■•'.iiiti-ti'i ':' . •*:: it I t'.t • ;'-34 SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE LIBRARY. Section No. 113, NO W.D.S.G.O. .LU££/' -** mm. ► to # * • * ft ill 4\?fW fHS .1 i. Vol.l. PI. I 7. 7/ic CrraC (•,// 2 77\c 1'ison 3. 77n-. fo„nnin f'/Ur / T/w AW Ho// 5.T/if /\i"j/'i f Yof.I. rim. L aurulastl ■ af2 I'./.',/y/f >•'//// ,./ uradatf /,/// 2 The, /hi/'ifui,/,/ 3. The <■'/;'/,'>■!/s Vol.I. ri.n: f_, OMTliltwd', ddf , {.{'odnjyuj . - /'.'pun,n/ins in,i,/n//i,i/i 3 /7iiJ.:/,/n moiuj./iia . / . I nr.rr . Im/'di.s .'> 7/is Jinmfiui t'.iiri,// Veil. Pill. C auriUtirt/s rial . Innmaiciis . 1//i//////////// /. 2.3s 7'ke, -///<■ --■///* ■ 7 3 (> The/ IT,'i117n/ .1 ■nil': ANIMAL KINGDOM ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION, BY THE BARON ^UVIER, PERPETUAL SECRETARY TO THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC. ETC THE CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES AND INSECTA, BY P. A. LATREILLE, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC. ETC TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH, WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS, BY H. M'MURTRIE, M.D &c. &c . .• »vvr VOLUME I. J SI"; ' — Gw i^KAL'S OFRCtj MAR-J-1906 | i NEW YORKi_ G. & C. & H. CARVILL MDCCCXXXl. / t W*t L ClUr. Entered according to the act of congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, by G. & C. & H. Carvill, in the clerk's office of the southern district of New York, Philadelphia: Printed by James Kay, Jun. & Co. Printers to the American Philosophical Society. No. 4, Minor Street. REMARKS. In presenting to the Zoologist this production of the Aris- totle of the nineteenth century, the oracle of his science, it is far from my intention to occupy his time by attempting to show that it is not only the best source of knowledge to which he can refer, that of Nature herself alone excepted, but that it is the only one from which he can be certain of obtaining it unmingled with the grossest error—for this is universally admitted. Divesting himself of the prejudices arising from a blind re- verence for authority and a habit of imitation, our author has brought all the free energies of his powerful and penetrating mind to the investigation of his subject. Perceiving at once the importance of the difference between the constant and mutable characters of animals, aware of the harmony subsist- ing between one constant character and another, and unap- palled by the prospect of the almost endless labour that awaited him, he resolved to expose them with the knife; ex- pecting by the aid of comparative anatomy to arrive at facts which would enable him to arrange the whole animal king- dom, from Man to the last of the Infusoria, in its natural order. How well he has succeeded, the precision with which he has characterized insulated and mutilated fragments of fossil bones of extinct species, and the reconstruction of the whole of their gigantic frames from a part, this book, and the common consent of the learned of all countries, amply testify. He has accomplished the boast of Horace, he has erected the altars of the science in the temple of Truth, and placed its IV REMARKS. everlasting foundations on the unchangeable organization of that economy it was his business to study: his monument is imperishable—si Regalique situ pyramidum altius." When the extent and nature of this work are taken into consideration, it will be readily surmised that my task has been far from an easy one; and a glance at the original is sufficient to convince the scientific critic that such is not only the case, but that the difficulties I have had to encounter were of no ordinary cast. The graceful flexibility of the French lan- guage is such as to yield tot a combination of words and forms of expression that almost bid defiance to any thing like sy- nonymes in our more stubborn English. If this be true in relation to the language of conversation or that of books on or- dinary subjects, how greatly must the difficulty be increased when we find them abounding in a work like this! Such has been my trouble and perplexity on this account, that I may be excused for observing, that although the necessity for making new words cannot be denied, we should never forget that there are but two sources from which they can be legitimately drawn—the Latin or Greek. A word thus formed, being universally understood, may be removed unaltered from one language to another(l). Previously to commencing the execution of this version, it became indispensably requisite to fix upon some general plan of proceeding. The absurdity of translating into English the technical portion, or the nomenclature, was too apparent to demand a moment's consideration—the genius of our language forbids it. To have left these terms in French would have been inexpedient for self-evident reasons ; and the idea of giving a class in Latin, an order in French, &c, presented too revolting a medley. By giving them all in Latin, the common language of science, these objections vanished, al- though it entailed difficulties of a different character. I have ventured to encounter them; and while strictly adhering to (1) For some remarks on thfs subject, see Count Dejean's preface to his Spe- cies, &c, I, p. 8. REMARKS. V the spirit, and, as far as practicable, to the very letter of my author, have endeavoured to give to the whole work that classical "form and pressure" which facilitates its study and tends to fix its great and leading points more firmly in the memory. How far I have succeeded others must determine. I have not forgotten that although this work is more parti- cularly intended to be studied by the naturalist, it will proba- bly be read by every one who has the slightest desire to ac- quire some knowledge of the numerous and interesting groups of animals by which Man is surrounded, and with which he is so indissolubly connected. The general reader will lose nothing by the concise and simple style I have endeavoured to adopt; and although the meanings of the names affixed to the various divisions are not placed in glaring characters at their head, he will always find it in the text. Whenever an animal is mentioned that is generally known by one and the same English, or vulgar name, I have always given it; but of the many thousands here treated of, very few are thus circumstanced, and I cannot but think that it would be advantageous to the science if vulgar names were totally excluded from its nomenclature. The evidence of this is to be found in the fact, that, with comparatively few exceptions, these names vary, not only in different countries, but in dif- ferent parts of the same country. Thus the Rockfish of Phila- delphia is a Striped-Bass at Boston; the Sheephead of Pitts- burg (a Corvina) is a totally different fish from the one so called in our city (a Sargus), and even belongs to a differeut family; the Trout we receive from Long Branch might with equal propriety be denominated a Shark or a Sturgeon. Different . names are sometimes attached to the same animal, and the same name to different animals. Vulgar names are a fruitful source of error ; and therefore I have employed them as spa- ringly and as cautiously as possible. An immaculate book is perhaps rather to be wished for than expected, and that errors should have crept into the Regne Animal is not at all surprizing. These I have endeavoured to correct, not by erasure or altering the text (those cases al- VI REMARKS. ways excepted where the mistake was evidently and purely typographical), but by a note, either on the page itself, or in the appendix. Thus, whatever has been added, nothing has been taken away, and the text of my author remains as I found it. It was originally my intention to have made considerable additions of American species to the Entomology, but to such an extent has the formation of new genera and the division of old ones lately been carried, that it would have required more time to do this correctly than to translate the whole book, and consequently I was compelled to abandon it. Of the Fishes of this country nothing can be said, until we are in possession of the expected work of M. Lesueur. The period in which America was compelled to look to Europe for a knowledge of her own productions has termi- nated; and our Wilson, Say, Ord, Le Conte, Harlan, Hentz, Audubon, &c. &c. are repaying the debt with usury. Nor is this spirit of observation abating. The increasing number of institutions exclusively devoted to the natural sciences, in almost every section of our extensive country, shows the re- verse to be the fact, and authorizes us to expect the most splendid results from their united efforts. I cannot conclude without acknowledging my obligations to Major Le Conte for his valuable communications on various portions of the Regne Animal. The results of his critical and laborious investigations are chiefly to be found in the notes on American birds, and the Catalogue which closes this volume, and I have only to regret that the unfinished state of the work on the Lepidoptera of North America, which is now being published at Paris by him and M. Boisduval, prevented me . from employing it. H. M'MURTRIE. Philadelphia, June 1831. