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x
 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONVENTION
KOR THE REORGANIZATION Ol THE
Med
ical   Society,
STATE OF CALIFORXJA
AM) OF THE
FIRST ANNUAL MEETING:
TOGKTHER WITH TIIK
CONSTITUTION, RULKS OF ORDER,
OODE OE ETHICS CDF1 THE SOCIETY
Incorporated Xovember 1, lrt'JO.
      SAN FRANCISCO:
PRINTED BY JOHN H. CARMANY & COMPANY,
   At Commercial Herald Office, 409 Washington Street.
           1870.
M 
w    r<- 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONVENTION
FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF THE
Medical  Society,
STATE OF CALIFOIINIA
AND OF THE
FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY,
San Francisco, October 19 and 20, 1870;
TOGETHER WITH THE
CONSTITUTION AND CODE OF ETUICS.
		
	SAN FEANCISCO:	
PRINTED	BY JOHN H. CARMANY &	COMPANY,
At Commercial Herald Office, 409 ATashingtoi		i Street.
	1870.	
 
 
proceedings of the convention
MEDICAL  SOCIETY  OF  Til  STATE  if  CALIFORNIA,
FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE  SOCIETY.
  In pursuance  of  a call issued by  the  State  Board  of
Health, for a C<invention to reorganize  the State Medical
Society,  a  number  of physicians met in  the  hall of the
Young Men's Christian Association, in San Francisco, Octo-
ber 19,  1870.
  The  meeting was  called to  order at 10£ o'clock a.m. by
Dr. T.  M. Logan, of Sacramento, on whose motion Dr. Jas.
L. Ord, of  Santa Barbara, was chosen  Chairman.   Dr. Geo.
Hewston, of S.in Francisco, was appointed Secretary.
  At the request of Dr. II. Gibbons, Sr., Dr. T. M. Logan,
through whom, as  Secretary and Executive officer  of the
State Board of Health, the meeting had been called, deliv-
ered an address of welcome, and explained the objects  in
view as follows:
  Gentlemen : In consequence of the part I have  taken, as the
executive of the only organization representing, in any degree,
the profession of the  State, in  calling you together, it becomes
my privilege, as well as my duty, to thank you sincerely for this
vour cordial response.  Fourteen years ago, in association with
the lamented Cooper, who was the leading spirit of the occasion,
I officially signed the call, as Corresponding Secretary of the
Medical Society of Sacramento, for a Convention in that city, to
inaugurate the scheme which we are now assembled to resuscitate.
The objects  for which the  State Medical Society was formed did 
4
then, as they do now, enlist my warmest interest and command
my active co-operation; and, judging from the intelligent—many
of them old familiar—faces around me, I have reason to believe
that  I entertain these viewTs and professions only in common with
you all.
  Prior to  this organization, as most of  you well remember, the
medical mind was in a state of inertia, the profession in a cha-
otic  condition.   The 'dominant materialism of the Golden Age,
which  had  invaded every  department of human  activity, and
inverted the natural order of things by subjecting  the higher to
the lower, was degrading medicine into a mere -business, leading
men  of real ability, wrho might have been remembered as bene-
factors of their race, to spend their noble energies in building up
an extensive practice, irrespective of means, by which alone the
much-coveted prize could  be secured.   But no sooner were the
clarion notes of our call sounded, than a new spirit was awaken-
ed, and from their sheltering privacy, in all parts of the  State,
volunteers  poured in, and  threw their souls into the movement
which was to purify and regenerate the prostrated glory of their
calling.  I need not remind you how the dim line of demarcation
—so dim as scarcely to have been seen before by the professional
eye—was then drawn so  decidedly between false and sterling
merit, that even the materialists, who relied upon  the  influence
of cliques to be sustained, were obliged to  chime in for a time
with the overwhelming movement.
  Nor need I recall the varied  subsequent experience, which has
but confirmed that of all other reformatory proceedings, that it is
only by the slow workings of time that radical and lasting changes
can be effected.  As the formative crystal and the  germinal  cell
which your microscopes reveal, are but the hidden sources  of the
mightiest  elemental forces, or of the most intricate  develop-
ments of organic life, so the primordial movement which Ave are
now  assembled  to further and consolidate, was but the beginning
of the inborn power which is  still animating the great bodv of
the profession,  and carrying it onward in its legitimate course.
Had the State Society done nothing else than concentrate in  its
perfect and unexceptionable Constitution and Code  of Ethics this
great uprising  of the profession, and  conserve  its  subsequent
transactions through  publications,  it would have performed a
service entitling it to an imperishable name in the medical annals 
0
of our country.  But it has done more than this; and we proudly
point, among  its results, to our medical colleges, our monthly
periodicals, our  numerous local societies, our municipal boards
of health, and last, but most exultingly, to our recognition in the
legislative councils, by the engrafting of "State Medicine "on
our statute book.  These are only some of the results, patent and
manifest to even the most skeptical, proving how our profession
has been moving onward and upward  since the great impetus
given to it in 1856.
  There remains still another evidence of our progress, to which
I would especially at this time  call your attention, and which is
to be found in the fact, that our efforts and labors are confessedly
appreciated by our  compeers who are  best  capable  of judging.
So complete is this recognition, that with one consent, the whole
profession, throughout the length and  breadth  of this  glorious
Republic, as  embodied in the "American Medical Association,"
are coming to kneel side  by side with us at a common altar, and
pour the acquisitions of  their devoted lives into a common treas-
ury.  At  the sacrifice of  their time and business—foregoing  all
the comforts and endearments of home, and subjecting them-
selves in their way hither to the hazards incident to  the velocity
of locomotion at the present day — they are coming from every
portion of this great Continent — coming, with  their wives and
their  daughters, alike from the frigid frontiers  of the northern
lakes, and from  the orange groves of the sunny south — from the
Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains,* and from the Rocky Mountains
to the  Pacific—not for  the purpose of self-aggrandizement or
personal ambition, nor yet to advance the schemes of parties, or
to stir up sectional antipathies, but solely as a band of brothers,
to stimulate our industry, and  keep alive our professional ardor
while participating in these social amenities, which constitute the
true link between science and philanthropy.   I would, therefore,
invoke you, by all the stirring claims of  duty, of hospitality, and
of professional pride by which as a society we have  been bound
and are now about being rebound together, so to conduct our
proceedings wi!h unanimity and concert of action, that they may
subserve the noble ends  for wliich we are now assembled—that
still more brilliant memories may adorn our annals  and render
us more and  more worthy of the  high  compliment which, in  its
wisdom, our Narional Association has determined to accord us. 
6
  As  conducive  on my part in some measure to such ends and
aims,  permit  me to take occasion to  state, that I have caused a
suitable number of  schedules to be printed, containing blank
spaces,  in  columns, to be filled up  with  the diseases or acci-
dents we may be called upon to  treat, together with  other  par-
ticulars, as specified in the headings.   Those I propose furnishing
to such members as may offer to accept of them,  on the condition
of their being returned to me, properly made out, at least once a
month.   As soon as a sufficiency of materiel is thus accumulated,
it will be digested and incorporated in my official reports to the
Legislature — due  credit being given to each contributor.  All
this' can be done without  much labor to any one individual, or
any expense to the Society, and would tend to greatly elucidate
questions of  medical topography, etiology,  and pathology, as
well as  prove an important contribution to  vital statistics  and
medical hygiene.
  It was for such purposes this Society was  formed : to bring the
members into harmonious unity of action; to cause mind to bear
on mind; to work out the  problem of climatic influences on the
physical condition of man; to investigate the nature and causes
of endemics  and epidemics;  to  determine  the best methods of
holding life and  health in integrity, and to remedy the evils inci-
dent to existence—these I conceive to be its prominent aims.
  Scattered as many of the most worthy members are over the
whole area of our extensive State, the experience and observa-
tions  of the individual are  too .often  buried under the sod  that
covers his grave.   Shall such losses  be permitted to  accrue for
the want of a little fostering care?  Or will this society resolve,
in the strength of association, to do .all in its  powTer to facilitate
the cultivation of the present for the  fruit of the  future ?  I trust
it will adopt the  latter course, and prove an exemplar of similar
organizations in our sister Pacific  States — leading to a noble em-
ulation, whereby rival societies may hear of  each  others' triumphs
over death and the grave, with as much enthusiasm as the great
world now reads of victories in the battle-field.

