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    PATHOLOGY  OF DRUNKL   'ESS/    I
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PHYSICAL EFFECTS  OF ALCOHOLIC BRIMS I
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    BY THOMAS SEAVALL, M. D.


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CORRESPONDENCE,  &c.
                                  Ballston Centre, Sept. 10, 1842.
To the Hon. Samuel  Young,  Secretary  of State,  and Superintendent  of
  Common Schools:

  Dear  Sir—1 am making an effort to place a bound volume of Dr. Sewall's
work on the'' Pathology of Drunkenness," with drawings of the human stomach
as affected by the use of alcoholic drinks, in every school district library in the
State.  You are aware that the plan was submitted to the committee on educa-
tion last winter and unanimously approved.   It is also my intention to furnish a
complete set of the colossal drawings, framed, to as many of our literary institutions
as 1 can find means to supply.   As superintendent of common schools, I should
be pleased to receive your approbation of the measure, and to learn whether your
department could assist me in the distribution of the bound volume.
                                     I am dear sir,
                                           Yours with great respect,
                                                 EDWARD C. DELAVAN.
ICE,)

S42. )
                                     SECRETARY OF STATE'S OFFICE,
                              Department of Common Schools,
                                      Albany, 12th September, 1842.
  Dear Sir—I am informed by yours of the 10th inst., that you are "making
an effort to place a bound volume of Dr. Sewall'swork on the Pathology of Drunk-
enness," together with the plates, in every school district library in the  State.
I am satisfied that the colored plates of Dr. Sewall, exactly depicting the transi-
tions of the human stomach from perfect health to the last stages of cancerous,
alcoholic disease, will make a deeper and more lasting impression upon the minds
of  reflecting individuals, and even upon the thoughtless and ignorant, than any
other work that has ever been published.
  I wish the admirable lecture  of Dr. Nott, contained in the Enquirer, could be
added to the work of Dr. Sewall.  The teachers of youth would then be able, by
a display and explanation of the plates, and by reading the two lectures to their
pupils, to communicate an admonition to the six hundred thousand children of
this State, against the deadly poison of inebriation, which would never be forgotten.
  Whatever can be done to make the rising  generation more wise, more health-
ful ,and consequently more happy than their predecessors, is worthy of all commen-
dation.  You  have my  best wishes for the success of your effort; and I will
willingly aid in  the distribution, to the extent of my ability.
                                        Very respectfully, yours, &c.
                                                         S. YOUNG,
E. C. Delavan, Esq.                        Sup't of Common Schools.

   The following letter is from the Editor of the New-York District School Journal,
the official organ of the State:
                         Office of the District School Journal, )
                                           Albany, Sept. 23, 1842.   $
   Dear Sir—As an aid to moral and physical education, I wish the admirable
 illustrations  of the progress of Intemperance by Dr. Sewall, might hang in each
of the eleven thousand school houses in our State.  No more effectual appeal can
be made to the mind, no more fearful warning can be given to the appetite, than
these delineations of the ravage of  that fatal poison, which so long has mingled
death in the cup of pleasure.   Impressions thus silently and certainly made on
the mind of children, cannot readily be effaced; and though the picture speak not,
its power will be felt, when other monitions are forgotten.
   If in any way I can aid you in diffusing these " means of good," believe me, it
 will give much  pleasure to
                                            Yours very respectfully,
 E. C. Delavan, Esq                                FRANCIS DWIGHT.
S   S/5

  a-1
                        TO  TEACHERS.
  I am anxious to place a copy of this volume in each School  District Library in
the State of New-York.  The  plan has been fully approved by the Hon. Samuel
Young, State Superintendent of Common Schools.  May I request you to see to the
preservation of the work, and as often as thought best, to exhibit the Plates and
read  Dr  Sewall's description of them to the scholars.  It might be well also to
permit the children to take the volume home, so that each individual in the dis-
trict might also profit by it. This distribution will be an expensive one.  The  price
of the volume (75 cents,)  is a small sum for each district; perhaps the children
might think the work of such value, as to feel willing to pay for it; if so, suck
collection would enable me to send it to other Districts in our country, where
otherwise it  might never  reach.   No claim is  made, but I take the  liberty of
adding the suggestion.  Should Districts unite in making collections to  pay for
the volume,  remittances can be made to Oliver Scovil, Agent, Albany, Post paid.
                                                 EDWARD C. DELAVAN.
NATIONAL  LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

              Bethesda, Maryland 
 

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From t/u-dissections of Thomas 8wtutU.A1.1).FivfeswrvtFaJ:tudoyy and' Frartux' of Med. in Columbian Coll.D. C.
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                                            Copyright aec/urd. 
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THE
PATHOLOGY  OF  DRUNKENNESS
OR THE
PHYSICAL  EFFECTS  OF   ALCOHOLIC  DRINKS,
WITH
DRAWINGS OF  THE DRUNKARD'S STOMACH.
A LETTER ADDRESSED TO EDWARD C. DELAVAN, Es«.
BY THOMAS SEWALL, M. D.
Professor of Pathology and the Practice of Medicine in the Columbian College^ District of Columbia.
            ALBANY.^
OTBREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY 0. VAN BENTBUYBBKt 
1 
REMARKS  ON  DR. SEW ALL'S  LETTER,
               BY THE EDITOR OF  THE  ENQUIRER.
   It appears to us  quite  impossible for  an unprejudiced
mind  to rise from  the  perusal  of the  admirable  letter
of Dr.  Sewall,  without a lasting  and  deep  conviction,
tion, that one of the greatest delusions  that has ever held
possession of the  human  mind, causing  an amount of
wretchedness and loss of  wealth which the most fertile im-
agination finds it impossible to estimate, is about to be dis-
sipated ; and, we trust, forever.   Providence, in the case of
Alexis St. Martin, provided a subject to  establish beyond
all contradiction, the great  principle  on  which the tempe-
rance cause  is now based, which is,  that intoxicating drinks
are never beneficial, but always injurious to persons in health.
All can  now understand why wine, intoxicating wine,  is
declared to  be  a mocker—it will be seen, it at once dis-
turbs the healthful action of the stomach, and consequently
the mind feels the injurious influence.  We recollect  when
engaged in business,  and while drinking two or  three glass-
es  of intoxicating wine at dinner,  the bargains made  in
the afternooon were frequently disapproved  the following
morning; at the time we were much mortified at this un-
accountable vacillation of  mind within a few  hours ; the
reason never occurred to us, until we abandoned the use of
wine altogether.   We then found that we had been " mock-
ed," and that our  judgment had been impaired in propor-
tion to  the  alcohol  we had indulged in.   We found too,
that after drinking a glass or too of wine  at dinner on the
Sabbath, we listened  to the afternoon service with very
different feelings  than to the morning  service;  and often
accused  the preacher  of stupidity,  when it was  our own
stupidity occasioned by  that  wine which " is a mock-
er."  Until we abandoned  the  use of this "mocker," we
could never account for this difference of feeling between
the morning and afternoon service of the sanctuary; we then
made the  discovery, that  we  were under the influence of
the "mocker" in the house of God. For all the sin we
have  committed,  in times  long passed,  through ignorance
of the true  nature of all intoxicating liquors, we have ask-
ed, and we  trust we have obtained,  pardon.
   A friend  recently informed  us  that  he had frequently
watched the influence of a single  glass of wine at dinner
parties  on the eye,  and  that he  had invariably noticed  a
change, not only in  the expression, but the pupil.
   While in London, there was a grand procession of over
20,000  total abstainers; they  traversed the  great city for
several  hours, every avenue poured forth  its  population,
every door  and window was cnwded to view a  sight  so
novel; it was supposed at least  500,000 persons witnessed
the spectacle;  the procession  terminated  in one  of the
largest  squares,  where stages  were erected at convenient
distances, from whence the vast assemblage were addressed ;
our station was  upon one of them.   An  individual from
the crowd soon called out, " I wish to say a word to you ;"
on  joining him, he  enquired, " do you  know me ?"  we
were  obliged to reply in the negative, " well," says he, " I
know you.  I once lived  in Albany, in Washington street,
in the same street with yourself, and by reading your tem-
perance papers, I was converted to total abstinence; since
then I have travelled over 40,000 miles, I have visited every
part of the world, preaching total abstinence as I have trav-
elled, and my drink has been confined to water.   I have been
exposed to hardships and  privation of the severest  charac-
ter, but during the whole period I  have enjoyed the most
uninterrupted  health.  For your encouragement to perse-
vere in this great work, I wished to communicate this fact
and the result of my experience."
   Doctor  Sewall has our warmest thanks for furnishing his
important letter, as also for the drawings of the human sto-
mach.  We believe all coming generations will hail him as
a great public benefactor.   We  are informed that it is  the
first time  the human  stomach has  been  thus  exhibited
through all its changes, from the use of alcohol.   May God
in his mercy bless the effort made we well  know, under
pressing professional duties and  ill health; may  it serve to
arrest the  temperate  drinker in his dangerous  course;  may
it bring to a full stand the poor diseased drunkard, and in-
duce  him  to flee  at  once to total abstinence  from all that
can intoxicate—and  in his case, as well at the communion
table  as a medicine.   We trust the press, now scattering its
hundreds of millions of sheets yearly, will sound the alarm,
and will not be backward in proclaiming the truth now so
clearly established by science, founded on the word of God;
and may  the  Church rejoice at  these developments;  they
are opening a bright day  for her, and may she speedily cast
out from her sanctuary those fabricated and deleterious sub-
stances, and substitute in their place the " Fruit of the Vine"
—and may the time soon come, when not one of her mem-
bers shall  be  found  making, vending, drinking, or giving
others to drink, that mocker, the use of which  has so long
filled the world with pauperism and crime,  and kept  from
entering within her walls, millions of perishing beings.
