m tiiHti'-'tii M r*;*'-»j>f^>j^fjf;ij';fj;;;i^|': -.".--77r7 7- ."."■: -7:' -7 • •:. •fi-S'irr.^.-Ji.* •'vj ?J-t; jni * .- ; :.? *•:•*'.•'« 7,t'r : • i" .►W»i>5i^*-;:l':,!;i7, •;-*>*>j?i* i'»ih'!#': f' #*' "'*: •' •' - *K -7 ** * SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE LIBRARY. Section--------- -----------— No. 113, NQ.L4--1—-J-—'- 7 W.D.S.G.O. / 3—513 ¥- #~ /i ~> V & s/*J, €./6*.rl $<£,/<&$ THE ANIMAL KINGDOM ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION, BY THE BARON CUVIER, PERPETUAL, SECRETARY TO THE ROYAL. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC ETC. THE CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES AND INSECTA, BY P. A. LATREILLE, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC ETC. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH, WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS, BY H. M'MURTRIE, M.D. &c. &c IN FOUR VOLUMES VOLUJvbuR^EOM GENERAL' NEW Y G. & C. & H. CARVILL. MDCCCXXXI. QL mi v. 4 cu Entered according to the act of congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, by G. & C. & H. Carvill, in the clerk's office of the southern district of New York. if** -.- * -* . -' »■•.-*••. *,*,*^aates Philadelphia: Printed by James Kay, Jun. & Co. Printers to the American Philosophical Society. No. 4, Minor Street. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. ORTHOPTERA 1 CURSORIA 4 Forficula 4 Forficula proper 6 Forficesila 6 Chelidoura 6 Labidoura 6 Labia 6 Blatta 6 Mantis 7 Empusa 8 Mantis proper 8 Spectrum 9 Bacillus 9 Bacteria 9 Cladoxerus 9 Cyphocrana 9 Phasma, Lep. 9 Prisopus 10 PhyIlium, Lep. 10 Phasma, Fab. 10 Phyllium, Illig-. 10 SALTATORIA 11 Gryllus 11 Gryllotalpa 12 Tridactylus 12 Gryllus proper 13 Myrmecophila 13 Locusta 14 Ephippiger 14 Anisoptera 14 Locusta proper 14 Conocephalus 15 Scaphura 15 Acrydium 15 Pneumora 15 Proscopia 15 Truxalis 16 Xiphicera 16 Acrydium proper 16 (Edipoda 17 Gomphocerus 18 Tetrix 18 HEMIPTERA 19 Heteroptera. GEOCORISiE 21 Cimex 21 Scutellera 21 Pentatoma 22 JElia 22 Halys 22 Cydnus 22 Canopus 21 Tesseratoma 23 Phlaea 23 Coreus 24 Gonocerus 24 Syromastes 24 Holhymenia 25 Pachylis 25 Anisoscelis 25 Alydus 25 Leptocorisa 25 Nematopus 25 Neides 25 Lig-aeus 26 Salda 26 Myodocha 26 Astemma 27 Miris 27 Capsus 27 Heterotoma 27 Acanthia 28 Syrtis 28 Macrocephalus 28 Phymata 28 Tingis 28 Aradus 28 Cimex proper 28 Keduvius 29 Holoptilus 29 Nabis 30 Zelus 30 Ploiaria 30 Leptopus 30 Hydrometra 31 Gerris 31 Velia 32 VDROCOUISJE 32 Nepa 32 Galgulus 32 Naucoris 33 Belostoma 33 IV SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Nepa proper 33 Ranatra 34 Notonecta 35 Corixa 35 Notonecta proper 35 Homoptera. CICADARI.E 36 Cicada 38 Fulgora 40 Otiocerus 41 Lystra 41 Cixius 41 Achilus 41 Tettigometra 41 Pceciloptera 42 Issus 42 Anotia 42 Asiraca 42 Cselidia 41 Delphax 42 Derbe 42 Cicadella 43 Membracis 43 Tragopa 43 Darnis 43 Bocydium 44 Centrotus 44 JEtalion 44 Ledra 45 Ciccus 45 Cercopis 46 Eurymde 45 Tettigonia 45 Eulopa 46 Eupelix 46 Aprophora 46 Penthimia 47 Gypona 47 Jassus 47 Cicadella proper 47 APHIDII 48 Psylla 48 Psylla proper 49 Livia 49 Thrips 49 Aphis 50 Aphis proper 50 Aleyrodes 51 Myzoxyle 51 GALLINSECTA 52 Coccus 52 JJorthesia 53 NEUROPTERA 55 SUBULICORNES 57 Libellula 57 Libellula proper 60 .flSshna 60 Agrion 61 Ephemera 62 PLANIPENNES 64 Panorpa Nemoptera Bittacus Panorpa proper Boreus 65 65 65 66 66 Myrmeleon 67 Myrmeleon proper 67 Ascalaphus 68 Hemerobius 69 Hemerobius proper 69 Osmylus 69 Nymphes 70 Semblis 70 Corydalis 70 Chauliodes 70 Sialis 70 Mantispa 71 Raphidia 72 Termes 72 Psocus 74 Embia 74 Perla 75 Nemoura 75 PLICIPENNES 76 Phryganea 76 Sericostoma 78 Phryganea proper 78 Mystacida 79 Hydroptila 79 Psychomyia 79 HYMENOPTERA 79 SECURIFEllA 79 TRIBE I. TENTHREDINTET2E 84 Tenthredo 84 Cimbex 86 Perga 86 Syzygoma 86 Pachylosticta 86 Schyzocera 87 Hylotoma 87 Tenthredo proper 88 Allantes 88 Doleres 88 Nemates 88 Pristophosus 88 Cladius 89 Athalia 89 Pterygophorus 89 Lophyrus 89 Megalodontes 90 Pamphilius 90 Xyela 90 Cephus 91 Xiphydria 91 tiiibe ii. Urocerata 91 Sirex 91 Oryssus 91 Sirex proper 92 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. QPIVORA 93 TRIBE I. EVANIALES 93 Fcenus 93 Evania 93 Pelecinus 94 Foenus proper 94 Aulacus 94 Paxylloma 94 THIBE II. ICHNEUMONIDES 94 Ichneumon 95 Stephanus 97 Xorides 97 Pimpla 97 Cryptus 98 Ophion 98 Banchus 99 Helwigia 99 Joppa 99 Iclineumon proper 99 Trogus 99 Alomya 99 Hypsicera 100 Peltastes 100 Acanitus 100 Agathis 101 Bracon 101 Microg-aster 101 Helcon 101 Sigalphus 101 Chelonus 102 Alysia 102 TRIBE III. GALLICOL3S - 102 Cynips 103 Ibalia 104 Figites 104 Cynips proper 104 THIBE IV. Chalcidi* 105 Chalcis 105 Chirocera 106 Chalcis proper 106 Dirrhinus 106 Palmon 106 Leucospis 107 Eucharis 107 Thoracauta 107 Agaon 108 Eurytoma 108 Misocampe 108 Perilampus 108 Pteromalus 109 Cleonymus 109 Eupelmus 109 Encyrtus 109 Spalangia 109 Eulophus 110 TRIBE V. OlYURI 110 Bethylus 110 Dryinus 110 Anteon 111 Bethylus proper 111 Proctotrupes 111 TIelorus 111 Belyta 112 Diapria 112 Ceraphron 112 Sparasion 112 Teleas 113 Scelion 113 Platygaster 113 THIBE VI. Chhtsides 113 Chrysis 113 Panorpes 114 Chrysis proper 114 Stilbum 115 Pyria 115 Euchrxus 115 Hedychrum 115 Elampus 115 Cleptes 115 ACULEATA 116 Hetehogtna 117 Formica 117 Formica proper 121 Polyergus 121 Ponera 121 Odontomachus 122 Myrmica 122 Eciton 122 Atta 122 Cryptocerus 123 Mutilla 123 Dorylus 123 Labidus 123 Mutilla proper 124 Apterogyna 124 Psammotherma 124 Myrmosa 124 Myrmecoda 125 Scleroderma 125 Methoca 125 Fossores 125 Scolietae 126 Tiphia 127 Tengyra 127 Myzine 127 Meria 127 Scolia 127 Sapygytes 128 Thynnus 128 Polochrum 128 Sapyga 128 Sphegides 128 Pepsis 129 Ceropales 129 Pompilu9 129 Salius 130 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Planiceps Aporus Ammophilus Pronaeus Sphex Chlorion Dolichurus Ampulex Podium Pelopaeus Bembecides Bembex Monedula Stizus Larrates Palarus Lyrops Larra Dinetus Miscophus Nyssones Astata Nysson Oxybelus Nitela Pison Crabronites Try poxy Ion Gorytes Crabro Stigmus Pamphredon Mellinus Alyson Psen Pilanthus Cerceris DIPLOPTERA TRIBE I. Masarides Masaris Masaris proper Celonites TRIBE II. Vespahi^ Vespa Ceramius Synagris Eumenes Pterochile Odynerus Zethus Discaelis Vespa proper Polistes Epipones ANTHIOPHILA Apis section- r. Andrenetje Hylxus 130 130 131 131 131 131 132 132 132 132 133 133 134 134 134 134 135 135 135 135 135 136 136 136 136 136 137 137 137 138 138 138 138 139 139 140 140 140 140 141 141 141 141 141 142 143 143 143 143 144 144 145 145 146 148 148 148 149 Colletes Andrena Dasypoda Scrapter Sphecodes Rhathymus Halictus Nomia section ii. Apiarus Systropha Rophites Panurgus Xylocopa Ceratina Chelostoma Heriades Megachile Lithurgus Osmia Anthidium Anthocopa Stelis Ccelioxys Ammobates Phileremus Epeolus Nomada Melecta Crocisa Oxjea Eucera Macrocera Melissodes Melitturga Anthophora Sarapoda Ancyloscelis Melitoma Centris Ptilotopus Epicharis Acanthopus Euglossa . Bombus Apis proper Melipona Trigona LEPIDOPTERA DIURNA Papilio Papilio proper Zelima Parnassius Thais Pieris Colias Danais Idea Heliconius Acrata Cethosia Argynnis 149 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 151 151 152 152 152 153 154 154 154 155 155 156 156 156 156 157 157 157 158 158 158 158 159 159 159 160 160 160 161 1G1 161 161 161 161 262 162 165 169 169 170 175 175 176 177 177 178 178 178 179 179 179 179 180 180 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Vll Melitsea 180 SECTION V. Vanessa 180 NOCTUJELITES 205 Libythea 181 Erebus 206 Biblis 181 Noctua 206 Nymphalis 182 SECTION VI. Morpho 182 TOHTRICES 208 Pavonia 183 Pyralis 2C8 Brassolis Eumenia 183 183 Xvlopoda Votucra 208 208 Eurybia 183 Procerata 209 Satyrus 184 Matronula 209 Erycina 184 SECTION VII. Myrina 185 Geometry 209 Polyommatus 185 Phalaena proper 210 Barbicornis 185 Ourapteryx 210 Zephyrius 186 Metrocampe 210 Hesperia 186 Hybernia 210 Urania 187 SECTION VIII. CREPUSCULARIA 187 Deltoides 211 Sphinx 187 Herminia 211 Agarista 188 SECTION IX. Coronis 188 TlNEITES 212 Castnia 189 Botys 213 Sphinx proper 189 Hydrocampe 213 Acherontia 190 Aglossa 213 Macroglossum 190 Galleria 214 Smerinthus 190 Crambus 215 Sesia 191 Alucita 215 Thyris 191 Euplocampus 215 iEgocera 192 Phycis 215 Zygxna 192 Tinea' 216 Syntomis 193 Ilithyia 216 Psicothoe 193 Yponomeuta 217 Atychia 193 CEcophora 217 Procris 193 Adela 217 NOCTURNA 194 SECTION X. Phalaena 195 FlSSIrENN* 218 SECTION I. HZPIALITES Hepialus 196 196 Pterophorus Orneodes RHIPIPTERA 218 219 219 Cossus 196 Stylops 221 Stygia 197 Xenos 221 Zeuzeura 197 DIPTERA 222 SECTION II. NEMOCERA 226 BOMBTCITES 197 Culex 227 Saturnia 198 Culex proper 229 Lasiocampa 199 Anopheles 229 Bombyx proper 199 JEdes 229 SECTION III. Sabethes 229 PSEUDO-BoMBYCES 201 Megarhinus 230 Sericaria 201 Prosophora 230 Notodonta 202 Tipula 230 Orgyia 202 Corethra 231 Limacodes 203 Chironomus 231 Psyche 203 Tanypus 231 Chelonia 203 Ceratopogon 232 Callimorpha 204 Psychoda 232 Lithosia 204 Cecidomyia 232 SECTION IV. Lestremia 232 Apostjba 204 Ctenophora 233 Dicranoura 204 Pedicia 233 Platypterix 205 Tipula proper 234 viii SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Nephrotoma Ptychoptera Rhipidia Erioptera Lasioptera Limnobia Polymera Trichocera Macropeza Dixa Ma-rkistocera Hexatoma Anisomera Nematocera Chionea Rhyphus Asindulum Gnorista Bolitophila Macrocera Mycetophila Leia Sciophila Platyura Synapha Mycetobia Molobrus Campylomyza Ceroplateus Cordyla Simulium Scathopse Penthetria Dilophus Bibio Aspistes TANYSTOMA Asilus Laphria Ancilorhynchus Dasypogon Ceraturgus Dioctria Asilus proper Ommatius Gonypus CEdalea Hybos Ocydromia Empis Empis proper Ramphomyia Hilaria Brachystoma Gloma Hemerodromia Sicus Drapetis Cyrtus Cyrtus proper Panops Astomella 234 234 235 235 235 335 235 235 236 236 236 236 236 236 237 237 238 238 238 238 239 239 239 239 239 240 240 240 240 241 241 241 242 242 242 243 244 244 245 245 245 246 246 246 247* 247 247 247 247 248 248 248 248 248 249 249 249 249 249 250 250 250 Henops Acrocera Bombylius Toxophora Xestomyza Apatomyza Lasius Usia Phthiria Bombylius proper Geron Thlipsormyza Corsomyza Tomomyza Ploas Cyllenia Anthrax Stygides Anthrax proper Hirmoneura Mulio Nemestrina Fallenia Colax Thereva Leptis Atherix Leptis proper Chrysophilus Clinocera Dolichopus Ortochile 25» 250 250 251 251 251 252 252 252 252 253 253 253 253 253 253 253 254 254 254 255 255 255 255 256 257 257 257 257 258 258 259 Dolichopus proper 259 Sybistroma 259 Raphium 260 Porphyrops 260 Medeterus 260 Hydrophorus 260 Chrysotus 260 Psilopus 260 Diaphorus 260 Calomyia 261 Platypeza 261 Pipunculus 261 Scenopinus 261 TABAN1DES 262 Tabanus 262 Pangonia 263 Philochile . 263 Tabanus proper 263 Rhinomyza 263 Sylvius 264 Chrysops 265 Hamatopota 265 Hexatoma 265 NOTACANTHA 265 Mydas 267 Cephalocera 267 Mydas proper 267 Chiromyza 267 Pachystomus 268 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. IX Xylophagus 268 Hermetia 268 Xylophagus proper 268 Acanthomera 269 Raphiorhynchus 269 Caenomyia 269 Beris 270 Cyphomyia 270 Ptilodactylus 270 Platyna 270 Stratiomys 271 Stratiomys proper 271 Odontomyia 272 Ephippium 272 Oxycera 272 Nemotelus 273 Chrysochlora 273 Sargus 273 Vappo 274 ATHERICERA 275 TRIBE I. Syrphid;e 276 Syrphus 276 Volucella 277 Sericomyia 277 Eristalis 277 Mallota 278 Helophilus 278 Syrphus proper 279 Chrysogaster 279 Baccha 280 Paragus 280 Sphecomyia 280 Psarus 280 Chrysotoxum 281 Ceria 281 Callicera 281 Ceratophyta 282 Aphritis 282 Merodon 282 Ascia 282 Sphegina 283 Eumerus 283 Milesia 283 Pipiza 284 Brachyopa 284 Rhingia 284 Pelecocera 284 TRIBE II. CEstrides 285 CEstrus 286 Cuterebra 287 Cephenemyia 287 CEdemagena 287 Hypoderma 287 Cephalemyia 287 CEstrus proper 287 Gastrus 287 tribe nr. Conopsari^e 288 Conops 289 Vol. IV.—(2) Systropus 289 Conops proper 289 Zodion 290 Myopa 290 Stomoxys 290 Prosena 290 Bucentes 290 Carnus 290 tribe IV. Mtjscides 291 Musca 292 Echinomyia 293 Fabricia 293 Gonia 294 Miltogramma 294 Trixa 294 Gymnosomyia 294 Cistogaster 294 Phasia 295 Trichopoda 295 Lophosia 295 Ocyptera 295 Melanophora 297 Phania 297 Xysta 297 Tachina 297 Dexia 298 Musca proper 298 Sarcophaga 299 Achias 300 Idia 300 Lispe 300 Argyritis 300 Anthomyia 301 Drymeia 302 Coenosia 302 Eriphia 302 Ropalomera 303 Ochtera 303 Ephydra 303 Notiphila 303 Thyrephora 305 Sphaerocera 305 Dialyta 306 Cordylura 306 Scatophaga 306 Loxocera 306 Chyliza 307 Lissa 307 Psilomyia 307 Geomyza 307 Tetanura 307 Tanypeza 307 Lonchoptera 308 Heleomyza 308 Dryomyza 308 Sapromyza 309 Oscinis 309 Chlorups 309 Piophila 310 Otites 310 Euthvcera 310 X SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Sepedon 311 Tetanocera 311 Micropeza 3*1 Calobota 312 Diopsis 313 Cephalia 313 Sepsis 313 Oi-talis 314 Tetanops 314 Tephi-itis 314 Platystoma 315 Celyphiis 316 Lauxania 316 Timia 316 Ulidia 316 Mosillus 316 Homalura 317 Gymnomyza 317 Lonchaea 317 Phora 317 PUPIPARA 318 Hippobosca 321 Hippobosca proper 322 Ornithomyia 322 Feronia 322 Stenepteryx 322 Oxypterum 322 Strebla 323 Melophagus 323 Lipotena 323 Nycteribia 323 Barula 323 RADIATA 325 ECHINODERMATA 329 PEDICELLATA 330 Asterias 330 Asterias proper 331 Ophiura 333 Euryales (Gorgonc - cephala, Leach) 333 Comatula (Alecto, Leach) Encrinus 334 Apiocrinites 334 Encrinites 334 Pentacrinus 334 Platycrinites 334 Poteriocrinites 334 Cyathocrinites 334 Actinocrinites 334 Rhodocrinites 335 Eugeniacrinites 335 Echinus 335 Echinus proper 336 Echinoneus 337 Nucleolites 338 Galerites 338 Scutella 338 Rotula 339 Cassidulus 339 Anachites Clypeaster Fibularia Spatangus Bi-issoides Brissus Holothuria APODA Molpadia Minyas Priapulus Lithoderma Sipunculus Bonellia Thalassema 339 340 340 340 340 340 341 343 343 344 344 344 345 345 346 Thalassema proper 346 Echiurus 346 Sternapsis 347 ENTOZOA 348 NEMATOIDEA 350 Filaria 350 Trichocephalus 351 Trichostoma 352 Oxyuris 352 Cucullanus 352 Ophiostoma 352 Ascaris 353 Strongylus 354 Spiroptera 355 Physaloptera 355 Sclerostoma 355 Liorhynchus 355 Pentastoma 355 Prionoderma 356 Lernaea 356 Lernaea proper 357 Pennella 358 Sphyrion 358 Anchorella 358 Brachiella 358 Clavella 359 Chondracanthus 359 Nemertes 360 Tabularia 360 Ophiocephalus 360 Cerebratula 360 PARENCHYMATA 361 ACANTHOCEPHALA 361 Echinorhynchus 361 Haeruca 362 TREMATODEA 363 Fasciola 363 Festucaria 363 Strigea 363 Caryophyllaeus 354 Distoma 364 Holostoma 365 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XI Poly stoma 365 Cyclocotyle 365 Tristoma 365 Hectocotyle 366 Aspidogaster 366 Planaria 367 Prostoma 367 Derostoma 368 TiENlOIDEA 368 Taenia 368 Tricuspidaria 369 Bothryocephalus 370 Dibothryorhynchus 370 Floriceps 370 Tetrarhynchus 371 Tentacularia 371 Cysticercus 371 Ccenurus 372 Scolex 372 CESTOIDEA 373 Ligula 373 CALEPHA 374 SIMPLICIA 374 Medusa 374 Medusa proper 375 JEquorea 375 Phorcynia 375 Foveolia 376 Pelagia 376 Cyanasa 376 Rhyzostoma 377 Cephea 378 Cassiopea 378 Astoma 378 Berenix 379 Endora 379 Carybdea 379 Beroe 379 Idya 380 Doliolum 380 Callianira 380 Janira 380 Alcynoe 380 Ocyroe 381 Cestum 381 Porpita 381 Velella 382 HYDROSTATICA 383 Physalia 383 Physsopora 384 Physsoporaproper 384 Hippopus 384 Cupulita 385 Racemida 385 Rhizophyza 385 Stephanomia 385 Diphyes 385 Diphyes proper 386 Calpes 386 Abyles 386 Cuboides 386 Navicula 586 3LYPI 387 CARNOSI 388 Actinia 388 Actinia proper 389 Thalassiantha 390 Discosoma 390 Zoanthus 390 Lucernaria 390 GELATINOSI 391 Hydra 391 Corine 392 Cristatella 393 Vorticella 393 Pedicellaria 393 CORALLIFERI 394 TUBULARII 394 Tubipora 395 Tubularia 395 Tubularia marina 396 Tibiana 396 Cornularia 396 Anguinaria 396 Campanularia 397 Clytia 397 Laomedea 397 Sertularia 397 Aglaophenia 397 Amatia 398 Antennularia 398 Sertularia proper 398 CELLULARII 399 Cellularia 399 Crisia 399 Acamarchis 399 Loricula 400 Eucratea 400 Electra 400 Salicorniara 400 Flustra 400 Cellepora 401 Tubulipora 401 Corallina 402 Corallina proper 402 Amphiroea 402 Jania 403 Cymopolia 403 Penicilla 403 Halymedes 403 Flabellaria 404 Galaxaura 404 Liagora 404 Anadiomene 404 Acetabulum 405 Polyphysa 405 CORTICATI 405 Xll SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Ceratophtta Antipathes Gorgonia Plexaures Eunicea Muricea Primnoa Lithophita Isis Corallium Melitaea Isis proper Mopsea Madrepora Fungia Turbinolia Caryophyllia Oculina Madrepora proper Pocillopora Serialopora Astrea Explanaria Porites Meandrina Pavonia Hydnophora Agaricina Sarcinula Stylina Millepora Disticophora Millepora proper Eschara Retepora Adeona Natantes Pennatula Pennatula proper Virgularia Scirpearia 406 406 40 6 407 407 407 407 407 407 408 408 408 408 408 408 409 409 409 410 410 410 410 410 410 410 411 411 411 411 411 411 412 412 412 412 412 413 413 413 414 414 Pavonaria 414 Renilla 414 Veretillum 414 Ombellularia 414 Ovulites 415 Lunulites 415 Orbulites 415 Dactylopora 415 Alcyones 416 Alcyonium 416 Thethya 416 Spongia 417 INFUSORIA 418 ROTIFERA 418 Furcularia 419 Trichocerca 419 Vaginicola 419 Tubicolaria 420 Brachionus 420 HOMOGENEA 420 Ureolaria 421 Trichoda 421 Leucophra 421 Kerona 421 Himantopes 421 Cercaria 421 Vibrio 422 Enchelis 422 Cyclidium 422 Paramecium 422 Kolpoda 422 Gonium 422 Bursaria 422 Proteus 423 Monas 423 Volvox 423 THIRD GREAT DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES, AND INSECTA: OR ARTICULATED ANIMALS WITH ARTICULATED FEET." INSECTA. ORDER VI. ORTHOPTERA(l). In the Insects of this order, partly confounded by Linnaeus with the Hemiptera, and reunited byGeoffroy to the Coleop- tera, but as a particular division, we find the body generally less indurated than in the latter, and soft, semi-membranous elytra furnished with nervures, which, in the greater num- ber, do not join at the suture in a straight line. Their wings are folded longitudinally, most frequently in the manner of a fan, and divided by membranous nervures running in the same direction. The maxillae are always terminated by a dentated and horny piece covered with a galea, an appendage corre- sponding to the exterior division of the maxillae of the Cole- optera. They have also a sort of tongue or epiglottis. (1) The Ulonata, Fab. Vol IV.—A 2 INSECTA. The Orthoptera(l) undergo a semi metamorphosis, of which all the mutations are reduced to the growth and development of the elytra and wings, that are always visible in a rudi- mental state in the nymph. As both this nymph and the larva are otherwise exactly similar to the perfect Insect, they walk and feed in the same way. The mouth of the Orthoptera consists of a labrum, two man- dibles, as many maxillae, and four palpi; those of the jaws always have five joints; whilst the labials, as in the Coleoptera, present but three. The mandibles are always very strong and corneous, and the ligula is constantly divided into two or four thongs. The form of the antennae varies less than in the Coleoptera, but they are usually composed of a greater num- ber of joints. Several, besides their reticulated eyes, have two or three small, simple ones. The inferior surface of the first joints of the tarsi is frequently fleshy or membranous(2). Many females are furnished with a true perforator formed of two blades, frequently enclosed in a common envelope, by means of which they deposit their eggs. The posterior extre- mity of the body, in most of them, is provided with append- ages. All Orthopterous Insects have a first membranous stomach or crop, followed by a muscular gizzard armed internally with corneous scales or teeth, according to the species; round the pylorus, except in the Forficulae, are two or more caeca, fur- nished at the bottom with several small biliary vessels. Other vessels of the same description are inserted in the intestine near the middle. The intestines of the larva are similar to those of the per- fect Insect(3). All the known Orthoptera, without exception, are tefres- (1) In this order and in those of the Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Rhipip. tera, as well as in the Apterous Hexapoda, there are no aquatic species . (2) In the Acrydia, the under part of the first joint presents three pellets or divisions. (3) M. Marcel de Serres, professor of Mineralogy at Montpellier, has made the ORTHOPTERA. 3 trial, even in their two first states of existence. Some are carnivorous or omnivorous, but the greater number feed on living plants. The species that belong to Europe produce but once a year ; this takes place towards the end of the sum- mer, which is also the period of their final transformation. We will divide the Orthoptera into two great families(l). anatomy of these animals his special study. According to him the Orthoptera with setaceous antenna, such as the Blatta, Mantes, Gryllo-talpa, Grylli, and Lo- custa, have only elastic or tubular trachea, which are of two kinds, arterial and pulmonary. The latter alone distribute air throughout the body, after having re- ceived it from the former. In Orthoptera with cylindrical or prismatic antennae, such as the Acrydia and Truxales, the pulmonary trachea are replaced by those that are vesicular. They are furnished with cartilaginous hoops or movable ribs, and receive air from tubular or elastic trachea proceeding from the arterial trachea. The nutritive system is more or less developed and presents four principal modi- fications. The Grylli and Gryllo-talpa have the advantage in this respect over the others. The crop is utriculiform and placed sidewise, while in the others it is in the direction of the gizzard. Here the hepatic vessels are inserted separately: in the former, that insertion is effected through the medium of a common deferent canal. The Truxales and Acrydia, although approximated to the Locusta by their digestive system, still differ from them in their superior hepatic vessels, the extremity of which is no longer furnished with secfetory vessels, and which form cylindrical and elongated canals, but not widened sacs. The intestines of the Blatta and Mantes present but two"divisions; their nutritive system is otherwise the same. Whenever there is but a single testis, the female has but one ovary- this is the case in all those which have vesicnlar trachea. Those which only have elastic or tubular trachea, are furnished with two testes and two ovaries. The vesicula destined to lubricate the common spermatic canal are either double or single, according to the presence of one testis or two. The common oviduct of the females is also provided with a lubricating vesicle. The Forficula, on which he is silent, are removed from all other Insects of the same order, according to Baron Cuvier, by the absence of superior hepatic vessels. For the anatomy of these latter Insects we refer the reader to the Memoirs of MM. Posselt and Leon Dufour. With respect to the power of flight, it is evident that it is much greater in the Acrydia and Truxales, than in the other Orthoptera. (1) Forming three sections in our Fam. Nat. du Regn. Anim. The first is di- vided into four families corresponding to the genera Forficula, Blatta, Mantis, and Phasma. The second comprises two families constituted by the genera Acheta and Locusta. The third section forms another family, having for its type the genera Pneumora, Truxalis, and that of Gryllus, Fab., or the Acrydium, Geoff. See also for further details on the Insects of this order, the Memoirs of the Aca- demy of St Petersburg, 1812. This division into two great families is confirmed by their anatomy, the Insects of the first having tubular trachea only, and those of the second such as are vesi- cular. 4 INSECTA. In those which compose the first, all the legs are similar, and only adapted for running,—they are the Cursoria or run- ners. In those which constitute the second, the posterior pair of thighs are much larger than the others, thereby enabling them to leap.' Beside this, the males produce a sharp or stri- dulus noise—they are the Sanatoria or jumpers. FAMILY I. CURSORIA. In this family the posterior legs, as well as the others, are solely adapted for running. Almost all these Insects have their elytra and wings laid horizontally on the body; the females are destitute of a cor- neous ovipositor. They form three genera : in the first or the Forficula, Lin. There are three joints in the tarsi; the wings are plaited like a fan, and folded transversely under very short and crustaceous elytra with a straight suture; the body is linear, with two large, squamous, mobile pieces, which form a forceps at its posterior extremity. The head is exposed. The antennae are filiform, inserted before the eyes, and composed of from twelve to thirty joints, according to the species. The galea is slender, elongated, and almost cylindrical. The ligula is forked. The thorax in the form of a scale. . The researches of MM. Randohr, Posselt, Marcel de Serres and those of M. Leon Dufour in particular, have unveiled to us the in ternal organization of these Insects. The latter gentleman has dis- covered two salivary glands, each consisting in a vesicle, more or less ellipsoidal, situated in the prothoraxor thorax, terminated pos teriorly by an extremely tenuous thread, and anteriorly by a tubular" capillary neck, which is slightly inflated near the pharynx, and then unites with the corresponding portion of the other gland to form a common trunk opening into the mouth. The digestive canal consists of an esophagus, a large elongated crop, and of a short gizzard furnished internally for trituration, with ORTHOPTERA. 5 six longitudinal and almost callous columns, in the form of lancets, separated by as many grooves, and with a valve at its ventricular aperture; of a stomach or chylific ventricle, at the posterior extre- mity of which are inserted numerous—thirty according to M. Du- four—hepatic vessels with a' beak-like termination, a circumstance which removes these. Insects from the Coleoptera, and approximates them to the other Orthoptera and to the Hymenoptera; and finally, of a small intestine, a caecum and a rectum. The rectum, like that of several Hymenoptera, presents well circumscribed, muscular emi- nences, on which, by the aid of the microscope, we can discern highly ramified expansions of the tracheae. According to M. Dufour, the apparatus of the genital organs differs essentially in various points from that of the Coleoptera and Orthoptera. Thus, for in- stance, the vesiculae seminales, instead of being arranged symmetri- cally in pairs, consist of a single reservoir. Each testis is composed of two elongated, and more or less contiguous seminal capsules. The form of the ovaries, considered in mass, varies greatly, accord- ing to the species. Sometimes they resemble tw6 clusters of grapes, and sometimes two bundles. In those females which have never been fecundated, the ovigerous sheaths have successive strangulations which give them the form of the beads of a-rosary. We can pursue no further the observations of this savant, either in relation to the organs of respiration which consist in tubular tracheae, or to the apparatus of sensation, or to the splanchnic adipose pulp. It has been said that the second joint of the tarsi was bilobate: he observes that it is simply dilated beneath, near the extremity, in the form of a reversed heart, and without emargination. He marks the two spe- cies submitted to his scalpel by detailed and rigorous characters(l). These Insects are very common in cool and damp places, fre- quently collect in troops under stones and the bark of trees, are very injurious to our cultivated fruits, devour even their dead congeners, and defend themselves with their pincers, which frequently vary in form", according to the sex. It has been thought that they insi- nuate thdmselves into the ear, and to this they owe their name. (1) For other details, see his Memoir in the Ann. des Sc. Nat., XIII, 337. Ac- cording to the same naturalist these Insects should form a particular order which he calls that of the Labidoures. M. Kirby had previously established it under the denomination of Dermaptera. Doctor Leach divides the remaining Orthoptera into two other orde?s. Those in which the wings are plaited and longitudinal, and where the suture of the elytra is straight form that of the Orthoptera proper. Those in which the elytra cross each other, the wings still remaining as usual, constitute that of the Dictuoptera. 6 INSECTA. F. auricularia, L.; De Geer, Mem. Insect., Ill, xxv, 16, 25. Length, half an inch; brown; head red; margin of the thorax greyish; legs an ochraceous yellow; fourteen joints in the an- tennae. The two sexes in coitu are united end to end. The female keeps careful watch over her eggs, and for some time over her young ones. F. minor, L.; De Geer, lb., pi. xxv, 26, 27. Two-thirds smaller than the auricularia; brown; head and thorax black; legs yellow; eleven joints in the antennae. Found more parti- cularly about dung-hills(l). Blatta, Lin. Where there are five joints to all the tarsi. The wings are only plaited longitudinally, the head is concealed under the plate of the thorax, and the body oval, orbicular and flattened. Their antennae are setaceous, inserted into an internal emargina- tion of the eyes, long, and composed of a great many joints. The palpi are long, the thorax has the form of a shield. The elytra are usually of the length of the abdomen, coriaceous or semi-membra- nous, and slightly cross each other at the suture. The posterior ex- tremity of the abdomen presents two conical and articulated append- ages. The tibiae are furnished with small spines. Their crop is longitudinal, and their gizzard is provided internally with strong, hooked teeth. They have eight or ten caeca round the pylorus. The Blattae are very active nocturnal Insects, some of which live in the interior of our houses, particularly the kitchen, in bake-houses and flour mills; the others inhabit the country. They are extremely voracious, and consume all sorts of provisions. The species pecur liar to the French colonies are termed there Kakerlacs or Kaker- (1) AddF. bipunctata, Fab.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., LXXXWII, 10;—F. gigantea, Fab.; Herbst, Archiv. Insect., XL1X, 1; see Palis, de Beauv.', Insect. d'Afr. et d'Amer. The two species quoted, and all those which have not more than fourteen joints in the antenna, compose my genus Forficula proper—Faun Nat. du RSgn. Anim. Those which have more, such as the F. gigantea and others form my genus Fohficesila. All these Insects are winged. Those which a ' apterous form a third genus, that of Chelidoura. Doctor Leach also divides the Dermaptera into three genera* 1. Forficula, with fourteen joints in the antenna- 2. Labidoura, with thirty; 3. Labia, with twelve. For further details respecting* these Insects as well as for others of the same order, see the Horse Entomologiae of M. Toussaint Charpentier. ORTHOPTERA. 7 laques, and are a source of continued irritation to the inhabitants on account of the devastation they occasion. They not only devour our articles of food, but attack cloth, linen, silk and even shoes. They also eat Insects. Certain species of Sphex are constantly at war with them. B. orientalis, L.; De Geer, Mem. Insect., Ill, xxv, i, 7. Length ten lines; reddish chesnut-brown; wings of the male shorter than the abdomen; those of the female mere rudiments. The eggs of the latter are enclosed symmetrically in an oval and compressed shell, first white, then brown, and serrated on one side. The Insect carries it for some time at the anus, and then fixes it by means of a gummy matter to various bodies. This species is a scourge to the inhabitants of Russia and Fin- land. It is said to be originally from Asia, and according to some authors from South America. B. lapponica, L.; De Geer, lb. 8, 9, 10. Blackish brown; margin of the thorax of a light grey; elytra of the same colour. It attacks the stock of dried fish which the Laplanders use in- stead of bread. In Europe it inhabits the woods. B. americana, De Geer, lb., xliv, 1, 2, 3. Reddish; thorax yellowish with two brown spots and a margin of the same co- lour; abdomen reddish; very long antennae.—America. M. Hummel, member of the Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc, in the first number of his Entomological Essays, has given us Various interest- ing observations on the history of the B. germanica, Fab., a species of a light reddish or fulvous colour, with two black lines on the thorax(i). Mantis, Lin. Where we also find five joints in all the tarsi, and wing's simply plaited longitudinally; but the head is exposed and the body narrow and elongated. They also differ from the Blattae in their short palpi terminating in a point, and in their quadrifid ligula. (1) For the other species, see De Geer, lb.; Fab.; Oliv., Encyc. Method.; Fuels., Arch. Insect., tab. xlix, 2—11; Coqueb., Illust. Icon. Insect., Ill, xxi, 1; B. pacifica, andTouss. Charpent, Hora Entomol., p. 71—78. As to the Blatta acervorum of Panzer, see the subgenus Myrmecophii.a of the following family. Those Blatta in which one of the sexes at least is destitute of wings, such as the B. orientalis, and the B. limbata, and B. decipiens, of Hummel, in our Faun. Nat. du Reg. Anim., form the genus Kakerlac. 8 INSECTA. These Insects, which are only found in southern and temperate climates, remain on plants or trees, frequently resemble their leaves and branches in the form and colour of the body, and are diurnal. Some of them are rapacious and others herbivorous. Their eggs are usually enclosed in a capsule formed of some gummy substance which hardens by exposure to the air, and divided internally into several cells; it is sometimes in the form of an oval shell, and at others in that of a seed, with ridges and angles, and even bristled with little spines. The female glues it on a plant or other body raised above the earth. Their stomach resembles that of a Blatta, but their intestines are shorter in proportion(l). In some, the two anterior legs are larger and longer than the others, the coxae and thighs stout, compressed, armed with spines underneath, and the tibiae terminated by a strong hook. They have three simple, distinct eyes, approximated into a triangle. The first segment of the trunk is very large, and the four lobes of the ligula are almost equal in length. The antennae are inserted between the eyes, and the head is triangular and vertical. These species are carnivorous, and seize their prey with their fore legs, which they raise upwards or extend forwards, flexing the tibia with great quickness on the under part of the thigh. Their eggs, which are numerous, are enclosed in a corresponding number of cells, arranged in regular series, and united in an ovoid mass. They form the subgenus Mantis proper. Those in which the front is prolonged into a sort of horn, and in which the antennae of the male are pectinated, are the Empusje of Illiger. The extremity of their thighs is furnished with a rounded membranous appendage resembling a ruffle. The margin of the abdomen is festooned in several(2). Those which have no horn on the head, and in which the antennae are simple in both sexes, alone compose the genus Mantis of the same naturalist(3). (1) Excellent anatomical observations on these Insects are given by M. Marcel de Serres in the Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Naturelle. (2) Stoll., Mant., viii, 30; ix, 34, 35; x, 40; xi, 44; xii, 47, 48, 50; xvi, 58, 59, xvii, 61; xx, 74; xxi, 79. The fig. 94, of pi. xxiv, is a larva very similar to that of the Mantis pauverata of Fabricius. (3) Generis hujus speciei Americana septentrionalis coitus spectaculum sin- gulare sape exhibet, femina maris corpus in actu devorans. Rem ita esse amicus meus verax probavit. Am. Ed. ORTHOPTERA. 9 M. religiosa, L.; Roes., Insect. II, Gryll., i, n. So called from the position to which it raises its anterior legs or arms, which resembles that of supplication. The Turks entertain a religious respect for this animal, and another species is held in still greater veneration by the Hottentots. ' The M. religiosa, very common in the southern parts of France and in Italy, is two inches long, of a light green colour, sometimes brown and immaculate, the inner side of the ante- rior coxae excepted, where we observe a yellow spot margined with black, a character which distinguishes it from an almost similar species from the Cape of Good Hope(l). In the others, the anterior legs resemble the following ones. The eyes are simple, very indistinct, or null; and the first segment of the trunk is shorter, or at most as long as the following one. The in- terior divisions of the ligula are shorter than the others. The an- tennae are inserted before the eyes, and the head is almost ovoid, projects, and has thick mandibles and compressed palpi. These Insects have singular forms resembling twigs of trees or leaves. They appear to-feed exclusively on vegetables, and like several Grylli are coloured like the plants on which they live. There is frequently a great difference between the sexes. They form the subgenus Spectrum, Stoll, Which has been again divided into two others(2). (1) For the other species, see Stoll, genus Mantis, or the Walking leaves, those excepted which are refenable to the genus Phyllium. See also the Monog. Mant. of Lichtenst., Lin. Trans., VI; Palisot de Reauv., Insect. d'Afr. et d'Amer.; Herbst, Arch. Insect., and Charpent., Hor. Entom., p. 87—91. (2) MM. Lepeletier and Serville—Encyc. Method.—have added some new genera to those indicated by me in my Fam. Nat. du Regne Animal. In some, the prothorax is much shorter than the mesothorax; the body and legs are long and linear. The elytra, when there are any, are very short in both sexes. Those which are apterous form two genera: Bacillus, where the antenna are very short, granose, and subulate; and Bacteria, where they are much longer than the head, and setaceous. The second division comprehends species furnished with wings and elytra at least in one of the sexes. Here we find no simple eyes: such are the genera Cladoxerus, where the legs are equally remote, and Cypho- cbaua, where the four last are more approximated* There (Phasma) we observe simple eyes. In the others, the body is more or less oval or oblong and flattened, but not linear. The legs are short or but slightly elongated and foliaceous. The length of the prothorax equals at least half that of .the mesothorax. The abdomen is rhomboidal and in the form of a spatula. There are no simple eyes, and the fe- Vol. IV.—B 10 INSECTA. Those species in which the body is filiform or linear, resembling a stick, are the Phasma, Fab. Several are altogether apterous, or have but very short elytra. Very large ones are found in the Moluccas and South America. The south of France produces the Ph. JRossia, Fab.; Ross., Faun. Etrusc, II, viii, 1. Both sexes apterous; yellowish green or cinereous brown; antennae very short, granose, and conical; legs ridged; a tooth near the extre- mity of the thighs(l). Those in which the body, as well as the legs, is much flattened and membranous, compose the genus Phyllium, Illig. Such for instance is the celebrated P. siccifolium; Mantis siccifolia, Lin. Fab.; Stoll, Spect., VIII, 24—26. Extremely flat; pale green, or yellowish; thorax short, with a dentated margin; dentafed leaflets on the thighs. The female is furnished with very short antennae and elytra as long as the abdomen, but is destitute of wings. The male is narrower and more elongated, with long setaceous antennae, short elytra, and wings the length of the abdomen. This species is bred by the inhabitants of the Sechelles as an object of commerce. The male of another species is figured by Stoll, Mantes, pi. xxiii, 89. males at least are furnished with elytra. This division comprises two genera: Prisopus, where the prothorax is shorter than the mesothorax, and where both sexes are provided with elytra and wings that cover the greater part of their ab- domen; and Phyllium, where the prothorax is almost as long as the mesothorax- the females are destitute of wings and have very short antenna, while the males have long ones and are winged, but with very short elytra. These individuals having the prothorax very long, in a natural order yve should reverse the series and begin with Phyllium. ' (1) For the other species, see the figure of Stoll, genus Spectrum,- Lichtenst Monog. Mant.; Lin. Trans., VI, genus Phasma,- Lin. Trans., XIV; Pali's, de Beauv Insect. d'Afr. et d'Amer. See alsoCharpent, Hor. Entom., p. 93, 94. xh species of Phasma, described by the latter—rossium and gallicum^belong to the genus Bacillus, already mentioned. . ORTHOPTERA. 11 FAMILY II. SALTATORIA. The posterior legs of the Insects which compose our second family of the Orthoptera, are remarkable for the largeness of their thighs, and for their spinous tibiae, which are adapted for saltation. The males summon their mates by a stridulous noise, vul- garly termed singing. This is sometimes produced by rapidly rubbing against its antagonist an interior and more membranous portion of each elytron which resembles a piece of talc. It is sometimes excited by a similar motion of their posterior thighs upon the elytra and wings, acting like the bow of a violin. The greater number of the females deposit their eggs in the earth. This family is composed of the genus Gryllus, Lin. Which we will divide thus: In some species where the musical instrument of the males consists of an interior portion of their elytra resembling a mirror or head of a drum, and where the females frequently have an extremely salient ovipositor, in the form of a stylet or sabre, we find antennae either more slender and minute at the extremity, or of equal thickness throughout, but very short and almost resembling a chaplet. The elytra and wings, in those few which have less than four joints to all the tarsi, are laid horizontally on the body. The ligula is always quadripartite, the two middle divisions being very small. The la- brum is entire. Sometimes the elytra and wings are horizontal; the wings, when at rest, form a kind of fillet or thong extended beyond the elytra, and the tarsi have but three joints, as in the genus Gryllus, Geoff. Oliv.