  Dr. A. B. Stout,  of San Francisco, moved  that  this  Con-
vention organize itself into a State Medical  Society.   Car-
ried.
  Dr. S.  It. Harris, of San Francisco, moved  that a com- 
7
mittee of five be appointed to select permanent officers for
the Society.
  Dr. II. Gibbons stated that prior  to the motion's  being
put, it would be well  to  ascertain who were  members and
who were not.   He moved that the Secretary be instructed
to make a roll of all physicians who were legally qualified
to form such Society.
  Dr. D. B.  Hoffman, of San'Diego,  moved as an  amend-
ment  to Dr.  Harris's motion, that a  committee of three on
credentials be appointed by the Chair, to make out a roll of
members, and report at 12 o'clock.   Carried.
   The Chair appointed  as  the committee, Dr. It. Beverly
Cole,  of San Francisco, Dr. T. M. Logan, of Sacramento, and
Dr. D.  B. Hoffman, of San Diego, and declared a  recess
until  12 o'clock.
   At 12 m. the Convention having been called to order, the
Committee on Credentials reported the following names of
physicians, with residence, school, and date of graduation:
     Name.               Residence.            School.              Date.
Phelps Chamberlin___San Francisco.. .St. Louis University, Mo......1858
H. S. Baldwin..........San Francisco.. .Philadelphia Col. of Medicine . .1849
Geo. Hewston.........San Francisco... Philadelphia Col.  of Medicine. . 1850
                                  and University of Pennsylvania.----
Geo. E. Sherman......Oakland........University of New York........1867
Henry Gibbons........San Francisco.. .University of Pennsylvania---1829
J. J. Franklin.........Sonora.........Transylvania University, Ky. . .1828
E. J. Martin...........Castroville......Cincinnati College of Medicine. 1843
John Scott............San Francisco.. .F. R. C. S., Ireland............1844
                               and M.D. of St. Andrew's, Scotland. 1843
W. J. Paugh...........San Francisco... Rush Medical College, 111......1850
R. Beverly Cole........San Francisco.. .Jefferson Medical  Col., Phila.. .1849
J. D. Whitney.........San Francisco... University of Pacific..........1863
Clinton Cushing...... .Oakland.........Rush Medical College.........1865
T. H. Pinkerton.......Oakland.........Harvard University, Mass......1859
A. B. Caldwell.........Santa Clara.....Transylvania University, Ky.. .1841
Chas. Blach...........San Francisco... University of Heidelberg, Ger'y. 1854
A. G. Soule...........San Francisco.. .Berkshire Medical Col., Mass. .1846
W. L. Twichell........San Francisco.. .Maine Medical School.........1850
A. T. Hudson..........Stockton........Albany Medical College, N. Y .. 1847
G. A, Shurtleff........Stockton......, .Vermont Medical  College......1846
W. T. Bradbury.......San Francisco... Rush Medical College.........1864
Jas. Simpson..........Grass Valley... .University of New York.......1855 
8
    Name.          Residence.               School.                Date.
Wm. Wallace Ross.....Watsonville.....University of New York........1858
Henry Gibbons, Jr.....San Francisco.. .University of Pacific..........1803
Wm. P. Gibbons......Alameda........University of New York........1846
Luke Robinson........Santa Clara.....Toland Medical College........1867
S. R. Harris...........San Francisco.. .Col. Physicians <fc Surg's, N. Y.1827
J. W. Harville.........San Francisco.. .University of Pennsylvania.....1*49
A. B. Nixon...........Sacramento......Ohio Medical College..........1846
Jos. Haine............San Francisco... University of Louvain, Belgium. 1833
J. L. Ord.............Santa Barbara.. .Jefferson Medical College......1846
N. J. Bird.............San Francisco.. .Queen's Col., Kingston,Canada. 1860
R. T.Hayes...........Los Angeles.....Castleton, Medical College, Vt..l847
                              and Col. Physicians and Surg., N. Y. 1869
W. A. Grover..........San Francisco.. .Berkshire Medical Col., Mass. .1843
J. B. Pigne-Dupuytren.San Francisco.. .Edinburgh R. C. S., Scotland. .1848
A. B. Stout...........San Francisco.. .Col. Physicians and Surgeons. .1839
A. S. Ferris...........San Francisco... Geneva Medical College........1840
Chas. Palmer Chesley. .San Francisco.. .Vermont Medical College.......1870
E. H. Neill............San Francisco... King's College, London.......1858
Valentine Newmark.... San Francisco... Toland Medical College........1868
D. B. Hoffman........San Diego......Toland Medical College........1865
T. M. Todd...........San Francisco. . .Miami Medical College, Ohio .. 1869
Benj. D. Dean.........San Francisco.. .Berkshire Medical Col., Mass. .1843
W. Ferris Brown......Stockton........Richmond Medical College.....1843
Thos. M. Logan.......Sacramento.....Medical College of S. Carolina. 1828
C. N. Ellinwood.......San Francisco.. .Rush Medical College.........1858
Jas. M. Sharkey.......San Francisco.. .HarvardUniversity............1849

  Certificates of the appointment as delegates of the follow-
ing physicians were presented:
  Alameda County Medical Society—T. H.  Pinkerton, Clinton
Cushing, E. Trenor, and G. E. Sherman.
  Santa Clara Medical  Society—A. B. Caldwell  and L.  Eob-
inson.
  San Diego County Medical Society—D. B. Hoffman.
  Monterey and Santa Barbara Counties—Jas. L. Ord.
  The San Francisco Medical Society,  the German Medical
Society of San Francisco, and the  Sacramento Medical So-
ciety, were also represented.
  On  motion  of Dr. Logan, that a committee  of three be
appointed  to  draft a Constitution for the  State Medical So-
ciety—amended by Dr.  It. T.  Hayes, of Los  Angeles, by
inserting  "and plan of organization "—the Chair appointed
Drs. Logan of Sacramento, Gibbons of San  Francisco, and 
9
Shurtleff of Stockton.  After a short conference the Chair-
man of the committee, Dr. Logan, read the Constitution and
Order  of  Business of the  old State Medical Society, whose
adoption was recommended, save in one particular—that the
time of meeting be  changed to the second Wednesday of
October.
   On motion of Dr. It. Beverly Cole, of San Francisco, the
Constitution and Order of Business, as amended, were unani-
mously adopted.
   Dr. Hayes moved that a committee of five  be appointed
to nominate permanent officers for the  Society, and report
at 2 o'clock.
   Dr.  Cole moved to amend  so that the committee should
report in ten minutes.
   Dr.  B.  D. Dean, of San Francisco, arose to  a point  of or-
der.  It was desirable that it  should be decided who were
and who were  not members of the Society,  as a difference
of view was entertained by several of those present.
    After  some discussion the  Chair stated that  all whose
names had been reported by the Committee on Credentials
were permanent members of the State Medical Society.
   Dr. H. Gibbons proposed [an amendment to Dr. Hayes's
 motion that the Committee  on Nominations consist of one
 member from  each county represented, and that they report
 at 7J o'clock this  evening.
    Several other propositions were offered, but  the  amend-
 ment was finally adopted.
    On motion of Dr. Logan  it was decided  that when the
 Society adjourns it be to 7|- o'clock in the evening.
    Dr. Cole, of the Committee on Credentials, reported the
 following gentlemen for membership, and they were elected
 unanimously:
     Xame.           Evidence.              School.           Date.
 A. B. Mehring........Woodland.......University of Maryland........1864
 H. P. Tuttle..........Salinas City.....Toland Medical College........1869
    The Chair announced the following  Committee on Nomi-
 nations:   D. B.  Hoffman,  San Diego;  It, T.  Hayes, Los
2 
                          10

Angeles; Jas. L.  Ord, Santa Barbara; E. J. Martin, Mon-
terey;  W. TV. Boss,  Santa, Cruz; A. 13. Caldwell, Santa
Clara;  A. B. Stout, San Francisco; C. Cushing, Alameda;
Jas.  Simpson, Nevada; J.  J. Franklin, Tuolumne; A. B.
Mehring,  Yolo;  T.  M.  Logan,  Sacramento;  and W. F.
Brown, San Joaquin.
  A member from the interior having, in the course  of
remarks, referred to  the profession  in  San Francisco  as
bearing the reputation of being divided into hostile cliques,
Dr. II. Gibbons, Sr., requested  the privilege of correcting
the error.   He said the great body  of  physicians of the
city were in perfect harmony ;  that, as a matter of course,
among  so  many, there were a few natural growlers, who
seemed to take great  pleasure in giving a bad name to the
body ;  but that the two medical  associations  in this  city
enjoyed the most perfect harmony — both in their own
membership and in regard to each other.  Differences of a
personal or professional character were really very uncom-
mon among the physicians  of San Francisco.
  Adjourned to 7£ p.m.
                    EVENING SESSION.
  The  Convention having been called  to order by the Chair-
man, the minutes of  the morning session  were read,  cor-
rected, and adopted.
  The  Committee on Nomination of Officers reported as fol-
lows :
  President—T. M. Logan, of Sacramento.
   Vice-Presidents—S. K. Harris, of San  Francisco; T. H. Pink-
erton, of Oakland; J. L. Ord, of Santa Barbara; G. A. Shurtleff,
of Stockton; and D. B. Hoffman, of San Diego.
  Corresponding Secretary—Geo. Hewston, of San Francisco.
  Recording Secretaries—A. B. Nixon, of Sacramento, and Henry
Gibbons, Jr., of San Francisco.
  Treasurer—A. B. Stout,  of San Francisco.
  On motion of Dr. B. D. Dean the report was received and
the committee discharged. 
11
  I )r. J. W. Harville moved that the Secretary be authorized
to cast the ballot of the Association for each of tliose named
for officers.
  Trior to the putting  of this motion Dr. Cole moved that
the rules be suspended for five minutes, to allow those not
present at  the morning session to  give their names to the
Committee on Credentials,  and become members of the
Society.
   The former  motion  having  been  withdrawn  Dr. Cole's
motion prevailed.
   The committee then reported the following names.  The
report was   accepted,  and  the  gentlemen  unanimously
elected:
     Name.              Residence.           Scliool.              Date.
Chas. Rowell..........San Francisco... University of Pacific..........1*01
J. F. Hamilton........San Francisco.. .Rush Medical College.........1854
S. M. Tibbits..........San Francisco.. .Berkshire College, Mass.......1827
F. W. Hatch...........Sacramento.....University of New York........1843
G. L. Simmons........Sacramento......Harvard University............1856
C. B. Holbrook........San Francisco. . .Vermont Medical College......1839
W. Ayer..............San Francisco... Harvard University............1847
S. D. Campbell........Suisun City.....University of New York........1846
E. L. Parrimore.......Knight's Land'g. University of Maryland........1867
G. W. Zimmerman.....------------. ■ Ohio Medical College..........1865
J. P. Whitney......'.. .San Francisco.. .Jefferson Medical College......1835
F. W. Todd...........Stockton........Cincinnati Medical College.....1838
John Hewston."........San Francisco.. .Philadelphia Col. of Medicine. .1854
 Thos. Price...........San Francisco.. .Toland Medical College........1868
 P. H. Humphrey......San Francisco... University of New York........I860
 E" g. Chit.............Oakland........Castleton Medical College, Vt. .1842
 L. C Lane. ,..........San Francisco.. .Jefferson Medical College......1851
 Wm. Carman..........San Francisco.. .Col. Physicians and Surg., N.Y.1847
 W. H. Johnson........San Francisco.. .University of Pennsylvania... .1862
 A. J. Younger.........San Francisco.. .Toland Medical College........1869
 W. F. Smith..........San Francisco.. .Miami Medical College, Cinn.. .1867
 B. F. Hardy...........San Francisco.. .University of Pennsylvania... .1840

