drUAfLj^ft)
ADDRESS
BEFORE THE
-** *
>v

DELIVERED
ARY 8, 1865,
BY
LEWIS P. GEBHARD, M.D.,
AT THE CLOSE OF HIS OFFICIAL TERM AS PRESIDENT.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE SOCIETY.
        PHILADELPHIA:
COLLINS, PRINTER, 705 JAYNE STREET.
           1865. 
 
ADDRESS
BEFORE THE
fJutaiMpJiia (Efliiatw |®J«tol
DELIVERED
FEBRUARY 8, 1865,
                BY


     LEWIS P. GEBHARD, M.D.,



AT THE CLOSE OF HIS OFFICIAL TERM AS PRESIDENT.

                         1
r
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE SOCIETY.
               ' "i7 f  '
           PHILADELPHIA:

COLLINS, PRINTER, 705 JAYNE STREET.
               1865. 
% 
ADDRESS.
 FELLOW-MEMBERS OF THE PHILADELPHIA COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY :—

   In retiring from my former position of Presiding Officer of this
 Society, it is due from me to its members to express my gratitude
 for the lenity and forbearance they have exercised towards me,
 while  imperfectly performing  the  duties  appertaining to said
 office.   Another  year  has passed away, and we have been again
 permitted by a kind and beneficent Providence to meet together
 under  the most favorable circumstances; but, while we have been
 surrounded by so many mercies and favors, we are, nevertheless,
 called  upon to mourn the loss of a very valuable member of this
 Society in the death of Robert P. Thomas, who was elected, one
 year ago,  one of the Vice-Presidents of this Society.   A man of
 talent  and great  moral worth.  He was endowed by Providence
 with no ordinary mind, which, by industry and due application,
 was so cultivated as to make him shine as a highly conspicuous
 member of the profession.   This, combined  with a social and
 gentlemanly  deportment, together with the daily exhibition  of
just, honorable, and Christian principles in all his walks of life,
 endeared  him to his medical associates,  and all with whom he
 came in contact.   He left an interesting family to mourn his loss
 and a  large  community to sympathize with them, more particu-
 larly the members of this Society, among whom he was promi-
 nent and  distinguished, and  who,  by frequent intercourse with
 him, were best calculated properly to appreciate his worth.
  Some of my medical friends suggested  as the subject of this
address, Reminiscences of Facts and Incidents as they occurred
within  my own knowledge full half  a century ago.  Your indul-
gence is requested while imperfectly sketching  some  of them.
You will readily  perceive-that, from necessity, egotism must, to
some extent, enter into the narrative. 
4
  In the year  1809, fifty-six  years  ago, he who now addresses
you, residing in  the State of New  York, after  having passed
through a preliminary course of study, preparatory  to entering
upon the study  of some profession, selected that of the practice of
medicine, which he commenced in the office of Dr. Bay in the vil-
lage of Claverack, four miles east of  the city of Hudson.  Dr. B.
is still  living, in  the city of Albany, in the ninety-third year of
his  age. The student continued in the office of Dr. B. until Octo-
ber, 1811, immediately  after which  he arrived in  the  city of
Philadelphia to attend a course of lectures at the University of
Pennsylvania.   He passed by the city of his native State, prefer-
ring to receive  instructions in an institution  so justly popular—
an institution more renowned than any other in this country, and,
no  doubt, fully equal to any  in the world.  The Faculty was
composed of six professors, Dr. Benjamin Rush, of the Institutes
and Practice of Medicine; Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Materia
Medica; Dr. Philip Syng Physick, of Surgery; Dr. John Red-
man Coxe, of Chemistry;  Dr. Caspar Wistar, of  Anatomy; and
Dr. Thomas C. James, of Midwifery.
  Dr. Rush was pre-eminent as a lecturer, a man of great expe-
rience  and close  observation,  the  whole weight of  which was
thrown into his lectures, making them not only  instructive, but
highly interesting.  His diction was  fine, his observations perti-
nent, his  voice  euphonious, clear, and distinct, and  his illustra-
tions  admirable.   Taking all these  endowments together,  he
might be considered the great lecturer of the age.   Then his gen-
tlemanly deportment and urbanity of manners added a lustre to
all  his other qualifications.  His great hobby was the unity of
disease.
  Dr. Barton was talented as a lecturer on materia medica, but
not so precise and methodical as he  might have  been in  the ar-
rangement of his  lectures.   The small scraps of  paper on which
he had written them, not unfrequently becoming deranged, he was
compelled occasionally to give us a lecture from  memory. This
derangement did not apparently embarrass him in the least, as he
always appeared prepared to give us an interesting lecture without
the use of his notes.   Possessing great facility in extemporizing,
he was never at a loss in  elucidating his subject.  He was alto- 
5
gether an instructive and  interesting lecturer.  He was a great
admirer  of  the  Brunonian system, as also of Dr. Brown, who
originated it;  always dwelling for an unusual length of time on
the subject of opium.  He was remarkable in some of his pecu-
liarities.
   Dr. Wistar might be justly said to be master of his subject.
His demonstrations of anatomy were highly satisfactory  to the
student.   His voice, though a little inclined to be feminine, was
clear and distinct.  He had no hesitation whatever in elucidating
his subject  extemporaneously.  He was very  gentlemanly  and
mild in his demeanor, although easily excited, and much inclined
to timidity.   On one occasion, some  maliciously disposed person
posted a placard on the walls of the  building announcing the
probability of a negro  mob making an immediate attack on the
anatomical  portion  of the building, including the dissecting-
rooms.  The doctor entered the lecture-room, evincing the great-
est perturbation of mind, trembling  from head  to foot.  He
dismissed the class  instantly, with the particular request that not
even any. of the dissecting class should  make  their appearance
near the premises for the next two or three days.  No mob made
its appearance,  nor wras there any symptom  afterwards of any
such intention;  it was the natural timidity of the professor that
excited such fearful apprehensions in his mind on that occasion.
It was no uncommon thing at that time  to have one subject on
the  tapis  for  several weeks  during the winter season, the odor
emanating from  which was by no means agreeable to the Schnei-
derian membrane of the student, while the professor assured the
class at the same time that he was not sensible of any unpleasant
odor arising from it, although he was in such close proximity to
it; it was fortunate for him  that his sensibility was so defective
on all such  occasions.   He was an interesting  lecturer,  and
deservedly a highly popular one.
   Dr. Physick,  the Professor of Surgery, was a man of very few
words, fitly expressed, all practical, nothing theoretical about him.
nis voice was decidedly feminine, though distinct and audible to
the farthest  extremity of  the  lecture-room.   His genius was
mechanical, being particularly  adapted  to the improvement of
surgical instruments which were necessary in performing surgical
operations, which faculty, added to his superior judgment and skill 
6
as an operator, matured by extensive experience, made him  the
great surgeon of the day, having attained to a celebrity unequalled
by any other surgeon.  His name was as a strong tower and as a
magnet to draw hundreds and thousands around him to sit under
his teachings and witness his operations.
   Dr. John Redman Coxe, Professor of Chemistry, was a man of
learning.  Possessing a mind well stored with useful knowledge,
some of which he presented  to the world in his writings, but  not
possessing the facility of communicating it to others satisfactorily
as a  lecturer, was the principal  cause of his riot being classed as
among the most popular of lecturers.
   Dr. James, the professor in the obstetrical chair,  was  mild,
courteous, and gentlemanly.  He was the personification of ami-
ability, and of necessity could  not be an energetic lecturer; but
if he lacked energy, it was more than compensated by the beauty
of his composition.   His style was chaste,  lucid, and comprehen-
sive,  ne wielded a pen equal to the most able of his compeers.
   The ages of the professors ranged between forty and sixty-seven
years, Dr. Coxe being the youngest and Dr. Rush the eldest.  In
stature they varied but little from the medium size.  The fashion
of wearing cues still existed to some extent  at that time—they
were worn  by the professors  and by all gentlemen  who had
passed the meridian of life,  and continued to  be worn to the ter-
minus of their earthly existence.  Could I now place before you
a diagram or a photographic representation so constructed  as to
depict  in the liveliest colors all the countenances, the gestures,
the personal appearance, and the peculiarities of that interesting
group, together with the  genius and  talent manifested in  the
adaptation of each to the  different  spheres in  which  he was
engaged, and such as now appears before my mental vision with
all its freshness as if it had occurred but yesterday, methinks it
could not fail in interesting and even delighting you all.  But
such pleasant impressions, unfortunately, are incapable of being
transferred to any other being, and can only be enjoyed by those
who witnessed them.
   A distressing catastrophe occurred in December, 1811, in the
burning of the Richmond Theatre, in which the lives of the Gov-
ernor of Virginia, and of a sister of one of the students attending
the lectures, were lost, as well as of some relatives and friends of 
7
other students.   Great excitement prevailed in our city for several
days in consequence of it.  A very large procession of students,
and young men of the city who sympathized with them, to the
number of one thousand, formed at the University in Ninth Street,
and marched to the corner of Fourth  and Pine Streets to hear a
discourse from  the Rev. Dr. Alexander, the pastor of that church.
The text was  "Weep with them that weep."   It was truly a
solemn occasion.
   The lectures, as before  stated, closed about the first of March
every year.  It was required of all the students who intended
coming forward for graduation to write a thesis on some medical
subject, upon which it was expected they would be examined by
the  professor into whose hands the. thesis came, which generally
was received by the professor who  lectured  on  the subject con-
tained in said thesis. The whole of March was generally occupied
in the examination of students.   The number who graduated on
the first  of April, 1813, the day of the commencement, was sixty,
very few of whom are now living.
   It may not be considered as entirely out of place here to advert
to the manner in which  these  examinations were  made  at that
time.  The  professors having received the theses, which were
presented immediately after the lectures closed, made all  due
preparation for examination, and accordingly notified each student
on what  day and hour to appear before them for examination.
At the time designated, the poor fellow was introduced into a.
large vacant room in the back part of the then University build-
ing,  on Ninth Street below Market, precisely on the same spot
on which the building now devoted to the  literary department
stands.  When  the proper time for examination arrived, the dean
conducted the  student into  his new abode,  the green box,  and
shut the door upon him.  He stood there solitary; no eye beheld
him, nor did  he see the face of any one. In a  few moments he
heard the voice of one of his previous teachers  interrogating
him, to which he responded; questions were  put  and responses
followed  until the professor was  satisfied pro or con.  The pro-
fessor of another branch interrogated him in a similar manner, to
which he responded for weal  or  for woe.   This was to  some a
fiery ordeal  to  pass through before attaining the object in view.
After the interrogations were  closed, instead  of his fears being 
                              8

