII.  M. obturatorius internus.    VIII.  M. quadratus
  femoris.

       Muscles of the Thigh, M. femoris.

     IX.  M. biceps femoris.  X. M. semitendinosus.  XI. M. semimem-
  branosus.   XII. M. tensor fascia  lata.   XIII. M. sartorius.  XIV.
  M. rectus femoris. XV. M. vastus internus.  XVI. M. vastus medius.
  XVII. M. vastus  internus.   XVIII.  M. subcruralis.   XIX.  M. gra-
  cilis.   XX.  M. pectineus.  XXI.  M. adductor longus femoris.   XXII.
  M.  adductor brevis femoris.   XXIII.  M. adductor  magnus femoris.
  * Aperture by  which the femoral vessels pass into the ham, fossa popli-
  tea.  A. XXIV. M. obturatorius externus.

       Muscles of the Leg, M.  cruris.

     A.  M. tibialis anticus.   B. M. extensor digitorum pedis.   C. M. ex-
  tensor hallucis  longus.   * A peculiar portion of tendon.   D.  M. peroneus
  tertius.   E. M. peroneus longus.   F. M. peroneus brevis.   G.  M.
'*" gastrocnemius.   H.  M. soleus.   L M. plantaris.   K. M. popliteus. 
46
L.  M. flexor longus digitorum pedis.   M. M. flexor hallucis longus.   N.
M. tibialis posticus.

     Muscles of the Foot, M. pedis.

  O. M extensor digitorum brevis.   P. M. extensor hallucis brevis.   Q.
M.  interossei externi.  R.  M. flexor digitorum pedis.  S.  M. lumbricalis.
T.  M. abductor hallucis.   U. M. flexor hallucis brevis.   V.  M. adductor
hallucis.   V. a.  ejus pars transversa seu transversalis pedis.   W.  M.
adductor digiti minimi.  X.  M. flexor digiti minimi.  Y. M. interossei
interni.   Z.  Aponeurosis plantaris.   A. lig. cruciatum.   B.  Ligament
from the tibialis posticus.   C. ligamentum lacineatum.   L. caro quadrata
Sylvii,  which is attached to the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus.
1. 2.  3. ligamenta tendinum peroneorum. 
47
     FIRST  VASCULAR AND NERVOUS  BODY.


                                 I.


Observe.  A. denotes Arteria, the  artery; V. Vena, the Vein; and JV. JVervus,
          the Nerve.
     I.   Vessels and Nerves on the Head.

  1. A.  V. et N. supraorbital.  2. A.  V. et N. frontalis.  3. A. V. et
N. nasalis.  3l. A. V. et N. nasalis externus N, elhmoidei.  4. A. V. et
N. temporalis.   5. A. V. et N. palpebralis superioris et 6. inferioris.   7.
A. V.  et N. auricularis  anterior superior et 8. inferior.  9. A. V. et N.
occipitalis.  \0. Rete zygomaticum oithe N. facialis.   11. Glandulapa-
rotis.  12.  Ductus stenonianus.   13. A. V. et N.  transversa faciei.   14.
Rete  buccale.    15.  Rete labiale superius.   16.  Vena facialis anterior.
17. A.-et V. angularis nasi.  18. A.  et V. coronaria labii  superioris et
19^ inferioris.   20.  N. subcutaneus maxillare inferioris of the N. facialis.

     II.   Vessels and Nerves on the Neck.
   a  Ramus auricularis etb.R. subcutaneus colli of the III. Nervus cer-
vicalis  c c c  c N.  supracapsulares et cupraclaviculares from III.  and
IV  Nervus cervicalis. d. d. Vena jugularis externa mostly covered by the
Musculus  subcutaneus.  e.  e.  Another  Internal  and principal  venous
trunk of the Neck. / Art.  thyreoidea  superior,  g. A. transversa colli et
cervicis.