   May all classes, from the monarch to the beggar, be ad-
monished ; let them  remember that God has said,  and that
too,  without any qualification,  that  "wine is a mocker"
AND THAT SCIENCE CONFIRMS IT.  Let  all know
that alcohol, whether in the purest wine, or in the most dis-
gusting beer or whiskey, is a poison—an enemy to health
and happiness—that to use it in health, is a species of sui-
cide—an  outrage  on one's self,  on  the community,  and
when its  character  is understood, as we understand it, its
use is a sin against the God of Heaven. 
EXPLANATION  OF   THE   PLATES.
  Plate I.—Fig. 1. Represents the internal or mucous coat
of the stomach in a healthy state, which in colour, is slight-
ly reddish, tinged with yellow.   It was drawn from an in-
dividual who had lived an entirely temperate life, and who
died under circumstances which could not have changed the
appearance of the organ after death.
  Fig. 2. Of  the same plate, represents  a  portion of the
stomach  of  the Temperate  Drinker—the  man  who  takes
his grog daily, but moderately, or who sips his wine with
his  meals.  The  blood vessels of the  inner surface are so
far enlarged, as to be visible, and are distended with blood.
  Plate II.—Fig. 1. Represents the stomach of the habi-
tual drunkard, or hard drinker, and shews the mucous or in-
ternal  coat, to be  in  a state of irritation,  with its  blood
vessels, which are invisible while in a healthy state,  to be
enlarged  and  distended with blood.  It was drawn from
the stomach of one who had been an habitual drunkard for
many years. •  It bears  a strong resemblance in its vascular
structure, to  what  are denominated  the rum blossoms,
seen upon the face of the hard drinker.
  Fig. 2. Of  the same plate, represents the inner coat of
the stomach, corroded with small ulcers, which  are covered
with white crusts, with the margin of  the ulcers  elevated
and ragged.
  Plate III.—Fig.  1. Represents the mucous, or internal"
surface of the stomach of the drunkard, after a debauch of
several days.   It shows a high degree of inflammation, ex-
tending over the surface, changing its color to deep red, and
in some points exhibiting a livid appearance.
  Fig. 2.  Of the same plate, represents the appearance of
the cancerous stomach; and was taken from the case of a
sea captain, who had been an habitual drinker of  ardent
spirits, and often in an undiluted state.  The stomach  is
thickened, and scirrhus, with a corroding cancer of the size
represented in the plate.
  Plate IV.  Represents the state of the internal coat of
the stomach of a drunkard, who had died in a state of De-
lirium  Tremens.  It was  covered  by a dark brown flaky
substance, which on being removed, showed the stomach to
have been in a state of high  inflammation before  death.
In some points it was quite dark, as if in an incipient state
of mortification. 
LETTER  TO   E.  C.  DELAVAN.
 To  Edward C. Delavan, Esq.:
        Sir—From a consideration of the deep interest which
 you have  taken in the Temperance Reformation, and the
 eminent services you have rendered to this and other coun-
 tries, by a series of philanthropic efforts to eradicate one of
 the  greatest evils of the age, I am induced to comply with
 your request, by furnishing the accompanying drawings of
 the  Drunkard's stomach, with a few remarks  upon the pa-
 thology of intemperance; delineating certain morbid chan-
 ges produced by alcoholic drinks, as they have fallen under
 my  observation.
   The  following remarks will explain the circumstances un-
 der which  these cases occurred, and the phenomena attend-
 ing them.
   For upwards of thirty years, I have been more or less
 engaged in pathological  researches; during which I have
 enjoyed many opportunities of  inspecting the  stomach of
 the drunkard after death, in the various stages and degrees
 of inebriation; and these drawings will be found to present
 a pretty accurate delineation of  the principal morbid chan-
 ges  produced upon  that organ by intemperance;  changes
 which are  eminently worthy of being  brought to the view
 of the unsuspecting sufferer, and which I should hope, might
 have some effect in deterring the temperate from the use
 of alcoholic poison.
   If the morbid effects of intemperance are  in some degree
 various in different individuals;  if they are not developed
 with the same  degree of power and rapidity in one case as
 in another, it is nevertheless true that  alcohol is a poison,
 forever at  war with man's nature, and in all its forms and
 degrees of strength, produces irritation of the stomach, which
 is liable to result  in imflammation, ulceration and mortifica-
 tion, a  thickening and induration of its  coats, and finally
 scirrhus, cancer and other organic affections; and it may be
 asserted with confidence, that no one who indulges habitu-
 ally  in the  use  of alcoholic drinks, whether in the form of
 wine or the  more  ardent spirits,  possesses  a healthy sto-
 mach.
   In addition to the morbid specimens which I furnish, I
present  you with one drawing of the healthy stomach, which
will  enable you  to institute a comparison, and the more
fully to appreciate the morbid changes produced by alcohol.
   To enable the unprofessional reader  the better to under-
stand the morbid effects of  alcoholic drinks upon  the sto-
mach, as represented in the  drawings, I beg leave to call
your attention  to a few remarks upon the anatomy and
physiology of the digestive canal.
   Digestion is  one of the most important of all the func-
tions of the animal economy; indeed it is indispensable to
the due performance of all the other functions; consequent-
ly whenever this becomes impaired, the whole system lan-
guishes, and all  the other functions become sooner or later
affected also.  The  object of digestion is to convert the
food into nutriment fitted to sustain and renovate the sys-
tem, and  to supply the waste that continually takes place
in every part.
   As food is seldom found in a state fit for nutrition, it has
necessarily to undergo various changes in  the  digestive or-
gans ; changes which require that these organs should be ex-
tensive and complicated in their structure, and healthy in
their action.
   The digestive canal is divided, according to its physiolo-
gical arrangement, into, 1st,  the mouth;  2d, the pharynx
and oesophagus; 3, the  stomach;  4th, the small intestines,
and 5th, the large intestines.
   The mouth is the part concerned in masticating or grind-
ing the food; by the pharynx and oesophagus, it is swal-
lowed  and conveyed to the stomach,  where it undergoes a
most important change, commonly called digestion, by which
it is converted into  a substance denominated chyme.
   The stomach is situated in the cavity of the abdomen, oc-
cupying the epigastric,  and a portion of the left hypochon-
driac region.  It is a hollow organ, somewhat conoidal in
its figure,  and has been compared in its form to a bag-pipe.
It is capable  of  containing in the  adult, when moderately
distended, about  one quart.   The  left half of  the organ is
much larger  than the  right.   It has  two  curvatures,  the
greater  and  the less.   It  has two openings; the  first is
called the  cardiac, and the second the  pyloric orifice.  The
cardiac orifice is situated in the lesser curvature, near the
left extremity of the organ, communicates with the oeso-
phagus, and is the passage by which  the food is received
into the stomach. The lower or pyloric orifice is situated
at the  right extremity,  communicates with the intestines,
and forms the passage by which the food,  after the process
of digestion, is  completed, is conveyed out of the stomach.
This latter opening is garnished by a circular band of mus-
cular fibres, by which it is capable  of becoming completely
closed during the process of digestion.  The stomach is com-
posed of three coats.   The first is  the peritoneal or serous
coat; which  is extremely thin, and forms the  outer cover-
ing.  The second is the muscular coat, and is composed of
muscular fibres running  in different directions, and is that
coat upon which the contraction of the organ depends when
it  is empty.  The third is the mucous or internal coat, and
is about a line in thickness.  It presents, when the stomach
is  contracted to  its  smallest dimensions,  a corrugated  or
wrinkled appearance, which disappears as soon  as the organ 
6
is distended.   This coat exhibits to the eye somewhat of a
mottled appearance; of a reddish complexion, slightly ting-
ed with yellow.   Its surface resembles velvet, from which
the term villous coat has been applied to it.  In its texture
it  is soft, loose and easily lacerated.  It has opening upon
its  surface a multitude of minute orifices, which  lead to
small glands designed to secrete mucus.   These three coats
are connected to each other by the intervention of cellular
substance, but  are separable by maceration and dissection.
The stomach  is very  largely  supplied  with blood-vessels,
nerves,  and absorbents.  Indeed the nervous texture of the
organ is so largely supplied and fully expanded between the
mucous and  the muscular coats as  to  form, apparently, a
fourth covering, sometimes denominated the nervous coat.