   It was now moved that the Society proceed to the election

 of a  President.  Carried.
   Drs. D. B. Hoffman and A. G. Soule were  appointed tell-
 ers, by the Chair, on motion of Dr. Dean; and the motion
 of Di\ Harville, that the Secretary be directed  to  cast the 
12
ballot of the Society for each of those named for officers by
the Committee  on Nominations, was renewed, put to vote,
and carried.
  The vote being taken  for President, the Chairman de-
clared Dr. T. M. Logan, of Sacramento,  the unanimous
choice of the Society.   He was thereupon conducted to the
Chair, when  he  made the following remarks:

  Gentlemen : I return you my sincere thanks  for the kind con-
sideration  I have just received at your hands—a consideration
which is doubtless due to the  circumstance, stated by one this
morning, of my connection  with the primary organization of this
Society.  It would have been, perhaps, more to your satisfaction
had the selection of your presiding officer fallen upon an abler
member; for so unaccustomed am I to parliamentary proceedings,
I fear I may prove an impediment to, rather than a regulator of,
your business.  An obedience to your will, however, and a resolu-
tion against delinquency in whatever may become my duty in pro-
moting the objects of the  Society, are motives too powerful  to
permit me to hesitate any longer.   Belying, therefore, upon the
same demonstrations of  partiality  which predominated  in my
election, I throw myself upon your  indulgence, confidently ask-
ing for that leniency toward my shortcomings, which surely will
not be denied to a functionary of your own choice, where ambi-
tion is rendered virtuous by consisting in a wish to do his  duty
and to merit your approbation.

 • The other gentlemen named in the report on nominations
were then balloted for and declared elected.
  The committee having made no nominations for Censors,
on motion the President was requested to nominate.
  The following names were  presented: F. W. Hatch,  of
Sacramento ; G. L. Simmons, of Sacramento ; A. B. Nixon,
of Sacramento;  J. L. Simpson, of Grass Valley; A. G. Soule,
of San Francisco; It. T. Hayes, of Los Angeles; and L. Rob-
inson, of Santa Clara.
  On motion, the Secretary was directed to cast the ballot
for each of these gentlemen,  which being done the  Presi-
dent declared them duly elected. 
13
   On motion of Dr. H. Gibbons the thanks of the Society
 were tendered to the temporary officers: Dr. J. L. Ord, Chair-
 man, and Dr. Geo. Hewston, Secretary.
   Dr. II. Gibbons moved that when the Society adjourn, it
 be to 10 o'clock the following morning.  An amendment,
 making the time 11 o'clock, was lost, and the  original mo-
 tion prevailed.
   The  Society then adjourned.
                  SECOND DAY—THURSDAY.
   Society called to order at 10 o'clock a.m.—President, Dr.
 Logan, in the Chair.  In the absence of one of the Record-
 ing Secretaries (Dr. Nixon), Dr. Geo. Hewston acted in his
 stead.
   Fifty-two  members  answered  to their names at roll-call.
 The minutes of previous meeting were  read and adopted.
   Several irentlemen being proposed for membership,  their
 names were  referred to the Censors, and a recess of a few
 minutes was taken to allow time for a report.
   After the recess, Dr. F.  W.  Hatch, Chairman  of the
 Board of Censors, reported the following names:
    Name.            Residence.          School.              Date.
 W. A. Barstow........San Francisco.. .Chicago Medical College.......1869
 Herman P. Babcock.. .Oakland........University of Buffalo..........1863
 R. M. Lampson.......Montezuma.....Vermont Medical College......1848
 J. F. Montgomery.....Sacramento... ... Universities of Va. and Penn. .1833-4
 W. R. Cluness.........Sacramento......Queen's Col., Kingston, Can... 1860
 A. W. Saxe............Santa Clara.....Castleton Medical College, Vt. .1842
 Wm. Sharpe..........Jackson.......................................---
 A. S. DuBois..........Auburn.........Toland Medical College........1865
   The  report was  accepted, and  on motion of Dr. A.  G.
 Soule  the several named  gentlemen  were  unanimouslv
 elected permanent members of the Society.
   The question being upon the next place ofimeeting of the
 Society, Dr. Hoffman proposed San Diego,  Dr. Harris, Sac-
ramento, and Dr. L. Robinson, San Jose.
  Dr. Hoffman having withdrawn his proposition favoring
San Diego, and  seconded Dr. Harris's motion, the Society
unanimously voted in favor of Sacramento; and  it was an- 
14
nounccd by the President  that  Sacramento would be the
place of the next annual meeting.
  The President announced the Standing Committees, as
follows :
  On Practical Medicine,  Medical Literature, and Hygiene—Drs.
H. Gibbons, C. X. Ellinwood, A. G. Soule, S. R. Harris, and C.
Cushing.
  On Surgery—Drs. G. L. Simmons, L. C. Lane, TV. F. Smith,
W. R. Cluness, and J. M. Sharkey.
  On Obstetrics—Drs. H. S. Baldwin, A. S. Ferris, W. T. Brad-
bury, P. Chamberlin, and B. F. Hardy.
  On 3Iedical Topography, Meteorology,  Endemics, and Epidemics.
—Drs. W. H.  Johnson, D. B. Hoffman, E. J. Martin, J. L. Ord,
and G. E.  Sherman.
  On Indigenous Botany and the Domestic Adulteration of Drugs.—
Drs.  John  Hewston, TV. P. Gibbons, E. S. Carr, Henry Gibbons,
Jr., and A. B. Caldwell.
  On Medical  Education—Drs. Geo. Hewston, E. S. Carr,  Wm.
Carman, S. D. Campbell, and F. W. Todd.
  On Publication—Drs. T. M. Logan, Geo. Hewston, A. B. Nix-
on, Henry Gibbons, Jr., and J. B. Pigne-Dupuytren.
  Committee of Arrangements—Drs. A.  B. Nixon, F. W. Hatch,
G. L. Simmons, AY. F. Brown, and A.  B. Mehring.
  On Prize Essays—Drs. L. C. Lane, J. P.  Whitney, T.  H.
Pinkerton, G. A. Shurtleff, and A. B. Stout.

  Dr. Hoffman, of  San Diego, offered the  following resolu-
tion, and  moved that it be referred to a committee of five
members, to  be appointed by  the Chair:
  Resolved, That all persons, of either sex, who possess the quali-
fications prescribed by the Constitution, may become members of
this Society.

  On motion of Dr.  Stout the resolution was laid on the
table.
  The Secretary then read a printed memorial from the Ala-
meda County Medical Association, in relation to the  posi-
tion held  by  surgeons in the U. S. Navy.
  Dr. II. P. Babcock, late Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Navy, by 
15
motion of Dr. Sherman, was requested to address the meet-
ing on the subject of the resolutions.  LTpon concluding his
remarks he called upon Dr. W. 11. Johnson, formerly of the
Navy, to indorse his statements.
   Dr. Johnson  briefly gave his views on the  subject, and
cordially indorsed the resolutions.
   On motion of Dr. Cushing the preamble  and resolutions,
as read, were unanimously adopted, as follows :
  Whereas,  Of late,  repeated and  persistent insults have been
•offered our professional brethren in the U. S. Navy, by the au-
thority of  the Navy -Department,  degrading them in rank  and
position, lessening, by example, the respect due their profession,
and contracting their sphere of usefulness ; and
   Whereas, In every  civilized community throughout the world,
save in our  Navy,  the  profession  of Medicine is considered, at
least, equal in dignity and respectability to any other profession ;
and
   Whereas, In our service the members of the Medical Staff are
selected by competitive examination from among the graduates of
our Medical Schools,  while the line officers are selected to be ed-
ucated at the country's expense from among the uneducated boys
of the community, by favoritism, by relationship, or, as has lately
been proven, by purchase ; and
   Wiil:hi;as,  Rank and command  are  distinct ideas, having no
necessary connection—there being a recognized necessity for one
commander in all military operations, to  whom the other officers
are  subordinate for the time being ;  and
   Whereas,  If physical courage and personal exposure  are the
only tests of merit, no  corps  can show, during the late war for
example, a larger proportion of killed by the enemy, by fire, by
water, or by the more deadly and insidious foe, disease, than the
Medical officers of the Navy :  Therefore be it
   Resolved, That we consider the stigma to which they have been
subjected, as applying to the  profession at large ;  and while  it is
unremoved we consider that no young  medical man,  having a
proper regard to his  self-respect, can accept an appointment in
the  Medical Corps of  the Navy, and  subject himself and his pro-
fession to  the indignities which the self-constituted and newly-
born "Aristocracy of the Line" impose. 
1G
  Resolved, That we view with pain and sympathy the position of
the senior officers of the Medical Corps, whose long service now
renders it impossible for them to resign and commence life anew;
and we call upon our Senators and Representatives in Congress to
recognize their position as co-equal with the highest in the serv-
ice, by giving them military  rank, such as is justly enjoyed by
the Medical Staff of the Army, and by that in the service of each
of the civilized nations of the world, together with such increased
emoluments and  promotions  as will  recognize their invaluable
services to our country, and recompense them for the insults and
oppression to which the}r have most unjustifiably been subjected.
  Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions- be sent to each Sena-
tor  and Representative from this State, and that our Delegates to
the National Association  be instructed to bring this subject  be-
fore that body for its action.