allayed, they were greatly aggravated for the time being, for he
well knew that the ballot was to  be taken.  He listened,  and
heard the dropping of the first  ball;  then another and another
fell, until the whole six were cast.  In this suspense he was left
until, the dean having counted the balls, the  door opened.  If
successful, the dean introduced him to the whole faculty as Doc-
tor of Medicine, with  whom he shook hands, they individually
wishing him all the success in life he could possibly enjoy.  This
event constituted the happiest day of  his life.  The introduction
being ended,  he was requested to walk in the front apartment of
the building, to affix his name as one of the successful candidates.
If, on the contrary, success did not crown his  former efforts, he
silently and unobservedly passed through the  back part of the
building  into Tenth  Street,  to  elude the notice  of  his former
friends, and was in  all probability the occupant of the first stage
for the place of his nativity.  Fortunately such a state of things
did not often occur;  but when it did  occur, it required no inge-
nuity to ferret out or no superior judgment  to  discern the cause
of the failure: it was simply that industry and perseverance,
which can effect almost anything that is capable of being effected,
were  lost sight of  and practically ignored—a  circumstance to
which are due all the failures in all the avocations of life, whether
mechanical, commercial, or professional.
   At the time  of taking tickets for the full  course of lectures it
was customary to take a hospital ticket also, in order to have the
privilege of attending  twice a week or oftener during the time
in which  the two courses of lectures were delivered.  This was
justly considered, if properly improved, of great practical advan-
tage to the student.
   Although more than fifty years have passed away, very little
change  in the  institution or its surroundings  is  perceptible at
present to the  casual  observer, particularly  as it relates to  the
size of the trees  or the appearance of the building.  There was
then a  whole vacant  square  of ground on  the  east, west, and
south sides of it, belonging to the institution.   The Almshouse
then occupied the whole  square from  Tenth to Eleventh Streets,
between Spruce and  Pine Streets; several  years  after which it
was  removed to  its present  location  over the  Schuylkill.  The
County Prison was then  located at the corner of Walnut and 
9
Sixth Streets, extending to Prune Street, with Potter's Field
opposite to it, now Washington Square.  Walnut Street Prison,
together with the prison in Arch Street above Broad for vagrants
and untried prisoners, were removed to Moyamensing many years
since, constituting what is now called the Moyamensing Prison.
  As already mentioned, the first  day of April was fixed upon
as the day of the commencement, which was held at the hall in
Fourth  Street below Arch Street,  accompanied by appropriate
ceremonies, on which occasion each graduate was to receive his
diploma, signed  by all the faculty  of medicine and also by the
provost of the literary department of the University, Rev. Dr. An-
drews.  This last-named officer signed each diploma, but previous
to the day of the commencement he passed away to that bourne
from which no traveller returns.  Dr. Rush, who was also present
at the commencement, in  perfect health,  was also called away
nineteen days after the  commencement, aged sixty-seven years.
The sixty graduates were divided among  the six professors, and
invited to dine with them on the day of graduation.  The day  of
the consummation of all their earthly wishes—the goal which they
had for so many years  striven to reach, was attained,  as well as
all the honors emanating therefrom.  As one of the recipients  of
these  favors, it became necessary for  me to return to my native
place in the  State of  New York, and thence to Troy, where the
commission of Assistant Surgeon was  conferred upon  me by a
regiment then about to march to the northern frontier,  to protect
the State from the invasion of  the enemy.   There were then  no
railroads or steamboats in vogue.   There was a line  of stages,
called the Swift Sure Line,  which engaged to convey its passen-
gers  to New York, both safely and swiftly, in thirty hours, a
great  achievement in  those days.   The line started from Fourth
Street and Appletree  Alley every morning, reaching  Summer-
ville,  New Jersey, that  night, and  New York the next day  at
noon.   There were then two steamboats on the North River, that
had just commenced running to Albany at the rate  of four miles
an hour, which was considered  as a  great improvement  on former
travelling, inasmuch as there was a great certainty of its accom-
plishment in  a given  period of time.  The Hudson  River was
the great commercial thoroughfare  from the city of New York  to
Albany, which was previously traversed by sailing vessels, being 
10
 entirely controlled by the  winds and tides.  If the  north wind
 blew freshly, the voyage from Albany to the city of  New York,
 150 miles, could be made in a very short time; but if a calm or
 opposing wind prevailed, it might take a week or more to effect
 the object; hence the four  miles an  hour, as attained by steam,
 although very slow, was, by reason of its certainty, considered a
 great triumph at that time.   It required at that rate thirty-six
 hours to go from New York to Albany by steam; it now requires
 only four hours to go the same distance by railroad.  The present
 celerity is consequently nine times greater than the improvement
 by steamers in 1813.   What  mind then  conceived the idea that
 the time was not far off when the distance which it required
 thirty six  hours to traverse  by the locomotion then  existing,
 could be accomplished in  four  hours, without the hoof of an
 animal or the wheel of a vehicle touching the earth over which
 it passed, requiring not the equestrian, and scarcely the terrestrial,
 in its accomplishment?
   Several years before the completion of the magnetic telegraph,
 in conversation with  Mr. Morse,  he stated to me that his brother
 and himself were engaged in maturing a plan, by which, through
 the medium of magnetic influence, a common wire could be made
 to communicate  intelligence, even  through  unlimited  space,
 quicker than the lightning flash.  This was accomplished, and
 was justly considered the wonder of the world.
   Less than eighteen months since, in conversation with the same
 individual, on the subject  of the improvements that had been
 made in science  and  the  arts within the last  semi-centennial
 period, he stated it to be his firm conviction that, in the semi-cen-
 tennial period just commenced, as great improvements would be
 made in the arts and sciences as in the last, and even, if possible,
 productive of more important results; among which was men-
 tioned the introduction of heated air, instead of steam, as a pro-
 pelling power, which he firmly believed was not only capable of,
 but actually would be effected, within the period above designated.
 He appears to be as confident of its success as he was of the mag-
netic telegraph in his earliest thoughts upon the subject.  If the
heated air could be thus effectively brought  into operation, so as
to take the place of steam, it would, in a humanitarian point of
view, far excel in importance anything ever yet developed by the 
11
genius of man.   The genius of this gentleman is now engaged in
fathoming out the deep recesses of this intricate subject.   May
the time be not far distant in which his investigations and success
may be fully consummated. Other minds are engaged in investi-
gating other subjects, so that we may expect a progressive move-
ment in the arts and sciences on every hand, in all time to come,
to the astonishment of the world.
   While attending  the  lectures of 1812 and 1813, we were in-
volved  in a war with Great Britain; it was called the AVar of
1812.  During  this time, we frequently heard of our  victories
on the sea, and  that, too, with  a nation that was considered as the
greatest maritime power on earth.   We had a very small navy
at the time, notwithstanding which, in combat with England, we
showed our superiority in activity and nautical  skill.  In five
engagements out of six on the sea, we were  victorious. We  were
also successful on Lake Erie under Perry, and on Lake Champ-
lain under McDonough—in both instances against superior forces.
This demonstrated clearly our superiority as a maritime power.
Upon investigation it was found that our success depended upon
activity and skill.   We fired  three guns to their two throughout
the whole of the engagements, besides aiming our guns with more
precision, and consequently with more effect, which fully unrav-
elled that which was at first thought to be a  mystery.  This event,
by reason of England's  inferiority, placed her in a position  cate-
gorically as the second maritime power on the ocean.  Her motto,
"Britannia rules the wave," was no longer a just appellation when
she thus lost her prestige.  We humbled her pride in that in which
she prided herself most.   We plucked the laurel from her brow.
Though in a small way, it was  nevertheless conclusive and deci-
sive.  It then occurred to me, though young and inexperienced,
that she would never again declare war against this  country.
Although in one sense  her progeny, we nevertheless are consti-
tuted a new and highly revised, corrected, improved, and embel-
lished edition, which will always  hereafter cast the  old one into
the shade.
   In the beginning of  July, 1822,  the bilious  remittent fever
made its appearance in the district of Spring Garden and in the
adjoining country, extending along  the  Schuylkill  for several
miles above  the city,  and  also  prevailed to  a great  extent
• 
12
throughout the Western and Southwestern States.   The part of
the then district  of Spring Garden to which your attention is
particularly directed at this time was situated between Seventh
Street on  the  east, and Tenth Street  on the  west, Green Street
on the north,  and Vine  Street on the  south, containing about
two thousand  inhabitants.   Directly north of CallowhiU Street
there was  a stream of water called Pegg's Run, originating from
a spring in the vicinity of Green and Broad Streets, running
southeasterly,  a very short  distance above CallowhiU Street,
then emptying itself into the Delaware River.  The inhabitants
of the district, being principally victuallers or butchers, were in
the constant habit of emptying their offal into the run, and  also
sinking barrels to contain the  blood  which  accumulated  for
weeks  together, in order to sell  it to the sugar refiners, for the
purpose of refining sugar, it being thought at that time an indis-
pensable article for that  purpose.   By being so long kept, it
necessarily became  very offensive, and, together with the offals,
rendered the  atmosphere very obnoxious to the olfactories of
those passing  by or living in  its  vicinity.  It was several years
after this that  the run was culverted over, forming what is called
Willow Street, On which is now placed a double track of railroad
running from  the Delaware to the Schuylkill.   This nuisance,.
however, was  not the cause of the disease, as it had existed for
many years without producing any disease whatever—the inhabi-
tants of that region enjoying as good health as in any part of the
city.  The disease was produced not from animal, but from vege-
table decomposition.  The part of the district  above Green Street
was composed of lots of ground which had been dug out for the
purpose of  obtaining clay from  which  to manufacture bricks.
These lots constituted an extended area, being filled with stag-
nant water, in many instances quite  offensive, from which ema-
nated an effluvia or miasma, productive of disease, and which no
doubt caused  the concentration of the affection within the small
space above alluded to—not one case of fever occurring, to my
knowledge, south of  Vine Street.  At  that  time the streets of
the city running  north and south were only opened to Callow-
hill Street on  the north.   Marshall Street, Seventh  Street, Law-
rence  (now  Franklin) Street,  Ninth,  Tenth,  Eleventh, Twelfth,
t 
13
 and all the streets west as far as the Schuylkill  River, were only
 opened as far north as CallowhiU Street.
   The whole district, which did not then contain more than two
 thousand inhabitants, but which now contains a population of at
 least two hundred thousand, had more than one-half of its num-
 ber prostrated by the fever within the space of a few weeks.  In
 my own practice three hundred cases occurred, all sufficiently ill
 to  be confined to their  beds.   In some families,  scarcely one
 escaped.  The disease was ushered  in, as acute bilious affections
 generally are,  with a chill, more  or less violent,  accompanied
 with fever, headache, pain in the limbs, &c.  The violence of the
 symptoms varied very much with the state of the system at the
 time of the attack, as well as the peculiarities of temperament of
 the patient previous to  his illness.   These different phases of
 course required a corresponding difference of treatment, as the
 nature of the case required.  The  same kind  of treatment  was
 pursued in all the  cases, only modified in form and extent to
 meet present exigencies.  All, whether the case was sthenic or
 asthenic, required a mercurial cathartic before any other remedy
 was ordered, very mild  or drastic, as the state of  the  system
 called for, or  which the safety of the patient would  dictate.
 After cleansing out the  primae viae, or acting upon the biliary
 secretions  satisfactorily, the extract of  bark was  administered
 during  the remission, which generally occurred in the morning
 The extract then took the place of the powdered bark, which  had
 been previously given in all such cases; the extract being more
 concentrated, was less bulky, more easily taken, and of course
 preferable to  the  previous  mode of administering it.  This  was
 several  years  previous to  the introduction of the  sulphate of
 quinia or cinchonia  into  practice.   During the  exacerbation re-
 frigerants of various kinds were employed.   When any local
 symptoms occurred  requiring treatment, applications were made
 to  the affected part, such  as  cupping, leeching,  blistering, or
 counter-irritants of  various kinds, as the nature of the cases
 might require.
  The bilious  remittent was in very many cases succeeded  by
intermittent fever.   This  was frequently produced by too much
exposure and too much  exertion being made  use of during  the
convalescence of the remittent, which exposure was in many 
                             14

instances  made  necessary in consequence  of the poverty of the
patients compelling them to return to their former avocations to
supply their wants before their strength was sufficient to endure
the fatigue.  The frequent  recurrence of  the  chills, after  they
had  apparently been  cured, was very harassing not only to the
patient but to the physician  attending.  This  led  me strictly to
scrutinize the nature  of the case.  It was found that the effects
of the cinchona left  the system exposed  to  another attack in
fourteen days from the preceding chill.  It then occurred to me
that, by giving the extract  of cinchona every twelfth day, thus
anticipating the chill two days, and continuing every twelfth day
to give the remedy for four or five times in succession, the  con-
catenation of action existing in  the  system in the reproduction
of this disease would be effectually dissevered.  My anticipations
were perfectly realized.  Forty-three  years have nearly transpired
since my introduction of this plan, which  has been pursued by
me ever since to my entire satisfaction.
   Of three hundred cases of bilious fever under my care, all but
three recovered.  These three  cases of necessity could not be
expected to recover, inasmuch  as they were so connected with
other affections as to make their cure next  to  impossible.   The
cases of fever just alluded to were very different from the cases
which are generally met with at present.   There was then less
tendency in  the  disease to  run into the  typhoid state, and of
course less danger to be apprehended as to a fatal result.   The
youngest patient in the group of those affected was one day old,
having  a chill soon after birth; that patient was not treated by
the extract, as it was too bulky to be taken by so young a child.
The Fowler's mineral solution was substituted satisfactorily.  The
mother  of this child  was the only  patient that  was prostrated
into a typhus state, requiring a pint of brandy a day for several
days in succession until  the recovery was sufficient to dispense
with the  stimulus.   The oldest patient was ninety-three  years
old,  and also recovered.
   The principal object in view in giving a sketch of this epi-
demic, is to exhibit to you  the wonderful effects of cinchona  on
the human system.  Periodicity, pyrexia, apyrexia, intermissions,
remissions, and exacerbations, all fade away  before  its magic
touch.  All the turmoils and stormy excitements through which 
15
the system passes in all such cases, are quelled by its power.  A
calm succeeds it; the calm of health.  But these are not all of
its merits, it is one of the greatest tonics we have.  In all anaemic
diseases, and in all diseases in which tonics are required, it stands
pre-eminent.  The Countess of Cinchon is said to have been the
first one to take the bark to Europe, in consequence of which
Linnaeus honored  her by calling it  cinchona.  Why cannot we,
who know so much more of its merits, go a little further and
crown it the queen of tonics.
  The apothecary store that compounded nearly all the prescrip-
tions that were used in this epidemic was  located at the  corner
of Chester^d Race Streets, there being no apothecary north of
Race or #«et of Third Street at that time.
  In consequence  of the great drain for some years past on the
cinchona tree in different parts of South America,  the attention
of Holland and the East India Company has been  called  to the
subject, and they have undertaken to acclimatize cinchona plants
in the East, with a reasonable prospect of success.  It is  also
suggested  that the  area of the cinchona tree  be  extended to
climates and soil congenial to its growth, which, it is to be hoped,
will eventually cause the supply far to exceed the demand for all
time to come.
  The question was frequently asked, how it was that nearly the
whole  district alluded to came directly under my care.   It was
simply this: The physician formerly practising  in  that vicinity
had just removed  to  another location  some distance off.  My
friends, having previously introduced me  into a few families in
the district, brought me at once into the very midst of the  epi-
demic.  Living then in Race  Street below Fourth, it was  no
trifling matter to visit, as a pedestrian, so many patients.  While
the disease was  at its height, as many as seventy-five  patients were
visited  every day for three days in succession, many of whom,
being very ill, were visited two or three times a day during that
time.  After the disease had  in a great measure passed away,
having been exposed for many weeks to  such an atmosphere, the
malady became riveted in my system, so that the prescriber  had
now to  be  prescribed for, being  prostrated for more than four
weeks  on his pallet, to imbibe the  nauseating doses he had so
often prescribed to the poor fellows under his charge. 
16
  In the interrogations which have so frequently been put to me,
my good health has been alluded to as enabling  me to perform
the amount of exercise  which was  usual  for me to take from
day to day.  The supposition was not  correct.   It was not my
health that enabled me  to do so much; but, instead thereof, it
was the very exercise that was instrumental, under  Providence,
in giving me such a portion of health as to enable me to perform
it.  At the age of ten years, my life was placed in  great jeopardy,
by reason  of dyspepsia,  and  ever since has been more or less
affected by it, notwithstanding which, it has been partially sub-
dued in consequence of the exercise.  It affords me much pleasure
in seeing our worthy President and many of my medical asso-
ciates, whom I so much respect, whose good health enables them
to enjoy a  good ride with so much zest.   They will, no doubt,
be willing  to reciprocate to me the same pleasure, when they see
me perambulating the streets in search of that health which they
so much enjoy, and at the same time they will accord to me the
same  pleasure while performing  so  much on my physical under-
standings.
   In  the year 1825 (that is, forty  years ago), it was estimated
that at least 30,000 of  the citizens of this country descended
prematurely into a drunkard's grave  every year; nor was the
estimate considered by  any means  extravagant.  This state of
things was appalling.  Rum and whiskey held a prominent po-
sition in all the avenues and  business transactions of life.  It
then  appeared urgently  necessary to  make some effort to stay
the torrent of death and destruction which was sweeping over
our land—an effort for  the suppression  of these evils, by dis-
couraging the use of the articles above alluded  to.  It was my
privilege, with some others, to enter  early into the arena and take
an active part in combating with such a formidable foe; a privi-
lege it might well be esteemed, and  even a luxury, to aid in any
degree in diminishing such evils as these.   Temperance societies
were formed and all the necessary intelligence placed before the
people to enlighten them on the  subject,* nor were these  efforts