  The digestion of the food in the stomach is performed by
the action of the gastric juice, a fluid secreted by the mu-
cous or internal coat;  or by some small glands seated in this
coat, and which possesses the extraordinary power of dis-
solving  animal and vegetable substances, which are  first de-
prived of the principle  of life;  but upon living bodies it has
no action, as shewn by the experiments of Spallanzani and
others.   For example, if the legs  and feet of a living frog
be thrust  down into the stomach of a lizard, and be confin-
ed  in that situation, the gastric juice has no action upon
them, so long as the frog lives;  but if the  frog be killed and
be replaced in  this situation, they are digested to a pulp in
a few hours.   The gastric fluid has even the power of dis-
solving  the  stomach  itself when  the organ is deprived of
life; and consequently in some persons who  die suddenly
and in  a  state of  full  health, the  stomach is  found a few
hours after death,  softened, broken or dissolved.
   There  are  some substances, however, though  destitute
of vitality upon which the gastric  juice has no action, or if
any, it  has  not the power of converting them into nutri-
ment;  and alcohol is one of this number.
   The small intestines, while they form numerous convolu-
tions, constitute one continuous  tube,  extending from the
pyloric  orifice, or  right extremity  of the stomach, and ter-
minating abruptly in the large intestines.    This portion of
the digestive tube gradually diminishes in size as it descends.
   The food having been digested  by the  stomach and con-
verted into chyme, passes out at the pyloric orifice  into the
small intestines, when the nutritious is separated from the
innutritious portion, as it  mingles with the bile and  pan-
creatic  juice;  two fluids which are poured into the  intes-
tines near their upper extremity.   The nutritious portion
is absorbed  by a set of vessels denominated lacteals, which
open their numerous mouths upon the  inner surface of the
canal.   By these it is transported  under the name  of chyle,
to the  blood-vessels, and there unites with the blood in  a
state prepared to  renovate this fluid, and render  it  fit to
sustain  and nourish the system, and supply the waste con-
tinually going  on; while  the innutritious part of the food
passes on to the large intestines.
  The large intestines from the lower portion of the diges-
tive canal, and  though much greater in diameter than the
|  small intestines, are far shorter.   They form a mere reser-
  voir for the innutritious portion of the chyme.  The small
  and large intestines together, constitute one continuous tube,
  which is nearly six  times the length of the body.  Except
  in two small sections, they have three coats, corresponding
  with those of the stomach, and  like that  also are supplied
  with blood-vessels, nerves and absorbents.
    Having thus briefly described the anatomical and physi-
  ological arrangement of the digestive canal, I will now pro-
  ceed to notice some of the morbid effects of alcoholic drinks
  upon it, as they have  been presented to  my notice.
    In Plate 1. Fig.  1st, we have a representation of the in-
  ternal surface of the stomach  in a healthy state, taken from
  an individual who was entirely temperate, which is copied
  from a sketch furnished by Professor Horner, of Philadel-
  phia, one of the ablest anatomists of the country or age.
  The subject from which it was originally drawn, came un-
  der Professor Horner's own observation, and the dissection
  was made by his own hand; and he says that the individual
  was not only healthy, but remarkably temperate and regular
  in all his habits; he therefore considers the case invaluable,
  as  furnishing a standard of observation.   It is of  a color
  slightly reddish, tinged with yellow, and exhibits something
  of a mottled appearance; although supplied with a multitude
  of  blood-vessels, none of them are so large as to be visible
  to the naked  eye.   This healthy and natural appearance of
  the stomach would doubtless continue from the period of
  childhood to that of old age,  if it were acted upon only by
  appropriate food and drink.
    In Fig. 2d of the same plate, we have exhibited the in-
  ternal surface of the stomach of  the temperate drinker, the
  man who takes his  glass of mint sling in the morning, and
  his toddy on going  to bed; or of him who takes his two or
  three glasses of Madeira at his dinner.   And here the work
  of destruction begins.  That beautiful network of blood-
  vessels which was  invisible  in the healthy stomach, being
  excited by the stimulus of alcohol, becomes dilated and dis-
  tended with blood,  visible and distinct.   This effect is pro-
  duced  upon the well known law of the animal  economy,
  that an irritant applied to  a  sensitive texture  of the body,
  induces an increased flow of blood to the part,  The mu-
  cous or inner coat of  the stomach is a sensitive membrane,
  and is  subject to this law.   A practical illustration of this
  principle is shewn by reference to the human eye.  If a few
  drops of alcohol or any other irritating substance, be brought
  in contact with the delicate coats of the eye, the network of
  fine vessels which were before invisible, becomes distended
  with blood and are  easily seen.   If this operation be repeat-
  ed daily, as the temperate drinker takes his alcohol, the ves-
  sels become habitually increased in size and distended with
  blood.   Besides this injected and dilated state  of the vessels
  of the stomach, the mucous  coat of the organ always be-
  comes  thickened and  softened; and these changes occur in
  the temperate drinker as well as in the confirmed drunkard.
    It is  by this temperate drinking that  the appetite of the
  inebriate is first acquired;  for by nature man has no taste 
7
or desire for alcohol; it  is as unnatural and averse  to  his
constitution as to that of the horse or the ox;  nor is there
any apology for its use  by man, that does  not equally  ap-
ply to the brute.
   Plate II. Fig. 1st, of  this series, represents the stomach
of the confirmed drunkard;  the man who has become habi-
tually accustomed to the use of alcoholic drinks.   And here
we find the  blood-vessels of the inner coat, which  in  the
temperate drinker were  only slightly enlarged, so  fully  de-
veloped as to render the most minute branches visible to  the
eye, like the rum blossoms on the drunkard's face; and this
enlargement  does not depend upon the perpetual  presence
of alcohol, as in the temperate drinker, but it has become so
permanent and fixed, that they maintain their unnatural size
even after death;  unless indeed the inebriate has  for some
time previous to this event abandoned the use of alcohol, and
given  nature time to restore them  to their natural size.
The  mucous coat  becomes  thickened and softened, which
often results in ulceration.  It sometimes happens, after this
state has  continued for some time,  that all the coats of  the
stomach become implicated, and are found in a very thick-
ened and  indurated condition;  and thus the way is prepar-
ed for scirrhus, cancer and other  organic affections.  In this
state, the inebriate is never easy or satisfied, unless his sto-
mach is excited by the presence of this or some other nar-
cotic poison.   Whenever these are withheld, he is afflicted
with  loss of appetite, nausea, gnawing pain and a sinking
sensation at  the stomach, lassitude, debility and temporary
disturbance of  all the functions of the body.
   It is under these circumstances, and in this condition of
the stomach, that the drunkard finds  it so difficult to resist
the cravings of his appetite, and to  reform his habits.  Dif
ficult but not impossible.  Thousands thus far sunk to ruin
have reformed, and  thousands are now undergoing the  ex-
periment.  But it is only by total abstinence, that reforma-
tion can be accomplished.   No one may hope to reform by
degrees, or to be cured by substituting one  form of alcohol
for that of another.   So long as he indulges in the smallest
degree, so long will his propensity to drink  be perpetuated,
and his stomach exhibit  traces of disease.
   What takes  place in the stomach of the reformed drunk-
ard, the individual who abandons the use of all intoxicating
drinks?   The stomach by that extraordinary power of self-
restoration with which it is endowed, gradually resumes its
natural appearance.   Its engorged blood-vessels, become re-
duced to their original size, and its natural color and healthy
sensibility return.   A few weeks  or months, according to
the observation I have made, will  accomplish this renova-
tion ;  after which the individual has no longer any suffering
or desire for alcohol.   This process however is greatly faci-
litated,  and rendered more easy  to the sufferer, by cupping,
blistering and other counter irritation over the region of the
stomach;  by the  use of cooling medicines  and  vegetable
diet.  It is  nevertheless true, and should be ever  borne in
mind, that such is the susceptibility of the stomach of the
reformed drunkard, that a repetition of the use of alcohol in
the slightest degree, and in any form, under any circumstances,
or in any place, revives the appetite; the blood-vessels again
become dilated, and the morbid sensibility of the organ is
re produced.  Abstinence, therefore, total abstinence, at once
and forever, must be the pledge of him who means to stand.
   Plate II. Fig. 2d, presents a view of the  ulcerated or
apthous condition of the drunkard's stomach;  a state which
frequently exists, but is not readily apprehended on account
of the obscurity of the attendant symptoms.  It consists in
numerous small ulcerations extending over the internal coat,
and which  are usually covered with a white crust, produc-
ing the apthous appearance.  Upon wiping off the crust,
the mucous surface  is found broken and covered with small
corroding sores, of greater or less size and depth,  with rag-
ged and  inflamed edges;  and sometimes  the inflammation
extends over the intervening spaces.   These ulcerations are
produced by the irritating effects of alcoholic drinks.   I can-
not better give you an account of  this affection, than by a
reference to the observations of Dr. Beaumont, a gentleman
who has produced one of the most rare and interesting works
ever published upon the powers of the gastric juice and the
functions of  the stomach.  You will recollect that while
these experiments and observations bear with peculiar force
upon  the subject of alcoholic drinks, they were  instituted
prior to the commencement of the temperance enterprise,
and were made without the slightest reference to this sub-
ject.  Dr. Beaumont cannot, therefore, be suspected of hav-
ing his mind  prejudiced, or of a desire to adapt the results
of his researches to the opinions of the present time, or to
promote the  cause for which they   are  here  introduced.
The following account will explain  the occasion of  his  re-
searches, and show the authority  upon which his observa-
tions are based.