     III.  The Vessels and Nerves of the Upper Extremities.
   T  1  1  1 1  Vena cephalica.  2. 2. 2. 2. V. basilica.   3. 3. V. me-
diana  '444 Two Vena brachiales.  5. 5.  5. 5. 5.  Expansion  of
the Nervus cutaneus externus.  6.  N. cutaneus  internus major-7  N.
cutaneusinternus minor.   8.  N. medtanus   8K  8*. 83. Rami digitales
coZunesNrnediani.   9. ulnaris.  9>. N digitalis communis rami vola-
rTTZrhcialis N. ulnaris.  93. Ramus anastomoticus  f. R digitalis
ris superjicians iv                  Ramus superhciahs N. radialis.   11.
ulnaris digiti minimi.  10.  iu.  iv.  w     F J
 A  arillaris   12. A. thoracica  prima.  13. A. acromialis.  14. a. tno
A. axmatis.            thoracica tertia  seu  mammana externa.  16. A.
racica secunda.  15. A. tkor                 ^  ^  circUmflexa humeri
subscapulars   17 j£™$< hraJaUs.   2L   A,  ^lateralis  ulnaris.
TTltVradZt    23. A.  recurrens radialis.  24.  A. et V. ulnaris.
II  Ramus 'volaris superficial A. radialis.   26.  Ramus volaris superfi-
25  Kamus voia.i    t  j          osus ven0Sus et nervosus volaris super-
7l1A-t8a7am?difiX  communis.   2*.  R. digitalis  ulnaris seu
ficiahs.   J\Raml.^8Una  A  et  V. digitales radiates.   30. A.  et  V.
proprius digiti  minimi.  ^-  -*. ei    u B
 digitales ulnares.

     IV —The Vessels and Nerves of the Chest and Belly.
   a. a.  a. Rami perforates et cutanei from the  A. et V. thoracica prima 
48
 et  tertia.  b. b. b. b.  Rami perfor antes  seu  cutanei  from the A. et V.
 mammaria interna and from the N. intercostales.   c. c. c.  c. c. A. et V.
 N. intercostales et lumbales.   The expansion and numerous anastomoses of
 these vessels and nerves are sufficiently clear without further description.
 d. A. et V. abdominalis Halleri.  e. e.  Rami perf or antes of the A. epigas-
 trica.  f. Branches of the A. epigastrica on the  Muse, cremaster and sper-
 matic cord.  g. N. spermaticus externus.  h. N.  ileo-inguinalis. i.  N. lum-
 bo-inguinalis. k. k. N. cutaneus femoris externus.  A. Cutaneous Venous
plexus of the breast and belly.

     V.—The Vessels  and  Nerves of the  Lower Extremities.

   1. A. V. et N. cruralis.  2. truncus communis of the 3. A. circumflexa
femoris externa et 4. of the A.  abdominalis Halleri.  5. A. et V. sper-
matica  externa.   6. A. circumflexa femoris externa.   7.  A  profunda fe-
moris.   8.  A.  circumflexa  femoris interna.    9.  Vena  saphena magna
et N. saphenus.   10.   N.  cutaneus medius.    11.  N.  cutaneus femoris
internus.   12.  A. et V. articularis externa  superior genu.   13.  externa
inferior. 14.  interna superior.   15. interna inferior.   16.  A. tibialis an-
tica.  17. A. et V. recurrens genu.  18.  A. malleolaris externa et 19.
interna.  20. N. peroneus superficialis.   21. 22. A. V. et Nervi digitales
communes, tibiales et peronei.  23. A. V. et N.  tibialis posticus.   24. A.
V.  et N. plantaris  externus.  25. A. V. et N. plantaris internus.