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. Having devoted myself from my earliest youth to the stu- dy of comparative anatomy, that is to the laws of the or- ganization of animals and of the modifications this organiza- tion undergoes in the various species, and having, for nearly thirty years since, consecrated to that science every moment of which my duties allowed me to dispose, the constant aim of my labours has been to reduce it to general rules, and to pro- positions which may contain their most simple expression. My first essays soon made me perceive, that I could only attain this in proportion as the animals, whose structure I should have to elucidate, were arranged in conformity with that structure, so that in one single name of class, order, genus, &c. might be embraced all those species which, in their ex- ternal as well as internal conformation, have affinities either more general or particular. Now this is what the greater number of naturalists of that epoch had never attempted, and what but few of them could have effected, had they even been willing to try, since a similar arrangement presupposes an extensive knowledge of the structures, of which it is partly the representation. It is true, that Daubenton and Camper had given facts, that Pallas had indicated views: but the ideas of these learned men had not yet exercised upon their contemporaries the in- fluence they merited. The only general catalogue of animals then in existence, and the only one we possess even now, the system of Linnaeus, had just been disfigured by an unfortunate editor, who did not even take the pains to examine the prin- Vlll I'llEl ACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ciples of that ingenious methodist, and who, wherever he found any disorder, seems to have tried to render it more in extricable. It is also true, that there were very extensive works upon particular classes, which had made known a great number of new species ; but their authors merely considered the exter- nal relations of those species, and no one had employed him- self in arranging the classes and orders from the ensemble of the structure ; the characters of several classes remained false or incomplete even in justly celebrated works of anatomy; some of the orders were arbitrary, and in scarcely any of these divisions were the genera placed conformably to nature. I was compelled then, and the task occupied a considerable period of time, I was compelled to make anatomy and zoology, dissection and classification, the pioneers of my steps; to search for better principles of distribution in my first remarks on or- ganization—to employ them in order to arrive at new ones, and to render the distribution perfect—in fine, from this, mu- tual reaction of the two sciences, to elicit a system of zoology that might serve as an introduction and a guide in anatomical investigations, and as a body of anatomical doctrine fitted to develope and explain the zoological system. The first results of this double labour appeared in 1795 in a special memoir upon a new division of the white blooded animals. A sketch of their application to genera and to their division in subgenera was the object of my elementary " Ta- bleau Elementaire des Animaux," printed in 1798, which, in conjunction with M. Dumeril, I improved, in the tables an- nexed to the first volumes of my " Legons d'Anatomie Com- paree" in 1800. I should, perhaps, have contented myself with perfecting these tables, and proceeded immediately to the publication of my great work on anatomy, if, in the course of my researches, I had not been frequently struck with another defect of the greater number of the general or partial systems of zoology; I mean the confusion in which the want of critical acumen has left a great number of species, and even several genera. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. ix The classes and orders were not only not sufficiently con- formed to the intimate nature of animals to serve conve- niently as a basis to a treatise on comparative anatomy, but the genera themselves, although mostly better constituted, presented but inadequate resources, on account of the species not having been arranged under each of them, in conformity with these characters. Thus in placing the Sea-cow (Mana- tus, Cuv.) in the genus Morse (Trichechus, Lin.), the Siren in that of the Eels, Gmelin had rendered any general propo- sition relative to the organization of these two genera imposs- ible, just as by approximating to the same class the same order, and placing side by side the Sepia and the fresh- water Polypus, he had made it impossible to say any thing in general on the class and order which embraced such different beings. The examples above cited are selected from the most strik- ing of these errors ; but there existed an infinitude of them, less sensible at the first glance, which presented, difficulties not less real. It was not enough then to have imagined a new arrange- ment of classes and orders, and to have properly placed the genera there; it was also necessary to examine all the species in order to be assured, whether they really belonged to the genera in which they had been placed. Having come to this, I found species not only grouped or dispersed, against all semblance of reason, but I remarked that several had not been positively determined; neither by the characters assigned to them, nor by their figures and de- scriptions. Here, one of them, by means of synonymes, represents seve- ral in one single name, and often so different from each other that they should not be placed in the same genus ; there, a single one is doubled, trebled, and successively reappears in several subgenera, genera, and sometimes in different orders. What shall we say, for instance, of the Trichechus mana- tus of Gmelin, which in one single specific name comprises three species and two genera ; two genera, differing in almost Vol. I.—(2) X PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. every thing? By what name shall we speak of the Velella, which figures there twice among the Medusae and once among the Holothuriae ? How are we to bring together the Biphorae ; some of which are called there Dagysae, the greater number Salpae, and several placed among the Holothuriae. In order, therefore, completely to attain the object, it was not sufficient to review the species—it was necessary to re- view their synonymes, or in other words to remodel the sys- tem of animals. Such an enterprise, from the prodigious development of the science in late years, could not have been executed com- pletely by any one individual, even supposing him to have no other employment and to live the longest possible term of years; had I been constrained to depend upon myself alone, I should not have been able to prepare even the simple sketch I now give; but the resources of my position seemed to me to supply what I wanted both of time and talent. Living in the midst of so many able naturalists—drawing from their works as fast as they appeared—enjoying the use of their collec- tions as freely as themselves—and having formed a very con- siderable one myself especially appropriated to my object; a great portion of my labour consisted merely in the employ- ment of so many rich materials. It was not possible, for in- stance, that much remained for me to do on shells studied by M. de Lamarck, or on quadrupeds described by M. Geoffroy. The numerous and new affinities observed by M. de Lace- pede were so many traits for my system of fishes. Among so many beautiful birds, collected from all parts of the world, M. Le Vaillant perceived details of organization, which I im- mediately adapted to my plan. My own researches, employed and multiplied by other naturalists, yielded those fruits to me, which, in my hands alone, they would not, all, have produced. Thus, by examining, in the cabinet I have formed, the ana- tomical preparations on which I designed to found my division of reptiles, M. de Blainville and M. Oppel anticipated (and perhaps better than I could have done) results of which as yet I had but a glimpse, &c., &c. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XI Encouraged by these reflections, I determined to precede my treatise on comparative anatomy by a kind of abridged system of animals, in which I would present their divisions and subdivisions of all degrees? established in a parallel man- ner upon their structure, external and internal; where I would give the indication of well ascertained species, which certainly belong to each of the subdivisions, and where, to create more interest, I would enter into some details upon such of those species, which from their abounding in our country, the uses to which we put them, the evils they cause us, the singularity of their habits and economy, their extraordinary forms, their beauty or their size, become the most remarkable. In so doing, I hoped to prove useful to young naturalists, who, for the most part, have but little idea of the confusion and errors of criticism in which the most accredited works abound, and who, in foreign countries particularly, do not sufficiently attend to the study of the true relations of the con- formation of beings ; I considered myself as rendering a more direct service to those anatomists, who require to know be- forehand to what orders they should direct their researches, when they wish to solve any problem of human anatomy or physiology by comparative anatomy, but whose ordinary oc- cupations do not sufficiently prepare them for fulfilling this condition which is essential to their success. I had no intention, however, of extending this two-fold view to all the classes of the animal kingdom, and the Vertebrated animals, as in every sense the most interesting, naturally claimed a preference. Among the Invertebrata, I had to study more particularly the naked Mollusca and the great Zoophytes; but the innumerable variations of the external forms of shells and corals, the microscopic animals, and the other families whose part, on the great theatre of nature, is not very apparent, or whose organization affords but little room for the use of the scalpel, did not require a similar mi- nuteness of detail. Independently of this, so far as the shells and corals were concerned, I could depend on the work of xii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. M. de Lamarck, in which will be found all that the most ar- dent thirst for knowledge can desire. As regards Insects, which, by their external form, organi- zation, habits, and influence on all animated nature, are so highly interesting, I have been fortunate enough to find assis- tance, which, in rendering my work infinitely more perfect than it could have possibly been had it emanated from my pen alone, has at the same time considerably accelerated its publica- tion. My friend and colleague M. Latreille, who has studied these animals more profoundly than any other man in Europe, has kindly consented to give, in a single volume, and nearly in the order adopted for the other parts, a summary of his immense researches, and an abridged description of those in- numerable genera entomologists are continually establishing. As for the rest, if in some places I have given less extent to the exposition of subgenera and species, all that relates to the superior divisions and the indicia of relations, I have founded on bases equally solid, by assiduous and universal re- searches. I have examined, one by one, all the species of which I could procure specimens; I have approximated those which merely differed from each other in size, colour, or in the number of some parts of little importance, and have formed them into what I denominate subgenera. Every time it was possible, I dissected one species at least of each subgenus, and if those be excepted to which the scalpel cannot be applied, but very few groups of this degree can be found in my work, of which I cannot produce some considerable portion of the organs. Having determined the names of the species I observed, which had been previously either well described or well figured, I placed in the same subgenera those I had not seen, but whose exact figures, or descriptions, sufficiently precise to leave no doubt remaining as to their natural rela- tions, I found in authors; but I have passed over in silence that great number of vague indications, on which, in my opi- nion, naturalists have been too eager to establish species, PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. xiii whose adoption is what has mainly contributed to introduce in the catalogue of beings, that confusion which deprives it of so great a portion of its utility. I could, every where, have added great numbers of new species, but as I could not refer to figures it would in that case have been necessary to extend their descriptions beyond the bounds of my limits; I have preferred therefore depriv- ing my work of that ornament, and have indicated those only whose singular formation gives origin to new subgenera. My subgenera once established on undoubted relations, and composed of well ascertained species, nothing remained but to construct this great scaffolding of genera, tribes, families, orders, classes and divisions which constitute the ensemble of the animal kingdom. Here I have proceeded, partly by ascending from the in- ferior to the superior divisions, by means of approximation and comparison, and partly by descending from the superior to the inferior divisions, on the principle of the subordination of characters; carefully comparing the results of the two methods, verifying one by the other, and always sedulously establishing the correspondence of forms, external and inter- nal, both of which constitute integral parts of the essence of each animal. Such has been my mode of proceeding whenever it was ne- cessary and possible to form new arrangements; but I need not observe, that in many places, the results to which it would have conducted me, had been already so satisfactorily obtained, that no other trouble was left to me than that of following the track of my predecessors. Even in these cases, however, by new observations I have confirmed and verified what was previously acknowledged, and what I did not adopt until it was subjected to a rigorous scrutiny. An idea of this mode of examination may be obtained from the Memoirs on the ana- tomy of the Mollusca which have appeared in the " Annales du Museum/' and of which I am now preparing a separate and augmented collection. I venture to assure the reader, that the labour I have bestowed upon the Vertebrated animals, XIV PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. the Annulata, the Radiata, and many of the Insects and Crus- tacea, is equally extensive. I have not deemed it necess- ary to publish it with the same detail; but all my prepara- tions are exposed in the Cabinet of Comparative Anatomy in the Jardin du Roi, and will serve hereafter for my Treatise on Anatomy. Another work of considerable labour, but whose proofs cannot be made so authentic, is the critical examination of species. I examined and verified all the figures adduced by authors, and as often as possible referred each to its true spe- cies, before making a choice of those I have pointed out; it is from this verification alone, and never from the classification of preceding methodists, that I have referred to my sub- genera the species that belong to them. Such is the reason, why no astonishment should be experienced on finding that such or such a genus of Gmelin is now divided and distributed even in different classes and divisions; that numerous nominal species are reduced to a single one, and that vulgar names are very differently applied. There is not a single one of these changes that I am not prepared to justify, or of which the reader himself may not obtain the proof by recurring to the sources I have indicated. In order to diminish his trouble, I have been careful to se- lect for each class a principal author, generally the richest in good original figures, and I quote secondary works only in those cases in which the former are silent, or where it was useful to establish some comparison, for the sake of confirm- ing synonymes. My subject could have been made to fill many volumes, but I considered it my duty to condense it, by imagining abridged means of publication. I have obtained these by gra- duated generalities; by never repeating for a species what could be said of a whole subgenus, nor for a genus what might be applied to an entire order, and so on, we arrive at the greatest possible economy of words. To this my endeavours have been, above all, particularly directed, inasmuch as this was the principal end of my work. It may be observed, PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XV however, that I have not employed many technical terms, and that I have endeavoured to communicate my ideas with- out that barbarous apparatus of factitious words, which, in the works of so many modern naturalists, prove so very re- pulsive. I cannot perceive, however, that I have thereby lost any thing in precision or clearness. I have been compelled, unfortunately, to introduce many new names, although I endeavoured as far as possible to pre- serve those of my predecessors; but the numerous subgenera I have established required these denominations ; for in things so various the memory is not satisfied with numerical indica- tions. I have selected them, so as either to convey some character, or among the common names which I have latinized, or finally after the example of Linnaeus, from those of mytho- logy, which are generally agreeable to the ear, and which we are far from having