—Acheta, (Gryllus acheta, Lin.) Fab. They conceal themselves in holes, and usually feed on Insects. Se- 12 INSECTA. veral of them are nocturnal. Their crop frequently forms a lateral pouch. Their pylorus has but two thick caeca. Their biliary vessels are inserted into the intestine by a common trunk. They form four subgenera. Gryllo-Talpa, Lat. Where the tibiae and tarsi of the two anterior legs are wide, flat and dentated, resembling hands or are adapted for digging.' The other tarsi are of the ordinary form, and terminated by two hooks; the antennae are more slender at the end, elongated and multiarticulated. G. vulgaris; Gryllus gryllo-talpa, L.; Rces., Insect., II, Gryll., xiv, xv. Length one inch and a half; brown above, reddish- yellow beneath; anterior tibiae with four teeth; wings double the length of the elytra. This species is but'too well known by the mischief it effects in gardens and cultivated grounds. It lives in the earth, where its two anterior legs, which act like a saw and shovel, or like those of a Mole, open a passage for it. It cuts and separates the roots of plants, but not so much for the purpose of eating them as to clear its road, for it feeds, as it appears, on Worms and Insects. The cry of the male, which is only heard at night, is soft and agreeable. In June and July, the female digs a rounded, smooth, subterra- nean cavity, about six inches in depth, in which she deposits from two to four hundred eggs; this nest, with the gallery that leads to it, resembles a bottle with a curved neck. ' The young remain together for some time. For other details, see the ob- servations of M. Le Feburier, Nouv. Cours d'Agriculture(l). Tridactylus, Oliv___Xya, Illig. These Insects also excavate the earth, but with the anterior legs only; in lieu of posterior tarsi, they are furnished with movable, narrow, hooked appendages, resembling fingers. The antenna are of equal thickness, very short, and consist of ten rounded joints T. variegatustXyavariegata, Illig.; Charpent., Hor. Entom II p. 84, f. 2, 5 Very small; black, with numerous spots or' dots of a yellowish-white; a great jumper. South of France on the shores of rivers(2). ' (1) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect, III, p. 95. (2) Lat, lb., p. 96, T. paradoxus, Coqueb., Illust. Icon. Insect., IH, xxi>3< ORTHOPTERA. 13 Gryllus proper, Where none of the legs are adapted for digging, and where the posterior extremity of the female abdomen is provided with a salient ovipositor. Their antennae are always elongated, smaller near the extremity and terminate in a point. The simple eyes are less distinct than in the Tridactyli and Gryllo-talpae. G. campestris, L.; Roes., Insect., II, Gryll.,xiii. Black; base of the elytra yellowish; head large; posterior thighs red be- neath. It excavates deep holes by the roadside, in dry soils, and in situations exposed to the sun, where it remains in ambush, watching for the Insects on which it preys. There also the female lays her eggs, which amount to three hundred. This species hunts the following one. G. dornesticus, L.; Roes., Insect., II, Gryll.,xii. Pale-yellow- ish mixed with brown. It frequents those parts of houses in which fires are generally kept, and which furnish it with both shelter and food, as behind chimneys, ovens, 8cc. Such are also its breeding places. The male produces a shrill and disagree- able noise. Spain and Barbary produce a very singular Gryllus, the G. umbratulatus, L. The forehead of the male is furnished with a membranous prolongation, which falls like a veil. Messrs. Lefevre and Bibron have brought from Sicily a new and large species, described by the former under the name of megacephalus; its stridulous noise is^rolonged for half a mi- nute and may be heard at the distance of a mile. The wings of the G. monstrosus form several spiral convolu- tions at the extremity(l). Myrmecophila.—Sphzrium, Charp. The Myrmecophilae have no wings; and the body is oval. With respect to their antennae and the absence of simple eyes, they resem- ble the true Grylli. The posterior thighs are extremely large. (1) Add Gryllus pellucens, Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., XXII, 17, male of the Acheta italica, Fab. It lives on flowers;—Acheta sylvestris, Fab.; Coqueb., lllust. Icon., I, i, 2;—A. umbraculqia, Fab.; Coqueb., lb., Ill, xxi, 2, and other species figured by De Geer, Drury, Herbst., &c. See Fabricius. 14 INSECTA. The only species known—Blatta acervorum, Panz. Faun. In- sect. Germ., LXVIII, 24—lives in ant-hills(l). Sometimes the elytra and wings are tectiform, and the tarsi are quadriarticulated. The antennae are always very long and setaceous. The mandibles are less dentated, and the galea is wider than in the Grylli. The females always have a projecting ovipositor, com- pressed, and in the form of a sabre. They have but two caeca, like the preceding Insects, but the biliary vessels surround the middle of the intestine, and are inserted directly into it. These Orthoptera are herbivorous and form the genus Locusta, Geoff. Fab.—Gryllus tettigonia, Lin. Such for instance are the L. viridissima, Fab.; Roes., Insect., II., Gryll., x, xi.' Two inches long; green and immaculate; ovipositor of the female straight. L. verrucivora, Fab.; Roes., lb., vm. An inch and a half long; brown; elytra spotted with brown or blackish; ovipositor of the female recurved. It bites with considerable severity, and it is said that the Swedish peasants are in the habit of making it bite the warts on their hands, and that in consequence of those excrescences receiving into the wound the black and bi- lious fluid poured into it by the Insect, they become desiccated and disappear. Several species of this genus are apterous, or have but very short elytra. Such as the L. ephippiger, Fab., Ross., Faun. Etrusc, II, viii, 3, 4(2). (1) It is the subject, if I mistake not, of a Memoiiffrom the pen of M. Paul Savi. (2) This species, and some others, in which both sexes are almost apterous, or present at most but very short elytra resembling rounded and arched scales, form the genus Ephippiger of my Fam. Nat. du. Regn. Anim. That of Anisop- tera is composed of species the males of which are winged, and the females ap- terous or merely furnished with very short elytra; such are the L. dorsalis, bra- chyptera, of M. Toussaint Charpentier. The species provided with ordinary elytra and wings, in which the antennae are simple, and the front is not elevated pyra- midically, form the genus Gryllus proper. Such are the first two species above described. Add to them the Locusta varia, Fab.; Panz., lb., XXXIII, 1;—L. fusca, lb., ii;—L. clypeata, lb., iv;—L. denticulata, lb., v. His Gryllus probosci- deus, lb., XXII, 18, is the Panorpa hiemalis. See also De Geer, Herbstein, Donovan and Stoll, Sanleralle a sabre, pi. i__xii; Lat., Gencr. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 100. ORTHOPTERA. 15 Those species in which the males produce their stridulation only by rubbing their thighs against the elytra or wings, and whose fe- males are destitute of a salient ovipositor, are distinguished from the preceding ones by their antennae, which are sometimes filiform and cylindrical, and sometimes ensiform or clavate, and always at least as long as the head and thorax; their elytra and wings are al- ways tectiform or inclined, and their tarsi are triarticulated. They have five or six caeca, and their biliary vessels, as in most of the order, are directly inserted into the intestine. The ligula of the greater number is merely bipartite. They all have three distinct simple eyes, the labrum emarginated, the man- dibles multidentated, and the abdomen conical and compressed late- rally. They leap better than the preceding ones, fly higher and longer, and feed voraciously on vegetables. They maybe comprised in one single genus, that of Acrydium, Geoff. Which maybe subdivided as follows: Some have the mouth exposed, the ligula bifid, and a membranous pellet between the terminal hooks of the tarsi. Such are Pneumora, Thunb.—partim Gryllus bulla, Lin. Distinguished from the following by the posterior legs, which are shorter than the body, and less adapted for leaping, and by their vesicular abdomen, at least in one of the sexes. Their antennae are filiform. They are only found in the most southern part of Africa(l). PROscoriA, Kliig. Apterous Insects, with a long and cylindrical body; their head, Those Grylli in which the front is elevated in the manner of a pyramid or cone have been generically distinguished by Thunberg under the name of Conoce- phalus. Finally, the Scaphur.e of M. Kirby—Lin. Trans.; Encyclop. Method.— or my Pennicornes, resemble ordinary Grylli, but their antennae are bearded infe- riorly, and their oviduct is scaphoid. For other genera, see Toussaint Charpentier,'and the Mem. of the Imper. Acad. of St Petersburg, where Thunberg has established new generic sections. (1) Pneumora sexguttata, Thunb., Act- Suec, 1775, vii, 3; Gryllus inanis, Fab.;—P. immaculata, Thunb., lb., vii, 1?—G. papilksus, Fab.;—P. maculata, Thunb., lb., vii, 2;—G. variolosus, Fab. 16 INSECTA. destitute of ocelli, is prolonged anteriorly in the manner of a cone or point, bearing two filiform antennae, shorter than itself, and composed of seven joints at most, the last pointed. Their poste- rior legs are large, long, and approximated to the intermediaries, which are more than usually remote from the anterior ones. These Orthoptera, peculiar to South America, form the subject of an ex- cellent Monograph, published by M. Kliig. Truxalis, Fab.—Gryllus acrida, Lin. The Truxales, by their compressed, prismatic, ensiform antennae, and by their pyramidally raised head, are«removed from all other Orthoptera(l). Some species of the following subgenus, such as the Gryllus cari- natus of Linnaeus, and the G. gallinaceus of Fabficius, are interme- diate, by their antennae, between Truxalis and Acrydium proper, and form the genus Xiphicera, Lat.—Pamphagus, Thunb. Acrydium proper.—Gryllus, Fab.—Gryllus locusta, and some G. bulla, Lin. The true Acrydia differ from the Pneumorae in their posterior legs which are longer than the body, and in their solid, non-vesicular abdomen, and from the Truxales in their ovoid head, and their an- tennae, which are filiform or terminated by a button(2). They fly by starts, and to a considerable height. The wings are frequently very prettily coloured, particularly with red and blue, as observed in several species that inhabit France. The thorax, in some of those that are foreign to Europe, frequently exhibits crests and large warts, in a word, a singular variety of forms. Certain species, called by travellers Migratory Locusts(S), some- times unite in incalculable numbers and emigrate, resembling in (1) Gryllus nasutus, L.; Roes., Insect., II, Gryll. iv, 1, 2. The antenna: are false; Herbst., lb., vii, 7, the male; 6, the female; Stoll, viii, b, 27—Drury, Insects, II, xl, 1. (2) In many species, on each side, and near the origin of the abdomen is a large cavity, closed internally by a very thin membranous diaphragm, coloured like nacre. I have described this organ (Memoires du.Museum d'His'toire Natu relle, VIII) which must necessarily have some influence on the stridulus noise of these Insects, as well as on their flight. I have compared it to a sort of drum (3) The general reader must not allow himself to be deceived by names This Insect is what we commonly call a Grashopper. The Locust, so called in this country, is a totally different Insect, and belongs to another order. See Hemintera genus Cicada or Tettigonia. Am. Ed. * ' ORTHOPTERA. 17 their passage through the air, a thick and heavy cloud; wherever they alight all signs of vegetation quickly disappear, and a desert is speedily created. Their death frequently forms another scourge, as the air becomes poisoned by the frightful mass of their decomposing bodies. M. Miot, in his excellent translation of Herodotus, has given it as his opinion, that the heaps of bodies of winged Serpents which that historian states he saw in Egypt, were nothing more than masses of this species of Acrydium. In this I perfectly agree with him. These Insects are eaten in various parts of Africa, where the in- habitants collect them for their own use and for commerce. They take away their elytra and wings and preserve them in brine. A considerable part of Europe is frequently devastated by the S.. migratorius; Gryllus migratorius, L.; Roes.; Insect. II, Gryll., xxrv. Length two inches and a half; usually green, with obscure spots; elytra light brown spotted with black; a low crest on the thorax. The eggs are enveloped in a frothy and glutinous flesh-coloured matter, forming a cocoon, which the Insect is said to glue to some plant. Common in Poland. The south of Europe, Barbary, Egypt, &c, are frequently devastated in like manner by other species, some of which are rather larger— G. segyptius, tartaricus, L.,—which differ but little from the Gryllus lineolus of Fabricius, found'in the south of France—Ilerbst., Archiv. Insect., LIV, 2,—a species proper to the same countries, and which is the one that is prepared and eaten in Barbary, as above.described. The natives of Sene- gal dry another, the body of which is yellow, spotted with black; they then, as I have been told by M. Savigny, reduce it to powder, and employ it as flour. It is figured by Shaw and De- non. These two species and several others have a conical pro- jection of the praesternum, and compose my genus Acrydium, properly so called. Of those which do not present this charac- ter but have likewise filiform antennae, some are furnished with wings and elytra in both sexes. They belong to the genus which I have named CEdipoda. Of this number are the two following Acrydia of authors, Gryllus stridulus, L.; Roes., lb., XXI, 1, 23. Deep brown or blackish; thorax raised into a carina; wings red, with the ex- tremity black. Gryllus caerulescens, L.; Roes., lb. XXI, 4. Wings blue, some- what tinged with green, and marked with a black band(l). (1) Add G. bigutlulus, Panz., lb., XXXIII, 6;—G. grossus, lb. 7;—G. pedestris, Vol. IV.—C 18 INSECTA. In other Acrydia, also winged and with filiform antennae, the su- perior portion of the thorax is very elevated, strongly compressed, and forms an acute crest rounded and prolonged posteriorly. Certain species foreign to Europe are very large. The south of Europe pro- duces one that is smaller, the Acrydium armatum, Fisch., Entomog. Imp. Russ., I, Orthop., I, 1. In the others, G. pedester—Giornse, Charpent.—one at least of the two sexes has elytra and very short wings, not at all adapted for flight. They form my new genus Podisma. Those Acrydia in which the extremity of the antennae is inflated in the form of a button, either in one sex or both, constitute the genus Gomphocerus, Thunb. Such is the A. sibiricus; G. sibiricus, Fab.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., XXIII, 20. Anterior tibiae of the males strongly inflated and clavate. Found in Siberia and St Gothard. In the second division of the genus of the Acrydia the presternum receives a portion of the under part of the head into a cavity; the ligula is quadrifid; the tarsi have no pellet between their hooks. The antennae are composed of but thirteen or fourteen joints. The thorax is prolonged posteriorly in the form of a large scutel- lum, sometimes longer than the body, and the elytra are very small. These Orthoptera form the genus Tetrix, Lat—Acrydium(l), Fa.b.—partim Gryllus-bulla, Lin. It consists of very small species. b., 8;-G. hneatus, lb., 9; and see De Geer.-Santerelles de passage, pi. i_xiii, with he exception of the figures quoted under Tru^-Olivier-article Criquet of the Encyc. Method ; and the other authors quoted by Fabricius, under his genus Gryllus, such as Schsffer, Herbst., Drury, Ra*., &c. See also Lat., Gen Lust et Insect, III, p. 104 These references, however, are only appl cabTe to*e genus Acrydtum as onginally established, or" with the subtraction* those herl indicated, and which may be considered simple divisions (1) Acrydium subulatum, Fab.; De Geer; Scfaxff., Icon. Insect cliv o m cbri, 2, 3;-^. bipunctatum, Panz., lb. V, 18 var —A ,„,L, U ' 9' °' insect, UI,xxiii, 15. Seealso Herbst, K^^^^t ' ^ * HEMIPTERA. 19 ORDER VII. HEMIPTERA(l). The Hemiptera, according to our system, terminate the numerous division of Insects which are provided with elytra, and of all those, a|*e the only ones which have neither man- dibles nor maxillae properly so called. A tubular, articu- lated, cylindrical, or conical appendage curved inferiorly, or directed along the pectus, having the appearance of a kind of rostrum, presents along its superior surface, when raised, a groove or canal from which may be protruded three rigid, scaly, extremely fine, and pointed setae, covered at base by a ligula. These setse, when united, form a sucker resembling a sting, sheathed in the tubular apparatus we have just de- scribed, where it is kept in situ by the superior ligula placed at its base. The inferior seta consists of two filaments which are united into one at a little distance from their origin, so that in reality the sucker is composed of four pieces. The inference drawn from this by M. Savigny, is, that the two su- perior setse, or those which are separate, represent the man- dibles of the triturating Insects, and that the two filaments of the inferior seta correspond to their maxillae(2); this once ad- mitted, the labium is replaced by the sheath of the sucker, and the triangular piece at the base becomes a labium. A true ligula also exists, and under a form analogous to that of the preceding piece but bifid at the extremity. The palpi are the only parts which have totally disappeared : vestiges of them, however, may be perceived in Thrips, The mouth of Hemipterous Insects is then only adapted for (1) Ryngota, Fab. (2) Or rather, in my opinion, to their terminal lobe, or that superior portion which in the Bees and Lepidoptera is prolonged into a thread or attenuated lamina, and reaches beyond the insertion of the palpi. 20 INSECTA. extracting fluids by suction: the attenuated stylets of which the sucker is formed, pierce the vessels of plants and animals, and the nutritious fluid being successively compressed is forced into the internal canal, and thus arrives at the eso- phagus. The sheath of this apparatus is at these times fre- quently bent into an angle, or becomes geniculate. I hese Insects, like -other Suctoria, are furnished with salivary ves- sels^). In most of the Insects which compose this order, the elytra are coriaceous or crustaceous, the posterior extremity being membranous and forming a sort of an appendage to them; they almost always decussate; those of the other Hemiptera are simply thicker and larger than the wings, semi-mem- branous, like the elytra of the Orthoptera, and sometimes opaque and coloured, sometimes transparent and veined. There are a few longitudinal plicae in the wings. The composition of the trunk begins to experience modifi- cations which approximate it to that of the Insects of the fol- lowing orders. Its first segment, hitherto designated by the name of thorax, has, in several, much less extent, and is in- corporated with the second, which is equally exposed. Several have simple eyes, of which, however, there are frequently but two. The Hemiptera exhibit the same forms and habits in their three states. • The only change they experience consists in the development and growth of the volume of the body. They usually have a stomach with firm and muscular, parietes, a small intestine, followed by a large one divided into several inflations, and biliary vessels, few in number, and inserted at a distance from the pylorus. I divide this order into two sections(2). In the first, that of the Heteroptera, Lat., the rostrum (1) See in particular the anatomical observations of M. Leon Dufour, on the Cicadae and Nepae. (2) In the systems of Messrs Kirby and Leach, they form two orders. Our Heteroptera are there termed Hemiptera, and our section of the Homoptera forms the second under the same name. HEMIPTERA. 21 arises from the front; the elytra are membranous at the ex- tremity, and the first segment of the trunk, much larger than the others, alone forms the thorax. The elytra and wings are always horizontal or slightly in- clined. This section is composed of two families. FAMILY I. GEOCORIS.E. In this family the antennae are exposed, longer than the head, and inserted between the eyes, near their internal mar- gin. There are three joints in the tarsi, the first of which is sometimes very short. It forms the genus Cimex, Lin. In some, or the Longilabra, the sheath of the sucker consists of four exposed and distinct joints, the labrum is much prolonged be- yond the head, subulate, and striated superiorly. The tarsi always consist of three distinct joints, the first of which is almost as long as the second or longer. These species always diffuse a disagreeable odour, and suck the juices of various Insects. Sometimes their antennae, always filiform, are. composed of five joints; the body is generally s^Ort, oval or rounded. Scutellera, Lam.—Tetyra, Fab. Where the scutellum covers the whole abdomen. S. lineata; Cimex lineatus, L.; Wolf, Cimic, I, ii, 2. Length four lines; red, longitudinally striped with black above; black points arranged in lines on the venter. Environs of Paris and south of Europe, on flowers, the Umbelliferae, particularly(l). (1) For the other species, see Fabricius, Syst. Ryngot, genus Tetyra. Accord- ing to Dalman—Ephem. Entom., I—his genus Canopus differs from the preceding one in the following characters: the body more inflated, slightly compressed, con- 22 INSECTA. Pentatoma, Oliv. Where the scutellum covers but a portion of the superior part of the abdomen. This genus of Olivier forms five in the system of the Ryngota of Fabricius; they are. however, as imperfectly characterized, as they are badly arranged. His Mlia, and Halys, are Pentatomae with a head more prolonged and projecting in the manner of a snout, and more or less triangular. Among the species "which he refers to the first, that which he calls the acuminata, and which is the Punaise a tete alongee of Geoffroy, appears to be essentially removed from the Pentatomae by the antennae, which are covered at base by the anterior margin of the thorax and separated from it underneath, and by its much larger scutellum, which approximates this Insect to the Scu- tellerae. In his Cydnus, the head, viewed from above, is wide and semicircular; the thorax forms a transversal square, hardly narrower before than behind, and the tibiae are frequently spinous. These species remain on the ground. Of this number is the Punaise noire of Geoffroy. We might also approximate to them, as has already been done by Messrs Lepeletier and Serville—Encyc. Method.—cer- tain species in which the sternum is neither carinated nor armed with a spine. Such are the two following: P. ornata; Cimex or'natus, L.; Wolf, Cimic, II, 16. Length four lines and a half; figure of a rounded ovoid; red, multima- culate; head and wings black.—On the Cabbage and other Cru- ciferae. P. oleracea; Cimex oleraceus, L.; Wolf, lb., II, 16. Length three lines; ovoid; bluish-green with a thoracic line, a dot on the scutellum and one on each elytron, white or red. Other Pentatomae in which the poststernum or mesosternum is rais- ed into a carina, or presents a spiniform point, would be distinguish- ed by the generic appellation of Ede'ssa, employed by Fabricius. Several of the species which he includes in that genus present this character. It is also visible in several of those which belong to his Cimex, such as the two following Pentatomae: P. hsemorrhoidalis; Cimex hasmorrhoidalis, L.; Wolf., lb. I 10. Length seven lines; ovoid; green above, yellowish beneath* posterior angles of the thorax extended into an obtuse point* a large brown spot on the elytra; back of the abdomen red, spot- ted with black. cave beneath, with the margin of the scutellum pendent over the sides; no eyes; legs unarmed. HEMIPTERA. 23 The female of the P. grisea—Cimex griseus, L.—protects and leads her young ones just as *a hen does her chickens(l). We have thought it requisite to establish a new generic section, Heteroscelis, for a Pentatoma peculiar to Cayenne, in which the head is cylindrical and the anterior tibiae form a semi-oval pallette. Sometimes the antennae have but four joints, and the body is gene- rally oblong. Here the antennae are filiform or clavate. Certain species foreign to Europe approach the preceding in the general form of their body, which is rather ovoid than oblong, and are distinguished from all the following ones, either because it is much flattened, membranous, and with a strongly dilated, slashed and angular margin, or because their thorax is prolonged posteriorly in the manner of a truncated lobe, and their sternum is horned— these latter form the subgenus Tesseratoma, gj Established by MM. Lepeletier and Serville—Encyc. Method.— with the Edessa papillosa of Fabricius, and his E. amethystina. Some other Edessae of the same naturalist—the obscura, mactans, viduata—resembling' ordinary Pentatomae, without any posterior thoracic prolongation, but with quadriarticulated antennae, might also form another subgenus—Dinidor. A species from Brazil, analogous by its flattened form to the Aradus of that naturalist, in which the edges of the body are dilated, slashed and angular, and its anterior extremity forms a sort of clypeus truncated before, cleft in the middle, unidentated on each side behind, and concealing antennae, geniculate near their middle, and seemingly formed of but three joints because the first is very short, is the type of the subgenus Phl^a, Lepel. and Serv.(2) All the following Geocorisae are generally oblong, besides which they present none of the other characters peculiar to the preceding subgenera. Here the antennae are inserted near the lateral and superior bor- ders of the head, above an imaginary line drawn from the middle of the eyes to the origin of the labrum. The simple eyes are either ap- (1) See Fabricius, genera ut sup. (2) Encyc. Method. 24 INSECTA. proximated or separated by an interval about equal to that which is between each of them and the* neighbouring eye. Next come those in which the body is more or less oblong, with- out being filiform or linear. Coreus, Fab. Where the body is partly oval, the last joint of the antennae ovoid or fusiform, frequently thicker than the preceding one, and usually shorter, and of equal length at most, in the others. They could be separated into several sections, which might even be considered as subgenera, according to the relative proportions and forms of the joints of their antennae(l). C. marginatus; Cimex marginatus, L.; Wolf. Cimic, I, iii, 20. Length six lines, and of a cinnamon-red; second and third joint of the antennae russet, the two others blackish; the two first longest of all; a small tooth at the internal base of the first; posterior sides of the thorax raised and.rounded; abdomen di- lated and turned up on the sides, with the middle of its superior surface red. On plants; it diffuses a strong odour which resem- bles that of an apple. The antennae of the other Geocorisae of the same subdivision ter- minate by an elongated, cylindrical, or filiform joint. They consti- tute a great portion of the genus Lvg^eus of Fabricius, and comprise besides that which he calls Alydus. The posterior legs of the males are most frequently remarkable for the thickness of the thighs, and in a great number for the form of their tibiae, which are sometimes compressed and have the edges dilated, as if membranous and wing- ed, or foliaceous, and sometimes curved. Most of them are foreign to Europe. To these Lygaei must be referred those species in which the sim- ple eyes are separated from each other by an interval about equal to that which exists between each eye and its neighbour, and in which (1) Gonocertjs. The last joint of the antennae shorter than the preceding one, and ovoid or oval; the latter and the second compressed, angular or dilated- the first, or at least the second, longest of all. The C. sulcicornis, insidiator, an- tennator, of Fabricius. Sxeomastes. The last joint of the antennae shorter than the preceding one, and bordering on an oval; the latter, filiform and simple. The C. marginatus] scapha, spiniger, paradoxus, quadratus, Fab., and his Lygseus sanctus. Coreus. The last joint of the antennae differing but little in length from the preceding one, and almost fusiform; the latter not compressed. The C. dentator hirticornis, clavicornis, acrydioides, capitatus, Fab. HEMIPTERA. 25 the thorax is much wider posteriorly than before, or forms a triangle with a truncated apex. The body is generally less narrow than in the opposite division, or that which is composed of the Alydi. Holhymenia, Lepel. and Serv. Where the second and third joints of the antennae are shaped like a palette(l). • Pachylis, Lepel. and Serv. Where the third only has that form(2). Anisosceli, Lat. Where the antennae are filiform and not dilated(S). Certain Geocorisae of the same division, with a narrow and elon- gated body, projecting eyes, the ocelli approximated, and the thorax merely a little narrower before than behind, and almost trapezoidal, form the subgenus Alydus, Fab.(4) Now come Geocorisae with a very narrow, long, filiform, or linear body. The antennae and legs are also proportionally smaller. Leptocorisa, Lat. Where the antennae are straight(5). Neides, Lat.—Berytus, Fab. Where those organs are geniculate(6). (1) Encyc. Method., Insect, X, p. 61. Add Lygseus biclavatus, Fab. (2) Encyc. Method., lb. p. 62. (3) Some have the posterior tibiae edged with a membrane: the L. membrana- ceus, compressipes,phyllopus, gonagra, foliaceus, dilatatus, tragus, &c. Fab- The others are destitute of that membrane: the L. vulgus, grossipes, lenebrosus, fulvicornis, curvipes, profanus, phasianus, bellicosus, &c Fab. Some species, with smaller "antennae, and of the length of the body, form the subgenus Nematopus of my Fam. Nat. du Reg. Animal- (4) See the Syst. Ryngator., Fab., p. 248. (5) The Gerris of Fabricius, with the exception of the vagabundus. {6) See Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect, III, p. 126; and Oliv., Encyclop. MeHho- dique. Vol. IV.—D 26 INSECTA. We now pass to Geocorisae in which the antennae, also filiform or thicker at the extremity and quadriarticulated, are inserted lower than the preceding ones, either on an imaginary line, drawn from the eyes to the origin of the labrum, or beneath it. The ocelli are approximated to the eyes, and the membranous appendages of the elytra frequently present but four or five nervures. Here the head is not narrowed posteriorly in the manner of a neck. Lygjeus, Fab. Where the head is narrower than the thorax, and where the latter is narrowed anteriorly and is trapezoidal. L. equestris; Cimex equestris, L.; Wolf, Cimic, I, iii, 24. Length five lines; red, with black spots; iriembranous portion of the elytra brown spotted with white. L. apterus; Cimex apterus, L.; Stoll., Cimic, II, xv, 103. Length four lines; apterous; red; the head, a spot on the middle of the thorax and large dot on each elytron, black; extremity of the elytra truncated or without a membranous appendage. Very common in our gardens. It is sometimes, though very rarely, found with wings. Those species, in which the anterior thighs are inflated, form the genus Pachymera of MM. Lepeletier and Serville, a name already employed, and which must be changed(l). Salda, Fab. Where the head, taken in its greatest breadth, is as wide as the thorax or wider, and has its posterior angles dilated, with large eyes, and where the thorax is always of equal width and square(2). There, the head is ovoid and narrowed posteriorly in the manner of a neck. Myodocha, Lat.(3) We have now arrived at Longilabra, in which the antenna; composed of four joints, become gradually thinner towards the ex- tremity, and frequently even abruptly so, or are setaceous. In our Fam. Nat. du Reg. Anim., we have formed the subgenus (1) See Fab., and Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. J21. (2) The Saldae, atra, albipennis, grylloides, Fab. (3) See Lat, Gener',, &c, and Encyc. Me'thodique. HEMIPTERA. 27 Astemma, With certain species in which the antennae are gradually setaceous and where the second joint is of equal thickness and almost glabrous. The thorax is hardly narrower before than behind, and forms a trans- versal square, or is cylindrical; the head is as if incised perpendicu- larly or rounded at its origin(l). Miris, Fab. Similar to Astemma in the antennae, but removed from it by the thorax, which is much wider posteriorly than before, and trape- zoidal(2). Capsus, Fab. A similar and trapezoidal thorax, but the second joint of the an- tennae is attenuated at base, and densely pilose, particularly towards the extremity, otherwise almost cylindrical and slender like the first(3). Heterotoma, Lat. The Heterotomae are very distinct from the preceding Insects by the size and width of the two first joints of the antennae, and of the second particularly, which forms an elongated palette; the two last are very short(4). In the remaining Hemiptera of this family there are but two or three apparent joints(5) in the sheath of the sucker; the Iabrum is short and without striae. The first joint of the tarsi, and frequently even the second, is very short in the greater number. Sometimes the legs are inserted in the middle of the pectus; they terminate by two distinct hooks which originate from the middle of the extremity of the tarsus; they can neither be used as oars, nor for running on the water. We then separate those species in which the rostrum is always (1) The Saldx pallicornis, fiavipes, Fab., and some other species, but in which the body is much narrower and longer, and somewhat more analogous in the head to the Myodochae. (2) Fab., Syst. Ryng.; Lat, lb. p. 124. (3) Fab., Syst. Ryng.; Lat. Gener., Crust, et Insect, III, p. 123. (4) Capsus spissicornis, Fab. (5) Four in the Reduvii, but the first is very short, almost null. 26 INSECTA. straight, sheathed at base or throughout its length; where the eyes are of an ordinary size, and where the head at its junction with the thorax exhibits no appearance of an abrupt neck or strangulation. Their body is usually altogether, or in part, membranous, and most commonly much flattened(l). They compose the greater part of the primitive genus Acanthia, Fab. Which that author afterwards divided as follows: Syrtis, Fab.—Macrocephalus, Swed. Lat.—Phymata, Lat. Where the anterior legs resemble the monodactyle claw of the Crustacea, and are used by these Insects to seize their prey(2). Tingis, Fab. Where the body is very flat, and the termination of the antennae globuliform; the third joint is much longer than the others. Most of the species live on plants, piercing their leaves or flowers, and sometimes producing false gall-nuts. The leaves of Pear trees are frequently riddled by one of this genus, the T. pyri, Fab.(3) Aradus, Fab. Similar to Tingis, in the form of the body, but with cylindrical antennae, of which the second joint is almost as large as the third, or is even longer. They are found under the bark of trees, in the cracks of old wood, &c.(4) Cimex, Lat.—Acanthia, Fab. In Cimex proper the body is very flat, but the antennae terminate abruptly in the form of a seta. We know but too well the (1) These Insects, in our Fam. Nat. du Reg. Anim., form the second tribe of the Geocorisx, that which I have there designated by the term membraneuse. (2) Fab., Syst. Ryngot. In Microcephalus—S. manicata, Fab.—the antenna, terminated by a very large joint, are not lodged in inferior cavities of the margin of the thorax; the scutellum is distinct, and covers a large part of the abdomen. In Phymata, the antennae are received into peculiar cavities under the lateral edges of the thorax, which is prolonged into a scutellum, and only covers a por- tion of the abdomen. See Lat; Gen. Crust, et Insect, HI, p. 137, 138. (3) Fab., lb.; Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect (4) Fab., Ib.; Lat., lb. HEMIPTERA. 29 C. lectularius, L.; Wolf, Cimic, IV, xii, 121. It is pretended that this Insect, vulgarly termed the bed-bug, did not exist in England previous to the fire of London in 1666, and that it was transported thither in tirriber from America. With respect to the continent of Europe, however, we find that it is men- tioned by Dioscorides. It has also been asserted that this spe- cies sometimes acquires wings. It likewise harasses young pigeons, swallows, &c.; but that which lives on these latter birds appears to me to be a different species. Various means of destroying these noxious Insects have been proposed; extreme vigilance, and great cleanliness however are the best. The remaining Geocorisae of this subdivision(l) have the rostrum exposed, arcuated, or sometime straight; but their labrum is salient and their head abruptly strangulated behind or narrowed into a neck. Certain species have remarkably large eyes. Those which do not present this character, and have their head supported by a neck, form the primitive genus Reduvius, Fab. Their rostrum is short but sharp, and can inflict a severe punc- ture, the painful effects of which are sensible for some time- Their antennae are extremely slender near the end, or setaceous(2). Seve- ral of the species make a noise similar to that which proceeds from the Crioceres, Cerambyci, &c, but which is produced with more rapidity. This genus has been thus divided: Holoptilus, Lepel. and Serv. Where the antennae have but three joints, the two last of which are furnished with long hairs, arranged in two rows, and verticil- lated on the last(3). In the other species the antennae consist of four joints at least, and are glabrous, or simply pubescent. (1) The Nudicolles, Fam. Nat. du Regn. Anim. (2) The first joint is frequently united to the second, and the latter to the third, by a very small joint or rotula. (3) Encyc. Method., Insect.,X, p. 280. 30 INSECTA. Reduvius, Fab. Or Reduvii properly so called. The body is ah oblong oval, and the legs of a moderate length. We may'unite with them the Nabis, Lat.(l) and the Petalocheires of Palis, de Beauvois; the anterior tibiae of the latter are clypeiform. R. personatus; Cimexpersonatus,L.; Punaise mouche, Geoff., I, ix, 3. Length eight lines; blackish-brown and immaculate. It inhabits the interior of houses, where it lives on flies and other insects, approaching its prey slowly till within a certain distance, and then darting upon it. Its stings kill it in an in- stant. The larva and nymph resemble a spider covered with dust and dirt(2). Zelus, Fab. Where the body is linear, and the legs very long, extremely slen- der, and alike(3). Ploiaria, Scop.—Emesa, Fab. Analogous to the preceding Insects in the linear form of the body, and the length and tenuity of the legs; but the two anterior ones have elongated coxae, and are adapted, as in Mantis, for seizing their prey(4). We now come to Geocorisae, remarkable for their large eyes, and which have no apparent neck, but whose transversal head is sepa- rated from the thorax by a strangulation. They live on the shores of ponds, &c. where they run with great swiftness, and frequently make little leaps. Some have a short and arcuated rostrum, and setaceous antennae. They form the Leptopus, Lat.(5) (1) The thorax in Nabis is not (or but very slightly) divided by that impressed and transverse line which we observe in Reduvius. Here, besides, the simple eyes are situated on an eminence or division of the posterior part of the head. This latter genus is susceptible of being separated into several subgenera. (2) Fab., Syst. Ryng.; Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 128. See particu- larly the Encyc. Method., article Reduve. (3) Fab., Syst. Ryngof; Lat. lb., p. 129. ,(4) Fab., lb.; Gerris vagabundus, ejusd.; Lat., lb. (5) Lat., Consid. sur l'Ord. Nat. des Crust, etdes Insect, p. 259. HEMIPTERA. 31 In the others the rostrum is long and straight, the labrum pro- jects from its sheath, and the antennae are filiform or a little larger near the extremity. The simple eyes are situated on a tubercle. They are considered by Fabricius as Saldae. Latreille separates them into two divisions. His Acanthi^:—or part of the Sald,e, Fab.