  Dr. Sherman offered the  following preamble and resolu-
tions, the adoption  of which was seconded by Dr. AV. P.
Gibbons :

  AVhereas,  We  believe the Medical Profession to be  a liberal
and scientific profession, and desire  to free it from all just cause
of reproach : Therefore be it
  Resolved, That we consider it irregular and reprehensible for a
Doctor of Medicine to dispense  or prescribe {' Patent Medicines "
or secret nostrums.
  Resolved, That we believe it to be a duty which every physician
owes to the profession and to the interests of humanity, to recog-
nize Pharmacy as a liberal and scientific profession.
  Resolved, That  we can best sustain the liberal and  scientific
character of Pharmacy by giving  our professional support only
to those  pharmaceutists whose qualifications are attested by long
experience under the scrutiny  of professional eyes, or by a diplo-
ma  from  some legally incorporated College of Pharmacy.

  Dr. H. Gibbons read from the Code of Ethics, Sections 3
and 4, Article 1, "Of the duties of physicians to each other
and to the profession at large,"  and thought they fully cov-
ered the ground of the resolutions.
  Dr. Cushing moved that the resolutions be referred to Dr. 
17
Sherman for report at our next annual meeting, to which Dr.
Sherman objected.
  Dr. Soule  moved the reference of the resolutions to a
committee of three, to be appointed by the Chair; and the
motion  being carried  the Chair appointed Drs. Cushing,
Soule, and Tibbits.
  Dr. H. Gibbons moved that the Society now proceed to
the election of delegates to the American Medical Associa-
tion.  The motion was amended  so as to make it the duty
of the  President to  appoint the  delegates.  Whereupon a
discussion arose  as to the  propriety of  appointing at the
present meeting; and it was finally decided that as the So-
ciety was entitled to  but eight  delegates at present, but
would no doubt have a larger membership before the meet-
ing  of the National Association,  the announcement of the
names of the delegates should be  deferred.
  The Censors reported the following gentlemen for  mem-
bership, and they were unanimously elected:
    Name.          Residence.         School.               Date.
I. E. Oatman..........Sacramento......Rush Medical College..........1845
John C. Van Wyck___Oakland........University of Maryland ....... 1848

  Dr. Hoffman asked for action upon his resolution in regard
to the admission of persons of either sex, in the view  that
it had been temporarily laid on the table.
  The Secretary, however, stated that  it had been indefi-
nitely tabled.
  Dr. H. Gibbons, by permission, gave a brief and forcible
address on  the annoyances, and pecuniary and professional
sacrifices  the members of the medical profession are fre-
quently obliged to endure in being called into courts of jus-
tice  as experts and witnesses, and to make post-mortem ex-
aminations, without just recompense  for  the same.  He
moved that a committee of three  be appointed by the Chair
to examine into the subject, and report at the next annual
meeting.   Carried.
  Dr. Gibbons having  declined appointment on the commit-
            3 
18
 tee,  the President named  Drs. T. H. Pinkerton,  G. A.
 Shurtleff, and R. T. Hays.
   The President, desiring to retire, called  Vice-President
 Hoffman to the Chair.
   Dr. Hays offered the following:
   Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed by the Chair,
 to secure the passage of an amendment to the laws organizing the
 State  Board of Health, to  enforce the registration of deaths,
 births, etc., to enable the Board of Health to secure more com-
 plete statistics in relation thereto.

   After a spirited discussion the resolution was lost.
   Some discussion now occurred relative to the time  of the
 adjourned meeting of the  Society.
   On motion of Dr. Soule  it was finally decided that it
 should take place  in San Francisco on the day next  pre-
 ceding the meeting of the American Medical Association,
 at 10 o'clock a.m.  This will be  the first Monday in May,
 1871.
   By permission, Dr. B. F.  Hardy, of San  Francisco, ad-
 dressed the Society upon the objects and  condition of the
 San Francisco Lying-in Hospital and Foundling Asylum.
   The Censors reported favorably upon
    Name.          Residence.             School.              Date.
 G. A. Weed..........Vallejo..........Rush Medical College.........1870
 who was unanimously elected a permanent member.
   Dr.  F. AV. Todd, of Stockton,  offered the following:
   Resolved, That a committee be appointed by the Chair to pre-
 sent to this Society at its next meeting, any amendment which
 may be advisable, in their judgment, to the present law regulat-
 ing the registration of births and deaths.

   The resolution was unanimously adopted, and the  Chair
 appointed Drs. F. W. Todd, H. Gibbons, and B. F. Hardy,
 such committee.
   Dr. Stout read extracts from a  "Memorial to Congress on
the Cultivation of the cinchona  tree in the United States, 
                            19

by the American Aledical Association," and offered the fol-
lowing resolution:

  Resolved, That a committee be appointed to address the Legis-
lature of  California and petition that honorable body to appropri-
ate ------acres of land,  situated in--------, for the cultivation
of the cinchona tree, in  accordance with the memorial  of the
American Medical Association;  and also for the creation of a
Botanical Garden.

  The resolution having passed, Drs. A. B. Stout and T. M.
Logan were appointed the committee.
  The Board of Censors proposed
   Name.         Residence.              School.              Date.
M. B. Pond. .-.........Napa...........Toland Medical College........1865
and he was unanimously elected a permanent member.
  On motion the Recording Secretaries were instructed to
procure,  at the  expense of the Society, the printing of the
minutes  of the Convention and  State  Medical Society, to-
gether with  its  Constitution,  Order of Business, and Code
of Ethics, and the Corresponding Secretary was directed to
forward  one  copy to each and  every member of the Society.
  There  being no further business the Society adjourned.
                              Geo. Hewston,
                             A. B. Nixon,
                             Henry Gibbons, Jr.,
                                             Secretaries. 
 
                CONSTITUTION
                        OF THE

Medical    Society,
                        OF THE

      STATE  OF CALIFORNIA.
                       ARTICLE I.
                   TITLE of  the society.
r Section 1.  This Institution  shall be styled "The Medical So-
ciety of the State of California."

                      ARTICLE  II.
                         MEMBERS.
  Section 1.  The members of this Society shall consist of dele-
gates from permanently organized local medical societies, perma-
nent members, and members by invitation, who shall collectively
represent and have  cognizance of the common interests of the
medical profession in the State of California.
  Sec.  2.  Each  delegate from a local society shall hold his ap-
pointment for one year, until another is appointed to succeed him,
and shall participate in all the  business and affairs of the Society.
  Sec  3.  Each local society shall have the privilege of sending
to this  Society one delegate for every five of its regular resident
members, and one for every additional fraction of more than one-
half that number of  its members.
  Sec  4.  Qualifications for Membership shall  consist of a good
primary and medical education, attested by a diploma from some
known medical school in  good repute, and a  good professional
and moral  standing  in the community in which such candidate
may reside. 
22
   Permanent Members.—Every member of the Convention adopt-
 ing this Constitution, who shall properly satisfy a committee ap-
 pointed by this Convention, that he possesses the necessary quali-
 fications as prescribed, may become a permanent member of this
 Society ; and all those who may hereafter serve in the capacity of
 delegates to the Society, together with such other persons as may
 receive the appointment by unanimous vote, shall be  entitled to
 permanent membership.
   Sec 5.   Members by invitation, shall consist of  practitioners of
 reputable standing from sections of the State not otherwise  rep-
 resented at the meeting, and of such distinguished strangers and
 others as may be deemed worthy of the compliment.   They shall
 receive their appointment by a vote  of the Society and upon  a
 motion of  some member present, and shall hold their connection
 with  the Society until the close of the annual session at which
 they were received, during which period they shall be entitled to
 all the privileges of permanent members.
   Sec 6.   Each individual, prior to taking his seat as a member
 of the Society, must  sign the  Constitution, inscribing  his name
 and address in full, specifying  in what  capacity he attends, and,
 if a delegate,  the local society which he represents.