    VI.—The Vessels and Nerves of the Penis.

  a. Vena dorsales penis, b. A. dor sales penis,  c. Nervi dor sales penis. 
49
SECOND GENERAL ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE
BLOOD-VESSELS  AND  NERVES.
K.
     I.—Arteries, Veins and Nerves of the Head and Neck.
   1. A. carotis  communis.   2. A. et V. thyreoidea superior, et N. laryn-
geus superior.   3.  A. et V. lingualis.  4. N.  hypoglossus.  5. Ramus
descendens nervi hypoglossi (descendens noni).  6. 7. Rami anastomotici
from the II. and  III. N. cervicalis to the ramus descendens N. hypoglossi.
8. 8.  V. jugularis  interna.   A portion of the vein  is removed to  show
the carotid artery and the nervus  vagus, the former situated on the inner
side, the latter below the vein.   81. The point of junction of the V. ju-
gularis externa.   9. N. vagus.  10. N. phrenicus.   11. A. et V. maxil-
laris externa.   12.  A. submentalis proceeding from the A. maxillaris ex-
terna.   13. A. et V. coronaria labii inferioris.  131. A. et V.  coron. labii
superioris.   132.  A.  et V. angularis nasi.   14. 14. V. facialis anterior.
15. A. et V. temporalis superficialis.  15.  A. et V. temporalis profunda.
17. A. et V. transversa faciei; plexus anserinus N. facialis.   18.  A. et
V. auricularis posterior.  19.  A.  et V. occipitalis.  20. V. facialis poste-
rior.   21.  A. V. et N. buccinatorius.   22.   A. V. et N.  infra-orbitalis.
23. A. V. et N. alveolaris inferior.  24. A. V. et N. subcutaneus mala.
   Within the cavity of the orbit.   25. A. V. et N. lacrymalis.  26. A.
ophthalmica.   27. A.  V. et  N. ethmoidales.   28. A. V. et N. supraorbi-
tal.   29. A. frontalis.  30.  A.  nasalis.  31. N.naso-ciliaris.  32. N.
frontalis.   33.  N.  opticus.   34. N. trochlearis.  35. N. oculo-molorius.
36. N. abducens.   361.  V. ophthalmo-cerebralis.  362. A. V. et N. nasa-
lis externus.  37.  A. et V. subclavia.   38.  A. mammaria  interna.   39.
A. intercostalis prima.  40.  A. et V. transversa scapula  et N. suprasca-
pular.   41. A. et V. transversa colli et cervicis.   42. Common trunks
of 43. the A. et  V. cervicalis ascendens, and of 44. the A. thyreoidea in-
ferior.  45.  A.et  V. vertebralis.  46. A. cervicalis profunda.  47.  Qua-
tuor infieriores N. cervicales.

     II.—Arteries, Veins and Nerves of the Superior Extremity.
   a  A.etV. axillaris,  b.  c. d. A. V. et N. pectorales.  e. Rami cos-
tales superior es.   et f. infieriores, arising sometimes from the A. subcla-
via  sometimes  from the A. axillaris, and  occasionally also from the
branches of  the A. axillaris which are  distributed to the muscles of the
breast.  These various branches inosculate freely as is everywhere ap-
parent   g.  anastomoses with the A.  intercostales-and h. with twigs of
fhe A. mammaria interna.  (38.) i. A. V. et N. subscapulars,   k. A. cir-
cumflexa scapula.   I. A. circumflexa humeri  anterior et m. posterior,  n.
A et  V  brachiales.   o. A. profunda  brachii.  p.  A. et  V.  collateral
ulnares.   q.  N. respiratorius externus Bell.  r.  N. cutaneus  internus
minor of N. intercostalis secundus.  s.  N. cutaneus internus major,  t.
N cutaneus externus seu perfiorans  Casserii.  u.  N. medianus.   v. N. 
50
 ulnaris.   w. N. radialis.   x.  A. et V. radiates,   y.  A. et V. recurren-
 tes radiates,   z. z.  A. et  V. ulnares.  1. A. et  V. recurrentes ulnares.
 2.  A. et N. interosseus.   3. Ramus volaris superficialis.  A.  et V. radi-
 alis.   4. R.  Volaris profundus A. radialis.   5. R. dorsalis A.  V. et N.
 ulnaris.   6. R. volaris superficialis  A. et V.  ulnaris et  R. anastomoticus
 N. ulnaris.   7. R. volaris profundus A. V. et N. ulnaris.  8. Arcus vo-
 laris  sublimis et 9. profundus.   10.  A. V. et  N. interossei.  11.  Termi-
 nation of the deep volar  branch of the N. ulnaris in the adductor pollicis
 muscle.   21. Rete carpi volar-e  superflciale.  13.  Rete carpi volareprofiun-
 dum.   14. The divided A. digitales communes.   The other vessels and
 nerves of the hand are already known in  the  views that have been given
 in the first general anterior view of the  muscular and nervous systems.