(l)—have salient antennae, at least equal in length to half that of the body. Their form is oval. The simple eyes are closely approximated and sessile. In his Pelogonus(2) the antennae are much shorter and bent under the eyes. The body is shorter and more rounded, and there is a tolerably large scutellum. The simple eyes are remote. These Hemiptera approach the Nau- cores, and with the following appear to lead to them. Sometimes the four posterior legs, very slender and extremely long, are inserted on the sides of the pectus, and are very remote from each other at base; the tarsial hooks are very small, but little distinct, and situated in a fissure of the lateral extremity of the tar- sus(3). These legs are adapted for swimming or walking on water, and are peculiar to the genus* Hydrometra, Fab.(4) Which Latreille divides into three subgenera. Hydrometra, Lat. Or Hydrometra properly so called, where the antennae are setace- ous, and the head is prolonged into a long snout, receiving the ros- trum in a groove underneath(5). Gerris, Lat. Where the antennae are filiform, the sheath of the sucker is triar- ticulated, and the second pair of legs are very remote from the first, and at least double the length of the body(6). (1) Fab.,lb. The Saldae zosteras, striata, littoralis; Lat., lb. (2) Lat., Consid. sur l'Ord. Nat. des Crust et des Insect., HI, p. 142; Germ. Faun. Insect. Europ , XI, 23. (3) The prothorax is extended above the mesothorax, in the form of an elon- gated plate, narrowed and terminated in a point, representing the scutellum, under which the elytra originate. The mesothorax is greatly elongated. (4) Fab., Syst. Ryugot. (5) Lat, Gener. Crust et Insect, III, p. 131. (6) Lat lb. 32 INSECTA. The two anterior legs, as well as in the following sybgenus, act as pincers. Velia, Lat. Where the antennae are also filiform, but the sheath of the sucker has but two apparent joints, and the legs, much shorter, are inserted at nearly equal distances from each other(l). FAMILY II. HYDROCORIS^E. In our second family of the Hemiptera, the antennae are in- serted and concep.led under the eyes; they are shorter than the head, or hardly as long. All these Insects are aquatic, carnivorous, and seize others with their anterior legs, which flex on themselves and act as pincers. They sting severely. Their tarsi present but one or two joints. Their eyes are in general remarkably large. Some*—Nepides—have the two anterior legs in the form of pincers, composed of a thigh, either very thick or very long, with a groove underneath for the reception of the inferior edge of the tibia and of a very short tarsus; or one that is even confounded with the tibia, and forming with it a large hook. The body is oval and much depressed in some, and linear in others. They form the genus Nepa, Lin. Or that of the Aquatic Scorpions, as they are commonly called, which is thus divided: Galgulus, Lat. Where all the tarsi are similar, cylindrical, and composed of two (1) Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect, III, p. 131. HEMIPTERA. 33 very distinct joints, the last with two terminal hooks. The an- tennae appear to consist of but three joints, the last of which is the largest and ovoid(l). The antennae of the following genera are quadriarticulated, and the anterior tarsi terminate simply in a point or hook. Naucoris, Geoff. Fab. The labrum in Naucoris is not emarginated, as is the case in the following genus, but is exposed, large, triangular, and covers the base of the rostrum. The body is almost ovoid and depressed, and the head rounded; the eyes are very flat. The antennas are simple and without any projection in the form of a tooth. There is no sa- lient appendage at the posterior extremity of the abdomen. The four last legs are ciliated, and their tarsi consist of two joints, with two hooks at the end of the last. N. cimicoides; Nepa cimicoides, L.; Rces., Insect., Ill, Cim. Aquat., xxxviii. Five or six lines long, and of a greenish brown, lighter on the head and thorax; margin of the abdomen serrated and projecting beyond the elytra£2). In the three following subgenera, the labrum is sheathed, and the extremity of the abdomen presents two filaments. Belostoma, Lat. Where all the tarsi'are biarticulated, and the antennae are semi- pectinated(3). Nepa, Lat. Or Nepa proper, where the anterior tarsi have but one joint, and the four posterior ones two, and where the antennae appear forked. The rostrum is curved beneath; the coxae of the two anterior legs are snort, and their thighs much wider than their other parts. t*}| Their body is narrower and more elongated than in the preceding subgenera, and almost elliptical. Their abdomen is terminated by two setae which enable them to respire in the oozy and aquatic localities at the bottom of which they live. Their eggs resemble the seed of a plant of an oval figure, crowned with a tuft of hairs. (1) Lat. lb., HI, p. 144; Naucoris oculata, Fab. (2) Fab., Syst. Ryng.; Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 146. (3) Lat, lb., p. 144; the Nepa granats, annulata, rustica, Fab. Vol. IV.—E 34 INSECTA. M. Leon Dufour, in the seventh volumeof the Animales Cent- rales des Sciences Physiques, has published some very curious ob- servations on the anatomy of the Ranatra linearis, and of the Nepa cinerea. He has discovered in these Insects a peculiar organ which he considers as a kind of pectoral trachea communicating with the ordinary tracheae. In the first it forms a pair of beautiful tufts of a nacre-white, and is composed of numerous ramusculi which are di- rected round a multiplex axis. It is situated in the midst of the muscular masses of the pectus. The pectoral tracheae of the Nepa cinerea appeared to exhibit the vestiges of a pulmonary organ. They consist of two oblong bodies situated immediately under the region of the scutellum, invested by a fine, smooth, satin-white membrane. They are almost as long as the pectus, and, except at the two ends, fyee. They are filled with a kind of tow which when examined under the microscope presents a homogeneous tissue formed of vascular arbusculi. The nervous system appeared to him to con- sist of two stout ganglions, one on the esophagus, and the other in the pectus, between the first and second pair of legs, which give off two remarkable cords divided, at their extremity into two or three filaments. He could only perceive two biliary vessels. To this ex- cellent Memoir we refer the reader both for these details and those relative to the orgaus of generation, and to the salivary apparatus discovered by its author in these Insects. N. cinerea, L.; Roes., Insect! lb., xxii. About eight lines in length; cinereous; back of the abdomen ped; tail rather shorter than the body(l). Ranatra, Fab. The Ranatrae only differ from the Nepae in the linear form of their body, in their rostrum, which is directed forwards, and in their an- terior legs, of which the coxae and thighs are elongated and slender. R. linearis; Nepa linearis, L.; Roes., lb. XXIII. An* inch long; pale-cinereous, somewhat yellowish; tail as long as the body. f The tuft on its eggs consists of but two setae(2). The others—Notonectides—have their two anterior legs simply curved underneath, with thighs of an ordinary size, and the tarsi pointed and densely ciliated, or similar to those of the posterior (1) Add N. fusca, grossa, rubra, nigra, maculata, Fab. (2) For the remaining species, see Fab., Syst Ryng. HEMIPTERA. 35 ones. Their body is almost cylindrical or ovoid, and tolerably thick or less depressed than in the preceding Insects. Their posterior legs are densely ciliated, resemble oars, and are terminated by two very small and rather indistinct hooks. They swim or row with great swiftness, and frequently while on their back. They compose the genus Notonecta, Lin. Which has been divided in the following manner: Corixa, Geoff.—Sigara, Fab. Where the scutellum is wanting(l); the rostrum is very short, triangular, and transversely striated; the elytra are horizontal; the anterior legs are very short, and their tarsi formed of a single com- pressed and ciliated joint; the other legs are elongated, and the two intermediate ones are terminated by two very long hooks. C. striata; Notonecta striata, L.; Roes., lb., XXIX. The largest specimens are about five lines in length; dark brown above, with numerous yellowish dots or little stripes; head, legs, •and all underneath, yellowi^h(2). Notonecta, Geoff. Fab. Where the scutellum is very distinct, the rostrum forms an arti- culated and elongated cone, the wings are tectiform, and all the tarsi biarticulated. The four posterior legs are geniculate, and have sim- ple, cylindrical tarsi, terminated by two hooks. N glauca, L., Roes., lb., XXVII. Six lines in length; yel- lowish above, with a russet tint on the elytra, the inner margin of which is spotted with blackish; scutellum black. To seize its prey with more facility it swims on its back; it stings severely(3). (1) The Notonecta minutissirna, Fab., is the type of the genus Sigara of Leach— Lin. Trans., XII. The anterior tarsi, as in Corixa, consist of one joint, but this Insect is furnished with a scutellum. Its thorax is transversal, and body oval, and not linear or cylindrical. (2) For the other species, see Fab., Syst. Ryng. (3) Fab., Syst. Kyngot; Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect, III, p. 150. The genus Plea, Leach, which that gpntleman establishes on the Notonecta minutissirna of Linnaeus, and whioh must not be confounded with the one so styled by Fabricius and other entomologists, differs from Notonecta, inasmuch as the third joint of the 36 INSECTA. The second section of the Hemiptera, that of the Homop- tera, Lat., is distinguished from the preceding one by the following characters : the rostrum arises from the lowest por- tion of the head, near the pectus, or even from the interval between the two anterior legs : the elytra—almost always tec- tiform—are of the same consistence throughout and semimem- branous, sometimes almost similar to the wings. The three segments of the trunk are united en masse, and the first is frequently shorter than the second. All the Insects of this section feed exclusively on vegetable juices. The females are provided with a scaly ovipositor(l), usually composed of three dentated blades, and lodged in a groove with two valves. They u3e it as a saw to produce openings in plauts in which they deposit their eggs. The last Insects of this section experience a sort of complete meta- morphosis. I will divide it into three families. FAMILY I. CICADARIiE. This family comprises those which have triarticulated tarsi, and usually very small, conical, or fusiform antennae, com- posed of from three to six joints, the extremely attenuated seta which terminates them included. The females are pro- vided with a serrated ovipositor. MM. Randohr, Marcel de Serres, Leon Dufour, and Straus, have studied the anatomy antenna: is larger than the others, and because those of the anterior tarsi are almost of the same length, and the hooks of the posterior ones are large The body is shorter, and the elytra entirely crustaceous, arched, and truncated'at the exterior angle of their base. A piece is observed there, analogous to that re- marked in the same place in the Cetonia:. • (1) Called oviscapte by M. Marcel de Serres. HEMIPTERA. 37 of several Insects belonging to this family. The latter natu- ralist has not yet published the result of his investigations. The researches of M. Dufour are the most extensive and com- plete, at least so far as respects the digestive system and the organs of generation. A proof of this is readily obtained by referring to his Memoir entitled Recherches Anatomiques sur les Cigales, inserted in the fifth volume of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles. We will not follow this profound ob- server into the multitude of interesting details respecting their organization which he presents to us, and which he ac- companies with excellent figures, but restrict ourselves to the description of an anatomical character which appears to be exclusively peculiar to these Insects. In all of them, according to him, the chylific ventricle or stomach is remarkably long; it commences by a curved or straight, oblong dilatation, and always terminates in an intesti- niform canal, which is flexed on itself in order to arrive at the origin of this same ventricle, into which it opens by the side of the insertion of the hepatic vessels, not far from the commencement of the intestine; they all have four biliary vessels. In the Cicadse this ventricle has the figure of an ear, of which the right side is dilated into a large lateral and fre- quently plaited pouch: its upper extremity is tied to the esophagus by a superior ligament, and the other leads to this narrow, very long, tubular, reflected prolongation which has the form of an intestine, and which, after theSe circumvolu- tions, reascends to join that pouch near the insertion of the hepatic vessels. This singular disposition of the chylific ven- tricle which after several convolutions empties into itself, in continuing a complete circle traversed by the alimentary liquid, is doubtless a difficult matter to explain physiologically, but it is not the less a well determined and constant fact, and one which forms the most characteristic trait in the anatomy of the Cicada and other Cicadariae. In the Ledra aurita of Fabricius, or Procigale Grand-diable of Geoffroy, the inflated portion of the chylific ventricle is placed directly after the crop, and there is but a single cluster of salivary sacs on each 38 INSECTA. side, a character also observed in the Cercopis spumaria, while in the Cicadac there are four, two on each side. In the Membracis cornutus the duodenal ear-like sac is replaced by a large pouch, but also attached to the esophagus by a sus- pensory filament, a character exclusively peculiar to these Insects. Some—Cantatrices—have antennas composed of six joints, and three simple eyes(l). They embrace the division of the Manniferse of Linnaeus, the genus Tettigonia of Fabricius, and form that of our Cicadse proper. Cicada, Oliv.— Tettigonia. Fab. These Insects, of which the elytra are almost always transparent and veined, differ from the following ones, not only in the compo- sition of their antennae and the number of the ocelli, but in the absence of the faculty of leaping, and in the music of the males; which, in the heat of summer, the epoch of their appearance, pro- duce that loud and monotonous sound which has induced authors to designate them by the name of Cantatrices or Singers. The organs by which it is effected are situated on each side of the base of the abdomen; they are internal and each one is covered by a cartilaginous plate, which closes like ashutter(2). The cavity which (1) The mesothorax, viewed from above, is much more spacious than the pro- thorax, and is narrowed towards the extremity, which forms a sort of scutellum. We observe nearly the same disposition of parts in Fnlgora, and other genera which are derived from it. The mesothorax has frequently the form of a reversed triangle, and the prothorax is generally very short and transversal. In the fol- lowing Cicadaria:, such as the Membraces, Cicadella:, &c, it is, on the contrary, longer than the other thoracic segments, greatly developed in one direction or another, and the mesothorax is only visible in the form of an ordinary and trian- gular scutellum. In all this family, the metathorax is very short and concealed. Considered in its relation to other Insects, the head of the Cicadariae, viewed an- teriorly, presents a triangular space immediately above the labrum, corresponding to the epistoma orclypeus; then, still higher up, another space, frequently inflated and striated, termed by Fabricius the frons, but which is analogous to the face or interval between the eyes; above this comes the frons, and then the vertex (2) This piece is merely an inferior appendage of the metathorax The tymbal occupying a particular cavity, sometimes exposed above, sometimes covered and only visible beneath, is a lateral prolongation of a skin whicli forms the anterior diaphragm of the two inferior cavities of the first segment of the abdomen The opposite diaphragm, or the posterior of these cavities, constitutes the piece called he mirror, or miroir. It appears, that, like the other diaphragm, it is formed at the expense of the tracheal membranes. Cd at HEMIPTEIIA. 39 encloses this apparatus is divided into two cells by a squamous "and triangular septum. When viewed from the side of the abdomen, each cell presents anteriorly a white and plaited membrane, and lower down, in the bottom, a tight, thin, transparent membrane, which Reaumur terms le miroir. If this part of the body be opened above, another plaited membrane is seen on each side, which is moved by an extremely powerful muscle composed of numerous, straight, and parallel fibres, and arising from the squamous septum. This membrane is the tymbal. The muscles, by rapidly contracting and relaxing, acton the tymbals, alternately tightening and restoring them to their original state. Such is the origin of these sounds, which can even be produced after the death of the Insect, by jerking the muscle. The Cicadae live on trees or shrubs, of which they suck the juices. The female, by means of an ovipositor enclosed in a bilami- nated semitubular sheath, and composed of three narrow, elongated, squamous pieces, two of which terminate in the form of a file, pierces the dead twigs to the medulla, in which she deposits her eggs. As the number of the latter is considerable, she makes several holes, indicated externally by as many elevations. The young larvae how- ever leave their, asylum to penetrate into the earth, where they grow and experience their metamorphosis. Their anterior legs are short, have very stout thighs armed with teeth, and are adapted for dig- ging. The Greeks ate the pupae, which they called Tettigometra, and even the perfect Insect. Previous to coition they preferred the males, and when it had taken place the females were most sought for, as their abdomen is then filled with eggs. The C. orni, by wounding the tree from which its specific name is derived, produces that peculiar honey-like and purgative juice called manna. C. orni, L. Roes., Insect. II, Locust, xxv, 1, 2; xxvi, 3, 5. About an inch long; yellowish; pale beneath, the same colour mixed with black above; margin of the abdominal segments, russet; two rows of blackish points on the elytra, those nearest their inner margin the smallest. South of France, Italy, &c. C. plebeia, L.; Tettigonia fraxini, Fab.; Roes., lb. XXV, 4, 6, 7, 8. The largest species in France; black, with several spots on the first segment of the trunk; its posterior margin, the raised and arcuated portions of the scutellum, and several veins of the elytra, russet(l). (1) See Lat. Gener. Crust, et Insect., HI, p. 154; Fab., Syst. Ryng., genus Tet- tigonia, and Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Cigale, where all the figures of Stoll, 40 INSECTA. The other Cicadariae—Mulx—have but three distinct joints in the antenna, and two small ocelli. Their legs are usually adapted for leaping. Neither of the sexes is provided with organs of sound. The elytra are frequently coriaceous and opaque. Several females envelope their eggs with a white substance resembling cotton. Some of them—Fulgorellse—have the antennas inserted immedi- ately under their eyes, and the front frequently prolonged in the form of a snout, the figure of which varies according to the species. By this we distinguish the genus Fulgora, Lin. Oliv. Those species in which the front projects, that have two simple eyes, and which present no appendage under the antennae, are the Fulgorae, properly so called, of Fabricius. Such is F. laternaria, L.; Roes., Insect. II, Locust., xxviii, xxix. A very large species, prettily variegated with yellow and russet; a large ocellated spot on each wing; snout strongly di- lated, vesicular, broad, and rounded anteriorly. Travellers assure us that this Insect diffuses a strong light when in the dark. The south of Europe produces a small species of the same genus. It is the F. europaea, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., XX, 16. Green, with a conical front, and transparent elytra and wings(l). Other Cicadariae with a projecting front, but destitute of sim- ple eyes, and furnished with two little appendages under each an- tennae representing those organs or palpi, form the genus relative to the species of this genus, are given. Those, in which the first abdo- minal segment presents a cleft above that exposes the tymbal, compose the genus Tibicen of my Fam. Nat. du Regn. Anim.; such are the C. haemaioda of Olivier, the T. picta, hyalina, algira of Fabricius, and his T. orni, which, in this respect, . might form another genus. (1) For the other species, see Fab., lb., and Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Fulgore. • • HEMIPTERA. 41 Otio*cerus, Kirb. Or the Cobax of Germar, which hitherto seems to be peculiar to the western continent(l). Those, in which the head presents no remarkable projection, com- pose various genera of Fabricius, to which must be added some others established since the time of that naturalist. Sometimes the antennae are shorter than the head, and inserted out of the eyes, a character which is also common to the two pre- ceding genera. Here we distinguish two very apparent ocelli. Lystra, Fab. These Insects at the first glance resemble little Cicadae, properly so called. The body and elytra are elongated. The second joint of the antennae is almost globular and granose, as in the FuIgorae(2). Cixius, Lat. The Cyxii resemble the Lystrae, but the second joint of the antennae is cylindrical and smooth(3). Under the generic appellation of Tettigometra, Lat. I have separated, certain Insects analogous to the preceding spe- cies, but in which the antennae are lodged between the posterior and lateral angles of the head, and those of the anterior extremity of the thorax. The eyes are not prominent(4). There, we observe no ocelli. Those species that have large elytra, and in which the prothorax (1) Lin. Trans., XU, 0. Coquebertii, I, 14 and I, 8;—genus Cobax, Germ., Ma- gas, der Entom., IV, p. 1, et seq. (2) Fab., Syst. Ryngot, p. 56;—Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect, HI, p. 166. (3) Lat., lb. Fabricius places them among his Flata. The Achili of M. Kirby— Lin. Trans., XII, xxii, 13—differ but little from the Cixii. (4) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, III, p. 163;—Germ., Magas.der Entom., IV, 7. The Cadidix of this author—lb., p. 75—seem to approach the Tettigometrac. They have the same port, and, according to him, their antennae are inserted under the eyes. Vol. IV.—F 42 INSECTA. is sensibly shorter in its middle than the mesothorax, compose the subgenus • P(eciloptera, Lat. Germ.—Flata, Fab.(l) Those, in which it is atjleast as long as the mesothorax, and where the elytra, hardly longer than the abdomen, or shorter, are dilated at their base, and afterwards narrowed, form another subgenus, the • Issus, Fab.(2) Sometimes the antennae are at least as long as the head, and most frequently inserted into an inferior emargination of the eyes. Anotia, Kirb., Which in a natural order comes near his Otiocerus, and approx- imates to Issus in the insertion of the antennae(3). Asiraca, Lat.—Delphax, Fab. Where the antennae are inserted into an inferior emargination of the eyes, are as long as the head and thorax united, and have their first joint usually longer than the second, compressed and angular. There are no sinjple eyes(4). Delphax, Fab. Where the antennae are inserted in a similar manner, but are never much longer than the head; the first joint is much shorter than the following one and without ridges. The simple eyes are apparent(5). Derbe, Fab. These Insects are unknown to me; I presume, however, that they approach those of the preceding .subgenera, that of Anotia in parti- cular. (1) Lat, Jb., p. 165;—Germ., Magas. der Entom., Ill, p.219; IV, p. 103, 104. (2) Lat.lb., p. 166; Fab., Syst. Ryng., p. 199. (3) Lin. Trans., XIII, pi. i, fig. 9, 10, 11, 15. (4) Lat, lb., p. 167. (5) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect, HI, p. 168. HEMIPTERA. 43 In the last of the Cicadariae, the antennae are inserted between the eyes; they compose the genus Cicadella.—Cicada ranatra, Lin. Which may be thus subdivided: We will begin with those species, the Ledrae excepted, which for- merly composed the genus Membracis of Fabricius. Their head is strongly inclined or lowered anteriorly, and prolonged into an obtuse point, or in the form of a clypeus, more or less semicircular. The antennae are always very small, terminated by an articulated seta, and inserted into a cavity under the margin of the head. The pro- thorax is sometime^ dilated and horned on each side, prolonged and narrowed posteriorly into a point or spine, either simple or com- pound, sometimes elevated longitudinally along the back, compressed into a kind of edge or crest, and sometimes projecting and pointed anteriorly; the legs are scarcely spinous. Some have no apparent or exposed scutellum, properly so called. Here, the tibiae, the anterior ones particularly, are strongly com- pressed and foliaceous. The top of the head always forms a sort of semicircular clypeus. Membracis, Fab. Where the prothorax is elevated, compressed and foliaceous along the middle of the back(l). Tragopa, Lat. Where that part of the body presents, on each side, a horn or pointed projection without any intermediate elevation, and is pro- longed posteriorly into an arched point of the length of the abdo- men, and replacing the scutellum(2). There, the tibiae are of the ordinary form or non-foliaceous. Darnis, Fab. Where the posterior prolongation of the prothorax covers the top (J) The Membracis foliaceus, Fab. (2) Membraces from the Brazils, which appear to me to be analogous to the following species of Germar, glabra, albimacula and xanthocephala. 44 INSECTA. of the abdomen almost wholly or for the greater part, and the elytra form an elongated and arched triangle(l). Bocydium, Lat. Where the elytra are wholly or mostly exposed, the posterior and scutellar prolongation of the prothorax being narrow and more or less lanceolate or spiniform(2). In the others, the scutellum is at least partially exposed, although the prothorax may be prolonged; the posterior extremity of the pro- thorax presents a transverse suture, which distinguishes it from the scutellum. Centrotus, Fab. Such are the C. cornutus; Cicada cornuta, L ; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., L, 19. Length four lines; thorax furnished with a horn on each side, and prolonged posteriorly into a point as long as the ab- domen.—In the woods on Filices and other plants. C. genistse, Fab.; Partz., lb., 20. But half the size of the cornutus, with its thorax simply prolonged posteriorly.—On the Genistae(3). We will now pass to those species in which the head is scarcely lower than the prothorax, or is level with it, and horizontalor but slightly inclined when seen from above; where the prothorax is nei- ther raised in the middle nor prolonged posteriorly, and at most only presents lateral dilatations; and where the mesothorax has the form of an ordinary sized and triangular scutellum. The elytra are always entirely exposed, and the posterior tibiae at least, always spinous. In several, such as the following, the thorax has the figure of an irregular hexagon; it is prolonged and narrowed posteriorly, and terminates by a truncation, so as to serve as a point d'appui to the base of the scutellum, and even frequently receiving it, this trun- cated part being concave or emarginated. .-Etalion, Lat.—JEtalia, Germ. The Insects of this subgenusare distinguished from those of other (1) See Fab., Syst. Ryngot. (2) The Centrotus horridus% trifidus, globularu, clavatus, claviger, Fab [3) The C. cornutus, scutellaris, &c, Fab. HEMIPTERA. 45 subgenera of the same division by several characters.. The head, viewed from above, merely presents a transversal edge; the front is abruptly inclined, and the ocelli are. situated there between the ordinary eyes, and consequently inferiorly. The antennae, very small and distant from these latter organs, are inserted beneath an ideal line drawn from one to the other. The space immediately under the front is flattened and smooth. The tibiae are neither ciliated nor dentated( 1). In the three succeeding subgenera, the vertex is triangular and bears the ocelli. The antennae are inserted in an ideal line drawn from one ordinary eye to the other or above it. Ledra, Fab. Where the head is much flattened before the eyes, in the form of a transversal clypeus, arcuated, and terminated in the middle of the anterior margin by an obtuse angle. All the under part of the head is plane or on a level. The sides of the prothorax project in the manner of horns rounded at the extremity, or of pinions. The pos- terior tibiae are strongly compressed and as if bordered externally by a dentated membrane. The L. aurita; Cicada aurita, L.; Cigale Grand-Diable, Geoff., belongs to this subgenus(2). Ciccus, Lat. Where the antennae terminate directly after the second joint in a (1) Lat., Consid., sur l'Ord. des Crust, des Arach. et des Insect, and the Zool., and Anat of MM. Humboldt and Bonpland. See Germar, Magas. der Entom., IV, p. 94. (2) See Fab., Syst. Ryngot., and Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect, III, p. 157. See also Encyc. Method., Insect, X, 600, article Tetligone, and also Tettigonides, lb., where the editors, Messrs Lepeletier and Serville, offer some new considerations and establish new genera, but with which I was unacquainted until I had terminated my work on this family, and consequently had no time to verify, on the Insects themselves, the characters which they assign to those sections. I will restrict my- self to the following remark. The description of the Eurymele fenestrie exactly agrees with a species figured by Donovan, in his splendid work on the Insects of New Holland, and consequently the editors of the article in question must have been deceived as to the habitat of this Insect, which they say is from Brazil. In case this synonyme be correct, the distinctive character of this new genus, the absence of simple eyes, would be false, for they exist on the superior part of the front, although, at first, they are not easily perceived. This species would then re-enter the subgenus Jassus. 46 INSECTA. seta composed of five distinct, cylindrical, and elongated joints. The anterior extremity of the head usually projects(l). Cercopis, Fab. Germ.— Aphrophora, Germ. Where the third joint of the antennae is conical and terminated by an inarticulated'seta. C. sanguinolenta, Fab.; Cigaledtaches rouges, Geoff., Insect., II, vii, 5. Four lines in length; black, with six red spots on the elytra.—In woods. C. spumaria; Cicada spumaria, L.; Roes., Insect., II, Locust., xxiii. Brown, with two white spots on the elytra near their ex- terior margin. Its larva lives on leaves in a spumous and white fluid, called Ecume printaniere, Crachat de Grenouille(2). In the other Cicadariae that complete this family, and which in the early works of Fabricius composed his genus Cicada, the prothorax is no^ prolonged posteriorly (or hardly not) and terminates at the height of the origin of the elytra in a straight line, or in one that is nearly so, the length of which is almost equal to the width of the body. The scutellum, measured at base, occupies a large portion of this breadth. Two very prominent eyes, a.head projecting somewhat beyond those organs, but depressed anteriorly, and forming a sort of arch at the summit of the elevated portion of the face, situated directly beneath, two superior posterior ocelli, and, finally, by an ex- ception in this division, legs destitute of spines or teeth, distinguish the Eulopa, Fall. To this subgenus belongs the species which he calls the E. obtecta; Cercopis ericas, Arh., Faun. Insect., Ill, 24. It is about one line in length; reddish and spotted with white; the elytra are marked with two oblique bands of the same colour, (1) The Cicada adsptrsa and marmorata, Fab.; his Fulgora adscendens, &c. I presume that several other species of the genus Cicada of this author, and of the Tettigonia of M. Germar, should also be referred to it; my collection of them however, not being sufficiently numerous, I content myself with these indicia. (2) This species, and some other Cercopes of Fabricius form the genus Aphro- phora of M. Germar. The posterior margin of the head is.concave, and their simple eyes are more distant from each other than in Cercopis proper. See his Magas. der Entom., vol. IV. HEMIPTERA. 47 and numerous and projecting nervures. The head is broad and as if truncated anteriorly(l). Eupelix, Germ. Where the head is much flattenefl and forms an elongated trian- gle, with the ocelli situated before the ordinary eyes on its edges, which are prolonged over those organs and intersect them longi- tudinally throughout the greater portion of their extent(2). Penthimia, Germ. Where the antennae are inserted in a large fossula, which nar- rows, more than is usual, the space comprised between the eyes. The head, which viewed from above appears semicircular and gradually inclined anteriorly, is rounded, and its edges project above this fossula. The simple eyes are situated near the middle of the vertex. The body is short. These Insects at a first glance somewhat resemble the Cercopes, and in fact Fabricius confounds them(3). Near this subgenus we should apparently place that of'the Gypona, Germar, of which however I have never seen a specimen(4). Jassus, Fab. Germ. Where* the vertex or superior plane of the head comprised be- tween the eyes is very short, transversal, and linear, or in the form of a bow, and projects but little beyond the eyes even in the middle. The laminae which support the sides of the clypeus are large. The antennae are terminated by a long seta. The ocelli are situated near its anterior margin, and even under it(5). In Tettigonia, Oliv. Germ.—Cicada, Lin. Fab. Or the Cicadellae or Tettigoniae, properly so called, the head, viewed from above is triangular, without however being much elon- gated or flattened; a character which distinguishes these Insects from the Eupelices. The eyes are not cut by its edges. The sim- (1) Germ., Magas. der Entom., IV, p. 54. (2) Ibid., p. 53; Cicada cuspidala, Fab. (3) The C. atra, haemorrhoa, sanguinicollis, Germ., Magas. der Entom., IV, p. 4,7. (4) Germ., Ibid., p. 73. . (5) Germ, Ibid., p. 80. 48 INSECTA. pie eyes are situated between them or laterally(l), but not near the front. These Insects are also closely allied to the Jassi by the extent of their laminae, situated along the sides of the hood, and the length of the terminal seta of the antennaej it appears to be articulated at base as in the Cicci, from which they almost only differ in the form of the thorax(2). FAMILY II. APHIDII. The second family of the homopterous Hemiptera, or the fourth of the order, is distinguished from the preceding one by the tarsi, which are composed of but two joints, and by the filiform or setaceous antennae, which are longer than the head and have from six to eleven joints. Those individuals which are winged always have two ely- tra and two wings. These Insects are very small; their body is usually soft, and their elytra are nearly similar to the wings", or only differ from them in being larger and somewhat thick. They are astonishingly prolific. Here the antennae are composed of from ten to eleven joints, the last of which is terminated by two setae. They possess the faculty of leaping, and form the genus Psylla, Geoff.—Chermes, Lin. These Hemiptera, also called pseudo-aphides, or faux-pucerons, live on the trees and plants from which they derive their nourish- ment; both sexes are furnished with wings. Their larvae usually (1) Some species, such as the Cercopis grisea, transversa, striata, Sic.,'Fab. on account of their flattened head furnished near its edges with simple eyes, should apparently be formed into a separate subgenus. (2) Germar, Magas. der Entom., IV, p. 58, genus Tettigonia, Fab., Syst Ryn- HEMIPTERA. 49 have a very flat body, broad head, and the abdomen rounded poste- riorly. Their legs are terminated by a little membranous vesicle accompanied beneath with two hooks. Four wide and flat pieces, which are the sheaths of the elytra and wings, distinguish the nymph. Several in this state, as well as in the first, are covered with a white substance resembling cotton, arranged in flakes. Their faeces form threads or masses, of a gummy and saccharine nature. Some species, by wounding plants in order to suck their juices, produce excrescences somewhat resembling gall-nuts, particularly on their leaves or buds. Of this number is the P. buxi; Chermes buxi, L.; Reaum., Mem., Insect., Ill, xix, 1, 14. Green, with brown-yellowish wings. Other species are also found on the Alder, Fig tree, Nettle, fcc(l) A species which lives in the flowers of the rushes has been erect- ed into a genus by Latreille, under the name of Livia. The an- tennae are much thicker inferiorly than at their extremity(2). The remaining Aphidii have but six or eight joints in the antennae ; the last is not terminated by two setae. Sometimes the elytra and wings are linear, fringed with hairs, and extended horizontally on the body, which is almost cylindrical; the rostrum is very small or but little distinct. The tarsi are terminated by a vesicular joint without hooks. The antennae consist of eight graniform joints. Such are the Insects which form the genus Thrips, Lin. They are extremely agile, and seem to leap rather than fly. When we irritate them beyond a certain point they turn up the posterior extremity of their body in the manner of the Staphylini. They live on flowers, plants, and under the bark of trees. The largest species scarcely exceed one line in length(3). (1) See Fab., Geoff., De Geer. (2) Lat., Gen. Crust et Insect, III, p. 170; Arh., Faun. Insect, VI, 21. (3) See Lat., Ibid., p. ead., and the authors already quoted. In the organization of the mouth, I have detected characters which seem to distinguish it essentially from that of Insects of this order. M. Straus, who has studied it with admirable minuteness, thinks that Thrips belong to the order of the Orthoptera. Vol. IV.—G 50 INSECTA. Sometimes the elytra and wings, oval or triangular, and without a fringe of hairs along the margin, are inclined or tectiform. The rostrum is very distinct. The tarsi are ter- minated by two hooks, and the antennae have but six or seven joints. Such is the genus Aphis, Lin. Which we divide in the following manner. Aphis, Properly so called, where the antennae are longer, than the thorax and consist of seven joints, the third of which is elongated; the eyes are entire, and there are two horns or mammillae at the posterior ex- tremity of the abdomen. Almost all of them live in society on trees and plants, of which they suck the juices with their trunk. The two horns observed at the posterior extremity of the abdomen in a great number of species are hollow tubes from which little globules of a transparent, honey- like fluid frequently exude, on which the Ant eagerly feeds. In each community, during the spring and summer, we find Aphides that are always apterous, and semi-nymphs whose wings are yet to be developed; all these individuals are females, which produce living young ones that issue backwards from the venter of their mother, without previous copulation. The males, some of which are winged, and others apterous, only appear towards the end of sum- mer or in autumn. They fecundify the last generation produced by the preceding individuals, which consists of unimpregnated apterous females. After coition the latter lay their eggs on branches of trees, where they remain during the winter, and from which, in the spring, proceed little Aphides, which soon multiply without the assistance of the males. The influence of a first fecundation is also extended to seven suc- cessive generations. Bonnet, to whom we are indebted for most of these facts, by isolating the females, obtained nine generations in the space of three months. The wounds inflicted on the leaves or tender twigs of plants by Aphides, cause those parts of the vegetable to assume a variety of forms, as may be observed on the shoots of the Lime tree, the leaves of Gooseberry bushes, Apple trees, and particularly those of the Elm, Poplar, Pistachio, in which they produce vesicles or excres- HEMIPTERA. 51 cences enclosing colonies of Aphides, and frequently an abundant saccharine fluid. Most of these Insects are covered with a farina- ceous substance, or cotton-like filaments, sometimes arranged in bun- dles. The larvae of the Hemerobii, those of several Diptera, and of Coccinellae, destroy immense numbers of Aphides. M. A. Duvau has communicated to the Acade"mie des Sciences, the interesting re- sult of his researches on these Insects. His Memoir has been in- serted in the Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. A. quercus, L.; Reaum., Insect., Ill, xxviii, 5, 10. Brown- remarkable for its rostrum, which is at least thrice as long as the body. A. fagi, L.; Reaum., lb., xxvi, 1. Completely covered with white down resembling cotton(l). Aleyrodes, Lat.