exhausted. In naming species, however, I would recommend employ- ing the substantive of the genus, and the trivial name only. The names of the subgenera are designed as a mere relief to the memory, when we wish to indicate these subdivisions in particular. Otherwise, as the subgenera, already very nu- merous, will in the end become greatly multiplied, in con- sequence of having substantives continually to retain, we shall be in danger of losing the advantages of that binary nomen- clature so happily imagined by Linnaeus. It is the better to preserve it that I have dismembered, as little as possible, the genera of that illustrious reformer of science. Whenever the subgenera in which I divide them were not to be translated to different families, I have left them together under their former generic appellation. This was not only due to the memory of Linnaeus, but it was ne- cessary in order to preserve the mutual intelligence of the naturalists of different countries. The habit, naturally acquired in the study of natural his- tory, of the mental classification of a great number of ideas, is one of the advantages of that science that is seldom observed, and which, when it shall have been generally introduced into XVi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. the system of common education, will become, perhaps, the principal one. By it, the student is exercised in that part of logic which is termed method, just as he is by geometry in that of syllogism, because natural history is the science which requires the most precise methods, as geometry is that which demands the most rigorous reasoning. Now this art of me- thod, once well acquired, may be applied with infinite advan- tage to studies the most foreign to natural history. Every dis- cussion which supposes a classification of facts, every research which demands a distribution of matters, is performed accord- ing to the same laws; and he who had cultivated this science merely for amusement, is surprised at the facilities it affords him in disentangling and arranging all kinds of affairs. It is not less useful in solitude. Sufficiently extensive to satisfy the most powerful mind, sufficiently various and inte- resting to calm the most agitated soul, it sheds consolation in the bosom of the unhappy, and stills the angry waves of envy and hatred. Once elevated to the contemplation of that har- mony of nature irresistibly regulated by Providence, how weak and trivial appear those causes which it has been pleased to leave dependent on the will of man! How astonishing to be- hold so many fine minds, consuming themselves so uselessly for their own happiness or that of others, in the pursuit of vain combinations, whose very traces a few years suffice to sweep away. I avow it—these ideas have always been present to my mind, the companions of my labours ; and if I have endeavoured by every means in my power to advance this peaceful study, it is because, in my opinion, it is more capable than any other of supplying that want of occupation, which has so largely con- tributed to the troubles of our age—but I must return to my subject. There yet remains the task of accounting for the principal changes I have effected in the latest received methods, and to acknowledge the amount of my obligations to those natu- ralists, whose works have furnished or suggested a part of them. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. Xvii To anticipate a remark which will naturally present itself to many, I must observe that I have neither desired nor pre- tended to class animals so as to form one single line, or so as to mark their relative superiority. I even consider every at- tempt of this kind impracticable. Thus, I do not mean that the Mammalia or Birds which come last, are the most imper- fect of their class : still less do I believe that the last of the Mammalia are more perfect than the first of the Birds, the last of the Mollusca more so than the first of the Annulata or of the Radiata, even restraining the meaning of this vague word perfect to* that of most completely organized. I re- gard my divisions and subdivisions as the merely graduated expression of the resemblance of the beings which enter into each of them, and although in some we observe a sort of de- gradation or passage from one species to the other, which can- not be denied, this disposition is far from being general. The pretended chain of beings, as applied to the whole creation, is but an erroneous application of those partial observations, which are only true'when confined to the limits within which they were made—it has, in my opinion, proved more detri- mental to the progress of natural history in modern times, than it is easy to imagine. It is in conformity with these views that I have established my four general divisions, which have already been made known in a separate Memoir. I still think it expresses the real relations of animals more exactly than the old arrange- ment of Vertebrata and Invertebrata, for the simple reason, that the former animals have a much greater resemblance to each other than to the latter, and that it was necessary to mark this difference in the extent of their relations. M. Virey, in an article of the " Nouveau Dictionnaire d'His- toire Naturelle," had already discovered a part of the basis of this division, and principally that which reposes on the ner- vous system. The particular approximation of oviparous Vertebrata, in- ter se, originated from the curious observations of M. Geoff- roy on the composition of bony heads; and from those I have Vol. I.—(3) XV1J] PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. added to them, relative to the rest of the skeleton and to the muscles. In the Mammalia I have brought back the Solipedes to the Pachydermata, and have divided the latter into families on a new plan; the Ruminantia I have placed after the Quadru- peds, and the Sea-cow near the Cetacea. The arrangement of the Carnaria I have somewhat altered—the Ouistites have been wholly separated from the Monkeys, and a sort of pa- rallelism between the pouched animals and other digitated Mammalia indicated ; the whole from my own anatomical re- searches. All that I have given on the Quadrumana and the Bats is based on the recent and profound labours of my friend M. Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire. The researches of my bro- ther, M. Frederick Cuvier, on the teeth of the Carnaria and the Rodentia, have proved highly useful to me in forming the subgenera of these two orders. Notwithstanding the genera of the late M. Illiger are but the results of these same studies, and those of some foreign naturalists, I have adopted his names whenever my subgenera could be place*d in his genera. I have also adopted M. de Lacepede's excellent divisions of this description, but the characters of all the degrees and all the indications of species have been taken from nature, either in the cabinet of anatomy, or the galleries of the Museum. The same plan was pursued with respect to the Birds. I have examined with the greatest care and attention more than four thousand individuals in the Museum ; I arranged them agreeably to my views in the public gallery more than five years ago, and all that is said of this class has been drawn from that source. Thus, any resemblance which my subdivisions may bear to some recent descriptions is on my side purely accidental(l). (1) This observation not having been sufficiently understood abroad, I am com- pelled to repeat it here, and openly to declare a fact witnessed by thousands in Paris—it is this, that all the birds in the public gallery of the Museum were named and arranged according to my system in 1811. Even such of my subdivisions as I had not yet named were marked by particular signs. This is my date. In- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. xix Naturalists, I hope, will approve of the numerous subgenera I bave deemed it necessary to establish among the Birds of Prey, Passerinse, and Shore-Birds; they appear to me to have completely elucidated genera hitherto involved in much con- fusion. I have also marked, as exactly as I could, the corres- pondence of these subdivisions with the genera of MM. de La- cepede, Meyer, Wolf, Temminck, Savigny, and have refer- red to each of them all the species of which I could obtain a very positive knowledge. This laborious work will prove of value to those who may hereafter attempt a true history of Birds. The splendid works on Ornithology published within a few years, and those chiefly of M. Le Vaillant, which are filled with so many interesting observations, together with M. Vieillot's, have been of much assistance to me in designating with precision the species they represent. The general division of this class remains as I published it in 1798 in my "Tableau Elementaire(l)." The general division of Reptiles, by my friend M. Brong- niart, I have thought proper to preserve, but I have prose- cuted very extensive