   * The first temperance society was formed in my parlor, in July, 1827, com-
posed of laymen from the different religious  denominations in the city.  Dr.
George H. Burgin, Dr. Elijah Griffiths, Peter Hay, now Alderman, Charles J. Sut-
ter, Daniel Smith, David McClure. and L. P. Gebhard, and another, whose name I 
17
 in vain in the  production of important results, in  the reforma-
 tion  of many  abuses with which we were  then surrounded.
 Previous to this time, there was a sideboard in the parlor of every
 respectable  house in the city, on which was paraded  a large
 waiter containing a  number of cut-glass decanters  filled with
 various colored liquids, all of an intoxicating character, calculated
 to captivate the eye and  allure the  taste.  If a friend or acquaint-
 ance happened  to make a call, he was introduced into the parlor,
 and,  after the common salutations of the day were passed, the
 question  was put, " What will you  take to drink to-day?"  This
 was  invariably put as an act of hospitality.  The visitor rarely
 declined, as  politeness dictated the necessity of partaking of such
 hospitality.   Thus, no doubt,  many drunkards were made  by
 simply yielding to the solicitations of  some friend  or acquaint-
 ance.  In less than two  years from the  commencement of this
 effort, not a  sideboard could be found in the parlor of any of the
 houses where they previously existed, having been withdrawn  to
 give place to sofas, which have occupied their place  ever since.
 This change was very desirable, inasmuch as  it did  away with
 an obnoxious practice miscalled hospitality.
   At that time, also, merchants were in  the habit of treating their
 customers coming into the city to purchase goods, by keeping
 liquor on the back part of the  counters in their stores.   By this
 means many a customer,  having thus partaken, in various places,
 of the bewitching draught, was induced to purchase more goods
 than  he was  able to pay for; and thus unwittingly the plan that
 was adopted to  allure the purchaser fell with a crushing weight
 on the seller.   It frequently occurred to my mind, at that time,
 that the loss  of  millions of money to the city, through the defec-
 tions of Western and Southwestern  merchants,  was probably due
 to that  cause, or at any rate that the practice militated very much
 against the  customer's ability to fulfil  his contracts.   That ob-
 noxious custom also yielded to the reformation  of  the day.  The

 do not now recollect, constituted  the meeting, which afterwards became the
 State Temperance Society of Pennsylvania.
  While thus engaged, it gives me pleasure to allude to the names of Drs. Con-
die and Bell, who were engaged in other localities in resisting the onward march
of  this direful  scourge—soon after which Messrs. Carey, Newkirk,-£». Jewell,
and a host of others came in to aid the work.
       2 
                             18

same  habit, also  existing among  mechanics, who treated  their
journeymen and  apprentices, and  among farmers,  who  treated
their laborers, was likewise abolished.
  At that time the whole community was literally steeped in rum
or its  satellites.  A child could not be born, or a person married,
or a house  built, or any convocation whatever be assembled for
any important object, or any smaller number of individuals col-
lected together for the transaction of any business, without being
more or less contaminated by the article.  A persistent effort was
therefore necessary to render the practice unfashionable.
  At  the birth of every child, it was considered necessary by the
nurse to wash  the child from  head to foot with whiskey, and
whenever the child was dressed  the same process was pursued,
which was very strenuously opposed  by me in every instance.
The greatest objection  to this  practice was, that the nurse not
unfrequently washed her palate with the same article to the  great
injury of the mother, whose life was thus placed in jeopardy by a
drunken nurse.  As soon as this practice was laid aside, we were
relieved  from drunken nurses  and from  the danger  to which
the mother and child were previously exposed.
  Another fashion prevailed at that period.  Immediately after
the child was born, or as soon as  the  nature of the case would
permit, a cap was  placed  on the child's head,  being in  accord-
ance with an old  English custom.  The  fashion was injurious,
inasmuch as it exposed  the child to take cold by the frequent
change of caps from a thick linen to a fine  lace  one.   Mothers
manifested great  pride in furnishing  themselves with a number
of these lace caps, to outvie their  friends and  acquaintances in the
beauty and  costliness of the article.  It was, therefore, no easy
matter to overcome former prejudices when coming in contact
with  pride and personal appearance.  This difficulty, however,
gradually yielded to  the solicitations of the physician and the
more matured reflection and consideration of the mother.
   Although, from what has been  said, it must be conceded that
the temperance effort was instrumental  in effecting much  good to
the community at large, for the time, it is nevertheless to be deeply
deplored that within a few years  past a retrograde  movement
has commenced which  bids fair to involve  us, as a community,
sooner or  later, in the same  ruin.  One of the most  efficient 
19
agencies in producing such a result is the extensive introduction
of what are called tonic bitters, of various stamps, the only object
of which is sordid gain to the vender; these so-called tonics being
nothing  more than  rum  or whiskey of an inferior quality, in
which are infused a few bitter herbs to conceal the rummy taste,
and palmed off upon the unsuspecting  and unwary as a certain
cure for dyspepsia and every disease to which  the human system
is liable.  Newspapers, placards, and pamphlets laud up these
remedies as panaceas capable of curing all the ills to which man
is  heir;  whereas they never cure, but  almost invariably,  by
being frequently  partaken  of, lead to drunkenness and ruin.
Many of our most respectable citizens are now partaking of these
poisonous articles simply because they are sold as medicines.  It
is, therefore, the duty of the medical profession, on  all  occasions,
to  denounce  them as pernicious and highly  destructive  to the
human system, particularly when  partaken of for any length of
time.
   Much  more  might be  said on the various  topics introduced
into this address, but the intention was simply to take a  bird's-
eye view, as it were, of different incidents and facts which came
within my knowledge from forty  to  more than fifty years ago.
These, though imperfectly given, may still possess some interest
to those who are too young to have any personal knowledge of
the facts or incidents therein contained.
   In relation  to our afflicted, and, at  the same time, beloved
country, what can we say ?  May He who swayeth the sceptre of
empires, and controls the destinies of man, grant us  such a peace
as shall be consistent with His heavenly and divine  will—such a
peace as shall produce prosperity, unity, and harmony throughout
all our borders, that soon we may be a happy and united people,
whose God is the Lord.

  After reading my address before this Society, it was thought
by  some  of my medical brethren, and so expressed to me, that
giving a sketch of the most prominent  physicians  residing and
practising in Philadelphia in the latter  part of the  last and the
beginning of the present  century, would be appropriate on  the
present occasion, which induced me  to  bring the  subject now
before you.  It was also suggested  to say something of the yel- 
20
low  fever of 1820, the influenza  of 1825, and the cholera of
1832.
  I  am indebted to Dr. Condie, who wras  then or soon  after a
young practitioner in the southern part of the city, for his short
sketch of the physicians living and practising in  that locality at
that  time, being in  the  majority of cases personally acquainted
with them.  I will give you his account of .them verbatim, which
he was so kind  as to send to me at my request, embracing those
with whom I had very little if any personal acquaintance.


                   PROMINENT PHYSICIANS.

  " The more prominent physicians of the  southern portion and
adjoining districts of Philadelphia, during  the latter part of the
last and the early part of the present century, were
  1.  Dr. Adam Kuhn, the fellow  pupil and correspondent of
Linnaeus, and the first Professor of Materia Medica in the Phila-
delphia Medical School.   I do not think that Dr. Kuhn ever had
a very  extensive practice.  As  early as  1808 he had entirely
retired from business.   He died in 1817, at  the age of 75 years.
  2.  Dr. William  Cuerie.  He commenced practice in 1784,
after having served  as surgeon in the Eevolutionary army.   He
was a gentleman of  profound learning, an indefatigable student,
a close  observer, and most successful practitioner.  He devoted
himself for many years to a careful  study of the more prevalent
diseases, endemic and  epidemic, of the United States, especially
in reference to their etiology, diagnosis, and  course.   His various
publications,  more  particularly  those relating  to  the endemic
fevers of the country, are  distinguished by careful analysis and
accuracy of  delineation; they may be consulted even now  with
profit.   He died in 1829, aged 74 years.
  3.  Dr. Benjamin Ddffield practised from 1774 to 1799.
  4.  Dr. Samuel Duffield, from 1754 to  1814.  The practice
of both of these gentlemen was very extensive;  they ranked
among the most extensively engaged and successful obstetricians
of their day.
  5.  Dr. Samuel  P.  Griffiths.  This gentleman  had a most
extensive practice.  His medical career extended from 1781 to
1826.  He was  particularly distinguished  in his services during 
21
the prevalence of yellow fever  in the summer and  autumn  of
1793 and 1798  and subsequently.   To the  exertions of Dr. G.,
we are mainly indebted  for the establishment and efficiency of
the city and district dispensaries.  Upon the meetings of these
institutions he was assiduous in his attendance, and noted for his
strict punctuality as to time.  This was the more to be commended,
inasmuch as he never rode either to these meetings or in attend-
ance upon his patients.
   6. Dr. John Euan was in practice from 1793 to 1844.  This
gentleman enjoyed also a large practice, and secured and main-
tained the esteem and confidence of his numerous patients.
   7. Dr. Thomas Parke, President of the College of Physicians
from 1818 to  1834, both inclusive.   He died in 1834, at an ad-
vanced age.  The manners of Dr. Parke were plain and unas-
suming. He was what might with some propriety be denominated
a  quiet practitioner.  He ranked among the most skilful  and
successful physicians  of his day.  By the poor he was highly
esteemed.
   8 and 9. Among the early medical practitioners of the southern
parts of the city  and adjacent  districts we  must include Dr.
Monges and La Eoche, Sr.   Both  of these gentlemen  ranked
very high in the profession.  They are said, but  especially Dr.
Monges, to have been particularly successful  in the treatment of
yellow fever in their day, one of the common  autumnal endemics
of our city.
   10. Dr. Thomas T. Hewson, from 1800 to 1848.  Dr. Hewson
at one time had a large practice in  all the departments of medi-
cine, among the families residing in the lower wards and  districts
of Philadelphia.  During the prevalence of the yellow  fever in
1804, he is reputed to have attended the greater part of all the
cases which occurred in the then district of Southwark.
   11. Dr. Henry Neill, from  1807 to 1845.  As an obstetrician,
he was  extensively employed in what are now the first, second,
third, fourth, and twenty-sixth wards  of the city.   He was popu-
lar, and is said to have been highly successful.
   12. Dr. Joseph Hartshorne practised from 1807 to 1850.  Dr.
n. had a very considerable practice among some of the most in-
fluential families of the southern districts of Philadelphia, whose 
22
confidence he retained up to the period of his demise;  the same
remark may also be made in reference to
  13. Dr. Joseph Parrish.
  14. Dr. Caldwell, during his residence in Philadelphia, strove
to establish himself in practice  in the southern part of the city.
He did not succeed, however, to any great extent.  His manners
were not adapted  to acquire for him any degree of popularity
with that class of  citizens who  inhabit the district in which he
was desirous of locating himself as a physician.
  15. Dr. Klapp  for nearly  half a century engrossed to a very
great extent the medical practice of Southwark, Moyamensing,
and Passyunk.  He was well  informed, of  polished manners, and
good address.   As a physician  he was eminently successful, and
enjoyed the esteem and  confidence of the  families in which he
had been employed in the  commencement of his medical career
up to the period of his death,  which occurred suddenly.
  16. Dr. Harvey Klapp, the brother of Joseph, enjoyed a large
practice in the southern districts."