   In the year 1822, Alexis St. Martin, a Canadian boy, of
French  descent, aged 18, of robust  and healthy constitu-
tion, received a  shot from  a musket in  the left side,  by
which the  integuments, muscles and  a part of one rib were
carried away, and the stomach perforated.  In this state, he
fell into the  hands of Dr. Beaumont, then a distinguished
army surgeon of the  United  States, stationed  upon our
northern frontier.  The boy was  cured, but the edges of
the wound in the stomach  became adherent to the wound
in the side of the chest, and the opening from without into
the stomach remained unclosed; being two and a half inches
in circumference; so that the food and drink could only be
retained by the use of a pad, and  subsequently by the pro-
trusion of  a  fold of the  inner coat of the stomach.  This
state of the aperture afforded Dr. Beaumont an opportunity
of making  important observations and experiments upon the
digestion of  food, and of ascertaining by  ocular inspection,
the condition of the interior of the stomach, the state of its
mucous  coat, and the iufluence of various agents upon it,
particularly the  effect of different  kinds of food and drink.
At length  St. Martin was brought to the city of Washing-
ton, where I  had many opportunities of witnessing the Doc-
tor's  experiments,  and  can testify  to  the accuracy with
which they  were  made  and are  detailed.   Commencing
with the 237th page of his work, I  find the following record • 
8
   " July 28, 9 o'clock  A. M.  Weather clear.  Wind  N.
west,  brisk.   Thermometer 66°.   Stomach  empty—not
healthy—some erythema (inflammation,) and apthous patch-
es on the mucous surface.   St. Martin has been drinking
ardent spirits, pretty freely for eight or ten days past—com-
plains of no pain, nor shews symptoms of any general indis-
position—says he feels well and has  a good appetite.
   "August 1, 8 o'clock A. M.   Examined stomach before.
eating anything—inner  membrane  morbid—considerable
erythema and some apthous patches on the  exposed surface
—secretions vitiated—extracted about half an ounce of gas-
tric juice—not clear and pure as in health—quite viscid.
   " August 2, 8 o'clock A. M.   Circumstances and appear-
ances very similar to those of yesterday morning.  Extract-
ed one ounce of gastric fluids, consisting of unusual propor-
tions of vitiated mucus, saliva and some bile, tinged slight-
ly with blood, appearing to exude from  the surface of the
erythema and apthous patches, which were tenderer and more
irritable  than  usual.  St. Martin complains of no sense of
pain, symptoms of indisposition, or even of impaired appe-
tite.  Temperature of stomach  101°.
   "August 3, 7  o'clock A.  M.  Inner membrane  of sto-
mach unusually morbid—the erythematous appearance more
extensive, and spots more livid than usual;  from the sur-
face of some of which exuded small drops of grumous blood
—the apthous patches larger and more numerous—the mu-
cus covering thicker  than common,  and the gastric secre-
tions much more vitiated.   The gastric fluids extracted this
morning were mixed with a large proportion of thick ropy
mucus,  and  considerable  muco- purulent  matter, slightly
tinged with blood, resembling the  discharge from the bow-
els in some cases of  chronic  dysentery.  Notwithstanding
this  diseased  appearance of the stomach, no very essential
aberration of its function was manifested.   St. Martin com-
plains of no symptoms indicating any general derangement
of the system, except an uneasy sensation, and a  tender-
ness at the pit of the stomach, and some vertigo with dim-
ness and yellowness of vision, on stooping down and rising
again—has a thin yellowish brown coat on his tongue,  and
his countenance is rather sallow—pulse uniform and regu-
lar;  appetite good; rests  quietly, and  sleeps  as  well  as
usual.
   "August 4, 8  o'clock A. M.  Stomach  empty;  less of
those apthous patches than  yesterday;  erythematous  ap-
pearance more extensively  diffused  over the  inner coats,
and the surface inclined to bleed; secretions vitiated.  Ex-
tracted  about an ounce of gastric  fluids  consisting of ropy
mucus, some bile, and less of the muco-purulent matter than
yesterday; flavor peculiarly foetid  and disagreeable; alka-
lescent and insipid; no perceptible acid; appetite good;
rests well and no indications of general disease or indispo-
sition.
   "August 5, 8 o'clock A. M.   Stomach empty;  coats less
morbid than yesterday; apthous patches mostly disappear-
ed; mucous surface more uniform, soft, and nearly of  the
natural, healthy color; secretions less vitiated.  Extracted
two ounces of gastric juice, more  clear and pure than that
  taken for four or five days last past, and slightly acid;  but
  containing a larger proportion of mucus, and more opaque
  than usual in a healthy condition.
    "August 6, 8 o'clock A. M.  Stomach empty;  coats
  clean and healthy as usual;  secretions  less vitiated,   Ex-
  tracted two ounces gastric juice, of more natural and healthy
  appearance, with the usual gastric acid flavor;  complains
  of no uneasy sensations,  or the slightest symptom of indis-
  position;  says he feels perfectly well, and has a voracious
  appetite;  but not permitted to indulge it  to satiety.  He
  has been restricted  from full and confined  to low diet, and
  simple, diluent drinks for the  last  few days, and has not
  been allowed to taste of any stimulating liquors, or  to in-
  dulge in excesses of any  kind.
    " Diseased appearances, similar to those mentioned above,
  have frequently presented themselves in the course of my
  experiments, and examinations, as the reader will have per-
  ceived.  They have generally,  but not always succeeded to
  some appreciable cause.  Improper indulgence in eating and
  drinking has been the most common precursor of these dis-
  eased conditions of the coats of the stomach.   The free use
  of ardent spirits, wine, beer, or any intoxicating liquor, when
  continued for some days, has invariably produced these mor-
  bid changes.  Eating voraciously or to excess; swallowing
  food coarsely masticated or too fast;  the  introduction of
  solid pieces of meat,  suspended by cords into the stomach,
  or of muslin bags of  aliment secured in the same  way, al-
  most invariably produce  similar effects if repeated a number
  of times in close succession.
    "These  morbid changes  and conditions are,  however,
  seldom indicated by any ordinary symptoms  or particular
  sensations described or complained of, unless when in  con-
  siderable  excess, or  when there have been  corresponding
  symptoms  of a  general affection  of the  system.  They
  could not, in fact, in  most cases, have been anticipated from
  any external symptoms, and their existence was  only as-
  certained by actual occular demonstration.
    "It is interesting to observe to what extent the stomach,
  perhaps  the most important organ of  the animal system,
  may become  diseased   without manifesting  any external
  symptoms of such  disease, or any evident signs  of  func-
  tional abberation.  Vitiated  secretions may also take place,
  and continue for some time without affecting the health  in
  any sensible degree.
    "Extensive,  active or chronic disease may exist in the
  membranous tissues of the stomach  and bowels, more fre-
!  quently than has been generally believed;  and it is possible
|  that there are good grounds for the opinion advanced by  a
J  celebrated teacher of medicine, that most febrile complaints
|  are the effects of gastric  and enteric inflammations   In the
  case of the subject of these experiments, inflammation cer-
  tainly does exist to a considerable extent,  even in an appa-
  rent state of health—greater than could have been believed
  to comport with the due operations of the gastric functions."
    We cannot place too high a value  upon the observations
  and experiments of Dr. Beaumont, as they are  the result
!  of  occular demonstration,  an actual looking into the interi- 
9
 or of the stomach from hour to hour, and from day to day,
 for a number  of  successive years; accurately  noting the
 different states of the organ in health and  disease, and the
 effect of the various kinds of food, drinks and other agents
 upon it.
    I beg you to mark his words.   "The free use of ardent
 spirits,  wine,  beer or any of the intoxicating liquors," says
■ he, " when continued for some days has invariably produced
 these morbid changes."
    Here we  find that wine  and beer produce these morbid
 changes as well as ardent spirits;  and well they may, since
 they contain alcohol as their basis, as well as rum, brandy,
 whiskey and gin, though in rather smaller proportion.
   There is another fact stated by Dr. Beaumont, to  which
 I wish  to call your  special attention.   Having spoken of
 the effects of intemperance in producing the morbid appear-
 ances referred  to  in  the  stomach of St. Martin, he says,
 " These morbid changes and conditions are, however,  sel-
 dom indicated by any ordinary symptoms or  particular sen-
 sations  described or complained of unless when in conside-
 rable excess.  They could not, in fact, have  been  anticipated
 by any  external symptoms, and their  existence was only as-
 certained by actual occular demonstration."
   Here is a  most important pathological fact  brought to
 view  and established by occular  demonstration, and one
 which should be ever present to the  mind of him who uses
 alcohol.   It is this:—that the stomach may become exten-
 sively diseased  from the influence of alcoholic drinks, with-
 out there being present any general constitutional derange-
 ment, or other  obvious manifestations of its morbid state.