and laborious anatomical investigations to obtain my ulterior subdivisions. M. Oppel, as I have al- ready stated, has partly taken advantage of these preparatory labours, and whenever my genera finally agreed with his, I have noticed the fact. The work of Daudin, indifferent as it is, has been useful to me for indications of details, but the par- ticular divisions I have made in the genera Monitor and Gecko, are the product of my own observations on a great number of Reptiles recently brought to the Museum by Messrs Peron and Geoffroy. My labours with regard to the Fishes will probably be found to exceed those I have bestowed on the other vertebrated dependently of this, my first volume was printed in the beginning of 1816. Four volumes are not printed as quickly as a pamphlet of a few pages. I say no more. (Note to Ed. 1829.) (1)1 only mention this, because an amiable naturalist, M. Vieillot, in a recent work has attributed to himself the union of the Picx with the Passeres. I had published it in 1798, with my other arrangements, so as to render them public in the Museum since 1811 and 1812. XX PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. animals. Since the publication of the celebrated work of M. de Lacepede, the accession to our Museum of a great number of fishes, has enabled me to add several subdivisions to those of that learned naturalist, to form different combinations of several species, and to multiply anatomical observations. I have also had better means of verifying the species of Commerson and of some other travellers, and on this point I owe much to a re- view of the drawings of Commerson and of the dried fishes he brought with him, by M. Dumeril, which have been but very lately recovered: resources to which I added those pre- sented to me in the fishes brought by Peron from the Indian Ocean and Archipelago; those which I collected in the Medi- terranean, and the collections made on the coast of Coroman- del by the late M. Sonnerat, at the Isle of France by M. Ma- thieu, in the Nile and Red Sea by M. Geoffroy, &c. I was thus enabled to verify .most of the species of Bloch, Russel, and others, and to have prepared the skeletons and viscera of nearly all the subgenera, so that this portion of the work will, I presume, present to icthyologists much that is new. As to my division of this class, I confess its inconvenience, but I still think it more natural than any preceding one. When I first published it, I gave it, quantum valeat, and if any one discovers a better principle of division, and as conformable to the organization, I shall hasten to adopt it. It is well known that all the works, on the general division of the Invertebrated animals, are mere modifications of what I proposed in 1795 in the first of my memoirs; and the time and care I have devoted to the anatomy of the Mollusca in ge- neral, and principally to the naked Mollusca, are equally so. The determining of this class, as well as of its divisions and subdivisions, rests on my observations; the magnificent work of M. Poli had alone anticipated me by descriptions and anatomical researches, useful to me it is true, but confined to bivalves and multivalves only. I have verified all the facts furnished to me by that able anatomist, and I have, I think, more justly marked the functions of some organs. I have also endeavoured to determine the animals to which the principal PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. Xxi forms of shells belong, and to arrange the latter from that con- sideration ; but as to the ulterior divisions of those shells whose animals resemble each other, I have examined them only so far as to enable me to describe those admitted by Messrs de Lamarck and de Montfort; even the small number of genera or subgenera which are properly mine, are derived from observa- tions on the animals. In citing examples I have confined my- self to a certain number of the species of Martini, Chemnitz, Lister, and that only (the volume of M. de Lamarck, which is to contain these matters, not being published), because I was compelled to fix the attention of the reader on specific objects. In the selection and determining, of these species however I lay no claim to the same critical accuracy I have employed for the Vertebrated animals and the naked Mol- lusca. The excellent observations of Messrs Savigny, Lesueur, and Desmarest on the compound Ascidia, approximate the latter family of the Mollusca to certain orders of Zoophytes— a curious relation, and an additional proof of the impractica- bility of arranging animals on one single line. The Annulata (the establishing of which or earth. The principal ramifications of this race may be distinguished by the ana- logies of language. The Armenian or Syrian branch, stretching to the south, produced the Assyrians, the Chaldeans, the hitherto untameable Arabs, who, after Mahomet, were near becoming mas- ters of the world; the Phenicians, Jews and Abyssinians, which were Arabian colonies ; and most probably the Egyptians. It is frQm this branch, always inclined to mysticism, that have sprung the most widely extended forms of religion—the arts and literature BIMANA. 53 have sometimes flourished among its nations, but always enveloped in a strange disguise and figurative style. The Indian, German, and Pelasgic branch is much more extend- ed, and was much earlier divided: notwithstanding which, the most numerous affinities may be observed between its four principal lan- guages—the Sanscrit, the present sacred language of the Hindoos, and the parent of the greater number of the dialects of Hindostan; the ancient language of the Pelasgi, common mother of the Greek, Latin, many tongues that are extinct, and of all those of the south of Europe; the Gothic or Teutonic, from which are derived the lan- guages of the north and north-west of Europe, such as the German, Dutch, English, Danish, Swedish, and other dialects; and finally, the Sclavonian, from which spring those of the north-east, the Rus- sian, Polish, Bohemian, Sec. It is by this great and venerable branch of the Caucasian stock, that philosophy, the arts, and the sciences have been carried to the greatest perfection, and remained in the keeping of the nations which compose it for more than three thousand years. It was preceded in Europe by the Celts, who came from the north, whose tribes, once very numerous, are now confined to its most eastern extremity, and by the Cantabrians, who passed from Africa into Spain, now confounded with the many nations whose posterity have intermingled in that peninsula. The ancient Persians originate from the same source as the In- dians, and their descendants to the present hour bear great marks of resemblance to the people of Europe. The predatory tribes of the Scythian and Tartar branch, extending at first to the north and north-east, always wandering over the im- mense plains of those countries, returned only to devastate the happier abodes of their more civilized brethren. The Scythians, who, at so remote a period, made irruptions into upper Asia; the Parthians, who there destroyed the Greek and Roman domination; the Turks, who there subverted that of the Arabs, and subjugated in Europe the unfortunate remnant of the Grecian people, all swarmed from this prolific branch. The Finlanders and Hungarians are tribes of the same division, which have strayed among the Sclavonic and Teutonic nations. Their original country, to the north and north- east of the Caspian sea still contains inhabitants who have the same origin, and speak similar languages, but mingled with other petty nations, variously descended, and of different languages. The Tar- tars remained unmixed longer than the others in the country in- cluded between the mouth of the Danube to beyond the Irtisch, from which they so long menaced Russia, and where they have finally been subjugated by her. The Mongoles, however, have 54 MAMMALIA. mingled their blood with that of those they conquered, many traces of which may still be found among the inhabitants of lesser Tartary. It is to the east of this Tartar branch of the Caucasian race that the Mongolian race begins, whence it extends to the eastern ocean. Its branches, the Calmucs, &c. still wandering shepherds, are con- stantly traversing the desert. Thrice did their ancestors under Attila, Genghis, and Tamerlane, spread far the terror of their name. The Chinese are the earliest and most civilized branch not only of this race, to which they belong, but of all the nations upon earth. A third branch, the Mantchures, recently conquered, and still govern China. The Japanese, Coreans, and nearly all the hordes which extend to the north-east of Siberia, subject to Russia, are also to be considered, in a great measure, as originating from this race; and such also is esteemed the fact, with regard to the original inha- bitants of various islands of that Archipelago. With the exception of a few Chinese literati, the different nations of the