  As relates to Drs. Euan, Hewson, Neill, Hartshorne, Parrish,
and Klapp, I can fully indorse all that has been said of them as
correct, inasmuch as I was  personally acquainted with them, and
am pleased to  be  enabled to add  something more  in  commen-
dation of those worthy men, not only as physicians but as men.
  Dr. Parrish was mild  and  amiable in his demeanor, pleasant
and  agreeable in conversation, and in personal appearance rather
attractive.   He had an extensive practice, which  necessarily gave
him much experience in the  treatment of  disease, and was hence
justly appreciated  as one of our first physicians, being frequently
called in consultation with  younger practitioners.   He  had a
large number of students to whom he gave private lectures, which  ,
were very interesting, inasmuch as they entered into the minutiae
of every day's practice, such  as are not generally dwelt upon in
the medical lectures of the schools, the  time necessary to devote
to such minutiae not admitting of it.
   Dr. Parrish,  in the benevolence of his heart, was in the habit of
inviting the poor to his office one hour every day, to prescribe for
them gratis, which custom he continued for many years.  The mo-
tive was good, and the act praiseworthy, particularly if confined to 
23
those for whom it was intended.  But no doubt this kindness
was frequently taken advantage of by many resorting thither to
partake of  its benefits,  who were amply able to remunerate him
for his services, and thus defrauded the doctor out of his just due.
Such cases came within my own knowledge.   Such  impositions
as these have led physicians of  late to adopt a different plan, and
only prescribe gratuitously for those who are really known to be
in want.
   Other physicians were also  in the habit of doing  the same
thing, only not to the same extent, their gratuity being principally
confined to patients within their own private practice.
   Dr. Hartshorne in his appearance was very different from Dr. P.
being more quiet and reserved  in his manner.   He was particu-
larly so in the sick-room, being satisfied to make no more remarks
than were absolutely necessary to the  full investigation  of the
case.   Among his medical brethren he was much more conversa-
ble and sociable; he was engaged in a very large practice, which
gave him much experience, which matured his judgment in pre-
scribing for the cases brought before him.   His  consultation
practice was very extensive. One qualification  he possessed  in
an eminent degree—that was a strict punctiliousness in the observ-
ance of medical etiquette, which ought to be observed and  highly
estimated by every member of the  medical profession.  It gives
me great pleasure to be enabled to say that, in all my intercourse
with physicians for a  long series of years, they have been with
very few exceptions great advocates for its faithful observance.
This subject is  more particularly alluded to  in  the  present case
in consequence of a much  greater  intimacy with Dr. H.,  having
more frequently met him in consultation than with any others of
the profession.  In all his walks and transactions in life, whether
in or out of the medical profession, his uniform conduct was that
of a just and honorable man and a social companion.  Dr. Harts-
borne graduated at the University of Pennsylvania  in 1805, and
died in 1850, aged 70  years.
   Dr. John C.  Otto graduated at the University of Pennsylvania
in 1796, and died in 1844, at the age of 70  years.  He was a gen-
tleman of  the  old school, rather  dignified in his appearance,
though plain and affable in his demeanor, and accessible to all.
He  was justly  considered  as  an  excellent physician; was  fre- 
24
quently called  in  consultation with  young  practitioners.  His
practice was not very extensive, but nevertheless very respectable.
It was among that  class of citizens who never  hesitated to pay
their bills.   It was  only necessary to know that the  doctor pre-
viously attended the patient and an assurance came that one dollar
per visit would  be cheerfully paid.  It was very pleasant to tread
in the footsteps of such a predecessor.  It only showed the advan-
tage of schooling patients in the  way of doing  that which was
right  in a  pecuniary point of view.  Dr. Otto  attended in the
yellow fever of 1797 and 1798 as well as in the year succeeding.
He was a non-importationist as well  as a non-contagionist.
  Dr. Thomas  T. Hewson was physically very small in stature,
but mentally was far higher than ordinary men of full growth.
He was so dignified in his deportment  as always to command
the respect  of all with  whom he associated.  Although he was
apparently somewhat stern in his manner, he was  nevertheless
courteous  and  gentlemanly.  lie  had a finely  cultivated mind,
with  an enlarged experience, and was generally esteemed as a
good  practitioner.
  Dr. Chapman was appointed an  adjunct to Dr. James  in ob-
stetrics. He afterwards was appointed to the Chair of the Practice
of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania.   In consequence
of a defect  about the palate, his enunciation was neither clear
nor distinct, but after hearing him for a  while the defect became
gradually less observable.   He was a fine writer, and  possessed
a well-cultivated mind, naturally above the ordinary capacity.
He was altogether an interesting lecturer.   He was a great advo-
cate for the doctrine of  sympathy and sympathetic diseases.  He
died in 1853, aged 74 years.   He was a graduate of  the Univer-
sity in 1801.
  Dr. Eberle  was  a practitioner in Philadelphia in 1816, and
had a respectable practice.   He  came  from the interior of the
State; had  a German accent; and  was plain and social in his
manner.   He wrote a book on the  Practice of Medicine, gener-
ally approved,  and far from being devoid  of  merit.   He was
appointed a professor in Jefferson College when it was first insti-
tuted  ; a few years  after which he was  appointed a  professor  in
a western  institution, which he accepted, and soon after left the
city.  He  was also  editor of the " Medical Eecorder" for several 
25
 years in this city.  The Doctor graduated in the University in
 1809, and died in 1838, aged 54 years.
   Dr. Janney graduated in the University of Pennsylvania in
 1813.  He  located himself in  the Northern Liberties, and soon
 after his graduation commenced practice in that vicinity, and
 continued there until his death, in 1859.  He had a very exten-
 sive  practice;  was highly esteemed both as a man and a physi-
 cian.  His deportment  in life was just and honorable, such as to
i call forth the esteem of the community at large.
   Dr. Wm. P. Dewees  graduated in the University of Pennsyl-
 vania in 1806.   He delivered private lectures during my attend-
 ance at the University in 1811, 1812, and  1813,  which were
 attended by many of the University students, supposing them to
 be advantageous in consequence of the great practical experience
 of the  Doctor.   In his lectures  he stated  that he had then
 delivered six  thousand women, probably a  larger number than
 had been delivered by any American physician before.  He was,
 notwithstanding, a  fine  ruddy-looking man, apparently no worse
 from wear and tear or having passed through such a fiery ordeal.
 He was a clear and distinct lecturer, manifesting great facility in
 the elucidation of his subject.   He possessed decided ability as a
 lecturer.  He died in  1841, aged  74 years, a number of years
 after having been appointed to fill the obstetrical  chair in  the
 University of Pennsylvania.
   I became acquainted  with Dr. Franklin Bache in 1811.   He
 was then a  private pupil of Dr. Bush, and  also attended the lec-
 tures.  He graduated in 1814.   I quote from Dr. Band's introduc-
 tory of  1864 before the  Jefferson College.  " While yet a student
 he entered the army as surgeon's mate, and was appointed full sur-
 geon in 1814.   In 1816 he resigned from  the army  and entered
 into private practice,   ne was physician to the Walnut  Street
 Prison from 1^24 to 1836, and  to the Eastern Penitentiary from
 1829 to 1836.   During the fearful ravages  of cholera  he was
 conspicuous for  his humanity  and assiduity.  He was a  public
 lecturer at  the  Franklin Institute in 1826.  In 1831 he  was
 appointed Professor of  Chemistry in the Philadelphia College of
 Pharmacy, which he held for ten years.  In 1841 he was chosen
 Professor of Chemistry  in the Jefferson College.  As a lecturer
the Doctor  made no pretensions to oratory,  but was, notwith- 
26
standing, a very satisfactory lecturer.  In 1853 he was elected
President of the American Philosophical Society;  in 1855 Vice-
President of the Philadelphia  College of Physicians, two of the
oldest  and most distinguished  institutions of  sciences  in the
United States, the former dating from 1743 and the latter from
1787.  In private life he was warm hearted and  genial; witty,
with a keen  sense of humor.   His unostentatious charities will
be long  and gratefully  remembered by their former recipients.
Besides numerous contributions to scientific publications, Dr. B.
edited  "Turner's  Chemistry,"  " Ure's  Dictionary," "Cutbush's
Pyrotechny," and also twelve volumes of the "North American
Medical and Surgical Journal."   He published in 1819 a "System
of Chemistry" for the use of  the  students of  medicine, but his
great work has been the authorship, in connection with Professor
Wood, of the " United States Dispensatory," a work of  immense
labor, and  so valuable to the  profession that there is hardly an
educated practitioner of  medicine,  or competent druggist in the
land, who is  not possessed of  it and finds it of almost daily use.
It has passed, since its first issue in 1833, through twelve editions,
the last now in press, reaching nearly two thousand octavo pages.
Dr. Bache's writings were characterized by the same faithfulness
and  absolute accuracy which were displayed in  his lectures.   He
was  a laborious student,  keeping pace with the rapid  strides of
modern  science, and  carefully incorporating  all new discoveries
into his  lectures year by year, and  into the Dispensatory upon
the issue of each new edition."
   " In less than six months from the death of Professor Bache
we had  occasion to deplore the loss of another member of the
faculty"  (I quote from the introductory  of Professor Eand),  "one
who had been associated with the College in its earliest  days, and
to whose untiring energy, sagacity,  and forethought it  has owed
much of its success.  He was  born in 1794, in  Virginia.  In the
war of 1812 he was drafted,  and obtained the appointment of
assistant surgeon in the army.  After the close of the war he re-
moved to Philadelphia, and soon became a most successful practi-
tioner, especially in the department of obstetrics.  In 1838 he was
elected to the Chair of Obstetrics and  Diseases of Women and
Children in the Jefferson Medical College, and on the reorganiza-
tion of the school in 1841, Professor of Materia Medica and Gen- 
27
eral Therapeutics.   Failing health compelled him to resign the
latter chair in 1855, when he was elected Emeritus Professor of
the same branch.  He was Dean of the College until the session
of 1854-5, and his abilities as a clear-headed  business man were
especially displayed in the remarkable success with which he
discharged the duties of  that arduous office.  He was one of the
founders of the Philadelphia Gas Works, and it was to his efforts
mainly that they were established.  Dr. Huston, as a  lecturer,
was  especially happy in  his remarks on  general  therapeutics.
His admirable  common sense, his keen intellect enabled him to
take a position in this branch far beyond the views then gener-
ally promulgated.   The record of these two venerable  men has
in it  a lesson for  us.  Without  brilliancy, or, in its  ordinary
acceptation, genius, but  with the most  absolute  integrity, un-
wearying industry,  and  indomitable perseverance, they  have
left for themselves  an imperishable record.   Beyond  the  time
allotted by the Psalmist they have peacefully passed to their rest
regretted by all, leaving  no unkind feeling  in a single heart,
having achieved all that the most ambitious could crave, and all
that the most humble could wish."
   It was my pleasure to become acquainted with them both from
the commencement of their career as medical men, and  can bear
testimony to their  rectitude as men, and the high estimation in
which they were held by all with whom they were in  constant
intercourse.
   Very soon after Dr. Wm. Pepper commenced the practice of
medicine. I became acquainted with him.  Although the son of a
wealthy gentleman of our city, and of course not compelled from
necessity to enter into what  is called the  drudgery of  our pro-
fession, he nevertheless from the commencement sought every
opportunity to search out and investigate as  far as possible the
hidden mysteries  of the medical  art.   He  was  voluntarily  a
working man.   He frequently expressed to me his abhorrence of
idleness  under  any circumstances.   It was this early searching
after wisdom which necessarily made him  a  prominent  man in
his profession.   The Doctor was frequently called in consultation
in pulmonary affections,  in consequence of being  considered as
superior to  many others  in  their treatment.   Auscultation no
doubt was  a prominent  means  in  giving  him such a character. 
28
A fine auditory nerve  contributed in a great degree to make
him an  accomplished listener in all  such cases, giving him the
advantage  of  discriminating with more accuracy the different
sounds as manifested in the different stages of the disease.  How
far such a knowledge  is productive of a better treatment, it is
not for me to decide.  It may be an adjuvant in forming a more
correct diagnosis in  all  such cases.   In the year 1860  he was
elected to the Chair of the Practice of Medicine in the University
of Pennsylvania, which he filled with credit to himself and satis-
faction to the students.  He was permitted to fill that position for
only three  years, when  his  declining health compelled him to
resign.  He soon after fell a victim to the same malady, which,
while he was in active practice, he was  so often called upon to
relieve.   He died  as it were in the very  meridian of life.   He
was justly esteemed as a worthy citizen and a first rate physician.
He graduated at the University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1832, and
died in 1864.
   Dr. J.  K. Mitchell was no ordinary man.   He had a fine
mind, well cultivated; his demeanor polite and gentlemanly.  He
was classed among the first of our physicians.  He was Professor
of the Practice of  Medicine in Jefferson College for many years;
he possessed  great facility of expression, which, together with a
pleasant and agreeable manner, enabled  him to fill his position
acceptably  to  all.   Dr. Mitchell graduated at the University in
1819, and died in 1858.
   Dr. Isaac Eemington graduated at the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1824 ; was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians
in 1850 ; was chosen President of the County Medical Society in
1860.  He  died November 10th, 1862, in the 59th year of his
age.   I became  acquainted with him soon after his graduation.
He was frank  and candid as well as  social in his  manner.  He
acquired a good practice  through  industry and perseverance, as
all young physicians are required to  do if they wish to be suc-
cessful.   He  was  esteemed as a very respectable  physician.
Within the last few years of his life  he was  elected to the Presi-
dency of the County Medical Society, which situation he filled
with credit  to himself and satisfaction  to the'society.  He possessed
a good character and fine moral and religious principles, for which
he was highly esteemed by those with whom he was acquainted. 
29
  Dr. T. D. Mutter graduated at the University of Pennsylvania
in 1831.  He was social and gentlemanly in his manners;  was
esteemed highly as a practitioner of surgery in particular.  He
was elected to fill the  Chair  of Surgery in Jefferson  College,
which he held for several years until compelled by declining
health to resign.   He was an  interesting  lecturer; but  after re-
tiring from his active duties, his most conspicuous act consisted
in his liberal benefactions to the College of Physicians in a literary,
artistic, and pecuniary point of view, which  will confer upon his
name, through an appreciating medical  profession, an imperish-
able monument of praise.
  Dr.  George Uhler, with whom I was well acquainted from
the commencement of his practice, graduated  at  the University
of Pennsylvania in 1815.  He soon after located himself in Front
Street below Brown in the Northern Liberties, where, by industry
and perseverance, he acquired  a very extensive practice.   His
manner was  plain and unassuming,  nevertheless sociable  and
friendly, well adapted  to please the inhabitants of that portion
of the city who looked more to  respectability than appearance.
From  the  extensive experience  he  acquired,  he became well
qualified to pursue  his  medical career  successfully.  He con-
tinued in practice for many years, when his  health gradually
declined, which  compelled  him  to retire from  its  active duties.
His brother John,  who graduated at the University in 1822,  suc-
ceeded him in his practice, but not to the same extent.   He  also
continued in practice for a number of years, and was considered
a successful physician.   They have both  passed away from  this
terrestrial scene to give an account of their stewardship.
  Dr.  Eiter was  born  in Germantown, Pennsylvania, in  1794;
died in 1841, aged 47 years.  He commenced practice at an early
a°-e in Eoxborough, Pennsylvania, and then removed to the city,
and had an extensive practice for  many years.  He resided in
North Sixth  Street above  Willow, and while  in  the city con-
tinued to attend his Eoxborough patients.  His extensive practice
gave him much experience, which, combined with a good  judg-
ment, made him a  successful practitioner.   In his demeanor he
was frank, courteous,  cordial,  and gentlemanly, by which he
readily ingratiated himself into the good feelings of all with whom
he associated.   I had the pleasure of his acquaintance for many 
30
years previous to his death and attended him in his last illness,
which was long and protracted, and which he bore with patience
and resignation.
  Notwithstanding so many  able  and worthy physicians  have
been taken from among us, others remain to fill their places, of
equal  talent  and ability.  All those who from age or physical
inability have  declined from  their active duties as professors or
teachers of medicine, as well as all those who from similar causes
have  retired  from  active practice, have  those to succeed them
who are willing to bear the burden and heat of the day, not only
as teachers, but also as practitioners, whose province it is to tra-
verse our streets from  day to day, entering into the apartments
of the  sick and the  dying, dispensing remedies  to  relieve both
mental and physical suffering, who are  made instrumental in
many cases of  restoring such  to health, comfort, and happiness;
and if not able so to do, to pour the oil  of consolation into the
distressed bosom, thus  preparing them to be reconciled  to any
event which  a kind Providence may see fit to dispense to them.
And it may also be a source of great pleasure to him, if through
his medical ministrations he is made instrumental  in wiping away
the tears of a family circle by the restoration of a beloved relative
to health, so  that the tear of sadness shall yield to feelings of
thanksgiving and praise to a kind  Providence for providing an
instrumentality so satisfactory in its results.   I would, therefore,
say to my young medical friends, if they would wish to reap such
a reward, be  industrious, be vigilant and  attentive, in season and
out of season, in the pursuit of your profession.  Never be weary
in well doing, for remember  that the race is not always  to the
swift  nor the  battle to the strong, but unto  him who endureth
unto the end.