 This fact is particularly applicable  to the temperate drinker,
 for in his case the narcotic poison of alcohol so  blunts and
 deranges the healthy sensibility of  the stomach, that it
 holds out no signal of its sufferings.  But though the  man-
 ifestations  of disease  may be absent, he should be aware
 that  morbid  changes,  extensive and fatal may exist;  and
 that while he is sipping his wine, or  regaling himself  upon
 his brandy and water, he is laying the foundation of a broken
 constitution, and premature decay  and death.  And this is
 what doubtless takes place with the  temperate drinker, and
 is the  true cause of the marked difference between his con-
 stitution, when prostrated by disease, and that  of the man
 who leads a life of total abstinence;  a difference seen  and
 appreciated by every practitioner of medicine.  In the one
 case disease is easily vanquished, the system  re-acts, and the
 patient soon recovers his wonted energy:—in the other case,
 if he does not sink under the disease, he lingers,  and  every
 attack leaves him in a more broken and  enfeebled state; a
 consequence inevitable since all the other functions of the
 body are intimately connected with,  and dependant  upon,
 that of the stomach.   Whenever this organ fails to perform
 its office, all the other functions become  deranged, and the
 whole system languishes.
   From  a careful observation of this subject during  many
 years of  practice, I am persuaded that tens of thousands of
 temperate drinkers, die annually of diseases,  through which
 the abstemious would  pass in safetv.
   Plate III. Fig. 1st represents the state -of the  drunk-
 ard's  stomach after  a debauch.  It was drawn  from the
 case  of one  who had been  for several days in  a  state
 of inebriation, but who came to his death  suddenly from
 another cause.   It shews the internal  coat  of  the  organ
 to have been in a state of high inflammation, and presents
 several livid spots, with dark grumous blood oozing  from
 the surface.
   I have had several opportunities of inspecting  the  stom-
 ach under similar circumstances,  and I believe  this plate
 presents about the ordinary appearance of the organ  when
 excited to a state of inflammation by excessive indulgence
 in the use of alcoholic drinks.   It has been remarked, that
 the  symptoms attendant upon the  ulcerated state of the
 stomach,  and especially if unaccompanied by   much  in-
 flammation,  are  often obscure, and such as  not  to denote
 much constitutional derangement.  But in this condition of
 the organ the whole system suffers.   There is loss of appe-
 tite, nausea, vomiting, ardent  thirst,  pain in the  head,  red
 eyes, bloated face, coated or red tongue, frequent pulse and
 symptomatic fever.  These symptoms are more or less in-
 tense,  according to the duration of the debauch, the quan-
 tity of  liquor drank, being modified in some degree, by the
 constitution and  habits of the  individual.   They are, in
 some respects, such as attend the ordinary inflammation of
 the stomach, produced by other causes, and the appropriate
 treatment in both is found to be nearly the same.  It con-
 sists in total abstinence from all stimulating drinks, general
 bleeding, cupping, leeching and blistering over the stomach,
 cooling and mucilaginous drinks, and general perspiration
 with entire rest.
   The  following case so fully confirms the principles here
 laid  down, and at the same time furnishes so valuable an
 admonition, that I must beg leave to present you with  the
 outlines of its history:
   A gentleman equally distinguished for the powers of his
 mind, and the great influence which he wielded in  the coun-
 sels of the nation, unfortunately acquired in early life,  the
 habit of intemperance; but it was not  that intemperance
 which is perpetual, it  only came over him at  distant peri-
 ods, not oftener than once or twice in the year.   In the in-
 tervals he practiced entire abstinence, while at these  peri-
 ods he  wholly abandoned  himself  to his propensity, and
 would continue drinking until  his stomach was wrought up
 to a high state of inflammation.  I  was called  to attend
 him in at least twelve  of these paroxysms, during as many
years,  and conducted  him each  time,  safely through  the
storm.   It was done upon the principle of withholding at
once all stimulus, and allowing the free use of iced water,
with other cooling drinks, with cupping and blistering over
the stomach.
   In ten or twelve days he was usually well and able to
 attend to his business.   Unfortunately, in his last paroxysm,
he came under the care of those who advised that he should
not abandon his cup at once, but wind off his debauch by
degrees.   The advice  was followed,  and he fell a  victim to
the experiment.   He  died suddenly, in the  vigor of his 
10
days, and the height of his usefulness; lamented and wept
by all who knew him.
   No one may hope to be weaned from the love of alcoho-
lic drinks, or to be cured of a fit of intoxication by dimin-
ishing the  quantity alone, or by substituting one form  of
the poison for another.   As well might the culprit who  re-
ceives his  fifty  lashes to-day, expect a palliation of  his
sufferings by the infliction of forty lashes to-morrow, and
thirty the day after,  or by substituting the cow-hide for the
cat of nine tails.  The  practice  is opposed to all experi-
ence, and to every principle of man's constitution.
   The stomach is inflamed,  and must be cured like inflam-
mation produced by other causes, by withholding stimulants,
and instituting a cooling antiphlogistic  treatment.
   Fig. 2d of the same plate  presents a specimen of  the
cancerous stomach.  It was drawn from  the stomach of a
gentleman who had  for many years followed a sea-faring
life.  He was  not regarded as intemperate, but used  his
grog daily, and was much in the habit  of taking a glass  of
brandy  in  the morning,  undiluted, to excite  an appetite
for breakfast.  At length dyspepsia came on, with pain and
a burning sensation in the region of the stomach, vomiting
of his food an hour  or two  after his meals,  followed  by
extreme emaciation and death.   Upon examination of the
body, the whole of the stomach, except a small portion at the
left extremity, was found in a scirrhus state,  its coats thick-
ened to the extent of about two inches, and the cavity  of
the organ so far obliterated as scarcely  to admit the passage
of a probe from the left to the right extremity; so that  for
a considerable time before death, none  of the nutriment  de-
rived from food and drink could have passed into the intes-
tines.   Near the right extremity of the stomach was a can-
cerous ulcer of the size and appearance represented in the
drawing.
   Since the foregoing case occurred, two others of the same
character,  and produced by  the same cause, have  fallen
under my  observation.  In both these, the one male and
the other a female, the stomach was thickened, scirrhus, and
cancerous,  and so extensively disorganized as not to admit
of the passage of the chyme out at the pyloric orifice.  The
prominent symptoms in  these two cases also, were excru-
ciating pain, a vomiting of the food in  a half digested state,
followed by extreme emaciation.  These subjects had indulg-
ed  freely in the use of alcoholic drinks for years, and con-
tinued the habit till  the stomach would no longer receive it.
   In  these cases of induration, scirrhus and cancer, the py-
loric portion of the stomach, is more frequently the seat  of
disease than  the left  or cardiac portion, but  the cardiac por-
tion of the organ does not always escape, as the following
case which occurred in my practice several years since, will
show.
  Mr. C,  a sea-faring  man of forty-five, belonged   for
many years  to the class of  temperate  drinkers, but as  he
lived  on he  became a regular hard drinker, though  never a
sot.   At length he began to complain of  occasional fits  of
dyspepsia, heart  burn and acid eructations; and these symp-
toms  were followed by a difficulty in passing solid food into
I  the stomach, unless when masticated very finely and swal-
  lowed  in small portions.  As he expressed himself, there
  appeared to be an obstruction in the passage near the  sto-
  mach.   His  case  was examined by several physicians, who
  pronounced it to be a stricture in the lower part of the oeso-
  phagus.  But  the obstruction did not yield to the reme-
  dies for that disease, and the difficulty increased until noth-
  ing but liquids would pass,  and finally even liquids were
  returned after reaching the point of obstruction.   He  suf-
■  ferred  from  gnawing  and lancinating  pains in the region
|  of the  stomach, as well as from extreme hunger and thirst.
  I have  known him to swallow two gallons of water in suc-
|  cessive  mouthfuls in  a single night, which would  pass to
|  the point of  obstruction, and  then be regurgated,  affording
  only momentary relief; and  this was his condition for se-
  veral weeks previous to his dissolution.
    Upon opening  the body after death, about three inches
  of the  lower portion  of  the  oesophagus was  found in  a
i  thickened and scirrhus state,  the disease extending to the
j  stomach and so involving the cardiac orifice, as  nearly to
  obliterate the opening  and prevent the passage of food  and
I  drink.   The mucous coat of the stomach exhibited strong
;  traces of the effects of intemperance,  and the pyloric por-
|  lion of the organ  was found in a scirrhus state.
    Plate IV. represents the appearance of the stomach of
j  the drunkard who dies in a state of mania a potu,  or deli-
i
j  num tremens.
|    The history  of  the  case from  which this drawing  was
|  made, and which  occured in my practice some years since,
I  will illustrate the  character of the disease, and the  morbid
|  condition of the stomach.
    The subject was a man, amiable in disposition, courteous
  in manners, high in public life.  By degrees he became in-
  temperate, and although he drank  daily, his excessive in-
  dulgence was confined to paroxysms of greater or  less du-
  ration.  Several times during the continuance of these pa-
  roxysms, he was thrown into a state of delirium tremens,
  but from which he soon recovered.  At length one of his pa-
  roxysms of drinking came upon him, which was of longer con-
  tinuance than usual, and of greater severity.   For more  than
  a week his mind was  entirely deranged, and it required two
  persons to confine him to his  room.  He imagined  that his
  nearest friends were his greatest enemies and persecutors, and
  were constantly laying plans for his destruction.   He fancied
i  that he saw spectres and  devils, and files of armed  soldiers
|  entering his apartment, deadly serpents crawling over his
i  bed, and wild beasts ready to devour him.   There was one
  individual in particular, a certain man who had often  won
  his money at the  billiard  table, whom he imagined  he  saw
  grinning and skulking round  the chamber, waiting an op-
  portunity to rob him of his money.  His  bodily functions
  became more and  more disturbed, accompanied with  great
  debility; a cold, profuse, clammy sweat, and small and sink-
  ing pulse.  These symptoms were  followed  by  general
  spasms, which soon closed the scene.
j    After death the body was examined.  Upon laying open
  the stomach  it   presented  the  appearance  exhibited  in 
11
the plate.  It contained a considerable  quantity of  dark
fluid resembling coffee grounds ;  the inner surface was co-
vered with a dark brown  flaky substance,  upon removing
which, it exhibited  marks of having been in a high state
of inflammation; some portions appearing of a deep red or
mahogany color, and others quite black, as if in a state  of
incipient mortification.  It was obvious that the dark flaky
matter which lined the inner coat, as  well as that  lying
losely in the cavity of the organ, was blood which had ex-
uded from the vessels of the  inflamed surface, and had been
acted upon  by gastric juice, converting it into the  black
vomit.
