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        THE  PRINTS
AND  PHOTOGRAPHS
COLLECTION  OF  THE
 NATIONAL  LIBRARY
        OF MEDICINE      '
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-- . . 
Pictorial Resources
           OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
 
Woodcut decorative device designed by Jean Beugnet (d. 1803),
                      for Experiences sur les vegetaux . . .
               by Jan Ingenhousz, published in Paris, 1780.
           he collection was started  in  1836 as the  "Library  of  the Surgeon-
General's Office" (Army) and developed as a national resource under John Shaw
Billings, M.D., Librarian from 1865  to  1895. Named "Army Medical Library"
in 1922 and "Armed  Forces Medical Library"  in  1952, it  became part of the
Public Health Service,  U.S. Department of  Health, Education, and Welfare in
1956.
     The National  Library  of Medicine  is the world's largest research library in
a  single  scientific  and  professional  field.  The  Library's  holdings total nearly
1,300,000 books, journals,  theses, pamphlets, prints, and microfilms.  More than
70 languages are represented in the collection.

     The History of Medicine Division  acquires, catalogs, and maintains medical
materials of  historical importance. There are approximately 60,000  printed works
in its collection, as well as manuscripts,  prints, and other pictorial material.

     The Prints and Photographs Collection originated with the acquisition of  a
large group  of portraits in 1879.  The collection has since been enlarged through
the  generosity  of  many donors,  transfers from  other government  agencies, and
purchase.  It now  comprises some 55,000 pictures of nonclinical medical interest. 
     The Prints and Photographs Collection includes all graphic media:  woodcuts,
engravings,  etchings, mezzotints,  lithographs,  photographs, halftones,  and other
mechanically produced  images.  There are some drawings and watercolors and a
few oil paintings, mostly portraits.  They range in age from 15th century woodcuts
to photographs of the latest Nobel prize winners in medicine.  In size, they vary
from 35 mm. slides to full-size portraits.


     There are over  30,000 individual portraits, representing physicians, anato-
mists,  botanists, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, chemists, and others who have con-
tributed through  the centuries to the health sciences and professions.  Many are
engravings and mezzotints  after commissioned paintings.  There is also a great
variety of group portraits,  showing  meetings of  societies, conventions, clinical
groups, and informal gatherings.


     All the individual portraits, and all identified medical  persons  in  other pic-
tures,  are  indexed in the portrait catalog.  This catalog also includes citations to
selected portraits from many books, and is constantly being enlarged by the addi-
tion of cards for  portraits in journals indexed  at the Library for Index Medicus.
Totaling  80,000  entries,  the catalog is  an  invaluable  tool for  the location  of
portraits in publications. To supplement  this, catalogs  and guides to  the resources
of other libraries  are available for  reference.


     Pictures  of  buildings,  including medical  schools, societies,  guildhalls,  hos-
pitals,  and libraries, also form a substantial portion of the collection.  U.S. military
hospitals, including many from the Civil  War and World War I, are particularly
well represented,  as are hospital facilities and allied services, such as transport  of
the wounded, nursing, sanitation, and field services. 
     Over 600 of the finest prints in the collection are caricatures, many of them
 beautifully hand-colored, from  the  18th and  19th centuries.  Vaccination,  den-
 tistry,  the evils of quackery,  the  effects  of  over-indulgence in food  and drink,
 misguided attempts  to ward off the plague by special  clothing, and other topics
 are  treated in masterly  fashion  by such artists as Daumier,  Gillray, Hogarth,
 and Rowlandson.

     Many artists, on the other hand,  have faithfully and sometimes with drama
 and beauty portrayed the activities of medical practitioners  and the suffering of
 the  sick or injured.  From the 16th century on, there  was an extensive trade in
 skillfully engraved versions of paintings by the masters, and the Library is fortu-
 nate to possess many of  medical interest.

     While portraiture and the history of medical professions and institutions are
 clearly  revealed in prints,  illustrations  of scientific  advances may  best be found
 in books and journals. Medieval manuscripts may contain illustrations of anatomi-
 cal knowledge, but in other fields, such as anesthesia, one must turn to periodical
 articles of the 19th century  for some of the earliest pictures  of  equipment and
 techniques.

     Photocopies  and slides of pictorial material in  the Library's collections  will
be prepared for a fee on request. For further information or reference assistance,
write to:

                  HISTORY OF MEDICINE DIVISION
                 NATIONAL LIBRARY  OF MEDICINE
                         8600  ROCKVILLE PIKE
                     BETHESDA, MARYLAND  20014 
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          HISTORY OF MEDICINE DIVISION
                8600  ROCKVILLE PIKE
            BETHESDA,  MARYLAND  20014

Fig.  1.  Illustration from a text, showing trephining techniques.
        The book is Armamentarium Chirurgicum Bipartitum
        by  Johannes  Scultetus  (1595-1645), published in
        Frankfurt and  Ulm in 1666.

Fig.  2.  U.S. Army.  Base Hospital No. 9, Chateauroux, France,
        1919.  Operating room,  showing operation  for the
        removal of a bullet.
Fig.  3.  Group photograph, ca. 1913, taken at Oxford, England.
        Left to right:  J. B.  S. Haldane (1892-1964), geneti-
        cist; H. Whitridge Davies, of Australia; and Haldane's
        father, John Scott Haldane (1860-1936),  who made
        outstanding contributions to the physiology of  respira-
        tion.

Fig.  4.  Caricature by Gaudissart.  Engraving,  colored, of the
        early 19th century.

Fig.  5.  Portrait of Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), one of the
        great surgeons of all  time.   Engraving by  Etienne
        Ficquet  (1719-1794) after a portrait by "W."

Fig.  6.  Photograph of  Sir Charles Scott  Sherrington  (1857-
        1952), Nobel prize winner in physiology, 1932, for
         his work on the integrative action of the nervous system.
Fig. 7.  Young Lady with a Sore Throat.  Engraving by Fran-
        cesco  Bartolozzi  (1725-1815) after  a painting by
        Pietro Longhi  (1702-1785).

Fig. 8.  Dissection scene.  An  unsigned wash  drawing of the
         early 17th century. Preliminary  design for Thomas
         Willis,  Cerebri Anatome, Amsterdam, 1666.

Fig. 9.  Anatomical amphitheatre constructed during the reign
        of Louis XIV,  for the Compagnie Royale des Messieurs
        Chirurgiens  de Paris.  Engraving by  Simonneau and
        Perelle after a  drawing by Antoine Dieu (1662-1727).
Fig.  10. U.S. Army.   Harewood  Hospital,  Washington,  D.C.
        Lithograph in color, by Charles Magnus, 1864. 
^
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
          Bethesda, Maryland
■&y
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U.S. Department of Health, Education,  and Welfare
              Public Health Service
           National Institutes of Health 

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