                       YELLOW FEVER.
  A  few words in  relation to yellow fever as  it  appeared in
Philadelphia.   Its first  appearance was in 1699,* only seventeen

  * This fatal epidemic of 1699 led the citizens of Philadelphia in 1700, the
year following, to represent their exposed situation to the Colonial Assembly,
which  met at New Castle, William Penn being present, to institute a system of
regulations for the government of sickly vessels.  This resulted in the enact-
ment of the first quarantine law in this country.—From  Historical Sketches of
Quarantine, by Dr. Jewell. 
31
 years after its first settlement, being then only a village.  It also
 made its appearance in Philadelphia in  1741,  1747, and  1762.
 The city then had a long immunity from this direful scourge, not
 reappearing  until 1793, although  it appeared in Charleston in
 1703,1728,1732,1739,1745, and 1748, and in New York in 1791.
 It made great ravages in 1793, the deaths amounting to more than
 three thousand, while the city contained less than forty thousand
 inhabitants, out of which number it was computed that from twelve
 to seventeen  thousand (Carey says 17,000) were out of the city at
 the  time.  In  1794, the  mortality was comparatively smaller.
 Some few cases appeared in 1795 and 1796.  It then appeared
 in 1797, when, Dr. Eush says, it was more malignant than  in 1793
 and 1794.  In  the cases affected by it, according to Dr. Pascalis,
 the deaths were thirteen hundred, in consequence of being spread
 over a less extensive surface.   Dr.  La Eoche says in 1798 it was
 the  most extensive, in  point of malignity and mortality, of any
 that had previously occurred in the city.  Dr. Currie  estimated
 the number of deaths to be three thousand eight hundred and six,
 a truly  fearful  mortality.   It also appeared in 1801, 1802,  1803,
 1804, and 1805 in  Philadelphia,  on which  occasions it was com-
 paratively moderate in violence and extent, with deaths propor-
 tionally less.
  From 1805 to 1819 Philadelphia  escaped the disease.  In 1819
 there were comparatively but few cases.   In August 2,  1820,
 according to  Dr. S. Jackson's account, it first broke out in Water
 Street, near Eace, then  appeared about Walnut  Street wharf on
 the 9th  of  the same month.  It next showed itself in a few scat-
 tering cases in Water Street, between Market and Arch Streets,
 in Front between Walnut and Chestnut, in Letitia Court, and in
 Second  Street near Shippen Street, afterwards in the  Northern
 Liberties.  It did not extend to the westward of Front Street—
 all the cases were traceable to the space included between Front
 Street and the  river;   it was very malignant in its character.
 Although malignant, it was rendered less fatal in consequence of
the  measures adopted  by the Board of Health for  arresting its
progress.   Of the cases  reported, eighty-three died and forty-two
recovered.
  During this  epidemic, I was called to visit a man, a butcher
by trade, by the name of Sowers, who contracted the disease by 
32
 supplying the vessels daily with meat while lying at the wharves
 near Walnut Street, in the infected district.  His relatives lived
 in CallowhiU  Street, below Tenth, where he was  taken sick, and
 where I first visited him.  The attack was such  as we usually
 meet with in bilious fevers, such as chilliness, fever, headache,
 weariness, &c.  The fever was very high  from the inception of
 the attack,  accompanied  by delirium.   A mercurial  purgative
 was administered.  The second day sickness of the stomach came
 on, and, being  delirious, he spit up mouthfuls of dark  matter
 resembling  coffee grounds in appearance, which  adhered to the
 wall on the  side of his bed, which occurred from the delirium
 rendering him uncontrollable.   Dr. Otto, at my request,  was called
 in consultation, knowing that he was conversant with the yellow
 fever,  having attended  in that  disease in 1797  and  1798, and
 subsequent years.  As soon as he saw the  case he pronounced it
 a very malignant case of yellow fever.  The illness of my patient
 was very short, having died within four days of the attack.
  Another case of the same character, contracted in the infected
 district, also  came under  my care with similar results, in which
 Dr. Otto was also called in consultation.
  Believing, from the mass of evidence that had been previously
 adduced, that it was not  contagious out  of the infected district,
 or, in other words, that the disease could  not be taken out of the
 infected district, it was  my determination  still further to attest
 the truth of my theory by allowing the relatives and friends who
 desired it to have free access to his sick-room, and afterwards I
 permitted them to attend his funeral in the same way as if he had
 died of any other non-contagious  disease.   No case of sickness
 whatever  occurred in any of the individuals who availed them-
 selves of such permission, which ought  to be  considered as an
 additional test of its non-contagiousness.
  While on this subject, permit me to allude to the action of the
 College of Physicians in relation to the importation of yellow fever
previous to 1793.  The College consisted of thirty-eight Fellows,
thirty-one of whom, being residents of the city, declared  (in answer
to the Governor's inquiry) that, in their  opinion,  the disease was
imported.   Three of the  Fellows,  Dr.  Eedman, President,  Dr.
Foulke, and  Dr. Leib, dissented.   The  three non-resident Fel-
lows, making the thirty-four, were no doubt of the same opinion 
33
 as the thirty-one, as Dr. Eush merely speaks of the three Fellows
 above mentioned who dissented.  The noble stand taken by Dr.
 Eush and the three Fellows above mentioned, and by Caldwell,
 and the Academy of Medicine, and some others in the defence of
 the non-importation and non-contagiousness of the disease against
 such a formidable  array of learning, talent, and respectability,
 deserves the  highest  commendation.  The  Board of Health at
 that time also concurred  with  the College  of Physicians in its
 importation and contagiousness.

                         INFLUENZA.

   In the latter part of December, 1825, the influenza made its
 appearance in  Philadelphia in a very violent form.  Scarcely  a
 citizen within my knowledge at the time escaped the attack. It
 was no doubt rendered more severe and fatal in consequence of
 a spell of warm weather which prevailed, producing a fog which
 lasted day and night  for nearly a week, so dense at night as to
 render one unable to  perceive one lamp from another when per-
 ambulating the streets.
   During the preceding August, a three-story house was com-
 menced being erected  under my supervision in Eace Street above
 Sixth, which premises I was  anxious to occupy  previous to the
 commencement of another year,  which required that  the com-
 pletion of it should be hurried as rapidly as possible.   In order
 to effect the  object, particular instructions were  given to  finish
 the third story, comprising three rooms, before finishing any other
 part of the building, with the intention of occupying the same as
 sleeping-rooms.  As soon  as these apartments were plastered,  a
 ten-plated stove (such as was then used for the burning of wood)
 was  placed in  one of them, communicating  with the other two,
 in which a fire was kept up during every day for  nearly two
 months previous to  moving, thereby  drying the walls before
 being occupied as sleeping apartments.   When my friends heard
of my intention to move into my house previous to the termination
of the year, they remonstrated with me for  so doing.  Finding
me persistent in  pursuing my own course,  they considered  me
almost insane on  that  subject; but I thought I  understood my
own business  best, and accordingly moved into the house just de-
       3 
34
signated, on the 24th of December, 1825;  a very few days after
which the influenza made its appearance in the violent manner
previously alluded to, in which many cases terminated in pneu-
monia, and not a few in death.  My family consisted of six adults
and four children, none of whom, though equally exposed to the
external atmosphere as all other citizens were, contracted  the
disease, perfectly escapfng any appearance whatever of catarrhal
symptoms.  This may be considered as fully demonstrating that
the inhalation of the external atmosphere was not productive of the
disease, but that it was produced from the sudden transition of tem-
perature from below a freezing  point to one ranging from 60 to
70 degrees, causing the  inequilibrium between  the external at-
mosphere and that existing in a confined and ill-ventilated apart-
ment.  The fire being kept up prevented the entrance of the frost
into the house, thereby producing an equable temperature between
the internal and external air, notwithstanding the sudden eleva-
tion of the latter, by which means the family suffered no incon-
venience from  the change either as  regards want of comfort or
the production of disease.
  No set of men are better acquainted with these sudden changes
than the medical profession.  We  are called upon, in  the very
warm weather, to visit a patient.  We are conducted into a cold
parlor, in which no external air is or  has  been for some time
admitted. The first impression is that of cold.  In a few moments
the Schneiderian membrane becomes  irritated by the change, and
sneezing is the consequence.  If the apartment is left without
delay, the impression on the mucous  membrane passes away.
But suppose we are detained in the same position for any length
of time:  the sense of coldness increases;  the sneezing is repeated;
the impression extends to the fauces, producing sore throat; then
into the larynx, producing hoarseness ;  then into the lungs, pro-
ducing cough, and thus  extending through all the ramifications
of the lungs, until every part  of the whole pulmonary system
becomes  involved, producing chills and fever and all the symp-
toms appertaining to the disease.  This constitutes what might
be called a violent case of influenza.  But  suppose everv citizen
has to encounter the same kind of cold in an uncomfortable and
ill-ventilated apartment, and be  compelled to inhale the atmo-
sphere emanating therefrom  for a whole night or nights in sue- 
                             35