   I have had several opportunities  of inspecting the  body
after death  of those who have fallen by intemperance in a
state of  Delirium Tremens;  and have found not only the
symptoms attending the affection, but the  morbid  appear-
ance upon dissection to be extremely uniform, and my ob-
servations fully confirm the opinion entertained by  most
modern pathologists, that the disease has its seat originally
in the stomach, and that the  affection of the brain is  pure-
ly  sympathetic, and secondary: an  opinion sustained also
by the course found most successful in the treatment of the
disease.
   Having thus  spoken of intemperance as  affecting the
condition of the  stomach, you will naturally inquire  whe-
ther these effects can be produced by no other  cause than
alcoholic drinks ?   To such inquiry, I answer that they can.
There are various abuses of the stomach which  may  cause
them.   They may be produced by excess in eating, by the
use of gross stimulating and luxurious  diet,  by  too  much
animal food, and especially  if improperly masticated, by
rich  and indigestible sauces and  gravies, by stimulating
condiments in great abundance, such as cayenne  pepper,
mustard and the  different spices, the habitual use of opium
in large doses.   With regard to  this latter article, although
the investigations upon this subject are  too limited  to  au-
thorize me  to speak with entire confidence, yet from cer-
tain facts which have come to my knowledge,  I have little
doubt, could an opportunity be afforded  for inspecting  the
stomach of  the  opium eater and smoker, of the Chinese
and Turkish empires, that we should find  this organ in a  I
very diseased condition.                                  j
   In a communication just received from the Rev.  Peter  \
Parker, M.  D., an eminent surgeon, who has resided for se-  j
veral years  in China, as a  medical missionary  from this
country, he says  "while the  prejudices and superstitions of
the  Chinese, do  not admit of post mortem examinations
for the benefit of science, I have the best evidence next  to
that of pathological anatomy, that  the  primary effects of
opium, are upon the nervous system.  Yet the digestive or-
gans, as well as the  whole of the chylopoietic  viscera,  are
early involved in the ruin to  which the entire fabric of body
and mind is precipitated.  This  is  apparent by the early
loss of appetite, habitual and long  protracted constipation
of the bowels, and the consequent  wasting of  the  adipose
and muscular tissues.  As the work of  destruction advan-
ces,  haemoptisis  and pulmonary  consumption supervene, or
the individual is affected with osdema of the  lower extre-
mities, general anasarca and ascites, which are soon follow-
ed by death.  In other cases the  effects  are more specific
and violent upon the brain and nervous  system,  producing
violent and permanent mania, so that it becomes necessary
to restrain the patient from acts of violence upon his near-
est and best friends.   Sometimes idiocy is the consequence;
the victim loses the power of speech,  the eyes roll in the
most fearful manner, the evacuations become  involuntary,
and his apparent sufferings are indescribable."
   The striking  similarity in the.effects produced upon the
body and mind,  by the habitual use of  opium among the
Chinese  and those which  follow the use  of inioxicating
drinks  among other nations, affords a fair  inference,  that
the stomach in both cases suffers from the same morbid
changes,  and would exhibit upon dissection, the same pa-
thological conditions.
   It should  be borne in -mind  that while alcoholic drinks
make their first and strongest impression upon the stomach,
their morbid effects are not limited to this organ; the whole of
the intestinal canal, and more especially the small intestines,
participate more or less in their influence.   The internal coats,
becomes  irritated,  inflamed, softened and ulcerated, and oc-
casionally affected with those other organic changes delineat-
ed in the drawings of the stomach.  Nor are the consequences
of intemperance confined to the digestive canal alone.   The
distant parts of the body become in time affected also.   The
liver,  the brain, the heart, the lungs and the  kidneys be-
come the seat of alcoholic influence, an  influence which is
transmitted to them in two  ways.  The first  is upon the
principle of sympathy; the  second is through  the  medium
of the circulation, and the immediate  action of the alcoho-
lic principle  upon the organs as it passes through them,
mingled  with blood.  Both may be illustrated by  familiar
examples.   The individual who  has  become  exhausted by
labor and fasting, finds his muscular power  diminished and
his whole system enfeebled.  Upon partaking of his  food, his
strength  is immediately restored—restored long before his
food is digested, or any nourishment can have  been derived
from it.  This effect is produced by the stimulus of the food
upon the stomach,  which impression is transmitted to all the
other organs of the body through the medium of the nervous
system,  upon  the principle of  sympathy.   The second,
through the medium of the circulation, may be shown by two
facts.  The odour of the drunkards breath, furnishes us with
one of the earliest indications of intemperance.   This is occa-
sioned by the exhalation of  the alcoholic principle from the
bronchial vessels and air cells of the lungs; not of pure al-
cohol,  as taken into the stomach, but  as it has been absorb-
ed and become mingled with the blood and subjected to the
action of the different organs of the body, and not contain-
ing any principle which contributes to the  nourishment  or
renovation of the  system, is cast out with other excretions
as poisonous and hurtful.   Magendie long since ascertained
by experiment,  that diluted alcohol when subjected to the
absorbing power of  the veins, is taken up by  them, is min-
gled with the blood, and afterwards passes off by  the pul- 
12
 monary exhalents.   The case of a drunkard  is mentioned
 who  used to amuse his comrades  by  passing his breath
 through a narrow tube  and setting  it on fire as  it issued
 from it.
   The  perspirable matter which passes  off from  the skin,
 becomes charged with the odor of alcohol in the drunkard,
 and in some cases furnishes evidence of the kind of spirit
 drank.   Two cases are related by Dr. McNish, the  one in
 a claret and the other in a port drinker, in which the moist-
 ure exhaled from their bodies had a  ruddy complexion, sim-
 ilar to  the wine upon which they  had  commmitted their
 debauch.   These facts show us that alcoholic drinks  are
 absorbed, mingle and circulate  with blood, and  therefore
 act immediately upon  the different organs  of the  body.
   It  is upon these two  principles that alcoholic drinks pro-
 duce their morbid effects upon the different organs.
   The liver.  Alcohol in every form and proportion produ-
 ces a strong and speedy  effect  upon this organ when used
 internally.  Its first effect usually is to  increase the action
 of  the liver, and sometimes to such  a degree as to result in
 inflammation.   Its  secretion often becomes changed from
 a bright yellow to a green or black, and from  a thin fluid
 to  a substance resembling tar in its consistence;  and this
 change  not  unfrequently leads to  the formation of Miliary
 calculi,  or gall stones.   There often follows  an  enlarge-
 ment of the organ, and a change in its  structure.  Aware
 of  this  fact, the poultry dealers of England are in the  ha-
 bit of mixing  a quantity of spirit with  the  food of their
 fowls, in  order to increase the size of the liver; that they
 may be enabled to supply the epicure with a greater  abun-
 dance of  that part of the animal which  he regards as the
 most delicious.  I  have met with cases  in which  the liver
 has become so far enlarged from intemperance as  to weigh
 from eight  to twelve pounds,  instead of four or five, its
 usual weight.  The inflammation of the organ not unfre-
 quently terminates  in suppuration and the formation of ex-
 tensive  abcesses.  The  liver  sometimes, however,  even
 when it manifests upon dissection great  organic change  in
 its  structure, is found rather diminished in volume.  This
 was  the  case  in the person  of  the celebrated tragedian,
 George  Frederick Cooke, who died several years since  in
 the city of New-York.   This extraordinary man  was long
 distinguished for the profligacy of his life, as well as the na-
 tive vigor of his mind and body.   At the time of his death,
 his body was opened by Dr. Hosack, who found that the liver
 while it was rather diminished  in  size, was in  a state of
 induration, and surprisingly hard,  so as to make considera-
 ble resistance to the knife; and  it was of a lighter color
 than  natural.    The  whole substance   of the organ was
 studded with  tubercles,  and the blood  vessels, which  are
 numerous and large in the healthy state,  were nearly obli-
 terated ; shewing that the circulation had nearly  ceased long
before death.   I have met with several  cases in the course
of my dissections in which the liver had  become  shriveled
and indurated;  its blood  vessels diminished and the  organ
greatly  changed in  its  structure;  the evident consequence
of long continued habitsof intemperance.
   The brain.  This organ also suffers from intemperance.
