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Perspiration is a normal body mechanism to combat overheating,
but continued sweating can cause trouble,
since it may rob the bodyof the salt reserve that health requires.
Prolonged exposure to the hot sunmay do this,
as may also the heat below decks if ventilation fails.
Heat exhaustion may be very serious.
The first symptoms are usually weakness,dizziness, and nausea.
The face is paleand perspiration is profuse.
The body is clammy,
the breathing shallow, and the pulse weak.
Unconsciousness may follow.
This loss of body salt, if not replaced,
may result in severe crampsin the abdominal muscles or in the limbs,
and prompt action is necessary.
If you can't get him to sick bay fast,
move him to a cool place.
Keep him lying down and keep him warm.
Give him sips of salt water to drink.
A teaspoon full of salt to a pintof water is the usual proportion.
This will treat the causeand give rapid relief.
If the patient does not readily respondto this treatment,
get medical aid immediately.
Wherever profuse sweating occurs,
you can avoid these heat effects
by taking extra salt to replace that lost in perspiration.
Salt tablets are available at [?].
A few of these every day plus extra saltwith your food and lots of water
will usually keep you in good shape.
Sunstroke due to direct exposure to the sun
and heat stroke due to exposure to indoor high temperatures
are caused by derangementof the heat control mechanism of the body.
First symptoms may be a pain in the head,nausea, and dizziness.
The mouth grows parched and the skin dry.
These are warnings.
He may be a very sick man,so get him to sick bay fast.
If that's impossible,
you can treat him yourselfby moving him first to a cool place.
Stretch him out with his head raised,
and then start cooling him off.
You've got to reducehis high body temperature fast.
Loosen his clothes
and then apply cold wateror ice if available,
first to his head.
Don't stop to look for anything but cold water.
Use anything handy for cold compresses.
The faster you work,the better for the patient.
Stop and look at the patientevery few minutes
to see if treatment is effective.
Rubbing his limbs and trunktoward the heart aids the circulation
and should be continued during treatment.
If the skin gets hot again,resume cooling.
When the patient comes to,
give him cold drinks but no stimulants,
and continue treatment.
Sunstroke and heat strokecan be very serious
and should get medical attentionas soon as possible.
First-aid measuresshould not be interrupted, however,
while the patient is being transported.
Prolonged exposure to sun or intense heat,
or short, even instantaneous exposure to fire, steam, or electrical contact
will produce burns.
Clothing is protection against most burns,
just as it protects against sunburn.
On removal of the clothing,
you can easily seewhere the protection ended.
Clothing burns, and when you see anything like this,
your job is to put it out fast.
Smothering the fire by covering itwith a blanket or anything available
is the best way.
Don't try to beat a fire outwith your hands
and don't try to tear off the burning clothing.
Put the fire out by cutting off its air supply.
Smother it.
That's the quickest and surest method.
The burn resulting may affect the skin in any one of several ways.
The skin consists of an outer layer and deeper layers below it.
Many blood vessels nourish the skin
and it is well-supplied with nerves,
which cause us to feel cold,heat, touch, and pain.
A first-degree burn causes irritationof the outer skin layer.
It becomes red because of congestionof the blood vessels.
Sunburn is a very common exampleof a first-degree burn.
A second-degree burn causedby more intense or prolonged heat,
injures the skin to a greater depth.
Body fluids ooze out into the burned areas, producing blisters.
These are protection for the delicate deep skin layers.
Don't ever open these blisters.
A third-degree burn destroys the upper two layers of the skin
and may extendnto the deeper tissues below.
Great pain,
the loss of body heat by chilling,
and the loss of body fluids by oozing from the burn,
produce serious shock in these burns.
Keep the burned man lying down.
Cover him to keep him warm.
Handle him gently since his pain is severe,
and unnecessary handling may increase it.
Get the burned man to sickbaywithout delay.
Where this cannot be done,
you will have to give him first-aid burn treatment.
Carefully cut or tear the clothing around the burn.
Never remove any clothing actually stuck to the burn.
Just cut around it.
Remember that infectionof a burn is serious danger
and must be prevented.
Don't touch the burnor allow anything to do so.
Never put any ointmentor salve of any kind on a burn.
The medical officer will giveall necessary treatment
after he has removed the foreign material adhering to the burn.
Merely cover the burn with a single layerof sterile gauze from the first aid box.
Make sure the entire burned areais covered.
Then, over this,place a thick gauze layer,
enough to cover the wound.
A dressing should then be securedto keep the whole thing in place.
First aid in burns consists first of treat for shock by keeping him warm and quiet.
Prevent infection.
Get patient to sick bay.
Your knowledge of these simple rules
will go far in ensuringthe patient's recovery.
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