 cession, would there not necessarily be produced a general influ-
 enza?  This state of things is not a mere  supposition but an ab-
 solute  fact.  In the chamber of every house in which warm air
 is not admitted, or the external air of an elevated temperature is
 excluded, preventing the immediate establishment of an equili-
 brium  between the external air and that  confined in the house,
 the case becomes  much stronger and more  necessarily injurious
 when applied to the sleeping apartments in every dwelling. There
 is a prejudice  in the minds of persons generally adverse to the
 admission of damp air  into their chambers.  The admission of
 such warm air, although damp, would soon restore the equili-
 brium, and  thereby  relieve the difficulty  by inaugurating a
 homogeneousness of action, by which  the  former atmospheric
 influence would be dispelled, and a  perfectly salubrious one be
 substituted in its stead.
   The  inference to be drawn from this  fact shows that  it is the
 coldness combined with the dampness, as inhaled  at night while
 the  system is in a dormant  state, and not  the warm damp atmo-
 sphere  of the day, that produees the disease.  The  only thera-
 peutic  agent necessary in averting such  a  calamity is  the one
 adopted in  the case above  stated;  and I firmly believe that if
 every house  had been warmed as mine was at that time, there
 would have been no influenza  in Philadelphia or any other place
 thus protected.  The facts, I think, bear me out fully in drawing
 such an inference.
  At that time there was little or no coal used in the warming
                                                          o
 of our houses.  In 1820 the Lehigh Coal and Navigation  Co.  sent
 to Philadelphia from their mines  365 tons of coal, as  the  first
 fruits of their labors.  This quantity, small as it was, completely
 stocked the market, and was with difficulty disposed of during
 the whole of that year.   No coal from any other  source  came to
 our market before the year 1825, the year  in which the influenza
 appeared.  Hence, very few houses  were  warmed  by it at  that
 time.  It was not thought necessary then  to warm any sleeping
 room except in case of sickness.  The gas was then about being
 introduced into our  city.   The warmth and the dryness of our
 houses,  from the heat derived from these two sources, have done
 much in improving not only the comfort  but the health of our
citizens, more particularly as it relates  to the warming of our 
36
houses, and which I have no doubt does contribute much to lessen
the sickness and mortality arising from such sudden  transitions
of atmosphere.
  In 1824, the year previous to the appearance of the influenza,
the Marquis de Lafayette paid a visit to our country.  He who left
his all behind him to aid us in our Eevolutionary struggle for free-
dom at the risk of his life, without the expectation of any fee, favor,
or reward, save that  of an approving conscience, was hailed by
every individual for the services he had rendered our country,
and all greeted him with a hearty welcome.   The highest moral
act a  man can perform towards his fellow man  in greatness, is
disinterested  benevolence.   This he manifested  in an eminent
degree in his aid to our cause in the darkened hour that tried men's
souls.  His  act of benevolence in this case as far transcended
the disinterested benevolence of the day, as the risk  of his life
transcended the giving of money or any other kind  act for the
attainment of the object in view.  He was truly the greatest man
of the age, and whom any nation or people might  be proud of.
For several weeks previous to his expected  visit  preparations
were making for a grand reception by erecting triumphal arches
on the route through which he was to pass and other displays
worthy of a patriotic and grateful people.  When he arrived, the
grand  procession  and the  demonstrations  throughout were a
complete success.
   The Jefferson  College was instituted in  June,  1825, with
Drs. G. McClellan, Green, Beattie, N. E. Smith, Eberle, and Ehees
as professors, Eev. Dr. Green  being president of the Board  of
Trustees.   Since that, all the original professors have withdrawn,
and nearly  all, if not all,  have died.  Their places, however,
were filled by men fully equal in talent; and, so, changes have
occurred in the professorships by death or resignation from time
to time, with rather an advantage than otherwise to the College,
by which it has not only been sustained, but has flourished, and
is now, and has been for years past, justly considered as among
the first of the medical institutions of the day.
   The Pennsylvania College of Physicians was instituted in 18—,
and continued for many years in successful  operation, the pro-
fessors' chairs being  filled by men of ability and talent,  but in
consequence of being preceded by two popular  medical institu- 
37
 tions in our city, the emoluments arising from it did not remu-
 nerate them sufficiently to make it an object for them to continue
 it.   It was, therefore, discontinued after having, however, satis-
 factorily dispensed to hundreds of students, all that was required
 to qualify them amply to enter upon their professional career.

                          CHOLERA.

   On the 22d  of  February, 1832, a few months previous  to the
 appearance of  the cholera, the centennial anniversary of Wash-
 ington, the greatest patriot living, was  celebrated in this city by
 the  most gigantic civic and  military procession that had ever
 taken place in this country.   It was  the  most auspicious  day
 that  could have  been  chosen for the  event.   The clear sky,
 the  mildness of the circumambient  air, the state of the streets
 and all the surrounding circumstances demonstrated more the
 appearance of  a vernal than a winter's day.  A smile of appro-
 bation and delight appeared to pervade the interesting  scene.
 The military of this and the surrounding States participated, as
 also the firemen and all the trades and mechanical associations—
 the  different mechanical branches working  at their respective
 trades, elevated on a platform erected for the purpose, accompanied
 by appropriate music. The procession was so long as to require two
 hours and forty-five minutes to pass the window at which I stood.
 It was the most splendid and interesting pageant I ever beheld.
 When speaking of Lafayette, I considered him the greatest man
 in point of disinterested benevolence, while Washington was the
 greatest patriot.  These two men, possessed of such bravery and
 exalted moral  worth, were engaged together in  liberating  our
 country from the  grasp of a powerful and despotic foe.   Praise
 and  adoration should be given to that Power who raised up such
 instruments to  save our country.
  It  is my intention to  close my  remarks by  calling your  atten-
 tion for a few moments to the epidemic cholera (usually  called
 Asiatic) as it appeared  among us in July, 1832.   A commission
 of three of our most respectable physicians, in anticipation of its
 arrival here, repaired to Montreal, where it was then raging, to
ascertain if possible something of its treatment, in order to  throw
more light upon  the subject,  in preparation for  its visitation 
38
 among us.  I will give you a short extract from their report, as it
 relates to its appearance in various places, before it reached our
 shores.  Very little, if anything, of importance to aid us  in its
 treatment was elicited at the time, nor could it be expected, as the
 cases which occurred were so variable in their character and symp-
 toms, that no uniform or settled treatment could be applicable to
 all, or even to a portion of all, as they presented themselves.
   The cases which  have come under my own observation have
 been so diversified in their character and symptoms that scarcely
 two could be found  to bear the same  image out of a vast number
 of cases.  In some  cases of the most violent character there was
 no vomiting,  or purging, or  perspiration, or any disturbance
 whatever of the alimentary canal, or any symptom by which to
 designate the  disease as  it frequently  occurs.  Nevertheless, it
 was the disease.  Prostration of the system to an alarming degree
 sometimes occurred, without any manifest cause; so that symp-
 toms, alone considered, would throw but very little light  on the
 subject.   In such cases,  general  principles must be taken into
 consideration, and a general treatment inaugurated, from which
 we may expect the  most satisfactory results.
   "The epidemic cholera commenced its ravages in various parts of
 the delta formed  by the mouth of the river Ganges in India during
 the summer of 1817. Presenting many of the features of the ordi-
 nary cholera morbus, it had some symptoms superadded which dis-
 tinguished it from that disease.  The  chief of these latter are the
 suddenness of the attack and the rapidity of its course, the extreme
 exhaustion of the animal powers, the distressing cramps or spasms
 of the muscles of the limbs and body which commonly attended
 it, and more especially its strongly marked  epidemic character.
 Continuing its ravages  from the period  mentioned, by the end of
 1818 the disease had pervaded nearly all of Hindostan from the
 Himalaya Mountains on  the north to  Cape  Cormoran on the
 south, and from  Bombay and Surat on the west to Sythet on the
 east.  In 1819, it broke out in  the kingdom of Arracan  on the
 east, Peran and Java on the southeast, and in the Isles of France
 and Bourbon on  the southwest.  The effects of the epidemic were
also experienced  still further to the southeast, over the whole of
the Indo-Chinese peninsula.   In  1820  it prevailed in  Siam,
Malacca, and the Philippine Islands, the southern provinces  of 
39
China, and at Guzerat in India.   In 1821 it occurred in Muscat
on the southern extremity of the Arabian peninsula, and again in
the island of Java.   During this season Bushire, Sebiras, and
other parts of Persia, Bassora and Bagdad  in Arabia, the island
of Bahrein in the Persian  Gulf, and the island of Borneo suffered
very severely from the epidemic.   During the succeeding winter
the disease became dormant both in Persia and Syria; but in the
spring of 1822 it made its appearance again among other places
in Ispahan, Teheran, Tabriz, Moussoul, and Diarbekir.   By the
end of the year, indeed, almost every place  of note in Persia had
been ravaged by the pestilence.   In the spring of the year ensu-
ing, 1823, it broke out at  Latokia, Antioch, Tortori, Tripoli, and
other towns along the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and in
the Spice Islands as well  as still  further south in the island of
Timor near New  Holland.  Previously to the autumn of this
year  the disease  had prevailed  throughout the proyinces  of
Asiatic Turkey, from Bassora and Bagdad  to Erzeroum and to
Antioch.  Egypt,  however, escaped until a much later period.
In August of this year the disease prevailed in the province of
Shervan  and in Backu as well  as in other places on the western
side of the Caspian Sea, and it finally made its appearance in the
city of Astrakhan near the mouth of the Volga.  Subsequent to
the year  1823, the disease continued its ravages throughout China
and in various parts of India, and towards the close of 1826 it
almost depopulated several cities of Mongolia,  occurring as far
north as  the borders of Siberia. In 1820 it  appeared at Tiberius
in Judaea. In Persia it reappeared several times, the city of
Teheran  being ravaged by it in 1829.   In  1828 the disease was
once more in the Eussian  dominions, appearing unexpectedly at
Orenburgh, a town situated on the Ural Eiver four hundred and
eighty miles northeast of Astrakhan. On the setting in soon after
of cold  weather,  it  however completely and  promptly ceased.
But in tbe summer of 1829 it recommenced  its ravages  with
greater severity, and occurred at  many places also in the neigh-
borhood.  About the middle of June, 1830, it  made its appear-
ance in Tiflis, a city in Georgia, and in the mean time occurred at
Backu, by the 20th of July.  Astrakhan was for the second time
a sufferer from it.   This disease occurred successively in various
towns  and villages situated along the shores of the Volga, and 
40
 from the south of the Caspian Sea, Iver, and Vologia; then at
 Archangel on  the north and  Poland on the south, ravaging in
 fact the principal places from Prussia to Odessa, and from Odessa
 to the White Sea.
   " In the middle of September it appeared in Moscow in 1830.
 In April, 1831, in Warsaw; Eiga in May; Archangel  in June;
 also in Petersburg;  and in July in Cronstadt.  In May, 1831,
 it appeared at Dantzic in Prussia, and also in Brody and Lem-
 berg in Austria; in Berlin in August, and Vienna in September;
 and in various parts  of Hungary.  Before the close of the year it
 had desolated nearly fourteen towns and villages.   In October it
 suddenly appeared in Hamburg  and in different parts  of  the
 kingdom of Hanover. In  August in the eastern  part of Eng-
 land, in Sunderland,  a seaport  town of Durham, at the  mouth of
 Wear Eiver; it did not attract much notice till the end of October.
 In  December in New Castle on the Tyne, north of Sunderland; at
 Gatesend on the  south; then in various parts of Scotland.  In
 London  the epidemic appeared  in  1832,  and in  Dublin and
 different parts of  Ireland; and in May to an alarming degree in
 Paris and  its vicinity.  In June it appeared in Montreal and
 Quebec, attended  with great mortality.   In the  same month it
 appeared in New  York and at Philadelphia; in July presenting
 there, however, at that time, but sporadic cases, but became epi-
 demic afterwards."
  Previous  to its arrival in Philadelphia the anticipation upon
 the minds of many of our  citizens was very depressing, and in
 some instances dreadful.  The anticipation far  exceeded  the
 reality.   When it did arrive, the terror abated, and the mind was
 comparatively relieved as to its danger and fatal tendencies.   On
 the evening of Aug. 2d, 1832, about ten o'clock, I  was called
 upon to visit a married woman about 50  years of age who lived
 in a low building with a damp cellar within a square of my house.
 For supper  that evening, not  more than three hours previous,
she ate  a cold apple dumpling.   I  found her body bathed in a
profuse  perspiration  as cold as death, with  a very feeble pulse,
without any sickness  at stomach or  evacuation from the bowels.
From the commencement of the attack  she lay perfectly quiet,
apparently insensible, without  the power of deglutition to any
extent.  It was, therefore, impossible to  administer remedies in- 
41
 ternally with  any satisfaction.   I,  therefore, agreeably to the
 recommendation of the committee who visited  Canada, ordered
 very warm applications externally with very little  effect.   She
 sank gradually, and died within seven hours of the  first attack.
 The  perspiration literally ran  in  a stream  from  every  pore.
 Within three hours from the attack her hands assumed the ap-
 pearance of a washerwoman, shrivelled up from the effects of the
 perspiration.
   After the termination of this case I was induced  to pursue a
 general mode of treatment,  calculated  to act in a prompt and
 decided manner upon  the biliary secretions, which was attended
 with the most happy results.
   I was called to see a young man of very dissipated habits, with
 a prostrated state of system  produced by the disease.   I adminis-
 tered 9j of hyd. chlor. mit. at one dose.  In a very short space of
 time, I might say almost immediately, the perturbed state of the ali-
 mentary canal became quieted, no evacuation per ore or per anum
 having occurred for  more than a day afterwards, and recovery
 was the immediate consequence.   Some time afterwards, in con-
 sequence of his bad habits, he had a second attack, and was as
 soon  relieved by the administration of  the same remedy in the
 same quantity.
   A merchant of our city,  T. AY., who  had just returned from
 New York in the night line of stages (previous to the introduc-
 tion of railroads), sent  for me early in the morning of his arrival.
 Not being in when called,  he came for me himself, which was
 several squares off, and  returned before I saw him.  Although
 his physical strength was preserved to such a degree as to enable
 him to walk  such a distance, he was without a pulse.  I imme-
 diately ordered him to bed and administered 9ss of hyd. chlor. mit.
 Although  he was  nauseated during his  ride, there had been
 no vomiting  or evacuation  per anum.  Within a few hours 9ss
 more was given, all which produced no evacuation from his bowels
or no vomiting.   For more  than two days afterwards his whole
alimentary canal was  in a perfectly quiescent state.  The  pulse
soon returned, and his  recovery was rapid.
  Other cases came under my notice, in which there was little or
no disturbance of the primae via?, but great prostration of strength, 
42
in which the employment of the  same remedy was effective  in
producing a rapid recovery.
  Very soon after the cholera made its appearance in Philadel-
phia, it broke out in the prison in Arch Street above Broad
Street  in a  malignant form.   The  inmates of the prison were
composed of untried prisoners and vagrants, who were sent there
as the most dissipated and degraded of human beings, and unable
to take care of themselves.  This mode of living, consequently,
very much impaired their constitutions, and made them fit sub-
jects for the disease.  When it first appeared, great havoc of life
ensued, many died within its walls  in the space of  a very few
hours from the attack, and many more were sent to the different
cholera hospitals in the city on stretchers, some of whom were  in
articulo mortis at  the time, and others, not so severely attacked,
recovered after being removed; the most.of them, however, died.
The prison was thus cleared of the  dead, the  dying, and  those
who afterward recovered, within the space of a  few hours—
amounting in all to over two hundred.
  The three diseases just alluded to, are more general and for-
midable in their character than any we have had to encounter.
  The yellow fever might be considered  endemic in consequence
of its local character, the same as intermittent fever  in  marshy
regions, only extending as far as the effluvia arising from decom-
posed vegetable matter extends.  The yellow fever acts not only
upon the hepatic system, increasing, and, at the same time, vitiat-
ing the secretions, but also it acts on the chylopoietic viscera,
producing  inflammation in the gastric region, evinced by nausea
and vomiting of the most vitiated bile from the stomach, no doubt
emanating from the inflamed state of the organ.
  The influenza may be considered as an epidemic disease, inas-
much as it is produced by a more extended atmospheric influence,
and affects the mucous surfaces extending from the most extreme
nasal process to every ramification of the whole pulmonary sys-
tem, terminating not unfrequently in pneumonia.
  The cholera is  an epidemic of  a  different complexion, which
affects the chylopoietic viscera, and the hepatic system at the same
time, producing a  torpid state of the liver by which it locks up,
as it were, its secretions, which is evinced by not one particle of
bile entering the primas viae during the whole period of the dis- 
43
 ease; whereas in yellow fever the hepatic secretions are increased,
 which is clearly manifested by the bilious matter  ejected from
 the  stomach as well as  the jaundiced state of the skin.   Such
 being the nature of the case, it appears to me that  the proper
 and only general remedy that can be relied  upon in yellow fever
 and cholera asphyxia is  the mercurial course—in one  instance to
 carry off the biliary secretions,  which  are too abundant, and in
 the other to stimulate into action the whole hepatic  apparatus, so
 that the secretions reproduced may be  equal to the emergency of
 the case.   This at first sight appears paradoxical, that the  same
 remedy should be capable of producing two opposite effects of an
 important nature  in the same  organ.   The enigma, however,
 appears  to me easy of solution.  This remedy acts as a specific
 on the hepatic  region by  restoring the whole secerning system
 (however affected as applied to that particular organ) to a normal
 or healthy state, altogether through the medium of  such specific
 action, which, though true, is difficult a priori to comprehend.