—Tinea, Lin. Where the antennae are shorter and hexarticulated, and the eyes are emarginated., A. proletella; Tinea proletella, L.; Reaum., lb., II, xxv, 1, 7. Resembling a little Phalaena; white, with a blackish point and spot on each elytron. Under the leaves of the Chelidonium majus, Brassicae, Oak, &c. The larva is oval, much flattened, in the form of a little scale, and resembles that of the Psyllae. The chrysalis is fixed and enclosed in an envelope, so that this Insect undergoes a complete metamorphosis. (1) M. Blot, corresponding member of the Linnean Society of Caen, had pub- lished, in the Mem- de la Soc. Lm. de Caen, 1824, p. 114, some curious observa- tions on a particular species which is very injurious to the Apple-trees in the department of Calvados, by destroying their young shoots. He considers it as the type of a new genus, Myzoxyle. De Geer had previously described an Aphis of the same tree, but as Messrs Lepeletier and Serville—Encyc. Method., article Pueeron,—justly remark, that species, although also hurtful to the Apple-tree, differs essentially from the preceding one. The abdomen of the other is not fur- nished with horns; its antennae are shorter, and, according to M. Blot, present but five joints, of which the second is the longest. We suspect that it re-enters into our third division—Gener. Crust, et Insect.—of the genus Aphis. For the other species, see the works already quoted, and the Faun. Bavar., Schrank. 52 INSECTA. FAMILY III. GALLINSECTA. In this last family(l), of which De Geer makes a particular order, there are but five joints in the tarsi(2), with a single hook at the extremity. The male is destitute of a rostrum, and has but two wings, which are laid horizontally on the body, one over the other; the abdomen is terminated by two seta?. The female is apterous and provided with a rostrum. The antennae are filiform or setaceous, and most commonly composed of eleven joints(3). They constitute the genus Coccus, Lin. The bark of various trees is frequently covered with a multitude j of little oval or rounded bodies, in the form of fixed shields or scales, j in which, at the first glance, no external organs indicative of an In- sect are perceptible. These bodies are nevertheless animals of this class and belong to the genus Coccus. Some are females, and the remainder young males, the form of both being nearly similar. An epoch, however, soon arrives in which all these individuals expe- rience singular changes. They then become fixed; the male larvae for a determinate period, requisite for their ultimate metamorphosis, and the females for ever. If we observe the latter in the spring, we shall find that their body gradually increases to a great volume, and finally resembles a gall-nut; being sometimes spherical, and at others reniform or scaphoid. The skin of some is. smooth and level, that of the remainder presents incisures or vestiges of segments. It is in this state that the females receive the embraces of their males, soon after which they produce a great number of eggs. They slip them between the skin of their venter, and a white down which covers the (1) Or the Gallinsectes of the French naturalists. Am. Ed. (2) M. Dalman, Director of the Cabir, -jt of Natural History of Stockholm in a Memoir on certain species of Coccus, p.^sumesth it there are three of these joints. ' (3) Nine in the males described in this Memoir. HEMIPTERA. 53 spot they occupy. Their body then becomes desiccated and forms a solid crust or shell which covers their ova. Other females protect theirs by enveloping them with a white substance resembling cotton. Those which are spherical form a sort of box for them with their body. The young Cocci have an oval body, much flattened and fur- nished with the same organs a* that of the mother. They spread themselves over the leaves, and towards the end of autumn approach the branches, on which they fix themselves to pass the winter. The females prepare to become mothers on the return of spring, and the males to transform themselves into chrysalides under their own skin. These chrysalides have their two anterior legs directed forwards and not backwards like their remaining four and the whole six in those of the other sex. Having acquired their wings, these males issue backwards from the posterior extremity of their domi- cil, and proceed immediately in search of their females. They are much smaller than the latter. Their copulating apparatus forms a recurved kind of tail between the two terminal setae of the abdomen. Reaumur saw two granules resembling simple eyes on that part of their head which corresponds to their mouth. I have distinguished on the head of the male, C. ulmi, ten similar bodies, and two species of halteres on the thorax. Geoffroy says the females have four white threads at the posterior extremity of their abdomen, which are only visible by so pressing that part of the body as to make them pro- trude. Dorthez has observed a species on the Euphorbium characias which appears to differ in form and habits from the others. This induced his friend, the late M. Bosc, to convert that species into a genus which he named Dorthesia. The antennae consist of nine joints, those of the male being longer and more slender in the male than in the female. The latter continues to live and run about after laying her eggs. The posterior extremity of the male's abdomen is furnished with a tuft of white threads. This Insect is consequently more nearly allied to the Aphides than to the Cocci(l). The Gallinsecta appear to injure trees by a superabundant sudo- resis through the punctures they make hVthem, and of course those who cultivate the Peach, Orange, Fig and Olive are particularly on their guard against them. Certain species fix themselves to the roots of plants. Some are valuable for the rich red colour they fur- (1) M. Carcel, a zealous and learned entomologist, has lately confirmed these observations by new investigations. Se .the Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, 2d edit, article Dorthts. ,■ -. ,, 54 INSECTA. nish to the art of dyeing. Further researches on these Insects might eventuate in the discovery of others which would prove of similar utility. Geoffroy divides the Gallinsecta into two genera, Chermes and Coccus. Reaumur designates the latter by the name of Progall-Jn- secte. C. adonidum, L. Body almost rose-coloured and covered with a white farinaceous dust; wings and caudal setae of the tail white; sides of the female furnished with appendages, the two last of which are the longest and form a sort of tail. She en- velopes her ova with a while and cottony substance that serves for a nest. Naturalized in our green-houses where it does much injury. C. cacti, L.; Thier de Menouv.,De la Cult, du Nop., et dela Cochen. Female of a deep brown, covered with white dust, flat beneath, Convex above and bordered; the annuli are tolerably distinct, but become obliterated at the epoch of production. The male is of a deep red, with white wings. This Insect is cultivated at Mexico, ot* a species of Opuntia, and is distinguished by the name of Mesteque, fine cochineal, from another very analogous, but smaller and more cottony, or the Sylvestre. It is celebrated for the crimson dye it furnishes, which, by being combined with the solution of tin in nitro-mu- riatic acid, produces a scarlet. It is also from this Insect that we obtain carmine. It is one of the richest productions of Mexico(l). C. polonicus, L.; Breyn., E, iv, c, 1731; Frisch, Insect., II, 5, p. 6. Female, russet-brown, resembling a granule, and at- tached to the roots of the Scleranthus perennis, and some other plants. Previous to the introduction of cochineal, this Insect constituted an important object of commerce. The colour it produces is of the same tint, and almost as beautiful as that of the preceding species. It is still employed in Germany and Russia. C. ilicis, L.; Reaum., Insect., IV, v. The female, both in size and shape, like a pea. It is of a dark violet or prune-co- lour, covered with white dust. Found on a species of Oak in Provence, Languedoc, and southern parts of Europe. It is used in dyeing crimson, particularly in the Levant and Barbary. Scar- let was also obtained from it previous to the general introduc- (1) See Humboldt's Travels. HEMIPTERA. 55 tion of the cochineal from Mexico. It is still used in medi- cine^). A certain species that inhabits the East Indies forms gum lac. Another enters into the composition of a peculiar bougie em- ployed in China(2). A male Coccus from Java, remarkable for its antennae, which are composed of about twenty-two joints, granose, and densely pi- lose, and that has two tolerably thick and almost coriaceous wings, is the type of the genus Monophleba of Leach. ORDER VIII. NEUR0PTERA(3). The Neuroptera are distinguished from the three pre- ceding orders by their two upper wings, which are mem- branous, generally naked, diaphanous, and similar to the under ones in texture and properties. They are distin- guished from the eleventh and twelfth by the number of these organs, as well as by their mouth, fitted for mastication or furnished with mandibles and true maxillae, or in other words organized as usual, a character which also removes (1) Forthe»other species, see Reaumur, Linnaius, Geoffroy, De Geer, Latreille and Olivier, Encyc. Method., article Cochenille. For the C. cacti, see a Literary Gazette printed at Mexico, 5th February 1794. M. Bory St Vincent—Annal. des Sc Nat, VIII, 105—informs us that experiments had been made at Malaga, in Spain, wit>* - view, to introduce the cultivation of this latter species, and that they succeeded. This valuable Insect might be easily and successfully cultivated in our southern states. The climate and soil are admirably adapted both to the propagation and health of the animal, and that of the plant on which it feeds. Am. Ed. (2) Doctor Virey, Journ. Complement, des Sc. Med., X, has published some new observations respecting this production. (3) The Odonata and most of the Synistata of Fabricius- 56 INSECTA. this order from the tenth or that of the Lepidoptera, where, besides, the four wings are farinaceous. The surface of these wings in the Neuroptera is finely reticulated, and the under ones are most commonly as large as those above them but sometimes wider, and sometimes narrower and longer. Their maxillae and the inferior portion of their labrum or the men- turn are never tubular. The abdomen is destitute of a sting and rarely furnished with an ovipositor. Their antennae are usually setaceous, and composed of nu- merous joints. They have two or three simple eyes. The trunk is formed of three segments, intimately united in a sin- gle body, distinct from the abdomen, and bearing the six legs; the first of these segments is usually very short, and in the form of a collar. The number of joints in the tarsi varies. The body is usually elongated, and with rather soft or but slightly squamous teguments; the abdomen is always sessile. Many of these Insects are carnivorous in their first state and in their last. Some merely experience a semimetamorphosis, the rest a complete one; but the larvae always have six hooked feet, which they usually employ in seeking their food. I will divide this order into three families, which will suc- cessively present to us the following natural affinities: 1. Carnivorous Insects, subject to a semimetamorphosis, with aquatic larvae. 2. Carnivorous Insects, subject to a complete metamorpho- sis, with aquatic or terrestrial larvae. 3. Carnivorous or omnivorous terrestrial Insects, subject to a semimetamorphosis. 4. Herbivorous Insects, subject to a complete metamorpho- sis, with aquatic larvae, which construct portable dwellings. We will end with those .species in which the wings are the least reticulated, and which resemble Phalaenae or Tineites. NEUROPTERA. 57 FAMILY I. SUBULICORNES, Lat.(lJ This family is composed of the order Odonata of Fabri- cius, and of the genus Ephemera. The antennae are subulate, and hardly longer than the head ; they are composed of seven joints at most, the last of which is setaceous. The mandibles and the maxillae are completely covered by the labrum and labium, or by the anterior and projecting extremity of the head. The wings are always reticulated and distant, sometimes laid horizontally and sometimes placed perpendicularly; the inferior are as large as the superior, or sometimes very small and even wanting. The ordinary eyes are very large and prominent in all of them; and they all have two or three ocelli situated between the former. The two first periods of their life are passed in the bosom of the waters, where they prey on living animals. The larvae and chrysalides, which approximate in form to the perfect Insect, respire by means of peculiar organs situated on the sides or extremity of the abdomen. They issue from the water to undergo their ultimate metamorphosis. In some the mandibles and maxillae are corneous, very strong, and covered by the two lips; the tarsi are triarticulated; the wings are equal, and the posterior extremity of the abdomen is simply ter- minated by hooks or laminiform or foliaceous appendages. They form the Fabrician order of the Odonata, or the genus Libellula, Lin. Geoff. The light and graceful figure of these Insects, the beautiful and va- (1) A section, divided into two families, the Libellulinje, in my Fam. Nat. du Regn. Animal. s Vol IV.—H 58 INSECTA. negated colours with which they are adorned, their large wings re- sembling lustrous gauze, and the velocity with which they pursue the Flies, &c, that constitute their, food, attract our attention and enable us to recognize them with facility. Their head is large, rounded, or in the form of a broad triangle. They have two great lateral eyes(l) and three simple ones situated on the vertex; two antennae, inserted into the forehead behind a vesicular prominence, composed of five or six joints, or at least of three, the last of which is com- pound and attenuated in the manner o*f a stylet; a semi-circular arched labrum; two very strong, dentated and squamous mandibles; maxillae terminated by a piece of the same consistence that is den tated, spinous, and ciliated on the inner side, with a uniarticulate palpus laid on the back and representing the galea of the Orthop tera; a large, arched, trifoliate labium, of which the two lateral leaf-. lets are palpi; a sort of epiglottis or vesicular and longitudinal tongue in the interior of their mouth; a thick and rounded thorax; a highly elongated abdomen which is sometimes ensiform, and at others re- sembles a rod, terminated in the males by two lamellar appendage*! varying in form according to the species(2); and, finally, short 1 curved forwards. The under part of the second annulus of the abdomen contains-the sexual organs of the males, and as those of the females are situated on the last ring, the coition of these Insects is effected in a different manner from that of others. The male, first hovering over his fe- male, seizes her by the neck with the hooks that terminate the pos- terior extremity of his abdomen, and flits away with her. After a shorter or longer period, the latter, yielding to his desires, curves her abdomen downwards, and approximates its extremity to the genitals of the male whose body is then bent into the form of a buckle. This junction frequently occurs in the air and sometimes on the bodiei where they alight. To lay her eggs the female places herself on some aquatic plant that is raised but little above the water, into which she plunges the posterior extremity of her abdomen. The larvae and the chrysalides inhabit the water until the period (1) For their structure, see Cuv., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist Nat, de Par., 4to, p. 41. (2) MM. Van der Linden and Toussaint Charpentier have made a particular study of these appendages.. The latter has carefully figured all these varieties in his Horx Entomologicx. The genus Petalura, Leach, Zool. Miscel., being essentially established on characters drawn from these appendages, appears to me to be inadmissible, and for the simple reason, that if this ground of division be once received, we shall have to establish almost as many genera as there are species. NEUROPTERA. 59 of their ultimate metamorphosis, and, with the exception of wings, are tolerably similar to the perfect Insect. Their head, however, on which the simple eyes are not perceptible, is remarkable for the singular form of the piece which replaces the lower lip. It is a kind of mask that covers the mandibles, maxillae, and almost the whole under part of the head. It is composed, 1, of a principal triangular piece that is sometimes arched and sometimes flat, called by Reau- mur the mentonniere (chin-cloth), articulated by a hinge with a pe- dicle or sort of handle annexed to the head; 2, of two other pieces inserted at the superior and lateral angles of the former, movable at base, transversal, and either in the form of wide and dentated laminae resembling shutters in their motion and the manner in which they close the mouth, or in the form of hooks or little claws. To this part of the mask where the mentonniere is articulated with its pe- dicle, or the knee, and which appears to terminate it inferiorly when the mask is flexed upon itself, Reaumur applies the name of mentum. The insect unfolds or extends it with great promptitude, and seizes its prey with the pincers of its superior portion. The posterior extremity of the abdomen sometimes presents five foliaceous and unequal appendages, which the animal can separate and approxi- mate, in which case they form a sort of pyramidal tail; sometimes we observe the three elongated and pilose laminae or a sort of fins. We see these Insects unfold them every moment, open their rectum, fill it with water, then .close it, and shortly afterwards ejaculate that water mixed with large bubbles of air, a game that appears to facili- tate their motions. The interior of the rectum(l) presents to the naked eye twelve longitudinal ranges of little black spots, approxi- mated by pairs, resembling the pinnated leaves of botanists. By the aid of the microscope we discern that each of these spots is composed of little conical tubes, organized like tracheae, and from which originate small branches that proceed to six.large trunks of the principal tracheae'that traverse the whole length of the body. Having attained the period of their ultimate metamorphosis, the nymphs issue from the water, climb along the stems of plants, fix there, and divest themselves of their skin. M. Poe, who has paid particular attention to the Insects of the island of Cuba, informs me that at a certain season of the year the northern winds sweep an innumerable host of a species of this genus —-specimens of which he had the kindness to send me—into Havana or its environs. (1) Cuv., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat., 4to, p. 48. 60 INSECTA. Fabricius, anticipated in this point by Reaumur, divides the Libellulae into three genera. Libellula, Fab. Or Libellula proper, where the wings are extended horizontally when at rest. The head is almost globular, with very large, conti- guous or closely approximated eyes, and a vesicular elevation on the vertex, with an ocellus on each side; the other or anterior ocellus is much larger. The middle division of the labium is much smaller than the lateral ones(l), which unite beneath by a longitudi- nal suture, and close the mouth exactly. The abdomen is ensiform and flattened. The larvae and the nymphs have five appendages at the posterior extremity of the body, forming a pointed tail; their body is short, the mentonniere convex, in the form of a helmet, with the two pin- cers resembling shutters- L. depressa, L.; Rceg., Insect. Aquat., VI, vii, '3. Brown somewhat yellowish; base of the wings blackish; two yellow lines on the thorax; abdomen ensiform, sometimes* brown, and at others slate coloured, with yellowish sides(2). jEshna, Fab. The JEshnae resemble the Libellulae proper in their mode of bear- ing their wings, and in the form of their head, but their two poste- rior ocelli are placed on a simple transverse elevation in the form of a carina. The intermediate lobe of the labium is also larger, and the two others are distant and armed with a very stout tooth and spiniform appendage. The abdomen is always narrow and elon- gated. The body of the larvae and the nymphs is also more elongated than ^hat of the Libellulae in the same states. The mask is flat, and the two pincers are narrow, a id have a small movable nail at the extremity. (1) These lateral divisions or palpi present a remarkable difference in the three subgenera. (2) For the other species, see Fabricius, Entom. Syst., and Latreille, Hist Gener. des Crust, et des Insect, XII, p. 10, et seq.; but particularly the Mono- graphs of the Insects of this family, from the environs of Bologne, published in Latin by M. Van der Linden, that which he has since given on the species of Europe, and finally another Monograph of European Libellhls, forming a part of the already quoted work of M. Toussaint Charpentier. NEUROPTERA. 61 The abdomen is terminated by five appendages, but one of them is truncated at the end. JE. grandis; Libellula grandis, L.; Roes. Insect. Aquat., VI, iv. One of the largest species of this family, being nearly two inches and a half in length; fulvous-brown; two yellow lines on each side of the thorax; abdomen spotted with green or yellow- ish; wings iridescent. It darts with amazing rapidity over meadows, and along the shores of rivers, 8cc, pursuing flies in the manner of the Swallow(l). Agrion, Fab. Where the wings are elevated perpendicularly when at rest, the head is transversal, and the eyes are distant. The form of the labium is analogous to that of the .-Eshnac, but the intermediate lobe is divided in two, down to its base." The third joint of the lateral lobes is in the form of a membranous ligula. The antennae seem to be composed of bul four joints. The forehead presents no vesicle, and the simple eyes are almost equal, and ar- ranged in a triangle on the vertex. The abdomen is very thin or even filiform, and sometimes very long. That of the females has its posterior extremity furnished with serrated laminae. The body of these Insects, in- their first and second states, is equally slender and elongated, and the abdomen terminated by three fin-like laminae. The mask is flat, the superior extremity of the mentonniere being raised into a point in some, and forked or sloped in others; the pincers are narrow, but terminated by several denta- tions, and resemble hands. A. virgo; Libellula virgo, L.; Roes., Insect. Aquat., VI, ix. Golden-green or green-blue; superior wings sometimes either entirely blue or only in the middle, and sometimes of a yellow- ish-brown. The mentonniere of the larvae and nymph is sloped like a lozenge at the extremity, and terminated by two points. A.puella; Libellidapuella, L.; Roes., lb., x, xi. Very vari- ous as to colour; its abdomen is most commonly annulated with black, and the wings are colourless. The superior extremity of the mentonniere of the larvae and nymphs forms a salient angle(2). (1) See the same works. The Mshna forcipata might form another subgenus. (2) For the other species, see Fabricius, Entom. Syst.; Lat., Hist. Gener. des Crust, et des Insect, XIII, p. 15; Olivier, Encyc. Method., article Libellule,- and especially the preceding Monographs, where the variety of species and of their 62 INSECTA. The other Subulicornes have an entirely membranous or very soft mouth, composed of parts that are rather indistinct. Their tarsi consist of five joints; their inferior wings are much smaller than the superior, or even wanting, and their abdomen is terminated by two or three setae. They form the genus Ephemera, Lin. So caHed from their short term of life, in their perfect state. Their body is extremely soft, long, tapering, and terminated posteriorly by" two or three long and articulated setae. The antennae are very small and composed of three joints, the last of which is very long, and in the form of a conical thread. The anterior part of their head pro- jects in the manner of a clypeus, frequently carinated and emargi- • nated, covers the mouth, the organs of which are so soft and exigu- ous that they cannot be distinguished. The wings of those Insects are always placed perpendicularly, or slightly inclined posteriorly, like those of an Agrion. The legs are very slender, and the tibise very short, and almost confounded With the tarsi, which frequently present but four joints, the first having nearly disappeared; the two hooks of the last one are strongly compressed into the form of a little palette; the two anterior legs, much shorter than the others, are inserted almost under the head and directed forwards. The Ephemerae usually appear at sunset, in fine weather, in sum- mer and autumn, along the banks of rivers, lakes, &c, and some- times in such innumerable hosts that after their death the surface of the ground is thickly covered with their bodies; in certain dis- tricts cart-loads of them are collected for manure. The descent of a particular species—the albipennis—remarkable for the shortness of its wings, recals to our minds a heavy fall of snow in winter. These Insects collect in flocks in the air, flitting about and balanc- ing themselves in the manner of the Tipulae, with the terminal fila- ments of their tail divergent. There the sexes unite. The males are distinguished from the females by two articulated hooks at the extremity of their abdomen, with which they seize them. It also appears that their anterior legs and caudal filaments are longer than those of the females, and that their eyes are larger: some of them even have four compound eyes, two of which are elevated and much sexual differences are carefully indicated, works that have greatly facilitated the disentangling of their synonomy. NEUROPTERA. 63 larger than the others, called from their form turban'd or columnar eyes. The junction having been effected, the couples place them- selves on trees or plants to complete their coitus, which lasts but for a moment. The female soon after deposits all her eggs in the water, collected in a bundle. The propagation of their species is the only function these animals have to fulfil, for they take no nourishment, and frequently die on the day of their metamorphosis, or even within a few hours after that event. Those which fall into the water become food for Fishes, and are style*d Manna by fishermen. If however we trace them back to that period in which they ex- isted as larvae, we find their career to be much.longer, extending from two to three years. In this state, as well as that of semi-nymphs, they live in water, frequently concealed, at least firing the day, in the mud ol under stones, sometimes in horizontal holes divided in- teriorly i*"j two united canals, each with its proper opening. These habitations are always excavated in clay, bathed by water, which oc- cupies its cavities; it is even supposed that the larvae feed on this earth. Although allied to the perfect Insect, when it has undergone its ultimate metamorphosis, in some respects they differ. The antennae are longer; the ocelli are wanting; and the mouth presents two projections resembling horns, which are considered as mandibles. On each side of the abdomen is a range of laminae or leaflets, usually united at base by pairs, which, are a sort of pseudo-branchiae over which the tracheae extend and ramify, and which not only enable them to respire but also to swim and move with greater facility; the tarsi have but one hook at their extremity. The posterior extremity of the body is terminated by the same number of setae as that of the perfect Insect. The seminyntph only differs from the larva in the presence of the cases which enclose the wings. When the moment of their deve- lopment has arrived, it leaves the water, and having changed its skin, appears.under a new form—but, by a very singular exception, it has still to experience a second change of tegument, before it is prepared to propagate its species. The ultimate exuvium of these Insects is frequently found on trees and walls; they sometimes even leave them on the clothes of persons who may be walking in their vicinity. With this genus and that of the Phryganeae, De Geer formed an order founded on the absence or extreme exiguity of the mandibles. In the " Tableau Elementaire de l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux" of the Baron Cuvier, they also constitute a separate family, that of the Agnathes, but still forming part of the order of the Neuroptera. • 64 INSECTA. The number of wings and that of the filaments of the tail furnish the means of dividing the genus of the Ephemerae. E. Swammerdiana, Lat.; E. longicauda, Oliv., Swamm., Bib. Nat, II, xiii, 6, 8. The largest species known; four wings; two filaments to the tail twice or thrice the length of the body which is of a russet-yellow; eyes black. Holland and Germany, along the great rivers. E. vulgata, L.; De Geer, Insect., II, xv> 9—15. Four wingsj( three filaments at the extremity of the abdomen; brown; abdo- men deep yellow, marked with triangular black, spots; wings spotted with brown. E. diptera, L. But two wings; the.male with four .compound eyes, two of which are larger than the others and placed per- pendicularly like two columns(l). FAMILY II. PLANIPENNES. This family, which, with the third, forms the greater part of the order of the Synistata of Fabricius, comprises those Neuroptera in which the antennae, always multiarticulated, are much longer than the head, without being subulate or styliform. Their mandibles are very distinct; their inferior wings almost equal to the superior ones, and extended or sim- ply folded underneath at their anterior margin. Their wings are almost always much reticulated and naked; their maxillary palpi are usually filiform or somewhat thicker at the extremity, shorter than the head, and composed of from four to five joints. I will divide this family into five sections, which, by reason of the habits of the Insects that compose them, form as many small sub-families. 1. The Panorpatje of Latreille, which have five joints (1) For the other species, see Olivier, Encyc. Method.; Fabricius; Latreille Hist. Gener. des Crust, et des Insect, t. XIII, p. 93; and Lat. Gen. Crust, et In- sect, IH, p. 183. NEUROPTERA. 65 to all the tarsi, and the anterior extremity of their head pro- longed and narrowed in the form of a rostrum or proboscis. They constitute the genus Panorpa, Lin. Fab. Where the antennae are setaceous and inserted between the eyes; the clypeus is prolonged into a conical, corneous lamina, arched above to Cover the mouth, and the mandibles, maxillae and labium are almost linear. They have from four to six short, filiform palpi; in those of the maxillae I could distinctly perceive but four joints. Their body is elongated, the head vertical, the first segment of the trunk usually very small, in the form of a collar, and the abdo- men conical or almost cylindrical. There is much difference between the two sexes in several species. Their metamorphoses have not yet been observed. In some, and the greater number, the naked or exposed portion of the thorax is formed of two segments, the first of which is the smallest. Both sexes are winged, and the wings are longer than the abdomen, adapted for flight, oval or linear, but not narrowed towards the extremity or subulate. Such are those which compose the Nemoptera, Lat. Oliv. Where the superior wings are distant, almost oval, and very finely reticulated; the inferior ones are very long and linear; no simple eyes. The abdomen is nearly similar in form in both sexes. They ap- pear to have six palpi, and hitherto seem to have been only observed in the most southern parts of Europe, in Africa, and in the adjacent countries of'Asia(l). Bittacus, Lat. Where the four wings are equal and laid horizontally on the body. They are furnished with simple eyes; the abdomen is almost similar in both sexes, and the legs are very long; the tarsi are terminated by a single hook and are destitute of pellets(2). (1) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, III, p. 186; Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Nimoptere. Doctor Leach calls it Monopteryx; he has figured two species, luti- tanica and africana, in his Zoological Miscellany, lxxxv. (2) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect. Vol. JV.—I 66 INSECTA. Panorpa, Lat. The wings and simple eyes as in the preceding genus; but the abdomen of the males is terminated by an articulated tail, almost like that of the Scorpions, with a forceps at the extremity; that of the females ends in a point. The legs of both sexes are of a mode- rate length, with two hooks and a pellet at the extremity of the tarsi.-;, P. communis, L.; De Geer, Insect., II, xxiv, 34. From seven to eight lines in length; black; rostrum and extremity of the abdomen russet; wings spotted with black.—On hedges and in woods(l). In others, the first segment of the thorax is large, and seems alone to form that part, the two following ones being covered by the wings in the males. The wings are subulate, recurved at the extremity, shorter than the abdomen, and wanting in the females where that part of the body is terminated by an acinaciform ovipositor. Boreus, Lat. The only species of this genus known is the \ B. hiemalis; Panorpa hiemalis, L.; Gryllusproboscideus,Vsiriz.t Faun. Insect. Germ., XXII, 18. It is found in winter, under' moss, in the north of Europe arid in the Alps(2). 2. The Myrmeleonides, which also have five joints in * the tarsi, but their head is not prolonged anteriorly in the* form of a rostrum or snout; their antennae gradually enlarge or have a globuliform termination. Their head is transverse, vertical, and merely presents the ordinary eyes, which are round and prominent; there are six palpi, those of the labium usually longer than the others', and inflated at the extremity. The palate of the mouth is ele- vated in the form of an epiglottis; the first segment of the thorax is small; the wings are equal, elongated, and tectidfl form; the abdomen is most frequently long and cylindrical,! (1) For the other species, see Lat., Oliv., lb., article Panorpe, and Leach, Zool. ' MiscelL, xciv. (2) Oliv., lb., article, lb. neuroptera. 67 with two salient appendages at its extremity in the males. The legs are short. They are found in the warm localities of the southern coun- tries, clinging to plants, where they remain quiescent during the day. Most of them fly well. The nymph is inactive. These Insects form the genus Myrmeleon, Lin. Of which Fabricius has made two. Myrmeleon, Fab. Or Myrmeleon proper, where the antennae enlarge insensibly, are almost fusiform, are hooked at the extremity, and much shorter than the body; the abdomen is long and linear. Mformicarium, L.; Roes., Insect., Ill, xvii-xx. About an inch long; blackish spotted with yellowish; wings diaphanous, with black nervures picked in with white; some obscure spots, and one whitish, near the extremity of the anterior marginal). The number of Ants destroyed by the larva of this species, which is the most common one in Europe, has obtained for it the name of Formica-leo, Lion-ant, or Fourmilion. Its abdomen is extremely voluminous in comparison to the rest of the body. Its head is very small, flattened, and armed with two. long man- dibles in the form of horns, dentated on the inner side a»d pointed at the extremity, which act at once as pincers and suckers. Its body is greyish or of the colour of the sand in which it lives. Although provided with six feet, it moves very slowly and almost always backwards. Thus, not being able to seize its prey by the celerity of its motions, it has recourse to stratagem, and lays a trap for it in a funnel-shaped cavity which it excavates in the finest sand, at the foot of a tree, old walls, or acclivities exposed to the south. It arrives at the intended scene of its operations by forming a ditch, and traces the area of thfe funnel, the size of which is in proportion to its growth. Then, always moving backwards, and describing_ as it goes spiral convolutions, the diameter of which progressively dimin- (1) For the other species, see Lat., Gen. Crust et Insect, III, p* M»» OK*. Enc c. Method., article Myrmeleon. See" also, both for this and the followmg genus, the work of M. Toussaint Charpentier, already quoted. 68 INSECTA. ishes, it loads its head with sand by rqeans of one of its anterior feet, and jerks it to a distance. In this manner, and sometimes in the space of half an hour, it will remove a reversed cone of sand the base of which is equal in diameter to that of the area, and the height to about three-fourths of the same. Hidden and quiescent at the bottom of its retreat, with nothing visible but its mandibles, it awaits with patience till an Insect is pre- cipitated into it; if it endeavour to escape, or be at too great ^ distance for it to seize, it showers upon it such a torrent of sanff by means of its head and mandibles, as propels it stunned and. defenceless to the bottom of the hole. Having exhausted its juices by suction, it drags away the carcass and leaves it at a distance from .its domicil. The nutritive matter it thus obtains is not converted into any perceptible excrement, neither is this larva—-and such also is the case with several others—provided with an opening analo- gous to an anus. It can abstain from food for a long pfcriod without any apparent suffering. When about to pass into the state of a chrysalis, it encloses itself in a perfectly round cocoon, formed of a silky substance of the colour of satin, which it covers externally with grains of sand. Its fusi are situated at the posterior extremity of the body. The perfect Insect makes its appearance at the expira- tion of fifteen or twenty days, and leaves its exuvium at the aperture it has effected in its cocoon. Ascalaphus, Fab. Where the antennae are long and terminate abruptly in a button; the abdomen forms an oblong oval, and is hardly longer than the thorax. The wings are proportionally wider than those of the Myrme- leones, and not so long. Bonnet has observed, in the environs of Geneva, a larva simi- lar to that of the preceding subgenus, but which neither moves backwards nor excavates a funnel. The posterior extremity of its abdomen is furnished with a bifid plate truncated at the • end(l). It is perhaps the larva of the Ascalaphus italicus, pe- culiar to the south of Europe, and which nqw begins to appear in the neighbourhood of Paris and Fontainebleau(2). (1) This larva has also been found in Dalmatia by Count Dejean. (2) The same works. For some species of New Holland, see Leach Zool. Miscellany. NEUROPTERA. 69 3. The Hemerobini of Latreille, which are similar to the Myrmeleonides in the general form of their body and wings; but their antennae are filiform, and they have but four palpi. They form the genus Hemerobius, Lin. Fab. In some, the first segment of the trunk is very small, and the wings are tectiform; the last joint of the palpi is thickest, ovoid and point- ed. The larvae are terrestrial. They form the genus Hemerobius, Lat. Or Hemerobius properly so called, also styled Demoiselles' terres- tres. Theirbody is soft, and the globular eyes*are frequently orna- mented with metallic colours; the wings are large, and their exterior border is widened. They fly slowly and heavily; several diffuse a strong faecal odour, with which the finger that has touched them remains for a long time impregnated. The female deposits ten or twelve eggs on leaves; they are oval, white, and secured by a very long and capillary pedicle. Some authors have mistaken them for a species of mushroom. The larvae bear a considerable resemblance to those of the preceding division; they are, however, more elongated and errant. Reaumur calls them Lions des Pucerons, because they feed on Aphides. They seize them with their horn-like mandibles, and soon exhaust them by suction. Some form a thick case for themselves of their remains, which gives them a very singular appearance. The nymph is enclosed in a silken •jocoon of an extremely close tissue, the volume of which is very small when compared with that of the Insect. The fusi of the larvae are situated at the posterior extremity of the abdomen, like those of the larvae of the Myrmejeonides. H. perla, L.; Roes., Insect., HL, Suppl., xxi, 4, 5. Green- yellow; eyes golden; wings transparent with entirely green ner- vures(l). The H. maculatus, Fab., has three little ocelli, while in all the rest of the species they are wanting. It forms the genus Osmylus, Lat.