                       ARTICLE III.
                          OFFICERS.
   Section 1.   The officers of the Society shall be a President, five
 Vice-Presidents, one Corresponding, and two Recording Secreta-
 ries,  a  Treasurer, and a  Board of Censors  of  seven members.
 These officers shall be nominated at the annual  meeting of the
 Society, and  be. elected severally  by ballot.   Each officer shall
 hold his appointment for one year and until another is elected to
 succeed him.
   Sec 2.   The President shall  preside at the meeting, preserve
 order, give a casting vote in  case of a tie, and  perform all other
 duties that custom and parliamentary  usage  may require.  He
shall also temporarily organize and open the  meeting next suc-
ceeding his appointment by an address on some subject connected
with medicine, or with the interests of the Society.
  Sec 3.   The Vice-Presidents, when called upon, shall assist the
President in the  performance of his duties, and,  during his ab- 
23
sence, or at the request of the President, one of them shall offi-
ciate in his place.
  Sec 4.   The Corresponding Secretary shall perform all the usual
duties incidental to his office.  The Recording Secretaries shall re-
cord the minutes and authenticate the proceedings,  and  give due
notice of the time  and place of holding the next ensuing meet-
ing.  The  Corresponding Secretary and  Recording Secretaries
shall  serve as  members of the Committee  on Publication, and
shall also preserve the archives and unpublished transactions of
the Society.
  Sec 5.   The Treasurer shall have immediate charge and man-
agement of the funds as a property of the Society, and hold them
subject to the disposal of  the Society.  At each  annual meeting
he shall present a  report,  setting forth the amount of moneys re-
ceived, as well as the amount disbursed, and for what purposes.
  Sec 6.  The Board of Censors shall examine the credentials of
all candidates for admission to the Society, and if such credentials
are found to  conform with the requirements, as enacted in Article
II of this Constitution, the Board  of Censors shall recommend
said applicants to  the Society as suitable candidates for  election.

                       ARTICLE IV.
                          MEETINGS.
  Section 1.   The regular meetings of the Society shall be held
annually, and commence  on the  second Wednesday of  October.
The place of meeting shall be determined for each  next succeed-
ing year by vote of the Society.

                         ARTICLE V.
                     STANDING COMMITTEES.
  Section 1.  The following  Standing Committees,  each com-
posed of five members, of whom the  first named is Chairman,
shall be nominated and elected at  every annual meeting for the
purpose of preparing  and arranging business for  each ensuing
year, and for carrying into effect the  orders of the Society not
otherwise assigned,  namely:
  A Committee on Practical Medicine, Medical Literature, and Hygiene ;
      "      " Surgery;
      "      '• Obstetrics ; 
24
A  Committee on Medical Topography, Meteorology,  Endemics, and Epi-
                 demics ;
     "       "  Indigenous Botany and the  Domestic Adulteration of
                 Drugs ; '
     "       "  Medical Education ;
     "       "  Publication ;
     "      of Arrangements ;
     ''      on Prize Essays.
   Sec. 2.   The Committee on Practical Medicine, Medical Litera-
ture, and Hygiene, shall prepare an annual report on the more im-
portant improvements effected in this State in  the management
of individual diseases; the improvements  and  discoveries which
may have been made in Anatomy, Physiology, General Pathology,
Therapeutics and Medical Jurisprudence; and shall also study the
comparative merits in health and disease of the different modes
of life of the various nationalities residing  in California.
   Sec 3.   The Committee on Surgery shall  prepare an annual re-
port on all the important improvements in the management of sur-
gical diseases effected in  the State during the year, and, as far as
can be ascertained, the number of capital  operations  performed,
with their results.
   Sec 4.   The Committee on  Obstetrics shall prepare an annual
report on the important improvements in the Obstetrical art, and
in the management of the diseases peculiar to  women and chil-
dren effected in  the State during the year, together with euch
remarks touching these subjects as they may think proper.
   Sec 5.   The Committee on Medical Topography, Meteorology,
Endemics, and Epidemics, shall prepare an annual report on the
peculiarity of the soil and climate of the different sections of  the
State, with the diseases to which they are subject; also, the En-
demics and Epidemics which have prevailed throughout the State
during the year.
   Sec 6.   The Committee on Indigenous Botany and the Domestic
Adulteration of Drugs shall prepare  an annual report on the In-
digenous Medical Botany of the State  of California, paying par-
ticular attention to such plants as are found  to  possess valuable
medicinal qualities, and are not accurately described in standard
works, with the localities where they are to  be found.  Also to
report on the quality of drugs brought to  our  market, with  the
view to  correct the evils arising  from the extensive introduction
and sale of spurious  and sophisticated articles. 
25
  Sec 7.   The Committee on Medical Education  shall prepare an
annual report on the general condition of  medical  education in
the State of California,  as compared with the state of medical
education in other States of  the  Union, noticing the  several
medical  institutions in  the  State, their course  of instruction,
the practical requirements for graduation, the modes of exam-
ination for conferring  degrees, and  the reputed  number of pu-
pils  and graduates at  each during the year;  together with such
other matters as they may deem worthy of consideration in ref-
erence to medical education  and the  reputable standing of the
profession.
  Sec 8.  The Committee on Publication—of which the Secretaries
must constitute a part—shall  have  charge of  preparing for the
press, and of publishing and  distributing  such of  the proceed-
ings, transactions, and memoirs of the Society, as may be ordered
to be published.
  Sec 9.  The Committee of Arrangements shall, if no sufficient
reason prevent, be mainly composed of members residing in the
place at which the Society is to hold  its next annual meeting, and
shall be required to provide  suitable accommodations  for the
meeting, to report on the credentials for membership, and to re-
ceive and  announce all  voluntary communications made to the
Society.
   Siv. 10.   In order to afford the Committees on Medical Topog-
raphy, Meteorology, Endemics, and Epidemics, and on Indigenous
Botany, and the Domestic Adulteration of Drugs, material for
their several annual reports, it shall be the  duty of the several
auxiliary societies  in  the State to  transmit to the Chairman  of
these respective committees, on or before the first day of  Septem-
ber  of  each year, a special report,  embracing such information
touching their particular localities  as may enable  said  commit-
tees to make a full report on all the  subjects  committed to them.

                        ARTICLE VI.
                   VOLUNTARY  CONTRIBUTIONS.
   Section 1.  After the  reading and discussion of the annual re-
ports, or at any other period during the meeting of the Society, by
the vote of a majority of two-thirds, it shall be  the privilege of
any member to present to the consideration of the Society, either
orally or in writing, communications on medical subjects, reports
             4 
26
of interesting cases, or such other matters as may be deemed
of interest to the profession;  which communications may, on
motion, be  referred to the Committee on Publication,  and, if
deemed by them worthy of preservation, shall appear among the
proceedings.
                      ARTICLE VII.
                   FUNDS AND APPROPRIATIONS.
  Section 1.   The funds of the Society shall be raised by indi-
vidual voluntary contributions, by the sale of its publications, and
by an annual tax of five dollars on each member of the Society,
on the payment of which he shall be entitled  to a copy of  all the
publications for the year.
  Sec 2.   The funds thus raised may be appropriated for defray-
ing the expenses of the annual meetings ; for publishing the pro-
ceedings, memoirs, and transactions of the Society ; for enabling
the Standing Committees to fulfill their respective duties, conduct
their correspondence, and procure the material for the completion
of their stated annual reports ; for the encouragement of scientific
investigations by prizes and awards of merit; and  for such other
purposes as the Society may from time to time direct.

                      ARTICLE  VIII.
         Delegates to the national medical association.
  Section 1.   The Society shall annually appoint,  to represent it
in the American Medical Association, one delegate for  every ten
members, and  one  for every additional fraction  of more than
half this number, whose certificates of appointment shall be signed
and duly authenticated by the President and  Secretaries.

                     ARTICLE  IX.
                       CODE OF ETHICS.
  Section 1.  The Code of Medical Ethics recommended by the
National Medical Association, held in Philadelphia in May, 1847
having been approved and adopted by this Society, shall have the
full force and effect of  any Article of  this Constitution.

                       ARTICLE X.
                    discipline of members.
  Section 1.   Any violation of the provisions of the Constitution 
27
or of the Code of Ethics adopted by this Society, shall be referred
to the Board of Censors for adjudication, from whose decision an
appeal may be taken to the Society.  Such violation being reported
by the Board of Censors to the Society, and established to the
satisfaction of  a majority of the members, the individual or indi-
viduals thus offending shall be excommunicated, and deprived of
all the privileges of membership.
   Sec 2.  The Society shall also have jurisdiction in all cases of
appeals taken  from auxiliary societies, in which event their de-
cision shall be final.

                        ARTICLE XL
                 amendments and  alterations.
   Section 1.  No amendment nor alteration shall be made in any
of the Articles of this Constitution, except at the annual meeting
next subsequent to that at which such alteration or amendment
may have been proposed, and  then only by the concurrence of
two-thirds of  the members in attendance. 
2*
ORDER  OF  BUSINESS.
  The following order of business is presented  as a By-Law of
the Society, which shall at all times be subject to a vote of a ma-
jority of all the members in attendance, and except temporarily
suspended, shall be  as follows :
    I.  The temporary organization of the meeting prior to  the
          election of officers.
   II.  Report of the Committee of Arrangements on the creden-
          tials of members after the latter have registered their
          names  and addresses,  etc.
  III.  The calling of the roll.
  IV.  The election of  officers. '
   V.  The reading of  minutes.
  VI.  The reception of members not present at the opening of
          the meeting, and the reading of notes from absentees.
 VII.  Reception of members by invitation.
VIII.  The reading and consideration of the  stated annual re-
          ports from the Standing Committees.
  IX.  Reading and discussion of voluntary contributions.
   X.  The selection of the next place of annual meeting, and
          appointments to fill the Standing Committees.
  XL  The choice of permanent members by vote.
 XII.  Resolutions introducing new business, and instructions to
          the Standing Committees.
XIII.  Unfinished and miscellaneous business.
 XIV.  Adjournment. 
CODE  OF  MEDICAL  ETHICS.
   [The following Code of  Medical Ethics, as recommended by
the  American  Medical  Association,  has  been  approved  and
adopted by the Society. ]

  OF THE  DUTIES OF PHYSICIANS TO  THEIR PATIENTS, AND  OF THE
            OBLIGATIONS OF PATIENTS TO THEIR PHYSICIANS.