   Dr. Benjamin Franklin first called the  attention of our citizens
 to the introduction of water from Wissahickon Creek and making
 the Schuylkill navigable.  The first plan seriously considered, of
 bringing water into the city was by the Union Canal  Company,
 chartered in April, 1792; by a reservoir  in Broad above Callow-
 hill  Street, then to be carried through the streets  into private
 cisterns  and fountains to  be  pumped up by ordinary pumps;
 this failed  in  Councils.  After much  difficulty,  a  basin was
 formed at Chestnut Street, on  the Schuylkill,  and  the  water
 passed to the centre engine house, which was a round building,
 located in the centre of Market and Broad Streets, built of white
 marble, which,  by cutting off the communication through  those
 streets at that  point, made it necessary to form a circular street
 around the square for the accommodation of the travelling  com-
 munity.   This building was removed when the Fairmount build-
 ing was completed.  The water was then  raised by  steam and
distributed through the city by wooden pipes.  The works com-
menced supplying water  in 1801.   In  1817, the plan  previously
suggested by Messrs. Graff' and  Davis was carried into effect  by
erecting steam water works below Fairmount dam,  and  the city
was  supplied from that  source.  Councils passed a  resolution to 
44
build the present water works  in  April, 1819, since which time
they have been in constant operation.

  The Pennsylvania Hospital,  for the treatment of  mental and
physical diseases, was instituted one  hundred  and thirteen years
ago, being the first establishment of the kind in this country.   It
is  now  twenty-four years since the  Insane Department was re-
moved to West Philadelphia.   A magnificent building was there
erected  for their accommodation.   The  institution,  with all its
improvements, together with an improved system of treatment,
have aided much in facilitating the recovery of its inmates.
  It is forty-six years since an asylum was instituted near Frank-
ford for the relief of persons deprived of the use of their reason,
which is principally sustained  and conducted by the Society of
Friends, and  has been very efficient  in  restoring many to their
former  health and reason, and  is  still in  successful operation  in
carrying out the beneficent object for which it was instituted.

  Three other institutions, intended  to alleviate  the condition of
suffering humanity,  will  receive  a passing notice, namely, the
Blind Asylum, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and  Wills Hospital.
The Blind Asylum is located at Eace  and Twentieth  Streets.
Although the foundation of it is dated in  March, 1833, Dr. Caspar
Morris  states  that in  1824, 1825, and 1826 Mr. Eoberts Vaux
frequently alluded  to the subject of providing means for the
Instruction of the Blind, which, through his instrumentality and
that of Dr. Morris and  J. Francis  Fisher, as well as that of some
others, had its foundation in 1833.  Since which  time it has been
increasing  in extent and  usefulness, so as  now to be the largest
establishment  in the world, with the exception of the one in the
city of  Paris.   Mr. Julius E. Friedlander was  appointed its first
principal, March 3, 1833, by the display  of whose talent in this
wonderful  branch of science, together with the ability by which
it  has since  been managed, the  institution  has prospered and
grown to its present dimensions.
   If it is a fact that  the  sensorium commune  is  only capable of
transmitting a certain degree of sensation externally through the
medium of the  five senses, and if either  one or more of these
senses is destroyed by  some natural  defect in its organization, or 
45
by disease, or by any other casualty whatever, and  such a defect
of necessity increases the sensibility of the remaining ones, then
we can readily understand why the sensibility in the ends of  the
fingers of the blind, through which their touch is so acute and
capable of receiving the most delicate impressions, should manifest
themselves in such  a remarkable  degree as those retaining all
their  other  senses could  never  attain to, and demonstrates  the
natural tendency in  the  human  system of restoring, as  far as
possible,  through  some  other  medium,  that which is lost, and
enables us  to recognize clearly the power and beneficence of  a
Divine Hand in raising up those who shall  be instrumental in
effecting such glorious results as we see  manifested every day in
this noble and praiseworthy institution—who are thereby initiat-
ing a course of instruction which is capable of restoring in some
degree to a social  and comparatively useful life those who were
previously immured, as it were, in some  secluded apartment, as  a
useless member of society, not unfrequently dependent upon the
cold charity of  those who are bound by the ties of nature to
succor them.
  The Wills Hospital had its origin in a will made by James
Wills, of this city, on the 8th day of March, 1823, bequeathing
to the city of Philadelphia, in trust for the use of Wills Hospital
for the Belief of the Indigent Blind and  Lame, a sum amounting
after  the settlement  of the  estate to $122,548fW   A lot was
purchased  and  a building erected for  the purpose in the early
part of the year 1832, in Eace Street,  between Eighteenth  and
Nineteenth  Streets.   This beneficent  institution  has been in
successful operation ever since, dispensing relief to all for whose
benefit it was founded.

  Permit me to call your attention, a few moments, to the subject
of American colonization in Africa.  The names of Finley  and
Stockton will never be forgotten  in that enterprise. The first
public meeting in this country was called  by the Eev. Eobert
Finley, D. D., at Princeton, N. J., in reference to the object;  which
was prior to the public meeting  held in December, 1816, at the
city of Washington, at which the Hon. Henry Clay presided.   It
was then resolved to form a society for the colonization of the free
people of color, with  their consent,  in Africa or  elsewhere.   A 
46
constitution was adopted  in January, 1817, wrhen the American
Colonization  Society  held its first meeting,  at  which time the
Hon. Bushrod Washington was chosen President; Eob't Finley,
D. D., Gen. Andrew Jackson, Eobert Ealston, Henry Clay, and
nine others as Vice-Presidents.  On the 3d of October, 1817, Dr.
Finley, the great  pioneer, was called away by an inscrutable
Providence to his reward  on  high.  Though  Finley rested from
his labors, his colonization mantle fell upon his former coloniza-
tion pupil, Lieutenant Stockton, who was instrumental  in laying
the corner stone of the  Eepublic of Liberia, by  securing for the
use of the American Colonization  Society Cape Mesurado and
the adjoining territory, where  Monrovia, the  capital of  the Ee-
public, is  located.   The first  location proved unfortunate, being
an unhealthy part of the coast, where the first colonists nearly all
sickened and died—among whom was Dr. Samuel A. Crozer and
other able agents. Lieut. Stockton was the medium through which
a more eligible location on the African coast was effected, and  to
his exertions the colonization cause will ever owe a debt of grati-
tude.   Since  that time the cause has been  gradually progressing,
and must and will  succeed eventually in civilizing and Christian-
izing  the whole of Africa, under the guidance  of  an arm that
never fails, but doeth all things well.
   A number of gentlemen, of this  city, friends  to the formation
of an auxiliary society to the  American Society, assembled  in
October, 1826, at the house of Dr. J. K. Mitchell;  Samuel Archer,
Esq., presided, and Dr. Mitchell was chosen Secretary; at which
time it was resolved to form in this city an auxiliary coloniza-
tion society.
   I  have felt  myself deeply interested in this cause from its
commencement, and have  been desirous of lending my feeble aid
and enlisting as a common hand on that slender and frail barque,
which I had  faith to believe would be guided by such a pilot as
would enable it to ride  out every storm of difficulty, and would
with certainty arrive at the desired haven at last.   The develop-
ments of every day have  shed such a lustre on this scene that it
does not require a prophetic eye to see that at no distant day the
consummation of all our  hopes, as it relates to the triumphant
success of the colonization cause, will  be permanently and satis-
factorily accomplished. 
47
  All that has been introduced into  this Address, however  in-
congruous in character, only extends to 1830, as the reminiscences
of an earlier  day, during my residence  in  Philadelphia since
1816.   Many more incidents and facts  might  be related  or
alluded to; but time and space forbid.  When we take into con-
sideration the different medical and literary institutions and the
numerous benevolent associations of  a previous day with which
our city was  adorned, including the effects  of that noble hall
which shone so conspicuously on the 4th of July, 1776, shedding
such salutary  influences over us ever since, can we not  truly say
that for literature, benevolence, and patriotism, our city occupied
the pre-eminent  position of that day ?   Neither do I think that
she may  not  now justly claim the same  position in every sense
of the word, with the exception of losing cast in a commercial
point of view. She is no longer, I am sorry to say, the commer-
cial metropolis of this country, which I have  no doubt she might
have  retained, had her merchants and business men manifested
the same  thrift and enterprise in commercial  affairs as  they did
in the earlier  period of her history. 
48
ADDENDA.
  The following institutions  were in  existence prior  to  1830, in the
city of Philadelphia :—

                 Dispensaries of Public Charities.