(2) (1) Add Hemerobius filosus and the albus, capitatus, phalxnoides, nitidulus, hir- tus, fuscatus, kumuli, variegatus, and nervosus, Fab. See Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., HI, p. 196. (2) Lat., Ibid. 70 INSECTA. The same character is presented in the genus Nymphes, Leach, Established on certain Insects from New Holland; but here the antennae are filiform and shorter( 1). • In the others the first segment of the thorax is large, and the wings are laid horizontally on the body; the palpi are filiform, and the last joint is conical or almost cylindrical, and frequently shorter than the preceding one. The larvae are aquatic. Fabricius unites them with the species of the genus Perla of Geoffroy, but which are removed from them by the num- ber of joints in their tarsi, under the generic name of Semblis, Fab. Which is composed of the following subgenera. Corydalis, Lat. i Distinguished by the mandibles of the male which are very large ) and resemble horns(2). -i Chauliodes, Lat. Where the antennae are pectinated(3). Sialis, Lat. Where the mandibles are moderate, as in the latter, and the an- tennae simple as in Corydalis, and distinguished from the two pre- ceding ones by the tectiform disposition of the wings. To this sub- ( genus belongs the • (1) Nymphes myrmekonides, Leach, Zool^ Miscell., xlv. Perhaps it may have six palpi, and in that case it belongs to the preceding division. (2) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 190. (3) Ibid., p. 198. NEUROPTERA, 71 S. lutarius; Hemerobius lutarius, L.; Roes., Insect., II, Class^. II, Insect. Aquat., xiii. Dead-black; light-brown wings thickly intersected with black nervures. The female produces a prodigious number of eggs, which terminate abruptly in a little point, on the leaves of plants or on other bodies situated near water. The ova are implanted close together, perpendicularly and symmetrically, and form large brown plates. The larva inhabits the water, in which it runs and swims with great swiftness. The sides of its abdomen, like those of the Ephemerae, are provided with pseudo-branchiae, and its last ring is elongated into a kind of tail, but it is meta- morphosed into an immovable nymph. 4. A fourth division, that of the TermitinjE, will com- prise Neuroptera subject to a semi-metamorphosis. They are all terrestrial, active, carnivorous, or gnawers, in all their states. With the exception of the Mantispsc, very distinct from all the Insects of this order, by the form of their anterior legs, which resemble those of a Mantis, the tarsi consist of four joints at most, which removes them from the preceding genera of the same family. The mandibles are always cor- neous and strong. The inferior wings are nearly as large as the superior ones, and without folds, or smaller. Some have from five to three joints in the tarsi, and very distinct and salient labial palpi. Their antennae are generally composed of more than ten joints, the prothorax is large, and the wings are equal and multireticulated. Mantispa, Illig.—Rhdphidia, Scop. Lin.—Mantis, Fab. Pall. Oliv. Where there are five joints to all the tarsi, and the two first legs are formed like those of a Mantis or adapted for prehension. The antennae of these Insects are very short and granose, and their eyes large. The prothorax is very long, and thickened anteriorly, and the wings are tectiform(l). (1) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, III, 93. 72 INSECTA. Rhaphidia, Lin. Fab. Where the tarsi are composed of four joints and the wings are tec- tiform. The head is elongated and narrowed posteriorly, the thorax long, narrow, and almost cylindrical. The abdomen of the female terminates by a long external oviduct, formed of two laminae. R. ophiosis, L.; De Geer, Insect., II, xxv, 4—8. Half an inch long; black; abdomen marked with yellowish streaks; wings transparent, with a black spot near the extremity. la the woods. The larva lives in the fissures of the bark of trees, and has the form of a little Serpent. It is very lively( l). Termes, Hemerobius, Lin. Where all the tarsi are likewise composed of four joints; but the wings are very long, anddaid horizontally on the body; the head is rounded, and the thorax almost square or semicircular. The body of these Insects is depressed, and -their antennae are short and formed like a chaplet. The mouth is almost, similar to that of the Orthoptera, and the labium is quadrifid. They have three .ocelli, one of which", on the forehead, is indistinct; the two others are situated, one on each side, near the inner margin of the ordinary eyes. Their wings are commonly somewhat diaphan- ous, coloured, furnished with extremely fine and crowded nervures, and not v.ery distinctly reticulated. Their abdomen has two small, conical, biarticulated points at the extremity; the legs are short. The Termites, peculiar to the countries situated between the tropics, or to those which are adjacent, are known by the name of White Ants, Poux de bois, Caria, &c. The appalling destruction caused by these Insects, particularly in the state of larvae, in those parts bf the world, is but too well known. These larvae, the work- ing Termites or labourers, bear a close resemblance to the perfect Insect; but their body is softer and apterous, and their head, which* appears proportionally larger, is usually destitute of eyes, or has but very small ones. They live in society, and form communities, so numerous,as to defy all calculation, which live under cover in the ground, trees, and all sort of ligneous articles-, such as tables, (1) Lat, lb. p. 203; Fab., Entom- Syst., and Uliger's edit, cf the*aunaEtrusca of Rossi. NEUROPTEIiA. 73 chairs, furniture of all kinds, and the planks, timbers, &c. Sec. which form parts of houses. There they excavate galleries, which form so many roads, all leading to the centre of their domicil, and these bodies thus mined, and retaining nothing but a superficial bark or covering, soon crumble into dust(l). If compelled by any insur- mountable obstacle to leave their dwellings, they construct lubes or ways which still keep them from sight. The nests or domicils of several species are exterior, but have no visible opening. Sometimes they are raised above the surface of the ground, in the form of py- ramids or turrets, occasionally surmounted with a capital or very solid roof, which by their height and number, resemble a little vil- lage. Sometimes they form a large globular mass on the branches of trees. Another sort of individuals, the neuters, also called sol- diers, and which Fabricius erroneously considers as nymphs, defend the domicil. They are distinguished by their stouter and more elongated head, the mandibles of which are also longer, narrower and considerably crossed. They are much less numerous than the others, and remain near the surface of the habitation, are the first that present themselves in case of an attack, and pinch with conside- rable strength. It is also said that they force the labourers to work. The seminymphs have rudiments of wings, and in other respects resemble the larvae. Having become perfect Insects, the Termites leave their original retreat, and fly off at evening or during the night in incalculable numbers. At sunrise, they lose their wings, which are dried up, fall to the ground, and are mostly devoured by Birds, Lizards, and the rest of their enemies. According to Smeathmann, the larvae seize upon all the couples they can find, and shut them up in a large cell, a sort of nuptial prison, where they supply them with nourishment. I have reason to believe, however, that their coitus, like that of the Ant, takes place in the air or beyond the precincts of their habita- tion, and that the females alone occupy the attention of the larvae, with a view to the formation of a new colony. The abdomen of the female acquires an astonishing size, from the innumerable quantity of ova contained in it. The nuptial chamber is placed in the centre of the dwelling, and round it, symmetrically arranged, are the cells which contain the eggs and provisions. The larvae of certain Termites called voyageurs or travellers, are (1) I saw a beautiful edifice in the Isle of France that was abandoned within a few months after it was completed, on this account. The whole building was a mere shell. Am. Ed. Vol. IV—K 74 INSECTA. furnished with eyes, and appear to differ somewhat in their habits from the others, and in this respect, to approximate more closely to our Ants. The Negroes and Hottentots consider these Insects as a great delicacy. They are destroyed with quick-lime, or more readily with arsenic, which is thrown into their habitations. The two following species, found in the south of France, live in the interior of various trees. T. lucifugum, Ross., Faun. Etrusc, Mant. II, v, k. Glossy- black; wings brownish, somewhat diaphanous, with the rib more obscure; superior extremity of the antennae, tibiae and tarsi, pale-russet. Such has been its excessive multiplication in the work-shops and store-houses of the navy-yard at Rochefort, where it does much injury, that it is impossible to destroy it. T. flavicolle, Fab. This species only differs from the lucifu- gum in the colour of its thorax. It is very injurious to the Olive, particularly in Spain. Linnaeus has placed the larvae of his genus Termes among the Aptera, and the winged individuals with the Hemerobii. The species foreign to Europe have been but very imper- fectly characterized. Linnaeus confounds several under the name of Termes fatale( 1). In the remaining Termetinae the tarsi are biarticulated, and the labial palpi indistinct and very short. The antennae consist of about ten joints, the first segment of the trunk is very small, and the inferior wings are smaller than the others. They form the genus Psocus, Lat. Fab.—Termes, Hemerobius, Lin. And are very small Insects with a short and extremely soft body that is frequently inflated, or as if hump-backed. Their head is (1) See Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 203, and the Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., article Termes. Certain Insects from the southern countries of Europe and of Africa, analogous to the Termites, but in which the head is wider than the thorax; where the tarsi are triarticulated, the wings hardly extend beyond the abdomen or are wanting; where the legs are compressed, and the two anterior tibiae are the widest; where the simple eyes are wanting, and the thorax is elongated, form the genus I have indicated in my Fam. Nat. du Reg. Anim., under the name of Embia; it is figured in the great work on Egypt. NEUROPTERA. 75 large, their antennae setaceous, and the maxillary palpi salient. Their wings are tectiform and but slightly reticulated or simply veined. They are extremely active and live under the bark of trees, in wood, Etc. The following species is commonly found in books and collections of Insects and plants. P. pulsatorius; Termes pulsatorium, L.; Schaeff., Elem. Entom., cxxvi, 1, 2. Usually apterous; yellowish white; eyes and some small spots on the abdomen, russet. It was thought to produce that faint noise resembling the tick of a watch fre- quently heard in our houses, and of which we have spoken while on the genus Anobium—thence the origin of its specific name(l). 5. The Perlides, in which the tarsi are triarticulated, and the mandibles almost always partly membranous and small. The inferior wings are wider than the others, and doubled at their inner margin. They comprise the genus Perla, Geoff. Their body is elongated, narrow and flattened; the head is tolerably large, the antennae are setaceous, and the maxillary palpi very salient. The first segment of their trunk is nearly square, and the wings are crossed and laid horizontally on the body; the abdomen terminates as usual by two articulated setae. Their larvae are aquatic and inhabit sheaths or cases, which they construct in the manner of those formed by the Insects of the ensu- ing family, and in which they pass into the state of nymphs. They undergo their ultimate metamorphosis in the commencement of spring. Nemoura, Lat. The Nemourae differ from the Perlae proper in their very apparent labrum, corneous mandibles, the almost equal length of the joints (1) See Lat, Gen- Crust, et Insect., ni, p. 207; Fab., Supp., Entom. Syst., and the Monograph of this genus in the Illust. Icon, des Insect., dec I, of Coquebert In the fourth vdlume of the Magasin der Entomologie of M. Germar, we find some anatomical observations on the common species—pulsatorius. 76 INSECTA. of their tarsi, and in the setae of the extremity of the abdomen, which are almost wanting(l). P. bicaudata; Phryganea bicaudata, L.; Geoff., Insect., II, xiii, 2. Eight lines in length; of an obscure brown with a yel- low line along the middle of the head and thorax; nervures of the wings brown; setae of the tail almost as long as the antennae. Common in Europe in the spring along the banks of rivers(2). FAMILY III. PLICIPENNES(3). In this family the mandibles are wanting, and the inferior wings are usually wider than the others and plaited longitu- dinally. It is formed of the genus Phryganea, Lin. Fab. These Neuroptera, at a first glance, have the appearance of little Phalaenae, and hence the name of Mouches papillonacees or papilio- naceous flies, bestowed upon them by Reaumur. De Geer even ob- serves that the internal organization of their larvae bears the closest resemblance to that of caterpillars. Their head is small and pre- sents two setaceous antennae, usually very long and salient; rounded and salient eyes; two ocelli on the forehead; a curved or conical labrum; four palpi, those of the maxilla commonly very long, filiform, or almost setaceous and composed of five joints, and the (1) See Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 210; Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Nemoure,- Phryganea nebulosa, L., &c. ' (2) Geoff, and Lat., Ibid. (3) In the systems of Messrs Kirby and Leach, this family forms the order of he T«cho«mu, winch would connect itself with that of the LepidopterlZoueh the Tine,. But as we naturally pass from the Plicipennes to the Perl* by foZ ing the series of mutual relations, we should be forced to terminate the N^Z ^atrytm^ ffte^ ^"^ ^ «**"*» ^££' 2 S^neLbirT? which according to this method follow dhtfr T ^ °ther Neur°Pte^ which in our system come oXptefr aPPeai' ^ " t0 ^ th°Se WWch W-imate «« -arly f the NEUROPTERA. 77 labials of three, the last of which is somewhat the thickest; maxillae and a membranous labium united. The body is most frequently bristled with hairs and, with the wings, forms an elongated triangle, like several of the Noctuae and Pyrales. The first segment of the thorax is small. The wings are simply veined, usually coloured, or almost opaque, silky or pilose in several, and always strongly tecti- form. The legs are elongated, are furnished with small spines and have five joints in all the tarsi. These Insects chiefly fly at night or during the evening, diffuse a disagreeable odour, frequently penetrate into houses, where they are attracted by the light, and are extremely quick and agile in all their motions. In coition they are joined end to end and remain so a long time. The smaller species flit about in flocks over ponds and rivers. Several females carry their eggs in a greenish bundle at the poste- rior extremity of their abdomen. De Geer saw some of these eggs which were enclosed in a glairy substance resembling the spawn of a Frog, and deposited on plants or other bodies on the banks of rivers, &c. Their larvae, called by some of the older naturalists Ligniperdes and by others Charries, always, like the Tineae, inhabit tubes that are usually cylindrical, covered with various substances which they find in the water, such as blades of grass, bits of reeds, leaves, roots, seeds, grains of sand, and even little shells, and frequently arranged symmetrically. They connect these various bodies with silken threads, the source of which is contained in internal reservoirs simi- lar to those of Caterpillars, and that are also produced by fusi situ- ated in the lip. The interior of the habitation forms a tube which is open at both ends for the intromission of water. The larva always transports its domicil along with it, protrudes the anterior extre- mity of its body while progressing, never quits its dwelling, and when found to do so, returns to it voluntarily when left within its reach. These larvae are elongated and almost cylindrical; their head is squamous and furnished with stout mandibles and a little eye on each side; they have six feet, the two anterior shorter and usually thicker than the others which are elongated. Their body is com- posed of twelve rings, the fourth of which is furnished on each side with a conical mammilla; the last is terminated by two movable hooks. In most of them we also observe two ranges of white mem- branous and extremely flexible threads which seem to be organs of respiration. When about to become nymphs, they fix their tubes to different bodies, but always in water, and close the two orifices with a grating, 78 INSECTA. the form of which, as well as that of the tube itself, varies accord' ing to the species. In fixing their portable dwelling, they so manage it that the aper- ture, which is at the point d'appui, is never obstructed. The nymph is furnished anteriorly with two hooks, which cross each other and somewhat resemble a rostrum or snout. With it, when the period of its last metamorphosis has arrived, it perforates one of the grated septa in order to procure egress. Hitherto immovable, it now walks or swims with agility, by means of its four anterior feet, which are free, and furnished with thick fringes of hairs. The nymphs of the large species leave the water altogether, and climb on various bodies, where their final change is effected. The small ones simply rise to the surface, where they are transformed to winged Insects, in the manner of the Culices and va- rious Tipulariae; their exuvium serves them for a boat. In some the inferior wings are evidently wider than the others, and plaited. Serioostoma, Lat. Where, in one of the sexes, the maxillary palpi are in the form of valvule, covering the mouth in the manner of a rounded snout, and triarticulated; under them is a thick and cotton-like down. Those of the other sex are filiform, and consist of five joints(l). Phryganea proper. Where the mouth is similar in both sexes, and the maxillary palpi are shorter than the head and thorax, and but scarcely pilose. P. grandis; Roes.; Insect., II, Ins. Aq. cl, 2, xvii. The largest species in France; antennae as long as the body; superior wings greyish-brown, with cinereous spots, a longitudinal black stripe, and two or three white dots at their extremity. The tube of its larva is invested with little pieces of bark, or ligneous matters arranged horizontally. P.striata, L.; Geoff., Insect., II, xiii, 5. About an inch , fuWous; eyes black; nervures somewhat darker than the rest of P. rhombica; Roes., Insect, II, Ins. Aq., cl, 2, xvi. Length ^?r*Tcol:ion a ttit the environs °f ^ «to me b7 by M. de LabiHardiere ^^ ^ ^ a,S° brOU*ht fr°m the Levant NEUROPTERA. 79 seven lines and of a brown yellow; a large, white, rhomboidal, and lateral spot on the superior wings. The tube of its larva is covered with little stones and frag- ments of shells(l). Certain species, such as the Jilosa, quadrifasciata, longicornis, hirta, nigra, have excessively long antennae, and maxillary palpi also extremely long and densely pilose. They form the subgenus Mystacida, Lat. In the others the four wings are narrow, lanceolate, almost equal, and without plicae. To this division belongs the Hydroptila, Dalm. Where the antennae are short, almost granose, and of equal thick- ness(2). Another subgenus—Psychomyia—might be formed of Phryganeae with similar wings, but in which the antennae are long and seta- ceous, as in almost all the others. We frequently observe in the gar- dens of France, on the leaves of various shrubs, a very small and active species, the body of which is fulvous brown, and the antennae annulated with white; it appears to me to be new or imperfectly de- scribed. ORDER IX. HYMENOPTERA(3). In this family we still find four membranous and naked wings, and a mouth composed of mandibles, maxill-B and two (1) For the other species, see Fabricius, De Geer and Roesel (2) Anal. Entom., p. 26. (3) The Piezata, Fab. 80 INSECTA. lips; but these wings, of which the superior are always largest, have fewer nervures than those of the Neuroptera, and are not veined; the abdomen of the females is terminated by an ovipositor or sting. Besides their compound eyes they are all provided with three small simple ones. Their antennae vary, not only ac- cording to the genus, but even in the sexes of the same spe- cies ; generally, however, they are filiform or setaceous. The maxillae and labium are usually narrow, elongated, and fixed in a deep cavity of the head by long muscles(l), form a semi- tube inferiorly, are frequently folded up at their extremity, and better adapted for the transmission of nutritious fluids than for mastication ; in several they form a proboscis. The ligula is membranous, either widened at its extremity, or long and filiform, having the pharynx at its anterior base, and being frequently covered by a sort of sub-labrum or epipharynx. They have four palpi, two maxillary and two labial. The thorax consists of three united segments, of which the anterior is very short and the two last are confounded in one(2). The wings are laid horizontally on the body. The abdomen is most commonly suspended by a little thread or pedicle to the posterior extremity of the thorax. The tarsi consist of five entire joints, none of them being divided. The ovipositor and sting(3) are generally composed of three long and slender (1) The mention, here, participates in this general motion, while in the other triturating Insects it is fixed and immovable. boon T^ meta'h°r^' Pr°Perly so called» » ™7 short, forms but a simple superior S\r\? 7 !Tted WUh thGfirSt SCffment °f the abdomen «> that in truth, the thorax, viewed from above, is composed of four segments the second and last of which are the largest, in a great number, the lattef p e 'n two ver^ distinct stigmata. When the abdomen is peculated, its second segmnalwvl supposing the preceding one to belong to it, is apparently the first.* ' " infelf elZ^rtTlf *"** """^ ^ themiddle °f the P-terior and interior extremity of the abdomen, proceed two lamina, each composed of two pieces, sometimes valvular and serving as a sheath, and sometimes! tl TforL 2 stylet or of palpi. Between them are two other pieces united in one whYcircom pose the ovipositor or stint?. When th^v fnm, „ ♦• iL ' other in an inferior canal orgroove LllZTT T^™ ^'^ *' of two pieces rese-nhli™ hST , J Tenthred.net*, the ovipositor consists «de; theTare'striatT^ran* f ZT*' ^^ °nG **** the oth- by the uiey are striated transversely, and dentated along the margin. HYMENOPTERA. 81 pieces, two of which serve as a sheath to the third in those which are provided with an ovipositor, and one alone, the superior, has a groove underneath for lodging the two others. In those where this ovipositor is transformed into a sting, this offensive weapon and the oviduct are serrated at the ex- tremity. M. Jurine has discovered good auxiliary characters for the distinction of genera, in the articulation of the wings(l); to describe them, however, would not be in unison with the na- ture of this work, and could not remove the necessity of re- ferring to his. We will merely observe that he chiefly em- ploys those resulting from the presence or absence, number, form and connexion of two sorts of cells situated near the ex- ternal margin of the superior wings, which he styles radial and cubital. The middle of this margin most commonly pre- sents a little callosity called the wrist or carpus. From the latter arises a nervure, which running towards the extremity of the wing, forms, in conjunction with this margin, the cell named radial, that is sometimes divided into two. Near this spot "arises a second nervure, which also proceeds to the pos- terior margin, leaving a space between it and the preceding one—this space is that of the cubital cells, the number of which varies from one to four(2). The Hymenoptera undergo a complete metamorphosis. Most of their larvae resemble worms and are destitute of feet; such, for instance, are those of our second and following fami- lies. Those of the first have six hooked feet, and frequently from twelve to sixteen others that are simply membranous. These latter have been named pseudo-caterpillars. Both kinds have a squamous head provided with mandibles, max- (1) Nouv. Meth. de class, les Hymen, et les Dipt. (2) See Encyc Method., article Radiate, where this method is well described and perfected. Jurine has also published an excellent work on the organization of the wings in the Hymenoptera, in the Mem. Ac. Sc. Tur. We are also in- debted to M. Chabrier, for his researches on this matter; they are, however, more general in their application. They are inserted in the Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Vol. IV.—L 82 INSECTA. ill*, and a lip ; at the extremity of the latter is a fusus for the transmission of the silky material that is to be employed in con- structing the cocoon of the nymph. Some feed on vegetable substances, while others, always destitute of feet, devour the carcases of Insects together with their larvae, nymphs, a'nd even eggs. To remedy their want of locomotive powers, the mother furnishes them with provisions, sometimes by transporting aliment into the nests she has prepared for them, which are frequently constructed with so much art as to excite our wonder and surprise, and sometimes by depositing her eggs in the body of the larva} and nymphs of Insects, on which her progeny are to feed. Other larvae of Hymenoptera, also destitute of feet, require more elaborated arid frequently renewed supplies of aliment, both vegetable and animal. These are reared in common by neuters forming communities, of which they have the sole care; their labours and mode of life will always continue to excite our admiration and astonishment. Almost all Hymenopterous Insects, in their perfect state, live on flowers and are usually most abundant in southern cli- mates. Their period of life, from their birth to their ultimate metamorphosis, is limited to a year. . M. Leon Dufour in his Memoire sur VAnatomie des Sco- lies—Joum. de Phys., Sept. 1828—remarks, that in all the Hymenoptera submitted to his scalpel, the trachea are a de- gree more perfect than those of the other orders of Insects; that instead of being formed by cylindrical and elastic vessels, the diameter of which decreases by their successive divisions, they present constant dilatations, decided vesicles favourable to the greater or less permanence of air, and susceptible of extension and diminution, according to the quantity of that fluid admitted. On each side of the base of the abdomen may be found one of these vesicles ; it is large, oval, and of a dead lacteous-white, giving off here and there vascular tracheae which are distributed among the adjacent organs In penetrating into the thorax it is strangulated, dilates again HYMENOPTERA. 83 and insensibly degenerates into a tube, the subdivisions of which are lost in the head. Behind these two abdominal ve- sicles, the organ of respiration continues on in two filiform tubes, giving off an infinity of ramous branches, and becoming confluent near the anus. In the Xylocopae and Bombi, the anterior superior surface of each of the two great abdominal vesicles is furnished with a cylindrical, elastic, greyish body, but adhering throughout its length in the Xylocopae, and free in the Bombi. M. Dufour thinks that this body, which is directed towards the insertion of the wing, has some part in the production of the humming noise made by these Insects, inasmuch as that sound may continue after the wings have been taken off. I will divide this order into two sections. The first, or that of the Terebrantia, is characterized by the presence of an ovipositor in the females. I divide this section into two great families. FAMILY I. SECURIFERA. Our first family is distinguished from the following ones by a sessile abdomen, or the base of which is joined to the thorax throughout its whole thickness, that seems to be a continua- tion of it and to have no separate motion(l). The females are provided with an ovipositor that is most commonly serrated, and which not only enables them to de- posit their eggs, but likewise to prepare a place for their re- ception. The larvae always have six squamous feet, and fre- quently others that are membranous. (1) The segment, bearing the inferior wings, is separated from the following one or the first of the abdomen, by a transverse incisure or articulation. The other segments then follow uninterruptedly, and without any particular strangu- lation. 84 INSECTA. This family is composed of two tribes. In the first, that of the Tetvthredixet^e, Lat., vulgarly termed Mouches-a-scie, or Saw-flies, we observe elongated and compressed mandibles ; a trifid or sort of digitated ligula; an ovipositor formed of two serrated, pointed blades, united and lodged in a groove under the anus. The maxillary palpi are all composed of six joints, and the labials of four; the latter are always the shortest. The wings are always di- vided into numerous cells. This tribe forms the genus Tenthredo, Lin; The cylindrical abdomen of these Insects which is rounded poste- riorly, composed of nine annuli, and so closely joined to the thorax that the two seem to be continuous,- the ragged appearance of their wings; the two little rounded, granular, and usually coloured bodies situated behind the scutellum, together with their heavy port, cause them to be easily recognized. The form and compqsition of the an- tennae vary. Their mandibles are strong and dentated. The ex- tremity of their maxilla is almost membranous, or less coriaceous than their stem. Their palpi are filiform or nearly setaceous, and consist of s-x joints. The ligula is straight, rounded, and divided into three doubled portions, the intermediate of which is the nar- rowest; its sheath is usually short, and its palpi, shorter than the ma-"aries, consist of four joints, the last almost bordering on an oval The abdomen of the female presents at its inferior exfremity a double, movable, squamous ovipositor that is serrated, pointed and lodged between two concave lamin,, forming its sh'eath or It is by the alternate action of the teeth of this ovipositor, that the Insect makes a number of Utt.e holes in the branches, and var „u other parts of trees and plants, in each of which it firs deposi a„ gg, and then a foaming liquid, the use of which, it is 'ZTd U to prevent the aperture from dosing. The wounds P„™ th way become more and more convex by the increasing ske of th egg. Someumes these excrescences assume the form „f ?, either .igneous or soft and p„lpy> or rcsem , , ™ £« «*J*•»«■ »g to .he nature of the parts of the p,an, that are affl.ed by th/m These tumours then form the domicil «f ,h„ i '"Iectea bY "Mm- -hem either solitarily or in soc e," Trl^Z:^ !'"»M* amorphosis, and issue from them throu/h a circl! "' - .neir parietes by the teeth of the l"nt* "g^^".^^ hymenoptera. 85 however, these larvae live exposed on the leaves of the trees and plants on which they feed. In the general form of the body, its colours, the exterior disposition of its dermis, and in the great number of feet these larvae closely resemble caterpillars, and have been called false, or pseudo-caterpillars: but they are distinguished from the latter by having from eighteen to twenty-two feet, the number of these organs in the caterpillar being from ten to sixteen. Several of these pseudo-caterpillars roll themselves up spirally; in others the posterior portion of the body is arched. In order to be- come nymphs they Spin a cocoon, either in the earth, or on the plants where they have lived. There they pass several consecutive months, or even the whole winter, in their first state, and only pass into that of a nymph a few days previous to the one in which they appear as perfect Insects or Saw-flies. M. Dutrochet, corresponding member of the Academie des Sci- ences, has published some observations on the alimentary canal of these Insects in the Journal Physique. In some, where the antennae in several consist of but nine joints, and where the internal extremity of the two anterior tibiae is fur- nished with two straight and divergent spines, the ovipositor does not project posteriorly. Here the labrum is always apparent, and the middle of the inner side of the fouf posterior tibiae is destitute of spines, or presents but one. The larvae or pseudo-caterpillars have from twelve to sixteen membranous feet. The antennae, always short, sometimes terminate either in a thick inflation in the form of a reversed cone rounded at the extremity, or of a button, or in a large joint forming an elongated, prismatic or cylindrical club forked in some males; the number of the preceding joints is five at most. Those species, in which these organs, similar in both sexes, are terminated by a globuliform inflation, or by one resembling a re- versed cone rounded at the extremity(l), and preceded by from four to five joints, and where the two nervures of the superior wings form- ing the rib, as far as the callous point, are contiguous, or closely approximated and parallel, without a wide intermediate sulcus, form the genus (1) This inflation is formed by the fifth or sixth joint, but which, in several, presents vestiges of two or three annular divisions. 86 INSECTA. Cimbex, Oliv. Fab.—Crabro, Geoff. The larvae have but twenty-two feet. Some of them when irritated spurt a greenish liquor from the sides of their body to the distance of a foot. Dr Leach(l), by having recourse to the number of joints anterior to the club, their relative proportions and the arrangement of the cells of the wings, has divided the genus Cimbex into several others, one of which, Perga(2), is peculiar to New Holland, and is distin- guished from all the others by the following characters. The four posterior tibiae have a movable spine on the middle of their inferior side. The scutellum is large and square, with its posterior angles projecting in the form of teeth. The valves that sheathe the ovi- positor are covered externally with numerous short and frizzled hairs. The antennae are very short and have six joints, the last of which, or the club, is without any vestiges of annuli as in Syzygonia, a genus established by Kliig on some species from Brazil(3). The radial cell is appendiculated, and there are four cubital cells, the second and third of which receive, each, a recurrent nervure—the transverse nervures of the disk. M. Lepeletier de St F-Jrgeau, in an excellent Monograph of the Tenthredinetae, only adopts the genus Perga, and in conjunction with him we will consider those of the English naturalist as simple divi- sions of Cimbex. v The two following species belong to that number in which the antennae have five joints before the club. C. lutea; Tenthredo lutea, L.j De Geer, Insect., II, xxxiii, 8- 16. About an inch in length; brown; antenna yellow; abdomen yellow, with violet-black bands. The larva, or pseudo-caterpillar, is of a deep yellow, with a blue stripe, edged with black along the back. On the Willow Birch, 8cc. (1) Zool. Miscel.,111, p. 100, et seq. (2) Ibid., 116, cxlviii- Lepel., Monog. Tenthred., p 40 (3) Monog. Entom., p. 177; in the same work, p. l7l he trive, th„ k ♦ of another genus Pachylosticta, also peculiar to Braz 1 tL T , five joints. The superior wings are dilated n arZL2iXZd^t point is semilunar. The second, third and fourth iointsof 7 are very short. He mentions three species. J ^ P°Steri°r ^ The genus Perga, on account of the cells of the wine-s ami «,*' • posterior tibia, should come directly before Hylotoma! * PmCS °f ^ HYMENOPTERA. 87 C. femorata; Tenthredo femorata, L.; De Geer, Insect., II, xxxiv, 1—6. Large; black; antennae and ovipositor of a brown- yellow; blackish-brown spots on the posterior margin of the superior wings; posterior thighs very large, in one of the sexes at least. The larva lives also on the Willow; it is green, with three stripes on the back, that in the middle bluish and those on the sides yellowish(l). Those species, in which the antennae present but three very distinct joints, the last of which forms an elongated, prismatic or cylindri- cal club, more slender, ciliated and sometimes forked in the males; and where the two costal nervures of the superior wings are very remote from each other, constitute the subgenus Hylotoma, Lat. Fab.—Cryptus, Jur. Some—Schyzocera, Lat.; Cryptus, Leach, Lepel.—have four cu- bical cells, and the antennae forked in the males. The middle of the tibiae is destitute of spines(2). Others—Hylotoma properly so called—similar to the preceding in their wings, have their antennas terminated in both sexes by a sim- ple or undivided joint. Most of them—Hylotomes, Lepel.—have a spine in the middle of the four posterior tibiae. The larvae or pseudo- caterpillars have from eighteen to twenty feet. H. rosse; Tenthredo rosx, L.; Roes., Insect., II, Vesp., II. Four lines in length; head, top of the thorax, and exterior mar- gin of the superior wings, black; remainder of the body saffron- yellow; tarsi annulated with black. The larva is yellow, dotted with black; it gnaws the leaves of the Rose-tree. M. Lepeletier reunites to the Cryptus, Leach, certain species which only differ from the preceding ones in the absence of spines on the middle of the four posterior tibiae. Other Hylotomx, distinguished by the same negative character, . but which have but three cubital cells, form his genus Ptilia(3). (1) For the other species, see Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Cimbex; Fab.; Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 227; Jurine, genus Tenthredo,- Panz., Hymen.; and the works already quoted. (2) Leach, Zool. Miscell., Ill, p. 124; Lepel., Monog., Tenthred., p. 52. (3) Lepel., lb., p. 49. For the other species of Hylotoms, see the same work, the preceding one of Dr Leach, and the Monograph of the various genera of this family by Kliig. 88 INSECTA. Sometimes the antennae have at least nine very distinct joints, and do not terminate suddenly in a club. • In some, and the greater number, the antennae, always simple in both sexes, or at least in the females, have fourteen joints at most, and commonly but nine. Tenthredo, Lat. Fab. Or Tenthredo proper, where the antennae consist of nine simple joints in both sexes. The larvae have from eighteen to twenty-two feet. The number of dentations in the mandibles of the perfect Insect varies from two to four. The superior wings also differ in the num- ber of their radial and cubital cells. These characters have been used to establish several other subgenera, which we will unite with the present one. They are composed of the Allantes, Doleres, Ne- metes, &c. of Jurine, and of the Pristophose, formed of the third family of the Pterones of that naturalist, with some others of Dr Leach. T. scrophularise, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect., Germ., C, 10, the male. Five lines in length; black; antennae fulvous and some- what thickest at the extremity; annuli of the abdomen, the second and third excepted, margined posteriorly with yellow; tibiae and tarsi fulvous. It resembles a Wasp. The larva has twenty-two feet; white, with black head and points. It feeds on the leaves of the Scrophularise. T. viridis, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., LXIV, 2. The same length; antennae setaceous; body green; spots on the tho- rax and a band along the middle of the superior part of the ab- domen, black. On the Birch(l). De Geer has given us the description of a very singular spe- cies in its form of a larva, that which he calls Mouche-d-scie of the larve-limace, and to which he refers the Tenthredo ceras'i, L. It is black, with blackish wings and brown feet. The larva is extremely common on the leaves of various fruit-trees in the gardens of France. On account of its form, Reaumur called it Fausse Chemille Tetard. It is entirely black, and covered with a glutinous humour, which has also caused it to be comnared to a Snail. v M. Peck, an American botanist, has also furnished us with For the other species, see the authors just quoted. HYMENOPTERA. 89 the complete history of another species, the larva of which is similar. Others, in which the antennae also consist of nine joints, differ from the preceding in those of the males which are pectinated on one side. Cladius, Kliig, Lat.