              Article  I.—Duties of Physicians to their Patients.

   \  I.  A physician should not only be ever ready to obey the calls of the sick,
but his mind ought also to be imbued with  the  greatness of his mission, and the
responsibility he habitually incurs in its  discharge.  These obligations are the
more deep and enduring, because there is no tribunal, other  than  his own con-
science,  to  adjudge  penalties for carelessness  or neglect.   Physicians  should,
therefore, minister to the sick with due impressions of the importance of their
office,  reflecting  that the  ease, the  health, and the lives of those committed to
their charge, depend  on their skill, attention, and fidelity.   They  should study,
also, in  their deportment, so to  unite  tenderness  with firmness, and condescension
with authority, as to inspire  the  minds of their patients with gratitude, respect,
and  confidence.
   \  z.  Every case committed to the charge of a physician should be treated
with  attention,  steadiness, and  humanity.   Reasonable indulgence should be
granted to the mental imbecility and caprices of the sick.   Secresy and delicacy,
when  required by peculiar circumstances, should  be strictly  observed;  and the
familiar  and confidential intercourse to which  physicians are admitted in their
professional visits, should  be  used with discretion, and with the most scrupulous
regard to fidelity  and  honor.   The obligation of secresy extends beyond the
period of professional services;  none of the  privacies  of domestic life, no  in-
firmities or  flaw of character observed during  professional  attendance,  should
ever be divulged by the physician, except when he is imperatively  required to do
so.  The force and  necessity of this obligation are  indeed so great, that profes- 
4
sional men have, under certain circumstances, been protected in their observance
of secresy by courts of justice.
   \ 3.  Frequent visits to the sick are in general requisite,  since they enable
the  physician to arrive  at a more perfect  knowledge of the  disease—to  meet
promptly every change which may  occur, and also tend to preserve the confidence
of the patient.  But  unnecessary  visits  are  to  be avoided,  as  they give  useless
anxiety to  the patient,  tend  to diminish  the authority  of the  physician, and
render him liable to be suspected of interested motives.
  \ 4.   A physician should  not  be forward  to  make gloomy prognostications,
because they savor of empiricism, by magnifying the  importance of his services
in the treatment or cure of the  disease.   But he should  not fail, on proper oc-
casions, to give to the  friends of  the  patient  timely  notice of danger when  it
really occurs ;  and  even to the patient himself, if absolutely necessary.   This
office, however, is so  peculiarly alarming when  executed by him, that it ought to
be declined whenever it can be assigned to  any other person of sufficient judg-
ment and delicacy.   For, the physician should be the minister of hope and  com-
fort to the sick; that, by such cordials  to  the drooping spirit, he may soothe the
bed of death, revive  expiring life, and  counteract  the  depressing influence of
those maladies which often disturb the  tranquility of the most resigned in their
last moments.  The  life of a sick  person  can be shortened  not only by the  acts,
but  also by  the words or the manner of a  physician.  It is, therefore, a sacred
duty to guard himself carefully in  this respect, and  to  avoid  all  things which
have a tendency to discourage the  patient and to depress his  spirits.
  § 5.   A physician ought not to abandon a patient because the case is deemed
incurable;  for his attendance may continue  to be highly  useful to the patient,
and comforting  to  the relatives around him, even  in  the last  period of a  fatal
malady, by alleviating pain and other symptoms, and by soothing mental anguish.
To  decline attendance, under such  circumstances, would  be  sacrificing to fanciful
delicacy and mistaken liberality, that moral duty, which is  independent of and
far  superior to, all pecuniary consideration.
  \ 6.   Consultations  should be  promoted  in difficult  or protracted  cases as
they give rise to confidence, energy, and more enlarged views in practice.
  § 7.   The opportunity  which a physician  not unfrequently enjoys of promot-
ing and strengthening the  good  resolutions of his  patients, suffering under the
consequences of vicious  conduct, ought  never to be neglected.   His counsels or
even remonstrances, will give satisfaction, not  offence, if they be proffered with
politeness and evince a  genuine love of virtue, accompanied by a sincere interest
in the welfare of the  person to whom they are  addressed.

            Article II.— Obligations of Patients to their Physicians.

  \ I.   The members of the  medical profession, upon whom  is enjoined the
performance  of so many important and arduous  duties towards the community
and who are required  to make so  many sacrifices of comfort, ease, and health 
5
for the welfare of those who avail  themselves of their services, certainly have a
right to expect and require, that their patients should entertain a just sense of the
duties which they owe  to their medical attendants.
   \  2.   The first duty of a patient is, to  select as his medical adviser one who
has received a regular professional education.  In no trade or occupation, do man-
kind rely on  the skill  of  an  untaught  artist;  and in medicine, confessedly the
most difficult  and  intricate of the sciences, the world ought not  to  suppose  that
knowledge  is  intuitive.
   \  3.   Patients  should  prefer a physician whose habits of life are regular, and
who is not  devoted to company, pleasure, or to any pursuit incompatible with his
professional obligations.  A patient should, also, confide the care of himself and
family, as much as possible, to one  physician; for a medical man who has become
acquainted  with the peculiarities  of constitution,  habits,  and  predispositions,  of
those he attends, is more  likely  to  be successful in his treatment than one  who
does not possess that knowledge.
   A  patient who has thus selected  his  physician, should  always apply for advice
in what may  appear to him trivial cases, for the most fatal results often supervene
on the slightest accidents.  It  is of still more importance that he should apply
for assistance  in the forming stage of  violent diseases; it  is to a neglect of this
precept that medicine owes much of the uncertainty and imperfection with which
it has been reproached.
   \ 4.   Patients should  faithfully  and unreservedly communicate to  their phy-
sician the supposed cause of their disease.  This is the more important, as many
diseases  of  a  mental origin simulate those depending on  external causes, and yet
are only to be cured  by ministering to the  mind  diseased.   A patient should
never be afraid of thus making his physician  his  friend  and adviser; he should
always bear in  mind  that a medical  man is under  the  strongest obligations of
secresy.   Even the female sex should  never allow feelings of shame or delicacy
to prevent  their disclosing the seat, symptoms, and causes  of complaints peculiar
to them.   However commendable a  modest reserve  may be in the  common
 occurrences of  life, its strict  observance in medicine is often  attended  with the
 most serious consequences, and a patient may sink under a  painful and loathsome
 disease,  which  might  have been  readily  prevented  had timely  intimation  been
 given to the  physician.
   g  5.   A patient  should never  weary his  physician with a  tedious detail of
 events or matters  not  appertaining to  his disease.   Even  as relates to his actual
 symptoms, he will convey much more  real  information  by giving clear answers
 to interrogatories, than by the most minute account of his own framing.  Neither
 should he obtrude upon his physician the details of his business, nor the history
 of his family concerns.
   \  6.   The  obedience of a patient to the prescriptions of his physician should
 be prompt  and implicit.  He should never  permit his own crude opinions as to
 their fitness,  to influence  his attention to them.   A  failure in one particular may
 render an otherwise judicious treatment dangerous, and even fatal.  This remark 
6
is  equally applicable  to diet, drink, and  exercise.  As patients  become con-
valescent, they are very apt to suppose that the rules prescribed for them  may be
disregarded, and the  consequence, but  too  often, is a relapse.   Patients should
never allow themselves to be persuaded to take any medicine whatever, that may
be recommended to them by  the self-constituted doctors and doctresses, who are
so frequently met with, and  who pretend  to possess infallible remedies for  the
cure of every disease.   However  simple  some of their  prescriptions  may appear
to be, it often happens  that they are productive  of much  mischief, and in  all
cases  they are injurious, by  contravening the  plan  of treatment adopted by  the
physician.
   §  7.   A patient should, if possible, avoid even the friendly -visits of a physician
who is not attending  him—and  when he  does receive  them, he should  never
converse on  the subject of his disease, as an  observation may be made,  without
any intention of interference, which  may destroy his confidence in the course he
is  pursuing,  and induce  him  to  neglect the  directions  prescribed  to  him.   A
patient should never send for a consulting physician without the express  consent
of his own medical attendant.   It is of great  importance that physicians should
act in concert;  for although their modes of treatment may  be attended with
equal success when employed  singly, yet conjointly they are  very likely  to be
productive of disastrous results.
   \  8.   When a patient wishes to  dismiss his  physician, justice and common
courtesy require  that he should declare his reasons for so  doing.
   §  9.   Patients  should always, when  practicable, send for their physician in
the morning, before his usual hour of going out; for, by  being  early aware of the
visits he has  to pay during the day, the physician is able to  apportion his time in
such a manner as to  prevent an interference of engagements.   Patients should
also avoid calling on their medical adviser unnecessarily during the hours  devoted
to meals or sleep.   They should  always  be in readiness to receive the  visits of
their  physician, as the  detention of a few minutes is  often  of serious incon-
venience to him.
   §  10.  A patient  should, after his recovery, entertain  a  just  and enduring
sense of the  value of the services rendered  him by his  physician :  for these are
of such a  character, that no mere pecuniary acknowledgment can repay or cancel
them.

 OF  THE  DUTIES OF PHYSICIANS TO EACH OTHER, AND TO THE  PRO-
                            FESSION AT  LARGE.

         Article  I.—Duties for the Support of Professional  Character.