Mongoles are universally addicted to Buddism, or the religion of Fo. The origin of this great race appears to have been in the moun^- tains of Atlai, but it is impossible to trace the filiation of its diffe- rent branches with the same certainty as we have done those of the Caucasian. The history of these wandering nations is as fugitive as their establishments, and that of the Chinese, confined exclusively to their own empire, gives us nothing satisfactory with respect to their neighbours. The affinities of their languages are also too little known to direct us in this labyrinth. The languages of the north of the Peninsula beyond the Ganges, *. as well as that of Thibet, are somewhat allied to the Chinese, at least in their monosyllabic structure, and the people who speak them have features somewhat resembling other Mongoles. The south of this Peninsula, however, is inhabited by Malays, whose forms approximate them much nearer to the Indians, whose race and language are extended over all the coasts of the islands of the Indian Archipelago. The innumerable little islands of the southern ocean are also peopled by a handsome race, nearly allied to the In- dians, whose language is very similar to the Malay; in the interior of the largest of these islands, particularly in the wilder portions of it, is another race of men with black complexions, crisped hair, and negro faces, called Alfourous. On the coast of New Guinea, and in the neighbouring islands, we find other negroes, nearly similar to those of the eastern coast of Africa, named Papuas ;(l) to the latter, (1) With respect to the various nations of the Indian and Pacific oceans, see the dissertation of Messrs Lesson and Garnot in the Zoologie du Voyage de la BIMANA. 55 are generally referred the people of Van-Diemen's land, and those of New Holland to the Alfourous. These Malays, and these Papuas are not easily referable to either of the three great races of which we have been speaking, but can the former be clearly distinguished from their neighbours, the Cau- casian Hindoos and the Mongolian Chinese ? As for us, we confess we cannot discover any sufficient characteristics in them for that purpose. Are the Papuas Negroes, which may formerly have strayed into the Indian ocean ? We possess neither figures nor descriptions sufficiently precise to enable us to answer this question. The northern inhabitants of both continents, the Samonides, the Laplanders, and the Esquimaux spring, according to some, from the Mongolian race, while others assert that they are mere degenerate offsets from the Scythian and Tartar branch of the Caucasian stock. We have not yet been able to refer the Americans to any of the races of the eastern continent; still, they have no precise nor con- stant character which can entitle them to be considered as a par- ticular one. Their copper coloured complexion is not sufficient; their generally black hair and scanty beard would induce us to refer them to the Mongples, if their defined features, projecting nose, large and open eye, did not oppose such a theory, and corres- pond with the features of the European. Their languages are as numberless as their tribes, and no demonstrative analogy has as yet been obtained, either with each other, or with those of the old world. (1) ORDER II. QUADRUMANA. Independently of the anatomical details which distinguish it from man, and which have been given, this family differs from our species in a very remarkable way. All the animals belonging to it have the toes of the hind feet free and oppo- Coquille, p. 1—113. For the languages of the Asiatics and their affinities, con- sult the Asia Polyglotta of M. Klaproth. (1) See the Voyage de M. de Humboldt, and the dissertations of Vater and Mitchill. 56 MAMMALIA. sable to the others, and the toes are all as long and flexible as fingers. In consequence of this, the whole species climb trees with the greatest facility, while it is only with pain and difficulty they can stand and walk upright; their foot then resting on its outer edge only, and their narrow pelvis being un- favourable to an equilibrium. They all have intestines very similar to those of man; the eyes directed forwards, the mam- mae on the breast, the penis pendent. The brain has three lobes on each side, the posterior of which covers the cerebel- lum, and the temporal fossae are separated from the orbits by a bbny partition. In every thing else, however, they gradu- ally lessen in resemblance to him, by assuming a muzzle more and more elongated, a tail and a gait more like that of quad- rupeds. Notwithstanding this, the freedom of their arms and the complication of their hands allow them all to perform many of the actions of man as well as to imitate his gestures. They have long been divided into two genera, the Monkeys and the Lemurs, which, by the multiplication of secondary forms, have now become two small families, between which we must place a third genus that of the Ouistitis, as it is not conveniently referable to the one or the other. Simia. Lin. The monkeys are all quadrumana, which have four straight incisors in each jaw, and flat nails on all the extremities; two characters which approximate them more nearly to man, than the subsequent genera; their molares have also blunt tubercles like ours, and their food consists chiefly of fruits. Their canine teeth, however, being longer than the rest, supply them with a weapon we do not possess, and which require a hollow in the opposite jaw, to receive them when the mouth is closed. They may be divided, from the number of their molar teeth, into two principal subgenera, which are again subdivided into nu- merous groups. (1) The (1) Buffon subdivided the monkeys into five tribes: the true monkeys without tails ; the baboons with short tails ; the guenom with long tails and callous buttocks ; the sapajous with long prehensile tails and no callus; the sagouins with long tails, not prehensile and without callus. Erxleben, adopting this division, translated- these names by simia, papio, cercopithecus, cebus and callithrix. Thus it is, tliat the names cebus and callithrix, by which the ancients designated monkeys of Af- QUADRUMANA. 57 Monkeys, properly so called, Or those of the eastern continent, have the same number of grin- ders as Man, but otherwise differing from ea*ch other by characters, which have formed the grounds of the following subdivisions. The Simia, "Erxl.—Pit'hecus, Geoffr. The Ourangs(l) are the only monkeys of the ancient continent which have no callus on the buttock; their hyoid bone, liver and caecum resemble those of Man. Their nose is not prominent, they have no cheek-pouches, nor a vestige of a tail. Some of them have arms long enough to reach the ground when standing—their legs, on the contrary, are very short. S. satyrus, L.; Audeb., pi. 2; Fr. Cuv. pi. 2. (The Ourang- Outang.)(2) Of all animals, this Ourang is considered as ap- proaching most nearly to Man in the form of his head, height of forehead, and volume of brain; but the exaggerated descrip- tions of some authors respecting this resemblance, are partly to be attributed to the fact of their being drawn from young in- dividuals only; and there is every reason to believe, that with age, their muzzle becomes much more prominent. The body is covered with coarse red hair, the face bluish, and the hinder thumbs very short compared with the toes. His lips are sus- ceptible of a singular elongation, and possess great mobility. His history has been much disfigured by mingling it with that of the other great monkeys5, that of the Chimpanse in particu- lar. After a^jstrict and critical examination, I have ascertained ------------------------------y--------—---1------------------------------------------1---—------.--------—— rica and India, have been transferred to those of America. The genus Papio, founded solely on the shortness of fhe tail, could not be retained, as it violated natural affinities, and all the others required subdividing, it was also necessary to abolish the genus Ouistitis, which was comprised in that of the Sagouins, but which does not altogether correspond with the common characters of the other monkeys. (1) Orang is a Malay word signifying reasonable being, which is applied to man, the ourang-outang, and the elephant. Outang means wild, or of the woods; hence, Wild Man of the Woods. (2) The only good figure ofthe'Ourang-Outang we had for a long time was that of Vosmaer, taken from a living specimen at the Hague. That of Buffbn, Suppl. VIII, pi. 1, is every way erroneous; that of Allamand (Buff. d'Holl. XV, pi. 11,) is somewhat better—it was copied in Schreber, pi. 2, B. That of Camper, copied ib., pi. 2, C, is tolerably exact, but is easily discovered to,"have been taken from the dead body. Bontius, Med. Ind. 84, gives a»completely ideal one, although Linnxus took it for the type of his troglodyte (Amaen. Ac. VI, pi. 1, § 1). There are some good ones, in Griffitb,.ancl in Krusenstern's Voyage, pi. 94 and 95, but all of them from young subjects.' Vol. I.