(l) Some others, with a short, thick body, like that of the Hylotomae, and considered as such by Fabricius, have from ten to fourteen joints in the antennae, which are simple in both sexes. Athalia, Leach(2). The following species are remarkable for their antennae, which are composed of sixteen joints at least, pectinated or flabelliform in the males, and serrated in the females. In this respect they lead us to the Megalodontes, the first subgenus of the ensuing subdivision. Pterygophorus, Kliig. Where the antennas have but a single range of teeth, and simply longer or pectinated in the males, and short and serrated in the females; here they are evidently enlarged at the extremity(3). Lophyrus, Lat. Where the antennae, in the males, have a double range of elongated teeth forming a large triangular panache, and are serrated in the females. To this subgenus I refer the first family of the Pterones of M. Ju- rine, as well as the first division of the Hylotomae of Fabricius. The larvae or pseudo-caterpillars live in society, more particularly on the Pines. They are very injurious to the young plants(4). There, the labrum is concealed or but slightly salient. The inner side of the four posterior tibiae, anterior to its extremity, presents two spines, and frequently even a third above the preceding pair. (1) Lepel., Ibid., p. 57. (2) Lepel., Ibid., p. 21. In this genus, Dr Leach only comprises those spe- cies which are furnished with ten joints. Kliig arranges them among his Em- phyti. (3) See Kliig, Leach and Lepeletier, Ibid. (4) Lepelet.,Ibid., and the Monog. of this subgenus, published by Kliig, in the Mem. Nat. Cur. of Berlin. Vol. IV.—M 90 INSECTA. The antennae are always multiarticulated, the head is large, square, placed on a little neck, and has strongly crossed mandibles. They appear in spring. The larvae of the greater number are destitute of membranous feet, and inhabit silken nests of their own spinning, formed round the leaves of various trees. They constitute the genus Cephaleia of Jurine, which has been divided into two. Megalodontes, Lat.—Tarpa, Fab. Where the antennae are serrated or pectiniform(l). Pamphilius, Lat.—Lyda, Fab. Where those organs are simple in both sexes. Their larvae are destitute of membranous feet, and the posterior extremity of their body is terminated by two horns. They feed on leaves, which they frequently double in order to remain concealed(2). In the last of the Tenthredinetse, the ovipositor is prolonged be- yond its groove and projects posteriorly. The inner extremity of the two anterior tibiae presents distinctly but a single spine, curved and terminated by two teeth. The antennae are always composed of a great number of simple joints. Xyela, Dalm.—Pinicola, Bre"b.—Mastigocerus, Kliig. The Xyelae are very distinct by their geniculate antennae forming a sort of whip, that are abruptly attenuated near their extremity, and consist of eleven joints, the third of which is very long; as well as by their very long and equally flagelliform maxillary palpi. The thick or callous point of the superior wings is replaced by a cell. The laminae of the ovipositor are smooth and entire. The larvae inhabit the interior of plants or old wood(3). (1) See the preceding works, and the Entom. Monog., Kliig p 183 (2) Ibid Encyc Method., article Pamphilie, and the Monograph of the genus Lyda of Klug, in the Mem. Nat. Cur. of Berlin. See also the Monograph of M. Lepeletier. ° * (3) See Dalm., Anal. Entom., p. 27. The number of joints is the same as in be preceding Insects, and in this respect, that naturalist is mistaken. See also he^ouv. Diet d'Hi.t. Nat., 2d edit., article Pinicole, and the Monograph of the Tenthredinitx of M. Lepeletier. -ograpn oi HYMENOPTERA. 91 Cephus, Lat. Fab.—Trachelus, Jur. Where the antennae are thickest near the end, and inserted near the front. According to certain observations published in the Bullet. Univers., of Baron Ferussac, the larva of the most common species—pygmaeus—lives in the interior of the stems of the wheat(l). Xiphydria, Lat. Fab.—Urocerus, Jur. Where the antennae are inserted near the mouth, and more atte- nuated towards the extremity(2). The second tribe, that of the Urocerata, Lat., is distin- guished from the preceding one by the following characters: the mandibles are short and thick ; the ligula is entire ; the ovipositor of the females is sometimes very salient and com- posed of three threads, and sometimes capillary and spirally convoluted in the interior of the abdomen. This tribe is composed of the genus Sirex, Lin. The antennae are filiform or setaceous, vibratile, and formed by from ten to twenty-five joints. The head is rounded and almost globu- lar; the labrum very small; the maxillary palpi are filiform with from two to five joints, and the labials with three, the last of which is the thickest. The body is almost cylindrical. The anterior or poste- rior tarsi, and in several the colour of the abdomen, differ according to the sex. The female deposits her eggs in old trees, most com- monly in Pines. Her ovipositor is lodged at base between two valves, forming a groove. Oryssus, Lat. Fab. Where the antennae are inserted near the mouth and consist of ten or eleven joints. The mandibles are edentated, and the maxillary (1) See the work already quoted, and the Monog. of the genus Sirex of Kliig, G. Astatus. (2) Ibid., and Jurine. Kliig designates this genus by the name of Hybonotus. 92 INSECTA. palpi long and formed of fireSjoints; the posterior extremity of the abdomen is almost rounded or but slightly prolonged, and the ovi- positor capillary and spirally convoluted in the interior of the ab- domen. The two species known are found in Europe, on the trees only, in the spring.' They are very active(l). Sirex, Lin.—Urocerus, Geoff., Or Sirex proper, where the antennae are inserted near the front and consist of from thirteen to twenty-five joints. The man- dibles are dentated on the inner side, and the maxillary palpi very small, almost conical, and biarticulated. The extremity of the last segment of the abdomen is prolonged into a sort of tail or horn, and the ovipositor is salient and formed of three filaments. These Insects, which are tolerably large, more particularly inha- bit the Pine forests of cold and mountainous countries, produce in flying a humming like that of a Bombus, &c, and in certain seasons have appeared in such numbers as to strike the people with terror. The larva has six feet, and the posterior extremity of its body terminates in a point. It lives in wood, where it spins a cocoon, and completes its metamorphosis. S. gigas, L., the female— S. mariscus, L., the male; Roes., Insect., II, Vesp., viii, ix. The female is above an inch in length and black, with a spot behind each eye; the second ring of the abdomen and the three last, yellow. The abdomen of the female is fulvous-yellowish with a black extremity. The Tremex of Jurine only differs from Sirex in the antennae, which are shorter, less slender at the end, or filiform only, consisting ot thirteen or fourteen joints, and in the superior wings which have but two cubital cells(2). 4^" ^ ^ ^ * lMeCt' ™» P> 245> and Enc^* Method., article * HYMENOPTERA. 93 FAMILY II. PUPIVORA. In the second family of the Hymenoptera we find the ab- domen attached to the thorax by a simple portion of its trans- versal diameter, and even most frequently by a very small thread or pedicle, in such a manner that its insertion is very distinct, and that it moves on that part of the body(l). The females are provided with an ovipositor. The larvae are destitute of feet and mostly parasitical and carnivorous. I divide this family into six tribes. In the first, that of the Evaniales, Lat., the wings are veined, and the superior ones, at least, are lobate; the an- tennae filiform or setaceous, and composed of thirteen or four- teen joints; the mandibles dentated on the inner side; the maxillary palpi composed of six joints, and the labials of four. The abdomen is implanted on the thorax, in several under the scutellum, and has an ovipositor usually salient and formed of three filaments. This tribe appears to form but the single genus F(enus. Sometimes the ovipositor is concealed, or but very slightly salient, and resembles a little sting. The ligula is trifid, a character which approximates these Insects to the preceding Hymenoptera. Evania, Fab.—Sphex, Lin. Where the antennae are geniculate, and the very small, compress- (1) The first segment of the abdomen forms the posterior extremity of the thorax, and unites intimately with the metathorax, so that the second segment of the abdomen becomes the first. 94 INSECTA. ed, triangular or ovoid abdomen, abruptly pediculated at its origin, is inserted into the posterior and superior extremity of the thorax, under the scutellum(l). Pelecinvs, Lat. Fab. Where the abdomen, as in the following subgenus, inserted much lower, a little above the origin of the posterior legs, is elongated, sometimes filiform, very long and arcuated, and sometimes gradu- ally narrowed towards its base and terminated like a club. The posterior tibise are inflated. The antennae are straight and very small(2). Sometimes the ovipositor projects greatly and is formed of three distinct and equal threads. In some, the abdomen and posterior tibiae are clavate; the antennae are filiform, and the ligula is entire or simply emarginated. Such is Foenus proper, or Fcenus, Fab.—Ichneumon, Lin.(3) The abdomen of the others is compressed, ellipsoidal, or falci- form, and all their tibiae are slender. The antennae are setaceous. Aulacus, Jur. Spin. Where the abdomen is ellipsoidal(4). Paxylloma, Breb. Where the abdomen is falciform(5). In the second tribe, that of the Ichneumonides, the wings are also veined, the superior ones always presenting complete or closed cells in their disk. The abdomen originates be- tween the two posterior legs. The antennae are generally (1) See Fab., Jur., Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 250. (2) See the works already quoted, and Encyc. Method., article Pelecine. (3) See Jurine, Hymenopt- Lat, Gener., Crust, et Insect., IV, 3; and Panzer on the Hymenoptera. See also Spinol., Insect. Ligur. (4) Idem. (5) See the Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 2d edit.; a subgenus formed on a single species closely allied to the Ophion, Fab. HYMENOPTERA. 95 filiform or setaceous, rarely clavate, vibratile, and multiarti- culated, being composed of sixteen joints at least. In most of them the mandibles have no tooth on the inner side, and ter- minate in a bifid point. The maxillary palpi, always appa- rent or salient, consist most commonly of but five joints. The ovipositor is formed of three threads. This tribe embraces almost the whole genus Ichneumon, Lin.(l) These Insects destroy the posterity of the Lepidoptera, so noxious to the agriculturalist under the form of cate'rpillars, just as the quad- ruped so called is said to destroy that of the Crocodile by breaking its eggs, and even by introducing itself into the body of the animal in order to devour its entrails. Some authors have called them Mouches tripiles, on account of the three setae which compose their ovipositor, and Mouches vibrantes, because their antennae are continually vibrating. These organs are frequently curled (contournees), and have a white or yellowish an- nular spot in the middle. Their maxillary palpi are elongated, almost setaceous, and consist of from five to six joints; the labials are shorter, filiform, and have but from three to four joints. The ligula is usually entire or simply emarginated. The body is most frequently narrow and elongated or linear, with the ovipositor sometimes exterior and resembling a tail, and sometimes very short and concealed in the interior of the abdomen, which then terminates in a point, whilst in those where the ovipositor is salient it is thicker, and as if clavate and truncated posteriorly. Of the three pieces which compose this instrument the intermediate is the only one that penetrates into the bodies in which these Insects de- posit their eggs; its extremity is flattened, and sometimes resem- bles the nib of a pen. The females, anxioifs to lay, are continually flying or walking about(2), in order to discover the larvae, nymphs, and eggs of In- (1) This genus comprises upwards of twelve hundred species, and its study is ex- tremely difficult. The labours of MM. Gravenhorst and Nees de Esenbeck have rendered it somewhat easier. The former of these gentlemen has lately pub- lished the prospectus of a complete work on these Insects, and we have every reason to believe that this interesting portion of entomology will be henceforward as well understood as the state of the science will allow. (2) Some species are apterous or have but very short wings. They are the subject of a particular Monograph published by M. Gravenhorst, who has also favoured us with another on the Ichneumons of Piemont. 96 INSECTA. sects, and even Spiders, Aphides, &c, destined to receive their ova, and when hatched, to sustain their offspring. In this search they ex- hibit a wonderful degree of instinct, which reveals to them the most secret retreats of its objects. Those which are provided with a long ovipositor deposit the germs of their race in the fissures or holes of trees, or under their bark. In this operation the ovipositor proper is introduced almost perpendicularly, and is completely disengaged from its semi-scabbards, which remain parallel to each other, and Supported in the air, in the line of the body. Those females in which the ovipositor is very short, and but slightly or not at all ap- parent, deposit their ova in the body of larvae, caterpillars, and nymphs, which are expo.sed or very accessible. The larvae of the Ichneumonides, like all the others of the suc- ceeding families, are destitute of feet. Those which, in the manner of intestinal worms, inhabit the bodies of larvae or caterpillars, where they sometimes form communities, only attack the adipose substance—corps graisseux—or such of the internal parts as are not necessary to their existence. When about to become nymphs, how- ever, they perforate their skin in order to open a passage, or put them to death, and there tranquilly undergo their ultimate metamor- phosis. Such also are the habits of those which feed on nymphs or chrysalides. Nearly all of them spin a silken cocoon, in which they become nymphs. These cocoons are sometimes agglomerated, either naked, or enveloped in a sort of tow or cotton, in an oval mass, frequently found attached to the stems of plants. The symmetrical arrangement of the cocoons of one species forms an alveolar body, resembling the honeycomb of our domestic Bee. The silk of these cocoons is sometimes of a uniform yellow or white, and sometimes mixed with black or filaments of two colours. Those of some spe- cies are suspended to a Feaf or twig, by means of a long thread. Reaumur has observed that when detached from the bodies to which they are fixed, they make repeated jumps to about the height of four inches, the larva enclosed in the cocoon approximating the two extremities of its body, and then suddenly returning to a straight line in the manner of various skipping larvae of Dipterous Insects, found on old cheese. This family is extremely rich in species. The difference in the number of joints, found in the palpi, may serve as a basis of three principal divisions. The first will comprise those species in which the maxillary palpi have five joints, and the labials four. The second cubital cell is very small, and almost circular or null. We will form a first subdivision with those in which the head is never prolonged anteriorly in the form of a snout or rostrum, in which the ligula is not deeply emarginated, and in which the max- HYMENOPTERA. 97 illary palpi are much elongated, their last joints, in form and pro- portion, differing evidently from the preceding ones. The ovipo- sitor is not covered at base by a large lamina in the form of a vomer. Here, this ovipositor is extremely salient. Some species are distinguished from the others by their almost globular head, their mandibles terminated in an entire or but slightly emarginated point, and by the elongation of their metathorax. The second cubital cell is frequently wanting. Such are those which form the Stephanus, Jur.—Pimpla, Br aeon, Fab. Where the thorax is much thinned anteriorly, and on a level at its posterior extremity with the origin of the abdomen, so that this part of the body appears almost sessile and inserted in the posterior and superior extremity of the thorax as in the Evaniae. The poste- rior thighs are inflated, and several little tubercles are observable on the vertex(l). Xorides, Lat.—Pimpla, Cryptus, Fab. Where the metathorax is convex and rounded at its descent," so that the abdomen is inserted, as usual, at its inferior extremity, and presents a very distinct pedicle(2). Of those species in which the head is transverse, and the mandi- bles are very distinctly bifid or well emarginated at the point, some, such as form the Pimpla, Fab., Have a cylindrical and very briefly pediculated abdomen. We will cite the P. persuasoria; Ichneumon persuasorius, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., xix, 18. One of the largest species in Europe; i black; spots on the thorax and the scutellum white; two white (1) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IX, 3; Bracon serrator, Fab.;—Pimpla coro- nator, Fab., and some other undescribed species from America. (2) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IX, 4. The Pimpla mediator, necator and meliorator, Fab., are probably Xorides; his Cryptus ruspator should apparently form a separate subgenus, allied to the preceding one. Vol. IV.—N 98 LNSECTA. dots on each ring of the abdomen; legs fulvous; ovipositor as long as the body. P. manifestator; Ichneumon manifestator, L.; Panz., Ibid., xix, 21. Black; scutellum of the same colour; legs fulvous. The P. ovivora, Bullet. Univers. des Sc, of the Baron Ferussac destroys the eggs of Spiders(l). In others the abdomen almost borders on an oval, and has an elon- gated, slender and arcuated pedicle. They form the Cryptus, Fab. Some species are known in which the females are apterous, and which by reason of this character and the form of the thorax, that is divided into two parts or knots, might constitute a separate sub- genus. They are almost always found on the ground(2). There, the ovipositor of the females is concealed or but slightly prolonged beyond the anus. Sometimes the abdomen is compressed and falciform, or clavate and truncated. Ophion, Fab. Where the antennae are filiform or setaceous, and where the ab- domen is falciform and truncated at the extremity. The ovipositor is somewhat salient. The second cubital cell is very small or null. O.luteus; Ichneumon luteus, L.; Schaeff., Icon. Insect., I, 10. Russet-yellow with green eyes. The female deposits her ova on the skin of certain caterpil- lars, particularly on that called in France the queue-fourchue— Bombyx vinula. They are attached to it by means of a long and slender pedicle. There the larvae live and grow, with the posterior extremity of their body involved in the pellicle of the eggs from which they sprung, without preventing the Caterpil- lar from spinning its cocoon; but they finally kill it by consum- ing its internal substance, when they make their own cocoons, ' which are placed close together, and at length issue forth under the form of Ichneumons. (1) Fab., Syst. Piez.; and Encyc. Method., article (2) Fab., Ibid. HYMENOPTERA. 99 The larva of another species, the O. moderator, Fab., destroys that of another Ichneumon, the Pimpla strobilellx, Fab.(l) Banchus, Fab. Similar as to the antennae, but the abdomen of the females is nar- rowed at the e»nd and terminated in a point(2). Helwigia. The port of the preceding Insects, but the antennae thicker near the extremity(3). Sometimes the abdomen is rather flattened than compressed, being either somewhat oval, or almost cylindrical, or fusiform. In these, the abdomen is considerably narrowed at base in the manner of a pedicle. Joppa, Fab. The Joppae are removed from the following subgenera by their antennae, which are widened or thickened anterior to the extremity, and then terminate in a point(4). Ichneumon proper. Where the head is transversal and the abdomen somewhat oval, and almost equally narrowed at both ends. Panzer has separated generically, under the name of Trogus, those species in which the scutellum forms a conical tubercle, and the abdomen presents deep transversal incisures(5). Alomya, Fab. Where the head is narrower and more rounded, with the abdo- men more widened near its posterior extremity. An Ichneumon inhabiting France, and which appears to us nearly allied to the femoralis of Gravenhorst—Ichn. Pedem., (1) Fab., Syst. Piez.; and Encyc. Method., article Opkion. (2) Fab., Ibid. (3) See the Bullet Univers. des Sc. of Baron Femssac. (4) Fab., Syst. Piez. (5) Fab, Ibid., and Panz. Hymenopt. 100 INSECTA. No. 136—and otherwise closely approximated to the Alomyae, is remarkable for its pyramidal head with an anterior elevation bearing the antennae. It might form the type of another sub- genus—Hypsicera( 1). In those, the abdomen is connected with the thorax by the greater portion of its transversal diameter, is almost sessile, nearly cylin- drical, and simply widened or thickened towards its posterior ex- tremity. Such are the Peltastes, Illig.—Metopius, Panz. Where there is a circular elevation under the antennae, and the lateral edges of the scutellum are turned up and sharp(2). In the second and last division of those species in which the max- illary palpi are composed of five joints and the labials of four, we observe a profoundly emarginated or almost bifid ligula* and max- illary palpi the joints of which differ but slightly, or change their figure very gradually. The ovipositor projects and is covered at base by a large lamina formed like a vomer. The posterior thighs are thick. The head in several projects in the manner of a snout. AcaaNiTus, Lat. When the head presents no anterior projection in the form of a rostrum(3). Agathis, Lat. Where it terminates inferiorly in that manner. These Insects approach the following subgenera by their wings(4). Our second division of the Ichneumons only differs from the first with respect to the number of joints in the palpi, inasmuch as there is one less in the labials, which present but three. As in most of the speeies of the following division, the second cubital cell is most frequently as large as the first, and nearly square. The ovipositor projects. The point of the mandibles is emarginated or bifid (1) The same works. (2) Ichneumon necatorius, Fab., Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ. XLVII 21— Ich migratonus, Fab.;-M. amictorius, Panz., Ibid., LXXXV, uLlch dissectarius Panz., Ibid., XCVIII, 14. See Encyc. Method., article Peltasle ^(3^ Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, 9; Encyc. Method., Hist. Nat Insect, (4) Lat., Ibid., 9; Encyc. Method., Ibid., 38. HYMENOPTERA. 101 Some present a remarkable hiatus between the mandibles and the clypeus. The maxillae are prolonged inferiorly beneath the man- dibles. The second cubital cell is square and tolerably large. The ovipositor is long. They form the genus Bracon, Fab. Jur. From which we might separate, as was formerly done by me, under the generic denomination of Vipion, those species in which the an- tennae are short and filiform; in which the maxillae are proportion- ally longer, and with the labium form a sort of rostrum; and where the maxillary palpi are hardly longer than the labials. The species with setaceous antennae, at least as long as the body, in which the maxillary palpi are much longer than the labials, and where the maxillae and labium form that sort of rostrum under the mandibles, would alone be Bracones(l). The others present no hiatus between the mandibles and clypeus. The maxillae and labium are not prolonged. The second cubital cell is very small. The ovipositor, and even the abdomen are short. Microgaster, Lat. (2) Our third and last division, corresponding to that of the Bassus of M. Nees d'Esenbeck, has, like the first, four joints in the labial palpi, but the maxillary palpi consist of more, that is to say of six. The abdomen is semi-sessile. Here, the mandibles become gradually narrowed, and terminate as in the preceding Insects, by two teeth, or in an emarginated or bifid point. Helcon, Esenb. Where the abdomen, viewed above, presents several annuli, ter- minates in a long ovipositor, and is not concave beneath(3). Sigalphus, Lat. Where the abdomen is concave inferiorly, presents but three (1) See Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, 9; and Encyc. Method., Hist. Nat. In- sect., X, p. 35. (2) Lat, Ibid. (3) N£es d'Esenb., Conspect. Gener. et Famil. Ichneum., p. 29. 102 INSECTA. segments above, and the ovipositor is contracted and resembles a sting(l). Chelonus, Jur. Where that part of the body, otherwise almost similarly formed, is inarticulated superiorly(2). There, the mandibles are almost square, with three teeth at the extremity, one in the middle, and the others formed by the projec- tion of the angles of the terminal margin. Alysia, Lat. (3) We have not yet been able to examine thoroughly, various other genera established by Messrs Gravenhort and Nees d'Esenbeck, in their Conspect. Gen. et Fam. Ichneum., and consequently have not thought it proper to speak of them. That called Anomalon by Ju- rine, must be suppressed. It is a sort of general receptacle, where he has placed all those Ichneumons in which the second cubital cell is wanting, without paying any attention to other organic differences. In the second tribe, the GallicoljE, Diploleparise, Lat., we find but a single nervure in the inferior wings. The superior present some cells or areolse, viz. two at their base, the brachials, but of which the inner one is usually in- complete and but slightly marked, another radial and triangu- lar, and two or three cubitals, of which the second, where there are three, is always very small, and the third very large, triangular, and closed by the posterior margin of the wing. The antennae are of equal thickness throughout, or gradually enlarge, but without forming a club, and consist of from thir- teen to fifteen joints(4). The palpi are very long(5). The (1) Ibid.; Lat, Ibid. (2) Lat, Ibid.; and the Conspect, &c, of Nees d'Ensenb. (3) Lat, Ibid. This subgenus appears to connect itself with the Gallicols:* here the mandibles are always dentated on the inner side. (4) According to the sex; thirteen in the female Ibalia, the same number in the female Figites, and fourteen in the males; fourteen in the female Cynips, and fifteen in their males. (5) The maxillary palpi usually have four joints, and the labials three, of which the last is rather the thickest. HYMENOPTERA. 103 ovipositor is convoluted spirally in the interior of the abdo- men, and has its posterior extremity lodged in a groove of the venter. The Gallicolae form the genus Cynips, Lin. Geoffroy distinguishes these Insects by the improper name of Dip- lolepis, and calls Cynips certain Insects of the following family com- prised by Linnaeus in his last division of the Ichneumons. These Insects seem to be hump-backed, having a small head and a thick and elevated thorax. Their abdomen is compressed, cari- nated or trenchant inferiorly, and truncated obliquely, or obtuse, at the extremity. That of the females contains an ovipositor which seems to consist of a single, long, and extremely slender or capillary thread convoluted spirally near the base or towards the origin of the venter, and of which the terminal portion is lodged under the anus between two elongated valvulae, each of which forms a semi-scab- bard or sheath for it. The extremity of this ovipositor is grooved, and has lateral teeth resembling the barbs on the head of an arrow; with these the Insect widens the aperture it has effected in different parts of plants for the purpose of receiving its eggs. The juices of those plants are diffused in the wounded spots and form excrescences or tumours called galls. The one most commonly known, or the gall-nut, Aleppo gall, is employed with a solution of the sulphate of iron to produce a black dye. The form and solidity of these protu- berances vary according to the nature of the parts of the plants that have been wounded, such as the leaves, petioles, buds, bark, roots, &c. Most of them are spherical* some resemble fruits, such as the galles en pomme, galles en groseilles, galles en pepin, galles en nefle, &c. Others are fibrous or hairy, like that called the bedeguar, mousse chevelue, &c, which is observed on the wild Rose-trees. Some of them resemble artichokes, others mushrooms, &c, Sec. The eggs enclosed in these excrescences increase in size and con- sistence, and finally produce larvae destitute of feet, but frequently provided with mammillae in place of them. Sometimes they live there solitarily, and sometimes ia society, feeding on their internal pa- rietes without interfering with their development, and remaining five or six months in this condition. There also some undergo their metamorphosis, to effect which others issue forth and descend into the earth where they remain till their final change is completed. The round holes observed on the exterior of the gall intimates the 104 INSECTA. exit of the Insect. Several Insects of the following family are also sometimes found in it, but this has been by destroying the natural inhabitants, of whose domicil they have taken possession, in the manner of the Ichneumons. Certain species are apterous. One species deposits its ova in the pollen of the earliest of the wild Fig-trees. The modern Greeks, in pursuance of a method transmitted to them from antiquity, pierce several of these figs, and place them on their late bearing trees of the same genus; the Cynips soon leave their old dwelling and come out loaded with the fecundating dust, insinuate themselves into the eye of the fruit borne by the latter, fecundate its seeds, and accele- rate the period of its maturity. This operation is termed caprifi- cation. Ibalia, Lat. Illig.—Sagaris, Panz.—Banchus, Fab. Where the abdomen is strongly compressed in all its height, and is formed like the blade of a knife; the antennae are filiform. The radial cell is long and narrow; the two branchials are very distinct, and completely or entirely closed, and the two first cubitals are very small(l). Figites, Lat. Jur. Where the abdomen is ovoid, thickened and rounded superiorly, or simply compressed and trenchant beneath; and where the antennae are granular and gradually enlarge. There is but one complete brachial cell, the radial is very distant from the extremity of the wing, and the second cubital is wanting(2). Cynips, Lin.—Diplolepis, Geoff. Or Cynips proper, where the abdomen is similar, but the antennae are filiform and not granular. There is also but one complete cell at the base of the superior wings; there are three cubitals, the first of which is proportionally larger than in the Ibaliae; the radial is equally elongated. C. gallee tinctorial; Diplolepis gallas tinctoriae, Oliv., Voy. en (1) Lat. Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 17. The maxillary palpi, according to my former observations on this genus, have but five joints, whilst those of the Figites and Cynips have but four. (2) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, p. 19, and Jurine. HYMENOPTERA. 105 Turq. Very pale fulvous; covered with a silky and whitish down, with a blackish-brown and glossy spot on the abdomen. In the round, hard and tuberculous gall found on a species of Oak in the Levant, which is employed in commerce. By break- ing this gall we may frequently obtain the perfect Insect. C. quercuspedunculi, L.; Reaum., Insect., Ill, xl, 1—6. Grey, with a linear cross on the wings. It pierces the blossoms of the male flowers of the Oak, producing round tumours which resemble little bunches of fruit. C. rosx, L.; Reaum., Insect., Ill, xlvi, 5—8; and xlvii, 1—4. Black; legs and abdomen, the extremity of the latter excepted, red(l). The fourth tribe, that of the Chalcidi^-e, Spin., only differs essentially from the preceding one in the antennae, which are geniculate, those of the Euchares alone excepted, and which, from the elbow, form an elongated or fusiform club, of which the first joint is frequently lodged in a groove. The palpi are very short. The radial cell is usually wanting; there is never more than one cubital cell, which is not closed. The number of joints of the antennae never exceeds twelve. We may refer the various genera established in this tribe to the Chalcis, Fab. These Insects are very small, and are decorated with extremely bril- liant metallic colours; most of them enjoy the faculty of leaping. The ovipositor, like that of the Ichneumons, is salient and frequently composed of three threads; the larvae are also parasitical. Some of them, on account of their extreme minuteness, live in the interior of the almost imperceptible ova of Insects. Others inhabit galls and the chrysalides of the Lepidoptera. I suspect that they do not spin a cocoon. Some, in which the antennae always present eleven or twelve joints, (1) For the other species, see Linnaeus; Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Diplo- lepe,- Lat., Hist. Gen. des Crust, et des Insect, XIII., p. 206, and Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 18; Jurine and Panzer on the Hymenoptera. Dr Virey has published some new observations on the galls produced by these Insects, from an MS. memoir of the late M. Olivier. Vol. IV—O 106 INSECTA. have the posterior thighs very large and lenticular, and their tibiae arcuated. Here the abdomen is ovoid or conical, pointed at its extremity, and pediculated; the ovipositor is straight and rarely salient or ex- ternal. The wings are extended. Some are known in which the antennae of the males are fiabelli- form. Chirocera, Lat.(l) Those of the others are simple in both sexes. Chalcis, proper.— Vespa, Sphex, Lin. Some have the abdominal pedicle elongated; such are those found in marshes, and, called sispes and clavipes by Fabricius. They are both black. The posterior thighs of the first are yellow; those of the second are fulvous. M. Dalman—Anal. Entom., p. 29—has formed the new genus Dirrhinus, with an African species of this division, that is remarka- ble for its deeply bifid head, which, as well as the mandibles, is pro- longed anteriorly. Two other species, enclosed in amber, where the antennae suddenly terminate in a large ovoid and triarticulated club, and where the ovipositor is salient and as long as the body, seem to him to form a particular genus, which he calls Palmon. See his Memoir on the Insects inclosed in Amber, V, 21—24. In the others, the pedicle of the abdomen is very short. Such are C. minuta; vespa minuta, L. Very common on the flowers of umbelliferous plants; black, with yellow legs. C. annulata, Fab. Found in the nests of the Vespa nidulam of South America, and mistaken by Reaumur—Insect., VI, xx, 2, and xxi, 3, 4—for the female of that Wasp. It is black- point of the abdomen elongated; a white dot at the extremity of the posterior thighs; tibiae white, picked in with white(2). There, the abdomen seems as if applied to the posterior extre- mity of the metathorax, or as if sessile; it is rounded or very ob- tuse at the end, and compressed laterally. The ovipositor curves (1) Chalcispedicornis, Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 26 (2) See Lat Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, p. 25; Fab., Syst Piez.; Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Chalcis. ' £*nc>c' HYMENOPTERA. 107 over the back. The wings are doubled, and the superior ones pre- sent a radial cell. Leucospis, Fab. L. dorsigera, Fab., the female; L. dispar, the male; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., LVIII, 15, the male. Black; abdomen almost twice the length of the thorax, with three yellow bands and two little spots of the same colour. The female deposits her eggs in the nest of the Abeilles Magonnes of Reaumur. That of another species—L. gigas—lays in Wasp's nests(l). The others, in several of which the antennae consist of but from five to nine joints, have the posterior thighs oblong, and their tibiae straight. Of those in which the antennae, always simple in both sexes, are composed of from nine to twelve joints, we will first distinguish Eucharis, Lat. Fab.—Chalcis, Jur. The only ones of this tribe in which those organs are straight or non-geniculate. The abdomen is pediculated. I could find no ves- tiges of palpi in several individuals submitted to my inspection(2). Thoracanta, Lat. These Insects, collected in Brazil by M. de Saint-Hilaire, by the prolongation of their scutellum, which covers the wings, represent in Europe those Hemiptera called Scutellera by M. Delamarck. The other subgenera with antennae still consisting of at least nine simple joints, but which are geniculate; and in which the wings are not covered by the scutellum, may be divided into those where these antennae are inserted near the middle of the anterior face of the head, or considerably distant from the mouth, and into those where they are inserted close to it. In those where they are removed from it, some have almost an ovoidal abdomen, compressed on the sides, or higher than it is wide, and a usually salient and ascending ovipositor. Such are those which form the (1) See the same works and the Monograph of this genus by Kliig, in the Mem. Nat. Cur. of Berlin. Swammerdam appears to have known one of these species. (2) Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 20. 108 INSECTA. Agaon, Dalm. They are very remarkable for the magnitude and length of their head, and for their antennae, of which the first joint is very large and forms a triangular palette; the three last form an abrupt and elongated club. They are covered with hairs(l). Eurytoma, Illig. Where the antennae are as if knotted and furnished with whirls of hairs in the males. The ovipositor is short(2). Misocampe, Lat.—Diplolepis, Fab. , Where they are composed, in both sexes, of compact joints and are destitute of the whirls of hairs. The ovipositor is long. The larva of one species inhabits the gall of the wild Rose tree, and devours that of the Cynips, which formed it(3). In the others the abdomen is flattened above, and either triangular and terminated in a long point in the females, or almost cordiform or nearly orbicular. The ovipositor is usually concealed, or but slightly salient. Here the nervure of the superior wings, situated near the margia, is always curved, and unites with the callous point at the exterior edge. The two posterior legs are the longest. The inner spine of the intermediate tibiae is small. Perilampus, Lat. Where the mandibles are strongly dentated; the club of the an- tennae is short and thick; the abdomen short, cordiform, and not prolonged at the extremity, and the scutellum thick and salient(4). In the two following subgenera the abdomen of the females is pro- longed into a conical point. The club of the antennae is narrow and elongated. (1) Dalm., Anal. Entom., 30; II, 1—6. (2) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 27. (3) Lat., Ibid., 29; genus Cynips. (4) Lat., Ibid., 30. HYMENOPTERA. 109 Pteromalus, Lat.—Cleptes; Fab. Where the thorax is short and not narrowed anteriorly(l). Cleonymus, Lat. Where it is elongated and narrowed anteriorly. The abdomen is also proportionally longer, and the antennae are inserted more infe- riorly(2). There the nervure of the superior wings, situated near the margin, is sometimes straight, and unites at the callous point. The interme- diate legs are the longest, and the inner side of their tibiae is fur- nished with a stout spine. The scutellum projects. Eupelmus, Dalm. Where the infra-cestal nervure, as in the preceding Insects, is curved, and unites at the exterior margin, before the callous point. The first joint of the intermediate tarsi is large, and ciliated be- neath(3). Encyrtus, Lat. Where that nervure is straight and unites at the callous point, or rather at the branch which commences the cubital cell. The club of the antennae is compressed and truncated at the end(4). Spalangia, Lat. Distinguished from the preceding by the generally longer antennae, which are inserted close to the anterior margin of the head(5). (1) Lat, Ibid., 31. (2) Lat., Ibid., 29. (3) Dalm., Monog. of the Pteromalini. (4) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect, IV, 31. (5) Lat, Ibid., 29. 110 INSECTA. Eulophus, Geoff. Lat.—Entodon, Dalm. But from five to eight joints in the antennae; those of the males ramous(l). In the fifth tribe, that of the Oxiuri, Lat., we observe spe- cies similar to the preceding in the absence of nervures in the inferior wings, and in which the abdomen of the females is terminated by a tubular and conical ovipositor, sometimes in- ternal, exertile and protruding through the anus like a sting, and sometimes external and forming a sort of tail or terminal point. The antennae are composed of from ten to fifteen joints, and are either filiform or somewhat largest near the end, or clavate in the females. The maxillary palpi of seve- ral are long and pendent. We reduce the various genera of which it is composed to one, the Bethylus, Lat. Fab. The habits of these Insects are probably those of the Chalcidiae; but as most of them are found on the sand or low plants, I suspect that their larvae live in the ground. Some have brachial cells or nervures in the superior wings. Their maxillary palpi are always salient. Their antennae are filiform, or simply and gradually enlarge in both sexes. Here, they are inserted near the mouth. Dryinus, Lat.