   \  1.   Every  individual on entering the  profession, as  he becomes thereby  en-
titled to all its privileges  and  immunities, incurs an obligation  to  exert his best
abilities to maintain its  dignity and honor, to exalt its standing, and to extend the
bounds  of its usefulness.  He should, therefore, observe strictly, such laws as are
instituted  for the  government of its  members :—should avoid  all contumelious 
1
and sarcastic remarks relative to the faculty, as a body;  and while, by unwearied
diligence, he resorts to every honorable means of enriching the science, he should
entertain a due  respect for his seniors, who  have, by their labors, brought it to
the elevated  condition in which he  finds it.
   \  2.  There is no  profession, from the members of which, greater  purity of
character,  and  a higher  standard  of moral  excellence  are  required, than  the
medical;  and to attain such  eminence, is a  duty every physician owes alike to
his profession and to his patients.   It is due to  the latter, as  without it  he can-
not command their respect and  confidence ;  and to both, because no  scientific
attainments can compensate for the want of correct moral principles.   It is  also
incumbent  upon the  faculty  to be temperate  in all  things, for the practice of
physic requires the  unremitting exercise of a clear and vigorous understanding;
and, on emergencies, for  which no  professional  man  should  be unprepared, a
steady hand, an acute eye, and  an unclouded  head may be essential  to the well-
being, and even to the life, of a fellow creature.
   §  3.  It is derogatory to the  dignity of the profession to resort to public  ad-
vertisements, or private  cards, or handbills, inviting the attention of individuals
affected with particular diseases—publicly offering advice  and medicine to  the
poor gratis, or promising radical cures ;  or to publish cases and operations in the
daily prints,  or suffer such publications to be made; to invite laymen to be present
at operations, to boast of cures and remedies, to adduce certificates  of  skill  and
success, or to perform any  similar acts.   These  are  the  ordinary  practices of
empirics, and are highly reprehensible in a regular physician.
   \  4.  Equally derogatory to professional character is  it, for a physician to hold
a patent for any surgical instrument or medicine;  or to dispense a secret nostrum,
whether it be the  composition or exclusive property of himself or of others.
For, if such a nostrum  be of real efficacy, any concealment regarding  it  is in-
consistent with  beneficence and professional liberality;  and if mystery alone give
it value and  importance, such  craft implies either disgraceful ignorance  or fraud-
ulent avarice.   It is also reprehensible for  physicians to give certificates attesting
the efficacy of patent  or secret  medicines, or in  any  way to promote the use of
them.
         Article  II.—Professional Services of Physicians to each Other.

   3  1.  All practitioners of medicine,  their wives, and their  children  while
under  the paternal  care, are entitled to the gratuitous services of any one or more
of the faculty residing near them, whose assistance may be desired.   A physician
afflicted with disease is usually an incompetent  judge of his own case ;  and the
natural anxiety and  solicitude which  he experiences at the sickness  of  a wife, a
child,  or any  one who, by the ties of consanguinity, is rendered  peculiarly dear
to him, tend to obscure his judgment, and produce timidity and irresolution in
his practice.   Under such circumstances, medical men  are peculiarly dependent
upon each other, and kind offices and professional aid  should always be cheer-
fully and gratuitously afforded.   Visits ought not, however, to be obtruded offi- 
8
ciously ;  as  such unasked civility  may  give  rise to embarrassment, or interfere
with that choice on  which confidence depends.   But, if a distant member of
the faculty,  whose circumstances are affluent, request attendance, and  an hono-
rarium be offered, it should not be declined ;  for no pecuniary obligation ought to
be imposed, which the party receiving it would not wish to incur.

     Article III.—Of the Duties of Physicians as respects Vicarious Offices.

   \  i.   The affairs  of life, the pursuit of health, and  the various accidents  and
contingencies to which a  medical man is peculiarly exposed, sometimes require
him temporarily to withdraw from his  duties to his patients, and to request some
of his professional brethren  to officiate  for him.   Compliance  with this request
is an act of courtesy, which should always be performed  with the utmost con-
sideration for the  interest and  character of  the  family  physician,  and  when
exercised for a short  period, all the pecuniary  obligations for such service should
be awarded to him.   But if a member of the profession  neglect his business in
quest of pleasure and amusement, he  cannot be considered as entitled to the ad-
vantages of the  frequent  and  long-continued exercise of this  fraternal courtesy,
without  awarding to  the  physician  who officiates the  fees arising  from the  dis-
charge of his professional  duties.
   In obstetrical and important surgical  cases, which give rise to unusual fatigue,
anxiety,  and responsibility, it is just that  the fees  accruing  therefrom should be
awarded to the physician  who  officiates.

      Article  IV.—Of the Duties of Physicians in regard to Consultations.

   §  I.   A regular medical education furnishes the only presumptive evidence of
professional  abilities  and acquirements, and ought to be the only acknowledged
right of  an  individual to  the exercise and honors of his profession.  Neverthe-
less, as in consultations the  good of the patient is the sole  object  in view,  and
this is often dependent on personal confidence, no  intelligent regular practitioner,
who  has a license  to practice  from  some  medical  board of known and  ac-
knowledged respectability, recognised by the American Medical Association,  and
who is in good  moral  and professional standing in the place in which he resides
should be fastidiously excluded  from fellowship^ or his aid refused in consultation
when it is requested by the patient.   But no one can  be considered as a regular
practitioner, or  a fit associate in  consultation, Whose practice is  based  on an  ex-
clusive dogma,  to the  rejection of the accumulated experience of the profession
and of the aids actually furnished by anatomy, physiology, pathology, and organic
chemistry.
   \ 2.   In consultations, no rivalship  or jealousy should  be indulged • candor
probity, and  all due  respect should be exercised  towards  the  physician having
charge of the case.
   §3.   In consultations, the  attending physician should  be the first to propose
the necessary questions to the sick ; after  which the consulting physician should 
9
have the opportunity to make such further inquiries of the patient  as  may be
necessary to  satisfy  him  of the true  character of the  case.   Both  physicians
should then retire to a private place for deliberation ; and the one first in attend-
ance should communicate  the directions agreed upon to the patient or  his friends,
as well as any opinions which it may be thought proper to express.  But no state-
ment or  discussion of it should take place before the patient or his friends, except
in the presence of all the faculty  attending, and by their common consent;  and
no opinions or prognostications should be  delivered, which  are  not the result of
previous  deliberation  and concurrence.
   \  4.  In consultations, the physician in attendance should deliver  his opinion
first; and when there are several consulting, they should  deliver their  opinions in
the  order in  which  they  have  been called in.   No decision,  however, should
restrain  the  attending physician from  making such  variations in  the mode of
treatment, as any subsequent unexpected  change  in  the character of the case
may demand.  But such variations, and the reasons  for  it, ought to be carefully
detailed  at the next  meeting in consultation.  The  same  privilege belongs  also
to the consulting  physician,  if he is sent for in an emergency,  when  the regular
attendant is  out of the way, and  similar explanations must be made by him at
the next consultation.
   \  5.  The utmost  punctuality  should  be observed in the visits  of physicians
when they are to hold consultation together, and this is generally practicable, for
society has been considerate  enough to allow the  plea of a professional engage-
ment to  take  precedence of all others, and  to  be an  ample reason  for the relin-
quishment of any present occupation.   But, as  professional engagements may
sometimes interfere,  and delay one of the parties, the physician who first arrives
should wait  for  his  associate a  reasonable period,  after  which   the consultation
should be considered as postponed to a new appointment.   If it be the attending
physician who is present, he will, of course, see the patient and  prescribe;  but if
it be the consulting one, he  should  retire, except in case  of emergency, or when
he  has  been  called from a considerable  distance, in  which  latter case he may
examine the  patient, and give his  opinion in -writing and under seal, to  be  de-
livered to his  associate.
   \  6.  In consultations, theoretical discussions should be avoided, as occasion-
ing perplexity and loss of time.   For  there may be  much diversity  of opinion
concerning speculative  points, with  perfect agreement in  those modes  of practice
which are founded, not on hypothesis, but on experience and observation.
   \  7.  All  discussions in consultation should be held as secret and confidential.
Neither  by words nor  manner should any of the  parties to a consultation assert
or insinuate,  that any  part of the  treatment pursued  did not receive his assent.
The  responsibility must be  equally divided between the medical  attendants—
they must equally share the  credit of success, as well  as the blame of  failure.
   §  8.  Should an irreconcilable diversity of opinion occur when  several phy-
sicians are called  upon to consult together, the opinion of the majority should be
considered as decisive ; but if the  numbers be equal on  each side,  then the  de- 
10
cision should rest with  the attending physician.   It  may, moreover, sometimes
happen that two physicians cannot  agree in their  views of the nature ot a case,
and the  treatment to be pursued.   This is a circumstance  much to be  deplored,
and  should always  be  avoided,  if possible, by mutual  concessions, as far as they
can be justified  by a conscientious regard  for  the dictates of judgment.  But in
the event of its  occurrence, a third  physician  should, if practicable, be called  to
act as umpire ; and, if circumstances prevent the adoption of this course, it must
be left to the patient to select the physician in whom he is most willing to con-
fide.   But, as  every physician relies  upon the  rectitude  of his judgment,  he
should, when left in the minority, politely and consistently retire from any further
deliberation in the consultation, or participation in the management of the case.
   §  9.   As circumstances sometimes  occur  to render a special consultation desir-
able, when the  continued  attendance of two physicians might be  objectionable to
the patient, the member of the faculty whose  assistance is required in such cases,
should sedulously guard against all  future unsolicited  attendance.   As such con-
sultations require  an extraordinary  portion both of time and attention,  at least a
double honorarium may be reasonably expected.
   \  10.   A physician who is called upon  to consult, should observe  the most
honorable and scrupulous regard  for the character  and standing of the practitioner
in attendance; the practice of the  latter, if necessary, should be justified, as far
as it can  be, consistently with a conscientious regard  for  truth, and no hint  or
insinuation should be thrown  out which  could impair the confidence reposed in
him, or affect  his  reputation.  The  consulting  physician should also  carefully
refrain  from any of those  extraordinary attentions or assiduities, which  are  too
often practised by the dishonest for the base  purpose  of gaining  applause, or in-
gratiating themselves into  the favor of families and individuals.