—H 58 MAMMALIA. that the Ourang-Outang inhabits the most eastern countries only, such as Malabar, Cochin China, and particularly the great island of Borneo, whence he has been occasionally brought to Europe by the way of Java. When young, and such as he ap- pears to us in his captivity, he is a mild and gentle animal, easily rendered tame and affectionate, which is enabled by his conformation to imitate many of our actions, but whose intel- ligence does not appear to be as great as is reported, not much surpassing even that of the Dog. Camper discovered, and has well described two membranous sacs in this animal which com- municate with the glottis, that produce a hoarseness of his voice —he was mistaken, however, in imagining that the nails are always wanting on his hinder thumbs. There is a monkey in Borneo, hitherto known only by his skeleton, called the Ppngo,(l)j" (2) M. Diard having transmitted to the Museum several Doucs. from Cochin Chi- na, it has been proved that they have callosities on the buttocks ; a fact denied by Buffon, on account of his having seen but one specimen, injured by stuffing. The genus Lasiopyga of Illiger must consequently be suppressed, as it is based on this error. QUADRUMANA. 63 tuft of the tail white; black crest on the eye-brows, and the hairs of the top of the head long and turned up, forming a tuft. S. maura, L.; F. Cuv. pi. 10. (The Negro Monkey.) All black, the young of a brownish yellow. The three latter species are from the straits of Sunda.(l) Macacus.(2) All the animals of this denomination have a fifth tubercle on their last molares, and callosities and cheek-pouches like a Guenon. The limbs are shorter and thicker than»in a Semnopithecus ; the muzzle more projecting, and the superciliary ridge more inflated than in either the one or the other. Though docile when young, they be- come unmanageable when old. They all have a sac which commu- nicates with the larynx under the thyroid cartilage, and which, when they cry out, becomes filled with air. Their tail is pendent, and takes no part in their motions : they produce early, but are not completely adult for four or five years. The period of gestation is seven months—during the rutting season the labia pudendi, Ecc. of the females are excessively distended.(3) They are generally brought from India. Sim. silenus and leonina, L. and Gm.; Ouanderou, Buff.; Audeb. 2d fam. sect. 1, pi. 3. (The Maned Macaque.) Black; ash coloured mane and whitish beard which surround the head. From Ceylon. Sim. sinica, Gm.; Buff. XIV, 30 ; Fr. Cuv. 30. (The Chinese Monkey.) A lively fawn-coloured brown above, white be- neath; flesh-coloured face; the hairs on the.top of the head arranged in radii forming a sort of hat. From Bengal, Ceylon. S. radiata, Geoff.; Fr. Cuv.'29. '(The Cape Monkey.) Dif- fering from the preceding in a greenish tint. Sim. cynomolgus and cynocephalus, Lin.; Macaque, Buff. XIV, 20 ; Fr. Cuv. ,26 and 27. (The Hare-lipped Monkey.) Greenish above, yellowish or whitish below ; ears and hands (1/ There is some variation in their Malay names. Raffles, (Linn. Trans. XIII) calls the S. comata, Chinkau,- the S. maura, Lotong. Raffles calls the S. fascial- laris the Kra. (2) Macaco is the generic appellation of monkeys on the coast of Guinea, and among the negroes transported to the colonies. Marcgrave mentions a species, which he says has " nares elatas bifidas"—and these vague words, copied from him only, have remained in the character applied to the Macaque of Buff, altliough it has nothing like it. (3) Hence the observation of jElian, that monkeys are to be seen in India which have a prolapsus uteri. 64 MAMMALIA. black; face and scrotum tawny.(l) The Aigrette, Sim. aygula, Lin., Buff. XIV, 21, appears to be a mere variety of this one, differing by a longer tuft of hair on the top of the head. Some of the Macaques are distinguished by a short tail. M. rhesus.; Rhesus, Audeb. fam. ii; Patas a queue courte, ib. pi. 4, and Buff. Supp. XIV, pi. 16 ; the first baboon figured by Buff. XIV, pi. 19.(2) (The Pig-tailed Baboon.) Greyish ; a fawn-coloured tinge on the head and crupper, sometimes on the back ; face flesh-colour ; tail reaching below the hamstrings. From Bengal. (3) Sim. menestrinus, L.; Sim. platypigos, Schreb.; Audeb. fam. ii, sect. 1, pi. 2.; Fr. Cuv. Mammif. under the name of Singe a queue de cochon. (The Brown Baboon.) Deep brown above; black band beginning on the head, and fading as it extends along the back; yellowish round the head and limbs ; tail thin and wrinkled.(4) Inuus, Cuv. Mere Macaques, which have a small tubercle in lieu of a tail. S. silvanus, pithecus and inuus, Lin.; Buff. XIV, 1, 8 ; Fr. Cuv. Mammif. (The Barbary Ape.) Completely covered with a light grey-brown hair, and of all monkeys, is the one that suffers least from our climate. He is originally from Barbary, but is said to have become naturalised in the most inaccessible parts of the rock of Gibraltar.(5) Cynocephalus, C.(6) The Dog-headed Monkeys, together with the teeth, cheek- pouches and callosities of the Inuus, Cuv., have an elongated muz- (1) Add the Black-faced Macaque, Fr. Cuv. Mammif. 28, and the other species described in the same work. • (2) The two specimens used byAudebert are still in the Museum. I have ex- amined them and find they are both of one species. (3) The Macaque a queue courte of Buff. Supp. VII, pi. 13, {Sim. erytrhsea, Schr.) appears to me to be a true Macaque (S. cynomolgus), whose tail had been ampu- tated. (4) Add the Macaque de I'Inde, and the Macaque a face rouge, Fr. Cuv. Mammif. (5) The Pitheque of Buff. Supp. VII, pi. 4 and 5, was a young Magot. His Littie Cynocephalus, ib. pi. 6, and the Great and Little Cynocephala of Prosper Alpinare also of that species. n<8»*o? is the Greek term for monkeys in general, and the one whose anatomy has been given by Galen was a Magot, although Camper thought it was an Ourang-Outang. M. de Blainville perceived this mistake, and I have proved it by comparing with these two species, all that Galen has stated respecting the anatomy of his pithecus. (6) Cynocephalus, dog's head, a name well known to the ancients, especially as QUADRUMANA. 65 zle truncated at the end, in which the nostrils are pierced, giving it a greater resemblance to that of a dog than of any other mon- key; their tail varies in length. They are generally large, fero- cious and dangerous animals, found mostly in Africa. C. papio, Desm.; Sim. sphynx, Lin.; Papion, Buff. (The Guinea Baboon.) Yellow, verging more or less on. a brown ; tufts of the cheeks fawn-coloured; face black; tail long.(l) They are found of various sizes, owing probably to the dif- ference of age. When full grown, frightful from their ferocity and brutal lubricity. From Guinea. There is another neighbouring species with-a shorter tail, a greener fur, whiter cheek-tufts and a flesh-coloured face, S. cynocephalus; the Babouin, Fr. Cuv. Mem. du Mus. IV, pi. 19. C. porcarius; Sim. porcaria, Bodd.; S. ursina, Penn.; S. sphyngiola, Herm.; The Long-faced Guenon, Penn., and Buff. Supp. VII, pi. 15.; Black Monkey of Vaillant ;(2) Chacma, Fr. Cuv. Mammif. Black, with a green or yellowish glaze, particularly on the forehead; tufts of the cheeks grey ; face and hands black; his tail reaches his heel, and ends in a tuft. The adult has a large mane—in every thing else, as to habits and form, resembling the preceding. From the Cape of Good Hope. C. hamadryas; Tartarinof Belon, Ois. fol. 101, or Papion a perruque; Sim. hamadryas, L.; Dog-faced Baboon, Penn.; Singe de Moco, Buff. Supp. VII, 10.(3) A bluish ash-colour; hairs of the ruff, and particularly those of the sides of the head very long; face flesh-coloured. This great Monkey is also among the most libidinous and horribly ferocious of his kind—lives in Arabia and Ethiopia. There is another species which should be distinguished from other Cynocephala, which is totally black, and without the Dog played a conspicuous part in the symbols of the Egyptians, in which it represented Tot or Mercury. (1) Those which have been figured as having it short, as the Papions of Buff. XIV, pi. 13 and 14, &c. had it cut off. M. Brongnard was the first who gave a good figure of it, but under the Improper name of Sim. cynocephalus. His figure is copied by Schreber, pi. 13, B. See the different Papios in the Mammif. Fred. Cuv. (2) All these factitious species have been established on the good' or bad con- dition of individual specimens of the same species, or on their difference of age. (3) Copied by Schreber, but badly coloured. There is now a good figure of it in the Mammif. of Fred. Cuv. Vol. I—I 66 MAMMALIA. a tail—S. nigra, Cuv.; but whose head resembles that of the rest. The Mandrills, Of all the monkeys, have the longest muzzle (30°); their tail is very short; they are brutal and ferocious; nose as in the preceding. Sim. maimon and mormon, Lin.; Boggo, Choras, Buff. XIV, XVI, XVII, et Supp. VII, 9. (The Mandrill.) Greyish brown, inclining to olive above; cheeks blue and furrowed. The nose in the adult male becomes red, particularly at the end, where it is scarlet, which has been the cause of its being deemed, erroneously, a distinct species.