     III.—Vessels and Nerves of the Thorax and Abdomen.

   1.  A. V. et  N. intercostales  where they emerge from between the ex-
 terna] and internal layer of intercostal muscles.  2. A. V. et N.  inter-
 costales, after the removal  of the external intercostal muscles when the
 trunks are  completely exposed.  3.  Rami costales superiores, proceeding
 from  the A. intercostales.  4. Rami  phrenici superiores, arising from the
 same  sources.   5.  Rami phrenici superiores, proceeding from the A. mam-
 maria interna.   6.  A. et  V. mammaria interna.   7.  A. et V.  epigastrica
 superior, or last distribution of the  A. mammaria interna on the anterior
 abdominal parietes, and in anastomoseus branches with the A. epigastri-
 ca inferior.   8. A. V. et IV. lumbales anteriores.   9. A.  et V. epigastrica.
 10. Appearance of the veins between the Obliquus internus and rectus,
 both of which are removed, and transversalis muscle which remains.  11.
 A.  et  V. spermatica interna.  12.  Vas  deferens.   13. A. vasis defierentis
 springing from  the A. hypogastrica.

    IV.—Vessels  and Nerves of the Pelvis  and Lower Extremity.
  a.  A. iliaca communis,   b.  A.  V. et N.  cruralis. c. hypogastria.   d.
 A.  ilio-lumbalis.  e. A.  umbicalis obliterated.  /. A. vasis defierentis.  g.
 A.  V. et N. obturatorius.  h. A. glutaa  superior,  i.  truncus A. glutaa
 inferioris et pudenda communis,   k. A. sacfales later ales.  I.  A. epigastri-
 ca.    On the right side it is seen accompanied by its vein (g.) m. Branch
 of the A. epigastrica sent to the spermatic cord.   n. A. circumflexa ilei inter-
 na,   o.  Truncus A. et V. circumflexa ilei externa et abdominalis Halleri.
p. q.  A. spermatica externa,   r. A. et  V. circumflexa femoris externa,  s.
 A. etV. profunda femoris.  t. A. et  V'. circumflexa femoris interna.  u. v.
 w. x.  A. et V. articular es genu.  y. N. saphenus. z. A. V. etN. musculares.
 1. A. et V. tibialis antica.   2.  A. et V. rccurrens genu.   3. A. et  V. ma-
 leolaris externa et  4. interna.   5.  Ramus perfiorans A. peronea.   6. A.
 et V.  tar sea.   7. metatarsea externa et 8.  interna.   9.  A.  digitales com-
 munes, which then bifurcate into a Ramus tibialis et peroneus.   10.  Arcus
 arteriosus dorsalis pedis.   11.  JV. peroneus.   12. R. superficialis  N. pe-
 ronei.  13.  R. profundus N. peronei.  14.  JV. vasorum.   15. A. V.  et
 N. tibialis.   16. A.  V.  et N. plantaris externus et 17.  internus.

   Fig. I.  The penis of a  Negro on which  the nerves  are particularly
 demonstrated.   The  member is inflated with  air,  and the glans is  turned
 over  from behind and forwards. 
51
  A. A.  The corpora cavernosa penis as removed from the lower margin
of the pelvis.  B. The urethra divided,  b. The glans which is separated
posteriorly from  the corpora cavernosa and with the corona glandis is turn-
ed over,   a.  a.  The  V. dorsalis penis divided.
     Nerves.
  1. N.penis dexter divided.  2. N. penis sinister.  3. 3. Divided twigs
that run to the distributed of the skin of the penis.  4. 4. Twigs that run
behind the V. dorsalis.   5.  A principal branch which expands inferiorly
upon the  skin  of the penis.  6.  6. The most external  branch  of the
N.  penis-ramus  externus nervi penis on both sides.  7. 7. The innermost
branch of the same.  8. 8. plexus dorsalis penis sinister, which has been
drawn outwards.  9.  9. plexus dorsalis penis dexter, which is represented
in  situ.   10. 10. 10. Principal  branches, Rami cutanei  of  the plexus.
11. Terminal branches which penetrate the glans superiorly or posteri-
orly.  12. A similar branch which suddenly divides  into a great number
of twigs.