—Gonatopus, Kliig. Where the antennae are straight and consist of ten joints in the two sexes, the last ones somewhat thicker than the others. The thorax is divided into two knots. The anterior tarsi terminate by (1) Lat., Ibid., 28; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, 2d edit., and Lin. Trans., XIV.p. 111. For these various subgenera, see Memoire sur les Diploh*paires, by M. Maxmihan Spinola, published in the Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., as well as the excellent work of M. Dalman, on the Insects of this tribe. HYMENOPTERA. H* two large dentated hooks, one of which is flexed. Some of the fe- males are apterous(l). Anteon, Jur. Where the antennae also consist of ten joints, at least in the males; but the thorax is continuous. All the tarsi are terminated by ordi- nary, simple, and straight hooks. The superior wings have a large cubital point(2). Bethylus, Lat. Fab.—Omalus, Jur. Where the antennae are geniculate and consist of thirteen joints in both sexes; where the head is flattened, and the pro-thorax elongated and almost triangular(3). There, the antennae, always composed of from thirteen to fifteen joints, are inserted near the middle of the anterior face of the head. Sometimes they are straight or nearly so. Proctotrupes, Lat.—Codrus, Jur. Where they consist of thirteen joints in both sexes. The mandi- bles are arcuated and dentated on the inner side; the abdomen is briefly and insensibly pediculated, terminating, in the females, in a frequently long and horny point or tail forming the ovipositor; the second ring is very large(4). Sometimes the antennae are very distinctly geniculate. Helorus, Lat. Jur. Where the antennae consist of fifteen joints. The mandibles are dentated on their inner side. The first abdominal segment forms an abrupt, long, and cylindrical pedicle(5> (1) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, 39- Dalm., Annal. Entom. 7. (2) Jur., Hymenop. (3) Lat, Ibid., 40. (4) Lat, Ibid., 38. (5) Lat., Ibid., 38. 112 INSECTA. Belyta, Cinetus, Jur. Where the antenna are composed of fourteen or fifteen joints; they are filiform in the males, more granose and thicker near the end in the females(l). The other Oxiuri have neither cells, nor brachial, nor basilar)* nervures. These have their antennae inserted on the forehead. Diapria, Lat.—Psilus, Jur. No cell whatever in the wings. The maxillary palpi are salient, and the antennae have fourteen joints in the males, or twelve in the females(2). In those they are inserted near the mouth. Ceraphron, Jur. Lat. Wings furnished with a radial cell; the maxillary palpi salient; the antennae filiform in both sexes, and consisting of eleven joints; abdomen ovoido-conical(3). Sparasion, Lat. Similar to Ceraphron in the radial cell, and the projection of the maxillary palpi; but the antennae have twelve joints in both sexes, are thickest at the extremity or clavate in the females, and the abdo- men is flattened(4). Then follow two subgenera also provided with a radial cell, and in which the antennae, as in Sparasion, are thickest at the end or clavate in the females, and where the abdomen is flattened; but the palpi are very short and do not project, or are not pendent. (1) Lat., Ibid., 37. (2) Lat, Ibid., 36. (3) Lat,, Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 35. [For some account of an American species of this Insect, the destructor, which deposits its ova in the bodies of the larvae of the Cecidomyia destructor or Hessian-Fly, see Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. of Philad. vol. I, part i, p. 47, 48. Am. Ed.~\ (4) Lat, Ibid., 34. I HYMENOPTERA. 113 Teleas, Lat. Where the antennae are composed of twelve jofhts(l). Scelion, Lat. Where those organs consist of but ten joints(2). In the last subgenus, or Platygaster, Lat. The radial cell disappears. The antennae of both sexes have but ten joints, of which the first and third are much elongated. The palpi are very short. The abdomen is flattened and in the form of a spatula. To this subgenus I refer the Psile de Bosc of Jurine, a singu- lar Insect in which the first ring of the abdomen gives origin to a solid horn which curves forwards to above the head, and which, according to the observations of an able naturalist, M. Leclerc de Laval, is the sheath of the ovipositor. This species is very small and entirely black(3). In the sixth tribe, or the Chrysides, Lat., the inferior wings, as in the three preceding tribes, are not veined ; but their ovipositor is formed by the last rings of the abdomen in the manner of the tubes of a spy-glass, and terminates in a little sting. The abdomen, which in the females appears to consist of but three or four rings, is concave or flat beneath, and can be flexed on the pectus, in which state the Insect is globular. This tribe comprises the genus Chrysis, Lin. The lustre and richness of the colours which decorate these Insects may challenge a comparison with those of the Humming-birds, and (1) Lat, Ibid., 32. (2) Lat, Ibid., 32. (3) Lat. Gener. Crust, et Insect. IV, 32. Vol. IV.—P 114 INSECTA. have entitled them to the common appellation of Golden Wasps, or Guepes dorees. They are seen walking about in a continued state of agitation, and with hasty motions, on walls and fences exposed to the burning ardour of the sun. They are also found on flowers. Their body is elongated and covered with a firm tegument. Their antennae are filiform, geniculate, vibratile, and composed of thirteen joints in both sexes. The mandibles are narrow, arcuated, and pointed. The maxillary palpi are filiform, usually longer than those of the labium, and composed of five unequal joints; the latter consist of three. The ligula is most frequently emarginated. The thorax is semi-cylindrical, and presents several sutures or impressed and transverse lines. The abdomen of the greater number forms a semi-oval truncated at base, and at the first glance seems suspended to the thorax by its whole width; the last ring is frequently marked by large punctures and terminates by dentations. The Chrysides deposit their ova in the nests of the solitary Mason Bees, or in those of other Hymenoptera. Their larvae devour those of the latter. In some the maxillae and labium are very long, forming a false proboscis that is bent underneath, and the very small palpi are bi- articulated. Parnopes, Lat. The P. carnea places its eggs in the nest of the Bembex rostrata, Fab.(l) The others are destitute of this false proboscis; their maxillary palpi are moderate or elongated and composed of five joints; those of the labium have three. Sometimes the thorax is not narrowed anteriorly; the abdomen is semi-oval, concave, and presents externally but three segments, as in Chrysis proper or Chrysis, Fab. Those, in which the four palpi are equal, and where the ligula is profoundly emarginate, form the genus (1) Lat. Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 47, and the Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat HYMENOPTERA. 115 Stilbum, Spinol. To which may be united the Euchrseus of Latreille(l). Those, in which the maxillary palpi are much longer than the labial, the ligula is emarginated, and the abdomen rounded and en- tire at the extremity, have been generically distinguished by the name of Hedychrum. Those which, similar to the Hedychra in the relative proportions of the palpi, have a rounded and entire ligula, form two genera. In the first or Elampus, 9pin. The mandibles have two teeth on the inner side; the abdomen is entire and rounded at the end, and the posterior extremity of the thorax is furnished with a spine. In the second, or Chrysis, Spin., there is but a single dentation on the same edge; the abdomen is more elongated, truncated at the end, and frequently a transverse range of large punctures at the same extremity. In this subdivision comes the most common species in Europe. C. ignita, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., V, 22. Blue mixed with green; abdomen golden cupreous-red, and termi- nated by four dentations. Sometimes the thorax is narrowed before; the abdomen is almost ovoidal without being arched, and presents four segments in the females and five in the males. Cleptes, Lat. Where the mandibles are short and dentated. The ligula is en- tire(2). (1) Messrs Lepeletier and Serville, Encyc. Method., have given the generic appellation of Pyria to certain Insects closely allied, according to them, to Stil- bum, but in which the metathorax presents a scutelliform projection, the head offers no depression, and where the simple eyes are arranged in a triangle, those on the sides being considerably distant from the ordinary eyes (2) For all these divisions, see Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, p. 41, et seq.- 116 INSECTA. The second section of the Hymenoptera, that of the Acu- leata, differs from the first in the absence of the ovipositor. A concealed and retractile sting composed of three pieces usually supplies the place of it in the females, and in the neu- ters of species which form communities. Sometimes, as in certain Ants, this sting is wanting, and the Insect defends itself by the ejaculation of an acid liquid contained in special glandular reservoirs(l). The Hymenoptera of this section always have their antennas simple, and composed of a constant number of joints, namely, of thirteen in the males, and twelve in the females. The palpi are generally filiform, those of the maxillae, frequently the longest, having six joints, and those of the labium four. The mandibles are smaller, and frequently less dentated in the males than in the opposite sex. The abdomen, united to the thorax by a thread or pedicle, is composed of seven rings in the males, and of six in the females. The four wings are always veined, and present the various sorts of ordinary cells. The larvse are always destitute of feet, and feed on aliments presented to them by the females or neuters, consisting either of the bodies of Insects, the juices of fruits, or a mixture of pollen, stamina and honey. This section is divided into four families. Amid., Lepeletier, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat.; Max., Spinola, Insect. Ligur; Jurine and Panzer on the Hymenoptera. , (1) For details relative to the organs which produce this venomous fluid, see the Memoire sur les Abeilles of Reaumur, and that of M. Leon Dufour, quoted in our general observations upon the Insects of this order. HYMENOPTERA. 117 FAMILY I. HETEROGYNA. The first family of our second section is composed of two or three kinds of individuals, the most common of which, the neu- ters and females, are apterous, and but rarely furnished with very distinct ocelli. Their antennae are always geniculate, and the ligula is small, rounded and concave, or cochleariform. Some form communities in which we_ find three kinds of individuals, of which the males and females are winged, and the neuters apterous. In the two last the antennae gradually enlarge, and the length of their first joint is at least equal to that of the third of the whole organ ; the second is almost as long as the third, and has the form of a reversed cone. The labrum of the neuters is large, corneous, and falls perpendi- cularly under the mandibles. These Hymenoptera compose the genus Formica, Lin.(l) Or that of the Ants, so highly celebrated for their foresight, and so well known, some by their depredations in our houses, where they attack our sugar and preserved viands, communicating to them at the same time a musky and disagreeable odour, and others by the injury they do to our trees, by gnawing their interior in order to form domicils for their colonies. The abdominal pedicle of these Insects is in the form of a scale or knot, either double or single, a character by which they are easily recognized. Their antennae are geniculate, and usually somewhat largest near the extremity; the head is triangular, with oval or rounded and entire eyes, and the clypeus large; the mandi- bles are very strong in the greater number, but vary greatly as to (1) The tribe of the FormicabijE, Lat, Fam. Nat. du Regn. Anim., 452. 118 INSECTA. form in the neuters; the maxillae and labium are small; the palpi are filiform, and those of the maxillae the longest; the thorax is com- pressed laterally, and the almost ovoidal abdomen furnished, in the females and neuters, sometimes with a sting, and sometimes with glands in the vicinity of the anus, that secrete a particular acid called formic. They form communities which are frequently extremely numer- ous. Each species consists of three kinds of individuals: males and females which are furnished with long wings, less veined than those of the other Hymenoptera of this section, and very deciduous; and neuters, destitute of wings, which are merely females with imper- feet ovaries. The males and females are merely found within the domicil in transitu. They leave it the moment their wings are developed. The males, much inferior in size to the females, and with a proportionally smaller head and mandibles, fecundate them in the air, where they form numerous swarms and soon after perish without returning to their natal hill, where their presence is no longer requisite. The females, now ready to become mothers, wan- der to a distance from their birth-place, and having detached their wings by means of their feet, found a new colony. Some of those however which are in the vicinity of the ant-hills are arrested by the neuters who force them to return to their domicil, tear off their wings, prevent them from leaving it, and force them to deposit their eggs there—it is thought, however, that they are violently ex- pelled the moment that operation is effected. The neuters, which are distinct, not only by the want of wings and ocelli, but also by the size of their head, the strength of their mandibles, their more compressed and frequently knotted thorax, and their proportionally longer legs, have the sole charge of all the economy of the habitation, and the rearing of the young. The na- ture and form of their nests or ant-hills vary according to the parti- cular instinct of the species. They usually establish it in the ground; in its construction some only employ particles of earth, and almost entirely conceal it; others seize on fragments of various bodies and with them raise conical or dome-like hillocks over the spot in which they are domiciliated. Some establish their dwelling in the trunks of old trees, the interior of which they perforate in every direction in the manner of a labyrinth, in which the detached particles are also employed. Various and apparently irregular galleries lead to the particular residence of their young. The neuters roam abroad in search of provisions, appear to inter- communicate the success of their labours by the senses of touch and smell, and to aid and assist each other. Fruit, Insects, or their HYMENOPTERA. 119 larvae, dead bodies of small quadrupeds and birds, &c, constitute their food. They feed the larvae with their mouths, transport them in fine weather to the external superficies of the hill, in order that they may receive additional warmth, and take them down again on the ap- proach of night or bad weather, defend them from their enemies, and look to their preservation with the greatest fidelity, particularly when the hill is disturbed. They pay equal attention to the nymphs, some of which are enclosed in a cocoon, and the others naked; they tear open the envelope of the former when the moment of their ulti- mate metamorphosis has arrived. I have observed neuters in various ant-hills, remarkable for a head much larger than common, and for the unusual fewness of their number. M. Dupont de Nemours, without being a naturalist, had also previously noticed this difference(l). M. de la Cordaire, whom I have already mentioned, has given me a neuter allied to the alta cephalotes of Fabricius, and assures me that individuals of this kind were the defenders of their community, and apparently fulfilled the functions of Captains in their excursions, at which time they marched along the sides of the main body. The name of eggs is vulgarly applied to the larvae and nymphs; those of the F. rufa are eaten by young Pheasants. The neuters prevent the individuals with newly acquired wings from issuing forth until the proper moment has arrived, which is always deter- mined by the heat of the atmosphere. They then open a passage for them and let them go. Most ant-hills are wholly composed of individuals of the same species. Nature, however, has deviated from this plan with respect to the F. roussatre or Amazon-ant, and that which I have called the sanguinea. Their neuters, by open violence, procure auxiliaries of their own caste but of different species, which I have designated by the names of noir-cendree and mineuse. When the heat of the day begins to lessen, and exactly at the same hour, at least for several days, the Amazons or Legionnaires quit their nest, advance in a solid column, more or less numerous or according to the extent of the population, and march upon the Ant-hill they wish to attack. They soon penetrate into it notwithstanding the opposition of the inhabi- tants, seize the larvae and nymphs of the neuters peculiar to the in- vaded community, and transport them in the same warlike order to their own domicil, where they are attended to in common with the posterity of their conquerors, by other neuters of their own species (I) See his Recherches sur les Fourmis Indigenes. 120 INSECTA. in a perfect state that have either been metamorphosed there, or torn from their original dwelling. Such is the composition of the mixed Ant-hills. For these curious observations, which I have veri- fied, we are indebted to M. Huber, Jun., who is so gloriously pur- suing the career of his father. It is well known that the Ant is extravagantly fond of a saccharine liquid that exudes from the bodies of the Aphides and Gallinsecta. Four or five species convey both these Aphides and their eggs, par- ticularly in bad weather, to the bottom of their nests, and even fight for the right of possession. Some construct little galleries of earth, leading from the Ant-hill, which extend throughout the entire length of trees to the very branches that are loaded with these Insects. These interesting facts have also been observed by the naturalist just referred to(l). Both males and females perish towards the close of autumn, or on the first approach of winter. The labourers pass the winter in their hill in a torpid state, and their so highly vaunted foresight in this respect has no other aim than that of augmenting and consolidating their habitation by all sorts of means, for provisions would be use- less at a period when they are incapacitated from using them(2). The economy of the Ants foreign to Europe, and those of tropical countries particularly, is unknown to us. If those, called the Fourmis de visite by the French colonists, are sometimes of use to them by purging their dwellings of Rats, and a multitude of destructive or disagreeable Insects; other species induce them to curse their ex- istence on account of the extent of their depredations, which it is impossible to prevent. I divide the genus Formica in the following manner: (1) See his Recherches sur les Fourmis Indigenes. (2) How will this reasoning apply to those that dwell in the interior of trees, 8cc, and whose habitations do not require this consolidation, or to those that in- habit tropical countries, where hibernation is out of the question, but where, at certain seasons, they are liable to be confined to their abodes for weeks in success- ion by heavy rains? What is to become of the larvae during this period of occlusion, if the nurses which feed them are themselves destitute of nourish- ment? Various Rodentia, that are known to pass the winter in a state of lethargy, lay by ample supplies, on which they feed early in the spring, or in the event of a fortuitous disturbance of their slumbers, and it is a fact worthy of notice, that the Ant, wherever it is found—generally speaking, and always supposing its domicil to be completed—always prefers particles of sugar, animal matter, and of what may strictly be denominated provisions, to substances much more durable and better calculated for building. Am. Ed. HYMENOPTERA. 121 Formica, Or Ants properly so called, in which the sting is wanting, and the antennae are inserted near the front; their mandibles are triangular, dentated and incisive. The pedicle of the abdomen never consists of more than one scale or knot. F. bispinosa, Lat, Hist. Nat. des Fourm., p. 133, iv, 20. Black; two spines before the thorax; scale of the abdomen ter- minated in a long and sharp point. It forms its nest with a large quantity of down, apparently derived from a species of Gossampinus.—Inhabits Cayenne. F. rufa, L.; Lat., Ibid., v, 28. The neuter about four lines in length, blackish; thorax, scale, and great part of the head, fulvous; thorax unequal; the ocelli somewhat apparent. It forms conical or dome-like and frequently large hills in the woods, composed of earth, ligneous fragments, &c. It pro- duces formic acid. The winged individuals appear in the spring. F. sanguinea, Lat., Ibid., v, 29. The male similar to the pre- ceding ones, but of a blood-red colour; abdomen cinereous- black. It inhabits the woods, and is one of those denominated Amazons or Legionnaires by M. Huber. F. cunicularia, Lat. Head and abdomen of the male black; vicinity of the mouth, under part of the head, thorax, legs and first joint of the antennae, pale fulvous. This and the following species are those captured by the Amazons, and transported to their hills, in order to aid and replace them in the rearing of their young. F. fusca, L.; F. noir cendree, Lat., Ibid., vi, 32. The male cinereous-black and glossy; base of the antennae and legs reddish; the scale large and almost triangular; three apparent ocelli. Polyergus, Lat. Where the sting is still wanting, but where the antennae are in- serted near the mouth, and the mandibles are narrow, and arcuated or strongly hooked. F. roussatre, Lat., Ibid., vii, 38, is the species more particu- larly called Amazon by M. Huber. See his Recherches sur les Fourmis, &c, p. 210—260, pi. ii, F. roussatre. In all France. Ponera, Lat. The males and females armed with a sting; pedicle of the abdomen Vol. IV.—Q 122 INSECTA. formed of a single scale or knot; antennae of the individuals men- tioned, thickest towards the end; mandibles triangular, and the head nearly so, without any remarkable emargination at its posterior ex- tremity. F. contractu, Lat., Ibid., vii, 40. The males are nearly des- titute of eyes, and live under stones in trifling numbers. They are very small, black, and almost cylindrical; antennae and legs yellowish-brown. Odontomachus, Lat. Where the pedicle of the abdomen is also formed of a single knot, but terminates superiorly in the form of a spine. The antennas of the males are very small and filiform; the head of these same indi- viduals forms along square, and is much emarginated posteriorly; their mandibles are'long, narrow, parallel, and terminated by three teeth. All the species are foreign to Europe(l). Myrmica, Lat. Also furnished with a sting, but where the pedicle of the abdomen is formed of two knots. The antennae are exposed; the maxillary palpi long and composed of six joints; the mandibles are triangu- lar. Such is the F. rouge, Lat., Ibid.,x, 62. The males are reddish and finely granulated, with a glossy and smooth abdomen; a spine under the first knot of the pedicle; the third ring somewhat brown. It stings severely. In woods. Eciton, Lat. (2^ This subgenus consists of species entirely similar to the Myr- micae, with the exception of their mandibles, which are linear. Atta, Fab.(3) Only differing from Myrmica in the very short palpi; those of the (1) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 128. (2) Lat., Ibid., 130. (3) GEcodome of the Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 2d edition. HYMENOPTERA. 123 maxillae consist at least of six joints. The head of the neuters is usually very large. „ Atta cephalotes, Fab.; Fourmi de visite, Lat., Ibid., ix, 57. Cryptocerus, Lat. Always provided with a sting, and the abdominal pedicle formed of two knots; but the head, very large and flattened, has a groove on each side for the reception of a portion of the antennae. The species are peculiar to South America(l). The remaining Heterogyna are solitary Insects. Each species is composed of but two kinds of individuals, winged males and apterous females ; the latter are always armed with a powerful sting. The antennae are filiform or setaceous, and vibratile ; their first and third joints are elongated, and the length of the first is never equal to the third of the total length of the whole organ. They form the genus Mutilla, Lin.(2) In some species, of which the males only have been observed, the antennas are inserted near the mouth, the head is small, and the ab- domen long and almost cylindrical, as in Dorylus, Fab. Insects peculiar to Africa and India(3). Labidus, Jur. Hymenoptera of South America, differing from the Doryli in their mandibles, which are shorter and narrower, and in their max- illary palpi, that are at least as long as those of the labium, and com- posed at least of four joints; in Dorylus, they are very small and at most biarticulated(4). (1) See Lat., Hist. Nat. des Fourmis; Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 124; Huber, Recherches sur les Fourmis Indigenes; Fabricius, &c. (2) Tribe of the Mutillahi^, Lat., Fam. Nat. du Regne Animal, 452. (3) See Fabricius; and Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 123 (4) See Jurine and Lat., Ibid. 124 INSECTA. In the others, the antennae are inserted near the middle of the face of the head, which is larger than in the preceding Insects; the abdo- men is sometimes conical, and sometimes ovoidal or elliptical. They form the genus Mutilla, proper. These Insects are found in hot and sandy localities. The female runs with great quickness, and is always seen on the ground. The males frequently alight on flowers, but their mode of life is unknown. The species, in the females of which the thorax is almost cubital, and without knots or appearance of divisions above, compose the genera Apterogyna(I), Psammothekma, and Mutilla of Latreille. The abdomen of the Apterogynae has the two first annuli in the form of knots, as in several Formicae. The antennae of the males are long, slender and setaceous. Their superior wings only present brachial or basilary cells, and a single, small, rhomboidal, cubital cell. In the Psammothermae(2) and the Mutillae there are three, with two recurrent nervures. Besides this, the second segment of the abdomen is much larger than the preceding one, and forms no knot. The antennae of the male Psammothermae are pectinated, and those of the Mutillae simple in both sexes. M. europasa, L.; M. tricolore, Coqueb., Illust. Icon. Insect., dec. II, xvi, 8. The female is black, with a red thorax and three white bands on the abdomen;'the two last approximated. She is provided with a powerful sting. The male is bluish black with a red thorax and the abdomen as in the female(3). Those species, which, in both sexes, have the thorax equal above but divided into two distinct segments, with the abdomen conical in the females and elliptical and depressed in the males, compose the genus Myrmosa, Lat. Jur.(4) Those, in which the thorax of the females is still oval above, but (1) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 121. See the Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat; Dalm., Anal. Entom., 100, where he gives the figure of the Scolia globularis,Fab., the male of another species of Apterogyna. (2) Mutilla fiabellata, Fab.; the late M. Delalande brought a species of this genus from the Cape of Good Hope. (3) Ibid.; Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Mutille,- and Kliig, Entom. Brazil. Specim. (4) Lat., Ibid., p. 119, and Jurine on the Hymenoptera. HYMENOPTERA. 125 divided into three segments by sutures, where the maxillary palpi ' are very short, and the second joint of the antennae is set in the first, form the genus Myrmecoda, Lat.(l) Scleroderma, Kliig. Only differs from Myrmecoda in the elongation of the maxillary palpi and antennae, of which the second joint is exposed(2). In Methoca, Lat. The top of the thorax is as if knotted or articulated(3). FAMILY II. F0SS0RES(4). The second family of this section comprises those Hyme- noptera armed with a sting, in which all the individuals of both sexes are furnished with wings, and live solitarily; in which the legs are exclusively adapted for walking, and in several for digging. The ligula is always more or less wi- dened at its extremity and never filiform or setaceous. The wings are always extended. They compose the genus (1) Lat, Ibid., p. 118. (2) Lat., Ibid. (3) Lat, Ibid. (4) M. Van der Linden, already quoted, has lately acquired a new title to our esteem, by the publication of the first part of a Monograph of the European In- sects of this family. See Observ. sur les Hymen. d'Eur., de la Fain, des Fouis- seurs. N.B. The divisions of the family of the Fossores form so many principal genera or subgenera. Scolia, Sapiga, Sphex, Bembex, Laura, Nrssoir, Ckabeo and Philanthcs. 126 INSECTA. Sphex, Lin. Most females of this genus place beside their «eggs, in the nests they have constructed, most commonly in the earth or in wood, various Insects or their larvae, and sometimes Arachnides, pre- viously pierced with their sting, to serve as food for their young. The larvae are always destitute of feet, resemble little worms, and undergo a metamorphosis in the cocoon they have spun previous to becoming nymphs. The perfect Insect is usually very active and lives on.flowers. The maxillae and lip are elongated and in the form of a proboscis in many. We will distribute the numerous subgenera derived from the pri- mitive genus Sphex into seven principal sections. In the two first the eyes are frequently emarginated; the body of the males is usually narrow, elongated, and terminated posteriorly, in a great many, by three points in the form of spines or dentations. 1. Those, in which the first segment of the thorax is sometimes in the form of a bow, and prolonged laterally to the wings, and some- times forms a transversal square, or resembles a knot or joint; in which the legs are short, thick, very spinous or densely ciliated, with the thighs arcuated near the knee; and in wliich the antennae of the females are evidently shorter than the head and thorax. These are the Scoliet^: of Latreille, so named from the genus Scolia(I). In some the maxillary palpi are long, and evidently composed of (1) The Scolietae may be divided thus: I. Palpi always very short. Ligula with three linear divisions. Anus of the male terminated by three spines. The thick or callous point of the supe- rior wings replaced by a small cell. S-colia proper. II. The maxillary palpi elongated in several. The ligula broad, and widened at the extremjjjr. A recurved spine at the anus of the males. A thick dis- tinct point in the superior wings. A. Second joint of the antennae exposed. Two complete cubital cells, or three, but of which the intermediate is small and petiolate. a. No incomplete cubital cell closed by the posterior border of the wing. Radial cell null or open in the females. Tiphia. Meria. HYMENOPTERA. 127 unequal joints; the first joint of the antennae is almost conical. Such is Tiphia, Fab. To which we may unite the Tengyra of Latreille(l). In the others the maxillary palpi are short and composed of almost similar joints; the first of the antennae is elongated and almost cyl- indrical. Sometimes this joint receives and couceals the following, as in Myzine, Lat. Where the mandibles are dentated(2). Meria, Illig. Where they are not dentated(3). Sometimes the second joint of the antennae is exposed, as in Sco- lia proper, or Scolia, Fab.(4) 2. Those Fossores in which the first segment of the thorax is form- ed as in the preceding ones, where the legs are still short, but slen- der, and neither spinous nor strongly ciliated, and where the antennae in both sexes are at least as long as the head and thorax. Their body is usually smooth, or but very slightly pubescent. b. An incomplete cubital cell, closed by the posterior border of the wing. Tejtgyba. B. Second joint of the antennae enclosed in the first. Four cubital cells, the last closed by the posterior border of the wing in the males, and neither of them petiolate. Myzine. M. Leon Dufour—Journ. de Phys., Septemb. 1818—has published some curious observations on the anatomy of the Scolise. (1) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, p. 116; Fabricius; Jurine; Van der Linden. (2) Lat., Ibid.; Van der Linden. (3) Lat., Ibid.; Van der Linden. (4) Lat., Ibid.; Fab. See also the Monograph of the Fossores by Van der Linden. 128 INSECTA. This subdivision embraces the family of the Sapigytes of Latreille, a name derived from that of the principal genus Sapyga. In some the antennae are filiform or setaceous, as in Thynnus, Fab. Where the eyes are entire(l). Polochrum, Spin. Where they are emarginated, and the mandibles, besides, multi- dentated(2). In the others the antennae are thickest at the extremity, or in some males even clavate. Their remaining characters are those of the Polochra. Such is Sapyga proper, or Sapyga, Lat. These Insects flit about trees and walls, exposed to the heat of the sun, and appear to deposit their eggs there(3). The Ceramii of Latreille, according to the form of the first seg- ment of the thorax and their extended or applicated wings, belong to this subdivision, but more important affinities place them in the fa- mily of the Diploptera. 3. Fossores still allied to the preceding in the extent and form of the first segment of the thorax, but in which the posterior legs are at least as long as the head and trunk, and the antennae are most fre- quently slender, formed of elongated, lax, or but slightly compact and strongly arcuated or curled joints, at least in the females. They are united by Latreille in the family of the Sphegides, a name derived from that of the dominant genus Sphex. (1) Lat., Ibid. The Scotxnx of Kliig appear to me to differ but slightly from the Thynni; they have the same kind of antennae, similar wings, the first cubital cell also traversed by a small line, &c. The anus of the males is slightly recurved, a character which approximates them to Tengyra, and various other divisions of the preceding division. (2) Lat, Ibid.; Van der Linden. (3) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, p. 116; Van der Lind. HYMENOPTERA. 129 In some the first segment of the thorax forms either a transversal or longitudinal square, and the abdomen is attached to the thorax by a very short pedicle; the inner side of the posterior tibiae is usually furnished with a brush. The superior wings have two or three com- plete or closed cubital cells, and another imperfect and terminal. They now form several subgenera. Pepsis, Fab. To which I assign the following characters: labrum apparent; an- tennae, at least of the males, almost straight and composed of com- pact or crowded joints; maxillary palpi hardly longer than the labial, projecting, and formed of but slightly unequal joints; three complete cubital cells, and the first recurrent nervure inserted near the ante- rior extremity of the second. The tibiae and first joint of the pos- terior tarsi are compressed in the males. All the species known are foreign to Europe, and most abun- dant in South America and the Antilles; they are large, and have coloured wings(l). Ceropales, Lat. Fab. The labrum and antennae of the Pepses; but the maxillary palpi are much longer than the labial, pendent, and with very unequal joints(2). Pompilus, Fab. The Pompili, in this latter respect, resemble the Ceropales, but the antennae of both sexes are curled and composed of loose or but slightly compact joints; the labrum is concealed or but little exposed. According to Fabricius and the more recent systems, we must restrict this subgenus to those species in which there are three complete cubital cells, neither of them petiolate, the mandibles are unidentated on the inner side, and the thorax is slightly or mode- rately elongated in comparison with its width. These Insects lay up provisions for their larvae, consisting of Araneides, which they first put to death with their sting, and then transport to the holes destined for the domicil of their young. P. viaticus; Sphex viatica, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., (1) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, 61. (2) Lat, Ibid., 62; Van der Lind., Observ. on the Hymen, of Eur., 76. Vol. IV.—R 130 INSECTA. LXV, 16. Deep black; abdomen red, intersected with black circles. The second family of the genus Misque of Jurine is composed of true Pompili, but in which the third cubital cell is small and petio- late(l). That of Salius, Fabricius, was established on the males of certain species in which the prothorax and metathorax are proportionally longer than those of the Pompili, and the mandibles present no den- tations(2). Planiceps, Lat., Van der Lind. Closely allied to Salius in the general form of the body; but the head is flat and its posterior margin concave, its ocelli are very small and distant, and the eyes elongated and occupying its sides. The antennae are inserted near the anterior margin. 'The two ante- rior legs are distant from the others, short, curved underneath, and have large coxae and thighs. There are but two complete cubital cells in the upper wings, the second of which receives the first re- current nervure; the incomplete or terminal cell receives the other nervure at a short distance from its junction with the second cell. A second species, besides the one on which this subgenus was founded(3), has been discovered in Brazil by M. de la Cordaire, who was kind enough to give it to me, and whose name it will bear. In Aporus, Spin. There are also but two complete cubital cells; but the second re- ceives the two recurrent nervures. The Apori, in all else, resemble the true Pompili(4). In the others the first segment of the thorax is narrowed before in the form of a joint or knot, and the first ring of the abdomen, some- times even a part of the second, is narrowed into an elongated pe- dicle. Their superior wings always present three complete cubital cells and the commencement of a fourth. Those in which the mandibles are dentated, the palpi filiform and (1) See Jurine, Latreille, Van der Linden, and the Encyclopedic M&hodique. (2) See Fab., Lat., and Van der Linden. (3) Lat., Ibid., divis. B; Van der Linden, and Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat, article Planiceps. (4) Lat., Ibid., p. 62; and Van der Linden. HYMENOPTERA. 131 almost equal, the maxillae and ligula very long, in the form of a proboscis and bent underneath, and in which the second cubital cell receives the two recurrent nervures, have been separated from them by M. Kirby under the generic name of Ammophilus, Kirby. To this division belongs the A. subulosus; Sphex subulosa, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., LXV, 12. Black; abdomen bluish-black, narrowed at base into a long, slender, and almost conical pedicle, the second ring, its base excepted, and the third, fulvous; a silvery and silken down on the front of the head in the male. The female, with her feet, excavates a deep hole in the ground along the borders of roads, in which she deposits a caterpillar, killed or mortally wounded by her sting, laying an egg by the side of it; she then closes the hole with grains of sand, or even a small pebble. It would appear that she repeats the operation several times in succession in a similar manner, in the same nest. A. arenarius; Pepsis arenaria, Fab.; Panz., Ibid., LXV, 13, is also an Ammophilus. Black and hairy; pedicle of the abdomen abruptly formed by its first ring, the second, third, and base of the fourth, red. In some—the first family of Miscfis, Jur.—the third cubital cell is petiolate superiorly(l). Those species in which the mandibles and palpi still preserve a similar form, but where the maxillae and labium are much shorter, and, at most, flexed at the extremity, are comprised by Latreille in the genera Sphex, Pronjeus, Chlorion. In Pronaeus, Lat. As in Ammophilus, the second cubital cell receives the two recur- rent nervures(2). Sphex, proper. That cell only receives the first; the third is inserted under the other(3). In (1) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 53; and Van der Linden. (2) Lat., Ibid., 56, 57- (3) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, p. 55. 132 INSECTA. Chlorion, Lat. The first recurrent nervure is inserted under the first cubital cell, and the second under the third. C. compressum, Fab. Very common in the Isle of France where it wages war against the Kakerlacs, provisioning its larvae with their bodies. It is green; the four posterior thighs red. C. lobatum. Entirely of a golden-green. In Bengal(l). Other species, in which the mandibles are still dentated, but where the maxillary palpi are much longer than those of the labium and almost setiform, compose the genus Dolichurus, Lat.