            Article V.—Duties of Physicians in cases of Interference.

   \  1.   Medicine is a liberal profession, and those admitted into its ranks should
found  their expectations of practice upon the extent of their qualifications, not
on intrigue or artifice.
   \  2.   A physician in his intercourse with a patient under the  care of another
practitioner, should  observe the  strictest caution  and  reserve.  No meddling in-
quiries should be  made—no disingenuous hints given relative to the nature and
treatment of his disorder; nor any course of conduct pursued that may,  directly
or indirectly, tend to diminish the trust reposed in  the  physician employed.
   \  3.   The  same circumspection and reserve should be observed when  from
motives of business  or friendship, a  physician  is prompted to visit an  individual
who is under the direction of another practitioner.   Indeed, such  visits should be
avoided, except  under  peculiar circumstances;  and when they are made  no par-
ticular inquiries should be instituted relative to the nature of the disease  or the
remedies  employed, but  the topics  of conversation should  be as  foreign to the
case as circumstances will admit. 
11
  \  4.   A physician  ought not to take  charge of or prescribe for a patient who
has recently been under the care of another member of the  faculty in the same
illness, except in cases of sudden emergency, or  in consultation with the physician
previously  in  attendance, or when  the latter has relinquished the case, or been
regularly notified  that his  services  are no longer desired.  Under such circum-
stances, no unjust or illiberal insinuations should be thrown out in relation to  the
conduct or practice  previously pursued, which should be justified as far as candor
and  regard for truth and probity  will  permit;  for it often  happens that patients
become dissatisfied  when they  do not  experience immediate relief, and, as many
diseases are naturally protracted, the  want of success, in the  first stage of treat-
ment, affords  no evidence of a lack of professional knowledge and skill.
  \  5.   When a physician is called to an  urgent  case, because the  family at-
tendant is  not at hand, he ought, unless  his  assistance in  consultation be desired,
to resign the care of the patient to the latter immediately on his  arrival.
  §  6.   It often  happens, in  cases of sudden  illness or of recent accidents  and
injuries, owing to  the alarm and  anxiety of friends, that a number of  physicians
are simultaneously  sent for.  Under these circumstances, courtesy should assign
the patient to the first who arrives,  who  should select from those present any ad-
ditional assistance that he may deem necessary.  In  all such  cases, however,  the
practitioner who officiates should request  the family physician, if  there  be one, to
be called,  and, unless his further attendance be requested, should resign the case
to the latter on his arrival.
   \  7.   When  a physician  is called  to  the patient of another practitioner, in
consequence of the sickness or absence of the  latter, he ought,  on the return or
recovery of the regular attendant, and with the consent of the patient, to sur-
render the case.
   [The expression, " Patient of another Practitioner," is understood  to  mean a
patient who may have been under the charge  of another practitioner at the time
of the attack of sickness,  or  departure  from  home of the  latter, or  who  may
have called for his attendance  during his absence or sickness, or in any manner
given it to be understood that he regarded the said physician as his regular medical
attendant.]
  \  8.   A physician, when visiting a  sick person in the country, may be desired
to see a neighboring patient who is under the  regular  direction  of another phy-
sician, in consequence of some sudden change  or aggravation  of  symptoms. The
conduct to be pursued on such an  occasion is  to give  advice adapted to present
circumstances ;  to  interfere no further than  is absolutely  necessary with  the
general plan of treatment; to assume no  future direction, unless it be expressly
desired ;  and, in this last  case, to  request  an  immediate consultation with  the
practitioner previously employed.
  2  9.   A wealthy physician should  not give advice gratis to the affluent;  be-
cause his doing so is an injury  to his professional brethren.   The office of a phy-
sician can  never be supported as  an  exclusively  beneficent one ; and it is defraud-
ing,  in some degree, the common funds  for its support, when fees are dispensed
with which might justly be claimed. 
12
   § io.   When a physician who has been engaged to attend a case of midwifery
is absent, and another is sent for, if delivery is accomplished during the attendance
of the latter, he is entitled to the fee, but should resign the patient to the prac-
titioner first engaged.

                Article VI.—Of Differences between  Physicians.

   \ i.   Diversity of opinion and  opposition of interest, may, in the  medical as
in other professions, sometimes occasion controversy and even contention. When-
ever such cases  unfortunately occur, and cannot be immediately terminated, they
should  be referred to the arbitration of a sufficient number of physicians, or  a
court-medical.
   § 2.    As a peculiar reserve must  be  maintained  by physicians  towards  the
public, in regard to  professional  matters,  and as there exist numerous points in
medical ethics and etiquette  through which the feelings of  medical  men may be
painfully assailed in their intercourse with  each other, and  which cannot be  un-
derstood or appreciated  by  general society, neither the  subject  matter of such
differences, nor  the  adjudication of the arbitrators should  be  made  public, as
publicity in a case of this nature  may  be  personally injurious to the  individuals
concerned, and can hardly fail to  bring discredit on the faculty.

                Article  VII.—Of Pecuniary Acknowledgments.

   Some general rules should be adopted by the faculty, in every town  or district,
relative  to pecuniary  acknowledgments  from  their  patients  ;  and it  should   be
deemed a point  of honor to  adhere to these rules  with as  much uniformity as
varying circumstances will admit.


 OF THE DUTIES OF THE  PROFESSION TO  THE  PUBLIC, AND  OF THE
            OBLIGATIONS OF THE PUBLIC TO THE  PROFESSION.

               Article I.—Duties of the Profession to  the Public.

   \ i.    As good citizens, it is the duty of physicians  to be  ever vigilant for  the
welfare of the community, and to bear their part in sustaining its institutions and
burdens;  they should also  be ever  ready to give  counsel to the public  in relation
to  matters especially appertaining to  their profession, as on subjects of medical
police, public hygiene, and legal  medicine.   It is their province to enlighten  the
public in regard to quarantine regulations—the location, arrangement, and dietaries
of hospitals, asylums, schools, prisons, and similar institutions—in relation to  the
medical  police of towns, as drainage, ventilation, etc.—and in regard to measures
for the  prevention of epidemic and contagious diseases; and  when pestilence pre-
vails, it  is their duty  to face the danger, and to continue  their labors for  the
alleviation of the suffering, even  at the jeopardy of their own lives.
   § 2.    Medical  men should also be  always ready, when called on by the legally 
13
constituted  authorities, to enlighten coroners' inquests, and  courts of justice,  on
subjects strictly medical—such as involve questions relating to sanity, legitimacy,
murder by poison or other violent means, and in regard to the various other sub-
jects embraced in the science of  Medical Jurisprudence.   But in these cases, and
especially where they  are  required to make a post-mortem examination, it is  just,
in consequence of  the  time, labor,  and skill required, and the responsibility and
risk they incur, that the public should award them a proper honorarium.
   § 3.   There is  no profession, by the members of which eleemosynary services
are  more  liberally  dispensed  than  the  medical, but justice requires that  some
limits  should be placed to the performance of  such good  offices.  Poverty, pro-
fessional  brotherhood,  and certain  of the   public duties  referred to in the first
section of this article, should  always be recognised as presenting valid claims  for
gratuitous services ; but neither  institutions endowed by the public or by rich  in-
dividuals, societies  for mutual  benefit, for the insurance of lives or for analogous
purposes, nor any  profession or occupation,  can  be admitted to possess such  priv-
ilege.   Nor can it be justly expected of physicians to furnish  certificates of  in-
ability  to serve on juries, to  perform militia duty, or to testify to  the state of
health of persons wishing to insure  their lives,  obtain pensions, or the like, with-
out  a pecuniary acknowledgment.   But  to individuals in indigent circumstances,
such professional services should always be cheerfully and freely  accorded.
   2 4.   It is the  duty of physicians, who  are frequent  witnesses of the enormi-
ties committed  by  quackery, and  the injury to health  and even destruction of
life  caused  by the  use of quack  medicines, to  enlighten the public on these sub-
jects, to expose the injuries sustained by  the unwary from the devices and preten-
sions of artful empirics and impostors.   Physicians ought to use all the influence
which they may possess, as  professors in Colleges of Pharmacy, and  by exercising
their option in regard to  the shops  to which their prescriptions shall be sent, to
discourage  druggists and apothecaries from  vending quack or secret medicines, Or
from being in any way engaged  in their manufacture and sale.

               Article  II.— Obligations of the Public to Physicians.

   The  benefits  accruing to the public, directly  and indirectly, from the  active
and unwearied beneficence of the  profession, are so numerous and important,
that physicians are justly entitled  to  the  utmost consideration  and respect from
the community.    The  public ought likewise to entertain a  just  appreciation
 of medical qualifications ; to make  a  proper discrimination between true science
 and the assumptions of ignorance  and  empiricism—to afford   every encourage-
 ment  and facility  for the  acquisition of  medical education—and  no  longer to
 allow the  statute-books  to  exhibit  the anomaly of exacting  knowledge  from
 physicians, under  a liability to  heavy  penalties, and of making them  obnoxiouj
 to punishment for resorting to the  only  means of obtaining  it. 
 
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