   Fig.  II.  Represents the external aspect of the Foot.
   1. A. dorsalis pedis  seu tarsea.   2.  tarsea  interna.  3. 4. A. tarsea
externa.   5.  A. maleolaris anterior  externa. 6.  A. calcanea externa. The
anastomoses and remaining branches  are  already known from the Gene-
ral Views.

   Fig. III.  1. A. tibialis postica. 2. A. plantaris externa.  3.  A. plan-
 taris interna.  4. 6.  Ramus lateralis superficialis pedis externus.   5. 11.
 Ramus anastomoticus with  the A. tarsea interna.  7.  A. dorsalis hallucis
 interna.    8. A. malleolaris antica interna.  9.  10. A. tarsea interna. 
52
 THIRD  GENERAL  VIEW  OF THE BLOOD-VESSELS AND


                 NERVES  FROM  BEHIND.


                                L.


     I. Arteries, Veins and Nerves of the Head and Trunk.
   1. and 2. The arteries, veins and nerves of the frontal and auricular
regions, as they are already known from the first general anterior view
of the subject prepared for the exhibition of these parts.  * A vein of the
common integument of the head  passing through the foramen parietale.
This vein empties itself into  the  longitudinal  sinus.   3.  A.  V. et N.
occipitalis major.   * * A. meningea posterior, which arises  from the A.
occipitalis, and penetrating the foramen mastoideum proceeds  to the dis-
tributed to the dura mater.   4.  JV. occipitalis minor.   5. JV. auricularis
posterior.   6.  JV. accessorius Willisii.  7. Vena jugularis  externa.  8.
JV. supra scapulares.  9. A. V. et JV. cutanei dorsi et colli.   9a. 9a. A.
V. et JV. lumbales.  9b. Rami  cutanei  posleriores.   9°.  Rami cutanei
anieriores of the JV.  intercostales.    9d.  Rami cutanei posteriores of the
JV. sacrales.   9e. Rami posteriores of the JV. intercostales.   9f.  Cutane-
ous twigs of the posterior branches of the JV. intercostales, divided and
reflected.   9s.  Rami posteriores of the  A. intercostales.   9h. A.  V. et
N. intercostales.  9[. Rami  infieriores of the intercostal vessels which
run along the superior margins of the ribs.  9k.  Cutaneous twigs divided
of the A. intercostales.   91. Ramus communicans between  the 10th  and
9th JV. intercostalis.  To obtain  a view of these vessels and nerves, the
external intercostal muscles must be removed,  as  has been done in the
three most inferior intercostal spaces.  9m. A.  V. etN. lumbales.  The
external oblique muscle has been here taken away.