(2) The last Fossores of this third division have no dentations in the mandibles and are comprised in the genera Pelopaeus, Podium, and Ampulex. These organs are striated. Ampulex, Jur. Similar to Chlorion in the insertion of the recurrent nervure of the superior wings(3). In the two other subgenera, the second cubital cell receives these two nervures. The clypeus is usually dentated. Podium, Lat. Where the antennae are inserted beneath the middle of the ante- rior face of the head, and where the maxillary palpi are hardly longer than 4hose of the labium(4). Those of Pelopaeus, Lat. Fab. Are evidently longer and consist of unequal joints. The mser- (1) Ibid., p. 57. In this spec.es, the first recurrent nervure is insulated at the junction of the first cubital cell with the second. For the habits of ^CcZ pressum, Fab., see Sonnerat Voy. aux Indes Orientales (2) Lat, Ibid , 57, 387; each of the second and third cubital cells receives a recurrent nervure. --wis receives » (3) Jurine on the Hymenoptera, &c. (4) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, 59. HYMENOPTERA. 133 tion of the antennae is higher up and on a level with the middle of the eyes. The Pelopaei construct rounded or globular nests of earth in the interior of houses. They are formed like a spirally convoluted cord presenting on their inferior side two or three ranges of holes, so that they resemble the instrument known in France by the name of a Tinker's whistle—sifflet de chaudronnier. The holes are passages to as many cells, in each of which the Insect places the body of a Spider, Fly, &c, along with an egg; it then closes the orifice with earth. To this division belongs the P. spirifex; Sphex spirifex, L. Black; abdominal pedicle and legs yellow. In the south of France(l). 4. In other Fossores the first segment of the thorax merely forms a simple linear and transverse border, of which the two lateral ex- tremities are remote from the origin of the superior wings. The legs are always short or of moderate length. The head viewed from above appears transversal, and the eyes extend to the posterior mar- gin. The abdomen forms an elongated semi-cone, rounded on the sides near its base. The labrum is entirely exposed or very salient. I have formed these Insects into a small family called Bembecides, from the genus Bembex, Fab., Of which it is constituted. In these Hymenoptera, peculiar to hot climates, the body is elongated, pointed posteriorly, almost always varied with black and yellow or russet, and glabrous; the antennae are approximated at base, slightly geniculate at the second joint, and enlarging towards the extremity; the mandibles are nar- row, elongated, dentated on the inner side and crossed; the tibiae and tarsi are furnished with little spines or cilia, most remarkable on the anterior tarsi of the females. We frequently find one or two teeth under the abdomen of the males. Their motions are extremely rapid; they flit from flower to flower with a sharp and interrupted hum. Several diffuse an odour of roses. They only appear in summer. Some of them have a false proboscis, bent underneath; their la- brum forms an elongated triangle. (1) See Fab., Lat, and Van der Linden. 134 INSECTA. Sometimes the palpi are very short; those of the maxillae have but four joints and the labials but two. Such is the B. rostrata; Apis rostrata, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., I, 10. The male large, black, with transversal bands of lemon- yellow on the abdomen, the first of which is interrupted, and the others undulated. The female, which has less yellow about the head than the male, forms deep holes in the sand, where she heaps up the bodies of various dipterous Insects, particularly Syrphi and Muscae, and lays her eggs; she then closes the opening with earth. Throughout Europe(l). Sometimes the maxillary palpi, which are tolerably elongated, consist of six joints, and the labials of four, as in Monedula, Lat.(2) The others have no false proboscis, and the labrum is short and rounded. Such is Stizus, Lat. Jur.(3) 5. Other Fossores, having nearly the same appearance as those of the preceding division, differ from them in the labrum, which is either totally or partially hidden; their mandibles present a deep notch in their interior side near their base, a character which dis- tinguishes them both from the preceding and following Insects. They are our Larrates. Here the superior wings have three closed cubital cells, the second of which receives the two recurrent nervures. Palarus, Lat.—Gonius, Jur. Where the antennae are very short and gradually enlarge; the eyes are closely approximated posteriorly and enclose the ocelli; the second cubital cell is petiolate(4). (1) See Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, 97. (2) Lat., Ibid.; most of the genus Bembex, Fab. (3) Lat, Ibid.; most of the Larrae, Fab., such as the L. vespiformis, erytrou- phala, cincta, crassicornis, bifasciata, analis, ruficornis, cingulata, rufifrons, bicolm, fasciata. (4) See Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, 97; and hisConsid. ge"ne>. sur l'ordre des Crust, des Arach. et des Insect. HYMENOPTERA. 135 Lyrops, Illig.—Liris, Fab.—Larra, Jur. Where the antennae are filiform, where the third cubital cell is narrow, oblique, almost lunate, and the inner side of the mandibles offers a dentiform projection(l).- Larra, Fab. Hardly differs from Lyrops except in the absence of teeth on the inner side of the mandibles, the equal distance between the eyes, and the evidently longer metathorax and abdomer.(2). There, the superior wings have but two closed cubital cells, each of which receives a recurrent nervure. Dinetus, Jur. Where the two cubital cells are sessile. The antennae of the males are moniliform inferiorly, and then filiform. The mandibles are tridentated on the inner side, and the radial cell is furnished with an appendix(3). Miscophus, Jur. Where the second cubital cell is petiolate and the radial offers no appendage. The antennae are filiform in both sexes. The inner side of the mandibles presents, at most, a slight projection(4). 6. We now come to Fossores, in which the labrum is also com- pletely or partially hidden, where the maxillae and labium form no proboscis, where the inner side of the mandibles exhibits no emar- gination, where the head is of an ordinary size, the abdomen is tri- angular or ovoido-conical, and becoming gradually narrower towards its extremity, and never placed on a long pedicle. The antennae are filiform and their first joint but slightly elongated. They are our Nyssones. In some the eyes are entire. (1) Lat, Ibid., 71. (2) Lat, Ibid., 70. (3) Lat, Ibid., 72. (4) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, 72 130 INSECTA. Astata, Lat.—Dimorpha, Jur. Where there are three closed cubital cells, all sessile, the second of which receives the two recurrent nervures; the radial has an ap- pendix, the extremity of the mandibdes are bifid, and the eyes closely approximated superiorly(l). Nysson, Lat. Jur. Where the superior wings also have the same number of cubital cells, but where the second is petiolate, and where the radial has no appendix. The mandibles terminate in a simple point and the eyes are distant(2). Oxybelus, Lat. Jur. Oliv. Where there is but one closed cubital cell, receiving a single re- current nervure. The antennae are short and contorted, and the second joint is much shorter than the third. The mandibles termi- nate in a simple point. The scutellum offers one or three dentiform points. The tibiae are spinous, and the extremity of the tarsi pre- sents a large pellet. The females make their nests in the sand, and provision their larvae with the bodies of Muscides(3). Nitela, Lat. Likewise with but one closed cubital cell, but where the antennae are longer, almost straight, and their second and third joints are of equal length. The mandibles terminate in two teeth ; there are neither points on the scutellum nor spines on the tibiae; the tarsial pellet is very small(4). The eyes are emarginated in others, as in Pison, Spin. Lat. Three closed cubital cells in the superior wings, the second very (1) Lat, Ibid., 67. (2) Lat, Ibid., 90. (3) Lat, Ibid, 77; Encyc. Method., article Oxibele. (4) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, 77. HYMENOPTERA. 137 small, petiolate, and receiving the two recurrent nervures, a charac- ter which approximates the subgenus to Nysson(l). 7. The last division of the Fossores, that of the Crabronites, only differs from the preceding one, inasmuch as these Insects, which usually have a very large head, almost square, when viewed from above, and their antennae frequently largest at the extremity or clavate, have an abdomen either oval or elliptical, and widest in the middle, or narrowed at base into an elongated pedicle, and as if ter- minated by a club. In some, the antennae are inserted below the middle of the ante- rior face of the head; the clypeus is short and wide. Sometimes the eyes are emarginated. T\ypoxylon, Lat. Fab.—Apius, Jur.—Sphex, Lin. Where the mandibles are arcuated and dentated. The superior wings have but two closed cubital cells, each receiving a recurrent nervure, the second cell is small and less distinctly marked, as well as a third, that which is incomplete and almost reaches the tip of the wing. The abdomen is narrowed at base into a long pedicle. T. figulus; Sphex figulus, L.; Jur., Hymenop., IX, 6—8. Black and glossy; the clypeus covered with a silvery, silken down. The female takes advantage of the holes excavated in old wood by other Insects, and deposits her eggs there, along with the little spiders destined to nourish her larvae. This done, she closes the orifice with moist earth(2). Sometimes the eyes are entire. Here, the mandibles are narrow and merely dentated at the extre- mity, or terminate in a simple point, with a single tooth beneath or on the inner side. The antennae are approximated at base. Gorytes, Lat.—Arpactus, Jur.—Mellinus, Oxybelus, Fab. Where there are three complete, sessile and almost equal cubital cells, of which the second receives the two recurrent nervures. The mandibles are moderate and unidentated on the inner side; the an- tennae are rather thickest near the extremity. The metathorax pre- (1) Lat, Ibid., 75, genus Tachybulus,- and 387, genus Pison of Spinola, and not of Jurine. (2) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, 75. Vol. IV.—S 138 INSECTA. sents a kind of false, sulcated or waved scutellum. The anterior tarsi are frequently ciliated and have the last joint inflated(l). In Crabro, Fab. There is but a single closed cubital cell, and it receives the first recurrent nervure; the mandibles terminate in a bifid point. The antennae are geniculate and filiform, fusiform or slightly serrated in some. Their palpi are short and almost equal; the ligula is entire. The clypeus is frequently golden or silvery, and very brilliant. Some males are remarkable for the palette or trowel-like dilatation (even resembling a sieve) of the tibiae, or of the first joint of their anterior feet. The female of one species—cibarius—provisions her larvae with a Pyralis that lives on the Oak. Those of others feed them with Dip- tera, which they amass in the holes where they lay their eggs(2). Stigmus, Jur. These Insects are thus named from the largeness of the thick or callous point of the rib of the superior wings, and which forms a lit- tle black spot. They have two closed cubital cells, the first of which alone receives a recurrent nervure. The antennae are not geniculate, their first joint being slightly elongated, and in the form of a re- versed cone. The mandibles are arcuated and terminated by two or three teeth(3). There, the mandibles, at least in the females, are strong and bi- dentated on the inner side. The antennas are remote at base. Pamphredon, Lat. Fab.—Cemonus, Jur. Where there are two complete, sessile, cubital cells, and another imperfect one closed by the posterior edge of the wing. One species—the unicolor—feeds its larvae with Aphides(4). Mellinus, Fab. Jur. Where there are three complete cubital cells, all sessile, and fre- (1) Lat., Ibid., 88. (2) Lat, Ibid., 80. (3) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, 84. (4) Lat., Ibid., 83, divis. I and II. HYMENOPTERA. 139 quently the beginning of a fourth, which does not however reach the extremity of the wing; the first and the third receive, each, a recur- rent nervure. The abdomen is narrowed in the manner of a pedicle widened at its base. The tarsi are terminated by a large pellet(l). In Alyson, Jur.—Pompilus, Fab. We also perceive three complete cubital cells; but the second is petiolate, and receives the two recurrent nervures. The base of the abdomen is not particularly narrowed. The terminal pellet of the tarsi is small(2). The remaining Crabronites have their antennae inserted higher or near the middle of the anterior face of the head; they are usually thickest at the extremity, or even clavate. They all have three com- plete cubital cells, and two recurrent nervures. These Insects are connected by various characters with those of the following family. Sometimes the clypeus is almost square. The abdomen is borne on an abrupt, long pedicle, formed by the first ring. The mandibles terminate by two teeth. Psen, Lat. Jur.—Trypoxylon, Pelopoeus, Fab.(3) Sometimes the clypeus is as if trilobate. The first ring of the abdomen is at most narrowed in the manner of a knot. The man- dibles terminate in a simple point. The eyes are frequently some- what emarginated. These Insects form the genus Philanthus, Fab. The females make their nests in sand, and bury the bodies of Bees, Andrenetae, and even Cucurlionites, for the nourishment of their larvae. Other entomologists restrict this generic appellation to those species in which the antennae are remote and abruptly inflated, in which the mandibles exhibit no projection on the inner side, and where all the cubital cells are sessile. (1) Lat, Ibid., 85. (2) Lat., Ibid., 86. (3) Lat, Gen. Crust et Insect., IV, 91. 140 INSECTA. They are the true Philanthi, or Philanthus, Lat.—Simblephilus, Jur.(l) Those, in which the antennae are approximated, much longer than the head, and gradually enlarge; where the inner side of the mandi- bles presents a dentiform projection, and the second cubital cell is petiolate, form the subgenus Ceroeris, Lat.—Philanthus, Jur.(2) FAMILY III. DIPLOPTERA. The third family of the Aculeata is the only one of that section, in which with but few exceptions (Ceramius), we find the superior wings folded longitudinally. The antennae are usually geniculate and clavate, or thickest at the end. The eyes are emarginated. The prothorax is prolonged be- hind, on each side, to the origin of the wings. In the supe- rior of the latter organs are three or two closed cubital cells, the second of which receives the two recurrent nervures. The body is glabrous or nearly so, and black, more or less maculated with yellow or fulvous. Many of these Insects form temporary communities com- posed of three sorts of individuals, males, females, and neuters or mules. Such of the females as survive the severity of the winter commence the nest and take care of the larvae. They are subsequently assisted by the neuters. We will divide the Diploptera into two tribes. (1) Lat., Ibid., 95. The genus Trachypus, Kliig, differs but little from this one. The first ring of the abdomen is proportionally more elongated, narrower, and almost forms a pedicle, as in Psen. (2) Lat., Ibid., 93. In the Ann. d'Agricult, LIII., Bosc has published some observations on the habits of certain species of this subgenus. HYMENOPTERA. 141 The type of the first, that of the Masarides, Lat., is the genus Masaris, Fab. The antennae at the first glance seem to be composed of but eight joints, the eighth, with the following ones, forming an almost indistinctly articulated club, rounded or very obtuse at the end. The ligula is terminated by two threads which can be withdrawn into a tube formed by its base. There are but two complete cubital cells in the superior wings. The middle of the anterior margin of the.clypeus is emarginated and receives the labrum in the notch. Masaris, proper. Where the antennae are rather longer than the head and thorax, and have their first joint elongated, and the eighth forming an ob- conical club rounded at the end. The abdomen is long(l). Cleonites, Lat.—Masaris, Fab. Jur. Where the antennae are hardly longer than the head, and have their two first joints much shorter than the third, and the eighth and following ones forming an almost globular body. The abdomen is hardly longer than the thorax(2). A species figured in the great work on Egypt appears to form an intermediate subgenus. The second tribe of the Diploptera, that of the Vespari^e, is composed of the genus Vespa, Lin. Where the antennae always present thirteen distinct joints in the males and terminate in an elongated, pointed, and sometimes—in the males—hooked extremity: they are always geniculate, at least in the females and neuters. The ligula is sometimes divided into four plumose filaments, and sometimes bilobate with four glandular points at the end, one on each lateral lobe, and the remaining two on (1) Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 144. (2) Lat, Ibid., 144. 142 INSECTA. the intermediate one, which is larger, widened, and emarginated or bifid at its extremity. The mandibles are strong and dentated. The clypeus is large. Underneath the labrum is a little piece in the form of a ligula analogous to that observed by Reaumur in the Bombi, and which M. Savigny styles the epipharynx. With the exception of a very few species, the superior wings have three com- plete cubital cells. The females and neuters are armed with an ex- tremely powerful and venomous sting. Several of them form com- munities composed of the three sorts of individuals. The larvae are vermiform, destitute of feet and enclosed separately in a cell where they sometimes live on the bodies of Insects placed there by the mother at the time she deposited the egg, and some- times on the nectar of flowers, juices of fruits and animal matters, elaborated in the stomach of the mother or that of the neuters, who feed them daily. M. de Saint-Hilaire brought a species from the southern pro- vinces of Brazil, which amasses a considerable store of honey, that is sometimes poisonous, like that of our common Bee(l). A first subgenus, Ceramius, Lat. Kliig, Which has been the subject of a Monograph by one of our most celebrated entomologists, Doctor Kliig, forms an exception to the general characters of this tribe in the superior wings, which are extended, and in the number of their cubital cells, of which there are but two. In addition to this, the labial palpi are longer than those of the maxillae. But four species are yet known, two of which are from the Cape of Good Hope, and the remainder from the south of Eu- rope; one of these latter—the lusitanicus—appears to us to be allied by its natural affinities to Masaris(2). In all the following subgenera the superior wings are folded, and present three complete cubital cells. Sometimes the mandibles are much longer than broad, and ap- proximated anteriorly in the form of a rostrum. The ligula is nar- row and elongated; the clypeus is almost cordiform or oval, with the point anterior and more or less truncated. (1) Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. (2) Lat,Consid. Gener. sur l'Ordre des Crust., des Arach., et des Insect, 329; Kliig, Entom. Monog. 219, et seq. HYMENOPTERA. 143 They are all solitary, and each species consists of males and fe- males. The females provide for their young before they are hatched, and for the whole time that they are to remain in the state of larvae. The nests of the latter are usually formed of earth and sometimes hidden in holes of walls, in the ground or old wood, and sometimes exposed on plants. Each of them contains caterpillars or other larvae, killed by the sting of the mother, who heaps them up in a circle for the use of her descendants. Synagris, Lat. Fab. Where the ligula is divided into four long and plumose threads, without glandular points at their extremity. The mandibles of some males are very large and resemble horns. But few species are known, and all peculiar to Africa(l). Eumenes, Lat. Fab. Where the ligula is divided into three pieces, glandular at the extremity, the intermediate one the largest, widened at the end, cordiform, and emarginated or bifid. In some the abdomen is ovoid or conical, and thickest at base. Such are Fterochile, Kliig, Remarkable for very long lips, and maxillae forming a sort of proboscis bent underneath, and also distinguished by the labial palpi, which are bristled with long hairs, and consist of but three distinct joints(2). Odynerus, Lat. To which we may reunite the Rygchise of M. Spinola, where these parts of the mouth are much shorter, and where the labial palpi are almost glabrous, with four apparent divisions. The female of a species of this division—Vespa muraria, L.; Reaum., Mem. VI, xxvi, 1—10—makes a hole in the sand or (1) Synagris cornuta, Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 135; Fab., Syst. Piezat; Drury, Insect., II, xlviii, 3, the male;— Vespa valida, L,.;—V. hxmorr- hoidalis, Fab. (2) Panz., Hymen., p. 146; Vesp. phalxrata, Faun. Insect. Germ., XLVII, 21. 144 INSECTA. mortar in walls some inches in depth, at the orifice of which she forms an exterior tube, at first straight and then recurved, composed of an earthy paste, arranged in thick, contorted threads. In the cavity of the interior cell she places from eight to twelve little green larvae of a similar age, resembling cater- pillars, but without feet, arranging them in circular layers. Having laid an egg in it, she closes the orifice and destroys the scaffolding without(l). In the others, the first ring of the abdomen is narrow, elongated and pyriform, and the second campanulate, as in Eumenes proper, To which we may reunite the Zethi{2) of Fabricius, and the Die- coilis(3) of Latreille. E. coarctala, Fab.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., LXIII, 12, the male. Five lines in length; black, with yellow spots; pos- terior margin of the abdominal annuli of the same colour; first ring of the abdomen elongated and pyriform, with two yellow dots; an oblique band of yellow on each side of the second, which is the largest of all and campanulate. The female constructs a spherical nest of very fine earth on the stems of plants, which, according to Geoffroy, she fills with honey, and then deposits an egg(4). Sometimes the mandibles are hardly longer than they are wide, and are broadly and obliquely truncated at the extremity; the ligula is short or but slightly elongated, and the clypeus nearly square. These species constitute the subgenus of the Wasps, properly so called, or (1) See Lat, Gener. Crust, et Insect, IV, p. 139, 136; several Vespx of Fa- bricius. (2) Lat., Ibid. In Eumenes, the clypeus is longitudinal, and prolonged into a point anteriorly; the united mandibles form a long, narrow and pointed rostrum; they are proportionally shorter, and merely form an open angle in Zethus, here also the clypeus is as broad as it is long or broader, and has no anterior prolonga- tion. The second cubital cell is perfectly triangular. The maxillary palpi do not extend beyond the extremity of the jaws. They are longer in Discqjlius, which resembles Zethus in the form of the mandibles and clypeus. We should observe, that most of the Insects placed by Fabricius in this last genus are Polistes, in which, however, the abdomen differs from that of the ordinary species, and approximates to that of an Eumenes. (3) Lat., Ibid. (4) Lat., Ibid. HYMENOPTERA. 145 Vespa, Polistes, Lat. These Insects unite in numerous societies, composed of males, females and neuters. The two last detach particles of old wood or bark with their mandibles, moisten and reduce them into a pultaceous mass resembling that of paper or pasteboard, and construct combs or nests with it that are usually horizontal, and suspended above by one or more pedicles; on the inferior side is a range of vertical cells in the form of hexagonal and truncated pyramids. These cells are approximated exclusively to the use of the larvae and nymphs, a cell to each. The number of combs that compose this nest varies. Tt is sometimes exposed, and at others surrounded by an envelope, pierced with a common and almost always central opening, which sometimes corresponds to a series of holes which communicate with the interior, the combs adhere to the parietes of the envelope, whether they be in the'open air or concealed in the earth or hollows of trees. The figure of these structures varies according to the species. The females commence the business alone, and lay eggs that pro- duce neuters or labourers, which assist in enlarging the nest and taking care of the succeeding young ones. The community is solely composed of these two kinds of individuals, until the beginning of autumn, at which period the young males and females make their appearance. All the larvae and nymphs which cannot complete their ultimate metamorphosis before the month of November are put to death and dragged from their cells by the labourers, which perish along with the males on the approach of winter. Some of the fe- males survive, and in the spring become the founders of a new colony. Wasps feed on Insects, viands of various sorts, or fruit, and nourish their Jarvae with the juices of these substances. The latter, which on account of the inferior situation of the mouths of their cells are placed with their head downwards, shut themselves up and spin a cocoon when about to become nymphs. The males never work. In several species, that portion of the internal margin of the man- dibles, which is beyond the angle and terminates it, is shorter than that which precedes the angle; the middle of the anterior part of the clypeus projects in a point. These species form the subgenus Polistes of Lat., Fab.(l) (1) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 141. Those species, in which the abdo- men is oval or elliptical, narrowed at base, and sometimes even placed on a long Vol. IV.—T 146 INSECTA. Sometimes the abdomen resembles that of Eumenes properly so called, in the form of its two first annuli. Such is P morio, Fab.; G. Tatua, Cuv., Bullet, de la Soc. Philom., No. VIII; Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., I, xiv, 5. Entirely black and glossy. Its nest forms a truncated cone like that of the nidulans, but it is larger, the bottom is flat, and perforated at one of its sides, and the material is coarser. It inhabits Cay- enne. Sometimes the abdomen is elliptical or borders on an oval. Such is the P. gallica; Vespa gallica, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., XLIX, 22. Rather smaller than the Vespa vulgaris; black; the clypeus, two dots on the thorax, six lines on the scutellum, two spots on the first and second rings of the abdomen, and their superior margin as well as that of all the others, yellow; abdo- men bordering on an oval, and with a short pedicle. Its nest has the form of a little tapering bouquet, and contains from twenty to thirty cells, those on the sides being the smallest. It is usually attached to the branch of a shrub. Sometimes again the abdomen is ovoid or conical, as in P. nidulans; Vespa nidulans, Fab.; Guepe cartonniere, Reaum., Insect., VI, xx, 1,3, 4; xxi, 1; xxii—xxiv. Small; of a silken black with yellow spots; posterior margin of the abdominal annuli of the same colour. Its nest, which is suspended to branches of trees by a ring, is composed of a fine material, ar,^ has the form of a truncated cone. The combs, of which the number augments in proportion to the population, and some- times gives a considerable size to the nest, are circular, but concave above and convex underneath, or infundibuliform and perforated with a circular hole. They are fixed to the internal parietes of the envelope throughout the whole of their circum- ference. The lower one is smooth beneath or destitute of cells; its opening is the door of the nest. As fast as the population increases, these Wasps form a new floor and furnish the inferior surface of the old one with cells. In the remaining Wasps, the superior portion of the internal margin of their mandibles, that which comes after the angle, is as long as the other part or longer. The middle of the anterior margin pedicle, are true Polistes. Those, in which its second ring is much larger than the others, and campanulate, and where the preceding frequently forms a clavate pedicle, are Epipones. The G. Tatua belongs to this division, as well as the honey-gathering species from Brazil previously mentioned, and the V. nidulans. HYMENOPTERA. 147 of their clypeus is widely truncated, and has a tooth on each side. The abdomen is always ovoidal or conical. They comprise the genus Vespa proper of Latreille. Vespa, Lat.(l) V. crabo, L.; Guepefrelon, Reaum., Insect, VI,xviii. Length one inch; head fulvous, with a yellow front; thorax black, spot- ted with fulvous; rings of the abdomen blackish brown, marked with a yellow band dotted with two or three black points on its posterior margin. It builds its nest in sheltered localities, such as garrets, barns, holes in walls and hollow trees. The nest is rounded, formed of a coarse material, and of the colour of a dead leaf. The combs, of which there are usually but few, are connected with each other by pillars or columns, the middle one much the thickest. The envelope is usually thick and friable. This species devours other Insects, particularly Bees, and robs the latter of their honey. V. vulgaris; G. commune, Reaum., Ibid., XIV, 1, 7. About eight lines in length; black; front of the head yellow, with a black point in the middle; several yellow spots on the thorax, and four on the scutellum; a yellow band with three black spots on the posterior margin of the rings of the abdomen. ^V It constructs in the earth a nest analogous to that of the cra- bo, but composed of a finer substance, and with more numerous combs. The columns which support them are equal. Its en- velope consists of several laminae, arranged in bands, which overlap each other's edges. V. media, Lat., intermediate as to size between the two pre- ceding ones, constructs a similar nest, but attaches it to the branches of trees. V. holsatica, Fab. This species constructs a very singularly formed nest. It is almost globular, open at top, and inclosed inferiorly in a kind of saucer. It is sometimes observed in barns, or attached to the timbers in garrets, &c, and even in hives(2). (1) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 142. (2) Lat, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 148 INSECTA. FAMILY IV. ANTHOPHILA, Lat. The fourth and last family of the Aculeata, in the faculty of collecting the pollen of flowers(l), usually possessed by the two posterior legs, presents a peculiar character which dis- tinguishes it from all other families of Insects. The first joint of the tarsi of those legs is very large, strongly compressed, and forms a square palette or a reversed triangle. The maxillae and lips are most commonly very long, and compose a sort of proboscis. The ligula is most frequently shaped like the head of a lance, or resembles a very long thread, the extremity of which is downy or hairy. The larvae feed exclusively on honey and the pollen or fecundating dust of flowers. The perfect Insect feeds on the honey of the lat- ter only. These Hymenoptera embrace the genus Apis, Lin. Which I will divide into two sections. In the first, or that of the Andrenet^:, Lat., the intermediate di- vision of the ligula is cordiform or lanceolate, shorter than its sheath, and bent underneath in some, and almost straight in others. It is composed of the genus Pro-abeilles, Reaumur and De Geer, or the Andrenjs, Fab., and the Melites of Kirby(2). These Insects live solitarily, and consist of but two kinds of indi- viduals, males and females. Their mandibles are simple, or at most are terminated by two dentations; the labial palpi resemble the others, which always have six joints. The ligula is divided into three pieces, (1) The parasitical species are not possessed of this faculty, but the form of their legs is essentially the same. They are merely destitute of hairs or brushes. (2) Monographia Apum Anglix, a work that has immortalized its author. HYMENOPTERA. 149 the two lateral of which are very short, and in the form of auricles. Most of the females collect the pollen of flowers with the hairs of their posterior legs, and with the aid of a little honey form it into a paste (bee-bread), with which they feed their larvae. They excavate deep holes, and frequently in hard ground, along the borders of roads, or in the fields, in which they place this paste along with an egg; they then close t*he aperture with earth. In some the middle division of the ligula is enlarged at its extre- mity, almost cordiform, and folded when at rest. Hyl-sus, Fab.—Prosopis, Jur. Sometimes the body is glabrous, and the second and third joints of the antennae are almost of the same length. The superior wings present but two complete cubital cells. These Insects, being desti- tute of hairs, collect no pollen, and appear to deposit their ova in the nests of other Hymenoptera of this family. They are the Hyljeus proper of Latreille and Fabricius(l). The others have a hairy body, and the third joint of the antennae longer than the second. The superior wings have three complete cubital cells. The females collect their stores from flowers. I dis- tinguish them by the generic name of Colletes, Lat. Such for instance is the C. glutineux; Apis succincta, L.; or the Abeille dont le nid est fait d'especes de membranessoyeuses of Reaumur, Insect, VI, xii. Small; black, with whitish hairs; those on the thorax, russet; abdomen ovoid, and the posterior margin of its annuli covered with a white down, forming bands. The male—Evodia calen- darum, Panz.—has longer antennae. The, female makes a cy- lindrical hole in the ground, and smears its parietes with a gummy fluid, which may be compared to the viscid and glossy slime of a Snail. In this she piles a series of cells composed of the same material, resembling a thimble in shape, each contain- ing an egg and some of the paste before mentioned(2). The other Andrenetae are distinguished from the preceding ones by the lanceolate figure of the ligula. (1) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 149. (2) Lat., Ibid. 150 INSECTA. In some this ligula is folded against the superior side of its sheath, as in Andrkna(I), and Dasypoda, Lat.(2) The first joint of the pos- terior tarsi of the females of the latter subgenus is very long, and covered with long hairs, in the manner of a little feather. The su- perior wings in these two subgenera have but two cubital cells. A. flessaz, Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ. LXXXV, 15; Andrene des murs, Reaum., Insect., VI, vi, viii, 2. Six lines in length, and with white hairs on the head, thorax, lateral margins of the last abdominal annuli, and legs; abdomen bluish-black; wings black, with a tinge of violet. The female excavates holes in tenacious sand, at the bottom of which she deposits a portion of honey, of the colour and con- sistence of a black and oily grease; it has a narcotic odour. Common in the environs of Paris. In the others the ligula is straight, or slightly bent under at its extremity. Such are Sphecodes(3), Halictus(4), and Nomia, Lat.(5) Here also the maxillae are more strongly geniculate than in the Andrenae. There are always three closed cubital cells. The male Sphecodes have knotted antennae; their ligula, as well as that of the females, is almost straight, and its divisions are nearly equal in length; that in the middle is much longer in Halictus and Nomia. The female Halicti have a longitudinal cleft at the poste- (1) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect, IV, 150. The species which in my Gener. Crust, et Insect., p. 151, I have called lagopus, and three others from the Cape of Good Hope, being removed from the ordinary Andrenae by the number of their complete cubital cells, which is but two instead of three, as well as by some other characters, have been erected by Messrs Lepeletier and Serville—Encyc. Method. —into a new genus to which they have given the name of Sckapteu. (2) Lat., Ibid. (3) Lat., Ibid., Messrs Lepeletier and Serville have formed a new genus—En- cyc. Method.—allied to Sphecodes, under the denomination of Rhathymus— formerly Colax—but differing from it in the projection, of the scutellum, and in the third cubital cell, which receives the two Recurrent nervures. Besides this, the hooks of the tarsi are entire. They quote but one species, which is found at Cayenne. (4) Lat, Ibid. For the habits of these Insects, see the excellent Memoir of M. Walckenaer, quoted under the article Meloe. (5) Lat, Ibid. See Encyc. Method., article Norrfie. The tenth volume of the part relative to Insects of this important work also contains several other articles by Messrs Lepeletier and Serville, respecting the Insects of this family. We would particularly notice that of the Parasites. Some of them go to establish new genera, but as we have not been able to compare their characters with sufficient care, we are compelled to omit or barely mention them. HYMENOPTERA. 151 rior extremity of the abdomen. The thighs and tibiae are inflated or dilated in the male Nomiae. The second section of the Anthophila, that of the Apiari.e, Lat, comprises those species in which the mediate division of the ligula is at least as long as the mentum or its tubular shield, and is filiform or setaceous. The maxillae and labium are much elongated and form a sort of proboscis which, when at rest, is geniculate and bent under. The two first joints of the labial palpi most frequently resemble a squamous and compressed seta that embraces the sides of the ligula; the two others are very small; the third is generally inserted near the exterior extremity of the preceding one which terminates in a point The Apiariae either live solitarily or form communities. The former never consist of more than the ordinary number of individuals, and each female provides singly for her young.- The posterior legs of their females are neither furnished with a brush on the inner side of the first joint of the tarsi, nor with a particular de- pression on the exterior side of their tibiae; this side, as well as the same of the first joint of the tarsi, is most commonly and densely covered with hairs. A first division of these solitary Bees is composed of those species in which the second joint of the posterior tarsi of the females is in- serted in the middle of the extremity of the preceding one; the exte- rior and terminal angle of the latter does not appear to be dilated or to project more than in the interior, in the following subgenera. We may also abstract from this group certain species—Andre- noides—which approximate to those of the last of the preceding subgenera in their labial palpi, composed of six slender, linear joints, placed end to end, and almost precisely similar to those of the max- illary palpi. The labrum is always short. The abdomen of the fe- males is destitute of a brush; but their posterior legs are pilose or furnished with tufts of hairs which enable them to collect the pollen of flowers. Some have narrow mandibles, contracted near the extremity, and, as well as the labrum, smooth and terminated in a point. Systropha, Illig. Where the mandibles have one dentation under the point, where 152 INSECTA. there are three complete cubital cells, and the extremity of the an- tennae is curled in the males(l). Rophites, Spin. Where the mandibles are also dentated, but in which we find but two complete cubital cells; the antennae are not contorted in both sexes(2). Panurgus, Panz. Where the mandibles are not dentated. The stem of the antenna;, from the third joint, in the females, forms a sort of fusiform or elon- gated and almost cylindrical club, thinned at base. But two cubital cells in the superior wings(3). The mandibles of the females, in the others, are almost in the form of the bowl of a spoon, very obtuse, carinated or sulcated, and bidentated at the extremity. The labrum is extremely hard and ciliated superiorly. The antennae are strongly geniculate and fili- form. The superior wings have three complete cubital cells, the first intersected by a little transparent line, the second triangular, and the third the largest and receiving the two recurrent nervures. Xylocopa, Lat. Fab. Commonly called Abeilles perce-bois, Menuisieres, &c. The Xylo- copae are related in many points to the Megachiles, and more parti- cularly to the Osmiae. They resemble large Bombi. Their body is usually black, sometimes partially covered with a yellow down; the wings are frequently violet, cupreous or green, and brilliant. The male, in several species, differs considerably from the female. Their eyes are large and approximated superiorly. Their anterior legs are dilated and ciliated. X. violacea, L.; Reaum., Insect., VI, v, vi. About one inch in length; black, with violet-black wings; a russet ring round the antennae of the male. The female bores a long vertical hole in the body she has selected,