Inflammation and engorgement are frequent consequences of
the use of alchoholic drinks, and may take place at the time
of a debauch, or arise sometime afterwards, during the stage
of debility  from a loss of the healthy balance of  action in
the system.   Inflammation of  the organ,  when it is acute,
is usually attended by furious delirium and other indications
of high cerebial excitement.  It may arise from sympathy
with an inflamed or irritated  stomach, or it may take  place
from the immediate action of alcohol upon it as it is trans-
fused into the system.   In the  following case the  affection
of the brain  seems to have arisen from the latter cause.   A
man was taken up dead in the streets of London,  soon after
having drank a quart of gin upon a wager.  He was carried
to the  Westminster Hospital  and dissected.  In the ventri-
cles of the brain there  was found a considerable quantity of
limpid fluid, distinctly  impregnated with gin, sensible to the
taste,  the smell  and  to the  test of inflammability.  The
liquid was supposed to be about one third gin.
   Dr. Armstrong, an eminent  physician of England, who
possessed ample opportunities for investigating this subject,
says that he has found the free use of intoxicating liquors,
a frequent cause of chronic inflammation and engorgement
of the brain  and its membranes.
   It is a fact familiar to anatomists, that alcohol has the ef-
fect of hardening the brain and other organs which contain
albumen, when subjected to the action; and it is a common
practice to  immerse the  brain in ardent spirits for a few
days, in order to render it firmer  for  dissection; and  upon
examining the brain after death, of such as have long been
accustomed  to the use of ardent  spirit, it is said  that  the
organ is generally found harder and less elastic and yielding,
than in temperate persons.
   The heart.  It has generally  been  supposed that the heart
is less frequently affected by  intemperance than most of the
other vital organs; but from  several cases which have fall-
en under my observation, and from the fact that it sympa-
thises strongly with the stomach, and is thrown into a state
of unnatural excitement by the use  of alcoholic drinks, the
very effect produced by the violent agitation of  the pas-
sions, the influence of  which upon this organ is  found  so
injurious, I am inclined to think that it seldom escapes  un-
injured in the habitual drunkard.
   The  following case came under my notice several  win-
ters since.   A large, athletic man, long accustomed to  the
use of ardent spirit, on  drinking  a  glass of raw  whiskey
dropped instantly dead.  On carefully dissecting the body,
no adequate cause of  the sudden cessation of life  could be
found in any part except the heart.   This organ  was free
from blood, hard and firmly contracted,  as if affected by
spasm.
   A few years since I saw an individual while engaged in
public debate, drop instantly  dead from an affection of  the
heart, being at the time highly  stimulated by alcohol,  and
under a strong excitement of his passions.   I am convinced
that many of those cases of sudden  death which take  place-
with intemperate persons, are the result of a spasmodic ac~ 
13
tion of the heart from sympathy with the stomach, or some
other part of the system.  The use of ardent  spirit  no
doubt tends to produce an enlargement of  the  organ, pro-
motes the ossification of its valves, as well as the  develop-
ment of other organic affections.
   The lungs.  Respiration in the inebriate is generally op-
pressed and laborious, especially after eating or violent ex-
ercise ; and he is teased with a cough attended by copious
expectoration in the morning, and especially after his reco-
very from a fit of intoxication; and these  symptoms go on
increasing, and, unless arrested in their progress, often ter-
minate in fatal bronchitis and consumption.
   This affection of the lungs is  produced in two ways:
first, by the immediate  action of the alcoholic  principle
upon the highly sensitive membrane which lines the trachea,
bronchial vessels and air-cells of the lungs, as it is poured
out by the exhalents; and second, by the  sympathy which
is called into action between the lungs and other organs, al-
ready  in a state of disease, and more especially that of the
stomach and liver.
   I have met  with  many cases in the  course of my prac-
tice, of cough and difficult breathing, which could be re-
lieved only by regulating the  functions of the stomach, and
which soon yielded on the patient's ceasing to irritate this
organ with ardent  spirit.  I have found the liver still more
frequently the source of this affection, and on restoring the
organ to its healthy condition by laying aside the use of al-
choholic drinks, all the pulmonary symptoms have  subsi-
ded.
    On examining the lungs of the drunkard after death, they
are frequently found adhering to the walls of the chest hep-
 atized, or affected with tubercles.
    The kidneys.   These organs and others immediately asso-
 ciated with them,  are seldom found in a healthy state after
 death in  the  inebriate.  The kidneys  become enlarged,
softened, granulated and of a pale color;  and these effects
are always found,  to exist in a greater or less degree even
in the temperate drinker.  And the use of alcoholic drinks,
 even in a  temperate degree, lead to some  of the most har-
 assing and fatal affections to be found in the whole cata-
 logue of diseases.   But  though an important subject,  and
 upon  which much might be said in reference  to intemper-
ance, I pass on to  notice an affection,  which, though com-
mon, seems scarcely to have attracted the  attention of those
who have  written upon the effects of alcoholic drinks.
    Paralysis of the lower extremetics.  This disease which I
shall here describe  is not that paralysis which takes place
suddenly from an  affection of the brain, or spinal marrow,
but a  gradual diminution of the power of  sensation and of
motion.   Several of these cases have occurred to  me with-
in the last twenty years, three of which I will state.
    The first was in an  active business  man  of forty-five,
who gradually acquired the habit of  tippling, though he
never drank to  intoxication.  His practice  was to take
small quantities of brandy, gin, wine, &c,  at short intervals.
He at length began to complain of debility, a sense of numb-
ness in his lower  limbs, and an inability to walk  with his
accustomed activity.  These symptoms gradually increased,
and were soon followed by other mortifying indications of
imbecility.   The  complaint increased till he could  neither
walk nor stand, and for months before his death, he was lift-
ed from his bed to his chair.   Several times during,the pro-
gress of the case  he partially recovered, but it was only in
proportion as he suspended the use of alcoholic drinks.
  Upon examination  after death, the mucous  coat of his
stomach  was found in a state of irritation, such as  is usual-
ly met with in the case of the confirmed drunkard, and as
represented  in the second plate,  figure  first.   The small
intestines through the greater part of their extent,  seemed
to have participated in the irritation of the stomach.
   The second case  was that of a highly respectable man,
who made shipwreck of fair prospects and a good character,
by contracting the  habits of intemperance upon  entering
public life.   I was frequently called to attend him, on ac-
count of indisposition produced by paroxysms of inebriation,
and yet so assiduously did he conceal his intemperance, that
it was long before any one but myself suspected the cause.
He seldom drank any ardent spirit, but kept his demijohn
of old Madeira, which he used profusely.   He  first complain-
ed of weakness and want  of sensibility in the  lower extrem-
ities,  and an inability to walk,  especially to ascend long
flights of steps.   Upon a full representation of his situation,
and the consequences that must ensue, he was  induced to
abandon his wine, and almost immediately recovered all his
powers; but upon returning to it sometime  afterwards, he
relapsed into all his former weakness, and if  now  living is
lost to his family and country.
   The third  case is that of a Mr.  -----,  a  man of thirty,
of fine, robust constitution.   He  gradually acquired  the
habit of tippling, but it was not  upon ardent spirit.   He
was never drunk, and no one suspected him of  intempe-
rance but his family.   He had not exactly the  drunkard's
breath, nor much of his demeanor or aspect.  He  consult-
ed me several times on account of a numbness and loss of
power in his lower limbs.   It was not  for  a considerable
 time that I came at the real cause of the difficulty, so care-
 fully did he conceal his habits.  At length I discovered that
he kept in his grocery a pipe of wine for his own use, of
which  he  drank frequently through the  day,  and would
often visit his store at an early hour in the morning  and
late at night to renew his potations.  I informed  him  that
wine  was the cause of all his  complaints, upon which he
abadoned the  traffic and his habit of drinking  together.
His limbs  almost immediately  regained their  accustomed
energy.  He is now, after six years, in good health and  a
sober man.
   It  had been asserted by  physicians  of eminence,  who
have enjoyed  ample opportunity for observation,  that in-
 temperance in the parents confers upon the offspring, not
 only a predisposition to their own vice, but entails upon
 them a liability to diseases, both mental and physical.
   One writer upon this  subject observes,  the free use of 
14
 intoxicating drinks by the parents, produces a predisposition
 in the children to intemperance, insanity, and various diseas-
 es of both body and mind, and if the cause  be continued,
 becomes hereditary and is  transmitted from generation to
 generation; occasioning a diminution in  size, strength and
 energy, a feebleness of vision, a feebleness and imbecility
 of  purpose, an obtuseness of intellect,  a deprivation  of
 moral taste, a premature old age, and a  general deteriora-
 tion of the whole character.   This is the  case  in every
 country and  in  every  age.   Another says instances are
 known, where the first children of a family who were born
 when their  parents were temperate, have been healthy,  in-
 telligent and active, while the last children who were born
 after the parents  had  become intemperate, were dwarfish
 and idiotic.   Another medical gentleman writes, I have no
 doubt that  a disposition to nervous diseases of a peculiar
 character, is transmitted by drunken parents to their off-
 spring.  There are numerous other recorded facts upon
 this subject, which together with several cases that have
 fallen under my own observation, leave no doubt upon my
 mind, that the effects of intemperance are liable to be trans-
 mitted from parent  to child; and I have  long been. in the
 habit of admonishing mothers, not to  poison their  system
 or  contaminate their milk  during  the period of gestation
 and nursing, by the use of intoxicating drinks.