  1.  The  Philadelphia Dispensary was established in 1786.  A com-
modious building was  erected for it in Fifth Street between Chestnut
and Walnut Streets in 1801, where it is still in successful operation.
  2.  The  Northern Dispensary was established in 1816 at No. 373 N.
Front Street.
  3.  The Southern  Dispensary was  instituted  in  1816 in Shippen
Street between Third and Fourth Streets, aud still continues in opera-
tion.
  The public  Almshouse,  or House  of Employment  for  the  Poor,
situated in the square between Spruce and Pine and Tenth and Eleventh
Streets, which was established at an early day, is now removed over
Schuylkill.
  The Friends' Almshouse,  in Walnut between Third  and Fourth
Streets, in operation for many years, has been long since removed.
  The Orphans' Asylum was  instituted by a society of ladies in  1814.
The building was erected in 1817 for the accommodation of the orphans,
aud was destroyed by fire in  1822, when twenty-three  of the inmates
perished.  It has been rebuilt, and is now in the full tide of successful
operation.
  St. Joseph's Orphans' Asylum for Catholic Orphans was  established
in 1807.
  The Asylum for Indigent Widows and Single Women was instituted
in 1817.
  The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was incorpo-
rated in February,  1821, and  is located at Broad  and Pine Streets.
  Christ Church Hospital for Widows and Single Women was founded
by Dr. Kearsley, a physician  of Philadelphia, in  the latter part  of the
lust century.
  The Provident Society was established in 1824, No. 3 South  Alley.
  An Asylum for Lost Children in 1825.
  Female Society for the Poor was formed 1793.
  Female Hospitable Society was instituted in 1809, No. 1 Appletree
Alley.
  The Savings Fund Society was instituted in  1819,  No.  66 Walnut
Street.
  Fuel Savings Society was established  in 1821. 
49
    Soup Societies in different parts of the  city were organized  about
  the same time.
    The Humane Society for  the  Recovery of Drowned Persons  was
  established in 1780.
    The Magdalen Society was instituted in 1800.
    The Philadelphia Society  for  Alleviating  the Miseries of Public
  Prisons was formed in 1787.
    Besidos the institutions just alluded to,  there were in  1835 upwards
  of 150 societies to afford their members and strangers assistance.
    The House  of  Refuge  was projected in   1826,  and commenced
  operations in 1829 at the corner of Ridge Road and Coates Street.

                              Banks.

    The United  States Bank was  established in April, 1816.  Capital
  $35,000,000.                                                 F   '
    Bank of North America, the oldest bank  in the United States, was
 established in 1781.  Capital, 81,000,000
    Bank of Pennsylvania was incorporated in  1793. Capital, 82,500,000.
    Bank of Philadelphia was instituted in  1804.  Capital, $2,000,000.
    Commercial Bank, incorporated in 1814.  Capital, $1,000,000.'
    Mechanics' Bank, incorporated in 1814.   Capital, $1,000,000.
    Schuylkill Bank, incorporated in 1814.  Capital,  $1,000,000.
   Bank of the  Northern Liberties, iucorporated in  1814.   Capital,
 8200,000.
   Girard Bank; the capital supplied by Stephen  Girard.
   Bank of Penn Township,  incorporated in  1828.   Capital, $250,000.
   Bank of Southwark, incorporated in 1825.  Capital, $250,000.
   Kensington Bank, incorporated in 1826.  Capital, $250,000.

                   Marine  Insurance Companies.

   An insurance  office was established as  early as 1720 by John Copson.
 In  1792 William Bradford opened  an  insurance office—the first joint
 stock company for that purpose was incorporated in 1794.
   Insurance Company of North America.   Capital, $600,000.
   Insurance  Company of Pennsylvania, incorporated  1794.   Capital,
 $500,000.
  Union Insurance  Company, incorporated 1804.   Capital, $300,000.
  Phoenix Insurance Company, incorporated 1804.  Capital, $480,000.
  Delaware Insurance Company, incorporated 1804.
  Philadelphia  Insurance Company, incorporated  1804.    Capital,
§400,000.
  United  States Insurance  Company,  incorporated 1810.   Capital,
S200.000.
  Marine Insurance Company, incorporated 1809.   Capital, $300,000.
  Atlantic Insurance Company, incorporated  1825.  Capital, $300,000.

                    Fire Insurance Companies.

  Philadelphia Contributionship, incorporated 1752, was mutual.
       4 
50
  Mutual Insurance Company, incorporated 1784.
  American Fire Insurance Company, incorporated 1810.  Capital,
$500,000.
  Fire Association, incorporated 1820.
  Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company, incorporated 1825. Capital,
$400,000
  Franklin Insurance Company, incorporated 1829.  Capital, $400,000.
  Pennsylvania  Insurance  for  Lives, incorporated 1812.   Capital,
$250,000.
  Chamber of Commerce was formed in 1801.

                   Literature, Sciences, Arts,  S?c.
  The City Library, a  noble institution, owes its origin to Benjamin
Franklin.   It was founded in 1731, and kept in a small room in Pewter-
platter Alley.   In 1773 it was transferred  to Carpenters'Hall; in 1791
to the neat edifice in Fifth Street below Chestnut Street.  The Loganian
Library was incorporated with it, and it is  now called the Library Com-
pany of Philadelphia.
  The Athenaeum was established in 1814, nearly opposite the Library
of Philadelphia in Fifth below Chestnut Street.
  Friends'  Library, commenced in  1740 by Thomas Chalkley at Fourth
and Arch Streets.
  Apprentices' Library was instituted in April, 1821.
  Mercantile Library was instituted in 1822.
  Southwark Library was commenced in 1822.
  The Northern Liberties Library was established in 1830.
  The Law Library was instituted  in  1802 for the  accommodation of
the members of the bar.
  The American Philosophical Society, founded in 1743, principally by
the exertions of Dr. Franklin, was  united  in 1766 with the  Society for
Promoting Useful  Knowledge.  In 1785 a commodious building on
State House Square was erected for their  accommodation.
  The Academy of  Natural Sciences was  formed in 1812 and incorpo-
rated in 1817.
  The Philadelphia Museum was commenced in 1784 by Charles Wilson
Peale.
  The Pennsylvania Academy  of  Fine Arts was founded in 1805 by
voluntary contributions of our citizens, and was  chartered in  1806.
  The College of  Physicians was instituted in  1787 for the advance-
ment of medical science, the  lessening of human  misery, and the in-
vestigation of diseases  and remedies peculiar to this country.
  The Philadelphia Medical Society was incorporated in 1792.
  The Philadelphia College  of Pharmacy  was instituted in March,
1821, and incorporated in 1822.
  The Kappa  Lambda Society was formed  about the  same time to
promote social  intercourse and harmony among medical men.
  The Franklin Institute for the Encouragement of Manufactures was
established in 1824.
  The Musical Fund was established in 1820 and incorporated in 1823,
and the hall built in Locust above  Eighth Street. 
51
  dosnre, and before -hhh'l'^"..C o°f  t ST^X


  was ta?lt»«• ebro SST ftJmE, Sand"   tT  •Tl" '**, °f "" '" "
  to Third and Market sYree™   In  nsi T,   iT'l," WaS "!en rerooved
  pnlled down and sold tyK„ven,me„,! * thC ^"^  a"d WU"S Were
    The \\ aluut Street Prison, at the corner of Walnut and qivth «..„*.





  ™»" *          apal'tmeDt """" U"tried P^o'ners a,,d at fo'





    The first regular theatrical entertainment by a regular company was
  1D, p.pnI' Y ibi> lnTa bmWmg erected for a store in Water Street, north
  of Pine Street  In  1766 a theatre was erected in  South  Street between
  Fourth and  Fifth  Streets.   In  1792 a  theatre was  erected  in  the
  Northern Liberties in Front Street  above Poole's Bridge   In 1793 a
  theatre was erected in Chestnut Street near the corner of Sixth Street
  iwa ASl!   «"?' Toeatre in Areh above Sixth Street' ™» built in
  1828.  lhe \\ alnut Street theatre, at the corner of Ninth and Walnut
  Streets, called the Olympic Theatre, was  built in  1809, originally con-
  structed for a circus.

   There were six public squares laid  out by Penn in Philadelphia-
 Washington,  Independence, Franklin, Penn,  Logan, and Rittenhouse
 Squares.

                      Educational Institutions.

  ^The  building occupied once  by the  University of Pennsylvania,  in
 Ninth Street  below Market  Street, was originally intended for Wash-
 ington's residence, which, being declined by him for  that purpose, was
 purchased by the trustees of the University in 179s.   An addition to
 it was erected in 1807 for the accommodation of the Medical School,
 but was torn  down in 1829 for the erection of the present buildings-
 one for  the literary and the other for the medical department.
  The Academy of the  Protestant  Episcopal Church was instituted
 originally in 1784, and incorporated and endowed March, 1787.
  Friends' Schools for Promoting  Literature,  was  incorporated in the
charter granted by William Penn in  1697.
  Lectures on Science and the Arts___The number of private lecturers on 
52
various branches of science and the arts, may be estimated at abont 70.
There are still many other academies and seminaries for classical learn-
ing and mathematical  science that have not  been  enumerated for want
of space.
   Public Schools, for the purpose of educating children without means,
were  very  early introduced  among us, which went into full operation
in 1818.   During twelve years more than  34,000 children  were in-
structed in them.
   Sunday Schools, to the number of 125, where 14,581 scholars received
instruction, were in operation in 1816.
   The Philadelphia Society for the Establishment  and  Support  of
Charity Schools was instituted in 1799.
   The School for the Education of Negro Children was founded by
Dr. Bray in 1696.
   The Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of  Public Schools was
established in  1828.
   The Aimwell School Society was established in 1796 for the free in-
struction of female children by members of  Friends' Society.  The
Philadelphia Union Society was instituted in 1804 for the same pur-
poses by ladies of the Presbyterian Church.
   Free Schools of the Episcopal Church, and of the German Lutherans
and Calvinists, also a  free school attached to the University of Penn-
sylvania, were  also established.
   Two Arsenals were established in  the  vicinity of Philadelphia, one
on the Schuylkill, and the other near  Frankford.
   The Marine Asylum, an immense structure near the Schuylkill, was
erected early in the  present century.
   The entire amount expended by  the city of Philadelphia on the
successive  operations  for  the  introduction  of  Schuylkill  water  is
$1,443,385.36.  By the method adopted the water raises itself,  requir-
ing only two men to attend to the raising of 2,000,000 of gallons every
twenty-four hours.
   The Fire Department is very efficient in Philadelphia, embracing 27
engines and 15 hose companies.

                      Internal hnprovemenfs.

   The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was early opened.
   The Union Canal Company was incorporated as early as 1791.
   The Schuylkill Navigation Company in March,  1815.
   The Lehigh Navigation in 1822.
   There are two bridges  over  the  Schuylkill, one  at the Falls and
another at Flat-rock, and a floating one at Gray's Ferry, besides the
Market Street  Bridge.   The  latter, a costly structure  erected  by  a
private company and incorporated in 1798, was six years  in building
costing $235,000, besides $40,000 for the site.
   The bridge over the Schuylkill below the water-works consists of  a
single arch.
  The public buildings consist of the old Court House at the head of
Second and Market Streets, erected in 1709, forming the eastern ex-
tremity of the  market. 
53
  The State House was commenced in 1729 and finished in 1735.
  The Almshouse over the Schuylkill is of magnificent proportions, 500
feet front.
  Philadelphia is  celebrated for its  markets:  High  Street Market,
erected in 1720.  South Second Street Market; North Second Street;
CallowhiU Street, Kensington, and Wharton Street Markets.
  Two shot towers  were erected, one in Southwark in 1807 ; the other,
now removed,  stood near Schuylkill, in 1808.
  The Monument of Penn1s Treaty was erected in 1682.  The  stately
tree under which the treaty was made was uprooted by a storm in 1810,
being 2S3 years old.  It was 155 years old when the treaty was made.
  The Board of Health is appointed annually by the councils of Phila-
delphia and commissioners of  adjoining districts.  There are also ap-
pointed by the Governor a  physician who  resides at  the Lazaretto,
called  the Lazaretto Physician, and another  residing in the city, called
the Port Physician, a  health officer, and a quarantine master.  The
quarantine operations commence  June 1, and  close  October 1, each
year.
   These reminiscences only extend to 1830.
   When the greatest number of the institutions and associations above
alluded to were formed  and in operation, the population of the city was
less than 200,000, while now it exceeds 700,000. 
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