(l) The genital parts, and those about the anus, are of the same colour. The buttocks are of a beautiful violet. It is difficult to imagine a more hide- ous or extraordinary animal. He nearly attains the size of a man, and is a terror to the negroes of Guinea. Many details of his history have been mixed up with that of the Chimpanse, and consequently with that of the Ourang-Outang. Sim. leucophxa, Fred. Cuv. Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. IX, pi. 37, from a young specimen, and Hist, des Mammif. from the adult. (The Drill.) Yellowish grey; face black; tail very short and thin; in old ones the fur becomes darker, and the chin of a brilliant red. The Monkeys of America Have four grinders more than the others—thirty-six in all; the tail long; no cheek-pouches ; buttocks hairy; no callosities; nostrils opening on the sides of the nose, and not underneath. All the great Quadrumana of America belong to this division. The large intes- tines are less inflated, and the caecum longer and more slender than in those of the eastern continent. The tails of some of them are prehensile—that is, their extremity can twist round a body with sufficient force to seize it as with a hand. They are more particularly designated by the name of Sapa- jous, Cebus, Erxleben.(2) At their head may be placed the Alouattes (Mycetes, Illig.V which are distinguished by a pyramidal head, the upper jaw of which descends much below the cranium, as the branches of the lower one (1)1 have seen, as well as M. Geoffroy, two or three Mandrills, or S. maimon, change to the Choras or S. mormon, in the Menagerie of the Museum. The tuft of hair, which is frequently given as a character of the mormon, is often also in the maimon. (2) Cebus or Cepus, or Kxa-oc, names of an Ethiopian Monkey, which, from the description of .Elian, lib. xxvii, c. 8, must have been the Patas. QUADRUMANA. 67 ascend very high for the purpose of lodging a bony drum, formed by a vesicular inflation of the hyoid bone, which communicates with the larynx, and gives to their voice astonishing power, and a most frightful sound. Hence their name of Howling Monkeys. The pre- hensile portion of the tail is naked beneath. There are several species, whose distinguishing characters are not yet well ascertained, for the colour of the fur on which they are established varies with the age and sex. Simia seniculus, Buff. Supp. VII, 25. (Red Howling Mon- key.) It is often sent to us from the forests of Guiana, where it lives in troops; size that of a large fox ; colour, a red- dish chesnut, rather deeper at the head and tail. The Mlouatte ourson [Stentor ursinus, Geoff), Humb. Obs. Zool. I. pi. 30, must differ from it, although slightly; but it would appear that there are many others, some of which are brown or black, others of a pale colour. In certain species this pale tint is peculiar to the females.(l) The Common Sapajous have the head flat, and the projection of the muzzle very moderate—facial angle 60°. In some of them, the anterior thumbs are either totally, or nearly so, hidden under the skin, and the prehensile part of the tail naked beneath. M. Geoff, has formed them into a genus by the name of Ateles.(2) The first species, the Chamek, Atelespentadactylus, Geoff., (1) Marcgrave, Braz. 226, speaks of a black Guariba, with brown hands, that Spix thought he had found in his Seniculus niger. Mem. de Munic, for 1813, p. 333. Mycetes rufimanus, Kuhl. Marcgrave, 227, speaks of another species, all black and bearded, fig. p. 228 under the wrong name of Exquima, which must have been, it is probable, the Mycetes barbatus, Spix, pi. 32. The female, ib. pi. 33, is of a light yellowish grey. The male must be the Mycetes niger of Kuhl and Prince Maximil. de Neu- wied. The Caraia of d'Azzara, which is black ; breast and belly of a dark red ; the female brownish ; may be referred to thi3 species. Pr. Max. has another Mycetes ursinus, which appears to be much browner than the ursinus of M. Geoffroy, and to approximate nearer to the M. fuscus, or the M- discolor of Spix, pi. 30 and 34. This latter rather appears to be the St. fuscus of Geoffroy. The Straw-coloured JllouaUe, Stentor stramineus, Geoff, and the Myc. stramineus, Spix, pi. 31, of a yellowish grey, appears from its cranium to be of a different species, but it may merely be the female of a preceding one. It is easily seen, also, that if their characters are so uncertain, their synpnymes must be much more so. Add the St. flavicaudatus, Geoff, of a black brown, with a yellow streak on each side of the tail. (2) Ann. du Museum, VII, 260, et seq. 68 MAMMALIA. differs again from the others in having a slight projection of the thumb, though but for a single phalanx, but without a nail; its hair is totally black. A second species the Mikiri, At. hypoxanthus, Pr. Max.; Brachyteles macrotarsus, Spix, pi. i., has also a very small thumb, and sometimes even a nail. The hair is yellowish, ferruginous towards the tail. These two species are separated by Spix under the name Brachyteles. They connect the Ateles with Lagothrix. The other Ateles to which alone Spix restricts that name— Coaita, Buff.—have no apparent thumb whatever. Such are the following: A. paniscus; Simia panisc. L.; Coaita, Buff. XV, 1. (The Coaita.) Completely covered with black hair, like the Chamek, but without any visible thumb; face, flesh-colour. A. ater, Fr. Cuv. Mammif. (The Cayou.) Face black, like the rest of the body. A. marginatus, Geoff. The Chuva, Humb. or the Coaita a face bordee, Ann. Mus. XII, pi. 10. Black, with a border of white hairs round the face. A. belzebuth; Sim. beelzeb., Briss. The Marimonda, Humb. or Coaita a ventre blanc, Geoff.; Ann. Mus. VII, pi. 16. Black above; white beneath; circumference of the eyes flesh-co- loured. A. arachnoides, Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIII, pi. 9. (The Spider Monkey.) Fawn-coloured or red; eyebrows black. All these animals are natives of Guiana or Brazil; their fore-feet are very long and slender, and their gait remarkably slow.{ 1) Lagothrix, Geoff.—Gastrimargus, Spix. Head round, like the Ateles; a thumb like the Alouattes; tail partly naked, like the one and the other. Such are the L. Humbol- dii, Geoff.; the Caparo, Humb.; Gast. olivaceus, Spix, pi. 28 (The Capparo); and Me Grison; Lag. canus., Geoff.; Gastr. infumatus, Spix, 29. (The Silver-haired Monkey.) Monkeys from the interior of South America, said to be remarkable gluttons. The other Sapajous (Cebus, Geoff.) have a round head, distinct thumbs, and the tail hairy, though prehensile. The species are more numerous than those of the Alouatte, and are characterised with nearly as much difficulty. (1) They exhibit some remarkable resemblances to man in their muscles. Of all animals, they alone have the biceps of the thigh made like his. QUADRUMANA. 69 Some of them have the hairs on the forehead of a uniform length, such as the •Sim. appella, L. (The Sajou); and the S. capucina, L.; Buff. XV, 4, 5 and 8, 9. (The Capuchin.) Both of them of dif- ferent browns; in the first, the circumference of the face is blackish; in the second it is whitish; but the shade of co- lour in all the rest of their bodies varies between a brownish black and a fawn-colour, sometimes even a white. The should- ers and breast are however generally lighter, and the calotte and hands darker.(l) Others, again, have the hairs of the forehead so disposed as to form a kind of aigrette, such as the Sim. fatuellus, Gm.; Buff. Supp. VII, 29. (The Horned Sajou.) This animal has a tuft of black hairs on each side of the forehead.(2), The disposition of these Monkeys is mild and gentle, their motions quick and light, and they are easily tamed. Their name of Weeping Monkeys is derived from their soft plaintive voice. In the Saimiri the tail is depressed, and almost ceases to be pre- hensile; the head is very much flattened; in the interorbitar parti- tion of the skeleton there is a membranous space. There is only one known; the Simia sciurea, Buff. XV, 10. (The Siamiri.) Sizeof a Squir- (1) The Sajous and the Sais vary so much from a brown to a yellow, that were there not intermediate varieties, we should be tempted to make many species of them. Such is the case with the Sim. trepida, syrichta, lugubris, flavia, L. and Schreb., as well as some of those distinguished by M. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. XIX, 111 and 112. Spix has recently, and in our opinion improperly, multiplied them still more. We would refer to the Sajou (Sim. apella, Lin.) the Cebus robustus, Pr. Max., which appears to us an old one of that specie*. The Ceb. macrocephalus, Spix, pi. 1, does not seem to differ from it, so far as regards the species. We refer to the Sai (S. capucina, Lin.) the Sai