   In answer  to  the question which I propounded to Dr.
 Parker, is it  apparent  from  the  observations which you
 have  made upon the Chinese, that the effects of opium de-
 scend  from parent to child as affecting either the intellec-
 tual or physical constitution of their offspring ?   He replies,
 " I do not recollect at this  time a solitary  instance in which
 the confirmed victim of the use of opium, has become a pa-
 rent,  and this fact  often  forced  itself upon my attention,
 that the free use of this narcotic poison, incapacitates them
 to  perpetuate  their species ;  and indeed this imbecility is
 often complained of by them, when they  apply for medical
 advice."  That the free and habitual use of intoxicating
 drinks often leads to the same consequences, but more es-
 pecially the habitual use of wines, is a fact known to every
 experienced observer, from the days of Shakespeare to the
 present time.
   But time would fail me, were I to attempt an account of
 half the pathology of drunkenness.  Dyspepsia, jaundice,
 emaciation,  corpulence, dropsy,  ulcers, rheumatism, gout, tre-
 mors, palpitation, hysteria, epilepsy,  palsy, lethargy,  appo-
plexy,  melancholy,  madness,  delirium tremens and premature
 old age, compose but a  small part of the  catalogue  of dis-
 eases produced by alcoholic drinks.   Indeed there is  scarco-
 ly a morbid affection to which the  human body is liable,
 that has not, in one way or  another,  been produced by
 them; there is not a disease but they have aggravated, nor
 a predisposition to disease  which they have not called into
 action; and although their effects are in some  degree mo-
dified by age  and  temperament, by habit and occupation,
by climate and season of the year, and even by the  intoxi-
cating agent itself; yet the general and ultimate consequen-
ces are the same.
   But I pass on to notice one state of the system produced
by alcoholic drinks, too important and interesting to leave
unexamined.   It is that predisposition to disease  and death
which so strongly characterizes the drunkard in every situ-
ation of life.
   It is unquestionably true, that many of the  surrounding
objects in nature are constantly tending to man's destruc-
tion.   The excess of heat and cold, humidity and dryness,
noxious exhalations from the  earth, the floating atoms in
in the atmosphere, the poisonous vapors from  decomposed
animal and vegetable matter, with  many other invisible
agents, are  exerting their deadly  influence; and were it
not that every part of his system is endowed with  a self-
preserving power,  a principle of excitability,  or in other
words, a vital principle, the  operations  of the economy
would cease, and a dissolution of his organic structure take
place.  But this principle being implanted  in the  sys-
tem,  reaction  takes place,  and thereby  a vigorous  con-
test is maintained with the warring elements without,  as
well as with the principle of decay within.
   It  is thus that  man is enabled to endure from year  to
year, the toils and  fatigues of life, the  variations of heat
and cold, and  the  vicissitudes of the seasons—that he is
enabled to traverse every region of the globe,  and to live
with  almost equal  ease under the equator, and in the fro-
zen regions of the north.   It is by this  power that  all his
functions are  performed  from the commencement  to the
close  of  his life.
   The principle of excitability exists in the highest  degree
in the infant, and diminishes at every succeeding period of
life;  and if  man is not cut down by disease or violence, he
struggles on, and finally dies  a natural death;  a  death oc-
casioned by the exhaustion of the principle of excitability.
In order to prevent the too rapid  exhaustion of this  princi-
ple, nature has especially provided for its restoration by es-
tablishing a period of sleep.   After being awake for sixteen
or eighteen hours, a sensation of  fatigue ensues, and  all the
functions are performed with diminished precision and en-
ergy.   Locomotion becomes  feeble and tottering, the voice
harsh, the intellect obtuse and powerless, and all the senses
blunted.  In this state the individual anxiously retires from
the light, and from the noise  and bustle of  business,  seeks
that position which requires the least effort to sustain it,
and abandons himself to rest.  The will ceases to act,  and he
loses in succession all the senses ;  the muscles unbend them-
selves and permit the limbs to fall into  the  most  easy and
natural position; digestion, respiration, circulation, secretion
and the other functions, go on with diminished power and
activity ; and consequently the wasted excitability is grad-
ually  restored.   After a repose of six or eight hours, this
principle becomes accumulated to its full measure, and the
individual awakes and finds his system invigorated and re-
freshed.  His muscular power is augmented, his senses are
acute and discriminating, his  intellect active and  eager for
labor, and all his functions move on with renewed energy.
But if the stomach be  oppressed by food,  or  the system 
15
excited by stimulating drinks, the sleep, though  it may be
profound, is never tranquil and refreshing.
  The system being raised to a state of feverish excitement,
and its healthy balance disturbed, its exhausted excitability
is not restored.  The individual awakes, but finds himself fa-
tigued rather than invigorated.  His muscles are relaxed,
his senses obtuse, his intellect impaired, and his whole sys-
tem  disordered; and  it is not till he is again under the influ-
ence of food and stimulus that he is fit for the  occupations
of life.   And thus he loses the benefits of this wise provis-
ion of repose designed  for his own preservation.
  Nothing, probably,  tends  more powerfully to produce
premature old age than disturbed and unrefreshing sleep.
   It is also true, that  artificial stimulus, in whatever way
applied,  tends constantly to exhaust the principle of excita-
bility of the system,  and this in  proportion to its  itensity,
and  the freedom with which it is applied.
   But there is still another principle on which the use of
alcohol predisposes the drunkard to disease and death.  It
acts on the blood, impairs its vitality, deprives it of its red
color, and thereby renders it unfit to stimulate the heart,
and  other organs  through which it circulates; unfit,  also,
to  supply  the  materials for the  different secretions, and
to  renovate the  different  tissues  of the body,  as  well
as>to sustain  the  energy  of  the  brain;   offices  which
it can perform  only  while it retains the  vermillion  color,
and  other arterial properties.   The blood of  the drunkard
is several  shades darker in its  color  than  that  of  tem-
perate persons,  and also coagulates less readily and firmly,
and  is loaded with serum;  appearances  which indicate that
it has exchanged its arterial properties for those of venous
blood.   This is the cause of the livid complexion of the in-
ebriate,  which so  strongly marks him at the advanced stage
of intemperance.   Hence, too, all the functions of his body
are sluggish, irregular,  and  the whole system loses its tone
and energy.   If alcohol, when taken into the system, ex-
hausts the vital principle of the solids, it destroys the vital
principle of the blood also ; and  if taken in large quantities
produces sudden death; in which case the blood, as in death
produced by lightning, by opium, or by  violent- and long
continued exertion, does not  coagulate.
   The principles laid down are plain, and of easy applica-
tion to the case before us.J
   The  inebriate havings by  the  habitual use of alcoholic
drinks, exhausted to  greater  or less  extent the principle of
excitability  in  the solids, the power of reaction, and the
blood having become incapable of performing its  offices also,
he  is   alike predisposed to  every disease, and  rendered
liable to the inroads  of every invading foe.   So far, there-
fore, from protecting the system against  disease, intemper-
ance ever constitutes one of its strongest predisposing causes.
  Superadded to this, whenever disease does lay its grasp
upon the drunkard, the powers of life being already enfee-
bled by the stimulus  of alcohol, he unexpectedly sinks in
the contest, but too frequently  to  the mortification of his
physician, and the surprise and grief of his friends.  Indeed,
inebriation so enfeebles the  powers of life, so modifies the
character of disease, and so changes the operation of medi-
cal agents,  that unless the  young physician  has studied
thoroughly the constitution of the drunkard, he has but par-
tially learned his profession,  and is not fit for a practitioner
of the present age.
   These are the reasons why the drunkard dies  so easily,
and from such slight causes.
   A sudden cold, a pleurisy,  a fever, a fractured limb,  or  a
slight wound of the skin, is  often more than his shattered
powers can endure.  Even a  little excess of exertion, an ex-
posure to heat or cold, a hearty repast  or slight emotion of
the mind, not  unfrequently extinguishes the small remains
of the vital principle.
   The fearful epidemic, the Asiatic Cholera, which so lately
spread consternation and dismay over more than half the civi-
lized world, wherever it appeared, singled out the intemper-
ate for its victims, in a marked and most extraordinary man-
ner.  If in some instances the  sober  and temperate were
borne off in the  common ruin, it was seldom,  except when
some powerful predisposing or exciting cause, overwhelmed
the system.
   I have thus endeavored, according to your request, to fur-
nish a few remarks  upon the  pathology of drunkenness.
The sketch I  have  given you is brief and imperfect, and
forms a  mere outline  of this  important  subject,  but so
far as it extends, it  is based upon facts, which I have no fear
will bear the test of future observation.  You will perceive
that a few  passages are extracted from my address, already
before the  public, but they are here introduced as applicable
to the occasion.
   Allow me in  conclusion, to congratulate you,  and  your
co-laborers, upon the good already achieved by your efforts.
Multitudes have been emancipated from a state of the  most
degrading servitude ;  disease has been  arrested in its rava-
ges ;  enterprise brought back in a thousand instances,  fresh
and vigorous to the great purposes of the age; banished
happiness restored  to  the social circle ;  and new worship-
pers called around the altar of God.  For the universal con-
summation of such blessings,  every philanthropist will pray,
and every  patriot extend the helping hand. 
 
 
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