     II.—-Arteries, Veins and Nerves of the upper Extremity.
   10.  A.  V. et JV. transversus  colli.  11. A. et V. dorsalis scapula.
12.  V. propria etN. dorsalis scapula.  13. A.  et V. transversa scapula.
14, JV. suprascapular is.  15. A.  et V. circumflexa scapula.   15a. R.
dorsalis A, ct JV. subscapularis.   16. Rami communicantes.  17. A. et
V. circumflexa  humeri posterior.   18. 18. JV. axillaris.  19.  Rami cu-
tanei JV. axillaris  et A. circumflexa humeri posterioris.  20. Rami JV.
cutanei posterioris interni.   21. JV. cutaneus posterior  superior JV. ra-
dialis.  22. R. cutaneus JV. musculo-cutanei.  23. Rami JV.  cutanei in-
terni.  24. Ramus posterior  seu ulnaris  JV. cutanei medii.   25. JV. ul-
naris accompanied by the A. recurrens  ulnaris.  26. JV. radialis.  27.
The V. et A. profunda brachii, which accompany the JV. radialis.   (As
the nerve and vessel both run close to the os humeri between the heads
of the triceps muscle,  and are thus covered  by this  muscle, it is neces-
sarily divided lengthwise in the direction of its fibres and each half held
a little apart from one  another  in order to expose the parts indicated.) 
53
 28.  Ramus profundus seu supinatorius JV. radialis.  As this nerve runs
 through the supinator brevis  muscle, I have in like manner divided the
 whole of the muscular fibres which  lay above it,  and represented these
 as somewhat separated  from one another.    29. A. interossea  dorsalis.
 30.  Ramus descendens.   31. R. ascendens, anastomosing  with  the A.
 profunda.   32.  A.  et  JV. interosseus.   33. 34.  A. radialis.   34. At
 this point the A. radialis enters the vola or palm of the hand.   34a.  35.
 36.  37.  38.  Rami  dorsales  carpi, which by their  anastomoses with
 the branches of the A. interossea, and of the dorsal branches of  the A.
 ulnaris compose the  rete  carpi  dorsale sublime, 39. and the rete carpi
 dorsale profundum.  40. 41. Ramus dorsalis radialis pollicis.   42. R.
 dorsalis ulnaris pollicis.  43. R. digitalis dorsalis radialis  indicis.   44.
 R. dorsalis A. radialis.  45. R. communis dorsalis indicis,  46. et digiti
 medii. 47. 48.  R. dorsalis JV. radialis. The divisions of this nerve must
 be apparent without  any more particular  reference.   49. R. dorsalis
 JV. V. et A. ulnaris.  ,  50.  51. 52.  Anastomosing branches to the rete
 carpi dorsale  sublime  (39)  and rete profundum (40).  53. R  digitalis
 dorsalis ulnaris digiti minimi.   54.  R. digitalis dorsalis communis digiti
 minimi et annularis.   55.  R. digitalis dorsalis communis digiti annularis
 et medii.   In  the  present  subject this  branch is composed of the dorsal
 branches referred to  by 44. and 49,  the R. dorsales of the A. radialis et
 ulnaris, and a perforating branch of the arcus volaris profundus.   57.
 rete venosum  dorsale manus.   58. rete  dorsale venosum antibrachii et
 brachii.   59. 60. Two principal trunks into which the smaller veins of
 the hand collect, and which by their union compose the vena cephalica.
 61.  62.  Two trunks  which unite to form the vena basilica.

     III.—Arteries, Veins and Nerves of the Pelvis and Lower Extremity.
   63.  Ramus cutaneus  seu lateralis of the 12th dorsal nerve.   64. R.
 posteriores JV. cutanei anterioris externi femoris.   65.  Inferior cutaneous
 nerve  of the branch  proceeding  from the JV. ischiadicus.   66.  JV. cuta-
 neus communis posterior fiemoris, or common posterior cutaneous nerve
 of the  upper part of the thigh.  67.  Rami JV. cutanei anterioris  interni
fiemoris.  68. JV. saphenus, or the left great internal cutaneous  nerve.
 69.  R. posterior,  or  posterior branch  of the same.   70.  A. V.etN.
 gluteus superior et  71. inferior.   72. A. et JV. pudendus internus seu
 communis.  * Rami anastomotici with the A. circumflexa femoris externa.
 73.  JV ischiadicus.  74. Rami peroneus.   75. R. tibialis JV. ischiadici.
 76.  R. cutaneus externus cruris, seu  R.  communicans fibula.   77. R.
 longus cutaneus seu  communicans tibialis.   78. 79. 80. R.  cutaneus ex-
 ternus dorsi pedis.  81. Vena poplitea.  82. Arteria poplitea.   83. V.
 et A. articularis genu superior externa.   84.  A. ct V. superior interna.
 85.  V. et A. articularis genu inferior externa.   86.  V. et A. articularis
 genu inferior interna.  87. Rami musculares.  88. A. et V. tibialis an-
 tica.   * A. nutricia  tibia.   89. V.  et  A. tibialis postica.   90.  V. et A.
 fibularis seu peronea.   It is for the most part covered by the long flexor
 of the  great toe, and  its course is therefore indicated by interrupted lines
 (91 ) 93  V  et A. maleolaris externa.   93.  V. et A. tarsea. 94. Vena
 saphena parva.   95.  Junction of this vein with the  V. cruralis.

   Fig. I.  and II.  Both of these figures are  from Bock,*) and exhibit to
* Abbildungen der  Rtickenmarksnerven, fol., Leipz., 1827. 
54
 a certain extent the plexus sacralis, and the division of the N. ischiadicus,
 but more particularly those of the N. pudendus internus.

   Fig.  I.   1.  Plexus sacralis.   2. N. ischiadicus.   3.  N.  pudendus
 communis.   4. Ramus anastomoticus.   5.  Common trunk made up of the
 posterior branches of the JV. sacrales.

   Fig.  II.  1. N.  hamorrhoidalis inferior, ox inferior rectal nerve.   2.
 N. pudendus inferior, or inferior  pubic  nerve.   3. Reflected  branches
 of the same which ramify upon the skin of the lower portion of the pelvis.
 4. N. pudendus superior, seu externus, seu clitoridis, the superior or outer
 pubic nerve, or nerve of the clitoris,  at the point where it comes forward
 from under the symphysis pubis and expands on the dorsum of the clitoris.
 5. Two branches of the common cutaneous nerve of the upper portion of
 the thigh or  buttock which emerge  from under the glutaus maximus mus-
 cle, unite into  a single trunk as they are passing round the tuberosity of
 the ischium,  which then proceeds under the integument of the perineum
 to the mons veneris,  and there anastomoses with a branch of the N. puden-
 dus inferior.   6.  The  anastomosis  of the branch just described with that
 of the JV. pudendus inferior.

   Figs. Ill, and IV.   The Arteries and nerves of the sole  of the foot,
planta pedis.
   a.  Trunk of the A. tibialis postica.   b.  Ramus plantaris internus.   c.
 Branches  distributed to the abductor, and  d. to the  flexor brevis hallucis
 muscles,  e. A long connecting branch to the Ramus plantaris externus.
f. Branch to the  metatarsal bone and to the ligaments of the great  toe.
g. Ramus digitalis tibialis of the great  toe, which  anastomoses with h.
 the Ramus digitalis fibularis hallucis.   i. Ramus plantaris externus, form-
 ing the deep plantar  arch. k. Branches from this to the tarsal and metatar-
 sal bones, and to the  muscles of the  little toe.   I. Ejus ramus proprius seu
 externus digiti  minimi,   m.  Rami digitales plantar es  communes,  n.  R.
 digitalis tibialis seu  internus digiti minimi,   o.  R. externus.   p.  R. inter-
nus digiti quarti.   q. R. externus.  r. R. internus digiti tertii.  s. R. ex-
ternus.   t. R.  internus digiti secundi.   u. R. externus hallucis.  v.  R.
perforantes.  w. Ramus communicans the R. plantaris in- et externus    x
Anastomoses of the individual  digital branches,  y.  Rami interossei of
the N. et A. plantaris externa.
   1.  Trunk  of the  JV. tibialis  posticus.   2.  Ramus plantaris  internus.
 lhe division of this nerve into  four branches, 3.  4.  5. and 6  and their
several distributions  to the toes  are sufficiently evident.   7. R. plantaris
externus, forming the arcus nervosus plantaris.  8.  9. The  R  digitales
plantares proceeding from the same.  10.  Termination of the JV. planta-
ris externus m the musculus adductor hallucis.  12.  Ramus communicans
ot the I\. plantaris ex- et internus.

   Fig. V.  a.  Cutaneous veins of the planta pedis,  b. The  deeper
veins which  accompany the  arteries and bear the same  denominations.
The remaining  vessels and nerves are already known from the explana-
tions  ot the two figures immediately preceding. 
 

 
S,i—f J 'VI
 
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